3 R ound Lo. Alphabet. — 


>. PA e, HGH 1 
, f, I, f, RITH | 
, H, lee, 
e. 


ee. ts S255 FOF IOW. 
. 


E 1-. He, eee, 
"= ; 


aan 
In 2 . 


” MUTDIFOHILN 
ens 488 
J. 


| ab ße drt — 


| — — ef 


—— — — 


3 R ound Lo. Alphabet. — 


>. PA e, HGH 1 
, f, I, f, RITH | 
, H, lee, 
e. 


ee. ts S255 FOF IOW. 
. 


E 1-. He, eee, 
"= ; 


aan 
In 2 . 


” MUTDIFOHILN 
ens 488 
J. 


| ab ße drt — 


| — — ef 


—— — — 


my 


ek 


= 


© FRONTISPIFE 


„2 22% 6% <a 


N 
\ WII 


W 


WY 


— 
D 


ee. 7 


a 8 4 a Sb v 

CIP N © \ \ — : ij \ 
CID 1 hh 
NN BY N 


4 


„ 


— 


— — 


Tur to het tr and Ern ve Morne owe. | 


_— 


m % 
2 


great preververs a ore Arts. 55 


© Thatrarmr our thoughts and cultivate 


Aue beleve amm all we 


AM hail y 


4 


\ 


* 
* 
+; &, 36 * 


— . 
PRES 


6 


74. 


A 


F 
I A * 4 Ci. 


way 


* 
1 
. 
1 


3:54 
= 


* 
9 


1 


hy 


4 3 2 5 Th 

Og ES SS 2 7 

e 
Sa : 2 


3 
Mr” fg 


—— ; 


N 
So Hoe 


wo, 4 > Ay 7 
„ 


, 2 a cy * 
. — N $ - — * 
r Os, 


A — 3 


pc — * 2 f - . 1 "IF" 8 83 Wo 8 
2 . ods ans — — we 22 , 


-/., CONTAINING, _ 
nige, 7 ibn; and 
easier ns, than any yet 5 
any Person Without the help of 4 Master. 
 InsTRoucTIONsto-wite variety ot Hauds, with, Ce oth 
in Prose and Vene, How t6 write Letters on: Business 
or Frieidehip. Forms: of Indentures, Bon 5 
Rece eipts, Wills. Leaves, -Releazes, &c. 
Also MErcyAnT's ACCGMPTS;: and, A short and ary; 
of Shop and Book-keeping ; with a Description 
Product, Geunties and Market-Towns in Ex can and > 
_ Wars, anda List of the Fair according to the „ 
Together: with the Method of Meas suring Carp: nters, Sa... TE; 
. ers, 2 it omg neo Plumbers, Masons, | 
| ;: how-to: n 2 


gion of Se 80 Tine: HEY: Cog 3 's Sliding: 
Likewise che Practicat: 8 made easy ; "th | 

Dialling, and how to ert and fix Dials;'v wt ee 
 forT 5 N e N and some 


. 
2 *. 


— *8"v 


: 2 , 
4 - 


PREFACE. 


- NEED «ay nd lite ** way of Fa in AS . 
the Wesel de of this | the title page so fully deels- © 
ring its contents; but as a preface is generally expected, 1 
cannot well avoid. ing ies IF; respeet 0 . 
uti] 55 er 2 
Ae doe k first atop of. forming the young man 8 mind for 
business, viz. the being —— structed in and acquainted with 
eur mother tongue, viz, English, it must be nd is acknow«. - 
ledged by all; to be a necessary and prinęipal qualification. 
in business, and. therefore wh is, of great Igtporianes to . oh, 
well acquainted therewith. 2 
In the next place, to Walls good, fair, Lines yy a... 
mendable hand; is equally necessary in most, if not in all 


e the affairs of life, and accgrreiices of business. 1 
> 4's The young man is, e informed how to indite epistles2 
er letters in a familiar s e, and on sundry subjects or bees. 


* IWF 5ions; With directions how te 2 or gonclude a Jetier- 
and als to superscribe-or- direct letters, according to the 
75 different ranłs and qualities of the persons to whom dixedtedẽ Fn we oj 
Eb We must be allowed er neee „ 
NS Iification. © 5 
a The next comp ishment for a a young. man, and „ 
LY treated on in this boak, is that excellent science of Arithme. - 
e, both wulgar and decimal; leatiing. him by the Hand: and © 
1 by easy steps, through its whole ceuise. 
. Again, the young: man is ext shewn the ingenions art of 
cho Book-kecping ute r the Italian manner, by way of double 
— entry; aid hät i an accomplis ment that capacitates n x 
. for business in the highest degree; under which head, he is 
also informed how to draw out, or make various. accounts or 
writings relating to mercantile affairs; as bills of lading, in- 
voices, aceounts of sales, together with authentic examples 
of dills of exchange, with notes concerning them; See By 
BU billsof parcels of divers kinds; also various sorts of xeeei 8 _ 
ec. All which is expedient for a young man to know ar 5 
N understand, if he would be dexterous in business. 
| be young man is here also instructed in relation to A: 
115 affairs of business at ay: FO As; =; ee i 
5 N 19 3 TY e 


— 


| "0 | PREFACE. pg | 
. "He hath 2 2 r of W * Wales, wh | 
7h, 85 county being particula ly spoken of, With respeet to j:s pro- 
duet, soil, and extent; likewise the names of its several 
| © , market-towns, anda list of the fairs now held in them, a8 
they: have deen-settled-since-the xlteration of the stile. 
„Here are aleo easy, plain; and like wise curious Besetöns 
1 measuring all sorts of planes and solide, (arithmetically 
and instrumentally) as the works of carpenters, joiners, saw- 
Pers, bricklayers masons, plaisterers, Painters, glaziers, Ke. 
with the prices of their works, a 
Hefe are like wise slie wn the methods of extracting the | 
equare and cube e wich some of "5 _ in relation 
to meashring, Ke. ** 
| Alse practie al gauging, af iyers king of Jenele küna ge. 
ot  Likewie dialling in various kinds, with the representation 
Hi - - of severalsorts of dials, and how te beautify and adorn them. 
218 Next ave precedents of-law. writing; as bonds; bills Jas 
Pe wille, letters of attorney, c. n 
OR 5 t: Lastly, some directions relating” to the pleasant uud FR, 
Iyghtful art of D Fa general observations for every 
month in the year, Lo which are :snbjoined, some in- 
structiens to young women, how ſo pickle and presstve all 
kinds of fruits and flowers -&c. with instructions for mas 
king A sorts of wines; of English growth; and also tor 
e 3 excellent medicines, plaisters, &c. With se- 
al pox} presc*iptiens-of proper use- againet un: 
pers; zt for, 18 necessary in all families. 
e the Whole is dow added, 3 compendious item of 
Has y and asttonomy; the first, is © ha * utility to the 
dig 


— — 


e mankind, and to these would have an 

d deg — e of what they read in history or otherwise, of 

. transactions in different parts of the earth: and the se- 

ord is of like W to those re . — 3 te on 
de ven bodies, and is purpose designed to give un 
8 . e reader some small idea of the almost 3 
Able number of bodies (most of them much superior iu 
magnitude to our world, as we vainly term it) which the 
Alok hty- and infiaite. Creator hath placed in the universe, 
. exhibited. to the view am conception of manki nd. 
Alco eofitie tables to find the value of Portugal pieces, 
6 buy or «81 by the great hun red patio er inte- 


Jeb * 80 Kat 88 5 Per 8 „ 


. 


7 


y, 


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of 
j 
8 
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9 4 T3 * 4 * 5 
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> * 2 * ” 98 23 %. a : " . 
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a - ; FT .Y — N e * 2 . 7 wy _—_ NN: 
3 \ 5, : ; 4 3 ka . 2 © A Rs 6 ; by vii 2 . Jeb + "ok a * 8 A Te 
%, 4 . — . AA CL NEO I", 1 * * R A 1 + \ 9 
** * 5 5 » * * T $3% _ 4 Pa * IL * * $ 09 a 8 Sy L 
1 as 0 - : - 15 1 & 52 \ - NT *% 
- . — 0 — g n : - > 7 _—_— . -* x 3 * - "a 8 
2 . < * 2 > N . - 8 > "= - 4 1 0 Fol * a 
* SE — * - - 7 . 5 4 * : % N 1 Ba, a 
. 14s. 8 


by La 8 __ <> 3 A ws „ EO 
— £ oe — 1 * 2 , . 
o £ d 5 „ ” , — 1 0 ef 
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is £ ny : Fe 3 
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* . > K ” — ” PA . 5 al ROS. 5 > 
v , 9 * 4 % " ph ; 4 * R 8 - 5 „ 
1 % 4 I = £ — * . J , - 
4+» 1 0 : 33 4 14 4 4 : 9 + * — 
0 2 7 * > Y * v , - © £ , 
— * 1 L * 4 Ot nd . 1 a 55 - 24 * 
x ** x . X — 4 * g 2 - - — 91 
7 = 5 g x 322 4 
5 * 4 7 < * a % * 
4 . q * . \ 4 * 
* 2 2 i 0 " 
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* 7 4 * * 7 N 
* 1 6 7 2 7 N . 5 
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. 7 A x IRS IDS: r i : $ F f 
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* * - 2 4 . 4 * 25 ” 
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2 - 
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4 [ 


vo rA, READ, AND WRITE 


"TRUE ENGLISH, 5 8 | 


De r ue oof Letters; which, are Fowels 25 which a are 8 
zon antes what Dipbtbongs are, their nne and 22 
pronounced and written. 10 | AER „ oj 


HE design of this boek being w to istpbet abi RD 
cially those who are young. in the methods of conver- 8 
ing and transacting business in the world; cherefore, that 
ost neceeary seeomplishment of spelling and writing good 
ind proper English alaims the first notice: for, let a person 
yrite ever 80 good a hand, vet if he be defective in spelling, 
te will be ridiculed and, contemprably smiled at, because 
bis writing fair will rec der his orthographical faults the 
ore conspieuous. Therefore, 
First, Take notice, that of letters are made vylladles, Ll 
yllables words, and if words sentences, c. ; 
The letters are in number 25: viz, a, b, 62 % TAIY - 
PA 15 m, n, o, Þ, g.. . f, u, 1, w, ＋, I» and ; of t 8 1 
nd v, were formerly wrote i, and u, and have for 5 1 he 
on been f. equently called i consonant, and u consonant ; but 
"me A ou 95 885 more Prei Te 175 mn ve. In 
ES . | moge 


„ "ws 


Uh = 


_a foreign language, or otherwise than at their end. A conbo- 


3 


de TT: w/itten, as io FEHOFAH, LORD, of i ane e 


* 


Is Fbe Cori Man's s FRY FOR CIO E 

t ese ET we are to observe their nimes, their. Fae 10d 

their forces, their names whereby to know them their form, | 
whether great or small: and their eck, Whether in Pros. 
. Nunciatior or utteranee. _ | 1 
Letters are. distingui:hed accordis to their sound, into 
vowels and consonants. A vow?l-1 is a #4 that sou ndeth by 
itself, and they be six in- number, viz. a, e, 1, o, u, a and y, the 
Greek vowel, Which is an English vowel when it cometh af- 
ter a consonant, and hach the scund of i, as in by; fly, reply, 
<P &c. but it is never used in words not derived from 


9131 


nan is a letter that soundeth nöt, except it be joined with a 
__ vowel, for wi ſhout one of the vowels. no sy! Je. can be 
made; as 5, c d, &c. with: ut the aid of a vo cannot be 
sounded. Though we have twenty>six letters, and six of 
_ them vowels, yet we have twenty-one consonants; for y, 
when set before any vowel, in the same syllable, becomes a 


+ cons.nant, as in youth, vonder Beyond, 0. Noe, 9 J. hath 


the sound of g, as in join, Jingle, jungle, Ke 


When two, "vowels come or meet together ir in a svllable, | 


and are not parted in the pronunciation; but united in one 
sound, such are calfed diphthongs; f these there are thir- 
teen, viz. ai, ei, oi, ul. au, eu, ou, £2, 00, eu, eo, 0.4, and ie: as 
1 mai 1 Fail b. either, join; Juice. aul eunuch' Stout, feed; food, ; 

road, steal to, wealth, people, Steeple, boat, goat, eat, beat, 
| eat, friendsbip, field, &c Note, That in tie firet seen 
Words, bath vowels are souzgded, but i in the. other fifteen, 
dne. of them i is sca cely heard. 

There are alse those that are called tripbthings, 5 5 . 
three vowels meet in one sound; as in beauty. beau, lieu, 
and quaint, likewise ay, ey. oy, uy, aw, ew, o, become 
1 at the eld of wor s; but are improper dipb- 
tbongs as in say, key, joy, sdio, bow, &c. Note, aw, Al 1225 g 
. ae i Wande WF: N one 0. 5 _ e 


— Py wa * 3 ; , > - 
— — * _ 11 
is. 


8 . 2 grodt andemath, and when to to he N | 
E Inst. de griat letters are not to be wed in the ; 
middle of. latter end. fa word, except the whete word: 


| 
4 


2 


* 


y absurd ty Write beech To" 


6, for it © opt - AT SY 


2 — 4 
MY 1 
CPE. * 


| clas Thea wort. of th ing 


als — Me We eee, us 2 

Ber R-GeRs, in, thables: $ReEt: in aead of To 1 

Mi SER Rogers" in Tagines Street. 2 ; 5 15 TELE vey 3 
Secondly,- pasitively, great lefters, b e 1 01s, are take «4 
written at I exiting 1 7 Ag] — 8 0 Ho Het 


5 ee ben . oy eat, and when 10 bl your tongue. © 

After every period or full stop, whetr.new matter begins, _* 
as, Somelimè after th.it tcident; andtber Laß pened e . 
248 AS follows, 'On the! 166d: of. May, r oy 1 
At the beginning of all; ptoper-uames' of ee chin 5 be. 0 
vers, & c. as Tenn che Dread olg bt, Thames, Scuerm; uͤ% 


the christian names And zubnnmes 'of voti mei and 3 # 


must begin wüh a great ee AS Samuel ee ay | 
Sweeking ce. 9 == ft : I NE) * le mt 15 N 
At the beginning of the m eben wards: ingot. 
lancer. as: Faith,is the Foundation :of the Ebristian Religio : 
or of any word that Wie Apatieular repdrd'6r/deferoucs 
for; as God, Christ, King, Quedn; dt: n br 
At tue deß eus of every! 18 of Vosteyg a in 75 5 3 


£131.91 [40% 5 -. e 1 IS 5th n 


15 mprove Your time. ; Tims Pal ule they on, e W "I 
Nor dolb q good sluceced as that that be, ed rtah . 5 8 3 
At the eginning. of the mans af als? ” 75 3 
EY: * e Arithmetic, OY: "Mu Woke Cit 20 
Note, T he per oat pronoun © _= 55 the 40 87 tic 3 
wüst b e 401 rote, in RY it is ri 79 ber 1 
wute ihus, Os Monday last fen TY e, os e 
not. Fg 2 15 0 725 much it grieved to ar t hon 1 e . 8 2 


c Ar nouns $1b$tantive- Way begin I A Teat 1 
ter Th 22535 übstamiſe may be known by the's Aus Sich i 


4.4. Honse, @ M14 
5 00 the "adjccth ve,” 
tlie $0bstantive is) ene 
| el; as, he white borse, the e 24 
Bread, fat. Beef" We. Shall fetters ale 9 0 

ther. plkces. Note, This custom of beginning 
tives ik apikal le tters 14 10 
e N 
is colymoply A 47 
; e a e 42 


a, an, or thee; he fo 
Ast the; City, tbs 


— 


> BE _ $chiem, the sound ot cb is lost, it being sounded as if wrote 


26 T7 The rug Man's, beet Gene 
3 Obrerati tions. con cerning the Sound of Teller, and w eb. are 


«Þ . chaplin, &c. In some proper names it is not seunded, but 


but we must except Ba- a and G3-at. A is sounded broad 
ke aw, in words Hefore, 1d and # as in Nel. ee, ball, 
: Ball, fall, &e. 


. Plus lam, dout, det, suttle. 32 

en sounded hard like 4. before a, o, 1 Fe) before I, and 

115 75 as in these words cans. came comb, cube, clay, crab : ang 

TH oft i in comel, city, and teudenty. 2 Joxeth. Its sound in scene, 
Acience, victuals, and verdi:t ; Hkewise in indict indictment ; 


* is sounded in the English manner. Cb in French words 


. * 
7 

* * 7 * 92 

4 *, * 40 » | n 


oemitied in pronunciation. 1 
is 1456 sounded in Pharaob, nor in Satbaoth ; but; as fi 


A Written Pharo and Sabbath; neither in marriage, but 
As marrige ; also parliament as parliment,. and chaplain as 


dropped in the prohunciation; as in Aaron, Raac, Canaan, 
Balaam which are Ar9nolinged, Aton, lgac, Canan; Balam; 


B 15 not ene in . thumb, plumb, lamb, . doubt, 
nebt, aubtſe, bec. but wounded: as: 1 writes, dum, thum, 


. t 33.0 


also before I, as in act, ach, kick, thick, brick; in words 
- of Greek and Hebrew derivations, & is xounded like k, as in 
tee tic, sceleten, Cis, Aeeldama. 

his $onnded like I, in many foreign words: me of which 
Secur i in the holy scriptures; as in chorus, cbemist, Chrysostons 
Obrist, Cbedarlaomer, Baruch, Arebippus, &. In the werd 


— 


. ald in the words Rachel, Cherubim, and Avchbisbop, 


_ gound like 3h. as in chevatier, Pr 60 sbevalier ; ma- 
__ ebine, mesbeen ; ; mariscbal, marsbal: capnc bins, ca Preben: 
1 sbaise ; 3 .&e- 

'D is not seunded in ribhand, nor in  Wednexday ; which 
are pronounced ribbin, and Wensday ; the termination ed'is 
e e into, * bi ee es AN: 6boak 8 

rt . S 60 pe cho 5! L 
BT Is 0 # aded 288 Ne in hearth, or td us 

Haal, that is placed at the end of a woid, is 8cldom heard 
- Gut in monosyllables: as in me, be, sbe, ye, the, Kc. where it 
Hack the $0und. of ve; and in_ words derived from foreign 
enge in Which e hath its perfect sound, as jesse, Jubi ee, 

Mamre, Ninev:, Candace, Cloe, Eunice, Penelope, Fal mone, 
Ts epitome; 'catastropbe, Getbsemene,. simile, premaunire, 
. all vr as final” verves 227 os langt 4 


PaaY YT C4 $3 <5 


= 


+. ay 


. MLT F Y K * « 
7 * 11 * b * 24% Y ELLE 6 + N a. 1 + * 5 * 1 4 
27 4 * "Rn | *. 8 x 7 . _ f "A - 
3 3 „ 4 * - | 4 * ; Prins ©: y * % 2 +1 wo ze bY 1 


— * K_ on 2 ov 
* 


? * 


Mey) Ae to distinguish it from other werds of Arent 
meaning, which are Age without e, and are sounded short; 
as in these examples followin vix cane, eun ] bate, Bat; 

bile, bit; u E, fur bope, 5 505 
rape, crap Sture, sta: tune, tun; fits, write; Ge. In 
vords of more than one syllable, it Jebgthens the;sound vf 


dles; as admire, demise, blas s pays} Sc. Ps lengthens the 
yllable in some foreign wor 


er two consonants; as in ss, turn, black, not passe, Puf nes. 


sound the e before the 7 as in these words, acre, Jucre, cen- 
tre, sepulcbre; tygre, -Maugre, \mytre;lustre ; which are $Jund= 
ed afker, lucer, cen ; Sepulcher, tyger, mauge Sc. E final - 
also serves to often c and g, as in ace, place, Lare, $þaee, 
truce, oblige; bage, age, Sc. If nouns in e final take after 
them with. an apostrophe before,” it stands for bir as the 
Pope's eye, or the .cys uf the pape Ather table's foot, er the 
foot of - the table, if without an apostraphe, * re wor 
plural number, as popes, tables. 
Wrote with sfinaFselder iis e mag ug vr do- 
ing, &c, not witerng loving ot doeing except in thera L 


iu 12 chould not be written after a diz phthong in dere en, 
| 1 pe main, gain, fear-hnow | &. not vdine; maine, gaine, e 
ads E final is annexed but nat Sundedin those words: which - 
na" would otherwise end with 5, o, or 1, as in tis; for, bos, tr, 
5 i virtue, &c. but there are some exceptions,” as, 4, 40, to: NG. 
ich Lastiy, there. are some words in Wich the finale doth: _— 
EL lengthen the sound, as give, live, some, one, done, . 
is not sounded in Sign, reighs gau, Z nut, assign, 4 nes 

kt 5 teignar, Seraglio, phlegm, Kc is sounded soft 1a gelden, 
inger,- and gipsy ;- but hard in Gibeon, Giltrab, Gilbouass 
eibsemaue and in these proper names Gib on. Gi mum 
ard Gilbert: and likewite in the common words, gelt S 
e 10 BY 0rd; pimp, &eese, gander, gabble, gather, gi d, & Outerve 
— That if 8. be hard with a oog vowel, tte, is joined and pro 
n nounced in the samersyllable; as in Plague, Engi, as, 
ne, i 10g ue, leagne, dialogue catalogue, &. 

re, Gb in the end of some Words, Where ah ria goes hel.” 


4 
KW 1 3 


4 * 1 P =_ I 
* = P * 6 p 4 1 1 r S 


a” 2 
£ Ld 7 A * 7 d * 1 - a 1 4 , 1 . 1 N 5 2, ok I * 
* , 4 X 4 © — 7 5 ; 5 P " 2 7 OS? 1 8 > R * | * : e Fs >. 
0 2 — - 5 ＋ 0 = * RE. N 
7 © 2 r 


Y 4 7 7 3 * — » # 
— . - . » 
WES 0 ; * F : ae? -_ 2 2 _ 


—. a % # 
2 Z * r Ty * _ % 0 % L _ 
- 4 4 . x . 4 » . * x * 
; J < ? * » „ > * 4 * - You * * EF 


he last syllable, but doth not inorease the number of ella 


as in E ve, Tre, Crete; ode 
heme, dialogue, Kenite, and Sbula- mite. Eis seldom Nrit 


blacke. Yet after rs it is sed, as Borte, nurte, pure: not 
bors, nurs, purs. Alse the words ending in cre, gre, and tre, 2 5 


tions ge and ee, before able, as in changeable, :pradeable, Ke 


2 


— " 


—— * ty 


made, mad: mine," man: 7 1 


> 
1 


* 


the hath the wound ein tongs 88 wounded, = | 3 


My 8onnded as snaleb, wateb Sc. 2, 
N dry ; it is sounded like ce in oblige, magaziue, and machine, 


: ' 12 and therefore we must not write fare; for care; kom, for 


dor the dest authors have omitted it in words derived from 


TY tau, wank. Neither is /-pronounced in Bristol Holborn, Sr 
1 — del, Where the firet | bath the zound of rr, as Corr onel. 
111 | and condem 


not heard in damosel, carrion, but pronounced as if writ, 


men and Hogon, pronounced as if writteu wimmen, flax in, 


* The Fane Men's hit Epps; . 
as if 1005 ruff, cof > Jaff, but buf, cuff, Snuff; and b ae 
8 written —6b is not sounded i in mighty, though ; through 

ter, and Vaughan. . 
' hath place, but ae avs: in e e Chris, Shost, 
'obn, Bbins, Schedule, and sohism, Ac, H is not sounded at 
end of a werd if it be alone; Hut: with c before ut, ai 


J is net Sounded i in adieu, Fuics, venicon, fruit, aa Salts; 


Cc. [is sounded long in proper names ending in iab, as 

£ ee Hezekiab, but short in Ariel aud liriam. 171 4 

| unded like x, in Nit, dirt, bird, c. 

X is nearly allied in sound with e; but to 3 to 
use one, and when the other, note, that v hatff the sound of 

& only before a, o, oo, and u, and those two eonsonants | and 


cow; krown, farcrawn; and the use of E is only before e, ij, 
and u; Wherefore we must write keep, key, knight, kill, Sc. 
not cep, dc, enight, nor ciH + but the werds calendar Cathes 
ine, are wrote sometimes Ralendar. Katherine, K is written 
after c only in pure English words, Such as back, deck, sick, de 


esd Lan Latif, puck as publicy nete, physte, . 
Ie ü not onda: in calf, bat, chalk, stall, walk, those 
5 words being pronounced as if wiitten cafe, daft; chawke, 


_ Tincoln. sa mon, chaldron ; these are sounded as if wrinten 
Bristet Hobourn, L inc on samon, and chadron: nor in lo. 


In the word accompt, mp is sounded like un. 
NV is not 2 in autumn, kiln, Sotemn, limn, bymn, column 


| 'O'is not . dad In people, fooffe, bazon, mutton, yeomans 
meason, righteoumess, bacon, jeopardy, and crimsgn,—i) some- 
times sounds like oo, as in doing, Moving, proving, Kc. O is 


dams, gurrin.—0 is sometimes sounded like 7, as in wo- 


And somelimes o is s0unded ; 4s u, as in money, conduit, con- 
„fre attorney. Monmouth, &c· being heard as if writ, muney 
 cunduit, curjure, atturney, Munmouth, Nc. and it is sounded 

5 like 7 00 in- do, to, prove, move, c. F 
A: Fu eee eng, dete 2 
N D * 


Dre. 


. . 2 
2 
* 


| 156 1 Man's ven Campus,” . . 1 
3 attempt. psalter, and Symptom: also in eee. | 

ontemplugus, receipt, and consumptive, dc 1 

Pb lath the sou d of fwhen togethet. in one syllable; as 

n phicosopby, Pbysician, Asapb, and Elephant; but we must | 
ot write ſtlosop hy. fixicien, noi afaf, or-c/efurit ; Ph are parts, - 3 j 

din sbepberg, 4, xþbold, 2 in 8 other such com- +. 

bunded werds. e 
After Q alwaysfolloms FF all words; and in ms French. 

d Latin words they have the sound of &; as in risque, li- 

ror, catholic, banquet, conquer, masquerade, chequer: pro- 

1euuced as risk, likker, catholih, banket, &c. to which ade 

blique, relig ne, antique, &c. which are sounded. as if writs 6 

en oblike, relike, antike, c. es 

& is not soundedl in island, viscount, ite, and Lite; which 44 

are pronounced as if wrote land, vieount, ie, and Lie... 
Sat the end of words sounds hard like æ in words of the. 3 

plural number, and is words of the third person, as name, 
worms, he reads, abe bears. S sounds hard in, some words 

hat terminate in sion, as in cifcumeision, evasion; delusion ; 

but after a consonant soft, as in conversion, commission, di- 

dens ion. & ig 80unded hard in these words, rae, praise, 

Tring cheese, these, com pose, expose, bruise, refuse, 1 N | 

ause, wisdom, easement, and damosel. _ 7 

. Th sounds fine in thin thick & wrath, and i is. counded hard. 

F the, then, they, that blythe, tythe and $6ytbe, also in mother 

other, bitber, thitber, an ko loath, cloath, and clothier, 


Kc. 
I before a vowel.or diphtfong hath the Sound of $i r , 
in patteuse, dirtionary, C rafion, oblation, nat um, frantlation; 
except wlien s goes before} as in these words, question, fu 
Main, baition, combustion, etha / betial; & c. but in some 
words of Hebrew and Greek, ti retainis its vatural sound, 1 
in Sbealtiel, Pballiat, Shepbatiab 14 Catittia, 2 


and the like: and in the Eaglish rivatives, NTT, @ 
1 7 btiest, empliech, complied, pitiable, o. 
is counded like i in bury, birry; busy, bizzy; busiizssas 
zin. I is sometimes written after g without being 
wunded, ns in guide, guard, &e It is also siſent in the 8 
diry; build, conduit, eironit, labour, favour, bonour, Ne. but it 
RN vounded i in others, as ang uisb, languis b, Montague, . 
js not sounded in àuswer, (word, 1d bae, sbon, Ke. 8 
neither is it heard before r in ny; 5 * wre „ 


wo Wt. 5 Wet 


| 
[ 


20. | The Fn Wii's ben Compint 
14 Wh en to Warts: purely E lis; as: what, when 
oF . where, and wheel.” 
: 186 Xs s0unded-as * in Xenophon, Kersa. Kenoeralei, and 
. - { kee 528 
n r et c or nt as hinted N A c 
P In my, by, fy, thy, and sometimes when a vo el, it nath the 
I Sound of ee, as in worthily, ebristianity, liberty, formerly; 
formally. Nor mandy, and Horotay. In deriyative: Englich 
words, having he termination ing. y is used in. the middle 
657 the word, as in buying, dybig, burying, ee c. 
The diphthong's dan: ay have the seund of a, in ar, Fair, 
1 may, stuy, play; but a is lost in Calais (a town in France) 
and pronounced separately in Sinai (a mountain of Arabia. 
15 ö eh, are sdunded like à ii eight, Streig ht, neighbour, 
 B$ heir, veil, and CONVEY: 3 like e jp keys and like i in sleigbi. 
1 Oi and oy; hive à sound peculiar to-themselves: as in oil, 
11 and oyster 7 but make yo: Viphitong. in the. ST ERS; 60. 
; 74 2 ng, doing: „Sc. N e 
4. and aw, e keep A proper . as in augur, 
0 draw, ma, sau, &c. but u is lost in aunt & gauge, 
being s0udedas ant & gage ers they make no Wang: in 

E mm aus, and Capernaum.. 5 

Eu and ew "EH an- united. nd in W onde: as: in fend 
| brew, new. ard grew; ; but en is M's e in en, 
aud Bartimeus. 8 apt 

Ou s expressed i in foul wut proud, loud, and 5 ow, in bow 

,  "_ com, and now ; but ou s0utids Ike os in so, a (French dish) 
and cow per, a (man's name). which-are ounded as if Write 
5 ten Sof, and Cooper.. 

e is no diphthong in Bet Beerabeba, and i in words 
| A 5 beginning with. re or pre, as reenter, apr donde in Beely 
Bll |  7ebub, one of the e's is not sounded. 

Bf | © Oo is properly sounded in cool, di Dol, pool, root, 555 wak: 

Bi but hath the sound of u Jer ger, an foot; it makes no diph- 

| thang in Coos cooperate. . . 

Ea sounds like e in'sea; "pea, Semi; rn, bread dunk Tead, ng 
dead, leather, feutber, bea ven, leapen, _ creature ; it is no fl © 

- dphthong. in vengrance, .miscreaut, or Hebrew, Greek, Wig 

or Latin words; as in Kadesb: S 2 Kirjath jearm, nor ne 
. io Cefar, idea, ocean, real beatitude wed nor I | words 
® EY Wn P * e Sor i 


= * ö 5 « 
. * 2 — 
* * * ws ad . 
4 2 ” „* 3 7 
1 " oy % 


* - 
ö A n 


2 . 'F * 
z N 4 


Te Young. Man's bent | Companion, Rn 
201 is: no. 10 diphthong is in dungeon, bideous, meteor, Higeon, 5 


beory, &c.. CC 7 

Oa is. sounded like 0 in goat, ont, cds it is $ounded | 
road as au, in broad; ,groat;-but is no! diphthong in S 
a city in India) or in the Hebrew words Zoan, Giboa. 

je before x single consonant sounds like es, a6 n e 
bief, and thief ; put if before two cononaits;it sou ods. tike | 
as in friend, field; but at the ends of English words, thee ; 

5 not heard, as in die, Stgnify ; it is no diphthong i in 7 2 
Ilie ver, nor in the English words dier, carrier, clotbier ; . 
n the words e Be: enen as client, avi, quich, 2 
Ad FCence. | 
Ui is N 26 in juice, en . but 1 is lost - Fes 
onduit, build, and Kine 7 aud is no diphthong i in Jos; ge- . 
pune, and fruition.” - XTRA 
A and Oe are not Englich diphthorige; they are used in 
op, AÆntas, ina, Cæsar, Adipus, EÆconomp, and sound 
ike e; but in common words they are neglected; as in equi- 

„female, and reer 22e core: 5 ee $7. 
nd een N 1 — 5 


4 5 


0 . Zllables, and | their denen, being the art 1 Spaling. 


A * Syllable 3 is ka: letters 88 and uttering them. 5 
in one breath, as virtue ; so that virtue being thus di- 

ided, or taken asunder, makes two syllables, viz, vir and tu: 
hich put together form the word virtue. And many. times - _ 
i vowel, or à diphthong, of themselves, make a syllable; as 
n acbate,  8-VE-FY, iodle, o-ver, U=SU=TY, and in au-gur, Eu. 
uce, o. ing, oy-ser, Eaton, oa- ton. No wllable- enn be 
ee be there ever so many gongonants, or e without 
he aid of a vowel or diphthong. 

The longest monosyllables we bave-i in tue Eaglich, are 
eng tb, strengtb. and zireig bt, Which could not be sounded 
ithout the vowel e or 17. 
The art of spelling may be reduced to these four follow-" | 
ng general rules or heads | 8 1 
181. When a consouant comes 8 two vowels, in Als 
iding the.words- into syllables, the consonant'is joined. to 1 
he latter vowel; as in stature, nature, deliver, unity, 8c. en. - 
ept compound words which terminate in ed, en, es, ati; by. 

8, Ous ; as Coaslect, golden, knowest, 0 A dying; | 
Porous 1 8 e . 5 
NE 10 e "ad, w. N 


7 „ 
* % ;&.* 
: &5 
4 Ro « 
bk Ba? © ** 
5 , 


7 


— 


* 


7* 
2 
: 
þ 


ne” 
a 5 
. LT 
Ll 3 5 1 
f 9 
17 FR 
2 
11 4 
6 ; , 
K * 
4 
x i- 
, 
N * 
J . 
- 8 
* F 
2 $131 
p i 
1 1. 
4: 
# ; 
— 
»% J 
7 
1 = 
. » 
4 
b 
F e : 
, 14 
1 1 
* 2 fy 
T 
+! 
q p ' 
T 
4 
1 
s, 
1 
= 3 
—_— 2 * 
* 
* 5 
5 Q 
7 oY > 
* . 
4 : 
14 
1 . 
375 
N 14 
. 
+23 
. U 
* . 
4 31 1 
2 
TR; - 
a 
1 . 
94 
I 
_ - 
+2 | 
” /F 
4 ,* 
1 
F:: 
; 
5 
« 
i 
U 
3 


»** * 

— 
. 

„ 
— 


* . 6 * 

= — 
— — — — 
— —— — — — : 
- * F 


* WO — 


©... accented on the last syllable must be excepted from the rule 


i ing, tarrying, marrying, paying, slaying, burying, & 


a x Immediately after a short or small s.: 3 


— 


Fa * = 
WP 
a 


5 22 | 55 The Young. Man- 8 1 el, 


* adh. When two consonants come together in the e 
of a word, they are to be parted, if net proper to begin a 
word; as number, stranger, fortune: When the same conso 

- nant is doubled i in a word, the first belongs to the foregoing 

the latter to the following. syllable, as in the rules above, 
and in these words Abha, accord, anno, adder, &c. 

__*gdly. Consonants that can begin words must not be parte i 

In the midd le, as a-gree, be-sfow, rerstrain, & c. not ag-ree, 
bes- tos, res-train. T hese consonants may begin words. viz 
31, bi, ch, cr, dr, dw, fl, fr, gb, gl, gr, kn, of, &c. as blunt 

cbem, 9; rats, dwell, fiesb, , gdost, .. | 

4thly. When two-vawels come togeth not niakin 
* diphthong, they must be divided; as in eee wo 
— eh. 8 and Laodicea. OTE OO OY oh 

e Some particular Notes, 2 1 = Ts 38 7%, 
25 is abel in words of one 5yllable; as „ el en, l 
344, wall, fall, will, Bill, mill, & c. But in words of” more 
than one syllable, the word always terminates with single 
I, as angel, Babel; bur Ful, beauliful, dutiful, &c. Neither 
must { be doubled! in alway, also, although, &c. But words 


— 


above, viz. install, recall, inroll, rebell, repell. TE 
must be used before the termination ing as buying, 75 


The long / must never be used at the end of a word, or 


X should be used instead af et. where it appears 40 Sane 
been in the original 5 as nee, connexion, rather than re- 


| Nerction, connection. 
If you cannot write out the whatte Word at the end of the 


ne, you must break off at the end ofa Np | Ts 


thus——————cn- |. Again, — — 
demn; not thus—-cond- 4 55 charge; not — 5 
emn. 2 2 harge. LOT AGEL NE ia 


CE must nok be gut between two consonants, as "think, 50 
4 than, not thanck ;* brink, not brinck; but if a vowel 
goes before 05 vo must Write C. 'beliye; k; as. brick, 2 
Stiel, Nc. 4 5 . 

Pb must be retained in words of a dne en 
e 9 W6VVàVVVVVVVVVV PAN 9 2a 


- 
— 1 ” . 4 * 
e 4 Y - Wb Io El 


* 


1 £ 


"SE up 4 4 
* * ? ö 2 
e * „ N 7 — — 

Ao > 


{ . 3 4 * « 1 Wa . * 
— [ly — . Ys 


i 1. 1 Mar: s beat mi | fas 
of S and C. Some {our ap may easily drop into error by 

istaken & for C, as in inning of the following words, 
vhere C hath the perfect Sund of e 925 must ur: | 
pens oy written, viz. in Le | 


riddle 
gin a 
ONns0 
Zoing 
bove, 


ailing - 3 en ens 
elestial 3 725 W 5 25 Centre LF. 7 72 25 
ivet : Zo ana | . . Cypress - Cinque” N te. 4 
ertain 755 Senure N © Chcle | N 5 Cipher . 5 
istern Seas Sement 7 Aken 1 e 
enturion . 5 1 s 3 5 5 3A. 
But thess wards mart be ten with 8. Ne... 
ience Sceptre 3 5 "Sciatica 5, ö Ts 
chedule | Scheme Schim © Sep 3 Wo. i 


The fotowing » words should be weote,, 1 5 
Contention of; 7 1 5 5 1 905 7 : $27 


\ Coutradietion | £4 / Gontuion Fi {od arg 
Attention eee © rH | We; 2; 
x | Benedicion a lusion.:. dy ES 2, Ep 
75 i 1 5 ey eee RE 98 
Concoction Aversion 15 i 1 W 
Declaration. 42 75 Aren 1 — A 


- Contrition 9 5 f eee, 5 BY 
Obi Seogelen RO 

Ss - The « vllwing words Ait de pelt thas, + 
Passion, not paghion, . _ "4 4 


il © Fic, cotton,” 7 9? 
8 . 5 NS ge, « 75 — 7 ERA. ; 


N 5 Gieueseter, not Poster. . ee ee v1 7 

as Moreester, not Worster. 5 F 
lee f Salisbury ndt Salsbury. RO THI i; 

ee, Leicester, not % 

? a 5 i Shrewsbury, not Bhrobery, 6H: VFC 

voi S o | nee plarls en f 

e Westminster, not 1 „ 

42 05 denen, in spelling is rightly 12 5 

vords of the same sound, though widely different in their - 

3enSE ed eee duct, Me = hat fol, vis, A Dn 

ee, e 


4 e : - 
27 * 8 ft jv Gb 
Jus 


Action 55 Occasion 8 ts TWITTER >. 


Ambition n 3 3 


F - 4 12 The Young Max's vent, ; Companion. 1 
2 12 | + 


Aray, good, order 5 185 Bays, of bay trees 


, 
a. 122 
. OY . 4 07 33 * 
8 4 5 5 4 2 *4 
1 N F „ 8 
2 3 | Pn. « 
- M 4 2 
tote did aris, e a in 
. re T5, 4 #4 £ 9 7 
F< — * 5 gw K K N 0 g L 
8 * * jd Ws 7,4 $ * * 
* Oat 59 
- ; * F $5.08; $ * * 
. * 1 * 4 
* 2 j 


| Nani Site in Saund, bat diffrent * their Sai, 


Are, they. be: e 15 12 
Ae Pe: 8 brother Air; we bathe” MIN: 
8777 to do a N - Heir, o an estate i WE VE wo 
A bell, to ring Arrant, notorious e 
Accidents, chances | - Errand, a message — 
Acciderce, a book rows, to ttt © 
Acre, of lane Arras, hangminggsgs 
Acorn, of an r Harras, to unge #7 RE 
Achor, a valley of that name. A cent, or smell 755 7 
* Advise, counse! io 7 a Ascent, 3 a going r 2 
Advice, to counsel 5 Assent, agreement EN 77-7 
Account, esteem - _, Fo Assistance, help No 
Accomipt, or kene Alsdssistants, helpers : 
Ale, a drink e e Augur, a ock, "IE ( 
Ail, trouble Tg '- Augre, to bore win 5 0 
All, every one 23 55 Ax, to cut with _-. Wc 
Awl, for choemakers Acts, of paclament CEN ws, 
| Alley, a narrow be i Austere, severe 7s n 
Ally, a friend or confederate ore ons a 3 bh. 3 0 
Allay, to give ease es 
| Alloy, base metal Babel, the 3 e © 
Altar, for vacrifice | be, of - -Babble, to prate e 
Alter, to change 85 Bacon, hog! 8 Res: * 
Ale-hoof, an herb | - Baken, i in an oven 8 
nn Aloo}, at a dec Beckon, to make a EY 8 
A Allow d, approv d Beacon, to be 882 on 2 bil ri 
Aloud, to SPEAK 0 5 Ly Bail, a/surety (72 n 
Amiss, wrong. Bale, of r : 8 
A miss, young lady Bald, without hair | 3 Do 
Ant, a pismire "Bowl: d;ery'd oyt. - Je 
Aunt, afather's sister - Ball, to hay with * es . 8 4 
| Anchor, of a chip WD. Bawl, to ery end 5 1 
Anker, a rundlet Barbara a woman's name.” 10 
A peal, of bells 27 — Barbar, in Africa b 
Appeal, tothigher. bone ebene en 8 
Appear, to be deen 2 7 e, e 
A peer, a Lard Hear, à beast or 5 ber 1 = 


Tay, to Thothe _ 


| | Whos, cloth, of rden, 
A robe, to 1 3 Red | 


e's J — Tx: 


* 
6s PR 
218 


— - E 2 
— — 


zelly, cn of the boy, 
zelie to Speak faldly 
Be, taey. Are: AS. 
tee, that makes 1 — 


er, to drink.” 
4 ier. to 8 the, ene 
5 ell, to rin N 


el, an i 
erry, 44 n 
ury, the dead 


ore, to make hollow 


XY bor, a country; tell, 
old, confident 15 
I owl'd, at the tl GEES 52 
-. Wholt, the door . {i = 
25 oult, the: meal 
1 55 beau, a fop - 
5% ow, to dend, or the , 


ough, of the tres 
; OY, a lad $5 TE HF 
Buoy, of an Fu LO 


— 


pred, brought up 
Sf reeches, to wear 
ul 

KD ruit, a report 

rute, a beast 

urrow, for coneys 3 
orough, 2 corporation 
Y, NEAT © 

uy, With money 

leus, he bee, 415 
ruise, 2 hurt 

Irewis, of fat and bred. 
uss, a fishing vessel. 


be e Man' s bet Companion. © 


78 5 8 in France hs 4 5 


read, to eat 0 


reaches, N 15 — 7 5 


Caen, in N . 


Chalice, a, cup!” Tt, 14 ETE<, 


Call, by name 05 ; 172 
Ca wl, fat or war 155 


_ Caunon, 4 great gun 21 
15 4 


- Canon, a rule 33 
Canon, of a cathedral”. 


up great or chi R SY z 

. Capitol, a tower 18 R ain 5 
8 . 
? 
+ 


[ue, a colour .: Career, full: peel, 1. 
Jew, did blow Carrier, of goods FE 1 
Ct oard, a 9 1 Cellar, for liquors- . We 82 
4 oar'd, a hole Seller. that seileti 2 2 7 
; ore, a beast e ie 3 for eee 1 


d | Censor, a. r 


Hh 1k 4304 


:;Censure, . to judge . 1 | 


_ Centaury, an herb: „%% 

© Century, an hu . REY 

- Centry, A Runes, 80 Tier . * 
pl guad „ 

"Ghar, a fish — AE We. Gf a Se | 

Chair, to sit in 1 

{ER a job of work x 

Champaine, a wine in. France, 


Champaign, a wide field, or 
- -- Summer's expedition , .- , -- 


 Chojer, rage or anger et 25 15 ; 


Collar, of the neck. 3 

Coller, of beef or brawa Es 

. Ceiling, of a room 7 5 5 

. with a 1. ny 

+ Cittern, for music 7, T2 
itron, a fruit „ : gs 


- Dove, of a chal 3 
AQuire, of paper Ry 5 


_ Clerk, a cler gyman 5 AF, 
Clerk, of a Nik 
Clause, part of « rentence. PE, 
Glas of a. Wen or, e Bee? pry, 


& 


#54 


1 


6 the noise of afly Coat, a garment. -'- me: 15 
-C 3 0 | 


Oote, for sheep Eby, 2 
iin, that killed his roher Comb, for the b MEE, / 
1 h wih 5 e hither ee e 


2 


EN | Counsel, advice "i 1 0 ©. Dew, a falling r no get 


4 — * 9 1 * 
OE; Þ oY „ * 5 * * 1 * 7 „ ; 4 , 4 


6 04) bY ng Mar s belt hen 0 
f 1 to do voy | wr apy town in Francs 
| Comet, a blazing star De fer-. to put fl 
Common, usual Differ, to.digagree”*- 5 - 
Commune, to converde_ | Derbe, a city of Adin tie 2 


Condemn, to death 1 Derby, à town in England 
= 'onternn, to 5 2 85 Desert, merk 0 5 
Council, of a king Desart, Wilderness 0h 7 5 5 


Diseasech six Wi, Eether, a, Woman's name ; 
| Decent, beconirg, 1 5 £1 | Enter, to 80 in . 


Ooarse; not fine 55 Due, oWing Ne * 1855 
. Course, to be 0 465 Do, to make 2 9722 5 6 
| Comply n: strégt i in London Bees a female dest 125 
zornwal , a connt 1 ongh, paste 3 
Cou'd, or could Fe . . 8 Lora 
| Cud, to chew as W "Done, acted ooh 7 
| Current, a funfing strenm Dun, of colour 55 0 1 55 
Courant, a new Par 35 Dolphin, 4 fu N 
.Currants, frut Dauphin, the French ; King! 
* - Crick, in the neck : ys eldest son 25 
Greek, of klre nde x river Devices, inventions 
Cousin, x renten Deviszes, a town! in Wituvir | 
Coen, to cheat VVV 
Cymbal, a musical instrument oor, of a. house be wy _— 
Symbol, a mark or n Baer 4 beast | 1 15 13 
N Cypress a F 2 agoon, a 80 ie . 
Cyprus, an land N Yraught, of liquor - =O = 
| Cruse. for oil 1 rought, dryness” | 
_C:use, by the sea coast Pup grief or 7 | „ F 
Er gnet, a veung g swan, Hollbr a piece money . F 
Signet, a Ju... LOTT NR, 5 Demute,sober | 1 F 
= Eb emur, stop or doubt | F 
Dane, of Dea 3 F we a F 
Deign, to vouch: a 80 "et e of the head I 
i Dam, stoppin water Fer, ever s fl 165 12 
Damn, to con emu : Par: twelve mo wo WE F 
Dame, a mistress 5 = ly, betimes _ 15 105 GE {+ 
Deaf, dull of! e early, every yea”: ES F 
Dear, of price 80 Far th, the grount F 
Deer, iu a park . 5 wo Harth, of the chime ey P 
| Decea ed. dead 10 Faster, the featival, | 
F 
Descentz going ß . Inter, to Bury F 
Dissent, to disagree Elder, norte yon e F 
Po: Jow in — . Kew: a Une. F 
. e Ys = 


1 be Trung Mor 8 "beat Companion. & FT 27 
alen; a en q name blen, Fl Geri 92 N 


F minent, famous ry | Flea, of the. in, and Ab W 
mminent, over dead 1 70 "+ 5 vermin FA Se . Fo 


$: 


S. $77 


now, in number 9 85 Flee, to escape OK LE 
nough, in quantity: "Flue, of a e 


Ig : earn, te pity. | . 85 * Few, did oy: IE. oy : 85 
Wat, the Wind Ie 1 Foul, dirty 58 TW. 
east, in ming bread | © , Fowha bird 1 = I e 
1 nvy, or hatre -P;ancis, a man” 8 1 Lee PEP, 
as nvoy, a mebsenger 8 a woman 85 name „ 


xercise, labour or practice n quarrels' 3 
xercise to bone PFroise, pancake win bacon a, 5 
rr, to mistake [Judah eine, a sort of W „ Nog « 
r, brother to omen son of F rCeze, Soba cit, DES 
xtant; in being 6 155 e 
xtent, distance e Gall, of a beast „„ 
F. tho! WT 1% 5 "Gaul, France 25 n 
| ain, desitous . Garden, of her x 5 „„ 
Feign, to Keel Guardian, an 60 meer „ 
Fair, beautiful, or a maker Genteel, graceful” | 5 OM 
Fare, victuals WPIE . Gentile, a beathen 5 
Faint, weary 929 8 1 „n,, 
5 40% e 1 *Gesturez carriage 128 OS ct) 00 
Fourth, in numer Jaester, a merry ene, ES 


„ 
yt 


| orth, to go out Drs 15 5 © Groan, with gh e 
reed, to eat hs oy © Grown, greater 1 575 „ 
ö Fee d, e, + Guilt, of sin e 7 


Fir, wood . Abs Gut, with gold 5 
Fur, or hair . 25 55 3 | ns. ee [ies Td £2 
Felon, a ine 1 Srater for nutenelys . e 
Fellon, a whittow * 1 8 for the dead „ 
File, of steel „ #1: BGreave, armour f for ibs cg. 
Foil, put to he wem, 822 to ima a 

8 Guest, one ente ained 


Fly, as a bir oy 5 0 1 $67 
Fly, an insect -* Gluttenous, greedy . 25 : - Ex 


* 
> $I — — — _ 


5 Filip, with the finger”. * =... Glutinous,' gk as pits EY . 
| Philip, a man 8 name ' 5 45 Fi Great; large 1 1 2 1 
Power of the eld 75 i + Grate, for coals | „ 
Flour, mel! ices 0%; © Greet, to salute 1 1 
ys Floor, of a room 5 ' 5 . 9 Jraze, to eat mY - e (LT x 7 


Follow, to come Later © Grays, a town | WORE: 


— Werallow, ground not Faber groat, fourpence_ .. e 
LIP F nds wh end "ny ag.” Waves a Cave. wel hs pats 
: 7 0 


S 38 = Toe Teer Man's best eee 5 
© Galleys, ships witn cars Home, one's house het 


Gallows, for cui t $38 Who what mant 4 1155 5 
ene e ee Ha 
Hate, in the field. Ft - ou for a tub 1 jd Sl: 
rs Hair, of the bed 80 e or bot 101 . 70 wt 5 
Heir, to an estate Hugh, a may's name - LD 
Harsh, severe e 5 br Hue, of colbur 88 = 
Hash, minched Hs” 5 = Hew,-with. an e. . 


H 


Haven, a harbou 77 12 2 t iii 8 Es 
| Heaven, a. place ne I; 1 myself 145 15175 155 1 I | 
Heart, of the body PRE: Eye, to see with, eilt 
Hart, in the Seeds, A ar an Idle, lazy . tla'y e | 
overgrown 1 Idol, an image io 7 


Herd, of cattle bo 1 85 I, 1 will . "1 - 1 4 


Heard, did hear "Bs of A church „ 
Hard, not soſt Isle, an island 1 15 1 
Here, in this bees ene, 14," 
| Hear, with the ears . „ 

N 1 h, 0 Fas. mp yy to Sign 1 N 
: His, 2 aw i MO . In, Within of Fete 75 1 5 
Hoy, a schall ship Inn, for traveller? "= £1 
Him, that mai FH Ace, to stir up 5 . ; 
LI Hymn, a spiritual song Insiglit, kn edge 5 
Hai, . e p 5855 Ingenious, of did. pars 3 
Aale, . Ingenusus, candid. 9. ip 
| Fall, in a house 75 Iron, metal l 5 
i! Hau}, pull N 0 Ixonic, speaking by contrare 5 
Heel, of the fot” Itch, a distemper 5 


Heal, to cue 15 4% 5» 75 5 Hitch, to catch hold of | 
He'll, he will. We N . iy: 7 75 5 


s „ 
— 


— 


5 Higher, taller re 5 45 Leiten a hip HEN? A 
Hire, wages 5 1 5 Catch, to lay held 590 
c 5 Eil, to . Ni 5 0 
His, as a snake, or to 0 deride« 2 In, for lime 3 BA: 11s 0 
Hoar, frost Kind, good natur d „ 
Whore, a le 1 woman 2 — — d, money _ 1 0 5 0 
Hole. or hollowness . -__ Knave; dishonest ett 0 
hole, entire Nabe, of a . _. Wo 
_- Ho! 101 to cal! is Knight, by honour 4 „ 
H low, to make 0. ö 18 : 9 darkness 145 . 
Hollow, having. a 0 Kennel, for dogs „. 
Holy, piouns Channel, oy, water . 1 
W holly, e $i þ ns . 115 e „ 
eee, . 


94 
Ny 


0 4 


mw The rs „ng d, dest  Compavion 29 
ane, A narrow ee "Manor, a eee e e 'R 
ain, did lie 1 Manure, dung SE 80 5 8 

atin, a dongne | Market, to buy in 1 of 

P atten, tin 2. 2466 ek it, note it 5 Pts l 

a dder, to ascend March, low ground. © FL Re. 
75 ather, made aer 25 n= for a horse e 1 res 3 
Py: attice, of a bs reds” PS. E esh; for a net! i 5 5 a 

s ettuce, a sallad 7 Martin, a man's dame 20 
N 985 of a house e artet, a bird e 
„e ee Nele, ons el Meda 55 
ese, an old word: bor bose Mean, of low value on ESE 
5 eeper, that jumpett . Mein, opts, e ren 


eper, one lepfous Meat, to ate = 5 

essen, to make e Meet, fit 55 25 r 
esson, to be ot > 8 Nee, to measure 
east, smallest 2 0 | Mexage,budines DI C1 ak 
est, for fear 57 5 Messuage, a house 1 3 95 

ethargy, sleepiness Mes, for ha- 
iturgy, church service ee to meditate Gs . 
ier, in wat Niue. eee, . 
yer, that tells lies 18 Moieth, half © So 3 85 | 

imb, a member - - *:; Mile, measure e 
imn, to paint ©: of 1 8 | Mail, labour 5 55 1 a atoll 
ine, length MA. Night, Strength 57 „ 


X * 3 


ries 


2 oin, of veal = Mie, in cheese“ e 
' iquorish,. tons & inte *- Moat, a , ER, 
15 iq uorice, a Plant, or Fits rot Mote, in he u 6 15-6. 
£ ow, humble e Moan, to lament 2 e 
7 o! behold e  Mpwn, cat dewn ny . 


ose, to suffer loss el. ere in quantiey "we uw 15 1 
oose, to let ga 70 : e a black , IG 
ower, to let down At - Mower, that mately 


our, a frown wo i: F Moor, barren: ground. I 

T oath, to abhor Mortar, to pound irn 

i” oth, 1 Be * 2 made of nine 4 
1 Mole, an animal! ö 
ade, finiched Nouſd, to cast in 

12 1 aid, a yung woman 1 Muscle, a shell fen 4 
Wain, chief e Morals, to cover the mouth Sf ©» 
© | | 4 „% % 305 pb N | 76, of r 4 by, 
At I ee e Neither, 
75 "> B WS 


"a Naught, bad 


Neithes, none of e, 
Nether, lower , 
New, not old 

Knew, did know | 


Nought, nothing 
Neigh, near 8 
Nye, a man's name 
Nice, curious 


| 155 EE The Teas” Man's best. 1 


4 . 


a 


© Pattin, for a woman | 
Patent, a * 

P eer 5 A lord - 
Pier, of Dover 40 5 
Peter, a man's name 


Petre salt N 62 


Pail, for e 
Pale, countenance 
Pale, a fence : 


Niece, a brother's daughter Pall, for beta 


Not, denying | | 20, 3 15 
Knot, c 8 

. Note, to mak 

Note, of one's hand. 
Nose, of the face” 
Knows, 3 | 8 


No, a denial 3 95 38 
Know, to ee 
Neal, to harden 3 
Knee, on the n 
None, not one 

- Known, underst: 

News, tidings 

N oose, a urs 


HA of a boat © 

. crude etal 
Oer, over 

Off, cast off 

05. Seien - 

Our, 8 tows. 
Hour, of the . 
Oh! alas 22 


Oe, i in debt. 
One, i. in number . 


- Ordure, hy 9s . 
77 v5 


Pig Aa couple, 
'Pare, cut off _ 
Pear, a fruit 


Pain, e . oa a6 7: Te 77 5 


er of glass 


Fg 


— 


Paul, a man's as 


Hl Phait, the hair 


Place, room 45 | 
Plaise, a fish - 75 
Parson, of the . 


Person, any rpan | 1 by 


Pole, for hops 1 


27 Holl of the bead 


; Poel, of water 
Pos; with the eyes.” 
Poor, neoessitous 
3 of the mouth 
Pallet, a bed 
Palliate, to hide 
Point, a stop 
Pint, half a Nan 
[Peeks a OE. 
 Paesy, Poetry... 55 
Power, mighty 
Pour, as water 
1 Pots a booty 
9 fan © to bexcech.. 
N gain 
Prophet, a "forvtetler 
ropheey, a fore ling 
Pete. to foretel 
ractice, exercise 
5 ractise, to ene, 
, eee being . 
Presents, gifts ; 


F L 
hy + gf 2 3 
25 * * 


_Pronces, king's: ons 9 A | 


in Jing: 's. Tanger | 


1” 
* 


{1} 


Rain, water IL, 
Reign, of the king 5 
Rein, of a bridal 1 fs 
Rays, of the su n 
daise, lift up LE 7 955 1 
Raisin, a fruit ' 77 5 


x Reason, argoment 85, 
Race, to run . 

6 tase, O demolish. - 75 e 

Nice, grain a = 4:7 0 

ke ise, to get up e 

Reed, in colour 12 5 

12 end. the boek Re 

Need, the plant | 

= Reliek, a remainc „ 135 


Relict, a e 


oe, a deer 5 15 
Row, the best KEEL LS 
Right, not wrong e 
ite, a ceremony Ee 
2 rite, with a pen 25 1 
5 4 right, 2. een ry 
8 Reddish, e e 25 
Naddish, rde . 
| * set uß rig 
Kere, behind 5 5 Ty 
Arrear, of rent. 4857 805 
+ f est, quiet LE 4 ; "IE 


W rest, to pervert - 


. ee el 1 5 
| 157 | «Pi ＋ ; 3 of 1 72 FE 4 
N SLY 725 


Net 


„ Beent, A smell! 


5 The: Young Man's *t eee 25 . K > 
: eas, e or defences | Ruff, for the neck, 245 171 10S 
25 | r ecedent, an —_— Boop, not smodth © 7 5 2 
resident, chief CCC Vie = 
- Principal, chief 85 Rye, Aa town- in Sue 3 1 
7 principle,: the frat mie Wry. crooked 55 8 255 

8 55 "Af Ring, the bells 
ee of paper e the hands Ob Ta 
1 hoir of a | Rhine, a fog N whe . 
8 Queen, the king's wiſe "Rhyme, VVV 
=, wean, a harlot* 5 55 5 55 75 Rind, 'of . Back A of AT 
| 1 Fs 155 1 | = did ride 5 WY 1 
5 Rack, to takiopt>” Road, the highway „ 
55 reck, of a chip? "Faw d, did row . -. * 1 
5 Arrack, a strong liquor Room. part bf a house ts 


. Rome, the name of a ae e cj 
_ Roam, to wander . 1 5 e 
Kheum, a humour 5 2 Gs 


— 
i, "Wrote; did write EE Bee 


TOONS, SPORE; 23 wi OR 


1 
£ l 


9 "Nous that raves. ; 5 E 
ls . Sag, „ 


fulnes 


Society, 5 | ft 2 | 


Fs 


Ship, for the ea „ 
Sight, vie; 


Cite, to summons_ „ 19-0008 


5 os * 3 = 2 5 
Site, situation i 2 
| 8 f hi F 

Sal, of as ip. e 


* 


. . ; 
Sale, "of th. ET L's e 
7. 2 9 1 - - 


2% _ 6 
7 2 ** 7 OY 
4 e 


a, the ocean * 5 2 8 o 7 95 oy 2 14 5 . | { F; 


See ee 
Seem, app ar 7 IH 


. 


ee 
EN Ses, great waters 4 e ic | 
Seize, to hy p. EL 85 N * <> 


Oease, to leave off 5 bed 5 . : 


775 Dent, did send 1 5 


"= * 952 1 2 EA, * Ie 
16, N of n use rg TY e Se to ale appear” 5 


Sheep, a beast 5 e 


22 


The W Nun 
Shoe, for the foot _ 

Sind, to sink dom 

Cinque, five 

Slight, to despise 

Sleig nat, neglected 

Sleight, of hand - : 


Shoar, a prop ; 
Shore, the «ea ccst 2 


Sewer, a common drain 


Shown, view d 


Shone, did shine 


Slew, not quick 


Sloe, fruit 


75 Strait, not en £4 15 
Sty ait, tarrow 


| Sus, i in the — 


Sew, with a —. 


Sue, at la 


So, seed . 


So, thus : . 


Some, apart 
Sum, of money 


Soul, or Spirit | 
Sole, a fish 
Soal, of a shoe 
Son, of a father - 


Sore, painful. 
Soar, aloft = 
Swore, did wear. 


Sword, a weapon | 
| Soar >, did $soar 4 
Stare, to Took clay. at 


S*air, a step 
Stile, to get over 7; 
Style, of writing 


- Sound, 2 OR 


Swoon, to faint 004 th 


Soon, quickly , 


atue, an e 


Statut⸗, # la- 


Statute, be 
Stead, a N 


place. FENG %. 85 
Steed. 4 G ; 


Succour, telp 


e heir, of them - 


i eil, a Cover ing e 


best Com: panion.. 


Sucker, a young sprlig 
Spear, a weapon | 
e a . | 5 


Then, at that time 
Than, in comparison 
Tame, gentle not wild 
Thames, a great river. 
Tear, torend 
Tear, of the eye a 
Tare, an allowance in weigh 
_Tare, a vetch * 2 | 


Eg. 


Tail, cf a beast 2 
Tale, a storyß 9 
_ Tiles, for the house 
F, 
- Toil, kabour 5 
"There, i in that place 


Throw, a tobe 


Throne, of the king 

I hroven, as a stone 

Tide, a flowing water 

34 d, made fast 
T joe, of the day 
_ Thyme, an herb 
Team, of hort es 
Teem; with child 
Tb, the preposition 
Too, likewiss jon 
Two, a couple ri 
Toe, of the foot - en 
Tow, to draw, 70 
Tow, to be * g 
Told, as a sto ar 
. *Toll'd, as a be EC lv 
Tour, 4 journey . vis; 
Tower, of a church 80 

9 4 WAYS og or 

Vacation, leite 


. betwee 


io], a fiddle 
U 


our, of you 
wer, a bason 
re, practice 
se, practice 
Je, to be wont 


gh 


Vail, to lament 


Wien, in the neck 


be Young Man's best Companion. 


rain, foolich - WMey, five quarters 
ein, of the body - Whey, of milk 
ane, a weathercocxk Weal, good . | 
Value, worth Wheal, from scourging 
alley, a vale Wheel, te spin wich 
jah, 2 glass Wield, A Sword $5 5 
Meald, of Sussex or Kent 


When, at what time 


White, of colour AM 


Wight, an island 5 
Whore, a lewd woman 
r 


| 8 Witch, that conjures 

ade, in the water , Which, who or what 

Veigh'd in the scales Whist, silence | 
V hale, of the ea Wist, knew 


Wood, of trees : 


33 


. 
« 


aist, the midd _  . Wou'd, or would © 
Vaste, to spend | . 


ait, to stay for Vea, yes 

eight, heaviness "Ye, yourselves 
Vear, clothes Ewe, a sheep 
Vare, merchandize Yew, a tfee 
Vere, was You, yourself 
Vhere, what place Yarn, made of wool 
Veigh, to poise Yearn, to pity 


Df Stops, Marks, and Points, used in reading and writing 
, - awith their places and signiſication. Rs 
HESE are of absolute necessity ; and great regard ought. 
to b» had of them, to avoid*confusion and misconstruc- 
ion, and for the better understanding of what we read and 
Tite ourselves; and are likewise of use to others who shall 
ear us read, or see our writing: they teach us to observe 
ropes. dista: ces of time, with the necessary raising and fall - 
g of our tone or voice in reading, and the needful stops or 
arks to be used in writing, that we may understand it our- 
elves, and that our meaning may not be misunderstood, or 
disapplied by others. , 
Stops, or pauses, considered as intervals in reading, are no 
ore than four; though there are other marks to be taken 
tiee of, but to other purposes. The names of the four 
ops are a comma, semicolon, colon, and period or N f 
d thece to bear to one another a kind of progressionat pro- 


* 


. 5 - * F 
Ras 5 a 


BY e PER Man' ' des! 3 


portion of time; for the comma*signifies a Sfop- of leisutel 
telling one, the semicolon two, the colon W uud the be 
riod four —- They are made or marked thuss » DAI ee 
Comma (,) at the foot of a word. 1115 FTE os 
Semicplon (; J a point over r comma. *** 
Colon (:) two points. 8 
Period (.) a single point at the foot of a San, 
LS Example of the comma. There is not any fg in in th 
* wall, perhaps, tliat is more talked of, and wr understoor 
than the business of a happy life. ' - 9 ” 
t -— -; Exampleof the semicolon. It is not a curse that 8 
3 way for à blessing; the bare wish is an injury; the cen 


TY 


r of Antigonus was 1emarkable.  *» a 

E : Exampieoftbeedion. A sound mind is not to de chaker 7 
1 5 popular applause: but anger is startled at every accident u 
. — Example "of the. period. It is a shame, said Fabius, for ( 
19 commander to excuse himself, by saying, Iwas not aware er 

it. A cruelty that was only fit for Marius to ne, Sylla td 
Nt command, and. Cataline to aet. 0 
fl By the examples foregoing, we may easily _y that! 5 
8 comma is a note of shert stay between words in the senteice h, 

Genes therefore the tenor of the voice must be still kept ul 
bl the semicolon is a little longer, and the tone of the voice on 
. very little abated Phe colon signifies perfect: sense, thoug ip! 
i nlot at the end of a sentence: and the voice a little abated P 
1 or let fall.— The Period devotes. perfect eus and the enW.i; 
of the sentence. "py 


td When the question is asked there is a ©: Weed Thi 
made over the period thus? and is called a'note of interro 
gation. Erample What could be happier than the state of 
mankind; when the people lived without either avarice 01 
envy ? The time OPER _ this aer is the same Wi th abe 
_ 8eMicolon, 78 

If a adde crying out, or wondering doen ven, thay 
this mark is made over the full stop, thus! and called a note 
of admira- ion or exclamation. Example. Oh = astonish 
"i FT int wonders that are in the elementary world! FF 
3 ()1f one sentence be within another, of which i 7645 no pan 
1 it is placed between two se micireles, ort parent; sig 


7 — "I 
2 — 


made thus (). Example. Pompey on the other side, (that 5 
hardly ever spake in publie without a bush) had a wonder ery 
ful sweetiiess of nature. Again; Of authors be sure to mak » 


i choice bf the best, aud (as said before) to stick clot to them 
1 — e * Hs ane mother's whi TY: is the 


Rd. 4, 
; '_u 7 . % F fk Fg” * 
; 'S. N 0 . 72 — 9 


. 


7 F * * a ; £ 
* N 4 . * 
a : 3 * 


8 4 7 


rst commandment with promise,) that it may be well with 
ge. In reading a parenthesis, the tone must be £o:;newhat 
»wer, as athing or matter that comes in by the bye; bi eaking. 
as it were oñ the main coherence of the period. The time 
equal to a comma, and ought to be read pretty quick, lest 
| detain the ear too long upon the more impo-tant matter. 

Aboslropbe is a comma, at the head of lette: 85 signifying 
me letter or letters left out fur quicker pronunciation, as 
Il for T will, 1 o] t For. woulnzst, bun f for shall not, 


r over: or to denote a genitive ark as my fuher's 8 wude 
y uncle's wite, Nc. 

Accent is plaged. over a vowel, to A816 that the stress er 
und in,pronuncjation is on that sy llable. 

Breve, ot crooked maik over g e gute; it must be 
punded short or quick. 


| Caret £ignifies1hat something is wa: ati, „g andi is . un⸗ 85 
57 erneath tue line, just where any thing omitted by; mistake 


nd forgetfulness Sc. should be brought i in. 


ed over some vowel, to sev the. * Hable to be loog, a8 Se 
brales. 

wo Dialyets; or Diaro sis, or two  poitits p! lace d over two 
ow che in a word, 5ignifies they ore. 9, be parted, being 28 
ipht! ang.” 

8 Hypben, or Note of eehinittion, is a a Straight nb which - 
eing z&t at the end of the line, shews that the syllables of 
hat word are parted, and the remainder of it is at the begin- 
ing of the next line; and sometimes is used in compound 
vords as burnt-sacrifices, heart-breaking, soul healing; book- 
eeper, &c. N. B That when you have not room to write t 
hole word at the end of the line, but are obliged to finish, 
t at the beginning of the next, ich words mùst be truly 
livided,:according to the rules of spelling; as re-train, not 


es- train. When the, hyphen is placed over a vowel, it is 
noi operly a dash, and signifies the u mission (Hf mor n; it is 
Nis uch used in. old Latin authors, and sometimes in Eugliab. 
Pal mecity} in law business. | Branple it is very commend= 
ng ble to Write a good hand. 
tha Index is 4 ei like” a hand, pointing to women 
ider very remarkable. 
make sterism or star, Aires to some emden in the margin, 
1% r the foot of a LY Several of them togaher dente 
Th eee „„ I 


Circumflex is of che game shape with. the caret, but i IS prey 


'er for never, is t for is it, "tis for it is, 1'th for in thee; o er 


- 


* yy 


The Young Man's best Companion. - ** 5 


* 


99 


— 


0? Tbe W Man $ FEY Gee 
zomething defective or N in that passage of the 
ay „ 

T Obelisk, is a mark like « dagger, and refers to the mar 
4 * gin; a8 the asterism: And in dictionaries' it- Sgnifies the 
Word to be obsolete, or old, or out of use. 

I Paragraph,-denotes a division, comprehending $2ven 
Sentences under one head. 

8 Section signifies' the beginning of a new head or dis 
ür and is used i in sub-dividing a chapter, or book, int | 

leser parts or portions. t 

] Brackets, or Crotebets, generally include a word. 0 

5 0e explanatory of what went before; or words bf tas 

same sense, which mav be used in their ted. | 

« - Quotation, or double comma; reverse, is used at the be 

ginning of the line, and shews what is r from an Ay 
thor, to be his own words. 

us much for pointing, stops 40 marki whith if; Care 

ful ty eeded * observed, will add grace ag credit to yo1 


3 RESI. "Of: Abbreviations.” 


DO be ready i in thee, shews'a dexterity in EY SKA 
is very necessary for dispatch; for by these we exped 
ivusly express, or set down a word, shortening it, by ma 

king some initial letter or let:ers, belonging to the word 
express It; as ih the Table following. 


" | A. for Car or Afternoon A. R. Anno Regni i in the 


bp. Archbishop IJ.ͤ0ear of the Reign ) 
A. B. Arts Batchelor Ast. P. G. Astronomy, Pre * 
Acct. Accdunt ſestor at Gresham College. 
A. D. Anne Domiui, Year | Aust. Austin, or Austria WW 1 
1 of our Lord B. A. B:tchelor of Arts ö 
A. M. Anno Mundi, Yer B. D. Bachelor of Divinity 
of the World B. V. Blessed 19 750 


Amare.Adminictratore.” Bart. Baronet - | 
A. M. Artium Magister, Bp. Bishop 
Master of Arts Cant. Canticlez,or Canterbur 


Ana. of each a like quantity Cat. Catechis m. 5 11 
Ap. April, or Apostille Oha. Charles * 
5 Adml. Admial YEW, » Chap. Chapter e 
Agt. Againe Dent. Ceotum 72 
Amt. Amount Fears Chanc. Chancellor 4 
Anab. Alflababtie Chton. Chronicles a 


© os 
W ; 


ow 


Aug. August , Ga, ne 85 1 
0 PL Xx " 5 * SW Þ Olen 


* * 


The Ty , Nt. - „* 
lem. Clement ne A | Expos. Exposition ei 


2 : vol. Colossians > Ex . Esquire "= 2 5 : 5 a 3 a 

. . Clericus 1158 15 S - Exon. Exeter n | 
; 0. Country, or Company | Fr. French, or ane e 
el. Colonel Feb February &.q | 


omrs. Commissiorers Frtra. Francis 
on c daes, Gonne R. 8. Fellow of | 


«dis jſonf. Confessor © Society e e 
„or. Corinthians or Corolary Gal. Galatians . 
2. Creditor Gen, Genesis ITC 3, 
3 . R. Carolus Rex, or - Genmo. Generaliziimo 7 5 
f ty ' Cha:les the King Geo. George oe 
. C.-C. Cerpos Cris Cehegee: R. Georgius Rex, George | f 
. 8. Custos Sigilli, Keeper the king | 
. of the Seal Gar. Garrison Oh Bede 
1 UP. s. Custos Privati Sigilli, Gen. General . 
2 Keeper of the PvE! ba Gent. Gentleman ; it 5 3. 
car. Dean or Duke 1 Gosp. Gospel „ dS a4 
YOU. Daniee _-Greg. Gregory”: TINT £40 5 

Dr. Doctor, or Debtor” 45 Hen Henry ente W 
oy Dea. Deacon — n | 76 1 8 
an o. Ditto or the zame- Hund. Hundred N 


. Denatij, Pence | Hum. . ALE 8 
Dec. or æber, of rober; De- 'Heb. Hebrew * N N 
cember n i. e. id est, that is d 

Devon. Devonthirs 3 J. H. S. Jesus ien | 
Deut. Deatoidkomy®” Jy vator, Jesus Saviour of Men 8 


ec. Deceased oy 9) pick. ibidem, i in the same 1 
Po © Dean of Out Church Id. Idem, the same [place £ 
oo ed Doctrine Inst. Instance, or Instant. =P 
Sep. D. Doctor Di J. James, or Jacob | 
1 for Eat e January * Hef $154 
afld. Farldom A Jer. Jeremiab 55 po 
ty am. Ed mung ef Jes, Jesus 8 7 n 
| "EE ACE: fo Mes _ „„ 
. gr. Exem aut r Ju eaten se 
* example i ar: . Jadges ns fy 3% 


ngl. England REN J. D. Jurium-Doctor, Doctos 

lis. Efsbem eee 10 eee . 
e 831 FER "204 34 84 H. — 

Eph. Ephesians K Jes: Joshua {. BN > xd De FI 


Eecl. Eeclesiastes K. Kin e 
Ex. Exodus vr Eon. - Kin. Ki gdom” W 1 
Eu Evangelist 8 Xu. Knis nt „ En 87 Hh 2 
rp. an ot . „ 
len | L. Liben 


— 


* 
% 2 LOR 
© 8 : 
* No * 
Y iy 7. K "Wy * p : a 
1 3 
* . 
* ® * 1 = 
* \ 3» * 


* 


6 


9 


Mat. Matthew Park Parliament 
M. Manipulus à handfuf Pet. Peter N 


i - 
1 IB -. The Sos Man's bert Companion. 
. 13 ee 1 Ob. Obedient 
| L. Libre a Pound „ tO: W;:Of World 1; 
= Lieut. Lieutenant RES O. S. Old Stile 5 8 
i Lp. Lordskip © 1 £5 Oct. or Sber October, 6 
{| 1 Ladys hip* n 3. Oxon; Oxford iy; 
i Cas Doctor P. Paul, Paulus, Publius, " 
"i 2 oak of laws: © Hf President IT 
1 Lond. London Pugil. and a Handful { 
| FF Penelope r 
4 Lam. Lamentations. Pd Paid TED SST 
bi Lev, Leviticus _ Par. Parish Fo 85 1 8 
1 T.. C. J. Lord Chief Justice Pr. Per or by | | 
I NM. Marquis, or Monday, or Pat. Patience or Patrick-; J 
} | Morning Per. C. Per any by the. 
3 Mar. Marcctkk Hundred zh. 
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* M. A. Master of Arts Phil. Philipians, or Phitip 
1  Maty. Majesty, Philo. Math. Philo Mathem p. 
it „„ —_--5-c} ; ticus, à lover of the M 
hf Mons. Monsieur > thematics. , -; 
if Math. Mathematician | SR. P. M. G. Professor of Musi 4 
we Mr. Master aat Gregham College 
i" Mrs. Mistress 55 Prof, Th. G. Professor of Di te 
or M. D. Medicine, Dieter. \-,- vinity at Gresham College Th. 
WO Dectbr of Physic Priso. Pri Jeilli % n. 
3 M. S. Manuscript Pr. Priest, or Pre N. 0 bi 
5 M. S. S. NMiaguseripts 5; Ps. Peale - - 1 
uw M. S. Memerize Scrum P. S. Postscript A 


Sacred to the Memory Penult. last save one 
Mach. — Queen, Query, or Question r. 
Min. Mister 8 9.85 as it were 


N. Note Quasi dicat, ac if he pel! 
Na. Nathaniel, or r Nativity, Should say 0 ece 

* N. B. Neta Bene, Note, or q 1. | neem libet, as much; vrit! 
bd - mark well - | as you please = 
Nic. Nicholas, or Nicodemus 9 Quantum sufficit, a af ons 
FN. Ne Style dient quantity. ay 
1 No. Number Q Quarter, or a Farthin lina 
4 . N. L. Non. lquet, it. p. R Reason | ef! 
1 pea:s'not © A. Rex, King, or. Regina | hac 
1 - Nv: or gber, Nove uber een >, on 
= O. Oliver Sear eve N SO oooh ! 
Wl. Object. Objection Ker. N al 3 
48 85 3FFF C Rich. 


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The Toe Rs Best Companion. | 
Nich. Richard OTTER r 
Rob. Robeit MF: ar V. Virgin, 0 or verse 5 5 IY 
Rog. Roght” © rok L in X 18 Use 


. t. Return . 
1 — Prof. Regius Profieicy 1 ü 85 
7 dom. Romans '% n ; mw 5 


Rt. Hon. Right Honourable Ven. Venerable AE SS 
t. Wor. TORT, ere Videlicit, tu wit, or” . 
t. Saint F „that is to say. | 
m. Sams f. os Er. Verdi Tree wed 
lect, Scion „ ample... WA OS 
ſept. or ber September Vc. Wün em i 
derj. Serjeaut Wp. Worship U. 5 


er. Servaut F pl Wärchipful WT 
br. Shire i R. 'Willlam Rex ; 7 
dalop, Aber ire e . when N 
ol. Solutien Xn. Christian 2 on: 
of st! Thee: out. 
p. Spain, or Spanich | 1 Wain oh Clcisfopher 7 
dr, Sir „„ OO RRRRIDy a 


58. Se misses, half a a n. then 

. S. T. P. Profe:sor, or a ym. them 

Doctor of Divinity n 2 | 
ſtew. Stewart YE, Four. : „„ - 41 
Tho. Thomass e et, and 4 
Thess. Thessalonians FLY | &c. et cetera a he re on 25 
Theo. Theophilus on 5 BY and 50. forth. 


And now. having Bhised my directions concerning "RY 
ng, pointing, &e. I shall proceed to give some instructions * 

n relation to the most useful art in writing. by 5 

When any person has thorou ughly acquainted himself with 
61 understands good English, &c. the next step 


 Wpelling, a 
. Wecescary is the aequirin Sf the "occompliching art of fair. 
ch Moriting, to put this spelling i in practice: in order thereto, 


hall endeavour to give such directions, and proper iastrué- 
bone, as may duly qualify any person therein. 

First, and E eny, there must be fixed desire and i in- 
lination imprinted in the mind for attainment: For T1 my- 
eif had never acquired, or arrived to a proficiency. In it, if 
had not had a on desife and inclination' to ir; arising 
oom being convinced of its excellent use in trade and all 
nner of Vase ede to the verse. 8 

; | ”y ": Great 


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| Pounce, smooth it with the haft of the Pen 


Widal le finger must be ke Pl e 1 against the "ors per bar 


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b 1 . The b Boing Man's Feit Conpanion... 


Er al was bis genius, most sublime Bs thought, 
Thi firit' fair writing to perfection, when do: b. 
Next to the desire, there must be added a Stead ly pa 
o through with it tili it is gained; and by. ent and 
YE fatigable a lication, overcome all seeming difficultie 
that may arise in the progress ot its e arg g 
this distich.” © _ e 
By frequent use experience gains its 8 e I 14. # 
| But knowledse flies from laziness and sloth, mg 
* DIRECTIONS to BEGINNERS in WRITING: 
IRST, you must be provided with the following imple 
Lipgents vi z. good Pens, good and free” Ink, also good. Pa 
er, when arrived to commendabie Performances; likewix 


"1 a flat Ruler for Surenese, and a round one for ispatch'; with 


a leaden Plummet or Pencil to rule Lines: Als Gum-San 
drick Powder (or Pounce as they call it,) with 4 little \ Co 


ton dipt therein, wtiich rub gently over the paper to make i 


bear Ink the better; particularly when all hands are to be 
written, such as Text, &c. and especially when you are ob 
liged to scratch out a W ord or Leiter; pur then there wil 
be a necessity for its use; and rubbing the Places with the 
ife, © or clea 
Paper, and then you may write what is proper in the same 
Place. The Implements are surnamed in these . 1 
4 Pen knife, Razor, Metal, Quills good store: 
Sum- Sandrick Powder ta pounce aper oer; . 
Ink, sbining black, Paper more white than Thos 5 
Round and flat Rulers on yourself bestow. 
With willing Mind, tbese and industrious * 
ill male this Art your Servant at Command. 
To bold the Pen, ek 


3 TE Pen must be neld somewhat alopi ing, . 


Fnumb and the two Fing ers next to it; the Ball of the 


of the cut ar cradle, bak, n steady): Fore⸗ 
finger lying strait on the 151 le l and the Thumb must 
be fixed a little bigher than the end of the Fore-flager, 
- berdin;, in the Joint; and. the Pen be 80 placed as to. be 
held easily without gripping. The elbow. must be dra n to- 
Wards the body: but not tao close, Jou must support; your 
Hund, by leaning, on the. Table edge, testing on it half way 
between yaur Wrist and elbow, not safferreg tie. Bali, or 
fleshy part of your Hand to tvuch: the Paper; but rexting 
t Hand — oy of your lite TOY tha aud 8 


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127 


rn mall o, the a, and u, e, ij m, r, % W, and x; Which mustaik be 
ie de of equal bignesd and height; the distance or width be- 


le ty ixt the two strokes of the x, must be the same with the di- 
ance or width of the three strokes uf the m, the same propor- 
on or width must be observed in- the u, w, o. The letters 
ith Stems or Eeads, must be of equal heigut; as the B, d, f, 
b, 1, and /. And those with Tails must be of equal depth,- \ 
sf, g. pr J. J. The capitals must bear the same proportion. 
one another in Respect to the bigness and Height; as f, 


ers, both of small and great, must be observed in, and will 
erve for all hands Whatsoe ver. N. B. That all upright 
Strokes, and those leaning; to the left Hand, must be finer ur 
Jairstrokes, and all downright strokes must be fuller or 

Jacker. And when: you are in joini g; where letters Will 


ol atu: ally join, without any straining, take not off the Pen in 
wil riting, especially in running or mixed hand; Care like wie 
the must be duly taken, that there is an equal distanee between 


Letter and Letter, and also between Word and, Word, the 
Distance between Word and Ward, may be the space the 
small m takes up; but between Letter and Letter, not quite 
$0 much, Sit not long at Writing, (that is not longer than 
you improve) especially at first, lest it weary 565 and ou 
grow tired of learning. Imitate the best examples, and have 

a constant eye at your Copy: and be not 'zmbitiqus. of - 
writing fast, before you can write well: Expedition wi na- 


© The Young Mann's beet Companion. 4 

purth finger bending inwards, and supported un the Table 

above said. So fixcd, and sitting pretty tpright, not lean- 
ig your breast against the table, proceed to the making tile 


5, C, D, R, F. G, H, and I, Sc. This Proportion of Let- 


- Wh tV+ally follow, after you bave gained a habit of writing it. $i 


and flee; and it is much more commendable to be an Hour 


Lines in the same time, which perhaps will be altogether 
unintelligible... And besides, by a slow aud fair Procedure, 
You learn in half the Time; and; therefure tis a yain 
Thought in a Learner to desire to- be quick before he hath 


Practice. If. ydu have Cotfon in your Ink, look well, that ; 
| there be no hairs\at the Nib. cf your Pen... Never: over- 
our MW charge your Pen with luk, but shake what is too, much into 
ay the Ink bold gain c,. eee 
. Boge forteaks a Pen. ii: 11 LON 5 

HIS is gained so ner by Ex; erience-and Observation 

from others that can make a Pen well, than by verbal 
VJVJVJVVVVVVVVVVVVwVVVV 51.5 ects 


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in writing six lines well, than to be able to write gixty x,. 


acquired Experience, and a Freedom ef writing by frequent : 


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„ FR The . Mar 8 beat Compenien, - 57 
Directions But Note, that those Quills; Loop n 420 
| the best, as being hard, long and round in the' Ruten 
before you begin to cut the Quill, scrape off the sup. 


S crun with 8 ack of your penknife: scrape maße a the 


back of the quill, that the slit may be the finer, and wathoal 
ganders teeth (as the roughness in the slit is by some called 
After you have pape the-quill as above said, cut thę quiſ 
at the end, half t urougb on the back part; and then turning 
vp the belly, cut the other half or part quite through, wiz 
about a quarter. or almost half an inch at fhe end bf the 
quill, Which will then appear forked; then auer Ne 
Enife a little in the back notch, and then — the pe 
the, penknife haft (or the end of a quill ) into tha back och 
holding your thumb pretty hard on the back of the e 
high as you intend the slit to be) with a sudden ar” quic 
- twitch force up tlie slit :, it must be sudden and ett tha 
fte slit may be the clearer. W by several cut on each 
side, bring the quill into shape or form oh both zides; 
and having brought it to a fine point; place tlie inside of the 
Rib on the nail of- your thumb, and euter the: knife at the ex 
tremey of the nib, and cut it through, a little dopi Ing then 
with an almost downright cut of the knife, eut off the bib; 
and then by other proper cuts finish the pen, brikgi ng it 464 
to an handsome shape, and proper form; but medille not With 
te nib again, by glving it any trimmin or fine cuts; for that 
causes a roughness, and-spoils it; but if you do, to bring the 
nüb the evener, you must nib it again as above directed. 
Mee, That the breadth of the nib must be Fernen to 
py = Dreadih; of the body, or- -downrigltt back strokes 
\” Lotions, in whatsoever hand you write, whether small ot bert. 
Vote also. That in your sitting to write, you place yourgelf 
- rods against a fore-right-light, or else to have it on you! 


4 F 24 6H ee hand, (which I esteem bes butby-no means to hun 


on your right hand, because theshadow ne, eee bund 
nl obstruct your sight. A "br >. | 
Thus far for direction. Now for-dpplicatidn, * have "Es 
"> Wdecopies of the most usual, f.shionable, af d commendable 
bade for busii ness; with alphabets of great and small letie:s 
oper to each. 32 sure you make a rc letters well, (both 
emal aud great,) before you proce mag, Be ae 
in imitation, and observe the foregoi ng irections,/ and Wik. 


_ out doubt you will gain your end. Lommand of ran 7 | 
the art of striking letters, 0. is e y M ent plasti 
. king yr? 8 e 255 ; 


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The Tong Man's best Companion. 9 7 


COPIES in Apbabeticat, Order SLY 
Rr is { by bout arjd Web . 
covetous man is always, as he 9 25 in want. y 


Ada to you r faith virtue, and to virtue knowledge. 
1 blind man's wife, they say, needs no painting. > SY 
A comely countenance 3s a Silent commendation. © ws. 
A place of ill example may endanger a good man. 


A prudent man values content more than riches. © _ 
A vijtuous man is rather to be chosen than ann , 
A fair piece of writing is a speaking picture. - 1 


All worldly things run a continual round. 
5 Authority 3 is the main point in government. 


All God's commandments. are divinely pure. 25 <I> 


A man's manners commonly form his fortune. 


A great liar is seldom believed though he peaks the than 
All evil things and vain, strive ever to refrain. | 


A virtuous minded youth, will ever love the truth. 


A prudent youth and Wise, will- not advice . 


All you that would write well, strive others to excell. 


Abundance ruins some, but want makes all to moen. | 
Amendment still should shine, in all and every line Yr 


; A A gieater loss can't, be, than that of liberty. of 


by ood and virtuous lad, will shun whateter is bad. 
ctation renders the fairest face disagreeable, | | 
All jdleness avoid, by it most are destroy” oh 


Al idle lazy boys, obstruct their parents Joys. 128 
4 man by conduct may keep misery away. , 
All mishap hath been occasioned by our-cin. .. 
Avoid the occasion still of running into ill. 
A A youth that would transcend, must ever mind to mend. 
A lad that would excel, must mind his 1 10 wel. 
f B * 


_— 
— 


Bounty n is com mendable i in some, but it ruirs others. 
By commendable deportment we gain reputation. 
By delight, and somè care, we come to write fair. 
By diligence and industry we come to preferment. 
Beauty without virtue is but a painted sepulchre. 
Beauty. commands some, but money all men. . 
. By constant amendment, we rise to preferment. 
Brave men will. do nothing unbecoming the. 1 


Be Wise N * ae a care, 


_—_ 
„ * 4 
4 RAR" 


4 


N 


1 1. EY 8 Ion erg. 
15 unty l is more 2 ben imitated. 7 


iniquit and sin, misfortune g enter in. 
7 idleness and play, 'y 
irren are. those Joys, We waste/nway tops. os 
essed are their Joys above, who do their time improve. 

.dness brings all Sauness, therefore follow. good! 2 
trusting ti | tomorrow, men plo vge the 


* 


in they be nes wise, who coun arid rap 
ire mixed with deligh Za, 


pnsider the shortness 0 N ce — 89 . 5 
N ntentment ie a ot: + nd a diadem, 2 115 8 8 
2 an e a man jake: Pn 
ensure no man, — x any. mod 7:36 b 5 163 
rider not infirmities, 1 nor triumph rover injuries | 99 ge” 
ny light with some care, will make you wht Tar - 


eath conquers potent princes, and their e e 
elight in u hat ou undertck to learn. 8 
eath is before the old man's? ce, and may de at the Youn 
uty, fear, and _ we'owe to God above. . 


eath on 15 candec are, what Tug the 8 all moralsare 


> 1 22 


N. 5s ith remora kava pack: eee 8 755 
prive no person, 0 his lavyful due, e Should do 88 
Wight and pleaguretis but a golden dream. Lsame N. 


= "Fore IN. 944 8 3 E * 1. L r 12 — 


eath is less fear d by 4 fool Gans philoopher. NN Ne! 


ndless joys have those, whote sind are vanquict'd f „ : 
very plant an flow Hd ewe to'us Gods power. wag 10 7 5 * 
tud wise mar and the fool. © 8 
uments do fair: 


I mple oft doch r 
xamples oſt prevail, e 


F. idle ought ©6 judginent wust be bröght. 
er tuggard is the cause of bis own misfortune, - {74a 
* N nt . che w ed | 2 ee xe tenant TEM 5 
i YE br ; | 9 5 15 5 e — ; 


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18 us $00n to ie. . 


elight 1 in virtue's ways, and then you'll merit HR. * Ig | 


rinking is the\drowning of cares; not the cure „ Lf 


wise W ow guy om erimeg. 115 . . * 


* 


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The Youre l Mar's beit 3 
Evil company makes the good bad, and the bad on 
Experience i is the best locking: glass of wisdom. 
Even at head and feet. be sure your letters keep. 
Endeavour to do well, and men yon may excel. 
Every man is tight, that mixes profit with e 1 Fe 
Evil men and: sly, take care how you come . EN) NF 
Envy and care make the body grow spare. e 190 9 
[ Every money d man hath. others at. command. 


Feir words are often asd, tobide Foul. deeds,” % 

Fair faces have sometimes foul conditions. . ' 

Few do good with what they have gotten: Wis" (PR 
Future events must be left to providenee. ; 5 1. 
Fools are ruled by their humour, but wise men vy intera 
Firm keep your mind on things that are e 
Fear is a good watchman, but à bad defender. 
Fate will still have a Kind chance for the brave 
Fraud in childhood will become Knavery i in mantood, 
Fear without hope turns to despair. * 4 
Faith and hope are both dead when divided. "nog 
Fortune is kind at some hours to all. 1 
Feign' d looks oft hide what the false bean doth know. 
Fortune and fame c:eatea great name. - OE. LE E 
Friends in adversity are not often found.” - 1! 
Fools and k naves are not companions for hanged: wen. 5 
 Frugality and indu steyr are dhe edu of Rs 


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Boinese with contentment is great gain. NEWS! 
Good manners in a lad, will make his parents glad, + 
Great minds, and smali means, ruin many men. fc [ 
Good manners, grace, and truth, are ornaments in ah 1 
Good men as well as bad, have sometimes fortunes sad. 
Gre it good you sure will find, if you are _ e d. 
8 humour hath never failing graces. l 5 
God's works only are perfect in their = es 4 
Gluttony would rar sact Noah's ark for the riot of a al | 
Grief nourished in your breast, will never let you rest. 
Greater profit doth always come of learning than of 2 
Great men tbough they should, are not always wood, © 

| Good men are safe when wicked ones ure at rods, 755 
Get what you get honestly, and use it e, Ts na 1 
Pu rm is Mrs ey oer aud AUT AION: e 


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ſy ste adi waste of. paper, ink, and time. 8 2 . 

Ny that stumbles and falls not, amends his pace. ee 

JE our and renown Will the ingenious crow... 

8 pocrites first cheat the world agd at * themselves, 85 
man life will human frailties have. e 55 Ts * 

1 nour that is true, tis Jawfal to pure, 85 8 5 

In that ends a fool of an errand ought to follow bin. 

5 nours are burthens, and riches have wings. Fit 8 TH 

© is a wise Security who Secures himself, © 5 8 


> that. 8ins against conscience, sins with a ihe.” 5 155 * 
dnour the hoary head, that vi: tue 's path doth tread. e 


are their joys, who turn away from toys. 1 \Es IS 
hh fly swift away, improve each momentin the tor. „ 
> that Swims in sin, must sink in sorro Ww. „ 
> that fears not an oath; will not tremble at Sh. PTR ave 1 | 
88 e hath big work half done, 9 hath it well bens. 
5 truction and. 38804 e are a durable benen. 
orance is the greatest enemy to learning. 17 5 
1 praising sparing be, and blame most sparingly. e 
aginary toys, do please some idle boys. 
eemperance is attended by diseases, and idleness 15 mat 
£2 is good to have a. friend, but thad.t to need him. 5 
eeness and sloth interrupt learnings growth. 2 
I rinocence need not fear the lion, nor the rogged ben. 
is better to be unborn, than untaught, t. 
is too. late to spare, when the bottom is bare. 1616 e wa | 


Nienees bath no advocate, but many-filends, 
mprovement of parts, is by improvement of time. 


0 If you'd win a pen of gald, first learn well the pen to hold. | 5 

h 2 wWolk 8 an age, xl TEM the misconduct of an hour. N = 
- ep a close moptb, if you would have a vike head. = F 
N Tings as well as mean men must die. „ vs 


ngs may command, and suhjests must obey... os re 
+ ]Wingdoms and crowns must in the dust be laid. 
al. nowledge sublime, is gained by.much tine 
t. Weep at a distance from the gompany that's il. 
. Heep good decorum in your words and deeds. „„ Eb eh 
_ Weep close your intention, for fear of prevention. "re 5 
ings may win crowns, but cannot conquer AY $71, 
© Keep faith with all men, and have a care of a lie. 

' Weep good company, if you'd keep a good ae 


1 Rt Ar 1 abus' Oy. is ike a gem W us es 
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8 Gre hens bring care, and crowns are heavy things: to: wea 


E 8 wee actions neglected, make friendship suspected. 97M 
| _ Safe good counsel, and entertain not ill e. 


Led not out of eee i: 


7 Money. makes some men mad, many merry, but few sad. 


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aut evil thoughts by entertaining good ones. 14 


dle not Jane fire, 2 with ARTE Wee * 


"Ee to lte as you would wish ko die. EN SY 1 
Love and honogy-will bear no rivals. Ate 1 
Learn to ünlearn what you have . oth 
Learn now in time of youth, to follow race me truth, - | 
en is grateful to all, but de „„ 
I iog eis the duty ef none, but the custom of — FF 
 Eearmngdao but love,and then you 3 2 
1 without discretion becomes Feen, 


Let no jest intrude t | 
e to husband well your Gat 


Learn now in vyouthful prim 

_ Liberality should have no other object bit the poor. 
Lost oppertunities : are very rarely, if ever recovered; ©! 1 
Let not the work of to-day, be put off eee | 


q 7 . pe + 


Madesty has more charms than beauty. 
Monuments of learniug ate most . 2 255 5 „ 
. know. good but do not the good the Vun ao "aj | 
Make use of time, now you are in your prime, 
Money commonly cotrupts both chürch and state. 15 77 0 
Many think not of dying, till they can live ne anger. 

" IGE have repented talking, few. 0 being silent. 5570 
Man has mich to learn, but a short time to live, ny 5 
Mesure not goodness by good Words o . 
Marriage isoutof season it᷑ we are either too young 
Most precious time esteem, wich no one e can ret 


Many live beggars all their liyes that not dies 0. 


Nany are led hy the ears, more than by the en p 
Most precious things are skill possess d With fear. 
Many are made saints on earth that never 57 heaven. 
Malice seldom wants 4 mark to Shoot aꝶ rt. 
-Misfortune is the touch<tone of 1 : 5 225 e 
5 8 2 Wuie 


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1 5 4 
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0 7 8 3 7 
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ecessity is common 

t to a good: consci nee og 18 name. e 
one 80. High cap be, as no' mishap to ee. 8 Hts ds . 


| thing is 80 Gifficuk but diligence may overcome. - Zhen ON 
2 > task is to hard when, heaven's the reward. 25 e ; 


one can lay himself under an obligation to doll.” . 
ver lament and weep, for loss of What 10 cannot keeps - 
bise or talk without some rule, gerne > man to bee 
pportunity neglected brings Avers repentance. © r 
n present time depends our future state. „„ 
F all prodigality that of time's the Worst. 9 
F what gives most delight, we soonest love the right. 
| Een to do good, is committing: evil: 7 A 
ators are more $0hicitous: to speak well, an to do OY #3 
ur life is but here a journey to the next world. 10 5 "I * 5 
ur sand doth Fun apace, and son we end bur race. oof 5 3 
ur minds must be cultivated as well as our Pam: nt” 
ther peoples deaths ought to be remembrances of our own. Ie 
ur early care should be to live most piously. 5 
ur time of life is cad: en by which. obverve how la Ry. SY 
"3s man. | 9 
ne vice i more oxpensive thantemvictues. | oy 7 Ned 2 4 8 


ovide against the worst, ad hope for the best. e 

oor men want many things; but coretous men . 1 1 
atience and time run though the roughest dax. 

ut to your: tongue a bridle; that it talk not idle. 775 e 
ain, disgrace, ati} poverty have frightful looks... ©: 3 
rayers and Pee r binder no man's journey. Eq al 
ut not off the main business of life, tothe very article of death 

ain we can count, but pleasure steals away, ß). 
oor freedom is better than rich slauer x. 8 . a: 


i ursue useful and profitable Studies. N alas 

= coo and partiality govern in too many cases. 2 

* eee in grids: virtue, and in the next knowledges 

5 uick promisere are commonly elow performer KF, 25 N 
2 uietness and content, are mates most excellent. 5 ee 10 7 


ualify exorbitant passions wich quietness and ee = 
viet man have quiet minds, and enjoy CORINNE -- ; = e 
uicken Rar Lig A ie and gm V 


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I * * I * x sf ' * » * 


„ be: Young Men's bat eee 8 

8 5 persons often meet with their match. 
uarrels are more easily begun than ended. 
Quietness is secure, but rashness is dangecous. 


Quer leain to bear a cross; if we repine ds 0 bor iss. 


Questions i in jest no serious answeis need. . BE r20h 
; Quench Pass10”s heat, don't suffer it to Fegg. 


mien with some, is what they'd hit: Betas quality Pen 


with men of wit. „„ 1 itn 
— 2 8 Fo 2 oh 8 : £ R 9 


e your duty to God, your. 0 and yourcel, 


1 comes too late, when all is consumed. 
Reason should always guide, and o'er each act reside. 
Reputation should be the darling of human lections. 
Rest continued long, makes idleness grow OW. 

Rely on virtue more than blood 2 
Repent to- day, to morrow may be too late. $75] 5 £ 
Reputation is like a glass, when crack d it cannot be mended 
Reputation is gained by many actions, and lost WG; 01 
Remember death, and do not forget Juan, £211 
Religion i in hypocrites is butskin deep. e 
Relations and friends pursue their own. ends. Trig 
Religion is best understood when most N 

Riches serve a wise man, and rule a fool. 2 
Run no great risque for vantage small, tho some for money 


Revenge is pleasure only to a mean spirit. [hazard all. 


Righteuus men's-prayers will be regarded. - 


 Repentarce' is a quite forsaking ein, but he repens not that 


remains therein. | 
| Resolve to amend, and pursue to Four nd. $7 
| Review the time you have mispent, think upon it ad amen 
Recreation Should fit us for buyiness, not, rob n us of time. 


7 — 7 2 4 ” a — 5. * 8 


-- 


Sin and wb. are inse parable companions. | 


Self love is the greatest-flatterer in the Hanks; 9 1 
Some would rather discharge a reckoning than pay. ndebt. 


Sin is the certain cause of misfortune. .- * _ HE; 
Study to live quiet, and to do your own Vue 1 
Some in their zeal are hot, but knowledge they at not. 
Set bounds to zeal by discretion. 

Silence is the sanctuary of prudence and digcretion.” 
Sloth is an argument of a mean degenerate mind. 
Short, and therefore vain, is all earthly gain. cul | 
Soft words sometimes work. upon the proudest heart. 

| Sleep ang nene are enemies to ee 55 


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vine) 80 beauty contemptibie. 1 Ko: Tr $27 


'T be Tong Man bes Companion. 


Sin is the cause e who love itjare to bike, 75 
Small means and small minds uin many men 
Short are all n whether of good or. 8 Ne 85 
Spend time in good duties, and treasure in good works. - 


Some go. fire. and brave, finely to play the knave. 


Six feet of earth end all distinerions of our birth. 10 
Some must die, that others may live. said, the grave dig, 
Silly people are commonly pleased with silly things,. 
Some are full of, oral sarętity, and mental ipisty. 


Some profit. comes from Fall ungodly gains: $6 4; 


Or i. T. tt Ain 1 910 Vi! 


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Train in uß ch in the practice of love and: . 


The end of mirth is many times the beginning: of anro w. 8 
Time is so swift that houe can overtake it. 

Time posteth swift away, no mortal can mate it y. 7 

[ime passeth swift away, improve therefore esch day. 
doing evil. 
work to. 


