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2 A Moral Treatiſe 


the Eſteem that People have for it ap- 
- pears chiefly in Military Diſcipline : 
We do not make ſo narrow an Inſpe- 
£tion into the Conduct of Men of other 
Profeſſions; we do not regard ſo much 
beyher. an Arri#-15 continnally-4n his 

hop, whether a Merchen is every Day 
upon the Exchange, whether a Lawyer 
-conſtantly attends the Bar, or a Phy- 
ſician waits daily on his Patients : But 
= Soldier for the leaſt Failure in his 
Duty, myſt 'nndergo Seyerities. Up- 
on his firſt Liſting himſelf, he is an 
Apprentice to War and Danger ; and 
his whole Life is bnt a continued Suc- 
| ceflion of Labours and Fatigues. Q- 
ther Profeſſions one may ſometimes 


neglect, and nat. be puviſhgd for it; 


WE PEECONOURce them, and. exchange 
r others, or may wholly leave 
them off; and 'no Penalty can be in- 
pag _ FO tne yo Omfrſſion in 

ar palleth for an Qftence:pyniſhableg 
and: :Deſertion,: for: a Capital wme. 
AnArmy-is a diftiat People frag 
zhers, and:a Realm by it (elf : Bal 
the general Laws, they have Laws pe- 


| culiar?. to themſelves ' according "£0: 
- which:they inflict the ſpeedieſt, exatteft 
G4 x and 


i 


Mb ig*- 


_ ceive' a; more. favourable Chaſtiſement. 


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and ſevereſt Juſtice in _ World. 
This rigorpus Exercilq thas is kept 
up amongſt _—_ ariſeth from a 
Gonferangn, w ve far them, and 
from'a Maxfm” wh Mich comes very near 
to that of Plato, when in his Common- 
weabth' he puts: this' remarksble Diffe. 
rence between' F-ec-emets and Slaves,\ in 
that he' condemns Free-tnen to Death 
for Crimes, 'for' which-'Slaves ſhall re- 


Some: hold, that 'an' Army: ran In 
Battel-is the fineft and moſt noble 
Qacle char'can be preſented to our Pye: : 
TheiPleafurs'we Take. iy un 
ariſdth from-'the kigh'/de# wehdveof 
Valour:: ' For, yew "Thou" we ſte 
Froops liſtering in theif Arms; drawn 
vp: in the moſt regular manner, and a- 
bundantly furniſhed with! all thoſe- Ma- 
terials which are requiſite for Siege or 
Battel, and we ſhould at'the ſante time 
be: perſnaded' that they were Cowatds 
under the Appearinet'vf'Solfers, 'we 
ſhould Jifdaiiz to' Wok: upoir this vain 


| _ uſeleſs prion: -or if \we did: (or 


IEF 


thor rich upott them! $14 would 
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bt Tel Y yp 2 CHAP. 


'N Moral. Trae ' 


q 
CHAP. C08 


C 13 4" - > 78 e- "= 6 "24 i: Pao: 


The * 9 je Refl ; ape i 


v2 


poitwy ov) YO 15:57 « 

du T to carey: - this: Refletion far- 

ther, 'we may conſider, -that-we 
beſtow greater.-Painsand: Coſt: to in- 
cite Men ;to:;Valour;.,; than ,ta;.any of 
the, other. .Vertues--;;;Kings keep: thoſe 
in daily,Pay,: whom -they employ in 
their Wars: . They do not give; Mo- 
ney to,,Men for their Prudence, - nor 
for. their Liberality.z ;but; they! 'main- 
tain.,them, for being valiant; ;: There 
bn I..know., not, how - many ; Arts. fub- 
ory nate. £0 Fhe, Art; Militany's and 2 
' Thoy Ag 
played,.; to equip..a Soldier: Cap-4 pe.c 
One makes? bim a.-Sword ;; {another 
his, Breaſt: plate; A;Fhird, {his Heads 
x HG that-are-for- 
| Bis Fire: Arms, 
: which. Antiquity. was 41gnorant fof-: ) 
ome ;are employed. in-making tnſtru- 
A End Dita »his Joys 
Tal EC S948 © BL 6: WS: mmS4i-s FU}: 
pets, . and Wind: Mulick ; whoſe ra- 
AAA '$: 6. viſhing 


TOP] 


upon VALOUR. S 


viſhing. Sounds make the moſt” agree- 
able ' oro: "The Manage: was 'in- 
vented for the War : And if' the Ri- 
ding-Maſter train vp an Horſe of 
Value, he is deſigned for the Day of 
Battel. ' The Pomp and Flouriſh of 
Habits 'is not'comely- in any, but Sol- 
diers by Profeſſion : Feathers,” Scarves, 
Gold''or Silver-Embroyderies, * look 
great, -when worn with a Sword ; 

ard-a :Soldier hath always been al- 
lowed: theſe ſorts. of - Ornaments, . as 
Preſages'of his-Triumph.” ' THe Bran- 
ches of the" noþleſt of alt "Trees are 
weeatlied: into Coronets for him; as, 


' the Fawrel, ('which Thunder ſeers 
to'-reverence z )) . and the Palm-Treez 


which: never bows down'to' the Earth, 
bat*advaneecth up ambitionſy' towards 
the Sky. "We oe number the' dif- 
ferent: Prizes that the Afteſity! eſta- 
bliſhed, as the Recompence of valiant 
Adions : | There were not only ſome 
for Captains and Generals; as; "the 
Sur-names of Countries which they 
corquered, Trophies, Triumphal 
Arches , and Triumphs themſelves ; 
but there were others for the Com- 
mon-Soldiers : They beſtowed one ſort 

| B 3 of . 


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6 A Moral Treatiſe, 


of .Crown.upon him that firſt ſcaled 
the Walls ; they. gave another to him 
who, in the Gor of the Battel, had 
ſaved a Roman Citizen: And though 
the Materials thereof were .-but com- 
mon and ordinary, yet they valued 
them above. precious. Treaſures. A 
Monarch alſo takes himſelf to be bo- 
noured, when he is called a Captain ; 
neither doth he deſpiſe the Title. of a 
Soldier. _ To ſpeak properly, - Sove- 
reigns haye but two Sorts -of Profeſ- 
ſions; to-rule their Subjefts, and: to 
manage. their Wars. .\/The Firſt they 
teach their own Children z in the Se- 
cond they inſtru@ their Children, and 
their Subjefts. They take care them» 
ſelves to form their Troops z..they:are 
 aſbamed. to have the meaneſt; of 
jects for their Scholars. and 
the ſame Mouth that pronounceth Laws 
pol the —— will give out Or- 
ers ruQjons to the ra _ 
i ENORTS, - S197% on 


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"CHA P.- HE - <0 


3 TI is more pleaſant to read the 
3 - Lives of Valiant, than of 
4 ether Pritfcet..,” 
I WW E pronounce the Name of- Ale- 
3 YVVY. . xander and Ceſar more; fre- 
quently 'than thoſe [of . other Prin» 
ces. We ſeem to feel a kind :o0f- In+ 
tereſt in their paſt Fortunes, we fao- 
fie our {clves concerned in their Con- 
neſts, and to have ſome Share in 
eir. Triumphs ; we are charmed 
with. a ' far greater Pleaſure 'in,read- 
ing-of their: Lives, 'than that of -No- 
velty.z- we are more: delighted to read 
their' Stories over. 'and over - again, 
than that of any other Prince, though 
but once. Notwithſtanding a Thou- 
ſand Republicans, and' Men bf: Come 
monwealth-Principles, have:entleavou- 
red ito 'palliate the Death of -Ce/ar, 
with ſpecious 'Pretences; :yet, at this 
very Day, we cannot. but look upon 
_ that At as an Aſlaſſination, and re- 
B 4 gard 


y A Moral Treatiſe 


gard the Criminals for no leſs than 
Parricides : We conſpire againſt them 
who plotted againſt him; we ab- 
| horr thoſe of the Senate that were 
Þ cruel; and it is our Opinion, that 
the unfortunate End of thoſe Con- 
ſpirators was an Effet of the jult 
Vengeance of Heaven upon them. 
What Regret have we not alſo for 
Alexander, to think he ſhould be re- 
moyed-out of the World at ſo young 
an Age? We lament: his :Death, whe- 
ther it were violent or natural: We 
conceive that ſo great a Courage de- 
ſerved a longer Life. After he had 
conquered Afis, we could have wiſh- 
ed he had turned his Arms againſt 
Europe, ( as' he defigned' to: do: ) We 
imagine - we ſhould have been. well 
pleaſed to' have: ſeen him attack the 
Romans, 'who at that Time were ma- 
king their Advances 1n /taly, and were 
laying the Foundation of the moſt 
puiſſant Republick in the World. And 

that * which is here moſt remarkable, 
15, we Go not ceaſe to' admire their 

Valour, . 'when, at the fame Time, 

we know they have been unfortu- 

nate in their Enterpriſes. - Pyrrbus, in 

many 


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- 


upon. VA LOUR. '9 


many of his Expeditions, met with 
more Difgraces, * than 7Jucceſs : He 


was deſpoiled by Lyſimachus of the 
Part... why —"_ .he- had _ in Afacedomia - 
He was viced” fo abandon Sicily and 
Ital, ' after he \had--ſpent | ſix- Years 
Tims there : | He raiſed. the Siege of. 
Lacedemon, and | was, ſlain before that . 
at Argos. - Yet; \ notwithRanding all 
theſe Misfortunes, we follow the Con- 
du&t of his Exploits' with Admiratior : 
We wiſh his Succeſs had been equal 
to his Courage 3 and are ſorry that 
all .his: Conqueſts. ſhould;. drop through 
his' Fingers, | juft as he had caught them 
with his: Hands ; artd after .having-van- 
quiſhed his Enerhies, through'a Thou- 
ſand Dangers and Hazards; that he 
was not: ſo happy as to oY th Fruit . 
of his TAROINS. i 


_ 


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the Honowr of |Hanmibal ; | 


and they made all their Sta- | 


 twes in a Military Habit. 


k E . can alledge nothing that 

can redound more to the Glo- 
ry of Valour, than what is reported 
by Plzy ; that in Rome it felf- three 
Statues | were erefted to the Honour 
of: Hannibal. So that this implacable 
Enemy of that Republick' had the: Mo- 
vuments of his Glory. ſet 'vp within 
the Precincts of that City, wherein 
he had brandiſhed his .Ferrours ; .and 
the Ruin whereof he had ſolemn- 
ly ſworn. To this Remark of Pliny, 
let us add another of Cicero's, who 
obſerved that all the Roman Statues 
were made in a Military Habit. This 


Cuſtom ſpeaks much to the Praiſe of 


Valour ; for that they took it up out 
of Choice, and not out of Neceſſity. 
_ Andalibough amargt the | the 

me 


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ſame Perſons were Magiſtrates in Time 


of Peace, as well as Captains: in Times 


of War; yet they did not think: it 
proper to make Choice of ary- other 
Habit for their Statnes, , or to repre- 
ſent them with the Epſigns of Magi- 
ſtracy. In Truth, we cannot ſay the 
ſame of the Grecian Statues; we can- 
not obſerve any Preference on the Ac- 
count of Arms in that Point. The 
Grecian Heroes had no. Habits upon 
their Statues; either becauſe it was 
an aticient Cuſtom, which. they had 
in Reyerence; or elſe, that they had 
a Mind to leave a Liberty to. their 
Engravers to exerciſe their 'owh Inge- 


nuity, who thereby _ better. ſhew 
"their Arf, in- 


the utmoſt Exceftency © 
exactly delineating the Proportion, and 
Shapes of Humane Bodies. Greca res 
eſt nibil velare, ac contra Romana rhora- 
C45 Addere, DEE 


SIR, 1 preſume Your Highneſs | 


wull eaſily pardon me; for citing to 
you a Sentence out of a Latin Au- 
thor, ſince you Your Self already fo 
well underſtand that Language. . One 
Day 1had the Happineſs to {ee ſame 
of Your Compoſures z and..it- was not 


without - 


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without Admiration that I conſidered 
them-: They were ſo neatly exact, 
that "the ſevereſt Criticks might de- 
ſire-nothing more: And we may with 
Truth affirm, .\that the Progreſs You 
have made in Learning, is far above 
Your Years. 


_- 


CRAP. Y. 

The Efteem Men have had for 
Valour appears by the Names 
which the Greeks and La- 

tins bawe given to it; and 
alſo, by that we -have gi- 

.. wen. it. in our own Lan- 

X” -.: 


pf OU have then obſerved, (SIR) 
- & that the. Zarins, by the Word 
Fertne , particularly underſtand 'YVa- 
lor ; as if they conceived Valour 
was the only Vertue, or, at leaſt, 
the Vertue by. way of Excellency. 

| Beſides, 


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Beſides, ſome have thought, probably. 
enough, that this Word is derived 
from a Name which ſignifies Man, 
Virtuu a Viro, The like. Etymology is 
plainly evident in the Greek Tongue ;. 
which not only gives-tlhe general Name 
of Vertue to Valour, in calling it 'Ager} 3 
but they alſo called it Aryan; to let 
us underſtand, that in this a Man may 
behold his true Character ; and that 
he is unworthy to bear the Name 'of 
a Man, who is defeftive in Courage. 
But neither the Greeks nor Latins have 
dignified this Vertue with ſo honou- 
rable a Name, as that by which we 
render it in our- Language. Is it:not 
a remarkable Thing, that we have 
appropriated to it the very Name, by 


which we uſe to expreſs the Price or 


Worth: of Things? As much. as to 
let us underſtand, that Men are va- 
luable, more: or. leſs, according to 
the Proportion. of their Courage ; and 
that: Valour: is the only Fountain: of 
Merit. Yo! 


