un 5 


MADE AT THE 


; 5 MEETINGS, 


E 


of de 


PRINCIPAL 


NES, 


AN THE 


At Sheffield, August 11th, 1799, 
| AND N 


At Barnsley, Marck 6th, 1800. 


Counties of York and DERBY; 


——— 2 gens — 
rr er wo eee nt ne 


| Shefſel, Aug. 11th, mY 


Th E Chal, Mr. Ham of the Low- Moor 


Iron-W, orks, observed, that he was requested to propose to 
the meeting, that, in order to make their Friendly As- 


Isociations more interesting, Dissertations on the several 
; processes, machinery, and practices made use of, in making 
and manufacturing iron, should be delivered at each mect- 
ing, by the several members of it, in rotation And that, 
to defray the expence attending such a literary connection, 
each member should zubsgg 0 Ne more guineas, when 


the Azociation' ShoulÞ be £$ ned, 5: > and that Medals in 
gold or silver, with pri: 


fat the expence of the's 


who, at any of their meefff Fre agh the whole of « every 


relating to iron. 

Resolved, That this a e an aeligile 25 a a 
plan. 
0 Resolved, That Mr. Pill the csi "ER re- 
[quested to give aMntroductory Dissertation, on the various 


a plan for putting the intentions of the meeting in deu 


Feile de ies, should be struck 


+ giv en to any member, 


year, should deliver the best eee on any Subject | 


subjects that may come before the meeting, and lay down 


** 2 
* 
1 
0 - 
- 4s. 
ys 
/ — be — 
1 
þ 
* * " . 
. — A 
- 
5 1 . 
: "4? 1 Ae . 
* — 
1 Oo P ow. F 
. * 0 * z 4 
" 5 1 ; 
Fe oF 2 
0 o 4 > FR 
* 7 « - 
* 1 1 5 - 
of * 
* ” 4 Ve * 4 
# | 
Cs 8 — 
2 8 » 
4 Fs 
4 . - 
5 wes 8 3 — * * 
* - 4 
— 5 8 — N 8 . * 
, oo % Y 
1 5 1 
* — 40 9 
: a 4 
* * * 
. 
N * 
7 1 
of * 1 
. " 
4 7 / ab ad * 3 * 
aL — 
6 1 0 
\ 
\ 
4 
— — 
0 
—_ 
854 » 
- 
* * 
* 
. 
> 
— 
. * \ . 
4 . d 
* 
- 
4 1 
— * 
* . 
1 
5 . 
. 
* 
— 
. 
- 
# 
P / 
- 
1 
1 
2 
: » 
Fe * 
© 
e 


rn 


” - - * 
rn "SIE . 
ly wad IAA ce. . Sag, 1 58S 


3 N FO >" n N 70 
i RE onto Ewe « 


= wt 1 2 . 
E 


wo 


Es 


ALY RR —_ 
TTT 


R 


— of 


> 


— 


Ti 


«ts 


15 


3 


5 


2 » 5 
OD ad. Re 7 
— r 
. 1 9 


— — _ — 1 — — — — — . 


. - 


- - - _ —_ — 3 - Ry 


1 Senne; m the FS$60ETATION, having met pursuant 
| _ to Adjournment, and Mr. Dawsox being appointed 
to the Chair, delivered the follow? ng introductory 


Dissertation. 


GENTLEMEN, 


You will remember, that the last ti time we met, 
in order to make our Friendly Association a little more 
interesting, it was proposed, to form ourselves into a 
Literary Society, in which we should take into considera- 
tion, the several subjects of that Branch of Business, in 
which we are particularly engaged. For this purpose, I 
was requested to open the meeting, and to give a sketch 
of such particulars as might engage our attention, and to 
point out the mode in which this exercise should be con- 
a ducted. c 
The business in * we are e is, the king 
| and manufacturing of Iron. In doing this, we make use 
of a variety of processes, and each process depends upon 
certain principles. To explain these processes, and the 
principles upon which they depend, comprehends the great 
e which we have N ww. 


| When the Ore or Mine 1 in the 0 of the 
earth, it discovers no metallic affection. It is not at all af. 
7a N by the W nor has it t any other property, which 


9 


? * 


* 0 
aum 


r 
eee 


" a: _ 8 K 9 
1 : g rng p 
* FER YT bo lk R v 4 — 
*. A eee eee e ANAL e e . FR 
rn 9 5 : 
* * — 
* — 1 
N 
* i 4 
8 , 
d 
A 
4 
F 


CA rs (OO 
8 N T7 


6 
— * * 
o A 
* 


5 1 in i general, or iron in W umally exhibit, 8 
: It seems, therefore, in a perfectly neutral state. ; Phe r me- 8 
tallic particles seem perfectly saturated with some substance | 
0 at prevents the uctionhet, it's metallic .. | 


” 4 £ SY N 5 3 * * 
EY; CSE * % 4 K r FEST BAKE. gy : ; 1 
R N eee enen. 20 * 


Here there is a we field for a What are the 


5 eee parts of each particular sort of stone ? Do they 
all partake of the same nature Are they formed of the 
same component parts, differing only as n more and less; 
or, are they essentially different ?—May it from hence be 
discovered, why some iron stones make strong, others e 
tender pigs Why some produce heavy running -F 
others fluid ?—Is it from this source, that when e 
. malleable, some iron is red short, others cold short, and 
some always strong and tough, others weak and brittle 
A These and 2 variety of other matters, may exercise our in. 
= genuity, and form matter for our future enquity ; an en- 
1 quiry that Win be no less beneficial to the 'manuſacturer, 


ener 


1 7 "oO 

j | | pou e hy the SIPs FED 15 35 255 297 19 TE "7 
j i. When the. iron ; alone is "ben, out 8 the bowels of : IS 
30 | the earths, it is generally exposed a considerable time in thin ; 
12S beds, to the influence of the air, sun and moisture. This 
* 5 is thought to have a very beneficial influence upon . 
BH, The $hale with which it is commonly enveloped, crumbles 