"44" 


The doing nothing is very near 


T hose who: won't end e all have _ 


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morrow. 15 * 


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The borrower. is: 2 dave to he lender ; and U the : rey a 


_  slave 10 both. 
Trust is ; the strongest book of Sint 3 


The endowments-of the mind ought not to be coo 4. 


Truth may be blatm d, but cannot be ham — 
Trust not too far, nor mistrust too soon. | 
The city cares.ndt what the country: thinks. 


To do. good is the way to i w.. 


Tis just so much time lost as is idly spent. 


There is no such thing i in nature As 3 oe 


Time, tide, and carriers, will for no. man stay. 
The unfortunate are insulted by every rascal. 


. * 
* FELL 


'Tis inhuman to port with u e bed, 


$4 $45 


Vain and brangitory'is all worldly — 


Virtue and fortune Work wonders in e 7 254A 


Value more a good. conscience than great fame. 


Unwilling go to law, and willingly make an end. 5 
Understanding a thing is half doing it. 
Variety is the happiness of life. + 
Virtuous and brave actions gain reputation. - Ae 
Use soft words and hard arguments. 
Virtue i is eee by all, but e. by few. 


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982 1 The Yang þ Man's best Companion. $3. 88 
Unthankfulness is the cause of the earth” bi unfr denen | 


Vain conceitedness i is ridiculed by all, 4 c 
| Virtue is szeldom: a match for power, OE TER? 
Vaderstand things not by their form, a0 qua ality. N 

VJ tue all commend, but few do it attend. e DIY IFC. 
nion and peace make discord ease. Wie 


* 


Valour and g1: eatnes3 are prefer'd before: geatness, 
Vain andfoolish things, disreputation brings. 5 955 
Virtuous een Will brig repu Ra ane bs | 
WIS 65: 4% W- 1 4 ee ä 9 55 
What i is hot 2 455 ſk light 40 sun. „ 
What pleabes Gop must 2 none olters his Jesse. 4 ct 
We are many times deceived with the bare she w' of good. 
Women and wine, though they smile, make- en pine. 
When fortune knocks, be sure to open: the dort. 
Wine is a turn coat; first a friend -and-thet' an vnemy. 
W hat is violent is geldom permanent,” ... 0 
When good cheer is lacking, dur friends will be packing: 2e 


I” 
* * * * FLY 
Z » 
AW» > 


Wise men keep their expences short of their income. 8 Ze 
We keep a better account of our money than our time. e 
Wickedaess im jest, turns to wickedness in earnest. n Ze 
We musxt not blame fortune for our own faults, + © ”- £ n= VA; 


Where knavery is in credit, honesty i is put out ene Za 
We must look to time past, to improve what's wcnn. | 
What is fixed in our hearts is seldom out of our nende. 
Wickedness comes by degrees as well as virtue. ee! 
Would you, be rich, be n if e audbue. | 1. 
4 3 | «a 
Xenopbon was. a 3 captain, as well as great 10 E 
n wept at the · thouglits that his vast ary” would be G1 


dead in x00 ears — Im 
X. er res whipt the sea because it would not obey his command] Le 
.  NXenophon accounted the wise men happy. ; [ years. Ne 
| - Xenopbilus lived without: sickness one hundred and” geven Ph 
_*Xamples of the best for ever mind, and intimate in kind, 5 


| Xexxes wept at the changeable state of man. | 
Xamine well how you improve, for that will beasyou you Sil 
learning love. _ -.: Pers og 


Xercise will much improve gain. ee e I bh 

Xperience i is the mistress of all arts and sciences. LDP Ve 

- *Xcel in what you can, and strive to lead the van. 3 

presa your; desire to learn by 7s ag e e 
&; © pt: Zager ROS 730 LEES 

| Youth is Hull of ae ung ln * 


* — * - * . 4 8 8 * * 
* * ; * $ * y * 2 — 


be Young! Man's deat þ Comte. a 1 5 


Your time improve and squnnder it not away; 
Your spelling mind, al&'sense of what you . SEN 
Yield quietly to what must come unavô . 95 as : 7 4 > 
Young men in n shouſd provide E a can 7 

; weakness. N ee PHE e 4 ems 
Youth in their prime, chould nanat welt weir ums. 
Youth 40 the grave do g, as well as the aged do- | 
Yield yourselves servants to fighteousnes 1551 88 
Your copy mind, write fair, at 1 e N 
Your care should AppGar, by Writing al 125 hh 5 
Your delight and your a nriee mal 25 ye 


Þ ** I? 15 8 75 * Tas 
Zeal 1 io A good cause wi merit e ba US 1 1 5 4 a 


Zeal mixt with love, is ab harmless 48 4 dove. 7 0 k:: 4 


ealously strive for au eternal crown. © © 8 5 15 2 Uh ii 
g. Zealously strive with emulation to write. E 
I Zeal without knowledge is but reti; gious wild re. TR 
EZeal, if not Tightly directed, is very "pernicious. ; „ 
Zealously bend amain, fair writing te obtain; © 85 25 ner 


Zeno was the first of the stoic Philosophers. t e ee, 
nee! L Is 9 2 e his N was nt CY (a Si KT 


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2 N Ws eee is ill. i TOR: „ 
ere destroys the body. Do the things that . N 
er. Expect to receive as you eee ee, | 8 
be MW Give what you- give chenrfaly.— Have OTE | men In esteem. 
__ MW nitate that which is good; Keep Gop's commandmetity.” REES 
and Learn to be wise. Make a right use of üme. TI EEG 


urs. Nothing get, nothing have. —Observe WWE 11 5 75 ; 


ren Pleasures are very short.—Pains are very long. „ 
uit all revenge. —Quiet your passionsz. 1 1 
kecompence a good turn. Repent of your ing. aft ne 
up Wl Silence gives consent. Sin very little, 7 
Lime is more precious than gold. Turn 0 rial 1 
Ute moderate pleasures. Use not bad company * | 

Vain are some pleasu res. Vice i is detestable. 1 6 4.5 749 
Wisdom is the principal thing: Wise men are scarce. 


oung men lament your minutes mispent,. 10 i Th 3 


„ 


Yenterday-cantot-be fegt = Non cannot take too e OP 


ale. e e 1G 


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—— — — 


P 54. | S he Young Man- 3 ber Companion. 


f Descending strokes are dark but upwards amel! 5 


- 


On care depends the beadty of each line, nd 1 


Small letters must of equal height be seen, 


The same of great, both beautiful and clean. 1 55 5 
Time and delig 
N Delight, delig 


The industrious actu: 


Via: * 
* & 


; * # 
0 . tak — 2 


Double lines in verse. 
All you that i in fair writing would excel, 
How much 25 write you! not, but how vel. 
Bear your pen lightly, ke ep a ãteady hand, 


And that's the way fair writing to command. 8 dls | 
. Carefully mend in each succeeding line, ne e 


For that's the way to reaeh to what is fine. 


Even at the bead and feet keeps letters al. 


From blots keep clean your. books, and always mind $ MT 
| To have your letters all one way yu 7 Ed teh 


Grace every letter perfect, full and nl 
And keep a due proportion in them all. 5 5 . 
Fold your pen lightly, grip it not toe asd, 

And with due care ; your copy well _— | 

Join every letter to its next with care, 97 e 175 8 
And Tet your strokes be admirably fair. 125 1 


Keep a close hand and smoothly Ar 1. ts; 
Ascendi ng fine and downtight strokes ae Ks ng. 


Leet graceful beauty in each lin N e . Y 512885 
And see the front doth not excę «1. 

Majestic grace both beautiful and strong, 

Do th, or else ought, to 


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ery Tine belong „ 
No rought.ess at the ed amd e er ms e 
But all the letters ould. be smooth and clean. 6 


For that alone will make your art to shine. PEE! %% 
Praise is deserved by t the careful band, | 50 5 1 3s 
But for the unthinking -doth correction ound, 


Quit yourself 'nobly. 1 with a prudent care, : 1 9 85 4 855 i 
Of clumsy writing and of blots beware. „„ „„ 


Remember strictly: what the art ien 54412 
Equal siz d letters, and as equal lines. th ” els ib 


ht will easy make the task! 
t's the only thing Lak!!! 
"Vain are the hopes of those Who think to gain, 
This noble treasute without taking pains. 
While idle drones sup 15 dream of fame, 

ly. do, ger. the same. | 7 
*Xemplar L nes are Writilig's surest law, uy 
Precepts may lead us, but examples . 
95 is the pr [ag for 1 in al ah; 1 1 


1 1 
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he m Man's Beit cee. 7 0 55 „ 
Then use our youth -to-gain the noblest parts. e 
Zeal fo altainment f each art wil! prove, ES he 55 9 „ 
One means of purchasing the gen ral love. N 5 
Since good ink is necessary to good evriting, 1 1 Shall give. 
a Receipt or two for making some vu Tug best black ink in 
e which ious follows, viz. a ERR „„ 


4 receipt for making black ul. e 

To. ix x quarks: of rain or river water, (but lain W is ne 
best) put one pound and a half of fresh blue galls of A. 

leppo, (tor those of Smyrna are not strong enough) bruised 

pretty small; eight ounces of copperas clean, rocky, and 

green; also eight ounces of clean, bright and clear gum aA. 

rabic; and two ounces of roch allum: Let tliese stand toge=- 

her in a large stone bottle, or clean stone pot, or earthen 

pot, with a narrow mouth, to keep it free from dust; hake 

roll, or stir it well, once every day; and you will have en 


ellent ink in about a month's time ; andthe "after . t grows, 

the better it 1 5 be for use. e 
, Ingredienis for: a quart.” Ws 

> 1 quart of ws ounces of galls, 2 ounces of cop eras = Tl 

and 2 ounces of gum, mixed and stirred as above. ES 

«4 Note, If you soak the green pealing of walnuts, (at the 

ame of the year when pretty ripe), and oak sa a or. 

small chips of oak in rain water, an sir it pretty often for 3. 

fortnight; the water strained off and used with the zame in- 15 ; 

e as N will render the ink «ill FO wa 


| a How! 10 make ll Tak.” %% 0 


Take 3p 3 pints of stale beer, rather than Bs . 
4 ounces of ground Brazil wood: simmer them together 
for an hour; ther strain it through a flannel, and botile ijt 
up, well stopped for use. J . 

Or, you may dissolve half an ounce of gum | Senega, or As. 
rabic, in halfa pint of water; then put a pennyworth. of ver- 
million into a small gallipot, and pour some of the gum wa- 
ter to it, and stir it well, and mix it together with a hair pen- 
eil, to a proper consistency; but it will not incorporate pre- 
cently, but by the next day it will; then having a clean pen 
dip it into the ink, having first well stirred it wih the peheil 
and chen you may use it: It is a fine and curious red tho“ 
{JW ot so free as the other. And aſter the same manner you 
ben 0 make ay oe. coloured is as: — green, yellow, 1 
| ; "PO ple, 


- I'v 
Abs 
* 


= „ $ 3 
« 

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A 


| e th 
hair pencil, and with if 
5 1 The 8t all, shells may ba 
_ bought at some Ein 1 or ws painters,. at twp. or three 
for two-pence, or-the large ones N are 8 at the 1 
or ate at six pence a piece.” - 
1 To keep: uk from Nane or m TY | 
E © REA frosty weather Ink will be apt 5 . hi x 
once it doth, it will be good for nothing, for it takes away 
- Its black ness and beauty. To prevent Which (if you have nd 
the conveniency of keeping. it warm r from the, Wu aut 
a few drops of brandy or other spirits into it, 5 it 1055 50 


RD * oo, 22 4 28 7 


> - freeze.” And. to hiader its moulding put a little th e 
= F. 11 AR LETTERS on irveral e, ond oh a 
ES 4 Occasions. e + 


Biba, we 1 into A it may be proper 
3 give some examples of. Letters of various su bjects, ant 
> _ wþo n divers occasions; which letters frequently read oven 
2 e copied; may be a good introduction to a hand: 


3 Ne style, and 4 commendable manner of writing; beside 
Frog "this? help.and use they may be of in-noting and observing th 
[ - method of spelling g od English, and orthographically pla 
1 55 . great letters, or capitals, where they ought to be; an 
Als in imprinting in the mind the due noon of peinthy Hop 
Ge. and when and where to be | 
Letters are variously worded, and ought 1 properly to ex 
1 the desires, thoughts, Kor of the Writer to the reader 
chat thereby;the receiver. of the letter may fully understand 
And be Justly informed: af She: b pege ee 
755 of the sender. D e, 
. Letter being vote on geveral . Sinton un 
-  casions, they may be ranked under these denaminations, c 
x: following, viz.Letters of prof 


thanks, 'of excust, of reproef, advice, o , counsel, of recomMegi; 

of: remonstrance,. of buginess,.and of amuemeni -- 
"Roti: concolatory, — and er bortatory ; al.. 
. and miæed letters, containing. various cnbjects; ; Hot 


'' |". Iishall-not have room to tquch-upon;every one of these 
E E but Thal en 25 AR 


221 : 
J * by 9 15 5 AS i”: 


i 5's i 74 
4 

Re 8 ws 4 Tets 

7 * * "7 4 + 1 . 

Page 5 ' 1 1 ö 5 7 : & "+, 125 : 1 * 
6 4 R - ; " (472 Fl e * 5 5 
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FP, & — "> — met 


The Young Man's "beet Companion, wy - e 
3 Leiter f rom Sen to 5 Fatber. „ Ou 


1 + SS 1 0 
OF 4282 #5 24%, I . me 7 


0 onoured Father, VVV N 8 

A® 1 have had no Jeter from 1 E your amor 7 
the” 8th of October Jas 7 n by the 0 . 

post, I take this: oppo e engüſtigg after your, 8 

and that of my ster: 'Fhave herewith. zent 8 Sir, d 3 £4 


Samuel Simple, the Pemps NE; Spaniel 
Tray. who is an excellent good one of his kind, Al 

be sport of your place; he 18 25 free fut the Water; a anc «Wy 5 
f he hath, any fault, it i is being a ſiiſſe too eager; but we | 
young, and may be brought-1 to Nou please to have him. 
Pray give my lone fe. my sister, and be Pieased 3s ; cept of -— 


ost b ee — I ee e ron t] ad, 
ut he ista in Conditien; and hath been tried ac to 3 
e, which find to be good. I have sent you by the ee, x 
alf a dozen wild ducks, which Tray fetched when Thadshot 25 5 
dem. Your sister remembers her love to you and hath Sent. 
ou a turke g and a chine of bacan, t which Lucsh- you and _-. 3 EY 
our: eren invite any) a good stomach. . 
a 


p. 8. Te rs prong 425 1 . * — 


* 


5 enn 
” As el N * 


* 
— 


Fs 5 $8 
5 wid 


t 7 1 Tong Men to Hee 8 : Ex 


255 + "The. Young Men's bes Compenton. "" 
tt Da e now offers itself) to make a a tender tg 
8 of my poor, but real and heart ser vice, In in ea 
tween you and Mr, A. B, of this: lace if vo 
but to communicate to me Four, inte} wth Mm $18 m. 
_threetions therein, I will NR them with wh 1 t ts 
and will from time to time 5 vou exact account: of] 
3 mer in? Thel . in elende, of Foul 
Bow 26118 remel > 24 Es 


py your most obliged wes pbev 
and Pete humble Servant 

"6 3 Ce OR Ft Day B 

Ne phew. wn e Der. 13. 178 
18 the oth «fy your + lect busipess between mt 
and Mr A. 1 8 of your eity very kindly; and think nen 

* fitterto adjust that "Mair than yourself; but 1 am unwallia 
1 to g to law; and bat zather, much rather, that vou wou 
13 endeavour to bring him to some reasonable dccomodation 
4 8 _ in such contests the winner is commonly a loser in tl 
end: Therefore, if you can bring him to any reasonal 
terms, I shall be very glad, You understand the affair, an 

1 shall commit it wholly to your disereet and good manage 

| ment, being pe rsuaded, you'll do "for me as for vourself; ] 
"I. +4 DD rms a ane I e N '> has : og 
Your ovin and fiat Vil 


n &© . rm. 


en 


4 


h Es "Som a Nees is ber Aw e ole 
Ex Weste l have i | given 51 puts we 80 5 
1. -vlush, when I think of 'intruding' 3 your goo - 


Den but neeessity which'fiequently obliges eus te such 
tions as are contrary to our inclination, is the me that in 
8 me to be thus trouble some now. Pra dear Mads 
Excuse me if Lente more beg your: ce which I done 
wo” but yen very well know 1 stand in need of at this time 
ver liavea grateful remembrance df ' your good 
ness io me; ang 1 base shall be one time or otherin 
. of making some retürs for e e dligation 
1 5 Ak e 06? 125 888 


2 


— 
8 5 — 
— 


— 


+ 


4 —_ * os — 
—— — — 


P = — 
— — 
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+ 
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"4 


- and very humble $ervat 
\ PLFELOFE Pn va 


r 


" _— — 0 
. 8 > — 8 
——ů—— ů — —— — 


= — — — 
3 — 
— 
— 9 4 
Wy A 


i * PET . N rn N 25 N 2 ” 2 - a a 
* 3 PW OY YR * ö 5 * 


e Long Mews den Falk Tag 1 15 
6 de n ne mioforune; and eee my as6ivthn0: 1 
therefore bend xb these lines for your eonsolation, desiing 
you to bear Up 7 — your ill luek, with as müch presencs 
of mini ag you can: for; assure yourself; 1 hall saddenly, . 
low this epistle in person, and come, [- | opportunely* 
enough for your assistance: till Which time take ou frage. 
and be assured you shall not 1 e r 


ance, from, 4 e 


9 


s „ * 1 7 6 * a ; £ 7 5 ' 7 + 
bo + aff; Fen tg 0 g 7 Ip © 5 1 3 
we 4 . 1 V' 9 1 
3 a 1 en . 4*& ” : 
4 z Vw „ 3 4 . 3 p OE . 7 it * - => 
1 * rY ; . - * * x, 


Dear Siebel 4 Ree 
ſY ene and r . 4 0585 es 1 
have not wanted good company) makes me very - 
Tcitous c0:.cerning your: welfare;-na:vrsaffizction ln 
me strongly to have you in remembrance, tendering ohr 
health alt welfare i in every respect as dear as my wn; unk 
there is nothing at my command; but, if yon request, it Shall 5:0 
be freely yours. Notwithstanding the distance, I propose 
(God Willing) to make y a visit very 3 and hac 
done it before now; but an urgent 06@5ion | te rpose d: che — 
particulars of which being tog long for a letteh, I Shall ae- 3 
quain An with when 1 see vo. Fray give E . 


to all friends, 'particularly' to -honest fr S. F. and 2 

in expectation” * dM 2 wer” 9 5 N wen L — 
clude, M2 75 e . fb * . ba: 1 

| London, Dee: «> =, mo EY 7564 
25 IT 1 858 iy #1 1 Fs 5255 and hom OY 8 


4 Letter 2 a Yoitth ; a © Rte to Bis Parents, 75 25 "YN 0 9Q 2 5 
ore and Mother,  --. - FR a at HY 


I 


Received your kind letter, of the jth off? Toverh OK: 
and alsd the several things therein mentions d, by the Chi-. 9 
chester carrier, for which I retutu yo m most Hunible and. 
hearty thanks, they coming very-seasonably to the relief N 
my necessities.—lendeavour to make the best improvement 2 
in my learting chat possibly can, (though at Mt it Seemed .. 
a little -itksome and and 1 hope to gain the point Tr 
last for which: you: seſit me hither, - Pray, dear Paten 6 
cept of my most humble daty to yourselves, and-kind loveto,. £44 
my brothers and sisters, and to. Hog guad 9 4 1 
riichtarly oY 99 7 We 3 ad eh * 


Py * | » 1 pe 
8 N 1 2 i ; * 
4 * 0 * i , 
n - * A 
a . 1 
N # 7 4 3 -s 
2 TE 8 - 
* 1 f 2 8 % 8 
55 1 


4 TS. The Tome Man's bt © nien. 8 hy ; 
| | London Dee, 5 Honoure 8 FF 


. W A von As Sons and Rum 


- 
„ 7 
off * . . 4 4 - 5 SHS \ Þ ** : 5 
4 * [he HET” 0% we 3 28 * > 12 oh 8 
7 2 * 2 . s - « 
IS CS . © 
- i 
* . 


Wo © yes ver e cu obliged 8 all your ain: all [ 

1 bare to hope is, that the progress I make in learning. will 
be no dizagreable return for the same; gratitude duty, anda; 
view of future advantages, all conspire to make me sensible 
bew much l ought to labour for my own improvement, and 
hs Ther e ace ow gant pon all Hegations, | 


: Fakes Schook, . TONE Your most hodient Sou! 
2 . Ot 25 Bo 25 1 = 7 Dan eee 


F . The HE bearer tere Fates rolle 15 en 4 t — as: re 
Whose hc nesty you may rely on: and me ex pelle ce of 
- his con uet and Gdelity gives me a certain kind of confidence 
in. recommending him t0you ;- for you, know me, Sir, and 1: 
_ believe vou cannot ia the least thitk, that T- would recom - 
mend any one to yo, of whose/probity, I had the least #ha- 


- 0 2 Bent or e am, with due respect, 5 „ 
. 5 8 Vour real F riend and. humble. Serben N 
V 2 8 Gronor i neu-. Wo: 

5 Mie: . 4 Lelterof Thauks. 8 

Linn 5 5 „ ble 
. yeur Fh with the bind, N 19 258 c- my 
Leompanied it: I have no other way of express ing my gra- er 

WED lle at present but my hearty thauks, every thing vou, do mu 


[1] has a-peculiar excellence, as the manner. of doing it is as a- 
| i ble as the action. itself: But I must stop, lest 1 $hould 
en nd that delicacy, woe woul e Ob | En is 


e e 8 5 1 . 


r 1 2 ä 
od » emmm—=-A _ . ; 
— — _ mon : —— 
* 4, Mr — _ . — a 
5 IR ö " 
9 4 * » 


⁰ 


7 1 T have ee 1255 tach ng W e | 
t We ee e 80 to do; fox as B37 44 
Vale and 170 3 aud | 


; £1 "ha c thus, m . 
856 ad: 46 dia :; therefore let us once more e way TOO 
nt Wo gs together; and you” shall find; that for arty goods 7 i. 
vs have „ eee r Fol! more ins- 
1 than. e TEN ROWE), 2 
JJ e 
1 N 5 AHH WE . our real Gantt CEOs serbant, 
ms. W 5 eee 
dat 1 EE, 00 e of Congratulation, | „„ 
dle SIR. 5 . r 
nd} 3 9855 perfociiy gincere in the pi 0 exvions of ety 
ns, whieh | have constantiy made to you, you will certain 55 
9 y Pele that + am sensibly rejoiced at your late good for- 
n, tune; as your merit gave me oecavion to foresee i long be- 
[To core it happened, 80 1 was not at all uxprived: en hearing i 
I chereof; L heartily wish you greater suecess N and beg, that 
ou with always continue me in the number of those „ 
ou. per mit to e themselves, as I riow- do, 
of Sin Your most ebene 
ce London, ** 2 e EY and mes faithful ripe 
q 1 N We LE Io 8 2 145 8 3 5 . e Rr At. py 
ne: 1e Da he Rlalb. „ 
gr þ 3 q apt : Hhommarnmared,. Yb-of Octob; 1757. 
. N OF | 1 guoh a length of time as fm 
*; the of June last, Fam coner rned, lest sick ness, or”. 

x some ot 


accident, hath happened to you, or some one of”: 


the family my 2 occasions my givingyou this trou- ny DE 


Ive, and wisk t may find things witty you better than 
ny ſeargsuggest; however be pleased to let me know . 
ra- cmi with all conveuientspeed a0 thereby your \ "er. 
do much N oo rs 


a | " Your: Teal friend and! very Humble Servint, 
a = e : Pera N 
) is. ku. by way of Patition, 75 4 Friend, 


3 SIR. 
5 Am en wbsther my hte 3 oome "to. 
nt; 1 your e e e I most hu mbiy presume ow - 
L vour good hatufe, e assure oy: sundry examples of your 

n, t vou · w 55 think of and take pity on the e 
ded: therefore, as an object truly deservinig compassion, 1 9773 
most humbly implore, and petition you to consider the. manx 


"1s ones and disappointmentsthatbhave lately met with, which - . 
„rave reduced me te such necemitouscireumstances, that” Þ © _ 
1 Joanne pogeibly proceed Inaug 2 Youwras vgs -:” 

4 A. : "Fe 85 255 . . N WP” * TE | 


* 228 
, > * 
239 4 
* 
N 


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> 44 


A. 2 e ou 5 Ny - 


A 


— 
. 


The. Tong Man q del Companion, 


most ene be how; and vg 4 it ur jy g 1 121 5 70 12 | 


* * 


1 


= ness, if our cirgumstatices were changed, by sfanding t 5 
4 „ mi: fortune, andscree nin "g you from the contem | 


WU Ccident to poverty and distress. I dqubt not, Sir, dut you 
generosity and EUs is as great; and'1 e = 
9 you will be | Sago interpose e 3 & 
between) ruin 22 N Se 
De 1 Vous very hnimble Servant, =: 
BS Pig: + e ane Tenge 
e 1 © Blotter of B | — mY 


— 
— — 
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0 


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w— - 
WI ty" pro tin Sorter ret net 
2 — 


$4 


— 


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Fx 
FE; 
* 
4 
. 
; 
2 


bo. be Fo 3:0 325 hh; ; = 
1 15 is nom a long time fas veeo une ) ice vou and 1 - 
5 ' have. had-any\mutual converse by letter; iel te Fog 7 BY 


| "© great unhappiness.; and-realiy; if distance did not 'y6me+4 
har excuse, I should be apt to tax you With onkindness; 
but how eve t, perhaps Sou may not have the se cone 
nieney of waiting at pour place (fur wait of postage) as W 
- Have at ours, and on that account I schal nor fnsigt On it a in 
i - infaigement of friendship; the chief purpotef this beg 10 
. . eee * e eee to bave an- ease given to, 
.8 : | Bee e „ | Sir, WES KAY 
| : Tau e ax lien ! a 5 a humble Seren 
P Rae EK 
. Birne 


1 e 25 1 i nom 18 . in angwes 0 
I ch, I positi N : dee lare, That Nr . B. hath nol 
den with me, to precent the bill of exchange that you men 
_ en io : 2 13 5 advice to Me; and Stine oo there's 


*& 
wage? 
— «7 7 


. 


— 


I CY 


* * © 3.55 * 
e Wen Ea 5 
2 * 8 "-<OLE. 
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NS 


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— ö2DJ—ñ—ä— —— — — n — 
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8 4 3 # J ” N F * 1 v p SRI ER et ICT, : 2 4 ” % 4 6 0 
£ 5 N 4 * » - is * , . q 3 EI.” _— 8 n 3 
ov . & R 2 25 Pet” 4 * 2 * N „ 
V4 1 * 2 12 WK 8 * N þ 33 * 
: Eq . 3 + 2 7 SM « 
a 5 4 8 ' | s 
1 0 \ 8 » * 5 — 7 * 
ö , * * — — — , 1 
's ag * * P A. -- 
—_ vw | © 6 - 7 0 - n - . þ 
4 PLS. 22 2 — 

% n — £ 1 - 2 ; : 

Fd» . * pot Lovg ny” 2 1 
* © N £ * Beet 8 2 p 
"A b_ 2 > th Os 
X „„ 

r by . * 
+ 1 of A 4 * 
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— = 
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PR 
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— 
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—— — EL, —́ — — 
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PREY — — 
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' om a 
0 q 2: ws e 

F 7 * an 2 2 : 
* 7 . * „„ A 7 4 8 7 25 7 
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yo * N ot. 44 fy £ * 

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of * ” P * Sx q 4 
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= LET [ * . 


"Fo the ent Officers of. Fr vgs 355Cöö§ð—9è 

7 0 the K Eon le P. Kurse H. Lord Mk Canes 

of Great Britain. Lord President of. de Conncii—<Lord all ! 

Scal—One of his Ma 75 's pr imeh, . 1 4 
Op temporaf ford. 

"To big rar "be Dulz: of; &. Ibe most Hondur able” de. "x 

Marquis of, Re. Te tbr R, Abe 3 he Earl of ES Le 


To the Right Honourable the Gord" eqn! 
Right Honourablethe Lord; &. 2 i 
12222ͤ Mieroitorn, n W Mo 
«the courtesy of Hug lane, the $eeond title betanging to 17359 
father: thus the ahdest on o the Duke of Bedf e 4 
Marquis of Tuvmtor ; of the Duke of Grafts: ,Eartof n. 
of the exrt of Macale geln, Lot Viaceunt Hartes, Se. ad - 
their daughters a are called Ladies, with the” add bn a 1 "iP 
christian andsiroames + 2 Lady Garton. 8 Laß 
augusta Fifory, Lady Betty: Paley, A. 88 
The poanger sons ot ukes are in Me marine T2 
Lords: and those bf 2 and 0 82895 if 2 
the<tyldrev of Vis Bu ee 


en 


. 
1 > EN 


{& 


th 15 Lo: ip oe Me 7 
To: 6: ; Madam, 
1 be, = ih; 


Yu 4130, * 42 
4 33 1 11 5 2 FR, . n TW . 
— * 75 . : — 2 6 
7 & . 
I ay, ond | l 
7 i . 1 9 
5 4 Fen 13: 
bf” 2 22 
as ; $7; 
ot, . 2 


| 8 | N oy ann e N N 133 
. m ie Yong ir beet c. Zompanion; 


| Ton Ma My. Tord, or, Ne ease n 
To aMarohioness ; Madem or, May it please waere 
To an Earl, Viscount orBaron: * 1 fy Lord, or, Jay PR? 
Four Lordbbip... e e 
i Te their Consorts; Madum, or, May it lease gegen 
02 Bishop; My Cord, or, May it ple dse your LORIN... 
Ton Knight; 835. or, May it please your Ladys bip. 
Jo his Lady; Madam, or Muy it pense your: Ladysbi... 
\ Toa Mayor, Justice of the Peace, N. ans Sirgor,, Mey ay 
4 it please your Morsbip. e y 
To the Clergy ; Reverend &, Mr Dean ; > Mr drcddoacon 
Kc. as citcumstances may require. | 
At subscribing opt name, co conglude: wit came title 
vou dezan with; as, 2 Lord, Your Lordshi) ke | 


I * INS by 


To either House of liament, and0 Cominiavioners, or WW"! 
..bodie* corporate. | ok 
To the Rig bt Honourable ideLords Shiritualand Temparal? a Wo 

* bl dis, Citizens, and Bebe | by 
onrahle the an in 

: | Parliament avembled,_. . 5 15 Pei 


To dbe rig bt dba the Tera Commicciohers of (be 
Treasury or Admiralty. * \ 
ru ibe Honourable the Commizipuers of bis e 5 ei 
| stem Revenue of the Zrcise, &. 
'Y do lde Right Worbipful: the Governors of but . Hor 
1 | pit, London. | 
WO" To tbe Matters, Wardens, a anfun ofthe Wor- 

e Company e N e 

8 N : 75 2 Secret rng. — A 

BH EnRN may not be improper tô say 8 of Se- 
i eret Writing; to which dighop Wilkins, in his bock 
i '  '- Sfathematical Magic, Speaks largely; butt is principally 
, concerning wreing in eypher, which, re nires great pains 
_ aad an uneommon share of in 1 in * and: 
' headers, --But however, I shaft zhew two or three particular 
ways, that are very pretty ape mus ing, and al very. ny | 
both as to cost and pains. 
Nut, Hyou dip your pen in ei Juice of # emen, or ol. 
an nion, or in your on urine, or in spirits of vitriol a 
write on clean paper Whatever you intend, it shall not be dis- 
cerped till you hald it to the fire, and then it will appear le- 
-"" gible, Aha if with any ofthe aforementioned you write on 
qi Font in, as on vu, m, and back of your hand, . it 
3 5 e PETE N e W en we hi 


7 


ace e e lacy, 1 PREs ers 85 3 


bes as e, 2 

and thus Eee e . am ay 
probatum . . So, N * ber — Hts Pts, 25 5 2 5 1 78 . £5" | 
Another way is, when yen write x ſette chat . 

chall not be. „but to tene you. think; fte first to 


o rite your. thoughts on one side of your letter with black ink. 1 
Wa. 25 usual, (hut it ouglt to h on tina paper) and then, n ne 
contrary side, go aver the said niatter that y“ would have S 
lax coret u. ith. a olean pen di ect in mik, anch that wiiting Shall. - 
not be read withoutholding tothe fire; as-mentionedabove 5 1 
and then it Will appear -ligible i a blueizh co!our,.. GE Hs". 2 
A third method is, to have two pieces of paperof an 2 
die, and the uppermost cut in chequered holes or -zquate, - 
big enough to cn any word of aix or seveiayllahles, = 2 F 
in those-$quaves Write your mind in regular gende nüt +5 
take off the cid chequered paper, and fill up the vacancies 
with words of any kind: which wiltrender it perfect nausens, 
and nut capable vt being read to any purpose of intelligence. 
Then transmitand send'the said uppermost, or chegu are. 
per, or another exactly of the same form; t your cbrrbspon- 
dent; whereby he shall, by laying it nicely an your. said let- 
er, read your intended sense, without being perplexed wk 
he words of amusement een which mak . 
her unigtelligible, 6 0 
Or agaiu, Tou may bn 60 your fiiend.in proper age - 
with common ink, an let the lines be at $orcommod j yl 
istance, that. what-you' inte nd to be secret may be Written 
between then with water; wherein galls have beensteepede 
little time but not long enough to tincture the wates;)} an 
when di, nothing of the writing between tbe Said Hhesenn 
oh n py when it i is to be ras; you must wink fine _ 


N 


gib = 
gs: ohh way FR no groun n eee 
N r letter ses moti to carry proper sr use in thoe. one: chat 
ar re def at 117 proper, e hae pad v0 i a 
Vo | Of ARITHMETIC: , 1 tf 
1 A* FTER wii the next necessary step 3 quay 
ing a petson of business is the. understanding that Xaly - 


pf 
1 daudable and! most excellent accumplichment, the noble eie 8 by 
* Wence of Arithmetic, ako Mledge so necesgarg ia; all the Parts 


5 of life and Business, that Scar ce any thing is | without 1 : «Y 
no 1! my directions for its afammeut, I 3 0 3 
1 n a and 1 iliarit | 

W 5 e IDOL . : 


% : * » YN . 5 q 
as I I e ö INF OD 
* 2 > =» * 2 28 ; 


- "=o 
— 4 


: — 
wh WE a 


s The Tee 1 bet A Ke. 
"os it cary to be anderaood and confpicuoie, t0 them 
ity. ” Ig, IF. 2 N 
2 first of Notation and Wentwaban > 1 4 Eg . | 
la Notation, We must note or observe, PID Suden 
expressed by, or nes of. r den 8 or oba 
ters folawing viz... +: > 
1 1 To Three, Four, Fin rer. , Bight, Nine, ty Eypberi 
"Nine of 0 called wege figures, to 8 
atem frem the Cypber, which of it- N sia niſies nothing r but 
7 it is placed (in whole numbers) serves to increase the ve 
e of the next Hgure or figures that stand been it: as 3iz 
but three bat before the eypher thus 304 3 becomes 
thirty; &c. But in Decimal-Fractions (o) d 3 the vs. 
lue of the figure behind it, for therein 3 is three terfths of 
_ anything, but by placing &@* — it this oz it is decrenved 
from à tenth parts to three hundteth parts of any thing, &, 
We are to note, Thatevery one, or any of the above men- 
tioned nine figures. or digits, have two values; one certain, 
and another uncertain ;- the certain value is whenit'standsa- 
lone by itself; he uncertain is, when joined or place t with 
other figures or cypliers: for when any one of these figures 
stand alune, thev signify no more than their on simple Vas 


lues as gt is butfive; 4 dut four: 6 but six, and 3 no mot 
than three, c. and this is the certain value of a figure. Bub 
When an other figure or cypher i is RY, they then are 
inereased in thrir v alue ten times; as units, or ours, 
to g tens or ag 4to 4'ens or forty; 6, tens or sixty; 


3 10 ; teus or thirty:: as thus, 51, Myon, 42, forty=twoz 
_ 6g3-aixth=three; - 34. thirty-fowr, &. Again, if, any 0 
the said Sgures stand in the third place towards the left hand 
_ they, Signifyr so many” hundreds as they expressed units of 
ones; as 590; is five hundreds, 400, four hundreds, 600, 
Six hundreds, and 300, three hun reds, K. If any of them 
pastzess the fourth place towards the left hand, they "are sa 
2 thousands as they: comain units, 4 Andso avy, ar 1775 
* increases by a tenfold proper tion, fram the ri a bing hind 
ff, according to the plage it is found uy stands in; 
* may either de ve, or fifty; ; five hundred, or 8 
sand in the first place g;. in the second 80, in. the third 5005 
in the fourth. place 5008, Ne. Phe true value of figares 1 in 
r oay.behulty We and, 9e By: Thy follow 
A . 7 * Lo og ma” hits . eh 55 NE Ay | 
{II . e BY W ns 38 * Bk ie 50 NAS 


Ne N N 


— 


"The 1 Man's bexs-Companin,” © 


2 2 1 3 
3 1 5 N | 
S2 8: AS -< n = 
— 82 8 wh; WER TRE 
a Og e's b * op OR 
2 2 = — — ky . 8 * 
S 28 2 3 S S3S >. 4. 
25 2 8 28 of 
* OAO SBS 
8 8 Y „ n n 
gy” 123 4.5 7777877 | IF I 5 — 12 8 
T F 
; 123456789 1 234 56 : 
+ of ET SAL CG II Ihe. 456 2 ; 
sed i 15 ie 
ien * AY 3 4 $ | . ; » 123 45 x 
aj JFC 
155 I 5 r 1 234 i 
1 a 5 f 5 15 2 5 1 . 81 $ N | 85 oh $1 
ares * I > 


viſe ct the baer Pee of. any e frat 5 'the er 
5 the head of the table by heart: .as units, tens, hundreds,. 
” hourands, Sec. and apply hom thus, 755 five units, five ; and 


tens, 8eventy : that is geventy-five. : „678; 8 1 

Eight; 7 tens, seventg: and6 hundreds, ix hundreds ; that 

bs, six hundred seventy 458 One more, 3456. 8 units, 

$ix ; $ tens; fifty : 4 hundre ds, four hundsed; 3 nds, - - 

three thousand; together, three thausand four og be 

six. The 24th. tine. of. the bop: viz, 133456789, - 0 

read thus, 0 hundred twenty-three millions, $6 other KA 

fy six thousand, seven hundred eighty nine. But e 

ner ot readiug any number may be rendered more intelſigi- 
> by stops, thus; mat a comma after every third figure 
; ypher, eginning at the right hand and so on towards, - 

the left thereby Tixtinguiching every third place into hundred, 

as bund of units, hundsed of thousands, hundred of - 
ilions, and hundreds thousands of los. Sd. *And' for 

rialylet's read, the first line of the table; where the laßt place -. 

in valuation, ip hundred thougands of "millions, andbeing point- Ew” 

ed into periods stand thus, 123, 456, 789, 012: and is ta be po 

read thus. One huudred twenty three thouzand, four-hutis 

N llionsseven Hundred ek 125 your e 


DE & 


; no b c PODS _ 1 9 vis ; 
i 245, 678 921, 460, is to be read thus ; 276 millions of 
| , millions, 245 thausands of millions, 678 miilions, 921 thou] 
sand, 460 unte or ones: that is two hundred Seventy. an 
mie of - millicns, two hundred forty fle thougand- en 
== seventy eight millions, nite hundred twenty-one 
ousand, four hundred and sixty. The foregolig Table of 
| Numeration is on the „ haod distinguished into auch pes 
_ Tiods, for the essief reading thereof; and the like isf ret 
* Song 3 in the public offices, and by men of 5 85 
. e W e 5 AUS, 


E. 
4 * 


Pig 


2 510 NO 
Es, y 


2 | g Ts eh 4 


47 705 
. 


. 
ol years, ae vsed 18 76 ritle ere en e 
E F 3 c. 1 on 5 


5 1 3 ©0000 'T 352 05 a million, 
ndred; . - * woc erfresset 

88 55 e this prevent ate 88 
3 10 flve hundred, | * beibg > Otte thousand, D five 
7 Hg fre hon 5 8 " Hurd, 0 . 
ee 5 755 oe eee Eo 

| 42 75 whe 65 9 ether,” ne. —_ 

a 8 2 5 ght. 7 2D . 0G 3 


ot rt ES 
Fs . 7 7 . 


ER todos ene of, e 
EN wi dnl 8 120 W VI. VII, and Il, 
ix, Seven, and N : but when er letter. ef infbrior 


I 


re Yong Nor hes! Companion, 


Ken therefro nts V. I, XL, and * agnes four: 
| ine, Forty N e 049 5 : DR 


4 4 
"* 2 
| ADDITION. EN 
2 8 , F 5 I 585 2 s ; 7 #* 25 
* 7. 5 


8 me putting l dong, more numbers or eum, 50 5 f 
1 their total Value may be discovered or known, | 
Herein wWe must al ways obsgrve to get the numbers to be 55 
added orderly one unter the other; that is, units under units, 
tens under tens, hundepdewa eee Kc. a8 in Abe 5 85 


pequent examples. e | 
- Ala ug 7 one. Donontnation,” . 
vile, 1 Wale, | GN” 8 — | * 1 85 
Fe ng : 6 r 
* 1 %%% "ry Be Td. 
_ . t | 9 4 f + 
| $7532 
TFF 
DH \ | . N 8 TY 3 f 6 8 £ > 
ed "6 eres 
8 247484 - 
ne. N | : . f 
tes | | , U at 1 
ne. ons, Pounds, or any 55 5 ow de the carry 1 for eyes. 


y io that you find in the Tight hand row or rank offigures,” 25 
being units, to the next:raw of tens; and the like The 
rank of tens tothe row of hundreds, e, and whatever it 
n SER the last e must Set down, amoant to hs” 

t will 3 


be numbers abave ae set down in order, 4 betete d- 
ected; that is; umts under unts, tens under tens, Ar 
e ay be plainly understood, by being indicated at the head = 
red WE ach row or rank, by U, T, H, Se signifying W. e Tens, 
ty: lundreds, Sc. Then in casting up each exam 3 . 
ov- Wits total, 1 begin at the right hand, or unit' 8 my. 

| -xample, ant say 2 and 4 16 6, and 6 i is 12, and 75 is point 
is 22, and 4 is 267 in which row.there are two tens and * 
ez; wherefore! Iset down 6 just underits 252 ran L and garry 
pe- E to the next row, and, Say 2 that 1 carry and 4. 2s '6, a 5 
111, is 8,'and 8 is 16, and 6 is 22, and 4 16, and 2 is 28; _ 
ror Ind this being the last row Eset down he amount iz Ws. 


0 that the total We of yards is 


£ 0 2 N A Ne 1s 
+ 25 vs e 7 5 2 $0 RY Suge 1 2 
: , > ö 1 
a 7 U CY * 
5 


7 1 
de 3 . 


; i 
* a And 


5 tk . 


70. 5 The Young Man's Dest Companion. 


4 the amount of the r ext or 2d example, i is fouuid by the Same 
| method to be 3562 gallone. Aud im the third and last exs 
ar ple, the total number of pounds is found bythe same wa 
to be 2347484. And 50 the total of any other example e 
the sume kind, viz. simple numbers of -one denotnitiation 

may be fund. Note, That when any of the-1anks amount ig 
Just 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, So. then you must set down the d 
under Its proper rank, and carry either 1 23 4 or 5, acco: 
ing. to the number of tens that you find, to the next row 

And so much for. Addition of numbers of one'denomination 

* hich never varies from what has been said above; obserr: 
ing stric tly to keep to the critical, and nicely setting down i 
peipendichlar order your seveial numbers, that units may 
precisely and directly stand. under uni s, tens under 0 vl * 
as hath been fully declared before. The next in o 

curse, is Addition of numbers ef Several denominations p 
| Addition of money. 

In Eugland or Great Britain, accounts are kept i in pound 

shiliings, Pete; and parts of a Penny's. 50 e to note 


1 0 PE l things. make 1 penny, by 
1 5 „ . 1 r Shilling, 204” 5 


Abd ag or these "you are with. the eame . t 
7 mite, that pounds be set directly under pounds, Shillings un 
Aer shillings, pence under pence, and farthin under far 
things; as In the examples. hereafter following. | | 
But before you proceed it will be necessary to ne th 
| Following tables by heart, for the ready remembrance of ho- 
many shillings there are in a number of pence, and how man ö 
Pounds are contained in a number of shillings, Sc. 
Note, That 1 stands for pounds s for shillings, d for pence 
And 9 for fatthings those being the initial lettersof libra, & | 
_ Jidus, denarius, And e Latin N af aan n 


1 


— 


cation, 75 
RR 22 2 22 : No GK 4 | ; A 3 ; * FS * 3 ; . N 5 F þ 0 
* > * * * . I 7 : \ „ * 2 4 1 : 7 * 
; rt he 8 5 > 4 vt „„ a N : I [ 
ry < < 4 \ # y — : * LY , Gn 6:38 - . WA * 55 As. ad ' 4 . 
5 "4 . an = on 2 * Dy " 4 - by A a . o * « 
Deuce. a VVV 
e e d VVV 3, a 
4 a 1 6 b : A q * YU « 2 3% 0 5 n 3 * a 3 N : 6) 1 Ws 7 — x 72 - 3 k 
N „ ID. rs Ht Rh, OH UE I te of 40 1 +. 7 
A * EE #8527 # 3 8 N 3 EN & a 
” 2 6-3 wv . * PX Fes ; 
= . — * 5 . * * jo « ; , 
£00; ©: 4. Og - - 8. 1 
2 * 8 7 94 8 ; 1 8 . 
5 3 b 1 9 175 CR ES „ 
— 43 * : £ 0 * . 1 ** 5 8 £ F . X * _ 0 3 1 p 
e 4% 2 25 85 7 3 2 "I * ** 2 * * I : z* 3 _ 2. „ k Y. 4 
$5 7 ; . * N 4 . "pg 4 — 9 IVY. + WH *. N : „ * 4 4 * * 1 4 : e 4 4 
* 38 1 N oo 4; oj . 7 $ 4 ps "I . —— 
<A 2 + 5 8 —— 5 N n 83 : wy * F N O0 "aff I 3 ö 10 ngs 
A. „13 e Arn 2 . 7 rr 8 c : , 4 
: x 33-4 «4 4 G * * 0 or Lf . i 47 3 * * A 1 * * N n * . 
. 4 — 0 " 5 * 5 0 < _ 10 * 7 * q O v4 0 $ x 1 . 0 p its 1 
4 , 4 N 2 * N ' "ve v ; * * * — 133 1 . 
Ne 2 * N. 1 q a - 5 5 wy. - * p 4 1 4 4 2 44s 4 
4 2 8 * \ * mg b E h, af * " +7 A 27 2 N - 10 arc 
* * FT * * — . " 33 « "5.8 p ns: 7 2 * ' Ya : 5 
£ & pr D N 4 22 4 E | * * 22 5. 1 1 3 | 
% 1 12 * P 1 3 . » A 4 1. 1 3 * 
e , 5„7)ͤöͤͥTü , 5 nl” ol 
a 1 \ 5 2 * A 7 f 1 Wo 4 4 . 1 * 3 „ 7 4 5 2 WO J T7 343 5 * 
1 y . * 2 . | 7 | © 8 5 by - Ns bbs 1 9 . 1 85 — 4 5 * |. 3 Ks fs | . 
» r . w . : » 6% , i i =* 4 . ber no, wh . N jt, 25 I Pe 8 i * 1 . 1 5 > 1 4 
8 * : F P ; V 4 N > ; Ca 4 228 2 1 i 5 1 "a 5 . b 4 » 
8-4 4 — 


* i 1 } —_ 
BD reeds 


e 
2 1 


Pp } * r 


The d A Man's bat Dom IT. 
you 75 8 ge 2 1420. 85 N <a e 


* „ 
E ˙ͤPr 


50 140% 6: 9 ene "Re 12 0 55 125 GS ; 
le 6 120 „ 5c] at SITES | 05 
ation Tue use of then tables» this: N „ 


> any sum of money, you begin at the right hand, (as be- 


ve ore in sums of one denomination}; suppose at the place of | 
o: ence, then if the rank, row, or denomination of- pence, a- 
ron nounts from the bottom to ihe top; to 36, your table of pence 


” 
* 
4 
By - CY 
— ſ— — — — 
ow — 


el's you that 50d f is 48. and ad. to which adding 6d. the 
zum is 48. 8d; if to 92d. the table tells you, that 90d. is 76. 
and 6d. Which with 24; over 4.75, du; and it to 8 Id the * 
le shews, that $04, is 6s. 8d. and 1d. more makes Gs. 9 ,,, | 
The. Shillings' Tab'e serves to lead you to a quick 3 
ection how-many pounds there ave in so many $nitlings ; 

dmit the rank of sbillings arise to 575. tlre table says, we 
os is 21. 108. ad s. over make 2. 178. if to 8 28. che ta- 
e declares fhat 808. is ust 47. and 46. over make 40. 45. * 
0 1128. the table tells . that 1998, is 5 and 125. more 


— — —— 


note "I ul 
Irake 80. 2s; bs E £20 
ADDITION” or MONEY. SITES: 7 Hp - 

| Money owing and 1 phage tf received; as ab oe ond 

Mr & tews „ 1. A Tobacco 45 10 * ns | 

| Mr Bent 7 6 Sogar 79 16 ©. | 

8. Mr Cr iy | wee” 2 lugo 42 187 . 5." 

4 Mr. DPupper.- 6 "FT Br 'oadc'oths 12h 5 | 

Mr Edling IT 9 * 20 9 . 65: 4 

Mr Franklin 2 12 Port wine 64 3 

Mr. Modan : 00 nie #5 64 oy 12 5 i We 

MET e N 8 1. 7 65. 0 . 33 

1 


1 Legit with th 8b hand Lak 13 eh nc ha IL 
xample of money owing, and say, 4 and 3 is se ven, and Gis 
13, and I is 20, and 918.29; and 6 mokes 35 pence ; no v0 
ence, according to the table, is 23. 6d. aud 54. more makes 
s. 11d, 1 Set down 11 exactly u. ider the rank of penes and | 
7. 2 shillings that 1 carry (which 1 do to the rake” 
ings), ant 5 is 7 and 2 is 9, (for 1 take first-only the 
its rank of sbillin, 3), and 6 ie 65, and 7 makes 2, and a s ( 

6 and 61s 30, andz m kes 32: and now being come at the „ 
Po of © Ups Fn manly: | phing Rs ens tens | 
WE 333 1 2 of” 


— f * : ** ; ; 

5 hz Tue Young Man's best Compunion. 
W- of slillings, saying, 32 and 10 is 42, and 10 iö 52, andreis by 
'} and- 10 is 72, and 16 makes 82 shillings ; aud the table tet 
ing me that 80 shillings is 4 pounds, 1 know therefore 82 
is 41. 28. wherefore set down the odd 25. jnst under the xow 
ef shillings, and-carty 4 pounds to the pounds ; saying: 4 the 
I carry «nd gj: is 9, and G&'is 15, and 4 is 19, and 5 is 24, and 
is zo, and 4 is 34, and 5 is 41, and 4 makes 45 pounds; 30 
that the. total of those several sums of money, due to the seve. 


Tal persons, amount: to 451. 28. 11 . „ 
In the example of money received, I begin at the right. 
- hand rank, us before; and'say, 6 and 4is 10, and 3s 13, and 
g makes 22; and 22 pence being 1s: and icd. Iset down 
10 and carry 18 to the Zhiltings3 y ing 1 that I carry and: 
a makes 3, and y is 10, aud 6. is 16, and 2 is 18, and 8 is 26 
and 6 makes 32: then I come down. with the tens, saying 
34 and 40 makes 42; &c. and find at the bottom it comet 
With to 102 $hiilings, which makes 54, 28. I-set down 2 shilling 
and carry g pounds ta the pounds; saying, 5 that I carry and 
1 | is 9, &c. I find that at the top it amounts to 363 w here: 
Gre set down 6 exactly under its on rank; viz, the rank 
of units. of pounds, and carry 3 for tlie 3 tens that are in 30 
for at all times in the addition of the left hand denomination 
Whether it be money, weight, or measure, that is, in the de no 
mination of pounds, tors or yards, you must for every 10 eat 
ry one to the next row, &c, say ing 3 that I oarry.and 6 189 
And 2 is 11, and 8 is 19, Ke. and! find that at the top i 
oecgqnes to 49; wherefbre I set do wn 39 to the ſeft hand ofthe 
and the totalamourt cFthe money received for those pat: 
_ ticular goods or wares sold, is 4962. 28, oct.. 
: LL 2,57 4.2 1, More Exatapies for Buadtlen.. fs 
25M 3 4,00 | 
4 $07 0-9 099-1 
. 
e eee 
469, 12 . 4 „ 
5 
7 1 4. 9. 99 


2 


IM Money 17 12 6. 
| Mr Giuny, \. 8 
Mr Heine, 50 Ee 
Mr James, 44.12" 
Mr Kings, ' 60. 14 
+ Mr Leung, 29 16 
Mr Monk, 16 10 
Mr Nappel, 20 00 
1M r Oicer, 27 It 
IM Perkins, 17 4 
I. Quinton, 20 10 
Me Roper, 46. 16 
CCC nt; ED 


* Is . - ? . 
a 72 14 2 E ys, 24 
. 1 „ 4 153 4 4 P 2 * * : F. 
. FTotal 1 — i La 
1 by dy. * > 2 > S < 7,4 
. % : 4 r o ? Sen - ” 


— 


2 


wog onp Suν 


S 0> 0'w a0. 00! wi 
8 
I 
0 
N 


© The in Mas's — . 
Addition of. Avoirdupeige Waig bi. . 
By this en are vgightt el kinds of Groetry Fd or | 
1 goods'andjnetto Waste; as Fobaeco, Sig ms, Fruit 

nd Dugs; a3 ao Flesh, Butter, Cheese Alm, *Fow, 
that _ Brass. Copper, Lead, Tin, or Pewter, Fiteh, T ar, * . 


and ein, Hemp: Flax, Soap, Salt, Ko. e mr Sabin | 
"Y 18 A&A Table of this YG Is ; a5 > NE viz, IE we: EY 

; 4 Quarters. make dam 05 marked ar | 
ght. +6 rams 4 ounce 7s 9 1 i on 3 os · 4 68 1 
and 16 Ounces peund!. . 52 43 1 5 181 i of 55 8 
dun . Pounds 1 gr. ef ee eight». LINES ate 

nds 4 Quarters i hundred weight : | + 5 


24 Hundred e 1 an 5 f, 5 Se | = he : „ 
A 8 1 : . 7 26. 101 75 28. 0 1 16 
. 2 855 . gs Ib. © Cs rs. B. "Wrap ; "4 
5 1 5kG. 0 [24 * 8 if 16 "a in: 71 


and : 
„ „ „ 3-26. 91g 06 
W 5 6 35 25 | 16 1 1 4 . Ss N O 11 . 
rank 3 > I a 
% bg. 10 
tion . 20 19.8 20% 3 4 . C00 6 16 12 $0 
en 6 3:-08- - 126. ..8 22 2 2-02 3 2555 
ea ; . 2 W 22725 7 TT — NET =Y 2 
I . {rs 20 . ks 

a 4 4 ke Bos RT ag 1 7 on — Ra 


. %.. 22 p 
cy bo 


10 these enamſdes the manner of Pe the tüte as. 
in the former, observing, that the tiumber of a71its' of each} es- 
ser denomination, which makes an uhit f the next greater, 
found by the preceeding table, is placed abave eicli. rank ö 
numbets ; thats to say, in the first example, 28, the: e | 
of poutids contained i q af tw of an hundred else — 4 
placed over the column of pounds; ; Now. that column w en 
added up, makes »8; which contains two 28˙8ë and 22 5 . on 
wherefore Iset down 22 unde the column of pounds 5 id | 
carry two to the column of quarters; and so n-. 
Note. That in weighing at the water-side, or beweg 
WW they do not weight by the ton, though- some goodyars god 
vy it, as Iron, Logwood, Cheese, &c. but by the tundfeds 
guarters,'and paunds, . are ate wards redutetLto, : an 4 
6 . . 87 e ER + 1 CldIEL A 7. 
.. e, 


7 
— 


— 
— 


> OG» = OAT © oy 


> 


8 . 


Pe - oa gta RR ; 
7 7 4 8-7 ; 
* p — <a * a Fe 8 
. . * 
7 f . 0 WHY” as. 
f _ % bY 
F ky 5 - 4 — 
* 

* ce * f 5 


5 > f * 1 od 
f ; » - y L 
* - ” 1 4 * . - PR” . was ; 
55 4 * 7 2 * 0 . * tes. 7. . 
oY , : *' Þ> N - * - 4 wi ” dee by * * 
240 7 PSS oF TOTS „„ 
| " 4,08 \ 1 e - 4# a » | y £ 
3 117 FF A . 1 1 , <a 1 4" + * 
% + 1 8 * TAs is E r * f . 4 1 
Nen MY oy ; \ $ 9 5 
* - <> RR 8 1 - A by 2 1 * 7 
| * 8 x 140 * A A 
oy * 1 * * w * — „ 
i 3 * ; 
4 ped | F : 
7 — 
4 * " 


„ 


By: this i are weighed en Seen 
aud medie ines, and the usuaf denominations are pounds, un 
ces, penn; een aut grains, as in er e table. | 
viz. | 


- 5 


: be — M an's "hot Compenton, 
Addition Of Troy weight. © © 


24 ©iaing make 1 . FA 647. 
20 Penrnyweights' 1 onder and. . 
12 Ounces 1 pound Troy. W 


„ 


"mh; * . . : 7 
: >, * 2 * . > * 
ud . — 2 
!' 1 eee 
(i 7 1 
Wo 


5 Examples Of Troy weight. | 5 

"6 70 bb ö wt. viz. 220 12 20 * 12 0 24 
No e BO g OW, pw: g b. or pr. g. 55 ox. p. gr. 
I. Wt. 4 05 12 10 14 C6 10 10 204 10 14 
2 K „ 6 17, W en 42: 7 96.07 17 
3; & 171 19 20 21 08 0 17 e 21 12: 
4 1 06 7 12 22 40.12. 14. 36. 16 20 
8 1 12 on 11 13” 16. kl 12 13 214 10 23 
65 Rs Goa . 24 iy 06 2 96. ay: 12. 
238 06 0 12 122 og Or 12 = 17 0 


If What was before Said be duly observed, the perform · 


ance of the above vm wth be attended with no * 


get bd * 
How to prove Adiition... 20 


; Jo ar igen whether of simple numbers, matt num 


bers of one denomination dr inexamples. compound, that 


is of divers denominations, as pounds, shillings, pence, aud 
N farthings &c. the readiest method of proof is to cast the same 
downwards, 
Wards beginnin at the bottom, ) andi if that operation pro- 
duces the same total. the workeis infallibly right, and beyond 
any cdmradie: ion; and this is better, an- 
than the method used! in s6haols, ot making two totals, by o- 
mitting theupper line in the seo nd. I might here uso give 
the several examples of other additions, such. a8, Abotheca: 
ries weight; cloth, liquid, dry, and long measure, time, &. 
but the method serves fat any of them, having respect“ to 
the tables belonging to mow pr r e Which. 


| wes, . E 


(beginning at the top as you did the same up- 


more feasible 


20 „ Grains I Ric FC Ge ser. Ne 5 


3 Scruples 1 Drachm dr. a Drachm bs 
"$ Drachms 1 INDO, OZ. an 8 | 
12 Ounces 1 1 Pound Wh 2 e 


r 1 8 
42 1 - 4 
1 8 3 

. * 

* 


& 


The Young Man's. eee OD * - 
By these weigh's they compound their medicines, 93 =. 
they buy! and mel theirdryps by Avoirdupoise e bat 


5 | : Cloth. Measure. 
+ act Nails, of & Heben 5 0 1. gr. ofa Yard 
4 qr on 36. inches of E 
5 418. or 4% inches 1 Ell. En glish 
3 qs. or 27 inches pr 1 Ell Flemish. e 
0 4s. or 45 inches 1 E! French. Oy | 5 


A Tele of Wool Weight; 

Note, That 7 lb. make 1 Clove: + Cove,” r 14 w. 'Þ 
zone; Stone or 28.1b, 1 Tedd; 6. Todds and 1, 1 Wey. 
or 182 lb; > Weys, or 354 Ib. 1 Sack and 12 Sacks 1 Lee, 
or 4368 Ib. ; ; 240 lb. 1 Pack of. Wool. 

Note, That E Ib. 2 0z. 12 pw. Troy is bquat win pound 
Avoirdupoiie ; and a. pound, T e 1 evoke 13, o 2+ ar. 


TY +, OY REP = 

pound, Weight roy © 3 62 5 

| A aan Avoirdup. F of silver is worth wh 2 16% 8 
858 au in gold $: 1. 114 | 
02: 100k. 1 5 silver. weighs 26 4 4 voir. wh 


n- WW 4 pound Av oirdu pole is heavier than a pou nd Troy; but. 
fi an Ounce T OY is beavierthan an dunce cps ts | — 
0 - A Tuble of Liquid Meastre. 1 


| Liquid: mere. of two serts, Viz, one for wine, 5 hide * | 
c. and the 9 for ale and beer. = 255 25 . 
at Wine, 5. . on ln | 
oþ WY" + 8 Pints 1 Gallon e 2\Hogsheads: Pipe or Bute 1 7 


Gallons 1 TIieree 2 Pipes or Butts 5 or 
p⸗ 3 Gallons 1 Ho 5 252. Gallons | 4 
5 84 Gallons 1 Puncheon 
nd Note, that sweet oil hath 236 gallons to . ton; but 1 
ble om Greenland hath 252 gallons to the tun. 
ag Note, thewine g#lon contains 23 cubic.or$0li id in h * | 
be nien all liquids are measu red, except beer and ale.” har 
PO Beer Measure. 1 525 
be, 8 Pints 1 Galton: : 2 Kilderkins 1 Barrel, or 6 Cane | 
to Wl 9 Gallens 1 Firkin I Barrel, and a half, or 54 Gila 
ick 4 Firkins 1 ide un one Hogs hee. 
5 . Meazure. , E 
$ Pints 1 Gelen N 2 3 Xilderkirs, 1 Bare, or 
„„ vo 1 Gallons 
25 0 7 Ol 1 2 


4 70 

38 Gallons 1 Firkin of Ale 
bi Soap . 

2 Firkins 1 Kill rkin 


Note the Beer and Ale ga 


Ale. 2 OE 


In a Tun of ike a are 


2 Pipes or Butts 


6 Tieres 

„ 52 Gallons 

04 Pottles. | 

1008 warts - 
2016 Pints 


In a 8 are 88 


oe usr Ales 5 255 Gow 1 


1 


232 Gallons 


1 Brel and a halt, or 4 
PA x - Gallons \- Hogchead. | 
| allons are the vane; viz 282 Volid 

inches; but with this difference, i i. e. the Barrel! of Ber con- 
tains 1228 cubic e or 4 gallons more, 2227 


36 2 * 


3 5 un a a 155 Butt ate 


1 
"pF Tierxces 
4 2 Gallons | 
252 Tannen 
258 Oz Sports. 2 


1068 ts? "Yo 85 55 
= eee. 4 A | 


the! bevel vi 


uy : 


84 Gallons 63 Gallons 5 | 
168 . 5 0 _ 22G: Pottles : 
336 Juarts e TY Ws, Quarts. 
„ . 3 > $04 Pints 17 
In 4 . 2 3 are | 1 fo, Barrel of 4 tha are 
2  Kiterbine:. 125 IF Kilderkins _ - _ - 
5 Gallons ; 5 „ RILTST I "4+ 32 Gallons: 1 8 8 
8 0 Pottles 664 Poitles PA 
0 Quarts - IE BEVEL IIa th 2 arts I 4 
255 Fine e (2 1 „ 
1 — 0 Salt and sen eoal are 1 do 
uarts 1 Þ ottle ' + or else there my five Loy bo 
ottles 1 Gallon -' Bhs the bushe]. - 24 
1 . Gallohs 1 Peck N In the Lark are | * 
| 4 Pecks T Bushel 56. 55 b 35 . E Weys: ha A+ 8 755 fa b 4 
measure e 10 Quarters: | 1 1 
5 Pecks I, Basel water. 5 2 | 7 5 CE: > 0 
measure 5 5 Peeks 2 > 
4 Bushels 1 Comb or half. 25 Gs ; _ Pottles oni 
„ 155 L e I Viz. 
2 Combs * 25 EY - r BHI a | 1 
: In a Ney ar- Fel 
pier 1 Wey | 5 2 rters | 


2 ue 


— 


The Reva, Man's bet Companion, '2 N „ 
2 Weyz' 1 Last, or 10 . . Bushsle Ke 


4. Fatts or Vatts, or 36 HEY 160, o 
: shels of sea-eoals,. I Chal. 8 20 Galen is 
lic der; and 21 Chalderis ; ac- . o Pottles | 
one: counted a-score in the. the | 7 1 ok . Et bs Quarts. 
ok ver Thames 955 .* 2560 Pints | 


Note, By an act anno 1213. 63 Viiabet is 2178, cubic 
inches; and a e of this measure is 272 cubic inches. 


n bg 

: 3 Barley oorns 1 inch | & Feet t fathons or 2 
f 12 Inches 1. Foot; · 58 Tards 
5 Feet one Yard. 15 40 Poles or 220 ab., 

3 Fret ꝙ inches. _ hk” 1 Furlong * *. 

5 Feet a geomitrical Pace. 8 Furlon $4 Mite; or 
s Yards and a half 4; Pole, „ 1.785 Yards . 
=— perch, or rood | ws Miles ! e 
— Ina Mile are 9 85 
95 8. Furlongs-? 9 1 . 3280 Feet 1 
320 N „ 63360 Inches 
7% Yards. 196080 cs er ti 
- po FORD. . 74 55 "gs 5 
2 4 „ Yards 8 3 a pole, perch or Roo. . 


a8 Poles makes a Furlong, or Quarter of bs he 
50 Poles in Length, one in bteadth, is one Acre. 
8o Poles in length, and two in breattth, one Acre; kd - 
| zo Poles in length, and four in breadth, one Artes es 
41 Poles in length 1 one chain, 8 
= 5 Chains in length, and e in breadth, mike one OY 
| me. 


bo Seconds, nb minute 1 90 15 1 
do Minutes, one hour „Nen ah. 7 
5 Houth.ors d * 555650 Seconds 
Dayz, one week . Minutes 
Alete one month. Hours © -; 


+ Months one day and 6 how, Ds 365. Days 6 OY 
ee Solar. yea 1. 
Note, The year is also divided 400 12 "calvndar months, 
which contains 365 days, according to this good old verse, 

„ 
Thirty day $ hath September, April, June, and November, 
Wen RAC 4 _ and all the rest have. EE. 


* . . 
; : 2 1 DEN 3 e + i 44 $ 5 p 8 N 1 ne 2 
e "Fo < s TT: 8 2 * . 8 
; . — 4 - 4 * 
{ > ” N . 2 — * * * 4 17 n 1 72 1 0 * 21 7 * 5 
: * 4 . 3 r g : 4 1 4; A1 
* — . * > : 
» 0 L b 
, 


"The Young Man's beil Companion... 
„ SHB TRACTION i 
HE next Rule in Arithmetic is Subtraction, (common- 
I bst erroneously called Sabstraction,) and this vuſe 
| teaches to take a lesser number out ofa greater, and she weil 


the remainder, excess, or differencg mme. 
Place the lesser number under the greater, with the same 
ceunare, and in the same order as in addition,) draw a line un- 
der them, and beginning at the right haud, take each figure 
in the lower line from the figure under Which it stands: but 

_ if the figure in the lower line is greater than id the upper, 
then in the numbers of one denomination. ten must be bor-: 
towed, and added to the figure in the upper line; then take 
the figure in the lower, line from the sum, aud write down 
the remainder; but for every ten thus borrowed, one most 

| Ba paid of added to the next left hand figure in the lower 
Example: Suppose that Mr Andtews owes to Mr Bakeg 
tlie sum of 323 J. whereof Mr A. hath paid unto Mr B. 
446 % wu par', What remains due toMrB.? . 


% f — 1 . 
by — 


Here the lesser number 146 stands under th2 greater 325 
and to find th remainder, or sum remaining due I say, 6 from 

3 1 eanno!, but 6 from 1% (for you: borrow 10, and ada toit 
the figure or cypher that stands directly over the figure you 

subt fact,) and there femai is 7, then, 1 that I borro-xed and 

4 is $, for as I borrow; ro in the inferior place, hien is equal 

to one in the superior, so Tmust row pay the same; theretore 

I says from 2 1 cannot, but 5 from 12, borrowing 10, and ad- 
Qing it to the figure 2, as ab) ve directed, there remains) 
then 1 that I berrowed and 1 is 2, from the third figure a. 
bove it, aud there de mains 1. and $0 the' example is done: 
and by it is shewn that A still owes B 1771. For a proof 

ol its verity, add 177 the remainder, to 146 the-lesser of the 
two given numbers, and it will make 323, being the same 
i with the greater number, or sum of money first_ due; and 
1 therefore is a Sure proof of ths truth and certainty of the 
WH.  tule. And as subtraction is proved by addition, so may ac 
dition be proved by subtraction; for if the two aforesaid 
0 | 35 qumbers, viz. 323 aud 146, are added, their total is 46) 


* < — — — 12 2 
— 22 — = 
> 


4 
70! 
$21 
i 
[9 $54 
''# 
1 
N 
1715 
18 
36 
i 
= 
10 
5 oa 
17 P 
. } 
* : 
. 
WA 
. 
We 
11400 
. 
11 . 1 
ap 
. 
$082 
FRE 
1 
r 
88 
1 - 
: a + 
417" 
Pe 
1 } 
1 
+ ih 
4 | , 
1 1 the 
10:24 
iy: 
i} 
ay if 
. 
7 's 
Band! 
gh 
190 5 
in 
[0344 
Th 1 
41d 
7 Wy 
3 — 
#4 
TB} 
THT 
) 17 
ir 
f 
. 
* 1 
"It 
0 
. 
1 7 
11 1 
1 
#8 
+ 
j ih 
i 
* 
[ 


> h. . — 9 Dr 
— = , 5 I. — 
. þ 2 L C — - 
— — 2 2 — - 
— — — DA IDE < _o—_—_—_—_—_ — — — —— 
[| 


/ 


=” . -— > 

TC IRS 20 0g. 4 
— —— 5 a 

— — HIS — nets Leer 
} 8 ' * 


1 
1 from which if you deduct” 146, the redminder will be the 
greater number; or if you subtract 323 from the $ail. 459 
ll  _the remainder will be 146,,the lesser number. 
All examples in Subtraction of numbers vf one: denomita- 
. 2 1% Ye 5 COR : ; Nr ae Wo I tion 


' 9 * N 


* 
" 


I F 1 39 

5 . F oY NSC : | 

2 - * 

3 „ Yes io 
* * "- * 


To * 


-_ 


Tue Weng Man's best Companion. n 


jon are performed as above, they - varying not attall; but 
owever, once more, for the better explanation, admit 5 
wreat sheep master hath in all 6904 sheep, and takes out of 
them 2.499 to dispose of at maket; how many doth he lere 
ad 5 To know this, set them down thus 

From 6904 che greater number 
Take 2490 or leser e 5 . 


z 


uns ve. 55 3 31 hs OREN. 3 e 
Fre: © Ke A $444" - p „ BAY 
but Here 1 Sa fro, od there's remains 4 then 9 3 no- 
per, hing (or o)l cannot, but 9from-10, (adding 10 to theo,) and 


here remains 1; then 1 that 1 borro sed and 4 makes 3 
md 5 from 9 and there remains 4; and lastly, 1 Say 2 from 

5 and there remains also four, (tor l bor rowed none, and 
herefore there is no occasion of paying ;) so that he leaves 
behind him: just 4414; Which put to the number he takes to 
market, makes the frumber'he first had, viz: 6994, and shews 

he deduction to; be. true, and the answer right, | 


. More Examples for Practice, He Js 5 
th 7 Yards. . . Gallons, 1 555. Pounds. ; eg 
rom 4796. jak oY | 5 TOR... . 422⁰⁰ 53 479671 : 


92508 ke 2929 1 31970 97694 
e e Hy - 
ani{Proof. 4796 , 3700-47200. %y7g67r 
qual The. ei of time, since any remarkable event, may be 

tote hound, by. M e the date thereof en ee of. ho - 4 

ad- present year. 5 e | 

2.1 | e | "Bxomples e 

37 5 1666 the fire of London VV»! N 

root — 7 | "We 1788. 1 p 

** zince 122 2 7 „ 7 260 1 gun: gn pond 

5 a l 7 —— 9 
and . 1788 Giver. 183 years +8 5 ON | 
Go 173 the sp men., LATTE 4 Sa --Y 
ww d Ince. 200 Yeats. VVV | AM 2 0 | | 
; 6 Subtraction of Divers ede N Tr 


Here if the figure or fizures placedin the, lower line 44. | 


eed woe in 1 pen then as 8 units e de I = 
jt1as f | 55 e 2-4 Ol - - i 


1 ** * F £ 
: < . . - « 
1 5 * * I .” . 
3 9 . pe . - 
5 * 


The Young Man s beet Co m Lion. . 


ed as make an unit, or 1, of the next Superior denomination 
aud one-must be carried to the Wert i ba bone gm in i 
"Lower line as awry! 8 N 


. 's 25 1 7h 2 . N. derbi OWE 
The: 23 26 Mr Darnell. 2s. 6d. aud Mee 
Pad 6 6 16 4 Ci. bath paid Mr D. in part 


— — 6 16s, 4d. what remains due 

Rests due. 2 6 2 - _- Mr D. Ans. here is my t 
„„ TN SE Mr Darnel 21. 6s. 2d. f 
7 410 0 1 2 
23 Re , 6. Oo Again Mr Edwards Alb 
Sold for 242 16 31 Mr Francis Spanish weol to 
Pd. in part 174+ 12 61 value of 24210. 16. 2& -an 
be; 3 pays present monex, ile sumof 
: Answer HG: N 94 174). 43s. 61 What mag 
e ne | _  - remains unpaid tom Mel 
| + A -.. - Anus. 68, 36. 93.5 
In thefirst 17 theys examples, F say, 4 from 6, and then 
remaius two, then 6, fiom 21 cannot, but borrowing. one i 
Teger of the next denomination, or one peund, which .is 20 
I say 16 from 20 anti-there remains 3, and adding it to't 
number 2, it makes 6; wherefore I put down 6 in thepluq 
of shillings, and say, 1 1 that 1 borro y ed and 6 is 7; now 
from 9 there remains 2; so the money resting due to M 

- Darnel is 21. 68. 2d. as in the example. ns 

In the second example, I say, 2 farthings (cr an halfpei 
ny) from 3 farthings and ther eremains 1, u hich I set downi 
its proper place, viz. under the denominatiun of farthing 
the n- from 3 1 cannot; but 6 from 12 (as marked ovet ti 
-denomination) and there remains:6, and 3 over it makes 
which I place under the line in iis right pt.ce, viz. of pence 
then i that ] borrowed, (that is ong-shilling) and 12 is 1; 
13 fiom 16 and there rests 3, which I like wise set down unde 

Its own rank; then 4 from 2 I cannot, but 4 from, 12 (be 
. -xcWit.g ten) and there rests 8; then 1 that 4 borrowed and 
makes 8; 8 from 4 I. cannot, but 8 from 14, and.there 1 
mains 6: so that the sum remaining due is 68l. 35.940. as 
the work. For its proof, you must add the said-remaini 
sum to the lesser or under sum 1741. 125. 649. and it. man 
242ʃ. 168. he sum tust quer hd proof of the vol 


Be: deing right. | . 


for 


Tr ece 


k 7 
4 ag 44 


om ùꝛuore e Practice. | 8 
the „ 4 5 Ls 8. A = > Sa 7 d. 1 8 1. * 
We 147 16 6 74 10 4 . 3 


emains 27 EY 2 Can 44 17 . * 10 5+ 


proof 174 16. 5 1 1 2471 7 0 

st Due. 7 Q © © 4; 16 6 796 

Paid as 12 10 197 . Ls; 5 279 11 7 
— —— —_ . ' 


Balance 37 „ 2 2 76 7 2 > LE 8 * 


f 


— — /— 
proof E 0 "58, UH 76. PP o 
of 74.06 1 Owing a 266i. 796 
ay be paid at several -. — 
acl Ines; HIS) ; (20 | 
ents must be added toge- x 852 „ 


her, and their total dedue- 1 * 
ed from the sum first due, Paid at time sd 8 es 
s in this and dhe e „ Wa | 
. . | 


* oy 3 n | 

OW 

0 N Fake | nit in all 1256 d dedo | 

| 3 st 10 

Ifpes „ "is 1225 — ö 

WII J Proot * 266 „ in; ya 

ing 3 1. „ „ . 

5 lore due 249 1a 0 | Received 100 '10 © 

Kes( 88 1 | — 

ence 12 'S" „ 6 16 0 

unde 12 co o. 5 12 6 

Received at be · 16 16 6 Paid to several 20 10 0 

| andMveral times 122 10 2 deren : 6 09 6 

re . 8 12 6 2 (9.68 6 

d. 38 bo N16 4 0 ETC ty 37 1 

alm 5 ee — i gs — — 

Received in all 425 02 29 Paid i in a 67 09 

Voll | — 

3 Rests ane 1 © # Remains in „ 

M. Be — the bag 7 n 

"Row Proof | 249 01 c £9 
& 7 3 Avoire 


7 er Man- s best eder. . "8 


aid | . 1976 16 6 


7 3 'S. 5 Gy — ; * 


—— àö¹w—ä——! Orr ns 
— — 


_ * 
— — — — — —— — — 


The Young Man's best Companion. | 


10% 20 4 28 10:4 28 272 16 


0 — : 7 
4 - * 4 ] 
= N — . A »..4 te 
«5 TTL.” 


F 7 ; p " -4 — 2 4 * 
. LN; , g 2 3 : a N 0 , e * £ of ; 
- - 2." 5 A 2 4 4 P ” 14 . 7 a. = N 1 I. 
"4 7 x , 3 by 4 3 
: - + 8 1 . 04 "Is 81 9. * 1 8 * 48 07 ; Y 
4 — 1 3 ; = bs . 
. 4 2 ; 1 12 + 99 54 a 4 


2 * 


Proof 44 12 1 10 246 2 1 146 03 uf 
CL »öÜ—¹·wq f , Q Oo an 
„ ien dn , . IE 
„ Ib. oz. diet. r. „ au, gp] 
From 402 ©4 . 7 1 10. 12 4 
Take 196 o o 1 pet iss 4 


5 
> 


Proof 462, bl io 1. i i 
And so much for subtraction; which method will serve ſe 
any denomination whatever, having respect to the- seven 
Tables of quantity, as before hinted in Additiohn. 
„„ Mer ot 
1 E next rule in order is Multiplication,” and perhap 
1 the most serviceable rule in business, for its quick dis 
patch, of all others in Arithmetjc3 which I shalj endeavour 
to shew by its nature, quality, and use. New, .. 
1 Multiplication is a rule that by two numbers given, 
teacheth to find out a third, which shall contain either d 
the two as many times as the other containeth an unit. 
2. Multiplication is also a compendious working of Add. 
%%%%%%%%%%%%%00000 OE ES io TEST os of rt 
3. It serves likewise to bring great denominations inte 
small as pounds inte shiilings, pence, and fartbingss. 
4. Having the length and breadth of a plane surface, we 
find.its contents in superficial-or square measure. 
Fg. By multjplication we find, having the value ef one thing 
or the wages of one person, how to know the value of many 
s.ch e or the wages of many me persons ;) 
tiplieatien we are particularly to take notice 0 
SN MO) that 


„ 
these three terms, viz. e 


The nes Man' 8 be Companion. „ 
8 C Mlliplicand, Ye: 5 25 
he The Multiplier, and 5 8 os Fo 

| 225 5 if Beothict- WY 
3.7 10 multiplieand rene l . the greater of the, two 

rumbers) is the number te bemultjplied. | 
2+ The multiplier (generally the lesser of the firs: num 

ders) i is the number by which the former is to be OOO: 

„The product is the result of the work; or answer. 
The ago cots and eee are collectively e 

Factors ; 
But before any picging can be made i in this Rule, it is 

ecessary to have the following TE able by h ar F208 chat ve- 

y pe feel: 4 

e MULTIPLICATION T TA BLE... | | 

| | i & 17 are” 3 5 85 5 


wht 4 


- * 


; if! 


— 
22 


E 


. 


LL 


3 

| 12424 0 60!72 844g Ird 120 11¹ 
14 244 

This ble is 80 Plain 220 easy, that there ĩs no need- of di- 

ection; for the product of Any tWo figures will be found in 

"19 dle, which: is on a lineWith the One ,andunder the o- in; 

thus 54, the product of 6and g, will be found on a2 

his with 6, and under 9, % on a line withg and under 62 

50 7 simes 8 is = 9s andes; times 7 is 59, pr wo Tn > 


. 


7 1 + 


— * 


*. 
i 


| 84 8 ; The Young. Man's best Companion. EDS 
Table ought to be got by heart, for the more dextrous rex. 
diness in multiplying oo ont en EE 
e Now fer Application. e, Bs 
Example 1. How many are times 472 ; which 411 


being set down in the margin, Isny, 3 times 2 is 6 3 


which place under 3 the multiplier : then 3 times. 7 
is 21; set down t under 7, and carry 2 for the two - 1416 
tens, as in addition of one denomination, then 3 times 
41s 12, and two carried is 14; which set down, and the Prod 
duct is 1416; that is, 3 times 472 makes so much; Which 
may be proved by Addition, by setting down 472 three times, 
In additional order, and casting it up, Which makes the asser 
| tion good in the second definition, that this Rule compendil 
ously perferms the office of Addition. 'Lifewise the fore- 
going Example agrees with the fi: st definition; foras 3 time 
5 1416, 80 doth 472 times g make the same, viz, 
J 8 Re” 3 1 
Example 2. Again; how many are produced by multiply: 
ie. 6, LORE Le Pe ELIE 
742 Multiplicand Here TI say, 4times 2 is 8, andy 
EO Mulgiplief times 4i8 16; 6 and tarty t; and 
— JI times 5is28, and one is 29, which 
2968 Product set doren; so that the whole product 
5 Iiãs 2968, as appears by the Work. 
a More examples of one figure in the multiplier are thes 
we! | e . 


— 
5 


7420 434% 7466 90704 356785 
45 8 . 8 * 
37100 26664 52210 925632 511101 

Tom pound Multiplication, © 


Product 


7 - 


Is when the Multiplier consists of two, three, four, or 
more figures or cyphers. e 
And here you must begin with that figure whiches in th 
place of units in the mulriplier; then go through the whole 
multiplicand, by multiplying each figure of it by that said 
nit figure, then by the next, to wit, by the figure in the place 
for tens in the multiplier; then with the third, &c. to tis 
last; always remembering to place the first figure of every 
product or line; (for you will ever have as many as you bavd 
significant figures in the multiplier) I say, remember to place 
the first figure of each line exactly and perpendicularly unde 


the figure you multiply hy then add the several line 
4 | Sk ected give the total pro: 


or products together, will | C th 
duct required, as in the Dowiag, vis. 


1 
” 
% 4 


EW 


in with the unitfigure 3 in the multiplier, say ing 3 times-6 is. 


4% nultipiy) and earry 13 then 3 times 2 is-6; and 7426. 
þ 36A. 5+ 6.45 $a, , > be: . > * : AF 
is 73 then 3 times 41s F25 2 and carry 1; tben 2 . 


. ; * 


times 7 is 2, and one is 22; aud so have done 


go to the next, that is 2, and: twice 6 is 12: 2 14852 
1d. carry 1, (which 2 is placed in a direct line x¾!w 


hich der 2, the multiplying ſigufe; then twice 2 is 1707985 2 


and 1 is 5: then twice 4 is 8, and lastly, tujcde 
Sser is 14, which I set down; then I add the two products to- 
r result of the multiplication, via. 4793. Again, 


* 


— 


It will 
necessary, to give more verbal direction; 4223216 
hielt ven above are sufficient; and iie refore te 


zxample, as also to those tw o that follow, viz. 
e eee, 


5 


— 


. pe - \» - * 1 
— ET 7 L 5 — 


32 % EEC 2020985.” "ONT 


327% dn nn „ | 
H ͤ V aa d08IEIS 3” 7. 
When cyphers are intermixed' with feures-10 the mult. 


wh 


- — 


89 8 45 


1 thi 
hole 
d 
ac 
| the 
ef 
ave 
lace 
nde 
ined 


pro: 
npl 


ler exaetly and: perpendiculatly under it, then begin the 


ultiplier, and go through: it in the same line, placing the 
st figure in that product next tò the cypher towards the 


Fcypher of the next line must be set do wii one degree far- 
ner towards the left hand, an 


* R - . * ah * Y as . 
—— * . of - — 5 . . 
ROY Nm : e fer . e 
4 * 17 * b ” 1 2 *% "T5 
e — ? * a "pi 1 - - F - -f 4 A 
* Oo P - 


WY * 15 . * ry * 
5 * 3 hs 77 N ; 8 xx - i = 8. 
; , 3 


EF 


4 — 


i 3; What is the product 58275627 


V 


Ie ze Toung Man's best Companion. 3 , 3% 
rex Examples, How many ate ag times 74267 First I be-. 


ith the first figure of the multiplier, viz. 3. Ihen 22238 


appear too prolix, and altogether 2637635. 
quei arner is referred to the observation ofthe . - 150345195 


* 


NM 


lier, then multiply by the figures as above; and when 6 
ome to a eypher in the multiplier, then set down another 


ultipheand again with the next figure to the oypberin the: 


ft hand, but then heed must be taken that the next figure 


d not immediately under the- - 


— — 


11:44: 
Th # A 


86 


— 


0 


— 


| tore ; if I intend to multiply it by 10, then T join o to 575 
and then it makes, or the product is, 3750; If by 100, the 


% 7 


'Sgures, and annex the cyphers at last; As in these example 


may any number be multiplied when the multiplier Cons ists( 
an unity with any number of cyphers, aud done by inspecti0 


— 
- 


de Young Man's best Companion. 
list figure set down to the cy pher; as in the following ex- 
amples may be fully understooooo᷑᷑ g. 


24393 e 

5 ! 402 * Tag 23604 £ 7 by „60 bi 
48786 FJ co, Þ 
95720 471862260Gꝙ̈ t:; 196551 Tx 
— — 23593113 . | 8 — 497 al to 
98959: _ 15728742 © © 1975343500 
| 8 ; 18,630613084 FER 1 IPA 
When you have a Typher or cyphers in the multiplier a 


next the cy pher or cyphers: As in these examples. 
: 4762 7 II 47902 5 . 4632 50 
N 70. 2 400 e 2600 7 
333340 14918480 277 
Hs : — 
„ 55 F * 


f you have cyphers both in the multiplicand and mij 
Plier then neglect the cypbers in both, and multiply by th 


| 42600 42300 . . 37660 Wn 
ONES - 12000 4400 
VVT 
! 8 7528 
— — — , p p_ 


Foo 9030000 
When you are to multiply by 10, 100, 1000, 10,000, it 
only annexing so many cyphers to the multiplicand, that i 
either 1, 2, 3, or 4 eyphers, and the work is dene. 
Example. Suppose I am to multiply 375 by the numbers 


| 937200 


- 


1s 


FE annex oo, and then it makes 37500: If by 1000, I put i 
it 000; and'then it produces 375000: Andlastl y, if by 10,00 
I theif add ooo, and then it makes 3750090, Nc. And th 


dr 


- on 


[ 


U 


y, without: any bor melsecting de un the multiplicand with. 
a 17 2 drawn uoder it, K... 

Thus far for direction in the meaner how to: ul 
e next will be to shew the uses of multiplication j m. realbu- 
einess, and hö w to apply it on proper occasions, vi. 
1. Suppose you want toknow how many half crows Fong 
re in 2461. you know that 8 half eroun A He Whores: 
tore pet en down thus: - F 


£ 24 46 1. | 2: 7 — 
| Multiply by | ED | 


Anowbr | 4 pr WY 9 
Again in 190 half crowns, how many; bes 


2 Fa in half a e NS 5 ü 
Fer ene ee answer 5 a e 
And is serves lo make out, that great denominations are: - 


brought into smaller by this rule, Bee to the: thirdide- | 
finizzon, 

2 Admit yen wanted, to-know the contents of a large 
Shuffle- board: table, 34 feot long, and 4 feet wide, multiꝑl 
34 the length, by 4 the breadth; andthe aneweriwill- be 2 
square feet for the true content of such a table. And this. . 
3 with. the fourth definition of this rule. 

If 1 know the value of a yard of broad cloth to, he 12 
ihne what is the value af 2.20: hag of * 5 Sth in 
Mao's 21 Lot a 5 


= 1 4 * 
* * 


Sn 220 


i 7 an chillings, or 11925 of CEO Ae 
If the wages of one Seaman be 23 shillings «month, what 
is the wages of 250 seamen RX the zame'time at 
Multiply W. 23. | | 


** 


ers a 5 5 ; 750 V . | 
: thel 8 —— . — * 1 38 


put (oy Area F750 bilings, or 2991. 108, 
0,008 And these two examples accord with the . ffth definition 
d tha or use of this rule, 


ist And thus much for common Multiplication. N 
| "IV in the next Place, "wy _ > vw} matter Congern- 


: „ BE 


The Towig Min'cext Companion, 7 he” 


, [ 
$5 3 
1 - 5 , » > , lt 'L 4 
» : > 
+ 5 , " i 
« 1 * G 
* a * "A - F 9 — 
4 a» k 4 © 44 4 9 — 
* * N od * » 
4 ON | \ 
5 1 „* * 5 * 
— . 4 , 42, . 1 5 
4 . [] 


* 
* 4 
* 
= 
2 1 * 
% x - 
————— ˙— ̃ ͤũͤ— um IE — III Ie rr ů — 
pro 


— 


t.:3 
$i i 
j i 
+ i 
; 
wt! 
i 
4 4 
«1 ! 6 
i 0 
" x 
1942 
* 
4} 
n 15 
* 
+} - 
1 pd * 
A's 
. 1 
. > 
N 
, ; 
1 4 
. 11'S 
4 153 
PET HY 
i} f 
+ i 
. 
3 
$544 
4 . 
i fi 
+ 
by Ll 
W L + 
. "* 
"4:11 BD 
at 
1 
. 
N R 
5 
24 "7 
n [ 
1 'S 
2 Ix 1. 
7 
. 1 
1 * g 
1 . 
1 I 
+ ny; 
179 
4 
8 
1 4 
E153 
14 
8 7 
$ > 1 
. 9 
? . 
Wet 
n 
#4: 
b- by 
141 i » 
. 
Me 
vl 
„ 
ey . 
1 
WS 
k . ry 
"1 4 18 
Nin 
4 
"tk 
- iy Fs | ! 
I - 
IA * 
5 
4 N 
ro 
1 n ” 
r 4 
a i} 
**} (16 
. 
wy 
' | 
{1 + 
+ it 
i 1 * 
4 
4 4 4 
. : bo 
o 1 & 
e g 
[ 
# 
1 
- 1 
i 1 
14 
k# 0 
7 j 1 
1 
7 =. 
_ 
i; , 
WH i 
'N ($4 
" f 
4 
. 


. 


— 


32 ICE — — 
— — —_— - 4 — — a. — E 
— — 2 — - — ä 7 2 — 
2 * - %p 2 - 4<& » 
CLEARED — - * Nr ws >= er DE -4 ae be 
— — —— — — ati; Woo 
— — — 4 4 — —— — — 
— — —— — 22 — 2 "4 * * 
— —— — — — « 2 vs " 
Pe — = * [= — 


A - 


4 
. 
. * 


| (ar 67 pieces of cloth: at 1 1.88, 6d. per nicer) by 


_ down1zin the place of shil 


be Young Man's ben 8 
ing multiplication of; noe; and a Haie 964 its. use, m4. 
couglude this. rule. * ph 5 5 
„ Multiplication of Mong." tit oi 
- Multiplication of money. (what most Ker, 1 4860 
any thing) hath great affivity with Addition of money; the 


0 
«of * 


LET £2 d 4 


same method being taken in carrying from one denomination 
to the next, viz. from farthings to pence, from penee tu shil⸗ 


lin ings, and from shillings to pounds. And as in Addition 
(and other Multiplication) you begin at the right baud, and 


proceed towards the left; so here you begin at the least de- 
#1 nomination, which. 184150 at the right han. 


This method of accounting is the most apt we =3peditiou 
of all others, for small quaniities; ard 21 extremely 
necessaty in making pills of parcels, c. is beyond al 


| be pe geoin ore eee Sure and certain as any 5 n 
e IT be Genaral Rule. 1 


1 


ns — to sey the price by the Wine 
Tue first step is, for quantities from 2 to 12; and this] is 


done "FP one mulSplier x as ip e To ing, 


. 27 5 1 
5 Example 25 Mubiiply 9 12 0 


8 


—— Co CES 
og as: 0 


„ 


7 75 1 95 6 times 6 is 35 pence, which i is #8 5 1 5et 
down o in the place of pence, and carry 38. to the place df 
obiVings, (exactly the same as in addition of money;} then 
6 times 12. is 72, and 3 f po or. 31. Is Wherefore I set 
ings, and carry 3 to the pounds; 

then 6 times 7 is 42 and 3 is 45l. So the whole amount of 
the 6 cloths, at 7. 128. 6d, per cloth, i is 0 } 8. as. in the 
work, Khich 1 r, CONCISE... x: Fo a 4 | ens if 
coef KAT "Sag * 4 


| Example. 2. Again, aw! wid in 9times 2 5 1255 = 
or Ages 1s # the. Amount of 9 an 2 Conga 3B HL 
= o o 

In this a” I say, R's 4 is 1 60 or 35. set down 
o, and carry 3 then g times 3.18 27, and 3 makes 3o 3. It: 
down o and carry 3 (as in multiplication ofsimple numbers: ) 
then 9 times 1 is 9, and 3 is 12; whicttis in the place of tens 
of shillings, and being hal ved makesJuet 6l, and 50 much is 
N %% | 
* | „ 2 Example 


— 
{ 


Example 3. Once more: What comes 12 gallons of 
Vine to at 58. 4d. per gallon Pe. ))) PE | MITE Ys 
Here I say, 12 times 4 is 48; 0 nad 0. 5 4 
The next degree or steꝑ of advance in this way of reckon- 
ing, is of nenen 12, even to 2 times 13 or 144: 
all which, as far as 144, are found in that excellent table, the | 
Table of Multiplication; which is a ready help to all purpo- "1 
des of reckoning, and particulany in this way; and that on 
may proceed with dexterity, you must be very ready inthe - | 
said Table, that you may be immediately app: ehensive what. 
component parts hit your quamity. proposed, or pretty near it , 
(for any quantity below 12 needs no recollection at all, as in [ 
two of the examples above) and then work accordiagly ; if |} 
the quantity be 15 Fards, I readily, know that 3 times g; is 
15; and therefore 3 and 5, or/5 and 3 are to be my multipli- 
ers: if the quantity were 21, ien 3 and 7, or 7 and 3, would 
be my multipliers: if 30, then 5 and 6, or 6 and 5; also 3 | 
and 1e, or 10 and 3: if 45; 48, 56, 66, 72, &c, were-the | 
quantities, then 5; and 9, 6 and 8, 7 and 8, 6 and Ix,6 and 12, f 
and 8 and 12 &. are lo be multipliers, and exactly hit the [ 
several quantities ofwhichthey are component parts; and ex- | 
amples of this kind have two mukiplications for their solution- 
When the quantity proposed is a number irregular, orguch. 
a number that no tWo numbers in the Table can be found to 
answer it, then we must multiply by two such numbers as 
tome pretty near it, as is said before: and for. the number 
vanting, to make up the number or quantity proposed, mule - 
ds; ti ply the given priceof one by the number that is wanting which 
| will make three products by three multiplications ; which 
the last product must be added tothe foregoing products resulting 
from two multiplieations, and the total will be the answer. 
; de And first, I shall shew examples of the second step, viz. of _ ö 
1 MW regular quantities that exceed Zz, andre precisely answered 
9 Wat two multiplications; such as mentioned above, viz. 
— What comes 15 yards of muslin to at 3s, gd. per yard *: 


« 
þ « 


42 a eee PLE 


of] Here 3 times 5 8 43d. or 45 4% © 3 5 
wo zd. 3 and carry is. then 3 times 3.48% 3 and 3 
set 9, and 1 is- 105, so the first product ies 
:) 10 4d, which I multiply; by'g, saying 0 10 3 1 
n times 3 is 15d. or 18. 34. 3 and ca- 8 ö. 
ry 1; then 5 times 10 is $6, andi is ð 
Its. or 21, 14s. So the amount of is 2 1 3 


9 89 


— 


hy 


9 be Young Man's det Companion. | 

_ yards at 38. gd. per yard, is al. 118. 3d. And de monstrabie 

| thus: If 108. 3d. be the valire of 3 times 38. 5d. then 5 times 

# "10 the value of 108. 3d. must. of necessity be 15 times the value 

1 5d. because 5 times 3 is 15 and its tfuth may de pro- 

Na ods Addition and multiplication, thus: set down 38: 6 

three times in additional order, and par the three lines tOge- 
ther, and the total of them multiply by g. aͤ before, and che 
answer will be the same. Or set down 1757 Id (the product 
of 35 5d. multiply by 5.) three times also, and add thern to- 
gether, and the total Will be exactly the same with the re. 
gult by eee as n hoe 2 57 a 


1 44595 * 45 A 


mas the E Sb Ke 8 is TIN Aditi 


vi Multiplication, and ths zee bymmultipkeation: (as; pet 
_ margin) and Addition. Also, 155 
By this we see, that in al examples under this head, ve 
are to pitch on two numbers for maltipfiers) in the table; 
which multi lied together, make the quantity propesed ; and 
then we are to multiply the price by: one of the numbers (i 05 
matters not by Which ffrst) and'then-that product is to 
. multiplied by the other number, and the second or last pos 
duct witt de the answer. N 
Example 2. A ain, what i is the value of 2t gall lons of 
Brandy at 78, per gallonk | 0 55 
In this example L sav, + times 9 is 634. a 775 + 
. 5s. 3d. Iset down Jand carry 5; —.— 
then 7 times 7 is 49, and z is 54. or 2. 2 14 3 
146. So the first product is 21. 148. 304.3 
Which 1 multiply b. 3. andtbat produces — OY A 
the last product oranswer, viz Sl. 28. 9. 8 02 I 
Now follow a few more exam ples of this sort. without any 
verbal directions, because 5 think E thows, aha ps to be 
vulficient.” VV 
7 5 Exariple 


The „ nest e 5 ei Companion. h 


— a 23 0 e Example 3. 
What comes | rey e. CEL; NN ors of ra Sim, hat 
f Holland to; at:: 93 7 6 PEE Ib. Fo 


” # 4+ > + + # 4 5 
7 ; * * - k 
* * 1 * 25 ; - ; ©. . "JOE 2? F »% 
1 8 F . i 8 4 Lake ; ; vp. 
- i * * 1 39 . . . 1 4 Fo J " 1 : . 4 
* 1 * 3 Fe 9 Tod bt $ * LF $544 £47 r 2 at. 1 
: 9 \ 4 * ; * : . . 
+ — N * - * 1 - 4 . . ; 
1 P ® . 5 z : ; 1 * ee 
q , Y ax ww , : E > * 
2 2 2 N 8 * 


. * * W 
r * . 
as. = ky : 2 12 2 * 


et Ty 5 c 30 "T2 


83 155 = 4 | Means Ge ; 
[$64 bushels of. "w heat, 7 broad: eres. 


6 1: and 8 8 12 400 6 


ey Fab " 
SE) 


4 13 * e e 55 0 0 . 
«ij 5 — — U Figs nies) 5 N 5 . — — Pn 
: + broth i Bt 12 0 32 

P : 565 805 Re 1 . Jo 5 * rk FE, 
TW Example 7: 2 528 Example "WE . 
e 08lb of Indigo Lahores | . OT Cwt. of Currants 
5 — RTE 

7 IDS . . ; 220 &, ; SIE 12 


3 , TS, * 
s 0 $58 2 * 47 * % i - £4 y-'L : % fe 
— a 5 ! 0 : $ Fes 5 kn , 8 7 
5 1 „ . * 4 844 — , x : 4 „ 
1850 e e 16 eee, 
INS p "» 3 Ys 3 2% 0 RS „ 5 3 M . Hs 
4 2 0 5 * 


The next eraditids of idee is rot iantities reine or : 
numbers that are no to be answered precisely at two mul- 
plications. In this case there ariseth no increase or difficul- 
Y, but it is as easy as the example foregoing: Only here 
ou will have an addition of one line more, occasioned by 
ringing down the price of one to be added to the last pro- 
et: or else à line mote, made by multiply ing the price by 
that is defective or wanting in the number by two maltipl}- 
tions, to make up the proposed quantity complete; as: t 
ay be of 2, 3, 4, 5, &c as * wn . r may 5 
seen and understood. 0 


0 5 Ie wee product of al, «190 . matigied | 
aple.i 9 f | 


- 
CY _ 
A 85 
* — * L . 251 _ : 
1 * — * 52 > „ \. b 2 
| 1 . 4 0 3 
» * . 4 N 
4 4 : * — F . 
20 * 33 ; 7 . 
5 Ih. 5 ” * * 
X » » 
#4 Ids * . . , — * 5 m » 
% ” . 5 , * ” 
PF 4 ; 
5 . * - "TT % 4 7 
* 4 4 P 
* "ud 
. 


