BRIEFE 


INTRODUCTION 


GEOGRAPHY. 


A DESCRIPTION OF THE 


Grounds, and general part thereof. 


——_ TT wa 
—_ + — -_- AC 4 "a — 


Very neceſſary for y oung Students 
in that Science, p 


> 
mn... en mere ee He EE CCS Oe eoe————_—_ OO Ee ee. ou 4 et 
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Written by that Learned Man , Mr. 
IViliam Pemble M. A. of Magaalen 
Hall n OXFORD. 


S - wow s « Þ At WED pt en eG Of Act A ths —_ 5 


OXF0OKae: 


Printed by Leonard Lichfield Printer to the 


Univerſity for Anthony Stephens Book- 
ſeller near the Theatre 1685. 


Og 3 FS AE 7s 4 ooo GS Wet PRH GL? LIN Sear NCAIIAII —— "L-eInn eur EC — ER 
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| To the Reader. 


"NEntle Reader ; I herepreſent unto thy 
view theſe few ſbeets,written by that 
Learned man Mr. WILLIAM PEMB LE, 
1 doubt not to call bim the father, the child 


favours him ſo much. [t hath long [ aid bid. 


form thy fight , but now at length embold- 


ned upon thy conrteons acceptance of his 


former labonrs , it looks abroad into the 


World : It %s but little, let not that detraf 


any thing from it,there may ly much,though 


perd up in 4 narrow room ;- when thou 
readeft, then judge of it ; Thus much may 
be Jaid , Thongh many have writ of this 


ſubjeS$,yert this inferiour to none ; thou maiſt 


obſerve init, an admirable mixture of Art 
and delight, ſo that for younger Students 
it may be their IntroduG;on, for others a re- 
membrancer, for aty not unworthy the pere 
ſal : onely, let it find kind entertainment 
at thy bands, Faremell. 


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BRIEF” INTROD 1 TION 


SE OS "CHAP! L EE 


| Agreneliiom nd divifen of Cents 
RAP HIE/ is a” patticilat deſi iption of 
Ween] of pet, a rx 


2M. furers fer out im their oe Mad 
Dp... TI: 


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qe ey 


es f'the RE ot of* this gun te gener we 
are Hh to! Oe ſpeak of, and alfo Chorogtephy as a = unde: 
xt containe 
ſelves , and affording 
tnderflinding: of ti 
The parts of Gegroj ophy are Sg 
oapat, "which Som "the wie, quill 


ties exickf oY UI and Siretibea, is 206 Tot Jo ohh 
©'"OF' the "genetal h"the firft'place;/and more ality 
then of thk 54 xer, becauſe it i8 thore-*aiMeutt and! Hard 
to' be underſtood, -arid yer of necefſaty uſe, for the un- 
ſtandigg of the other.” 'This general tract may be parred 
incb five particular HEadF. DOPE _ 
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te, ourfig! ids, coaremplating . £ be e_ 
& og meth and. other. þ th 


3. Of the be Circles of: it. 
4. Of the diſtintion -nd diviſion of i ity cnt: to 


ſome eratrondito hcieg-of 1 ton ncgn 
the meiſu oor FS. OH 


Theſe i in their order. 


J'S 0 | ara arevtrrts of 1 the earth. TR 
| N Geography when we gamethe earth we mean not 

rhe earth taken ſeverally by 1 icſelf, without the Seas 
and in gn But oem — filed, 

are, now ; Mingled,oge y 

= x -make/up; ons. enxire,; "ound bo ody.- Neither 
do we dive into the.Bowels'of. Ear, of Por; -neriiico 
coerneiey of. the. auckral qualities, which areibthe 
ſubſtance..of the..carth ,4 NAT wrxal s, Orinels. 
na py” , beavingla,and the lik FH x 5 key ubon 


appear in. the ſuperficies of x, to theeys of our bodies 


and minds : Theſe then of ws earth and Wacer rogerher, 


rules are xp be kno-vn; [.... 
| Th he [TO anda ater dg mate oft rk 6 ale round 
or {pherica 2 vddotoonD) In.212: 

The natural place-of as Farer is | £©. be ? Hove thecatth, 
and ſs it was.10 .the ficlt creation of i if, compaſſing the 
earch round about, as appears, Gen, 1.19. Bur for che 
uſe of mn and all ocher; living creatures, God made-2 


ſaparaion of. DF  <ang the: waren to. fink down into 


huge hollow cane Ta reparedto receive 1t, that Jorhe _ 
dry land mizhe So ePt IK... Koi ng which : 
ſepacation, they 0 boch,, till remain. tag 'NOC.co» 
vering one another as at firſt, bug: TY ane with 


aevother, and that ſo exaAly as they now make burore 
round 


nu EDTRIL AR x 


| body Mliefeas at firf{they'inide te, ” Here there” 
Ie two points tobe proved, "637 That they” afe'one 
*; 2. Thar this one ts "round, _ 

They are one Globe, having the ſame Center: or . 
£ oinr, and” the.ſimje Mirface* or, convexe ſuper- 
hich will 2þpear byThfe reafihs;* 900) >: 
Common Experience. , Take a lump'of Part and 
uantiry. of water,” and? ſer 'them*both* falt down 
er upon the Earth: frond forme high bar hes We! ſee 
r the deſcenc' they do'nor' ſever ; "# wn 

rin one ftrai urs? > which tquld ek He be, 


th ind Wargr yer qc bodjes, ring 
 vhiters: Ks Sas, fappoſ&them'to berwo 
\, artdfer'(s) AE ter of che-Farrh,: ati '(S) 


iter of the Water; from (c)-ſome high place 
the Earthy , hurle dowty Earth'and Water, I fay 
ch will part from! the Water in goinz- down , and 
th will fall down upon (4) and the Wacer upon. 
this is contrary to Experience , and ergo the 
ion is falſe, - C 


4 A Brief: FNTRODUCTION 
2. The ſhadow; which. in Fchpſes 1s.caſt,upon the 
Moon beth Earth, and the Water, .is. but one .and nor 
two, and therefore the body. is ſo likewiſe, This will ap- 
pear in the proof of the next point, V. 2. - .... 
..2. That both Earth. and Hater. are one round hody, not 
ſqrare, long, hollyw, or any other fignre. This i.:proved by 
RILEFS) TEARORS. TP ertjoony f 3 | 
3. By. Eclipſes ; when the. Earth lands juſt between , 
che. Sun 2nd the Moon, then, doth-;the ſhadow. of.the ; 
Earth falling upon.the Moon, darken it wholly or in, part. 
Now as is the, faſbjon of che ſhadayy,;. ſuch. is che figure, | 
of che body, whence. ir, falls, ut he, ſbado'y, f-:the, 
Earrh nt Res OR #6. opp 1s and ,, and | 
alſo one , theretore - tney, ate round and alfa one body. | 
TIL | Et fy } 694/314 ESE iT cart NS ye © 
[. Mo[!t 371 HV nid 
[ d ils Him 0316.4 255 _ » 
c H2103--310 0 
2, By the orderly and ſucceſſive appearing of the Nars, 
2s men travail from North to South , or from South to - 
North, by Sea or Land. For as they go by A, ; 
ey 1 


| 0 VHC BOCR API, - 

they difcaverimew: Stars which rheyZy-nor.;before 4 

anc#19f che fight ofotiemzneyidt ab(h-coulg: not. bo | 
if he ith wetemorround, xs for example, iles (HOK)-" 
che iwatd -Circle)bei tlie Barth, (28? ).the ourwird-, N 
che! Heaveh : they: 'which dyetb upon the, Exrthin(X); 
canhr' ſee the: Stari(S):?! but if they go;Northivard unto. 
(0) they tray. ſee; 1,5 Ifrheyzge farcherto/ (R): they, 
may ſee the Star (PP; but rhei/they loſo-che Gght:ofther 
Star ( Q) winch, being at-(X Yandi(CO),;they aught;have: 
ſeen. Beeauſe, as 1t-appears in th&/figure,the earch -riſerh 

up round between (RK) and (X.) a 


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a £Y" the orderly and: ſuccelle, rifing of .the Sun; 
*t j Which : hot: at + 
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7 RT OM TOI PA RAR ; UNLO ONE ALter eſs” 


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6 A Fritf IN. RODRETION. 


As for example, 
(DE4):2h6/:Eirclo: of the heaven ftoin Bak 29: 
let ) bethe Sun: or a-Star. VihereheSum (.4 is 
and- ſhities 
ſep to:them thar dwell in-FC. ) Again when he is riſew 
higher and'is' come 14-CE and' fo( ſhines te. them: char 
dent C)p he is'not yer up/to them that dwellini( F.); 
heſfersim the!Wedb in(D) Machads Our of. 


SOS, $ hes yer uy:/roc; thor” 
round 


in(CYand-(F} Which: —_ planly the arch. i 


4, By the different obſervations of Edlivſes, Cne 


.and the >; * {hel ſe a caring. { h | 

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5« That the Water is round (beſides from its natural 


and runabroad ; and che latter nor ſuffering ir tolye in 
ſome places higher and ſfomelover,as in hills and dales ; 
bur reducidg 1t, when made! rough and uneveir by tem - 
peR,ro irs nxcural ſmoorkneſsiand evenneſs:)1'ſay beſides 
this: its clear by common experience; for if we ſtand 
on land and ſee a ſhip go forth ro ſea, by -deprees we loſe 
: the- ſight of irz-firt- of the bulke, then'of rhe *Maſt. So 
; alſo.n the other (ide, thoſe thatare-ar Sex by degrees do 
; lofe or gain the fight of _ Land: As forexartiple. 
2 


Let 


- 2s rhediſtance berween (4): J) 1s” 
They that dwell in (O) ſhall ſee itin 6s hey thar 
dweifin{2J fee it tor ritt-ir-0ome -40-(#/J 4 gnear deal 


moiſture and weight the former rendring it apt to yield 


- | - 27 


7] "A. Brig WWTEO PA C7109 


Let (A) be ſo Keep (6 the Land WP ea: 
Hg A ya KO [tele ja et Wy oe be fi 
' of the ſhip as.the 6 g0cs. ut 3.4 yg 


cofnes ig.Letþ and laſt hg Fo rhe'Gghr of the 

op maſt ( B) bet Toy nath 0g ba 'Becau c the Sea 
let berivocp -his Gghe and the lp. 