% ; . small pieces, and Separates from it, and the stone it- 
=o self frequently breaks into pieces, and sometimes erumbles 0 
i | into very small parts. . Ir Seems also to be alte ted in ſt's * 
nature, as part of it will sometimes be found to . a 
nn. slight affection for the magnet. Tt will t erefgre | be ri 
per toenquire in this stage of the business, What Bd 
1 duces these effects ?— Have the pyrites with which it 
* . | is generally impregnated, undergone a. $pontaneous' com- 
bustion 2— r has it given out Part of "It's oxyg zen PO 1 
=_— what other alteration has at an Pa =fvis $ beſte 96d? by" 1 


Fg 


Hike on e +that it is of at eee thus. 
to expose the iron stone for a considerable time, before. it 
is used. Thousands of pounds are sometimes laid dead in 
this way, under an idea that the money thus unemployed, 

a more beneficial interest, than by being made use 
- of in any more active operation. It will surely then be 
proper to ascertain the fact, and to endeavour to point 
out the cause; not only to justify the practice, but to dis- 


cover a more beneficial method of e the advan- 85 


. e from it. 


When ed iron atone ley: Joop e in n the man- 0 


2 1 mentioned, for a considerable time, it is torre- 
In the torrefaction, when it has been exposed to a 


5 * degree of heat, for a certain time, it's colour is 
changed, it has lost from one fourth to one third of it's 


weight, and it has gained a strong attraction for the mag- 
net. Let us then enquire what- has produced these altera- 
tions ?—Knowing its component parts before torrefaction, 


{hand it not be adyantageous to examine what remains | : 


"By it lost any, and what part of it's sulphur, it's arse- 


it's phosphorus, it's oxygen, or any other princi- 


ö - to cause such a diminution of weight ?— What has 


produced the alteration in the colour, from grey or black, 


to a deep brown ; and all shades to nearly a vermilion ? 


And what in particular, has 1 it an attraction for 2 


1 7 


When the ket: in e . been 2 be- ; 


1 a certain degree, or continued too long, the iron 
stone changes its colour again, and sometimes acquires 


an additional weight, but at other times becomes much 5 
lighter. In the first case, it is generally of a blue colonr, 
and very: compart.. in the . it rants ora 9 


3 


1 
1 
: 

- 
i 
F 
by 
* 
4 

« 

- Þ 
GY 
& 
* 
; 

1 o 
= 

-" 

- "= 
- 
' 
| 
. 
N 

- 4 
| 
1 
| 


4 
> * ® 
; o 
5 - 
* 
1 * 


; W black, and is very e What then 
F Has been the cause of these different nag eras 
= : nee it is made more Ys has it attracted 
| burnt the iron ?—Have both ue off in vapour; or * 
| | * Oy 7 the ts ? F114 

| 8 


— 


* * 
* nn 


| PO stone is MY" two „Aft ways. One up- 
= on the ground, in the open air. The other in conical kilns, | 
with open tops, and a fire place at the bottom. In this 
Stage of the business, the judicious iron master, will en- | 
_ quire which mode is preferable, to produce such a torre- 
faction of the iron stone, as will be moet friendly to the 
csmelting of the iron, and which will be attended with the 
: least expence ir labour, and the smallest cofisumption of 
- fuel ?—If he ſind kilns preferable, thee + construction n will | 
| not Ws A e Nr - 


e 


r 


ö 


Tr RE 


Sorts 7 PEDAL d pert toon nay 7 
e — 


: The next And used in © aig of Wa to | 

which our attention should be directed, is fuel. This i 3 | 
charcoal, made either from wood or pit coal. The for- 
mer is very little used in this count ry, on account of ts ; 
scarcity, and therefore will not claim much of out time. 
The latter, is in nen ue, and forms a matter of 

'F serious enquiry. 


2 A f 


£ . - . N 
4 1 22 CITY -< ET N 2 1 
. 4 " % _ a 1 3 
_— - * 5 3 2 , 


The ul which this Th Wiebe differs not 5 1 
less in it's external appearance, than in it's use. In point | 
' of hatdnes it exhibits every degree, from the crum- 
1 bling of earth, to the solidity of a stone; and in point of | 
"© purity, it is found abounding with a a variety of admix- | 
| tures, from what is called a stinking cbal, to cannel. It's fl. 
effects are equally various. Some coal burns $0 pure, s a 


to emit nothing „ to the nostrils, nor leave ä 


COP 
* e e N e e ES 
* 


. 0 4 1 
D 9 Gy. mw * 3 m es 
. ? 1 2 ** A 3 8 Ky Prey? * 1 L 
--< W 4 <7 al 2 4 Foa. PIUS ks Fe 

Wc rr * nner 

a 2 

y 01S I LEE art tera) + * " * ** =, W343 * 
* . 45 WP 89 e c 


— * , ? 2 4 2 3 1 
f 8 77 * £-* 2 
. l x : wo 533 3 
. ; e ow 
0 4 = 1 * * 2 
* J / : . 7 7 A 
* ES ; Zi 1 

* E: 

" 


3 3 — aks behind CG je at 
hesion than the coals from which'they came. This opens 
a wide field for the philosopher, and not a An l 
hes ter tow: of. the 1 iron master. 4 be e l K 
The two (ec motto in > bs ys 7 2 3 18 
2 iron, are, that they be sweet, and furnish a strong | 
| cinder or coke. Upon what then do these two properties 'F 
depend ?— What is. it that causes coal in burning, to send „ 
forth a suffocating smell, and which is 80 unfriendly 5 F 
iron Pls it pyrites, consisting of. sulphur and iron 14 | | . 
Or, to, produce this effect, is arsenic or phosphorus nen: { 
y ?—Or does it depend. upon some other cause 3 „„ 


And "which is the best method of 
| thee dizagreeable. nee? Fu 


3 © ke Bn fot $2 cd 1 40 «xx reve 4 


But tho' it de - 5 Ne first importance, to. have a 


sweet coal, with which to smelt iron, it is no less ne. | þ 
TE cessary to have a coal that will make _ Pl strong coke. EP 
| What then are the component parts of that coal Wot 3 1 
wee, will cinder hard, and wake a firm coke 3 ee ce U 


* ME „ 
Nor is it 1 5 necetatry, "ut the coke 


10 wich carbon. This, I apprehend, is a distinct principle. 