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© 6 


, CHAP. ,VL 
We love the Image of Valour 


in other Creatures which are 


bardy. 
"THE Lion cannot properly be ſaid 
. L to have true Valour, ſeeing that 
Valovr is a Vertue, and Vertue be- 
longs only to Reaſonable Creatures. 
Yet Valour is ſo amiable, that we 
love its very Image and Appearance 
in the Brute: And we ſpeak of the 
Zion with-a kind of awful Eſteem : 
We attribute to him Actions of Ge- 
nerofity.;--we ſay, he will not inſulc 
over a vanquiſhed Enemy , that - he 
will - pardon them whom he hath 
brought under the Power of his 
Clutches : We ſay, when be ſees him- 
_ Felf in danger to be-over-power'd by 
A Multitude, he will not flee away in 
Diſorder, but make ſeaſonable Halts 
@ and Turns he retreats in State, and, 
as It were, facing his Enemies. When 

a Man hath diſtinguiſhed himſelf by 
his 


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5 
his Bravery, we beſtow fore Title- 
upon hin 'in our uſual Language ; but 
when-''Eloquence w POE thinks to- 
honour ag Heroe,.' it compares hint 


to 8 Lion. ' Fraxce,/ which hath bred 


up many Perſons who. deſerve that 
Appellation, doth not bring forth 
Lions: But when we- know they are 
brought ' over from thoſe ſcorching 
Climates where they are bred, into 
our Country, 'we are curious to go 
and view them; we conlider them 
with Attention, and- a kind of Re- 
ſpect z- we toke pleafure to ſee them 
extend their Claws, with 'which they 


tan tear Elephams in' pieces; we love 


to. hear his 'Roaring, which has been 
the Terrour 'of a -whok 'Country. 
The fame may be faid of the Eagle: 
We canceive loft Thoughts of him , 
we confiders him as a Sovereign, who 
exerciſeth-his Dominiton-in the vaſt Em- 
pire of the Aery Regions, and makes 
his uninterrepted | Progreſs” through 
immenſe es. That which gives 
us ſ0 noble an 14ea of him, -is, That 


he excels all 'the- Feathered Creation 


in- Conrage, and his Approaches to 


thomk are terrible. | The Word Prince, 
; in 


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- in the Original,” ſignifies no more than 
Chief : And this Title: carries a ſmoo- 
ther,'-and more acceptable Sound to 
a 'newly-conquered People, than all 
the other harſh Names, which are as 
ſo: many Marks .of Arbitrary Sove. Þ} 
reignty. For this Reaſon' Auguſius {as 2 - 
Tacitus hath well. obſeryed) choſe to X 
govern. the Empire under - no other 
Title than that of ;Prince,. Dion, to 7 
the ſame Sence, - reports. of. another 2 
Emperor, who uſed to ſay, { am the 
Maſter of my Slaves, the General of my 
Soldiers, and the Prince of all the reſt 
of the Romans. The moſt graceful 
Superiority is that which is founded 
in the higheſt.Perfettionj: And we at- 
tribute this Name: to-thoſe who ex- 
cel all others in their laudable Pro- 
feſſions. We. therefore. call Yirgi/ the 
Prince. of Poets, and CKero the Prince © 
of Orators. Of all thoſe;Royal Du- 
ties ,that God. hath annexed to the 
Dignity of a Prince,-this: Title, car- 
ries 1n it, an Eternal Advertiſement ta 
thoſe who.,are honoured- with it, to 
ſurpaſs their. SubjeQs/ -in Merit, as 
well as Power, if; ever they will: be 
the. Chefs, and polkſsin all Things 

the. 


4 
, SENT by, LES, 


at VALOUR. 17 


| the . higheſt Rank. They are then 
NE to acquire more Glory than 
Y } * other Men; but they cannot have 
Z more Glory, if they have not more 
F Vertue; and the moſt renowned of all 
F vertues is Valour. 


es et ES, He | 


CHAP. VIL 
Palour is the Ornament of all 


Aves : > and of the Female 
na when it is found there. 


Ithout Valour, Youth -is deſpis» 
-cable z and with it, Old Age. 
b is. honourable. | What could be a 
2 more glorious Spettacle, than to be- 
hold Arntigonus in the Grecian Hiſto- 
ry, and the Conſtable of Montmorency 
in that of our. own ;. who at the Age 
of Eighty Years, ſought for Death in 
the midit of Battels; and there they 
both found it? Homer hath made us 
conceive a greater Eſteem for Neſtor, 


In bringing him to- the Siege of 7roy,, 
than 


2 to nk Ars” 7, Tk = Ng 
Ko Og 4 ON 
RIS EFT IF a Ee 


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than for the Father: of Arhidle}, or 
Ulyſes , whom: he 'teft; ſnoring '-at 

home, in their private Houſes. Uer- 
.. tain I am, we regard the Maceao- 


ian Soldiers, called Argyreſpides , 


with Admiration: They were the 
Flower of the Militia of that King- 
dom; they. had ſerved not only in all 


the Wars of Alexander, but likewiſe 


in thoſe of his Father Philip : The 
greateſt part of' them were Seventy 
Years of Age, and the youngeſt Six- 
ty. It was not becauſe they'' were 
Niggards of: their Eives, that they. 
laſted ſo long: They were all cover- 
ed with Wounds ;. neither could they, 
receive any new ones, but upon- their: 
-_ Valour is alſo- an Ornament to the 
_ other Sex, when it is found there, | A- 
mongſ all Queens, we moſt admire 
Semirams, and Zenobia, And it is im- 
poſlible ro think of a Name more ta- 
king, than that of ati Amaton. 


CHAP; 


— 
> 


Ft 4+ J=—r_— a a 3 EIT 


45g RE JOG hs 


"GHAP,! VIE. 


Combe ws the greateſt Rex 
| -« Pipch to a Man. 


n Owandice is the molt ſtabbing Re- 

E m_—_ that' can be' put upon a. 
Man.:; From the Time that he is up= 
braided with it, he takes up a Reſolu- 
tion, either [to-periſh: himſelf, or to a- 
verige the Afﬀfront 'by the Death of his 
Accuſer.” It feems a lefs Evil to him,. 
eo:kill, 'or be killed, than to ſuffer thi 
Ignominy z and frequently, through. 
blind Fury, he is tranſported ta the 
heighth of Revenge. Nay, he had ra- 
ther appear a perfect Criminal, and 
more really guilty of other Vices, than 
ſo much Av to ſeem feproachable for 
this. When Nature perceives that ſhe 


hath been, yakKind,, in not befriending a 


Man wi | that Courage which is pro- 
per for ' him, ſhe gives him continual 
Advices to "kide his Defe&t ; ſhe will 
ift-: him: awbhy from. all Occafions, 
where his Weakneſs may be: brought 


vero the Stage : She preſents to his. 
t Thoughts. 


20 A Murat "——_—_— 


Thoughts Duty and Honour, that fo 


ſhe may Ita@ him t6:do'that ypon Con- 
ſideration, which he was unable to do 
upon his firſt Thoughts : - And. .If- ſhe 
finds alb this .ynprofitable , then ſhe 
ſometimes" Inſpires him with; Deſpair, 
which may ſeem to paſs for Stoutneſs 
and Valour.: 'In-ſhort,” we may-affitmy, 
there-is no-ſuch rigorous and doqureful 
Slavery; as Servike Fear: When-a.Man 
would always bein a State cof;Security; 
he never is, nor:Udth-heodeferve tobs 
{d. | The Fear; af; Dangers,' cither*ho- 
nourable! or. neceffary; is :the.Lotof 
 mean-Souls; and they ey hoſe 'Lives are 


leaſt to be vdlueds) © are: eimoſ Tn: of 


Ned _— Sees Meg 
'C H. A Pp. 1%. 
W bether a Man be Corres, 


j J a 


i Or eat naturally. =" 
« ers __ > 


 Am- now!come " Thought upon 
this-Subje@, which 1:know:nocaf 1 
can well L ERPVEln  Natore having'im« 
2; 17 preſſed 


7 1 


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£ 
A 


4 


| 


a. 


themſelyes into a lower! Degree than 
FJ 


pot VALOUR. 5t 


- prefſed 'the: Law- of Self-preſervation 


upon all Creatures; inſpires them-ſomet 
rites with” very: contrary Sentimetits: 
For:we>eannot doubt but it is from 
rhe&!ſame. Principle of 'Self- Preſervation,” 
which tenders the Lion ſo nndaunted, 


"and the Hart ſo fearful. But if I may 
_ have Leave to abſtratt Humane Rea- 


ſon,-and to conſider Man:m” the Re- 
ſemblance he may have with other 
Creatures, '{ believe,” Nature hath not 
placed him in the Rank of thoſe who 
are' fearful , but of the: Courageous. 
This appears,. not only from the raſh 
and hardy Adtions' whos Men ine 
Limes -commuy.,\-2g8inft; the. Light o 

Reaſon ; but alſo he gf.» 1 
Nations, and their" manner. of Living, 
who are perpetually waging War, one 
againſt another ; and: ſeldom- ceaſe , 
till [their ; eager and; bold Affaults fer=- 
ment; idto -Fury-:and 'Ferocity. © | But: 
Cawards;' which ought. to. make uſe' of 
their :Urderſtandings,: to. elevate the 
Courage they received: at their Birth, 
make no other Uſe of their timorous 
Reaſonibgs, but.to (diſgrace and ſtifle 

&K\ and by this unworthy: Vice, fiok 


ever 


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ever Nature | intended | them for : * 
might -ngt. only. have maintained. their 
pative Courage,' ibut have advanced 
themſelves to an higher Ravi, by the 
Vertve. : -;.. fret t+1 ty 


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D. UT. let vs riot: frame. Smppoſitions | 
injurious bb Humane Nature: Let @ 
us ſpeak ofcMen as'they: ate g :(thatis 5 
to ſoy:)- 28:Roaſonable Creztures 5: and) 
eanligder; the. Shams and: Cantempt 
wherewith the Aftions of Cowards'are 
defervedly 'branded 'amongſt- People 
which. have: bad 'any Senft of: Hear, 
f-any-Diſgrace happei'd to the Rozi 
mere by tbe! Raſboeſs or :Imprindenes 

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a pon VALOTV OR. 23 


" Pardon for this Fault. After the Loſs 
_ -of a Batte] which _—_—_— their total 
"Ruin, as ſoon: as they underſtood that 
the Conſul; who was the Caule of this 
| Misfortupe, was camifng hack for Rome, 

they went out to meet him-with all 


MH the Teſtimonies of Reſpe@, rather 


WM than with any Thoughts. of Indigna- 


a tion : They gave him Thanks, that af- 


ter ſuch an Event, he hed-714; deſpaired 
"Y of the Safety of the Commonwealth. - But 
"# they did not carry it ſo to- _ 
* 3 wards another, who made Maxcinm. 
3 diſhonqurable Treaty in- | 
'S Spain: They declared him 2 Slave to 
= the Nuamanines, by a publick Edit}; 
| and they effefually ſent bio back with 
| an Herald, to deliver him into. their 
Hands, It is true, the City. of Nas 
manta would gat. receive bim. $0 that- 
| it.was made a Queſtion in the Ancient 
Roman Law, whether © this Man, ſhould 
become Free by his. Return into his 
| Country; and whether he ſhquld be 
_ reſtored tothe Freedom of a Citizen, - 
and: the [Dignity of a Senator; . Ong 
- Time,- after anentine Defeat, when 
hay! bal ſcares: idMen-cypugh: left ta 


furniſh 


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ſurniſh Their Forts, and-but a ſmall 
Ranſom was-demanded of them for a 
great Niiinber of Priſoners ; | yet' they 
would” not- redeem them': They ica- 
ſhier'd {and / baniſh'd all thoſe: who 
were: faved in the 'Battel;, into S:cily - 
and as' Marcellus was paſling through 
that Iland, to beſiege Syracuſe, thoſe 
wretched *Soldiers' caſt themſelves at 
his Feet, conjuring him with Tears to 


Liſt them again into the Roman Ser- 


vice : -They made Proteſtations to him, 
that they would make it appear, that 
that -Bloody Defeat was not to be at- 
tributed to their Default, but to their 
Misfortune, | Marcellus, whowis touch- 
ed-'with-- a" Senſe | of their - Diſtreſs, 
thotigh>he 'was "to: engage-in 'a- Siege 
where© the ſfhould' have need- of Men, 
wrote to the Senate in their Behalf ; 
who Teturned him this Anſwer; : That 
the Comminivealth had no need' of the Ser- 
vice of Cowards. In 'their ancient: Di- 
ſcipline, they had a Military Puniſh- 
ment which was - very: ſurprizing : 
When a Soldier had been- guilty of 
Cowardiſe, they uſed toi"'Let him 
Blood, as if he had been dangerouſly 
fick,” and as'if the Diſtemper :had \in- 
TT, vaded 


por FALOVUR. YN > 


vaded his Spirits; 'to let! us under- 
ſtand '"by"'this ſort of! 
that 'it ,yas- impoſſible. a- Man \ ſhould 
confinye\mhis vigidgeov, \and' at the 
ſame time be'a Coward) | 
As for the Py chan fol 
lowed the Opinion of thoſe, who ( by 
a "Definition pecuhar--enough-)-- held, 
that YValour was the Fear of Shame : And 
upor- this AppreifEnſan]thepe was at 
Sparta a Temple conſecrated to Fear. 
Amoneglt: them:, Fleet F inn tamerot 
War, Loſs of Arms, and (in x Word) 
all LRealy actions," ha he. Ap- 


pearances. of j then, . ible 
Stains, afid Eternal In i£ ere 
were ſome'of themwh eek 
whereinto they had, precipitated, them- 
ſelves 3 neither would. they, a wi of 
any Conſolation. There \were' found 
ſome Mothers, who killed their own 
.Sons, when they retarned;froma'Bajtel, 
as behieving they did ridt-there\ behave 
themſelves .valiantly,> Ebey;:invited 
Zyriews "the: Athenian: into, their City, 
becauſe-his) Verſes excited Men -to Va- 
tour: © the contrarys ;Arehlidcma: her 
ing.gonedhither, they-bapiſhed: him 6$ 