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The roundneſs cf the Earth and Wited; "hich might 
be farcher denicnftraced by'thewins: the falſhood '6f all 
other figures regular or. icfegutar” th. can beigiven ito 
It 2 char it is neither ſquare; inor! three corner'd';! 'ribr 
Pyramidal,; 'Hor Conical od i!Faperwiſe, Tor "Cylindrical 
Ba a barly-rowb ge noniboltgwilike (4 difh 6 tot” of Sy 
other faſhipn- a3ome Have: -nnagined'ic ro: be; (i "We 'edftie 
tothe ſecond -Tule; itn 10 79 omen vo aagh NOT 2 2 
3:3 iy 1) he top tops, of rhe. bi eg haſt 7 ills,” and bottoms of the loeff 
Go” Yallitn ahheoghiis Cod places they -maksthe Earth nn- 
; #2en,. 146 being; dompared 20 the. aſt. arneſs: of the #hole 
Go wit all hinarr oa rondredft of it; }, wo 
A Among 


- 


Among all Geome:rical figures the ſpherical or the 
round-is the moſt perfect, and : among(t all natural bodies 
the heaven is the moſt excellent. Ir was therefore good 
reaſon the moſt beautiful body ſhould have the x 
feR. and exquiſite ſhape. Exa& rou _—y Yet » 
found in/any! body , bur the _—_ C 
round,as was ſhewed ; bur not preciſely; [winks 
neſs and inequality of irs ſurface. erg ie 
watts, and vallies'like wrmles in a mans bo Ko and tþ at 
both for ornament and uſe. Yer is there ch jp ifor 
In this variety, asthar there is no notable an a PHP 

quality made in the earth by hills and. valli I fo) 

then if you ſhould lay a fly upon a ſmooth alſ wh 

a Pins head upon ag reat Globe. Now charchde igf by 
6 


pears by ſenſe, and reaſon. By ſenſe thus, Tf wel 

a hill or in a plain, when, we may deſcry, the © Rey 
about 15 or 20 miles ; We may 'behold the. tio BF eS 

of tne Earth round abokt us to be in a man net. 

ſreight, even there where the country 1s Ver) Wo , 
and Full of Mountains. $0 that a-far off their h&s ' 
makes bur little alteration .and difference from the plain n 
countries, when we behold allcogether cefarooff : chouvh 
when we come near , the alteration ſeems. mote” ſen: 
_ 

y reaſon thus; The thickweſs of half che rh th 
wa? be ſhewed) :bour 4000 miles ; now the prof 
heighr of the higheſt Mountains, is not accounge 
above a mile and a half » or two miles at' the” mt 
Now between two miles and four chouſand , chere'is 
no ſenſible proportion : and a line that is four tHouſind 
- and two miles long, will not ſeem ſenſibly longer. cen 
chat which is four thouſand : as for exainple. / ' Let 
(O) be the center of the earth, (Xi) a patt '6f 
the earth which runneth by the bottoms of the nite, nd 
ſuperficies of cnampaigne and even plains, (WO ) or 
(XO) rhe ſemidiameter or half the depth of the 
earth, (S) a hill ROE up above the plain of = 
oF E earth. 


«TS AEOSEAPHL. "op | £9 


0 A Brief INTRODKCTION 


S 
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4 Att. 


eatth, (19S ) 4% = 
che plumb og rot 

< | heightr' of the. 
Hill. I fay chat | } 
(#75) doth not | 

ſenfibly> alcer 

Z tte length of | 
che line?) 


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for (WS) | 
is but two, Wy 


miles,and two 
to 4ooo al- 
rers not much 
morezthan the 
breadth of a | 


pin to -the 
enoth of a | 
rch, © 50 a 


ine drawn | 

from (Q). the 

center to(-5) 

the top of the 6 

ill, is -in a 

manner all | 
one with a 

ine' drawn | 

: ro (®) the | 
 bottome of 

- the hill. 


j ihe — 2 GCRAPHY,. ie 


thifd Rule, 
4 Gmmevrd tothe ney midf of the 


Fe tobe-deihenticeres Firſt that uhe: 
Mo To po y if the midſt of rhe world: gee Ang 
it Graeme The former 19 proved: by theſe reafons. | 
I, .Fhe.natural: heavineſs of the earth and water is ficoh;? 
as they, wall pos ceaſe moving downwards: 'till:chey> 
Fr fo. t he onal late: -now.the! center or riddle 'pdine;; 
lowelt placezand gente pony needs | 
of ths or wala ag foroxample..! / 

Ler'(O) be the cencer ofthe works, (CDE)the-heaverny” 
ir 1s manifeſt thac che loyyeſt, place fromitho: heavens: one 
r= des is (0). 2 nos abort cpaldlotnie) 

up iInavaot 
Ty viral held-up)thad it, ſhavild abiderhiere,, -bur is 
nul deſcend 2 it come to ian the middle poins.. 


— 


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cr SE ee TT detiod y 


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T1 ARGifA1NTRO rr Mt , 
'0, padre] cont NE oh by vige neicher 
Would £ 3ndxWne ie? 
ro og; a and proporcion wed all places of ba Pd he 
nd taey' do.;. 'again\(Eclipſes* Would heyet Fall faſl'Siic Gin 
one:part-of the Heavens, rod +he* Suh and * Wodn' ipht, 
be direRly dppolice onie” to another Sr, yer no 'Eclipte” 
fallow ;; abwhich are-abſurd; Lach for "Baaitipe? ter, the | 
centbriof the Wacld be CO) le #he&Extth't Hd in (N) a' 
good way>biftans from the! concert it "is iyiand ft thar The 
greaer partof the- Heavens:(C1BY will alliviys be 'above, 
and the leſſer half (CDB) below''s Which* is contrary to 
experience: [Thiefice alſo it follows? thit * the da - and 
nights with never:-be:equah;/for-rhe Sun'(B) will be” alt=, 
nepooor longer above rhe Batch-whil he thoves'from' (B) to. 
LY 


m Wits tan re rc. otu call. + © bcc: aw diag © 
| ; * % 


es novky fron COP to (BY Again the Sin : 
t may Gandijufb ioppolice ro: the' Moon CX) and: Yer tho 
Eclipſe follow  -. the: Earth" ond makes: or Eclipfe 
tanding out of the midſ, 


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13 


: £ The hadows of all bodies on the earth would nox fal 


/\ into that orderly uniformicy. as they, do , for ifthe eatth 
. toad towards | pe Eaſt, the ſhadoiys would be Harte | 
before. noon; if cowards the welt,afrer non; if towards. the 
. North, ;rbe-{hadows would Rlill fall Norchward ; ifto.- 
wards; the; South, . Sourhyyards :,,all , which experience 
ſhews tobe.falle,, As;for example, ler rh2 earch ſtznd 
. Eaftwards io C4)che;ſhadgu of anybody upon the earth, 
' as of the hody under:(e). will be ſhorter in the morning 
 #hen'the Sunis in,(C) chen at.noon when the'Sun is in. 
-CX3) if the Earch Rand Southard in (W) che ſhadow. of 
- any.body will alas fall South, as, it doth inthe figute 


= 


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South . 

The Second thing to be proved was that the E arth is ins 
moveable, Where we mutt underſtand a double motion, 
Streight, or Circular, For the. firſt, it is clear that ich - 
out. ſupernatural violence it cannot be moved in any 
big Str af diet 3d 5,95 G fac 575] Kceighe 


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p v4 A Brief INTRODYCEFTION 
fireighr motion, that is, upwards, downwatds or towards 
any fide it catinot be ſhoved outof irs place, - 

For the Secon 8, whether abiding RINI jn its place ic 
may not move round, che queſtion is difputed, and main- 
rained on both ſides. Some ?ffirm ir may'and doth : who 
chink thete is greater probability the Earth ſhould tmove 
round otice a day, then that the Heivens ſhould; by rea- 
for of the incredible ſwifrneſs 'of theHeavens motion , 
ſcarce comparible to ary natural body '; and the more 

. likely flowneſs of the Earths movins, Others: Heap ir, 
orounding their opinion upon Scriptare, Which affirms 
the Ea ih to ſtand falt ſo-that -1t catnot 'be moved ; 416d 

W- upon Senſe, becauſe we perceive. it not tombve+and aft- 

P ly upon reaſon drawn from tt ings hurled up, and let fall 

| upon the Earch, The Arguments on both ſides will. be 

more eake to be underſtood by this figure, 


ww Fl | 


'F;; this figure it is manifeft that the Earth In the " . 
e 


T©On 312 


"A 


CID iS Et _ 
4 2 8- . df- 
no *- 79s 2 . 


det cannot move 'by'any"ireig ht motion , upward to- 
ward(N ;)ot fideward toward(M';)or ary other way out of 
Is proper place : and therefore that opinion 'of Copernicns 
and orhers, that the earch ſhould move round once a year 
in ſach'a circle as (MPR; ) is molt improbable and unrex- 
ſonable, and'rejeRed by the moſt,” 
Bax alrho ir cinnot move ftretghe, ic may move round, 
Forirh6 it be-a' niitvelous great boJy of .unconceivable 
weisht, yer being equally _ poiſed on every fide, there 
is nothins can Hinder its'circulat motion; as in a Globe 
| 6f Lead , or! anty' other heayy' ſubſtance, tho it were 
Forry-PoJome-in compals 5 yer” being fer upon ifs Two 
Poles i wouldoly' be turned! round, even with the 
couch ofoncs lirtle Gnger. ' "And! chereforeir is conclu- 
ded , hat this dtculat motion is Aor impoſſible, The 
probabilicy of ic-is thus made plain, ' The whole circuir 
of 'the Heavens, wherem ate the fixed Stars ,is reckoned by 
Aſtroriomets to be 1017552 5663 (5.v.) 8 Thouſand and 
Seventeen Miltiens five Hundiedfixty"ewo Thouſand, and 
five Hitndred-railles, © Let this be the compaſs of the cir- 
cle (MMOZ,)' So many mites'do the Heavens move in 
one-day, tilt' che fame point come' co the place from 
whence it went, as till (N) move round and come to 
(N ) again, 'This beitg'the miocion 6f the whole day 22. 
honrs-Hhow marry tniles wk (NJ thove in one hour ? it 
wilt move 423984 77 and & half, 5.0, Forty wo Milli- 
ons three Handred ninery eight Thouſand four Hundred 
Thirty feven'miles and a half. So many miles will (N) 
 move'in one: hour fro 'ENJ to (M.) & motion ſo {wift 
that ie 15 vrcerly / incredivie. 'Far more likely ic is, the. 
circuit of the Earth (ASXY) being'about 24000, 7. e. 
Twetity 'four "Thoufand miles more or leſs: ir ſhould 
move'round once a day. ' For chen-onepoinr as (X) ſhould 
movein one hour from (XYte (V) but a Thouſand miles ; 
which motion alrho'it'be ſwifter than'any arrow 'orbuller 
from the canons month; yet it is incomparably flower than 
that of the Heavens, where ſo many Millions are poſted 
over in an hour, C 2 Nov 


go 


: Q 3 po "oy A _ wk ' D _*" 7D p 5 -. 4 . ” 
? - TT" I ed ognt Ss. : > K 2 A "e- \ 2 44 "Shad Ls AY "4 able WO "os WOT. IS PS TY CODE" 
=_ AF % * * 
- - 
—_ . 