9 _ wo Young Man's bes Companion.” 
Here I ſind that 6 multiplied by 6, 18 3 8 0 

makes 36; which is exactly within 3 f 6 and 

the quantity proposed: wherefore I mu} ———— 

_ tiply.by 6, and that product a again by the- PR.” 01 I: 

other 6; the last product is g6l. 6686. 6 

which is the value of 36; but we want tok'ꝛʒꝛͤkqů 

Know thevalueof39,whereforeImbiltiply 96 06 o_ 

the price af one, viz 21. 135 6d. by 3 that 8 00 6. 

is defective or wanting fo make up 36 (-- 

3 „saying, 3 times 6 is 184 Kc. And 104 06 '6 
nding that 3 times 21. 13s. 6d: is 81, 00s, and 61. which ad 

ed to 961. 6s od. the total gives the complete value of 3 

for 36 and 3 makes 39+ See the work on ns matꝑin · 


Example 2. What comes 79 ewt.of Cheese to at 28s, pe e 
. 
1 8 © _ -. Irpthis example. 1 4% - times o-is 0 
and 11 "this q times 8 is 56, which is. al. 168.8 
— down 16 and carry 2: then z times 11 
9 16 © 7, and 2 I carried makes 9, Sp the fir 
, "3+ product is 9].- 168. Od. and multiply 
— I, produces 107l. 168. 3d. or the v 
10 16 O me of 77; then for 2 wanting 1 mult 
32 16 ©. Fx: the price by it, and that gives 2 
— — 16. od. which added to 1071. 168. of 
110 120 makes the value of 79, viz. 1101. Or. 
125, od. as per work < pence being in the price, you may m 
» tiply 288. by 79, without bringing it into. 28s. 
pounds as you work it, but-omit it till the 79 
ſast, and then cut off or separate the laat 
figure or cypher ofthe product towards te T 82 
right hand, and half those towards the 1-fr, ' 195 
Which half will be pounds, and the Sgiire wo — Wh 
dut off e ; as in this e N 5 21 


3; * WS. 


fd cou OÞ os J 3 a 


135 12 

| be hai of 2s 1, the half of 2 is 1, ee the elk of [is 
"which I Joined to the: 2 gevered from . makes * 2 
ern, AN e before. e 1 


The Young Man's beat Companion. 9 =" 


= 3. AVE. 4 212. eee « 51. 5 per, lb, et 
dyn ND Dope ky 4 07G 


4 * Bas J VE e 4; py 
V T * 8. „ WV = oF $0 
. 64 | N 8 
q ö * P 5 . Fr. a 25 7 * L 
. * x * # 7 | 2 * 
£ 4 10 ie CCC N 
* 1 6 Ex 1 * * 7 1 * 8 EL 3 2 r n 4 4 
| 8 * Wen 
: i , BY. * : ©. IS > mY 
6 — — 5 = tos bd 8 a 
e * 2 | - 4: a> 0 
\ " 0 : * * * os 4 - 
+ * N ( 5 * * 
' Az e 1 * — - * — 
138 9 4 x 
1 * FINS, > * 8 oo | 2 
— 9 ST * 1 N 4 * ue 1 d 
* - iS 5. 33% IE: 
» 4 1 . 
: ” py * 
0 25 the product Ka by: 15 vue. > 
þ4 + "4 8 — a — N 
o 
>< k * * * 


* 


. 04 the anewer 88 8 . 
Here, after L have multiplied'dy 10 . 10 the panty of 
do, there wants 12, wherefore 1 multiplied 84. by ta, and 
gives 58. 6d. for 1 alb. at 52d. which added to 2. 58. 10d. 
e value of too, makes: 21. 116. 44. the due value of 112 Ib 

t 539. per 10. 

A 1 Ry stone of Beef, at 22d. or rs, r6d, peretone. 


x 3= 
IE 10 and 9g OLD e 
— gn: . — is wanting 
20. % Kt after. the two multiplica- - 

Lo 9. e Whetefore, 1 

nn 85 8 © multiply 18. rod; . the 


. 00 DE 1 . Buy. by 4. which pro- 


97 0 8 aces 7 . Wy be s 
—— 0 _ ed, Kc. FA EY 
ö 8 8 . e 
« TEN. Example 2 2 raids 8 . 
5 1 o % 66 per. C. After I have Se bs. | 
6 74 and 10 * and to, I multiply the 8 : 
2 = . Iag and it produces 81. 295 
, gy. 10 © 6d: then for the half out: 
* — tk half. of the price, which 1 
: 14 18 8 1s 428. yd. and then collept the 


85 18 86 . po three. lines, the total of which 
912 1 for oy : 3 he: . u . 
— 
Now? 8 the ut DUI kite OA Sache 
no need of too much solftitude concerning coming so very-- 
ear by two multiplications; for there 7 is wanting to make {| 
N une Pes s 3 two 3 bent | _ 


% 
W 


4 7 
* 
* 


z* * 


* a. 9 
RETRY, ; 


$ | The toung Man's best wg 


10 or 12, it is near enough ;-for jt is as easy to multi 
the price by 10 re Ay 2 or Ae, an. t Re ny 
same. | 


Example . more; What come. 110 ent. 3 X | 
of Hops to at fl. 108. 6d.per .. 


x „ S After baving multiplied * 10 
& =p 10 o and 10 and ro, which makes a 100, I mul 
a the Price 4]. tos. 6d. by i 

+ that is wanting whieh gives th 
ame with the first product, viz 
— 5 s. od. which stands under th 
452, 85 S uct by 100, and for the 2 of 
F eee e viz. fin 
2 0 03. the half, and 2 the half of thi 
1 oz KL half, that is 20. zd. and 11. 2 
— OY id; which bout N added toge 
102 Ass. 5 ther, make 7 5 26. 103; * th 
answer. 2 Pg 


x 5 To prove Mulliplication; | my 858 {vs I . 


| Whether of simple numbers or of money; it is most sur 
nens by division: but be fore that is known, take this metho 1 
vir. As you multiplied the multiplicand- by the multiplie 
80 contrariwise multiply the multiplier by e moltiplicant 
and if the products are alike, the work is right; or othet 
wise one of them is . way 72 5 5 AMD over er ag 
dul e e agree. 5 | 
| e 15 | b lays 15 a year, 
46 548. wy 25 in a” my: 


4 oY > 
Br N 


— 
* 
Cy PR _ 2 P 
* * — * 
. R - a 
5 Y — ” 
N ht” s © as. 
: * # . be we * , 
N o 8 3 . 
* . - , 
4 4 1 * * 
7 4 4 
* 5 2 4 * - „ P . 
hy 4 j 1 8 2 1 > = 
of "© : * * "= , 
* 4 4 v 1 * 
1 4 8 * 
8 — 


* 3 


- Yor dere) 1 5. timed. 4 * 20 o 1 carry i 
* times 4 is 24. and 2 is 26; and carry 2; and 3 times 4i 
12, and 216 14 Then 5 times 2 is 10, o and carry 1; 
times 2 is +7 end x is 13, 3 and carry t; 3 times'2 is 
and ris7. Which products, added together, make 8700 
the hours in a year without taking in the odd. & hours whis 
2” _— tg mers. 9 cs an 365 ws 1925 


- $75.3, 4 2 
- 80 W „ 3) go * CG 2 1 $a 
7 1 Crd * 
a 5 Ye HY PERF 22 W « 124 + 4 
x OS - g's #3 _ 
- 


pb. Young Man's beat Companion. . "0 
Example e. © >... Jay; here, twice 7 8 14, 2 and 
56 gallons of spirits catry 18. and three er Hs 21, and 


at 35. zd. per * : 84415 is 228. or il. 28. Again, twice 
. & . "8 is 26d. 4 and. carry 13. and twice 


Itip 


| 8 is 16, and 1 is 178. 17 and car. 
5 02 CY 5 bs 1 and once 8 is 81. Thus doth 
£ 8 these examples arethe same fa con- 
— SN equense 3s if you proceeded in the 


5 175 4 Anawer. . common and eg lat meth d of m- 
tip: wation and shews the tr auth df. 
he orci THAW rule i in nr! is SONG. 


5 8 e 
f tha ah Bis Rate as hang; accounted the har lest Wah! i 1 "TY 
1. 40 ritùmetic, yet, sb make it — ant inte ae, . 


he meanest cap ci y. 2 
The use of this Rule is bub bow many times one nam. | 
der or sum iscontaingd i in another; as if i it were asked, how - 
often is 9 contained in 54 the answer is 6 times; er bow 
any times 12 is there iu 144? ans wer 12 times. 
4s by MNMultiplication great names or denominations-' ars 
ethoſſbrought Nana, 80 contrarily by Division, Vir l. 41 

pre brought into greater ; as farthings (from one gradati m 
can to another} into pounds, pounds wan wt . veigm, 

and gallons liquid into tons liquid, by a7. 

In. this rule we are to take particular no: ice of tha threes | 
certain terms. following, % c-+.-5 VFC | 


1.] _ (Dividend, or number to * Jad, 205 LEG 9 
2. The- \Divisor, or number by which we divide. -  * 
365 Quotient, or answer to the e |; 


chews wn: utter the Divisor i is contained in the dividend. 
4. The Remainder: Which is zn uncertain branch of this 
Rule, because there i is sometimes a remainder, andsometimes 
not. And yon must particularly note, That the reminder 
is ever of the same name with the dividend, and is alwav's 
less than the divisor ;. for i . 0 or Ec f 
or, the work is wrong. | 
2 is (NF Division is either si Ras con the di- 
8760" i597 consisteth of z siugle e e and 3 di Rider twee 
. any! ER EET y the. 3 dat io 
- E; as Wire dil 7 7. er 
ampWHere 63 Roy e dividend, 7 the di USE 9 the nt i 


| ansSW : - We "IPOs 
* Eee ound Anion & when the Aidend has many, or 
e e 8 e N H | + 85 . | | th more 


1 


? 7. — 


more figures or oyphers than two, and the divisor one 


1 A general rule for working 


for working, by seeking or asking how often Lean take 7 the 


f * 


in the dividend, they must have all been brought en 9 
dy one at a time, (and never but one at a time) and afte 


4 
* 


Su dtract 35 from 36, and there remains 1; to which I bn 


that 365 is the dividend, 7 the divisor, 52 the quotient, ot 
answer, and 1 the remainder: the quotient declares. thi 
7 is contained in 365, 52 times, and i over, or femaining 


which I set over-the dit isor thus, and sjgnifies that thers 1 


Fou may note, That the said 4 is properly what.is calle 
a fraction, ora piece or segment of the dividend : but 


Note also, That if there had been more figures or ey pheſ 


bs r 
* 


\ 


ans best Companion. 


* 
0 


' The Young 


* 


* + he * 1 Ts * 


Exam ple ct 

Or how many weeks in a year??? > 

| . ; 2, a Multiply ; : 1 1 33 . y 6 2 * 2 0 ; 

* %. *- % 2% a w 4 Za" 1 1 ** k 5 » * : ** : », 

r OTE HR ORET OED AN 
«> * 8 C- > 224 \ ES. * : e 4 4 


more figures or cyphers, ke. 
- How many times 7 is there contained in 365 


4 


Seek 


* * > 4 > 
, hs 1 KA 
4 7 \ "Rd. 9 
45 x BOX : 24 


Faving set down the example with two crooked lines, 
half parenthesis, one for the diviso: and the other forthe que: 
tient, I begin according to the aforementioned. gener2l ry 


divisor out of, 36 the two first figures of the dividend, (for 
1 cannot take 7 out cf z, the quotient, . 
with o) and the answer is 5 times; wherefore'I place 5 1 
the quoti+ ut, and mukiply the divisor 7 by it, (as directe 
in the general rule) sa; ing g times 7 is 35, Which 1 place 
unde 26, and then, thirdly, according to the said rule, ] 


down the next or last figure of the dividend, viz 5, and thei 
thete is 15 for a new dividend, ob dividual to Work upon 
then 1 ask or seek again, how oft 7 may be taken in 15, and 
the answer is 2 times: wherefore J put two inthe quotient 
next to the 5; by which'two I also multiply the divisor 7, 
saying, twice 7 is 14: Which I set down under 15, and sub 
tract, and there remains 1, which I place between to semt 
circles thus, (1), as it stands in the work; where bbserve 


one seventh of a week, or 1 day; more than just 32 weeks in 
Year, or 365 days; which is easily to be found by collectin 
the days ofeach calendar month, as they stand in the almapac 


this bereaſter.  - 


pobtraction, set to'the-rewainder ; and if chere reryalns d 


you must sſil bring Town but one ſᷣgure or Cypher at a ume: 
I J Ae} Wes ä bak : 3 Ws 5 = 7 z 18 , E 1 


* K F 


* 


— 


REY Tbe ng. Man's beet 5 = 97 
a for every figure or ppher so brought down, there must 
be a figure or cypher placed in the quotient, according to 
the times you can take the divisor out of the. several dividu- | 
als you make, by "bringing down a figure or dypher at a 
time out of the dividend, 1 till all be brought does, aud the 


work ende 
For a specimen, let us died. 8060 pounds of tobacco 
equally among 8 men. 

6 8060 (1007 quotient e 12 the Cights* EY 


FE. Bee. | 8 once, which I put in the qao- 
a —— ; ET tient; then the eights in o, o 

0 | oe Ca 5 - - | Umes ; which Fikewise put in 

* : + 7 te. eee = 555 the quotient ; then the ei ighis 

„ de In 6, O times again; which 3s 

PT aleo placed in the quotient, and 


there 3 [10 which 1 bring + woe; ©, the! t of the di- 
vidend, and it makes 60; Jaotly. the eights in 60, 7 times, 
and 7 times 8 is 56, from 60, and there remains 4: so the 
quotient shews that each peison must have 1007 pounds of 
tobacco for his share in the dividend Bobo, and there remains 
4 pounds over and above, which makes Half a pound more 
due lo each man, because 4 the remainder is half of 8 the 
divisor; and so the work is done, the quotient given to each 5 
nan 1007 pounds und a half, for his equal safe. 
Note, that in the operation, every - time that you bring 
down a figure or cypher, you are to make a point under it 
in the dividend, to signify that such a figure or *cypher hath _ 
en brought down and done with, * Way by observed in the . 
foregoing example. A 
Though this way of Woikihgi is plain and acay/ to be undet- 
stood, yet it is somewhat tedious; and therefore I shall ot 


ny a quicker way fer dispatch when the divisor is a single figure ;- > 
ning s shall be „5 in these 9285 8 * 
8993 e 8 
1 Quotient e EN . =: 
Woof 5 5 34567 5 5 . 
5 | 7.00 7 FR he a 1 2. * | 
"8 In the Ho 0 „ 51 4's in 9 5 5 and 
„ bere remains 3, which is left as if p * A iele d the ne; - 
len eure inthe” dividend, make 8, then-the 4's in 39 9 fans | 
Fu times 4 is 6, from 38, aud there remains 2, which ; 
ate the next re in the dividend 2 mw; then the 4 in 2 : 
las 0 imes: 28 is 28, ſrom,29, an FS i alr 8 1 


2 „the viden 
= x SL 1 8 U 2 * : * 
2 * 3 23 
" N + 4 5 o : 4 * ", 2 
BY 5 * be 4s : 


* * 7 $ 
ow ＋ I + 17 
1 N 
9 «7 "© 5 
by a) 
- * 9 $5 F Ta, „5 Ly 4 
3 . 
FS vi : > % * 
w_— 4. * * 4 
* 


- : 4 ' Mt 
* 2 2 2% q i * r s 3 
n ee. . 4 — > . 4 FO N Ch 4 l 
6 1 & * * 1 bu by 5 # 4 _ 1 1 7 
< v4 v v , l 0 3 > p 


5 98 5 The 5 rene Man's beat 'Companidn.. 1 
twice E is 8, from jo, and tete reinajos 3 2 3 which 
= "makes 6 the N 5 ure in the dividend, 26; Rey Fo 4 * 
26, 6 times, and 6 imes 4 is 24, from 26, and nd hers rg 
5 ide remainder; and se fof the ather two exampl 
por proof of the work, (or of any other examples} ak 
i 6 . tte quotient by the divisor, and take in the remamder-1 Tithe 
| Erst place of the units; and if the product be the same with 
ine dividend, the division is rights for I cay 1 26 
and 2 the remainder makes 26; 6 nad carry 2, & M. 


HERO More Examples by. angle figure. a ny 
TEE —.— to * TR 60 e 


es 0 5 "1 "26063 ©, 


rt ee „ 279006 05 RS REY 
| aku is the qhortest way of division that can de by a: ib⸗ 
15 wow 

„ it is necesxary for expedition 46 Jivide by xt and 
2 by a single Ggure, to have the grodure i inone e "0 N 
7 in - Whevo' examples, _— EE: 

„ ULUPE 9 8 D, 8 


REDS 


Hons 


. 
. 
W NSRTS 


* a> — 3 
* K —— 
12 PL - * LY 
F > - x 
LO = p g 


-of PREY * r Ly We 
— 2 * e _— 3 2a 4 
q Quotient 4200 ( (6) 63 | 
Rnd EYE Pte. * EE 4 2 „„ n ; 
l bs LES 7 45 nn r r , 
SY — — arl 
_ & x 5 7 . 
0 1 ons Lone — in 
9 eee . ee . 
7 * 8 I OP : >} 2 + g 1 
; 8 21 7 ob * 85 2 | | 2 | 5 ; . or 
33 en £8); <5 
| 4329727 0 350061 {1 . Re 
* . CE PRs p 
; . * . Ex, * bY os my EI, 4 Fs £1 _ We DIR LE WEE. 3 N * * 
705,08 * "EF FENCES 24 a 6)à—)—ᷓ— . 3 W e Aha Fooners — : 
x * — 3 1 27 8 22 FR 4 1 og ; , be SO . 12 b Res . ; . 2 Tr. "ug ; * 
Proof 476276000” 7 43007400, * Bo 
, (x 22 * 
1 | Best of these | 1 the 116 in 52, answe ing 
— 4 - 


+ 6 tiares, Kc. In the second 1 way, the 12's in 76, answer 
. . In the third, the 11's in 47, 4 times; 4 time 
I 24 from 47, and-there rests 3, Ke. In the fourth 
d ile e 10-42, Ae 7 times 15 l. 36 frown en 


8 1 2 5 
wel ready and dexteouria the examplesal 


P ö max ao Foes © divide by these numbers, viz. 1 70, 110 


hs 


1100, 1200, Nc. For it is but entting off, or separating i . 
EIS, 11 and | when dere numbers happen e, 


e an 


4 8 3 2 


— 


'% 


N Mare eee, 


be 


(gore or cyphers from che righthen Segen 
den 406“ the other figures of cypherstowards: gh an 

1 by: 11 OF 12, as it eee as in the e VIZ. 5 
a 8 Divide 34567 by 110, and 89013 by 420, and 99s „ 0 
by 1100 wg: 678901 by. 120% Wh 
hell. Ma 933% 1 D tate. e 
with . 8 9 - 25 > 3.5 3h | - 
4 , . Ihre ar Fes. ma — 5 | 
74 12 009 9 — 5 oo" 
5 | - 55 89 55 * , 065 a 85 118 


Se When you divide by" 10% 100, Ros 10,009; you have - 
Hl no:king more to do than to eũt off, or to separate 30 many 
figures or cyphers of the dividend towards the right band, as 
you have cyphers in the div: or, and those fizures towards 
the left make yourquotient3 3: N cut off towards the 1 5 


abe the! 1 14 e gs „ 
he e oe 
ae -* Examples, - „ 
Divide 11176755 by 10, 100, 5 22 5 


; By 10 the quutient is 12345678, and the — To | 
By 100 the quotient i is 72 34567; and the remainder 80. 
By 1000 the quotient is 123456, and the remainder 289. 
By 10;000. the quotient is 12 345 20d the remainder 6789. 
When the divisor consisteth o several figures, then there 
ariseth a little more difficulty in the work; but if the follow- 
Wig directians are heedfully attended to, the seeming difficul- 25 
8 ty is easily overcome; a8 in the succeeding example, vis. 
„ e e divide 78901 pounds among 32 parishes; 
6 or 8 ö 


e an assessment of so mucli money. was laid on s 
many parishes; what must each parishpay Ag 1 4. 
portion t towards the raising such à supp "TE 
Divisor 32) 78901 «+. Nats Si . 
The 1 ample. thus set out, 1, begin at tne left hang, 8 5 
| ing how en 1 en take: 32 gut of 78. or more-easy, how | 
many. times 3 there is in 5, and we answer is 2 times : Which 
I place in the quotient thus 32) 78901 (2 and then acggrd- 5 
urth W ing to the general rule of workii e the, GY 32, 
25 by. the 2 ee the q otient, $4 | is 
31s 6, and 50 there i Lk IN WW. 
Would , . 
25 EA 3 Ho 735 29 f 1 5 90 | 
Oo 18 Dar x 8 n 
8 kb 0 500 peri pore 225 "EE. bo $ 


3 — 


W . ” 
1 I 4 * ” Ms 8 $54 FA y r 1 i * 
- * 72 4. 4 0 2 } £5. by 
” 2 * \ N 2 if 
$ OE - * 4 p 


FP 10 g BD The Young Man's bes! Companion.” 4 
Then I make a point under 9, the third figure of the die 
dend, and bring it down to the remainder, 14. and then the 


e een 5 A 


-  Seekirg again, I ask how many times 32 in 149; which is 
not readily-to be ar:swered ; but how many times 3, the fit 
figure of the divisor, is there in 14, the two first figures of 
the dividual. 149 and the answer is 4 times; wherefore af. 
ter placing 4 in the quotient, I multiply (as directed in the 
general jule) the divisor 32, by the said 4: saying, 4 times 2 
is 8, placing it under 9 in the dividual: then 4times 3 is 15 
Which set down under 14: 80 there is 128 to be taxen out 
of 149, and then the work appears thus: , 


32978901024 And after subtinction their remains 21; 
„ 64. then I make a paint under oin the dividend, 
— aaud bring it down to the right of the re- 
"aq - - mainder 21, and then there is. 210, for a 
128 * new dividual; then, as the general rule di- 
— rrects, I seek again, saying, how many times 
210 332, the divisor, is there in 210 the divi- 
dual f. or easier, how many times 3 in 21 ? But ↄbser ve wel 
that whetiever you have a place more in the dividual than in 
the divis r, then always seek how oft youcan take the first fi- 
gure of the divisor out of the first 2 of the dividual, and the 
answer is 7 times; hut it will not bear 7 times, for 7 times 32 
is 224, and you cannot take 224-out of 210 or rather yo 
cannot take 22 out of 21; wherefore try in your mind before 
you set down the answer, or figure of the quotient, whether it 
will go to the number of times, as is most easily suggested; as 
here the question or de mand is readily answered 7 times; and 
80 many times 3 may be taken in 21-; but when you come to 


| G5 multiply the whole divisor by.th> times you place Js the quo- 


as 


fret try in your mind as above said : andsince it will not bear 


tient, you begin at the right hand, and go towards the left, 
carrying the tens that arise to the next place, which increases 
the products so, that sometimes subtraction cannot be made, 
because the under line is greatei than the upper; wherefore : 


7᷑ times, try if it will go 6 times; saying 6 times 2 is 12, 2 


., % — ” £ © 5 0 4 : "if be.” 7 0 2 7 6 
; > \ F , ® > 4 5 5 
taken out of 21; therefore set down 6 in the qu 
ö „% ff ð d ß LT 


and carry 1, and 6 times 3 is 18, and 1 is 19 ; and ig may be. 


otient next 
8 "4 I to 


e Gen 
W Þ LY 3 2% Dyk "oF. 3 * 
Tat; 1 * ing + , p 
2 * 2 ; N x » 5x # ö 4 % LN 
* 8 e 8 1 „ „ , n 
* 2 25 ? 5 1 8 ** +... IF \-; 5 1 oy by. 
b n a ” 1 5 "i „ PF ans U 5 oF 
{ 5 44 4 © . . Py — — 7 e N. l 9 
K | | eee e 
2 * = . * PA * A 3 
. : of * 


„ »— 35.%- #3 


iv.  t2. the 4. and main the divisor 32 by i, and * work will | 


£1 192 . stand — - 
_ 5 1 85 5 Here the 1 divi * 32 Te lied by 6 
et : 5 1 192, to be taken out of 219, and 
'A 14 XN _ the remainder is 18 to which after a 
of x + point under it, 1 bring down the 1, 
3 — 27 155 | dhe le figure of the dividend; and then 
I . thereis18 1 for a new dividual ; then ac- 
i 102 coding to the rule I seek again, (foryou 
ms — 3 5 are to note, that the aforesaid general 
f 181 rule of working must be as often repeated 
8 as you. bring 80 % a faule or Cypher from the dividend, to 
he make a new dividual ; "20d also, that for every figure or 'Cy= | 


32 WI pher brought down, there must like wise be a single Hgure 
wok or cypher. placed in the quotient,) how - many times 32 the 
divisor 


ny times 3 in 18, and the ready answer is 6 times: but on 


Tr; the trial 1 find it will not go 6 times: ee W 
1d, tient figure less b one, viz. 5 times, 


e "i and find it will bear it; and 14 008 w_ 

a 5 in the quotient next tothe 6, I mull. 

t tiply the divisor 32 by it, and it pro k]; 2 

15 duces 160: which subtracted from 128 

. 181, the last remainder i is 241, and the nn; 0X 8 
1 quotient or answer is 24 which ' 210 

6. shews that 32 is contained in . 10 2 1 

ut 2465 times and 21 . ty 7 5 

* 5 5 1 eg 3 4 8 3 e e g 

33 þ ö 16 5 5 ON Ee i 1 5 5 0 5 | e 160 

re . VVVTAVp we rode = 
* 1 zahlt a | nobleman hath Joo. per annum; what 
7 zs bis daily income? 

If you divide: 30, 000 by 365, (the days in a year,) the 
a woe will he the answer. Set it down for working thus, | 
t, 355) 3000008 2 , 
| First seck low many times. 365 can be taken i in 300 ? (an 
"5 WI equal number of places with the divisor,) answer o times; 
5 wherefore Igo a place farther to the rignit band in the divi- 
5 dend, foro must never begin the quo.ient, as was said before 
rand make a point under it, viz, under the last o but one, as 
may be ssen in the exam ple; and there being a place more in 
e. this di vidual than in the divisor, seek how oft the first fi- 


gure of the divisor, viz. 3. 18 contained in the twWo first figures 


HH 39s and ine ant wer is 10 times; ; 


ct 
0 or . HL 3 e b 8 


5 "0 8 


* : „ . 


101 . 


be taken out of 281 the dividua}; or how ma- | 


——— — ee 


— YAM. - 


£4 


3 e Wen 


2 * 
— — 


. 
, \ > 
1 0 
4 z 
4 . . n * —— . IS = 
24 . # 

2 x S8 * 8 8 PRC 

ee ä—ü:qc 2 ñ—]— Ü —-—-— . ——— — — 
2 by Wn 9 


r Soon, ia or ren It 


FR 


— 


2 


. 4 5 


28 7 


5 7 7 3 x, 1 * — S 
« p ”.. * 5 
2 k ö * 88 „ N 
5 * Fe 4 * 0 WIL. 83 WY " 7 : * 
33 e M. 4 . * F . 9 - _— 1 N n 
Man's best Companion. fy 
n 7 RP 
** * £ 4 % u k 


a" 7 


On 
un, 
he 


2 


"ix" 2 6 of " - $479 7 2 r it * 9. 18 
ou are never to take above 9 times at once in 


quotient, (as was said before,) saying to yourself or in your 


8 times l 5 is 29: and then there is 2920 to be tx 


ken from 36c 


— 


* Thr. "os 5 
* * 1. A — « <4 77 . . W 7 . . + . 1 . f 2 - _ : = KL 
e 1 7 5 . Rv _ * S 1 
r n en / «bas r Bio 14 oof 


| — 5 ; bo . No BY by Wy 5 OG a 7 2 > * 5 80 a | 12 . 
Then to the remainder 80, I bring do 


— 


- 


42 5 x * # Et 8 2 . — 42 th in 4 . - 
©. Eo i 4 * L f ” 7 ” +a of < - a 
* : 4 . - 0 a 
. » 3 . * . 8 » * N Py ; p\ l / bb 4 5 nt A? 4 8 
, , n 2 7 5 * „ + —— . 1 6 - * \ q 
* 2 «37 5 — - 9. 1 0 N.. nl 4 * 4 * 
. di Lg =D * * 7 . 4 2 * 4 «| 5 r * . L ASE. t 4 7 * 1 — a 7 N 
8 6 92 N 7 5 oF ; , * J 2 0 
n 4 *. 1 N 8 q & 433-3 fers % 4 o 25 * - 4 v9 / P* . by 
E * 4 * 8 6 * 1 N . 2 ** k FI uy * 7 i, 4 L's * Z . * 
- ” 7 4 N > » \ FJ; a” - + , * Fi bs + * 2 * 4 * 5 1 is * 1 * 4 . £ a . Us 
2 4 8 5 * : . ; e * . 4 — & ” N 2 KR I. 4 1 , 
£5 & . N88 0 pr 0 7 2 _ 2 N ug £ > hs APN 3p 3 [2  RTD 
. : f en . e 14 8 67 8 * 
© hl $f F $2.06 * 7 - pr A 1 4 > > od * , * 1. - 2 6 . * 7 4 
N 2 % , o # F * y p L . * 7 nee 1 25 4 
: , CY l ; 7 a $ 3 5 + * 
— 8 * 4 » ; 1 8 ) A, Oh, n a 
- ALEEFY\ HITS TT l r n * 
"74s #4 , OI v3 x . 1 8 * 2 
& 4 . \ 1 


: k To's - 
* 6 - " 
WV. «tf 0 » ag % a * . n 
W 4 . A, I x ry 
9 wt — 2 Sand. 1.2% $ 


ele : 8 A ASS E 6 1 e 
, y . 3 N * * 1 k : 
* * * 44 27 of 


"= 
” — 
4 - 

- 7 4 


the remainders | wn o, the last fig 
of the dividend, and then there is 800 for a new dividusl 
then you must try how oft you can take 365 out of the said 
dividval 8co, and the number of places being equal in both 
divisor and ; dividual, viz I Js ask how. oft th ree-in 82 answer 
tu ice; so put 2 in the quotient, and say twice 5 is 103 C and 
cariy 1 and to ice 6 is x2, and one ib 13; 3 and carry 14 
and twice 3 is 6, aud 1 is 7; so there is 730 to be deducted 
from 800; and the remaiuder js 70, as in the work may be 


r d TN S, os 
365) 3000 82 Thus jt appears that the nobleman! 
29.0 hhath eighty-two pounds per diem, and 
— 170 pounds over, which if multiplied 


+ Boo *'  _ by 20, theshillings in a pound, woull e 


— 


- 
— 


4 _ 
2 : o 5 7 * — 
n SIR 4 
; 5 * 25 5 ; OPS bus 
6 A * — 


—— - vided by the divisor 365, there wou, 
(0) come out 3s. a day more, and there 


weill be a remainder of 305, which multiplied by 12, the 


w — 0 1 3 * a ® ; 4 ? - 127 - s C1 
= 1 2 bento. Þ 2 F r , 
. gives-10 perice a day more; - $0 that 30000}, a year it 
«Y 35 E ; Nt e — 1 1 6408 2 pf, ad; ach; , A 2 ', 4 2 * N 5 A h — * * 1 x 8 , 
* 1 3 > 5 l . © DT 3 * 1 1 „ 6 AS Ee, 7 
% + 12 2 «4 © PEPE EM 8 ny 4 4 F * 7 y 3 : 
Eo 38. 10 d a. ve; LOBES; 4. 2 i ; s 5 
K PEAT 7s >. — 4+ » e 1 11> . 2 . 4 
228 7 CPR » . I 1 27 - * 4 - we. _—_— £ "NM 1 . 
» #4 8 7 . © Yo N 2 oa K* 3 $5 4 V4, OP ie. of E; 4 1 REED. | x "> nce 
CCP o 3 — 755 + "I e 
of 1 * OE ** oy o ah, 7 * {x + * r Fonts 4579 
* — : 


Weg 
- 
F's - 15 TY. A. * — nt, F 4 +» F 7 4 * p LEY 4 d © py 
Fn - —_— — D & | * 8 5 * * , p A > 
- W * fads 2 + 74 4 . x 4 - 2 > 
AP... * 8 e 233 —— — 8 
MS * „ 1 $4 I Wi NA i 
o ) r We * AF +4 F ; . 
» 4 , 
» * , 


1 KL JE + * 1 *4 
* - ; . - x Py, 
£ x — 5 
„ 4 * , * 
527 0 


perce iv a shilling, produces 3660; which divided still by 


0 1 i 
— * 


a 


wy * ” Y 8 o 4 
* 255 v £ ; . * * * % 7 . 2 . 7 55 
. K o * 1 
1 3 « — 
EC %» 3 1 L 
*. * — A 4 9 A 
- W * » 1 G F 9 il * * 
4 * TT 122 4 
— 9 3 £3 EY TOR RES a5 
— 8 1 — . 7 y _ % * RY * 
— % 


* 
«4 


2 1 — 4 * F 
bs * « 17 * — , i - — 8 
"Es 9 EN . . 128 a „ ON. 6 ASE Wks . F 
F 8 T \ 1 e 5 3 * 
— * 6.4 * S / Nene + * So © 4054614 . * 
, #5. . y £ : : 95 2 by : e 0 ; % 
2 1 Vo 4 J 8. 7 5.2 * . as & N . Tos 2 8 * ne 7 I 
6 ? N . — you r II i 
* * \ : £ G TH #* . 
, + a 4 4 ; e : q Ke 7 3h 
4 , . ty — Fs F 3 at r 4 
F 8 ” > » * . 7 


1 * * = « : i 5 
4 


"The, Young Man 's begk Companions © . 
Onee more, divide 294 : b 25% the galls * Ns 
un, thus set down: 5 5 „ 5 = 
1 452420. 51 13 this example, by iy: enqui quiry 13 
257 5 To find that it will not go twice, 
= — . _ © thorefore Iset down r.inthe quo- 
+...” + tient, and place 252 under 362 in 


„ 5 0 . thedividend;andaftersabtraction 
Sho „ the remainder is 210; to Which 1 
„ brin down 4 from the dividend, 
156 1 15 and thedividualis 2104; and then 

— e . — I find it will bear 8 
1 times; w placed i in the quo-—- 


tient, and the ties 5 Man „ he 21 the product is. 
2016 to be subtracted from 2104; whic being done, the re- 
mainder is $8; to which 2 the last figure of the dividend, be- 
ing brovght down, there is 882 for the last dividual: and 
then seeking again, Ifindit will go 3 times; and the 3 5 
of the divisor multiphed: by 3, 786, Which subtracted from, 
882, there remains 326 forthe” remainder : g that by this di- 
vision I find there are 183 tuns in 46242 7 allous, and 126. 
gallons remaining, or over and above; which being half of 
252 the divisor, the remainder is therefore half a e - 

When you have.a cypher or cyphers in the divigor, inthe 
first; second or third place; c. separate such cypher-or cy= 
phers with a dash of the pen from the rest of the divisor and 
also cut off as many figures or cyphers from the right of ile 
dividend as you cut off cyphers fr fr om the divisor, and divide 
the remaining figures towards the lefthand 1 . e 
significant figures of the divisor. 67 7 . e 


Example. | Divide 42952 a ore poles of land 'by 2 
es square Poles in an acre d. 1 
124298 1 3026 208... Here the p is eu off 


OE 5 Ml the divisorand 2 Ho the 
35 ENTS ' dividend; then Lask how oft 


. „ : i i 106 in 427 ans wer twice; then 
„ the 16˙8⁸ in 109. answer 6 times, 
„ e ES ten the 168 in 135 answer 8 
5 by i 949 I CET Es 55 times. So there are 2682cres,, . 
nel 128 and 7 remains, that is 268acres 

"= — and . balkan a 


es 
* . £ 
WS $6292 
1 W 


n 


* 
7 


Fd 
row” 4 oth Hotel 88383 - 7 — 2 = . 5 
„ n — Pac 
2 RAY 2 apts 3 : Se, Roe * — 8 — - 
6 ey F 6. — — — - — — 
8 . 
x * I 3 - - a — 


> hs & 2 a 
a , 4 7 5 $ 3 _— a - 
* 1 98 > % 5 -- 6:4 ; ** 2 Acre, * 251 
- C — 
5 58 2 f — o j ” * , k : 3 37 
x 0 2 2 8 , ; * b * HT Sa : - 
e LEES #3 TI 3-79 288 e N 
G | . ; : 1 * 
8 val 4 a) 1 Wo 
1 \ ö — 3 n a. 5 1 «2 % 7 | - - 7 
* Pe . p — 3 4 8 * 2 1 4 » ** 
P 74 A | 3 , — x _ - 65s J WEE A x "o 2 1 "+3 1 
— | 1 Io e oo WER KLE VT > 3 
\ 2 7 I — , : ; £ . * J # &* 2% © * N80 — FF} * 
CH — "I , 1 ? : wif ff * w 
- * we * HT.” iy, * 9 . 7 
* * 8 2 8. » * * 7 
wb 7 y * * > yr hy Fer 
1 _ an N 5 p Pop; 2 : G | 
1 . "= Fa. | 7 . N wh 
; þ D * n x * 0 4 
7 3 £ * . 3 * 1 x 7.4 3 4 Pp : * * 2 * 5 
3 — 2 * * . 2 "mt 
Os Wnt . * 2 + 
4 * 12 wt - x" v , b 
— * n & j Ki 
„ 2 1 
4 v >, & - - — 4 
EY wn * 4 
- ri - | 
: 
8 — 
- n 4 7 


CTT 
Divide 27 o0)627 36 200 232 14 $ or 2538. 7 ; 


n 
© 2 %% 
24 p * W. 4 


n 442.6 
fe 1 % 2+ : V 
9 . ? 2 4 7 
($0 ; * 
l * ; 4 9 1 0 
. \ e 4 ET | 4 2 | 
CER So HII 
— [ ot 


4 


tp > 25 


81 pPjhers are separated from mp 
1 55564 places from the dividend ul 
8884 - and then 62736 is divided" 
J 2 Ne only by 27. See the work“ 
DOT ol 7 ee dre tl 


* 


When the divisor is 3, 4. f. 6, or more figures, there is 
sure and easy way of performing the work truly, by making k 
table of the divisor; which may be done by Addition; or b. 
|, multjplying the divisor bx 2, 3, 4, Kc. Admit you are to 
+ divide 987654321, by 12346. 


id - 
x N « LE 
4 0 1 > . 
* i 6 „ 3 wt 
* x ” 
. 4 
7 2 : 25 
* * 
- 


| 123456) 987954321 (8006 u 
Co tee na 


* k * - 
. a 
pa Fa 4 


3 
6 Here having hoted the number 5 
„ of figures in the divisors, whi «g 
| here is 6, I make a point under 6 
the sixth figure or place of the di- + 
| vidend, whereby 98765 becomes . 7 
tze fu st dividuakh. —© EP K 


„ e | 
The foregoing table is made by doubling the first line, 

which makes 2469 12; this added to the first or uppermos 
| line gives the zd line 476368; which also added to the said 
Est line, makes 493824 for the 3 ne of product; and 80 of 
the fest: still remembering to add the su bse quent line or pro- 
duct to the first or uppermost lines till you come to the las 
hne of g times, which is 1111:04; the truth of which may 
be proved by multiply in the first or uppermost line by 2, 3, 4 
5. &c. and if you commit an error by addition, it may be 


. 


» 


found or corrected by .multiplication, n. 


* 4 J 4 


The Dung Man s dest Companion We 105 8 
be Use of the said Table. 
When you. have pointed out your number of places i in the. 


iridend. cast your eye on the table, and at. the first vie“ 
v. ou may know how many times you can take, as in this ex- 
ol imple 7 times is ton little, and 9 times too much; where- 
0 Wore I set down 8 in the quotient, and place 987648 the ta- 
ar number which stands against 8 under the dividual, then 


subtract that number from the dibidual, and the remainder 
86; to which [ bi ing down 3, and put Q in the quotient ; 
hen to the 63 I bring down 2, and place q in the quotient ;. 
en tothe 1 1 vil down 1 the 1 8 of the di vi- 


#454 # 


| ork. | aa 5 N 15 
by Thus aries plainly, fully, an@ r she wah ver- 
| al directions, the method of working Division; T'th nk it 


innecessary to give any more examples in that manner, hut 
hall leave some few examples for practice sake, whose quo- 
jents and remainders are expressed, but the operation omit- 
d, to save room, and for trial of the ingenuity of practi- 


* joners . 15 
bf 400 690042 divided by* 987, the quotient is 7 498166 an "of 


the remainder 200. | 
19679002742 divided by 4689, the” quot, Þ& 102298784 5 
and the remainder 4556. 

969767002 divided by 976294, the quotient is V163, and 7 
the remainder is 279080. | 
56789012345 divided by 9876543 the quotient is 46269, 
and the remainder 8775 138. N 
54697 by 4500, quotes 169, and remainder 91 27. And 
0923240000 by 345000 quotes 23456, and remains. (0). 
be Proof of Multiplication and Division. 0 


— HESE two rules reciprocally prove each other: for i in 
4 proving Multiplication, if you divide the product by 
e multiplier, the quotient will be like the multiplicand; 
rif by the multiplicand, the in wilbe the 4ame win 
eee 1 LE: *4 


* — 


@ bs + 
LET 
. - — 1 
4 >» * - * 
* * « . - * 
7 WT” a N — 
, 7. Y 
_ 4 2 e — y qo £ 4 « « is 5 ' 
: bk * 3 * . - oy "Va . , * * „* 4 CS 2 £7 4 * — o — 2 5 
'$ 4 (3 ; K 22 ad iI f 5 . 2 
. 2 2 9 129 14 . 
k - - 3 91 * v4 * hy h 
* 1 * 1 . 1 
> — yp 1 bd 


+ . s Bey 


| 
by 


ern on ner 


cation in this manner, viz... Multiply the quotient by the d 


Ez, I, 445 15 73 
. 5 2659 80). 
690 e — 
— — 5 125 
72 . . . 21 


0 


1 7 . 
Fg . 
« . — 
1 8 e ”% * 


0 
. prove Db een. 


Pivision may be proved by division thus. 
If you divide the dividend by the & the 90 len 
wil be yourformer F 

Di 4 8880 Euample. 5 e 

vide 82 | "ro oh 

by. 345+ 215 ) 1 : 

Here the working again is needless, it Set in che pig 

foregoing ; and shews the truth of the assertion, that divisiot 
may be preved by division, as afbresaid, 

But the most usual way of proving Division is by Multiph 


visor, and the 1 will be equal to the dividend. 80 
the examples above. 


- 345 Aut. . 2 Note, That So, there. is am 
24 Divisor. remainder, such remainder mu Wi: 
— de taken in, or added to the pro Wh 
1380 „ abet. : the 
690 „ 7 anti 
— 3 . 8 25 925 5 | dusly 
8280 Proof. ple. 


As in. multiplication I gaves some exumples of its utility int p 
money, 80 like wise I sball give a few examples in division q. are 
money, whereby may be seen how expeditiously some thinggpu d 

may be done without having recourse to e the Ru 5 
of Three, &c, :: EO 


| Bros 


. 2 oung Man' s best Companion, FE 107 | 
Example. 78 


Divide 261. 128. 6d. equally among five men. For r dipos | 
tion of dee it down as follows: * | 
$45 15s. - Vi ö 
5) 26 12 VS. In the working of: this, T eay the 5's 
— in 6, ; times; ; times ; is 25, from 
5 6 6 26, and there remains 1, that is 4 pound, 
5 er 40 shillings; which with the 448. in 
— — the place of 5hillings, Makes 328; then 
proof 26 16 6 the g's in 32, 6 times; 6 times 5 is- 30 
from 32, and there remains 28. or 24d. 
ich with 6d. in the place of pence, makes 30, then the 
sin zo, 6 times; and so the wofk is done; and the answer 
that each man must have I. 5.66 for his equal share in the 0 
id division of I. 26 12 6 amongst five persons; and the 
uth of it is proved by multiplication of money, $uſciently 
ewn in the rule of Multiplication ; as here 5 times 6 ig 30, 
and carry 2; and'g times 6 is 30, and à is 3271 12 an . 
; and 5 times = e x is 20. 4 : 


FP Example. 


Divide the ne of a cauntry feast, 2mountivg r to OE .. 
5. 4d, equally amongst 17 Stewards, to know what each 
Hh must pay. 
LE r Wi-: Here I the 32's in 24 twice, and 
2 246 13 4 12's in 6, © times, and there remains 61. 
— or 1208, aud 135. makes 133; and the 12's 
us. 20 CES 1 in 133 is 145 aud there remains 18. or 12d. 
then 12 and-4.is-16, and the 128 in 16 
ce, and 4 remains; ; 80 that each ste ward must pay l. 20 11 
A or four twelfths- of a penny, something more then a far- | 
ing; and this may be proved as that above. 
When any quantity is such a number that any two digits 
the multiplication table multiplied together make the szid 
antity or number, then the quotient may be very expedi- 
dusly found at two divisions, and sooner than one. Ex 
ple. Divide 7872 by 32. In this example the compo- 


ity ent parts, which multiplied together make tbr said divisor 
ion . are 4 and 8 or 8 and 4; for it matters not which of them 
thing divide by first; for either way will give a true and the 
Ru ee 7 same 


” * 
1 N 5 
f . 


amp. : ; a | _ 3 


—. 


108 5 The Young 1 Man 8 best eden be. 


sa me quotie nt; as . Seen bby. W different  methagsy 
- the e work, | 72 oh 
4) 7872 3 W403 7 bees "Or thus,'B) 787 


— m—n————_— —_——__t—_ 


__-.. 


246 16tient. - 89924 | 6Quet 

ee SEES the opertidnive are den N de DE 

are one and tie same. Again divide 446 95 by 7 | 

. \ Example 2. 5 5.2 r ; 1 4 
7) 447 9 


5 632 : by 


| 789 Ooh: eee 
Here the a Ji 8, or 8 and 1285 ; for ether « 
| both will give the same quotient,” 
 And-thus may the above forty examples de wrought h 
numbers out of the multiplication table, with great dispatd 
and expedition, as by 15, 18, 25, 35, 64, 72, 96, &c. 
When it happens that there is any remainder in the fi 
division, or the last, or bath; to know the true re mainder. 3 
If you divided by the common way, take this method, vis 
Multiply the first divisor by the last remainder, and take in o 0 
add the first remainder, if there be any, and'the product wil 
be the true or same remainder,. as if you e 82 78852 25 2:2 long 


Way. 2 | 
Example. f Divide 4667 by 1. | 
3) 3) 4567 5 Here 1 wuttiply 3, the Katt dhvievi, bf 
— 25 the last remaindér, and take In 1, the 
50 15 1 -first remainder, and it makes j for the ti 
304 2 re mainder, as N be, 1 at leisure 7 
Ven 2 the other way. e 37 _ 
ORD EI Se Ti 
The same eth may be uxen with Me to Sam ponet n dif 


e in DN of | Ong 45 l In a division of simple-numven, wy 
* | 9 U I 


Y m1 
0pou 
| lou 

5. 
leute 
| „42, 


8 6 2 
3 rn 


— 


+ 
* 


Fe | 
> ” 
\ Divig 463 16 Sint 28 qi pats. 
25 65690½˙½5⁵l. i OY 25 $4. 


Ans. 2 25 15 ©5F | . 
By this method of divisiqn et money, ( if the Cotati Ns 
iforesaid, made by even component parts,) - vou may by ha- 
ing the price of s everal things, know the price or value of 
one thing at the said rate, as'well as by the rule of Three; 
o doth multiplication of money answer questions in the Rule | 
ff Three, when. the first number is as unit or one. 
EY ee 1 Division. | 
. 1 
If * 0 ae, cost 3r is 0 what coats am THe 


7 al ig 12). 4 10 


ug 


Ans. o 07 —_ | 
Rr” in moltiplicarton of money, to have an Saewens. you | 
ultiply the price by the quantity.; so in division of mo- 


ent uses that may be made of Multiplication and division. on- 
but their various uses wih be better understood by their 


plications in the . = n 1 | 
n-the:next rule, „ne | | 


X I DDCTTOox 


— 


ation to another, eon, discovering thedeme. value, thou gh x 
n different tern. 

+ As fitst, All great names are 8 Inte *maller by 
lultiplication, : as pounds into shillings,-pence; or farthings, 
y multiplving by 20, 12, and 4. Or hundreds weight, in- 
0pounds-eight, by multiplying by 4. and by 28, or by Kr 
lowe ranto ounees or drams, by multiply} mg by #6&and 16. 


ampd 


” - 4 


The Thug ne 


ey you divide the price by the quantity,to-have youranswels 
1.could speak more largely, if I had room, of the excel- _ 


|  HICH i is an application to Multiplication and Divi- : 
sion, shewing how to reduce numbers of one denomi- | 


| 
. 
1 
1 
1 
N 4 
. 1 
FH 
IT 
1 4 


2. And on the centrary, All-small names. are broughtiipte - 
eater by Dicisiom: as farthings into pounds, by dividin aby 
5.2, ang 20 eee weight Ane Wight, hy 


iz. riding 


_ = 
8 — 7 < + > x" = 
1 3 n 1 a ar, 
ot i © . * = 
: 5 W FP 


9 
EH 


. 
n * 2 
EC *˙ » 


„ 


5 Tn 256 tons * copper, me, os neigh? | 


wy therefore, as the first rule directeth, it is done by Multipſic 


"TEM last ple, the legt mme to n is shillingt 


"i The Long Ma an's ar vpe. 
dividing by 28 and 4; the drams into Pounds, by dividing! 
by 16 and 16. 

But you may note, That pounds are brought into pence by 
multiplying by 246; or into farthings, by e by 
9693 and just the contrary hy Division. 

 The.sense, meaning ee of en, is 3 
in the following verses. 1 

Reduction shews how we names! in use, | 172 

May great to small, and small to great . e : . | 

So that the answer which shall thence 2 5 

Tne given sum in value equalize: „ 

NI ultiply or divide it back Sou” mae, hen 

W hich makes- again your: given mumberJugt. 


<> Example. 7. 
. sterling, how N pence * 


1 W4 S 


LY 


*Or Pt, 


20 hillings- 1 pound; .. 
| 230). | eZ 
48⁰⁰ $hillings i in. 240 l. | | 240d. in a 1, 
12 pence 1 shilling. — 
325 4 2 9600 
| $7660 pence in tel. 5 4 
| Ars. $7600 


pt * 


20 C. 1 ton. 


5 Fig | BY 2% x "Ort , 
- 4520hundowet, in 246 tou. ee x a6. ton} 
Fe ſe quarterFr C. e 0 : 
| 18080, qrs. of i Out. 276 tons, : 4520. 
28 Ib. 1 gr. FO. Ef Is "12 
e e 74 | : 
; 124660 5 e 54246 
—— 
ee e ure 506240 lbs. 


ese foregoing examples are 10 names to be broug 
dne small, (as may easily be observed and understood 


tion, by multiplying the greater name by the number oft. 
next Jesseri name, that makes one of the said greater; a8 


0 0 


- 


The Young Mavis beit Companion. rt 


wherefore I multiply by 20, because 20 of that lesser name 
makes one ofthe said greater name, i. e. zoshillings ma ke a 
pound. And the same regard is had, and method observed | 
in the example of weight-; as is very plain to be seen in thie - if 
work, and is called Reduction descending, because it brings 
higher or greater denominations into lower or lesser. 
TTW. ĩ an „ 
Bring 494400 farthings into pounddlses. "IF 
3 | „„ Or llm I 
12 12350 pencde. 96 | 0) 49440 | (tgl. i 
2 [o) 10 0 |-o shillings. — In chi wayT . | 
— 1 144 divide by 9e 
its pounds. 8 A the farthings 
e eee, «+ ls Be 29 
Se ee RT EC 


6 


0 — Ds — — — , — : 
E 0 a T * Ay no . "> : = 
—_— > r < er 


— 


Tnthe first way I divide the POR A because '4 bf 
them make a penny, and the quotient is pence; then these 
-pence I divide by 12, because 12 of them make a shilling, 
and that quotient is shillings; which shillings F-divide by a0, 
to bring them into pounds, thus: I cut off the eypher in the 
dividend towards the right, for the cypher that is in the di- 
visor 20, Which is also seperated from 2 with a dash of the 
pen, (as may be seen in the work); then Iqhalve the 8 
one by one, as they are united with the remainder in the di- 
vidend: which half is peunds, and is ashort way of di N 
by 20. In the example I say, the half of 10, (because 4 
72 must not get dow o at the beginning) is 5, and the half ofiz - 
| is 1, and there remains 1; Which makes the next which iss, 
10; and the half of 1044s 5. 80 that 10300 shillings make 
315 pounds, er there are so many pounds in 2940 farthings, 
Note, in dividing by 20a Above if any thing remains, it 
must be joined or annexed to the figure or cypher cut off; as 
4$Uppese there had im halving the last figure {excepting what 
you cat off) remained 1; then that one must have been jo ines! 
to the 'eypher seperated or cut, off, and there would have 


4 — po N 5 » 2 ba < > 
deen-ten shillinge. 
5 on SHARE d a E ag FP 
8 4 ; : | J 


mapa" 4 "4 
* 1 
9 


” f pee d Man's bet Com barten. Was 


: | pounds i in a hundred weight, and it bringe the pounds welght 


— 


Example 4+ ' | 7265775 i oy n 
| Roles 37954 pounds Weights into tundceds wake. i. 
= 4). 
280 27853 (84 fr thus: 
- 252. — : 
246 Out, Sy Gy 27562 (246 Am, I 
235 . 224 
7 OO. 
„ En e ee e le: <1 ts 
CTY | ; : ; 7 TY The. * 
5 1 | ge 1 M . 


* the Gem two foregoing ps 1 di vide the 
Pounds by/28, to bring them into quarters: then I divide 
those quarters by + to bring them into hu ndreds weight; a 


tn the work., 
In the second way, [ divide the pounds weight by 113. the 


into hundreds weight at once, 
The said examples are small denominations to be brought 
into greater, and therefore, accordi ng io the second rule of 
direction, it is done by division, by div iding the lesger name 
dy as many of them as make the next greater name; that 
Is by 28, because 28 of them make one of the next greater 
-name Viz; a quarter of a hundred, and this reduction is 


Lalled Reduction, ascending, because it brings low or small 
names to higher or greater denominations; by which may be 


observed, That all questions in reduction, whether ascending 
or descending, ars answered either dy Multiplication, or di- 


vision, or by both; as will plainly appearin the sundry ex- 
aAmples of reducing of divers denominations to others. . 


When it is required toedure numbers of several denami-i 
nations by: Reduction ass ending, or by Multiplication, 70! Winsw 


are to wofk as before; but you must always :xemeſtiber to 


take in such numbers. as · stand in the place of the.nextinfer-I Int 
or denominations, as when you multiply the pounds by twen- nd ts 


© | ty, if there be any shillings in the denominatian. or place of W8, sa. 


'shillings. you must take them in; so like wise when you mul- ound 
*iply the shillings by twelve, if there be any pence in the ing 
_ nes, vou must ala e dat and so b | the 

is | multip = 


—— 


7. a 2 7 5 1 8 1 1 2 1 % 5 . Fo | FE | | | 4 
n 346 16 91 how. many farthings? ?: 1 
' 27 ini 66 Pol VVV 1 
5 a — — 5 , wh 2 | 13 2 705 RIS A a Ss " TR . > Es : 

6936 shillings in 3461. 1866. 
12 pence one shilling PLE 7 


83241 pence in 3451. 10s. 98. _ SL at no hy ey og: | 4 
Amimeeee]ĩĩ 
432966 farthings in 345l. 168. 9 1 J.. 
Phe Babe - e plain in. to work, that it hardly neell 
any explanation; but T begin to say o is o, but 6 in the units 
of shillings is 6; then Wice 6 is 12, and t in the tens of 
chillings is 13, 3 and carry i; and twice 4 is 8, 1 
and twice 3 is 8x ; theniby v, caying rz tines 6 is 72, a 
d. in the place of pence, is $1, 1 and.cariy 8; and 1a times 
3 is 36, and 8 is 44, 24 and carry 4; and 22 times 9 is 108 
; dy 15 112, 2 and carry 14 fand 12 times 5 is 72; and 4 


1 . o 
5 
* "+ 5 £< 


PS 


— — 


4. 5 — 
YG BD, iron ths. 


S 2 2 Þ * . 4 » * 
, * * LO k . p 

>; 2 1 : 4 * 1 * : 4 1 3 40 LF f * Z - ” 
$ * * 4 =—_ 4 L* * * 

L - % * a » 2 * 1 Y 

"x 4 4 * e n 3 
% 5 P N . 
* o ne 2 1 4 * I 8 2 * * 5 
5 185 r E 4 * 4»; . p ; : 4 - 8 
that 3 'F 3 © wot.s o % * "3 5 * 

* 


. 
* * 
- 


— ————— 


@ 3 SS Sf. 
3 


— 


1 


5 " . N 8 ” 
: . EN Fo a 22 T3 :4 3.4 
lf 7 * 4.8 F. & 3. og +8 4 - 
_ : an 
. g : g . 
«4 ; OT" „ 4 * - 4 ; 4 5 a. 
f 1 man 3 4 RES. * — 
Y > 4 ” o ap 4 * 
4 4 - " . . 1 vii ; 2 
4 : : : » £ i — 4 
* * * * „ . * # T4 * l * 
Fa = d 4” 1 
1 W -- - » 
˖ ' * * 


, ̃—r&:k 5. — 
5 


ater i] An 56 2 156 of'tob 


U . 
— — 


* 


— 
— -- 


y > +75 ta 141 G inn 
1 Bs „ J fte dne : 
"425 7 5 * , "vo . a * 4 
L 2 12.8 * 4 4s Fe 1 6 * * r 4 — a 7 F 7 4 A x + 
7 — - - 1 0 * 
1174 — —-— a 8 1 R * N : n ** 


—— 


/ be Dc o5 27, 
ding 1JCCC᷑ ˙²˙ ——᷑— oo: 
ö di- wy a + 4. FC ** 2 * 4 3 1; . 4 ** 88850 * , > 4 . 


q 
ex- 1814 5 7” 
2 1 7 . PF * ., - phy 
; 4 p þ Tal 122 A 4 
7. 5 . 1 93 8 By x1 Þ 1 : E 
4 | a & iis * . % , 
53 I „5 ©, d . % "AX 1 4 
— * . 3 * * er * 
Re F : — 0 . » . 


* 


von nswer 6344 pounds wt, in 36 C. 2 q rs. 18 0. 
** 


* 4% 
9 


fer- In the foregoing work, I must multiply the 36 C. by 
ven. nd take in 2 quarters, and then I multiply the 226 ꝗrs. by 
8, saying 8 times 6 is 48. and 6 the unit __—_ in the odd . 
ounds,.is 54; 4and-carry 5, &c. Then I' multiply by 2, 
Jing twice 6 is 12, and 1 that stands in the place of ten 

the odd pounds is 13, 3 and carty We eee . 


— FEI — * ag=> wraa—waith. oo — 
— 44 . — * "_ 
£ 22 CC. ² A nag FFP 


| * 
7 1 


» - * 
. * — -- ad * % 
wy 
" - 


. A ty” 4 
5 - "7 


114 — The Young Mans best Compenion, 
/ the two products together, they make $344. pounds, con. 
tained in 56 C. 2 grs. x6 Ib. ay in the wark 1s conspicuous, 
Or, the Ae may be sooner done, by myſtiplying, the 56 
C. by 112, the pounds in a Cwt. and täkiug in the odd wt, 
BY Viz. 3 qs, 16 1b. or I pounds at once. 


— — 


F C. J say here 12 times 6 is 72, 2 and 
kt 36 5 carry 7 and 12 times 5 is 60, and 7 i 1 
0 ä 67; then once 6 is 6, setting it down in 
1 — the third place, because by multiplying 
þ 672 by 12 at onge, two nd taken yp; 
'1 % gg odd wr. see the work. , | 
6 Or cell briefer thus, by setting down the 6 0. four ders 
ral times in the following manner, taking "MY odg ae 
1 _ a e . | 

' * 0 | ; | : : 56 . | 

3 PET) 'S ! 

10 The ame ore u. 50 n. 

754 Bro "Ip ; 


10 thebringlig de las. 2 3 Ennis eh 1 
greater, and is the reverse of Reduction Descending und 
each may serve as a proof to the other, one being perform- 
ed by Mnltiplication;,and the other by Division 

And note, That when atany time, in Reduction Descend- 
om ing you take, or add to, the odd money, weight or meavure, 
| as you multiply the several denominations, such quantities 
11 will be the remainders in Reduction Axcending.. 


it | 5 | Examples by the two following um. OS 


ing ; 3 2966 6 farthings, how many pounds 2 


oy Od 


22). 8 47 5 remains, what takep in? 
— bog » 8 6d. remains, what taken in a3 
1 168. remains, What taken in ? 


"86i n that 3 ee. farthings there are 30. 163. a; ant 
18.4 re wn" 0 the Wang Work e Ag 
| in, 


8 


— 


5 : 5 * 4 * 
| Ie + - - 4 \ 
74 a on s _ 2 
37h!" ; ; 
. 11 7 F 
* 


In Dong Mort ler Companion, 6 118 | 
*% Again, in 6344 Mey. We. ow way hundreds 25 7 


1 28) 6344 (226qrs. 2 Ki ; 1 


— a + 2 1 
— — do | 34 het 


7s HA 74 55 36 1 e 


ts * — 


. p . 5 
9 * —. ; as 
F — — . * 1 
CY - 


. \ 4 + 1 10 p . N 2. 5 #4 #2 L # 3 : x * 7 = . N 
p; * 5 - . * x 5 
: Fl 55 i 2 3 fs, . 54 
:, - * a 
| 4 | RAE | 


ye · 16 a pounds taken in; © 
ght So that 3 in 6344 pounds wt. there is 56 C. 2 qr; 16 Ib, 
and proves the foregoing examples descending to be right. 
Now follow promiscuous examples of both kinds of Re- 
duction, one proving the other. | a ond > 
In T0 128. how many pence?” „ 7 AN 
e | pe 


8 


| 5532 In'66 692043 how many bounder 
* 2k 20) 55312 : 


Answ. 66384 Ans. 276 12 and pro 


to : ſn 47964 grains, how many pounds Tr? 
20 f , 


* 


= OT EET 
2 ACN 12; 99 78 pets. 5-4. "0 
ure, 239 25 In 81. 302. pen. dere mary 
21 „ Ros v , 27 43 + ; (gains? 


* 
= 


* ” 
9 » 2 Mr ; 
5 . 25 r . * 
236 e 8 
« « v *. 
7 * „ „ a 4 5 * 
24 g 3 20 6 a D 
, . 1 | 4 17 


0. (12) 5 * . F 
Answer et al Prod 1 N 
4 I 
gin, | WT” ; 4 „ 12 


ine The Young Muse best Companion.” = 

In 34 C. 3.976. of cotton wool how m MAY, uns. 2 
r e Fe 2 5 

80 1 8 330 29 *. 5 TEN $3 a We ; — 1 


| 5 "it Ib. or 1 4 of « a C : 
In 486 C. 3 ors. WY copper, how. many bos = 
what comes it to at 21d. per poundꝰ 


a 5 e 1 Ion 22 

: 459 LV 2 PS y h 

=, e 456 . Re 
JJV 


4 5472 1 


i 72105 bse n 5 
ia 21d. * EZ { 
51183 , EE”: 
102366 8 YE io 15 5 
—. * 


1074843 Pence, which IA into paurids by ieren e 
Reduction: Ascending, AS before Shewn, and 7 4) 
amcunt tol. 4478: 10: 3. 
- Bring 4796 ells Flemish into ells English; multiply by — 
3 3 and divide by 5, becaus drs. nale 8) 
— ell Flemish, god 1 at Engin | 


* | 1 e YE asf 
Reduce * ells English into yards: multiply by 32 ns 00 Ans 
vide by 4, thus: i 0 
; 456- English ells. 3 5 55 1 5 5 1 F 
r F English elf, _ £ mon 
— In 370 yds, how many E. ab? © 
'4)2280 qrs. | 40d: 1 2080 | 
ff 5d. 570 Ans. 5 5) 2280 35 — 5 
1 . 1 eln 456 burner and p er : 
ii} | bh e „ Bting 


1 ze Young Man's ibegt:Companion. 5 117 9 
bring 1 130 Tuns of n | | EY 
£ #: W one tun. . 
520 4 90 252 1-0 one tun; | 
63 FI 1 hogoens 230 tuns. 


1560 Re 8 7 7560 = 1 
3120 Rt 4 £4 25 2 „ 
3 5 5 
35998 gallons Ans. e 32760 | 
. | Quarters. Busbels, © ” parks. 5 
Reduce 42 3 „ Pecks 
10 rs. 1 last. | | 
— lere 1 multiply by ten, and 
43  _ takein 3 qrs. and then by 8, and 
B bush. 1 EW take in 5 bushels, and lastly, by 
— 9 4 we take i in two bebe 
3389 | 


| pack one dats: ES, 85 - 
13558 peck] in forty-two lats, 3 4's. 5 bunkels and two 


1,0f 9 . ; 1 
20 In 14770 —— 
bu — — 4 


e 2 ee two e taken 5 in. 


be 118 2 —3 quarters taken in. 5 
ee 8 din. 5 buohels, md 2 pocs 


By RepvucT1ON also, 
Foreign coins or exchanges may be reduced to Sterling | 
ny and on the 3 N 


ring Fe pe | K —_— ; ry | Examples 


The Young Man 1 beat Companion e 0 
1 | Fe” Examples. VVV 
3 es 13. Ven Ducats de Banco into String 
nen. 100 Re? at mo T7 12 7 0 e nen 
"| 1 5 . 52 25 . - : Ge hen 


1 4 a — . 
1 : a 
„ o N 2 - 3 9 Py ; 
4 [4 oy 9 8! " . 
' | d + * 2 % 4 
7 . 4 1 , b * CY — , 
Na » 4 a * . - . 4 ov 0 
oh 2 . f £5 ate | | 
1 8 ; - — 58 » 1 1 „ 0 
1 p 5 * , £ p A KS: 
i J — * J 3 £ 5 
N 1 at 2 5 * | "4 5 5-5 g 0 f 24 Ny we. / i * 12 ; 
” I — ; N r ” # « 7 off on ' * £1 , * 1 
. 4 1 * p - * : 2 5 4 3 
N : a . 2 8 8 en tet e ot 288-488 
N 5 F k * * F F 2 N . #3. 18 
2. ” 4% x » k 4 « g 24 
1 Pax. 4 
„ 


S 


5 5zl. 68. To be paid i in iT | 
.the 0 Ke ducats drawn in Venice, 
Reduce "Y 65. seen. Inte ucats at 2 50 Sterl. per du 


oo 


— — — > ee 


K 97 12755 05 Ducats to be «ag in ; Venice for e 
104 aun! in Kauen. N | 

x a> VVV 
To reduce Fiemich money eh Seng i money, „ dividet 
pence Flemish by the course of exchange, suppose 35 38. 
and the quotient will be the Sterling . * what: u 
mains ans 06G. x i NE 1 
Example . qq oa 

In my 138. 4d: Flemieh bow mn 
20 . — & Kc. 5 


35 a rns. OY ORIEL EL 
12 Me SY wk Br Lo cls 


5 


a> 
* 


So = - * —— _ mo — mg — — 
N es * \ — == « 3 
— ——— Io mon — —— Ld— — — 
n 5 
./ „ 
af 4 


- 


* 


"3 — 30 == => 2 * 
i - - _ — * 1 o 
7 ” Yo — 


3 = 
ö = N TL — 
-— 2 4 A 
0.464 —ů— — — i REA ACAD 5, ie 
. 


— 


5 A, „5 


— 


— > 


7 | Remains 240 
0 7 20 l ; 1 
LOT. | 41 00)48 ] oo(12 5 R 
* Anewer 148l. 128. 
| By the work i it r that 1 125 Serling ane 


52 
* 


The Young Man's best Companion. — 419 
ris equivalent to 2421. 1:38, ug Flemish, af 3358. 4. Fle- | 
jsh per pound Sterling. 4.5 
Thus wi emish money may be reduced to Sterling 8 
ugh the course ef exchange may be at any rate of shillings 
ad pence Flemish; but when at the rate above, viz. 338 4d. 
hen the answer is softer found by muhiply ing by 3, and di- 
idivg by 5 3 for 400d. Flemish is the same to 240d. Sterling 
each being a pound) as is to 3. for if you divide 400 by 5 it 
votes 80: 80 240, dividing by 3: quotes the same. | 
The foregein Pen 5 done * mp last 8 285 


1, 265 5 4 Flemish 


5728 29 i ale Fe he e 
Nut I BE <A 
01 Note. French 110 eg o viz. "Lou 
Jois Deniers, (or French pence) as Sorting or Flemich mo- 
Ney by multiplying by 20 and 12 
; In 426.French ee, * 9 4 Sing bow many 
i ound n 1 | 
UB. „ : "Im this . the Es of 
EK crow ns ie multiplied by 54d. and for 
| „„ i the 4 1 take the fourth part of 426, 
de ti 42418 75 75 TS nich is 1063 of a penny orhalfpen- 
8. K 1061 1d. my; which added to the other pence 
ate re 3 2 for total 231 10d. which divi- 
12)23110 10d. x ded by 21 quotes 1925; and 10d, 


remains, so the) answer is 961. 53, 
2 | o) 192 1 5 rod. 1 0 105k: Sterling a as in the work, 


=E& Fae? : _ 
s ; 


Ans, 96 5 Fed. 5 
ain, bring 1600 pieces of Eight, at 59. * fathing 
Seng into e . ee 


** 6 
ʃ757̃ EL SOT 


The Young Man's bea Companion, 


160 | 5 | 

: \ 6400 Ee . 8 WIE) 2 e. 9 Fj 
lv 1 nes the 1600 pin of B | 
1 3 _. ww ere the 1600 pieces of Ei 4 
th dare A are multiplied by gay ds Poa nu! 
| 12)86800 pence into pence, and for the + I take the nu! 
oO — |  þ aff r600, &c, as in the work; and to | 
J 2 | 00723: 3:4 the ausweris 361). 138. 4d., oh 
— a : ENS! 4 
. e 2g OD); 11 ET: LEN: > ICC 
= This methcd is of use in reducing the Exchanges of C. 1 
1 diz, Leghorn, and Genoa. Or when the Exthange is at are 
| many pence and eights of a penny; (as often the exchange the 
run) then multiply the given number to reduce it into peue | 
T by the perice contained if a piece of Eight, and also multi con 
8 . ply the said given numbers apart, by the numerator or uppeſ i duc 
= figure of the fraction, and divide by the denominator or un, 1 
der figure of the fraction, and the quotient will be pence que 
- which add to the other pence produced by multiplying tim 
given number by the pence, contained in one of the-pieculi B 


or exchange, then divide the total pence by 12, &c. 


Wan . AR: 
32 3 ha 


12) 15577 | 0 
inn, 


1 . — — 


Answer l. 64 : 18: 1 Sterling money due for 296 dolla 
at 52d. + Sterling per dollar. 1 
But Ducats Dollars, Crowns, Milreas, &c are moree 
peditiously cast up by the rules of Practice hereafter to! 

| zhewn, And so much for Reduction. The next rule 
Arithmetic is J ig hm - 


\ 


The GOLDEN RULE, or RuLs or Taxer, - 

T is called the Golden Rule, fi em. its excellent perform - 
ance in Alihmetie, and in other parts of mathematical 
lea! 


numbers given, pro 
number required or 
to the third, as the second doth to the first number: from 
whence also it is called the Rule of Proportion. 


4 or kirdwn, we find out a fourth 


rect, and the other Indiiect or Reverse. . 
Direct proportion is when the second and third 3 


the first. 


cond numbers are to be 1 together, and their mo 
duet divided by the- third. 


times) as the $econd contains the first. 


p, | the greater i is the fourth, 
- The Stating the question. 


% 


hs right placing the numbers, or stating the question; for 
hen that is done you have nothing more to do but to mul- 

ply and divide, and the work is done. 

And to this end, we are to 3 that of the three 

ven numbers, two of them are always of one name or deno- 
ination, and the other number is ever of the same name 

Ith the fourth number or ans wer re quired; and must alway's 


he Question must still possess the third or last place, and the 
ther number of the same name with the third, must be: he 
it number ; for the first and third number must always be - 
f one name.” 'viz, both mo 22 

olan eth measute. And though 


be of one ki d, yet if one 


n the other must be reduced tothe same name, For you 


1 bh particularly note,” [hat if either the first or third num- 


to 
ale 


8 or A mY and pence ; or of pounds, 
K 3 =  bhillings 


The 1 Ma. $ ed Cabo. . | 121 | 


A 80 "is called the Rule of Three, becauss from, three 
unknown which bears such proportion 


And of this proportion there are two sorts; one called Di- 


are to be moltplird. together, and their proggct divided by | 
Indirect; or Reverie Proportion, is when the frat and se- 

In Direct proportion, the fou rth 1 nu .mber, ar ans wer to the | 

question, contains the third number as often (or as many | 


But in Indirect Proportion, the greater the third number; - we. 
is, the less is the fourth; and the sser the third number 


The chief difficulty that occurs in the Rule of Three i is 


e the Second or middle number: And the number that is 5 


doth weight, both time, oo. 
1 them is altered by Reduci ction, How ahigh to a lower name, 


s consist of several denominations, that is, of pounds and 


, 5 Lon + 8 _ — - — 
* yu A —_ 8 , a r - 2 — „* 
_ — — * 5 2 r + Lute > 
. * > - = 
_ — — —æ—“: . — ee * 4 
— — . — — $ —— 


n 


— 
— 
——— 
— 


— — 
— 
= — pay 


r nt 


——=> —— 
— 2 — 


* 
2 — — 
* >> — 


shillings pence and farthings ; on of tons, hundreds, quarten 


the yroduatby the first number, and the quotient thence ari- 
must be brought by divisi 


That if the middle number be of several denominations, it 


Here the first and third numbers are like names, viz. both 


— 2 —_— q — 2 


- - 
—— — — — - 
7 
* 


N I 


122 The Young Man's best Companiou. 


and pounds, &c. then must they be reduced to the lowest 
name mentioned. And if one happen to be of divers deno- 
minations, and the other hut of one name: then the flumber 
of one name must be reduced as low, or into the same nam 
with the other; As suppose the first number is brought into 
farthings, then the third number though but pn, must 
be brought into farthings also. Then multiply the 2 and; 
terms together, (when the proportion is direct) and divide 


Sing will be the answer to thequestion, and in the same name 
with the middle number: And if in a small denomination it 


ust on to the highest, name, for the 
better understanding the answer. You must also note, 


4 - 4 


We YN ef . Example. I. | ! e e. 

If 12 gallons of Brandy cost 41. 10s. what will 134 f. 
ons. cost at that rate?! f 
| 5 Stated for working thus * 
—B y 

0D |; OL 0 10 


2 | 0) 180 5 Ans: gol.co 


Gallons ; and r34 being the number that asked the question, 
it hath the third place as it always must, as before asserted; 
and 41, 10s. the second number, being of two denominations 


viz. pounds and billings, it is reduced into the lowest men- = 
tioned, viz. shilfings-as before directed, and-ther the. three 6 
numbers are these, viz 12 90 134, and 13 4 the third number © 
being multipfied by go, the Second number produces 12060 7 
which divided by 12, the first number, quotes 1005, which g 
_ are shillings because 90 the middle number,, were shilling * 
and toc shillings, divided by 20, 522 gol. 58. for the A 1.1 
wer; and for the proof of its truth, siatè it bachagain thy 
1 1 BY e Pe bes oy hats bac 
as 


. Thing Ma bt Emu 2 


—_ Example II. 
rest „ > Ott on CC 
Nu — payee 7 Swat e 
ame rr : 
into! CE 364 RET. Of Rl BP 5 15 
ust $77); ee +43 - | 
ud; 53 e 5 OCR: | | 
nes: 5 0 etre. Ss WR or — Abs: the cost 
„ x Y N 'r2 gallons, and is a sure 
ame e EB ern 1 - moofoNttiefirtwork:andthe 
on it | back-statingand working: jay 


r the croof is 88 » Sn — in the Rule of Three as the | 
rote, By the foregoing rules and directions, and tlrese two a 
as U rztions, you may upderetand the nature of the rule andme- 
ll thod of working: and with ease and certaimy, answer any 
example proposed in the Rule of Three direct, and therefore 
_ WH 1 Shill omit what J can of verbal directions, and abate as 
82. much of figure work as is consistent with dispatęh, and noi 
; leaving the work too obscure, to save room, and not to be too 

prolix; and to this ench I shail only give the examples stated 
bd alittle of the work, and the answer to the questions, lea- 
ving most of we operations to be 8 by the i ingenious 
practitioners. 

Example III. If 86 lb. of Indigo cost 1:1, 45. what will 
10081b. cost at that rate? 2 

Ib. 8. Ib, 5 | 
If 6——224—10c8* Answer 40328. or an 128. 

Example IV. If half a Cwt: Ser cost 4. 85. what 
i gy 

8. Js "> 8. | : , _ 

If 98 be 56 what 147 Ans. 815. 5 

Example V. If 4 C. 4 Sugar cost gf. 158. 48 what will 
four ne Nt come 15 weighing 42 C. 1 qr. 14lb? 

1 lb. 
* Ln 87 46 Ans. 12 pence; or it; 118. 
10. And the n 266. 23730 by 1 gives 
12001 which alse dvide d by the first number 55 2, gives a 
hallpenn g more; so the whole is 511. rr. 14d. 

Any af these examples, or any other, may be provedby a 
back stating according as the first example was proved; and 
each proof becomes another question in the te Rule of Three, | 
as . VE Pp 
| : Example 


- 


amp| - = | £ / 


? 


"124 5 g The Young. Man beit . . 
Example VI. If I have. 56l. a year salary, how: much 
due to me for 144 days service at that rate? we 
| davs. EIN i Th, days 8. 


eie 50 bs 144? Answer E 19 146%; baue 

Wl penny. | | 

8 In this example this product of ine third by the e 1 
1 number is 7200; which divided by the first 365 (according W 
1 to the rule) quotes 19 pounds the name of the middle nun- 
5 ber, and there is a remainder of 255; which multiplied by 

1 20, according to Reduction, and the product s tilt divided by | 
1 365, there comes out 148. and yet there is a remainder of 

1 190, which multiplied by 12, and the product divided by 

9 365, gives 6d. and there WA remainder of 90; which, if 

'Y _ multiplied by 4, (the last inferior. name)! and ivided by- 365 , 
W  . yet would not come to 2 farthing more.; 3 80 that the aus weft eo. 
b above I. 19 14 "$28. 8 | ] 
WW. _  Youaretonotealways, T hat when any thing remains that Hh 
=: - is reducible to am inſerior or lower name, after multip lied a { 

; j | above, it must continually be divided by the first number. 
| | Note algo, When the first of the three given nu mbers is an 7 
8 Ir one, the work i 18 performed, or answer faund. by mul ..+ 
= ication.! 
Example VII. 1f I am to give 178 for 1 bb. of Belladv 1 
. "Silk, what must 1 give for 264 bs ** that rate. e res FW 
4 | If | II . A 5 125 WY ON | 
154 3 2 | 75 8 e TRE. E 

N ö 55 Ang wer 4 4885. or 4400 85. „ * 
it "Ma VIII. 111 buy 49 bags of Hops at at 12ʃ. 126 60 pet 
64 per bag, m_w come they to at that rate! 4 x | 

4 | Dag Il „ K Bags. : | 

4} S 8 12 eee A : ner i... 
1 s e ee SE 41 * %%% NOS] \ 
1 i 8 07 780 * FLY IS SO bod 
4. Os . „ ee 
f 0 2 aids ts | 25 Jo, 8 980 Wo 5 $ N . | 

| + The f 1 27 eee 2 ars * 
1 foregoing work is, performed by the eon nent . 
3 - parts as taught in multiplication . 3 nyo 12 
5 When the third or last of the three 7 numbers i is an * 
N unit or one, then the Work is F by Division.“ 
1 . oF Rt - Wo, | ample 3 


— 


8 7 Toung Man's $ bert Companion.” | 12 5 
Eantte 2 H 15 I: Ells of Holland cost Wy N what is 


ich the price O I Eit at t at rate? 
Els 8. i e 
II 12— 3 THEM L Angwer ro - 6a. 


$35: 


what 2 ta at that WA 


1175 
, II 3 —5 2—L "Abs on 64 ber Yard 


3 * | 
NI: 1S POLE, By 


component parts, as before taught i the Kule 0 
th | Example XI. If A ewes B 2961. 2 and compounds a 
un 75 6d. in the pound: what must B take for his Ab: 


0 7 "6 d. 8. 
rae If 20-——96——5937. Ae E 11 1 fo a 


Month? 
dine First multiply 71 155. pe per 125 the months in a Year, and 
Nit makes 1531: which en from n the e is 
547- Fb | 
NS EEE: 1 
If 365 — 3475 POS I | Day? 1 198. 
After you 3 reduced the pounds into shillings, 9, 9 


make 6940, you divide them chad 35 c the eee is * | 


64 er d.. 
Tube Rule of Three Revere, or of Indirect ot proportion.” 


© © HAT Indi rect Proportion is, has been hinted already ” 


In Direct Pi oportion, the product of the first and 


fou th. numbers | Is equal to the e af the Second and 


third. 


1. | But: in this Pais nroduet ofthe third and fourth | 


numbers is equal to the product of the first and second- 
The l of stating a question in. His aue 1 ne 

ame with that of the Direct Rule: 
For the fi · st and third numbers must be 0 one name, 25 60 
W as in that rule; and the number that moves the ques. 
Toes Na slion 


- 


Eiamplt X If * $259: of TP Cloth cost TY 128. f 


This ee eg by Div ae be he mor one, ths h 


Division · 


Example. If a gentleman hath an estate of gool, a year, | 
Gy what may he expend daily, and 8555 lay * 12. * 56. per 


22 — 2 


— — 4 — 88 oe Rey — — — — —— 


. — — — —  — 


——— 
> — — Ir — 
— 9 > 


126 
stion must possess the third 
Will be of the same name 'with. the answer, as it is ther, 
To know when the Qugstion belongs to tbe Direct, and when 40 


; When the question i is stated as above $aid, 899 whether! 


the answer to the question ought to be more or less than the! 
second number ; if more, than the leser of thy Brest and third 


Divisor, the Proportion is Indirect or Re verse. 


The Young. Man's best Companion. e 
place: and the middle R_—_ 


ide Reverse Rule. 


numbers must de your Div3sor: - 
But if less, then the greater of the two. extreme numben | 
must be your Divisor. 
And if the first number of the thies is Four Diener, the | 
the Proportion is Direct; but if the last of the „. ee ö 


. without e to Direct or Reverse; 3-5 43d; 
f more is tequir , the esser. „ 
liese bene, ew, bn, $44 
NESS YES TIE LON ple br Faßlünation. e 
- Fainiple 1. If 4 men plane 250 deal boards in 6 a. 
your many men will plane them in 2 days? f | 
. 1 8 5 1 of Tt what, 2 N Abs 12 men, 


2 


ia on” 8 5 5 
2 1 CE 
Epple 2. If a Board be 9 inches broad, how on in 

leog Win make eee 1 | 1 


+ * 


In Br. K 
x 12- mon ———12 what 9 inches road 2 
| 1 8 . % OS, 


; . 16 has by Wa tenth; 5 pe oo 

to tn „ . 

| plie etherand their product is divided by the third; fot 

n the rst example it is most certain that 2 days will require 

more hands to perform the work than6days;- therefore the 

lesser of the extreme numbers is the divisor : and declares 
the question is in the Indirect Proportion — 

Like wise in the second Example, ergebe esd e 
needs require mole in length to make à foot than 12 inches 
in breadth; wherefote.it is in the same proportion with the 

| Heat: | exalnple, a the 1 ie the thir.; number. i 
EE FRED 


. 1 * 


* | . ; - 
* * - 2 9 05 *Y 


— 
* 


ave Yu Man lit Donn. 3 157 
Example 3. How many yards of Sarcenet, of * 2 oh 
will line 9 yards of Cloth, of. 8 Ars. wide? 0 3, Ws 
ars. wide ie long. xs. wide. 1 
116. 19 55 _ MRI 1 Mete A 


| Here the narrower the a 
e 5 AE Fa ry EO is en ' 
755 5 * * 7 13 ꝓ— 


L 2 


- Wat a3 24 A 75 e Ws „ STEM. (7 
N 4. If a C uartern Loaf . 4 7 when — 4 | 
js 5s. 6d, the due 5 what must it weigh when wheat | "5 


Ab 


un the dae? ö 

SY N Fa ; yo TY. EWA WY PRES eee Lag 3 1275 

5. 1. 66 . W ig 3 8 133 : Wea 
FRE y or, 6x G 


bo 


2 J. 17 in 12 "a 100. .. | jncip pal | gain: 5 
pounds Interest; s db will 1 i Ee RP, uterest 
in 5 e 5 . 


A 82 SAL. * * : "*"*2 ” 
f > r by AE N . - 
e N - 
x 2 3 © 9 = 
Py + 1 f 6 vt * 1 . o 2 2 - 
2 | 7 „ . * 4 - 
F A , . f 4 5 5 
. e Z 2 
1 A 3 WW 7 8 . 
q 1 2 7 4 


3 
Me ls * 1 

* : 15 

— N &3 Jn 
x 


e Duet. 3 
Au tie Rule s five numbers given to as onta . | 
sixth, which is to be in proportion to the product of the |! 
ourth and fifth numbers, as the third number is' to the pro- — 
duct of the first and second numbers. © _ «= 
Questions in this kind of Proportion are wroughteither by 35 
two operations in the Single Rule of three Direct, or by the 
rule composed of the five givennumbers, and the one maybe. 
a proof to the other; as may be seen in the example following - 
Example 1. If .300 pounds Principal in 12 months gain | 

e pounds interest; what will 296 mo ee 


quire e ey | 5 way ors mln 


%g'* 5 | 
R * 1 N 

eu Wegen 5 what 246 Wo ls e $f 
N - . eb * * J 4 E 
— — Sy 2%» J 13 812 ttt 0 & 4 „ 11 2 — 

lares 7 7 4 t. EP ge 2 * g „ 1 4 — 5 $ , 7 "4 7 CY 
| , Ms E RF ts Kr 2 3 ws © EF? £ 49” £ > 1 3 ? 1 3 4 05 ; 15 ; 4 3 7 4 a1 "+ $48 27 2 « | 
* ' L YL Wa 5 * © Ka" _- : 1 = - IH 3 £ . in bf 
_— {of ohn 1 . 0 5 ad i e e 
* 6 25 8 4 5 N N — | 5 2 : | j — 2 A 7 N mw * ; AM 
aches RIF I +4 n „CCF ITIAGETS £4854 = 

: ' 18 4 92 * £ * , q > 3 ' 
2 5 wo * PITS MD WEST > ©: oo Tag” 4 . * "5s is bs” "2% . 

h then. 1. 3 517 „„ e 3 W406 


. eee ine, N 


V * 5 . o { N ! * 1 * 


9 N 
3 | 


g ” — * - * no . * - * 2: N "> * 
y #4 * * q e < . 
* — f * 4 4 ” 12 
2 8 The 8 {Bl wp. ” : 8 - — 
: . 17 * 
1178 | Man's Companion, 
q 
i 5 A * . -* be . s © 
* U * 8 SY * 
4 * © 03. PI {F464 6G 
.. 7 
* 
1 
4 


FS 4 « "4 - 
| : % * 4 »'% Ms . . „ 4 N 
TEST | "wv a * 75 * 
. * pe 1 | 4 5 þ 8 5 25 I e « 4 1 5 4 
: o 4 n 1 
n Say again, 12 gain 12 6 W 
* 5 F 4 k g 5 — 4 1 9 
1 Th $4 19 4 vi y q ö 1 3 » BR 4 . * d 8 4 * : 
7 N 3 1 4 * . i . * 4 „ EE Smet 
of » + „ . * x ry f 1 V * 4 * 
7 * bs, % * 1 
7. - . R 2 ; * . 


22 


5 7 * 7 * 
X 2 on 4 AE IT * 


1 ; * 1 my o 
- * 2 7 * 1 = a Y IN My „ a 
7 K e r OTE 78 , 
$ P 7 | 2 6 =o * * 1 
f 0 f 5 5 * N 3 F TS. 4 
7 „ Wn 4 A 1 ., E 
; © 7 * 4 
"x ö 8 1 , 2 7 


: - % | R 
' 4 5 EY £4" F Ca Iv ;S 8 Ad CM. 2 1 7 
6 £7 7 4 A : , — $ j 4 
TR. ' — — y : 
* n . 


ba „„ e 6tuic i gf HE 
C 


In the first stating, the answer is, that if rool. gain 5Þounl 
then 2461. will gain 12 pounds 6 shillings. Fa „ 
Then I say inthe nextstating; If 2 months gain 121, 6 
What will y months gain? and the answer is, 1, y—3— 
wh And se how much will 246 pounds gain in 7 months, if 10 
oF pounds gain 5 pounds in 12 months, - - | 
| You must particularly note, That in all operations the an: 
' _  8werto the question is found by two statings of the Rule d 
Three, the answer of the first stating is ever the middle nun 
ber of the second stating; as inthe preceding example. 
The foregoing question may be answered by a statig 
composed of the fire given numbers, uss . 


© OP ÞP 


8 45 


* 2 4 


— 


— * 


* 
; ; If | 
od — . 
* * . 7 ; * 
* * I 


= 

o 

” * 10 
— * 


5 l 
0 n En 
< 2 4 X ” — 
* — — — — — 
— a>. 


£ * IIS 
w Re — — R FI TEE i & 
— 8 , 3 


In ah is work, the etating the que- 8400 


. 


sten, the firvt and fourth numbers — 

are made of one name, and the $e- 210 |. {| 

cond and fifth; then the two first ao . m 

numbers are multiplied together for — 

a divisor, and the last three numbers 1200) 4a (3s. 

are multiplied together for a diviz . 3600 

dde—ncd, and the quotient or answer.is wn - 
of the same name with the middle - 6 

number vi z. pounds interest. In the _ 
work I Snd me Rrgt quotient ) 


— — 9 — — 


— —— —— > 
| n 


—— 2 — 


4 


*% 


Af 
* 2 2 
1 


1 25 ry 
87 


© Tho Fung Hon's beet Companion. 1 * 
WW in f; and 80. ];proceed. 1200) 72000 6d. 

rom one denbmination to another, e IO; 03/1" 

in J find the same answer as in tile 


ork at 2 statings, viz. 1 7—3—6. . (o) 
This method of operation 5erves ton answer all questionsio 


ie Double. Rule of 1 hree Direct. . | 
© + The Double Rule of Three Reverse, 4 


| that your second and fourth numbers may be of one 
ame, or denomination, and your third and fifth. 


st; Nr will gain 20l. interest in Or * 


Stateck mus: 
J. P : Mo. I. Int. . * * : I Int. 
inne OOPS C42} (5) 
1100 12 — —— > ——————z0 
„„ 95 — Kh Fi rid a 
. J 25 
: 8 Fe as. Sead, 


48) ok been. rar aner, e "a: 
20-4 x * a BR n Zr 


— 


„ 


of F 
MAL S FI 
2 n } ; * — 

f 8 „ - . : 


In this work, the third Tand ne numbers are . 


wether for a divisor ; and then the first is multiplied by the 
cond, and that product by the fifth number, and the pro- 


pal; which is eee the * as _— be seen 
the Work. 3 


vity in casting up most sorts. of goods or merchandize. 
Note. That any question in the Rule of Three, when the 
t number in the stating is 1 is more mls done by ese 


les called Practice. 
But previous to these rules it © is 'necereary to bars u. 


. 7 * 
ig n Wy Bog „ 
1 1 oh s 1 wy 41 to = 4 a 
5 : 15 4 2 . 3 . „ 
* . id * 1 * 
4 * 


N this Rule vou must place your numbers in such — | 


Example: If 100l Principal in 12 months gain 6. inte= 


ct 24000 is divided by 48, and the quotient i is Fool, prin - 


Ig Rules of Prictice. 5 ET 
7H ESE ruled are so called from theirfrequent wb " Brow: 


— 


[ 130 The Tang Man's heat Companion. 1 
Th Parts of a Shilling. * a Pound. Parts of- 2 pou 
WW - ö N „ 
1 J 
i „ e ILL s © 
PCP 
a SF: &.: -. FFF f 
„ e e, 
92 ET e 5 | 1.8: 7x 5 
8 „ I be FOE 
/Parts . a Shilling 1 "pin el 3 
6d. PE e 42 th. Sag us fer 
We OY 's ERC x 
gee! D 
he by 10—13 K NE es 
4 Here 6d. TER 0 1. of each Ib. and the half of a 
ling, therefore the 1 of 426i is e and gives 710 


10l. *. 8 5 
: 12 SPE > - Example II. By | 
al, is; i] . 512 Ib. of Cheer, at 4d verh. 


. Je. | 


; ; * 8—10—8 Answer. 8 | 

pM 5 is 4 « of a Aung; therefore the third part of e 

is 1708. and I of a shilling, or 8d remains. dou? 
Note always, That the remainder is of the same name v 
| the dividend, which here i is groats, e the "PIN of on 
are at a groat each. 


5 ＋ 


— 


— 


. 


85 TE Example, I. 
3 36. is 4 * „ 2456 yards ade Ribband, at t 3 per yi 


of ts, 
FL 210 611-6.” 


> 


vt „ e | | 

5 the yards are divided by 4; because 3d. is the 

. of a chilling ;-and it quotes 61 swlings and 2 remains 
two 3 pences: So the answer is 1, 31: * 
An thus may any proposed question be wee be lone bz 
ing to the first table, or parts of a shilling; that is by d che 
ding the given number by tt the e of the "Tract Nan 


— 


— 


pe Young Man's best Companion. 7 311 

d the quotient will be always shillings, (which the rema in- 

rs being known een! en into Pounds by dividi ng 
20, Kr £ 5 6.8 

When the uri of the integer is at a farthing; a His. 

three ſarthings'more than the value of the pence mention- _ 
then for those farthings take a proper part of the forego- 

9 e the the-pence, and add them . - 


| N05 , © 5 55 
5 | 249 * of Canvasy/at #60. per Ell, 
WY coke — nl l 
1 8 534"4 2 r 4d, banden. EE 
2 T 5 91 4 


| 44342 Answer. 285 
In this N divide by 3 for the groats as — 5 the © 
ird of one $hilling, and it quotes 83s. then 1 consider that a 
fpenny is the eighth of 4d. therefore I take the eighth part 
the groat line, or 838. and. that produces 108. and [three 
hths of a shilling oy i, 4 halfpenny ; then the two lines be- 
added rogether, make 955 wart or Fa, 135 REN as in the 
we; i 
arts of a Pound,” | 2 
108, is 4 11 254 yards of Qt, at 105. per yard: 
1 fl 127 5 3 | 

ge the half of 2 88 W because 108. is s the half of: 
3 3 | | oY 
6—8f | 972 Gallons at 65 80. 5 «Gown. LIE 

35 15 324 Auswen. * OLE Bs 
Here the third part is taken, hecauss 68 and-8d. is the 
fd of a pound; and the aus wer is J. 324. e 


to the second tabſe, or parts of a pound; tliat is by divi- 
Is the given number by the denominator of the fraction, 
the he quotient will always be pounds: and if any thing re- 
Wins, it is akways so many halves, thirds, fourths, or fitchs,' 
So a. pound; according to the erer thay Sg —— 
- 
the 8 be shillings and pence, or ohilli ag pence; an! 
6 088, 2 no even TOO of a mw; trea muitiply tue 

L 2 N Wes.” 


— At 
— 


— 0 


And thus may any question proposed be answered, belong. 8 


— — — — * —— * 


= — 


0 
> 


p 


T — - _ = 
- 2 r „ 1 x be = & — RCs 8 ON XI IN = 
2 1 
_—— en — — FOG. 
— — > 
: — 2 2 — —— — — 
: 0 


— — 23 1 x 
— 2 
—— ——— ——u—ü— L ů —— 22 22 


il 2 7 be W Man's cee, 


given number by the shillings in the price, and take al 
parts for the pence, or pence and farthings and add the 
veral lines together, and they will be — ; which dil 


age e into 1 as before. t — 55 ne 0 | 
+ >, ST os . 1 
ä Ib. >. 0.7 "Bile: s. . 4 | 
LE por es 2 21655 2—31 


(( ( ( onde 
6d. 4 nods 7 63s : 432 8 
3d. 4 212 a6 1,454 
e 1064 or 6d. 339 
Joes c 
210 202 36 210 56. 
1 101 : 56 Aer . et 15 8 
395 fone we 9 9 6 * * 
RENE ETON 1 
3d. + of 6d. | 198 5 a 38 
n E : 
| EE 
1. 1539 Answer. st f 


Wpben the price. is 10d. only annex o to the xi 
given number, (which is multiplying by 10) m 
pence; which divide by 12 and by 20. 

Example 426 Ib, of Hops; at 10d. er 1b. 


ws of 5 


12) 4500” | 

— N f 8 Fr 

"ly WA 2 2 0035 [ 85 ; oy of "th . f © pie 
„ „ 17—5 nts, att | 


When the price is 11d. set down the 480 Wies in nth 
form of Multiplication, and add ths N. lines . the 
divide by, 2 5 ax 23. = 912 N 


le. 
855 45 1 role at ut. par 


„% Example. 
5 4 ws "0s 94.2 Ib, of Tobacco, at 112d; per ib, 
ET 942 „ Fo KN oO 
75 55 | - . 41 8 0 V 2 5 5 8 5 9 0 — 5 
26834 pence. io Cn ey 
2 | 090 0d. „ oh 58 55 
5A 45" 45 gd. Angwer. ( 
| When "the price is 18. only, divide by 20 5 
| Example. 5 51 
2 | 9 96 i ab. of Tobacco, at 12d. ber lb. = 


1. 42.4 Answer, 5 5 


Wings 3.. and the figures towards the left, are Fe 


pf be -Example; 5 
) <6 5961 gallons of Spirits, at 23. per gallon, , Mes 


* 5912, Auswer- Here t 
the 59 are pounds. 


N ples may be wa expedifioucly Fought, viz. 
WED 5-4 of de,, 


1 — — 2 
FEY . 


— 


* WAY EY — , * 
* * 


A 


\ 428-1 Seat 26. 5 | vero at 28. | 
£4 | 44—8 at 28. 18. + 2s, fk 21—6 at IS. . 
18. 2 of 26. | 22—4 at 18. 6d. 4 . T0617; at 6d. . | 

6d. Z of 15. | 11—2 at 6d. | ] . 


maple. 0 


* — 


aus wen . 1 at 2 5 94. TY + OY 1 TH 


. ern Companion. 77 = 25 


e W. 
5 * 3 28. > 8 £45 445 nc 18 
12) 4686 pence... | 2 e 

aks. „ 


+ ET gs PE 10 7 e 
| must price be 1+ take half of the uppe: mt tins, 8 8 


When the pres is 28, it is RES) at AE! 15 doubling _ 5 
at figure towards the right hand, and setting it apart Tor 


e double of 6: is 12, . . 
From this: method of working by 28. a multitude of ex- 3 


e 3 7 444 of Cambric, . #9, at 38. fd. apr 
5 1 # at $6- 9+ . Fard. — | 


— 


+ of 6d. | 5—21 at 3d. As. 1. 74—11 at 6 


— „ IS 
9 e Tue 
i 0 — , 


134 be Young Man's best Companion. . 


wrought, that there is no need of verbal explanation, 


of fi will b be ads. oh q ; 15 | 5 
| n - wy "nh 1e. N | 
2 : 266 yards of ROS N 14s per ud. 
Bn eee 8 


even number as above; and for the odd shi ings take ti 
| e of the 27 pumber, and add 8 * 


e a le. 


The operation of these two examples is 0 intelligibl 
. 548 yards of broad Cloth, at 125 6d, 1 yard,” 


1. 54—16 at 8. wh ofa k £55 6 

GT 6 times 28 is. 128. 6 e ee een 

*. "A * a *_ 851 8 de 71 5 N 

6d. is Et at 128.” | 855 Vote, That's TX x46 

4 of 28] 13—14 at 6d. 15 - Thofounth part of 541. ity 
— 55 * ; HEB two shilling ne. . 


— 


5 $42 —10 Abe” 88 { 

| Ok multiply by 128 and take half of the given numberſ on t! 
weit ö 5 . t 
e 3 5 5 f C Ti 

: a on: : : 
„es 6 t 

"7 PIE 1 42 4 I. 
e Ub L 

o e J. 342—10 Ander, „ ee f. 
"When the 1 is an even number of chillings; would t 


bow iven e ot integers by half the price, and doul 
rst figure of the product for shillings, and carry, a 
Gin 45 9 aud the other TO n ers 


; 11 207: 4 Answer. e 
Here 7 times 6 is 42, the doub'e' of vs 7 48, ge. 
When the price is an odd number of shilling par ih for i 


2 ny pop > et mm ho > eee. 


S 


wy gallons of Suben Mater e at . peril. 


a ed ed 


_ In. this example 1. Say, 8 times 6 is 48-; the double of $ 
5s 168 and Carry 41 then 8 times 9 js 12, and 4 1855: Gaud 


carry 7; and 8 times 4 is 32, and 7 is 39; then the half of 
4 is 2, &c. | | 5 5 4 4 by 76 5 TE . * 40 1 3 Eran 1 Q 7 
I have not here room to speak of the various and almost 


infinite methods and Rules of practice, (having several other 
subjects and things to treat on) but shall leave some general 


rules, which, it heedfully noted, will be of great use © learn- 
FFF, Ne LUZ 


& os ER $54.0 f 


1. When the ptice is parts of a farthing, or of a penny, as 


three fourths, five sixths, seven eights, &c. then multiply 


the me s by the numerator, and divide by the denomina- 
tor, and the result will be either farthings or pence ; wWhiclt 
reduce h dd... 8 


When the price is pence, and no even part ofa shilling; - 
| as suppose 5d 7d 8d or gd. then it may be done by taking 


their parts, as 3d and 2dis 5d, and 4d and 3d is 7d, and 4d 
and 4d is 8d. and 6d and zd is 9d. but it is an easy and sute 
way to multiply the given number by 5, 7, 8, or q, and then 
the product is pence; which reduce to pounds by reduction. 


3. When the price is pence and parts of a penny; as 1d. 
farthing, 2d halfpenny. dr 6d three farthings, then work for 
the penny by taking the one twelfth/ for twopence the one 
sixth: and for 6d the one half: the! 


d the one half: then forthe farthings, take 
one fourth of the penny line, and for the one - ſuuri of the 


twopenny line, and for three fourtbs, take one eight of the 
- sixpenny line; then add their results together, and the to- 


tal will be shillings, which reduce to pounds, by dividing by 


20. Or by the sure way of bringing the mixt uumber into 
the lowest denomination; as one penny farihing into five far- * 
things, twepence halfpenny into five halfpence, and sixpence 
three farthings into 27 farthings; then multiply the imzegers - 
by 5, and the product is farthings, or by 5 halfpence, and the 
product will be halfpenee; or by 27 faithings, aud the product 
- will be farthings; which, whether farthings or pence reduce 
to pee, ; i BE DIO ᷑ As ra ant Hans, 
= "Wheat the price is shillings and pence, or -sbitlings, 
pence, and farthings; mult'ply the integers by the shillings, 

of the price, and take parts for the peuce, or pence and far- 

41. © f | 3 8 1 „ 5 5 


1 
* 
? 


things, &e. 