ſoon i as they knew OY Was 2 SEntenge 
in 


lot 2 AC 1% 


mcg Sence - 19. ane was 


"F 
not. altogether Gratis, 0 


* 


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ga of a: ce. contrary to 
ppears.defective 
/ or / wall, ap- 


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an undeniable. Proof of a good Judg- 
= 
Choice rightly... This Refieftion whic 

F have juſt 'now made, That the E- 
fteeim:of [Men is never! Gratis, no mote 
than their Love, | hath occaſrened me 
another: manner of Reaſoning, which 
did not at. firſt offer it ſelf to my 
Mind," and: hath” made-me to: diſcover 
one'of: the-prime Sources fromiwhence 
arifeth-the Repotation wehave of 'Va- 
{our. | Both Publick and' Private Men 
regard” thoſe' who are endued. with 
this Vertue, as .Props: and Bucklers, 
whereof' they: may fomietimes: ſtand in 
neet. | S6 thit 'by our Sulfruges' which 
we beſtow on them, in'Emalation one 


"af K+ + is - 4 2 

ers . , |: . , 

es : - *, * '; | | : 

be - 4 : 4 . ) 

3 another, we. would dbhge them to 

3 : - 

b. \ » 
2 
WE 

FEES 


defend us on all: Occaſions ;/ and en- 
zage their [aclinations to protect ns, 
& well as their Power.” *Tis true, we 
eſteem a valiant Man, though: he -be 
in the fartheſt Part of the Jndtes ; 
and our Eſtimation. of him ſurvives 
after he is dead. But when an Incli- 
nation is born with us, it doth not 
walt always to put it ſelf into Ation, 
tifliall neceſſary Circumſtances are of- 
fered ; and although Nature hath ap- 

C3 pointed 


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re-vnites:;all Eimes, and all Places. 


28 . Mord! Treatiſe 


pointed-it to a certain End, yet it 
Flows: __ Courſe hevertheleſs, though 
f its End! | Beſides, 'Example 


By the 'Help. of Example, Valourthath 
a Sympathetich, Force 3 its Operations 
influence thoſe who are remote ; and 
the Powder of an Hero's Aſhes: works 

ara diſtance fi We regard the. Memoir 
and Incitement. ves Vertue ; we hope 
it 'will : produce: other” Heroes in our 
Days, to whom we. may. flee, as a 
SanQuary . in; our -Diſtreſles;; And: we 
ſhould: never:-have :been>trabſported 
with,ſb,much.Zeal ih the Peaiſes: of 
Conſhentinie. and: Theadaſine, if} we did 
not- belieye;.' the; Emvulatian: of: theic 
Valour: would :be | effeftual-: to: -pro- 
duce . other-- Conſtantine's, and! ether 
Tbepdafoe' "I who: may: -be 2OUt; :De- 
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O CHAP. SI 


The i Def of, Superiority in the 
Matters of Valour hath been 


2 the Original Cailſe of W ar bx W 


T has been imagined, that _—_—_ fl 
Cauſe of : War. my 

Nations: have had ſplant 7 
ſclves//into': more: fruitfob ICountrice, 
and \mdic commotious':Habitations, 
than their own; when; in Truth, Na- 
ture has more Care of her ProduQtions, 
than to leave them deſticute of Things | 
neteflary inthe Places whereithey were 
brought forth ://No Breezes refreſflv fo 
iweetly; as:bne*s native-Air ;: no 'Man- 
lon1s fo pleaſant, as that 'which is 
fituated /-in'-a Man's own (Country. 
*Khole- whoiare born; under the Freez- 
ings ?of the \North; or .ther'Scorchings 
ole Line; wovld[notexchangetheir 
Dwellings for the:moit tenipetate:Cli- 
matecin;;t the: :Warld. The: Original 
Caule:df, War! ſeems then to proceed 
from tht Atwbitian [a __ 
992509 C 3 


I 


30 A Moral Treatiſe 


for Superiority in Matters of Valour, 
This Deſire. is, from Time to Time, 
-kept awake in the Minds of People ; 
and hath carried them on to fight one 
againſt another, | without any other 
Conſideration. .. "Hence, it - oftentimes 
comes to paſs, that the Conqueror 
doth not cate \to' keep 'his Conqueſts 
entire; but is contented with a Tri- 
bute, an Homare; or':a bare Acknow- 
ec that the Vanquiſhed make, 
that- they have been furmounted pure- 
ty by the Fexac'ef his dmmect Ve: da 
not believe that the Grobs, Slams and 
Vandal, thofe Hurricanes of Nations, 
which made an Innndation into the 


Les 
NES 
Roman Empire, were animated by this 


Motive : It :may be, they 1did not -be- 
heve it themſelves. But this is not the 
inſt Time: that a Paſſion: has been ca 
gerly purſued, without bring onder- 
ſtood by him that followed it. ' It 
happens oftentemes, that cheſe. Springs 
play and 'move im the Bottom BS 
Hearts, "and: var Hearts pot perceive 
them: And it is very! probable,' that 
Nature being, as .it were, jealous of 
heel endeavours ro ſhew-it in fome 
ws ations, wherein. ſhe hath 

© better 


better! faccreded, than:an"others ;ahd 
fo pyſhed con + thoſe:fierce Nations, © 
male: them appear more courageous, 
than thoſe that were ſabdned by them. 
Moreover, 'when we fpeak- of _ AM 
laries, and the :Attile*r, there 'is 
T hovght darts in upon us, which en- 
tirely takes us up : We arewell = 
fed that Hiſtory hath not fo 
them, as not deferving/te be con _- 
ed- with the-Lumber-'of -the Crowd: 
Whatever: Opinion we may. Wave. of 
them iotherwiſe, yer: we pa rhink 
or theta" with" ſach mem anU''flighty 

ts as we ct iy: have” for 
TAINES DA1E ja & very Per- 
fors' which-have-an' Heoone! -for them, 
yetican deteftithem, without: deſpiſing 
chem. ' They» are? compared to Tor- 
rents, and. Lighraldese They fJook'up- 
ofl thew 'as Serpehts,. who riſe Ahem- 
ſelves'up towards the'Sby ; 5 und not as 
mere crawling” Veteia. : 1n-Gort,'-If 
we obſerve in ther ſomechi Barba- 
4'dhs,; * yer- we alſo find -ſo hing, 
knew net! what's; of Grear:! e 
Men -have \celebidted; themſelves by 
their Boldneſs>// theyhave foreet Fame 
to ionwoetedize thenhy [they have-ra- 
C 4 viſhed 


# | by : I = 
| 4A Morah b reat: 
JZ — E-SCEE2: GE W c 
A. 


viſhed an: Eſteem: fram.ithoſe very Na- 
tions:/they;haverranfacked z.-and by in- 
vading:of Empires, they have uſurped 
to::.an Admiration. It was for this 
Reafonthat the Romans; who treated all 

ether Nations. as. Barbatians, :( except 
the Grecans;y ) and the Ancient - Gre- 
cas; who looked upon all -the-World 


befides. aS Barbarians, (not: excepting 
the ;RKomegs;; ) put a: great Ditference, * 
both the one, and; the other, between : 
thofe;;:which::they called ' Barbarians : : 
They ſpoke with Contempr, of the. Sy- 
ary and: ' Egyptions,' 'becanſethey.Jook- 


upon them as -Cowards ;: but they 
ſpake of the. Gazls with Eſteem, i be- 
cauſe they: accounted... them; valiant. 
This fierce: :iand  undauvted: Nation 
G .-whoſs Country: : Erarce- then wag) 
&rves :me-for an: Example,:to juſtific 
the: Notion which: 1; have: been-:pur- 
ſuipg- | One af; the; Ancients hath —_ 
this Remark ; . Lihot«the-PeſtraCtion. of 
Rome had been-infallible; if the, Gaads 
would / have: atzacked) bers; during, the 
Time ſhe: malle! War;:againſh; the Car- 
"QT: L {t-the. Ttaltans : : But 
-in regard: Rome ; had: the;Weight of 0- 
noo Wars: _ Rex Shaulders, wa 
other 


ſtood by as,-Neuteps, - and Spectators 
of the 'Event, without raking either 


; Side. Byt afterwards, when they ſaw 


her free, - and | diſengaged , either 
through. Conqueſt, or.. Treaty, then 
they poured themſelves into Jraly, and - 
made that terrible -Irrvprisn, called, 
Txmultus rk which alarm'd "we 

yhole - World” to. take. up; Armsz-,an 
to defend Tthemſfelves. ef fnch for- 
midable Enemies. . Was not this a vie 
ſible AfteQation -. of  Yalour,? They 
would overcome ; yet not.ſo,, but thas 
their. Vitory ſhould. be, wholly attris 
bured to.th I Courage... Aged they had 
alluredly been. victorious,.had they bur 
equalized the Romans in Diſcipline, as 
they ſurpaſſed them in Valour.... 


: 


: other Enemies to grapple with,the Gauls 


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CHAP,” XL 


Hiftory recousts the AGions of 
Valor more -exaGitly than o- | 
ther Things. ; 


Tiftory takes more Care - to cireum- * 
fſtantrate the ACtions - of Valour , 
than thoſe of. other Vertnes. When 7? 
the falls upon a Stege, or a ſet Battel, 7 
the makes-2 Stand, 'and would have us © 


do io too, and lodk. every Way. about 


as. She frequently ſpends more Time | 
m deſcribing one Day's Batte), than in *! 
the Journals of a Ten Years Peace. © 
When ſhe meets with any memorable 
Event, ſhe makes a punqual Deſcri- 
ption of the Place where it happened ; 
repreſents to us the regular Motions of 
the Troops, reports the Harangues of 
the Generals, marks our. The exact 
Time when the Signal was given ;. ſhe 
obſerves the ſeveral. Companies, and. 

their Movements, both in the On-ſer, 

and in the Defence; ſhe numbers the- 

Lain, and. gives us an Account of the 

| Prafoners. 


» 
EE I TE 


er NL 1b 
EE Gti ra Ries 


| ſacha Time the Soldiers carry 


apon VA LODR. 35 
Priſoners. '1n- ſhort, ſhe: waits, [Step 
by Step, on”the- Con rs, and: the 
Comſoked x : 'and, #$'if there were no- 
elfe inthe World but thoſe Ar- 
on which awere engaged, ſhe forgets 
all the reſt of Mankind, only'to 'de- 
fcribe this Battel. Now, ſhe doth not 
take this Pains ont of Oftentation, bur 
rather ont of Necdllity.”” And we ſhall 
fnd ſhe hath 'Reaſon for- this Tia 
neſs, if we call to mind, that Set Bat- 
tels have canſed ' the Revolutions 'of 


Empires, and have - 
#e Face - of the World. in whe yp AT 
In cheir 


Hands the Deſtiny 8f 'Nations:- Andic 
often comes' to puſs, 'vher on the 'Sog- 
ces of one 4 or H] Day hath de- 
pended 'the Proſperity - or [Miſery ' of 
many ſucceeding Ages. ' And as Hiſto- 
ry is more exact in thefe Deſcriptions, 
ſo we are apt moſt eſpecially to apply 
our ſelves to them : We conſider with 
Attention the immortal Impreſſions 
which they leave upon our Minds. 
Painting takes us up more entirely in 
Pictures and Landskips of this nature, 
than in others : 1t cannot repreſent to - 


ws. 4 more agreeable. Object, than an 
Hero 


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b a ' |. F - 
[) 


Hero' 19; a,,Battel, : And. we. take ex- 
 tream P Pleaſure,” pither./tor behold A- 
<bulles. givingiChaſe tothe Trojans, or 
a 'Scipio/; fighting; under; the .Walls of 
Carthage: But: we; think it | does not 
concern: us, neither ;do: we. with. any 
Pleaſure ſtay, ta- conſider, whether A- 
chilles (as: Story faith) was: as beauti- 
ful-as-be was valant.z-or whether Hea- 
ven had. bleſſed Scipio- with: ;a:Majeſtick 
Body, worthy. {o- great. a Soul; We 
love:to ſee Charles: the Eighth in his 
Heroick : Poſture, - though his Sure 
and his;Preſence. were little taking .o 

advantageous... We ſhould. love to ſee 
Ageſdlans. preſented to the. Life, ( if 
poſſible-)- and./'in his natural Shapes ; . 
but ;:that . be; had. expreſly- forbiddeg 
'while.he lived,, that any ſhould. dravy 


his Poriraighure, as erec} his Katus. 


WO. 
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- CHAP. 


CHAP, Kay. 