16 A Brief INT RODUCTIO N. 


Now for the ſolving of the Celeliial Phanomena, or. 


appearances, the truth is! the lame, if-we ſuppoſe the 
eatth to move ; as if we believe it to and ſtill, The ri- 
{rg of the Sun and lars, the motions of-all the Planes, 
will keep correſpondence as now. Not ,we fear Jogeing ; 
or that Steeples and Towers would totrer down : for: the 
morion is :egular, and.fieady . without, rubs. and knocks. 
As if you turn a globe round ; it will go ſteadily, and.a-fly 
will Gr faſt ugon it, though you: move it apace, Befides, 
the whole body of the aire 1s carried about with the-whil- 
ing of the Earth:ſo that theEarth will, make no, windgas it 
turns ſwiſtly about ; 28 a wheel will, if itbe-turned; apacei 
Nocwithfiſading all this,,moſt are of atother opipion; 


thatthe Earth -Randeth ill withour all motion z-5eli rat h- 


er befitting ſo heayy«nd dull.a body, then motion, ,The 
main reaſon broughr co eſtabliſh ic 1s'this,;;Ler a Stone be 
thrown doin out of che aire from{W.:) if the earth- Rand 
Rill,ir is manifeſt ic will fall upon (- X) juſt under-it-3as we 
ſee it doth, By.common experiencea fone will fall down 
from any heigbr upon the place we aimed/at.;. bur -ler 
the Earth move, the one will not light upon: (X3) bur 
ſomewhere elſe as upan (S;)for(X) will be moved: ney 
and gone to (V.) 


| $o again ler two pieces of ordinance that: will ſhoot 7% 


equal diflance be diſcharged one jult towards: the Eaſt 3 
the other towards the Weſt : if the -Earth move. (as: they 
ſay ir doth) rowards the Weſt, the buller-thar. is diſcharg- 
ed Eaftward will fly farther then thac Weſtward, For 
by the contrary mo'1onof the Earth-ic will gain g ground. 
Bar experience hath proved this to þ e falſe, ſhering that 
the bullets fly at equal diſtance. Fo 

To ſalve this, anſiver 1s 6a: chas the Earth by ts 
ſv1ft motion carries with it, and R eadily, not only.,all bo- 
dies reſting or moving upon. it, but alſo the whole Sphere 
of Air (WEQ) with all things Wwharſpever chat are moved 


16 1t naturally or violently, as Clouds, Birds," Stones 
burled 


Al A el Yoo TER oe ERECT 


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To GEO GEAR UN EY 


i7 


hurled upor down, arrows, bullers, and ſuch like things 


violently ſhort forth: as may appear 1n = fioure. 


The earth, thoit be of exceeding great quant 
FE, idered in u ſelf, yet being compared to the 


The Fourth Rule. 


Y being 


eavens, 


eſpecially im higher ſpheres, is of no notable bigneſs, but 


may be accounted as 4 point or r prick, 1 1% the _m1aff of the 


Vorld, 


F 


That the earth is no bigger ehan a point or pins/head i in 
compariſon of the highelt heavens, will eakly appear unto 
us, by theſe reaſons. 


| 


4 
/ 


1. The ſtars which are; many times bigger then the 
Earth , ſeem yer to us to be no bigger than a oreat Pins 
head , or ſuch like quantity; rherefore much leſs ſhall 
the earch appear to be of an 


2, We allivgysbehotd hatfthie Heavensabbvenis; which 
could: wo trees args had: EAT LOIT $4 REN is 


a 


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leftial bodies, \ .Whickoxre 


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Earih, are 4s exa@t, 'and trnes/ ag if they! were: made: imche 


{very center of rhe Barch Whichivece:rmpoſſible; auvlets 
the.thickneſs of the. Earth Were e infenfiblean tegard of Fehe 


dens 


015100 


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they. oodin UT Cami, Ag'fot Example”! 517 114) 7: bn 


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The 


is ABif INTRODUCTION, 


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{ [The Scar (S) appenrs - like a por br -pridk £6/ them 
char dwothin (A;) -wherefore the Eatth (QX) will appear 


much leſs to the fight of him thar ſhould behokd ir! From . 


(S ;) nay it would not be ſeen at all, Again, half the Hea- 
veas, (BFE) 18 dllways feen 16 chem thar dwelliin (A) 
wanting ſome two'minutes, :betwatn (ED }-abd (BG :) 
which difference is akogerher inſenfible, : Again af we 
obſerve the height of the Rar(S) above the Horizon(BE:) 
ic will be all one namely (BS) whether we obſerve .1t£ in 
the Top of the Earth, in (A)or in the middle1in{(O.) 
For (A) and (O) are ſo lictle diſtant one from another,that 


AS) and (OS) wilt be parallel lines , 'and bs: 'efteemed 


bur as one Line. Thefoarch'reaſon-concerning- Dials, is 
clear by the frameing 2nd conſtruction of thet: wherein 
etther the lower end of the Cock (or Gnomon) whereat 
all the houre lines meer , or the upper end and knob (as 


in many dials) is ſuppoſed to be che Center of the Earth. 
CHAP, 


it 


Sn Wh + 


a9 6 OGRAPHE, 
| £ HA PL, - 
of the Parts of the 'Terreſtial Globs, 


"He propertres of the earthly Globe have been hand- 
ledinthe former chiprer, we come now to the 
parts which aretwo'ingener-] 
Earth T * | Both:contain under them 1 more pare 
Water  ticulat'parts co be known. | 
The more Cactai parts of the Earth are theſe. 
1. A Continent of main Land, or asſome call it firm. 
Land ;which is not parted by the Sea running berween. 
2. 'An Iflandl, a Land compaſſed about with Waters, 
3. A Peninſula, © 'a Land * ltmoſt ſurrounded by wa® 
ters; ſave ar one place, Where it joyns by a narrow neck of 
Land to'the Continent; this is alſo called 'Cherſoneſus. 
4. An Iſtmns , a freight neck of Land which joyns 
rio countries mer and keeps the Lea from compaſ- 
mg the one. | 
'5: A Promontorie-or head Land wo farr out into 
the Sea like a wedge. 
6, A Mountains 


1p 


7. A Valley -* All eabie to be. known with- 
8. A Championplain _ out any definition, 
- 9, Ad | 


_ Fhe more notable parts of che Water are theſe : | 
© 7. Mare the Sea, or' Ocean, ' which is the oathering 
rogerher of all waters. | 
, 2 Fretum a ſtreight-or narrow ſea running between two 
ands. 
© 3 Sings a Creek, Gulf or Bay, when. the Sea runs up 
foro theHoſome of the Land by a narrow entrance , bur 
openerh broader when iris within: if itbe' very lictle 3c 
1s called a Haven Portus. 
4. Lacas a Lake, alitle Sea within the Land having 
rivers running into it, or out of xc;, | or- both, - If ar bath 
oe, i it 1s ca Stagnnum Randing Poole; alſo Palm, a 


Go F/ 4- 


4d A Brief INTRODUCTION 
. Fluviys a River, Which'from the pleaſancneſs is al- 
ſo Stie Amis; \From:cheimallbeſs &zvzs.\. \:- 

Noi coricerning theſe parts divers queſtions are mo- 
ved :' whether there be more Sea-6r Land-? whether the 
Sea wouldnaturally. overflow rhe Land, as it did in the 
firſt Creation, were it nod withheld win its. banks 
by divine;powet-? - whether: the deepneſs of the. Sea doth 
exceed the height of the ;Moyntains ? Vheghes. moun- 
tains werebefore the Flood ?. what is the. hejght ofthe 
higheſt 'hills? whether finds came fince the floud ? 
whar-is the cauſe of the Ebbing and Flowing of the Sea ? 
whats. te original -'of Springs -and, Rivers? what man- 
ner of mstion the ranning'. of | rivers. is\.2... with ſuch 
'£ Ike, wnereof:-ſome belong not {o- properly. co this ſcience 
S of: Geography as'to others. - We ſpeak only a word ot-ewo 

of the laſt, z- and: ſo proceed. The: queltion 1s whether 
the motion- of; Rivers be Nraight-,vr Circular, The 
doubts on both ſides will beſt” appear by a figure fiztt 
darawn': wherein, ler (HMO). be che Meridian of "Alexan- 
dria in Egypt, or of the mouth of Nia, and: anſivera- 
ble to rhe Meridian of the Heavens. .\.Another:in;che 
Earth (XBY.)-let (B) be' the mourh of Nil, : and (C) 
the fountain -and head-of ir. * Now: che Mguth, of Nils 
where it runs into the Mediteranean Sea ,. is placed by 
Geographers'in-the-31.degtee of the Norch.Latitude and 
the head of Nils where it-riſeth-is placed. by. "Proloment 
in 11. degree of the South latitude z. but , by lacter and 
more exa& Ge ographers inthe 14 degree. of rhe South- 
erne laticude : ſo that the diſtance berween the fonnts 
and Oftia,” 7. e.. between (C) and (B):is 45 degrees of a 
oreat Circle, which after the uſual AccQuyT.m, hes .2700- 
one eight part of the carths compaſs. - 'The queſtion, pow 
is, Whether the running from (C) to. (B) continu» 
ally downward bein-a- fraighr line, or circularly in a 
crooked line, If it run in, a ſtraight line, as 1s moſt a- 
greeableto the nature of the water, it muſt move. either 
by the line (CEB ;) or by che line (DB.) By the line 
| | (CEB) 