5 If the price be pound And abi lings, or pounds, $hill ings, , 


# 


pence, and farthings, multiply by the shillings in the price, 
that is, in the 18 nds, and shillings, and take parts for the 
n e e 


pence and fart 


6. When the number of integers hath a fraction annexed 


Ys 


or belonging to them, as one - fourth, one half, three-fourths 


Es i 


* 


” 


—_— re PEST ENS Poa — —ů—— — 
— 8 — 4 = EI — ISI : — — 


136. © The Toung Man's bext:C 


Kc. then take are onerhalf. 
price of one py os alc SHER 
w_ sults. i 


5 Anf and TRETT, Ve. 4 at! : . * 
8 i. Se is the weight of the goods, in hy I übe f 
quarters, and pounds, with the Meng wh nn cask | 
chest, bag, bale, &c. that eon thin th wy e Fog TOC INEE Re, 
Tare, i is allowed to the buyer for the weight of the hogs, 
head; cask, chest, bag, bale, c. 
Trett, is an allowance made for waste, dust, Kc. da undry | 


sorts of goods; as tobacco, cotton, pepper, spices, &c. andi 
always 4b per 104lb suttle, and found by dividing the suttle 
pounds by 265 because 4 times 26 makes ogg. When the 
gross weight is brought into pounds, and before the Tare i 
deducted, they, are called pounds gross; and after the Tare 
E subtracted, the remaining pounds esel pounds Sut- 
tie. which divided By. 25 (5. said be FT. e Pounds | N 
_ ka Trett, Kc. 1 al 2:5, oi 
5 Turf al. 50 much per cal, bngebead; bag, Gr. 1 * 
The rH for Tare are variously. wr ought, as by the tice 
following examples | = 
In tz casks of Indigo, containing 454 ©: Tk a grow W , 
| Tare, 30ib: per cask, haw many 1 2p nett = | 
21 = 14 cf; . fs, Ib. 47 As Vs 
248 E 1 0 180 5 : 4 5 97 - IA 533 EF 
rag 350 'pounds tare | N Ly f 33 
e 12 4540 e 45 n ee 140 
4 8985 998 wh 8 3 tn 1 e 1 ANF 1 11 159 10 t 
8 rs 17 "INS . 245 oy JH + I 54x 8 082 6466985 nds BY Kenn and 
e eee e 25 15 beer 360 Paunde oh": = FI: 
3 Ns EIS I 1. ORE I „%... ͤ ou. 
e * x W 1 ; . * Answer, 4722 pounds 3 1 1 5 | eigl 


| "it ple the ws Tare of ehe cask are walt ind 
by the number of casks, and the product is 360 Ibs. Tate 8 per 
andthe gross weight is reduced into ounds by the method 
Fhewn in the reduetion: of weight, and then the lhs Tare are take 
deducted from the lbs gross, and the remainder aol __ per 
. viz. 4722, às in the work | 
When the tare is at so much per C wt. am multiply the pum- y 
bei of hundreds by the Taft, and take- parts for the odd I. ; 
wh ng add it to the Tare found by: nene we as f 


we] 1 LW 0 - +43, 15 4 ION 


— 


. ; | "3 * 2 446 4445 | 1765 A. e ca 3; 5 45 e the 


- 
N — 


| The Tring W e We. 4 
ride it by 112 WRT ande tees weight, eg or 


subtraction. wg. | 
; Example. 3 


Whatis the e of 12 cacks of 5 — weight grow. : 
„ 84 C. 2 qri. Ib. 5 


5% oY e . „„ 5 125 PE 


2 ae 5 3 Rua (OEM 
112)1184(10 0. Ee 855 15 e 
e 2 e 5 


+ be be 
The Tate in the latt example is to be N by the iow | 
going directions, 10 C. 2qrs, 84 Ib. which subtracted a8 fo 


the work, leaves 34 G. o rs 3 lb. for the nett weight. 
But the . ee may be $00ner | done by Prace 


ce, uz | „ 
I 2 5 * — . 2 15. " pI N N 155 n bby . 


" # 
- 
5 — — Ws. 

x : p En Ow . Sev A : $ „, 
"ogg 7 den 318. a Peg LE! ; „ i 
3 0 94 * * 2 "EX ** 8 1 ? Y 4 1 { 8 BY 

+ « P . P * — is N 
= ” * 1 oy . - 
p N Sn of 4 —S— ; % _ * 1 N 
, —— 8 7 7 * ; ; 2 12 * 
[4 * N 


nin this wake 4 ros weight is 7514 by 1 because 
ft 141d is one eig bt of. 1 0 1b. and the remainder is reduged.in- 
o the next inferior name, and still divided by 8, to the end, 
- Wand then deducted'as above, and the HO wang t is the same 
s by. the other way. And sd may TT re per C. be 
bound, if the Tare be an even paft of 1121b. 55 14 is one 
x eighth, and 7lb. is the half of that, and 161b. is one seventh, 
and 8Ib. is one half of that, &. that is, if the Tare be at ab 


dl 

15 per C. find it for 14 1b. as before, and then take the, H ot 
| re 3 

e 

is 


that for 5th; per C. Tare, and the like for 8b per C. 
luke one seventh for 16 Ib. e 0 Xt . 
eG Tore. 1 8 
d _ ener Moines, as DER 1 - hath nen 
1 l 


wang}? 7 ay 255 wo an N tor ex Planstion. 
my”: 72 I „ 65 21 1 7 


5 n 5 ; 
85 5 N Bought 
= * „ 42 3 A Io * . . 
N 7 3 . ' "- - i 
1 " 5 - o : 6 8 2 5 4 n MM. % : 
v7 qt? 5 2 % ; 
7 . 5 " t 
- 


* 


2 0 . Young: Man's best ee . 


Bought 6 hogsheads. of t. de „ bene of Grow, + nk in 

Tarens follows, 1 Viz, e oe 26s $4 

REES £7 45 25 1 7 1 ut, 4—1—20 Tore * tu 
VC Th 55 2 151 15 N 00 

„ t 

, Ty IS 3 & 

- 8 / tha FEES, 3 I , . | £ tic 

SY Battle „„ ell 

7 e. 6. 

26. no 

Va”! . po Dy a wh 

„„ 7 Pounds Gon?! =_ 

„  $ubirae 602 Pounds Tare, = ot 

— $97 $224 197} 271 55 s "+". th os T'Þ v fra 

: ial A . $98 „ 44 98 Pounds Suttle,' hal 

: ts 3; _ dequet 16 Pounds Tren * 

ORE TORI RE EC 4 "ts ; 5 TH 3 1 +; : 

403 Pounds Nel gal 

- There | are some  fow 3 . as Barter, or Ex. art 

a ing goods for goods; also Exchange for coin, profit, the 


logs, Xc. but all of t em being done either by the Rule of WM" 
Three, or by ſules of Practiee, it in therefore here unneces- une 
ary to enlarge upon them a | 


2 Of FRACTIONS vg, and Degel, . 


| VAT Fractions are, hath already-been eg, in the 2p 
BY e of Division, from; whence they arise; for the WM this 
remainder is a pat af a divinend remaining undivided; as MW an 
admit 540.1 is divided into twelve equal parts, the quotient i 1 ! 
4, and. the remainder 6.; $9 that here 6 remains as yet und. for 
vided by.12, and is flere dre 6 parts in 12, or six twelfihs W 
equal to a half: for 6 18 the 3 974 12; and the 'remainders Ru] 
are usually set down in this form T3. and when..s Ying ex- Wthe 
gu essien is called a eee r. Par ts are. 8 rs 500 * =. 
ese N Ry . e 
18 5 6 Numerat6r,” 4 ; 5 890 : $0 MY 5 


3 7 [Mx , % : jt — ook FP . 
* * 2. 2 > g * ©; M > 4 * * 


12 12 Pehl. 5 


* Y 


* 5 Te 1 is above the short Si an eweth the 


number of parts signiſied by the fraction: aud the PDenomi- , 
nator 128885 N 1 19 05 pany ks number ne R 


* 3 


13 i” „ 


e 
* 


"Y ——— Man's bert Comipirnton, „ ( 
10 which the integer or whols number is divided; as above 
is divided 1:ito 12 parts, and the quotient says thergare 


twelfths of a pound, or tos as. aboye said- wy 


z, one half; J one third; 15 one fifth; 4, one sixth; 5, 
two thirds 5-79 fourths . 8 two sixths; + five zevenths, 
Nc. 1 18 

Fractions are either proper « or Japrover A proper * 
don hath its numerator less than the denominator: as S! five 
eights, 24, twenty-four fifty: sixths, &c, - 45$7 $414 Ef ;' ih 

Anim pro pert rfractionl hath its nu merator gre aterthan ha tie. 
nominator ; as J seven t irds; , > forty eight tifteenths, c. 

Again fractions are eliher | simple or Compound; simple 
when part of an integer or thing hafh but one numerator, 
and one denominator, as 4 of a pound ste rling, 4 of à ct. 
of a tun, F. of a gallon, & Compound,''is a fraction of a 
fraction, as the æ of 4 of a pound sterling, which is equal to 
half a crown; or when one is divided into any number of 
parts, and of those 454 ain subdivided into parts, c. 

Fractions are of two viz vulgar and decimal. Vul- 
gar fractions are as declared before. Decimal Fractions are 
artificially expressed by setting down the numerators only, 
WH the denominators being understood; and are alwaysan unit, 
e of with as many bens annexed as there are places in the .uy- 
eh merator ; ; and therefore: must be either 10, or sonie {power | 
Pot 10, as 100, Iooc, 10000, or 100, ooo, &c. 

Decimal fractions appear as whole numbers (and are in 
de e general so wrought) but are distinguished from thei by 
the point or comma prefixed, thus, 5 is read five tentiis; 332 
the thirty two hundredths; and 256 two hundred, $6 thou- 
3 35 Wl candths : But of Decimal Fractious and their use Hereaſter. 
Reduction of Vulgar Fractions; i is to fit or prepate tows: 
ndi- for Addition, Subtraction, &c. 48 5H 
Ifths 1. Ts. reduce a miæi number to an Fl Fraction. 


ders MW Rule, Multiply the] WISE by the eee and take ia 
| ex- the eee e po 


— 


| Th TEE 

d by! 8 FEkampſe. Fe 5 E 7 1 20 3 

. | Reduce ; 22 uon to an ee Fraction, thus: Fra 
e b bog * 

2 A | 1. New numerator, 7 1 = ET 1 $i i Bots 

the Anis. = „ gle al 

P10” . n Ms e ton mholcormizt Nunibon, 


Parts: Joly Divide 1 numerator by the denominator. 6 
* e : 8 3 © 


* 


4 12 contained in $4, and 6 remains. which is ix 


Fractions are thus set down and read, viz. 4, Gus fourth ; 23 


"The Tong: Ifon's bout oem. b 


0 I 


= . 2 the let ge. whole © or mit number * 
195 thy ' | 2 er. * : 36 Y 31 & 5 . * 

| $3 — 4 — e of ng 
2 2f* toms 3} 0h, 85 . 77 0 38 of 


9 MT: quab i672 
"Hex? 12 ro quite is the whole number, 4 che fracti on; th 
tame with £5. 
Jo reduce” — #6 a common Pendels, 
Roe, Multiply the numerator of each fractiorr into 50 
Ante exgept its own, and the prodact wilt be: 4 1 
e. to W and then 1 whe e 
- Example. . 
ane 2 FE and L ofeny der 5 a. 8 yan 
mators say, we 4 8, and 6: times 8 is 48, fora na Ds 
merator to ; then say 3 times 3 is. 9, and 6 times 93 
ſor a new numarstor to 4 lasthy, say F. times 4 is 20, 4 
3. times 20 is 60, the numerator to g: then to find the ca- 
mon denominatar, say 3 times ꝙ is. 12, and 6 times 's 2:15 12, 
the z mmon denominator, a that $4, is equal tu 8, 44 5 
Os S to 4, which may” lie thus: 1 1 © 


Wo: pound en 4 Th eee * 
24itto: . 1 548 14 
Sw. 165 e eee 


2k 5. or 4 ©. 337 3 . 
8 ew the Several ina are added together, and they 
_ wake 162.7 which placed over the common-denonrinator 12 
make the i improper fraction , and its value is found 
befvre direetedʒ in the rutefor redueing an improper fraction 
to a whole or mixed number, e be seen in the ww 
. 4 To reduce a Fractions to its low cot Terms, | 
| -"Dule. ir there are even numbers, take half of the nume- 
Tator and denominalor, as long as 792 and then divide 
them by any digit vumbem (2. * 3, 45 6, &c.) 922 will 
* nde in 3 | 
| 5 Example. | oy 
"Reduce 6 into its lowerst terms ; i, "ny the 3 167 46k is 2 
and the + of 84 is: 42, and then the 4 of 28.is,14, and the 
of 42 i821: ard-80 the fraction £9 5 reduced to 3+ An 
 vineeth ey exunot de halved any $ longer; tar EE Iain | 


st te 
ation, 
ded | 
in th 
The 
t tert 
Use. 


me Ho Man's beat Companion. "ths 
alve 14, yet you cannot 24 , without a re mainder ; try there- 
; RA oF: ; 2 r r pred ore 
ore to divide them by some other digit number, and you will. 
nd that 7 will divide both numerator and denominator With | 
ut any remainder,z then say the”7's in 14 twice: and the 
es in 21 three times: so tlie fraction $$ reduced into its low- 
zt terms, will be Fs two thirds; which is of the same value 
545, The work is done in this form: , 1 
5 5 f 7 5 Fo "> & I © B00 5 Es 5 e > 8 — N CN pms — 35, 4 
6 | BJ mf 
4s A . r 


3 * 


And the proof that I is of the same value with . Will 
ppear by multiplying any integer by the numerator of each 
raction, and dividing by the denomin:tor of each fractiou. 

T $i port re es 
Let the integer be 41. Sterling, or 20 \ © 
The fraction F. The fraction i] e S_ 6: 
6... ꝙ ꝙ—·W⁰ù˙r OT FT oa 0p 
2b os TE Tg. Os 


of 


g , 
; - N 1 P 
. 4 » 1 
* > ? - s - * : x |; .f 
0 8 . . +4 " & ©. v g » WR — 4 
. 1 * . "I 4 14 4 . > 
* o , % . 8 1 4 a x * * oy * 
5 » y 4 * * * $ 1 : , da P 4 
1 0 * 4 - * . 4 * - 3 
: 1 , 4 


1 
— 


2 IR 4 
. 9 4 : p : 
7 8 
. 6 | . „ one, 201 48 
EGS Oe es 
7 Y 8 . 2 27 C ; kN : > *: > x p 
X * £7 — » g { f J k 2 h 1 14 5 
13—4d, 5 ] — ; A. 2 k @. | (3% — ” — 
; * * 4 — 5 2 , ? 
Fn . 5 | N : MEE - 6 „„ . 


>. Si 4 T © % 

ws , 36 KA 
: 5 2 3 

* 1 

* 


4 — ef >» „ 7 . 
. HE a. $ 
. — — 2 *. a % 9 
y 5 — 0 — «4: & by ; «475 a * * 
3 5 5 * 18 J 5 4 * © fs, 1 : "av * 2 4 5 $4 3. 5 
bw « 4% . + — 4 * * 3 hes 4 1 ; 4 M Fs 3 148 70 RY x 1 N 
: : g : 3 . ; n 
X $ 5 a y . - F * 
* * * 2 4 2 , « . + F +3 P 
- - * 4 x { 72 0 % *: 4 ; 
| . DOSE = 6 | WS 
* 4 . 
4 * . 


YM. 5 2 4" 4 » * 
- ot * % 13 ; 
\ on 7 o 40 
— * * - - 


; — 
- | , * — 8 
— * 1 * 7 L 2 ; * + 
QF: 
- - 0 1 x; © 
: — "FP NN , — . 4 $ 
al 4 . N ( ” 7 
a -# 3 ; 


| „ MIO EO HAD 
Here it is manifest, that by working a Fraciton jp ſto fow- 
ct terms; much time and figures are saved. none: pes 
ation, 20 the integer is multiplied by 2, and the | d gt. di- 
ided by 3, and there remains 2, or + of. a shalling, or-agroat - 
zin the other work. - e 
There are ather methods of reducing a fraction te its Tow- - 
t cole but none so ready as the foregoing, Where it can 
ec), CSOs WEST OI , IH 3 B91 
uc 10 reduce a compound Fraction into a simple one of the samy + 


- Fae, 2 
| ; Rule 


M 


— 
— 


and multiply 208. by 30, and dividing by 72, gives the 


. ; s «- ” J : 
Ab. - * 2 * 
0 5 7 $ a + " 83 
2 7 i 1 : . . 
O ; a 
: 7 (6) ' 


5 5728 8 . Example. 


u. 5 The Tong Wan $ . dee N 
Rule, Multiply the numerators 2 for a new num 
ator god denominator together fe F4 mew do nominay 
Ekamples. | 

Ness 4 of þ of 5 of a pound Sterling into a diowple fa 
tien. Say, twice 3 is. 6, and 5 times 6 is 30, the numg 
tor; then 3 times 4 is 12, and 6 times 12 is 72, the de 
minator; $80.42 of a und i is equivalent to 5 of 3 off 

2 pound. Fhus proved, F of a pound is 16s. 8d. and} 
168. 8d. is 128. 6d. and 5 > of 128. 6d. is 8s. 4d. the ansyy 


= 


answer as in n the een works is en. 55 
Thee. e he ge bo 


* * 1 
* b & 
© * . 0 

— j® 4 * £ 
Fo . 0 

88. . 8 1 | 

4 a 
* 
, 8 8 
by 

D 1 

F 

e 


* 


: Wo” remains 
5 e 8-4, multiply \ 


ee 5 Ea 


— 4 


C5 fund the Value of ay Fraction, whether 1 Coin 
or Measure. 

Rule. Multiply. the integer by the numerator, and ta 

fy the denominator; and if: any thing remains, muliply 

| Hue number of units of the next inferior denomination 


: What is the 32 of a pound, or 208.? The 33 
83 example of proof to the compound fraction cf; 
bo 5 Ear this question, and: need not be repeated, 
8 An, what j Is BEA of a ton 8 . 


| n Mav's bet verge. 7 8 "3 "i 
* 77 * 135 Kg 14s as "MEN N, e 

13 55 . 541 -20the i integer 
CE SD on 0 oY the numerator. 


[The denominatsr Grad = 9 9 
15 eee „ 


— 5 "at" : 4 2 


; nt LR = A rs. 
: f D Y 2 4 wr 
2 e 


„ 5 * 1 - 
1 
> ? 


— 


4 £ * . 1 Gs (2h e > 
© of ES | E Jett 
Anzwer, JJ . 
0. 2 qrs 1 WW W | 
Here the integer 20 C. is multiplied by the numerator 3 
d the product 100, divided by the denomiaator 6, and the 
mainder 4, is multiplied by the parts of the next inferior 
nomination &c. and the answeris 16. C. 2 as 1841 lb. * 
a pound weight, as in the work. 

Addition of Vulgar Fractions, © + * | 
F the fractions to be added have a common 8 | 
add the numerators toge her for a numerator, ws Place. | 
over the common denominator, _ Fad! 

Example. | 5 

Add 3 2, & and 4 of a pound stetling together. | 84058 <> 1 
v3 and 4 is 9, the numerator, which place over $+the com- | 
on denominator, thus. F ; anc tw amproner frace 


jon is in value 37s. for: 9 times 48. (the 5th of a. 99 LY : 
tion 00d) is 368. for-it-the numerator; be divided vy 3 
WL denominator. vs SV the:s 8 in ance, oy re- 1 15 
ins, Which is F of a pound, or 466. | 5 
on of But if the fractions to · be added bee uneq al 3 | 
n cf Wrs, then they must be reduced to a common denominator; 
ited, WF the eule before thewh, belbſeatdicien car de made; and 
? en proceed as above. ED 
2. When mixed numbers are to be . work with tbe 
tional parts as before and- "wary" the. f. ee e . 
Je whole numbers. by | LY „ 
0. 55 Example. V 2, 1 
5 Add 21. I to > 12% thus: 24 „% gong 
„ 
I. 38 ans. e e, 


- 
1 — 


5 — e M ER Here 


NN ==> 


8 — N 
— „ N 1 
. 5 n oy 5 * q of EB n 8 1 ” N - Ry \ 
— - at} * — * * \ —_— - Ir r ; - a> —— = l 
=> L E 8 Y n — - * N 1 3 — = * - . 
* 22 1 - i = . 2 EIS < 6 FR * N n 4 * — 
4 * 8 = — — 2 ———” = _ 
5 — — Lb, 8 * - ba = ee 5 
RNS = . * — — — 2 = 
— _ —— — — ter 1 2 — N . — ad 3 . 
: i — er - -— > _ p | tc 
( — > — — - * 
þ F RT. rr. BD rr — 
F . 
* 1 4 
1 * : 
* « 1 
* * ? . 


— ay. 


5 


. ] ·˙ Ws: 


— 
"6% 
—— 


x 
_— 


— — eee 


"my 
— 


— — 
- - © 204 — 
. —— - 


_ fore directed; and then procęed as above. 


andg equabin value to 178. 69, will be the answer. 


5 Whatis the difference between and 40 Answer 2; which 


. Again, from 4 of a pound take *g: Here the fractions 


— * 1 2 
— — . & 3 pa - -- _ 
- 5 2 — —— — — — 5 
— — . ————— ET II — 
« * 


then work as before. 


the Second numerator; and 14 times 27 15378, the eommon 


a 
7 


= 


144 The Young Man's best Companion. 
Here t and z, the numerators, make 4; and ? is 1, and 
2 is 85 and 5 makes 8; and 1 and 2 is 3, and the answer 
Or they may be reduced into improper fractions, thus: 
%%% ͤũP¹ eons Kc; 
„ Ws 6: OH 
Here the numerators-are added, and their total is 1524} 
which divided by 4, the common denominator, quotes- 38], 
the same answer as above. 3M 
3. When compound fractions are to be added. to simple 
ones, reduce the compound fraction to a simple one, as be- 


. 
$. » 


Add t and4, to4 of3 ofa pound! thus, once 2 is 2, an 
twice, 418 $; therefore & is equal to the compound fraction: 
Then add, say 2 and 31s 5, and 2 is 7. the new, numerator, 


FSubtraction M Vulgar Fractions. 


N this rule, the fractions must have a common denoming; 
tor, or be reduced to one, before deduction can be made, 


2 Example. 5 


. 


may be proved by addition: for & and 4 make 4 
Note, Fhe difference between the numerators is the differ · 
ence. of the fraction... _ A SE res ̃ 3 bk Pha 


are to be reduced to a common denominator , 35 is the first 
numerator, and 20 the second numerator; their difference ij 
16; and 48 is the common denominator; so that 4g or 4, in 
its lowest terms, is the difference bet ween æ of a pound, and 


„ e 
Jo subtract a Compound Fraction from a simple one. 
Rule. Reduce the compound fraction to a simple one and 


From 43 take 3 of 5; say twice 8 is 16, and 3 times 9 1s 
27, therefore 35, is equal to the compound fraction. The 
23 and must be reduced to a common denominator thus; 
13 times 27 is 351, the first numerator; 16 times 14 Is 224 


__. denominator. 


_ 


The Young Man s best Companion. 14 5 


enominator. Then subtract 224 the Secoud Rune rat or 
rom 351 the first numerator, and cue remaiuder is 192 1 11 6a 
lace over 378; the common denominator, Was 3 57 Aus | 


Then a Sim ple Fraction is to be deducted from a w 5 bole joy . 


Rule. Subtract the numerator ofthe fraction from the 
Jenominator, and place Phe remainder ovei the 2 * a 
nd carry. 1 to ane from the whole wunder, . 
Example ee ee Ny 3 IG 
From 121. take 4 + 605 5 say 5 (the mumerator) rem 8 0 the- E 
genominator) and there remains z, which plach over the de- 
ominator 8 thus, 4; tnen from 12 and there - remus 109 
50 the answer is, I. 11 5, or I. 117-6. HET | 
* ultiplication of Vulgar Nee 50 


0 lle. ULTIPLY the- numerators into one 1 
* - for the mimerator of the product: and then d 

e ame by the r Ra Tr dana! of. the : 

cron „ p 37 


1 1 Example. 3 


Malliply z of a pound, by 5 of . . nes ler. 
he numergtor, and 4 times 6 is 24 the denominator: Y $0 the | 


newer is 44, or in its lowest term . 
You are to note, That: muluplics tion i in fractions” N T 
he product, though in whole uumbers it augments it; as a- 
bove, + or 128, 6d. is less than or 16s:8d. and also less than 
other fraction & or 158. The reason of which 1 have 


5 


er ot here room to insist on. but. it is given in my Arithmetjc, B71 
n Multiplication of vulgar fractions ; to which book I refer - 
Ne reader for that, and sundry 5 in the 8everal - | 


ot les of the science of arithmetic. e 


To multiply a whole. number by 4 Neat. Fl en 
Rule. Multiply the integer by the numerator of the | 
ction 5 WE pings the a over eee EM 


- „„ 
anl Met $6. by 2 . eee i 
hen | 1 Hg 5 Facit. 0 

oth This improper” Kietion” Dy, 3 N e to a0 
non kes but 421, whichijs lese than 56; and e 0 


— M3 8 a 8 


146 TT 2 The Foung . ans 5 brit Compuriion. 


before p58erted, viz, w hat e of fractions lessen 
the p product, e... | 
3. To. multiply a simple by. a compound Fraction; : 
Rule. Reduce the compound fraction to a. simple one, a 
webe taught, and work as above. Bl 
„ ©, "Bxamplec | 
Multiply Sofa pound by 2 of of a pound, say, 6 times 
'9 is 36, and 8 times-12 is 96. So that the 2 answer is orf 
1 its 0 79908 terms; equal to. 7s. 6d. 2 8 5 
1 Division of Vulgar- Fractions, 
Y -ULT IPLY the numerator of the divisor inte 
IVI the denominztor of the dividend, and the proc 
"Lactt is the denominator of the quotient, and then multiply the 
denominator: of the divisor into the numerator. of the divi; 
de gs and! the, © profiect will be the numerator of 1he pour 
| Example, | 


18 / 
KEE OE Divide 23 T3 by 30 72 5 quotient. = 

A "Here 65 multiplied by 2, Kives 32; and. 15 by 3, giv 

45 $0 that the quotient is equal to 1-43, as in the work 
Again suppose 3 3 was divided by 3, the quotient. will he 


32 33 equal to 1 integer or whole thing. And 50 Tor wy: other 


ee. . 

25 iReduction . Decimal Practions. © | 
X 7 HAT a decimal fraction is, hath been already Shew 
V The next step ii is, how to reduce a vulgar fraction in 
1 1 Diele: which is no more than to anuex cyphers i 
discretion (that i is 2, 3, 4. Kc. 9 to the OLI, and tha 
| di ide. it . denominator. | 


| Example. Bos ; 
Reduce 4 of a pound sterling, to A decimal. 


| 075 a Hi ture 
that is 75 hundredths, 8 to 3 qrs of any tin 

775 whether money, weight, measure, &c. as being 

of 100] and 80 25 buncteths is, in decimals, the. quarter i E 

any thing, as being 4 of 100; and five tenths. * wei 

half of any thing, as being the 4 of 10. the 


In reduction of decimals sometimes it happens mat a q 
pher or cyphers must be placed to the left hand of the 
eimal, to VPPIY the defect or want of . in the — 


— þ — 2 a * 


The onng. May's bext:Companion.” 4% 
den eme division. In this case always-remember, that so many 
yphers as Vo annex tothe denominator of «the, vulgar 


faction, 80 many places you must point off in. the quotient. 
cowards the left hand; but if there be not so many places to 


\oint off, then you. must supply the e Plycivg,a oF. 
zher or wo as to the left of the decimal,” 


——_—_ 8 5 


| Reduce d. * 18 to the decimal of a. nend 00 
ak 240) 9000 (, % | Here:are hut thr 4 


56 the quoti viz, 375; and 
: — Fl P point off 4 
inte 5 = the. four cyphers. annexp 
proc 1680 5 09; wherefore- Iprefix o to 
„ TRIS „ the jeft of the quotient. 379. 
din 1 ,0375, and then it is 37, 8f 
zen 1b den n of an. e — 
: (9. 
give The te FOI you annex, the nearer” you bring) your, 
vor decimal: to the*truthi.: but! in most cases, four cyphers are 


ll be suffcient. But when you are to reduee , 2 or + (as abovey. - 
oth or an integer to a decimal, or any number of'shillings to a de- 

eimal of A. 8 ne are - One en 
1eW 


more. 
on in vag ls 3. 


ers i Reduee- 3 farthings to the degimal 1 a: pound, that is, the 
1 the vt gar fraction. v3⁰ 960 eee. being a pound. 

5 960) 3,000000 (9,93 The Work being performed 
according to'the dtwislen, 8 2 two cyphers prefixed, quotes 
4003125, 3128 _ hundred +housandth parts of a pound. 

y the same method, the vulgar fractions of weight, * BL 
ry CI &c. are-reduced to decimals. 


f 5 Example * . 
1 | Hop is 12 pound weight 1 in the decima ohio. 


* 


arter 

es t| weight Avoirdupoise, 1 12 lb. the vulgar fraetion i i „ 
2 the decimal, 1071 found as before, thus, 3 

ta e ; 112) 12, 0000 010 | : 
be 5 The remaindergs i is not war. 


Wo — notice, being less than 10000 the 
So &. — of an une or 1. 5. = . ; 


or a OG. a 
pr # * PI ah — n 
——— — 22 N < 
— —U—ä x — 
* * * —— — 


— —— ů ů 
1 4 


— r* : g 7 
— = — 
= . —— oo ——— 
ol en » — — — 55 * 


| those figures towards the left of the point are integers or 


| 3 ndredths; thousandths, or ten thousandths of one of those 


— A2 —U— ä——c * 


an 


The: Young Man's begt Companion, 
| Example V. | 

. 7 3 n brought to the A ofa year? 2 wen 
* une . 1 | 


| : 1 "4 365 
| 5660 73.0 (2 Ans 2 2 tenths, Thus ok 36,3 


B (0) 1 3 

Here 365, the dyn in in a 4 year, is deidedwy f 10 twice; and 

the e together, they make 73 N I 
| Valuation of Decimals. 


0 find the vat of a decimal fraction, whether of. e coin, | 
1 weight, measure, &c,: 

Rale. Multiply the decimal given, by the hits contained 

: jn the next inferior denomination, and point off as many 

places from the right hand. as you have in your decimal; $0 


whole numbers ; and those on the other side towards the 
right hand: are parts of one or unity ; that is, so many tenths, 


integers, whether a pour, a chilling, ora penny, & or of 
ton, a hundred, a. quarter, a pound weight, &c. And 80 


; W other . or of what kind or quality soever. - 
Examples. = 
5 476 parts of a pound sterling, oP 
po - 20 PR a . | 
— 0 [ 
i 
= — 12 pence billing. 2 
er 5 
98 "68. 8 e Ffarthings 1 penny: | 2 
' parte, Or I” — — 
of. 1d. — REEM or almost 4 2 of 1d. 

| ERAS Re he 7 +6470 parts ee. 
Wag ee e Se 
9,520 Et NACSN IR") 4 
3 4 qrs. 4 S ; No 
——— ö CC re in 
5, 4 4x55 mobo © | N Thi 
nber 238 lb. 1 . of CT: Pee 
90: 2 2 qrs, 2 1b, 240' 8p FT = c 
57 


88 ria thi 


be Yang, Man's best Companion. . 14x - 
1 In tlie example of money, 1 multiply the fraction dy 20 
od point off 520 for the three! places in the decimal, &c and 
36 ie ſanswer is 98. 6d & ne srl)... 
36, In the example of aveight J proceed as in that of money: 
me fraction being the same,) but with different respect ta 
ee inferior denominations; and the answer is 9 C. 2 qrs. 2 
FFP ĩ Vd nn 
2 W 7 find the true value of a, decimal in money in a briefer 
1 ethod,- viz. HEN. > 2 $25 ES 5 e 5 
WH Rule. Always account; the double of the first figure (to- 
Jie left hand) for sbillings; and if the next to it is 5 reckon 
.oin, sbilling more; and whatever is above 5, call every one ten; 
nd the next figure so many ones as it contains: which ter 
ned Wd ones eall farthings; and for every 24, abate, 1: as admit 
any Wie last example of money, viz. 476; the double of 4 is V; 
- $0 id there being one 5.in . (the next figure) I reckon one 
or Milling more, which makes 9, and there being 2, (in the) 
the dove 5, they are to be accounted tens, or 20 which witk 
the, Ie next f ure 6; being so many ones, making 26-farthings; 
10e nd abating 2 for a3, they give 6d, and a Tarttiing more. 
r of Addition of Decimal, — RY 
* | 8 the same in operation as in whole numbers; only in set- 
ting down, care must be taken that the decimal parts stand 
spective ly under like parts; that is, primes undef primes, 
econds under sscondls, thirds under thirds, &c. and thein- 
ger stands as in whole numbers. e 
| DE he Example. 


; 22 » 4 38 2 
26 S & 'DESES 
* = 32 . 2 8 2 . 
— LE” Körg 
2 4 6 42 "4796 479 6 2 
7 4 42 „ ln > 
4: - »0 6 0. 6 310.0 6 | 
6 3 29% 20004 N 
4 2 0 05 3 9 | NT: 


437 705 1476 24.4982 3 

Note, There must be as many places pointed off, as there 

re in that number which has most decimal place. 

[ he easting vp. of the foregoing examples, is the same with 

e addition of one denomination, in whole numbers; tile 

al of the first (supposing them pounds sterling) as 437. 
„og parts. The second is 41. and 44760 parts. And 

Ia e third is 21, and 14982 parts. Sabtract ibn 


"i 50 ve The reg Man' 3 beat at Companion, N 
fo ©. * Subtraction of Decim als. . 
THE nu ber must be placed as before in "att at | 

then proceed 3 asia o Subtraction of Ae of one. nn] 


tion. 728 


815 wy CON pb, EET. Eu 
| 246051 b 4702.0 WI 
n 9% era es 
— . | 2 3 : ha 
37 5 . ere, * th 
1 Mul ölen of Pie nals.” 1 P 
Here the placing the numbers. and. the operation. * the | 8 
very same as in the whole numbers: remember only to point ge 
off towards the right hand. $0 many places for decimals, as 2 
vou have Wee in both. 9 17 and e, \ 
JJ 
EE 3 
e > 46 2 . 1 2 
_— — 27 £ 25 1 11 8 7 
n = 1 16776 4 
c hi 
Re 925 3 fo 
61, 50 05 1 N 
; 20 5 * e tl 
307214 _ 0. Fe: . | an 
— 5000 7 3 > 19 6 aK. 1709 7 = 
00043284 498 2 3823 
N TIE „ : we n 5 : 7 1 
E 61328 NE 4 325 ph . 
Note, That where there are not A competent 1 of 2 
*figures or places to point off; such defect is supplied with Wl P 
<oyphers to the left hand; av-in the -4tb and th examples ; 
according to what was deter hinted i in e a 125 . 
mo! to a n 05 | 5 | 1 
23 1 ame in 5 mas: as in wen . the 1 | W X. 
b difficulty is to know how many decimal” places to point » 
' - «off towards the left hand of the quotient 5 to which end re- e 
member this rule: W ny: e | places there | 15 
| pes” 172 | 
2 178 >: ; £0 * 7 her ang 


1 e e 
ave in the divisor, and the dividend, and find the difference: 
and whatsoe ver it is, so many 9 0 ast be goings off to. 
ws eo __ of Ine Pech 2 94 hy +4 i 

Examples. N 0 55 FO _ 55 


22 ter by 679) ebe 


In this example the.dividend-- 209! e 
hath three decimal places more- 
than the divisor, K herefore + 
point off three places to the 
right hand of the quotient, vi. 


, 

» , 

6 = . ” 
* % * 
5 *® a 
4 ; 
>> Oo => On. og wit « — 2 = — OY r r 8 : . —2 —— — — 5 
Pr. * 2 : us By p 2 v: 7 2 e - ” 1 . I 8 2 — — SR” - N ” 
: "4 SR + 2 . SEE _— i 5 WED ——_—— nn Sf = . — EEE TEES TAST, SE 
— — > S 4 -; 4 — . — — 5 - > — — — 2 — — — = £ EEE nes a2 ty 
U * = 2: : PRIX . > - ä — ; , - 
— * — — 7 » s 3 K 
4 * . - 8 « ” - 
ö Sas * > _ A — — 2 3 2 N 1 2997 - 3 
x ho — = * F * , * — _ 8 N _ — 

g rn. © SE a — — — "=o =FI 
1 — — — — — — 8 


4 . 
! I 


_ 


dis; so the quotientis. 1 init6= | Mnf abr . 
ger; and, ee e i] 
. Ih | (3268) . Mo | 1 

25 | Divide 5u(Goco by 115) Sie (815 = 

Here the difference between tee EE | 
decimal places in the divisor andthe ro i 
dividerd is three places, as in the  — 984 - _ i} 
foregoing-examples; therefore 811—ñ Ci 
is pointed off for the decimal fra 166 141 
tion, and the quotient is 2 integers, B 1 
aud, 87 W mer of an _ —— 14 
» „%%% "CRM e LIES. > + - 564 TM 9 | 


_. T * miſt for fractions Ne 4 e . 3 
A have been asconcise as poaglhls. and ee Tron as r 
| en a8 T cou! id invent. | 

MO BOOK-XEEPING. e 
T HE: next qualification to fit a man for 1 2 

2- rithmetic, is the art of Book- keeping, or Merchant's 
Accounts; after the Italian manner, by way of double entry, 

It is not without good reason that most people of business 

ard ingenuity, are desirous Ito be masters of this art; forif 
ue consider the Satisfaction that naturally ariseth froin an 
WH account well kept, the pleasure that accryes to a person by 
eeing what he gains by each species of goods he deals in, 
1 his gs . 2 a Lend s "wage e fr to 
a Ay eo 33G 2 now 


- + 


* 


- -. ; 


l th; Da 11 75734 cue 35 
know "Re true state of his affairs and circumstances, 80 int ger 
he may, according ko discrbtion- retfench or enlarge hows 3 \ B 
pences, &c. as he shall think fit. 13 1 'F 
This art of Book-keepiug, or ' Merchant's Accounts, i 1 [iu 
| talked of by. many, but tru y understood but by wery few: Lit 
for every petty schootmaster, in any bye corner, will be su 
to have Merchant's Accounts expressed on his sign, as 2 
principaÞ article of his ability i in teaching ; though, skriethy | 
speaking, for want of the practical part, he knows hardly any 
thing. of the matter, and is consequentiy incapable of} 
teaching it. | 
Instructions, Notes! Rules and "Directions; for the ri ht. or. 
dering and keeping Merchant's Accounts by the excellent] 
order of charge and Aircharge, INE. e Me 


and Creditor. 
| Of. the Books i in „ But 
IF Ws bodke of principal use are the Waste 3 0 nag 
a bonne Ealled the rg 40 Journal, and , 8 * 
- Maste. Book. : 


* this bodk 1 10 be hidyrerritthcwhiliever oce urs in 05 
| $ 6 of trade; buying, selling, ieceiv ing, delivering, bargain- 
45 ng, shipping, Sec. without ömission of any one thing, 

either bought or sold, borrowed; &c. 

= The Waste-book is ruledwith'one marginal line; andre 
lines for pounds, shillings and pende, and the day of the 
month aud. year of our Lord, is inserted in the middle of the 
page. In this book, any one may write, and, on occasion, 
any thing may be blotted our, If not walk e or 

_ be he be ens; 4 55 2 5 

55 1 Pott ä | : 
1 NTo this book every article is brought e out of He Watts 
book, but in other terms, in a better style, and in a fairer 
hand, without any alteration « of eyphers or figures; ; andevery 
| percel one after another, are promiscuouslyset without'inter- 
mission; to make theſbook, orseveralentiies;ofit of more credit 
and validity i in case of any law dispute, or any other. contfo- 
versy that may happen between merchant and merehant. In 
this book you are to dis tinguish the. debfor and creditor} (or 
in other terms thę debit and credit;) and to this book you 
must have recourse for the particulars of an aceount, whichin 
the Ledger are entered i in one line. In this bobk also the day 
of the month is. usually placed in the middle of the page; it 
is ruled with . marginal lines, for references to the Led. 
| 8 | p Bel 


' — 


* 


8 


; 
N 


2 1 Pd . 5 4 
d- — » : . a 
_ . * P 
- 
} Fo * L E 
is #-%; 3 , - 
* . 


. #: 


175 The Young Man's bes Companion, x * 
ger, and with throe lines for J. s. d. as the Weste bock. 
Of the. Ledger. - 
FROM. the Journal, or Day book, all Rater vr things are 
th into the Ledger, which, by the Spaniards, is called 


= 


[Flibro grande, as bel s the-biggest book, or chief. of Ace- 


counts, The left han 
and the right the creditor side; and the numbers. or folios of 
each side must be alike as debtor 45, and 45 creditor. - The 


day of the month in this book is. set in a narrow column on 
the left hand, and the month on the lef of that; but where 1 


kept books, the number inthe narrow column referred ta the 


road column, to the right ef that: and at the head of each 
folio is the name of the place E: residence, and n * of 
our Lord, as thus : | 


— 


London, anno — —— 


ng will make the foregoing hints of them much more intel- 
jvible, The following is a general.rule, upon which mozt 15 
e entries in book keeping depend, viz.. 

All things Received, or the Receiver, are Debtors' 10 th, e 
Delivered or Deliverer, - 


I = 13 — Entry, 


| | London Fanuary 1. 1788. 
\ EYE of William Wilkins, of Norton, Fal of * 
. | gate, 120 yards of white: e e M8 28. 34. 33 
er yard, to pay in two months, g. Wee 
W 3 ' The Fournal-En * the. zame 5 
f Freda silk debtor t 28 illiam a 5 | 

| 108. for 420 yards of white sarcenet, at 28. 30 

per yard, to pay in two months. * gh 57 

lin this avaniple the wrough: silksare receivedand},” 1 
x „e debfor to Po 7 ou the AR A 
f $4 a 1 ; bee, 8 L i . 
it n Jinary 4. . Rs * 1 7 | 
. 0 Finlay: 1 nett of indigo a: 
n at 6s. 6, per li Ib, to pay in 3 months. 2 
r eee — 
: Tourna 2 
k hs Harrington, Dr. to ndigo, for 2461 
y nett at 6s* 64. — to pay in 3 months. 
it . os ] a N „ 


the Journal page, and the month and day was placed in the 


side of this book is called thsdebtor, 


794 | 
But the example of these een books er follow- 8 


— 2 * oe = —— _— 4 
r. ARE ict. 


EE: 8 


I . 
4 
* ; 6 z 4 R 1 i 
, £ * » $ 
. 4 4 * 
. 5 - x 
% 7 . 
= — _ _—— : — > -—— 1 - ——_—_ 
. So. In. ye — — IBS wh Os — 2 >. 
* — — — * =, — — ICS —— 2 — — — 2 — 
2 = =. = 4 = 4 => —— — 
eee - — 2 mera EE ID ———— —— —̃ — —ę— = > a 
©, 1 : 5 — * 2 E 2 — RY. » -» 3% Q 
" > i. cet rl 4.1298 <= * % _ ks PRES "DOORS. - 5 8 "ON 95 "EY" S l - _ 
2 - — — — 7”. Op - + Ad. oh aa T + P 
N — * — 2 5 5 5 — — 25 —— 
— 2 = ——— — 8 g * — * — þ . q 2 — —— — 
Es n 3 <p> 2 7 - * — : — — — 
D — — — " . = 4 — r 
* — * — 
— : — IT 


©, F0.; ne 


— 


% 


* The Tomy Max's beet « Companion. 5 
| e jy ; Once more. Foe ND a 4 


„ ge e en Entry. F731 * 9 
48 Baut; of comes 5 cenior, v vis. 155 „ 


der C. 
Pirkins; ts bett 
; at 3d. per! x 


8 2 * 40 . 


ite To —.— at 4 e e : 


#4256 7 14 7 e 5 : — 7 
„ accounts, Dre lo Forge, ene 6 


4.119377 051 | 
4 4 \C beste cheese, for 420 . 5 5 
e e. per © | 17 
5 Butter, for 50 firkiogs, Th: 725 25 
__? {4Soolb. at zd per Ib. 07 45 e 
4 #1} Fe ? Pay e months, * — e 
„ Wis nale Jol. 1 
1 Sold James ne, 1 . e e e 
: White sareenet, 50 yards, | 1 
It 38. per yard, 
#: Hogs gens at 12 pores a 
"M4" 


1 4 5 Fat Eur 7 tbe Tees 721 Ja 
| 51'S 6 ; Joites Jenkins, Dr. tosundry accounts, viz. 


| *. 2 To white sarcenet for Wen . e 

| I. at 38. fer g ng eh INNS 1. 7 10 c 1 11 
* =” 4 To in » for e at 73. ber lb. 7 10 . 14 
| | 7 1 ne 


3 3 ede few exariples of entry, it may be obsern 
3 2 iat an experienced pet on in accounts, ande good wri 
| [+ keep a Journal without a'Waste-book, or a Waste d 

| | ut a Journal, since they both import one and the s 
thing; Soars they 4 


Achall 
tries, tc 


er a litHe'in words or expressing 7 under 


[ But however, F$hall-give methods of 8 6 each as Weider, he 
} 1 eee leave. W No 6 th 
| 2. e e their c 
| 535 L ln Ye : 

: * 2 49, 7s N. N 2 : i a * 

Eh rene we 40 2 4 rc ee e n e n e a i 

An Ee Te ＋ - | 55 8 7 12 5 , y 

1 4 # F J. 2 4 6 « . L 

5 5 2 l. 7 or 1 5 N 

* * 11 t 
: ; a X 25 - 4 5 27 7 1 7 7 


e N 1. e = DIY 


An 1b of all apa ld - a 
5 debts, belonging to my 3: of Lenden 
merchant, viz Trop ho! 5 * ** ag 
| ct cad 4 Ore har ok . 3500 e . _ 
In tobacco, 4 47261b, at * e £ 
o GE rec 177 4 6 
I 10 rel cloth, 6 pieces, 8 7 3 
- at 50s. per piece. 15. 
e 1000 ells, KAIF CC EEC 
4d. perell.-. 5 peg ©; Het 
anary wines, 9 pipes, e 
; at zol. per pipe. 5 : 1 
Due to me from Hato 5 ll. 
| [Blawg ee AR _ ff 
5 B34 Ei : EE; Wk 
123 e PBs Ps - 14 
Sundiy 5 bete. e — 14 
be Hig 1. 4138 17 10 viz. 5 | Wi 't 
77 ach. . 5 FE ; 350% © , 5180 | 
7 chaces for 4726b-yt 59 3 
1 Bron cloth for 6 pieces, ) {Wi 
| os. per piece. 155 5 14 
1 ow as for 1000 ell, at p j | 1 
- | 28. 4d. per ell. N | We 
I Canary wines for 9 pipes, t 
-J - at gol-per pipe, | 
3 HP Shang Sul on. a bond: | 
1 melf nabe one page serve for wege and 3 ary : 


ities, to save room, and also to have both ethods of en- 
y under eye, to make them more intellig bl! Y useful to the 


ader, he hereby being n obliged 1 to turn over bes © Jeaf "RS 
e their e * uy.” 9 . to | 


* 


4 17 % FY : 


2 Ib. of Vir ka cut Tobacco, 
15 at 14d- 4 2 | 


| 0 3 of Leonard Lepg, four pipes of cana- 


156 2 mmer Man's bes! 1 Crinpanton. & 5 


Mate · boo · „ : . 


London, January FR 1788, , ous? W rot 


[Orring th | Hen Webb, by note) „ 
- of my hand. | 5 50 0 e ; 
Ditto, to Roger Ruff, the ba}, 


lance of his account. bx 2 4 TY i 
Ditto, to Henry Hern, due the CILIA hk 
A of lane 4 denn 1 7 62 cy 
; Journals „ 
FF oe ter to sundry accounts, ASD 
+ FE 128114 ne In RO 
o Henry Webb, by note 477 e 
my hand 7 50 © +0 
To Roger Ruff for the balance N 
of his account, 16 12 4 
To Henry Hem, due the aof i 
Ware Vat, F 62 0 0 


Gy vr re Ts X K 1 ED; 
 Tadox February 2. 175 
Sold 1 homas n viz 


469 cls of Os at 38. per ell. 


#; Ag nal. February 2. - 


Are tobaeco, for 246lb. at 14d. per lo 147 


Thomas r eie Dr. 2 viz; Wd 


— I\F $ 


_ = ” 


"rai Fama „ 


|. * at. { 281b- per pipe- To pay in 6 mouths fn 
| Fournal. February 24. | 
"ee wines, Dr. to Leorard Legg, for 4 


pipes at 28]. per pipe. to pay in 6 months. — 112— 
OT short lines ruled against the Journal-entries are" 

y be termed posting lines and the figure on the top of tl 
4 denotes the folio of the Led: e er where the debtor isef 
tered, and the figures under the line $hews the folio oft 
Tenn where the _— is entered ; — the other 2 


* 


Ire Do Dowlasfor we. els at 36: Its ell, 2 oo} 


figure 
het 
Ledg 
Th. 
on of 
said t 
word 
are el 
Fol 
left ha 
thus: 
1788, 
Feb. 2 
And 
ditor. s 
1788. 
Jeb. 24 
The 
those t. 
led a 
of mon 
he rig! 
the-ye 
ount t. 
or cred) 
ccount 
br by su 
o be do 
ars of e 
Ledger 
eferren 
get; All 
which y. 
ught to 
Anoth 
| herein! 
wouds sh. 
Fhich on 
edit sid 
' andize; 
me accc 
The n. 
1 factori 
Weds sh. 


bo f. go 


n,. \ 
x5 4 3 
8 2 


figures s against the gundry debtors, or-8undry 
whether goods or persons) she ew. als f 
Ledget they are posted. 5 150 TYP 


on opposite pages in Which those in Which the Journal are 


aid to be debtors are entered on the left-hand” Page with the N 
word To, and those to which they are said to be creditors, 5 


are entered right hand page, with the wofd By 


For instance, the last J ournal entty Sh 5uldbe pbstesl a the. 2 


left hand, or the e 1 W The! aco 92 
1788. e e Mts; ee 
Pb. 24. To Leeds res whites ER TINT IFS 
And the same should be posted on tlie rt a or <ro- 
ditor. ade, of the account 6f . Les & chus: 33 
1788. e, 


cee wines 


* 


Feb. 24. By Cans wines, tay in Fs TY 12 0 0 


There are several other books used by: chats besides 


those three before mentioned; as the Ents book; which: 0 


Jed as the Ledger, and folioed fixe wise, wherein all receipts 
of money are entered on the left · hand folio, and payments on 
be right; specifying in every entry the daz) of the month; 
he year being det on the top,) for what, and fort whose ac- 


or credit of each side is to be posted into the. Ledger to the 
ccount of cach therein, in ohe line on either side. viz. I 0. 


k 


obe done once a month, of at discretion ; and the particu-- 5 
als of each side, article by aitiele, are to be posted into the. 


eferrences in the Cash - book to ihe several folios inthe Led 
er ; and carry the balance over leaf into the Cash book ;-by. 


acht to have, by you | 
Another book is A book of. Ga "of arch e 
| herein is tobe ente ed the custom and petty charges of any 5 


which once a month 1s transferred ttntothe Cash book onthe 8 


handize; and like wise the same in the debtor side of the 


The next book Lshall name is the Invoice book, or bool 


cds ship ed, either for; accounts proper ot portable: a 0 
ISO vf eee 


2 
— 
1 — 3 - 
— A 7 3 : 
* . 


The g Max's best . . 57 
- creditors» -i 
d in War olios ot wg e 


The accounts of persens or things ate 105 t in the A ie 


ount the money was received or paid; and the: total debit 
r by sundry accounts, as per C ash- book, folio, Ac. Which is 8 
Ledger to the proper accountsunto which they belong, with 6 


ich you may know at any time win. cate; J have. Or LS; 


buds shippeddas Porterage, wharfage, warehouse room;&c. 
edit side, making referrences to the book of charges of i mer: . | 
me account in the Ledger for the-amount thereof. Ki a 

ff factories. In this. book is to be copied all- invoices of, 0 WE 


Fear "rem: abroad which: mt always. $8. 
NW: e 2 TY . . .* "entere ; 


* * 6 
— — b * 
— — 2 — ">= . $. oo — — —— — - = == 
— — — aſs dr try — mmm TI" 


Wear orig - e — — 
— — — — 2 — — 
— — — — _ =, — — 
— — — — —— "= — 
— — 9 — > - — nt =>. 


— — 


" _ n K — rr —_ — * be If 
- * — — - — 2 2 - "> I — PRE 2 — _ A — A 
<= 2 — I - 
—— — — b . . 5 Po 7˖—— ̃ — — — 
— — - -— = om 2 — — LG — — — — — = 
r 2 — > - * 5 — — 8 — 5 _ . 2 . 
5 — 4 a Ny * - * * my * ” 


6 2 


ED to 
2 — 


== xt 


———— ——ʒZ or — 


— 


' 


* . 
5 


” 


1 
N 


1 
4 


6 
N 
| 
+4 
[; | 
= 
* 


: 
: 
7 


Q 7” tay 
- 


158 - be Young Man's besÞCompanion. 


dank, or right side: so at first view may be seen how the 


Besides those above mentioned, there must be a book t 
coppy all letters sent abroad, or beyond the seas; wherein the; 


must be written pretty full, for the reader finding the game, 


the receiving person must set his name for himself, or some 


_ - of aid, to enable the book-keeper to make proper entries, and 


own account,) and Cash Cr. 


# 


whole; secondiy, make me party Dr. to Cash, or the mont 
paid Him in part of those goods, . 


„ * ; 


— 


entered on the left side, leaving the right side blank» ang 
on the advice of the disposal of gqods sent abroad, and 0 
on the sale of goods received from abroad, enterthem onthe 


accoult hd ME::--o7ho17 ooo on rn ER bn 
The next is a bill. Book, wherein are entered dills of ex. 
change accepted: and when they become due and whey, 
paid, they should be marked so in the margin. 
The next is 4 book of Houseshould Expences, for the | 
monthly charge spent in house keeping; likewise apparel, 
| house rent, 8ervants wages, and pocket expences: -and this 
may be monthly summed vp, and carried to the credit of cagh, 


name of the person or persons, to whom the letter is sent 


ne next, (aud what is very necessary); a Receipt body, 
wherein are given feceipts for money paid, and expressed 
hose account or use, or for what it is received; to which 


dther, with the year and day of the month on the top - 
Lastly, A Note or Memorandum book, to minute don: 
affairs that occur, for the be ter help of memory; and is of 
great use where there is a multiplicity of business. 
" Having given an account of the several books, and their 
use, the next thing necessary will be to give some fewruls 
to gistineuisk the several debtors and creditors, viz. 
6 money received, make Cash Dr. to the party that 
paich it, if for his own account) and the party Ci. „ 
Seecondly, Money. paid, make the receiver Dr, (if for hi 
Thirdly, Goods bought for ready money, make. the good 
Dr. to Casb and Cash Cr: by the goods, © 
Fourthly, Goods sold for ready money, just the contrary 
j. e. Cash Dr. and the Goods Cr. © 
Fiſthly. Goods bought at time ; goods 'bought are Dr 
to the seher of them, and the seller Cr. by the goods, 
©. Sixzthty; Goods sold for time just the contrary i. e. t 
party that hought them is Dr. to the goods, and the goo! 
-* Seventhily, Goods bought, part for ready money, and 


rest for time 3 first make the goods Dr. to the party for tb 


1 Tito 
— — a 55 4 P 
. a” p 4 2 t 9 4 
P o 2 > 
4% * y 


2 


be Youlig Man's best Companion, 19 

I Eighty, Goods. sold, part for ready money, and the 
res for time; first make the party Pr. to the goods for th: 

Wh whole; secondly, Cash Dr. to the party received of him in 
part of those goods Or eitler bf these two last rules may 
de made Dr. to sundries; as goods bought Dr: to the selling 
nan, for so much as is left unpaid, and to cash for so much | 
wo in ready money; and so, on the contrary , fer goods [Bl 
| Ninthly, When you pay money before it is due, and are 
to have discount allowed you, ws the person Dr. to Cash "BY 
| for so much as you pay him, and to Profit and Loss for the » . 


. 


discount: or make the receiving man Dr. to sundries as be- 


/ 


ER Profit and loss is Dr. OED 


_ To Cash for what money you pay, and have nothing for 


jt, as discoury! of money youreceived before due, and for a- 
batement by cemposition, Fyuse-hold expences, & c. 
By cash for all you receive, and deliver nothing for it, 
as disccunt for a prompt pay men and legaxy left you ; money | 
received with an apprentice, and bythe profit of every par- 
ticular commodity you deal im by ships in company, by voy- 


SY ag” _ —*©5 as 


| ages & . x ; T8 * 3 ; pt» > B 
0 b ance or clear an Account whenfull wriiten 
ins r, if the Dr. side be more than the credit, make the 
old account Cr. by the new; and if the contrary, makes 
the new account Dr. to the old; but if the Dr. side be less 
than the credit, then make the old account Dr. to the new, 
and tire new accouut Cr. by the old, or such a rest or sum as 


1 


* 
\ 
— — == - — 
2 — — - D — = — 
— — —— — a”. Z 
— bo 1 
- —— —— — — 


—— —L— 


— 


t 


P A 
SE .v * 


you shall find in the account. 2 „ 
2 An account of Company, wherein you haye placed more 
received of another than his stock; then add as nuch on the 
debit side as you find on the credit; to the end that, in the 5 
new accounts, you may have s much debit as you put in, 


. 
” 
4 * 
— — 2 
od — 5 — — 2 2 
- — — — 
n — 
3 — 
LT - 


ad so much credii as you have received, 
' 3 Inaccounts-of merchandise, you mast enter the 5 or 
loss before you make the old accouut Cr. by the n and 
the new Pr. to the old for the remainder of re 5 
4 In the foreign accounts, which you are to keep with a || {Rl | 
doubſecolomn, forthe dollats, crowns, or other foreign coins | 
zs well as there value in J. 8. d. which have been received or 
Paid by bills of exchange, tor goods sold by factors or cr. 
RE 0 * 


97 


* 


10 60 1 T be Young Man. s best e 


—— respondents, or. bouglit by them for. th Aceprnty 1 
bere you must mo banane tbe lo} ard  colpmn of col 


R 5 17 


To remove an e Full . 5 * See Ma BE. 1 


SUN. or add up the Dr. and Erk sides, and see the dif. 
ference, which place to its opppsite : : as admit the Cr. side 


exceeds the Dr. then you are to write the line in the '©'d ac-} 


count to balayce on the Dr. side, to answer We Une on the 
| Or. side cf the new account: 48; fe: 


Vo to balauce at the Year's end, N kbetely to know th} 


state of your affairs a and circumstances. 8 


Von Mubt make an account ot balal ce on the next void! 
leaf or folio of your Ledger to your other accounts! but 
af er so done, do not venture to draw out the account of: 
balance in the said folio, till you have made it exzct on a 
sheęt of paper, ruled and titled for that pur p because of 
mistakes or errors tllat may occur or happen in the coune 


N net” 
2 he — % 


of balancing your Ledger, which' are to be rectified, and wilt 


cause erasements ox alterations in'that account, which. ought * 
tobe-very fair and exact; ant after you have. made it to 
bear in the said sheet. copy ny the 1 out of balance 


; an: the Ledger. ; 2 £4 2 Kg 


The rules for balancing 475 these, Vix. 


Ast, Even'y our account of cash, and bear he neut rest OY | 
| batanee 1 


àꝛ2 dy. Cast apa your: goods bouzhle $797 thope seldof 
What kiifd 80ever, in each account of goods, and see whether 


all gcods bought be sold or not: - and if any remain unseld 


| you Crs.in order as they Hes andbear the nett lest af them * 


* 


va ue them as they cost you, or according to the present 


* Price, ready money, dert the nett FesLifp. Balance | 
24ly, FIN what your goods or- wares ee ost, andal- 


so how much they were. sold for, and bear the net Win or 


1oss to the account of profit and loss. 
4thly, Even all the persons accounts with your 1 5 20d 


several to balance. | 
sthiy, Even your voyages, your factor s accounts, w vherein 
is either gain or loss, and bear the nett gain or loss to- the 


account of profit and loss; and the goods unsold to balance. 


'Gthly, Even the- account of profit and loss, and. bear the 
nett rest to stock or capital, a 450 an Adyance to Your. rick of 


| capital. a . „ ec No MG es” 


* "Mw 5 3 8 e n 
- 2 PLAT, LS — j * 18 8 . „ 
* e. ' ; ; * 7t 
7 Pp > 4 Sx N * * 
* - _ + : - 
4 » 
k * * 4 
- © — * 
> : 
d 


I 49 * * $4 IF; 4 


ever 
ing 1 
thus 


tions 


debt. 
hold 


20 
the ( 
be L 
also 
the s 


Aut! 


book 
beg 
the c 
unde 
q 
key 


the f 


and 1 

4 
to th 
try 1 
Led 
wa 


let it 


4 


The Young Man's best Companion. 
nl Even your stock, and bear the nett rest to balante 


ehen eat u s Bt. unnd Or. Sicken of our tatance;; d 
if they come both alike, then are your accounts well kept; 
otherwise you must find out your error by pricking over 
your Book again, to see whether you have ee every | 

Dr. and Cr. in the Ledger as you ought. 

3 e over the book, is meant in excmining;” 


every artitze in the Journal, against the ledger, and mark- 
ing it thus , or thus ; and upon the second examination, 
Gr; ; and upon a third examination, thus or any other - | 
marx. 

Note alsb, In 1 avout of pools; you must keepin ob- 
lumn in the vridde of the or er ve _ 7 ca 
" Pugh and. measure. | 


FT 5, 


e a0 Giotellgbie! 10 an e acity. 
ist, Stick close to the text, or general rule before men- 
tioned, viz; at all things received, or the receiver, are 
debtors te all things delivered, or the deliverer: : for this rule 
' holds good. in all cascs, 50 
2dly, When the Dr. lether person or goods) is known, 
the Cr. is easily understood, without mentipning it; for if A 
be Dr- to B, then B is Or. by A, for what sum soever it be:; 
algo if goods be Dr. to C, then C is Cr. by those goods fur 
the sum they amount to.— This I n ention, because that most 
Authors. (if not all that-I have met with on the subject of 
book- -keeping) spend a great many words which 1 think 
(begging their pardon if I err) might be saved in declaring 
the creditor; as well as Shewing the debtor, when it may. be 
understood as aforesaid. | 
'3dly, This art of Italian -book-kbepiog, i is called Book- 
keeping by double entry, because there must be two entrjes ; 
the first being a chargiug of a person of money, or goods; 
and the second a discharging of a person, money, or goode. 
4thly, Strictly note, That if the first entry be on the Dr. 
to the left hand side of 3our Ledger; the next or second en- 
& must always be made on the right or credit side of your 
Ledger ; for. whenever one per$0n or thing is charged, then 
Aways another persogor 8 is eee tot the add sum 
it be what it will, 5 


4 


162: T The Young Man 5 besl Companion 


s 50 it is in. balancing or evening an 3 car. 
it to another folio ; for, if the oſd account be evened 
5 5 balanee on the credit side, then the ne account must 
5 debted or charged on the debit side, for the zum that ba- ö 
lanced the old account. e | 
Much more out to. be. said on this . of book-keeping 
<1 had room; but- I have plainly spoke to the Tincipal | 
fundamentals thereof, which Lhope may be sufficient for the 
instruction and improvement of any intelligent reader. 
The next matter 1 shall go upon, is to shew, or give ex.” "i 
| amples of various kinds of receipts, and promissary notes; 
also bills of parcels in different trades; like wise bills of book. 
debts, bills of exchange, with remarks on them; and some 
| other precedents of writings i in trade. and mereantile e 
ki And first, of Receipts of different 8 3 — N 1 
| \ ECEIVED,. September 24. 1793. f) I 
Te Mr. Anthony Archer, the sum of six ( 
8 290 nine sbillings.; I say, received 1 85 
my mater Hin Berry per mee ) 7 5 e 
Cauley Catchimoney: _ 1 5 . 5 1 
London, Sept. 24. 78 8 2 Shag 


. 


-BBOELYED. of Mr: Ken ier Net 526 3 : 


3 | pence; in full payment, T2 We 5 8 81 8 ; 
_ Iry OPER B 


1 ' Note, Thes zum received mustalwaysbe resis eh 
at length, and not in figures, in the body of the receipt; but 
it way and pught to be expressed in figures behind a brace, 

(as in the two foregoing examples), or else between 1160 
lines on the left hand of the name at the bottom of the re- 

: ceipt, (as is $hewn in the promissary notes in p. 172) as well 
5 as in the body of the receipt. 922 

/ Wen a receipt is given 5 * book, there is no 00 5 

to mentian the man's name of Wh Om you receive the n money, 5 

because hat is implied, he being the owner of the Wen | 


1 25 3 3 3 4 Receipt in part. of Goods od. 


T3 4 


1 RECEIVED; September 24, 1793 of- D 
| Mr Timothy Trustlittle,” fifty pounds in 


nk 


i he 230 
1 L e 195 him! 22 instant perk TW 
3.4 1 h 55 e 8 
WE . e Lawrence Lovemoney. OT | 
JW ee 7 1 55 (Rec 
” WY % TRL | 83 5 . - 83 4 nh # 

# 2 {4 772 8 1 2 * „ 8. TS” 2 k LY £ os I Sen. 3 . of 

* FR : 3 N 8 * q 8 8 - "= > - & S 7 Ce 3 ; 
. N a . ; 4 \ 5 5 82 2 ; * 85 5 * et Vo” 8 hs 2 285 5 1 
. # +4 7 8 gs . * 83 5 | : 3 8 n . 5 2 . HE LY 5 
La 85 . 1 FE e k 2 2 wr q 5 ' L ? 2 5 ; a ö 
1 . x 0 y - | & , 4 - "7 py * X 5 25 3 | 7 wy 2 2 5 4 

U * 

1 

1 


— 


n. rg Man's best beet. | 3 5 163 15 
a A Keel given in 4 Receipt 0% CHE 4 
. RECEIVED, Se, tember 26. 1793. the J 188 7A . ig, © 
sum of forty five-pounds, by the order and $35) 4590 
for the account of George Greedy, ber 


e 
nn, F 


Timotmy Trusty. e my 


RECEIVED, September 27, 1793; of Mi 
Daniel a8 e oc} an pars hundred 0 60 oo, 
pounds, an account of Sel and partner, per 1 5 
James Jenks: . 554 00 15 
RECEIVED, Sephinber 28.1793, of . 
Mr Peter Pumetingh; fifty five pouuds'sixteen ( . 5 
chillings and ninepence, in part of Tobacco 33 
sold him the; .24th of Auguet last-past; per. 1 


* 


2 | [ 
J * F "a "TH 1 

5 R * 4 4 » 3 1 * 1 

„ 8 0 * 4 K , a 1 
J "a "FJ Y * 1 Ee * — Sg 449 1 

4 ian un „ ** 2 | WY 
— - * FO — Ars * by 8 4 i = 1 
Bt 8 . r "3 
— * . 7 1 q 

” 2 + ' 
+ * 


REC EIVED, september 29.1793, of the” - 
honourable East India Company, three hun-“ 
dred and fifteen pounds ten $hillings, per or- 3. 
der and for the account. 1 Peter Pepper per) 

115 „ Storax. 

RECEIVED, Octobe 2. 1793, of the) 

Governor and Company of the Bank of ( ' 
England, one thousand six hundred pounds C 10 


ten shillings, for self and company, es)) 
Leonard Longpurse. eee 
© RECEIVED, October 5, 1795, of they”, | - | 
Worshipful Company of Grocers, forty nine: T?! 
pounds fifteen shillings, i in full . for «mn 49 15 00 4 

wY father Peter Plumb, Per me 1 
Pet er 7 1 Ty 7 3 5 '# 

' RECEIVED, November g. 1763, of the 5 0 


"Right "Honourable Sir Samuel Fludyer, 
Kat. Lord Mayor of London, the sum of / 
sixty pounds for the use of the e x 


Caleb Careful "4 Wes. 

8 1 Rent gatberers Rag, 7 : EN ohne, 
| RECEIVED, October 14. 1793, Uf MTT 
Aaron Arable, in money, eighteen pounds, . 
and allowed him for land tax five pounds: 


| 
9 58 wt _ | 

; — al | 16 
Company of TUNG, „d 5. - 

11 

j 

} 

| 

; 


ET 
was 
* 

ſ 


in all twenty five pounds, in full for half :| 25 O | | "1 


year's rent due at Michalmas last; I say re 
ceived for the use of Laurence Letland, ey 

by W his Hoes of attorney,” ok me 
e a 
% OP» | RECEIVED 


; * 5 
„ 1 WE 49 A” 4+ oo7 


4 A 
; fy * 
f 
« 
* 
1 


— 1 


— . 


, — — ; g - 
— 2 4 . 8 
W WS © 0 X 
12 T2 * En * 8 4 * 
7 4 * PF... — 
. g 4 4 * 8 
* * 0 Fn — - 


— eee ee earner TE ne rs 


- 
wi au df 4 
* 
0 2 
5 FR wy ooo FEE K eb. or en oe. - * 
20 —— 2 — 
— — by — * - 
— 
< —___ = ” — —— — 7 
2 


rw 4. 
* * * =_ f p't 1 id 
Hrs 146 
— 2 i i! 
" 
1 7 & | 
” 


- 


* 


for- a quarter G bent, due at. 


1 1,250 


* 


14. © The Laung ans bet Companion. 


' RECEIVED of Mr Timathy Tenant, 1 
this 25th day ef October, 1793, six pounds . 
ichalmas last, 

for my master Launcelot Letfarm, per me”. 
Francis Faithful. 

' RECEIVED, July: I4- 79 3, of Mr Po . 
ter Bishop, twenty nine pounds aix Shillings ( 
in part of a Vilket sixty pounds due the 3d 

as Oetoder next, to: Mr Simon Shuffle, per). 


© 4 Beeten the back of @ Bild of Ex e, 
fall contents of the within mentioned, 5 


dat $09 pe of ht er 
| Lede necdy. bo 


\P + 


P. romissary Notes 


3 a „ 


1 60 00 o FEA * 8 1 4 
| l 18. 1253. 5 
1 PROMISE. to 


1. 4 N 15 . 4 ; 5 Bo . F , 1 77 x; 5 He 
— | 4 GY; © LE 7 SE The 
| October: 23. 1733. 


1 PROMISE te pay unto. the 6 und FS dot ny. 


of the bank of Inge, Mn o demand, two thou- 
__ Chonade.” 


| -Gitaber2 24. 1 
x PROMIS SB to pay to Miles: 
- on demand, seven hundred-3ixty-six pownds tan shil- 
_ow- and nine 4 ern 2974 n rer Regular. 
; ht, OG An 


L. Kim 19. - 


Ontober 2 
1 PROMISE en to the . East India Cen- 


OL © Ex 2 


„* 


Francis. Fiddel. 115 1 1g8 15 3 


Anon to pay to My Timothy 1 ar ordte 
nds, on the zoth of this instant, September, Wit. 
5 ness my hand Linh : 10 e 29355 ; 

| Dan ie] we, | 


pay. to the honourable the Di 3 4 
05 the South Sea Company, or bearer, on eee h 
and thy. eh for Ros Aſher 9 nn. N 


Sy AG hs BY — bon ee dec, 


ICS Comming; or 


moth 
ty-fiv 
whicl 
EXECL 
day © 
day 0: 
Witne 


Tj 
t 


anote 


lue ca 
writ, 
custom 

181 
trades 
up the 


The, Young. Man 3 best Campanion, - Ig 


pany, or. bearer, on ee, Lack hundred pains, for " 
E en, 1 | 


FMS Sf I 


— "a 555 - Martin | Moneybag. 

J. 500 57 P TR 5 i 2 55 45 N PE: EY 7 2 | Ty Bonus 5 | 

. i. 1 3 8. 2477 | a * 2 
8 57 IN 1293». E We 


1 Rehe to pay to Mr oF AER: Cath, or = | 


three months after date, five pounds, for value. received. 
Witness m id Largg 875 aſh — of * z 793. 1 op 


* e 55 Rob t Ruck, 
1. 5 o 0 1 C 
i Vote . "I DI 1 85 
TE, or + her of us, promise to pay to Bir . 
Mistrust, or his order, six pounds sterling on demand, 
for "in e Wenne our . this WO of Septem- 
ber 1793. . 4 | 
— ——_—_—— — 91 58 5 8 15 F | - Nation Need; \ 925 2 
6 %% et 1 PET, Samuel Surety. ; 
Witness NicholasNotice. on W 2 . * a 
| 1 Dee „ ã reg ONS bs 


- 
7 


M[EMORANDOM, That 1 William Want, of: 1 


don, weaver, do owe, and am indebted unto Mr Ti- 
mothy Trust, of Westmipster, watchmaker, the sum oftwen- 


ty-five pounds six shillings of lawful mone How Great Britain: | vil 
which som | promise to pay to thesaid Timothy Trust, his 1 
WH <x<cutors, adeninistratorsg or assigns on or before the toth | 
Wh day of December next e 15 nere jeu hand this 22d i 
diy of october 1793. 1 0 i I 
7 Wiiness, Titus Testis: 5 _ William Want, _ 
; ' Bills of Wee C | 
4 L. js usual, Ry Fo n are sold, for the seller to delfver - 
4 to the buyer, with the goods, a bill of parcels, which'i is” 
anote of their contents and prices, with a total of their. Va- a 
he cast up, &c.——T hese bills ought to be handsomely/ 5 
it, and in a methodical order, acgording to the dest and 
„ customary way of each particular: trads. 
| I hall therefore shew the forms of bills of orcas 10 some 
. WH trades and professions, with the shortest mein 


—— —— 


80 8 


— 
I" — - — — 
— HL — — — 
_ 


1 — i} x ty +» 
; £ 08 | ns th o_ : 
1 * — — ä 1 
— — : - >= TT —— 
Rs : 2 s EET ISR CSS ee, SS ne = 
— k — — — — * — — — _ 
4 — : 
—_ x - - — — 
— — - - = 


wa Outing” 
up the 6evergl articles i in each bill, | 
EPR A Mercers Bill. 1 
2 Lendon 3 9p 29 179%. T 8 | 
: a TOR Bought Tf | 
7 4 2 83 N = -% 2, 1 1 


5 166 e hs ah" 1 eee 
| | Bovght of Abel Atlas, and Ben Burdett, viz . 


ne 4 vr rich flowered sattin, at 128. 6d. yor y <. _ -\ 
8 yds of sprigged tabby, at 68. 3d, per ta 7 5 viz- 
5 yds x of farringdon, at 6s. 8d. per | a MN 
9 yds bf mehair, at 48. 2d. per yd- + 1 = 5 
j . * 37 Laeken . Ad. per ya. 4 Wa S — 
<1 Mee thir x money is red wett ZE e 2 wy | 
v n =_ 
j . - i made as follows: pre iy th the receipt} N 85 
Received the 26th of September 1793; steel pot = | bi 
ven shilliggs and eight pence; in full of this bill, for my mas s. 
"Op RIO 1255 ue COmpany Per me fi * 
5 5 Net . 3.7 12 7 men Fan ken, ; or © 
5 Wiſe! 11 molien "Draper Bil, ; N 4 "” 
1 9 9 London, Sept. 24. "EO 4 A with 
| ELIE f Benj amin Broa cloth, 22d of september 1797 ; 168. 
En 7 yds. of fine Spanish Black, at Dio — 18 4 per uf ive. 
5 yds 2 of ditto, at © nr 12 4 ditto' * 3 
64 of fine mixed cloth, at 1 9 ditto Bc 
16 yds 2+ of frize at e .. ——— | 6 ditto 1793 
1 Vds of drab de bery, at 8 ditto 
EZ 5 yas wala e Spafish cis at - 4.5 10 ditto # 3 Zuga 
TRE Linen Draper's Bi. „ 5 9 _ 
e rt 5 ke pops uy 
| ugirt of Marmaduke M 
1 "is als of 300 af 18. 4: pare als . ris, i gap 
| _ #ells of lackram, at 18. 3d. per ell. e ee oe 
3 2+ ells-4 of holland, at 38. 4d. pet elk, 85 „„ By 
3 piece of cambrick, at 5s: © _ EO Bs Em - Mow 
I 85 742 * of diaper; at is. 1od- per yd. e 5 be 
EE 19 3 3. yds of damask, at 48. 3d. per To 5 e Pl 
2 pieces of muslin, at 18s. 10d. per piece,” VVV ro 
1 he sevefal articles of these bills are datpeseh⸗ mite i A o— 
, being. cast up for the exercise of the traders i in the rules of 6 3 
3 practice, or in those of multiplication: of money, before Ml - 
& -shewn; which indeed j is. the best method of all, for the res- 3917 
dy casting up e N in — Lan * 30.0 
Dee . Fe 18 
2 41 kg tr 5 VV I x I 8 


4 , 05 e 5 best ee ks 5 
* Ap i LES; 


n dare. 


- 


- 


= 5 — * 
_ a — <2 2 
* - bo g 1 2 — 
©, = uz _—_— 0 = kt — 
—— e__— _—_—_— 
— 2 


1 5 Focil T. ee ors 2 eee 
Inthis example the priceis 3 Ade e r, 
; yards , according to the rules delivered in Multiplica< | 
tion of money, und the product; by fg is k 4. 14: 23 then 
for the 3 of a yard, 1 muttiply the price of 75 integer. viz, 
188 10d by the numerator of the: fraction, Viz-9,an divide, 
by the denominator 8, and The.quotient is 168 54d. Agreeable | 
with the rule spoken to in the doctrine: of fractions. | Wien 
168. 54 d. added to the product of 188. 10d 1 git 7 5 2 vb 3 | 
gives In 53 : ILY * 7 as the operal 2 70 above. 8 8 r 
A Grocer's „ 5 
Bought: of Robert Raisin and Peter bub October 
3, W 15 IDs 25 | "FE OE 


* 


2 2 2 rp {AN 2 . 
NA EZ © ans, 1s. 5 8 1 25 CY #3 . 


Raisins 3 3 3 Ke . 19 a5. 5 . 5 . 
Tobacco 1 nnd. Y \ 4 4 2 at 4 19 4 = WS, 
Rice barret“ | 100 o © i5.at 2. 16 4 a BENE: 
Tepper 1 bag FED 4 19 at. 2 4 4 . * 5 . . 
x Brimstofie ©. : 5 "te 2 1 19 11 19 2 eee 5 
7 25 1 Hoster c Bill. . 155 _- þ 


- — — ® 
= = : 2 "a - 
r * * 2 
— 


Bought of g Slipstocking, Pee 1755 vie | 
5 pair of womens mixed worsted 9855 at $8: 7d. 5 


3 pair of womens silk hose, at e e dy N 
22 pair, mens woolien Wing at i . ; 38 2 4 $45 7 Fo 25 28 | > hh ; 


— — — — — 0 
— — 2 — 


Far bs SIREN, at 1 4 5 5 Ee 5 Ys eee ogss 


R 


8 
r — 
— 


4 debe e Feng Fe 
40. of haben e at [Lot En Ei, N 
10. + of ling; at „„ „ 
1 C. of stock fk, at ES ws 5 (hs. OS. 
—— of whice bearing; #, „ 
1 barrel of red bekrings, at N „ 
5; died salmon, at PIC BS BUT AT « Fir | - 27 WAI 
ou We haderdine or! I; * e a huodred; ofatock 
| bs „ ST AREA "0: 


; * 


. Young Mares beet: gate, e 
fish and hefring, x20 to the hundred; 1200 to ! 
and 12 rele” to a R Fs 
A . 5 a.” 5 
© Bought of Henry Wes. Haren 5 41 1793, viz... 


2 Os 

1 15 PREY oled lambeskins, at Ces 

| 13kipp of goat-skims, at. 3 
4 
12 


7143 
2 47 + 45 4 7 "Je? 

F > P30 a 
3 ; 


re kin, 


g 737 alummed sheep-skins, at © . 

1 | * calves-skins, at e 2556 6 4 N 
4 oiled buck-skins, at e 55 3 

| 3+ Russia hides, at- "20 DE ; 


6s dicker of hides, at * uy 1 fax 
Note 53 goat-skins 3 A, kipp: int 40 + e 
> _ Bve-score to the hundred. A dieler 4s. 10 Oe” or _ 
3 4⁰ 20 Ae last. N 


2 . Pl 7 . 4 
95 ; 2 £ 8 F508 


"a Powthree8Biit. -.. 1 rs ht 
Bought of Anthony. Antimoney, be, 5 955 y 


= . ; ©» hard metak: dishes. wt. 5 wat — per . 
|  -4 dozen bf ditto plates 
| s chamber pot o dit o 3 55 . | 
2 standish of Cftto © 5 . 15 e 
2 2 tankards of ditto P 
B best, P T es 
3 hard metal poringers | ——— TS 
; R 'Satt of Bitto- 57 en on Ee, 


ſ 


- Nees 9 2 es 


( 
. Sn 
29 2 P 


3 


>. 


1 


7 
EFT 
* 
* 
— 


> Soo. ot: 


o 
Gs 


C ; Bills on Bes. Fey 95 . 
1133 5 wy To Neger File, vf, 8 
{1 5 5-44 5 ir, rancis Frize, 7. 
1 1705. 'D | : 5 . 
Ap 20. 2 16x yards of black cloth; - 8 


3 
[Ts 


8 Pitt 
2 15 1a June 
2 de. + 15 51 *. of drab SER. 5 10 + " 
3 
"June 125 . *Vö’— Sept 
TIN Ws of fine ute, t . "AF 3 5 
. INE 152 TY ol Wie" Me eb. 5 


1 8 15 t 5 2 3 


— FO ds *, F > z : 45 * 1 N 8 1 ' 
* 7 1 . 
\ : TATE, | * Ta 2 * * 1 i 
22.5 „ * 5 9 ve & 0 | 


July 


— q 
> 


tf the gent] lemar ill, they make, the. be. 
eeipt thus; Hd VV 
Recived de 4 10 0 8 733 
Francis Frize, t e sum of fifty- four pounds 
Kc, in full of this bill, and fall accounts, ; $245 
ber Michael Mensu eve _ Sy Ts 

"57 eren Bill 1 1 . 

1793 Naam Dinah Dilatory, Dr. to Bryan Brocats, x n 
March 6. n 161 or Rowered vatiin; at 1: 1 £2 5 ber 5. 5 

April 14. | To 14 of Venetian sik, 5215 | 

l Ditto 16. 40 90 9 hair. at 2 = + Be ö 5 | 2 5 
Wl May 16. 5 
. June 7 To 5 of Genoa velviect 2 6 15 8 7 2 
Ditto 25. To 3 ＋ of Lutestring, at 4 I. 8 * 
If part of the bill is paid, write thus. 5 4 17 2 BE 7 - 39 TS, 


8 
x: bp 
11 
Sz 
2 
— 
N 
1 
bs 2 
5 WS 
+ © * 
4 


* $ 5 

K 3 o 5 — 
"Sa ©: * <>: "i - 
*. 


twelve pounds ten shillings,.in part. of 1, 12 70. 0” 83 . 
payment for bonne Bryan Brocade. | — | 
Ys Her Henry Huntor, EN 
a 2% 7 Corn Chandler „Bill. 5 


. Robert Racer, Dr. to Long Livery... 


—ͤ— 


To 8 quartere of; oats, at 24 bu 
E 5 2 *. 
To 7 bushels of bran, at e 0 9 
Io 19 bushels of oats, at 1 1 e 
Dito 25. | rag IH OUR of beans, at eie 5 Zhen” FOE, 
N al? Tobacconist's' RWA 


e Fi ume, Dr to Rich. Raizectou, viz 
A 19 5 57 tobacco q net, 5 „ 
562 lb. at 5 0 1 TE 3 
J To-1 box. qt 751 1b. nett, >” BET a 55 7 
To g bags of old Spe a. WE OL 

bett ang. at. 5 85 e 


1 8 


F kes 2 1. bee. 96, at Ty 80 * 8 5 


7 * 4 
0 « © \ " 
* 1 4 A 
* e 
> J * o * 


mo rung en bevt bebe. 


IL 'Stationer”: 5 Bill. 


14 


* . 
4 "2 Fd Pat: * "4 ? 
p S114 * „ - 


20 e bale ef p:per 10 reams. 


733. I Mr Sers Seribbler, Dr to: Phinens 5 | 
Wb viz Reams + &.5--- 136 
[Joly 1. To 57 of demy paper, at AH oh 2 N 
Ditto 30. *To+195 of 2d foolscep, * . WY 
Avg. 24 12 375 of 2d demy, at 85 2 
Sept. 6 To 95 French Royal; at 2 
Oct. 26 T 2) rolls of parchment, - 15 1 
FP | 


Note, A roll of-parchment is 60 skins; a ream of 


Feet eh 


— 4 Brictlayer $ Bill. - KH Ry Rn 
1 Mr Martin Messuage, Pr to e Nane. 


179. 
| ms, To 285 thousand bricks, at 16s, per M. a 
Ditto 30. To 11 thousand plain tiles, at 203, 6d. peril 
April 15 To 28 C. of lime, at 128. per C- | 
Ditto 30. To 20 leads of sand, at 38. 6d. per 105d. 
. — | To 145 ridge tiles, at Bs- 6d- per C. 
Ju une 24  Toigg days work myself, at 33. per ay. 
„ bs 90 days, my man, at 28. 6d: 
- 4 To go days ansther bricklayer, at 2s. 6d. 
: -T To #o days for-2 labourers, at 20d- a day exc, 


| Note, 1000 plain tiles is 1 load; and 25 bags or Busbek 
of lime is 1 C. A brick must be 9 inches long, and 41 in- 
ches broad. Brieks are of three sorts, Plain bricks, red and 
_ - gray stock bricks. 
lere it will de convenient to give A general rule for the 
casting up any thing sold by the thousand, as bricks, tiles 
. *clinka:ds,or Flatider's paving bricks, and several other things 
mentioned in the book of rates, -viz. barrel hoops, goose 
3 8 lemons, squirrei skins, billets, c. 


And the easy Rule is this, viz · 


"Multiply: the given number by the billing i in the pries, 
(if the price be at to many shillings per M). and. always cit 
t hand: and the 


aiff three figures or places towards the rig 
figures towards the deft hand are shilings, ieh divide by 
- 20, to bring them into pounds: and those figures sep arated 
towards tkeright hand multiply by 12, the next inferior ds 
-- nomination7 and still cut off, or separate ihree places toward 
k the right hand, and the figures towards the jeft are pence; 
Aud the three last figures cut off multiply by 2; -- and Still se- 
— | row — N n the ah hand; and the figure 


.. 


and pnce, or shillings, pence, and 


the pence and farthings, as in the rule of ei ac 
e and 3 — as 3 N — N 


8477 N. £ FP 2 
8 * p * . 4 
le. * » # x g x by i ö a 
. * — * . : 
a . 


24650 e e Wal 


— 


419 [EN Aus 4 0. el 196.646 | 


1 * , = þ 

: 1 * 0 1 4 A « = s 

/ . 5 5 5 > - 9 
. 


L 9 7 - i f * M ; —_ _— % a A ? 2 „ 
2 , % po 
3 . 5 ö ＋ . 4 l 
. - x N 2 1 . 8 # 
0 | Goa; J)) ARG 3 NS. 3 ef ts C3, 
as * . , a 1 0 + ns NN | $4 4 1 
: AER, , 


* * . 
4 5 - : + * - 
bl : 3 . 5 


N 


 Pxample'2 ö 


nl 261524 we Res 10: 1 608: . 
ö 1 9 or a vi $13-26 | 


» 4 
e 4 A 
. 9 * 
* _ 4 , 
2 : + #; - 2 7 ; * 9 £ 3 ; 
* N , 8 k f , « * * 4 
, 4 . : 
* T \ \ 93 "4 fr. „ 4 
4 - ; > * ”* ＋ * Ne ol * + A 5 7 — , 4 
«4 44 7 2 ö \ * 2 « . 1 
3 N , 1 382 . * A 4 * 4 3 


* n — 
F X — "> 6 „ „ * A 3 Sk 2 
s 2 ? . 5 0 2 1 8 7 1 ES y + i. ac 
k * * 2 - 1 4 * 3 11 i " uh 
9 hs * F — 122 


0 y s , : 

+ B_ — 

a P 4 . - - 

* . , n . - 9 N „ 
1 N 0 * * - ” * 4) */ 8 4 

„ * * ” 

* , 

0 o - * — - » 4 

6 1 7 a 

= WL 2 


8 n a : 0 * 4 - „ 


4 2 S 4 +; * rah. 
* —— 2 „ 4. ip 1 s a * t IS. F p 
4 - — « * 3 
4 4 * F 1 * > * * „ p « 
it = 2 * 7 *4 3 Ne p 8 5 
* 


5 pantiles then follow this rule; vi. 
. Multiply the given:quantity by the shillings i in the 
and take parts for the pence and farthings (if any) us be 


iproceed-a 8 in 8 last rule. 


towards the left are e farthings. And if the price wa 
farthings per thousan 
then multiply by these shijlings as before, and take N r 


* * 4 - S * . 
E LY . n 22s BUT or Oe 
4 p 9 * 1 - * * « „ 92 8 
» * , + 7 | I'M 
. — 1 , 


, 8 * ; 2 . * 1 . 4 : 
17 4 %%)... 8 
. 1 8 - ; 5 > 28 * . 7 
7 % 1 = x * " * 1 9 4 * 
2 * — 13 : Pow 
"® ; - * 5 . 


. by _— 1 8 ? . 
* — * E 4 7 - R * 
1 4 . ” 5 ; A 
72 X \ FeAl 
J - — 4 _— $4. 
8 1 2 350 Poe? ry N 5 e K 4 8 8 
/ * ww . „ 8 8 * 1 F . 5 «VS. 
. 


by x | a 4. * 5 . 
« 7 » 5 . , * 
5 ww 75 3 
7 \ . > £ 5 r , 
* * of Y . , 1 4 5 * 
— - N * 
1 0 5 * X 24 f "> 
„ \ 2 — . — 1 N 
- 


6-4 4 gg plain n tiles, at 205 6 per e 


* p f - 
Js * + FE 3 . YL « - - 4287 
2 | . 2 i » i ">. Y - 4 . » 
> * 22 * 3 1 = 4 . £ 


- 4-0 : * « f EY, oy 
4 * * 1 4 - „* 4 : 
* 31 * . »- * , . * F " £ ” 
52 . . . "I 1 
Z , 4 / * _ " 1 r . ” + 4 # 
q wv - * * ; + 4 0 4 . . 
- 4 = . a J 
* * L ” F * 5 42 : 1 F 
* 5 * by A a . 
. * i 6 
1 0 


"When things are cold by'ths tiared; +6 Date wi Eng 
price, 


£ 


4 
- 1 N 
* 

44 

8 

C; 
x 


Ng 7 
ENS 4 
e 

* 

. 


then from the right hand of the owe cut os two Places. 0 


VEE — — 
1 
r —— 
— TIS © <a - 


EG SET ———— 


2 —— as f 
, F CTC EI 
— 


5 The Toung Mira beat b , 
n W . 5 


4 _ pant los, at gee &.. Tt 


7. 
* 


0 
} 


3 "ofa artin 


3 1 ware 
N . 25 
3 2h rock bricks, « at 25 6. per o. fb 


£ > 7 3 * 
3 2 8 — at > , - % Y - 3 * 5 oh 
Y Ft — - 7 © . 2 r * 


" = n—_ 48 AE % - . 5 . as A . $9 2 * 3 » » 
” Ja, | 2 ? "tas * , : k h 25 . 5 1 2 A 12 26 
"> . 3 : * 0 . ; ag 5 
= . > : * * OS. | * b 
| 3. hs 1d. Mk. or zl a+: . 
: * d 32 N — 2 0 *. 3 7 2 ” F 
wo 1d * n — 5 wg + 


1118. of eee. are either inland or er Helges be i in- 
' land bills are drawn by-one trader in-one city: or town, 


upon another of another city or town in the same kingdom: 
as London upon Bristol, or Exeter upon London, &c- and 


these chiefly concern ourshop-keepers, and wholesale traders 
-either of town orcountry 1 d the foreign more imme dine 
* concern the merchant. eden engine. 


Bills of Exchange, if handsomely Ari: must be written 


In a fair hand, on à long piece of paper, about three inches 
road, Wy writ in form Ater ag 


+433 £ 
$45 SUL * ; 92> 3 niet“ "= % 


F- . 


- 

3 3 OF; 4 1 2 
«#7 Y # « * "14k 5 2 * 

2 4 = - 7 . . 


1 3 Sub ho 5 

A cight hereob pay to Mr d. Greedy, or his order 
the sum of fifty pounds for value received 3 fe, 
pher Cash, and place it to Wege as per advice from, EY 


To Mr. Peter eee „ 
Grocer in Highatreet, * i, Fos beg sees, 5 
Bristol. - :Danial in 


Note, A bill at e poyabl three Gays: after Wy a6 | 
ceptor en 16. 7 


— 


0 "Exon, November 14 1793- : 


| I EVEN alter d e ay to Mr Naman Needy? - 
or his 12 ere 9222 ten Shillings; for - | 
value received here of Mr Timothy anne place. it to 
account as per S 7 5 5 
Jo Mr simon Certain, . Your friend andzervant, 
habe: dasher-in Mik- , NES 2 eee 
street, London. 

If Mr Needy dende his 8 Mad Benso to receive 
me money ; After he:hath writ his name on the ck of the 
bill, (whichi is his order,) the ee ATI n. a xecejpt to 
his master's name, thus · 8 SET; 
RT November 16th, 1993; the full. e 

of wee eee * 1 twenty-four pounds - 
ten shilling es. | 
Whiets,.. ee nz, wen we. 
Ae 1 ES 
„ i 4 3 Bill of Eackango. - 5 
By London October 6. 1793; for 460 crowns at. 
| 56d. 3 sterling per co)] . 
Ag leg e e 0 first bill of exchange, (my second 
f or third not being paid (unto Mr Henry Vernon, or or- 
der, four hundred and sixty-crowns, at 56 J. , per crown, 
for the Value received of Mr Samuel Tbenpseu, pen 1 
to account, as "dag fron - ir, 96 5 
To My Will; Walker e Ke: | 
merchant * Parts, ILY | e . 


} IM | London 176 October 197 3. for 480 dollar at, = a | 


559.-+ per dollar. 

FE FE usance pay this my fra bill of exchange unto 
Mr N ene ho "I 13 e ey 
eighty 


4 
7 , 


e Tos Teng Ass best ee | 


eighty dollars, at 55d; + sterling per doHar; for the value K. 
cel ved of himself, and place it to account, as ber advice from! | 
Jo Mess Daniel and 4 
1 | Davie Bernardiston, 24 Four humbie e n 25 
metchants in 2 TE ee ee Meret 
Note, Usance between England and France or Holland, i! 
dne calendar month; between England and Spal or Porta-! 
gal, two montks; betvieen 9 and ed Jar 1 0 


c. —— * 9 > 21 p 
Is . a bY ATE 9 "I + TH 


ach by» mort. oy 
dns, NG May, 1793, for 25 rn of Eight 
| at 53d. I per Piece. 
1 double 'Usance pay this my first Bill of Exchange 
unto Mr Laurence de Lug or his order, six unden 
Pieces of eight, Mexico, at 5 3d. & Sterling, per. piece af: 
eight, for value received of Gomes Henriques, and pass ities 
Account as per advice from Jour, 2 
To Mr Simon Surepay, William Henry hen. 
; Nen! in ft page? | 
3855 Notes on Bills of nee . 


> g Pp eker of any bill is become eehte debtor wr 
1 the person t o'whom the bill is Payable for the con. 
tents thebeof: | 


2. The person to-whom the bill is- payable must demand | 
- the money: the very day it becomes due, and if the acceptor 
die hefore it becomes due; it mut be demanded of the exe- 
cutor or administrator. 5 
3. The drawer of any bill must always give bis correspan- | 
N aletter-of advice, chat be hath A such * bill on him 
tor auch æsum, &. 4 
4. None may pay-a bill withont ed i letter of bios | 
F. In England a bill is due the third eee tha re, ; 
tion of the time mentioned in the bill. 1 
Of Iudorsing. N | 

1 1 frequently happens, that between the i of a 
bill, and the time of payment, the party to whom it is 
first made payable hath occasion to pay it away; if so, he 
2 1 on ＋. back Foo the bil which. is his order, 


He 


n 


hat do so, are indorsors ; and he that last hatht the bil}, if the 
cceptar will nat pay it, may zue him, vr the iddoreers, or 
gra wer, or any one of them for the money: 

An indorsemeut is genellly in these worde, viz; ply the 


Goo nad e HOT Sauen. Vo 
But generally the name only is accounted wutlicient. | 


* 


be þ + "Of Protesting. r _ * 1 [ET 


HEN a val 5 is to be protested, the par'y that hath . 
bill must -go to a public notary, (not a common 
gcrivener) whose business it is; and he goes with you to the 
cceptors house, and demands. pay ment, &c- and then he 
Jaws up a protest according to law; which is to be returned 
o the drawer within the time limited, Sg” 

It is needless to give here the. form pf a protec dreduge | 
o man can do bs * himself. 1 


; 4 Bill of Debt. n 

vo w all men * these presents, That 1 Laverenes. 
| Lackcash of Southwark, vinter, do owe wind am in- 
ebted unto Charles Creditman, of the same place, Salter 
he sum of one hundred and fifty pounds of lawful money of. 
reat Britain; which said sum I promise to pay uuto- the. 


f. Witness my hand and veal this 13th Gay of May,, 1733. 
Sealed and delivered  _ 
in the W . 15 Lawrence Lackeawhy 


A Bill of Money borrowed. >, 


tf FS, pos 


don, Merchant, fifty. pounds, which I de hereby. promise 
dpay on r Witness! my. ad wo 1k 3th day of uy . 


793, . | : 8 [ —_ 


Aa + 
- 


0 „„ Penury, © 
The Chirge of Noting and { protiting Bill. 


within the city,. 1 6 |. Prof within. 8 
ag kB the city 26 testing 2 Very ut % 


de fotm of a Bil of Lading. | TEES BED 
HPPED the Grace of God, in SI 118 EY 


Merchant 


Tie :Foung, Mars beet! Compiinion:. 8 8 rg 


ontents of the within mentioned bill yay Haney. AAR 


id Charles Creditman, his executors, adminstrators, or as» . 
ns, on or before the th of July next ensuing the date here- 


7 ECEIVED and borrowed of Oliver Overcaat, 80 Pry : 


well. conditioned, by Edward Ex xpprt of London, Mer- 
Wt, in and 2 228 * W called {the Bilbao 


2 


1 
22383 — — — — 
—_— — 
— —— e é — 
— — — - 


\ 
} 
P £ 
7 A * D WE: „ — 
— — — — — 


— 
N 3 


276 ' The Toung Man's best Companion, 
Merchant of Londen) whereof is Master under God fo 
this present voyage (Martin Mizen of London, 'Matine) 
2 now riding at anchor in (the port of London) a 

by God's grace bound for (Cadiz) to say (I bak of 

15 Stocking baize, and 1 trunk 2 five kundred pet 

No of silk-stockings, contents, &e, as per Invoice) bein 

(1,2. marked and numbered as per margin, and are te be dil 
_—_ in the like good order at the aforesaid port cf 

_ (Cadiz) and the dangers of the seas only excepred, unto 

(Mr Thomas Drake, Merchant there) or to his as8igns 
he or they paying freight for the said goods (three piecit 
of eight per Cwt.) with. primage and average acclisten. 
ed. In witness whereof the mas'er or purser of the sad 
chip hath affirmed to (three) bills of lading, all af thi 
tenor and date, one of which (three) bills bein accom: 

- pliched, the other (two) to stand void. And so God Send 
the good ship to her desired port in safety). 

_ Dated i in London the 6th of October, 1793 · Inaldes and con- 
tenls unknown to Martin Mixen. 

Note The several words included i in the parenfhesis, are te 

be put into the several vacant places that are in 2 blank 

bu] of lading- 

Note also, Average is the general allowance made to the 
master of the ship, of 1d..or ad. in every-shilling freight 
Piimge, a small allowance to be distributed at the 

| Sailors N 3 e 

| The Form of an Tube ET any 
| F.o'.ort Royal in Jamaica, July 2.4, 4 479; 
T XVOICE-cf five barrels of indi o, five hhds. of zug 
and five hes. cfpimento, sHipped on board the George 
London, Gecige Jones, ec mander, for account and risqu 
af Nlessrs J6hn and IJ homas Fisher, of Londen, Merchants, 
being markedand numbeied as per margin: contents, cos 

x and charges, as in the C Rowing exam 1 8. ? | 


mz 


The Young Man's best Companion, 
J. 143 lo. 

No 10 +. > 8 
1211 146 a 
ob Be 4 $85.2 Eq 


—— 


PAGAN 
q361b. nett, at as. ad. per Ib. 


— — 


o | 


#* 


Tare 2026 Gross. 
389 Tare. 


To Storage — 


An Account of Sales. 


Port Royal in Famica, Fuly N -I 793. | 


5 To Commision at 5 per C. 1 
„ Errors excepted, per A. l 16. 84 


at 248. per C. 
V 


AL 


72 Nett 1637 at 114d. per lb 1 


23011 


ih, 


1 


J. 8. 


4 


CCOUNT of the sale of 2765 ells vf brown 0zenburgy, 


* 


of London, Merchant is Dr. 5 4 


1112 yards of blue hartford, 2 peices of gra 
qt. 39-yaids, 50 pair of fine worsted hose, and 175 elle 
holland, received from on board the ship Good Success, C 
Samuel. Sharp, Commander, foraccount of Lawrence Lucky, 


cloth, - 


» 


of bag | 


apt. 


9 


9 


| 


9 1 


ns”, © The N bes! Com pan ion. | 
To portage of ditto. JI. ee 17 c.. * by 
To commission of sales, „ 13 o eie 
To ee at à per C. 85 9955 06 10 1144 


did 


f þ To the nett product carried to > the credit ht LI 
account, bad debts re | N 


= per Cortes? r. C15 Ax net 1 
By 2765 brown ozenburgs, making 4564 44 E299 2 
at 82d. per yard, sold Ambique Baker. 22 


By 1112 yds. of blue linen, sold at 73d, per yd. 1 
By James Smart, for. 39 yoga * cloth, at 1 $8. 5 
=. per yard. © - A 
= - . iy 3 Monk, for 50 pair of bose, at 7s . 206 
| 10d. p air, F | s 
[ * ditth,. or 75 ells of bag holland, at 6 (ye 
f 15 3 per ell. : ; aye hg — 
| Erfors exceptll Taly 24 1793. | Le ol 
. C fs Careful 1 
Busireh at the 15 - 1754 conterning E rporting 34 I mporl: 85 
ing of Goods, &c. entering them at the Custom-boust, G.. by i 
W J HEN there are goods. to export, and ready. packed Gs 
a &c. there must first be made a bill of entry (as it ü 
"" called) for the contents after this form, viz. | 
= - In. the Loyal Merchant, William Worm, for Barbados 
5 : Edwin Export Tt 
. Three cases of haberdashery, - = ard 
Five tons of beer, &ce. well; 
Of these bills there must be seven, one of which must by Arr. 
in vords at length, and the other may be expressed in figures whos 
These are, by the clerks of the custom-house, entered int margi 
+ several books for that purpose.—-]fsome goods pay custom Som. 
„ and others not, then there must be made two entries; ons rant f. 
' : BF those that pay custom, and another for those that pay! no Wh 
* ae ou must have two cockets. 85 goods 
e cocket testifies the payment of all duties, and is wr. 18 


__ :: on a small piece of parchment, in the following words: "ap 
| Know : ye that Edwin Export, merchant, for three cases "my l 
© 


; 4 ER  haberdaghery, 1nd five tons of beer, i in the 2 Mer l 
a 5 7 9 | ald t! 