Mthouh Tuftice,” he the. Prin, 
 cipal of Vertnes, yet Mex 


honour Falour. more than 


Juſt ftice + And. the. 5207 f 
this their 'C ondu&h. * ae 


T is the Opinion of the moſt fo ge 

Philoſopher, ia his., Echicks, 
there are. more Praiſes. p44 Ws 24 

juſt. and valiant. Men,, than ts. Perſons 
= nt far other. Vertyes,.. He mig 
have, added, (as, in effect, _ he hath 
obſerved 1n his Problems ? 3 that the Va- 
lant are more highly applonded, th Fan 
the Juſt. In purſuing} this,. 1 
fallow. the-Example. of thoſe Oral 
who. in their Declamations ; © pſually 
amplifie the Theme they have eſpou- | 
ſed ; and never fail to extol their pre- 
ſent Subjet, above all others. We 
molt .not. be. partial, as not for. the 
Men,,, ſo neither for, the Yertues.. Ir 


mult be confeſſed, Juſtice is the Prin- 
cipal 


. 38 A Moral Tredtife 


cipal of all : And the Anſwer of a cer- 
tain Prince, both valiant and juſt, was 
folid and fine : When one demanded 
of him, whether Valour or Juſtice was 
the more reputable ; he mate this Re- 
ply, If «ll the World would Follow Tu- 
ſlice, Valour would be nſeleſs. Yet ne- 
vertheleG, we da here in the beſtoiving 
our Acclamations, 3s Princes ſometimes 
do in the D ation .of their Kind- 
neſs: The Meaſure of their Favours is 
not mo Fog ulated accordin to the Propor- 

the Merit of the Perfon- only ; 
they have other Regards; us, Services 
rendred,; or" to be rendred ; the Re-. 
cotnimendation of great ad neceſſary \- 
Minifters of Ff Sets; -- the 'Fffe& thi 
their Larg ma have as to the 
Publick ; ev 2 Thouſand fach like 
©vriſiderativihs: Farther ; Although 
Men'generally eſteem fultice more than 
Four, yet they honour VYatour more 
= Juſtice; ; they have always adde@. 
ow reater Spkendor tothe Reputation 


this Vertue, than to that of others ;- 

they have taken an extream Care in 

all Ages, as to Men that live and die- 

in.the Wars, to render their Lives it- 

luſtrious, and their Deaths honovrable. 
And: 


_ wow FALOUR. 


War is the moſt penible in Te | 
mances, and the maſt hazardous in its 
Delgns. "Perils are not amialle and. 
lovely in themſelves; they muſt be re- 
commended and imbellifhed with Glo- 
ry. And we may well ſay, Juſtice it 
- ſeif.hath alvifed Mer to maintain this 
Condutt.; .ſince. it” \is. but, jaſk, {bat if 
Valour 'hazard- all for the Defence 
and Preſervation of. the People, that 
the People, on their ſide, 'ſhould refaſe 
nothing that 'may wah ng te Eto the 
Renown of Valour. . _ Now, all theſe 
Reafons are more'eminently apparent, 
in reference to Princes :- W > rae 
Trinmphs for them, not only for ha- 
ving eſtabliſhed good Law! ” Lt for 
having mate © great Conquelt. 
not only the Eſteem, bat the thankfi 
Acknowledgments that Peopl conceive 
for them, 1s preater hoe they rety 
frotn'a Campaign full of Fatigues a 
Dangers, than when they fee them 
friount the Throne of Juſtice: [Becauſe 
War is no teſs' hazardovs than it is 
painfvl ;, and in the Aa of Va- 


tour, the King expoſth his own Life ; 
whereas 


40 py {Morel al Treavſe., ( | 


whereas in the Adminiſtration .of Ju- 


ab he befor nothing Ie bis, Lame 


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17 200 1 his pr G onſervation.” 


44 AE _ ES: = ET 
Ive 4A NG eg RET: 


*Houg "there were nothing but the 
Ca deration of Honaur.. to,ins 
it Princes to Yalour, one would think 
this were. an « tectual Motive to Royal 
Souls. 'But this is not the only. Thing ; 
Intereſt and Self- preſervation obligeth 
them to be valiant.. Though Policy 
and Morality. are nearly founded npon 
FE " vn FE Pee, Are guided al- 
hs fame "Rules, yer It, is leſs 
Fa Cs ſt and generous Mora- 
a E 'orly hs Perſons, than a 
we and generous Policy among States. 
Thoſe who are managed by juſt and 
_ generous Politicks, are, ſo much. the 
more commenda le ;. but. yet, the Ma- 
xi I haye prox ounded doth not ceaſe 


to 


, 4a<w —_ 
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KS APO SN Tn $I Do A NL > = OJ 
A IEEE LI. 


' tinual Suſpicion of Fra n 


| ORR IAY, Thing, again 
al ptr 1 Ie NR 


upon VALOVUWR. 41 


7 to be- true.. For, if . we conſider the 


World now as it is, and as it always 
hath: been, we ſhall find, that Monars 
chies and Republicks are in a continual 
Defiance ; they are always.in a State of 
War..; It is-not; ſo much great Riyers 
or -2- vaſt Rapge of: Mountains, that. 
bounds. their. Dominions,..as. 2 . mutua} 
and reciprocal Fear they have one of 
another. From hence it is that. they 
are;pre-cautioned tq fortifie them 
to haye G Garriſons Manned,- and 


on mod "on 


ce, and Jear 


 louſie of te ta; Lys ina Car 
 pacity,.to. repreſs Vac dt to, oP: 


poſe Farce.with: Forge. 117 2.6 1 

liant, Prince. is, ſet.upon, he often. = 
fends, himſelf with Succeſs, always with 
Honour.,, .Belides , It \ Eft, Ra 
think, more t En 2 if hi 


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10g him At. 'Y 
EP defending s rs 0 fees le 


ſecretly hgh 'of him,. than of. de 


450 Enemies,.,, It frequenty.; happens, 


42 A Moral Treatiſe 


that a ſmgle Man hath brought Safety 
to a'Nation, and Viatory to an' Army. 
This great Confidence proceeds from 
the Reputation of the Gamrat; whe- 
ther it be in Politick Government, or 
Military EINE © There 1s an an- 
cient Saying, which ts common z 
That a»: hr of - Fro yr ry by 4 
Lion, ſhall be more formidable, than an 
Army of Lions, led on by an Hart. Af- 
ter Pyrrhws came into Italy, and had 
beaten the Romurs, commanded by the 


y that the Romens 


Mens th and the other none : 
0 he nnderftood: that Crarerns EL. 
ready to fall on him; 'he made his 
Trov oomabionk it was Weep 3 


fo TG the 
Parte and} and never: Cn bw 36 had to > 


&o with Craterns, till they had Nhited 
this Army, and lain their (General. 
When Altzander was gonie-over into 


Aſia, 


Conful Abbimu, b. was ordained aTRome,. 


pats pts poyiark dag ' by the Eptrotes ; 
but that bins had been worlted | by 


Y 
s 
1 
s 


upon VALOOR 43 


Aja, there was great Reafon of Fear 
Macedonia, almoſt all their Forces 
having followed the Fortune of that 
Prince: Yet neither the Thracians, Iity= 
rians, nor Grecians durſt attack them z 
or if they did, it was with vain At- 
tempts ;-as the Lacedamonians did with 
their | King Ago: And it was often 
ſaid, that the Advantages which the 
Macedonians gained over them was ra- 
ther the Effett of Mexanders Renown, 
than Awiparer's Condut' and Valour. 
Whon: Hervythe Fourth: had conquered 
bis own:Kizgdom, - whe her 

happy" to make a Peace with him': 
opoſe, and cauſed 


' to enjoy 

bimfelfwichour Trouble in thit Ring- 
dom, which in-the:preceding Age had 

been the; Scene 'of 'o.niany! 
Broils and Rebellions. 
fo hardy asto fet upon hi 
fought” his - Alliance, And we know, 
that at the 'fatal Time of his Death, 
when he had made vaſt Preparations 
for -War ;\ how he alarmed all grown 
States, and put Europe to'a Stand. 


the other Side, when a Prince is ng 


Qive in Courage, he-is deſpiſed. ben all 


F 
. 4 , 5% Wo 4 
& Se, ART TL wet Ls by \ 
TAS ware ei. 
Mm 


DOIN . 


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2 
© 
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Fs 
p * ; 
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j 


ET RE NE IC TT . EIESER a 
4 Ly T 4 - 4 


44 A Moral Treatiſer 


the World ;. and ifametimes che is even 


abandoned: i by his: own Subjeqs..' The 


ſtrange Misfortune:; which-happened «to 
Severus the Emperor, proceeded from 
the mean-Opinion: the Soldiers had. of 
his Valour: :: /4ark Anthony, atithe Be- 
ginoing of the: Wars, . was more beloy- 
ed by the Soldiers,. than any General of 
bis; Time : Of which hehad good Ex- 
perience. Afﬀter be. had: Joſt 2 Battel, 
bjch forced:him to.quit Zraby; 
ſtabliſhed his Foreanes the. Ga; 
=_ his Legs ER —_ 
WB 1; ' | 
Fae him,- ( F: had; el 
ſubmitted- t  ConduR: 
Ibs yery;General faw aWthele Troops 
gp 2M 200; 80 DVRroRo. Augnſins, 
madera>ſhaneful and _effe- 
nate Retg eat. fi ay Te IE 4 
EHym. - "We, 'will relate; one. 'Thing ; 
which, though; itoſeems not, very. im- 
portant, as being þut; ther. Aſtionof a 
private Perfan ;-7yct it:farvss: to Ccon- 
rene} [yt + thiNotion thatlam 
POD, IAEA #$, -- forit Agcom t 
of what. he had -began,, quits: _ 


Year after. this fatal Battel;;; and; being 


E9ngLingo Er «.he;bohiegath the Enc- 
my 


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my in Alexandria : a Roman Soldier un- 
der Anthony, ſo highly flgnalized him- 
ſelf in a'Sally, that "21ark' Anthony Cams 
ſed him'to ſip' with him at-his own 
Table, and - Cleopatra preſented -himt 
with'an Head-piece and Breaſt-ptate of 
Gold: Yet notwithſtanding, . though 
this Soldier was ſo magnificently recom- 


 penced, the Nightfollowingthe deſerts 


Anthony, and goes over to Auguſtus's 
Camp. , ilalkdge ftbt this Example, in 
any wiſe to excuſe ſuch baſe Ingrati- 
tude ; but to let you ſee the Danger a 
Man expoſeth himſelf to of being aban- 
doned, when he hath given Cauſe but 
to: queſtion! tis Want bf: Reſolutioy. 
But: if -Valour. 'be heeefſary 2to/a Prince 
to'keep:rwhat he-hath gottenz#ir is yet 
much more neceflary to/put him in poſ- 
ſeſſion 'of what belongs to him. '' He 
muſt not think; 'or expe&Q;! in 'an'ordt- 
nary; Way, thab tie Sthte will: render 
wphtir Forts, 'atdeaſt;*nnleſsrtiey/are 
forced'to it, (or-are:iifear of being fo; 
they wilt not part'with-them, as long 
as: they. have. a Proſpect of Power to 
keeh them:7 It is tomwpurpoſe to;ſerid 
Ambaſſadors teralledpe: Reaſons; they 
will counter-plead'them with Reaſons, 
Kos 5 | or 


| od by che-fame Meansi by:which-they 


46 A Moral Irzatiſe 


or contrary Pretences: And when the 
Demand; he-makes Is: very preſling, he 


will 2t-haſt receive an-Anſwer like to 


that of the Lacrdemonian Captain; the 


King of- Pexſi« wrote to him, Send me 


your Arms : He ' returns him this blunt 
Anſwer, "7A Cc ome, and. f etch them. 


—  — 


CHAP. "xvi. 


The ſane Refteione prfucd. 


biz be; AT cath, to fy; 
;fpraking )- that Thibgaatepecſety. 