'To CEOGRAP HT, ->f 


*CBB) ic cabnoc (move 4 For When ic_ 3s con240(E) ic 
wilt dam fi4l; Becauſe from- CE) to; (B) irmuſt move 
upward, 1f xt: move at all; which is <ontracy;-to.the na- 
ture f water, - Tf raerefore It move by aſtraight hinz, ic 
can be no other- bar (BD, ) and fo from (D) to (B);i it {hall 
continually deſcend ; for of all places herw2en; (D) and 
(B.) (B)s raene reſt to (A:) But chen the fountaty mult 
not be in (B,) bur higher in(D) which: ſeems alcogether 
:mprobable or impoſſible, For fic the-line (AD) would 
be notable and cenſibly tonger then the line (AB,) For 
che compaſs of the Earth being about 2400. miles , an1 
rhe ſemidiamiter (AB) or (AC) 3$28.. miles, the line 
(ED; ) would be 1 58x, Myes: which cannot be crue, if, 
as we have proved :before ,'the Earch-be round, and 
che higheſt hills make no- ſenſible: inequality. Again they 
chat dwell tn{D) ſhould-ſee the North , Pole Rar (N) as 
well as —_ chat dwell if bd __ alſo is falſe» Sothen 


” of Brief INTRODUCTION. 
the River - cannot run either by (EB) -or:(DB.,) Runs t* 
'then circvlarly by rhe line (CWB?)This ſeems probable; 
and the'rather becauſehereby a'reaſon of the . original of 
Rivers might more eafily be given. For the founraine(C) 
lying even \ with the Superficies of che Sea-the water may 
eaſily paſs through the hollows of che Earth,. and break 
out ar (C) aithour. aſcending. : But: here alſo are ſome 
difficulrees : for firſt we find by experience that the ſoun- 
-raines of moſt Rivers, and rhoſe grear ones too, lie ſen(i- 
bly higher than the plain ſurface of the Sea. : Again , if 
the River move direly round, what ſhould be the cauſe 
that begins-and continues this mocion-? It is a motion 
beſides the nature of the water , and: therefore; violent): 
what ſhould then drive it forvvard fromthe Seatb (C) and 
from(Cjro-(B?) when thewarer is ar(C) of (W,) ir ts 
as near to the Center (A) aswhen itis.ac(B:) and there- 
fore 1t ſhould' ſeem with more likelyhood:'ic would Rand 
fill. for why ſhould it ftrive to go farther, ſeeing where 
It is, It 1s as near to_the Center as.hither it runs. Or if 
ſome violence do drive it from (C) toward (W 3) yet (as 
is the nature of violent motions) che farther it goes 
the flower it will run, till in the end it will ftand fill 
if there be no advantage of ground to help it forward: As 
a bowle throvn down a hill runs eaſily and far 1f it once 
| be ſer a going z | but chrown upon the ice (an even place) 
it will wichourt any let at laſt and lll. 

Anſwer may be made hereunto, that altho there be no 
ad vantage of the ground, yet the water will fill move for- 
ward from( C)to (B; )becauſe the water that follows puſh- 
eth forward that which runs afore. W hich anſwer will band, 
when a good cauſe may be ſhewed which forcibly drie 
v:th the water from the Sea unto (C) and out of the foun- 
rain (C:) confidering that (after this ſuppoſition) they lie 
both i in the ſame circular ſuperficies. Wherefore ſeeing 
we cannot without any inconveniency ſuppoſe it ro move 
by any of theſe lines cither ſtraight as (BC )or (BD :)or 
Circular as (BWC:) ler us enquire farther, A 
+ | e 


Ran: MN wed : a, Le FI ae. 4 1 $296 NO on a EE Ib 
: MRI HeIPReater the waitin Fe, ; 


TEE CO I ee IN oo ein aha Ce hoo 
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4 < & - gy "ng Ln ht a7 42 X: 
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&F pn \ 2 *"7. IS ole ra 17-5. T5 8 ” £5 a OS "0 - _ A E 'E 
E PE pag. IT . Tx .L o F 4 he EC Pre 3a at "g 
-S. L Es , Oz 9 Rp? BN) 


10) WEDErAPHT, > © | 
*' The moſt. Nkely %opitiion" i$%4, thar the» ifSrion "of: 
. the” Warr is mixtndther/direMy Right, gof' circular 
bur ply 6ne,pdttly the orh&t/! Orifir be circlar; its? 
na cticle whoſe "Cehter is a 'ictle diſtane fro'n the:Cenc: 
ter of the'vhole Gtobe.” Letus then'place fountains ne'-: 
ther in(C) nor(D,)burin((F.)Lfay" the warer rujfis eirher? 
partly ſtraight by the lin2"(FS,) 2nd plervly'c;reutar; from 
(S) to {B) (which m6cion-will netbe iriconverſcent'y for! 
the Water deſcending continually fronP(F)2to ( $) will 
cauſe it [til] ro run forward: ) or'elſe wholly cirealar in the 
nem ( F XB.) Andchis is moſt agreeable torruth, ” For 
on ha | both run round > aSit muſt do if we will eſcape 
the otherwiſe unavoidable inconveniences of the firſt opi» 
_ and alſoin-running fill deſcend ', and come nearer « 
; - the:cenrer; as is moſt befitting the nature of water ; ſo | 
ar; need not ſeek for any violent cauſe: rhat moves ic. 
i ry = then ſee what is "the height of (F) the fountains of 
| MNilw, ebgve' (C) (1/4. (B) the mouth or outher of ir 


oy 
£ 1 # «4 , } 7 Lg : 
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24 A Brief. ANEROBUCTION. 
950 &Re:9R3- 4; I he 'vſual i alorange {18;;atghcOurſer is 
ane ſpar-indeſcenc far 3no-fonr 1 10 TURING byt{ this bg 
thoveht 100 much (becauſe water GMEAIREM .YpgDAny 
ipequelity of ground) for every 560. foot allow: one for 
_ deſcent :;/and fo much We.may Wih-reaſon, in- /zogard 
of. the ſwiftneſs of. ” 1-1 y8arhe molt Kiyers, Which in 
many, places." .nw.heaglong 4: in- 4fl very (italy (Gl! 
pecigly-Nley whoſe cacrart, ar. fewnialls a7e, vorable x 
which czxnor be; without ſame .,natable declivity af Tx 
round. Tbus rhen.the whole. courſe of Nilzs being 2309 
miles from (F)to (B::) the perpendicular or plumb der 
ſcent of it-(CF) will, bes miles... And, ſe high ſhall the 
Fountain and above.che-mouth;;. | and: the, ſurtace. of the 
plain land. (for-Riyers commonly ariſe, ar; fot af bills ) 
which» is (BXF) ſwell up. above: the ; furface-of zhe- vea 
(BW©) or (BY:)which Ns of che; land, pve the Sea, 
althoit be greater than is the on ad che. gaolk Mounr 


rers 1nto y' No keeping 


them from ; Ac the firſt 
ſo ſoon as che _ - cad he wa- 
ter didn \&þ : and == them 
thy ds x Ve Shoes omiury. \For if 


xds-FF) the 
wirich ty con- 
trary to its nature. one dr, mY mid-land countries , 


the Seal 


whence Springs of great Rivers uſually ariſe , dof Iy ſo 


- high, chat the Sea cannot naturally overflow them, For 
as for that opinion that the water of the S2a in the mid- 
dle lies on a head higher than the water thar/is by the 
ſhore ; and fo thar i it is a harder matter to- ſail our of a 
Haven to ſea-ward, thea, to come in (becauſe they go up- 


ward : ) this is an empty nttor contrary to expert- 
ence 


CEELT 0 OGN Plans Wn. Sy Tn 
- 


EI EA ALES, xn ou en oy EPI 
a ws IS. 9 SW. 97 35”; : - f A we - 4a AO AEIE Gin as ————_— 
0h" <p CY: EN ROPER ATE rs Car dra, oy "> mk SSP LATE * RN ROLE.” Re OG NE en gen : 
, l SE Kg! h _ VIE . Wer 3 YL Cat 134%, FOI : Epay n BY OT IRS. -- _ 
Hm "a 3 Ns 5 COLE RED WET aE Hes. - 7 AGES» ON in OR OTF Ag” vB ae 22 Sr - 
at. fs + 3s "Hs AI f 


CHAIN I RT SE bs 
by > So SEAT Rh ys 
Me Kats 6+ bond 3s 


AA. C \T#;% £0 RAPHY »,. ws 
Fg andrve NO ae is (816. as might eaGily 
be .henes. Alle ze difhiculsy that, 1s4n this opinion,'is 0 
givea.xeakan how the Waters mount up cof/F ;)and Whence 
re, water comes thar, ould floy. qur of ſo high. a place 
of the Earth,: wherein Icbiok, as.in many other ſecrets. of 
nature, we muſt cantenr our ſelves with ignorance.; ſee- | 
ive ſo Many vain. conj}eAures havg;raken.no better ſuc- 
cels. .. Sis N25 2d GO). ave eat 
"Of the Cweles of the Earth. 
4 T N a round body as.the earth is, there can be no di- 
z & ſtinftion of parts and places, withour the help of fome 
, lines' drawn or imagined to. be. drawn upon, it. Now 
there are not, not, can be any. circles truly drawn.upon the 
earth : yer becauſe. there is a good ground in nature and 
reaſon of things.from thence: we. miſt imagine chem to be 
drain upon the eatth, ' as truly as we ſee, 5, 3 defcribed 
upon a Globe orin a plain paper. Farther this muſt be 
noted, thar all the Circles onthe earch. hive the like op- 
polite unto them conceived rg be in the heavens, under 
which they aredireRly (cituared. © This known, the cir- 
cles of which that we are to take ſpecial notice are of two 
ſorts, Greater and lefler, he 
4 The greater circles are thoſe which divide this tarthly 
ſe globe into equal halfts or Hemiſpheares, ' — © 
7 ' The leſſer are thoſe which divide it into two unequal parts, 
* one bigger, another leſſer. | cms -D6S 
b- | 1, Xquator, 
2 Of the former ſorr there), 2. Meridian, _ 
Z are fqur, the © .) 3, Horizon. wphe 21 
: I 44. Zadiack, or Ecliprick. 