A coal may be sweet, make a strong coke, and yet not > +3 
—— ent der, of r to mak s plenty, of grey 
& 5 1 i 1 5 3 "33 £3." Aer . A 15 


8 a are e important „ = to bs able 
to Wa of coal, in a strict relation to each, are matters 1 
of the first moment; for want of this, much money 3 
been laid out to little purpose; and eyen in works, „„ 


2 N ® - ' SE 4 
| materials every req! _ for want : 
L * „ , . 5 * * HE . PR n . * , * * . * . a; . 
| | | B 15 PEA. 3 * ? WE * , Rn Þ * 8 ©, A «7 3B F * 13 * . J a | g 
- 1 * l gl 4 oe f "Wi 4 A 8 1 ” 9 of 6 Y X _ 7 ® : v 
2 e SER PS £2 dns 2p i gs Ei 2 7 
; A U R 4 ; * 1 


CE eee 


10 


2 «proper knowlodge of the OY many deere yo 2 | 


se be ann 


e 


7 : 1 05 % q 4 N * 7 2 14 * VR . 4 Ne. 
3 3 4 FE: 1 : ; 83 r 
* * 3. * * 9 N ” 4 4 4 5 & y $4 4 1 


den the cat is hy from the mine, it is necessary 
to is it into cinders or coke. This is done different 
ways. Coal is commonly coked in open fires upon the 


ground. But this operation i is sometimes performed in kilns, 
either open or in a great measure closed. The open fires are 


8 preferred, tho' there are advocates for the kilns. 
ertain it i Is, that the kilns will make the strongest coke ; 

but then it is said, not to be 80 friendly to iron, as when 
made in open fires. It will neither carry $0 great a bur- 
then, nor make i iron of equal quality. Should we not 
then enquire whether this be fact, and if so, what is the 
cause of the difference 15 it that in the open air, any 


offensive matter can more easily escape 5 Or, is it that 


the cokes, made in the open air, being excluded by de- 


grees, 7 the contact of the air, as the coals burn by 
being covered with ashes, are prevented from taking ox- 
gen out of it as they cool 7. — Or to what other cause 
ought we to apply the effect If the fact be certain, 


the cause may be discovered, and, when known, may be 


. 2 roductive of the ee en 35 


4 
£ Tet; 


But wt the" the Ebel u. ben in whatever way 


lease, there is a certain degree of heat, to which the 
fire you pls be raised, and a certain time to continue in that 
heat, to make coke of a proper quality. If the coals are 
not sufficiently coked, they cannot be proper, for the very 
zame reason, that it is necessary, to coke them at all. 
And if they be coked too hard, as the workmen call it, 


| they are not found to be so beneficial. Here is a nice 
distinction, to which we "ought: to attend, and in order 
to make it beneficial, cb the degree to which it is oapi- 

ble, it — be e to * into the reason, upon 


| 4s 1 
which the obseryation is founded, aud not only to ascer- 


per application/of #1... 6 
DEAT $1215 Aoi $2: 
ia gh n S Rogers. 
Huxkis necessary. The nature of this flux will depend up- 
on the constituent parts of the iron stone and cokes. 


5 


In iron stones there are known to be three distinet kinds, 


according as they have argilaceous, sileceous, or calcareous 
earth for their basis, and it will be advantageous to en- 
quire, what is the proper flux in each 7— Or whether, as 
different lime stones contain besides calcareous earth, a v 
riety of admixtures, one may not be found, that will be 
be well adapted for each particular species, and at the same 


time, on account of it's calcareous quality, 1 valuable 
A for ee aixture: | 


tone. ? 
WOES, © 


Y 4 FO 
1 1 1 * 2 * 25 2 - * IS. £ 9 + a; ws 4 EF? 5 1 
* 22 4 7 2. . 4 IM 5 5 8 2 "5 © OE? ? 4 
2 5 , 6 N . 1 . - + 
£ * * 1 — 2 
These 6 hew in the strongest manner, 


the — of being acquainted: with the materials upon 


which we operate, and clearly point out the great ad- 
vantages that will result, from the judicious Org 
of thy. ned when nee Gly oranges, bs 85 
Barbe 3 

Bad Saleh 8 particulars” to e We e 
drawn your attention, and which are generally. supposeſ 


to contain, the whole that is netessary, in the making of 


iron, I would submit it to your consideration, as a sub- 


other important circumstances that claim your notice? 