_— 


have been acquired, we cannot doubc 
then, [but that Coura referring  kighbly in- 
Krumental forthe Pre -feeing. it 
15 'necellary cy g on i Rf: , agd 
= the greateſt Forms in all/Ages 


Rank have arrived. ran 
AOL wate private 6 


Reward 


= generally 


20AY 


Henſon, a Man ſprung from nothings 


4 " A IC Feng" To CER TBOe SW ets 
et eh ads CODE ns En CE Ea CEO a de Loa a E 23 BR iter 4 nes 
o LD, "Ad F & ; 4 = 
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Reward. of Courage, or as 2 — Hos to 
Ambition; which, wana, ConfPges 
is altogether vain and impotent 

Tn firſt Six Ceſars ſucceeded 
each other. by. the Rights, of Blood ar 
Adoption. Yeſpeſian, and me others, 
had their Fs as for their Succeſlors:: 
But how came Ve/paſian himſelf. to the 
Throue?, How came Galba, Trajas and 
Severns to the Sovereignt 


y? Severns, 
above all others, is the greateſt Inſtance 
of the Effets- which are. produced. b 
Courage : He had to conteſt with 
fant Rivals; and of the Four Preten- 
ders tothe: Empire, he was looked up- 
on to be the weakeſt ; IT PHI TR 
lour he ſurmounted: his Com Petitors 
he flew to-and.fro, from one End the 
Empire to another, with an Impetuo- 
lity always victorious : Whether he 
were in the Ezftern Parts, or in our 
Countries Weſtward, he atchijeved ſuch 
great Things, that it was 
the. Opinion. of. a judicious _ Acrodize.. 
Hiſtorian, that his AQions 
were not inferiour to thoſe of Ceſar: 
But, to come nearer to our. own 
Times : Have we not ſeen an obſcure 


> ds es an 


Ao as ———_ : | 
Oe es ere AE He LE Hs Sa En622 749% AR 4s 
EPI. Pw e agen X — 


1 8 A Moral Treatiſe i 


or (as we ſometimes phraſe it ) aSon ©! 


of. the Farth; who routed the Turks, 


and brovght 'awiy their Sultan Priſo- |. 
ner Herefidred himſelf Maſter of all +; 


Perſia, anÞof all the Tndies ;- and) ſo far 
adyanced his Vittories, that ſome pre- 
tend Tamerlain no leſs a Conqueror 


than ' Alexander. On the' one fide; if E- 


-he did 'not -poſſeſs himſelf of- Greece, 
ah the Provinces bordering the Helle= 


Joon, 'yet; of the other ſide,” he paſſed 


the River Ganges, 'and extends his Con» 
queſt as far as the Sun-riling. - His Me- 
'mory is at this Day had in great Vene- 
-ration- amongſt the' Nations- which he 
Fubdaed ; *and:, notwithſtanding. the 
:Meanneſs of his Birth, many of -the'4- 
-fratick, Princes count it-an Honour to be 
"EEEIIOE from him. | 


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upon VA LOUR. 49 


CHAP Xm-: 


The Commonwealth of the La- 
cedzmonians maintained it 
ſelf a long Time by the Laws 
of Lycurgus, which chiefly 

related to Far 0 


HE Lacedemonian Commonwealth 
ſubſiſted a long Time, ( that 1s 
to ſay ) more than Five Hundred Years, 
in great Splendour : -She became more 
formidable than either Athens, or 
Thebes; and was conſidered as the 


3 Terrour or Support of Greece, accor- 


ding as her Neighbours were her Ene- 
mies, or Allies. During ſo long a 
Time, ſhe never wanted Enemies in 
Greece, or Aſa;. and the Wars ſhe 
ſuſtained were extreamly dangerous. 
Beſides, ſhe had but a ſmall Extent of 
Ground, and her Capital City was 
without Walls; but ſhe maintained her 


4 elf by her Valour. The Laws of Ly- 
3 cargus, which chiefly related to the Af- 


D fairs 


" 4 Moral Treat 
Go " A Moral Treatiſe 


 Carthaginians, the Lacedemonians, and 


fairs of War, had render'd her invin-_ 
cible ; ſo: that- ſhe was never obſerved 
to fall 'from this 'her Puiffance, till | + 
Riches, .which were the Spoils of their | : 
Conqueſts, corrupted them through A- | - 
varice, and: ſoftned them through Plea- 
ſures. the Republick of Carthage end-. 
ed ſooner than that of Rome, for it was 
deſtroyed: by itz but then, ſhe began 
to be a Commonwealth ſooner ; ſo that 
her. Continuvance was no leſs: And in 
her we ſhall find an Example, like to 
that we have been relating. The 
Laws, indeed, of the Carthaginians }. 
were- near a-kin to thoſe of the Lace- | ' 
demonians : And there were. three Sorts F+ © 
of People, as Ariſtotle remarks in his; |; © 
Politicks, that' were guided almoſt by |' 
the ſame Form of Government ; the 


Sf 
EF 
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the Canaiors, Theſe laſt were alſo ve- 


ry valiant, and'by that Means they 
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mizhr have made themſelves Ma- 
ſters of the U 
of Kinz Feb#t obliged Charles, his 3on, 
not to hazard a ſecond Diſgrace; bur 
that Prince, who, in this, then. ſhewed 
his. Prudence, had before given Proof 
of his Courage. _ Lewis the Eleventh, 

who, towards the Latrer End of his 
Days, had. abandoned his Sol to tho 
melancholy Terrours and Apprehen- 
ſions of Death, never gave Teſtimony 


of ſuch. terrifying Fears in all his Wars: 


And one might have: ſeen him give 
"Perſonal Proofs of, his Valour at the 
battle of Afoxrlhert, Henry the Third 
had won three Viorics Cre he was 
' King 3 which gives us to obſerve, that 
it was his Slothtulneſs, and nor his 
Cowardice, which was the Cauſe of 
his. unhappy Reign. He 'feared not 
the Danger, of. War, but _he- dreaded 
the Labour. of it,; He had been well 
 faisfied to. have. fought every: Year a 
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mitted 


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nitted to ſpend the reſt of the Year 
n Idlencſs. Theſe are thcys whom 
alumny may take occaſion ro aſperſe; 
and yet they are fice from this Fault _ 
f- Cowardice. The reſt claim our 
logies, rather than need our: Apo- 
ogies. Proſperity ſumetimes failed 
them in the-Event, and Prudence *wasg 
Fometimes wanting in the Enterprize ; 
Wur theic Courage never failed, neither 
the Enterprize, nor in the Event. 

here were no Adventures happened 
to them, wherein: their Valour: was 
Mor ſhewed forth. Kings are. nor 
ade Priſoners of War fo long as 

hey remain in their. Palaces: But if 
any of. them, in commanding. their 
Armies, do fall into the Hands of their 
Enemies, who manage the War by 
their Lieutenants, it is . plain, thar, 
at the ſame Time they are vanquithed, 
they have appeared more courageous 
than their Conquerours, Such: have 

been the Princes from whom foine 

{ are deſcended, who. have no reaſon to - 
| bluſh for their Anceſtors, nor them- 
ſelves, in Reading their Hiſtory: They 
are found 1n their proper Place, when 
ſcared on their Thrane : And. that 
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did not long ſubſiſt, becauſe Cyras had 
thoſe for his Succeflors, which were 
not worthy of him : They had more 
of Vanity, than Valour : They moved, 
indeed, with innumerable Armies, they 
poured forth Soldiers by the Millions 3 
and, with a ridiculous Arrogance, vaun- 
ted, that they would ſhovel Mountains 
into the Sea, and lay Fetters upon the 
Ocean ;. and yet, after all theie dread- 
ful-Cracks, they/were beaten, ſunk-and 
chaſed by the little Repnblicks of Greece. 
However, we may 1ay that Daris, in 
whom this Empire 'expired, was not 
defettive in Courage; but he had not 
fo mych as his Enemy ; ſeeing that, 
thongh he was far ſtronger than he, 
yet, nevertheleſs, he was ſurmounted 
by bim. When his famous Conqueror 
'was dead, without Children, the Prin- 
cipal of his Captains became Kings : 
One had Macedonia for his Part ; ano- 
ther, Syria; a Third, Egypt: But all 
theſe blazing Sovereigntics, not falling 
into Hands ſtrong enough to ſuſtain 
them, were ſoon extinguiſhed. Per- 
feus, the laſt King of the Macedonians, 
was but the Seventh in Succeſſion from 
Antigonus, The Seleucides, which had + 
Sy D 4 Syria, « .# 


&6s OA Moral Treatiſe 


Syria, continued no long Time. And the 
Ptolemey's, whoſe Kingdom was the laſt 
which was reduced to a Province, held 
not Egypt above two Ages. Their Miſ- 
fortunes came from a Defect of Valour. 
Perſeus, of whom we have been ſpeak- 
ing, inſtead of ſhewing the Courage of 
a King after his Defeat, carried himſelf 
with ſo much Baſeneſs, that the Gene- 
ral of the Roman Army was aſhamed of 
him when he came from the Battel ; 
apprehending that it would not be any 
Glory for him to conquer ſuch a Man. 
And when he ſaw him proſtrate himſelf 
unworthily at his Feet, 4h / ſaith he, 
Do not diſhonour my Viftory. And yet, 
this Carriage was leſs to be blamed (if 
poſſible ) than that of Antiochus, of the 
Race of the Selexcides; to whom the 
Romans ſent Pojilius, to command him 
to depart out of a Country, whereinto 
he had entred with his main Army. So 
foon as he ſaw the Ambaſſador a-far off, 
going over his Camp, he humbly ſalutes 
him: The Ambaſlador, with a Fierce- 


neſs not to be endured, comes up to 


him, without returning him any Salute, 
and delivers him a Letter from the Se- 
nate. Antiochns, after he had read it, 

told 


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upou VALOUR. 57 


told him, He wonld deliberate upon whas 
was to be done. Popilius preſently ma- 
king 2 Circle about this Prince, with a 
Wand that he then had in bis Hand, 
ſaid to him ; Dehliberate if you will ; 
but before you go out of this Circle, 1 
expci} your Anſwer. Here You may 
behold a perfect Coward: A King, 
who, in the midſt of his Army, had 
received ſuch unworthy Carriage from 
an Envoy z.. inſtead. of _being inſpired 
with a juſt Indignation, conſulted only 
his own Fears; and anſwered, He would 
ay what the Romans ſhould deſire of him. 
As for Ptolemy, can any one be guilty of 
a more ſordid and treacherous Aﬀtion- 
than his, when he ſacrificed the great- 
eſt /nfortunate to his infamous Politicks ? 
And the better to make his Court to 
Ceſar, makes him a Preſent of the Head 
of Pompey. All theſe Princes, ſo little 
worthy of thetr Sovereignty, did but 
polleſs part of the Conqueſts of Ale- - 
xander, What became of Perſia, after 
the Death of this great Monarch ? ' 
There were but two Diviſions made of 
thoſe great Conquelts ; one by Peraic- 
cas, and the other by Antipater. It © 
was in the ſecond Diviſion, that Baby- 
DX. lon : 


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68 A Moral Treati ſe 


bon fell to Seleucus : He afterwards gain- '*? 
ed the Army of Nicanor, Governor of *+ 
Media ; and being alſo aſſured of Per. * 
ſia, it was the beſt Diviſion, ſeeing . 
that. his Empire extended it ſelf from +, 

the Egean Sea, even to the [nazes, But 
at laſt, all theſe Succeſlors of Alexan- | 
der, and their Deſcendants, not know- 
ing how to agree amongſt themſelves, 
nor how to conquer one another, it 
| happened that, during their Diſlen- 
fions, a valiant Parthian, named Arſa- 
_ ces, mounts the Throne, and became 
the Founder of one of the moſt puiſ- 
| ſant and illuſtrious Families that Hiſto- 
| | ry preſents to our Remembrance. This 
| Noble Family was not eclipſed ( as 0- 
thers were) with the Rays of the Ro- 
mar Splerdor : She gave Kings to the | 
Eaftern Nations; and inveſting her ſelf, | 
during ſo many Apes, with Sovereign 
Power, was never the Subje&, but al- 
ways the Rival of that ambitious Re- 
publick. Theſe were the Princes cal- 
l:d the Arſacides, from the Name of 
their illuſtrious Founder ; who created | 
ſo much Trouble to the Romans; and {| 
abated their Pride, by the mortal Diſ@- | 
graces he put upon them; as, the 

Death 


Pogo th ? 
AG; app Hrs Gn. 4 we 


#hon VALOUR. 59 


Death of Craſſus, the Flight of Mark 
Anthony, and the Slaughters -or Defeats 
of many of their great Armies. I be- 
lieve there was never any but Yentiaius, 
that triumphed over the Parthians: Bur 
the Parthians have often triumphed 0- 
ver the Romans ;, though the Triumph 
was + Ceremony altogether Roman, and 
was not uſed amongſt the Greeks : And 
it was their Fault they did not triumph 
in State, ſince they gained ſo many ſig- 
nal Advantages over thoſe haughty E- 
nemies. And certainly, we may ſay, 
- the Valour of the Parthians gave Check- 
mate to the Ambition of the Romans. 
They hinder?d them from rendring 
themſelves Maſters'of the Univerſe, (as 
they thought to have done: ) And 1 
doubt not, but their invincible Reſi- 
ſtance was the Cauſe of that ſtanding 
Counſel- which Auguſtus left amongſt 
the Secrets of Government. He re-. 
commends it to his Succeſlors, never to. 
extend their Dominion beyond Enphra- 
tes; and to look upon that River, as. 
the fatal Boundary of the Empire. 


CHAP.” 


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Go A Moral Treatiſe 


OREN 4s He IS 0s 6 > Ma. 2. tp. 2 Wen Et x4 


CHAP. XX. 
A great Number of Examples 


in Morality amount to a 
Proof ; and produceth al- 
moſt the ſame Effec& , as 
Experience doth in Phyſick, 


N alledging all theſe Examples, I 
L. concelve, I have done what I ought ; 
becauſe in Things of this Nature, the 
Number of Examples amounts to a 
Proof.; and almoſt holds the ſame 
Place m Morality, as Experiments do 
in Phyſick. If one ſhould demand of me, 
Doth it never happen, that a Cowardly 
Nation gets a Conqueſt over one more 
valiant ? I would anſwer, It may happen 
ſo by Accident; as, if an Army ſhould 
periſh by a Tempeſt at Sea, or by an 
Inundation upon Land. But theſe E- 
vents are very rare: And beſides, they 
are foreign to the Ations of Valour. 
It was a Saying of one of the An- 


Elents, That Vertue and Fortune, although 


they. 


they are very different, yet ſometimes pro- 
duce the very ſame Effetts, If by Fortune, 
he means Providence, the Saying hath 
nothing ſurprizing in it: And we need 
not wonder, that God, who can do all 
Things, ſhould aCt Things like to thoſe 
that Men do, when he hath a Will to 
do ſo. But if one will ſpeak of For- 
| tune, conſidered only in refpe&t to us, 
as being no other Thing than Humane 
Weakneſs meeting with. an happy Suc- 
ceſs, which it neither fore-ſaw, nor 
merited, we muſt reſtrain this Propo- 
ſition, and content: our ſelves to ſay, 
That Fortune doth that ſometimes, 
and but veryrarely, which Vertue doth. 
always, or, at leaſt, generally. It 
is ſtoried, That a Painter throwing 
his Pencil in a Rage againſt his Cluth, 
hit upon that Stroak which he had been 
long ſtudying to repreſent. This hap- 
pened but once : But it happens an in- 
finite Numher of Times, that we paint 
that which we have a Fancy to, if we 
will work gradually, and with Patience. 
SO that this one Inſtance is no. Argu- 
ment againſt ſo many others. Which 
ſhews, we have no Reaſon to ſay, that 


to the Drawing of Pictures, it 1s no 
more. 