8 e 82 


f 
41 ö . | | | 4 ud 63 8 Tue drawy | 


———— 


The Young Man's best Companion. _ 179 
chant, Willian Worm, for Barbadoes, hath paid all duties» 
On the back side of the cocket you must set down the 
marks, numbers, and q 1antity of the goods expressed in the 
inside. When on clean paper you transcribe your bill of en- 
try upon which a shipping bill will be made out, on the back _ 
of which, signify the marks, numbers, and contents, as before 
on the cocket ; both which being thus iudorsed, you are to 
deliver them to the searoher, at the water side, who deposits 
them in the office till the going away of the ship, and then 
tiey are delivered to the captain or master of the ship. 
If you have not judgment or experience enough to enter 
your goods y urself, it is but applying yourself to any one of 
the clerks in the long rom, Who make it their business (and 
good business too) to enter peoples goods; and for ashiiling 
(you giving them the conten's) they will write your bills, and 
pass your entries, without giving you any farther trouble, oc 
your running any risk of making any false entries, &c, © 


* 
% 
ä — PA 
FE". ENT. > 7 
—_— — — — — 
UP Oe nes Ws ero—__ * 


* 


£ Fe * Entry Inwards. 2 2 e 


PHE ship being arrived, search the entry book in the 
1 long room, and you will find the name of the ship and 
captain, and also the waiters that are to attend the delivery of 
the ship, and at what key the goods will be landed. The en- 
ty num ] ]l Toon tne ee 
In the Mercury Fobn Keelbaul, from Antigua. 5 
= Fee TS. TE 0 
r . . 
There must be eight of these bills (though but seveu out- 
wards) and one of these must be in words at length, 10 © 
well as one of the seven bills outwards) which is for the 
warrant of delivery; and must be signed by the person in. 
whose name the goods are entered; and the mark also in the 
margin; which being done, and the fee for en: ry and cu- 


tom pa id, you will then have from the land-waiters a war- 


ne. Fc 


4 
» 


| 
"1 
[i 
i 
Ly ' 
| 
TW 
.1* 
U 
$ 
17 
K A4 
1 
140 
4 
971 
f 
11 
hb 
i. 
it 
ni 
TL. 
Þ 
IF 
7 
4 
F . 
1 
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A011 
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1 
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1 
15 
44 
' 
3 
316 
4 1 
44 
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19 
1 
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— 
— 
—— —„— . 


F 


rant for the Janding and receiving your goods. 
When goods aae to be exported by certificate, viz. foreign 
goods formerly imported; these goods being to be sent a- 
broad, or ex ported to another place or country by a native: 
ef England, within twelve, or a stranger within nine months 
(ster importation, entitles the exporter to a'draw-back of 
ler Part of the custom paid at the importation of the said goods 
all 2 a certificate from the comptroller, that they have 
bad the duties inwards. Abd the debenture or custem 
% CO 


— 2. — —— 
: _ > = — = 
" 
. roo Ie roo ro, 4 


- - : — — 


. 
= 


Debenture 


: 
il 
5 i 


_ 


T5 TID V5 Ix” 
3 4 — 
— — — . — 
F 


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0 


——— Yr . I 8 
—— —— eo. — 1 nn hen a n 8 
2 BY 5 6 — = —— — 
Pp * . - 


% 


4 . 


Jou would export, &c, $ 


The Young Man's best Companions 5 
| Is Debenture. | e 


_ 7 


* 4 


-\ HRISTOPHER Commerce, natural born, did on, ke. 
AL. make an entry with us of two thousand ells of broad 


Germany linen in the Amazon, Capt. Stephen Stout, for 


Jamaica, the subsidy, &c. was-paid inwards by &c. as appean | 


. per certificate ofcollector inwards: and for further manifesta- 
tion of just dealing therein, he hath also taken oath before 
—A W ori; . 5 

Custom house, London, gth November 1793. 

LS | The Oath. „ 

« © JuratC. C. That two thousand ells of broad Germany 

linen above mentioned, was really shipped out, and hath not 


hy 


been relanded in any port or cieek in England, or Wales 


since last shipped, Nov. 9. 1799. e 
The Certiſenie socket: 
Eondon, Know ye that C. C. for two thousaud ells of 
broad Germany linen, paid, per, &c. the day, &c. last, late 


unloaded, and now in the Amazon, Stephen Stout, for Ja. 


maica. Dated the gh of November 1793. _ 
This certificate cocket is gained by applying to the books 
of the importer to know, the day &c. when the custom in- 
ward was paid, and by whom; which carry to the long-room 
4 the custom house, and delfver it to the comptroller's clerk 
of the subsidy in ward and out ward, with an account of what 
Alittle before was mentioned 
should be landed, and therefore here it is proper jo name the 
keys (or rather quays) and wharfs that goods are usually 

landed at; which are these, viz . 
Somer's key, Smart's key, Wiggen's key, Bear Rey, Dice 
key, Customhouse key, Pot. er'skey, Wool key, Galley's key, 
Brewer's key, Ralph's, key, Chester's key, Lyon's key, 
Cox's key, Hammond's, Young's, and Gaunt's keys. And 
the wharf's are, Fresh wharf, and Botolph wharf, _ 
Besides these there are certain places called dock's, which 
are harbours cut into the land, where there is no current, but 
only a How, and an ebb, occasjoned by the rise and fall of 


the tide in the river Thames: and these are convenient. for 


the laying of vessels, hoys, lighters, barges and boats, and 
are these, viz.. - 5 158 5 
Zillingsgate dock. Stabb's dock, Tower dock, St Catha- 
rine's dock, Wapping dock, Hermitage dock, Lig" 
| : 5-4 | I ie 


1 


at what key the good; ; 


li. hte 


of whi 


12 1 


pole, © 


All! 


Re Me. 


The Young Man 8 best Companion. 7 187 


dock, and Limehouse dock. And above bridge, Queen hithe 
dock, Puddle dock, Whitefriar's dock, and- Scotland-vard 
dock. And on Southwark, or Surry side, are Saviour's dock, 
Clink dock, and Savery's dock, below the Bridge-yard, and 
zeveral others for private. uses.—But more particulary. emi-. 
nently on that side of the water, is the Bridge-yard, for 
landing sundry sorts of merchandises, but CeRy TOs Fs. | 
ports of England.” © „ | 
. Of barfage and . 7 5 


W HARFINGERS have several managers over them, 

and also a committee to redress grievances, &c. and 
clerks of the stations, with lighter managers, and have the 
letting of many warehouses, (which now are very fine and 
commodious, being rebuilt since the great fire in Thames 
street,) cellars, &c. and have the privilege of keeping Night 
ters for the carrlage of goods to and from Ships. 5 


Ide Rates of Wharfage. . „ 


Are generally computed at 12d. per ton, whether outward 
or inward ; excepting Sugars: from the West Indies, which 
pay 28. per ton, 4 hogsheads being accounteda ton (though 
they weigh more ;) cranage is included, in the 12d. per ton 
wharfage; and for lighterage, the wharfingers have 129, for 
4 hogsheads of sugar that come from the West Indies ; and 
for wine and other goods, the N is half as much as. 
the wary. 5 


. 


{ 1. . 


Husbands of Ships. REN 1 | 
7 HERE A persons, are concerned i in FY chip i ons 
is usally a husband chosen by them, to take an ac» 

count of every merchants goods, &c. and pay the wharfage,. 

lighterage, porterage, &c. and these husbands ale to collect 

every mei chant's e en when they do the owner” * 

2 85 N | 


d . Of measuration of planes and solides. 
* 1 HE covennt kinds of measuring are three, viz. 
it ist. Lineal, by some called running measure, and N : 


by a line, which respecis ene without breadth; ; the. are 
of which are, 
12 inches 1 foot, 3 feet ; 1 yard,. 16 feet and a half 1 rod, 
pole, or perch. 8 
All kinds of ornamental wat, auch as cornice freeze, & 


ne meausured by running measure. I”. 
E * v3. ſe — 8 285 2dly 


— 


3 IO 
n . 
- — 


— 


” 


"I", WM Fro kgs. rr . 
F F CE OO EIT 0000000 oe. 
p 4 +; 4 — > 
. 


_ 
— — — - — 8 * 
— 2 4 ——— ay * — — — a z 4 
ME CONE — * |S err hee > 2 


— 


— 3 5 N IO oe —_ K 
- a - £ KY _—_ Oe ro 
- Wo ng 
— 4 . A gy 4 ee” 
* * - — - = N 
—— — — — er 
- —— 
\ 
/ 


. 


The Young Man's best eie. . 


2dly, Superficia}, or square measure, is that which revpeet 


length and breath, and the parts are, 
144 inches one foot, 72 inches half a foot, 36 inches one | 
i 


quarter of a foot, 18 inches halfa quarter of a foot, 272 inch. 
es and a quarter one rood, 136 feet half a rood, 1 296 inches, 


or 9 feet, one superficial or square yard, 
zdly, Solid, or cube measure which respects length 


breadth; and depth or:thickness ; and the parts are, 

1728 inches one foot, 1296 inches three quarters af a foot 
$64 inches half a foot, 432 inches one quarter of a . and 
27 feet one solid yard. | IM | 

Superficial . VV 
T2- O measure things that have length and breath, Sad 23 i 
beards, glass, pavement, wainscot, and land, is to take 8 

the dimensions of the length and | breadth according to. the 


lo 


eustomary method used in each particular; for instance, boar 4 
and glass are measured by the foot, the dimensions are taken an 
in feet and inches, and the content given in feet. out 


The dimensions of wainscotting, aud paving, plastering que 
and painting, ate taken in 9 and n. and the. unten * 


given in yards. | 
 , Of the square and ruperficial content or area. 


The squaring of any number, is multiplying it into itself, 
as 12 inches multiplied by 12 inches make 1 448quare inches, 
The superficial content or area of any thing is found four 
several ways, viz. by whole numbers, by decimals, by prac- 

- tice, and by cross multipliction ; in each of which method 
I shall give examples of the operation. ; | 

A square hath its sides perpendicular and equal. 

An oblong hath its sides perpendicular, and those that are 
opposite equal; but the adjacent sides are unequal; boards 
wainsocts, ceilings, windows, doors, &c. commonly of this 
Figure. 

When any thing 3 is to be memnred, it must be Sengiders 
what form or fashion it is of; and then it must be measurel 
according to the several rules for each figure, 

18t. If it be a square or oblong, then the length and bread! 
must be multiplied one by the other, which gives the con 

tent in square measure, and tat product must be divided) 
Ks proper divjsor, according to the name in which en 


_—_ or area Is to be . 


Or e 


Ifa 


4 


= 


The Young Man's bes! Companion, 


| 183 


Admit a board be 13 inches broad, and 8 feet, or 96 inches 
Jong, how many square or superficial feet doth it contain? | 


| L. 96 ; 


1844 1152 (8 feet 
Soy BS 1 LR 


: 
40 


e ow „„ 
Note, The length in inches is multiplied by the breadth in 
inches, and the product 1152 divided by 144, the square 
inches in a foot, quotes 8 feet square for the content of the 
boar. % 21 i ASS . 
DEE 4 Rule for Dispatch, 15 
Ifthe length of a board, or piece of glass, be given in feet, 
and the breadth in inches, multiply one by the other, (with - 
out any reduction) and divide by the product 12, and the 
quotient will be the answer in feet, and the remainder will 
be parts of a foot. So tie forgoing example might have been 
done sooner by dividing 96 the length by 12, the breadth, and 
it quotes 8 feet for the content, as by the former way, _ 
VC „ 
Suppose a board be 14 feet long, and 15 inches broad; 
what is the content in square feet? *7- e 


14 Feet long. 

— So the answer is 17f et, 
12) % and 4. And so for any o- 
— — ther example. of this kind. 
Feet. or? „ 

Or consicer thus : . 


1 5 . i . Here 3 inches is the 4 
„o ol a foot, wherefore 4 of 
1 14 is taken, and added to 


[OI — « $5.4 4 


3 44, and it makes 17 feet 
3 In. 4 374 r! and æ, equal to 4. 


another Example wrought four different ss. 
If a board be 12 feet , or 150 inches long, and ;c in 
broad ; how many «quare febt doth it coutain Pc 5 88 
e N Vulgarly. 


. 


— 


— 
1 


2 2 * fm p 
* 2 —— — EG 


P 


e 


7 — 


<4 dS. 4.4. 2 
= ”" 
— > De — - o 2 
2 — panty on „„ 
— — — Ke — 


28 


F _— \ 
„ ApS ns 
5 — 

tg * '24 


bt oo 1 
— foo = 2 
""X — o — 


FD 


_ — * 


13 


"Multiply by 12 Inch. 1 Foot. * 


By cross multiplication 5 


Aon 15 72 


Tlhe four methods here used are as follows ; 4 amt, by mul 
tiplying the Inches together, and dividing by 144, &c. 
Thesecond Work is performed decimally; the third method 

5 * cross ne ca and Ae de is by _ 


The Y on _— 8 bet xt Companion.” i 


Vulgarly. De, 
TTV PIT ITT 1275 


— 
uw? 


150 long. VVV 


15 broad. 


: 1 . Eg 5 2 82 a ; -* e 2 * 8 623 i 
750 2 8 . . | | : 150 


„„ 

1440 2250 ( Feet. | 

. „ IEEE © 

$10 ER Es coat Inches 7,500 

. 720 , eee . EY BS rat 4 

| 4 | a — c 6 
Quarters 2, ooo 


: Fe dah 5 | 44 Bars 1560 


* 


: Rem. 90 i 


= 


144) 1080 (7 Inches 
- „ | 


Rem. 72 | 
Muttiply by 4 the Quarters in an inch. 5 
1440 288 5 Quarters o or + 


% 


By Practice. - 
Feet. In. Feel. nm. 
C eee Wy, 


| 8 | 12 1 
. f z leber t 3 14 
5 | 55 


— 3 * Ss 5 


' Decimall, 


Feet 15,625 | 


Fo 


The Young Mama best Companion; . 

Any of these methods may beeasily understood by the use 

of the arithmetical part of this book, except the method by 
cross multpilication, which 1 shall explain here. 

In' the example, 1 foot 3, stands under 12 feet 6; aud 


6 times 1 is G inches; so that line i is o feet 6 inches; then 
eross- way again, I say 3 times 12 is 36 inches, the 12's in 
jb is 3 times, or 3 feet; so that line is 3 feet o inches, Last- 
5. 1 multiply the inches, together, say ing, 3 times 6 is 18, 
x 1 12's in 18 once, and there remains 6 or r equal to 2, as 
| in the work. _ 
; If a board be wider at one end than the achion, then take 
) the breadth in the middle, or add the measure of both ends 
| together, and take the half fer the mean bi * which . mul- 
"Wl tiply by the length, ; 5 
0 Example. | 
suppose a board to be 129 inches long, mh the narrowest 
end 10 inches wide, the broadest endge inches ie: * 
je its content in superficial feet? 8 
Add 11 34 broadest end. 
10 narrowest. | 


its rr Fa | 5 „„ 
is 22 the medium. | 
r20 the length. 


4) _ ORE feet + Ans. 5 


Len. 48 1411 | | 
— OT 4 inches; that i is 48 the remainder, 


144 1213 is J of 2 
112 a 44- 
Feet. | Inches,,* 8 
10 oo the length. 
11Io the mean breath, 
6 | In 10 9 0 
| h DL 64 00 .: 
rioin 5 2 5 ; 


18 o4 Ans. 3 


having drawn a line, say, 12 is 12 then I say cross way, 


: . nas — * 2 2 3 wt — 
4 2 m £-" FR — — 2 8 "4 II $a. NE 
— 7 1 Y Polls , 4 , 1 
* PIT Ot — — — * - , 
— 22 : — — 7 * 8 _—_ ö _ Pp - GE . 
— — - PEPE I CO 
7 - . 2 — 
' 
o 


— — 


2 2 r -*F5 


— 


— I — EI 
Fn : Wor * "LATE 3 
— — Pr er he 99—»k— —— 


n r = —_ _ 
WE 
- = 8 7 (35 ont = 
* - . ou — — 


- « 2 = —— 
—— — — 
urge — 


186 1 Young Man's — 


If a board er piece of glass be ever 80 irregular, it ma}! 
be measured very, near by taking the breath in g or 6 placed 
and add the several breaths together, dividing the total by 
the number of places, and the quotient will be the mean 
breadth; Which multiply by the length, To. © ©0520) 

Having the breath in inches of: any board, or peice: of e 

willmake a foot superficial. 

Rule. Divide 144 by the inches in breadth, and the qu. | 
tient wal de the lenge of that board that wil make: a foot." 
| Example. 

17 a 20 be 9 inches broad, what length 95 that bond 
to know how much Aae of that board or 2 will male 
22 e a e Wok | 3 


E 
1 


| A 188 ; 

Proper Directions for Joiners, Painters, Glaziers; Sc. 
Rooms being varjous in their forms, take this general rule 
in all cases, viz. = - 

Take a line and. apply one end of it to any corner of the 
room; then measurethe room, . ng, into every corner with 
the-line, til you, come to the place where you first began; 
Then see how many feet and licks the string contains, and 
set it down for the compass or round ; then take the hezgit 

by the same method. 
__.Glaziers are to take the depth and breath of their watt 
and multiply one by the other, inn by 144 3 glass being 
measured as boa rd. 

Having thus shewn the methods of casting up dimensions 
I come now to particulars ;. and the first of 

| Glaziers Work, by the foot 
It the windows be square, multiply the ent vy the 
' breadth, which will produce the content, as above said. | 


. Example. EE : 
5 By . ation 3 5 By practice, 
| = . | 
8 9 high, 
PRES 3 broad. 


3. inches 4 '3:- 


— —— 


63 51 A 
if 


If the windows are arched, or have a curved form, no al- . 
owance is made, by reason of the extraordinary trouble, and 
aste of time, expence or waste of glass, &c. And the di- 
mensions taken from the highest part of the arch, down to the 
bottom of the window, from the height or length; which 
multiply by the breadth, and the product will be the answer 
in feet, &c. | x 

Glaziers are often 80 very nice, as to take their dimemions, f 
and measure a quarter of an ineh. | ; | 


p 


Example. ; 

" feet. in. | 

. 4 31 long. 7 

2 ++ broad. 

6 inches id a 9s. - |; EN 

1B. Eg ͤ ß 1 8 4 
| T is Cl e 6.4 4 5 . 22 

0 e .. 

e e , nd =} 

h Class is meairbl by the foot, as said before; ; and tnc 

; Wprice of work is as follows; viz. BE. - "Sa - 

English glass per font — — | 


French and crown glass © 

Common work, leading included for every 3 
square 

New leading, old glass per foot — 
Common diamend square each | 


: Painters. Work by. the Y, ant 


_” the Wainscot of a roomꝭis painted, you are pw 
measure round the room with a line, as hinted, before, \ 
and the height is to be taking by girting a string over alt the 
moldings from the top of the cornice to the floor; then mul- 
tiply the compass by the height, and you have the content in 
feet and inches; which may be reduced into square yards, by 
* by 9 


” 
* 


oo o — o 
* . FR ny 


Example. | 


$ 


Ins 


The. [Young Man's detiEonguttions . 18 


2 
M, 
[ " 
1 
* x 
5 
{18% 
- + + 
4F N 
4 
1 Þ 
S; i 
— v . 
it 
1 4 : 
» FI 3 
8 
i 7H 
14 4 
| : kB 
4+ 1K: 
1 
1 
1 
* f N 
i 7M 


4 

1 
: + 
: 

— 14 
hi” 
+1" 
4 
;1%F Þ} 
, | ! 

5 

1 


A room painted, 
Being 


45 9 in compass 
10 6 high: 


ad. 8 5 
22 10 


947 6 
Yards 53 2 6 Ans. 


pass 84 feet 11; what square y 


Answer, 116 yards 3 feet 3 5 
1 Feet In : 
. $4 1 compass 
12 4 high. 
In. 1019 00 
4+ 28 03% 


9) * 1047 7 


yards 116 03.3F 


The Young Man's beet Comp. 
=, Rag a 


What is the content in 8quar 
A | 


| Example 2. 
If the height of a room painted be 12 feet 4, and 


selves, unless the mantle 
pieces stand in the wainscot 


measured as plain work de- 
ducted nothing for the v. 


Foiner's Work. 


nion. 


— 


1 
fee! 


4 / 


a 
ards doth it contain? 

Note, Double work is | 
lowed in window shutten 
sash - frames and mantle 

pieces are reckonedby them: 


and then they are to be 


cancy. 


F | 1 1 5 e s. l Th. 
Common coulered, 3 coats in oil, per yard o Peet 
a On old colour | — — o 4Mſconte: 
Walnut tree colour — — 1 0 
Marble colour, from 16d. to — 122 
Sash frames each, 3 — 8 
Sash lights ea, — — =S1] 
Window lights, one with another. — 0 3 | 
Iron casements, — — | WS! 


TIXI7 AINSCOTTING, the dimensions are taken as It 

V painting, viz. by measuring the height (indenting the 
string where ver- the plane goes, as well as the painters do 
Wherever the brush goes), and then the compass; which mul- 
tiply one into the other, dividing the product by 9 and the 
Quotient is the ans wer in square yards. 


* 


Example 


— —— — — 


The Young Man's best eee ; 189 


Example. | =, 


What is the continue of a piece of  wainscotting that is 9 
feet 3 long, and 6 feet 6 broad. 


Feet. : In s T he length and breadth 
being multiplied together, 
, 6 feet6 brings it into square feet; 
— which divided by 9, (the 
55 6 . _ $quarefeetina Yard.) pro- 
67 Inch 4- 75 _ duces 64 yo for the an_ 
| —.— swer. / 7 
. 9) . 5 : (63 n 
2 
m. * cross multiplication thus: : 
Feet. I 7405 
„ 3 
a 6 4 | SON . 
ery — I L0G ; 
le. 44 = | ; 
m. 41 : 
tle 1 6 - 4 
o, . 
be n,, 
le- — . 
6a · e 11 as before which divide is 9, c. 
| 1 Once more. 
l, Therei is a room wainscotted, the compass of which is 4 
Reet inches, and the height 7 feet 6 inches; what is the 
entent in square yards? Ans. 39+ yards. 
0 Feꝛt. Inche | 
9 compass. 
; * % © height 
ww | 
br inches, 23 7 
1 9354 4 
he N 
do „ * 395 Or F yaids, a 
l- 


he ; Bk 


190 


For good. wainscot, 


Wainscotting. not finding tuff, cc. 79755 


Coarse wainscotting, 
Deal — finding stuff, 
— not finding stuff, 


Carpenter's Work.” ; 
Rooms, , flooring, and partitioniig; the principas 

pentry in modern buildings, are measured by the e 

of 10 feet each way, that is 100 square feet. 

For roofing, multiply the depth and half depth b 56 

front; or the front and half front by the depth, and youy 


have the contents. 


The dimensions are taken in feet and inches. 
Examples. je 
How many squares doth that piece of work cent h 
measures 199 feet 10 inches in length, and 10 feet 7 ind 
. in height ? Ans. 21 squares, 14 feet, 10 z inches.” | 


Ob deration. 

Feet. Inches. 
299 10 long 
510. 7 bigh. 

1998 4. 
99 ut 
16 nn 


6, 
IF 


* 


Again. 
If i floor be 49 feet + inches, 
_ 20000 broad, how many square 


Feet. Inches. Parts. 15 


3 
| 26 ? 0 
„% 
— 8 
. 2 
24 6 0 5 
5 Oe: 5G 
#06: S 
8 4 Aus, 7389 


The Young Man's Best Companion, 
The price v8 er 8 8 


— 


| The division i#-perfon te 
by pointing off two places 
. wards the right hand, 
the number o on the ef 
Ne per &c · | 


"21,14 1072 Ans. 21 rquares | 14 feet, tox inches 


fe 


The operation” by erorr-multiplication . 


* 1 * 8 4 
> "py a 
— 3 


* 
323 


parts long, and 7660 
ve +: 


* 


14 feet; 8 in. 4 pls. 


__— — 
- 


Ncte, In measuring roofing, no deduction is made 10 
kylights, chimney shafts, &x. N re 


feet, take the content of the vacancy for the stairs, hearths, 


ring into squares as before. 


nd then you must mention it in the written agreement, 
oors door- cases, and windows insluded. oy 


| There are divers sorts of carpenter's work belonging to a 
uilding, viz. © Cantaviliar cornice, modillion c ornice, plain- 
ornice, guttering, rail and ballusters, lintel, penthouse cor- 
ice, timber- front, story, brest sommers, shelving, dressing, 
be. all which are measured by lineal or running measure. 
here are also doors and door- cases, lan tern light with their 
maments, balcony doors, and cases, cellar doors and curbs, 
lumns and pilasters, cupolas, &c. all which are valued by 
he piece. b A, 4 FEE"? 1 


t 1 Carpenters Work is done at the following Prices, viz. 
: . „ 2 * . d. 
ooring, finding boards, the square, e 
Not finding boards, from 28. 6d. to 5 
Roofing with oak, — — 3 8: 
5. Not findining Timber — — 3 $7 Þ 
 MWartitioning per square, — — © 18 0 
ee Not finding timber —— . „% = 
bars with rails, and ballusters complete, bo os 
dawing of oak, and elm per 100 foot, e '254 
ences for trees; — — „ 8 


| = „„ 

Oak timber is commonly sold for 408. per ton (that is 4 

Solid feet) in the place; ash zos and elm 28s per ton. 
Note. Carpenters measure the timber frames of any build - 

cial measure, or 100 square feet, as hinted before. 

oy Sawyers Work. _ : | 1 

N this place it may not be improper to say something in 
relation to the method used by sawyers, in measuring their 

ok, When they work by the great, (as they say) most 

ommonly they measure their work by the superficial foot 


hey ae count the d epth of the kerf for the breadth, and the 


The Young Man best Companion, 75 197 5 


ic, in feet, and the remainder is the true content; which 


ing (which they call the carcase, by the square of Io super- 


0 there is no great difficulty in taking the dimensions; for 


8 * length 


— 


jn measuring flooring from the content of the whole floor 83 


Note, In partitioning, you must measure the doors, door- 
ses, and windows by themselves and deduct their contents 
ut of the whole, except by agreement, they are included: 


„ 


| 


Li 


— 


" the” The Young Man's best Companion. "oY: 


length for the length. The dimensions being thus taken in 
feet, the content of one kerf superficial may be found by 
multiplying the length by the breadth ; and then having 
found the number of feet in one kerf, multiply it hy the! 
number of kerfs, of the same dimensions, and you will hare 
{the number of feetin then Ml. 

Note Ist. When thus they have cast up the whole content 
of their work in feet, they are paid for it by the'hundied, 
WW 5 1 

⁊2dly. That if the kerf be but six inches or less in depth; 
then they have a custom to be paid for kerf and a half, (u 
they express It), 7. e. for half as much more as it comes tg 
by measure: and the reason they give for it is, that the treu - 
ble is so much the more on account of often shifting of 


removing and new binding their timber, and therefore! 1 


depths of the kerf; and are as follows: — 
Inches deep. | d. qrs. p 
2 „ 
18 | * 5 
20 2. . 
. 1 2 
24 . 
26 3 per foot. 
28 4 5 27 
f 30 We + 
32 = | 
3 1 


Amy. In some places it is customary to allow the sawye! 
dut one breaking kerf in a tree, though there be never 8 

many kerfs deep in it. But some sawyers claim to have half 
breaking work, and half hundred work; that is, if they 
have four kerfs deep, then they will have two breaking- work 
and the other two hundred- Work.... 
Fthly. In sawing bevil work, as hipps, slee pers, &c. pos 
&c. in bevil frames, posts, or puncheons in polygonal turvets, 
&c. also contrails, &c. for these they work by the hu ndred, 
but always reckon kerf and half for such sert of work; that 
is they reckon half as many more feet of werk than there 


really performed. |  Brick- 


; : | % 9 — — 
The Young Man's best Companion. 193 

_ Bricklayers and Tilers Work. 

erf Walling on ne a 


ALLING is measured by the rod statute measure. 
are being 272 feet and x superficial, The method of ta- 
ring thei! dimensions is thus: for a wall round an orchard, ' 
en Nor the like, they measure the length by aline going over 


the buttresses; and for the height they measure over be 


? mouldings (pressing the line into them) even to the middle 

b: or the coping; they likewise take notice of the thickness of | 
© the wall, that is, how many half bricks in length the wall is 

to in thickness: for three half-bricks, that is a brick in length, 


nd one in breadth, is standard thickness; and all walls, 
hether less or more, must be reduced to that thickness by 

this rule, viz. Multiply the product of the length and height, 

by the number of half bricks that the wall is in thickness; 
bich product divide by 3, and then the quotient by 272, 

(the 4 being generally neglected in vulgar working,) and 


y the quotient will be rods, at a brick and a half thick stand- 
. ed measure. 5 J lr ry oy we, 


Admit the face of the wall measure 4085 feet, and the 
thickness be two bricks and a half, or five half bricks thick, 


how many rods doth it contain ? 
. 
1 a $i Oy | 

272) 6808 (25 rods Ans. . Io: . 


—— 


139 „ 
er #55 (33; 7 ; - : PT 85 > Bs, i | | 
When the work is wrought decimally, then you divide by 
. 2724 or 272,25, which gives the qustient somewhat less. | 
- But the measuring of brick work may be shortened, by ha- 1 


ing the rod of 164 centesimally divided into 160 equalparts, 
*ich which you take the dimensions, and thelength ofthe 
wall in those rods; and 1co parts multiplied by the height 
© {ves the content in rods, of any wall that is a brick and! 
„af hick. Deduction must be made for doors, windows, c. 


' N 225 
, Od 
” 
\ A « K 
— — 422 1 — 8 
* 2 
* — V2 
: ” 


, 9 . 

| 23 A table 

IS „ CD 2 a | 
1 


- i 

\ 17 

4 i 
+ 4 

„ 
2 ® 
"4 * 


194 | TT, The Young Man's best Companion, 
A Table to reduce brick- work tostandard measure, i; e. 2 
brick and a half thick. CCC : 
3 Subtract ? „5 | 
3 I 2 Reduce to brick and half. 
cpu * 1 3 5 e en od of 


Suppose a garden wall to be 254 feet round, and 12 fert 
inches high, and 3 bricks thick, how many ruds dath i a8 
contain? e | | e ee 


al 


* VVT e n the fl 
CEC. aggregate, of total, iz ” 
„ multiplied by 2, because | 
In 3048, © = | twiceg'iis6, the number Fe 
17 5 of half bricks; and tha 
1 21— 75 -- - - Teduees the work to Fe 
| . ; standard measure as by 
| 3196—2 „„ he table above. EP Fe 
r TC 0 ON Fe 


| Of Chimneyg, 1 Cy 
This brick-work is commonly agreed for by the hearth 
and also sometimes by the rod; andthe method of taking di 
mensions is thus: If the chimney stands singly, not leaning $q1 
against. or being in a wall, and worked up right over the mar- 
tle tree to the next floor, it is girt about the breast for the 
jength, and the height of the story is taken for the breadth, and 
the thickness of the jaumbs for the thickness. But if a chim- 
ney stands against, or in a wall, which is before measured with 
the rest of the building, then the breadth of the breast or 
front, together with the depth of the two jaumbs is the 
length; the height of the story the breadth, and the thicknes 
of the jaumbs the thickness. But if the chimney stands in 
the corner of a room, and has no jaumbs, then the breadth of 
the breast is the breadth, the height of the story the length, 
and the thick ness the thickness. And for the shaft, it is com- 
menly girt in the smallest part, for the length: and the thick: 
ness on both sides, for the thickness; in consideration. o 


* 


— — 


The: Young Man's best Companion. 19, 
Note, There is nothing to be deducted for the vacancy be 
tween the hearth and the mantle tiee, because of .the WR 
and the e, tor the next hearth above. 


—— Gable ends; >= 


Take half the ber for the breadth; and the width 
of the Louse for the length, or half the width of the hause for 
the breadth, and the perpendicular for the length, which 1 
brings the measure to, an oblong, the content of which is | 
found by multiplying the length by the breadth, &c. nl 

Note, There are severat other things in bricklayers work, 
as cornicefacias, straight arches, cheme arches, hipps and val- | 
teys, in tiling and water courses: al Mich are measured by 2 
the foot Jineal, or running measure. Also Piers, Pilasters, 
rustic work, &c. which ale valued by the piece. 


. „ d. 


For walls, 40% materials, es . per rod - If 

hat Not finding materials, i % die. "| 

to For tiling, finding materials ' per sd. 1 
N 


28 

Not finding materials © 5 - oditto #1 
F OY Wann materials, except? „ > i od 2 | 
For (ripping without taking down, 5:46 ditto, | $} 

With taking down, G O 5 7 0 ditto · | 8 | 
For pointing, | 6-2 E ditto. 5 1 
rth 5 — 114 
di- 
ing 


Paving. | | 


' Pave ment for cellars, eee, ce. i is measu red by the | 
6 88 yard. 85 5 a _— þ 
| | | 


* Example. x | 
and In a cellar, wash-house, or court-yard be paved with bricks, 4 


im- 
vith 

or 
the 


or pitched with pebble, being 9 yards 2 feet long, and 6 
yards 2 feet broad; how many yardgsquare,doth it coutain ? 
Ans. 64 yards 1 and f feet, as by the On work, 75 

x N 


- f be” | ' 
. 


_— 


166 The Young Man's best Companion, 


CF 4857 Fr ber., 

EW oo in We Rite 

e „ 
. 5 3. 08 N 


Feet d od NE Od. Th 
29 - | Here the answer is found by three dif. 
20 ferent operations, and the result of each 
— is the same. ASSISTS. Wy 3 8 
9 2 8 e 
Vds 645 7 
; 15 5 Slating. B 
Is valued by the square of 100 feet; in some places by the 
rod of 18 feet square; that is 36 ͤ square yards, or 324 feet, 
Note, In tiling and slating, where there are gutters and | 
valleys, there is commonly an allowance, which is to take I 
the length of the roof all along upen the ridge which makes ſet 
the gutter double measure; which in some places is allowed , 
in others, not. Sometimes there is an addition for hollow 
ware, that is, ridge tiles, gutter tiles, corner and dormar tiles, 
and here customs differ; for in some places they account one 
Superficial foot for every foot. lineal or runnng measure; 
then 100 feet lineal is reckoned a square. In other places, 
for every 100 of such tiles they reckon one square. 
35 | | , 
Is of two kinds, viz. First, work lathed and plaistered, 
sometimes called ceiling. Secondly, plastering upon brick 
work, or between the quarters in partitioning, by some call- 


ed rendering, both which are measured by the yard square, * 
as the joiners and painters do. In taking dimensions of ceil- | 
ing, ifthe room be wainscotted, they consider how far thecor- 

nice bears into the room, by putting up astick perpendicular 

to the ceiling, close to the edge of the uppermost part of the bf 
cornice; and measure the distance from the perpendicular = 


stick to the wainscot; twice which distance must bededuc- 
ted from the length and breadth of the room taken upon the 
floor, and the remainder is the true length and breadth of 


the 


——— Wh, 


The Young Man's best Companion. 197 
the ceiling: As suppose a floor is 24 feet long, and 18 feet 
broad, and the cornice shoots out 6 inches; deduct a foot for 
both ends, and the length of the ceiling is 23 feet; and the | 
game for the breadth ; it leaves 17 feet broad; which mul- 
tiplied together, gives the content, 391 feet, or 43 yards and 
a half, SY 1 25 n =: FM 

5 Example. . ; | — 1 
23 feet the length. OR _ 
17 feet broad, TH. 0 
AST SS -- ; 200 ll 
9391 (43 yards, 4 feet. 
26, + 5 

27 5 e 
If the ceiling of a room be 19 feet 15 one-way, aud 14 
ſect 6 the other, how many square yards doth it contain ö 

8 By cross multiplication, thus: „ 
3: 1 dc „ : 
e 1 
133% — 5 | : 
4%” - WEE 1 ag || 


1 => 347 1 (38 Yds. 5 feet 1 Inch. 4 
- ; | . | 1 . . | 
| How many yards square are there in a piece of plastering i 
, | 


that is 47 feet 4 inches 7 parts long, and 18 feet broad? 
N. Ik * 9 8 PSS e 

+7 4 | 7 . | oy | | I C | : | 1 f 7 _ : * | 

| 3 times 6 1s 18 4 of 


- : * 4 | e | ; | | | 
142 1 : 5 D - +4 
4 f | ; i | 
. ; . ; « ; 3 4 {i 
: » 14% « : : | 
, : j #7 * 1 _ 


992 10 b(94 yards, 6 feet, 10 inch. 6 paris. 
e e 5 Prices 


— 


198 e . oung Man's best Companion, 5 


For every yard of common plastering, finding laths , 
. aa es wh 
Not finding las — 0 44 
For white washing with size — 0 14 
Partitioning, finding all materials. —U— q 3 
| Masons Work, _ . 8 
HE masons work, consisting of stone, is of two sorts 
1 viz. Superficial and solid. Pavements, and the face of 
stone walls hauses &c. are measured as brick work. If the 
Work have ornaments, as capitals pilasters, rails, and ballus- 
ters, &c, then they are valued by the piece. 
— 8 i Oy oe oeS- : 8. 4 
For every foot of plain work in walls, &. © 8 
For plain cornice, about _— 2 5 
For. rough stone wall, with lime, 16 feet + long, — En 
| 5 . 


W as os oo... 


1 foot high, per rod w 
Withoutlime, per rod. ew ___ - 
Paving, digging the stone, and all workmanship, per f o 3 

square foot K OT IR0s ws 
Prices of Stone and Urns 

Rough paving 1d. per foot; rough asher, or coping, 14d. 
per foot: fine asher 3d. per foot; base per foot 1d. caibe | 
per foot 6d. terns 3 feet high 11 4 feet high 11. 10s. 5 feet q 
fei high zl TY te 
1 Land Measure. „ 
AND is usually measured by the acre, The dimen- al 

sions are taken with a chain of four poles in. length 
Which is divided into 100 parts called links; and 10 square 
chains make an acre. Let them be 10 in length, and 1 in th 
breadth, or 5 in length and 2 in breadth, &c, or 160 square t 
poles; but to find its content (if not regularly square) it 
is generally divided into triangles: Thus a piece of land of 
4 sides (if not square) may be divided into two triangles, 
pieces of 5 sides into 3, and a 6 sided piece into 4 triangles. 
1 To Measure a Triangle. 1 5 

Admit the longest side of the following triangle, viz. A 

D to be 76 poles, and the perpendicular or doted line B C 

to be 30 poles; multiply 76 (the base) by 15, the half of 

the perpendicular B C, and it produces 1240. Or if you 

multiply the whole perpendicular by half the base ( . 


— 


The Young Man's hut Companions . 599 


ide) it will produce the ame; which divided by 160, 
Jr OGUCE ame; wh | 160, (t 
$quare Poles in an acre) the quotient gives the Lbs. | of 
and divide by the same divisor, and eee fre” 
Note, 2 the perpendicular is drawn from the opposite 
angle to the base, or Tonga gide, as In the following figure, 


* 


; w 8 4 * ATE EC = & 5.4 T2 
— — 
PTT +25 77.707 4s SANT 
76 Tlie b nn oe A Doe 
15 Half the perpend 


— — 


19 1 
zular. 


16 | 01140 (7 acres 0 or ; 
3 6-0: oh EDT” 


210 | 


All other als of land ( for the most part) must be divi- BY 


ded into triangles, and when measured, their contents added 
together. ) ͤö 1: 6 
Suppose arr oblong plat of ground contain 35 poles broad, 
and 185 poles OP acres is the content; 
Multiply the length in poles by the breadth, and divide 
the product by 160, (the square poles in an acre,) and the 
| quotient will be the answer in acres; and if the remainder 


oY 120 Fc: ; begs . 4 5 1 2 2 5 
Be 80 its value is 120 of an acre. 


_ . f I: -4 * 


* 
ws 


2 


The Young Man's best Companion. 
FFC 1 


1 85 the lengtn. e ee 
FEE 
Dos, ye content is 40 ache 
gs 4, and 45 poles, or al most 
: — „4̃0 acres and a half, 
| 160)6475(40 aces. ; 
640 „„ "IH 
| - 7 OS 2 | *. 
deduct io a quarter. 3 


gs poles remain. CUES. 
* a By tbe four Pole Chain. 2 ** 


Example. There is a plat of ground which contains 16 
chains and 25 links in breadth, and 57 chains and 30 links in 
length; what is the contents of that piece of land? 

„ G. Enn. 
5), 30 length. . 
16, 25 breadth, tk... 
ss 
11460 
2488 "205 
acres 92 | 11250 cut off two places. 
No roods, 45000, 1 


; Oo . 2 ' * Fo KEE Bo” 3 
Poles 18 aces ac. © rood, 18 pole Ans. 
Note, 4 roods or rods in one acre, 40 poles one rood or 
rod so that 1 rood or rod is 1 quarter of an acre. : 
+ Note also, that the above chain commonly called Gunters 


3 


cha n contains 4 statute poles in 100 links, so that any num- 


ber of chains are no more than so many 190 links, as 4 chains 


are 400 links, and 6 chains are 600 links, &c. 160 statute 


poles are an acre, each pole being 16 feet and a half; there- 
fore in a square chain there are 16 square poles; and if you 


divide 160 (the square poles in an acre) by 16 (the square 


poles in a chain) the quotient is 10, the square chains in an 


acre, EE : 
EX A square 


» 


r 


tiplicd by- 100), and therefore it follows that an acre con- 


pats of England there are used poles. of 18 others of 21, 


The Young Man's best Companion. _ 20 


A square chain contains 40,000 square links, (or 100 mul- 


ta ns 100, O00 square links. 
To reduce Statute to Customary Measure. 
According to a statute made in the 33d of Edward the first, 
and another in:the 25th of Queen Elizabeth, a statute poles 
is, 16 feet and-an-half*long, Cas said before) : but in divers 


and some of 24. feet long, called customary measure being 
an use according to the humour or-custom of the place where 
they are taken. To turn therefore one sort of measure into 
the. other, admit statute measure to be turned into customary, 
do thus Multiply the number of acres, roods, and poles 
statuts measure, by the square half yards, or square half feet 
in a square pole of statute measure, and divide the product 
by the. square half yards, or square half feet, contained in the 
pole of the measure customary and the quotient gives the 
answer in the latter, in actes, roods, cc. 5 
Fxzmpler. „ 
In 172 acres statute measure, how many actes of 38 feet 
to the pole or perch? > . | | 
acres 172 Statute measure. - 
S821 square half yards. p 


144)20812(444155;-acres eustemary measure. 

In a statute pole are 41 half yards, which squared make 

121 square half yards; and in a square pole of 18 feet, are 

144 square half yards, &. For the remainder work as be- 

fore, viz. by multiplying it by 4, &c, and the next remainder 

by $0, &c. as spoke to befure: so that the answer is, that 

172 acres "Statute measuſe, make 144 acres, 2 roods and 4 

poles of such customary measure | | 

An Example LA tbe contrary, 8 

In 543 customary acres of 18. feet to the pole, how many 

acresof statute measure, being © feet and a half to the pole. 
543 customary. „ 

144 square half yards in a customary acre, 


bl 
Ll 


2172 . 
21 72 — * bl 
_— 
121) 78 192 (646 statute acres. 
720 | 1 


55. &c, = NT; ; The 


203 The Young Man's best Companion. 

The remainder 26 multiplied by 4 produces 104, Which 
not amounting to a rood should be multiplied by 40, their 
Product is 4160, which divided by 421, quotes 34 perches, 
and 46 remains. So the ans wer is; that 543:customary acre 
of 18 feet to the pole, makes 646 acres, 34 poles, and of 
a. pole. 3 „ 

Note, Customary. acres, as well as statute acres, contain 
160 square poles or perches.; the excess of bigness-by the 
bigness of the pole. 8 | 

| Solid Measure. 


1. that of timber, stone digging, liquids, &c. and the rule 
1 for working is to multiply the length taken in inches. 
and the breadth tagether, and then that product by the depth 
or thickness, and the last product will be the content in cu - 
bic inches; which if timber or stone, divide by 1728, (the 
cubic inches in a. foot solid), and the quotieat gives the con. 
tent in solid feet, | OE FALL 

JJ „ 

If a tree be 16 feet long, and.1S inches square ho many 
Solid feet * . * „ 

I 4 


Multiply 5 9 12 
FO  33gbreadthandthicknes, 
ES 
344 
. 
2728)62208 
| 5184 636 feet 


(0) 


| | Decimally 


The Young Mon's best Companion 


5 Decimally. By Practice... 
| 0 SE. | 
| — — N a 
5 2, 25 breadth. 1—6 
15 length 654 inches 9 
| „ —— 
5 4 times 4 is 16; 
s | ; a 5 a ; | — : | | 
h 5 feet 36— o An. „ 
: In solid r 3 1 
. Y 40 feet of round 3 
| . des nber l un or lond- 
1728 inches is a-foot of stone or timber. 
| 27 feet is a yard. I En ed 
7. FE 282 inches is a gallon of ale or beer 


2§31 inches is a gallon of wwe: _ | 

Suppose there is gives an oblon piece of timber whose 
breadth is 2,25, and thickness 1, 6, feet, and length 3.555 
te:t, how many solid feet are containsd thezein? | 

2,25 breadth, : 

1,04 thickness- 

— 
goo 


4 


134-68500- Ans. 1346885 solid F. or 34 Fneatly 
| Of Timber Measure. „ 
-7 HEM at any ume you w., uld know the content of 
any piece of timber by valgar or decimal arithmetic 
odserve what follows, viz. The tree being girted and one 
four h are taken for the side of: the square: multiply the 
length of the sidepof the square in inches into itself, ad hat 
a R 2 . 


110700 a : 


pred net 


MS 
F wy, YE 


204 The Young Many best cen 
pioduet by the length in feet: which last product di vide by 

144 but if vo multiply by the length in inches, then 'Yout 
divisor must be 1728; ande f any remain, divide suche 
mainder dy 12, and the quotient will be As od inches 


Example. R 1-* > Hog 


* Suppoze a piece of timber 15 feet Jorg, and a ' quarter of 
* girt 4 > pay z. what i is the content of that piece? i 
T he I 3 4 inches the tide al N 

> 42 a, | 

N OW Be OT OE Ns TIP IO 620! 


— a $ | 4 5 In 
7364 13 
. ö dee as. VV 
, . DS Wnt nd Fa 5, * _ | 1 | 
RE e g As. 1; re 


af wy. ca 


> ro way of. 


7 : 


SO 


SS © — — 7 — wy wand 


— 


28 — * F 
* 5 £ £4) . 
: 1206 - — ” . a G = : 
FI 4 4 : * X 4 * * a. | py . 
a - Ss * p A . : 
: : * f 2 : x + 1 
Z : * 4 MY a >4 J ; 5 f ; : 
| OS oe hogs RES. WE 
: * * * . . 4 4 1. 
—— 


5 | —_— wg 5 . . 


PB e 
1 Note. In this example 1764 is multiplied by 1 n zn ode 

, Nee. 

But the foregoing example may be worked ae bo 

| N on thus: 1 ; 
8 TOES. the side of tho andre. =. 

. Io5: e 

1 22,25 the real” . 5 
1 Tits Wide , „ 1 we; 


ME ED 56575 e al; 
t 


183,75 the cont. viz. 183 or 428 _ 


* 


The Yang dee, | * 
But this common way, gor the compass for the 
Sde of a square, w tits ls pal) Feng content” 1 the circle 
in round timber, id erroneous, and gives the solidity some- 
what less than the true content: dut the true way is to mul- 
tiply half the diameter by helf the compass, and Uſe” that 
product multiply by the length, which divide by.1738, and 
the quotient is the content. If you cannot come to-measure- 
the end of the piece, you. may, know'the diameter by tus 
proportion, viz. r 7x 80. is the compass to the dia- 
meter. Or you may find: Ja. 2 * Ages of. SINE 
I piece of timber by; this Ky SECIS 
I ze, viz: Multiply 2821 r n os 544.4 5 . 
by the inches of the com- In, 66:the compare. „ RS 
pass, and cut ff 41 fi- = i) CE ESE Cad ns 


7 „4 


enresto the right hand 26976 . bv} 1 1 gd ae 


24, WER 40 7 $34 A. $I * 
hong n, T7365 +: 1154 n 155 Fit 1 * „„ 
£ ** — 24 1 a * * : . 7 + 4 - 2 $ 
; 165 157 1 — , 2 7 85 
5 | 17 5 47 n 


1 780 1 H ER 18 e On" 
54 Bug the breadth and. depth, of a > piece of timber or- 
sone; to know how much in length of it will, make a solid: 


foot; map ee one 7 the other, ance pou: * A: 


Giyior $6: 1728 a8 J. 1 TOs 9 s 1 8 TY. Th 9 5 
. 24 brad EVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVUVVTCV 3 age 
* „ A TT 7 8.80 e 
18 thick - pig ky ; gn 4 PS 2 ; „ g 
; _ 33 4 b — — _ 4 24 3 2 + 5 — ? 5 5, ; LT p $37 9 
1 2 * FL. 72 * » 2 a T. : . % 
p 6 N 125 To PE 8 "hg : * 9 1 , 
x 19 477, 2 | 2 1 = 37% e $A. 5 ED SY 927525 gy CA OSS 
g . 8 KEE 1 N « 4.7 "Wo & "os a el 6 
ente, e E ee A ot 5 5 e 
2 1728 Gs 4 modes eg 8 „ 
ond | 1728: e en * 1 NE Ws. 2h. 


—_ 


— 


de And that you hae: ks A bid 3 an breaths ang | 


depths, by which much labour may be saved in multiply ing - ; 5 


and dividing; and yet. measure anꝝ piece of timber thereby 

very exactly, - | 
In square timber, you must wette the inches squsred a-di- 

visor to 1728, and the quotient willche the — ; inches 

2 hays Fo will make a-foat-solid.... 

-, Example. Jfa pipoe;of: tim IM 

es of it will e rs 8 a. quart, bk 


eee Abet 7. e ot e 


* %, Cs ws " " wo 


3 l „ 4 
33 ä 
84 5 
* 
4 Cog $ N ky S 
2 


e the be of Sie 4 e WA lP h 5 
Again. Bures pee ez Are; what 
Will make a foot © Answer, 5 inches and 


' ET” 7 


x #: 2 


a 25 (208 18. | bs 1 * 
"The: 4; way for NL” 2530 by: Os method, | 
vi, take the dimensions in the middle, and nautiply-thary- 
thelength, which is net aceurate f but if the dimensions be 
taken in several places and the mean de e content 


thus found! will be we i 1 . 


is 2 5 
1 8 merbuned by the 2 8 yard of 2% fret z bet FG 
3 is 9, and 3 times 9 is 27, by which are mensu 
cellars, slay for brieks, &c. Other things are meal E 
the floor of 324-50lid feet, 
Example 1. Ifa vat or cellar be digged 9 feet tow 4 | 
Feet £ long, and N inches broad f what] is its. cane 8 


in Solid nf Tet 
A Oo Oe 


a 
" 
— > 
* 
oy 
_- 
42 
\S g 8 
» vo 
5 ' * 
"= 5. 
2 85 — - 
* ” 
I" 
LY 27 
* * 
= 
* 2 
© I. 
0 Ws 
«17 * 
— * 
Fs * 
* 2 
— a 
[yy 
— 
— 
* 


4 
:: 
. * 7 FP '> I 1 v 
; n S. - 1 2 IT x 2 2, 2 S . > - ; 
us 1 l : , $ 7 x a 4 1 1 y 4 N 5 
33 5 * 3 = | 1 L x 44 
: # * - . ? a P * : 2 5 " a, & 
* 5 : "EP F. 9 * 0 1 'L 444 e114 41 
6: he « . 5 ? 1 , * 1 - 
76: - 23 . 5 A S Ky "$84 >” IJ 1 19 4 ä 4 * F 
5 * & v > 7 # J 1 * 4 7 4 * 4 * Li * K > * 5 
- - * * Y 
: * 


2 e 
n ba 8] 1 . 2 * Ft | . 
e © 27) 181Þ x yards 6 tt Þ ate 4c 


ab 


, 
a © 
% 71 . 91 1 4 * - 
4 . Fy . 9 . 7 = 
8 Y 4 4 > ; x « ” . 1 
+ 5 7 A F X a 4 r 8 a 
* 0 * 5 * 0 = - k N + * 1 1 
* AS a n 6 18 . . 
. 4 y * - * \ E 
> * 4 4 2 5 wa, 1 # - 
; 1 P. * * > * * Py 
N p * * , * 4 
p 4 4 5 * 1 
* ' 6 
* 


— ̃ 4. Geert 


2 


I” LR * — 2 + FOR n SJ 8 * 1 
— ͥ ——ꝓ—ñ—ñ—ñ— — * EDD 
ETFS = SE — 

n 8 "SIT Os OT 


— TE — —8 


EY DG — 5 — - — _ 


Y F 2 ; g N 


— 
- 
% 
* 
of 
4 
A 


find the sup 


0 
9 


: = , 
wel bes a 26. 8 Q mY ” 40 4 
ſ "0 . . I * . * . : "Is 5% & a> 8 
{ <3 os F co 7 wy wa. 7 $4750 — » « # = 14 
2 * * * - » Ut f — 5 7 8 — 7 
* 44 : 1 = - * 45 a» 4 . " A — , 
. 5 6 —__ * * — — BF ho BF 8 85 a —— : ' 2 , 
ö 3 N * L ” 2% F ; : , — 4 o 
* 3 141 8 HAAS *= a4 A 2 = A oo * * atv © * 4 : &. o 
3 25 * — J ” ? "A 8 / * 2 4 q 
' * E „ WES _ 5 i 2 va * | 3 - k * * {r * 
7 : . J i 
k wa + „ "lb... ae 4 N 8 . 1 i 
1 - FER . « 
* 


— 
a 


.. 
12 .v 
#5 


Py 


* * 
\ . % A” r 5 3 4 . $ - 9 
ff 4 F f / Y N 1 „ id . , — 5 
4 » : - 8 q — 
7 * 4 p ; . Pl kf - i 4 1 1 - " 
C N 3 * £ * ” 
- , ; N 5 
4 1 3 . - 
* "A * a 8 l 3 8 . , 
* 4 * 13 * * the RE) * #3 g 4 * : » " * a \ 4 ? 
" - e* . my * 7 & * ** N 0 = . 
OS 4 * - 2 — n LE 4 2 * WX. * ? 4 * 
1 4 6 . — 7 * 
$4 Ts - * 4 Fi 8 ** 8 * ad — 7 4 N % 1. 7 7 » . ; 
5 * * 5 2 * — = 4 * 4 *. 10 7 3 > — 4 : 4 * 2 FN Cod 
4 - p " 4 * 
* 4 4 OY ab, _— 6 My * "A, * 2 4 0 i . — 
+ - , Chg OR” d * * N. - * 3 x * * n 7 
1 , _ 0 . N . 2 * Fo. * „ 4 * LY 4 
* 4. — - = 2 * 4 
3 ind 5&4. 4 a < 15 vn hw % 5 ns 8 2 2 * F { — LI ON 
* * n . £ v us 2 * * IE" Sa OE þ * * 2 2 1 
< x 7 — L "964, 1 IE pet 23 „ t DE; a Mn 
, 1 g . opt : * < w "ER 1 % 4 « 14 1 4 1 # { 5 4 ; * „ 
— bk; „ 1 - * * 3 Ws. SS yy TEE - * 5 1 
8 > "I of $ FS , —_ 1 . * 44S 2 . 1 % 0 4 J of 
* > 0 q A 4 Wy ax 4 5 . , 5 
— 3 * * « 7 Ya W 5 0 : 5 y * C 
b Pp 1 OY, 8 * * I —_ *- 22 3 — 
, ben 8 7 = — 3 * Fe . 
_ 8 SING 4 a - > 7 
— RP — . r _— + 5 . . 
a. [8 : * i be * we 5 I »4 . 44 CE . ; 
2 


* 

> 

. 

F 

4 

* 

4 

— 
* 4 — 8 : 

* 
rr 


FF. 11 deep. 


8 


( 
2quen 
1 supe 


or man 


* 


1 ** 8 * 2 2 
: * wh ww * Gy - . 5 - 23 _ - * * kd - . 5 TI _ * 6 c 85 
2 2 —. NE: . . 1 F | | , 
* 4 — 32 1 25 X - % — : Y W . Ln Va, 4 A l 5 . / 
: \ 8+ 2 75 l * ws 2 > N ö : A ® = PE x} — * 42 : — o "ES: 1 
" 1304 : NO — * 3. N * 7 . 0 5 . * $ 
* * 5 5 4 * 393 „? q 7 Wh. * 20 * — - >» [Y] — 4 
—— > "> a = 7 | b LE hs 2 BY e 7 
* 4 — on 2 —_ OE” 5 Is 1 N . x * He a E a >, 2 L $ 
= g q * . 2 * — 23 x4 5 7 1 : - 2+ D — — - o * . ” a". 1 7 4 
v3 F f 8 4 CT. . "3 T 4 : 7 * . . , Qu. bag, - 
* , "9 2 ' - »Þ 0 - * . — - ** - 1 - — 1 * 5 
- . k n — . 4 % . 3 a - * % 
# - = '% L. 2 * 2 5 1. * P . . — — 
* wu * 4 * ” LIES) wc - 1 ” 1 8 &«S 
. a | 08 x = "I - 77 i F : 2 — — 
233 0 « Sas bp pf 5 
ns 23 2 wv ; 2 232 
: : : IF , * 8 * 3 * at a 0 — 5 * . 
3. 90 Q- _ EP: | 
92 4 ; * oy 
8 be; —ↄ , © 


diggit) 
1 


ny 


LY 
; 


— 
£ 


ei 
dee 
34 


2399 
freq 


o e Ks 5 Þ »* 3 
* 2 . . N Nh =? 12 { bl 1 + * * 8 * * py n EA 
Ay r G4 — - Ex . + „ — 2 2 
5 I 7 4 : _— 88 % | 3 . x AAS \ 5 — * 5 : * 
128 VTV 5 
; * he — 2;ö;*—ð;%— 3 OO C2 a 
4 * p » : * - * a 3 2 * Fu , * a | aw $— ö . - > y 1 
8 28 „ on, 
1 : „ 3 8885 ; 
4 * * R : S& ** * —.— ; 4 * — 1 288 © 0 3 . 
* ; : 0 : «3 . 
5 S REIT. Wh x 5 «- 0 RERY 
" > - . a Fs 7 * 1 5 4 r , © [ — ; 
* 5 2 — 4 5 = „ 2 _ ST. '< "w_— 2 F a 2 * Fo 
þ 8 * * 24 * od > » 4 — —— — 55 WE, ; . . ® 2, © OS . rat» f 
= ,--- 2 * 3 2 2 9 * 
9 * WP - —— = / 
88 2.2 x e * was 7 
F a | e SEE i 
: 1 „ 3 ; 8 5 
2 | + = & | "i VV 
= - aw þ #5 
- 1 
p47 — — yy 4 2 
— 1 % 5 * 


d, 
dy 
be 
nt 
105 
ts, 
by 
4 
nt 
"1 


t eee 


VV me e e 


ihe 


e rodut divided b > Hil ho arte rds. 5 


© Multiply 1 circu Wg, in 1 * zelt and 355 . ; 
e by this decimal, 035 3678, and this last 8 wil} 


the content in yards. 


. To findthe superficial content ofa pyramid « or cone, mult. 
half the sum of the sides, or half the circumference of the! 
e by the slant height in feet ; and che produot, divided | 


wy 9, will be square yards. 


If the er on cone be not lets, that is, 6's pin 
of the K* Ironting. 830 fog together the circumferenoes 21 
tto If their sum, being rang by the 


top and m/ and 
Slant height, will be the superficial pontent. 


Note. A solid yard square of elay will make about 7 or 


oo bricks :-and the price of making'is *--0r-8s. a thousand: 


Ai {or busſſel) and a eee e 8 70 | 


wil By LP e 


* 


25 bags 1 Owt. of lime. . 


me mind with proper notions an 


- tore. expressed. 


And first for planometry, or Zup erficial or Bat measure 


dome of which is measured by the foot square; as are board 
lass, marble, freestone, and pavements, the dimensions are. 


taken i in berger e and the eontent given in square feet. 


Example 1. Suppose there is an oblong or long square, 
let it be ard, glass, of pavement, &c. that contains on the 
longest side (o (or the length) 24 feet and a half, and the $hort- / 
wt side cat Noun, 1. as in hef following figure, vis 


T2 * * a _— g of 
2 * 7 2112 7 2 5 Te $4, * ; 4 * * #3: L „ * 75 75 at, 
: 2 2 y £42 ba * . 4 4 
* 8 "oh . i. Me 0 af J TE Sx 5 ans = 1 
* 4 I 8 J 2 0 * 55 of 3 P 
p 2 * +. » 7 Ys . 8 : = > 
. 5 5 * h 0 OP y a: / WV. + 1 
| J ; I BOS Wor gs * 8 . * * FIT, . 18 7 Re” 
ex % 5 Wis 4 * F4 * "4 8 20 * # — - * bp 3 b . * id 4 8 1 F 5 BY 14 q 
* , . 7 7 * a \. 2 K 78 . » 7 
r 1 1 4 810 , 792 55 * i.) 4 LEST. f 
5 Dee 8 75 VCTTTCCCTTTCTCC 4 
4 * 5 5 © 4 8 * * * 
-C * : ES + TW) $5 1 14 : i 3 
Jͤͤ TT ME2 1: £ 55 1 F bn V5 
WI * 75 1 N y 1 * * 3 e. 3 SE ; . 4 
2 4 — » 
2 I. ; 2 * % PLS : 
: : 7 2 FACE 
* . 


ꝛumof the rdes,or circamference, by the height! in feet; 4 7 nd! 


1 Ty 1 improper, as well for.reft Ae 
1 mory, as for improving the unde rstanding, and forming 


ideas of measuring, to 


«= Aa. oi SG nm oa 


ive a hort repetition by demonstrative geometrical figures, 
- Bn what bath. anne Al arithmetica be g 


8 * a 


et: 1 | ' — 2 

7 ede 
DF — 5124 

14,25 read.” | 

. 5 . SL 


ora 
379 
g 1 7 
2499625" 

Rule. A0 the len 3 the Coe ater renting. 
mary: plates te the light f ub as there ere, dente His 
= th: and breadth, 7255 | 

xample 2. Suppose . 
ſorm of tigure the first j called rb , it hat 
of a common'pane' of: giuss, Fee n ee 

Rule. To meashref which; multiply — 
the length of any ot the sites, (forthey wealFequ#a}) and cut 
off as — INEG to the delimaf in- 
ces in both muſtipiicancł and multipher, as hinted ee > As 
_dupposethe breadth A. B Bfect'38, parte, andthe lengthy uf 


the de: 1900 le e zthonthe war” "will will bye = 


Here dhe beltipliostism ir- n 
7 OR a ret eee e eee 
mer send t be 71 
. e fn 
Io TINT 


* 


13 x X » x þ "IF 14 - 
8 93 > „„ +4 0 * * 


— 


75 37 e | 
3976 is ee comma, 11 a adove Bregznd, a 1 | 
80 many 1c Hf foot, 

, Example 3- Again; udnit a pleco bf metavremeht te be ih 
form figure of second, called rhomboides; ee 
bert 25 et rr N Mes? n ; 7 r 


* 
13 ö 

* 
W x. 


. | The Young Man eee NY 
'7 F. P. SERINE iba The forementioned bn 
255 a 17 35. length. - {+ ' hath its opposite side equal, 


8, 1 breadth... 2 "and: ts 0 | 
1 2 — "7k 57 2 8 We 5 5 
eee, Ana, thee content ts 148 l 


Once mote. „ e $4<200 

eppes ei piece of glass, pare gent or Siege of of land 
torepresent, or de in form of atriangle, or three cornered 
_ © bgure; expressed as inthe shape of figure the third, every try 
LET 53 * is half an oblon » Whoze length and breadth is equal 
5 perpendicular and- abe. 
te, the duted line is. the perperidlootar; ile bottom in 
he base, and the line from thetop of the perpendicular to te 
_ Jefrangle of the babe is galled the hypothenuse. 

The measuring of « triangls hath. been already ahew 
| therefore I shall devist.speaking:any further thereto. - 
„The. fourth figure is called the trapeziom,and consists of 
| 3. this figure, before it can be measured, must be divi 

* aw: 1wo. triangles, thus, viz; by aline drawn from onvange 
 or' to the angle opposite to it as in the figure. 

Example 4 Suppose the dimensions of the trapezium be- 
doe described to be, vis. the base 16 F. 67; the ane perpen- 
dicular 13 F. zo and ee F. 68 (0. 5 5 b 
* content 72. r e 

1 — 95 1 8 8 
_ Une perpendicu h © 
"The other „ 21 % 


| no 4 1 D aum . WY 811 
| mai by dr wy 1 OP e 
Z 87 lages 184 7103 
8 de 1 18 feet and 08 of. a foot, Eats 499i inches | 
andan ha | 
Note, If two aides ofa trapezium are paralle!; that is, equi- | 
distant, then add them together, and half the sum ee 
* the net aden W . Oe en 
25 ant. 


” 
4 2 
; 5 


* 5 


be Tang 1 
ines that. are e d the answer will be the same. 


in the form of les, or not, if divided as above, | 
measu+ted. as bef ore:; and hrought int o yards {if the comer it 
js to be 50 given tin) by Merle 6, Sh 9,:a5-befote > chewn,” - 
Regular 

100 REs chatte ve more than four sides, are called 


T .gons, and those of them that ha the Sides: 
1 called regular polygons. ai 5 _ angles 


des ; thus a figure having 2 75 
NR I a or equiiterriangte. 
4 | | : NE int, + 4 $ 


s ; 32 * * — 13 9 : 
6] Hexagon. „FCC 
2 * bY * - 7 * E * . > 4 >" — * 
* 


fe 
cal 89 * 7 - 
F 4 F > 4 
bp 1 5 ; p Fe -: 1 
7% AB4: THE E. = r 
, „ 4.5247 FR vat; F * * . 
1 E X * 
6 a 8 
8 2 2 5 % , A 3 
id b 2 2 , * 7 pf 
| — 1 4 3 
1 7 i : J's 9 
11 D 5 * — F * * t 


"s 4 5 1 le | 1 „ | 

5 decag | FR vs 67 1 0468 tf Mn IKE DS 
be at area 3 ect by may 6 <2 by: 
2quare. of its side by the. numb er 4, 7204 


6 thereof will e bord Me, or 121 fee 


LY e 
A - 04 4 8 7 * I'S 2 
_'1 2572 1 742) 75 b Fel 
at vi "1 1 . E \ 
; 4 & 7 J 2 87 
— 4» 5 9 7 * * 2 „ 4 8 
A * " 5 » 4 
7 4 * * bo 4 7 $5 : & AY * * 1 „ « 
1 1 1 5 Trans 8 F % .# . 1 : ” . — 1 a 
— $24 b. 7 3 SO * 2 2 4 Py * 5 2 a > $ . , — % "Ye * 4 
4 —<, Yann x #5 4 PE. 5 


| of. RS 23 2 


| ; 1 wag Þ 3 4 2 2 25 
. \ «' 4 
2 = 2 1 N 
2 27 voy OH TT. Sug 
* F, 4 © . 4 
* - $ £4, K* WF - 4 


- 


— Wk. Pa 3 


208.1 77 7654 
dure 8 ; 


S . „ 4©« 
. 1 5 . 
1 * : . 4 
- — - «+ 
W- hog * it 
1 * * * 1 
bs + 2.3 IF 152 ; 2 dls 
— 0 . 4 * (2,4 » : w 4. * 
1 — 8 
+ ; g' YT T4 — 5 * ut 
1 . . 
* — % - 1 — — 
8 a 6 2 F-453 12454 i N — 2 x 
® 2 A 7 5 9 
as — of 3 F 15 4 ; ay a 
$3 7 en i 
* Y — + ; 


- YR — z * 0 A 6 * 
X S 4 * 13 » þ * E343 ts BEErES SIE th Ee «4-23. ©" 
* * 1 #1 ad CE RY 4 7 +3 8 2 7 ] , * * * * , » * 
; 6.4 $1659 ERS S $7- #1 3.4 4 ö „ i£ lh þ 2 
CCC | „% ohwt a, 
; L . CCS, + £95 ; * N 5 1 


bo — 
* V4 n — e 1 
2 * 2 * 
— o * * T 
1 F 6. 4 Ye . * * 
.* '* 7 
- * 
A ; . 
P 7 " ** 125 
* 
« 4 £ 
., > 
7 - 
- * 
w 
\ $-? * 


2 1 bert Canipanion... Lo 7 Sit. 
nt. or if you measure in theqniddle between two G des ur | 


N 17 8 paint t ir IS 
0 ene . plastering, &c, of egular- Pieces | 


gures, Wo *2-% TIES 570 


Regular polygons 5 Have t er names from the number 7 


54 or $quare, - Top re 
5 | : F | 4 4764 74 45 15 > apts gon LY * "FP 4 & WIS 3s 4 325 i 2 L 1 8 4 4 1 T 5 


Thus, if the side of is. Prone 11 ane 0 „ene 
ie: : 15 1299774 e ths 


Therefore t a Pn reren will be ris of 20d 


4 


i + 
\ 
q i 
* — 
11 
” 1 
N I. 
5 o 
4 Tm 
, 3=G 
7 5 
* 
- 1 
18 
TY 
£0 
. ' 
. 
5 
£2 
. 7 
* ON 
TY 
1+ 
> £0 
yl 
1 [ 
0 
„ 
1 | 
. 
1 +. 
al 
1 
' 
' 
* 
5 


ener dene fthe 
* Irigen. rad 70s 12% 
WW node „ | 
3 egen, 4 by 4 , 350339134, 
tagen multiply the sq uhife 42 
. Nonagon, RA side 5, 184824 
Detagen, _ 7 7 bo 90 * 7.69429 x 
8 rho ee a 145344 
EL 1 « ene Tock, ane Nine: called the x Vid 


cumfetencs or periphery as AB C. All right lin 
2A. es the centre e .cirguference, are 1 8 10 
And called radiuses, or balf diemęt i; andthe. lovg | ling 
through the centre ffom A toi 2 5 digme ter: 9 
3. To divide a circle in 6 equal Party, extend the.compaug 
to half the diameter, as from A te.tthe centre E, and thy 
extent applied to the circumference. Arise It into thag 
arts. BER 
The Sameer A 2 dvides dhe <hrglejinto: two edu ual parts 
Lerch of which is called a semicircle ; and if.a vemicircle by 


duvidedinto two equal paste, choses ts ct e 
Te eee bine to the e e F ; 0 
its parts may be dglred as follows: | 
4 9 8 25 e e 1 fing 10 | 
Rule. Multipty the number 4837 b * 
and the product will be en 1 222 N 
Note, The number 3, 4 will be e 
ns | | fe; The d fa "EY 
xamp e. iam 0 | 
Ro pager pad . « iſs an,” 


An 6(or above e 
— > . dense . to find the a1 area; | 
Rule, Multiply the -number-0;785 2982 (or i in comma 
cases 07854) by the quale of _ abel, and me by 
duct will be 7 area. 4 | 1 5 


«0 


Pl 


js 11 inches? FS 
11 times 111 is 121 97854 
5 5 121 DES ES 
2 7854 | 
; 15708 
5 „ 


oy 95-0334 3 inches. 


0,31331) by the circu mference, and the product will be me 
diameter. 


cumference is 344 inches e: VVV 
34— 34% 0.31837 * VV 
. 5 395 4 : 5 
"4 0 ION 
5 3 b "x 1 we 5 : 
FE . 127324 ; : 1 5 ; 


Pn... 


— —— 


8 An, 10,98169z (or almost 1 9 inches. 
4. The circumference of a circle being given, to find its 
Ew area, © 


be the area. 


rence is 34 Finches? 
C 
34, 50,0796 | | 2 
125 17456 ; 
330. >» 1 2 | 
ogg co "003006" 5 2 


11905 2 94743900 (or almost 950 $9. 8 


e and eee will bo the. diameter. Wes 
9 OS app. Example 


re Brun Men's bes Companion.” . 
Example. What is e eee eee == 


> pF 
. —— 
>, A EE 


— — i” 1 2 * — 2 


— => * 2 
2 — — — 


The circumference being given, to find the 33 Fg, 
Fate, Multiply the number 0,31 3099 (or in common 


Example. What i is the diameter ot tit circle e eir- 


Rule. Muttiply me number 00790595 (ot in common 
0,0796) by the square of. the circumference, t e ü wall” | 


Example, What i is the area of a circle whose eireumfe- | | 


$ The area of a circle being given, to find its diameter - 
ule. Multiply the square root of the area by the nu mber 5 


. 
Te ͤꝰ 22 p 
_— 


—< 4 82 
22 ——_ 
. — 3 - - by 8 


— ä ( —w 


nh ppPbe Young Man's best Companion. 
Example. What is the diameter of ee Whose end 
is 95, 334, square inches? 


| 7334 175 RM Ys ba 
15 010% 34 BOK 5 755 Lb 33 = - $6418] 
a R „ 298% 
r CCC 
ö — 3 „ 9 
ö = 97 EY PODS UE Ws, LA MY . OOO 
1 1 T be diameter is 11 wed. 

6. The area of a A circle being given, to find its Circumfe. | 


Tence. | 
Rule. Multiply the square root of the area by thb ' number \ 
l  _ 3-5449, and the product will be the circumference... / 


Example. What is the e of Shag Circle whos | 
area is 9540334 quare inches? CCC 
95. ee „„Ü—;́:WÜü̊ů =O 
9,75 „ : 3 | li 
_ 8 | KEI. © 3535 we BB 
* 5 C | 
; - © 34392775 : 
| | Ans, The enen is 34% Lon, 4 21 
| £ 7. To measure the sector of a circle. See figure 10. 
* Case the first. If the length of the arch P E and the 
semi: diameter C E be given: 7 
Rule. Multiply the length of the arch dy 2 the demi d * 


meter, and the product will be the area. 
Caze the second. If the number of degrees contzinei in 1 


the arch, and the semi-diameter be given : 
Rule. Multiply the square of the semi-diameter by the; 


number of degrees contained in the arch, and that productly 
he number 9,872 67, and the result will be the area required, 


Example. Let the arch consist of 90 degrees, or 2 ; of the 
| circumference, and mo eee be 3 LEY ae 


ness, multiply the length by the breadth, and that productby 


many is 10 feet, breadth vs i foal, and e 3x feet? 


the b Nom or base thereof; which N 2 5 ane third of 


The rear Man's bet Companion. „ 
* e 1% 1 e 67: 
„ 1 4 15g * ee, ee 


. 4 £ P 8 3 p 
— — OF — z A864 I a , — * — 
— 7 5 5 „ Ty A , , 
- - 


1763545114 1102,80 FF 
6 * 5 - x 2 5 * s } 2 . 3 * \ . 7 
. . 0 ; = i, b R 


105 , 141174534 
— "is TEL Ss: 0 
12,25 e eee 


of Solid. Mrs: Ze 


gol or cube measure hath been e dedned (as 
well as superficial measure) some of the fingers of. 
which are numbered- 6, 7* an 
To measure à solid in form of a 'eubs; which hath length 
breadth and thickness all equal, vol. must multiply these into 
themselves, and the last product gives the solidity or content, 
either of wood or nogs. AN 15 six ids, and! is in TIE 
like a die. 15 a 


Example. W Vhat ris the caldty of of a ; eube whoze ds is 1 1 
inches? 2 


** EY 8 7 + 1 * X : 
F Wage: ad ao.” 
. * 190 4 = . n 7,4 4. ; 8 
77 9 5 W 10 34 7 * A 4 2 9 0 3 
1 4 T7 * a7 - 
——— 24 - 4 r F N ; e mY 
A \ 4 * 41 PE id 4 Yds 
P * 1 bs * 
- k * * * * * 
; + « — 
55 8 , 
2 — IEP | 
& * — 
* 


| 2 the 5600 inches in a nc fe ot N | . 
To measure asolid of an unequal length, Py . thick. 


the he ght; the Jast product will be the golidity: 
Example. What is the solidity of a block of marble hass 


: va 85 
5 7 8 4 ; COLI; th 
- 1 83 4 4 $1 3 : \ 
k 4 0 135 5 9 4 7 1 4 Fe 


N 1 * 1 4 
\ 1 34 . "> ; 
F f 4 "I 2: 1 1 5 v 
2875 2 3 28 N : . £ 0 
8 - 4 4 24 4 _ þ 7 xs 4 * * 4 . 
- EY 4 z þ . * » . & k 2 
, * ” ” " } * N 
a 1 a is G * ; - 
; * Pl CC Eb d AST TLIESES IS © 8 FR, GI $402 £27 {46 
* at k ON * 54 r 4 N . 4 

14 7 * = F + 4 : 6 ; N 3 «& > 3 
; grab ny I r ek en 1 3 1 — ; - ws 

1 7 4 11 : N 7 4 - 2 5 FE 4 KF 2 

7 8 L " . * 
— 20,125 5 s 
; * — 
2 1 : 
10 333 
Pi 2 * — a 5 * 
— — i ä b os * 
- . , - 


201 225 the ,olidity.. 75) 
The cone is measured by finding the capieticint . at/ 


„% ³V | T302 the 


a6 .- The Young Man's beet Companion. 7 


XY 


the inches in the length, ahd that product is the solid quay. 


tity in inches; which inches divide by 1928, and the quoti. 


\ 


ent gives the answer in solid feet. | 
Example of finding the solidity of the cone, decimal il 


without dividing by 1728. 


Let the diameter of the base be 2 feet 6 inches, and the | 


—_—— 10 feet 6 Inches. - ; 1 
2,5 the Aameter. 2 5 
255 f 
; 228. 
W . 

6, 44 the equare of f chat WEE | 7 3 
— : 2 8 Ne . 4 0 
27 | 

3125 

300 

75 


| 4908750 the area 101 the * a 
3-5 one 5 third of the ws 

245437 50 8 

147262, Wo 3 8 


— — ; 


1,1806250 we colidity i in fret: | 
This method may serve for oporingtimber, or fa any 6: { 


ther thing of the shape represented in figure 
To a a Pyramid. 8 . 


Rel.” Multiply the area of the be or bott 1 | 
third of the perpendicular height, and the last roduct will be 


* þ 85 


the content in solid feet; or ane third part of the area at the 
pos multiplied by the whole altitude, gives the content also - 


8 Examples ef both Ways. 
Suppose there i is given a Square pyramid (or figure like a 
spire Steeple) the side of whose base is 4 feet and a half, and 


the 8 * 18 Feet; what is. hs solid con · 
„„ TE . : 


n 


| The Tung It's bet . 


A 
' 5 
1 
144 

1 


* 475 . 6,75 J 1 of 20,25 the mags OY 8 i 
45 SY ee OG 4 5 —— 
„ss 1 Ps YG or mn, B 
„ | 3 VVV 1 
4 as | 121,30 Ans, 121450 8 as before; Ht 5 1 9 
— * Altitude J.. he: bet a | 
191,50 Answer 121 Feet, * of => E 22 "Ix; ow 


When.one side of the base is Khmer dan he eh. 2 DE 
mit one to be 2 F. 2, and the other r F. , then multiply the 
jength of the base by the breadth, mod that Tune by one 
third of the height as before. bY, 

If the base be any polygon, find Its are dy dere givenin . 
age 230; and then multiply it . x of the height. c 


To measure the Frustum « or Segment, i. e. a piece ar part of a 
Pyramid o bote ends are Similar regular Polygons. 


Multiply together the sides of the j greater and lesser poly- 
gons; multiply: also the difference of those sides by itself; 
add the = = part of the secand product to the first product; 
altiply the sum by the height, and by the number, which 
delongs to the polygon i In bis 2 e a the lit * 
de * solidity. 8 J inn 


To measure the F random or Segm in of a. Cone. | 


Muttiply togetlier the diameters at tlie top! and-the bot- | 
om of the Frustum'; multiply als& their difference by itself; | 
nd the 4 part of the last produet to the first; and mukiply 

he sum by the height of the Frustum, and by the number 34 
7853981 ; S shall the last product be the sohdity required. 


re Example. What is the solidity of the Piustim, ofa Cone; 

be e diameter of the greater end being 4 feet, that of the les. > 
he | r end 2 Re oy the height . 

0: | 4 "295 ALT OR z Gf; et ee, 5 
A 2 Gs Eb 1 , 8 485 "2 - 5 2 a 
4 S 1 3 * 

1d Þ product of Saete n $3: 2 of which 151 15 4 s CY 

* + 18 94 7 hich 2857 319 UN the ME 1 2 

＋ | 4 1 ; - 


The Young Man 5 best erb 
Then multiply 047854: | 
e 


85 | "25456 ” 2 5 | 
8 . 62832 
Sondity 65,9736 

89 70 Of Gauging. 


| | T: HERE i is a near sort of kindred eie be between the 


-”m_ 


ches. 


nr. 5 


art of measuring timber, and that of gauging or mes- 
suriug of liquors; for both are performed by cube or sol, 
measure, and therefo:e not improperclosely to follow one au- 
other. For as often as there is found 728 solid ox cubic inches 
in a piece of timber, (of what form derer) so many solid feet 
it is said to contain, So like wise in the art of gauging 5] 
many times as 282 (the solid inches in a beer or ale gallon) 
are found in any vessel of such liquor, so many gallons h 
such a vessel said to hold. And so of wine; but in that the 
divisor alters, it being 23 1 solid or cubic inches. 
And the gallon of dry measure contains 2725 cubical 1. 


Note, Every cubieal foot in beer or ale measure, contains 
6 gallons ang almost a pint. 

 TFThesame in wine-measureis 7 gallons, and almost 2 quarts, 

 Acubical foot of. dry measurecontains 6 gallons and some · 
6 hat above one third of a gallon. | 

It inches make 2 quarts of beer or ale; 70 inches 3 + one | 
_ quart, and 35 inches 4 of a pint, 

To find the content of any vessel that hath the 198 of 3 
cube, that is, a figure whose breadth, depth, and length are ill 
equal, and is very u ell represented by the shape of- a die coc. 
monly played withal, 0 

Rule. Multiply the side into itself and then again tha 
product by the 8 which last product, if for beer or at: 
divide by 282, the inches in a beer or ale gallon, and fo! 
wine, brandy, &c. by age the inches. contained in a wine 


Example. Suppose a cube, Whose ade is 79 inches, 10 
mand the 199 contents i in beer oy wine COPE | 
y 


The Tang Man's best Lee 7 28 i 
' oy © 282) 493039 (4748 beer or ale gall. 
Flt 4 N 9 A i wee * LON, 910 7 22 5 ie bag 


£7: "23 1)493939C - 


\ f ——— Bene 2 F 4 
1 2 is @ © 
FO 3 4% 


$83 © 554 


% - + SR 1 ee EIES LO 
„ nd, 355 

; 2 > Zn r . | 793 5 TINT 
the 56169 © 7 „ "0 
e 43657 „ 7 Ry 
HW — ... wn ‚ 
au- e inches} Font 5 ee 


% 
Pts a 
B 14 1 4 N & # mY @ * 
% 1 2 2 + EE 4 * \ : 2 : 
r . „%é-3m oo 
7 


ſeet (8; 

80 To Gnd the content of a \par-topipedon, which j js a eon 
n) figure contained under six sides, of which the e are 
h par elle}, and of the form of figure the-12th-: | 
the Rule. Multiply theJength by the breadth, and that pro- 
79 er by the depth ; and itien divide dy 282 for beer or ale, 
in- and 231 for wine. ES 


Example- Admit the Tength to be 35 inches, and the 


breadth 62 inches, and the depth 23 inches: what is the 

contents in beer and wine one?” - A. 

231) 1 35470 305 wiue Wg | 8 95 length. 
15 5 | | 62 breadth.) | 


Fax? ' | * | x N 0 
19% , | l FFF 
Rem. (104) 


IE — 1 
. | 17670 | 
- n I'd * N * C 14 
117 | 


1128 


7 Fo - ry — N * 
14 —. 
- : — » 


uh js fs e 0 To). . oy . 
| ToGange Back or square Tur. 


Example: . — — 172 inches, wed; 7 
inches | 


/ 


* 20 135479 (os ber gallons 


* 1 8 a 
. 5 - 
. r 


| 220 The — os at Companions.” oY 
;; Inthes,: and its depth 48 inches; What is its contents ie-ali 
Inthes; and also its contents in beer gallons? ; | 
112 length. 282)-387072 (572 Gallons Au | 


„ 72 breadth, 55 282 
| 5 7 bb 2044.27 0h > 85 a 
224 1. VVV 165 Ps "De 
FFT 
2K wed. Anke Af — 5 , 


sosg „„ INT ape gn. 
48 oP Ei pegs 2156 f , 63 7 1974 n 150 95 ws 


— | Wi ; þ 15 1 „ ' 1 b . 1 ; 
. * : = . 
e BE) 33 e bi F ? 5 2. 1 bk: 5 7 25 - . 3 
5 , x, pp i K . 


* 
* 


A 72 zolid Fs The 3 . fog 
0 bring these gallons into barrels, divide them by H | 
the OR? in a barrel of bet thus: | 
| 39) 1372/88 -/\ YOUR Ans. ei and 4 


ht 40 8 i . or p; of a barrel and fer ; 

ed ny 2 L636 Aare 55 1 1 "remainder 168, it is | 

| 5 I 292 7 | | . | something above half: a Sal- 5 

| 1 A rg 288 be bs Ion. ? | 39! 
: f 3 {3p SY * Wen + Ha els, ON he” * Ae bal 2 


(4 

Note, The . ty of excis> upon Strang ale 0 bear, i is 7% = - 
and 6d. per barrel; brewers are' allowed three barrels in on 
twenty-three for leakage, &e. both for strong and small beer: : Wi 
and for ale, two in twenty two: So that the neat. excise of hos 
a barrel of strang! beer to be paid by the common brewers, p 
3s 3s. 55d. and 2 of a farthing, and of- ale, 58. 104d. and 
rr of a farthing; 18 81 _ beer, 18. r and. * of a far" vir 
N 8 g 1 | 

. How to G nate: a Copper, Prune Tub, or 2 


fi it be of equal bigness both at top and bottom, find the 
eube inches that it contains: © and then bring it into | 1975 as 


before. 
But if it be wer at "this top than at ihe bottom, or the 


contrary; then take the width or r diameter of the tubsome- 


— 


Done - rut. 4 ms — 
* 


— — — — 


n 
4 Y — =P L AA — S * 4 ; — 
5 — * " » — — EF * > - 7 88 i 9 II = | | 
— — : —_—_— — - N hy RET « * — 
= =, = CORE II NII2CY 2 * — — _ 22 . K n "II * - . 
= <0 v—_ . 2 — 1 — _ — — —— — : od — 4 o - = 
* - - _ - boar on AI ng — was. —— P 2 
—̃ —-— — * — * * 2 > — —— 
1 i N > — —— 9-411” Se ** 4 
* _ —. 
, — x - 
» 5 
ol , * 
p * 


Bl what above the middle, next to the broadest end, if it be 
taper; or find the mean diameter thus: suppose the bung dia- 
1 meter to be 26 inches, and the head diameter of the cask to 
Wl be 23 inches, the difference between which is 3 inches, two 
# thirds of which. make two inches ; which; added to the les- 
ij ser of 80 two. Fameters, waks 25 io the. mean b ec gh 
[1 434 | "7 0 7 
Fi 


as" > . = — 
1 


:ve the contents o 


_ tub, or 

4 Example. Suppose the mean diameter to be 72 inghes, 

WY andthe length 56 inches, N 

4 4 7% oe Fry 

5 . 72 5 i 170 4 
„ N 

OE. | ir LE $0SSILOW > 7 

6, 5184 equare. * eee, 

851 2 vs; * ; ee 215 2 

845 7 

Ig 13 FVV 


| g contents at x. lack deep. 


The above found $0lid. inches 228004 
lons, make 808, and 148 solid inches remain, something 


above half a Salon; ; in all 22 barrels, 16 gallons, and 1 ol 


beer. 


wine gallons ?.. 


14 


8 107 „“ | 


r 5 
. 5017148 . 


I 9.78 54 


190 


196 e — 


. ee e 


The i Tang Max's $ beot Companion.” 


zought. Having the mean diameter, proceed to find the 

contents in solid inches, thus: First aquare the mean diame - 

ter, multiply that * by 0,7854 and the product will 
the liquor at ohe inch deep, and this mul- . 


dplied by the length villigive the solid inches i in tlie copper, * 


* 
7 
3 þ 
* 7x * 4 
? 
1 * 81 
. % 
* an 
1.5 7 i 
hk SY 30 
7 
U 


Again, Admit the mean dlametor ct . cazk of wine to de 
14 inches, and the. kaun 22 2 21425 is the boy ag in 


„ 


| att how Rex: : 


N 29 
man. —— 2 —ũ 6—ͤ — — — — £ 
2 0 —— on — — — — 4 
. — — OY - 7 — _- 1 = * — reren — — 2 2 r 
- - - 7 * 2 
— — eh ew, __ — — Cade - -_ . 
i p B —— — —— an — oTY : 


4 
* 


DR, © 


ER f 


8 1 Young: Man's bee? Companion... 


| 1 $3 oh a + 4 
EF nn n 52 Be ( e ens 
„ k TIC SRL O WES TW" | i 1 155 lte; 


«1 #1 * N 7 DH ze. Fe) 1 Powe oa, | 5 EE A ; 
E . 4 RES 1 — 
_ 8 - 4 : 7 55 
y " E 34 272 2 4 : 
CO Effie aa : 647 And, 48 Gallons dan, 3 
. 7 a » SL - *. — 2 f 
he l e eee e eee e 
| Fn 8 23% * IT FITS TEAS SiC 7x 
- 4 7 _ 4 1 5 9 1 
20% Ai C2 45 


ntent of a Sphoriol 8 found thus auth = 
aL he on of the shortest diameter by the longest diameter, 


and then divide by 538 for deer gallons, and by 441 for 


I mri a Spheriod whose Shortest dismeter j 10 


#1 JED: * inches, and the Ae 225 inches: 7 ar 1s the contenth 
1 1 and wine gallons? 5 J TY W 
= . 11111717 eter be 


4 3 1 FEED $5 113 27 118 11 TX 547-4 1 1 225 t * ie. 155 ; 
i 4% EO 75 5 e of the W 


1 Wha . 45 1254 


f beer. 


2 4 4 £ 3 * 4. 

f F f 2 I” 

* þ „* „ SES 4 a Af 37 4 4 7 
3 


PS a 5 
0 | | * 4 wo 
* ” - 
* 2 
x, 
* . 
: 4 55 2 o 9 l 
5 & C. SEL | 1 
4 4 PR” ; : ; Leg” 1 «m6 * A . 1. 7 5 "By; 44h or oe x 1 
9. . : 2 OA / * SURE / - q 
„ rr rn — . 4 
1 a 7 _ » £ ba . hs . > 725 


* 


th e 1 
1 (ts 52 gallons 0 of wine: A I 


A 
- + NN 
FE LS 2 „ | 
i Pn A | ; | © NE 2 4 5 3 : | Q 
. : v £ ; r 7 4 T * 2292 . „ . S f 
9 * 43 2 "a %.Y > 9 = | RY J 
* 5 7 ; 3 7 ' « 


. . . 1 
„% ͤ 2 Sad 1 25 (686) 4 15 

14 find tue contents of the Ffusta m of a spberiod: 57 
"ies the square of the bung diameter; add once the $qua i -- 


5 of the head aud multiply that sum = 1 2 e 'T 1 1 fo 


FJ. 


"The Young Mon's bert Companion: 23 

er divide by 1077, and forwine gallons, ivide oy 882 
n 4 cask w hose 8 23 inches, head 
diameter 21 inches, and Yona e What een 
in beer and wine © llons 17 IE ME LI aa „ 


— "x. L243; *% Ei 4 K 3-4 . l 
23 5 20 %% SIOSS. DSS 
os th WM * A n 2 

67 1 2 1 (Aren 21 i 5 34 1 517 . 

Fee — 
CB 1 

„ , INES 4 ; 

: 4 Ar 
LE * 1 12 28988 4+ Mg 5 24 120 > 
: 4 5 41 


529 4 1 
529 twice thg $quare of the dui eue. 
once that of the head diameter. ; * 


. . 
THz att 
£4 9 
wa 4 
F 
- 


. * : » 
* , 4 7 £4 Fa N 2 * Te * '* 123 " 
. ; * * + 1. 2 "4 _— = «1.9 + &: 3 3 1 0 2 
; N 55 4 £ . ; 
. 7 4 4 enen T 31155 OE be iir; 
Bas. i * 192 « = 1 iS 2 
3 4 ; F 7 
A t% * 4+ = * * 4 © + 
„ a " 99 4a - x | 5 = * 4 a, *; * 
r * 5 233 I-75 28 
J 0 ; - s — 4 
4 x n — 4 20 . Sz * CR F/T = N po 1 3 o_ 
N Nen L. 77 * 4 * 9 SL "#2 2112 FIN 72 
4 . N 53 4 
2 7 ? : ” 225 z S 4 
? . . 
a 5 * 1 „ 7 4 
"IR 4 - — wa, # = 4.4 4 + 
* 


1 | 3231. 1146 „ 4 4: 
_ 1 Wah 414 es) 40475 Gs wine pls, | 
eter] 5 8163 Io 24 any 110 262 $57 6 948 J 118 oy. 
+ 2: E150 an 


1 e, my, T9. "tte" 
= | The Confiruction of Hits uſeful Gena - - 


\ 1:4: 7 23 


"Problems, | 5 


1. At 4 given Point near the middle of a Abt line e 

> erect. a Perpendicular. See fgure ibe 4b. 
L C be the line given, to have a Firn iweline, 
rected on it from. the point B; witk the compasses 
(opened at a convenient distance) place one foot at ine point 
B, and with the other make the two marks E and F, on ei- 
1 ther side of B; then, having the same, or any other more 
Convenient distance in the compasses, set one point un E, and 
: vith the other describe the arch G G, which being done, 
qua bout NES the distance Jast used, at, one foot at 15 Dan 


en fil 8 i vit 


„* 


6 


— 


224 The Tang Man's best Companion. 
with the other describe the arch H H, crossing the former | 
at the point A; through which intersection with: a ruler 
draw a line from A to B, which will be perpendicular to the 
line C D. 2 ; „„ %% 8 


s 


2. Howto raise a perpendicular on or near the end of a line , : 
This is effected several ways; but I shall instance only two 0 
which are very easy. See figure 1. I 
PE Pim meibod. . 8 
Suppose the line A B be given to raise a perpendicular 0 
p %é? 8 el 
First, open your Compasses to any convenient distance and Ml ;; 
set one foot on the point A; and with the .other*;describe *% 
the areh FE D; then, with one foot of the compasses in i. 
D, (they retaining the same distance). cross the arch in E; th 
and then setting one foot in E, with the other make the co 
arch A F G, crossing the first arch ii F. Again, set one foot al 
in F, and with the other describe the small arch H H, cros- 
sing the former in the point C, to the line AC; so thè line 
A © being drawn, will be the-perpendicular required, I 
V be second method. 7. 


Admit B be the point given on which to draw the per. the 
pendicular, BI. Open the compasses to any convenient di- 

stance; and setting one foot on the point B, pitch doun 

the other foot at random, as suppose at K; then the foot rest. 7 
ing in K, turn the other about till it cross the line A B 
in L; then draw the line K L, and continue the same be- 
yond K. setting of the same distance K L, (at which the Ta 


compasses already stand) from K to M; 80 à line drawn i." 
from B, through M, will be the perpendicular required. 
3. How to divide a rig bi line into two equal paris. See figure Muh 
| tie 16th. „ | N 


Suppose the line-A. B be given to be divided into two e- 
qual parts, Take in the compasses any distance above half L 
the length A B, and setting one foot on the point A, with 

the other draw the arch FD E; then (with the compasses 
_ unaltered) set one foot in B, and with the other cross the q 

former arch both above and below the line, in the points) . 
and G; then a line drawn from F to G shall intersect, o Wi 
eut the given line in H, and divide the line A B into equi Bi... 
Parts, „„ ̃ - N A e! 

43 25 a El eee <4 


1 2 


L be Young Man's hett Companion. 252 
4; 4 line being given, bow to druw another line parrallel tbere- 
unto, at any distance requireu, or throug b any, win t assigned. 
Of parallel lines there are to sorts, viz. straight, or cr? 
cular. All circles drawn on the same centre, whethef greater 
or lesser ones than the other, ate said to be parallel or con- 
centric, that is having one common centte. See figure the 
1%. "I J od, V 
"ho this figure the cirele A B CP is concentric or parallel 
to the circle E F G H, because both of them are drawn from 
the same centre, The line A C is the diameter of the great- 
er circle, and the line E G of the lesser circle. And all 
right lines diawu from the centre to either of the circumfe- 
rences, are equal with respect to their periphery; and such 
lines axe called balf diameters, and sometimes the radius of 
the cizcie, and will divide the ciicle into 6 equal parts, each 
containing bo degrees, ang the whole circle $34 ; into Which 
all the great circles of the sphere are supposed to be divided. 
: Q parallel right lines, W N 
Right lined parrallels, are lines drawn ona pave of equal 

length and distance; and though infinitely extended will 
never meet, and in all parts retain an equal distance, such as 


these underneath. | 4 
B — — 


— 


tuance given. See figufe the 18. 
Take in your compasses the given distance G H; then set- 
ting one foot in E, dtaw the areh IK; then moving to O 
lescribe the arch LM; then lay ing a ruler on the top of 
he two arches; just touching them, draw the line N O 
which will be parellel to the given line E. 


« Throug þ any three points (not u a Straight line) to describe 
„ , . ht 25 
Let the three points given be A B and C, through which 
t is required a cirele to be drawn. First, set one foot of 
e compass es in one af the given points, as suppose in A, 
nd extend the «ther foot to B, another. of the points, and 
lraw the arch: of a circle G F D; then (the compagses not 
Iltered) set one foot in B, and with the other eross the said 
reh with two small arehes, in the points D E; and draw 
e line D E. Tbirdly, set one foot in C, (the compaſſes 
oo e,, / > x 


bd = 


To draw a right line parellel"tb anather rig ht lins at.a dis- 


\ 


= 


- 


226 © The Young. Man's best Companion. : | ; | 
being at the same dist an ce) and with the other foot eros te 
fust arch G F in the po ints F and- O, and draw the line ꝶ d. 
crossing the line D E, in the point O, Which is the cebtt 


13 Sought far; in which pl: ce one foot of the compasses, nd 
_\ describe, the circle at the distance G, A, and it will pag 80 
through all the given“ points A, B, and O. jy 0 2 * 1654 F 5 8 
1 How to make aline of coords geometrically to any assign ; 
a rg TI go ns 
is Since in the art of dialing, there is frequent use made Wil © 
1 f the line of chords, it is proper here to sliew the making l 
o Uh ..... BYTE N 
in 
m 
ei 
bc 
te 
yl 
E Mn: 
It 
de 
20 
an 
thi 
LU: 
stance on the quadrant A D, and from D to R; so is DUM 
- Go degrees; and A R go degrees; then take the distance A 14 
R, May. se t it from D.to;S, so is the quadrant” divided ini 
three equal parts, at the points S and R, each containing a 
bei 
a br. 
- eontain io degrees, according as the,numbers are seen ande int 
apart to them: And these again divided into two equal paith ead 
each part contains.z degrees, and everyone of those into to 
smaller, as in the representation; and so the whole quadſan L 


is divided into go. degrees: fourthly, the quadrant ARS 
5 being thus divided into go degrees, set one foot of the com- 
Passes. in D, and open the foot to A, and . describe. 75 


% 


> * - 


a 
„ 
-- 


oy _ 
b „ * 
oy 3 > 


The Wang Man. 8 has Companion. | 3 4575 


AEF, touching. Ihe line CD, in F, so is th > point F, upon 
the right line C P, the chord of .go degrees: fiſthly,. open 
the compasses from D to 85 degrees, aud det ei ibe the arch 
90. G 11:; so shall the poitit E be tlie chord of 80 degtees: 
sixthly, open the compasses from D to 70, describe the ach 
70 1 K, so is K the chord of 50 degrees. Again, open the 

compasses from Dte R, the. radius of 60 d<gt oe3; and de- 
«cribe the arch RL B, s is the chord of 60. d grees equal 
to the radius. Do the same: by 50, 40, 30, 20 and 10, and: 
then you will have the live B F divided into 9 NC al 
parts, called chords as in figure 20. 

Thus much for ther line of chords fie quentiy made use er 85 
in dialling, Where there isnot-the eonveniency. of having, a 
mathematical instrument maker near at hand. : 

Note, A degree is the 560th: pa:t of the globe, or of any 
eücle, each of "which degrees is suppose d to be divided into 
bo purts, called minutes; so that 45; minutes s three quar- 
ters of a degree, und menen hath a 8 ee, and 25 one. 85 
Waker, of a 3 Ee CR EL IO Re en Te 1 1 En be 


| Inffrumental., aithmente,. | . 


A fpmtemer questions inmeasureme: t &. are Golvess 
or answered arithmeticaily by the pen, so ace they alss 
your Wl instrumently taken by compasses from certain lines, &c. or 
your Wi: ules made foi that purpose, for the help of those that are 
t-di-WY deficient im arithmetic, or fora quicker. dispatch of husi ess; 
irc and such perforniances are called instrumental -arubhmetic ; 
rants Wi and of these instruments the most in vogue or use, ate these 
h o three 3 1 The Carpenter's plain rule. 2. Gunte er's line. J. 
done Ceggleshall's 8 "GE roſe, + PP Een 
t dis | Ide Carpenter's Plain ate: WL 
Thall dexcifve duden Something of peer” 8 plain 
rule in relation to its use &c- | | 


| 251 ts Deveription.. | | 
This rule is made use of in me asuring. boards 00 dont | 
being two feet in length and divided into twenty-four parts - 
er inches, and eve:y one ot those parts or inches subdivided: 
Into half inches, and each of these halves i ito querters, and 
each quarter into two par ts; so that every inch is divided i in⸗ 
to eight Pa! ts, and the whole length into 292 parts; 
This rule is well known, and ther fore not absolutely ne- | 
cessary of representation ; - but however by: the. betiet um 5 
E18tandj: "gi, Jake 1 25 71 as * 
JJ. 6 SL Uuder 


mn 


—— 
* 


- 
P a; — 


2 


1F a board be # 


Sa 
_ 4 
o nn 
* 6 r * * % \ —_ 
<<. <= — IT EI Shae. — os - b 
1 N. r A —S — = n A * 
5 — . TIES - — EEE 
—— . I 1 


r 
Na 12” » 2 
ä 
— 
5 


£2 


If a piece of tim- '3 | | 16, oſin length makes 


and thickness of a piece of timber in inches toge ther, and 
call the half thereof the side of the square of that piece; but 


3 - 


ompanion. 


223 The Young Man's best © 


tet 4: TSEIFaT ior) 
Under broad measure # 1 1 314] 5 en a 
"A: 9 4 il J | oifo]o , 4: * FAN. t 


The line begins at six, and goes on to 36, within 4 inches 
of the rule on the right hand. CC 


1 


In deep 4+. Poot.. In., Fla... 


3 „ ef in length make 
$7 © ef feet rquin,) 
A falt 


yo 4 


_ 
N 
3 


EY 


BD 
144 | 36] SL 
'Jof of © }of[ovfo{:nlg Sp 


This line begins at 8 and a half, and goes on (by divizow} 


to 36. e | 
„ In, square. fut. FED 
| 0 5 „„ e 
JF» OT i | 
„ 28. 0 solid foot, 
"I | TEE ea 4 

185 C 
. | 

8 8 5 2,11} 3 

By this table it is plain, that if a piece of timber is 6 in. 
ches square, then 4 feet in length of that piece will make 4 
ie Jͤĩ“ĩöB—k an go tee 3 
It is a common method with car penters, to add he breadth 


— 
N 
Ivond 
| | | . dame 
this method gives the content more than it is, and the 


/ - 


\ 


greater the difference, the larger the error. But the true 


= 


* * : p : . 
; "I * » 2 * 


76 Tong Mun 's best Companion, 2 * 
are may be found the. Gunter's line, thus: Plaoe one 
| Nein of the compasses upon the line at the thickness, and 
ine other at the bread: h: then half of that extent wil 
jeach from either the dreadth, or N 10 the Side of. 
the true $ vare in Inches 5 = 
T 7 8 Gunter's Rae, 4, 

| is iN line” js comme nly set on che carpenterts, plain: 10 
and consists of two ſines numbered r, 2, 3, &c. one set at. 

the end of the ok nan it is Somewhat. ul. the tollowitg. 