In all metals, iron excepted, when they are pure, they 
are, I believe, pretty nearly of the very same quality. 
Gold when pure, has the same properties,; whether it 
comes from the mines of Peru, the lead hills in Scotland, 


tain the fact, but 19: dinpever. the. ain TIM or 


o 4 R % A 
N e * 


| o . Hehnd. — is the dase also of s 

ver, and I believe of r other "metal. But i iron dif- 
fers ven much in it's quality, both in the raw pig, and 
purified bar, according to the work at which it is made. 


| Besides the variety to which every work: is liable, eme 


works generally furnish a pig remarkably fluid, but as 
remarkably weak. While the metal from other works, 
runs sluggishly, but is proportionably strong, and Wen 
the two extremes, there is every shade of difference. Does 
this arise from an essential difference in the iron — is 
it owing to different impurities, intimately mixed with 
the iron, and which no art with . en 6 quaint 
. * rwe eee bange el 33 e \ A ITY 
Baus 62 e 1 9 46: þ Nec 1967-80 

If you consider that pig iron at A work, differs 
almout! as much from itself at different times, and under 
different circumstances, in point of fluidity and strength, 
as one work differs from another; you may, perhaps, 


be led to suspect that the appearance arises from admix- 


ture. Is not every blast furnace a great chemical lahora- 
tory, in which different substances, in a dry way dper- 
ate upon one another, according to their different affini- 


ties, and the degree of temperature, to which they are 


exposed )— And if so, will there not arise different com- 


pounds, according to the different substances contained in 
the furnace, and the different degrees of heat to which 
they are exposed 7—If this be true, is it not above all 
things necessary, to make ourselves intimately acquainted 
with the component parts of all the materials which we use ? 
When these are once discovered, perhaps, more additions 
than one will be found necessary ; and we may, perhaps, 
find that we have yet to learn the best e of — 


ng a blast furnace. 


0 of 


dh The materials ing 

prepared, are in the next e — — 
in the blast furnace. In this, it may deserve our attention, 
to enquire, what is the best form and dimensions of the 
furnace, in which the materials are to be smelted, what 


is the quantity of air to be OE 1. i is ov" 


TOO em wel URIs: 8 


, dA Fe oh * Eh + e 16 þ N a „ 27 #- FE 4 


— 


N to the Wies, the chend and Shades are very 
Ae Furnaces have been made of all Heights, from 


eighteen to event) ſeet, and of all widths from seven 
to fifteen feet. They 1.1 in general been conical, but 


the top has been much wider, and the boshings much 
steeper in some than in others. The height and size of 


the hearth apd tuyere, haye also been different, so that | 
tho. the general form has been preserved, the dimensions 


of every particular part! has been very much varied. It will 
therefore be both curious and useful to enquire, what has 
been the cause of this variety, and what has been the ef- 
fect of each alteration ? Does the difference in materials 
make these differences necessary 7 Or, under the same ma- 


terials, what have been the effects of the alterations 4 


A candid account of every one's experience and observa- 
tions in these particulars, may . furnish useful hints for 
improvement, be productive of the best mode of opera- 


tion, and nn lead to wu and pegs: ueeful- 


ness. 


But F as may % our enquiries een 
the form and dimensions of a furnace, I apprehend it will 


be of much greater consequence, to investigate the nature 
of the air, and the 4 . 15 1 in W | 


that furnace. 


' „ 


cokes absorbing the oxygen part of the atmospheric air; 


an elastic fluid becoming a solid concrete, throws out a 
large quantity of heat, which it held before in a latent 
state, and which was necessary to give it it's aerial form. 


22 ; 
„ 
+ 
4 
11 
be 
=D © 
= 
© 
0 
* 
8 
'O + 
2 
24S 
©. 
17 
88 
„ 
8 >. 
411 
IL] 
5 


"= "3%. x. A. 3 . 


FE ni WW — adds : - 2 05 * 2 
rene. 2 . — —— wg — at Hob — ate 2 no 5 . . 0 wh — 
RN "7 a+ 1 » * * » 4.5 MR hs 8 0 ba”; > \ 2 ** + — 2 \ — ren rote. pee: . ES > od 48 
* of * . 1 * n 4 - P yy 7” 5 = „ ye EIT BLY * © 7 Ao er ** * . 
* N N * FEET ? ' * „ 
* N « " . : ML 7 r . wo e ſl 
4 1 7X 1 . »X +» 
' 1 492 - , | 
7 bY 5 F K : 28 x - 0 908 s 
PE, : 1 % * 


Nr 
pets N 8 1 
8 2 ECO 1 Par. 


lved, of x a "Wll colour, comparatively brittle, and less i in 
quantity from the furnace running slow, and the yield 
poor 7— Whether when it comes out of a yellow red, the 
circumstances are not directly, reversed ?P—And whether, 


metal is not in the same state as in the first case, with 
this difference, that the furnace runs quick, and the quan- 
tity of metal is more abundant ?—If these queries, cor- 
respond with fact, will they not help us to account for 


— 


quiries, and N our practice 8 e 1 
Wen the coals are properly —_—_ if upon _- 
cation of air, they become hot, and do not soon waste, 
it is plain their attraction for oxygen is great and last- 


— — SEE ee REEL 7 yo — 
n n 
1 


2s 


a Loans p94 of 
7 W774 * 
* 


notwithstanding their duration, they. should not be capa- 


8, hu DE ati Zo ax LO = 
* * : 8 Fs 2 


en * 9 . p , N A n 
N N n n 9 — 2 „ F * * e 9 — — — _ 
— MPO BAY VE orE 10 8" PORT. oi: PRES a8 arAte. xls. —— — —ü—ñah: — 5 —— 2 N N ee u . 
. Ps —— 5 5 . — e 8 E Ns OT II "IN: —— 
tn 9 „rer * 7 AS 5 9 2 28 ** * 3 


* I l 5 5 
r pats 
o POIs 


0 
$2258 
| 
l 97 
54 
*Y 
9 — 


r Head a in 14 3 "SPI: \combus- 
e fuel or cokes. It is, I believe, pretty gen- 
erally received, that this combustion is carried on, by the 


and this air, by being thus fixed in the cokes, and from 


If t this be the case, he heat Me the furnace will 2 - 


the ben call a blood red, is it not * hen | 
when 1 it comes out of a colour approaching to white, the 5 


a variety of appearances, which will tend to direct our en- 


; ing, and therefore very proper for the blast furnace. | 
If they should soon become hot, and soon dissolve, or if 


ww 
ble of being yrudiiy und intensely henteds ide They! a 
pear to be proportionably improper Should we not, 


therefore, enquire upon what principles these properties 
_— P Would not such enquiry, either enable us ta 