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62 A Moral Treatiſe 


more than to throw the Pencil againſt 
the Frame; but we ought to guide it 
by the Rules of Art. Though it ſome- 
times happens, that valiant Nations 
have been vanquiſhed by Cowards, 
(though the contrary is generally true ) 
yet the Maxim doth not fail to be cer- 
tain, That Princes are obliged to be 
valiant, for their Preſervation ; and 
that they ought to regard this Vertue, 
as the Force of their Empire, and the 
Support of their Dignity. 


men 


CHAP. XXL 


Other Arguments drawn from 
-- hw 43 haraGer of thoſe who 
have Courage, and of thoſe 


who hawe none, 


UT, beſides; it is not impoſſible 
4I9 to ſupport a Truth ſo certain as 
this, upon a Reaſoning independent on 
Experience. Though a Man be igno- 
rant of all the Hiſtories of the World, 


provided 


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provided he doth but know the Chara- 


Aer of Perſons which have Conrage, 
and the CharaQter of thoſe that have 
none, he will conclude, that Things 
onght thus to come to pals as they have 
done; and he will divine ( as one may 
ſay) the Effects which Valour hath 
produced in ſeveral Nations. Indeed, 


he might thus argue; Either valiant 


People have been overcome by thoſe 
which have ſurpaſſed them in Prudence, 
or by thoſe which were inferior to them 
in Prudence, as well as in Courage. It 
is plain, that they have not been van- 
quiſhed by the laſt; and it 1s very pro- 
bable, that neither have they been con- 
quered by the others z becauſe the Cha- 
rater of Prudence without Courage ts 
not to quarrel againſt Valour, but to 
{:ek her own Repoſe and Security by 
Submiſſion ; and to preferr an humble 
and quict Obedience, before a reſtleſs 
Liberty. Accordingly, he will find 
this Maxim juſtified by Hiſtory ; and 
ſee a remarkable Example in the Gre- 
tans, aſter they had degenerated from 
the Courage of their Anceſtors; and 
that the Poſterity of thoſe who had 


conquered Perſia, - made little or no: 
” Oppo- 


nd AAA —ka————_— _ 


64 AA Moral Treatiſe. 


Oppoſition againſt the Romans: They 
had always the ſame Inclination to the 
Arts, wherein they are lil] excellent ; 
but they have none of that Valour lefr, 
which had been their Buckler , and 
their Rampart : And, inſtead of ſtudy- 
ing how to break or ſhake off the Yoak, 
they thought of nothing but to accuſtom 
themſelves tamely. to it : . They em- 
ployed their Wits in nothing ſo much, 
as to flatter their Maſters, whoſe Con- 
tempt they had drawn upon them- 
ſelves: They ſubmitted more than was 
deſired of them; and from the com- 
pleateſt Liberty, which they once en- 
joyed, ſlipped into the moſt abject Sla- 


very. They relate to us an Adventure 


upon this Subje&, which is fine enough: 
Mark Anthony ſometimes took pleaſure, 
in his Marches, to appear under the 
Name, and in the Equipage of that 
Fabulous God, whom the Pagans made 
to preſide over Wine and Good Cheer ; 
and who beſides, (ſay they) was a 
great Conqueror, and thit he pierced 
even as far as the Inates, From whence 
It.came, that Alexander alſo affefted to 
imitate him. This Triumvir, who had 
aivided the Empire with Augaſtus, 

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upon VALOUR. 65 


( for they had excluded Lepiaus ) ha- 
ving paſſed into Greece with an Army, 
and appearing in this Dreſs that we 
told you, the Athenians ſent their De- 
puties to him, ſignifying, that they 
would acknowledge him to be the God, 
whoſe Name he had taken upon him, 
and whoſe Triumph he repreſented ; 
and that they came to offer him 4ner- 
v4, the Patroneſs of their City, in 
Marriage. ark Anthony anſwered 
them, That he accepted ber for bs 
Bride : But, at the ſame Time, he aaatd, 
That ſince they would marry their Goadeſs 
ro bim, be doubted not but that they would 
be well pleaſed to pay him down Three Mil- 
tions for ber Dowry. Certainly, they 
were aſtoniſhed at the Succeſs of their 
Flattery : But how great ſoever their 
Surprize was,the Money muſt be found ; 
and the Athenians were forced to ex- 
hauſt their Exchequer, to pay. down 
Minerva's Marriage-Portion. There 
are a Thouſand Examples of this Na- 
ture; which were the Effets of that 
ſordid Baſeneſs which the Grecians fell 
into, by loſing the Courage of their 
Anceſtors; and which, informing us of 


the CharaQter- of Men when they hoo 
It. 


66 <A Moral Treatiſe 


Wit without Courage, confirm the Ars 


gument we have been purſuing, to de- 
monſtrate the infallible Succeſs of Va- 
lonr. 1 did not think it needful to re- 
mark 1n this Diſcourſe, that we are to 
ſuppoſe ſome Proportion between the 


| Forces: In Moral Diſcourſes, theſe ſort 


of Suppoſitions muſt always be grant- 
ed; and though they are not expreſly 
contained, yet they are to be ſupplied 


by. an equitable Conſtruction. In ef- 


feft, We know very well that the La- 
cedemmiansy were cut in pieces by the 
Per fians, at the Streights of Thermopyle : 
But what conid Three Hundred Sol- 
diers do againſt an Army of more than 
Ten Hundred Thonſand ? They did all 


that Men could do; they ſold their 


Lives at a dear Rate, ſlew a vaſt Num- 


ber of Perſians, and put their Main Bo- 


dy into Diſorder ; infomnch that the 
King of Sparta puſhed on to the very 
Tent of Xerxes : But they fore-ſaw well 


enough, that they ſhould be over-pow- 


red by a Multitude : And they might 
have ſaid then, what ſome have made 
them ſay ſince, Diutins poſſunt perire, 
quam n0s vincere, We ſuppoſe then, 
Phat there ſhould be amoneglt the For- 


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upon VALOUR. 67 


ces, either if not an entire Equality, 
yer, at leaſt, ſome Proportion. If we 
reſt upon this Foundation, the Refle- 


. tions that we have made, will be ac- 


knowledged to be true; and we ſhall 
find, that it is humanely impoſſible that 
courageous People ſhould be ſurmount- 
ed by others ;. and that Valour ſhould 
not render her ſelf Miſtreſs of the 
World, 


CHAP. XXIL 
A Prince may be conſidered in 


reference to Five Sorts of 
Perſons : And to maintain 
himſelf in all theſe different 
Reſpecis, be hath need of 


Valour. 


UT we muſt dwell a little longer 
upon theſe Conſiderations; which 
ought to be the more agreeable to a 


valiant Prince, ſeeing that we are na- 
turally 


68 A Moral Treatiſe 


torally pleaſed to apply Inclination to ? 
Duty ; and to do that by the free and | 
ingenuous Motions of our Souls, out of |: 
Choice, which we are obliged to do |z 
out of Neceſſity. A King may then be 
conſidered in reference to Five Sorts of 
Perſons ; of Soldiers, of Subjetts, of Al- 
lies, of Enemies, and of tnofe which are 
purely Strangers, without any of thoſe 
other Reſpets. When he renders him- 
ſelf il]uſtrious by true Valour, he in- 
ſpires into his Soldiers Courage, into 
his S«bjefts AﬀeCtion, into his Alhes 
Confidence, into his Enexnes Fear, and 
into all others Eſteem and Reſpect. 
The Koman Dittator never fought, but 
with the Infantry ;, 4&fet them under- 
ſtand, that Danger was equal to him, 


with his Troops; and renouncing all 


Poſlibility of a Retreat, he did not di- 
vide his Thoughts between Conquering 
and - Fleeing, but between Viory or 
Death. A Grecian Captain, 

Zenophon, leading his Soldiers through 
a very difficult Paſs, where 

they were.toclimb-..a ſteep Hill, which 
he had already gained, marching at the 
Head of them, he exhorts them not-to 
be diſ- heartned at the Difficulties, . but 
ca 


EE ad I 


I upon VALOUR 69 
2 to do their beſt Endeavours to follow 
'” him. He that was the foremoſt .of 
| - them, anſwered him: Tou ſpeak freely, 
= Sir; and to your own Sence: Tou are On 
FX horſe-back,, 1 am on foot ;, and beſides, 1 
7 carry a very heavy Buckler. The Captain 
& hearing this, a-lights immediately from 
© his Horſe, gives the Soldier his Hand, 

and carries his Buckler for him. This 
{ ſoon wrought a wonderful Emulation 
amongſt the reſt; who, when they 
were got to the Top of the Hill, re- 
 proached the Soldier for his Inſolence, 


back his Buckler, and to mount his 
Horſe. This Captain was not a Prince : 
I leave You to confider how paſſionate- 
ly the Soldiers had been affeRed, if a 
; Sovereign had done ſuch an AQtion. 
3 When a Soldier ſees that his Prince ex- 
poſeth his Royal Perſon, this Sight 
cannot but ſtrangely animate him, and 
force from him ſuch Refleftions as 
theſe: PBehold a Prince who bath a Crown 
to loſe, and yet hazards his Life : Why 
ſhould I then, who am but a Solater of 
Fortune, and who .have no Eſtate but my 
Sword ;, why, 1 ſay, ſhould 1 ſtudy to ſave 
my inconſiderable ſelf,, after ſo great an 


Example * 


wy NO ibis he 


and conjured their Officer to give him _ 


7O 
Example ? As for his other Subjects, © 
who are not engaged in Military Ser- | * 
vice, they have alſo ſenſible Conſidera- | } 
tions, which extreamly touch them: 77 
They conſider they are at Eaſe and Se- ;$ 
curity in their own Houſes, during the 
Time that their Prince, to maintain 
them in their Tranquility, undergoes 


A Moral Treatiſe 


a Thouſand Fatignes, and is confronted 
by a Thouſand Dangers : They think 
with themfelves, that he is not obliged, 
but that he may ſtay at home in his Pa- 
lace, and enjoy his Royal Repoſe ; but 
yet. he will command his Armies him- 
felf, and will not be diverted from this 
Deſign, neither for the Hazards he 
muſt run, nor for the Pains he muſt en- 
dure. It is impoſlible but that ſuch 
Conſiderations, which are inſpired e- 
ven by common Sence, ſhould be pre- 
fented to their Minds, and enter into 
the Bottomoof their Souls, and fill them 
full with Love, Zeal and Gratitude for 
the Perſon of their Sovereign. Who 
does not preſently ſee the Effets which 


the Valour of a Prince will produce in 


the Spirits of his Allies, by their confi- 
ding in bim'? And in thoſe of his Ene- 
mics, by their Fears? The Principle 

we 


_ © 4 
LY 
deaf 
' 
Wet oy 
, Bs 


W357, ry 

EY Feds, 4 
x 52 

#5 8 

£2 "47-50 


£42eÞ 
hb 


| make uſe of this Diſtintion : When an 
| Ambaſſador was ſent to-them, from the 
Lacedemonians, they entertained. him 
| with - another manner of Reception, 
than the Envoys which came from. the 
other Republicks of Greece, What 
ſhall we ſay of.thoſe wonderful Effects 
which the-Reputation of valiant Prin- 
ces hath produced, and whereof Hi- 
ſtory hath furniſhed us with ſuch a 
Multitude of Examples ? It bas hap- 
pened 'a Thouſand Times, that their 
very Names only have cauſed Forts to 
be-ſpeedily ſurrendred, which were a- 
ble to. have. maintained a long Siege, 
and have put to flight thoſe Armies 
which had Forces ſufficient to have 
overcome the Purſuers. 
- Asto thoſe who are neither Soldiers 
nar Sabjets, neither Allies nor Enemies 


2: valiant Prince. they entertain the 
to-A: valiant Prince, they cntert Noiſe 


whe lik IX . 
IX, -» MR n 
PE 2a PU OAT. ; e ' 
* "ON On vat Pong 2 E "= 7 TRY VEL —_—_ 


= Moral Treatiſe 


Noiſe of his Renown, and the News of 


his Exploits, with Admiration ; they 
have no Thoughts to engage in any 
War againſt him, but rather to ſeek the 
Aids of this ProteQtion : They are a- 
fraid of becoming his Enemies, and co- 


; vet nothing more, than to be his Allies. 


Nay, they even wiſh ſometimes to be 
his Soldiers, or his Subjefts, that they 
might participate of his Glory. - They 
offer up a Thouſand Vows to Heaven, 
for ſuch a Prince of their own ; and 
when they-cannot obtain one like him, 
they are ſo far tranſported, as to-wiſh 
that he were their Maſter. 


CH. AP. XXIII. 
If a Prince, when he is enga- 
ged in a War, be bound to 
do it in Perſon. 