— , 5 ” CY 7Y in” EIA FI" yy "x 
_” Wy | ; - , ye . ? Rn was L008 : 
hd 


26 eA Brief INTRODUCTION. 
- . I, The- Equator or /Equinotliat lint,' is a line drane 
faſt in the +, of the tarth, from Eaſt to Weſt, "which tors- 
paſſeth it as a girdle doth a mans body, and drvideth it into 
rwo tqual parts, one onthe North ſide, the other on the Squth. 
The ro points in the earth rhat are every way fartheſt 
diſtant from it No:th, and South, are called the Poles of 
che Earth, which do direaly ftand'under the two like 
points in the H2aven, ſo called becauſe che Heaven curns 
about upon them, as the Earch doth in a Globe thar is ſer 
ina'frame, This Circle is ofthe firſt and principal nore 
and uſe in Geography; becauſe all meaſurings for diſtances 
of places and quarters of the earth are reckoned in it, or 
from ir. Ir is called the &/£quinofthal, becauſe when the 
San in the Heavens comes.co bedirealy over that circle 
in the earth, the days and nights are of equal length in all 
parts of the world ; Mariners call it by a kind of excel- 
lency, The line. Upon the Globe ir 1s eaſily diſcerned 
being drawn bigger then any other circles from Eaft to 
Welt, and with ſmall diviſions. OY. FOR 
2. The Meridian, is aline that is draws quite croſsthe 
Equinetiial, and paſſeth through the Poles of the Earth, 
oing direftly North and South, It 1s called the CMHeridian, 
| at when the Sun ſtands juſt over that circle, it is 
NMeredies, 5.6. noonday. it may be conceived thus, At 
.noon-day when it 1s. juſt Twelve a Clock, turn your face 
.tovards the Sauth, -and then imagine with your ſelf Two 
Circles drawn, one in the Heavens, paſſing fron the 
North juſt over your' head through che body of the Sun 


#0n2 Meridian, at Oxford another , at B-rffol another 
and 


III 
EE LOMT = © VEE RR 
Be, I Dean 


Sond 
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EL ESO So ones, ng Tc. V 
0 Ti te TOES TO NY 


- It ſers the limits or bounds to your 


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\ - To GEOGRAPAT. _ 27, 
and ſo along Eaftivard or Weſtward. _ For, it is. noon , af 
Longon ſooner thea at Oxford, and ar Oxford ſooner then 
at Briftol, Upon the Globe there are many drawn, all 
which paſs through the Poles , and go Notth, and South. 
Bur there is one more remarkable. then the reſt drawn 


| broad wich ſmall diviſions, vhich runneth th:ouch the 


Canary ifl-yds of Azores Weſtivard of. Spain, which-1s 
counted. the. fi:it Meridian in regard of reckoning and 
meaſuring .of diſtances of places one from another : for 
otherwiſe there is neither fir(t nor laſt in the round earth, 
Buc fome place} muſt, be appointed where to degin the 
account : and thoſe Ilands have been thought fitteſt, be- 
cauſe no part of rhe World that lay Weſtward was known 
to the Ancients farther then that : and as they began ro 
reckon, we follow theta, This circuit 1s called in 
Greek MtonjuCeurbs 


3. The Horizon 1s twofold 


The ſenſible or appearing. Horizon ts the ſpace of the Earth 


Senſible or appearing. 
[ntelligible or True. 


ſo far as in an open Plain, or upon ſame Hill a man may ſee 


round about im, The brim or edge of the Earth farther 
then which you cannot ſee, is the Horizon, or as 
ſome call it , the Finitor, becauſe fipr or terminat viſum, 

Fake beyond which 
nothing can be ſeen upon the Earth. This is greater or 
Leſſer, according as the height of the eye above the plain 


ſuperficies of the Earth , is more or leſs, The moſt ex- 
act Trial hereof is at Sea, where there are no mountains 
nor unequal rifings of the Waters to hinder-the ſizhr , as 


there are at land. For Example let (CBAF) be the /ſ«- 


perficies of the Sea, and let a_mans eye be placed in(X) 
above the Sea; as the eye (tands higher oc loiver, ſo will 
the diſtance ſeen, be more or leſs. As if. the hezghr of 
(XA) be fix foot which is the ordinary height of a man , 
the eye lookin? from (X ) ro (B) ſhall ſes tvo miles and 
threequarrers: if (X) be 20. foot high (BA) will be five 


-- miles, 


mes 1 


ks Sh IS: Beg Chit vi = A. A OO TS 0 3” EI 
fm <_ d a A. | A. Pas, 4 - Wo > 
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. $ P % 


28 A Brief INTRODUCTION 


thar from the maſt of a Ship 50. foor high ,,a man ma 
ſee round abour ar Sea $ miles every way, tovard (EG: 
and {F.) So far may the water irfelf be ſeen z but any 
high thing on the Water maybe ſeen farther 16. or 20. 
miles according as. the height 1s : as the inip ar C- may 


can be therefore no.certain quantity and ſpace ſet. down 
for this ſenſible Horizon, which continually varies accore 
ding ro the height of the eye above the plain groutd or 
; wt This Horizon is not ar all painted on the Globe nor 
can be. p FI6 


 Theintelligible or true Horizon is a line which girds the 
Earth roxnd tn the midſt, and divides it into two equal parts 
or Hemiſpheres , the uppermoſt , upon the top and middle 
point whereof we dwell , and that which is nvder us, Oppo= 

lite 


3; es 4 is. OB uns. SO NE TI D 4 Tx 
15 4k »_- => * "x 2. 4 * Ft v Cots 4 : 
> Y 


miles ; if 40. foot. 7," miles; if $6, foor $. miles.” $9 


be ſeen from X as far more as it is from A ro B, There 


"7 


+7 GEOGRAPHY. 29 
fits to this in the Heavens is another Hotizog , which © 
likewiſe curs th2 Heaven'incs cvo Hemiſpheres ,”rhe up- 
per and the lover. Above which circle when any [tar or 
che Sun is moved it then rifeth unto us, and ſetterh 
uyto thoſe thar dwell oppoſite unto us, and ſo onthe con- 
trary. You may conceive it beſt thus , if Randing upon 
a hill}, or ſom2 open place, ' where you may pertealy 
ſee rhe ſetting of the Sun > you mark when the Sun is 
half gone our of your fight, you may perceive the body of 
the 'Sun cut in two, as it were by « line going along 
through ir, the half above ir yer ſeen, that underneath 
is gone our of your {ighr, This line is bur piece of the 
Horizon , which if you con*eive to be dravn upward a- 
bout the Wotld from the 'Welt to the Notch, and fo by 
Eaſt and South, to Weſt again, you have the whole Ho- 
rizon deſcribed. s | 

This Circle is not drawn _ the body.of the Globe, 
becauſe it is variable; bur ſtands otrghe out-fide of ir, 
being a broad "circle of wood covered with Paper , on 
which are ſer the months and days of rhe year , both in 
the old and ney Calender, and alſo the twelve ſigns , 
and rhe' points of the Compaſs. All which are eafil y 
diſcerned by the beholding. The uſe of this Horizon 1s 
not ſo much in Geography as.in Aſtronomy. | 
" The Zvaiack is acirele which compaſſeth the Earth like 
a belt , troſſing the Kquator ſloprwiſe; ut firaight 44 the 
Mer;dians do, Oppotte to it in the Hzavens 1s another 
circle of the ſame name , wherein are the 1 2, fignes, and 
in which the Sun keeps his o'vn proper courſe all the year 
long , never declining from it on-\che one fide'or_ other. 
Th2 uſe hereof in Geography is but lirtle, onely to ſhew 
what. people they are over whoſe heads the 'Sun comes 
ro be once of twice a year ; who areall choſe who dwell 
within 23. degrees of the £quiror';' for fo much 4s rhe 
declination , of ſloping of the Zodjack. This cifcle is alſo 
called\ the Ecliptick line , becauſe when che Sun and 
Moon' Rand both in this circle oppoſite to each _ : 
cnea 


hn "RE ET TENT, "0 FW "yy" hs 1 BEER, dd df 2 hots " CO IE 27 INT. 4 5 ts na RS - oe Ws FREE 1 
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—_— 


30 ' 4A Brief INTRODUCTION 


then there happens 2n Eclipſe of the Sup,.. or Moon, .upon 


4 Globe It is eafily. diſcerned , by tte ſloping of 1t from 


% 


the, Xcvator, and the givif;ons of it into 12. parts , and 
cveiyofthoe 12 into 30. degrees. 

Thiſe are ihe greater circles : the. leſſer follow ; which 
are all of ove nature , and. are called by one general name : 
ic: Paralels, becauſe they are ſo dr awn on eath ſide of the 
AE quator \, as they are equidi/tant auto it-every way. | As is 
caſy.to;be.ſeen; and may,be.congetved. to be drawn upon 
the, earth : but 1here. are.only, Two. forts chiefly:to be 
Ma:ked: nawely the _,, ET Barn: 

I Tropicks, and Eg 
nz © 77 RO ORC IO 
The Tropicks.are two paraþl, circles diſtant. on cach ſide 

of the Equator 2.3 fegrees fhewing he fartheſt bounds of 
the Suns declination North or South from the Equator, or 
the- midſt ' of Heaveu, And therefore they are called 
Tropicks a 78%m2a4 vertendo., becauſe when. the Sun 
comes. over iheſe Jines,, he. cicher tumms away. from us , 
as i Summet,,or turns toward. us again as in the Winter: 
There ais then po of them, viz, »r, | 

E113, The Topick of Carer which lies on the \North 

A ze of-the cAquater , to which when the Sun comes, it 

Jakes the we day in;Summer., 1 _ | 
1) +2» T hel ropicks of. Capricorne -H lying South-ward 

id of the Aquator, ts which nhev the Sun comes, it makes 

\ the ſhorteſt day4in Winter. | | 

T he Polar Circles are two Parallels drawn by the Poles of 

. the Zodrack compaſſing about the Poles of the World, being 
d1tant from them exery way; 23, arorets. 
Ie. The ,Arfich. Crrdle that campaſſeth about the North 
Pole, Itts.[o called becanſeithat in the Heazens | (whereanto 
ths in the Earth lies oppofiie) runs through the conſtellation 
2j the great Beare, Which in Greek is called *Aexits. 