* = the W or to ' lay: the ban aside as use - 
2 less . | | Ws Wh rx 76 


Win not such e 8 elt us to 5205 
ver upon what principle, coke burned too hard, is injurious 
to a furnace P—Is not such coke heavier: than those pro- 


furnace, being partly saturated with oxygen before it is 
put in, will it not have less attraction for that, principle, 
take it up in less quantity from the air, \and..consequently 
produce less 1 5 1 for 7 OED ad 
ory mot ah | 5 | Log 


& 


x 12 1 217 f Ms 


E Wil ai 8 ſor the had 2 
fects of putting raw stone into the furnace ?—In. this 
e | tate it has neither parted with it's necessary qu of 
h oxygen, nor with the sulphurous, arsenical, or phozphoric 
„ particles with which it might be combined, and there- 
5 fore, when properly ignited, must give them ont to the 
4 materials in the furnace. This additional quantity of 
© | oxygen, when seized by the. cokes, raives the tempers- 
+ || ture of che furnace too high, and the impurities attach 
1 themselves to the metal. The consequence is, that the 
2 metal comes out very hot, is what the workmen call frangy, 
„and is seldom en ene in ne W J a 


enen eee 


2 

9 ferent ous pig. 1 7 \ < : , 3 5 734 ; E + 2 I I | * 7 4 by 1 ** 4 i} 7 55 
% * 1 ” i 5 

F 97 TEL 6 Þ 3s 


* A - On **! or the a F 
x Las the Rm assume, under te different NA 


perly burnt ?—Does not this addition of weight, arise 3 
from an absorption of oxygen ?—And when put into the. 


| 


OY ORD 


1 
þ 
7 


” * 1 
32 * N 
* 4 . 
: * 
rr. þ f A 
F , 4 
++ / 
7 4 . 8 ; 
FS 4 i 
3 * 5 i . 
4 . | ES . 


the . pn the winds: when the water. is 
the air is full of oxygen, the furnaces work well, and make 
plenty of good metal. In these circumstances, when too 
much air is thrown into the furnaces, their temperature bing 
raised too high, and the W comes out as abe ve n 


hard and frangy. 
In moist weather, we YES experience the con- g 
e all this. The furnaces run dull and heavy, the W. 
metal comes out of a low temperature, and Seems "nothing / x 

| but a We. e Ry Eee, „ , 
„ Race derbe dt wie ebe esta, 3 ; 


. called, goes on very quickly, which it always does f 
in frosty weather, that the air by some operation of na- f 
1 ture, not yet discovered, becomes strongly charged with a 
mY | oxygen 7— The good effects of this, are at once apparent q 
[ in the furnace. But that when the air deposits its mois- 
/ ture, and this moisture entangled in the air, goes into the | 
1. # furnace, as soon as it comes to the red hot cokes, it is ba 
13 __ __- decomposed; and in this decomposition, takes up a very q 
6 rene quantity of heat in a latent state, and so i 
= cools the furnace at the very place where the metal should 
4 1 receive it's fluidity, that it comes out thick and heavy, 
= is what the workmen call short lived, and strongly ox- 
* | ygenated. In a fine spring, when every plant throws out * 
mi 


{ z ___ It's oxygen air, the furnaces work well, and make plenty : 
; 1 ö of good metal. But in a dry summer, when the 
bl | air is loaded with” noxious particles, when vegetation 
55 ceazes, when not a leaf is scaree ever seen to move, a 
deͤebfciency of oxygen is manifest, and the furnaces move 
13 exceedingly slow indeed. Metal is made in very small 
4 quantity, and it's quality is exceedingly bad. Now could 
1 we by any operation, find a method of producing * 


b 


1 


C 


ji y 0 os og SA. >, 


FO + 
ge air, in — quantity; and at a cheap rate, . 
throw it into the furnaces as eireumstances required; should | 
we not be able to correct this deficiency, which natural 
operations's 'decavion. rn wal e our me en 
min BEC TL 3 FM Les TCH 2 


| But we ought not os to attend to the state of the air, 
but it is said, much will depend upon the manner in which 


this air is thrown into the furnace. Some do this by means of 


small air receivers working alternately into an air cest) 
others by means of a dry wgulgior, others by an air vuult, 
and some by a water receiver. The first two methods, 
and perhaps the third, mby at be considered'as ohe; 45 
the air is sent into the furnace, without being in contaer 
with water.” In the third, it presses upon the surface of 
the water, and in consequence of that, by its density, will 
dissolve some part of it, and go into the furnace withe 
it, in solution. This always appeared to me, a very great 
advantage, but the propriety of the sentiment has lately 
been called in question, and I only mention it here to- 
draw your attention to it, that zuture observations ma 
be Ne re e be or r confute — e e 
1 

| Give me "leave just to OT that © weir pm 
to me, hitherto, to have been very imperfectly understssd. 
When the matter is examined, I apprehend” the deter- 
mination of the question, will depend en the following 
circumstance : What is it that nature effects, when air is 


said to take water up in solution? Is water in its com- 


pound state taken up by the air, 80 38 to form- a com? 
pound body of air and water p Or, does the air in the 
act of solution decompoee the water, and only tale e 


of it's canstituent parts, and; at the same time qhangp it 


into it's | acrigh lun f The —— r | 
C 


16 


the received opinion. But perhaps the latter may be 
found true, and if so, it will throw great light on many 
operations in chemistry, and may be made very beneff 
cial to the iron master. But I only give you this hint, to 
draw your attention to the subject. I mean, ata future 
878% to treat it more at . TE 