T is little to the purpoſe to ſay, 
& that the Kingmay wage War by his 


Licutenants : For, beſides that no Per- 
| ſon 


upon. V. A L OUR. 
fon can.ever be ſ{o:well. aſſure 


Fidelity that others have, | 
he is allured,of the Fidelity that he h; 
for himfelf ; the-P Ince. 9 the = 
the Army; his Preſence, is. that Pls 
Power,- which inſpires . Fe Adtivity 
| and: Vigour into-them.; fo that nothi 


in the World is able to. PEO [ang 
great./a Benefit... /Farther, 1 know. not 
whether: Soyereigns,, can..be . 

with. from, this im "Funttion 5 
and if | they are Lk. obliged to, com- 
mand their Armies / in; ;Perſan, when 


ol have not other wel zhty Re - LOH 


By 9E IE —_ | 


licy':; It, CE 

in the Moral TI, 
that if there.lies an-O 
ſcience: upon; them , $54 Diſeaſe 


E ſpon K-19 an End,,. and, there. remal S, io 


more Place far Pole t liberations; 
or a Ly th Es AS abſe- 
.TNE: lg ecution of 
we can in 


wake Warka then Tos. 
[Deed to be Fane” 


94 H Mord Treaſs | 
| us Light in this, which the Pagans had | 
| 


| oe: 'It dearly diſcovers 'thoſe Truths | 
= i. Che Fr which were unknown to them, | 
z brw 


h they knew but be ſome plim- 
Fri Fineeryiiews, and . 

:never {pake, but with Heficancy. Two | 
Principles muſt begranted: Firſt, That I 
it is God who hath eftabliſhed Kings, 1 

:The'other'is, That 'he:hath eſtabliſhed | 

them to govern and defend" the People. | 
We muſt alſo grant a Third Principle, 
| .which'is, That in all Profeſſions in the | 
.World, from the loweſt to the bigheſ: | 
When a This 


, 
bs os We "* 7's ERIE ph ART a>, 


= bo-do ſt. 


thoſe Profe are © obli 

themfetves ; otherwiſe, /h -will-huf- | 

| fie off their "Duties oneto Thather, and | 
E | tio'one would hind his proper Buſineſs, | 
| vr. Mo vie a more Chriſtian Expreſ- | 
=” Yion follow - bis: Foention, | Now, Tf it 


odhath hot raiſed vp up | 
veftt and defend theit | 
Hi as Certain, that | 
ern-and defend 


de certain EO 
BE 


which, they # 


upon VALOVR. 75 


do it in Petfon. 'Let us add, to put an 
ds to this Arguitient, Thee: 
FE Wes” Thels Mee 
e 0 ar ele Ma- 
| ; Truth, To 


ximsare of ſo great 
Sovereign, by his Preſence ny : 
-puit: A 1 a Contagious Peſ 
Which 15 ſor NnmE KR re 

: Ny W, ID its 


Sy Camity we vo 


he is obliged to it, even; neſs 

of, ES But. Kings ar 
bred u 27 rw Fe > Aro 
ſter Medicines againl Þlagr 

The 15 need. of. Phy 

their Badies, and, 


Spit 

ke . care of; the re 
ouls. -, Whereupon,. we ray. | Toyi in 
Tomie "manner; - hat as in_a;Time. of 

this Epidemical Diſtemper, although. 
al ; ſubſtitute Church-men ts 
aces, and. RY do theix Fyn- 
bey fr nos Kok eres 
ought fo-vilt 


76 4 Moral 1 Treatiſe . 
penal Sari hopgh they 


pre fon Fel irene 


Fa. 
2 -— > 
—_ 
i I 
622, lf 
UE 
Fog 
$3 
Z% 
ied Kr$6 4 
4 a. 
We 
PA A G 
x A: I 
Rath 4 
+ by 
+ 
053 


Ion," let. us 1. pr be- Þ 
tween threes Sorts of Thing 4 
of the ACtions' of Kings :* 
he __ do, 'but” by hirt 
ch he eanifiot 6, but by 
igtHey' "AR thoſe Tg og which: he 
| *either*by himſelf, or others. 
Kg jon of thoſe Things 


not- do, but by himſelf, 
| ain 7 obliged: Neither cah 
18" 15 Lint go, bar b br difpen- 
ſed'w that the Difficulty Jivg 
only 6n thoſe'F ps Hh hich he may 
either'by 4s Bye niclhr, Fo 
He:wilknotUsthe REDCERe demand; | 
Whereirt conGilts the Met of: * his Obe- 
Uſence which! he ovpht to'render to 


G6d;/ and-of or eg "of his | 


Voction ? -It -is* not” "Thin 
—_ he 6, 5 cl 5 Hort, 
Neclie Flere ; hit" no" ne Fo 
ONT IR "Chic 


but. by. hinfelf? If. 
Particulars, . it will be wr to find any.: 
And we ſhall Sn that it.is almoſt impoſ- 
Wi rebel ich [ud 
Juch. of e [7 


ls 21.» | 1 
bim, 0, at 
bh af © 7 i Aint Ext "bn . 
utm! {145 FRE - \ 
the pee: 


y 7 0% * 
Ee "Y 
4 4 + Jy # > þ "— 7 
] af 4+ 3 a® +. p#-& i = + © * * 
JETER. {4 Lo . 
F , ” 5 * Mov» 
- We '$; > $4 3 I # g ; | Ss k 5 55 e: 
ME 4 I S "gs; @ : FY 4 
+ \ - 
% hs } bl W > 
: we.” q Li 5 * 
6 FE ; : \ % » 
| #35 | 4 
ry 
* 4 £ p_ 
$ ? ; *% z- 3 » 


ry,. apd.this Man ſhould only he'G 
mera Ste. [fil ax. Te bes .C mY nc 
ther to, oe | ops. i 


ſt: ead.Þ 7 Mor 


Be, IN hi ver Ka Ve will. je 


bunſelf ang” in Perfon in his Mili- 
E 3 tary 


ON TEN 


They & > "either 


76 4M Moral | Treatiſe, 


pardon got $0 princes, thopgh the 
wg ha\ ins lo their Real ; 


oh 5: 3rs he 


efletio "et us. Lit viſh be- 
tween three Sorts of Thin The WyEipet 


of the Attions' of Kings. 
he” canfiot do, :but' by'h 
ch et 6 Fo 
c which he 
y Ee? or others. | 
There'is no Queſtion of thoſe Things | 
which he'  capnot-. do, but by himſelf, | 
that he is plain - obliged-:' Neither cat 
there bear tſpote about ſ0eh, Things 
whick® he* *eannof do, ' but by anther; 

it is) zn," that therein he is difpen- 
Ted 'wi 3:89 that the Difficulty reſts 

only 6n choſe Th i he: 
-or by*another 


either” by '1 
ing err RCA AY 
Whereifi eon6Its he MOT * his Obe- | 
Uience which he ought to' render to 
God; and of anſwertng th&End-of his 
Vocation ? Tt- = 'not* tri The Thin 
: r-do, *Onf 7 Bnet 
?Thenr” Sid 


Ms pa Riva pa 


CEN 


| Ty TR D, 
b b ” LinkEit'? ? arc 
bt by Ge ls will be hard to find any.: 5. 
And, wo; ook ſee, that it.is almoſt impoſ- 


ch the King (ger 


| ing ), m | | 7s rk wa 
uſe of thi © FHRh 


2 malelt 3 .Q 2 Pits 38 i 44 
reign. always Sy Frig ptw 
wy TY. 


by *-: 


Gi £5: vpinlt 0d, when be v will, 20» 


by 3 _ 


YC CRIES oa SR TH WT Nr, 4097" EE ad? ck Fes; 1” oe 


by : Moral - ""Y 1 
tary Undertaking, but aſſignsto other ©? 
Hands Teen: and Conduct of the |: 
War. Opinion may, perhaps, |; 
be thov 4; "6ngular, but it appears to 

cog rationally grounded, and I 
_ fall arg Lf the Truth of it, 


It Is true, fo 


the Safet of hls Tot 
greateſt of os Exceptions, 'is, | 
of Offenſive Wari; there the Prince | 

is not obliged” to command in Perſon, Þ 
becauſe he doth not then aCt in the De- 
fence of his People : But ſince the Pre- } 
Rey jects gag the-. | 

m.tq make V b- 


en, and omen, 
ed, Pry- 
1 "Thelieve, thak 


Fouas EB 


only the Glory. By 4 Ki ipgs; 
and that the Digs waar liged, by 
a. indiſpen C Conſta venice. upon, the | 


Soverei n Di it 
GS: CHAP. 


ae. 2 "5" EP One OT TITTY pO 1595, he is z 1 - % 7 Y << fe 3 2a. SER LG ana mr a tun ary oe To es oh 139% EW oy "3er-- 3 En 
-, "Agee: hes: LN Ou J ED 2" AER 42656 y +3 "ths _ tn” Yo ue ar FF Bn, 2g a6 PTS Y 4 v4 Do NE MS L Y 
4 h : oe ES. +1 te aac fg EE" - 4 nFee. + pr, S236 re I oh 
* - © iT : 
wy -; 
4 : : s 9 
# , . % « l Sa * 
by 4 
CY ”. 
R P # g 
"0 . , =_ # # 7 "4 b MY $8 a > + 
| 4 -- | * ['Y 
# A L L » » " + .X L * - * _ 
. - ». . « 
L * 
X # h bs ft *' ; i # 
« ; . E7 . ? 
TL '. ; 
"" W x b — 


SS 
PE8vet 23 
. - 


dd 
= ; 


Valour is neceſſary for a Prince, 
to render hjs . Condition. a» 


_greeable. 


1 N/ Nour is yet farther neceſſary for a 
4 pleaſant, We- ſhall eaſily. underſtand 
this Maxim, as:a. Conſequence of thoſe 
we bave already eſtabliſhed, if we con- 
ſider, -it is yery difficult for a-Prince to - 
live happily, if he be not in a Condi- 
tion' to live honourably, and to autho- 
rize his awn Security. The. Principles - 
of Honour, which are unpreſled on the 
Souls of Men, and ..above all; on thoſe 
of Kings, are an-inexbguſtible. Source 
of Joy to thoſe who-comply with them, 
and a-cominual Torment ta thoſe wbo 
are not: conformable, to, them... A.So- 
yereign.is jealons of, DIS ASHES. and 
tath- Reaſon fo.to. bes. ING .15-C a. 
who... hath, beſtawed! ir. 08. hym,..., Buc 
when. he is not. able to-ſiipport his Dig- 
nity himſelf, als Jegloulie frye but x9 
— _” 


torment 


—_ RB Es OR Been ine En, BP tern tet M3, So. o<Y 
ae Foo 72. vt EN LeRoy! 
, FLA LY , ACER; 


- 
& 


p > 
Po ESO Os op AA Rr AI 06 1 Ame wares " PT _ = 


Go A Moral Treatiſe | 


torment him the more : He bemoans 
his Deſtiny,*either in publick, or pri- 
vate : He finds, Fortune hath betrayed 
him, in lifting him up; and he Wo 
not that Theatre, where he is obliged 
to repreſent a Perſonage greater than 
himſelf: His Crown is too heavy for 
him, and his Throne is all ſtuck with 
Tharns. Hence 1t is, that the Hearts 
of Kings are crowded with Diſtruſts, 
Terrours, Irreſolutions, and Angers, 


which. ſoinetimes) burſt ont - int 'Cruel- - 


ties; and their Griefs' turn into: Fury, 
As they fear all Men; \ ſo they would 
that all 'Men ſhould fear them'z "and 


ſeeing they cannot render themſelves 


venerable by their Vertue, they think 
to appear terrible by their Vices. Hi- 
ſtory ofte times hath-miich a:do to un- 
ravel theſe © forts of Motives ; thoſe 
which areTed by them; do not boaſt of 
them ;' they. p2 alliate their Injuſtice and 
Violences, under other Pretences; yet 
however,” their Artifices are not able to 
prevent their Diſcovery.” 
what- Motives the'Nero's andthe! Do- 
mifians' were ated; when they did rid 
themſelves "of "the greateſt Perſonages 


of thei Time. We know, I ſay, that 
1G x under 


We know by 


their "Coniery had cs Here cel illu- 

ſtrious. What Jar tu cn bog ae + can. + 
| a Prince Joy, Ww | 
| with ſuc 


s Finns | 


regulav 
the Joyaleſt o bis nd fear» 
ivg This fortnidabls il Enemies: 
lc, is Chen, his erxtion grows big, 


and multiplies Dangers., The leaſt ill- 
News -pitts, him Into ia CHENG, 


ang ry: = | 


ſmall. Forc ina F 


aq, they Smiggrat ty 
The impertinent Folly of fore rHrw 
Male-contents, which murmy at 


the | e ; 
3” B F Ns Fy 7 'S : 7 ; >: a 
, : 4 R - K \ Yy * 
' ,p _ . 4. ®- . 
? 4 : S ” - 4%. p . #&T7 <1 by ; ; 
SS $f" i: Nr? ## | 
ef "4 : . pF. 4 « E& 
_ - . = % s 
® 
* £ 
'Ss - 
Lo 


fat ab Tia I 


AM 


dom. Ehery T io ; makes im fg "a 
cipus :. £6.15 top: ull. © 9s within 
Raoge A, ill. Cons 


b- : 


ke PR ET Net 

ONGSS py Ix Fa ae NES OL NE v4 
ESE SO Trio ASI: a 
CE dS © 


ee nWA at. 