— — 


— — — - 
I wy ——— — 2 „ 
r -— - 


Dd — 
—_— wi —— = — — 


il 

| 

4 

| 
1 
1 
00 


fo: ms . — Pn nt - FOE ALE ' 55 8 e 2 1 -\ 2 5 
0 ; Cunter's Iine + 5 bs 
i 10 prove the 15. by the compa obere 


— 2 
0 "Hz Shatthe: = 3 
| | = Distance (1 to 29 is equal to 2 to * 
t 1 1 2 from. . < 4 to 10> the distance 4 to e. 
000 1 az, „ to 8 5 from | 4 to. e 
1 b E. 7 Ai ebe Gunter's 5 lines pdf get: 
. N =þ Obzery ve that the figures 1, 25 3, 4. 6, 6, 75.8, 92 
91 = Sometimessignify theins. hes simpie oralone; at 
= other times 10, 20, 30, 40, Sc. hog" at _ 
= times 200, *300, or 1990, WC... WEE. 1 
=. 
Sl To ford a number on the lines. as ap pose 134 
SES Firithe figur 1 account one oa the: line and; | 
* 2 for 3 take got the large. divisions aiid-for 4 ke 
Ds I ADE! 4 of the s ler divistouns; atid.that ihe point. 
| 1] ES Main, to find 750 on, the line; for 7 te 7 on 
"R=ithe line, for go take 5 of the Sony N and: 
Q DE that. is the point. 
1 | EE Fo find asmall number on the tine as abb. 12. 
N For. 105 take 2 as. before, and for. 2 take 2 of 
FE he large divisions, and tnat is the point. 
nds In measu ing boards. or t iber it is best to have 
— W of 2 foot long, and compasses 1. foot long. 
« 12 Note let the ineasurement” be by th- inch, 
* NEE Foot, yard, pole rod, &c. It is best to haye it de 
® |: = = 
NF E cimally OY: $0 upposedeiha iS, jaco0th. | 
arts... 6 
dt Noe 50 that if one point of the com passes teach be- : 


wo Jond the line in the. work, jemore the other Þotat to the 
ame figure, or place on the/other ive. . 
me | "5k Multiplication by. Gunter's line. 
= . To e 5 0 756 set oue 78 on the "c0Mpapees on Lin. 
3 0 the 


7 - —— _ 


E 


r 
I 48 


AFB oat. 9 9 _— _—_ 


TY ED Fe nears 4 * — 9 — = * 
— n 1 K Yo b * 2 
— £ OE YO OO . 23 
- - = - — —— * ——— 


r „ : | 
. FP 4d J U 
K 2 . a > PE” A * oy * 


2 
« 


ä 


— 


3 — 
* * 
n 
ES 4 . 
yo 2 * * 
— 1 ha pag 1 - 


230 The Young Man's best Companion. © 


ding extend downwards. 


the left hand line, and extend the other to 5 upwards, or 

towards the right hand, and with the same extent place one 
foot in 7, and the other foot will fall on 35 in tlie right haud. 
line, which is the answer. nF. 

Division by Gunter's line... | 
Example 1. Divide 63 by 3; Extend from-3to 1 down. 
wards, or toward the left hand and the extent will reach the 
same way from 63 to 21 the quotient. rs 1 
N. B. In multiplying you must always extend upwards, 
that is from 1 to 2 35 4, &c. and on the contrary in div. 


Example 2. Divide 288l. equally among 16 men? Extend 
from 16 to r downward; and that extent will reach the same 


way, from 2881. to 18l. for each man. 


| | N Again. e 15 
Example 3. Suppose 75al. were to be divided among z; 
men; Extend from 25 to x downwards; and that extent 
will reach the Same way, from 750 to 3ol. each man's Share, 
5 Rule of Three direct. EE 
Example 1. If five bushels of barley cost 11 Shilling, 
what will 40 bushels cost? Extend from ; to 11 upwards; 
and that extent will reach the same way, from o to 88, the 
... roar 
Example 2. If 3 ells of holland cost 108. 6d. what will 40 
ells cost? Extend from 3 to 193 upwards; and that extent, 
the same way, Will reach from 40 to 1408. the answer. 


be Doe in board measure. 
Example. If a board be 9 inches broad, and 19 feet long 
what is the content in superficial square feet ? Extend from 
12, (the centre of foot measure) tog downwards, and thut 


entent, the same way, will reach from 19 to 14and 3. 


In Timber Meare, © 


Example. A piece of timber 24 inches square, and 8 feet 


Jong, what is the content in solid feet? Extend from 12 the 

| centre, to 24 upwarde, and, that extent twice the same way 

wilt reach from 8 to 32 feet the cohte nt. 
1 EC 


How many rods cf work are there in 4085 feet? Extend - 


ed fiom 272 downward to 2 and that extent, the same way, 
from 4085, will teach to 15 rods, the answer. 
. e ee neee, «  . . 


1 


« | | — 


by 
* 


be Tong Man's bert Companion, © — 533 
ON 2 3. Cogg ro lesbal” r 


The next instrument I Shall speak of, is that which goe 


by the name of Cagę tes hals Sliding rule. And first f 


: „„ ͤ "Sh Deceriptons:c2 
This. rule is framed three ways; Sliding ig by one another, 
25 the glaziers rule; sliding on one side of a two foot joint 
rule; and one part sliding en the other, in a foot of length; 
the back part being flat, ſon which are sundry lines and scales. 
Upon the aforesgid sliding side of the rule, are four lines of 
numbers, three are double lines, and one a singe line of 
numbers marked with A B C and D, the three marked A B 


C and D, are called double lines of numbers, and figured 1, 


2, 3» 4. 5. 6, Ty 8, 9. Then 1, 2, 3, 4» 5» 6, 75 8, 9, and 10, 
at the end. That marked D, is the single line of numbers, 
and figured 4, 6. 6, 7, 8, 9 10, 20, 30, and at the end 40 
even With and*under 16, m the double line next to it, and 
that is called the girt line, and so marked in the figure. 
Ihe figures on the three double lines of numbers may be 
inere ased or decreased at pleasure; thus 1 at the beginning 
* 10, 100, or 1000, the 2 is 20, 200, or 2000; so that 
vhen I is at the beginning is 10, the one on the middle is ro0 
and 10, at the end is 1000; but- if one at the beginning 
is Tree for 1, then in the middle is 20; and te at the 
end is 10 oo > „ "hat e 
And as the figures are altered, x0 must the strokes vr di- 
visions between them be altered in their value, according to 
the number of paris'they ate divided into; as thus, from 1 
to 2 it is divided into ten parts, aud each tenth is divided 
into 5 parts; and from 2 fo 3, it is divided into 10 purts, 
and each tenth into-2 pai ts, and bo on from 3 to g; then 
from 5 to 6, it is divided into 10 parts only; and so on unto 


in the mitdie of the rule, or the end of the first part of the 


double line of numbers. The se 

line is divided like the first. | 
The girt line marked D 3 divided from 4 to $ into 0 

parts and each tenth into 2 parts, and so on from 5 to ro 


cond part of the double 


and then from 10 to 20 it is divided into ten parts, anc each 


tenth into. patts, and $0 bn all the way from ze to x0 at 
the end ; which right against 10 at the end of the double 
lines of numbes i t e SBI een üer 
The lines vn the back - side of this fule that shides od one 
zide, are tliese, viz; a ine of the ich measure, from 1 tœ 
each divided into halves, q dal ters and uff quarters; another 
„„ „ | be 


4 


4 


217 be Young Ma. an A bent Genre 


ine of inch” meas';re f.om- Oue to nz each divided into re 
F | gal parts. aud line of ioo, meaStte,! bei- 8 1 foot divided 
, into 100 equal par to, an! figured: 10. 20 30, 40, So. Ce, 79%, 
Z Bo, 90, ald C ven ui h 12 œn inn measure. 
Aud the back side of the sliding pieces divided into kuck 
es, halves. quarteis, and half quarcers, and figured fiom un 
to'24, 80 that ima. s ide to 2 cet, to measuſe the length of 
| a tiee or any thing. ese y u. have occasion to measure. 


FTr̃be use of the double scale. 9 


| „e Suppose there is a com:t\ievloqrare, wha! 
| - dickes are 3. fect 4 caun : set 3 $9OtN ie fine, B. to 31 onthe 
line A; and men against 34 one the line B. is, 124 auger 
0 ie , of a is . be It auch a: cond mapa e Oe RY 
7 16... „ OC e n,, hol 


4 % 
o 


« + e eng e e | 
5 "Tupyone: the side of a 3 to be 8 feet 64 TEE and 
me br eadth or line A B, 8 F 4+, what is the- content? Set 
one foyt on the line B, 10 8. Ny feet o "tir line A, han + 
gains: 8 leet ou the line B, is 91 feet & paris. of a foot 
on the h. e A; and to know. the value of a deeimal, or part 
_ of the foot, ook for. 88 on the rule, and vou wil hid against 
it 43 Inches, or that the content Sf this rhombus is hy feet 4 
kuches> $53; 
Again auppose the ng” of a rhomboides to be 17 f. 4. 
: or !7 Ko and ihe breadth 8-f. 7 or , What is the con- 6 
| teniy Set one foot on the line B. to, x7,25 on th line A, then « 
| against 8,58 on the line B, 148 feet on the line A. The f. $ 
gure hath been represemied before, and e axithme- $ 
© ticaliy,.theretore it is here unnceessagy, - 4! + fo | h 
Let the base of a triangle be 4 feet i inch 4, and the per- 5 
pendiculai 2 feet 14: Thehalfof the one is 2 le t 7 parts 0 
anckot the other 1 foot parts. Set one on the line B,. 0 4,15 2 
on the line A; then against 107 half tre perpendicular on \ 
the line B, 154 feet and almost. a fe. ſonthe content. Or 1 
1 if you set 1 on the line B, to 1,0% on the line A, ageinst 4,15 
on the line B, is 4, and almost a foot on the line A- ⁵ © 
gain another way. If you set one on the line B to 4,1 { 
en the line e en 2, 85 on the line B. is 8 c 
Wo in ch 


be Young Man's beat Companion. 2233 
{which is about. 71 inches) on the A, the half whereof is 
feet 5 inches + Mhich is the content of the triangle. 


— 


IE WI © 


N * 
| 5 2 ; N 1 4 
* 0 ow? 2 1 4 4 . — N 
0 N n —— i , , IT 7-2 a . p 1 1 0 En 
\ 2 * — . bs , 1 \ 
q 2 * ” 0 0 
N „ 6 a >: . 
5 0 A * 1 ? 3 F bs " 4 9 — — 1 BF” * . 4 , r 9 


* 7 


A EOGRAPHY is the art of describing the figure; mag- 
T nitude, and position, of the surface of the earth, an * 


zeas, and their parts. 


1 . 


Many and sufficient arguments may be produced to prove 


that the earth aud seas are of a spherical or globular figure, 
one of them may be sufficient in this place, viz. that ships, in 
ziling from high capes or head-Jatids,lose sightoftheirlower 
parts first; and eontinue gradually to lose sight ofthose which 


are 8ituate higher and higher, till at last the top vanishes ; 
which could not be, unless the surface of the sea was convex £ 


now this convexity of the sen is found to be uniform in all 
parts the reof, therefore the surface of the water is spherical; 
which being granted, that of the land must be nearly so, be- 


3 


cause its extremity sets limits to the water. 
de whole body of the earth and sea is therefore called 
; | ee at BME ey; 6 FG = NL _ 


th tetrgusse g TD OF 
Since, has been before observed, all cireles are diyided 
into 36⁰ degrees, therefore an reat circle surrounding the 


ierraqueous globe, is usually so divided. Our ingeniond coun- 
tryman Mr Richard Norwood, about the year 2635, by an 


accurate measurement of the distence between London 

Yotk, found that a degtee or «thaw circle was about 69 one; 

half statute miles in length an 

v hence its diameter will be 7264 miles. 1 
Tue sea covers the greater part of the te rraqueous globe, 


out of which the land rises with very flow ascents, the height 
of the loftiest mountains thereof being hardly the four thou- 
- sandth part of the above found diameter, which is bur just 


Sufficient to give the rivers a slow and easy descent. 
Geographers have found it necessary to imagine certain ctr- 


cles to be drawn on the surface of tle earth, for the better 


determination of the positions of places thereon, _ 2 K 
These are either greater or lessef circles; great circles di- 


vide the globe into two equal parts, the lesser circles divide 


it into two nn ᷣ 
There are six kinds of great circles; two of them, viz. the 

equator'or equinoctial and, the ecliptic are fixed : but the 9 

mers, viz. the meridians, the circles of longitude, the hori- 
f | — FO = e r 8 35 2 zons, 


ovndon aud 


| i and contequently that the cir= 
cumference of the terraqueous: globe was 25020 miles 


234 The Young Man's bes! Companion. 
Zons, anck the vertical'circles, are Variable according to the 


palit of the globe they are appropriated to 
There are two points. onthe surface of the terraqueba) 
globe, called: the Poles of the earth, which are diametricaliys 
opposite to each other; the one is calted' the nor h and the 
ether the squ th pole, è i 
The equator & that great circle which is | equally dixtant! 
from-both the above mentioned poles, and is sd called, from 
ts dividiag. the te rraquedus globe into two eq al parts; 
namely, from the poles that are situated in each the northem 

| and scuthern hemispheręs: i is: also called equinocti,* 
because, when the sun enters-it, the days and nights are of! 
Aal length in all paitsofthe globe: serben commonly call 


Meridians, or, circles. of terr'strial longitude, are suppoed! 
to be drawn perpeudicalar to the equator; and to pass thro" 
;the poles; tliey are called menidians, or-mt-day cireles, be 
because chen the suf comes to the meridian of any. place, itis/ 
© | Henecevery particular Place on the surface of the tem- 
queous globe hath its proper meridian, and consequently a: 
traveller, who doth notdirectiyapproach or recede from one 
” of the poles, is continually ehanging his meridian... . - 
With respect te the two circles above described every 
Place upon the earth is said to have its particular latitude and 
„„ oo Cena ores,” 
Ihe katie de of any place upon earth is its distance from 
the equator, in a direct line towards one of the poles; and 
since the meridians proceed in such direct lines, therefore las | 
titude is recKoned in degrees, and parts of degrees, on the 
wil merigiao.of the n S i de 
Ih be longitude ofany-placeuponearthis the cast or westdi- 
me sfance of the meridian of that place, from some fixed meridian, 
4 at which. longitude is supposed to begin. Now since all the 
bg: meridians pass through the poles, they comeide with one ano- 
4 ther at those points, and their greatest distance from each o- 
1. ther will be, when they are farthest from those-points of coin- * 
1 cidence, Viz. at the equator; therefore longitude is reckon · 
ed rn of a degree in the equatorr. 
GSBeographers have differed very much in the meridian, from 
6 hence they have assumed the beginning of longitude ; the 


— — FO 4.4 2 OTIS 


n 


—ͤ— 


3 
3 


% 
2 7 


TY 


Rey . 
i — * 


— r 


= * 1 . — 
- 2 — — 4 
— — — — — 
0 1 


re; 


4 * 
pu as. — 
. gt] . 
4 - —_—_ 2 " 1 _ = 
— — 2 4 2 4 6 4 * — 
* — * - o <> — 7 — - 
. 7 7 — — * 
— * 
* 2 — 3 — LV * 
- YC - _ — - — 
— 2 — 2 0 
* 4 Les 


- 
. 
—— . 
* 


ren 


— 


asg cients chose the meridian of he Canaries, which they ealled | 
ce Fortunate Islands; others have pitched on the- islands Wi.” 
1 Azores, or the Western Islands; but the most usual way now WK" 


is ta recxon longitude from: the capital of that country in 
CCC 


- The Young Man's best Compunion. 23. 
hich the author writes; and aceordingly the long itude 
rereafter reckoned from the me ridian of London. 

Parallels of latitude are small circles drawn parellel to the 
equator at any assigned distance therefrom, there fote ev ery 
particular place oti the surface ofthe terrageuous globe hath * 
its proper parallel einne hes : 


243 
K 


ularly remarkable, viz, the two tropics and the two polar 5 


circles ; but for the better explanation of their properties, it 
will be necessary, first, to define the ecliptic. . 
The ecliptic is the great circle.in which the sun seems to 
perform its annual motion round the earth; this circle makes 
in two opposite points, called the -equinoctial points; and 
those two poiuts in the ecliptic which are farthest from the 


— 5 


equinoetial points are called the solstitial points 


The tropic of Cancef is a parallel of latitude 23 degs 29 


3 
* 


min. distant from thg equator in the northern hemisphere, 
passing through the northern solstitial point of the ecliptio 
above deine; TTT „ 
The tropic af capricorn is a parallel of latitude as far di- 
stant in the southern hemisphere, passing through the south- 
ern solstitislpefhfh. RS a 
The arctic polar circle is a parallel of latitude; 23 deg. 29. 
min. distant from the north pole: and the Antaretic polar 
ee is a parallel of latitude, as far distant from the south 
Jol. jéÜꝛ’i ... io Lad 25 FS CD30 FLOG 
5 The tropics and polar circles divide the globe into five 
parts called Zones; that is to say, girdles or Holts;: one of 
them is called the Torrid; two temperate, and two Frigid. 
he Torrid Zone, so called from the great heat of the Sun, 
(which is vertical, or passes directly over the heads of the in- 
habitantstwice in a Year) js 8ituated between the two tropics, 
and is therefore about 47 deg in breadth :. the inhabitants are 
called Amphysieians, that is, such as have their 8hadoiws cast 


: A 
* 


both ways; the Sun being seen at noon. sometimes to the 


1 4 7 


north, and at other times to the south of then. 


The northern Temperate Zone is situated between the tra- 


pie of Cancer and the Arctic polar circle; and the Southern 
Temperate, Zone, between the tropic af Capricorn and the 
Antarctic polar eircle: they are each of them about 43 deg. 
broad; the inhabitants are cal led Heteroscians, that is suchas 
have their shadow but one way; for at noon the shadows of, 
the inhabitants of the northern Temperate Zone are always 


WE 
- DOES Fong Tast 
y iy : 
; 2 „ : . . * . 
Is | > | - 
* : — 0 


as 


There are four. of these parallels of latitude that are parti- | 


1 being the winter of the otherr 


| ide of the equator, and is 1 80 degrees different in longitude: 


'F 


386 "The "Ss Man's D vial 1 | 
oast northward : and those of e inhabitants of the s 
'Southward,” 8 | 

The F rigid Ponei contain all that space beresen e Sul 
P and the poles themselves; the northern Fri2id Toi! 
being surrounded by the Arctic circle, and the Southern by 
the Antarctic ; the inhabitants are called Periscians, becaug 
© («hen the Sun is on the Same side of the equator” as thog! 
Inhabitants are) their shadows are, in the space of 24 hours! 
enst off all sides, or quiie round them. The sun does notset. 
in the place within these two Zones, during several suctes. 
sive revolutions or days in the Summer; ; and in the winter 
he doth not rise for alike space of He: At the potes them 
selves the sun is eine for half of the N and-inw isible 
for the other half. ; 

If any place on the ghats Cexcept the bolammie's ene 
be particulayy considered, there' will be three other places 

on the,same meridian, which have more immediately a rela- 

tion thereto, viz; That place which: has thesame latitude on 
the other side of the equator : the inttabjtants af this plate 
are called Anteci or Autæcians; they Have mid- day and mii 
night at the same time with those of the place assumed, but 
the seasons of the year different, the Summer of the one 


2. That place, wich is on the same para el of latitude; bat | 
is 180 degrees different in longitude; the inhabitants ofthis 
place are called Perizci or Periecians; they have summer 
and winter atthe same times with those of the place assumed, 
but the times of the day are Au dene the mid-day of the one 


E the midnight of the other. | 
That plats which has name latitirde, on e ocker 


this place is diametrically opposite to the place assumed; its 
 Inhabitanis arecalled'Antipodes, and their Seagonsofthe Ven. 
as well as times of He day, are $0tally o osites. 

The Horizon 1 1 circle which divides the upper 
or visible hemisphere of 0 (boſon from the lower orinvisidle; 
the eye of the spectator hein ays in the centre of his ho- 
rizon: hence every p 9 fan place on the terraquous globe 
hath a diffprent 9 and conseguently a traveller, pro- 
ceeding in any direction, is continually changing h is horizon 

The cirele is by mariners, divided into four quarters con- 
taining o degrees; the four points Nat, 90 1 e 
called Cardinal points, and are named Eas „and 


South; the east and west are those Sr 50 e e sun 


es aud es when he my_ the e * and the north 4 
#4? 


- 


The Young Man's best Companion. 249% 
and south points"are those which coincide witch the mexidia ? 
of the place, and are directed toward the north and seuỹꝭ⁊ + | 


pok's of the W ²õ ll fore 7, huh Ye EONS 72 of 

Each-quartec of the horizon is farther divided into eight 
points, which:are”very -neeessary tothe Geographer, for'the ö 
distinguishing the limits of countries; but the use of these di. 
considerable when applied to the Ma- 


isions is much. more 
riner's Compass. 175 7 25 V „ 
Before the invention of this excellent and most uteful in- 
trument, it was usual in long voyages to sail by, or keepa- 
long the eoast, or at least to have it in sight 3 45 16 manifest and 15 
plainly evident Bythe voyages of St. Paul, Acts xx. rn, 
xvii, 2. hie made their voyages Jong! and very dan- 
gerous, by being so near the shore. But now by the helpefa 
reedle, t uched by«the magnet or load stone, which by a 
woucerfyl and hidden quality inelines its point always north- 
ly, the iugenious mariner is directed in his proper course of 
sailing through the vat ocean aud unfathomable dee ps, to his 
intended poft: and if the wind be favourable, can sail near 
333 leagues, er ioo mes in a week, though in the darkest 
weather, or darkest night; when neither land, moon nor 
stars are to be seen, which were before the only guide, and 
If not seen, the sailods were at a great loss, and exposed to 
he most t imminent danger. J %%%  IR. 
Behold the fi: ute or representation of the sd Compass 
iththe Cardinal and other; points. ORE IE Es 


— 


— N % \ 
4 2 5 
1 7 . 
L : SN, 8 


— * -4 2 
. — 
11 — 
25 


— S 
” — ru 
3 7 

+ 
— — 6. 
— 


. | The You vung Man's bes! Combine,” V7 
* - "- #0: compass is A representation of the horizon on a ci. 
lar pixce of paper called a Card, which card being proper) 
fixed to a piece of steel, called the Needle, and placed so a 
to turn freely round a pin that supports, will, ske wo the pos 
sition of the meridian and other Pen and -conseguentl | 
__t#wards*which. of them the $shi»s sail. 1 
Nate, The letters NBE, NNE, NEBN, Se. $70 be real? g 
North by East, North North East, North East by North c. 
— | Climate is a space of the terraqueous globe contained 
| between two: such parallels f latitude, thatthe length: of the 
| longest day in the one exceeds thatinthe other by half an hort, 
—ITbeie art Goclimates, zo to the north, and 30 to th st 
of the equatori: 24 of each zo being situate betwe n the e. 
quator and pp lar circle, differ in the length of their longest 
day by 24 hhurs; but jn;the-:emaining. Gbetwe en the volar| 
circles aud the poles, the ferences. of the length, of the 
longest days are each a month. | 
Table of tbe Climat-s between the. Fquatorant the Polar Circle, |; 
Lo t Begins Ends 
Di. | Lau uge, Ia itude. Breadth, q 
bon ARES Tot — 8 1 „ 
MM WE; k 


Ny 


4 


— WW, ve 
—- yy 
—— L 
W — — 
4 


ra 1 
—— SR oo 
9 "I — 
2 er ”, © * _ 


Climate.” 


+ 


5 : 
Fs 4. e 
0 5 37 7 
, 51 5 


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f 

3. 2 

- LESS 7 2 
6 - ns 
4 > i 
6 

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he id N 7 


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Fe ton Men's beat ee. 5 „ | 


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Lhe; 5 04: 5.3 q 9 - f — 4 : — KS : a 
L ? ? 4 * * 3 PSY 3 s 8. . 0 EE 3 90. 4 4 l $3 
30 " oy : & 2 « 15 . = 1 32 4 
2 I % 0 o 5 = 
2 — 


The tcrraqueoub globe, of globe of the ea: hand avaters 
is divided, by: nature, ino centinents, islands, peninsulas, 


östhmus e e ee hills and Valleys, 


oceans, seas, lak es, gulphs or bays, strafts, ports or harbours | 
and rivers z- rocks, $he elves, banks, ma shes, and bogs .. + 
248 continegh.. called sometimes the main lat; is a 7 | 


N 


A 1 275 to gay e an Elan ley is 4 beser 85 
land encompassed dy water, except on 1 e Side * hare: it * 
Jained: to the continent opother lag. 

An jsthmyus is that neck or narrow picce of land that) joins- 
2 peninsula to the continent. (34 e 

A mountain is a. part of the earth: which is cgins\ er: by 4 
higher and more elevated: than other lands near itit?- NE 4 

A promontory isa mountain running out into the Sogn: 


extremity of whiclr is called a cape or headland. 


A hill is a lesser kind of mountain, and-a valley i is that land: 


Which 1 is situate at the bottom 1 a. HUGO: hill, or be- 


tween two or more such 1 
The ocean is a Vast body an galt Water, Which. e 
some of the continents, and washes their borders. or Shores, 
A sea is a branchof the ocean flowing bet weeu some parts 
of the continents or, separating islands from them. 
Alake i is body af laber where surrounded by e 


15 > 
A, 6 — ad 


A ür or bay is a part of he oben or bes contained We 


tween two d ores, and. is endompassed by the land except 


on. one side, where it communicates. withthe other waters. 
Astrait is a na rb passagg, Wher eby Seas, gulphs, aud 
bay 9, com municate: with the. oeean, or with one another. 5 
A port or e s part of "the 90 e e patient: * 
had, hat «hips may, ride ite Meeres. 


* LY 


* * * > 4 
{5 'Y oi. 


240 Ty The Yong Man's Ba ate. NY 
A river isa 1un ing water, descending in a narrow chips 
nel from the mountains or other high lands, and, evi 
; Itself i into some ocean, sea, Jake, of other liver. 
8 Re cks, are reat stones; chelves and banks, are eminent 
1 consisting © Stones, sand, or other matter which obs: rügt 
14 Ht "the passage of ships at sea, and often P, fat. ! to e 
| bo do not keep clear of them. | 
Marshes are lands lying low, which are able to he over, 
| flowed by the sea oF rivers, and” bogs are mixtures of luda 
© watep, over or, among W N it i is. _ dahge rous to attempla 
NF pF. - bage. e ; 
The known padde bf the en arch are eammbaty divided' into 
"Roa parts; viz. Europe, Asia, Affica, ald America; the si 
thiee filst were known to the Ancients, and are for that reago, w 
called the Old World: the fourth wus discovered about 300 tt 
ears ago and js theref re called ihe new world. «3 
The lands which lie toward the notth and sonch poles aß B 
very little K bow, that toward the north poles fs-called Tem ta 
Aixtia, and that to wurd the $onth, poles Terra Antarctica, o Wi © 
ena Australis incognita; the latter is supposed, by zone, 
to be nearly ns big as Europe, As ia, aud Ad&iea,' © it 
The ocean assum: 8 differ ent names, indifferent part softhe Ww 
earth; aud the seas, gulphs, and bays, are named moj) Wl a1 
fre m the lands to which. they adjoin: it is thought therefore d 
motzt convement in this short Sketch, to deserins dune lands ni 


7. EY * — 2 = 
— — — 1 - * ou — ; — 
8 22 1 7 £ + © AS. \ = \ 
— 1 _ * F = e s 7 = l 
pI Kio. ; 2 6 = 
* N 4 5 « 
* 52 * _ * * 0 ny 
» P — . 7 * 
* — * — * 
"= Fe = 


. r unn. 


And waters: NT, and first of ; Mong © 
e "= EUROPE,” DRE * 
Yon 3 "nd tbeadjacent ite. e ee. 


. vnd PE is baunded on the north, by the eh dil 
r oceun; 1 On the west by the north. Atlantic 0: Western ocean, 
BY: | _ whiich se Paxates it from America; on the South, by the. Meili. 

Rl tel ranean sen, Separating it from Africa; and, on the east by 
1 Asia, to which it joins, without any rjsible limit, towards the 
EW: - northern parts; ; but on the Southern, the river Tenaie, the 
4 Palus Meotie, or sea Della Zatache, the streights of Caffu, the 
Fuxine, or black sea, the streights of Constantinople, the 
7 | of Marmara, the streights of the Darganelles: andthe. Arc 
1 pelago, Serve to separate them. 75.0 

The dimensions of Europe may drapes en by'the 
mesures following; Constantinople the Capital of Tu:ke), 
| Grituate in jatitude 41 deg 00. min. N. longitude 28 deg $8 
min? Fast,) bears flom Cape St Vincent, the south-west 
| Poink of "age 2 in Port! gol, Gi ALE an oy 5 9 = 


th 


— 


wk, * 


The Young Man's lest Companien. "wa 
long. 8 deg. 12. miv. W.) N. 81 deg. 48 min. E. being 17 
geographical miles “ distant therefr em 

Cape Mala, the:southerm point of Purkey (in lat. $7 deg, 
20 mig. N. long 24 deg. c min. E.) bears fl om the north. 
| cape (in lat. Ji deg. 27 min. N. lung. 26 deg: 30 min. E. 
8. 2 deg. 15 min. W. digauce 2058 miles. 


444 n 
E F 14 


Europe contains the following empires, kingdoms, regions: 
or states, viz. Spain, Portugal, France, Italy, Turkey, Great 
Britain, the Nether lands, Germany; Hungary, Poland, Den- 
mark, Sweden, and-Muscovy, v;v;«; kd 9 
_—  _._FFANaldd “ß. 
into I sri and PonrycaL are surrounded by the sea on three 
the sides; on the south and south eagt by the Mediterranean; 
500 WW which communicates-with the western, vr Atlantic oceanhb / 
30 the streights of Gibralter: on the west, by the said oean; 
end on the north, by the same or a. part thereof, called thke 
ate Bay of Biscay; Onithe north east by the Pyreneanmoun- Ce 
em tains, which (reaching from the Mediterranean to the Bay 5 
i of of Biscay) separate it from France. 
ne, Portugal is now a kingdom, separated from Spain, to whick 
© Wl it was heretofore subject; it is situate on he ocean, Which LE: 
Fthe washes it on the west and south: it has Galicia on the north: _ 
and borders upon Leon, Oh Castiſe, New Cast ile, and Tg 
fore dalusia on tHe west pole is hardly 300 miles in length from | 
ands north to south, and about 180 in breadth ?' the capital city, 
is Lisbon, whieh is now in a ruinous condition, being ama | 
Wy totally destroyed by an eartfiquake, and a fire which :8ucceed-- © 
(ed it in November 1765; the city of Oporto is also a place 
of great tit 8 ts 
Most of the other provinces of Spain were also formerly. 
separate kingdoms ;* such were Andalusia, in u ich Gibraltar 8 
is situated, as are the cities. of Seville and Cadiz; Grenada © 
within the streights the prihcipal city has the ply peers | 
and on the Mediterranean are situated the ports of. Malaea, ;. 
and Almeria; Murcia more eastward inthe Madiermanca: FH 
in which, besides a city of the same name, is the city 4 
port of Carthagena ; Valencia, north east ward. of Mureiaz - 
this has a city and a sea port of the same name, and anotber 
port of great trade called Alicant. „ 


_— 4 


In the tend parts are the Eingdoms of Old Cistüe, en 
Castile, and Leon; and near the confine F | 


3 


EM 


c Mragon 

eographical miles may be reduced:ta Engliſh miles by adding o 
» E 12 IS en ; 9 18 5 

their vumber one ſixch ofthe tame; thus 1700 geographical miles are ed 2 

aeg and 2835 67 190 Erg in ue. OT 


— - 
. 
+ o 4 
” > 
= 
be. 2 
— 


4 


by * * 


e 
8 . 


— 


1242 The Toung Mun's best Companion. 
Arxragon and Naverre; the prince 


_ 
- 


ipal cities of Old Castilens' 
Bu gos and Valladolid; of New Castile, :Madtid; the Kitg's! 

' Tesidence, and-T'giedo ;: of Leon, Salnmanco aud Leon ; 0k 
Axragon, Saragossa; andof Nava re, Pampelona, and Estell. 
Ihe Kingdom of Galicia is situate on the "ocea!;;” in the! 
north-west part of Spain; its principal cities ate Compostela 
and Corupna, or the Groyne, which is a sea port ;the'prin- 
eipulity of Asturias gives title to the king of Spain's eſdest 
san, it is situated eastward in the Bay of Biscay; the prin- 


> +, * 


eipal city is called Oviedo: the provisce ft Biscav, still mas 
eastward, ies on the bav of tht name, and has two ports f 
consequence, Biiboa, and St Sebastia gn. 
L Lastly, The principality of Catalonia is situate on the Me. 
diterrauean, and is the most eastern province of Spain; in 
this is the city and port of Barcelona, which is not inferict 
to ary of the above named. Not far from which are the 
Balcaric isles, called Majorca, Minores, and Evica, > 
/ rege e rd, along the Mzditeirancan- sea, is the 
kingdom of France, which is hougded on the cast by Italy 
and Germany, cn the north by the Netherlands and the En;- 
-kish-ct anvel, ondhe west by the Bay of Biscay, and on the 
south by the Pyrenees, which separate it from, Spain, and 


q C © 4 '*: «4, 
"5 * fo — * 
8 DER 8 - 8 ** FP Bikes R R 1 0 3 — 
SRD TD 5 - a e 0 * * 4 
: - 2 2 

my "Fa * ** >. © WOW - r 
< — — — L * . a „ BREE: - — * * 
— . — = re Smog —— * * VB * — 

Jo 7 - : — — — —— T - a —— — n—_ — 
7 -_- = — — a” 
9 4 
» 4 . 
N - 


IRR SS oro ER 


part of the Megiterranean ses. 
P rance consists of twelve provinces, the southern are Gui- 
enne and Gascony, whose chief on is Bourdeaux; Langue 
doc, Whose capital is Tholouse; Dauphiny, whose principd 
city is Grenoble; and Province, whose capital is Aix; this 
Province has t,wO very cousiderable sea- ports, called Toulon 
More northerly are the provinces of Bretaigne, Orleanois 
Burgoine, and Lioneis; whose capitals are Rennes, Ocleans, 
Dijon, and Lyons; and still moi e northward are Normandp, 
the isle of France, Champaigue, and Picardy, whose chief 
towns are Rouen, Faris, (the capital of the kingdom) 
Amiens. 
Although the provinces of France have not the superb 
titles of kingdoms, as those of Spain have, yet someof then 
are mote extensive, rich, and populous, than some of thox 
— 8 „ 
Taly is divided from France on the west by the river Vat 
and pai t of the Alps; from Germany on the north, by the 
- Same mountains called the Alps; andis every where else sn 
.zvunded by the: Mediterranean sea and the gulph of Venice, 


* 4 1 *Ag, 
298 AN ASE, 
p ; I * bf %s 7 
5 1 21 0 * 


* * 
i H f b cht | 
Which is a branch t: 0 CPE : 4 | 
N 8 | , > N bs "a #344 F 
I . * * ay 0 bs! ; 4 Is 6 4 "Iv" : : 
x : a Fs 00 3 
of : >: ("2.3 


_— fn Vs — 7 J * 


0 Pg 3 / * 
o a [ > Fa. 


Fl ? \ 
. ce, * 


verve din different manners: 


— Compenion _ 
This country-is divided into tas; territoriea, go- 8 
. 4 0344/4 7031 8 
The du edemaf Suvoygitmwuted. partly e 40" "TY ; 
the Capital of u hh is Ehamberry x andihe pricipatity ot 
Piedmont, whos? capital is-Turin, are subject 46 the king of. 
Sa1dima ; the 1 of Milan and Mantua, whose capitals - 
bear the same liames, are Subject tothe queen of Hungary; 


ry? 


the duchy of Mantserrat, u hose capital is zalled Cassal, and! 


those of Pama and NMedena, having capitals of the ame 
name, are-gevernef by their own dukes. Venice; Genca, 
Lucca, ai.d. 8 Marine, are ihe capit 
called bz those names: Trent is governed by its bishop : 
Rome aud its dependencies by he Rope; the grand duchy.- - 
of Tuscany (the. capital of which: is Florence) is subject to- 
the present Emperor dF Germany, and Napites, he capital of. 
-a kingdom, si uate at ette scuthernentremty, together with 
the 15hand/vhBicaly from Which it. is divided by a harrow- 
stlait, are subject 20 the san king. The chief city ebene 
3s ca. led Palermo. ö 
There are se ether Vie Blende, Sardini ( N pita : 
is Cagliari) su hit tots: kit g, ad Gorsica, KV hase capnalis 


Bastia) at Frestut stαji et to France; alse. a Small one to the. 
south of Sicilly called Malta, subject to the Knights of Malta. 
More to the eastwald is Purky tn Europe, Which consists 
of mary provinces, Gonstautinople, in the eastern part there- 
of being the residence of the Gran-Le5gniar, the” Sovereign 


of this empire, - - 


The names of those] boovinees and their capital cities fallow, 


' Prowinc 6 Chreficities, 
; Dalmatia, ee  Spalatro, . 2 HER 
Ser, | Semandria, 
_.. Travdllva.. ermanstat, 
Walachia, Tergowis, 5: 50 
Moldavis, : ' Gaczow, K 
Bulgaria, . 6 
im Tartary, Precop, | 3, 
Romania, Comtantinople, _ 
Grecia,. -Salonica, 1 


To these must da added. the islands of de Archipelagey i 
which are very Numerans.; 

Great Britain is a arge iönd, havivg divers lesset ones 8 
pende nt on it; ic consisted a fe- Toure ago of two distinet 
e . one e $alled -Evgland px 

; | land 


* a ad 
as ” » * * 0 8 1 1 7 : 
: 7. 7 


wy „ Ab. , 


SLE 1 


of the four: republics — 4 


. . 


— 


— 


: Apt ; 5 e Leung Man Legden 8 
8 land: and Stb work is publishedin the fotmer of their 


is thought eonvenient to be more particular in the description 
1 than we are with regard-to: other countries we hu, | 


refore give the following. | 


* 4 Account A the- feveral Counties 0 of England. a and 
- Wales, with: their. Proguce, Mark . e. ant ö 


Market days, G. (6 


Now, m N for Monday, is for Tuenday,. 10 900 Weg | 
7, th for 1 „ for. ha id and for Saturday, 1 


IP 5 


5 8 cluppored t to. contain ew 52 7,008. acres, its. vo mies ö 


in cireumference ;; hath plenty of corn, cattſe, woo}; and 


wood ( especially oak and is accommodated ee car. f 


" Tiage, by. the very fine rivers of Thames and Kennet. 
And bath these. Markettowns,.vi 2. 
*Reading the Shire n, en, day on 1 
Abingdon, e | Newberry, (b 
Windsor, s 80 0 5 9 . a 
ö Wallingford, rand 7 J Wantage,.s: 
85 Maidenhead, 00 : 75 55 oh, + East Isley, w-- 
. Wee. 5 8 4 Saasen, 75. 
| en 5 . 
"Bip an inland wank as well as Berkehire ; -; it contains about: 


41,000 eres, is 183 miles in circumference, abounds in con 
— 5 cattle, and is very considerable fur wool. Phe 888 


nvers in this n are Tame, Ouse, and Cola... PLE 

| v2 Market en 
Buckingham, ＋ r Wendo ver, 15. 

Aylesbury, s e Amersham, u 


| High Wickbam.f I | Newport Rs 


 Malow,s. -, 4 £6 Colebroks, w /. . 
Stony Stratford, 15 I Risborough * 
Ouondte, m 5 e 1 1 885 

| Beaconofeld,.s : ROI eee t . 
Obecham, w. BO" 


ts 2 | ye 
8 | Market he. 


A+ 1 Bede 


4, 
a wv 1 , * | 
8 "Fe « $02 SF 0 008 * - 4 ” — 2 . Es 
1 * 
* * , J * * 
92 * 8 . k 
N . * 8 15 n [ 2 x 
VVV 
+ N a — 9 . 5 "i . wt . 4 
. * : 4 9 43 — — * 
» — 4 . . x 4 
* 4 « * £5 
4 * 


Eg 


( 


|  Belfordobire,. . 2 be 3 
Centaibs about [hoes acres, is 73. miles in eum 
rence, will stored eh corn and one, and famous for ful ; 


a7. 


ves © 


and 


A 


fe 

& 
11 of 
* 4 q 


Bedford; th, and 150 
Dunstable, o 
Wooburn, f- 
Ampton hill, mY 
As: 


* ild owl. 


Colleges, 


When founded ©. 


1284 Pe. erheuse, 


1 3400 rpus rs 5 


or Bennet, 


1348 Gonvil 0 "qa nall ed from 7 6 teveral ſounders. 
by King Henry VI. Ti 7 5 : 


* 8 © 


1441 King's 
1648 Queen We 
1467 Jesus, _ = 
15c6 Christ“ 97 
_ St John 
1542 Magdalen, - 
| 1546 Trinity. 
1584 ee abr | 
1598 Sidney: Buren, 
Halti 
1343 Clare, © 
1347 Pemby eke, 
13:3 Trinity, 
4549 Cucharips, 


Cam bridge, = 
Ef . | 
' Caxton, 4 . 


Linton, th. FL 805 2 . 


New market, ts. 2 


— 


1s a maritime or sea couhty, en 
and j is In cifcumference about 118 miles. C 
the pri cipal e for the "fg no pPlaxe i in the 


N LO it ; and for” en I was: "pt 


* 


2 


rue Yang beende. 


I Lutton, m 
RET.  Shefford, 7 


8 1 } Tuddington, 9. 


A. p N If 1 


Is an „ inland * contains about 570. Ge er 1 30. 
miles in ci: cumference, end affords plenty of corn, cattle ad. 
Cambridge is the shire town, and remarkable for 
* a famous university, containing t 2 coneges, and g. ds ai 


well endowed; and are as followeth, vir. 
5 * whom founded, 


by Hug de Ratbom Bp. * 
-by Hoary of- Monmou. hy. Duke of 


':Lancas! er. 175 


my Maiyaiet bis queen. 


"by J Aleoke, L. L. B. Sg. 
vy Margaret, coun tes of Riehmond. 
Wee Stafford, E 


by king Henry VIII. 


by Sir Walter Müdmay. 61 


"by Francis Sidney, an 
- by Bichard Bade, 


4 p 


oi 


85 CREE | eh Bigelesu ade, th kc) 


Potton, & 4 


7 


- 


{> 


owe 0 f 4 


yr 2 50 * Mary, countess af Pembroke, 
| W Batewan, Bishop of Novick - 
© by Robert Wood, the Chancellor 


Marte towns... 7 0 IT 


1 4 


3% 1 1 

Ik Marche, , : 1 3o et 

EP -Wisbech,rs. * OL; 15%" 

| ; : * þReyston, * eee 

n N e 1 1 EN 's fs al R 

bir, e IE wy ; 
a 

se and 2. 


7 


* Y 
*o * : 
— 2 1 2 
E r þ 


246 7 | The e Man's bf W ee 
eient thy made, there wouidbe no <ocacign-for top: 


* 


* - * to the Isle of TW. ͤ ͤK TG org 


Ke > 


„5 N - Market lorons. er Dorcas e 
I: ins hs £53 | 8 
1 wand 4 e | 'F ben. 54 ; 


Congleton; 5 5 5 N K port, 
Namptwich, / LI Sen e th 
3 Bi 9 TY Altringham, tu. 
* a 5 e 58 m 167 6 3039 

ö eee . e 
* bee county, in the Kostet e 
405 containing oo, Seo ares, and is 156 miles In eilcum 
- ference. The chiiefest commodities are lin amil'eopper, par. 
_ ticularly the former; it also affords great plenty of wildo:i, 

; - especſaſly woodcocks, in the season; it ſike wis vieſds greet 
qusntities of sapphire, eringo, fine slate and marble; ubovs} 
nn the rest, vast quantities of fish, which-are 2 2 
to F TRACE, bet oh ME other foreign e 


bb TEN Market towns e 5 

| Launeerton, te chief tows 11 Padstow s? 
Leskards Gachelford, j A « . — 
Lestwithel, 7 e FErmpoind,s.- 
Truro, wand 7 I Penryn, , „ 8 ES 
_ Bodmin, s. 5h Pony, N +4 5 8 2 
Helston, s 1155 ; oF AE St Ives- and 5 
HFenzance, th. +, $t C lümbe, to wr 
Fowey, © 155 "of Falmouth, 15. 


=, Germain, 3 vb. 


© leahon — Og tomded northward/with Scot 
„and westward with, the Irish sea: It contains about 


2.045.000 acres, aud is in circumference 168 miles; li is 
fruittul country, affarding good pasture on the hilis and good } | 
corn in plenty in che valleys ;. fish and-wild fowl. are vey 7 
 Plentiful, and coajs in abundance ; likewise large mines 65 
lead and 5 copper, e both very po, in = kind. 
1 fowns, CE 
Culidle-is the chief, 5 7 | Holm, & | 
_ Cockermouth, u 5 Ay: i a 5 e 
1 th”. I þ Kitke, e OY 
J . 7 He "i 5 . e bag 5 
| , ; * 5 5 N „ 


; "6-4 


The mer Man's hes! Companion. . 0 8 
5 Derbysbire. FVV 
Ts an dne g a zo H les in Cincumference,and con- 5 
tins about. 6, oe acres, affords great store of corn and 

bod, like wise eonsiderabie- quantities of fleestone and mar „ 
ble, coal and lead mines 10 | ahundaiege 3 also it eee MY 
ind alabastet. 1385 Ek {3 A 


* 


r 


The county 2 be 
Ohester field, s. 


en on 76x; FAN ee 
Bakewell; m dies, ron, SHI * 
Wirksworth, is Dranefield; th. i 
3 e Kanten: 0 „ 1 
| > EE e e OT IIS ICS 
fs marin county, ahout 200 te i eien Ci 
nd contains near 15920, 00 ares; it lies on the west. 
England, and joints to Cornwall, having -the sea on the north 
znd su fh: it affords vreat plenty of corn, wool; fw, fish, - 
also lead and tin mines: but eee W 4 0" 
25 kersies, , cergets and Jace, e kgs 
| Market donn 8 $87 ; 5 15 vet ; 
Þreter is the capital, w ds Honiton,s + {ED N 
Barnstaple, f - . Or Ochampton 1 . 
Ply mptun,s 2 25 ants os : Axminster,s 25 . | N 1 
winoek,s 5-1. Pee ed + Oo 
iverton, fue | 0 as if e eee e e Wo] 7 8 5, 1 5 
Ly mouth, m. nay 3 Autre, tu 1 1 . 
i otness, 8 Ls 3 i. Cudee, 2 1 77 ; 58 IRS, - 
\shby rton, , 5 ge: a; , i £2] Hatherieo, tu © 4 : A 2 N 
addeford, th - 355 Os I | Moreton,s - Ne 3 hs EEE 
j emagten g Re. 5 . + Kingebridge,Ff. (ed : e ] 


* ? —. 
* "Sh, 


| ire, 

I a cou ntry: exceeding pleasan: and fruitfo), chilies . 

0 the channel, being. 150. miles in circumference, a and con- * 

ins about 792;000- acres, vl; anda plenty of corn, cat= 

15 wool, fish, and wild fowl; an also affords a be 5 25 

emp, frecstone, and marble... * 0 — 8 > the . 5 e $#45 — &Y 
: © Mahou, nt 

00 e + Cranbrom ws: 5 5 "OY at 1 . 8 

town, s | 5 Blandford, 3 Ph s e 

Neymouth, u and, 75 „ oth TW ar 1 % 

"om: . „ . 98 N P 


Co Cale, * 


; 3 Pping, tb a yy Fs | Fa r „ 


"Is IMpokicture: is e nen is is * extraoudipart. 


39; oy 4 N e ; ** 
- Ta 3 £5, - Th 2 2 4 N 3 k : 
= n — wth 3 0 4 7 
7 if N — 9 : 27 . 7 5 ; * 8 , 
ö 7 2 * 


2 * v , . 
e 
: = 


e bt Men beat Op potions” 


\Fr:mpton, 715 
Wimboutn, Fs — 
Suherbourn, RR 
| -Stucminster 05 


| Dur bam. WY OK EY 

15 2 county palatine, and lies very 7 in the no north the 
Kingdom ; ; the air is very cold. and the groune not so fut 
ful as in thesouthern parts; it is 107 miles in circumfereneg 
and contains about 610,000 acres z its cher eee ag 
Coal, iron and lend. gh 8 2 

v EEE "Market towns: 1 | 1 "I 5 
Durbam, i is ; the N Sunderland. Fs = Fe bat 
- Aukland, b eee Lela w. . 
Darlington, m 5 | 

„ 


Iva county. bou nded ay the sea, aniies inthe. Ain pat It; 
of England is 146. miles in- circumference, and contains 
15,240, 00 ares; the soi vield plenty of corn, cattle, ani 
wood; at Walden it affords great store ef saffron, and tie 
best in the whole world, the: Space being. wee, in cu 


Shaftsbuty * 


a 


* * x 


Daran to it. 
on | Market towns. 
-Calchester is the county e 8 45. we 
* wich, tu 88 e Sarge 3 05 1 
es. ©: wy e 8 „„ 


Dae * I Gravesgth : 1 
rw. * We . HFalstead, * = "of 
. Horden, s | ö 
MNumford, % Decals . | Raleigh, „ 
. 5 e We ug ae ne 


2 s,.. ; 


gaintree, ww 15580 Trexstead r, 78 8 
- ica, . e, a2. 1 Sudburyes 5 85 . 


| 2 5 Ai Tag SE | +Cloneestersbire. GS 
lp: exceeding fruvful and deljghtSul 3 e 


een, one of the pleasantest parts of the kingdom; i 
contains about 800,000-acres;\afferds some of the best cheese 


in the nation, and:wool, har 35 inſerior to Spanish. 182 
*80 abounds in wool, irons ted, and salmon; but its chieſes 


4 


N 


m Tone Mars ben Cojetion. ON H 
Mallet towns.” Rt 2 


Tos. by 2 | 3 
Glorcester! rin county-rown, Cirencester, mr and 7 
wands s 8 e a 2 4 3265 


Blackley, W "Hp ne, Socdburp. . 95 * 
Dursley, b e + "Ty | Painswick, tr * ne 2 . 
dane I 1 Tetbun „ 0 et Hon - 
roude ff 0729 $6547 an. 
Chelteobamy, 4 „ 5 'Thorotury,, 5 


Lechlade, mn. inchtomb, 5 
Newell ffs: 2 Watton, Wy 1 * 
n Ha Lat be, B e 
0 the gone of Cabos 9 upon the K TY af. 
being a pleasant, healthful, and fruitful- county, ab 1185 TE 
miles in circumference,and; centains about 1,312,500 acres: 


it affords a vast quantity of côrn, Frass, sheep; and wood 
and particularly famous for ogs au 5 5 Goth of whit mn, 


oy re most e i their kind. | 400 4 

thef EO Market lens. Ns 77 5 | 9 

On e the county: We i Winchester an e 
on, t a 8 (7. 0 Poftsmouthj 15 and gc 


ndover; s 1 e en“ „ ee, 1 
ymington, £ io SMEs, Odiha m, ö 251 N 
ſton, 1 [tf ken I Ramey, 9: 5 lic; e os 7 
Jasingofoke; wh 1 1 re _ | Meedton, 1 5 515 . Hy | 
ingsclear "pf 3] es 

To this colin 9200 15 Fe of W icht, of a N con- 5 
rrible e 1 pY pg n is > Newport,” 1 IE L. 
len very Bh & Ky $0 OF eoutity; the land nene dn 

ut yet very tel . great plenty of corn, and i is. * 
ery remarkable far good malt; c is 130 miles in eifeult, 
cntains about 451, TH 23 _ and Huh « A eee & „ 


2 N . 


+ 5 
14 : 4 4 N * * >. 4 « 
. 5 . I r 
ny 9 + 7 > 2 - 3%, 755 N 1 * : q 
83 4 „„ 5, + TE 99 5 : 


nerds the AY 
town, 8. 


: 250 . The Young Man's beot Companion. | a 


a 5 Market towns —_ ; 
Hereford is the 1 Weobly, 5 © | Pemb, hy 
capital w fs, Kyneton, w | Lenburyth tw. 
ä J Ross, th ohms ripe 
Huntingdon. 


Hierefordsbire. i 


Is an a inland county, of a good soil, and healthful ad air, 100 
miles in circuit, and contains about 660,000 acres; it affords 
plenty of wool, M heat, salmon, and cyder, which are bebe. 

1 ee the best in the kingdom. pet Sx 


Ts a small inland county, of about 67 miles in circuit, and 
contains about 240,000 acres; it is an open county, but 
generally very feriile and delightful, abounding ir in corn and 
cattle, which are its chiefest commodities. | 


„ En 


Market towns. 
8 the chief, 8: St * th 
.St Ives, m 1 Ramsay, w ; 
Kimboiten, 7 1 i 
ya 3 on i east part of 65 channel: : it is * 5 - 
miles in circumference, and contains about 1 248,000, acres Wy | 
being distinguished into three parts, viz. the marshy as Rom- I 
' ney march, &c. the Downs, and the middle, or woody pat, 10 
It affords great plenty of eorn, goed * the ber 
e me pippins in the kingdom. 1 70 
Market tons. 1 770 % + 85,02 2%, Er te | 
Canterbury kee 1 Hithe, . 1 12 
for its cathedral) | Bromley, tb. [ Sevenoak s: — 
is the 3 5 | Cranebrook,f [| Tenderden,/ Li 
and f I Cray, w _ | Malling,s . | Pr; 
Rochester, . | | Dartford, 45 Milton, . Wi 
Maidstone, th. | Eltham, m | aabebles Mz 
| Dover, wands Feversham, w'& | Westram, w W 
Sandwich, w and s s | Folkstone, th | Woolwichf 827 
Romney, b Dy Gravesend, w & A Wrotham, ti + | 
8 Lenham, u |} Wye, a: It 
Samt. tains 
wy Let and 
3 lyingupon the channel be een thi; 


and Hampshire, e aining 1. 140, ooo acres and is 158 miles 
circumference, 7 he he county is doth fertile and e 2 


5 7 1 . * i234 ; | 


— 


— 


Tie Young Man's best Companion. 25 
and'is exceedingly pleasant; the south downs being the most 
delectable or delighiful part of the whole kingdom f and, as 
know. them, I alledge them to have the most beautiful va- | 
riety and the'pleavantest prospect that can be in the whole- 
culture of nature; the soil bei ng exceeding rich, oceasion ed 
by the numerous flocks of sheep kept there; and therefore 
produce wonderful crops of corn of all sorts; it alse hath» - 

the finest woods and rivers, and-affords the best game for 
: hunting, fishing, and fowling. BE Eh Pg 1 . —— „ 
| „„ - , Aaghel 400. 


— * 


s . 2 L. 
— —— 
F A A 
P a 1 
. * * as) —_— by 
- _ 


| and S. 5 
East Grinstead 


Chiehester is the chief, w-/ 


th 


-Stenning, 2 
- Petworth, 29. 


n 


— 2 
——— — — — 


Hastings, W and s: „de, th, s 
Rye, m ang g., „I Hailssham s ; 
Azundel, wands. Briglhelmstne, 15 
Horsham, zi I Cuckfield, ff 

6, Cine pO OR” e 

Is a sea edast county, bounded on the: east by the Iris 
sea; it is 170 miles in circuit, and contains 1,1 50, ares: 
the air is very Wholesome, and the people generaly live to- 
« great age; the soil is very good, aud yields, corn of alb 
sorts, particularly oats, which ate Idoked upon as the best. ; 
in the kingdom: it. affords plenty 


eK 


— 
« b - © C - -—_ e * — = — 
N . B : — — I * CCCCC oo «„ ee £23 2 yo I _- 5 2 5 
— RI See Se — ea — mx TESTS Soom of We SHS — 3 * — 5 > 
— 2 5 PT — 8 1 20 ; 2. 2 7 1 1 * . 
— p — 2 222 . -4 * a — 


= _— — 
* * © 7 
=? ; 

Weed 
vr 


Y E WW 1 . 
— 4 2 


* 


quantities of excellent fish of all sorts. 
Ulverston, tb, 
Bolton, 1 


Lancaster is the 
ecu nty-town, s 


, Rochdale, tt 


4 ., 


Howstead, 2 


Clithero, s 


of pit coal, and greay = -_ 


I Blackbourn; 1. 
Cartmel,m.' 
'Coln, wv _ 
Bury, % | 
Charnley, u 
Dalton, s | 
2 YE oe, JHECSROPS ITE... | EOF 2 
It is a fine pleasant inland county, 96 miles in circuit, eone- 
tans about 360, ooo acres, abounds ih corn and good pasture- 
and is very remarkable for beans and peas for horses, which 
torive there 1he best of any county i England;. it is also 
| eminent for large sheep which produce abundance: of. wool” 
zn dd the eee C 
ö , 2: wot 5 


| Hostingdon, 
Garistrong, tb. 
'Kirkham, fu © 
-Hornbury, w 
Ormskirk tw 
F Preseotz tu 


3" 
" * 
Vat 
4+ i 
1 . 
1 
N * 
9 = 
A 
» 
. 3 
= 1} o 
4 g 
9 b 
1 — 
13 
: ; 1 
i I 
5 * 
: , 
| * 
i ps 
- U " 
q . 
; 
15 1 "i 
- 3 
CY 
(4 4 
* 
! n 
* 
1 k 
Wo 
* 
199 o 
+” ”, 
5 
5 
4 \ 
P - 
*. 
y * 
I 
| 
* — 
' 1 
K+ 
48 
3% 1 
N. 
9 
PF 4 
. g ! 
& F 
1 4 
be. 


J Liverpool,s 
Preston, w fand 
Wigan, m ands 
anchester,s 


Warrington, W 


Cortes 


8 — — 3 
2 — —— Soo 5 
TE —— 2 
1 
— n » 


* 


* 


ay 


|. 852 The Young Man's best Companion. 
JJJJJJ%%% mt !! ĩ ͤꝝß— . 
mind,, Jaerte im; 
Ashby- de la- Zouch, "EEE © Loughborough, „ 
Botsworth, w + 2 - + Neton, (6:1 © 
. Harborough, fu II Mountsorrelm + - 
Hallaton, 16 e 41 Waltham, wand [2 |; 
. L 5 £ : © Tincotnusbire. h 7. $1 3552 IF e 107 $ 
I - "os: "& tro Os PRE CS R+18 
Is a-mara'ime county, part bordering on the German ses, 
and contains about 1, 740 , o acres, being 180 miles in etr- 
cuit; the western paris are good aud fruitful, having plenty 
of grass, and breed the largest oxen in the kingdom, but the 
eastren parts are mars hy, though well stored with wild fowl. 


V 


e 


1 * © Market towns. e 
Lincoln is tlie capi- 4 Stanton, n | Wainfleet, s 
3 ys K Binhraok, w _ Dunningian, . 
Boston, w and s. Alford, ſw -' | Falkingham, 6 
Q:anham,s Barton, m Holbeach 16 
Sa mfard, vun and fo Baton, : [w Hor:castie, s 
Grimsby, d [ Kirton, s ] Louth, Wand 
Gainshorough, ii Bourn, s J Sleaford, m . 
Bollint brook &: Tatterslrall. F I Spilsby., m Al 
Spalding. e jj Mirket Rain, fil ꝑ Bi 
„ . ASH © 
Is the metropolis of the Kingdom, and an imand county 
having the soil fertile by improvement, and theair sweet and | 
 wholesome as any in the kingdom ; the Thames parts it fiom FR 
the county of Surry, and is on most accounts the finest river | 


p 8 y 


- 


a + 


in the world, 


| g Market oö sn. 8 
f London the metropolis, hath | Stains. ff 
1 markets for every day in the | Uxbridge th + 
IP „„ WRC. Enfield, s. e of 
Weztminster, n, u, ands | Edgewoith, 15 et 
Brentford, 45 or TE 5 
4 C ein, 
| © Lies upon the borders of Wales, was formerly reckonzds Ts 
part of it, but is now numbered among the English coun- Wil the 
ries ; it is accommatdated by the famous tiver Severn, the se- sea i 
cont in the kingdom and contains 3% 020 acres, baing 80 lead 
miles in Circuit.” This county. is healthful, abounding wit en c 
ſ cor n, cattle, salmon, and. trouts ©, © 15 


—— 


; THe Nair Man's s Best Co be. | 0 | 
=, 5 nn Murtet 2 5 75 Y 
Monmouth, the n 1 ' Pontipoot! 7 
principal 85 Chepstow he m 2 0 * 
Abergaven 148 E Newpo | 4; 


Is a large county, bordering on he northern ooast, upon 


the German sea. it is 180. miles in cijcuit, and contains 
1,148, oo acres. + The soi is diffei ent ;. in some places fertile 
in others sandy, and in others deep and heavy. Its princi- 
pal commodities are corn, weul, honey, and some saffron; but; 
chiefly stuffs and herrings, the first from Norwich, and the 
utter from Yarmouth. Sometimes Jet and. amber is mms 


* sea coast. 5 
. Market towns 9 5 1 
Norwich is the + Dereham, F _ |:Caston, .: q 
my W f. and Walsingham, f Comer, s 
. Downham, s | Dis, F 5 
8 tu and s | Walsham, w', _ ee Wy, 
Yarmouth, % Wine Ram BE + | Henling, tu 
Thetford, F/ Ropeham, - Ka Hon, 88 
Aulebere I Shaschm,F © ele, w* 
Lesham, ss. [ Falkenham, 15, || Worsted, s | 
Buckingham, s- gd 74 Foulsbam, th. | Seby;. every see. 
Supa Ke I. Hingsham, % 1 coud AO... 
|  Northimplonsbiress - 


hed pink of the finest inland e in the FE Wb ” 
dom; is 1 20 miles in eircuit, and contains about 5 % | | 
acres. The air is good, and the soil rich: hath several * 


— v * 


rivers, and abheunds ia ene and: cattle. . 7 2 


- 2 . try \ Market towns, £ —— 
— this, j | Dayentey, w. * Kettering, | 2 
county-towny's. | Qundle, 2 V Wenne he * 
Peterborough, i 889 -þ Towcheter;”s: - T hrapston, tu. _ DA 
ne I Rothwell, „ [Clif | © 

{_ Northumberldnd:' oat ng” ; 


15 a sea county; ; bordering uni Scotland $ Wee | 


the air is: harp, the. sbif thim and barren ;- but towards the 


Seait is tolerably fimitful. In this county: are: abundance of 


lead and coal mines, and from thence come the coals calle d 
zen coals; Hers are BN store of wild fowl and ow PRs. 
* Amon. 85 


- 


- 


" dr # - 


— 


7 . 


© HET ogg Ariete 


. 


| SEE Ee, 


—— — n _— — A <p 2 


— 
— 


— — ä — 


D e 


e : 
3 1 3 


3 bu We a TEES on Et is = . 
= — 4 3 > 
” hed. - 
> b * — —— 


3 


— 
— 2 
—_ 


ene en—pys 


3th * . — 
X N 5 2 — 4 TE. RI _— «SETTER Y 3 CS 6 l 
„ or EO IBS as Ct n r N * Y , 2 


- 


io 
x 


* 
7. 
* 
5 
v4 
2 * 
1 
17 
he 
7 4 
— 
* 1 


8 
225 
FA 
Bs 
* 1 
3 

* 
7 


. 


; 254 Th nag Man's vo af Companian. 6 ES 

4 | . . 

Newcastle is the chiefß J Mos peth, w : 
town s Hexham, 1 +> . 
Berwick, $ ; Wooller, u N 
5 5 | Netiingldgmabare: Ber 8 S 


1 an inland county, in circuit 110 miles, and nontales 
560 oc acres : the air. is good and healthful, the soil but 


indifferent, (a great pari being forest ground), the south part 
e, fruitful,” he west woody. and yields plenty of 88 8 


he liver Freut di xides it from Lincolnshire. FI 
| Market towns. Fu 


„Nottingham is, the . d South wall, 4 
town, wFf and & 3 7 tb: - 
Newark, Ut t | orksop, W- - 
Retford, s  Tuxford 3 in de bent 
Mansfield, th. 7 
obi 


Ts one. of ne most pleasant, healthflil; and: fertile cbuntie 
in the kingdom; it is wateręd with delightful'rivers.;- as the 
bames, The beautiful Chertald, Sc. but above all, it is far 


mous for having the finestuniversity in the world, consisting 


of 20 colleges endowed, and five halle not endowed, via 
4 ollege l 
Wes. By whom foundeds. | Bt 


Near 7 
872 Voiversity, by the Saxon Ring Alfred, 
1262 Baliol; © dy John Baliol King of Scotland: | 
2274 Merton - by Walter de Merton, Rishop of 
F Go OE: Rochester. 
1216 Exeter by Walt: Stapletov, Bighopof Beten 
1325 Oriel, dy King Edward II: 
1340 Queen KC by Robert Faglesford, B: D: 
1875 New. dy Waliam of Wigkham, Bichop of 
RE Winchester. 
0 2627 Lincoln. dDRrS yy Nichard Nemiag and Thomas Ro 
5 theram, Bishops of Lincoln. 


1447 All Sonls, by Hen. Chichelv Abp. of Canterbury. | 
2455; Magdalen, d= Wiiachene Wainfteet. ] Bisbop of: 


a, achester. 
1611 Brazen nose, hy W ili e 21 Lincoln 
| Sir Rich, Sutton Rut. 
: 2516-CorpusChricti, dy Rich. Fox, Bis neee 
- 1549 Christ Church, by King Henry 15 . 


1555: Trans. 3 by Sir. Thomas OS $2 ohn 


e as ac 


=}. 


1 


1700 Worcester, 


Magdalen 1 > | r 
1 Market {owns in Ozxfordsbire. . ar. 


FOE 


1557 $t t Joho's 4 


1871 Jesus, 5 
1609 Wadham, 
1620 Mr 


2740 Far ah 


St Fdmund's 5115 

St Alban's þ 2 
St Mary's 
New Inn 


Oxford the er 


wands. Th 


Banbury, id 
er * 


\ 
; 


Tsa Rs 40 Abe in U cone. FN | Y 
plenty of corn and cat- 7 == 


[ Whartlingion, 5. 
Woodstock, 1 Te | 


* 2 
* n 9 * 


85 wy 


by Sir Thomas ; White, Lord Her 0s > 


- London. 


"bp ueen Elizabeth. EN 
Ticholas Wadham, Ezq; | 


by 


Henley, the. * 


+ Whitney; t i wt 
| Cuipping-Kore | 


| 1 ton, 


Rutland, - 


taining about 100,000 acres; affords ple 


cheep of that count 
the soil. 


tle;. and is 1 


Ouktampton;s. 


.* arkeblownss,, | | - 


5 : e 
Shyopsbire, | os RS: 
Is a plentiful inlond county, the air 


* 


a 


dy Tbomas Tesdale, Esq. and Richard 
Whitwich, B. D. 
by Sir Thomas Cook. 
Wi Dr Newton. JE 
r 


Deddington, 7 
Bicester, 3 

| Brampton, 
Fame, | : 
TT 8. 


* 


te for the red ess f the wool which the 
produce, accasi _ os 5 Wen * 


BOY = g 
* S 


good, and N is the 


z0i] : it is in circuit” 135 miles, containing about 


acres, and? a 

accom by: the river Severn. . 

; ; Market-towns, 

Shrewsbury, , che. 1 Wenlock, me- 5 
county- n, ww]. 'Plismere, fs 
tb nds SY 3 | 

Rishop's 8 c g rayton w 
dow, m $ j| Wem, 75 


.b pales” wan. se 


— 


Sombrseis re. 


| Os westry, m 


ſturds plenty of corn weed, and ÞK coal, = 5 { | 


= 
+ @ 


Chu rehstretton, tu 


Bridgenarth, 5% : 
Newport, s 
Sbipton, ku 8 


EY in ihe west of England, ih ih: 


- 


—— 


— — — * * 
. 2 — IP —— 
* 


— > — £ — 
— EO 4 1 
* 
* . 


Stafford in the coun- 


— 


Bridge water, 15 | Wellington, -. | 227 
I Longpoit, 

2 Pontford, tur 

| Wilton, . 

Watchet,s . To 


A 


> "— 
TH : 
* 


a The Young Man's best Compan don: * 


- eixcumference 204 miles, containing about 997,500 acreßj 


It affords great plenty of excellent corn, and good: pasty « 

which feeds abundance of fine cattle ;. and also yields plenty 

manulactures-are ofoth-and.serges. „ 
Murtet tons. 


of lead, copper, crystal stones, aud woed for dyers ; itꝭ chief 


a . * 
P 


Bristol is the capi- Southpetherton, tb, Canesliam, th: bp | 


tal, wand'ss - Axbridge, th. | Croekhorn, s. . 


Bath, wands I, Sheptonmallet; f | D lvertoms 
I Sistenbury, u. 


Wells, wand s I Somerton, m 


Ichester, “ Burton, 2 | 
Taunton, wand's. | [Iminster,s 
Wincanton, w { Dunster,s s 
Wei Nan E rf 4, „ 

Is an inland countv, containing abo I ut $10;000 | 'ACFeS; and 


is 14 miles in circui: ;; the air is sharp, but very heafthful; 
the soil different: Northward it is hilly. and batren; but 


scuthward-it-is fruitful and pleasant, and affords plenty of 


corn, grass, iron, and pit coal;: the middle part is level, but 
something woody :. I. his county. also affords good stone, 


marble, alabaster, and limestone. 

1 Market toons. "ay i . 5 
Utoxeter, J Betley, tu. 
Eccleshal, Locke, w-. 


* 


ty- town, - 
Eitchfield, tu. and Ridgley, iu 
Newcastle, m. ' Bromley, ix 
Burton, b.. |; Breewood, 77 
Penkridge, fie Walshall, ths A 
1 „ 


oy p 
4 


Stow, tu 


* 


Is a sea county, 130 miſes in compass e RY 993 . 
oo acres ;. the soil different; the best part about St Edmuns- | 


bury : it affords abundance of cattle, and butter of the best. 
but cheese the worst in England,  — „ 
J ˙· Neddfea.. i 5 
Ipswich is tlie prin- Needham, w- | Lavenham, fu 
cipal, w f.and a ' Stowimarket; {> Mildenhal, oF. 
Dunwich, s. | Newmarket, 45 | Biddeston, W. 
Orfard, 1 Beccles, % [Chre, ,, 


Aldbou gh, I Bur „ | Dilngay, (> - 
fudbury, 8 — — LL Hadley, lieder, bo 


— 


& * 


T © % "+ 
ma * * 


4 . 


Tudburry, iu ; "i 
| Wa verhampton- 
2 ww | = i 


RY 


I 
2A 


be Young Man's bes) ere, „ "7 
Bye, 8 | F 43 Mendl esham, f# 
Dedingham, F ILeqstaff, 0 een 35 
ene 46. "4 Nane, e | 


"be an inland jw — 5 855 5 the | 3 N Seem 
Middlesex; it cobtains about 592 2,000 acres, and is in com- 
pass 112 miles: The county's: plentiful, and the air health- 


ful: it i famous for hunting and horse. racing: the princi- 


pal 4 are 8 ares in Southwark for exportation. f 
a oft "Market towns. : pf 2 15 5 1 1 | A 


Guilford i is 8 
eee 1 B 
Rygate, tu. 196 | Darking, th 
-  Warwicksbire.. | 1 7 
1s a 3 healthfu), and ee county, Bs "aiſles 
in compass, and contains about 679,000 deres: The soil, for 


the most part is good and fertile; on the north a Hitle woo- 
dy: This county is N 5 5 2 going 


dy its name,” e e "| 
Markt towns. . DE N 


Warwick f is en 5 ef Icester,. tu |. - Nuneaton;.q q 
county-town = irmingham, 4b. Rugely, s 
Coventry, | Coleshill, w. Sontham, m 
Stratford, 15 * Henley, m If 4 Fultoneplefleld, m 
en 10 Ie 16 1. e 


atme ind. e Tir 


125 county in the north · west of England: Ttis 120 mike 
in circuit, containing about $19,000 acres: This county a- 


= 7 . 
24 FA 


. bounds in hills and marches; and is not very plentiful but in 


come: of the vallies and intervals and towards the .. 5 


Marei towns · 
Appleby 4 Longsdale, ta | Kirbysteven f 
county-tawn, |: Burton, fu © FOrton, w © 
nn, $ Ambleside, w h nt 6 
'Wiltshire, 


Is a fine island e 140 miles in "MD pass, Saeed e 8 


about $76,000; actes: In the middle lies Salisbury-plain- 


very remarkable for its; large. extent, and. for feeding large | 


numbers of _—_y and therefore wool is the principal com- 
modity, 


M arket 


* 


\ 


OW wat" 
© cate 2 4 
7 


— eb 


3 
, oy 


5 TI | 5 £ Tag Mar ot Copa 


AY V 1 1 
=: Saliabury is | the cap. | Lanington,'w { Cinley, ts #24 
anne Wotton-bavet, a Wake 

 Hindon, #6 © .._ | Cricklade,s ; Bradford, m 
| Chippingham, 5 | Devizes, i. x47 Aab 
Wilton, 0 "i Dourton, Ph I Anburn, 45 
Marlborongh; 3 ae uh 3 5 | Swindon, m 
. 5 bs Highwort A | Trowbridge, 4 
3 1 218. k 


18 2 plentiful inland county, 130 miles in circuit, and con- 
tains 543,000 Acres: the soil is for the most part good and 
fertile, affords corn in great plenty, and is very humerous in - 
cattle : it yields plenty of fish and fruit. The vale of Eve. | 
sham is just ly esteemed on of the mast fertile aol In the: | 


Fy o 
2 


Kingdom. i | 1 

1 Marie nn, 9 1 | a 

Watch is the d 2 roitwich, . Fenbere . 4 : 
RSE Kade th Tidbury, u. | 

. FEvesham; m. + Iidderminster, 1 Upton, % 

Bewdley, s . Bromsgrove, u ee, 17 ir = < 

| _'Yorlthire. 2 bb | E 

Is a maritime county and much the. Jon est a all 1 K 


land: and is divided into three parts, called Ridings | 
North, East, and West: Is in general a plentiful 1 | 

abqunding i in corn, cattle, fish, and fowl, and famous for | 
breeding saddle horses. It is "326 miles in eircumference 1 
and contains 3,770,000 acres,” It sends great quantities of 
woollen cloth to London, and mp ang GN in e | Ol 
: manufacture. 1 wo tf Bag Hey is 

. Market towns... . it. 

York is the 3 market days Thursday _ Saturday; 

with 36 other market towPs, too NUMereyB here to 1 70 


larize. 
2 The PRINCIBALITY T of WALES. © | 
WALES: was. oxiginally, independent on . 1 


| the reign of King Henry the VII. it was. incorporated with 
it. This ceuntry is very mountaneous, and bbc except th 
in the vallies and intervals, where it yields plenty of grass. 
and corn. The situation is westward, bordering on the Irish — 
sea: the air bleak and sharp, but wholesome; the cattle are oat 


numerous, but ag mall: and on e eie ric * | 
in 


33 


> 


The rn, Man. Why 4 


= viz, | 5885 Aeg VOCED ny Drains $75.4 bo es eines 
, a +.» e 
. Contains Anglesen, Carnarvonghire, Dendighthir, Flint: 


shi: e, Merionethshire, doe arg raged 725 


121 [LEE 9 oy" $.-* & 7 * 487 
i (te 
ee | "- 


Is , andelagdiy the north-west part « e atry, 17 4 
miles in compass, and contains about 200, ooo acres. It 


fords plenty of corn, cattle, fish, fowl, and mill-stones, (for | 


N grinding of corn) in abundance, It has but twe market towns, 


d viz, Beaumaris and Newborough, n is the market | 


$, day of the first, and Tuesday df the lat * W „ 154 ORs 


25 e Carnarvonsbire. | 
7 Tra ses coast equity x19 miles in compass, cee s- 
bout 349,060 acres, t hath plenty of corn, cattle, fish, 


wood: the airis healthful, and the soil good, especially the 


0 4 western par which produces abu adanes of e er: 


; | 7 | Market fowns. . 1 * 15 1 rd +> 
| Carnarvon the chief's "Polbel; w- Bhs Ft | 
5 | Bangor, W.- E : | Adern 233 
* dna_ New ia, 

1 3 „ Denbigbbire. 1 

q * 116 miles i in circuit, and contains about 10 d cores | 


„ WW The middle; of this county hath plenty of rye, eoals, ant 
of sheep; - it hath also some small lead mines; but the chief p 1225 
tor it is a valley called Diffryn, Cluid, exceeding pleasant And 


| wp estates. ; Denbigh is the county town, and the market. 


x warket towns, a pretty town, and famous for its e 
| nt EI and _ e 655 WY _ 


8 | Conn, about dec actes, andi is in circuit * miles, 
u bach but three towns, vis, Flint, St Agaph, and-Gairns? 
the fitet so small, that it hath no marke "It is an hilly coun- 


_— WC — . pit coal, 98 * n, In this 


: county 


0m panions , + 239 | 
in abundance Thls,country.35 1 * north and South | 


- 
”. + bo ue ey * 4 Yoo 9+ 2x0 oe OI Ie EA Gr er 
4 
4 
* X. 


fertile, adorned 8 Several gentlemans seats, and those of | 
y on Wednesday. Wrexham is another of its principal 


n , but the vales are very fertile, and the inhabitants com- 
monly live to an advanced age. Its commodities are mall 


. — 
— 1 — — 


AL 


4 2 _ — 
* ue — 4 
e 


— 


* 
2 —— — — 4 — 2 
—— 
2 — — 5 
a 
- — — — 
=_ I 
3 2s Lo "5 o& 


wok Yn Ae 


266 Jie Young u des Companion. - 


| Inmeness, ad, as some say, for propagation. 7 
| erionetbsbiſe. 


The county in general is mountanious, but yet not without 
plenty ys cattle, and other necessaries for the inhabi- 
tants. The priacipal manufacture is cotton work. The 


ket on np. 2 i e e 
ea Montgomerysbire: Þ 5 


__ towns, but no manufacturts worth notice; 
1 Sonn Wars, 

Contains Brecknocksbire, Cardiganshire, Carmarthenebi 
Glimorganabire, Pembrokeshire, and Radnorshife. 


f ter very plentifu}, wholesdinie, and pleasant Brecknock is the 
 Cchieftown,and hath two markets i in aweek; vis; Wednesday$ 
and Saturdays. The commodities are Ly, ws ow 3ome 


Cardigansbire. . 
ated on the banks bf the Irish ses, ahd hath plenty of 


N for its silver; copper; and lead mines. 
Carmartbens bir. 


of corn, cattle, 


good, and the soil fertile. It affords plen 

salmon, wood, pit- coal, and the best led. 1 
compass, conta 885 about 700,000 acres 

| cee e : 45 18 ps 


F — K 
. e. — v=none 

— — * — - 

of * 5 * 


IT —— 
> + Pe —— 


2 
re, 
7 
— 
84 
=> 
= 
= 
© ds 
E 
1 5 
1 
. Qs 
- 
4 
22 
0 
E. 
2 
Aw 
82 
= 
Ban 
IE 
KN 
. 
hg 
LT 


2 ——— : — — 


4 * ne 
1 ee turda 5 

4 5 11 N ETD. 
| F , * * 2: « et } | 7 | 3 5 


nn 
13 * 
4 . 


SIO - St Wintifred's well, s famous for a ede, 


Is 80 miles In circuit, and contains about $60.00 8 ; 


principal town is Harlech, which hath a ny good mr. 


Ui. J. An miles in circuit, and contains $24,060 ares. 'T 4 
fruitful, though mountanious, and” hath six ee | 


rechnoctshire.. 8 3 
1. 10 miles in circuit, and contains bob 620, 000 acres, 
divided into hills and vallies; the first but barre), but the lat. 


= -- emal , of RO furn.. Ny WP 1 
leo 4 miles i in compabi, and contains about 5 20.6064 ORE 
Itis 1 


zorn, cattle, fish, fowl, c. Of late years it ra fee 


"Its one the os? plentiful eounties in all Wales, de in 
rt 120 en | 


3 ths oe 18 5 which 50 to e 4015 Gen viz. 


Galloway, 


*Keyle, 


Stirling, 5 | . 4 5 Stirling. 5 4 7 


og 


oy 


EI Pembrokesbire. 


s a very pleasant and plentiful county, for the most part 


sv rrounded by the sea. It is 9; miles in compass, and con- 


/s 


ta ins abr ut 520,0C0 acres. This county is famous for a har- 


bour, called Milford Haven, which isjustly-esteemed to be in 
many -respects one of the best in the world. Pembroke is 

the principal town, whose market is kept on Saturday. . 
5 e , 3 


Is one of the most barren and: unfruitful counties in all 
Wales. It is in circuit go miles, and contains about 310, ch 


the shire town, and hath. a tolerable market upon Saturday. 
and Piestain hath another on Welnesday, 


acres. Thie assiz es are usually kept at-Prestain, but Radnor is 


— ” 
— 


Is situated on the north of England; the capital is called 


Edinburgh; it is divided into the following shires or counties 
South of he Firtb gf . ' "Chief Towns, 
I o Kirkcudbright, | 
'Nithsdales ; - __ J Dumfries. 
Annarfale,, © Annan. 
Eskdale with: Unsdale, 127 . Sr XN 
Linedz le,, Hermitage. 
Tiviotdale; ; J Jedburgh, 755 
The Mere, [Dane e 
Lawderdale, 33 8 
Tweed ale, ũ [ß 8 on rn 
Cydesdate, 


? ! 


» at g 


Ca rick, | . _ } Biggar. „ 


Renfrew,  : I Renfrew. 1 4d 
Cunnigham, , . gs” 
Iles of Bute and Arran,  Rothsay, „ 20 OS GREY 
Peninsula of Cantyre, .. tKilkerran, - _ 1 


North of the Firth of Forib. 


. * 
— 


LEI 


ile, 
Monteith, 
Lennox, 


rie... 


Ist Andrews, +, 
Dumbarton. e 
5 In verary. We? 20h 
; | e 


* 


9 * v * * =, of 4 
* % Y nes * 7 , &* * ** 72 , 
Olasgow. e a LS, 
A 5 N „5 
To: 4 , , 
_ y © f 5 1 a * 


7 % 2 1. 5 i 
2 3 pt 1 
. 4 ö D wv 8 
te Perth, 
A $ vc & # * 5 
* : 4 4 "e. 4 


ce Tenn. 


* 
» 
oor — 


— —— — 


8 9 72 
>. 4.4. et 


\ LI 1 *. * ES 


"= == CEA 5 wp at 9 — 7 


85 * 
Rr Ne 


— — * 


2» o _ + — i — 4 * K = 5 
A. 


bd * 
„ >", 
- 


” 22 = * 


262 The Young 1 airs best Companions = * 
Perih, . Perth. 

Stra hern, {AY Abernethy. 

_ Bradalbane, : 

Lorn, * Dunstaff age, 

Mearns, 1 Bervev. ' 

Angus, Dundee. 

GoW-Iy, 1 1 

Athol, Blair. 8 
Marr, Aberdeen. 

Bacenoch, - \ Ruthven. __ 

Locbhabar, Inneflochy. 

Buchan, Peterhead. 
ne,, ----= [Bamff. 

I urray, Elgin. | 
„„ [Tain. . 
Sutherland, Dornoch. . E 

Stuathnaven, ee. 

Caithness, 2 


To these may be added the Hebrides or Western Isles 


eaid to be above 300 in number, the most considerable cf 


Which are Arran, Sky, and Mull; 


and the Isles of Orkney 


and Shetland, to the northward. of each of which, there ane 


| many in number. 


IRE LAND. 


1Sa : Jarge islend to the west of England and* Scotland, the 
Chief city of which is Dublin; it is divided into four provit 
* which are again subdivided into the- foljo wing counties 


County ” M en 1 


55 Tipperary, 
'W aterford, 
Clare, 
[ Limerick, 
Cork, 
. 


Lowth, 
Dublin, 

ick low, 5 
Wate [ ford, 
Lo ngford, 


r 
King' 8 'Cou nty, | 


© : 
, 


County of Leinster, 155 


{ * towns, 
Clorhet, | 


Waterford, 18 


IClare. 


„ „„ 


0 Limerick. 


Dublin. 
Wicklow. 
Waterford. 
Longford. 
Mul lingar, : 
Phillipstown · 


, ow. oa 


ww RY "I OS 


- The Young Man's best Companion. - 
Queen's County, . - | Maryborough. , 


Filenn gz ecny © 
Kidire, © | I | Kildare 5 
Caterlo ug ] Carlow. : 
County: Daiemnmn˖ eYO 
Dow, 1073 een, 
Armaghdddgdgddd ñ s ü 8 
Monagham- * _ | Menaghan. 
Cazv enn fe, 
Antrim, j ICarrickfergus. 


Londonderry. I Londonderry | 
Tyrone n 
Fermanagh, 1 A | 5 / Inniskihing; 5 
Donegal, 8 5 LY | Donnegal-- 
County. of Conaug bi. e 


* 


Leitrim. „ 


Leitfim, | 

Roscommon,,  _ _ FAthlove. 
Galway, I | Galway. 

—Mayo = 4, . *, Mays: - ” 
Sligo, 5 e, 7  . JR 


In St George's ohannel; almost equalty distant from Eng- 


land, Scotland and Ire:and; is situated the Isle of Mau, the 
royalty of which under the Kings of Great Britain, was for- 


merly held by the Stanleys, Earls of Derby: the male issue 


of that famiiy being extinct, it was enjoyed by che Due of 


Athol, descended: from the Derby family by a female branch, 


till the Session of Parliament 1765, when. it was annexed-to - 


4 


the Crown. | 


The Br tannio isles above deseribed, are separated from. 
France, on the south by the English channel; and from he 


Netherlands, Germany, Denmark, and Norway, dy the Ger- 


. * 


washed by the ocean so called. 2 | 


o 


man ocean on the east? the northern and western sides being 


The Netherlands, have Germany on the east and north, fre Ml 
German ocean to the west, and France on the south; they. 4 
consist of seventeen provincesz-of which seven compose a 
Republic, called the United Previnces; and the remaining 


ten are subject to the house of Austritt 

The seven United Provinces are inhabited by the Dutch; 
and are commonly called Holland, after the name of the most 
considerable of them: The names of theproviciees and their 
Capitals. follow. . , 


* 


7 Wa 3 # FIRE 1 Ly > 2 _ 
? * . ay 2 
N — OOF wider tw 34 » — 
———ů— — - — —— — — 
1 22 _ * * — Th 00 — — 
r 1 8 I 25. 7 La — * . =_ — 
2 2 —— 0 


2 CC 


— 1 


" 5 = 4 IEF 
S >. 4.54 As: OF. 


POE N 


264 The Soaps Max's best enges 
P erovinets. : 1 Chief tans... ; 
_ Holland, -. £54, »J Amsterdam-.-: *- 

Zeeland, Middleburgh. 

= recht, Utrecht. * 

Gueldeèrland, Zutphen. : 

Over Issel, Deventer. 

Friesland, Lewarden. 
| Groningen Groningen. 


The ten provinces are now · commonly / callefl the FORE 


Netherlands, or Flanders, from the name of one of them. 
1 he names of their provinces and their capitals follow. 


Proꝛinets. As Chief towns, 
e | Guelders, "4 85 
Brabant, Brussels. 2 
Luxemburg 1 £5 _Luxemburghs- | | 
Limburgh;” EEE? Limburg. „ 
Flanders, 855 nes TT 

Arto, | | Arras. | 1 Nt 
Hainault, 5 Mons. e 
Namur. WWW 
The Marquicate of the Renp.. [ Agtwerps oo 
Malines, Malines. 0 
The empire of Germany, has on t e east side Pruesla, po- 
land, and Hungary: the Baltic sen, Denmark, and the Ger- 


man Ocean on the north; the Netherlands, and part of 


France on the west; and the Alps which veparate it from 


Italy on the south. | 
This country. is a large Republic, whos chief officer i is 


called the Emperor; ke is elected by nine of the most con. 
siderable princes, thence called Electors. | Their Names and | 


principal ciries follow. 


J coo oO ON bi Ws ; 
Archbishop cf Mentz, * 1 Mentz, : 

| Aichbiehoſ of Treeves, Treeves. 
Arehbishop of Cologne, Cologne, 
Queen of Bohemia. | Prague. * 
King of Prussia, as Marquis of | Be lin. 

Brandenburgh, R 

King of Poland, as Duke of Eee * „ 


Saxony, ; EY: ; - i x 5 2 Ye. 


King of G. Britain; 1 duke vf. 3 
Brunswick Lunenburg, z Hanover. 15 

Duke of Bavaria, [ Munich. | 

Count Palatine of the Rh ne, Manheim. 


There 


„de 


$ Best 


* 


8 The Young M an 


with their capitals, vis. 
The Arch Duchy of Austria, 
The Landgraviate of Hesse Cassel. 
The Duchy of Wi:temburgh, | - | 
Alsace, now Subject to the French, 


There are also in Germany several free cities, which are 


- 'Vienaa: 
Cassel. 
I Seutgard.. 


Germanic body, such as Ratisbon, Frankfort, Ham 


monly known by the name of theSwiss Cantons, the priunei- 
pal of which Zurich, Bern, Basil and Eriburgh ;-with:these- 


the Grisons: all situate among those mountains. 

The kingdom of Hungary hath Poland on the north, Ger- 
many on the west, and on the ether sides the Tui kish empire ;: 
the chief city-'is called Buda: other considerable cities are 
Presburgh, Raab, Zygeth, Canisia, Alba: Regalis, Gran, Sti i 
gonian, Pest. Temes waer, &c. all famous in history, on ac 
count of the contests between the Christians and Turks, for? 

TV 


the sovereignty of this Kingdom. ä 


15 lt is at present under the dominion of Maria Thereba: 
Fla daughter of the late emper. r Charles the Sixth, whois adeen! | 
of: Wl of Hungary and: Bohemia, Archduchess: of Aust ia, Ye, 41d © 
m 


8 married to Francis, Emperor of Germany, great Duke v 
Tuscany, Ke. fo et * i e 78 a 1. 44 


75 8 * af 
OT 4 3 FS” PS 


Poland is a. large elective kingdom, bonnded on the est 


Is | | 
J- by Crim Tartay and Muscovy, on the north by parti6f:. 
1d Muscovy and the Baltic sea; on the west by Germany, 


and on the S, uth by Hungary and part of Turky the capital! | 


city is called Warsaw. 


Denmark and Norway, two kingdoms underthe same so- 


vereign, are bounded on the north and west by the ocean; vir: 


the south part of Germany and the Bal: ie sea, and on the east 
by Sweden; the capital of Den markes called Copenhagen, 
and that of Norway, Berpen. %%% Hhet EN 
Sweden has Denmark on the west, the Baltic sea Or the 
wuth, Muscovy on the east, and the ocean on the north, 
the chief city is called Stockholm, nn 
Muscovy, or Russia, hath part of gqweden and he Baltic 
ea en the west, Poland aud Crim Tartary on the Sbuth; 
reat Tartary in Asia on the east, and the ocean on the 


—— 


1th; the ancient capiatis called Muscow but the residence 


There are great numbers of other dominions in Germany 
but for brevity's sake We shall mention only the following. 


Strasbuf gh. 
50 many small Communwealths, under the er d e | 


&. Among the- Alps are other small Commonwealths, coin $ 


are confederated the Republic of Geneva, and the leagu es of. 


— — — 43 3 — — 

— — 
8 * n 2. 
r ET — * 


= 


: 
8 . Ju * „* 1 
r — . . . 


o — 
IPs - + —— 


26 The Tonng Man's best Companion. 5 
of the cou t is now generally at Petersburgh, on the Baltic 
sea. This empire is very extensive, being near as big as al- 
ilie rest of Europe. MT e 
1 8 „ ASIA e 
1s separated from Europe toward the-north-west hy the 
boundaries above described, toward the seuth- west by the 
eastern part of the Mediterranean sea; we, ws ops 
of Suez and the Red sea, which divice it from Africa; it is 
bounded onthe. South by the Indian ocean, on the east by the 
| Pacific, and on the north by the Northern or Frozen ocean; 
its dimensions may be conceived from what follows! Holy 
Cape on the northern ocean, in lat. 72 deg. 3z min, N. long 
779 45 E bears from the eastern point of Java, one of the 
Indian isles, in lat. 8 deg. go min. S. long. 115. 5 E. N. 20 
5 E dis ance 5540 miles. And Cape Ava, in the island of 
apany-inthe Pacific ocean; lat 34 55 N. long. 141 oo E. 
bears from Smyrna in the Archipelago, lat. 3 28. N. long. 
27 25 E. S. 8 49 E. distance 5550 miles. 
It seems most regular ts divide this large eountry accord. 
jag to its present possessors, the Grand Seigsgior or Emperor 
of the, Turks, the Sophy or king of Persia, the great Mogul, 
apd the other potentates of India, the Emperor ef China and 
the Fotentates of Tartary. 8 8 2 8 | 
„The Turks possessions in Asia are Anatolia, Syria, Arabia, 
Armenia or Fureomania; Georgia, aud Mesopota mia or Di- 


arbeck - of wich in their order. _ LEY 
Anatolia, formerly calledAsia minor, is compassed on the 
north, west, and south sides by the Euxine, the Marmariaty 
the Archipelago, and the Mediterranean seas; it is separated 
from Syria on the Southeast by the mountains called Tauriz 
and fiom Turcomania on the east hy łhe river Euphrates, 
Its present subdivisiong are said tt be four, Anatalia Pro- 
per, on the north east, having a eapital eity, Bursa; Amasis, 
on the south- west, its capitał of the same name; Caramenis 
on the south wes, its capital Gogni; and Aladuli on the south- 


* 


east, its eapital Maraz. 


Syria called by the Turks Suristan, is generally subdividech 
into Sy ria Proper Pheenicia, and Palestine, or Judea; who 
chief cities are Aleppo, Damascus, and Jerusalam. 

Arabia (a countiy which preserves its aneient name, as c 
the inhabitants their roaming disposition) is bounded on the 
west by the Red sea and Isthmus of Suez; on the north bY 
Talestite, S. ria, and Diaibeck ; on the east þy the Persi 


W „ „ „ e Hm + RVÞos 


| The'Yomg Man's best Con puniom . 
gulph. and on the south -east by the Atabian se a, a part of ihe 
Indian ocean. s | on 


It is divided into three parts, called the Bes rt, the Stony, 
and the Happy; tlie two ſiest lie to the-north ward, the other 
w the zuumn. pr 7 1 | 
There'are very few towns: 
this country, the Arabs living in tents, and removing 'with - 
their families from place to place, as convenience suggests. 


hut in Arabia the Happy (one of the finest countries in the 


World) there are several of notes sueh as Medina, where the 


sepulchre of Mahomef, the founder of the- Turkish religion 


is; Mecca his birth- place, to which every Turk or Mussul- 
man is obliged by that religion, to come in pilgrimage once 
in his - ife · time, or to sendgnother in his stead; Aden, a 
place of traffio: Sana, Mocha, Soar and otters. 1 
Armenia or Turcomania is bound d on the west by Anato- 
lia, on the south by Diarbeck, on the: east and north by* 
Georgia and the Euxine sea; its principal cities are 


— 


Arzerum, Chas, and Van. 


Georgia formerly called Iberia, including Mingrelia and 


Guryestan, is bounded on the north by part of Muscovy, on 
the west by the Euxine sea, on the south by Turcomania, and 


part of Persia, and on the east by port of Persia: the cities 


of greatest note are Fasso and Tefffis. i 
Mesopotamia er Diarbeck. is bounded on the north by 
Turcomania, on the west by Syria, on the south by Arabia 


the Desart, and on the east by Persia; its principal cities 


are Diarbekir, Mosul, and Bagdat. * {ny 
Besides these large possessions on the continent of Asia, 
the Turks held several. isjands in the Archipelago; with 


Rhodes and Cyprus in the Mediterranean sea, the last of 


which is very considerable. Ho bg ts —ͤ ͤ 
Lhe next division of Asia, proceeding east wardly, is Persia, 


which has the Turkish dominions on the west, the Persian 


Gulph and part of'the Indian ocean on the south, the empire 


of the G:eat Mogul on the east, and on the no th part of 


Tartary, the Caspian sea, and pa rt of the Muscovian empire. 


P This is a very large country, but at present torn to pieces : 
by different competitois for the sovereign power; the 1 1 


city is Ispahan ; the most considerable of the others are Der- 


dent on the Caspian sea, and Gombroon and Bassora on the 


Persian gulf. | 1 r N 
Proceeding stil eastward, the next empire is that of the 
Great Mogul, which has Persia on the west, the two Indian 
ee e *"""" "Pann. 


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268 The Young Man's brot Companion 
Peninsulas and the bay of Bengal on the South, 


the east, and part of Tartary on the nortn. 


* 


Izhis is is anothes large tract, with the inland parts of which 


* — 
* 3 . 


southern point of this peninsula. 


The coast of Coromandel, which is washed by the bay of | 


Bengal, tends toward the N. and NE. from the Cape Como- 


rin, and extends to the mouth of the Ganges: the priacipal' | 


settlements of the English on this coast are, Madras; or Eort 


St George, and Fort St David, near which the French have 


a settlement called Pondicherry, which neighbouring settle- 


ments were for several years at war with eachother, with v.—- 
rious suceess; the natives, headed by their princes, ca.led- * 
Nabobs, having taken part therein, some on one side and some 


an the other, 


"Pe peninsula on the other side of the Ganges consists of 
the large kingdoms of Bengal, having a capital of the same 


name: Pegu, whose chis feities are Pegu and Arracan ; Siam 


having a-capiial. of the same name; Malacca, situate to the 


south, is almost encompassed by the sea; the city so calledis 
sitvate near the southern extremity ; Cochin China whoce 


— 


= 


China om 


loan, is situated a little td the east of Cape Comoiin; che most: | 


„ | city. 


known. 


The Youngs Mas Best Companion. 269 
eity is named Cambodia, and Tunquin, whose eapital is of“ 
the came mm ITE 3) te tor 9% 0 Fa 

South west of Malacca is the island of Simatra. 
Sduth-ęast of this hes the island of Java, separated by the 
straits of Sunda; the western point of Which is called Java 
Head by English marine s, it being often the first land made 
by them after they iave doubled the Cape of Good Hope: 
the principal cities are Bantam and Batavia, the latter of- 


which belongs to the Datch East India Company, who are 


sovereigns (or if not, yet act as sueh) over the greatest part 
this lange and fruitful island. „ 8 
East ward f. om Malacca and Samatra is the island Borneo 
almost round, and near 600 miles in diameter. 
The island Cclebes is to the eastiof. Borneo, and mucli less 
than it. Proceeding east ward ate the Molucea or Spice i- 
slands, the Dutch have made themselves masters of these, and 


thereby ingross the Spice trade to :hemselves,. 82615 
The Philippine isles are very numerous, some authors -. 
have reckoned 1,0000 of them; the most considerable is.. 
Luconia, whose capital is Manilla. FS SE Ee 
To the north and northewest of these is situated the potent. 
empire of China, reckoned to be as large as all Europe; it 
hath the Pacific oceas on the east and south east; Cochin- 
China and Tonquin on thesouth- west; the Mogul's empire 
on the west, on the north- west and north apart of Tartary; - 
There are a great nu. nber of cities in this empire, of which .. 
Pekin, sſtuated in the northern part. of the country is. the cas. 
pital; the European trade to this country is chiefly carried 
on at Canton, à. great sea port in one of the southern pto- 
vince dn , e FT 
The most extensive Chinese islands are those which com- 
pose the empire ef Japan; which consists of several large i- 
Slands, three of which are very considerable, viz. Japan or 
Niphon, whose capital is Meaco; Tonsu, whose - capital is 
dauuqui; and Bongo, whose capital bears the same name. 
Thus we have taken a cursory survey of all the southern 


parts of Asia; tile northern hath only one general name, via. 


Tartary: which hath Persia, India, and China on the south, 
and the Pacific ocean on the east, the Northern or Frozen 


ocean on. the north, and Muscovy on the west: this tract is 1 


subject to divers Potentates, some of which are. very little 


. 
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e de Yomg Man's best Companion. 
ö AFRICA. 5 


Is a large Peninsula, which js joined to the continent of 


Asia by the Isthmus of Suez, a narrew Desatt between the 
Mediterranean and Red seas; its magnitude may be concei | 


ved by knowing that the Cape of-Good Hope in lat 34 dg. 


15 min. S. lon. 20. deg. 7; min. E. bears from Ceuta in lat. 
35 deg. 45 min. N. long 4 deg. 42 min; W. 8. 18-deg 15 
min. E. distance 4440 miles, and that Cape” Guardefuy. 
in lat. 11 deg. 38 min. N. long go deg. 25 min. E. beam 
tom Cape Sierra Leone, in lat 8 deg. 30 min. N. long. 12 


deg. 5 min. WN. 87 deg. oo E. distance 3700 miles. 


_ Very little of the inland parts of this continent are Known. 
to the Europeaus-; 80 that only the sea coasts will be men- 
ticned here, beginning at the Isthmus of suez, and eoasting 
First che Mediterranean es. 
Egypt is under the dominion ofithe Turks, its present ea | 


pital is erlled Cairo; the piratieal states of In ipoles, Tunis, 


and Alg: ers, have capitals of the same name, and the ca 


pital of the empire cf Meroecco is the city of Fez. 


Along the coasts of the Atlantic ocean, there are no exten - 
sive dominions, the inhabitants being mostly subject to petty 
princes of their own, who being almostcontinually at war with 
one another, selb the ir prisoners ſor. slaves; the European 
nations have been induced far the protection of their trade 


the re in, and other commodi ies, to ere & several small forts in 


different places, toenumerate which would be tedious; The 


Madei as, the Canaries, and the Cape de Verd islands, art 


the most considerahle on this coast; the only ene possessed 
by the English is a very small one, called St Helena, fre- 


VE. ö o 


©. Quented by the East-India ships. OO 
At the gouthern extremity of the dontinent is situated the 


- 


— 


Cape of Good Hope, where the Dutch East. India company 


have built atvlerable town for, the convenience of theit ship - 


ping: from thence again, along the eastern coast, both on the 


3 . > 


cceau'and in the Red sea, very little that is remarkable oſſen 
At some distance, however, from that part of this coax 


which is washed by the ocean, is situated one of the lagen 
islands in the world, called Madagascar, which has been a 


different times the asylum of the Buropean pirates. 
25 M SE --445 5 


* BY some called the New World, because discoverad about 
Jo years ago, being before thattime unknowulo the inhabi⸗ 


balls 


— 


— 


The Yeung Man's best Companion. 274 
4ants of Europe, Asia, and Afric#7is divided into two remark- 
able divisions, called North and South America, Which are 
joined by the Isthmus of Darien or Panama: 
The sea coast of North America, and part of the inland 
countries; formerly belonged to.Bricain, but is now under t he 
dominion of the Ametican States: Charlestown in 8. Caroli- 
na, lat. 33. 22. N. long. 76. 50. W. bearing from Cape Can- 
30, lu Nova, Scotia, lat 45. 10. N. 49. 50. W. 8. 52. miles 
to a degree, makes 1345 English miles: which,” making al- 
Jowance for the winding of the coast, may be very well con- 
zidered ta-be really more than 1500 English miles,) The 
country with their chief towas follows. n 
New England + ð ũ ⁰PQ % ETA 
New York,  _ New Tork, 1 
Pefisylvania. S Philadelphia. | 
New Jersey, East, = | Elizabeth Town. 
New Jersey, West, 2 | Eiingburgh. ©  _ 
Maryland, © 2 Baltimore. 
Virginia, TRE James Town.... 
North Carolina, 48 „ e, -. 
n. South Carolin, I CnarlestoẽwV mw. 
$4 Georgia 1 Ba „ EIS, 
ths The British possess Nova Scotia, Whose chief town'is Ha- 
* lifax ; Canada whose capital is Quebec, situate onthe great 


= 


a 


28 1 


310 mouth of this river; and Cape Breton, a much smaller, but 
wen forte 8 

aſt The Spaniards possess the sea coast of Florida, the next 
el WM southern country, the principal settlements therein being St 


river St. Lawrence; Newfoundland, a large island near the _ 


e. Augustine, the French have some settlements to the west of 


these along the river Mississippi, which empties itself into the 


che gplph of Mexico, the principal E Kon st Luis, from whence - 
any the country is called Louisiana. 