| Te 53g! | tt Ao av id 
wy any rate, 1 1 is nebel in air, 80 a5 
m1 the air is perfectly transparent, it is always friendly 
to blast furnaces. It is only when the water is entangled 
in the air like mist, and goes into the furnace along with 
the air in pure Water, that it is injurious. 95 No.] when- 
ever the air is compressed in a water receiver, . what- 
ever water it takes up, in consequence of it's density, it 
will dissolve, and therefore, will go into the furnace dry 
air, which T always thought would be beneficigl, . But 
| this we _ leave kev aun Lee, e 
249 G boys „ 2 nf 6 e 1 * 
11 wil ny; dt add, that s beef thought a mat- 
Fg of: great importance, whether. the air be thrown into 
the furnace with great or little velocity. To effect the 
former, you lessen the diameter of your tuyere pipe, and 
enlarging of it will produce the latter. There are advo- 
cates for both sentiments, and perhaps, in different cir- 
cumstances they may both be right, and I hope our fu- 
ture observations will OO! out 9 circumstances Kg are 

W to ava | | 


39 


These are the le Grind eder 500 Jan 3 
to me, respecting the smelting of iron. I might in the 
next place proceed to the foundry, and aſter that to the 
forge and steel furnace. Every one of these operations, 
would furnish many observations deserving of attention. 
But I fear, I shall have a your Patience. N 


1 


the 
C01 
pre 


19 

8 The hints which have here been suggested, 3 b 
been laid down in the form of queries, without deciding 
upon any one particular point. This was principally i in- 
tended to excite your attention, and to leave the business 
open for future investigation. No doubt we have formed 
to ourselyes certain sentiments, respecting every one of 
the particulars that have, been mentioned, and which is 
remarkable, perhaps, every individual may differ. This 
is the origin of so many different modes of proceeding, 
and may be the cause of different degrees of success, aris- 
ing from viewing the subject i in different lights, without 
any communication. The intention of our present meet- 
ing, is to assist one another in future, by a free and 
friendly communication, of different opinions, in order 
to excite industry, and produce an examination that: may 

1 lly beneficial. | 4; birr "Nl tra at ,xarond; 


33135 Oh DEE 


— - 


2 ) ² 36 52 


Individuals} 1 done Wr in themking, 3 manu- | 


facturing. of iron, in the last sixty years, and yet the sub- 
ject is very far from being exhausted. Perhaps, it may be said 
with truth, that we have no com pleat knowledge of a wy 
one operation; and consequentiy, in the whole we may 


said, in some measure, to grope in the dark. Should not this 
excite our attention ?—Should at not lead us to make experi-, | 


ments? Dis pose us to communicate what we know, and re- 
ceive with attention, the communications of others? By 
thus uniting our efforts, the chance of success is great, and 
surely, Jam speaking to. gentlemen, Who will be happy 


to adopt the sentiment, and N it with every effort | 


in their power. 


Before I dismiss the subject, permit me to observe, that 
tho“ a chemical mode of treating the several subjects that 
come under our consideration, be undoubtedly the most 
proper, and perhaps, the only way by which nature can 


1 


Upon these, the philosop 


B 
0 
of - 
7 

1 
| 

5 

11 

5 
C 4 
7 
5 

'S 

. 

. g 

5 

. 

— 4 

1 

2 * 
a 

. 

v 

> B 

J j 

= 

« N 

_ 1 
G 
39 
s 

NS; | 
« 
2 1 

. 
on 

* 

* 
> 
q 

3:0 
3 

4 

A 8 

» - 

2 

iS 

Z 

8 

8 . 

8 

8 i 

(3 4Y 

SY 

$1 

% 

* 2 

on ? 

A 

S 
= 

— % 
1 

& I 

”e 

XY 

— A 

. 

8 4 

. Y 

F. 

3 

3 

* q 

E 4 

3 

2 + 

>= BY 

* 8 „ 
3 


8 4 . 
20 1 


be Haced this” all her dg ys I «livuld'be ex- 
_ tremely sorry, if it was concluded from hence, that none 
but persons zequainted with chemistry, could form pro- 


per members of this Association. All chemical reasoning 


is founded upon facts. Facts therefore, well and attentively 
collected, form the great basis of alt our chemical super- 
structure. But facts are open to the mechanic as well as the 


»hi'osopher ; to the workman, as well as his master. It 


requires only, an attentive mind, a sound judgment, good 


common sense, and faith ful representation to collect them ; ; 
and when collected, they form the basis of all science. 


to our reqydtive works, according to our situation. Let us 


mark the facts, and, as far as we are able, reason upon them. 
But particularly, let us be diligent in collecting, and faithful 
in relating. By thus exerting all our powers, each in bis 
| own sphere separately, a joint eg pen my be highly 
n and — ene c 


der reasons; to reconcile them 
to one another, he makes experiments; and when a variety 
of discordant appearances, widely Scattered, and untouth- 
ly related, can be all connected by one generaf principle, 
the labourer, the mechanic, and the philosopher unite in 
promoting the cause of truth; and every art, to which 
science is applicable, receives improvement, every artist 
is benefited; and human nature at the same time, that 
it acquires dignity, feels it's condition ameliorated, and 
every individual rendered more happy. Let us then unite 
our efforts, each in his proper sphere. Let us pay attention 