2. The e Anteriitch virele that cumnaſſeth about the South 
Pa't, ard is. (laced oppoſite unto the former. _ All theſe 
ith che former are.calily knon\n upon the Glebe ,30 

: eſcrip- 


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defciiptioas;. 12nd mmes: uſually addeduncochent.” Bur 
becauſe Maps are of 39 caſfier-prict'; and more tommon 
uſe rhen Globes, 1rowill! beagedful ro i(h2w i bow all 


_ Bane 3 Et LEN" gt 6 — 4 - MN IVY 4.4 SW tis uo IH S588 — OS a. : 
” 2h RL. as? WAY * . . S4 a as Gard lo oahg>. : En ©) Fs : : þ Y ; Bey: t ro Yum" 
;t 9-4 8-410 3 ES i OO ns nv Cr. . ®,0 AY . "81 WS * —_ . 
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theſe; Gircles), Whighrate drawn* moſt naturally @p01 a 


round:Gjobz., myy'alſo' as truly; and proficably for kno x- 


ledge atid uſe bedefcribed upon a plain paper. * Where- 


by.we ;thalb underſtand the reaſon -of thoſs!liges whicy 
we ſee in the uſual Maps of! the Wo?1d',- both 'trew thy 


are drawn.and wherefore they ſetve, Underitand there- 


fo:eythir in hiyiaez dowa the Glo52 upon a plain Paper, 
you maſt iav2gine the Globe robs curin r-vo halves tho” 
row the midſt, and foto bz preſſed do-vn flat to the pa- 
per, a8 if you fhould rake:a-h1llow ditfe, and with your 
hand fquieze the bottom domwn-tilt ic'ly/flae upona board 


or-anyiother ptain thing : "for chen will thoſe circles that 


before-:were of equal dittance run cloſer rogether rowards 
the-midit... After this concert, univerſal-Maps are made 
of two; faſhions:;,/ according: as/the glode!tay be! divided 
rw6\wayes; either entetieg quite through: by the: Mefidian 
fromTNoreh! 6 Subs; )as if yoo ſhould tut an Apple by 
che; eye: and-rlie talk; 'or cutting te chrbugh the ZEqui- 
no&ial ; Eaft and Weft ,-a3' one would divide an apple 
through the midti,berween th + eye-and the Naik;The for- 
mer makes.rv9 fxc65;0: hemifÞhetes, the Eif-and rhe weſt 


hemiſphere;thelitrer wnikes) likewiſe vo-hemirpheres;the- 
North xndeds Sort : Bbrh Tuppofidions are food, and'be- 


ficting the nature of the Globe : for as rouching ſuch um»: 
verſal Maps wherein the Wo:1d is repreſented notin two 
round faces but all in one {quare plot, the ground where- 
upon ſuch deſcriptions are founded,is leſs natural & agree- 
able to the globe,for it ſuppoſeth the earth to be like aCy- 
linder, (or rowl of Bovling-allies ;) which imagination 
unfeſs i be well qualified , isutterly falſe, and makes all 
ſuch Maps faulty in the ſcicuation of places, Where- 
fore omitting this, we. will ſhew the deſcription of the 
two former onely, both which are eaſy to be done, 

1, To deſcribe an ZquinoRQial Planiſphere , draw a 


E 2 Ciſ- 


32 1.8 Brief 1INT'ROD UCTIO N. 


circle 28 (4;B{D)and inſctibe into irewo diameters (AB) 
and (CD) cptting:cach orbesiiat aight, Avgles, and the 
whole circle'\inco foiirguadrants:: each, vbereof divided 
into$O parts or degrees.” The hne'(AB) doth ficly re- 
- preſent half of the A: quator/, as the line(CD) (in which 

the points (C.) «nd (DD) are of the two Poles) half of the 


Meridian ; fot thefe,.curcles, the eye | being in/perpendi- 


cular line fromthe point,of coricurrence.,: (as-in this pro- 
* jeRion ir 18 ſuppoſed) muſt needs appear ſtreighr, | Fo 
draw the other, which will appear crooked ; do thus : 
Lay a rule from the Pole (C) toevery tenth or fifth de- 
gree of the half circle (ADE) noting in the Zquator(AB) 
every interſeRion of it and the: rule, | The like do. from 
the point (B) to the. ſemicircle, (CAD) noting alſo rhe 
interſeRions inthe Meridian, (CD:) | Then the Diame- 
ters (CB) and (AB) being drawn-out at both ends as 
far as may ſuffice , finding in the line (DC) the center 
of the Tenth divifion from (A)to (G) and from (B) ro 
(C) and of the firſt point of intecſeRion noted in the. Me- 
ridian from the Xquatot towards ( ) by a; way familiar 
ro Geometricians-:: conne& the three points ,- and: you 
have the parallel of 10 degrees from the Aquator : the 
like muſt be done in drawing the other parallels on either 
fide of the; &quator 3 as- alſo in, drawing. the Meridians 
from centers found in the line;(AB) in-like manner con»: 
tinued,  All-which is iluftrated . by che following dia 
oram, ts nad kN « | 


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21 To deſcribe a polar planiſphere , draw a circle 
(ACDB) on the center (E) and as before , inſcribein 
rwo diameters (AB) and (BC) cutting each other ar 
right angles, and the circle into four quadrants, Each 
quadrants being divided into 9o parts, draw from every 
5th or Toth of thoſe parts a diameter to the oppoſite point 


4, wy = hy art IX hy pate} "EY > ooh 
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3 ABrief INTRODHOTFION 
theſe lines all concurring-in-che center (E) being the 


pole,are as ſo many Meridians, Next,having cut the half. 


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b in the points (FGHIKLMN) draw on the Center(E) fo ; 

- 1 many Circles , and theſe” repreſent the parallels ofthe 

| Globe, beipg alſo here true parallels © 
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__ GCGHAP. V. 
Of divers Deſtinttions , and Droifions of the Earth. 


\ TExc after the Circles ofthe Earth ; we may nor un- 
LN ficly handle the, ſeveral divifions and diſtinQions 
which Ceographers make-of the- parts , . and Inhabicancs 
of the Barc, ' Theſe are many, but; ve will briefly run 
pO (0 ALS Ap 226649 «tau 


43+. The farſt and moſ{plain is by. the coaſts of the Hea- 


D 


vens, 2nd ciſing, and ſetting of the Sun, ſo iris diſtin- 


eviſhed into the - 


" Eaſt : where the Sun ariſerh. Orient, Ort &y&TAH. 
\ Welt; where the 5up goerh down, Occidens., | 
North : between both ,framwards the Sun at Noo. 


: 1 a 45 
* 


 Septent310. © -bo eP «K. IE 
South.: betiveen, both rowards ,the Sun at Noov- 


 eMenridies. | 


*., Theſe Four are called che. chief or Cardinal-quarters of 
the. V.Vorld. .They with. .che otheis berweey gbein, are 
ealily known , but are of more uſe po Mafiners gbgn $9.15. 
'VVe may rather take-notice of thoſe other: names- Which 
by Aſtronomers , Geographers , Divines, and Poets are 
eiven unto. them, + V Vho ſametimes call the Eaſt the 
right hang part of the world , ſometime the VVeſt, 


ſometime che North, and ſometime the South, .the diver- 


ry .1s noted. in theſe Verſes, | 


Ad Boream terre, Sed Cali meyſor ad Anuſtrum. 
Preco Dei exortum videt, occaſumque Poets. 


Thar is Geographers look to.the,North; Afronomers 


to che. South, Priekis turn them.co.che. Eaſt," and:Poers to 
the Welt, | | This 


" A >. tv | \FI00Q3 "a0. ERS 
£8 eA Brief INTRODUCTION. - 
This ſerves for underſtanding of Authors , wherein any 


AHention isinadevfrhe-tight or lefr part of the World. 


If for Example he be a Poer, he means the South by the. 

righr hand, the North+by.the left 3- becauſe a Poet turns 

his face co the Weſt and ſo reckons the quarters of Hea- 
Teadd Barthanod cl bon, wo wit wang JO 

2. The ſecond diſtin&ion 1s by the notable differences 
of heat and cold ,chat are obſerved on the Exrth , this 1s 
the diviſion of the Exrch by Zones or Girdles , whichthe 
parts of the Earth, wherein heat and cold do remar kably 
increaſe or decreaſe. ThoſeZones are 5; 

1, The hot or burning Zone (Zoya Torrida) which 
contains all thar ſpace of Earch , that lieth between the 
two Tropicks, ſuppoſed heretofore (bur falſly as after - 
experience hath ſheved) to be inhabirable by reaſon. of 
heat, the Sun coatinually lying over ſame parr of it. 

2. 3- Thetemperate Zones wherein neither Iteag nor 
cold is'extream bur moderate: ' thoſe are 'two , one on 
the North fide of the Zquator , between the ArRick 
circle, and the Tropick of Cancer , 'another on the 
'South fide berween the Tropick of Capricorn , and che 
AntarRick circle. Each 
"4+ 5- The cold or frozen Zones, wherein cold for 
the moſt part is greater then the Hear,; cheſe likewiſe 
' are two, one in the North berween the Ar&ick circle and 
'the North-Pole, another on the South beween the An- 
'tarRick circle and the Sourth-Pole. Theſe of all parts of 
'the earth are moſt inhabited , according as extremity of 
cold is allways a greater enemy to mans body then extre. - 
mity of heat. : | | | 

2, The third diſtin&ion is by the ſhadows , which bo- 
dies do calt upon the Earth , juſt at noon day ; for theſe 
do not allways fall one way bur diverſly according, to 
heir divers (cituation upon the Earth, Now in reſpe& 
of the ſhadoivs of mens bodies, the inhabitants of the 
-Sftth ate divided into the alg 
' "I. Amphiſcu («upto ) whoſe ſhidows at noon-day 
| _— 


\ V*-" 
oe -"-,- 


? Mt. ee or BG on ttt, <A. 2 . 
, : 


* Ts (GBOOR A PAY. S ..- "off 


' fall 1-hork EP” to rhs Norely when oY Sun is Soth- 
ward;of chem z at rothe:Soarth iwhenthe Sun is North- 
ward» and: ſuch'-aze "thoſe people-that' dwell ittthe hbr 
Zone. For the-Sag goes over their heads ewite a Jour, 
once Norchward and another time Southward: When! the * 
Sui jt overttheir heads they ar ealtee "Afi, 2dow 4 
widhout ſbadomy 2:0 V0 nal o {* 

2. Heteroſcu (ingjaue) whoſe- tiagunio EF Mg 
faltions ways mama y albvays rowat ds the Noth: 2x th 4 
that:dveU lm<rhecNonhern'remiperars! Zorie, 'or aſWiys 
ro the South, .zvrhoſe tic dwelt in- che Sbuther rempe* 
RE Es) Goeliairy Sotini $dnvvico. rifht'aho 

11d! 1 } 60} wer! ut 
them;. as-thole-perptelmhodwetbid the" Sd col8'Z. Zones, 

fat as|cheBuryteverigoe>downito them, after Het ghee up, ? 
| bur. Mlivays roundabout; fo do theit (Hadows:” ” / 

4. Fhefourth LiftinRionis by the ſeitnarionof itle Ine 

habtrantSbithereatch's ulupaſes 6ne-with avorher, who 
argcatled{cidher, 1: 1100! | 

: I({Peri4cr/(onelucnnd) FIR 29 Fre eoltid Sd cheeirth” 
itbone/and cheifiieparallel'y as! for* "Endtple' Roe” the” 
Trophcki of Cancer: L CS 429% & 

2-7 atgt) Et ern met: 

Py bt har 


to 
Dy Zoning) bohs nar ju by Thelt' 
cap appoſite: to ours! 5 The door > is'of the 


length and breadth of hs Earth, pr laces thele 

may be conſidered two wayes. 