1 More to the south -west is the empire of Mexico: and its 
dependants, having a- capital of the same name, subject tothe 
3 this country extends itself westward to the Pacific 
ocean, and the Spaniards sendsships yearly from Acapulco, a 
as port therein, across the ocean, to the Phi ippine isles on tde 


island of California ; but of these we know but little. 
The continent of South America consists of the following 
abi- large dis triets, viz: . C 86 

un , Names 


- 


Northward on the Pacific ocean is New Mexico, and be 


k £4 


- 4292 _ Trang Þ Man's bed. Campanion 


Names. C bief Towns II bote baum, 
Teri Firma, mamas, © Spaniards, . 
++GIden Castile, Car thagena, Ditto. 1 . . 

Guiana. Surinuſmm, Dutch. = 
Peru, e 3 2 a 

Chili, 7 St de „ Ditto. „ | 
» Patagonia, FR 8 > Natives; +1: | 
Terra del Fuego, | | „ Dit <7 f 
LA Plata, Buenos Aires, Spaniards. t 
Biazih, | St Salvador, Por uguese. | . 
Paraguay, e Jesuits. t 
"Amazcnia, . ER ns. : Natives, 1 
N. B. T erna del Fuego jean clandoeparated flom Patago 8 
nia, by ther streights of Magellan. EL 
The guiphoof Mexico, Jechatan; "Honduras, and the Caribe ve 

bean cea, aresepsratedfromtheAtlangic oceanby.agreatnum- 

ber of islzng&s, called the Bahama, the greater and lesser An. m 
tiles, and Cmibbee Islands. The nantes  ofahe 1 most consider. PC 
able are us foes vis E 15 5 bo 
| yl ec 

Island. © Chief Towns. - ty 1 bose Pogean i 

Cuba, 3 | *Flavanmah, | "Spaniards: 1 — 
' His panijola,or . by rench and ba 
St Domirgo, St Domingo, 1 aniai ds. a 
Jamaica. Port Rol, tae 5 spe 

P. rto Rico, | Fon Rieo, Sp aniards. his 
Anguilla, DT 5 ap "Er glish- Me ir 
"Bermuda, | ; | * | « lh Ditto. . . "i 
St Christopher 5, Gy - „ „ in 1 
Nevis, | V 1 
—_ 5 LIE N i, * 
Montserrat, 3 . IJ 
Barbados, 5 "Bridge-twwn, Dit to. 17 

* Guadaloype, 8 . French. 1 
Maltinico, IR „ PEE Ditto. | I 
„„ THO Ditto. v 
SIC... 5 Ditto. © * 
St Lucia, Engligh.” . bel 

The Jlanfrcalle@ Berwudag, yi in gaheu Ut 556! ee one 


el lords, are subject to the Brifich, 


As TRO. | 


. 
4 
- $5 v.44 2 * 


155 


ib; 
m- 
In- 
er- 


een 


eat 


A 


the bodies which appear in the heavens: But the notions 


space, wherein six opaque sphericall ; hodies' :revolve about 


The —.— Man r bes — . 2 5 1 


ASTRONOMY. __,. 


STRONOMY i is a science which treats of the Satin 
and distances of the Denen bodies, ang of the appency | 
ances thence ariving. ” 

There have been a great variety of opinions, among the 
Philosophers of the preceding ages, concerning the disposi- 
tion of the great bodies of the universe, or of the position f 


now embraced by the most judicious: Astronomeis are that 
the universe is composed of an infinite number of systems of 
worlds; that in every system there are certain bodies moving 
in free space, and revolving at different distances around the 
sun, placed in or near the centre of the system; and that these 
euns, or other Ballen are e stars which are. een in che hea» 
vens. 

That yetem, in which our: earth i is . is * Astrona 
mers called the Solar Sysfem ; and that opinion, which aup- 
poses the Sun to be fixed, in or near the centre, with several 
bodies revolving round him, at different distances, is confirm- 
ed by the observations hitherto, made. 

This opinion is also called the N Syetem Som. 
Nicholas Copernicus, a Polish 1 sopher, who about the 
year 1473, revived this Hawe, om the oblivion i it had deen 
buried in for many ages. 

The Sun dete fore is placed in the midet. of an Hl - 
him as their centte. fy tag; | 

Those wandering globes are>called planets, which at . 
ferent periods, perform their revolutions, from weet to 1 
in the following order. s 

1. Mercury is nearest to the Sun of all the planets, and: per- 5 
forms his course in about three months or 87 days, 2 3hours, © 

Ke Venus, in about seven mon and a hatf, or at co 
17 hours. iy td ek $i ITE... 

III. The Earth, ina year, or 365 avs, 6 hours: e 

IV. Mars, in about two:years,'ori686 dey's, 25 bons. 

V. Jupiter, in 12 years, or 4231 days, in hours. 

VI. Andlastly, Saturn, 1 hose? orbit includes all the . 
;pends almost thirty years, that is 19759 days, 8 hours, 4a - 
one een 8 "yy Sewn: "ORs ee de 

e 3 „ m. 


* By do orbit 125 f ha wo at 7 e we > or rin; 
deſcribed by its centre Toun the Sun n but by the pla th rc orbit 
tant a A ns; 3 * Fay Grongh the 8 * 


P 4 


i 


Satürn 2 deg. 20 min. The orbits of the phnets are not cin 


5 308 description; imagine two small-pegs fixed upri 
Plane, and suppose them tied with the ends of uthren 
What longer than their distance from one another; now I 
4 pin be placed in the double of the thread, and turned quite 
Found (always stretching the thread with the same force) 
the curve desc: ibed by the motion will be an, Klipsis. The 
two points where the 
Vas turnen) are called th the Focuses;'or Foci of that Elipses 


; different kind from the former; and the nearer the focus 
Circle, uitil at las dhe focusses, coinkide, and then the pil 


| Ki - ſbeuses, and half the distance between the two foemgesis ct 


; . ferent i in the planets, but in most of them it is 30 small, th 
In little sche 


274 -  - The Young Man's best Companion, 1.— Y 


from the sun are nearly in the following propo tion, viz 


supposing the distance of the earth from the sun to be 5 
ded into 1030 equal parts; that of Mercury will be about f 


387 of those parts; of Venus 724; of Mars 15245 ol Ju: 
| piter 3201; and that of Saturn 9538. e ee e eee { 
The orbi:s of the planets are not all in the Ace plane, bu: WM / 
; - varjously. melined to one another; $0 that, $yupposing the or- 
bit of the earth to be the standard, the others will have one WM ; 
half, above, and the other Haff below it; infarsecting one ano 60 
ther in a line passing through the Sun. = 
The plane of f-the ear h's orbit is called the keuiptie, an 
: GE e Astronomers make the standard, to. which ee tc 
of the other orbits are judged to ingline, _ | 
Ihe right line passing through: de Sun, and the common { ©! 
intersection of the plane of the orbit of àny planet wick the Wi 1h 
ecliptic, is called the line of the Nodes of that planet, and 
the points themselves, e the orbit cute e Eclipti Te 
are called Nodes. : bo 
The inclination: of the orbits of «the dane to the plan cal 
| the Ecliptir are as follows, viz, the orbit of-Mercury: make! . 
an angle of 6 deg.:52 min; that uf Venus 3 deg 25 min: pe 
of Mars 1 deg. (2 min:; of Jupiter 1 deg. 20 min 3" aud of » 
ro 


cles, but Elipses or ovals. ; ; 

What an Elipsis 15, may be: essily RP fromthe follow: 
ht an 
some: 


pegs stood, (about which the thredd 


And witbont changing the length of the thread; we alle 
the pesitien of the pegs, we shall then have an Elipsis of # 


are.togetber, the nearer will the curve described be to tht 


in the doubling of the thread will describe a perfect circle. 
The orbits.of all the planets have the sun in none of thel 


ed the excentricity of the orbits.” This excentritiiy is dif 


i mes or instrumente, made to e ae 
ry wel 0t be. pages ec 25 


od * ny - 5 . = Ge . 
* ＋ * hy * 


N 


IN * 5 


I | 1 5 be e l. Man' s Meat Companion. 5 hy OY 
LY 16 as belies ve suf pose the” mean distance of the Hon 


ut from the sun to be divided into i cod parts; then will the 
u. exceutricity of Mercury he 81 of those parts: that of Venus 


-; and that of the earth. 17; tha: of Mars, 1; that of 
but Jupiter: 240 3 and that ok Saturn, 543 of the same parts. 
The six piauets above mentioned, are catled Primaries, r 
ne primary Flanets; hut, besides these, there are ten other les - 
no er plauets, which are called. cot dares, Mons, or Sate - 


bees. These Moons alwa s acenmpany their respectiee pri- 
anna ies, aud pet ſorm their rf yolutior;s ene been Whitetboth: 
nel together are also ca, fried rotiitd the sun. 


"of he six- primary Plinets,. there are but 82 as fat. i | 
observation can, assure us, that have these Acteudines, \iz, 


the Earth, Jupiter And San TINT 
The Earth is altended by the Moon, 1018 pevforith the 


carried round the Sun along with the earth, 


and x3 hours, at the distance 2 his ce mi · diameter; the 
third in 7 days and hours, at 


real 
MY WE distance of 5 diameters and thres-fourths; the third, in 
aloe about 4 days f second, at the distance of 8 Ganicters ; "©: %5s 


is centre. The Satillites, as well as the Primaries, perform | 


t the primary. 


ing, that does no where touch bis body; the dia meter ting 


- 
I — 


* 


revolution in about 29 days and a half, at the distance of: a- . | 
bout 30 diameters of the earth trom it; and once 2 Vear is Hh: 


Jupiter has four moong, or-satelites ; the, Py or inmost 1 
performs its revolution in about one day and 18 huwrs and a 
half, at the distance of 5; and a half se mi- diamete rs of Jupher 
from the centre; the'second revoty es about Jupiter in 3 days 


distance of r4 one third © 
smi-diameters: the Trovithendinterinest performs: its course 
in the space of 16 days 18 hours and its distance from Ju- 


piter's centre is 25 one third of his semi-diameters; + 
ö ite Saturn has no less than five satellites: the first or finer. | 
tee) most revolves about him in 1 day and 21 hours, at the di- 
Ide tance of 4 three eights diameter of saturn from his centre? 


the second completes his period in 2 days and 3 fourths, at R 1 


fourth perfeims his course in about 16 days, at the distance 
of 18 diameters; the fifth and uttermost takes 791 days to 
finish his course, and is 54 diameters'of Saturn distant from 


heir revolutions from West to East; the planes of the orbits 
pf the Satillites of the same planet, are inclined to one no- 
her, and consequentiy are br rag to the plane of « the NE. RON. 


Besides these ae th Stur! is enc bn passed With! a t hit E 5 i 


to the e 5 ee as 7 M458 wa OW - bk N e. 


„ 


47. RR | The Young 1 Mar $. 25 Companion. | 


1 W the ring and the body of Saturn, is equal to tlie 3 
of the fing itself; so that in some situations, the heaven 
may be seen betwixt the ring and his bod. 
Ibis surprising phænomenon of Saturns ring is a modem 
discovery; ; neither were the Satellites of Jupiter and Saturn 
known to the ancients; the Jovial planets we re the first diseo - 
vered by the famous Italian philosopher, Galilæus, by a tele. 
scope which he first invented; and the celebrated Cassie, the 
French king's astronomer was the first that saw the Satel- 
ites of Saturn; which by reason of their great distances from 
1 the sun, and the smallness of their own bodies, cannot be | 
W * een by us but by the help of very good glasses. 
The motion of the primary planets round the sun, (asal-, | 
so of the Satellites round their respective primaries) is cal. , 
et theinannual-motion.; because they have one year, or te Ml , 
e 
$ 


WOEES DID 
- — Fen >= 


= — — 


* of the seasons, complete in one of tliose re volu 
+: £2 Besides this annual motion, four of the planets, vz, 
— emus, the Earth, Mars, and J upiter, revolve about their t 
own axis, from west to east; and this is called their. dium t. 
sl 
cc 


E 
Gs Rn. ee ů*³è — — 
* 5 ” — - — — 


— SES. a SES HD 


motion. For by this rotatien each point of their sur face js 
carried successively towards or from the sun, who always it 
luminates the hemisphere which is next to him, the other re. 
nudning obscure: and while any place i is in the hemisphen 
illuminated by the sun, it is day; but when it is carried to 
the obscure hemisphere, it becomes night; and $0 continues, 
525 by this otations the said place is Again enlightenedly 

tne sun. 


ES ye 


2 * SS — — — 


—— 


Tue earth perde it revolution round itd is in . 

bows: 56 minutes; Venus in 23 hours; Mars in about ea 

houfs and 40 minutes; and Jupiter moves round bis owa an 

in 9 hours and 36 minutes. Ne W rec 

| The: sun is also found to turn round his 4 . west to the 

a cast in 27 days; and the moon, which is nearest to us of a wc 
the pauets, revolves about her axis in a month, or in te the 
space of time that she turns round the earth, 30 that ug 
munaxians. have but one day throughout their year. mi 
W = The planets are all opaque bodies, having no light b ui we 
1 ä what they borrow from the sun; for that side of them which P. 
„ is next towards the sun, has always been observed to be i 1 at 
=_ Juminated, in what position £oever they be: but the ono au fore 
Sides which the solar rays do not reach, remain dark and o con 
scute; whence Jt is evident. that they have. no. light bl infe 

what proceeds from the sun: for if they had, all parts er 


them Would be lucid; without any darkness orshadew. TW 
planets are likewise * to be PN + let wh 
pv 


with a brigh 


ee 


* 


0 "The Tons Ae eie ene. | nn. 
part « of ten .goever be turned toward the Ah lr bounda - 
ry, or line separating that part from the opposite, always ap- 


ars to be circular; which: could: not happen if chey were | 


8 2 5 


not globular. 


The earth is Fre detwine 8838 of Mart and venus: = 4 


and so Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter and Saturn, do all 
turn round the sun; both. which. 
gervations as follow. $: Patt: 


' 1, Whenever Venus bs in conjuetion: with the oh; that hs. 6 
when che is fn the same dircetion from the earth, or towaris = 


the same part of the heavens the sun is in; he either appears 
tor round face, like a full moon, or else disap- 
pears; ot, if che is visible, she appears. horned, like -a new 
moon; which phenomenan never could happen, it Venus did 
not urn round the sun and was not betwiat him and the 
earth; for since all the Planets: - borrow: their light from the 
zun, it is necessary that Venus: ' lucid face should be towards 
the sun; and when she appears fully illuminated, she shews 
the same face to the zun and the earth: whence at that time, 
she must be above or beyond the sun, for in no other position 
could her illumined face be wholly. seen from the earths. 
Farther, when she 2 or, if visible, appears horaed,. 
that face of hers'which towards the sun, is either wliolly- 
turned from the earth, or only a small part of it can be sen 
by the earth, and in this case, she must of necessity yn 
tyixt-us znd the un. 

Besides the foregoing, there is another 
that Venus turns ruund the zun in an 0 
carih's because she is always abserved to kee 5 the sun, 
and in the same quarter of the heavens that he is in, never 
receding from him more than about x of . a whole circle, and... 
therefore she can never come in opposiflan to hun: Which 
would necessatily happen, did she perform hegeourse round 
the earth either in a longer or shorter time than a yea. 

And this is the reason why Venus is never io be teen near 
midnight, but always either in a morning or evening. and at 
most not above 3 or 4 hours before sun risiug or suu-setting- i 

een the time of Venus's superior conjunction, (or whensne 

k abore the Sun) she is more eastecly than the Sun, and theres 


2 N 633% 2 


ther gravatar hes 
Tes h wich e — 


inferior conjunction, till che comes again 


en in A sing eee . 


N 1 


5 


* 


588 en krom ob- 8 1 


= 


face sets ater, and is seen after tun setting, and then she is 1 
commonly called the Evening- star; but from the time of her 
to the gupet idr, ane 
then appears more westerly- than the sum, and is only to; be =. 


EY” 


| 278 + | The Yaung Max's beet Climpeeien, 


After the same manner we prove that Mercury turns | 
rowtil the sun, for he always keeps in the 8un's neighbour- 
heod, andnever recedes from him 80 far as Venus does; and 
there fore the orbit of Mercury must lie within: that of Ve. 
nus: and on account of his nearness to the sun, he can gel. 


| dom be seen without a telescope. e e 


Mars is observed to come in oppesition, and Uke wise to | 
| favs all other aspects with the sun; he always preserves a 
round, full and biight face, except When he is near his quad 
rate aspect, when he appears somewhat gibbous, like the 


moon three or four days before or after the full; therefore 


the orbit of Mars must include the earth within it, and also 


the sun: for if he was betwixt the sun and us, al the time 
of his inferlor conjunction, he would either quite disappean, 
or appear horned, as Venus and the moon doi ini that position. 

Mars, when he is in opposition o the sum looks almost 
seven times large in diameter, than when he is in conjunc- 
tion with him; and therefore must needs be almost seven 
times nearer to us, in one posi ion, than in the other: for 


the apparent magnitudes of far r distant ob eee or de- 
creuse in proprotion to their distauce from ns; but Mars 


keeps always nearly at the same distance from the Sun; 


therefore it is plain, that it is not the earth but the sun, which | 


is the centre of his motion 


It is proved in the same way; that heren ten have | 
both the sun and the earth within their orbits, and that the 
zun, and not the earth, is the centre of their motions; LY 


though the dispr. portion of the distance from the earth is 
not 80 great in Jupiter as in Mars, nor 80 great in Saturn 28 


it is in Jupiter dy leason that they are at a much greater di- 


stance from the sun. 


We have now clowns. tas all the- . work 6d the 


sun, and that Mercury and Venus are included between him 


and the earth: whenee they are called the inferior planets; 


and tbat the earth is placed between the orbits af Mars 
und Venus, and therefore included between: the avbits of Mars, 
Jupiter, and Saturn; whence: they are called the Superior 
planets; and since the earth is in the midiile of these move: 


able bodies, and is of the same nature with them, we may 
conclude; that she has the eame sort of motions, but that she 


tons round the sun is proved thus. 


Hl the planets seen from the -eafth appear to Wey | 
une nually; ; as sometimes to go faster at other times dlowen 
and Sometimes to he stationary, or nut to Mou ch whey | 


db. 


2 not e it the earthstood stil. ech 


en > „ „ A. Woe en K on Gy ou a> wm. 


ae tw = „ a to „ 0 DS & 


2 a+ wa = — 


„ 3, - wi. & 


oY __ _ The Young: Man's best Companion. wy 2 
ins The annual. periods of the planets round the sun are de- 
termine by carefully observing the length of time since their 
and departure from a certain point ia the heavens, 5 or from 2 
Ve- Wl fixed Star), until they arrive te the same place again. By - 
gel these sort of ohservations, the ancients determined the peri- 

- WH ovical revolutions of th®plaitets round the smt And wers 
to so exact in their computationg, as to be capable of predict- 


2 
" 
1 - 
— > — — — — — 
—— — — Fo 2 =. ——— 
| Gan 5 — _— — 7 
— SES 2 —— — — 


oil. that might be in the whole is in each period subddiuisled into 
105 such little parts, as to be very inconsiderable. Thus, tbe 


'S ing eclipses of the sun and moon; but since the invention of 9 
ad- telescopes, astrohomical observations are made with greater 3 
the WF accurzcy,and of erg e our 1 8 are fur Move paves _ 
ore than those of the ancients. N EEt i 
180 And in order to be as exact as possibde, 2stronomers compare —_ 
me observations made at a great distance of time ſrom one ano-k 
8300 ther, including several periods: by Which means the error j 
} 


ny mean length of a solar yeat is known even to seconds. 184 | 
Veſ The diurnal ration. of the planets round their axis was 
tur Bi discovered-dy: certain spots which appear on their surfaces: 


de. these spots appear first an the margin of ths planets disks, 
lars (or the edge gfthei; surfaces) and seem by degrees to creep 
In: towards their middle; and soon, going still forward tul.they 
ich come to the opposite side or edge of the disk, where ihey set 
= or disappear; and after they have been hid for the same 
espace of time that they were visible, they again appeat to rise, 
the in or near the same place, as they did at first; then to creep 
on progressively, taking the same course as they did before, 

| These spots have beeu observed on the surfaces of the Sun, 
88 Venus, Mars, and\Jupites ; by which means it has been. 4 | 
di- WF that these bodies turn round their own axis, in the times 

1 fore mentioned. i rw 3 

the It is very Ptobable, that . and Seen bave. 8 
im wise a mation round their axis, that all the parts of their sur- 
ts; face may alte nately: enjoy the light and heat of the Sun, 
ars and receive such changes as are proper and convenient for 
Is, their nature; but by reason of the nearness- of Mercury to 
or tlie Sun, and Saturn;s immense distance from him, no obser - 
e. vations have hitherto been made, whereby their spots (if the 7 

ay | have any) could be discoveied, aud therefore their diurnal 

be | motions cannot be determined. The diurnal motion , 

V ea! th is concluded to exist from. the apparent; revolution of 

1 dhe heavens, and of all the stars round it, in the page of a na- 

a 2 For it is much easier to conceive that this. g- 
ratively small Globe, should turn rod its 0,wpaxis, nee in 

24 hours, nen . bo- 


he * 9 fo dies, NES 


© > er none —— ER 


0 
. " 4 
3 cc norte hs - 
— 


— — 
— — 
2 ＋ 


e . V rtiiets wHe ie Soo 
mp * —_ 1 — 
5 — * 


o 

—_— — 
— — " 

> ar Ho 


— — 


— 2 — ô— — . - — — 
s. - — - £ SS IF — — wo 

"2 = i = - * — 8 5 ; — dad — WI 

hs cw - — — - = — 2 o — > 32 _ * t — - > 
* 4 by — > 2 * 25 * — 2 * 
—— — 65 —— 4 2 — * — * — "HET > — 

— K —— —_ - 
* * 


ca led Signs, having the ame name u ich ine twelve constef. 


- 
22 * Ss 1 
4 * 2 8 x] - 
— — — 
— —— — te > — —— 
— 


led Nodes; one called the ascending n 
into the n: rthern hemisphere; and the*otties called the de- 


in geing out of the ndithern into one of the wann wn g 


. e ee, 


| ee astronomers, who teckoned that star in 
marked F, (ecording to Bayer) to be the Rist 


the sign 


W 
9 


— Mons belt e e 
. them so immenselv distant, chould revolve round 
:ir:-$0:$hert a'53 ce of time. The solar spots da not always 

remain the s. me, but sometimes old ones vanish; and aſter. 
wards 6:hers's. cceed in their room; sometimes several small 
enes gather together, and make one large spet; and some. 
times a large spot is «een to be divide d into many mall ones. 
But natwithstandiog these changes, they all rx round with.” 
wan sun in the same time. 

Fach planet is observed always: to e the « con- 

Ae Arles, laurus, Gemini, Cancer, Leo, Virgo, 3 
bra, Scorpio, Sagittarious; Cap. icornus; Aquarius, Pisces, and 
it also appears 250 every ont has a tract peculiar: to itself; 
whereby the paths:of-the' six planets, Num among ide stata 
kind ot toad, which is called the Zodiac; the middle path 
; whereoF.called.: the ecliptic, is the orbit dederibe d by me 
on W "th. which the on its ofthe other planets: are ren oth 
IS LIPS —— 43" 
Avid ediptic 280 nend 12 enicteatives; U ü-. 
pused to be divide d into 12 equaf parts, of go degrees each 


lations they run through, + 7 iT 
Te plane of the ecliptic/is suppe x d 10 wide ie elk 
$tiat «þhere into tu o equal. parts, Eulled the northern and 
southern ht mis} he res; and a body situnte in either of these. 
hemispheres, is said to have north or south latitude accord-' | 
jug to the hemisphere it is in; 80 that the latitude of ace. | 
reno. is 1 nearest distance from the ecliptic, C. 
ines of the o her five orbits ure obseryedq to lie bn. 
2 — oy northern. and partly in the Southern hemisphere; 
$0 that erer one cuts the eeſiptie in two o Apen cal- 

e, is. that through | 

which the planet passes, when it modes out of. the southern 


scenging node, is that through x hich the planet must pass, 


res. IF 4 3 
The rightinejoining the bee nodes of any. la 


'Fhe'names to most of the eenstelstions were given by t the 

DW 
point in the 
echp ic, this star being next to the zun hon due entered he 
vernsFequinox ; an at that time each constellation was in 
which it wasealled : -Butobeervations'shews; that 
12 oy _ in- e n zinox, ha 


| | The Cong Man's 257 Cane, 2 2561 | 
been constantly going backwards, by a small quantity every 


orwards, $0; that the constellation Aries is now almost remov- 


| almost 30 degrees forwards from the equinox; which diff 
ence is called the procession of the equinoxes ;+whereaf. che 


a de ree in 2 years. 

Il the planets have one common focus: i in; which chavn 
is placed: For as no other supposition cain solve all the ap- 
nd pezrances that are observed in ihe motion of the planets, aud 
Ff· as it also agtees with the strietest physical and mathematical 
2 reasoning; therefore ( is no- received as a elementary | 
h principle, S's * 
bi The. line of the nates: of every planet e e the 
= zun; for as the motion of every planet is in-a plane passing 
| through the sun, consequently the intersectionsof these planes 
WH that is, the lines of the nodes, must also pass through the sun. 
1 All the planets in their revolntions are. son mes nearer, 
L zometimes fariher from the sun: we is a consequeiice of the 
| zun not being placed in the centre. of f each orbit, the orbits 


= being elipsis. :Þ 
I The apholion or Apel lec . that point of the orbit | 4 
? | which is fu thest distaut Mun ne , ee ee 
. or inferior apsis, is that point which is neee + sum: as 


te trausverse diameter of the orbit, or the line Le Lord 
ro apses, is called the Line of the apses or apsides. 

The planets move faster as they approach tie sun, or come 
nearer to the perthelion ; and slower as they-recede fromthe 
sun, or come nearer:the-aphelion : This is not only a conze- 

quence from the nature of tie planets motions about the sun, 
but is confirmed by all good observations. 

If a right line be dra wu from the sun, cheongh 1 planet 
(which line is called by some the Vector Radius r 519g 
posed to levolve round the sun with the planet, then thi 
line will describe, or pass threugh every part of the plane 
the orbit, so: that the: Vector Wt be said to Lenore 


[ 


- the area of the orbit. -.- I SAT IR 


There are two. chief we obserwoti i in the Solar ele, 5 92 = 


4 which regulate the motions of all the plunetz, namely „ 
1 I. The planets describe equal areas iu equal mes; i. 6. in 
1 2 proportions ol time; the Vector Radius describes the - 

equal areas or We of the s pace contained within * 
nets orbit. 
: A The 54uares of the periodical times of the planew aro 


as 


> 


ay Jeng whereby the stars appear. to have advanced as much 5 1 
Er. 1 
u ed into the sign Taurus: the said first star in Aries e = 


ich yearly alteration is about 30 Seconds of A 4 res about - 4 


| 


285 097 pwn El» 
447 1 

N n 
22 1 * - 


wh 
XC; 
ES - 


ö a 


— So] ap on 1 - 2 : 8 ——— 
4 F 1 * * 4 8 Nee 5 27 - I 2 * 2 ev « Wu — — - — — - 
f is 2 — — — : - 3 * — — AT PR 
* . AP ö * — — 4 — — ; a : K 
i II 2 — 22 — 2 Fo * ; 2 oy oh {Ben 75 a 
— 9 3 2 — — — —2 — 5 a. a 223 —_— "as + * 
_ x, ER —— poo ces b * ' — 
* = eek — - —— ” — nn 


4 


- 


seem to be almost: in night lines tending directly towards the 


282 The Young Man's beet Companion. 

as the cubes of the mean distances from the sun: That is 
as the square of the time which a planet, A, takes to revolve 
in its 6: bit, is to the square of the time taken by any other 
planet, B, to run through its orbit; so is the cube of the 
mean distance of A from the sun, to the cube of the mean 
distance of B from the sun. „„ 

The mean distance of a planet from the sun, is its distance 
frem him, when the planet is at either extremity of th con- 
jugate diameter; and is equal to half of the transverse dia- 
meter. „„ ö 555 
The foregoin. Jaws are the two famous laws of Kepler a 
great astronemer, who flourished in Germany abou: the be- 
ginning of the 17:h centuiy, aud who deduced them from 
a multi ude of observations : but the first who demonstrated 
these laws, was the incomparable Sir Isaac Newton. o 

By the second law, the relative distances of the planets 
from the sun are known; and was the real distance of any 
one known, the absolute distances of all the others would. 
thereby be cbtained. R SITES Ie | 

Besides the planets, already mentioned, there are other 4 
great bodies that some times visit our system, which are a sort 0 
of temporary _ ets ; for they come and abide with us for it 
a while and afterwards withdraw from us for a certain space 2 


SS gs ws GW a, AY: a> Om ac au oo EC 


ef time, aſter which hey again return. These wandering m 


bodies are called Comets. | 
The motions of the comets in the heavens, ——_ " 
the best obse vations hithe: to made, seem to be regulated by 
the same immutable law with the planets; for their orbits a 
are eliptical, like these of the planets, but vastly narrower * 
or more eccentric. Yet they have pot all the same direction * 
with the plinets, who move from west to east, for some of fn 
the cc mets nicve flom east to west; and their orbits have th 
different inelmations to the earth's orbit; some inclining 


northu ardly, others scutho ardly, much more than any of the ¶ bo- 
planetary orbits do. - 5 thi 


Al: uck buth the comets and the planets move in eliptic 
ort:1's, get their motions seem to be vastiy different; for the 
ev Centriciti: s of the pl nets 61 hits ate so small, that they differ 
but little: from circles; Lui the exeentricities of the eo- 
mats are so ve , reat, that the n:otions of some of them 


To RT ON 1 . 54 
No, since the orbits of the comets are so extremely ex- 
centiic, their motions When they are in their Perihelia, o 
nearest distance ir. m the sun, must be muchswifter then _ 

| k a | > ee 


The Young Mun's Best Companion. | | | 283 
they are in their aphelia, or farthest distance from him; which 


tellites of Jupiter and Saturn, though they appear under con- 
derable angles through good telescopes, yet are altogether 
ffer Niavisidle to the naked 9 IL. 


5 js the reason why the comes make so short a stay in our sy- 55 
of stem; and when they disappear, are so long in returning, . 4 
r The figures of the comets are observed to be very differ- 9 
IS - ent; some of them send forth small beams, like hair every 9 
n WW way round them; others are seen with a long fiery tail, which 4 
s always opposite to the sun. Their magnitudes are also 1 
* very different, but in what proportion they exceed each other 25 
5 is as yet uncertain. Nor 1s it probable that their numbers 
a- Wl zre yet known, for they have not yet been observed with due 4 
£ care, nor their theories discovered, but of late years. The # 
2 ancients were divided in their opimens concerning them; 5 
A some imagined that they were only a kind of meteors, kin- i 
m died in our atmosphere, and were there again dissipated ; 4 
otherstook them to be some ominous prodigies. But modern 
discoverers prove, that they are worlds, su hject to the same 1 
ts laws of motion as the planets are; and they must be very I 
ny hard and durable bodies, else they could not bear the vast . 
id. heat, which some of them when in their perihela receive . 
from the sun, without being utterly consumed. The great 
NE comet which appeared in the year 4680, was within one sixth 
It part of the sun's diameter from his surface; and therefore . 
or its heat must be prodigiously intense, beyond. imagination: : 
ce. and when it is at its greatest distance from the sun, the cold q 
vg must be as rigid. | 8 Ip? 2 | £ 
2 The fixed stars are those bright and shining bodies which Y 
to in a clear niht, appear to us every where dispersed throu gg 
by the boundless regions of space. They are termed fixed, be- „ 
its BY eause the y- are found to keen the same immutable distance, 8 
ver in all ages, without having the motions observed in the pla- i 
n nets. The fixed stars are all placed at such immense distances 4 
of Wi from us, that the best telescopes represent them no bizger 7 
e chan points, without having any apparant diameters. F 
ng It is evident from hence, that all the stars are luminous N 
the i bodies, and. shine avith their own proper and native light also * 
FR they could not be seen at such a great distance. For the sa- 1 


6 Althongh the distance betwixtus and the sun is vastly large, 4 
"= when compared to the diameter of the earth, yet it is nothing 


when compared with the prodigious distance of the fixed stars | 
er the whole diameter of the earth's annual orbit appears from * if 

ere nearest fixed star no bigger than a point, and the fixedstar 
least 1c0,000 times farther from us than we ate from te 
— ge 4p 888 5 a sun. 


- — - 
————— 
* 2 x 
2 _ 


wt 


2 
< 


15 


al orbit, or the angle under which the earth's orbit appear 
from the fixed stars. | 


distance of the fixed stars, their magnitude or positsans cannot 


way like, as the sun appears to us; and our sun would appear 


the fixed stars may be reckoned as so many suns. 


are not reduced to any of the six orders, and are only called 


ked eye, into some one or other of these classes; yet wear 


284 ; The Young Man's bes! Companion. | 
sun, as may be demonstrated from the observations af those 
who have endeavoui ed to find the parallax of the earth's annu- 


% 


Hence it follows, that though we approach nearer to some 
fixed stars at one time of the year than we do the opposite, 
aud that by the whole length of the diameter of the earth's 
orbit; yet this distance being so small in comparison with the 


thereby be sensibly altered, Therefore we may always with 
out error suppose ourselves to be in the same centre of the 
heavens, since we have always the same visible prospect of the 
stars without any alteration. „% © 

If a spectator was placed as near to any fixed star as we are 
to the sun, he would there observe a body as big, and every 


to him no bigger than a fixed star; and undoubtedly he would 
reckon the sun as one of them, in numbering the stan, 
Wherefore, since the sun differeth nothing from a fixed star, 


It js not reasonable to suppose that all the fixed stars are 
placed at the same distance from us; but it is more probable 
that they are every where interspersed, through the vast inde- 
finite space of the universe; and that there may be as greata 
distance betwixt any two of them, as there is betwixt our sun 
and'the nearest fixed star. Hence it follows why they appear Ml «i 
to us of different magnitudes, not because they are really s Ml ;:1 


but because they are at different distances from us; those that e 


are nearest, excelling in brightness and lustre those that are he. 
more remote, who give a fainter light, and appear 8mallei to in, 
the eye. 1 5 „„ 1 | 

Tze astronomers distribute the stars into several orders ot C76 
classes; those that are nearest to us, and appear brightest ws fe 
the eye, are called stars of the first magnitude; these that ate fei 
nearest to them in brightness and lustre, and called stars of the the 
second magnitude; those of the third class are stiled stars of 1 
the third magnitude; and so on, until we come to the star af 
the sixth magnitude, which are the smallest that can be dis: 
cerned by the naked eye. There are infinite numbers of 
smaller stars that can be seen through telescopes; but these 


telescope stars. It may here be observed that though the- 
stronomers have reduced all the stars that are visible to the n. 


not to conclude from thence, that all these enen 


A 


The Young Mar" $ best Companion ; _. 23F 


eto so e or other of these orders; |, at tlrere may. bein reali- | 
UW tv as many orders of the stars as the y ale in namber, few of 


ars them appearing of the same bigness and luste. RR 
The ancient astronomers, that they might dixtingoich the [ 
me stars, i-1 regard to their situation and position to each other, ; 


_ 


te, divid-d the whole starry firmiment into several asterisms or 
h's systems of stars consisting of those that are near to one ano- 
the ther. These asterisms are called constellations, and are diges- 


- 
a — / —— » — — — 
—— — — n 3 Z 7 —. 'T - 
2 - 


not. ted into the for ins of some animals, as men, lions, bears, der- | 5 
1th pents; &c. or to the images of some Eav things, as of 4 1 
the crown, a harp, a triang e, tec. 9 
che Thestarry firmament was divided by the ancients intofor- * 


| tr eight images or constellations; twleve of which they pla- 
are Led in that part of the heavens wherein are the planes of the 
ery Wl planetary bits; which parts is called the zodiac, because 
beat most of ihe gonstellations placed therein resemble some livin 
ald creature. The two regions of the heavens on each side of the 
ars, Wl vodiac, are called the north and south part of the heavens. 
Star, The coustellations, within the zodiac, are; 1 Aries, the 

lam; 2. Fautus, the bull; 3. Gemini, the twins; 4. Cancer, 
are Wi the crab; 5. Leo, the lion; 6. Virgo. the virgin; 7. Libra, 
able the balance; 8. Scorpio, the SCOrjlonN; g Sagittarius, the ar- 
nde- ¶ cher; 10. Capricornus, the goat; 11. Aquarius, the water- 
eata Wl bearer; and 12. Pisces, the fishes. 


— — 
> 5 
rr 


sun The consteſlations on the north side of the zodiac are thirty- 1 
pear I ix, viz. The little bear; the gieat bear; the dragon; Ce- if 
so hcus, a ki gef Ethiopin; the greyhounds; 3 bootes; the | 
that WW leeper of the bear; mons Menelaus; Bernice's haiz; Charles's iy 
it are Bi beart; the nor hern crown; Hercules with his club wa:ch= 1 
er to ing the dragon; Cerberus; the harp; the swan; the fox; 1 


the goose: the lizard ; Cassiopeia; Perseus; Andromeda; the 
ers of Bl creat triangle ; the little triangle; Auriga; Pegasus, or the | 
est 10 filing hore: f the dolphin; the eagle; serpentarius the ser- | 
at ar? WW jet ; Sobicski' s shield; camelopardus; Antinous; the colt; : _ 
of the the linx; the little lion; and Musca. 1 
ars of The constellations noted by the ancients on the South vide y | 
tar of of the zodiac, were the whale, the river Eridanus, the hare, | 
e dis. WW 0: ion the great dog, little dog, he ship Argo, Hyd.a, the _ | 
ers 00 centaur, the cup, the crow, the wolf, the southern crown; aud N 
t these i the southern fish,, To these have been lately added the fol- | 
called lowing, viz. The phoenix, the crane, the peacock, Noah's 
the» dove, the Indian, the bird of paradise, Charles's oak, the 1 
he 11 outhern triangle, the fly, ſhe bee, the swallow, the Chame- — 9 
we ae eon, the flying fish, Toucan, of the American goose, the js 


exacis later Serpont and the sword fis. - | i 
"MN | Aa 5 Tl 


: *% 


286 


unformed stars. 1 4 


The Young Man s best Companion.” 


Ihe ancients placed these particular constellations or ff. 
gures in the heavens; either to commemorate the deeds F 


50me great man, or some notable exploit or action; or else 
took them from the fables of their religion, &c. 


And the 
modern astronomers do still retain them, to avoid the confy. 


sion that would arise by making new ones, when they com- 
pare the modern observations with the old ones. 


Some. of the principal stars have paiticplar names given 
them, as Syxius, Arcturus, &c. There are also several stars 
that are not reduced into constellations, and these are called 


Besides the stars visible to the naked eye, there is a very 5 


makable space in the heayens, called the gallaxy, or milky 


Way; this is a broad cirele of a whitish-hue, like milk, going 


quite round the whole heavens; and consisting of an infinite 


number of small stars, visible through a telescope, though 


not discernable by the Baked eye, by reason of their exceed. 
ing fain: ness, yet with their light, they combine to illustrae 


that part of the heavens where they are, and to cause that 
shining whiteness. | 6 | | 


The places of the fixed stars, or their relative situations one 


from another, have been carefully observ edby asfronomers, 
and digested into catalogues. The first among the Greeks, 
-whe reduced the stars into a catalogue, was Hy pparcus, who 


from his own-observation, and ofithose who lived before hin, 
inserted ro22stars into his catalogue, about 120 years before 
the Chiistian-zera ; this catalogue has been since enlarged and 
improved, by several learned men, to the number of 3000 df 
which chere are a great many telescopial, and not to be dis- 


cerned by the naked eye; and these are all ranked in the cata · 


Jogue as stars of the seventh magnitude. 


lt may seem strange to some, that there are no more than 


this number of stars vissible to the naked eye; for sometimes 
in a clear night, they seem to be innumerable. But this is 


only a deception of our sight arising from their vehement 
sparkling, while we look upon them confusedly, without re- 


ducing them into any order; for there can seldom be seen: 
bove loco stars in the whole heavens with the naked eye 
the same time: and if we should distinctly view them we 
shall not find. many but what are inserted upon a good celes 
. 3 3 
Althongh the number of starsthat can be discerned by the 


naked eye are so few, yet it is probable there are many more, 


which are beyond the reach of our optics; for thro' telescopes 


— 
— 


they appear in vast multitudes every where dispersed throug® 


23 
A» 


„ „ % 


- 


_ The Young Man's best Companion. 2857 


out the whole lieavens; and the better our glasses are, the 


more of them we still discover. The ingenious Dr Hook: 
has observed 78 Stars in the Pleiades, of which the naked 
eye is never able to discern above seven; and in the Orion 
which has but 80 stars in the British. catalogue, (and some of 
. * ü Re . Nen : SD. 121 es 
them telescopial) there has been numbered zoo stars. 
Those who think thatall these glorious bodies were created 
for no other purpose than to give-us a little dim light, must 


entertain à very slender idea of the divine wisdom; for we 


receive more light from the moon itself than from all the 
stars. put together. - ((( 7, 
And sinee the planets are subject to the same laws of mo- 


tion with our earth, and some of them not only equal to, but 


vastly exceed it in magnitude, it is not un reasonable to sup- 
pose, that they are all Rabitable world's. And since the fixed 
stars are no» Way behind our sun, either in bigness or lustre; 
it is not probable that each of them have à sistem of planetary 


worlds turning round them, as we do round our sun f and if 
we ascend as far as the smallest star we can see, shall we not 


then discover inffumerably more of these glorious bodies 


which now are altogether invisible to us; And so ad in- 


nitum, thrauzh the boundless space of the universe. What 
a magnificent idea, must this raise in us, of the Divine Being! 
who is every where, wisdom and goodness, amongst all its 
creatures. do, CCC 8 


Pn . 


The next thing L shall. proceed to is, to describe and speak, | 


==. 


of the use of a veryjineccessary instrument catleda Quadraat. 
the shape of which. is here represented, OOO» 
: ; LS 3 1 . : 45 pf ye, 


S 


Diadrant 


— 2 — _ — 
2 — A. —— 2 X Y 
n - as 2 pa 


—— 


_— 


ws 


— 
n 


25 — 2 


SD 
— 


— 
2 —— 


12 

5 j 
_— -. 
_— . 


. 8 ß ES RR a : —— „2 
22 — = =o; —_— _— = — ELn = "=. . — 2 — - : — EL — > 
FE — BEE . — — . — — 2 — a —— — — 2 — — — L 2 9 © — 
73 —— — - - . — = — = — 2 - . 2 —— 
- — 2 = 2 N _ -— +; — — "ITY — — — ki * 4 4 * 3 ca4Y 3 * — * 
"oa. 4 = — * ; — — Ie - 8 —— ks 2 — . a Da. Ora tn 2 R 
— — : 2 . — 2 "ME" Tg D 
"Ve OS ———— — p * 5 — — — . * . — — — 22 — — — err 
— — 2 — ——— — — 2 7 T 22 — 47'S — 3 3 
4 _ ' 
. Þ 


©» rg 
Re 
* 


Ide Young Man's best .Companten. 


I 

| 

{ 

[ 

| 

t 

( 

| 

] 

7 

1. 7 Ne 11 : 

FITTED” ; 
This Quadrant, or quarter of a circle, js varipusly usefil 

aon sundiy accounts, viz. to take heights a; d distances, whe Wil. 

mk accessible or inaccessible. Jo find the hour of the h, 

: 3 Its description. „„ b 

Ihe outward a: ch is divided into go parts or degrees, (bes 

ing the fourth part of the ciicle ot the sphere) and figured WI , 

fiom 10, to 20, &c. to go, above which figures ale letters f 

Signifi ing the 12 calendar months in the year, J. for Janu- | 

_ ary, F for February, &c. And agein, over these letters for Will . 

the month are lines to k. the hour of the day: and on the 

line GD, are sights of thin brass to be spied through, or fern 
the sun to shine through, from one to the other. Lastiy, in 
the middle of the point of the quadrant, viz. at A is a line 

or thread of siik fixed through a hole with a plummet s 

lead at the end of it, and also a small bead in the middle. Bl x 

Some of the many uses cf this instrument axe 8 a 


isefel 
whe 


0 


(bs 


cured 
>tters 
anu- 
fs for 
IL the 


I for, 


The 1 oung Man's best Companion, ; 239: 
Of eight. | 2 
801 ppose you would know the height ofa iiveple; tower. 
or tree, hold up the quadrant; and view: through the sights 
the top of the steeple, tower, or tree, and then step forwards 


or backwards, till you find the Plummet hang at liberty just 
degrees; that is just in the middle of the quadrant; then 

is the height of the steeple, tower, or tree, equal to the 

distance of your standing place from tlie bottom of the 


stee ple, adding for n at's you hold. the e from 
the 1 8 
To find the bar of the . 


Lay the N just upon: thie day of the month, then Kd: 


it till you slip the small bead, or pin's head to rest on one of 


tlie 12 o'tlock lines ;- then let the sun shine from the sight at 


G to to the other at D, the plummet hanging at liberty the 


bead will rest on the hour line of the- day. 


To. fu‘M the. latitude of a. place nearly.. 


Hold up the quadrant, and through the sights thereof (or 
along the edge) spy, in a clear. . light nightz the north; 
pole star; the plummet hanging at liberty, the thread wilſ; 
rest on the degrees ef latitude of the Place you are in, or: 


where you take your observation. 


The Extraction of the Square and Cube Regt f 


of rear uſe in meaſuring, guaging, cc. Z 
The s Square root. | 25 


18t, A $QU ARE numberariseth from the nfultiplication: 
of a number into itself, the number so multiplied 
deivg called the Root; thus 4-multiplied: by 4, produceth 16; 


80 16 is a square number, and . is the root thereof: s0 also- 


4s the square of 2, for twice 2 is 4 and 9.4 the root of G, 
for 9 times 9 is 81, &o.. / 


_ adly, To extract the square root: of any numbe er, is to find J 


another number, which multiplied by (orinto) itself produ- 
des the numden given; and after the root is found, such a; 
multiplication is a proof of the work. 
zdly; Square numbers are either single or eompound: wy 
＋hly, Al the single * numbers, wich their respee- 
tive Toots are : contained in the following table, viz. 


iii 
16 46 . e 
* . 


5 


10 
* 


290 D. Toung Man's best Companion. 
thy, When the square root of any number less than 20 
is required, and that number is not expressed in the table z- 
bove; then you axe to take the root of that square numbet 
in the table, which (being less) comes nearest to the given 
numder: Thus if the square root of 30 were required, then, 
since 49 is the nearest square number i in the. table, therefore 
Its root, 7, will be the given number nearly. 
- 6thly, A eompound square number is that which j9-produ- 
cedby anu mberconsisting of more places than one, multiplied 
by itself, and is never less than 100: so 729 is a compound 
equare number produced by the mul:jptying 27 into itself. 
7thly, The root of ang number under too may be easily 
known by the foregoing table of single squares: to extract 
the Foot of a compourid number of ene Ron observe 
the following directions. 5 | 


Exampls * 
Let the square root of the PER 457961 be required, 


bo Set a point over the. place of unite thus, 45396 and 
$0 successively I. Second figure towards the left hand, 


as thus, 457963. and thus 45796. But in decimals you. 
must point from the place of units towards the right hand, 
omitting one place, as above; and if the place of decimals 
are odd, affix a evpher towards the right hand of them to- 
make them even. Your number thus prepared, draw a crook- 
ed line on the right of the number, as in division: and indeed, 
the operation of the square root is not much unlike division; 
only there the divisor is fixed, and in the square root we are 
to find a new one for each operation. I say having made 
crooked line thus, 45796 (seek in the foregoing table for the 
* r. square to the first point on the left hand, which here 
„the root of which is 2 which root place on the right 
. of the crooked line, and set its Ne 4 under the Said 
; * 20 below. | 1 
3 * Þ- g 
. 45797(2 
. . 


1 ah 


Pp N 


057 
"Then subtract it, there remains n o: To _ remain 
der bring NS) the next point 57, a | 


1 


200: 
2 - 
ber 
ven 
zen, 
fore 


du. 


lied 


und 


. 


Sly 
Tack: 


erve 


| The Young Man's left Cen faaen. 9 


o 9 @ ;\ 


— 4796 (2 


* 


Which call the resolvend; then double the root of the first 


poll t, ahd place it on the left hand of the resolbend, thus: 


* 


V. 


45746 (21 


- 


| „ | IS 
Call the 4 the double of the root 2, thus place it: on the left: 
hand of the erooked line, the divisor, and seek how often 4, 


the divisor, can be taken in g, the first figure of the resolvend 


7 (for if you are to omit the last figure toward the right 
hand which here js once, place one to the right of the root 2, 


- 


aud also of the divisor 4, thus; 
45796 (21 
TE 
| OS 8 41) 067; -* IDE | | 
Then multiply the di visor (now 41) by the figure last placed 
in the root, viz. I, place it under the resolvend, and subtract it 
thetef tems. 1 55 | 


* 


Then bring down the next point, viz. 96, and place it on the 
right of the remainder 16, fer a new resolvend or dividend, 


| thus; Next deuble the quotient, or part of the root, viz. 21, 


«nd place it for a new diviser to the new resolvend 1696, 


thus: 


* 


7 * 


3 2 | 
Then wok how. oft 42 in 169+ (än. 1 or omitting 
the unit figure of the resolvend or dividend as aforesaid) and 
E find I can have it 4 fimss, which 4 I place: in the quotient 
and i in the _—_— and 2e e * are, the work wil 


— as * * * 


: Is (214 Root, 3 


* - 
* _- 
2 a 4 


FL. WF 


W 455 7 Rexolvend.. VS 47 ga 
e * „ 
0 Thos ny 235 15 

. — ee VVT 


1 q 
2 6 , 2 2 
- . 8 2 * - 
82 : 1 * 
. * - J c * o » * * 
a 0 + . N : * 6 6 . WS. 
— » _— * 5 - x 7 * . . » y = 
4 — - 83 6 w . * . 5 - WS 23 * Loh 
« - ; , Ts 8 * 8 122 
B 9 _ _ of "4 - > " +2 * „ , 
- by * ww 2 
, 


In the int GE X* place ah the wb likewize in- 
the divisor 42, which makes. the new”divisop 42g, to the re- 
solvend 1696; which divisor multi plied by 4, the figure pla- 
ced in the root, produces 1696,; equal witli the did ide ndo 

vesolvend aforesaid, as above may be seen Therefore the 
square root of 45796, the number whose square was SOught.. 

Example II. — is > ths ne: move N 3 901 
Root. „ N 

e eee 10 Pivizor 65) 329 Rezoly;” 
35 Me 2 A 2 1 5 325 Produkt. 
FEE 25 Divivor 55 90 Resch. | 
8 * 5 7 * Ia 175 e 15 8 | eo Product. N 


5 2 Divivor ren; 49049 Reel. 5 


; v » - as. od — 
"I , 0 n 7 * * — 5 ] » a 
. Th Sg 7 0 p 1 5 5 
5 *; . * 4 
| „ „ qa '8: 
Ss - 1 
* * 


— — £ 
— 


"Pt X 2 * LE L Df — 
n — — . — 1 0 ER —— — * = 122 5 - — — — NG _ 
, / II Ga WA I * * 6 - = _ 
> 7 _ "_—_ 4 =y * — - . I *; = Bs 4 18 „ r . ——— es ey eng" "Te 3 9 —— — 
P A - 1 3 1 * £ n = - „ — = N 1 uerd 3 * — — — 2 : _ _ = .——_ — — — 
r — — 3 4 * 1— * A 3 * ns 2 bd. 2 * 8 — — 5 ä 2 * a * — —— — — Ie = gy Rs, — be ahem —y — — oy A E = 
4 N 3 d IS — —_— — — — 1 * 3 ro nas _- 8 - $a £ 2 — = _ 7 DEED — — — — — D * ** — = — * * * — — — 4 —— 6 > > — 
8 1 — fe — a _ — * — . — 4.0 * — rn a dt # I —— wm = a 2 Eon, . 2 2 — = —_— we r — — — 8 5 * 2 — * 
* — I — 7 — = 3 5 — — — —— —— 22 eG. 2 - * 4 FI wo Yor nr Rt > Em = — l IF 232 ** got * 4 
7 * - * rr * ” » — — — — — ws EAGLE ———— > * — — Wn IR . —  - - . „ 
* * r = > - ITS — — — "Wy" = — c — OE e — 2 
. — * = 2 - . — r of < — — — — ER —— = => 4 
3 a = _—_ DEER * 5 5 RE — — —— — — A IF 8 C — —— 3 r >! 
. 2 2 2 — SET... — 
> — = oy wn "I I 


EP 
— _— 
I 
— — 


„ 


Ms 


— 
2 
LE 


7 Ihe Young Man's dest Companion. 
nn, III. performed Deeimaliy; 


| ve oo 49 Root, . ee 


18 Divizor 22)obo- ELIF SEN 


„ 
Diner 9 N bed. 
2 Bn 2 — V 


gib Divis. 25289 Ja30400 7 i 85 „ 
22702. | | 


2 \ 
\ 
\ 


7 
Note, That wich the IEG eannot be had 5 in the reso?=- 
vend, then place a cypher-in the quotient, and also on the 
right of the divisor, and then briug down the next Square, e. : 
«In the second example just given may be seen. 1 
Note further, If any remainder happen to beafier entre "ER 
Ty tion, you may proceed by annexing pairs of cyphers to the 
1 Wh left of. the given number, and a come to what exactness your 
| please. | 


n Note also; Such aumbers given fol extraction that leave 
re- remainders, are by some called irrationals, because their roots 
pla- cannot be exactly dis eo ve red, but still there wilt something 


det remain, thought you Work by whole numbers or fractions 
te As in the 9 above, where the remainder i is s 2779 Gs 
301 . be extraction of the cube rod. N 


— To 1 the cube root of any number is to find ang. 
„ dher number, which multiplied by itself, and that prodact by 
„tte number found, produces the given numberfor extraction. 


na- 


t. All single cube numbers, with. their: 1 w a re 

12 4 eatained. In the Following. table. 2 
*. Roots. EL | 

ö Cubes. 5 27 | 64 | 125 | 210 |. 

4 ist, To 18947 any number for extraction, make a point 
over unity, mY $0 suc cessively over everythirdfigu re towards 
tze left hand in integers, missing two between each point: 

I bnt in places you. must Feet from: that: are of units to the 

mp# ein * 5 EIN WY. ; 


— 


— — 


— 4 
— 


— 


== i 
—— R 
> =? A 
n 9 
* n 
rn * * — 
3 
PR _ 
Z — 8 


* 
A N 


— — 


ple the nearest root to the ſirst point or period 46, Which. you. 


— 
— 2 
1 7 3 — 
2 <P þ J 3 — * 2 * 
52 PSY _ A. * q r 2 A n _ 
2 5 : * * * < ny : thr, 2 — 8 | 
* 8 q 2g; 5 + - : — 5 Y — "IF — 2 — IP N 
"—_ _ 3 * 2 * — 3 A 22 x 2 It. — > 8 
— — IS... a — — = * 1 nd —_—— — ta 8 "I at — = + 7 . ä * — —— — a 
— PR - ns” ith. A — —— — — r 3 ps > - 2 3 "ane 3 * r — n PS 28 — 2 2 N 2 2 _ 
. " WEI — IP — — 2. ms if 6. © . = x” = — - 2 * 1 — y - - 
N . "2 2 — p — : —— 4 L = : Sx 225 » *% 4 — > 
* ” * — — - — — — " — Fo Sur z, * nn — * wo 2 TP * 
- 4 n — — 1 — . 10 — D ”. P SES ©. ws — F — 8 
2 8 IV — 2 1 — == — —— 2 —_— : w_ * A — *. * A — . * — a. > Fo * 4 
DOI eo — a. ee Ft * — 8 — 7 - , — IG Ln” al — 5 2 — — — — 7 => . — = — 
p — - - — * . Inn AE To. = S FO Ws = — — . — — e 
* — — 8 - = = f p = * : wn ala : y — 
5 Ach . — * $a ns nn ms 7 
5 : — = * E - 1 > =": — 2 — - : 
y — — 2 . * 8 2 p 1 2 - Y - 
* - 5 - DS e E y 8 : I ' 
a SEODS ws - 2 — = * * * 
, : \ 4 7 4 _— _ X — — — — IE 
5 , ! = LO 7 --—-—u 
, 6 * ' * - 
. 4 * 
2 9 9 . 


"FI 

2. „ 

r e 
3 ——— ů —— roam — 


— 
— 


aue 7 Va other figure of the quptient, it gives 
-. which multiplied by'q 


294 N be Young Man's best Compunion: Fat 


Exam ple. : D Extract the cube root of 496 2 prepared th 
as above directed: „ 2 => 
; | 6 


4550 1 
po * are but two points, therefore the root t will have ve 


two places. 
2dly, the numbei being prepared, eh f in the foregoing ta 


will find to be 3. Khich Place in the q ne tas,” | 


668603! . tbe cube d is 27, hich: place under You i 
15 period 4þ. as inthe. margin; 2 subtract $ 536; it een Is 3 
and there rests 19.: this is your first 755560 F 
work, and no more to be repeated. 2 * „5 


: See, „ eee 


the next period, viz. 656 (which is the OY e 
lust), aud place on the IE of — SSOP inf 0 3 


e 19 . . e 5 4 
ER EY | þ 


* 4 


* 4/7 ? 


9 ; . Fg Fe de. 
"Then draw 2 line 1 the medvend : next square the 

placed in the qotient : which makes 9; which multiplied by 

.- makes * for a — which place accorfipgly thus: 


66: 6 — ? 75 - 
; © 4 5 & þ 
, e | 
0 0 : 15 72 ear” by p +» 
< 1 : 4 
- 4, \ 5 
2 1 w $7 n * 
. 6, 4 = A , # 7a Nt Fo 2 i Se a 
: * ” 7 N 7 5 & EA > x, 5 y -- 
— n fog — — - 2 3 
p = 5 * 0 -r * - 5 8 *, ; & = 


e 3 8 
| Then 4 VEL often 2 in 197 A butt Umes1 bed 
cause of the increase that will come trom the quotient, and 
-phaoe 6 in the quotient; then multiply the: divisor, hy 6, ani 
- the, 7 og ** Es rY bs 8 e gndert bt 
recolvend thy iv +: 


. 
4 mo : 
4 , 5 2 
— £4 e 
— 983 * 1 75 8 c * f 
£ — 2 as - * „ <P an 1 3 - i 
*. of * '-.v F * k 
af. > 4 « — ; 
. f p . b PR & 1 „ 
* * , — 0 b 4 3, p- A n 
4 « \ 7 , : 
+ | 


. * 
* 2 — v a + * 4 F * 
19 3 — g . An 
; N — Ps on L 8 — r CA k 
1 #3 4 c * 5 » " +» $4. ; 
: 7 > hk - * eee x? | F'. #3 
* 4 £ y rx 
$4 . 


* 
1 4 1 
2 * | 
* . L : - . 1 WP 5 le 
al _— Tbs - *. 2 +43 
. wh hes — — * 75 2 —— ** 10 96 6 6 =y ia Þ d 
2 : | & 4 7 T x 
4 5 4 * 2 » "4 wa 
4} OE $55 $675} 26 his 


nt pe: «AY 1247 86 8 = 17 4 Eager bee SHETY +2 4 
n TOTES to find the inerease t6wing TID the quotie 
j Square your last figure 6 and it makes 36: hich. 


„ Make 32 4p. This piace ao Ph 
1x under the last number Cj ACK set dow r 
the lo war will appear — Es | | 


* 


«ag 3 
5 
— — 


K 32 0. 


Then ce es CE placed in "the eg inte viz. 6 ; 7 


it makes 116; Which place orderly like wise under the Ni 


3243; add the three lines together, and they make 19656 
which is equal to-the resolvend above,: viz, 19656, and there 


being no more periods to bring down, I see . 

ed, and find the cube root of 46656 to be 36. 72 2 
This will appear to be true if the root 35be multiplied b 

36, and that product by 36 again for then. the en will be 

4676, as in 57 W . þ 


* 8 


Some e bees of the er and Cube Roots.” 
1. 75 Aud a mean proportional between two members," 


This is of use in finding the side of a square equal toany pa- 


ralelogram rhombus, ee N or regu 
gen. 


N * Nan 


 Aule, me square rbot of the content of a on 
beids of thie he ofthe h 50 He co * 


4 88 * 17 
. . „ 


7 


1 


The Young Man's best Companion: 2 


* 46656 Prock 2 


yet + HE square roots of the product of the given num · | 
ders in the mean propertional sought; so the 
mean proportional between 46 and 64 will be 32, for 16 mul - a”. 
plied by'64 produces 1924 and the square of 32 ib als 1024. 

pe- 5 | ES 


2, Tofudtheslde of rquareequal! to . ofa gore mperer 


295 e Young Mass best Companion. 3 
eeircle be 160. the side of the 40576 equal Will be 12 649. 
9 | 8 de page 223. | p 
3. The area of a circle being given, to fiad the circumfs 6. 
-rence.. See page 225. 
| 4. The area of a Srels being ng given, to find the diameter 5 
5. Any two sides of a right A: "led triangle being given be 
to find the third side. 
This depends upou amnthematcalpibplnition, i in whicht iy 
10 proved, that the square of the hy pothenuse, or longest side f | 
of a right angled triangle, is. equal to the sum of the-5quare 1 
e gs aud. per Rag that is of the other imo rde 


See Figute XIII. 


Obe 1. Xa the ht or ground. A OD ARES bread 
34h of a. moat or ditch, aid the perpendicular B C the height of 
a castle, tower, or city- wall; and the hy pothenuze, AG, the 
HH: length of a scaling ladder, | 

In this figure, the base A Bis: supposed to contain 4⁰ V rards 
EE and the perpendicular, or héight of the tower or will, zo 
= _ yards; what length will the e A. C, at the SCal- 
1140 ing ladder . 

Rule. The square root of the sum of he squares of thy 


bene and perpendicular, is the length of the ty ee 
See the work. 1 wi 
- 1600 the £quars of the base 40. p * 
900 the square of the e 30. 7 
. | WEE | EH At 

| T he sum 2500 0 e de root or r length of the cl 

— | 25 | „ e i 

- (0 * 1 

| Dave 2. If the 1 of the 3 or drendth of the dit 

were required; then the square noot of the difference oftix 
«quares.of the hypothenuse and perpendicular is the lengii ; 
ot. the was or breadth of the ditch or-moat. See the w6 iy 
| 2500 the square of the hypothenuse, AC ne: 
900 the quare of the perpendicnlar B-C. the 


T. he. iter 160 = yards, the root ar breadth of the Git 


* 


4 


(0. 
: Cave 3. If the height of the tower or per ec lehr 'B 


were required, then ine 1 root ol the fer ence o " 
3 80 


4 py >" , _ 
. 3 x4 > 1 


5 rde Thing N' dert Oompuithn, FR ap A 
4huares of the hypothenuse and base, is the. dene of the 
perpendicular B C. 450 


fe-. 6. Any number of men being) given to be — into a gere * 
} battalion, to find the number of rank and file. . 


ter. Rule. The Square root of the number of men given, will | 
92 be the numbèr of men to be placed in rank and file. 

11 Example. Admit an army of 32400 men were to be form- 
2: ed into a square battalion, the Shuare. root of 32400 will be : 


1 found to be 180, aud 0 98 must be oeu in * | 
ne and also in file. N ant * 


7. To ind tbe side of 4 Junre, ares or the Mee 'of * 

circle, which shall be, lo any other given Square, Similay Po- 
aan eon, or cirale, in a given proportion. 
fs Rule. Site like vurfaces ara to each other, ina doplictte 
"I proportion of their like side; therefore, © |) 
TY As the given circte, s "Ie or , polygon, _ | 5 
"WI 1s to the required circle, square or pol. RS 

So is the Square of the Fiameter or 114 of the 4 , 2 

To the square of the diameter or side of the gecond. | 
Then the. square root of the result Sens, above proportion 
will be the diameter or side required. | 
Example 1. There is a circle Whose diameter is 17; what 
will-the di ameter of that circle be, Whose nes. is 4 times the . 
area thereof? | 2” 

Here 11 times 11 is 1273 and . 


21 ö N — 21 N 8 152 | Es. ; ? 


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: ; >. 5 — 75 = 1 
P . - 


Kii 'Þ WO are A's abr W 1 | 
are as 910 25, and the side of the lever is 12 yards; WIL 
the 8ide of the greater | > here 12 times 12 is i d. | 2 


* — \ 5 5 * 
IO 4 ak. A #45 44 << i445 « a fn „ 3 Ef 2 2 6 * 1 P 
FF 


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N ' . 4 
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288 FV 
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„ is tt» 4 as 683 £4 
Joo (20 the Answer,- | 10 
„ n 39 UP th 
co of 


5 The ces of the a root are FPS) py tbe manch, | 
like solids, as globes, cylinders, eubes, Sc. 
Rule. Since like s: lids are to each other, as "the cubes 

their like sides or diameters; therefore, RE TE EEE 
As the content or weight of a given solid, 

'Fo the.content or weight of another like solid: 

So is the cube of the eide or diameter of the one, . Wo 

To the cube of the side or diameter of the other. 

Then the cube root of the result will be the length o of the 
sicle or. diameter required. 

Example 1. If a bullet that eiche 72 w. is 8 inches i 
dia weter, what will be the diameter of that bullet that weigh 


9b. Here the cube of 8 is 5 12 „ 5 + 
15 As 72 9. 33232 8 
„„ 5 Ek Ee ons 2 
Rs Ee 79) 4608 4 8 7 : > 
py OB "BE | OR 


258 

Nen d me code root of 64, viz. . 4. is this dia 3 requirei 

" Example 2. If a ship of 100 tons be 44 feet Jong at th 

Keel, of what length must the keel of A ship be that- carri 

220 tons? 

Sa, as 100 is to 220; s is the cube of a6 Fir. 8613 

to 18744, 8 whose cubrg ot is 57 226, the length E thi 
keel sought. 

Example 3. Tirere is a cubical vessel whose side is 


inches, and it is re qui ed to 000 the Side of a vessel that 60 


Th 
reac] 
ethe; 
Ze e le 


+ a» 


| Ar. Tol Man's eee . 299% 
1515 much. 1125 the +, Is 1728, which muls- 


ede Ne? 2 48 8 2 6-341 184 +48 | 
th? cube root: of which is 17,386; the answer er required, or rthe i 
side sought. : 


An easy rule to find the length fs + Aer fa bib, viz. 


N wo-thirds the length of the keel, and the breadth of the - 
beam, is the length of the main mas ; aid the rule is there- 
fore, to multiply the length of the keel by 2, and to divide 
the product by * and then to the quotient add the breadth. * 
of the beam, and the total is the length of the main mast. 

Example. Suppose a ship to be 108 feet by the kei and? 
o feet * — Poor, 1 ls 1 N of are main matte 

7 26” * | 
— 
72 two thirds of the kan? | 
"4 20 the WR onda the: beim. oo 


; > 
- : 
— 24 fe 2 2 8 : ; 


Rr robe length of he 5 main mast is 1 12 gebe as in 
. ; 5 . 
gain, adm ta ip is 84 feet * the keel, and J feet b 
the beam, what j is the length of . main mast * F 5 

+ bh. por 7 . 


- . AS EN 


10 3 15 ee thirds of the keel. e 
. 3. the breadth of the beam. PD = 
— e * 
Answer. 87 feet the length of the main mast. 8 
fotber wayito find the length and thitkness. of masts anti yards: 
The way-tefind the length of the main mast is to add the 


12 readth of the beani, and the depth of the hold, in feet to- 
| ether, and divide the total by-1,5, and the quotient will be 
= length of the main mast, in yards. | 


e abe a” _ bac prep woe in Tength is 25 fret, — 


30 The Young Man's best Companion, | 
and the breadtk of the beam 28, 5 feet, and the depth of the. 
hold va feet what is the length of the main mas; 
. 2855 feet breadth of the beam. 
12,0 depth of the hold. 
40, 5 (27 yards Answer 


90 


— 


Answer. 27 yards or 81 feet, as' per work. 
Po find the thickness of the mast, having the length, saz, 
by the rule of proportion (or rule of three) If By feet long 

vire 28 inches thick, what will $4 fee t long t ss in the. 
tollowing work. 7JT%VVVVVVVV́VTVVVVTVVVC Wot 
| in d 

2 4 — — — — ren en 
T Fe XL. 
| % 5 
i , 1 n 5 : 775 
33) 2268(25 Inches thick, Answer. 
A 
. 


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4444 PIR 


Or DIALING. 


TA TAELING is a very ancient art, even as old'as the tims 
of king Hezekiah, where mention is made ef the dia il F 
of Ahaz, in the second book of Kings, Chap. xx. ver, II. den 
The gnomon, or substile ofa post cr horizental dial, $hou:d MW vidi 
point directly south, and its back will be then directly north; is. t! 
the south may be truly known by a good; watch or clock, WM one 
just at noon } for then the sun is always at the meridian, and 
makes just 12 o'clock; so that knowing the south, it will not I ang 
de difficult to find the north, it being its oppos ite. | 


Te 


The Young Man's best Companion. 30 

Fasten your board on the top ofa post, and then with y of 
compasses make 4; 55 or6 circles, one within the other, from 

the: centre or middle, where place a-large pin, perpendicular | 

. or:upright; and nicely observe, when the $un-shineswinthe 
| foren6on, on Which circle the head ef the pin shadoweth ; 
then there make a mark; aud do the same in the afternoon 

when the shade of the pin's head comes on the same circle; 
and from the midway of the two marks, draw a live to the 
5 een, on which place your meridian, or iz o'clock line; $0 

will the post dial point, north and south. © 


By a meridian line you may also know-when the moon, or 


a star of magnitude, eomes to the south; which when they. _ 
3 do, they are always at the highest, whether by night or day, 55 


* 


* 


W — 


. 
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5 The following figure represents a horizontal dial“ 
: 5 | by 1 75 a 1 83 45 3 5 2 1 25 . EN SY RS 72 a * I 


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time 7 e 


dial bf First with a ruler draw the line A E then e- oss it in ibe 
11. centre with another line, as the line C D, which is the me- 
out WF nidian or 12 clock line; and the first" Irne drawn, viz. KB 
rth; is the six o'cleck line: then open your compasses, and place* 
lock, MW one foot at the beginning of the deprees,: or the arc edge 
„ and i of your quadrant; aud extend the other foot to bo degrees, 
| not MW and with that extent place one foot in the ce tre of the dial, 
27 TS TS, . =. "jm 


( — *. 
* * % — 


30 Phe Young Man's best Companion. 
| at E; where the two first lines cross one another, and draw 
the semicircle-A. C B. TV 


Next havinꝶ the twelve o. clock line E C, to know what di- 
stance must be set out from it, for 1 o'clock, and 11 o'clock 
being all one; be directed by the following small table, viz, 


a ; 52 Ueg. a Lat. 85 | 9 
„ 8. — 1—— | 
i 25 3 D. . | — 8 | 
1 2. 746 TTT 
| e 8 EY „ | 
- r , 


In the first column against 1 hour, and 1 z, you find 1tde- 
grees and 55 minutes; which take of the edge of the qua- 
> drant, by setting one foot of the compasses at the beginning 
of the divisions under B, and the other foot to 11 degrees. 
556: minutes; the compasse s go opened, set one foot in the 
circle at the bottom of the 12 o'clock hne, and with the 
other foot of the compasses make a mark in the circle doth 
towards A and B, and from those two marks draw a line to- 
wards the centre, which you may afterwards go over with ink. 
Then te make the hour lines from 2 and x0 o'cloek, look 
in the table for 2 and 10 hours, where you will find 24 de- 
grees and 26 minutes, which take of the degrees of your 
quadrant, and mark as the other from the 12 O clock line both 
ways in the eirole. oo „ 
Note. The same is to be done for 3 and ꝙ o'clock, and 
alto for 4 and 8 O choek; and the like for g and 7 o'clock; 
and for 5 and 7, 4 and 8, above the 6 o'clock line, set off 
the same distances as below it. * 
Then for the height of the gno mon os stile, admit 52 de- 
g ees, take it off the edge of the quadrant with the compasses 
as before, an@ with that ex tent set one foot at the bottom 
of the 12 9 clock line as before, and extend the other foot 
in the circle, and make a mark, and then draw a line from 
thence to Eifrthe centre, for the upper edge of the stile, 
and 80 raise it directly over the meridian or 12 o'clock line. 


„ 1 orgs 6 . 
These planes are said to be erect or upright which: stand $4 
perpendicular to the horizon of the place, whose upper part . 


pointeth to the zenith, and their lower part to tlie nadie: 
e CE I OO rnd 


| be The Young” Man's best Companion. _ $03: 
aw | +69 such are walls of houses, churches, steeples, kb. against 

| which dials are commonly made. M 4 5 Ae $5-Þz 5 E onft-d 11. 
d. WM N to draw tbe houn lines on a direct and south plane, _ 
ck m thelatitude o 51 deg. 32 min. is described by the fallow- - 
12.1 wy re presentation. 5 1 85 i: # . 1 11 — . 5 5 — 77 1 x 


40 4 


» ua 


a 
TS 


and ; o 2 1&2 1 © 
1 First, Draw itte-c1:Gle Z E WN, representing an upright 
7 direct south plane; next cross it with the diameters E N 
for the meridian or 12 o'clock line: and W 2 E for the 
prime vertical circle, or hour line of six. ' 7 
ses Secondly, Out of your line of chords take 38 deg 28 mi- 
tom nutes (the compliment of the latirude of the place), and set 
| that distance on the dial plane fiom Z to a, aud from E to by 
and from N to e. 5 | 7 5 6 „ 
_ Thirdly, Lay a ruler from W to à and it will cut the me- 
ridian Z N in the point P, the pole of the world; and a ru- 
ler also laid from W to b, will cut the meridian in AE, which 
is the. point through which the equinoctial must pass; for 
thedrawingof which, you have three points given, viz. EA E 
and W, and the centre will always be in the meridian line 


- = WS PFoourtiay 


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: 


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p EST So: — 7 - EDS 1 . - - . TS £ : - 
——— waa - — = s _ EOS XC," 5x * . — © *. ” — So — 4 OD — — 1 
5 — — 4 - 22 — — — _ — — — + * — 84 > 2 = 2 * * — 2 — 4 - 
2 - - * _—— 2 — 1 4 — xD EL 55 71 * * rr =; „ 2 - 
4 4 3 v3 r 1 * — * N ETD 7 : ts t=* + Ja x 2 Naw OI. Ae. * T5 oo err W = p T5 == 
— 4 —- Y ELIT 7 — ——_— 4 . T : * 3 — jp -,* - apo bs, » _ - * 7 — — 1 1 — 
„ n 4 2 = — 7 44 — —2 — — 2 See _ 24—"I> e rt, 3 7 — "LE cX — 3 E 38 " IN" — SET 
. — > = = 0 ch han” d — — 5 . 5 - 5D T . r ogg; 1s 0 —— 3 ors — 
— — 2 wo 3 — r 12 + Wm. == DEE FER > - A LULL» Hah, ED BEA 
* 4 "Ir 5 2 0 - 2 . 5 2 9 * 2 - N * b I" FIR»; 
* — > . * — © | . p — Nt * Rl o * 2 * + 8 5 £ 
— \ * Y - 2 F 2 b E — - n 2 : C ] — -» FLY 
, ——— 3 — — 2 = * 1 —_ OY wt od. ACBU SE, T7 EA wy R r * - 


$ 


394 | be 8 Mens eee | 
Fourthly, Divide the semi ang E N W into 12:equal 
Pats; as the points OO O, &. | 
Pifthly, Lay a ruler-to Q and ch of: thees points O OO, 
ond. the ruler will cross the ,equinoctial:circle- in the eie 
* c. dividing that into 12 unequal parts. 10 | 
Sixthly, Lay a ruler to P (the pole of the world) art eve. 
Ty one of the marks“ * * Ne. and the ruler will Ccross the ir- 
dle of the plane in the points I | | &c. 5 
Lastly, If through e cents "and the respective points 
| &c. you raw right lines, they ll be true: hour lines 
vn an erect south plane. 
For the gnomon or stile, e 38 dag: 28 min. out of the 
üne of chords, and set them from. N to e, drawing the line 
e, for the axis of the stile, which must hang directly over 
L meridian or hour line of 12, and point downwafds ts the 
south e plane behalds the south part of the 
- meridian. 3. 
I making, this dial vou make two dials: for theerect dic | 
rect north dial is but. the back side of the south; for: as this. IM. 
beholdeth the south part ofthe meridian, 80 the otherfaceth 
the north part: of the meridian: and as th > meridian Tine in- 
the south dial shews when it is 12 0 clock at n on, so the 
back side thereof, viz, the north side represents the hour line, 
of 12 o-cloek at midnight, and therefore not- ex pressed, nor 
"the hour lines bf 9, 10, 11 af night, or of 4, 2, or 3, in the 
morning, the sun being nevef seen by us above the horizon 
at those hours: So that the north. dial is capable of only re- 
e the hours of 4, 5, 6, 7, and 8 in the morning, and 
4, 5, 6, %, aud 8 at. night, and Lin this latitude) not all of: 
them neither; for it Shines not in this plane, at 8 in the mor- 
ning nor at 4 in the. afternoon ; 3 bot it/ is best to put them: 
* as in the figure following, to-know how much it is past 
. in the ne pies e it wünte of $1 in. HONG after noon. 


4+ * | . - 
* 8 bs * FP 
oy 
— 
— 


The: Young Man's lest Companion. © 


* 


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3. 
by- 8 16 
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in 0 r e 5 i 

he WM To draw the hourltnes onan erect 

ne, Hour lines in these dials must de parellel to one another, 
0 mand the dial not have any centre, but drawn as follows : 

8 : | ro | | 

on 
nd 1 
- of "1 
or- 

em 
284 
A 1 G 


Let AB CD be the dial plane, on which is to be drawn in 
a direct east dial: upon the point D, if an east dial, and on 


3&6 098 The Young Man's best Companions. _ 
the point C, if a west with the radius (or chord of 60 de- 
grees) describe the obscure are E F; then from yourehords 
take 38 deg. 28 min. Oh compliment ofthe latitude of the 
place) and set them from E 10 F, and dra the line PF. 
quite through the plane; then, that you may proportion 
_ - the stile to the plane, so that you may bring on all the hours 
from sun rising to 11 o'clock, assume two poi-.ts in tlie line 
F D, one tœwards the eud D, (us the point G) for the hour. 
line of 11, and another at H for the hour line of 6; and 
through the points & and H, draw the lines 11 G 11, and 
6 l & on the point G, with the chord of do degrees, de- 
seribe the. obscure arc I K; and taking ig degrees from the 
scale of chords in the compasses, set one foot in I, and wi h. 
the other cut the are 1 K in. K; through Gand draw the 
line G K L, cutting the line 6 H 6 in the point L; se shall 
L H be the height of the perpendicular stile proportioned to 
this plane, VVV 
Forthe drawing of the hour lines, set one foot of the com- MW » 
passes (opened to 60 deg. of thre chords in L) and with he | 
_ ether deseribe the are MN, between the hour line of 6 and he 
the line G L, which divide into five equal parts in the points. of 
900 OO O, and a ruler laid from the point L, to each of th 
these points O © O, &c.. will cut the equinoctial line HD be 
in the points , through. which points draw lines pa- sh 
rellel to 6 H 6, as the lines 7*7, 8*8, &c. as may be seen in 


And thus you have made two dials, viz. a west dial as well 
as an east z only the arc E F, through Which the-equinoctial oi 
passe th in the east dial, is drawn on the right hand of the Pau 
plane; but in the west it must be drawn on the left; and the tin 
bour lines 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 10, and 11 in the forenoon on. 
the east dial must be 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 31 2, and 1 in the after- 
udon, upon the west. dlal, as in the following figure. 


— 


Fn. 77 x ; 
— . a * * a 
— 9 6 * 2 A > „ * 19 , 
. x — # "4 * 4 
* : Y f * — * 
— 1 * * . * 1 9 » 
. 4 N d £. 


5 
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"Nr 8 1 . - — Y 4 
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t . A * 3 = ' - 
* * , . y 4 . . —_— 
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— . - 8 * On 7 . — 
, wy 2 0 <* - £ $45 g 
s . re 8 Kr 2 * q 
by 2 * 8 * a 8 * - 2 * * * » N. ** . 2 4 . 
. \ r * | 6 &..-; 
vw C we”. % - 83 
- - 8 wh . 
7 


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7 37 ; ? — ? 

** 4 — * 


e 15 1 The, Young Man's best Companion. 
re . 35:8 erect and direct west i,, 


0 The stile of hat east or west als may de ade straigt = 
a pin of the just length of the line H O in the other figure, M 

which is equal to HL fixt on the point H, on:thz2/hour-line- 
e of 6, and exactly perpendicular to the plane, shewing the 
d hours by the shadow of the apex, or very near the top there- 
9 of; or it may be a plate of brass of the same breadth wick 
if the distance of the hour lines of 6 and 3; which plate must 
D- WO be set perpendicular upon the hour line of 6, and so it will . 
1+. shew the hour by the Shadow on the upper 0 ese as 
n in the last e i —_ 


Of beautifying ol cles Make, 77TCC —i a 


IS 


: FIRST, the boards are to be brushed over with Hutsesd * 
al dil, thialy g round with Spanish brown, done over three or 18 
1e four times (drying between each time) little thicker each ba. 
wo time with the water, and this'is-called the Priming. | - 
. HERE” To. mate the fat otl for colours. 5 5 of 3 = g 


Boil red lead, and lintseed oil, and a little litharge of a 
(about a -pennyworth) together, till almost as thick as syrhp; 
and when cold and-well WY pour the TR into a date 


tle or r bladder for „ F L 1 

5 The gold vine för dnn. 

Mix fine ground yellow oaker witlrthe wad fat oirto 

tuch a e as when used, it maysettle smooth of itself 

Aw „ A mizture for-hour lines, _ | . . 1 
Grind vermillion or lamp! black with the 12 on. 5 


uy B 
ö 1 
_ 5 — * * 
0 P 
2 '%h 
"2s 
3 
1 
5 
8 


— 


368 "The Young Man's best Companion. 
©. To draw golden letters or figures. for the bours. 
First draw them with'the pencil dipt in the golden size be- 
fore mentioned; and when so dry as just to stick to your fin- 
ers, then with a ymooth edged penkuife, shape your leaf 
gold te your mind; take it up with a piece of cotton cloth 
Fixed to the end of a stiek, and lay it on the size, pressing it 
down with the same cotton; and when dry brust off the 
loose gold with · a feather, and smooth the rough edges of the 
LJotters with & peneil dipped in red or black colou. 
3 ( the dial plane. „ 
Let tue board be of the best seasoned, firmest, ctetrest oak, 
one, two, or more feet sqaare, and about three inches thick, MW . 
Take two boards and get them plained on both sides, and 
then kid in the sun- shine, or near a moderate fire two or 
three days together; then plane them again, and fix them 
With good joints, and fasten them in gluing with wooden | 
pegs, as I have seen coopers fix their pieces of heading for WW * 
their casks; and when thus glued and dried, plane them a« WW © 
gain, and then fasten them by mailing two small plates of 
Tron or tin on the back, If you cannot get seasoned wood, 
dut green, then boil it about an hour in water to make it 
Tough, and keep it from warping . In the gene ral, wood is 
accounted better than stone, because it keeps the colouring WM 2 
more staunch or firm. e Cue 3; ev Me 
Before you colour your dial plate or board, fix your iron 
stile of 38 degrees, (which indifferently serves for all Eng- #" 
nd} and having marked your hour lines with-ink, and fast- 


ened a nail at the end of cach hour line, that the head of th. 
each nail may shadow or direct you to the centre when its Ml 
coloured. And as it may happen that golden letters or fi- WW "© 


gures may decay in a few years, you may on that account * 
make them with white-lead paint, painted with red ina 
black margin.— When your dial is finished and dry,dip a ſea- 6 
ther in your oil, and anoint it thinly ; for the finer you ix 
o grind the colouring with the oil, the more beautiful it 
appears, though not so lasting. | I 
These hints of colovring'diak;put me in mindof some o- four 
then necessary touches relating to sundry mixtures ofcolours T 


- 


and diying: of stuffs, &c. collected from Mr Salmon's Poly- v6. 
Fraphice. | JJ or TRI EM dies 
- whic 


5 b * 
0 ' . . 
* \ * * * - 
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5 - 4 „ 1 -$& 1 
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Fa a I ; 
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The Young Man's best Eom punion. 309 
0 Colouring and dying. | 
Whites, are ceruse, White flake and white lead. 


Blacks, are lamp black, bu, at cherry stones, and old Ivory 


burnt. 
Reds, are red wall vermillion; babes, and e lake. 


Gleens, ate verdigrease, verditer, and sap green made of the 


juice of buekthon berries. 
Yellows, are saffron, yellow pink, gambogia, 
Brown, is umber burnt. | 
Gold colous, i is orpiment. 


. — 


Again, Verdigrease with a little sap green, 1 makes a good | 


and a bright green. | 
Blues, are ultramarine, smalt, dns and blue bite. 


Of mixing colours. 


Colours are mixed by being ground on a Stone with: fair 
water seve rally, aud dried and kept in paper bags for use: 
except lamp black, saffron, smalt, gambogia, and x sap green. 

Kees to compound "temper a little indigo and smalt with 
ont * 
A light blue, wir salt and white lead towather: | 
Lead colour,” mix lamp black and white lead Ws on 


a marble. 


A fox . is umber burnt. 


Gold eolour, is orpiment mixt with fat oil, by = knife { on 5 Sq 


an earthen plate, or gally tile rather. : 


To hinder colours from cracking, put oil of walnuts to | 
them. 


| Yellow celour, beat saffron to powder, and'steep it in vi- 
negar —0r take the Yellow chieves in white lilies and gum 
water mixt for writing. 

Red; vermillion with gum water mixed for writing. 

Golden Letters, to write; mix vermiſkion and gum ara- 
moniac with the yolk of eggs. 


Of dying wool Sti, Sc. 1 
To dye blue.— Take woad one pound, and mix it wich 


four pints of boiling water, and e in it 24 heurs. 


To dye red of a clear colour.— Take 60 pints of water 


wherein bran has been steeped 2 24 hours, and when strained 
dissolve two phunds of allum, and one pound cf tartar; in 
which water boil what vou have to dye for two hours: then 
take it out, and boil it in half as much ey water made of 

©c =P OE bran, 


o 
— — — — — — —— — — — — — 
5 % * 
. „„ - - ” 
2 3 nn 


R % 
y_ — :: —— ond — 
” 0 — 


Ap AB 


Þ $648, 
9 . 
7 * 1 * * 
— * as 
8 


f — — — — — — 


: in allum water, and wet them tu ice over, 


The angel, 3 — 8 — — * Ze 19 9 


io | The Young Man's best Companion,” 


bren, viz. 30 pints; to which add maddar 3 pounds, and | 


perfect the colour with moderatewarmth, without boiling. 
Jo dye green, — First make a yellow by the direction un- 

cernbath; then take 60 pints of water wherein bran hath 

been s0aked, aforesaid ; then strain it, let 3 pounds of allum 


be dissolved in it, and then boil what you have to dye in it, 


tor two hours. 

To dye vellow.— Take woad two pounds, of the Said wa- 
ter of bran, and boil till the colour is good. 

And if z ou would have the said yellow to be green, put 
the <tuft into the aforesaid blue lye. 


To dye a sad culour,—Add logwood to the black dye bo- 


fore mentioned. 
To dy e linen or thread, &c. light red.—Tabe powder of 


brazil and ver million, of each one ounce boiled. in allum- 


water, &c. 


To dye linen or thread, yellow, —Dissolve gambogia in 
allum water, &c. 

To stain skins blue, —Boil elder berries, with the Bevor 
brush over the skins, and wring them, then boil the derries 


— 


Or MONEY. 


HE eurrent coin of this nation is made either of cop- 
per, silver, or geld: of copper is made the farthings and 

half pence ; of silver, the pennies, two-pencts,ith ree-pences, 
groats, SIXPENCES, shillings, half-crowis, and crowns, But 
the re is very little silr er coined below the Sixpences. Of gold 
is made the quarter guinea, the ha. f guinea, 1 the;guinea, and the 
guinea piece; besides, theze; are foreign pieces of gold 
that pass though with some scruple; as the Portuguese moi- 


dore, at 275. pieces of 368. e eh: and athers of 3l. 138. 


There are also some few ancient peices of gold ofa pale colour, 

as being alloyed with silver, and therefore may be reckoned 
the best, al d sometimes called angel, or crown gold: whereas 
the old gold or broad picces are mostly alloyed with copper, 
* hich makes them of a reddish colour, _ 


Imaginary Money. 
We appropriate several names to money, of which there i 


no coin; as, . 4 
The pound of "A gk VVV 
7 —:- 5 13 4 
The noble, or half merk, e 3 


Ig 


The Mag M. an's Best Companion. git 
In England, accompts are kept in pounds, shillings, and 


pence sterling: and their merksare derived from their names 


in Latin, viz l. for libi#;or pounds, s. for solidi, oi shillings, 


d. for denatij, or pence, gr- for quadrantes, or farthings, 4 | 


3 a | penny? me exprexced or set down thus: 
5 1.5 S. d. gre ; 
«16 C5 
But better 3 4: 16: 8}. The . for pounds 
standing before thesumdenominates the first number; and the 
others are known of course for after pounds fo low shillings. 
and after shillings succeed pence, &c. When the price of 
any thing is shillings and pence, it is set down thus: 48. 6d. or 


thus, 42 6 when — aud pence, and parts of penny. 
expressed thus. | 


> i 
4 6z 
id 634, The ur wary the 22m ie nodonate ther 
RS + {adi 
> thus, | 
2A fartbing, or one fourth part ef what it follows. 
+ a balfpecoy, or one half of what it follows 
I three! 


(things, or 3—4tbs of what it follows. 


Andbeing thus Setfiaction wise, the unde: ft — | 


many pants the quantity befare-it is divided into, and the 
vpper-figure shes how mzny of thase under paristhefrac- . 
bon stands for ; as thus, = of an ell, + ef a foet, or 9 inches, ; 
and the ane of ahulling is 9 pence 3 and of a poynd is 5s. | 


'FE.*? 

If og ane to nt mn Gyan anda hl, ri thay 62> t 
Nineteen hundred three quarters, thus 1904 

Sixtè en pounds and a q torter, —_—_ 1615 

or ele thus, 1g, C 4, 19 b. 4.5 feet 2, 14 days 2. Here 


the name is put between the whole numbe a 
which F think is the plainer and bet er way: fos example, 

6: hhds. through ignora:ice 0: wilfulness, may be read önalf“ 

hhds. as well/as 6 Hhds. and a half: and at a certain place 

where l have had business, the wharfingers clerks ex pressed. ' 
their half hlids in this manner. 


Table of toe value of Gold 8 3 


| Gold. . Silver. FS 
1 pound is worth L. 18 00| 1 pound i is worth. 1 ot 
bounce 400 | 1 ounce. „ S's 7 
x PenaFy 0 att 0401 penny weist 003. 
grain 002 1 grain o 0 
e Le 3 A. 


10 the fracts. n., 


$22 - The Young Man's best Companion, 
A ABLE, extuviting at che View tne Value of any 
Number of Portugal Pieces of gold, in English poundF 
and shüings. | TEK pe 9s 4 


Portugal Pieces. : 3 
CCT 


Namber | At At; | 
r. . Lan. 4 -1.15 
JJ ᷑ SOT I O00” > "Of *% 
1 "44-12 C20 7 OAS- F-02852 $6Þ; 
„„ 4 "2-28" 116 [ 14 
3 0 16% 1 3 24 4 1 
4 14 8 5 . 
5 18 0 9 ©. 40e 6 by 
44 12 10 16 | 8 2 


990 


l | | 


= 


80 208 144 72 
| go 324. 162 81 — 
; 100 360 10 85 
350 180 


1 1 ” dE: 
3001080 %%ͤ1. 8 SR to 


41860 1440 720 360 in t 
r 456--Þ|: os 172 
6co 21260 1085 540 [870 dq. 
700 2520 1260 630 948 dhe 

| | Sp: — — — | ———_—_  -—— | 8 por. 
[ co 2880 | 1440 - 700 1080 N. 
- $0601 3240; - |. F620 | | Bid y  nvrg” FT Woo 
1600 | 3690 i800 90 | 1350 | I fund 


1 50 | 18000 | 900 [| 4500. 


The Foung Man's best. Companion: = JI% 


| A TABLE for buying or selling any commodity by thef 


great hundred, which is. 112 pounds, 


| 
: d. 9. IL. s. d. d. 9. l. s. did 9. L s. d. d. 17 5. d. 
o 10 24 112 18 i 145 1444 118 10 4| 
E -- * 48 12 | * o 81 15 16 8 8 ha 3 1&a 81 5 
3% 70 3/3 2% 3/79 % 3/85 
1 0947 3 5 4] 13 6 146 8 17 4 
14e 8 13 781 116 3 8] 118 19 8 
20 140 143 10 Of 2 6 6 ol 2 9 2 01 
310264 3 12 4 316 8 4 31:9 4 41 
2 08018818 o[3 14 8 14 046 10 8/0 of 9% 6 8 
1 10 13 17 © 6 13 of 9 9 of 
| 1344 13 19414 6 15 4 911 4 
9 1 58 15 8 6 17 . 9 13 84 
3 Of! 80] 9- o 15 O7 o o 9 16 1 
W204] ſe 64] 7 24) / 18 4 


* 


© + © O O O OO O O o 


1128 
1150] 


Py” Rate 
- OW D = @W » —- OW N 

— 

E 

I 

> 

— 

0 

3 | 55 6 
SA OOO E SAA 

— 
2 
4 


— 

S 

wy 
Tesco 


: — 
— 
9.9 
| 
| 


— bs — | 
On Www = BB Ocep ONS RY 


+ 
+> 


— 
0 
— 
O . 
0 O O 0 N © O © 


0-0/0 I A= 


dd 
8 
Jaw nm = Own mn Ow nm Ow NM 
| 0 —— — a * a 
O 
wn 


: 


| h 


\ 


ö 5 | E 68 II Red I7 | 23 PE 14 ; 
„ 11290 ä | SW 27 
| 32138 80 8 31 
6 0216972 12 01 18 018 24 li 4 © 


© EXAMPLE.. 


First at:5d. 34; the pound, what- is the great hundred > 
Look in the table for 5d. 39. in the first column and against? 
in the second, you shall find 2 13s. 8d. and so much will 
112 pounds cost. Again, if a hundred weight eost 41. 8s... 
8d. find 41 88. 8d. and against. it, in the column towards 
the 1 hand, you will find gd. 24, and so much i: is by the 
- | © pound. _ OTA > HINT | 

| Note. For every farthing that one pound doth cost;reckon- 
two shillings and fourpence, and that is tlie price of the ere.t 


8 : | : E 6 3 | | . INTEREST . 


— 
— N 


| a 
. 


| $0 AMY Cs on pink 
S Sn WET 


1 


eh oo = DE” lee i f 
NT 2 : * 5 . 
— 


1. s. d. f. 


A Year. 


1. 22 1 — wi —_—_ 
3 — EEE ANCE : CL 
a4 *. — - * 9 af N. & 32 . — w4 zh — 72 on — * a 


"—_ 
f 1 
* 
« 
« o 
= 


— 


av ego [Ogg r 
e | 36.25 . 


45 


—_— 


Ao Y 
* 


1 WEE 


of, 57-48 


L Soi d. 


1205 4 
: 
4 
1 


Soy : : | | TS ee 
— — — — Oey, * | 
; "rf , = Hana 


Thirty days. 1 


[ 8 SE I - As e 


mm 


INTEREST at 3 per Cent. 


For one Dav.. 


2 


1. 8. d. f. 
* 


* 
L 
m4 
— Md ad 
.. * 
bh * 
c 
— 
5 
ww 
7 


5 The Young: Mun's best Compunion. 


— — 5000000 
a +160) > 0 928288 ch 8 


— —— 
cipal. 
— — 
I 2006F: 
3000 
4000 
} 5000 


| 


anion;. 


A 


The Young Man's liest Comp 


— TINT 


S 


. 


=O 


4 per Cent. 


. 


Thirty days. 


r 'T 


F WR 


YET 
COCEL TTY 


G 


ES —— e | Ek 


4.9 5 *r — 

— >< — Deed, E * 
2 2 XY 
5 va b 4 1 
1 —— 4 bs WIT 


m—_— ww 


OP — 


N= 


228 esse 


INTERREST at 
VF TI: day. | 


4 


: 


| 


9, 


I 2 = 0900} 


„ es 


Q WO 6m 


— 


4 * 
n 


— 


O 
— 


4 


. —— — 
N a 
1 5 « * : - 


Ss goof 
875 f [ f 2 


1 1 2 
S8 | 
3. | | 
— ; 
; . 8 | 
a. yy _ 22 WE, Os 2 — , 
P WP" * * = - 5 
a 8 - [1 2 * 2 * hood of I — — * 4 2 0 
— — 
— — Oe 2 1 * of _ — —” _— 
4 2 * 4 . — a g c 
2 _— = . 
— if [ ] 


— 


2 


EW — IS 


— 


— 


— == 


The Young Man's best Companion. 


316 


A V ear 


3 N 


\ 1 


Je 6. A 2 — 2. ; 


Thirty Days. 


2388889 
3 oe mo 


| 
c 4 
* - 


» "4 ID ; 
— rr FIR 


e = CO 


Nee 


G A -O 
55 . 8 


0 <a — SA On 2 


* 


OF 
| 


g 


INTEREST at 5 per Cent. 


my O7- "EM 


" Q - 1 


2 
GO Om 2 


& 


bered on particular occasions. 


A ream of paper, 20 quires.. FTE 


Acquire of paper 24 sheets. 
A bale of paper, 10 reams. | 


A roll of parchment, 5, dozen, or 60 skins. 5 = 


A dicker of hides, io skins. 

Ditto of gloves, 10 dozen pair. 

A last of hides, 20- dickers. © _ e 

A load of timber unhewed, 40 feet. | - 
A chaldron of coals, 36 bushels. 


A hogshead of wine, 63 gallons. 


Ditto of beer, 54 gillons. 
A barrel of beer, 36 gallons, . 
Ditto of ale, 32 gallons - 


A gross, 144 or 12 dozen. 5 N 5 


A:wey of cheese, 256 pounds. kd 

Days in a year 365, weeks. 52, and hours 8766. 
Pence in a pound 240, farthings 966. . 
An acre of land, 1690 square poles, or perches. 

A. last of corn or rape seed; 1e quarters. 
A quarter in England 8 bushels? in Scotland 4 balls. 


Ditto of pot ashes, cod fish, white herrings, meal, piteh, and 


/ 


tar, 12 barrels. e e Ws 
Ditto of flax and feathers, i Ct. of gun-powder, 24 bare 
rels, or 2400lb. of wool, 4368 lb. | 3 
A tun of wine, 252 gallens : oil of Greenland, 252 gallons, 
and sweet oil of Genoa, 236 gallons, : | | 


A ton in weight, 20 Cwt. of iron, &c. but of lead there is. 


but 19.Cwt. and a half, called a fodder or fother. 

Atodd of wool, 28 pounds. £78 

A pack of ditto, 364 pounds. 7 

A load of bricks, coo : and of plain tiles, 10%. 

A stone of fish, 181þ. and of wool, 14 lb. The. same for 
horseman's weight, and also hay; but pepper, cinnamon, 
and allum, have but 134 lb. to the stone: 

Ditto of glass, 51b, and a seam of ditto, 245tone. 

A truss of hay. 56 Ib; and a load of ditto, 39 trusses. 
Note, New hay in June and August, ought to be 69 Ih. 
the truss, as per statute of zd William and Mary, 1693. 

A cade of red herrings, 500: and of sprats, 1000., © 

lron and shot, 14 Id. tothe stoned. 


2 "A 
9 6 
ll Nil FT 


de Young Man's best Companions 327 = 
Hint of Generals, or Things proper to be known or remems . 


. — 8 a r 23 C r n * . 4 
od. aun ooh, —_ — hs. 2 — 221 — — 30 — —— EM — — 2 
9 . ond —— x = TA. IS . 
- * SE Ss . De Cong — — L 2 
2 —— 
: 223 
* * fo 
8 


—_ > IE — : = = - 
- —_— - — 3 — * — 
» ” 7, 3 3 . x — « ** * 2 
ww aa. > od - + 2 — A * 222225 
* 1 — — = by a —_ 
8 — A 


„ ae nn BC TOY is Ma | WS 
> —" — - IM 2 5 „ q 
— r 0 — — ——— 4 A p— 
2 —— 25 => 2 =; n FEE FE 2 
. "LIL N 1 ” © 3” — 4 — * * EY 
\ Ny 3 » 92 3 *. hk 
| G : , — 4 


n 
— 2 
—_—_ 


, 
— — : — IT 
—_— — —— — RS. ah 


he by 
5 %,% 


* 
. 
= r 
—— — 
— 
3 
— 


1 


=. 
SY A 1 IHE; 
— 9 : l A 


— 
8 


* E v* * : — 
n 
| 


_ OI Eb, 
—_— cc. . 


518 5 The Young Man's best Companion. 
. Barrels of cundry commodities. - 
8 . 30 ld. ][ Raisins, 1 Cwt. 


A deuble barrel, 60 lb. Oil, zi gallons and a half 
Nuts or apples, 3 bushels. Spanish tobace , 2 Le, to 3 
Pot ash or Barilla, 200 ib. | Saut. : 
| White or black places, zoo | | Gunpowder, 1 vt. 
Candles, 10 doz lo. Soap, 240 lb. 
Salmon or eels, 42 gal. thr 224 Ib. 22 
Figs, 3 $'s. 14 lb. 102 C1 Herrings, 32 gallons. | 


Things in wholesale trade bon ght and Sold by tbe thou and, 


Cutile bones. Bricks. 