1e N d i eee Nee | 

Ar the Reese . inisked_ the Intropucrony Dis _ 

*  . couRRR, the following RULES. were proposed, ends 

r- | _ | adopted, ' "_ aa en „ 

ie 5 b e 6s thr 4 If _ 
d 212355 a President gell ba Shiga annually... Ts 

17 : 

e. II. Also a secretary, whoce' office 2 be e perpetual, 


m or during the good liking of all parties.” 
«5 II. That there be four meetings. every . year, in 
March, June, September, and December; at each of 


e, zich, the members shall dine with one another, and 

in in order that the president may know what number of 

ch | dinners to order, every person who snbscribes his name to 

ist the Conditions of this Association, whether he attend or 

* not, shall pay two shillings and dr e, for his dinner. | ; 
ite - IV Every member, shall pay upon his entrance, ; *2 


TY one guinea, to defray any expence belonging to the so- 
ts ciety, and one guinea annually, every March meeting af- 
n. ter; which money shall be e to > the or at this x 
alt. time to be appointed = ; 


V. That every member i in rotation, shall deliver an 

* essay on some subject relating to iron, at every meeting, 
I and the subject of the essay, shall be mentioned by the per- 
son that delivers it, at the meeting before it be gel | 
dere. | 


. That every l chall | be W to E | 
liver his sentiments on the essay with freedom, and the e 
person delivering it, en have n to reply. = 


6 


75 


= 22 | 
VII. That i nene in union, shall propose 


a question relating to iron, for the discussion of the mem- 


bers present, and it shall be expected, that he shall pre 


bis own thoughts"6n the subject, before any other mem 
| Menn after this, the conversation shall be open. 


VIX. That every member shall be expected to be 
present at ten o'clock in the morning, business shall be- 
gin at ae and dinner Shall not be on the table before 


_ 


4 ; 5 ; i ; ; Mo * " 8 
3 18815 30 TT: > Ih Dig 1 1 1 
b Fi 2 6 5 3-8 5-8 7 r # — wt CE -*.4 X 4 L *** » > , 4 - s V 
8 * F 


1. Aſter it hall be n who shall PBs 
che firt essay, andi the first question, every member, in 


the order, in which his name stands among the subscri- 
bets, shall deliver the next essay in course. But the 
member who delivers the first essay, shall deliver the se. 
cond question, and 50. on at every succeeding meeting. 


1 ERS x4 13 ks 


4 abc he $ecretary Shall provide a. book, at the ex- 


91 


pence of the society, in which he shall record any Reso- 
lution that shall be made, the subject of every essay and, 


question, the name of the members that are to deliver 


them, and . Aang thing that: _ be img proper 
to be recorded. BS | 


Shall have delivered, either an essay or question, that 


shall be esteemed of the greatest importance, to be de- 


termined by a majority of the members present, at every 


June meeting, and any other essay or question of inferior 
importance, Shall be bs IE dy 1 a mg of inferior 
ee B i 1 


XII. That the place of meeting in March, shall be at 


Barney - in June, at Bradford ; - in September, at Sheffield; 


Rees 


3 5 . That as of gold, with proper 3 hall 
be struck, at the expence of the society, to be presented 
to any member, who, through the whole of the year, 


III 


HB ae of the 


e meetings shall be on the first Wednesday, Priot to every ; 
bo full moon, in each month. ALL wor} o Hein . 


XIII. "Phat ay membel e Bös Inf ze Rdn 2 
e thought, chat he thinks of imporisdse? Ind pub hich, ne 
e- | Vishes to take the opitiion"sf"the"':conpaitp N Aafter the 
re essay und questio shall be Ended pri belt berty to 


submit it to te" congicderation of ws meeting. 


2 
be Nt 

e- | After these Fire were . and agreed. to, the fol- 
lowing Revolutions were made. 


0- | _ a, I. | 

„ ny 

* Tur Mr. Dawson, of the. 1 Iron-worls, de 
der President for the follo owitg Year. 


II. That Mr. Littlewood, of the Shefild-Park k Iron-works, 
all be Secretary. 


ou med That Mr. 8 of Thorndlif Iron-works, be 
3 Treasurer. 

hat 

de- Iv. That Mr. Dawson, the Pregident," be requested to 
ery deliver the first Essay, at the next Bradford Meet- 
rior ing, which he accepted, and proposed for his 
rior} i Subject: The Effects of Air and Moisture, on 


; Blast Furnaces. | 
cat . That Mr. Emmett of Bikebsw- Trot: 


eld gquested to propose the first Ss ont. e 
Bradford Meeting, which he accepted, and pro- 