I. Abſolutely, and ſo the 

( Longicude or length of the Earth is its: circuit, and 
Extenſion from Eaſt to Welt, 


"YBarirude or breadth of it, is the whole circuic and 
compaſs of it from North to South, | 

2. Comparatively , comparing one places -ſciruation 
with another , and ſo the 


F +Lon. 


_—_ 


The Lopgitude muſt borechoned by th 


Longitude and Laicude i 1£35.-;;Jior rhe: L 


rs are tne Latiti 
Fake (GAB) -! 


38. A Brief INT RODUCTION * 
f Longitude of a place ,- 4s the diſtance; of ir from 
the ficſt Meridien; going: through the Canary 
Ilands Eaftward.. Whereby we -know- how: ſar one - 
place lies Eaſt or Weſt from another. - 
F Latitude of aplace, isthe diftance of it from the &-- 
.quator. towards the Notch or Sourh:: whereby 'we * 
know how far one place lies CR I or South-. 
| Ward of anothere-.1 1 $) 2 


e degrees 


A. :.£ 


Mg 


of rhe - 


Aquator , the Latitude bythe degrees'of the Meridian... - 
For Example, in theſe | two. Hemiſpheares,. che longi- 
rude of the whole Earth 1s from ©) to (A) andi(B)n- 
the. Xquator. [The Latitude 18 from((N eq (S).and-from 
C Q\)ro:(P) the North and;Sourh Poles; and this-reckons:: 
ed in any Meridian, The firſt Metridianis (ANBS) which 
ooes by the Canary Ilands', The AquinoRtal is ( ABCA)- 
Now I have a City given ſc; (D.): L-would know- in whar 
ongitude: 1 con | 
ſider what Meridian paſſeth "through i It ,;which-1s:the - 
b Meridian-(NDS) which: crofſerhithe/ AquinoGtialin{l)ar 
| 1.5..degrees, wherefore 1- ſay that (D)/tands' Eaftward 
fron the Meridian 15 degrees. So I find/that the Ciry* 
(B)3 is.1 @ degrors Eafbwatd;:(G)/1a5y.90d) (B): 345 
i cicude. 1-cqnſider whac Parallel:runs through! 
( bxG\ p *) ang. Lf tHe 30 topaſs by(D) 45 by E3: | 
Ls x5; Leone ere by. (G). and*'choſe num* 
'of the - place; thar are -diſtanc from 


; 3 
bas 
Q 
J 
ke 
(&) 
S 
Ml 


"Y 

Dn 

fa, 

"7 

hg he 

Yy 

"To; 

od. 

wud 

iP, 


TG 


$ 


i, 


x 
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iT oe : P 
. _—_— ' 
na 


_ 


40  Abrief INT RODBGCTION. 
Concerning the {ld reby the Longitude of pla- 
ces$ 1s found out Carce hing chartroubled 
Mathemariczafts A fe ton of it, | For 
becauſe ng” ſtab Ob . can He Take ne Heavens al- 
waies ryhd penn ice quſtheeds be a ar To mea- 
| ſure ypopthe Tar Spe alk mL der <8, ſame pa- 
ralle}, 44 Pe creal T ye dy ces, but 
{ot ome"1n\it  {41f\, and unprot table in oard of 
other, ces-that he out-of <P r pgrallet>-thar Id Hay be 
accounted a fruitleſs labour. and-Accounts 
of Mariners at Sea , are fo Full of caſualry db. uncertainty 
by reaſon of che doubtful; variation pf the | compels, the un- 
equal, yiolence of V Vinds and Tides, rhet e/making of 
their Sea Catds, by-whieb cheF-larke; A "jp 
of the Maſters for che greateſt part. yas cheie- can be hard- 
ly any aſſured reckoning ads chem. "The beſt means 
of obſervation 1s by Eclipſes of the Sun - Moon , which 
in ſeveral countriesare ſoaner orlater ſeen , according as 
one place lies farcher- From. another. Bur this alſo 


obſerved , and whenit 1 is. pb ath . ſo -many difh* 
culries in he. preciſe and exa&. [oration of it z that we 
may well account this inquiry after the Longitude of pla-- 
ces , to be one of thoſe things whereof Ne muſt be con- 
rent, to be ignorant, , and rather to gueſsatin groſs , than 
in vain to. frivefor exaQneſs, which is the cauſe why the 
rables of the : Longitude/and Latitude of Cities, though 
they many/rimes agree in jthe Latitude , do-yet . for the 
moTtpart-very differ in the. Longitude, | 

6, The axtbdiftingion is hy the lens oth or ſhortneſs 
of the day. in-Symm . by fevers]. » a of the 
exrth.\ AnJthis di on; is by climat\(x\/yam) which 
are ſeveral ſpaces of 6 aops.: by eines bay een rwo Ppc-- 
rallels, inthe which.chelbng day in Jummer exceeds 
that in anotherparallel by  halfan hour.” There isa great 


de:] of confuſion and differetce betvecn the late & anci- 
ent 


falls out ſo ſeldothe 5; and ena happens, is ſo ſeldom 


- ar on Bros bee ro do RE: 
F 2” $97. z —_ : 
WO" Be "e's ; s 


S 
C 
c 


7 y FP te 
\ 


v 01 PBOORA: P pr. Ws f5t 
"WY Ave 162 - 


onjngk of the-Ohigns; 2 3526p 
councifivieoriaibag bhi 
ptain;odralieal Jwvonn 
on Uay increuferh'by , Do 
Thors HC PR Wits CHE 4 ing: 
a 


ty pony = Nay ie: ph on Kg nar, 
the — SA, PTA Te 
ma jew go om Trot; £4, pgs £ 
fil vill 6-G £048 Way; PP aya Th v:, 1p At 
degrees of Latitude evety: op limas begins 
l ;ends:y ſhall appear" 5 TE TEMRE= fn" 
-:1Thaaſsof this! Table W- i cfife 
| are-containedche tate Fi the Ei mats, 'In 1 
dhe ſecond the pa Pata Ch We ac Ae Wa 
and; divide it tt RE heparin ere ate 
drawn by every] half bojrs grows 


ons | 
y Cl mates 0 1 
mtr Me 0 CT 
$0 Ix, 

1 Theſfourily bontdits wic'agd ,- bo 
every Chimie grey BN _ cabs 4 
mate , ep ap OS Fl nk IT, Pt bo 


PÞ1 Q tin 


"| Flidtified CH wit rs 


He Earth? 2c! ; 

'd 
4!The® | 
done ates br pl5cet by iy Ab 


Hereby ir 56 to Uo AE Hat Rngatt bay be at ah 4- 


ny place of the world whoſe latitude 1s known, Or Cone. 


Tz i Y 


Thaſe that dwell nuder-the Pole have nat paſt 3 0r 4 months profun= | 
das tenebras dark-aight'y for when the Sun 2s in Libra and Piſces being. 


thee night , the Horizon it ſends forth to them a Glimmering light not 


ualike to the dawiing of the day in a morning a little before the Sun 
rifong.” Munſter lib, 1. cap. 5+ 
trafily. 


”= 


22 A Brief INERODMCTION 


£ 


F 


parts of inhabicancs of the earth, 
nar | 
1n an oblique or crooked ſphear... 


ſs aiatol an ther. tws” kv 
_ c BRI, a 


crarily che lon Yf ing known, toknow! cheacituds. 
FE A Or ersds dang 
tude 24.0, In the Table I find chas 3a. degrees iofilaugude 
liein the ninch Climate yrherein the; day/18-16;boursatd 
a half long , ſa much I ſay tbe day is/ar @xford [im Sum» 
mer, . The == ofOxfirdia the bemiſpbear isat. Vo 3 
* Upon Globes the Climares. arg;nor uſually deſeribed 3 


bur are noxed out, uÞon the brazen. Meridian. vo alfo if 
1 Hen Maps they are ſeldome- drawn ,. te:avoidxon+ 


fulion of many liries together, bur. chey are many: titmes 
marked out on the limb gr edge of ,che map..1 io 7-22. 

"The ſeyench and laſt diftin&ien, of che catth: is.raken 
from ram: of it in.reſpe&of whe Heavens, and 
eſpecially. che. Suns mocign.,, In.regard i yhedeof ome 
are-ſ1d to. be 9. or dwell 


4 : » 
- 4 4 


ioht ſphear , ſome in a parallel, ſphear, and-/ orhiers 


\ They dwell, (in Spherepefis) ina nghc! or; Araight 
hear dwell.juſt joriolfon Jer | Whoſe:tle- 
rizon is parallel to.che Menigians , bus curs the-&guator 
at tight Angles,” OD. Jilin 
B They dwell in parallel Sphears., who dwell. juft-under 

Eithet of the Poles, whoſe Horizon. is parallel --co the &- 
quazr , bax cis al rhe Meridians gr ighe Angles: and 
the lartet is ſotyeciine called a.parallel. ph bog. 2x7 
[Ore "(Sphera Ob ” ina cr > ppc 
wha inhabit any place, between. che, Aquinogah) ang rhe 
Jet 0 Ric ED Coe e parallsls, and 


Pole whoſe Hortz 
the Meridians at oblique or..unequal, Angles« -: y{-- >: 


7 i yo 17 Tm. 
a . L'\ © 34 / \4t » 
LL \ [] a & | Li 7 4 z / þ " _ i & oy : 


C— — ; a tv ot late / 6 UE IE AS <> 9 —_ PP” nad an 4 
—__ —O_— _— eo - _—— 2 - —_—_— A 
-. 
x \.. 
* * *. * oY 
4 Þ 7 | \ 
© - wu % % 4 


A. Y \ . £1 k 3 * L *% \ | #4 
_” : _ . C pd * NR. - S& \. * 4 + A w © T ) £ L £C | . . v% 4 ” 
. . " p Y x vt ; * £ / s > \ &.-\ ? ©. * 'S % k % 3 LO Y 4 
- hy # © z o w _S - . 4 


bt - oh »» M2 : 
A653 - » 7 7 p 4 ne 27 L 
*< AFL 


= ly. "8: of = 5 

”% x *E : % yp 
\,»\T0G £OGRAPHYT > of 
* ? , FX : ” . # " 
ery 41 Av; 1 # SF t 47 4 


&% 4 


+ 5-4 #4 fs +3 d£- A. 4 * RET ELLACCEAT 
TOES. 64 < +4 S Sa þ . 
E5 
_ oe , o "x R , " - Y 
>. Fan = 1 : n_ x > " a 408 1: ! "0" KK. &# 
* # ©. %_# > m hs I dans © : S— — 


of 
. " L ! 