Oranges and lemons, _Þ Clinkers or Flanders les · 
Chair nails. | Billets and leaves of nora. 
Tacks and tenter- boris Barrel hoops. | 
Pomgranates and tazcls, Squirrel skins. 


| E: Gee quilts awd him bes. { Slate awd Þiljin steher. 


Pins s eee by he 3200 Jor:ns: = 
Things donght and aol at See to the hundred, | 


| Pavks and ba ele, ling, and Newfoand- 
Barrels aud pipe boards. _ f hand fb, stock fah of all 
Lowp zpargand bow Staves | tors 

 Lodspaiend caprovans., | Elk * eanvans, and wort W 
2 £8 and Qealbdands  F reign nens. 

Nails, TER. | lesend saves. 


- 1 — 


of bonds, "Bills Leone: of Avtorney, wee and 
do ther uſeful writings. 


| Precedents of these are very nec. not only 00. the 
| wugerstanding of them, but to knove b we to make thom pro- 
£ oY. on 06CaSIQt-. 4 4+ 

| ; FREE x Band from one te. one. 


[ 7 now all men bx these presents, That] Abraham * 
N nell, of the parish. of St Sepulchre's in the city of Lon - 
don, Gentlemap, am held and firmly boundto John. NMelver 
ie said city of London, Esq,. in the sum of fifty pounds of 
good, and: Jawful money of Great Bri-ain, to be pad to the 
gaid John Melver, or to his certain attorney, his execu:015z, 


—— 79g zus; eee of Iving 
i myxs 


* ©54 
4 


. The Young Man's best Companion, 415 
myself, my heirs, executors, and adminstrators, firmly by 
these presents, sealed with my seal. Dated this twenty- first 
day of January, in the twentieth year of the reign of our 
s6vereign Lord George the Third, by the grace of God, of 
Great Britain, France, and Ireland, King, defender of the faith, | 
and so forth, and in the year of our Lord One thousand se- 
ven hundred and eighty. . . 
The condition of this obſigation is such, That if the above 
bounden Abraham Darnell, his heirs, executors oradminis tra- 
tors do wel and truely pay, or cause to be paid, to the above 
named John Melver, his executors, or administrators, or as- 
signs, the full sum of twenty five pounds ofgood and lawful mo, 
ney of Great Britain, on the twentieth day of August next 
engming the date hereof, with lawful interest thereof; then 
this obligation to be void, or else to remain, continue, and 
be in full force r. 6 5 )% ng ks Re OHA 
Sealed and delivered (being first! a, . 
duly stamped) in presence of Abrabag Darnel, O. 
Gregoty N... n 4 
Thomas t ! . 
i Note, The mark O, in this and the forms subsequent, re- 
d. presents the seal, which in this and all those in which it ap- 
alt Wl pears, ue to be fixed; the person who executes auy _ 
| them (a Will accepted, concerning which directions will be 
e. Il given in its place) is, in the presence of the witnesses, tot ake 
8 off the seal (that is theinstrument with which the impression 
was made) and taking the paper or parchment in his or her 
right hand, is to pronounce these words, I deliver this my 


— 


_— 


| z act and deed for the purposes within mentioned. 
Lol ä 1p c 
K all men by these presents, That I John Jenkins 
of the city of Chichester, in the county of Sussex, vic- - 
tualler, do acknowledge myself indebted to Martin Money- 
man of East Grinstead, in the county aforesaid, grasier, in the 
zum of twenty pounds, of good and lawful money of Great 
Britain, to be paid unto the said Martin Moneyman his heirs 


executors, administrator, or assigns, in or upon the 29th day 
on- of September next ensuing the date hereof, without fraud or ff 
Iver. further delay; fonand in the .congiderationofwhich payment,” . 
4; of Wyell and truly to be made and dane, I bind myself, myheirs, 


executors, and administrators, or assigns, in the penal sum of 
forty pounds, of the like lawful money, firmly by these = 
ents, In witness whereof, Thave hereuntoset my hand and 
al, this twenty Gfth day of March, in the twentyrseventk 


/ "Ns 


e 
— ob 
ERS 
8 
„ 
* 


-” 'The wks” Mair s best Comdentode | 
"year of the reign of our Sovereign King George the Third, 
and in the year of our Lord God 1787. : 


. ceived, this fifth day of May-1787. by 


| 


\ U 


Signed. sealed, and de't- = 


vered in presence of 4 ohn Jenkins, O. 


Titus Testimony. 5 6 
Andrew Affidavit. 8 | : 


A sbort Bill or Note Gone 8 FP Me ET 


F OW all men by these presents, That I'Peter Penny- 
less, of the parish of St Saviour's Southwark, in the 


- county &f Surry, black smith, do owe, and own myself to 
stand indebted to Robert Rich, of the parish of St Andrew, 


Holborn, in the county of Middlesex, Gent. in the just and 


due sum of Five pounds, of lawful money of Great Britain, 
which by these presents I promise to pay unto him the sad 


Robert Rich, at or upon the-6th day of October next ensui- 


ing the date hereof; for the true performance of which pay- 


ment well and truely to be made, aid” in; witness hereof, I 


 -have set my hand to these denen this fifth day of May 1 787. 


Peter Pennyless. 


Among men of burinens, the following! form i is commonly 


veed, and is equally effectual in law. 


 Pnomnse. to pay To Mr Robert Rich, or > bis order, the 
sum of Five pounds, five months af. er da e, for value re- 


This note is transferable to 2 nother, if Robert Rich write 
his. name on the back thereof; but then, If Peter Penuy less. 


doth not pay it Robert Richi is liable theteto·—1 4 


A penal Bill from two {0 one. 


F NOW all men by. these presents, That we Le 
Luckless and Peter Pauper, doth of the parish 6f St Dun- 
stan, Stepney, in the county of Middlesex, weavers, do ac- 


6: lege and own oureelves to stand indebted to Gabriel 
: Greedy, of the parish of Si Ola ve, Southwark, in the county 


of Surry, felt maker, in the just and due sum of Ten pounds, 
af good and lawful money of Great Britain, to be paid unte 
him the said Gabriel Greedy, his heirs, executors, administra- 


tos or assigns, at or upon the thirteenth day of October: wer 
ensujng the date Hereof; without fraud or further delay; for 


and in consideration of which payment, well and truly to be 


4 made We do bind dur heirs: 'executors, a ard a#ministrators; i 


the penal sum of twenty pounds. of the like lawful money 
firmly by: these presents. In witness whe! of, We ar” 
| 4 4 a BE — 87 un! 


[4 


Peter Pennyless. 


>NnCce 
un- 
c- 
briel 
unty 
ands, 
unte 
Stra- 
next 
3 for 
to he 


ors, in 


zone y 
hefe 
uni 


7 


unt o set our hands and seals, this sixteerfth day oſFebruary, 


'George*the Third, &c. and in t 
thousand seven huntfred and eighty. 


Wimbleton Witness, \ 


be Young Man's best Companion. 324 
inthe twentiett/year of the = op es Lord King 
e Fear of our IL. ord One 
Signed, sealed; and deli- Law. Luckless, O. 
veredinthe presence af Peter Pauper, O. 
Timothy Testis. FF 


Nate, that bills withou t penalty are of no more force or 


lasting than book debts; as they are not sealed; yet they are 


esteemed better security, because the party's hand, if he con- 
tends, may be proved against him, but oft times on an aqjust- 
ment ofaecounts, it is useful to have the party's hand to the 


book whichcis as valid gas the other; but in my opinion, 


there ought to be a witness to either of thlem. 


# * 


Note also, All obligations ought to be in English, and the * 


words atlength ; they may be suited to any condition by on- 


or titles, um or sums of money, date, &c. e 
Every. bond, letter of attorney, indenture, and other thing 

to which a seal is affixed, wills excepted, must, to render it 

effe ctual, be stamped with a four shilling stamp. 
Thus you may proceed of yourself, and save the charge of 


ly altering the name or names, place or places of abode, title 


going too far distant to a scrivener, ox an attorney, there be- 


ing no other charge necessary but the stamped paper and 
your own trouble of writing. OR, 


A Letter of Atlorney. 


© 


M-men by these presents, That! Charles Care- 


J NOW Mums | 
| ful of Lewes, in the county of Sussex, apothecary, (for 


divers considerations and good causes me hereunte moving,) 
having made, ordained, constituted and appointed, and by 
these presents do make, ordain, constitute, and appoint, my 
trusty friend William Wags taff, of Pempsey, in the county. - 
aforesaid, Gentleman, my true and lawful attorney, for me, 

in my name, and to my use, to ask, demand, recover, or re- 
ceive, of and from A. B. of Nye, in the said county, the um 
of forty pounds; giving and by these presents gran tingto my 

$Id attorney, my sele and full power and authority to take, 

pursue, and follow such legal courses, for the recovering, re- 
ceiving, and obtaining of the same, as I myself might or could 
do, were I personally present; and upon the receipt of the 
dame, gequittances and other sufficient discharges, for me, aud 
in my name, to make, sign, seal, and deliver; as also, one or 
more attorney or N u 1 to substitute or appo int 
SENS 3535 _— NY 5 and 


- 


* . 


| 
i 
[ 
i 
'Þ 
1 
| 


— 


. 2 


322 The Toung Man's bes! Companion. 


and again at his pleasure, to revoke; and furtherto- do, per- 


form, or execute for me, and in my name, all and singular 


thing or. things which shall or may be necessary, touching and 
concerning the premises, are fully, thoroughly, and entirely, 
as | the said. Charles Careful, in my own person, ought or 


coulcł do in and about the same; ratifying, allowing and con- 


"+ ming Whatsoever-my said r e shall lawfully de, or, 
xecution of the' premisses, 


cause to be done, in and about the t 
by virtue of these presents. In witness whereof, I have here- 


unto set my hand and seal, the sixth day of May, in the twen- 


tieth year of the teign of our.sovereign Lord Georgethe Third 
by the grace of God King of Great Britain, &c. and in the 


. 4 letler of Attorney by a seaman. 


Fear of our Lord One thousand seven hundred and eighty. 


T7 NOW an men by these presents, that 1 Timothy Tar- 
paulin, mariner, now belonging to his majesty's ship the 


Rye, for divers good causes and considerations me thereunte 
moving, have, and by these presents do make my trusty 
friend Henry Hearty, citizen and baker of London, (or my 
beloved wife Penelope Tarpaulin), mytrueand /awful attorney, 
ſor me, and in my name, and for my use, to ask, demand, and 


receive, of and from the Right Honourable the treasurer and 
. pay master to his Majesty's navy, and the Commissioners of 


prize money, and whom else it may concern, as well as such 


Wages and pay, bounty money, prize money, and all other 
sum or sums of money whatsvever; as now are, and whick 

1 shall or may be due, or payable unto me; also all 
| Mach pensions, salaries, smart money, or all other money and 
things whatsoever, which now are, or at any time hereafter, 


shall or may be due to me, for my service, or otherwise, in 
any one ofhis majesty's ship orships, frigates or vessels: giv- 
ing and hereby granting unto the said attorney, full and whole 
power to, take, pureue, and follow such legal ways and courses, 
for the recovery, receiving, and obtaining, and discharging 
upon the said sum or sums of money, or any of them, as I my- 
self might or could do, were I personally present: and I do 
hereby ratify, allow, and confirm all andwhatever my attorney 


shall lawfully do, or cause to be done, in and about the exe- 


cution of the premisses, by virtue of these presents. In wit- 
ness whereof, I have hereunto get my hand and seal, this se- 
venteenth day of December One thousand seven hundredand 
0099000000 e 


eighty' seen. 


— 


Ez 


e ye 7 «> 
* — 


_— 2 1 
— & 


Short 


as . 


- 22 0 7 ir wr es ea A 


= Py 
uw 
— 


= N the name of God, Amen; t William Weakly, ofthe 


for att meu once to die, do make and ordain this my last will: 


that gave it, and my body T recommend to the eaith, to be 


ecutors, nothing doubting -but' at the general resurrection I 


of the same, in the following manner and form. 


gular my lands, mess uages, and tenements, by her freely to be 
le voke, and disannul all and every other former testaments 
wills, legacies, be quests fand executors, by me in any wise 
before named, willedand bequeathed ; retitying and confitm- 
ing this, and no A to be my last will and testament, la 
seven hundred and eighty eight. 


dhe said William Weakly, as tis last will and testament ;. 


cence of the witnesses, pronuuncethese: words, | publish and! 


Note, If a will be already made, and. the person hath no 
mind io alter it, but to 80d gere hang wore, there way be 


* The Toung Man's Best Companion, . | 327 
Ap gt A sbort-will in legal Form. MALE : | 


I city of London, haberdasher, being very sick and weak in 
Cor, in perfect health) of body, but (or, and) of perfect mind 
and*memory, thanks de given-unto God; calling unto mind 
the mortality of my body; and Knowing that it is appointed 


and testament ; that is te say principally and first of all, I 
give and recommend my soul into the hand of Almighty God 


buried in a decent Christian burial at the discretion of my ex- 


shall receive the same again, by the mighty power of God. 


* * 


First, I given and be queath toElizabeth; my dearly beloved 
wife; the sum of five hundred pounds of lawful money ef 
England, to be raised and levied out of my estate, together 
with all my household good, dehts; and moveable effects. 

Also, I give to my well beloved daughter Elizabeth: 
Weakly, whom likewise constitute, make and ordain' the 
sole executrix of this my last will and testament. all and: in- 


possessed and enjoyed And 1 do hereby utterly dicallow,. 


» itness whejepf, ! have hereunto betmy hand and yeah, this 
twelfth day of Apfil, in the year of our Lord One thousand 


© hereto subselibed our names. 
Henry Hai dy. / RODS Ee EST 
Samuel Sheet. © "William Weakly, O. 


in his presence, and in the presence of each other, have 


6 
x 


g * 4+ _ — 


The teviz'or, after taking' cf the esl, must in the pt. 


pages nm on 
1 


2 — — = AS = $2 -* 
= a >, ap A - 
r 2 big 
= > dof bs. _— — 
— 1 n 


— I 


declare this to be my Jas will ghd teatamear, © 


allixec. 


3, 0 5 7 


© 2 
— 


And as touching sueh worldy estate wherewith it has plea- a *. 
sed God to bless me in this life, I give, demise, and dispose 


, 
: . 2 > "1 - — — — — — — > — — : OT "TIES 
SETS bs — — — = — JIN — . my . 5 . BY = * 
* bo — . o 7 * 

— * 84 — s — q - 2 f * < . - r 2 rer 
. $25 > Ze ; . * F 2D Gs MC Sens AST IE ST 
—— —  —— —_ tb > 8 — — 1 4 — 3» — "n os — 1 2 * 7 

wy 7 RI * — 2 * — — 
* LEI — — 4 = - = * — — 
—— 2 LS * 4 0 
2 k . f 7 l 


— 


— 


\. The Toung Man's best Companion, ; | 

affixed the following codicil or schedule to it; and it will 

stand good in law: a8 pa vt of the will. . e 2 2 2 PE S: | 
| A Codicil to.a will, _ ES... 


| Be it known to all men by, t1ese presents, That I Winiam 
Weakly, of the city of London, Hab: rdasher, have made aud 


declared my last will and testamegt in writing. beating date 


the 12th day of April, One thousand seven hundred and eigh- 
ty Seven. I the said Wi liam Weakly, by this present -Codi- 
cil, do ratify and confirm my said last will and testament; 
and do further give and bequeath unto my loving cousin and 


godson William Weakly, junior, the sum of fifty pounds, of 
good and lawful money of England, to be paid unto him the 
said William Weakly, by my Executrix, out of my estate: 


and my will and meaning is, that this Codicil be adjudged to 
be a. part and parcel of my last will and testament; and that 
all things therein mentioned and contained be faithfully and 
truly performed, and as fully and amply in every respect, as 
if the same were $0 — and set down in my said last will. 
and testament. Witness my hand this twentieth day ef A- 
pril, One thousand seven hundred and eighty-seven. 


Signed in presenee of us, JVC 
William Warlton. William Weakly O. 
r oo 


* all people whom these piesents“ shall, come. 1 


1 George Generous do send greeting; Know ye, That 
dhe said: George Generous, of the patish of. Pancras, in the 
county of Middlesex, brickmaker, for and in consideration of 
the love, good-w ill, and affection, which L have and do bear 
towards my loving sister, Sarah. Sorrowful, of the same pa- 
rish and county, widow. have given and graated, and by these 
presents do freely give and grant, unto. the said Sarah Sor- 
rowful, her heirs, executors or administrators, all and singu- 
lar my goods and chattels, now, being in my present dwelling- 
house in the parish aforesaid, known by the name of Fish er's 
Figgary, of which (before the signing of these presents) [ 
have delivered her, the said Sarah Sorrowful an, inventory 
signed with my own hand, and bearing even date, to have 
and to hold all the said goods and chattels in the said pre- 
misses or dwelling house, to her the said Sarah Sorrow ful 
her heirs, executors, or administrators, from hencefortb, as. 
ber and their pioper gods and: chattels absolutely without 
any manner of condition. In winess whereof, I Have here. 


uno 


Pr 


A. „ hot en (FO 


8 


* 
P 
b 
n 
* 


Particulars mus t be named, &c.* .- 


| FT 1 


w, Toung Man's ext Companion. 286 
unte put my hand and seal, the -fifih, day of October, One 


— 


thousand se ven hundred and eighiy seven. 

Signed, sealed. and delle 

vered in the presence f - * George Generous O. 
1 7 Per r . SY 4] | F GE * 


> 


Jchn Makins. 


e A leet Caddy Sev. 


* 


Note, This precedent may be extended to the giving away 
of catt}e, corn, house, or land, if not entailed, &c, but tie 


—— _ 
* -- F 
a 
: - 


n!: 100 Indenture f dpprenticesdip. | : 1 1 
FT HIS indenture witnesseth, That Richard Raymond, son 
1 of Robert Raymond late of Romley, in the county of 
Sussex, hath put hi mself i ee presents doth volun- 
tarily put himself, ap ꝑrentice to Samuel Carpenter, citiaen aud 


inen diaper of London, to learn his art, trade or mystery, 


+nd after the manner ef an apprei:tice to serve him from the 
day of the date hereof, for and during the fulb term of seven 
years next ensuing: during all which. time, he the said ap- 

prentice his said master shall faithfully serve, his secrets keej > 
his law ful commands every M here gladly obey. He shall do 
no damage to his said master, nor see itto be doue by ethers 
without letting or giving notice thereof to his said master. 
He shall not waste his said master's goods, nor lend them 


unlawfully to others. He shall not commit fornicatich, nor 


contract matrimony, within t he said tei m. At cirds, dise, 
nor any unlawfut game, he shall not play whereby his said 
master may be damaged. With his own goods or the goocs 

ef othe re, during the said term, without ſicence of his said. 
master, he shall neither buy nor sell. He slill not absent 


himself day or night from his said master's sei vice Without. 


his leave. Nor haunt alehcuses, taverns, or play houses: 
But in all things be have himselfas afaithful apprentice ought 
to do during the said term: And the said master shall use 
the utmest of his endeavours to teach, or cause to be taught 
or inst ructed, the said apprentice, in the trade and mystery he 
now professeth, occupieth, or ſoloweth; and procure and 


pro vide forhim the said appretitice, sufficient meat, drink, ap- 


parel, washing and lodging, fitti g foranapprentioe during the 
tajd term. And for the tiue perfor manee of all and every. © 


the 4aid-e evenants and agreements, ei her of the said parties 


bind themselves unto the otherby these presents. Jn witness: 


whereof they ba ve interch: ngeably fut their hands and seals, 


this 16th day. of April, in the 27th year cf the reign. of our 


e by the grace of God, king of 


d 3 Great 


_— av 


326 _ The Youty Man's best Companion, 
Great Britain, &c. and in the year of our. Lord-God'One- 
thousand seven hundred and eighty even 
Note, If an apprentice be enrolled. before a justice of the 
Peace, or other proper officer, (the chambe rlain being such, 
in London) he cannot sue out his indenture, butupon proof 
of unmerciful usuage, want of victuals, or other nęcessaries. 
or his master being incapable of teaching him his trade, or 
not causing it so to be done at his proper charge by others. 
And the same holds good in relation to a mistress, But there 
being ho enrolment an indenture may be sued out, withaut 
shewing cause, in cities and cor porations, &c. 5 
| — „Agen ales. 4. 
- J/ NOW all men by these presents. That 1 Peter Peace- 
2 able, of Hastings in the county of Sussex tobacconist, 
have remissed, released, and for ever quit claim to William 
Winter of Rye in the county aforesaid, fish-chapman, his 
heirs, executors, and administrators, of all and all manger of 
action and actions, suits, bills, bonds, writings, debts, dues, 
duties, accompts, sum and sums of moneyyleases, mortgages, 
judgments by confes:ton, or otherwise obtained, executions, 
extents, quarrels, con troversjes tres passes, damages, and de- F 
© 'mands whatsoever, Which by law or equity, ox otherwise so- 
ever, I the said Peter Peaceable, against the said William WM t 
Winter; ever had, and which I, my heirs, executors, or ad- 
ministrators, shall or may claim, challenge or demand, for on © 5% 
or by reason, or means, colour of any nrattei, cause or-thing i I» 
Whatsoever, to the day of the date of these presents. In al 


8 5th day of Apiil, Bo 1 
e * N 2 ; Peter Peaceable, O. ha 


7 


| * 
= % 


hp 3 < The Complete Gardenec : or, the Practite of Gar- bl. 
| dening in all ths Branches, tor the twelve month 


of the Har. 2 > 5H h 
JANUARY. 
4 * . Pleasure garden. Me | 5 . wm | 
* ROS is to be expected now, and nothing is o danger: 


I. ous to tender flower roots, and their shoots for spring 
8 Ranuncluses, anemonies, and tulips will be in danger, co 
ver the beds, to guard them, lay on pease stra y where they are 
not come up: but where the shoots appear, place b Tes 


—ç 


WP 


z 5 


25 The Young . Man's best Gmb. 
mats and eloths upon them: 


easier and better. This is to place behind them a. reed hedge, 


sloping three feet foi ward. A mat is to be jet deen from 
the top in severe wea her, and taken up in mild. This cer- 
tainly prese rves them, and yet does not draw. them weak, 


or make them tender. 


Cover the beds and: boxes of eedling W 8 and take 
off 'the defence wien the weather is milder. , 


Clean the Auticula- plants, pick off dead leaves, and scrape 


away the surface of the mould; put fresh. mould in the place 


of it, and set the pots up to- the brim in the mould in A * 


bed, and place behind them a reed hedge. 


Cover . e ts ſrom wet, and defend.from nile 
2 pars us. . 


Kitchen . hos | 


1 Hrow i up some new dung in a heap to heat, that PETE be 
ready to make hot-beds both for the early cucumbers. and 
melons in this part of the ground, and for Faisingeeeds: of an- 

Huals in the flower-gaiden. 


Dig up the ground that is to be son with spring crops, 
that it may lie and mellow. 


Nurse the cauliflower plants kept under Da carefully: - 


- xfiut out the frost, but in the middle of milder days-let in a. 


ttle air; pick up the dead leaves and. gather up the mould: 
about the stocks. - 


Make a.slight hot-bed in the open ground for young callad- 


ing, and place hoops over it, that it may be eovered in very 
hard weather. 


Plant ont*endive for seed into warm borders; 3. ear th and 


blanch cellery. 
Sowa few beans and peave, and. deck and denrey nails | 


* 


and other vermin. 
| Orchard and fruit 3 . 


Fruit trees, whether in orchards, or espaliers, or against | 
walls, demand the same general management. | 
Cut out dead wood and irregular branches, elean the 
stumps andboughs from moss with a hollow iron, and > nt 
espaliers, fastening the stakes and poles with nails and wire 


tying the shoots down with twigs of osier. 


Place stakes by all. new planted trees: and cut File to be 


. we them in the earth. under a warm wall. | 


FBBRU- 


This i is the common practice, 
but in that excellent work, I Complete body of gardening,. 
lately published, there is a he method erer much 


- 
: - AY” — * 7 2 — - — * — 
* / . 89 — — 8 S z ; 4 —y 
rr 2 — — 1 "DA — 
EEE EST 
: C. - ID B — — — — T 2 R - — q — 
— SISSY —— * 2 * : = 2 ih. — 
— y * « * 2 — —-— 7 
© TY | 5 — : 
\ . * . wy + <* 


> 


3 


4 


#75 oe 

* 

by 

# 2 
Ft 
is 


| 328 7 The x "my Fan's Re Congetin, ; 


0 9 en e e, e | 
Make vot beds for annual flowers with the Au i ld up 
01 that purpose, and sow them 11 a good. thickness of 
mould, laid regularly over the ; 
Transplant perennial flowers an tardy shrubs Canterbury 
bells, lilies, and the like. Break up and new lay the .gravel 
| walks. Weed, rake, and clean the borders, and where the: 
= - *box of the edging 3 is decayed, make it u Jy with a fresh Plan- 
tation. 
Sow auricula 10 polyantbus ed in boxes; theie should 
be made of rough boards six inches deep, with holes at the 
bottom for the 1unning off of water ; they must be filled with tl 
Tight mould, and the seed scaltered thinly over the surface, s 
fl then seme more mould must be sitted over them a quarter of © 
8 - an inch thick, and they must be set where they. can ey the 
1 sun. | 'Þ 
. Plant out carnations into pots for flowering, 
7 Kitchen garden. ok Ser Lok 3 


Dig and level beds for sowing iadishes a onions, carrots, th 
and Parsnips; and Dutch lettuce, leeks, and spinage, should a1 
also be sown now; Also beets, salsaly, Sorrel, and mary golds | 


with any other of the hardy kinds. pe 
Make up the hot- beds for early cucumbers, and so cau· 
fewer seeds and some others. w 


Plant beans. and sow pease: the. best way. in these useful be 
things is to so a new crop every furinight, that if one sue- ra. 
ceeds and another fails, as will often be the case, there may | 
till be a constant supply at the due season for the table, MM 
Plant kidney beans upon a hot-bed for an early crop. I he 
daf white, arid Battersea beans are the best sorts. They as 
must have air, in the n-iddle of mild days when they are up, 


* and once in two days they must be gently watered. - pa 
Transplant cabbages, plant out Silesia and cos lettuce tion PU; 
the beds where they giow-in winter; Buy Plant potatoet and i 
aderuinlem actichokes. N of e 8 
8 Orc bard and frait E „ 25 
Nost kinds 6f trees may now be pruned, though i it be bet- roo 
ter to, do it to the enerality i in autumn; whatever has been o- 7 


* mitted-at that se son in this article must be done now, the and 
hardiest ls deing PRO, firet, and such as are more ten- | 
$74 wa 5 . der 


11 


— 


n o- 


ten- 


The Young Man's best Companion. — 
der at the latter end of the month, when there will be little 
danger of theirsuffering from thefrostsin the wounded parts. 
Transplant fruit trees to places where they are wanted; 
opening: @ large hole, setting the eartli carefully about their 
roots, and nailing them at once to the wall, or fas ening them 


up to strong Stakes. N ait up the tenderer trees with eare, aud 
uncover the fig trees by degcees, which. have been protected 


from frosts by mats. Sow: the kernel of apples and pears, 


and the stones of plumbs, for stocks, and keep 3 nt 
eat buds of TOO 5 1 


MARC H. 2 
Pleasure garden 


Witch webe of tender flowers, and throw: mats over. 
them supported by hoops in hard weather. 


Continue transplanting all the hardy perennial abrous: root 


ed flowers, sweet - williams, golden rods, and the like. 
Dig up the earth. with a shovel about thoge which , Were 


- planted in autumn, aud clean the ground between them. 
Alſ the pots of flowring plants must now be dressed, pick 3 


off dead leaves, remove the earth at the top, and put fresh in 
the place, then give them a gentle watering, and. set them in 
their places for Mie ; in doing this take care the roots 
are not wounded, and repeat the watering once in. three days. 


Phe third week in March is the time to 80w sweet pease, 
poppies, catchflies, and all the hardy annual plants. 5 
The last week is proper for transplanting evergreens 7 and 
for this purpose a showery day should be chosen. New hots. 
beds must: be made to receive the 9 * annual uus. 

nized? in tre former. 93 


Kitchen lanes. | | 
Sow in the peda cr the kitchen garden some carrots, wid 


also the large peas rouncevals and grea. 
In better ground so oahbages and savoys, also carrots and | 
| parsnips fora second crop, and towards the end of 155 monin 


put in a large parcel of beans and Pease. 

Sow parsley and plant mint. 

Sow Tos and imperial lettuce ; and transplant. 4 "OM 
kinds. 


roots. N 
The last week take the — the dry days, 
d wake Re Wee. | oy 


7 þ 
— — bo 
——— 
= 


———_—_— __ - — 
=. - 8. 
— —— A - . 8 = 
— — — * —— K — — - — 


a — n 
2 2 


4 
N 
af 


In the beginningoft the. month gow Dutch parsley for tha e ; | 


x 
— 


32 5 Ide 7 oung' Man's best Companion, 


Clear up the artichoke roots; slip of the weakest, and plant 
them out for a new crop, leaving. four from each Soo root 
to bear; and from such as are weaker two. 

Dig up a warm border, and sow some French beans; Let 
them have a. w_ zoll, and 1 815 them no water uy 5 5 


8 ne e 


e 
2 . Orchard ory! ; Sale guidens F 
The s rafts which we re cut off early and laid in the grou:: d 


to be — for use. are now to be brought into service, those 
4 the earliest kinds are to. be used rst, and the apple last of f 


This done, let the hs look to the stocks that were © 
_. MmoctHated'the last year, and take off their heads. -'A band 5: th 
breath should be left on above the place: Fhis holds the bud | 
"$eeure by tying to ir, and the sap rises more freely for its g 
| nourighmend. © | * 
The fruit trees that were planted last Octoben must be 
headed; and they should be.cutdown to almost fuur eyes. f 


Some leave only tra but e en Wen ce the W rises 2 

ner feen. een "1 
5 ; . AP RIL. Fi MG RO Nip 
| PER; ab” RO ae urn 


| Tie up 8 of tall flowers to stieks, out these t two i Y 
| feet long, thrust them eight inches into the: ground, s ang let bety 
them be hid among the leaves. |; 
Clean and rake the ground betweett 8 5 plan 
Fake of the slips of aurieulas, and plant * out i And 
bor an increase. Transplant perennial flowers and ever- ers, 
greens, as in the former months; and take up the roots of 
. colchicams, and « ther annual bulbous plants. 
1] Sow French honeysuckles, wallfowers, ant ether hardy 
UW plants, upon the natural ground; and the tenderer kinds on 
1 bot-beds. Transplant those sown last month into the second 
4 hot-beds. Plant some tufbęerose in àa moderate hot⸗bed, and 


sow carnations and- e on” the nee A or en ind 1a 
borders... he ste 
„„ 4 16 1 . reng 


Lieben gat.” e 


| + Plant the 1 erop af French beans, antics Ar them e gr 
| 2 5 warm border. Plant cuttings of sage and other aroma - Ciea 
1 tic plabts. Sow marrowfat:. ee and co ee tanche 
1 wr a late crop. ee 2 har 
170 So. thyme, Sweet marjoram, and savory. | „ Plant 


ark 


The Young Man's bett Bene 25 236 


Prepare dung for making ridges to receive the cucumber. 
and melon plants designed for bell or handzglasses, _ 

Sew young eee ton days; and so zome cos 
Silesia lettuces. 

The seeds of all kinds being i in the ground, look 10 the _ 
growing crops. Clear away the weeds every where among 
them, and dig up the earth between the rows of beans, Peas, 
and all other kinds that are planted at distances. This gives 
them a strong growth, and brings them much sooner to per- 
fection, than can be made by any other method. 5 

Draw up the mould fo the stal ks of the cocumbery; and 
cauliflower plants; and in cold nights cover the Games" over 
the r cucumbers and melons. | 

Orc bard and fruit g rden. | 
Look to the fruit trees against walks and expaliers. | Take 
off all fore right shoots, and train suc h as rise kindly, + 

Thin apricots upon the trees, for there are usually many 
more than can ripen; and the Sooner this is Tov; Lhe! Tone: 
the ethers suec ee. 5 4 

Water new planted trees. „% ẽ᷑ V 

Plant euttings of vines, and look over the grown ones. 
Nip off i improper shoots. When two rise from: the es; al- 
ways take off the weakest. : 

Weed strawberry beds; cut off the atrings: stir the earth | 


between them; and once in three days water them, 


Dig up the earth in the borders near fruit trees. Never 


plant any large kind. of flowers or kitchen things u upon them: 
And it is better if nothing be sown or planted: on these ber- 


lers, . all starve the fruit. 
N MAT. 
| . Pleusure garden. A 45 
Observe where the leaves of $owbreads 1 tis 
p the roots, laying them carefully by till the time of plantings : 
Take up the hyacinth roots which have done flowering, 
nd lay them sideways in a bed of dry rich mould leaving 
he stem and leaves out to die W this : Practice greatly 
rengthens the roots. 
Roll the gravel walks carefully and frequently, and keep | 
e grass clean mowed. * 
Clean all the borders from Wed take bf all atreggliog: 
tanches from the large flowerin g planus, and tin them up 
a handsome sape. 
Plant out FN rench * African marygaſd, with other 
A: twat 


— 


. 
— 


* 


' 
4 z 
, 
a7 
#1 
4 
7 
1 
be 
4 
y: 
15 


wo 2 
Res 


— 


| growing plants. 


330 


* 
_ 


The Young Man's best Companion, = 
tumnals from the hot beds, the last week of this month, chu 
sing a cloudy warm day. OD Re ROE 8 


Tie up-the stalks of carvatione. Plant cuttings of the 


. 


_ .lychnisandiyc hnideas, andsow the 8mal] annuals;candytuft, 


and Venus“ looking-glass, in: the-open ground; 


Pot the tender annuals,.as balsams, amaranths, and the 


like, and set them in a hot bed frame kill summer is more 


advanced for plawing them in the open ground. 1 


Water once in two. days the peas e, beans, and other large 


Sow small sallading | oncę in ten days, as in the former 
month: anck at the same time chuse a warm border, and sow 
some purstajn ; sow also endive, and plant beans and pease 


for a very large crop; and French beans to suceeed the b- 


thers. The great care in these kinds is to have their several 


= - 


products fresh and young throughout the season. 
Chuse a méist-day, and an-hour before sun-set plant out 
some saveys, cabbages, and red cabbages, draw theearthcare- 
fuliyauꝑ to theirstems, and give them a few careful wate rings. 
— debate 1457 
| If any fresh shoots have sprouted upomthe fruit- trees in 
espalie rs, or against walls nip. them off, and train the proper 
ones to the wall or. pole, at due distances, and in a. regular 
manner. . . 79 e : 5 a 5 
Look over the vines; stop; every shoot that has fruit upon 
it, to three ehes beyond the fruit. Then train che branches 
regularly to he Wall, and let such as are designed for next 
veat's fruiting; grö some time. longer; their leaves will give 


à proper shade tothe fruit. JV 
Water the new. planted trees, ard keep the borders about. 


rthe old ones ear; aud finally, pick off Snails and other vermin. 


_FUNE. 
„„ Pleasure garden. e 
Chuse the evening of a mild showery day, and plant out 


Into the open ground the tender annuals hitherto kept in pots 


iucthe hot bed trames; they must be carefully loosened from 


the sides of the pot, and shaken out with alf the mould about 


* 


them; a large hole must be opened for each, they must " 


Destroy the weeds in all parts. of the ground, and dig up 
the earth between the rows, and about the stens of all larger 


placed upright in it, aud when settled in the ground, by a gen- 
ue wateringy must be tied up to sticks. 

Let pit;ks, ca nations, and sweet williams, be laid this 
month for an increase. Let the- layers be covered lightly, 
and watered every v. her day a little at a time · 

The apring flowers being now over, and their leaves faded. 
the roots must be taken up and laid by tor planting again at 
a proper season. Snow drops, winter-aconite,. and the like, 
are tobe thus managed. 


The hyacinth roots, laid. fat i in * grou ind, must now be 


taken u, the dead leaves nipped off, and the mould; and' 
when clean, they must be laid upon 2 mat in an alry room te 
harden and then lid by. 

Tulip roots must be now taken up also. as the leaves decay 
and the like me;hod must be. followed with, anemonies and 
ranuncluses. S 


Cut the cups or p- 5ds of the cirnations that are near blow- 
ing, in three or four p aces, that they may blow a. 


Inoculate same of the fine kind of loses. 
Kitchen garden. 


Transplant the cauliflower plants soon in May. | Gire 
them- a rich bed and frequent waterings. ( 


Plant out-thy me and other savoury plants $0wn before and 
in the same manner shade and water. them. | | 
Take the advantage f same cloudy weather to sow tur- 


nips; aud if th-re'be.no showers, water the. ground onee in 
two das. 
Sow biocohi upon a rich warm border, and plant out cel- 


lery for blanching. This must be planted intrenches a foot 
and a half deep, and the plants must be set a foct asunder in 


the Ws. | 
Endive should also 10 planted out for blane hing.; Put den 


this the plants should be set fifteen inches asunder, and at the 


dame · time Some-endive seed must be son for a secund Crop. 
Pick up Snalis; andi in the damp eveninęs kill the naked slugs. 


._ Orchurd: and: fruit garden. 


Repeat the taking eff fore right shoots upon walls and 
expalier trees, which we directed last month ; train proper 
branches to their situation, where they are wanted, once a- 


gain thin the wall fruit; leave nectal ines at four inches di- - 


tance, and peaches at ſive; none nearer; the fruit will be | 


liner aud the tree stronger for next. ear. 4 
Inoeslate the apricots, and chuse for this operation a cloudy f 
| E e erening. 


The Young Man's bert — „ 333 


334 The Young Man's best Companion: : 15 
evening. Water new planted * 2 pick up snais 
and vermin. 
| "4 ULV. 
„Pleasure garden. 5 
| Roll the gravel frequently, and mow the grass: * 


Clip box cdging; cut and trim hedges; and IFY over . 


a1] the borders; clearirg them from weeds, and stirring 9 
the mould between the plants. | 
Innoculate roses and jessamines of all the kinds that re- 
quire this propagation ; and any of the other flowering shrubs. 
Take up the roots of fritillaries and. maragons, and others 
of this sort that are past flowering some time. .. - 


Gather the seeds of the flowers you design to propagate, 


and lay them upon ashelf in an airy room in the pods. When 
they are well hardened, tie themi up in paper bags, and do 
not take them out of the pods till they are to be son. 

Lay pinks and sweet- williams, as the former, in earth. Cut 
down the stalks of those plants which have done flowering, 


and which you do not keep for seed; and tie up these now 
coming into flower to sticks, as we directed for the earlier 


Kinds. 
|  Bowluvines, larkspu rs, and the like, on dry, warm ordert, 


to stand the winter, and flower early next year. 
EKiteben garden. 


| Sow a erop of French. beans wa come 10 Jute, . when n they 
will be very acceptable. - 5 „„ 
Clear the ground from weeds, 2 „ 
Dig between the rows of beans 2845 pense, mow the ground 
also about the artichokes among the cabbage WO. _ 
Water the crops in dr weather. | 


Spinage'seed. willl be ready for gathering now, as also that | 


ef the Welch onion, and some others; take them carefully 
off, and dry them in the shade. 


Take up large onions, and opread them Upon mats to dy 


For the winter. 
Clear away the stalks of beans and pease that have done 
bearing. . 
Watch the melons as they ripen, and woo 6 them vem iu 
Water. 8 3 ; 
W ater cucumbers more freely,  — 
Orc bard and fruit garden. 


* aoec ulate peaches my nectarines, 


: Take 


1 


ey 


md 


mat 


ally 
ay 
fone 
little 


Take 


look carefully for snails. Keep the borders where the fruiid 


the last season. 
Whenever these rise take them off, for they will rob the A 


80 W onions. 


The Young Man's best Companion. 33g 
Take off all fore right-shoots i in the espalier and wall fruit- 
trees. | 
Hang phials of honey and water upon the fruit en an 


trees stand, clear from weeds, and atir th: earth about them · 
Tnis will greatly assist the fruit in ripening. | | 
Look to the fruit trees ; that have been grafted and budded 

See that there are no shoots frem the stocks. 


intended growth of its notrishment- | 

Loukcarefully to the new planted trees; - water themoften, 
and whatever shoots they properly make, nw to the wall 
or espalier, 

Repeat the care of the vines, take off im proper shoots, and 
nail uy that are 10-25e to the wall. Let no weeds rise in the. 
groun 
and impoverish the fruit. 


506549 1+ UG UST:; 


/ 


820 :e whether the layers of sweet - williams, carnations, and 


the like be rooted: transplant such as are, and give frequent 
gentle waterings to the others to promote it, 


Diz up a mellow border, and draw lines at five inches di- 
stance len gthways and across: in the centre of these squares 
plaut the seedling polyanthuses, one in each square. 

In the same manner plant out the seedling aur iculas. Shade: 
them till they have taken root, and water tue once in ten- 
ty four hours. 7 


an 


Cut down the stalks of plants that have dane flowering 1 
and save the seeds you want as they ri en. | | 


Water the tender annuals every evening. 
So anemonies and. ranunculus, as s also fritillary, tulip, 


nd narcissus seed. 5 1 


Dig up a border, for early tulip Og and others for hya- 
cinths, anemonies, and ranunculus. 
Wrought the winter, 2 itt au niculas into fresh pos 


Sow zome pinggb upon a rich border, and on such 5 
Those two crops will live through the winter 


unless very severe, and be valuable in spring. T 6 seco I 
week in August 80 cabbage- seed of the early kinds and a 
week after thit s »w cauliflo wer seed. Tais willafford pfants 
that are to be nursed up under bell-glasses i in the * 

| me 


„ 


ee 


about thein, for they will exliaust the nourishmeut 11 


* 3 Pleasure garden. „ 0 
| 


S >w aunua!s to Stand: "wh 


336 be Vis Man's bett Companior. 


Some of these may also be ventured in a very well defend ed 
situation open. The last week of this month sow another 


Crop, to supply the place of these in gase of accidents: for 


if the season be very severe they may be lest, and if very 
mild they will run to seed in spring. These last crops must 


de defended by a hot- bed frame, and they. will stand out and | 


supply deficiencies: 
Sow lettuces, the eabbage and brown Dutch: kinds in a 


warm and well sheltered piece of ground, 

Transplant some of the lettuces sown: earlier i in warm and 
well sheltered borders. 

Fake up gailick, and spread it on a mat to harden ; in the 
same manner take up onions and rocamble ; ; and at the latter 

end of the month $shalots. EDN 
| Orchard and fruit . 

Watch the fruit on your wall trees, and keep off 3 
of which there are numberless kinds now swarming about 
them. Shoot all birds, pick up snails, and hand bottles of 
sweet water for flies and wasps. | 

Fasten loose branches, and gather the fruit cuefully as it 

1 — more go rou nd the vines, and pull off those trailing 

branches so very luxuriantly produced at this time, See that 
the fruit is not Shaded by loose branches, and keep the bor- 
deis clear of weeds. This tends more than is imagined a 
the well ripening of the fruit. 


S EPT EMB ER. 
Pleasure Garden. 


A new kind of work begins this month; which is prepa- 
ing for the next season. Tear up ihe annuals that have done 
flowerirg, and -cut down such perennials as are past their 
beauty, bring in other perennials'from the nursery beds, and 
plant them with care at regular distances. 

Take up the box edgings where they are out grown their 
prope rsize, and part and plant them afrech. 

Plant tulips and other flower roots, = 

Slip polyanthuses, and place them · in rich shady borders. 

So w the seeds. of flower- de ·luces and crown imperial, as 
also of auriculas.and palyanthuses, according to the method 
we delivered before. 

Also part the roots of flower - de · luces, piony, and athers 
of these * In the ih week transplant hardy flower- 
Ing shrubs 2: and they wil de good next zummer. 3 

4 N. 


— 


"ne 
elr 


eir 


ers. 
|, as 
hod 


ien 
Ver“ 


den. 


and west, and turned once in two months; 3 they have thus the 
advantage of a fallow. 7770 > 


725 r. yang Man's dest Companion. ; 7 337 


3 Kitchen garden. N 

Sow lettuces of various kinds, Silesia, cos, and Dutch; and 
when they come up, shelter them carefully. The common 
Practice | is to shelter them underhand-glasses; but they will 


th ive better under a sloping reed-hedge, Such as We described | 


before. 

Make up fresh warm beds with the dung that has lain = 
month in the heap. Plant the spawn in these beds.upon pa- 
sture mould, the same they were found in; and raise the top 
of the bed to a ridge, to throw off wet. 

Look to the turnip beds and thin them, leave the turnips. at 
six inches distance. 

Weed the spinage, onions, and other new SOWN plants. - 

Transplant Sage, lavender, and sweet plants, earth up the 
cellery as it grows up in height. 

Sow young salading upon warm nd well Sheltered borders, | 
Clean asparagus beds in this manner :——Cut down the 
$talks, and pare the earth off the surface of the alleys, throw 
this upon the beds half an inch thick, and prinkle over it a 

little dung from an old melon bed. 

Dig up the ground where summer crops have ripenedt and 
lay it in ridges for the winter. These should be disposed east 


Plant some beans and sow some pease on warm and well- 
sheltered borders, to stand out the winter. 


Orchard and fruit garden. 


The fruit must now be gathered with-care every. day, and 
the best time is an Hour after sun rise. Then it should be 
laid in a cool place till used. Such as is gathered i in 50 
middle of the day is always flabbj. 

Keep birds from the grapes, for Pr now degin to ri> 
pen they will be in continual danger. 

Transplant goosberries and currants.; an plant strawber- 
ries and rasberries; they wilt be rooted before winter, and 
nenn season. 


'OCTOB E R. 
Pleasure garden. 


Let all the bulbous roots for spring flowering be put into 
the ground; narcissus, maragon, tulips, and Such ranunculus 
ad anemonies as Were not planted < rug tþ 


E of Transplant 


* 


438 The Young Man's best Companion. „ 

Transplant columbines, monkshood, and ail kinds of fb- 
rous rooted perennials. 

Place the auriculas and carnations that are in pots under 
shelter. 

Some lay the pots on one side, but that $poils the bud for 
next year's flowering. The best way is by means of a sloping 
reed hedge. Dig up a dry boi der, and # not dry enough 

naturally dig in some sand. In this set the pots up to the 
brim, Place the reed hedge $lopping behind them, and fast- 
en a mat to its top that may be let down in bad weather. 
Take off the dead leaves of the auriculas before they are 
thus planted. 
Bring intothe arden flowering shrubs wherever they are 
wanted, and at the end of the month prune sone of the 
4 kinds. 78 
Kitchen garden. 
Punt out the cauliflower plants where RG be del. 
tered, and it will be proper to plant two for been Sass, 
where that methad is used, fur fear of one failing. 

Sow another crop of pease, and plant more beans: chuse 

For these a dry spot and well sheltered from the cold winds 


of winter, 
Transplant the lettuces sowed last month, where they cas 
be defended by a reed hedge, or under walls, | 
Transplant cabbage plants and coleworts —_—_ thay” are 
to remain. 
Take great care of the gaulifiower Plants sen early In 
 summer; they now begin to shew their heads, break in the | 
leaves upon them to keep off the sun and rain; it will both 
argon and whiten them. | | 
| Orchard and fruit garden. 8 4 
Prune thePeachand nectarine trees and the vines. Tui 


is avery useful practice, for it strengthens the buds forspring. 
Cut grapes for preserving, with « Joint of the vine to each il 1 


_ bunch a 
Gather fruits for winter keeping as they ripen, Tran- 2 
plant all garden trees for-flowering ;. prune currant hushes | 
and preserve the stones of fruit for gowing. 
NOVEMBER, 0 6 6 2 
Pleasure garden. „ vt 


Throw together a good heap of pasture ground, -withthe 
| hart. among it, to ro: for mould Sr t the borders, 


Transplant 6 


th tha 


splauſ 


thick ridge of earth over the roots. 


The Young Man's hest Companion. — 
Transplant Hhoneyeuckles and apiress, with other hardy 
nen Shrubs. 
Rake oer the beds of sbedling flowers, and bew Some 
peas straw over them to keep out the frost. 
Cut down the stems of perennials which have dene flower- 
ing; pr up annuals that are spent, and rake 1 clear the 
roun 
, Place hoops over the beds of ranmeulus* and anemonies, 
and lay anats or cloth in veadiuess £0. draw over them in % 
of hard rains or frost. 
Clean up-the borders in all. parts of the garden; and. take 
care to destroy notonly weeds, but all kinds of moss. | 
Look over the seeds of those flow ers which wejegatbered 
in summer. See they keep dry and sweet; and in a condi- 
tion of growth, xc a border or two for the hardier kinds. 


Kitchen garden. 


Weed the crops of Spinage and such other kinds as were 


sovn late, for the wild growth will r ang star ve 
the crop. 


Dig up a border under a warm wall, and so some > carrots 


for spring; sow radishes in such another place, and see the 


ground be well and deep dug for hoth. Turnthe mould that 
was trenched and laid up for fallewing; this. destroys weeds, 
and piepares the soil to be enriched by the air. 

Pieparte some hot-bedsfor salading. Cover them five in- 
ches with mould, and so upon them some lettuces, and the 
commonsmallsallading, mustard, rape, cresses, and raddishes. 

Plant another crop of beans ; and sow more pease tor a 


zuccession. 


Trench the ground between the tes and throw a 
1 his will preserve them 
trom frost, and prevent their shoating at an re time. 

Meke a hot · bed ſor forced asparagus. 

ake carrots and parsnips, and lay them i in sand to be 

ready for use. Give air at times to plants under hand glasses 
and in hot beds, or they will suffer as much by wantof that, | 

as they. wauld have done by the frost. | | 

ER”. Orchard and fruit garden. 5 


stake up all trees planted for standards, or the winds will 
rock them at the bottom, and the frost will be let in and de- 


| stroy them. 


1hrow a good quantity of beste Straw about them. and 
ay 


N 


7 34 The Young Man's best Companion, Es 2 


lay on it a good quantity of brickbats or pedbles to keep it 
fast: this will mellow the ground, and keep out the frost. 

Continue to prune wall f. uit trees, and prune at this time 
also the apple and pear kinds. 
it W 5 rot the branches. 


DECEMBER. 8 
FFF > 4 Pleasure garden. 3 10 
Draw the mats and cloths over the atunculutes 3 ante 


* 


mony beds in severe weather, whether frost or cold rains; 


but give them air in the middle of every telerable dar, and as 


soon as possible uncover tnem alt day.; ; but draw: on the matts 


against night. 
FThrow up the earth e flowering Is are to be 
planted in the spring; and once in a fertnight turn it. 
Dig up the borders that are to have flower roots planted 
in the spring, and give them the advantage of a allow, by 
throwing up the ground in a ridge, scatter over it a a very 
little rotten dung from a melon bed, and after this turn it 
twice during the winter. | 
Look over the flowering shrubs and prune them. Cuta- 
way all dead wood, shorten luxuriant branches, and if any 
eross each other, take away one. Leave them 80 that the 
air can have a free passage between them, * 


Sift a quarter of an inch of good fresh mould over the 


roots of perennial flowers w hose stalks have been cut dow n, 
and then rake over the borders. "his will give the «hole 
an air of culture and good manzgement, Which" is alw 17 
an. 3 | 


© *. Kitchen garden. 


Pint Atego and savoys for seed. T his is to be- done 
with great care, dig up a dry border, and break the mould 


very well; then take up some of the stoutest cabbage and 


vauoy plants: hang them by the stalks five days, and then 
plant them half wav of the stalk into the ground, draw up a 
good quantity of the mould'about the part of the stalk that 
is out of the ground, and make it into a kind of hill round 
each; then leave them to nature, 

| Sow another erop of pease, and plant another, pa. 24] of 
beans to take their chance for Succeeding the others. 

Make another hot bed for asparagus, to yield a supply 
when the former is exhausted. Continue to earth up cellery, 


and cover zome endive witha 1 quantity of * straw as 
| ut 


Pull of the 1k fruit wo LY 


The Young Man's bett Companion, 34r 
it js growing, that you may take it up when N N 
otherwise the frost will prevent. 


Schandl and. fruit garten. 


Prepare for planting trees where they will be wanted i in 
spring, by diggiiig the ground deep, and turning it well now 

in the places Where they are to stand. 

Scatter over the borders where the fruit trees are plants ; | 
some fresh mould, and some old dung, and i in a mild dy ' FF 
dig it in with a strong three pronged for. | 

Look over the orchard trees; and cut away superfluous. 
and dead wood. Let the branches stand clear ef one ano- 
ther, that the air can get between; and the fruit will ” 
better flavoured. - 

Thisis the management of old trees, and new planted ones 
are to be preserved by covering the ground at their raots. 


The FAMILY's best COMPANION : 2 giving Instruc- 
tions how to Pickle and Preserve, to make divers Sorts 
ef Wine of our English. Product; together with ex- 
cellent and approved * eb Kc, necessary 
in 18 Families. 


— 


A 8 many things we been spoken to for the information 
of the younger sort of the male kind, so it may not be 
* amiss'to say some small matter in relation to the. instruction 
> and benefit of the female kind. And first, | 
'$ 


Ot Pickling, Preserving, Candying de. 
Dy pictle cucumbers. 


F WASH them, and dry them in a cloth : then takes water, 
1 vinegar, salt, fennel] tops, some dill tops, and. a little mace: 
I make it sharp enough to the taste: then boil ita while, then 
ic zake it off, and let it stand till cold; then put in the-cucum- 
en bers, and stop them down een withing week n 
a de fit to eat, 


lat | To pickle ihe green. 


Take two quarts of verjuice or vinegar, and a; allon.of + 

e I fair water, a pint of bay salt, a handfpl of green fennel or did; 
of boil it a little, and when cold put it into a barrel, and then E 
2 put the eucumbers to the pickle, * Fu 1 55 _ them ulf | 
2 the year. 2 


342 ' The Young Man's best Companion. 
4 ». To pickle French beans. „ 
Take them while young, and cut off the stalks; then take 
good vinegar, aud boil it with pepper and salt; season it to 
your palate, and let it stand till cold: then take the beans, 
and put them into a stone jar, placing dill between the layers; 
and then put in the pickle and egy SE 


ckl er them close for th ee 
weeks; then take the pickle, and boil it again, and put it to  ;, 
the beans boiling hot; cover them close, and when cold, 


Eĩß U rr, WM 
Sr French beans may be pickled thus; take your bens, I © 
and string them, boil them tender, then take then off, and + 
let them stand till cold: then putthem intoa pickle of vinegar, 1 


pepper, salt, cloves, mace, and a littfe ginger. 
„ To piekle eldern, or any other buds of tree wi 
Give them one ortwo walms with vinegar, salt, whole pep - 
per, long mace, aud alittle lemon peal ja pieces; then drain 
them, and let the buds anc liquor coel separately: afterwards 
pit them into aqar, and cover them With your pickle. -. fs 
OL 4. Topickle walnuts to eat like mangoes. 
Take green walnuts before the shell is grown to any hard- 
ness in them; pick them from the stalks and put them into T 
_ "eold water, and set them ona gentle ſi e till theoutward skin 


begins to peel off: then with coarse cloaths wipe it off; then "ws 
put them into a jar, and put water and salt therein, shifting it ae, 
once a day for ten days, till the bitterness and discolourlag : k 
of the water begone; then take a zoodquantity of mustard 1 
seed, which beat up with vin-gar till it becomes coarse mu- = We 


- ard, aud then take some cloves of garlic, some ginger, atid a 

= put in a little of this; then take white wine vinegar, . and vs 
boil them together, which put to the nuts boiling hot. and yy 
some pepper, ginger, cloves, and mace, as also some of the 


1 a ; 4 : $7 ps | en 
2 mustald and garlic, which keep close stopped for use. G 
/// Fo pchie mutbroene oa. 


Fist blanch them over the crowns, and barb them be- 
neath; then put them into a pan of bailing water, then take 
them forth, and let them drain; when they are cold pat 
them into your jar or glass, and put to them cloves, mace, 
Senger: nutineg, and whole pepper: thenſtake white wine 
a little vinegar, and salt: So pour the liquor into the mas 


1 


rooms, and stop them close for use. 


wine e to it, and keep it close 


nd 1 to Pee 25 much 1 water as will ma 


— 
» af 


To pickle any sort of flowers for sallads, as clove-gilly flowers. 

Put them into a gally- pot, with as much SUpar as they. 
weigh ; fill them with wine rn to a Pon: of pts x 5 / 
pouny of sugar. LOT TIRES 


To pickle sampbire, broom buds asben-keys. genau, . | 


Take 5amphire, and pick the branches from the dead 
legves : then lay it in a pot, and make a strong brine of water 
and bay salt: In the boiling seum it clean; being boiled, and " of 
cold, put it to the samphire ; cover it, and keep it for all the 
year ; and when there is occasion to use it take and boil it in 
fair water, but the water must boil-before you put it in: and 
when it is boiled and become green, m it cool; then take it 
out, and put it into a wide mouthed | mod and put 9 

or use. _— 
To pickle lemon and orange . 9 

Boil them i in vinegarand sugar, and put them into the same 5 | 

pickle: observe to cut them in small long thongs, the lengih 


of half the peel of your lemon, It.ought to be boiled i in Wa- 
ter before it is boiled in vinegar and sugar. 5 


To prererve green apricots. 


Take thor ok they-are small and tender; 3 i 53 
and put them in hot water, but let them not boil; let them 
lie there till they begin to be green, then take them out 
and put them in-cold water, then boil your sugar, and let vour - 
apricots jun a little af the water from them ; then put em 
into the sugar, and let them boil till the s rup becomes thick; 
then put them into an earthen pan, à d let them r mister x 
a week; ; then put them iuto a pieserving pan, and make them 
boi! again till the sy:up grows thick; then put them once Wi 
more into an earthen pay, and let them stand till, thev are bi 
cold; then take them out of their sy 1UP, 3 aud lay them ou 3 
yeur ardoive; - then dry them in your stove, and turn them. 5 4 
ſten till dry; then put the m in boxes on paper. „„ 1 


D * ” _ 
1 
* * = 


EY 


To preserve fruit green, | „ f 
Take pippins, apricots, pears, plumbs, or ow when " FI 
bey are green; seald them in hot water, and peel. them; 5 14 
then put them in another water not so hot as the first; then 1 
il them very tender, and take the weight of them in sugar, MM 


ea, Syrup to %- * 
4 urely, andtake them F 


+ 1225 N 92 ; "a 
rl , 5 * ,” * 
3 , * 


— —_ — 


/ 


344 The ! Meads Bes. Companian 


up, then bojkthe syrup'tilh it be zan et t wien. ane ohen 
cold put them together. 8 art mY 
18 To precerue-rasherries, © | 


Take good rasberries that are not too ripe but very whole, 

take away the-Stalks, andputthem intoa flat bottomed earth» | 

| en pan; boil sugar, and pour it over your rasberries, then let 

| them stand to be cool, and when thev are cold, pour: them f 
softly into your preserving pan, and let them boiltill their s- 
rup be boiled pretty thick; scum them very well in the boil- 
1 this done, put them into hon, and ee cover them 

up close for use. 3 | 2 0 


To precerve aka: WES 285 0 


Take one 6 ponnter barberries pickled fi om the PRE 10 p 
them into a pottle pot, and set it in a brass pot full of hut wa- 2 
ter, and when they are stewed strain them, and putto the 
| barberries one pound and a half of S. gar, andthen, puta pints 
cf red rose water, and boi}'them a little ; then take half a 
pound of the fairest clusteis of bar berries 3 au can ge, and tv 

22 them in the syrup while it is boiline; ; then take the bar- I di 
beriies out, aud boil the syrup till it is thick, and 1 hen cold, SU 
"ou them in aro the Syrup. * 2 an 

To precerve currants. - | | 
Lav a layer of evrrants; and then-a laver of Sugar, and $0 
boil them as before prescribed for rasberries; scum them | 
©, bglſing tiihthe syrup is pretty thick: then take them off and P 
weten my are W putihem in gally- ke or glasses 1 . 
any : | pot 
Fo Preserve walnuts green. 
Beit the walnuts till the water tastes bitter, then tba hob 
_, off, and put them in cold wate n: peel off the bat k, and we: gh jar 
l as much sugar as they weigh,.and a little were water that : 
will wet the sugar; set them onthe fire, and-when they boi 
q vp take them off, and el. them stand two days, and then butl bs 
=_ "om again.” | 9 


— 


— 


To preerve berries. 7 + | 

*Firet, take teme of the worst-cherries, and to themi 45 FF 
fiir v ater, ang when tl e liquor is well coleured, strain it "A 1 
then take some of the best cherries, with their weight ] 3c 


beaten sugar; thenlay one layer of sugar, and anctbere Wy 
chertice, till. an axe laid in the precerving pan; then pour of the 


es & ite erer cherries into it, gs boil theſcherri rig 


9 be Yong Man's best Companion. 8 36 
till they are well coloured; then take them PET? boil the 


syrup till they will button on the side ofthe plate; and when 
Oy are cold put them in a glass close covered "op! use. | 


To candy, cherries. 1 


2 Take ern before they be full ripe,” and ine out tue 
1 now. then tak clarified Sagar volled: to a ec pour my 
| TJ candy pears, plumbs, apricots 7 1 1 
k Take them, and give every one a ut half through; then If 
cast sugar on them, and bake- them in an oven, as hat as for * 
manchet, close stopped; let them stand half an hour, then lay . 
them one by one upon glass plates to dry, and thy will ap- 


it pear very fine anc , ear... In this manner you may ny 
any 1 Ruit, 8 | 


8 5 10 bein teen, 


Pick them. very clean, and to every ounce of flowers put 
two ounces of hard sugar, and one ounce of sugar candy, and 
dissolve them in rose-Water, then boil them till they come to. 
sugar again, and when it is almost cold, put in FO flowers, | 
and. stir them together, cc. 


Of the RY süundry Sorts of Engiih Wines, | 


mil |  Currant wine. 3 5 EN 
wr Pho the eu rrants, when they are full ripe, e fs 
zely the stalks, then put them into an earthen vessel, and 

pour on them fair and clean hot water, a quart of water. to a 

| gallon of currants; then bruise or mash them together, and 1 
| let them stand and ferment: then cover them for twelve 1 
hem hours, strain them through fine linen into a large earthen 
Han jar, and then put the liquor into a casR, arid thereto put a lit- 


tle ale-yeast, and when worked andsettled bottie it off: This 


4 is exceeding pleasant, and. very wholesome for roping/ *. 
1 be blood: : in a week s time it will be fit for dae 


| Artificial claret. IIS 85 


Tate six tak of water, two galons of the best eyder 
and thereto put eight pounds of the best malaga raisins, 
Ibruised; let them sland close covered in a warm ' Plage for. 
two weeks Stirring them every two days well together; F then | 
DOD Ibress cut the liquor into a v op ag JN and add to ita quatt 

herriglof the juice of barberries, and a pi e of bra 


"Ry or r raober ies, (Which 7 ere is. i he 9 to . 


- * 


The Young Man's best Companion. _ . 


26 ; 
mugtard-seed; covered with bread paste for three or four dars 
by the fire-side ;'after which let it stand a week; then bottle 
it off, and it 55 become near as 15 5 if not exceed, com- 
mon claret, 5 „ 


18 1444 4 N 
n.. 14444 err 


3. * 8: ö N 


ay = T 


The beat way'f is to take to every three EO of we 
* of sugar, and a quart of fair water; boil the water very 
well, but you must put the aforesaid quantity of sugar when 
It is boiled; braice the fruit, and steep it twenty-four Hours 
in the water: stir it sometimes. then strain it off, and put the 
sugar to it, and let it stand in a rundlet close stopped for a 

; Fortaight; then draw it off, and set it up in neo Dy 1 
in TWO. months it will be fir to drink. - 


- Rasberry TTT 


abe the aries clear from the talk; to. A Hoa: of 
2 which put a dotile of white wine, and let Wen fee in an 
earthen vessel two or three days closely covered: then broi ise 
the berries in the wine, and strain them threugh fine linen 


froth, and then strain it again, and with a quarter of a pound 

of loaf sugar to a gallon, let it settle; 1 hen in half a pint of 

White wine boil about an ounce of well scented einnamon, 

and a little mace, and put the wine strained from Lg pep 
= into Ma ens oel It LBP: 8 | 


e Damton wine. . FI 


| bread; then te ever. quart of damsons put three quarts offair 
water, but first-boil-it very well; then put the water and 
damsons into a rundlet with, Luger, and having ee a time 
bufficient, en it * LE Fas F 


Q — 


0 nt, ? 


unser Eh. 


827 


== Ih, they are tulty Tipe, in a dry day pick off those 
grapes that are ripest, and squeeze them in a vat or press made 


tain the grapes; and when in the press do not squeeze them 
g hard! as to break the stones, if yon can help it, because thi 
fared ones will give the wine a disagreeable taste; then 
Sein it t well, a let it settle on the fees, in such x-cask ori 
ene as" 75 may. drivfit of Wee raising the bottom: 
1 $ Aa cask W 501 | rad 


put a 22 of the juice of black cherries; work it 2 with 


c une. 1 e | 8 N 


» 
T 2 pond 5 
"IC. * A 5 97 
25 5 4 94 

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. 

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4 


ently; then let it simmer over a moderate fire, scum off the 


12 Dry the nps! in an oven after you have FN your 


Eee for that purpose, in which must be a fine canvas bag to con - f. 


. : 
XY oo CO ORE "Rl ERS En $-4y 


J 


th 


V's 


4 7 us * 2 
, we "i > LF l 


2 


at the buuge, by tke bung or 1 then put the wine into 


it, and Stop it close for 48 hours, then give it vent at the 


bonge, with a hole made with. a gimblet, in which, put: a peg 


or saucet that mav eas y be moved vi h the fingers; then 
in about two days time. close it Up, and in about two or three 33 


c 1 0 berries, and put tbem into a linen war awöre 
said, for the grapes, and $queeze them into a.cask; and then 
let it Work as aforesaid- in the grape receipt, Kc. In n his 
manner may cherty wins be made; but then you. mustbreak ' 
the ee to What was Said concerning the grapes.” 


„ A bort way for cherry Wine. WE ne Le 
Squeeze. the } juice of cherties into a cask and theretc pats. 


small an; ity of Sugar, corresponding to the quantity of Juice, ; 


and whenit 1 a month, it will be A ang $120. 27 | 
1 Black cherr J %. oh 
In the same manner, take a gallon, or more of this) ("in we 


| black-cherries, and keep it ia a vessel close Stopped ii lit 
works: and after it is fine, add an ounce of ee to 9 
| quart « ge a Pk of HIS peibes Oo er RS 


0 N 5 ; 
1 - : 4 
2 Py 2 a 3 PA 


7 o make — 5 = RY 2 vs ey 


Grind, «tarp, or 1 5e fois apples, and put them into a 
press, and sqeeze them through hair bags into a tub: anßd 
let it settle, and according to yr quantity - of juice, put in : 
p with ge- yeast, and _ 
then prepare your Ve: sel According to. - 


some sugar at disefetien: then Work it u 
let it stand a week; | 
the quantity, clean 5 ;. they putt up; after Whichpus 


into a bag two podüds of stou'dlaisins, two ounces ut whole. 


gin; er, and tW o.gunees. of ising glass, and and See it tied tighe 
xed without side of the barrrel, that the. | 
tom I, ang after . Wk ve | 


with a strong stein os 
bag may 55 60 i the 


N 2 | Be, 
tt far un 5 5 „ 5 9 No 2 4 „ pe Abt 
a — 8 i, oy Ts 4 . 14 ; 42 TS LY 1 8 2 5 5 
* id. 8 * | 


Tate W of water; and horete pursixg qua rt 


ney, Stir ring; it till the honey be thor yo 
it over the lire, and when. 7 C dy to . 2 


por to * aaite r g 
22 ret tr 72 — Ca 
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3 „ 
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r . — wer — — — — 2 CER — — 


x | 7 be Yong Man's s 15 ehesten. Ia 7 5 6 
or 8ce: it it with, a ligen ag dipped in brimstone, by fixing it . f 


months time it will wma, for e and wee 4a as 
| eee F e on 
ö 77 Tf PR. Wine of berlin ave e oO. 


% 


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3g 348 * "The « Yorng Man bt —— 


ginger, and half an ounce of nutmegs, some ect marjoram, 
thyme, sweet briar, together, a handful; boil them in theli- 
duid, then les it stand 1 85 till cold, 11d then DEE! it up: for 


use. oh #4 2 5 FRE ; p 715 3 3 | 


7 ts cr: Of gallant oo tes ge 258 


3 IVY PR be of piles; . barre 6. Take 
one the clear liquor, (when equeezed), and boi] it with La 1 


A 


225 is as . as jelly; then take it up in glasses. 5 


* Family Medicines- + 1 I 


© Almonller the ears fallen dow n. Take a little bole 57h. 


niac in powder, and with it mix se me venice turpentine, aud 


sprend it on shieeps leather as broad as 4 a Stay „and pplx it | 


9 * wider the thtoat from ear to ear. 


Agne. Drink the decoction (that is is 'the boiling. of. an | 


herb) of camomile, and sweeten it with treacle ; : which rink 
when: Warm in bed; and sweat two hours. Or, to the wrist 
N ply. a mixture of yur, mustard, and ene got, by way 
i plaicter.” N 
Athna, or Eborlngss * ed Take 2 quart of aquavi/z 
4 one ounde of atizzizeed bruiced, one ounce of :quorice Sliced, 
halfa pound of stoned raisins, and let them steep ten days in 


yo above ger tioned manner; then pour it off into a bottle, 


ph two eoonfuls c of fine sugar, and stop it very close. 


wh the; M277 OW of mutton. 


a 


| haßt a pound of red. Lad, two ounces of bee-wax ; bell them 


5 5 together three hou 18, W Stir them well. — Or, oil of elder, 
N dathed or _rubFed on the p! ace will beve the same effect. 
Byues inward. Prink the Deco oct tions of comfrey. with 

Pre ag and buzter, — 2 


1 Bonnd in 15 e body... | Take cream of tar: 'ar mixed with 


* hegen veiy frequently. | 
Bites & ares. Eat rose mary ax sage with and and but- 
ter, and aß ly wheat flower and honey. by Way 'of plaister 

B Bloody ; A 

| | - SUppoSHory: 3. being wrapt round. buttonwise wet in the best 

RT, 2quavitee, of aqua composita; Which properly applied, will 

1 h zar in 4555 or tire AP . 15 18 is an abe 


St Anthony's fre Tekea Fuge, nd anoint the place 


Bo IND Bine! er tcald ontward- Take a quart of: neats fig oil | 


Take as much linen cloth as will make a 


, » 


we "V2": — bd 01 Companings.” - © 7 1 
n, Ts 3 blood. Dirt tenor the tea of ed "Y - 
-- || | or of sassafras- chißbßs AP 7 5 

T Can ker in the: path; * Take the 5 juies plontain ant rote 
82 water mixe d, and with it frequently wash vour mouth. 

5 For @-cough.. When you are going to bed, drink wendy 
F. treacle, and Leid, med}, or ne mixture of butter an 


+ Af n 

of | bes e in . Taks unsiaked . offs. — 

5 andi tt to it put five quarts. of spring water; let it stand 24 

"hh hours, in Which time stir it three times, cum it and take the 
4 BY clear water, and let it stand 12 hours more, and strain ik 


it through a cloth; and being put into an earthen bot, pat, to 


1 annfseeds and fennel Seeds, of each a quarter of> a pound; 

3 liquorice and sassafras of each an handful ; let them reve Fe » 
ll four or five days. and then det the child drink quarter. of. 8 | 
K a pint morning and eve ning, as long as it lastet, ii 
A Conuniption. Take as much new milk 39 a common «tl. 3 
'l will hold, to which put the herbs following; Viz. hv 880Þ, cow=- . 7 
® slip leaves, horehound, andcolt's foot, of each a handful : and 

* of maiden” s hai one ounce; let them stand al nicht, e 

0, 5 still them off: and when it is to be drank, wee ten it with . 

* rip of cowelig, or good sugar. 7 

5 Cbolic. Beat the hips of - wild roses ( we red in winter) | [| 
& into powder. and half as much shioed nut meg; mix them.and | 

e take some in all our drink; this is an excellent eme AS I 
. To cure drought in the ague. Take a small quantity:af bur- -Þ 
Il, ; riage, sorre, violet-ieaves, and str whe 175 leaves; sci them 

oy | in tyre. arts of fair running water til! lit consum % ne 

r, quart; then tate almmids. and blanch them, when besten, 

N put them to the said water, and to it Pars a little b 

5 0 drink it warm 1 . es ON 

0 Dropsy... Take broom . me myatard r, bY OR tebe: — | 

th | ip Tat of white wine: of which drink - 48 75 Approve bat 2 - A 
2 ; 197 a ore bro . Take eblumbines an eing Son Stamp, 

{= 4. and strain chem into mik, and drink it very Warm 

188 For the gripes. Take a sticed nutm g in 2 Artern of 
MB brahdy warmed. over the fire; to which put the besten 
St 5 1 'of an egg with a litt! e-water or sugar; ; Stir them tete . 


ther bver the fire to thieken a Hule: [FE 


FOE; ig | 
Se We 8 


bed. +7 VE 8 GER 3 
Tor the alone, or sloppage o uni. * "I — 
re parsl- Y, tops o ein dete i 


. ans ol ix 22 of, ' * 7 e . 1 
2 or ale, aud rink « 


1 Ip 


| FRY a be e Maat b . erk IEP | 
To cause an appetite, Seethe Pe in fair water, and 
drink it in a morning fisting, to the quantity of nine ee 
fuls, lukewarm for three any S. 
An easy and safe purge, Take cream of tartar an ounck; TY 
Jalap and brimstone of each a quarter of an ounce : the jalap 
must first be beaten into fine powher ; ; and mix them tha - 
roughly together in a mortar :, but if the person be hard to 
Cy work. on, put two drams of jalap more. | 
Small pon. When warm in bed, drink mulled ale with mary- 5 
| gold flowers, and sweat a little to bring them thoroughly dut, 
and to keep them from sinking. take b imstone and treacle. 
For the itch. Take frankincense and beat it small, and 
mingie it with oil of bay s, and there with anoint all over. 
Fo or a burn or scald. Tak e oil of eldern; and anoint the 
. place: This is a sur remedy. ; 

Aga. "st-the fever. Take a bandful of bey leaves, Ai a 
large handful of red Sage: seethe them in two quarts of ale, 
till they com- to one, and let the patient (being in bed) 
drink thereof a good draught warmed with a little sugar. 

To mate an approved ointment for old aches, Se. Stamp 
N smallage, and add to it some 1 davitæ and bears grease: stir 

them wel! together, and anoint the place beforethe fire, even- 
| Ing and morning. x 

To make mililot, excellent for plaisters. Take mililot pim- 
pernel, and scabions, of each two handfuls: cut them small 
then beat them in a mortar with two ounds of hog's lard, 
let it stand in the sunshine seven or eight days, (it being usu- 
ally made in June) then melt and strain it well; then add as 

many more fresh herbs; and set it in the sun as before, and 
then melt and strain it again; then boil it till the juice is 
0 consumed; the n take it off the fire, and. put it to beaten ro- 
vim, bees Wax, and Venice turpentine, of each one ounce ; 3 


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month Walſhall 25 Aſlibrittle Burnham (Bucks) Carnary Detby Eever- 


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March 10 0 burgh Bedford Coly ford Seaton 2 Baldoek Brackley Lip. 
book 3 Aſhburfon Brigde water Fincham 4 Charlburey Frampton Grffling- 
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bury -Magor:Minker Nefyn Poole (Montgem) Swindop Ulpſio 5 Bangor 

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bours Settle 9 Burnley Pontefract Skipton 11 Attleburgi Bakeweb Har- 


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Eltham Elmſworth Fringringhoe Gresfofd Guiſburn Haleſowen Hockhanz 
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Wellingborough Witheridge 14 Adwalton Beefes Catitreet Ca wſton Chel- 
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mouth (Norf.) 16 biggleſwade Brackley Yarmouth (Nort.) Worceſt 18 
Caftle-acre Everſham Lanelion Padſtow 19 Blockley Eliſmere t enny-Strat- 
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21 Bedford Cheſhem Stamford Peverell 22 Allechurqh Bury (Lanc.) News 
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on Modbury Norleaſe Sawbridgeworth Staraway Wintechurch (Hants) © 

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Mortimer Cockermouth Collyton Coventry Craweamb, Cullumpton Derby 
Fowey Giſbrough Greenſtreet Harwiceh Haſmere Hope Lancaſt Lantiſſent 
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Rroh#-cIifBromyardCaftle-Hedingham ChardColpbrook Hawbledon Hetſ- 
| ut th F4 eington, Poulton. Tidswell Tregony Wor- 
ſtend 4 Ampthill Beudiey Boſton Bfecon Calliggton Caſtlecombe Chagford 
Oneddet He Nerſfeid Erith Elmſtead Frodfiam/Goſyy Swilt Har Yi - Hen. 
Nee el 


Nutly Overton Probus Shapp Tamworth Tanby Torrington Wilton V\ 
burn Wooler Woeton- Baſſet Wrotham 5 Caxton Ghoriey Lanthiader Pe 
„in 80 5 N 2 8 5 Fa 


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be Young Man's best Companion, 383 


Wymondam 7 Talybout 9 Braintree Crawley. Dehuiud Dudley Guifburn 
Hawarden 1 | 
Matlock Padiham Stamford Tockingtown 10 Allentown Ceerlech Egton 
Fring Harold Leigh E. Skip:on- Solyhull 11 l Crediton Deviſbury 

Dole gelly Egliwysfach Lanidos Staines Werle | | 


y-Common' 12 Adwalton 


Alfriſton Alnwick Andover Bagnor Weſt Barnfley Brading Burgh Bur- 


waſh Ga wood Chelihsford Coln Congleton Corte-Caftle Crickke wel. Ever- 
ſhof Ewell Falkingham Haverford Weſt Haverkifl Hertford -Lamborn 


Lanfydd Lavichangel Ledbury Leiceſter Leighton (Huntingdonſh.) Lin- 


field, Lingfield Liteb. Little-Mountain Lymington Maidſtene Milthorp 

„ Mold Pains-Caſtle Pembridge Pentre Penybert Rippon Rowland's Caſtle 
0 Sheieſtone Siiſo Smith Stanſtead St Stephen's Stoke (Suff.) Storrington 
| Stow (Glouceſterſh.) Stroud Sturminſt .Swaflham 'Trefohiw Toucbeſt. 


'  Tuxford Wadebridge Warwick Wendover Wenlock Wivelſcomb 3 Black- --A] 


heath Brent Byraley Darley Flaſh Haverhill Lanſawell Leominſter Ley- 
born Oſweftry Pwikely Rippon' Sucklebridge Waltham H-14 Abergaven- 


ny Arundul Bela Berkley Brani-Burton Bungy Chelmisf. ChertſeyDenbigh 


Elftow, Fairford Goldanger Guiſburn Haltwiſtle Hamftreet Hartlepoole 
Hollaway Newark Nuneaton Oakhamp Pembroke Pulham (Norf.) Ram- 


ſbury Rochdale Stafford Strafford (Warwickſh.) Stretton Church Tatter- 
ſyall-Tewkſbury Theft.) Titchfield Towayn | Uckfield : Waltham: abbey. 


Weighton Winchelſea Woolbridge 16 Benendeui Bettws Caerwriey Car- 
narvon Chatham Kverſly Cuiſburn Inglewhile Lanerigew* Machynlſeth 
5 Overton. Roch Winchcomb 1 Aſhford Brentford Bolney Emergreen Grpom- 
I bridge Hay Holbeach Marttithal North Moulton Newton (Lanc.) Penrice 


Rudham Somerton 18 Abergely Alceſtor Brentford Dorſtone Hand ford 
Kingſbrumpton Leek Lanſannan Morpeth Northleach Weftfield Walfing= 
/ ham Workington 19 Attleburgh Banbury Bawtry Beaconsfield Benuma- 


ris Beverly Bildeſtone Biſhop Aukland Blyth Bottiſſial Bovy-Tracy Bow” 


(De von.) Brentford Bridgend Bridgeport Brighthelimftone Bures Burton 
Chapel-Cunn6n Cerne Chapel in le Firth Cheadle Cheltenham Dane-HilL. 


Gerſtang Grantham Hallzton Hanſlope Ha wkſhead Helmſtey Black Mare 
Hereford Hundon Kidderminſter Kithampton Kirbylon gſdale Langudoc 
Lifton Linton Liſkeard Lanely Mendleſham Middlewich St Neot's New- 
: | bury Newpart (Monſh,) Northwalſham St Oſytn Petworth Rippon Zoſs 
— Saxmundham Scarborough ' Shefford Southwich Stelling Stockbridge 


þ 

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: Deviſes Dicker Eccleſhall Ely Egiwyſwrw Farnham Findin (den, 
by 

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> Stone (Kenz) Stratford Stretton Summercourt Three-Lords Trew bl. 
t verſtone Wellington (Semerl.) Wem Weobly wetherby Ulgan Winſlow, f 
if. Wooduefborough Wrexam Yarw Yaxely, | 20.,Charbury['RachauaSouths, 
t- minſter Stevenage St Udey Wellow Wickham 21 Aſhbourng Ks = 
d If Culmpuck Eat-Chureh Hatherleigh Lamberfiy;it (Soffes) Selfſage Shots. = 
tf, I borne Sputty Trecaſt Wainfleet Weldon Westend z Abbors Browly” 

TY Albrighton Appletha uw Braditead ; ridli: gten Broomhall Eriec eth Dork = 

rd iog-Dunſiable, Fletc ing Giays Gueſt ling Hallaton e * 

n- nog Ns ee e e Sudbury Spilsby Swing on 

1d | Thorge Wilteach (ine E) Witham Wrayby 24 Belford Corwen Hadders., 


inte W . 


affingdon Holdry Hoſebridge Kighley Mirket-Botfworth 


field Kidwely. Lanvylling Louth Mark Marſhfield. Teſtinvig Wood, Car 
ner 25 Abberford Bodmyn Cuekfield Market-Deeping Newent Sandhurſt” 


raetb Mon Porloch Tenderdon 6 Amberſbury Biſhop's-caſtle Bourn Brig- 
ſtock Buckingham Calne Caſtle Town Ciawley Chipnam Chipping-Norton 
Colſhill (Staff. and Warw.) Dunmew Duiſley Gwthrin Hatftead Hunman- 
by Kendal. Knareſbrough Knighton Lewis Liſs Lannerchy mend Maccles- 
field Meer Nantglyn Oakham Pensford Pleaſly Riſborougkh Talbridge | 
Settle Stoke under Hombden Taviſtock  Treganatha- Uttgxeter' Wem 


| 7 Neel . 
Fi „ (K+. . . 
vpe Young Man's best Companion, _ 
Shreſp Spaldick 26 Alſton Aft wich Brough Camelford Donningten Kir- 
wald Malyſhury 2) Chipping-Nortan Florſted Kayneſs Pett Ruthyn-, 
Thaxted. 28 Appleby Booth St Bermain'sMaltos Nefyn Newport (Salop) 
Norwich Skiptan Siagſhawbank Wiſbeach (Iſle E.) 29 Ackhole A. 
menſham Appleby, Adingly Bakewell, Battle, Berkhamſtead Biggleſwade 
Billiagſuurſt B:ioggar Blackburton Branghipg Brixworth Bromy ard Neu- 
Buckenham Bury Cartmel Chiche Colt ift Cranbrook Gramer Crowle. 
Darlington Little- Dean Little Driffield-Dunſter Elthem Eveſham Exeter | 
Eye-Framlingham Hadleigh Ham near Richim. Harlow Hawes Helſtong. 
Hempnall Hitchir St Ives (Hunt) Kington Landaff Launceſtop Lawhadgn 
Lanymyneck Mancheſt. Marſh in the Ifle of Ely Mayfield Ne weaſt (Staff) 
Newport (Hams) Ormfk'rk Oundle Porthury Rocheſt Roſley- Hill and 
- every fortnight after till Sept. 29 at ditto, Rethberry Rotherham Ruſh-, 
ton Saliſbury Sittingbourne, Sleaford Southwell Spilſby Stoke (Suff. 


Tarling Toller-down Turkely Watfiagham Wandſworth Warſop Welling. 


4" Bom : 
354 
So $5 , 


ton (Suff.) Wells Weſt y-(Wiltſh.) Weſt, Hoathly White church (Salop) 

Wi- down York 31 Alford Aſhby de la Zouch Bampron (Devor.) Bedale 
BinegarBotely Boxtead Buckland Caſtlecary Coggefhal Guckfield Durham 
Eaſt· church Eleſmere Elmſett Ey ing Farringdon Gifbrough Ratficld Pa- 

varel. Haſtings Hempton Henly (Warw.) Hingham Great Hollingbur? 
near Weodſide Green Landovery Leighton (Bed.) Lews Langollen Mel- 
ford Melton Mowb Midhurſt Monmouth Newark Newmarket (Suff) Ot- 

_ tery.Paniſwich Pembury Penrith Purleigh Rochdale Sal ſp. Stone (Saff.) 
Taigarth Tenby Tillingham Walderſhare Walhall Wandſworth Warn- 
ham Weet-wood Bank near Wooler Weſt-Merey Woodſtock Yardley. __ 
Lampeter Leek Lentem near No!tingham Landibea Ludlow Maidenhead 
Minehead Newic Redburn Royſton Steple South Hartibg Truro. Wandſ- 
worth Wellingborough 2 Adwalton Alphington Aſhburton Aſkrig St An- . 
ſtile Birmingh. Bow (Midd.) Buckingh. D'naſmenddy Henley (Oxon.) 
Kingſton Langtown Lachington Newport, (Monm) Odell Opton Welt, ( 
Cowes 3 Bou (Midd.) Carmarthen Chepſtow Derby Hurſt Green Kin; ſton ] 
Merſham Ryegaſe 4. Balcomb Boothe Kingit. Kirkham V. Moreton 0 
Hamſtead Narbe h Norwich Ste fl. y Kom bridge ö Althorre-Bojam Brad- I 

Ford Burnham 3 South-Cave Dalten” Dav#ntry Dorcheſter - Gillingham d 
Great-Iey Hamton Hourflow Lenham Mefſingham Miſbourne Port Oſtend i1 
Pembroke Pontipool Pool (Montgom.) Ray leigh Rowel Rudgely Kudg- Cl 
wick Senate Southampton Southwauld Sutton Toddington Uſk- Watford ro 
Williton Windfor ) Ahergavenny Holywel. Mont gom. Sheffield Somerton 
Sui tan H,Swinfl ed Wa ford Weeron 8 Aherfraw Raven Glass 9 Ceir- ve 

whyth. Carphily Chapel in le Firth Chirk Chriſt-Church Harlech Kidder- gle 

miner Eilkhampton Lennerchymend Neath Penzance Steyning Stortford 5 

Ibrépe near Egham Wegbly 10 Brew Coventry Iughzm Peatrg:*hmon. 

* Teftining.er Amberſbufy Axbr. Brandon Chipman Chudleigh Gay wood 
Stampound Lantwitt Liphoc Menchinat Newham (Glog.) Overton Stan- N 

forc Sta; 8555 uatiord Foleſham-Darey Workingham «3 Banbury Barton ge 

2 (Vin -} Behion .. Bines-green Clun Darling Devi:es Hallaton -Haverford 12, 

ö : Welt K. N eot's Pr, ſcot Koſs Whitt:eſea (ifle E) 14 aleſbury Hailam 15 55 

Bfumpteß Magin zee dar Moulton Ramiey 16 Falkingham Fro- er 

' Potitead Wien Bar t St Kipan's Bradgeld Grimſhy Taunton I 4 


horn: 18 Che tow Rothersfield Stock lang 30 Abingd, Goleford Homes be 
Maid RS: arfore. wh ite-church (Hants Y 21 5 Ide bar h hep p Klan 4 0 
Laud of L:nweft N-wbrough Tiverton Work oP 22 Appleller "Paraſe!! 8 
Betty. Bleiching!) Brampton Bioadwater Burroughbrid: 8 55 16 Ka ad 18 
Haleſowen Hatherieigh Havant :Iolt (Derb) Horacaſite am CONE | 


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356 , + , The Young Man's bet Companon. = 

5 Chelwood Little-Clackton Derby Dunwich Ertith Epſom Ewhust, Fother. 
Inghay Giffing Harpley Hockhold Ipſwich Lan hiader Lieth (Kent) Lid 
LindieyLiverpoci Luggerſhal Malpas Middlewich Milton Milverron North- 
down Pouklington Poulton Reading Seaford Shoreham South-Reppo, Sta- 
pel Stone. (Stafford. Tiptery place Torrington Towels Tegel) Trew 
Trowbridge Grear-Wikering Waltham (Hants.) Wigmore Witbech in 
the Ile of Ely Yarmouth (Hants. )J26-ABhey Milton Cate Haſtings Horſe- 
menden Kirby Laneliom- Landſawell Leighton (Bedfotdſb.) Poſt- Down 
'Sherborne Tamworth 27 Falmouth Market Deeping Newport (Solop23 . 
Leek Menchiot Winchonib.2g Chiley Matingley Wevelsfield 30 Ghilmark 


91 * 


Hornby Lamamon in Yale. 


Auzvſt x. Angmering Barten (Hants) Betherſ@en Brightlingſea Brook. 


CE 
— 


and Broughton (Lancaſh.) Burnham ( Norf.) Chepſtow Corfle-heath Cow- 


bridge Cowling Exeter Frampton Henfield Hoo Lampetar Landovery Lan- 
triſlet-Lidfordgreen Loughbrough St Margaret's near Malbordugh New. 
ent North-curry Odiham Otley Partney Keddish Siaidbarn St German's | 
St Neot's St Steven's Stogumber Summerton Thandiſton or e 
toxeter Uxbridge Wisbeach (Iſle of Ely)Whitehaven 2 Warticfield Bridge 
north Calne” Chulmey Headon Ickleton Ivelcheſter Keſu ich King ſton 
Kington Langeridge Long Cromarſh Magdan hill near Winton Mold 
Newark Norwich Stockbury Stony Stratf, Theſ Wedmore WisbeachYarm 
3-Daventry Hitcham Kingſton, 4 Canary, Earl Soham Eſher Higham Fer- 
rers Landegla Kingſton 'Teirſk 5 Altringham Aſhton under Line Audley 
and Biceſter Boſcaſtle Caſtle-Town Chard Cheltenham Chertſey Chicheiter, 
' Doncaſter Dorcheſt (Dorſet.) Dudley Eccleſhall Garner-ftreet Hatfield 
Broad Oak Hexam Kirkeſwald Lanſechell Langiſs dairn Northampton | 
Oakhampton QueenboroughRaven- Glaſs Rhoſs Fair Saltaſh Skipron$iam-  - 
ford Staverdall Trampfton Thirſk Wattlebury Weſtbury{Salop)Wetherby N 
6 Baldock-Eaſt Iſley Goldfithnay Holtwood Minfield Rhayadar St Ann's ö 
9 Hill (Deviz) 8 Crowcomb Curry-Rival Horning Howey Ruthin Shepton 
Mallet Shiinal Stamford Lanwrſt.. io Alluc-church. Appleby Aſh. 1 
g burton Deddington Daffry Flint Hawlchurſt Hurſtperpoint Lanidown * 
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St Lawrence (Cor.) St. Lawrence (Kent) Leachled Membury Newburgh 
Piddy Snaith .Thaxtead Waltham St Lawrence Warminſt, 11 Boſton 
Dunningworth aud Snape 12 Banbury Bettws Bridierd Cargwrlcy Car- 
marthen Ckriſingham-MagnaDunbold-Dunitable Feverſham Green Hay ] 
Hig worth Hornſea Linfield MallingNeucaſtle upon Iyne Newton(Lanc.) 
Plympton Sheepwaſh Shrewſh Slaford Stowmarket Talybout Ireganatha 
Uffeulme York 13 Bakewell 15 Attleburgh Caphill) Keynſham Lelant 
Liſkeard Lanufydd Market-Weſton New port (Mon.) Oſweſtry Ottery 
St Harmon. It Mary- Hill Stamfordham 1 horobury Lreeaſtle Tutbury 
Worceſt. Yarlington 16 Aſhbouipe Brig Burgb' Louth. Pentræth-Mon 


Telſham 17 Dall wood Donninę ton Knareſborough, Landerjel:Landfannan 
Penny-ftreet in Ti awsfynnd 18 Aberwingregin Beddgelert Chapel in le 
Firth Clynnogfawr Emiworth Navenby Rippbn Seitle 19 Clack Polhe- 
ely, Blackmere Chorley. Moorlinch Fenmorla 


bippipg  Cranborne 8. 


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De Toung | 
CYorkſh.) Watchet 26 Bampton (Oxfordſh.) Barnet Bingley Bleagon 
Borth Carliſſe Corby Eaſt-Brent Elfdon Gifborough Gourdhurſt HaverHill 
Hermitage Hinkley Hminſter Little Driffield Northampton Porthæthwry 
Prefton (Lanc.) Rhos Fair Ripley -(Yorkſh.) Ramfey Swanzy Stroud. 
Folliterton 27 Bingley Cerigy” Druidion Giſborough Iminſter Rayada 


x 


Ripley (Torki.) 29 Cowſton Greſsford Kilmington Lannerillo Morbath' 


Overton Pampill Philip's Norton Seampford Peverell Tarperly 30 Lintan 
New Spalding 31 Brampton Lambert Caſtte-South-Molton Wicks. 


* © Seprember 1 Aliton Dronfield Gillingham Marnham Pontefract Spittle 
; Tregonyz Hingham Holywell Kettlewell Penkridge Steeple Aſhton Snaith 


Stevenage 3 Eanidlos Long Preſton Trefrehiw Wirkſworth 5 Aberconwey 


Beaulieu Brightheimſt. Brigſtock Buckingh. Burnham (Eſſex) Burwaſſi 


Chipping Norton Chorley Corſham Erewkerne Egton Firmingham Framp- 
ton Hatherleigh Haverford Weſt Horringer Kidderminſt. King's Norton 


: Kington Lampeter Eeominſter Mare: field Monmouth Montgomery Nampt- 


wich Newcaſtle Old-Chapple Playden Redruth Road Sidmouth Silverton- 


Stallbridge Stockwith Tewkſbury Toddington Wanbrough near Guilford 


Warrick Weſtham Whit tivgham Wivenhoe 6 Baddleſmore Camelford Don- 
nington Market Raiſm Ware 7 Holy Croſs Kilmiogton Newton-Abbot 
Preſton (Lancafh.) Stowley Tidfwell Wymondham 8-Biſhop's'Lydeard: 
Cardiff Cardigan Denbury Fritterden Glaſtonbury Ormſkick Rudland 
Stowbridge Talſarn Wymondham 9 Aſhford Biſhop's Caſtle Broad worthy 
Ceirwyth Carmarth Epworth Fordingbridge Harleſtone Harlow Helſtone 
Leachlade Newent Taviſtock Welton Zoyland 10 Brecon Dinaſmonddy 
Fowey Newport (Salop) St Mary-Cray 12 Adverſean Brentf.. Dandry 
Foncett Giles Hill near Winton Horſebridge-Common Horſead- Kaynefs 
Neath Oakham Poole (Montgomſh.) Stogurſey Famworth: Tollerdown 
Wareham Wilton Wimple 13 Brentford Diltoy Marſh Holberch Iron- act- 
on 14 Afhill Baflildon- Brentford Congerbury Frome Goodneſto1e Lincoln 


Pickering Richm. Ryegate St Udey Sumer Court Wherewell Winbourn 


Witham 15 Brentf, Durham Grimſby Murk Sandback Upton 16 Be:tws 
Freſhford Lutterworth Tillingham Wootpit 17 Bellingham Lanwrſt Lee 
Maſham Northiam Penrice Probus Wanton Weldon Wilmington 19 Abingd 
Amerthom Atherſtone Barnſtable Beaminſter B:aumaris Breewood Buck 


land St Mary Callington Carſlile Chatham Clack Crawley Cuckfield Eaft- 


menon Egremont. Giſborough Giſbourn Harbottle near Rothbury Kirby 


Mathamp Northamp North Bradley Painſwich Partney Shou!dham Silmi- 
fton Stains Steyning Sturbich-Fair Swindon Uſk Uttoxeter Waltham (Lei- 
ceſterſh.) Waterleigh Week St Mary Weſterham Woodbury-Hill near 
Bere Worceſter Wootney-Courney Wrexham 20 Dolegally Gifborough 2r = 
Backwell ay Downs Bridgw. Burnham (Bucks) Cærleon Chude 
iton Cr.cklead Eveſham Hawl-ſhead lreby'Knighton 
Liſkeard LymeMaiden-Bradley Mancheſt, PadſtowPenmachno Peny-ftreet 
in Trawsfyndd Plymouth Reading Shadbrock Silſoc Tendering Thorney 
in the Iſle of Ely Wootbr. 22 Lannarth Lewuwhlyn Yarborro' Caftle 23 
Boddgelert Clynnogſawr Derby Saxmundh Talgatth Tuxford, 24, Bootle 
Hayerford Weſt Langport Pwllhely Stretton Church 26 Abergavenny A- 


rundel Aylſbury Boſton (Lincolnſh.) Bungay Burford Cheſterſield Clayton 7 


Denbigh Eafingwould Graſlington Groamb Martlaud Haſelmere Headan 


Ipſwich Narbach N 8 Fadiham Pembroke Penmorſa Porthethwry 


Ramſpury Rhayadar Rockingham Rotherſtridge Shroton Spalding St Ste- 

phen's Stratford (War wickſh.) Tatterſhall Teſtinivg Tenbury Thrf-Tich- 

field Waltham- Abbey Weighon Wivelſcombe Wotton-Uaderidge. Wy- 

comb.. 27 Ayliham Derby 9 Ninian near Fenton Pox- Batch — 
% 3 . 2 | Z * gate 


Man's best Companion. 337 


* 


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338 = | The Young Man's best Companion. 


Iuton Midhurſt Newham (Gloseſter.) Newton-Peppleford Overton Part 


N 7 
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o following Saturdays at Cerigy Druiden Chicefter Colcheſter Devize 
Aham Ely Gainfborough Hereford Kingſbrympton:Rothersheld Slaidſhu 
Denby at Blackbourn Bridgrinton- Concord Rudgely-22 Barking Be 


' | Brampton. Devonſh:) Borth Burrow-bridge Caiſter Gicenydog Doh 


— — — — ent rn ner nee ͤ—— — ds i hp 


gate Sputty 28 Cheſham Dereham. Gloceſt. Landrhiadar Ludlow News 
ridge Northicach Stamford 29 St Alban's Alton Aſh Blackobys Canterb. 
Flhogford Cran- Brook Framlingh Frewenn Healy (Oxf.) Hope Horſebridge 


Laogerneaw Linymybeck Loweſtoff Maidenbhead Market-Jew Meer Smith 
Southminſter Stoken Chureh Teignmopth T ring Wallinf. Watten Wood- 
ham Ferris 30 Blackbourn Broup hhill Feckenham Lanelly New Church 


Ongar Ruthin. | "Bi 5 8 . ; | 

October 1. Brachnell Brading Bromſgrove Culmſtou Dinaſmonday Ha- 
warden Catharine Hill Otly Redruth 2 Aberguilly Appletreewich Bal- 
dock Beccles Bolton (Lanc.) Braintree Buckiogh. Budworth Boilth 


Burgh Cerne Coleſhill (Strafford.) Coleſhail (Warwick) Creyon Daven- 
tre Devizes Downton Dudly Eaſbrey Frodiogham Hamblelon Hemfley 
Black moor Hingham Hold{worthy Lamborn Howden Ladbury Lewes 
Malling Nayland Northallerton North Tawton Notting, Peterborough. 


Retford Rothbury Rodam Sherſtone Shrewſb. Stafford Swinehead Tarring 
Warham Wendover Woodſtock 3 Corby Hounſlow Nottingham Penttæth 


Mon Sherborue Worſop 4 Alnwick Harrold. Macclesfield Malham Not- 


tingham-Pentizth Mon Ubley Walſhall 5 Axminſter Druflwyn Ingle- 


while Lanfadwyn Laneliom Lanvylting Leighton (Huntindonſh.) Rochf. 


Roy ſton Steeple 6 Biſhop Auklaod Blyth Brackley Layo Chapel in le Firth 


Chertſck Dewſbury Eaſt-Hagburn Gaywood Market-Kaiſin Porlop Sher- 


bourn Woobourn 7 Billericay Bury Stockton 8 Challock South Moulton 
10 Aberconway Abergenny Bhrenſley Baſingſtock Bedel Birming Blockley 
Brent Bridgport Buckland Carmarthan Charlbury Cheſter Chichett. Cock- 
ermouth Corwen Deal Dolegally Eaſtbourn Falm. Fazley Fenny-Stratf. 
Goſport Great-Thorlow Hadleigh -Hartlepol Haſlingden Hay Higham- 
Ferrers Hodnet Hull St Ives (Huntindiſh.) Kegworth Kettering King- 


| Hand Lancaſter Lanvichangel Lavanham Leiceſter Lendher-Looe Malton 


Mardan Market. Deeping Mathry Milden-Hall Milverton Mitcheal Dean 
- Moreton Newhaven (Suſſtx) Norton Ower Mayne Penkridge Pentree 
Pontypool Roſs Ruſhla g- Green Sittingbourne Selby .Sheepwaſh Sheffor1 
Sbouldham Sleaford Lmardon Solybull South-Brent SteyningStony-Stratt. 
\ Stortford Stow (Lincolnſh,) Swindon Taviſt. 'Cewkſb. Thame Tiverton 


. Torrington —_— Wadebridge Watliogton Wells Weyhill Withyam 


Yarm 1 Bedale Bedf. Blackheath Bunley Gola Kinsclear Monkton Saliſ- 
bury Sellinge Shiptone Wragby 12 Gaxton Ditchling Hitchen Landovery 
Northorp Otterton Sevenoaks Suckle-bridge 13 Banbury Chaple-Cunnon 
Epping Lymington Mansf. Rackham Rhos-Fair Wigan Windſor 14 Ha- 
worth Leybourn Sarr Treeaſtle Waltham H Wells 15 Aſhover Carlile 
7 Alceſter Alphinton St Aſaph Bakewel] Belbroughton ChriſtChurch 
Cowling Donaington Havant Ivinhoe Knareſboroogh Lanrhiad Pyffin 
Alayid Lemuwchllyn Maidſt. Navenby Swinſtead Thorne Turner's hill 
Wellow Wenlockl Wogeler 18 Barnel Belbroughton Little Brickhill Charle 
eton Chipman Ch iſleborough Cowbridge Griceieth Dorſtone Everſley Fat 
ningdon Haleſworth Harwich Hatfield Haverfard-weſt Henley (War. 
wiekſh.) Hindom. Kirbam (Lancaſh,) Lantriſſint St Lawrence Laxfiel 


ney Tidivell Uphavem Ulk Winterbourn Workington 19 Abbotford Bai: 
Carſe-Gaſtle Lomaman- in Yale Lampeter Market Harborough Partue 
worth Teſtinizg Prevena Whitechurch.( Hants) 19 and the 


| | | aIEwng ot 
_ Garſlile' Clithero Newmarket F Newport-Pagnel-Overton 24 Aberfrai 


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I {he Young Man s best 


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December i 
3 Aſhton under line Bettws Garſtang Louth Talgarth 5 Atherſtone Car- 


| . - Launceſt St Nicholas Northwich Sidlan Stoke (Norf.) Tockington Tod- 
dington 6 Cerigy Druidien Clithero 7 Lanellam Leiceſt Ludlow Malpas g 
5 A 
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