1 vo x » 
vn . Fer 8 RA...” 2 "1 3d * l * 
L 2 — 7 2 * 9 " N N * R 9 * A = LOT ; 
x / N 3 7 a * . 3 7 r „ .. 
: 2 * >, pos 7 — - E , 6 
"bo; PAS . 4 I 4 : * * * ER 
"ak pp 5 2 eas 3 * x 
; b 8 = | Wo x, . — 5 c 
d * L A — — #: —_ ks, 7 1 ** 1 1 4 i” s 
: . CEP k by 0 2 5 f 5 8 ' 0 . 1 bs 
2 ta woos "I > — 1 y a 
? 1 - 
K 65 5 9 Gn nk * * 1 2 of F. 1 « " x 5 
: — < . wa & > x 1 8 . Rt 
a 5 = * - „ = * St | — | 
© - y : 2 * 8 4 
4 das — 1 o * £ * 7 * « + pA Ef 7 * 4 8 * 2 
: a : \ : 5 f 1 f WC 6 * Bw \ — 3 ? —— 
. * 1 Y a % : N * 1 mo 4 
* F 7 1 5 REES . % 
: : . | 2 | 
' 3 N # : ? - BY 
| : * 5 0 4 » — 
* v * * * = , 1 4 N . 7 i 7 7 : 2 ward Ace f 
3 7 * g x g * 
8 f . p7 0 F N * 1 5 2 
8 ; 3 ; 8 Snd 5 2 . 2 * 
: « * 0 | EX: 01 ws Ws 3 8 be eh 
. % » 7 : & 4 # 7 4 2 — * 3 ** 
— W * — 8 2 * aa > _— 
N 4 ? . * * { 5 K 1 133 hoy N . — 
* Y q . 8 4 * 3 py 3. 14 * * 5 1 5 FE 4 bs 
» * 3 
8 8 N 1 - * bs, W h * » F At. 22 
* ce x o ory » 7 " k - a 
o 9 1 — - # * ” 4 I 55 4 7 
. 1 pt * 8 wy bg 1 
4 * F 8 Ph * 2 
1 * 8 N 4 5 1 " are = i * C.3 5 * * 1 2 1 + . * : 
. . 4 9 by ah, . 8 £ * 1 pw 2 * 5 — - 
b 0 4 R . , 4 | \ 8 N N 3 74 9 : 
x L A 5 * 22 i * 4 - RE” NE 
. [ : . : * * . * a * 0 7 5s o 7 F ” 1 * * 
7 x nr 7 Y y ** 1 , bo 
"A F 7. "N : = a 4 £ 25 . © »- * - — 1 7 + Gn # 
* * . + Ts — — ot 5 2 K - + 3 oy 4 N 9 wh, * 
2 2 - . 0 # * 8 * 1 * 8 4 
— * » 4 A 2 * 14 . — 9 4 2 * 
8 : - c 4 * * % = * — X * LG, * v 
, F, % þ 2 . 1 
8 1 ; 5% £ ANG . 4 N 24 ” 7 
4 » K s * o % 
5 * 1 * * - * ” * 5 4 5 
* " "” I 27% , * 
> * 4 De * * PS $4 1 ** 1 5 N 8 7 * = 
1 * : . * ” 2 1 4 ld * " 
3 k £ SM PS ” * we * 1 
2 , * 5 4 * 4 8 p a 9 L * 
by — & 3 * * p . . * » n 
- £ * 1 5 2 > * 1 ö 15 
% N — 5 * > ' 
8 a % x: „ % — 4 6 4 F 
— — . 7 A wy 1 
: * . — 4 * 
7 at bs 8 s . 
* \ * 9 1 * 
r ; A 5 5 4 - 4 dt 5 o 7 — 
x N i * 26.9% BEE. | \ wy * I » 
— , L ok x Fd * - 1 1 
p * n $ x Y FA 
" ſe * ay 4 3» 7 „ * "I * Y " 
? , ; . 5 55 5 8 
F 8 } / — Fs — » _ 
* < 1 1 1 n * 2 $4 * 
? Das * bod TE ws a . 
- U. — oY 4 
. — 1 * 
5 * . — 2 *2 LF Mod * : 45; MY 1 
: 133 *.'} by fs , 4 \ " ; oy 
— » 2. a - \ $ * 
6 0 * 4 J «2 
" * 7 
8 % 5 N FO * * 1 ; 
20 ke; a 2 e « oy 3 A Pi 
* 4 — » * * A * , 
1 y 1 þ 2 * 8 N N 
— KF 3 * 3 * n ** : 
© : * 
5 — * — * * * 
3 - 4 Py - a £ 
3 * > 3 » a 
n - A , * 9 * Deren > * . : * 
2 \ | "IN : * 2 < : . ; 3 Py 
. * * 
* * 7 — 5 4 - i % — — 
£ \ r 
q * - 6 25 
< , $a; 
8 hs pO „ F 
2: Ps " * > <a. * 2 
* N — — * 
” ou z 109 - — * — * * * % 
1 < — . 4 . +4 
> F ALY A » * » a 1 A r 1 
py 4 * 4 
4 1 — * PIN 
* «t " 1 * w 
; * 4 b * 
5 Hs f » o 4 x bs, FY 8 
by”. 9" 3a f — 2 » 7 — a 
— „ p - nd — * < 1 3 
$a ping! ot - - J 
. - \ * is 7 7 
4 h * » aa * 1 FRO * N 4 ” 
© 7 x * * * F * 5 X « 
* L — * x . + * 
% *% * £ XY 
k * 1 . | - 4 — 3 * * 4 
5 5 1 " + 8 4 
a * % 
\ Tus * 1 I 0 - v2 I 4 t fed 
now,” \ i S ad - ; * * ” *. 
b % 2 * 4 * by " 
* «ay ; * * . fp 2 4 
E — « * — * 1 * A f 
» £ ; N * 2 4 2 1 4 N 
# -— IS 
1 * * * us i] & F . 1 4s 5% g | o 
{ N , y 
8 5 ** — x 8 _ 
* 1 * Nen 
* * . = _ . — 
* 7 * N Fi 4 * ” 
pb * * * 1 * 
A N 2 * Ft » wy E — 
4 % 5 7 , * * 1 * E , 
4 4 £3 7 wo; * N 2 $ <2 
A 40 9 v 3 ”" 
* # * * 4 ; * * & # down 2 * % * 3 * 
5 3 8 * 422 : i 5 , 
L : 7 * a 
F 2 2 x td 8 * EY * 
8 : 1 
o 
- - l 2 » 
g R 1 . 
I « 
> [ 
' 1 7 « K oF 
* 
2 * 5 . 
7 * 
»a * d 
n 2 - . 
— \ — P — 
* 
1 t _ % » 
. F 5 ” 
- — 8 I * 4 
* =” j / 
- oy = 
, 
” off 2 - 
{ - — me — 
* » 4 
3» Se 8985 * « y 1 = H 4 ? ” * » 4 
IT, * 4 * « + 8 0 1 4 9 . * + LA 


\ % 2 25 ** 
& 4 S Ants. 455. ak * Fel * ta X 
— — ä—w—ã ag tn * A ag —P FR + . meld 3 ws 
8 — * rere n 4 ue 2 £ N n y 4 
3 * eee F — . 
wry —— — Err 
* VT 