_ x": FR 2 "0; $1 FX 75S F TEE FL LM | 
Of the meaſuring of: the Earth; 


KJ E are now;come to the laſt point concerning the 
.- meaſuringofrhe/Earch, which-is-cyo-fold, © - 
; C 1- Whole!Earth. > £80712 241311 
{7 :, ©, Efance one frommanacher.” ID 17 Of 10419 
Concerning the rfarſtar isburia needleſs: labour to-ree” 
count,: the diverfity of opinions that have been held-from - 
rime to time-by:keartied Geographers , -what'is the” com-. 
* paſs anddepthof che Earth. -This may be ſeeri-in Hyes, 
* dreuſy Globs, part. g} cap. 2. and:in Claving ibm (Bacrobaſco, 
2 withorhers; They-altdiffer 6amych one fon! another 5," 
that chereis nocertainty in 'trifling any: of1chem;? [The - 
molt commdn and received-opinion- is ,>that'ithe circuir 
of the earth is 31600 miles, reckoning 60 miles fot eve-: 
ry ; yrtnne=> therithe depth.or: Diamererofthe Earth 
ſbalkbe. 6877 Engliſkmiles,:conmaining $606 fobr: 11a- 
mes drm aid aur uni 91 2102 0300 0 , 12 
- The mearis yhereby'the:oitouic; and diameter” of 'the 
earth : are Found-out are pfincipally-two; 1 
.. 1. By meaſuring Northror-South, under one Meridian 
ſame good'quantity of ground ;;'threefſcore oran hundred' 
miles (or xwo for the: more certainty} for- in :rhoſe: perty': 
; obſervagi0ns:'of ſmall diſtances: therecan (be: no certain: __— 
| working, | This ttiay be-done; thoaghir be laborious, ;yer- 
exactly without aby -ſenfible; errorby*a skilful workman- 
plotting ic but upon, his paper , with-due-heed taken thats 
he ws; pewaes lg vartation of the needler(by.:whicti he? 
travels)-upon due obſervations,and REID 
| TL: "Eno $542 O0ACE 


eA Briefs FNFR@DBACTION, 


and deſcents, with ſuch winding and turning as the ne- 
celluy of che way. cauſcrh, bes educed-t0-One frets ie 
line, By this means we ſhall know how many miles in 
the earth anſwering tq agegftQuitifs Heavens, if exaRt 


obſervation by large inſtruments be made to find the ele. 


vation of the.Pole., ip.the fit. whe 5 'e begin to 
meaſure, and” FO MS a Rn Q x 
Beſides this way of meaſuring the circumference of 
the earth, there is none! other that harh'aty cerealpgy\ f | 
obſervation. iniic.. Thatiby Echpſes1smoſtuncerrainf, fr 
alittle error in a feiv mitwtes oftime'(which the obſer- 
vers fhallnot:poſibly-avoid): preeds x 9rn nrone fowl? * 
error in rhe diſtance of therwvaphcepoÞobleyvation, That 
of - Eratoſthizts; "by 4he Sumbeams i}! andcia ſhadow! bf a 
ſake or Gnoman feruponithecarths is ag/badvas che other, 
For. both| the; uheertainty' :of cthe watrulichor forall 
quantity;a91the Emdowand the Gnomonmufb geeds have; 
and thediffiquirpeoroblenye: ghe. _ lenpoly ofthe thy. 
dp*, axalfaske falfe ſuppolition whitreupob ir proceeds 
rakivg thoſe lires for paraltels:whighare!novg dotmants 
felly:ſbew the! reckoning:hezeby madero be dowbrfiil and: 
nefdaures - ono) 5 hen oli oodreg w10TGS 277 10 
2: Theiſecond is:bytheaſuring the ſemi dramerer the: 
Earth: :+ Far asthe cirqumference nakdsikyowa rhe diarties! 
cer, ſo doth this the circumference.. This may be dobe' 
by; obſervation; inade: upow-fome ;greav ill; hard bythe 
ſex fide. The invention igpt eFGEaurelyansr Abber' of Meſe- 
{ava in;Sirika,, butit hath beencperfeRtedr;} and more-ea- 
_ fiby: performed by 4-warthy > MarhemariciansE} 2, whit 
himfe/fmade proof! of ita iBythis arp was the Rmillame-! 
refotbecarth rabe) 23 r>627] foo chic: atlawing-- 
5093 foctito.i. nile: is/2662) anda half mitesi; Whightdou?” 
blled:inche twbole diamerer7 325 miles{Thecireult VOthe? 
earth Gall be-2:3030! miles ; and zone: degree | cofitains! 
63% mites; whidhois: atmoſt 6a mides 97) huch?2:agar ex-- 
oceds rhei-ondintty account, ;:: fo:may ive ref” wont fr/287 
mare exaQ than any other, =: "4" CE 


by ads order FI.D 5 A888 


bs "eHE 'nieaſititg" 6F"py 
| f=if thy - 


TrIWI9G Jartt 1 5111949 t errf 
7096-3911 42; "ns i111.) 


geht is tan ety, p KEE go 


quites; _wm—_ "hg | 

{ole degrees” entned into - 
F the't cn from. another; 
1 nu Sy p91 : more” —_— 
oh UK UH Nt gy Wet here _ be 
| &dbſilt6d i #ekfe ME TY AS __ 
0 —_ {5 Ortaas cat: PTS 

_ .f LA OFEÞd { If 
[11 9* 5/ OF Las i Egit hate gut, | 
21 . GEN ' 9013 a: J 29 


19! {3 "ug C 1110J 


= were = a onl UTR thde , "y Ate 
E-44- Nets 


| 2 both'cix« _ 
Al dfrhe hive the di So Eiticudes 
arti RT gate © Wklie 


[ern &.< * A Tent 


3 39] Aon 1231351 3; Jry Fr 


ge rune hk "o8lyin L 


tle SPE Pata" gives "cherni Giahoe. 


(11/2 BO UNE 


 20p0Pngiftidct"bF Stade) USL: tate: ie oy 
a Lbh>itude rh > hk be foun] out \; firlt Ter” cheir be. 
e fighc diameter noted with. 


drawn { femicitc 
( ABCD) whieteof ONa hall be hy center. The greater 


chis ſemicircle is made,' o mui” rhe} more eaſy will 
rhe opbration';” beCafe: the” degtecs* will 'be* larger. 


G Then 


Hor Nath "21d" apocher"South., gt ys 


apt BY te c 124k 
unilfhr one parallel 6f1zcitude, rhed Ratelice of Eonvitude 
ribtied "init tiles" propotriondbly '2ctording ro che Lari- 


vi TORE 
4 4 4 bo &..3 7 


_— — —_—— 


— 


{8 A Erief,' 1 MAT $9 D#{6 T,H0N, 


Thenghis ſeeing being aol a6@0rdingly* di- 


vaged,,, ; imagine ,tha 
find out the diſtance hi London and Jeruſalem; which 


Cities a:e known to differ both in Longitude and Lati- 
eude. Now that the riverlifiance bevy. cheſs yo pla - 
c65,may be found aur, ,4 yan .amult 11h cfubBraRgholeder 
Lengitude bur of 2 grexen, {6.1 al y6w;Hnd. Fhe) diffe- 

age thor Lcpgicudehgp ad { ng I xIhen 


by your rules, 16 Hutighs ing i by 9a wafug ABLE 


center of.t. Hr bee we is fort, periorm- 


ed, letthe atitud aj tout Which is 32 de. 
vices, inthe aforeſaid ſemigigcle,; beginning. your ac- 
count from the point (E) Ny 0 pe a d grids )) and 
ar the end of che, leſſer latigide ther point be mark- 
__ out with the ſetter = rom KY point , ler their 
edrafyn a; perpendicular, ling; y,fall with right 
So ne Wer; i drawn-c __ from(D) ra{E). 
and whete it chanceth to, fall, there mark our a.pojnt: 
withthe letcer (H:) This being performed - ler che greater 
laticude' which is 51 degrees.5.2. minutes ,: be: fought.qur. 
in the ſemiciccle begining 8o, reckon. from. (A). rowards. 
(B) and at the end of thar latitude ſer another point figne 
ed our by the letter; {1 from whence let their. be drawn 
another. perpendicular | line thac may fall, yich right. An- 
oles upon rhe. Diameter (AC, ) and here,mark our a point 
wich the ſertertK,) rbis done: rake with;your.compaſs rhe. 
d iftance berwixt (K) and (H) whichdiftance you muſt ſer 
Co.va-upon. the diameter ( AC:) placeing rhe :one,; foot. of 
your Compaſs upon(K) and the other rowards the center 
(D)} an; 1 there mark out another point with the, letter (L) 


repce make a Pere with the Mer egy aha fr 


then with, your compaſs rake ſhorter-perpendicwlar line - 


(GH;)and apply that, wideneſs upon the longer. perpendi- 


cular line(IK,)placeing, the.qne ſoot of your, compals at(T). 
which. 


e v6lp.0E1T-4:.v delice. 1 £0, 


FA, 


* + 
oe 


To GEOGRAPNHUY. 47 
which is the bounds of the greater Latitude , and extend 
® the other towards (K,)and'there make a point at (M) then 
* with your compaſs take the diſtance betwixt (L) and (M) 
” and apply the ſame to the ſemicircle , placeing the one 
foot of your compaſs in(A )Jand the other towards(B,)and 
> there mark our a point With the letter (N) now the num- 
> ber of degrees comprehended berwixt (A) and (N) will 
= expreſs the true diſtance of the two places, Which will 
be found to be 39 degrees : which being multiplied by 


*Z 60oand fo converted into Miles according to the former 
> rules, which will produce 2340. Which is the diftance 
> ef thefaid places, 


VPN A VEL SR OE DP VG ii ESA Lt LE EM i 27 $1 


l od te ted —Y Ie "IFY Py 
n Bea TOP%» 29 mmcn= ant 


+ {9p Pg ns 


. = - . rb EE A I Rr RE AY 


MA DG CIR Oc  - 