® EIN ST 
- Wy 2 Yith 
Wd TINY 


mfg ofe of his ill. Con» 
nd.-of his 1 aged 
a3; r6ad, ſopply. him with 
cries of Uneafing 5. Heis # 

f.Mifery.: And-we can- 
5 8 Gnjered more 


F what 620 _ 


b4 
4 
2 Ly = 
£ '® 
" & 8 + L 
' 
, 
4 
, _ , 8 ; 
F i + $-\.% 
\ F Cl E . | F 
1 7 
>, it 
| | [| BI 
& of 
3 
, - $ 
: 85H 
+ h 
tte p PA 
I 
x ——  —— % 


ATR IEG 1 
Wd ES BS es 


SPVaoruwl-x 3 ; yi N Wat YEE Es -S; gf AT * L-+ SAR 5 ' ; 
CEE OB IC. ro dh FE RE WO dS 


£ "3 
| 2 
by. 


CHAP. RXV4 
Is 


v 


rtant. Reflei _ upon. the -v 
 Idza which th eAncients have. f 
F  canceined of Valoux,, nat only; 
| _ ins ye . 6b: tothe Þ Deng r: 


vfidr ag 


7 ! 
Y CA COIN et oy wing onto an = he en ..y7  4 a cos OST ADE, 


—_— 
Ga ar ee a ee ni CO OEEEEES 


ADR _ GOEFOREY! pants dad, mw þ 0, *- 7 W.3) ps CAS 56 > * > MATE ; - : : Xx -_ "62D - 
: E.- « 74 
i . 5 
8 
= 
» as 1 4 
© 


Repoſe Ninn ib : 
tion of /it in the-whole Extent, a8:4he'- 

Ancients:did : They conkderedrity 1h: 
general, as. the Farce, ofthe Saul, and 
gave icreally- the Name of Farce,” BY 
which-they underſtood, that this-farki+ | 
nor a Man with Aſlorance,. yn] in 


 reſpe@of the wage cron > br 
2 ;efty of Feax. CG hem one mn 
us, that; the: Cymbrions :Were! Gr 
their - Combats, : and: fearful in \thein 
Sickneſs 3 and that: the'Greeke,1an;yhe 
contrary,. leoked :upans:Laeathy wikh 
Hacrowni0'a/ Field of Bafreko but; waits 

ed foriit with Reſolstion nithent -” 
this: has: ody IÞgaking) abver+5his 

rage 0 Iath thek (ations waSiWpU 

fect. : We cannot. make a; better Aigdgn 
ment of- the: pgs me. :* 
—_— 160 - Mmm 9, 


I 14 24 att OI 


Py A _ — 


age, through Dangers and Labour: 
which'we muſt ſurmount ' in the Acqueſt: of 
#} Fortitudo eff-comremptio laboris.& pe= 
Mel, ram ratione wtilitatis,” & compenſa- 
tone: commoder un One? Se of. Philo- 
hers aſs defined this Vertie 'after 
this ifimnher :. Foreirads eſt ratio negligen- 
ae Movr5e1 pe pttiendique doloris.. Y alour 
by Was Twhlkb nub les 4a 10 ſuffer Pain, and 
Diels vn fine, All others "have 
ſpoke toth6fimeSence: And; 1 can aſ- 
ſuye You, without-fear oftabufing You 
in-thi-Point; that there is not one of 
them whitkhath limited-Valour to the 
ers) of Watt bnI9{-: We have two 
R onvhereto make?! [The Firſt is, 
Phat The aVardobich generally enters 
ithons;: and”? whick'they 
oft with thato Dan nger;} doth equally 
bifle* Labour Pan: 'becauſe they 
fslldwitheIdeomcof: the-Gredh Lan- 
ets Fwhichahthough it-be veryco- 
WHC!s 5 photay: ſeg; oneand the 
"fine Word®'to expreſs Do- 
| < Jour. and Labour. The Se- 
ond A Cong which we muſt not 
forger, is, "ro take npricethatthe 1/dea?s 
»they)formed of Valourpare de- 
is the Dotripeofs Anifkorte 5; 
who, 


AED. 
. % 
FOE 4 


who, in truth,: had received'tt 
the Ptinciptes' of -the' Ava 
having vdiſtinpviſtded divers Filth 
' jn''the Soul-of Man; he-there peed 
2 ( or gave Leave+to'thisiexcalient Com : 
7 mentators'to'ds it) 'The four Vertntss 
|} Prudence in the Underftanding,- Juſtice 
/ in the Will; Valouc in thatiwhich'they 
| call Iruſcibley and Temperanee* in the 
other Now, tis” certaln, 'that'Jy6- 
| ſeible(qthbaot onlyreeſpett! Militayy 
| Dangers; but it- has” for 4ts* Object" all 
'' the Rancounters of this Life, cither"ter- 
rible, painfol;'or difficult. {According to 
_ theſe Principles," the Anaents 'attributs 
the 'very: ſane Epirhets of: Commerda- 
tion tore two Scipld's7 tor Fabins axis 
mus,/and VEmyling; for havingſupported 
great. Affiitions, 'a&well-as for-winning 
of Battels.' Andthey give us T6 under- 
ſtand, xhat-if Ad4rius did: exerciſe his 
Coorage inithe midſt'of /Arms; he alſs 
exerciſed ' the-ſame Courape;'when: hs 
endared''d violent 'Operation of 'Chi- 
rurgery, without complairing ; and in 
the midſt. of. exquiſite Pains, 'remained 
firm- and>ugmoveable. : l-fee: we have 
much” a-do't6: bznd; onr- Language 'to- 
this Sence :* We do-not {ay;- a\ a _ 
WIS: ers. 


| 


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35 A Moral Treatiſe 


fers Affliction, valiantly ; but we ſay, 
he ſuffgrs- it - with Canſtancy,, It mat- 


Battels, /and a ſteady Reſolution in all 


the ather Accidents of Life; Princes may. 


be ipformed: of; a, CharaRter which is 
_ very: becoming: of; ad; expedient for 
them... {If they; do: not - keep! up: this 
horce and Aſſurance of Miod,; they-will 
de 1njurious.to thermſelves-an; many Oc- 
cahons':: They will not be-able to main- 
tain the.Glory of their Explaits in their 
eter: Aftionss byty/ in, many: Things, 


will diſcover,: thatihey aretainted.with 


the. lom Opinions, and-Errours; of vul- 


gar :Squls):: It; willappear,: that: they: . 1 


were: raifed,. not by:their,Yertue, but 
their; Fortupe-e In ſhart,: There will 


many; :Ogealions bappen,: where their - 


Weakneſs;wHl! betzay: their i Dignity. 


tis Admirationg' and: :notPity,: that” 
the Grandevgr of -Kings:calls for. No- - 
ting is- more undecent,-than tor ſhed. 


Tears upon a, Throng.z. Dothing is ſo 
cantenptible,; 25.2; puling:Sqvereign. 


ted, Grefk: 


 ters.pgt- for Wards, provided wo agree | 
pon T bings. - In; this Notien of Va. | 
lour, comprizing an-Uodauntedneſs in | 


Monarchs.aoghs;notito appear imimida- 
bfallep; vrluegtizedn They: 


$8 AA Morel Trvatiſe\ - 


War does" ts Fighting, which is 'the 
End of :fhe Fin not that Diſcipline, 
The: RdnaWSoldiers were, never 14k, 
= uaderwent- mort - wel "chan" the 
4aborions" Mechantcks 5 and" by 
this Means they arrived” at thoſe preat 
Performances; the: Memory and: Foot- 
ſteps. 'whereof aſtoniſh*us It this Day: 
Burxhey-labobred*! '2@ Soldiers,” tit” as 
Mechanitks 5| and never quitted'thie Mi- 
litary” Charitter: :iHence'tt was, that 
Oorbilon was" To Yevett, "that He puritſh- 
ed 4'Soldier- with Death, becauſe he 
was'carrying Earth without hs vying his 
Sword: on” Hence it' was: hat tithe Ob- 
ligation of 'Fighting: nevericeaſed,/bn- 
* tiÞthe Military: Oath "Wis altogether: 
broken's whereas before 'they *miphr 
have bee diſcharged front other Obli-\ 
gations. To underſtan# this well, we 
rauſt! remember, -thaf THE Romany" had: 
two'forts' of C 6g”; of !Difraiſfior from: 
the Wars : One which theytalled-Mij<* 
ſio3 and that permitted theBoldiers to= 
tally to quit the Wars, and to' return 
to their: own Homes : 'The other they: 
called  Exaimftoratio'; * which diſÞenſed' 
with the Soldiers: from*their Miticd 
is. bur Rill*they were _ 
lige 


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| liged not to be firdiſtarit fromthe Ar« 
” my: Thoſe' who bad this fort! of Liv 
' cenſe lived out of the: Precindts of the 

' Camp; they lived after what manner 
they pleaſed, ſo lopg; as they had' no- 
thing aQually to do againſt the Enemy; 
but when Occaſion preſented it ſeif, 
they joyned- with the other: \Roman Sol- 
diers who lodged-in the'Camp, -and:all 
engaged together in the Battel.— _. /- 


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CHAP. XXVIo 
0. | \V Ka 

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2 +* 7 : 
: * + eb 


\ 


- 


M1. 


+ 


The Pleaſures of Princes” are 


7. : 1 IDO 1 22% 
_. Military. Pleoſures- ...; i; 
* TIS from this Relation that. Valouy 
{ - XL: hath-to:Wary- and War' to Bats 
| tel, that the nobleſt Games have, inall 
Times; been the 'Repreſentations of 
that Profeſſion, and ' of |this: Vertue. 
There was never any:'Thing ſo:celebra< 
ted 'in-the iWorld;,:: as : the! Olympian 
Games }/ thereuſed to be a:gentrat:Con- 
courſe of all Greece ; 'and; he who woal 
the Prizez-not only made his Entrance, 


£4 : F 


NE nb od mae Foe ay aaef oe ad I Hl Mr HO IS 
TE OP WM Nt aro 


wen I "ROE, © 0m" "Ip . _ 
JESTIS es ed i, LEY bg 


go A*Moral Treatiſe 


a3 it wereycin Triumph: into the Town 
where: he 'was born, but he had this 
farther Honour- done him, that the 
Year of his. Victory. bore his Name; 
for the Annals were direfted after this 
manner, The Year wherein ſuch an one 


mas Viltor in the Olympick Games, it. | 


happened that — = We cannot doubt but 


that the Repreſentations of :Valour and: 


War were very lively in the Solemnities 
of theſe Games. *Twas for this Rea- 


on that, after they were ended, there 


appeared a War-horſe in the midſt of 


\ 
SITES 


the Courſe. | One of the Ancients hath - | 


obſerved, that for the ſame Reaſon the 
Exerciſe of Wreſtling always went be- 


fore that of Running ; becauſe Wreſt- 
ling repreſents.'the hot Engagement of- 


the Fight, as the Race repreſents the 


Purſuit. - The Aww, that their Spe- 


&eculs: might the better reſemble War, 
would. have them-all to be dangerous 
and: bloady ; nat only in. the private 


Combats:of the Gladiators, but alſo in 
thoſe theycalled the Nawneckies, which 


ere the Repreſentations of Ses-Fig hr. 


 Fhemaſt famous of 'all;was that which - 


them by the Emperor Cla«- 


was given 


dius.; They. filled an immepſe Space 


with. 


Water whic ——— iow 
Wn, Yam "Y Hundred- Ships: to. 
be be floating thereon, which were Man- 
ned. with, Twenty Thouſand Malefa- 


Xa ar. (as one may ſay.) Slaves of: 


arment.,. This Myltigude, thus con 
demned to. kill one another;, might 
have been. os. of aCtivg. ſtrange 
Things, had. t 
' Deſpair againſt the Syeftators: But to 
prevent ſach an Aces, this artificial 
Lake as hemnyd Fg Ye Y 
myz . and over. roops,. ranged 
in Batralia, ſat To Emperor . and... 
Conpners, | in the higheſt Places: _; tho 
Amphbitheatc. I nen the Sigtial was 


divided into two. nt» il ap to 


ights were Very i 
Men” are. too precious, 


wiſely, renounced 


hon... ce be 


5 bay retained. are purely 
4s a kind, of, War: 


y. once; turned their. 


with another Ar- 


given, and theſe Hundred Shins, being. 


= Lives | 
to.he ſported - 
Ways: ang ta. be Qcrificed, 10 a Niver- 


kaluress:. apd;; thoſe 


ilts. and. Tournamens 


a oe oy ct A TE 


gz F Morul Treatiſe 


in-the Theatre have ſomething of this" 
and: commonly 'a&t fome' forb who 
hath'been famovs'for Valour. Beſides, 
in the moſt ] profound" eace, . the Prince 
appears in chi ipage' of War ;- heis 
farrounded with his roops of Guards; ; 
thoſe with who he'frequently cynver- 
ſeth; 'arethe Officers \ which command 
then; they! exereiſe'thejr Soldiers be- 
fore his Face'z they every Day demand 
the Word of him: | they daily render 
him an'Account of rhe * Ps "and 
entertain Him! wi ith” othifP © mnch, 
ax whit relates fo*their own ts: Mon. 
Wher he makee 2 Janrney, it're rather 
the* March of -an Army, than a Pro- 
greſs: yr Order th y then: obſerve 


him by t the Mouths * gr; the Chong 
and: whole'Vollies Co his Wel- 
come-z\ they-erett * lymphal Arches 
for him #nd iſtrew bis'Way With Palms 
and: Lawtels2 Th is the Fortane of. a 
Printe contin | h his, thar 
he oupht'ts 2valisnt 3, infortiti h, that 
if he fail in this Vertve;%Hecan Take no 

Pleaſure 


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upon VALOUR. p3 


Plealure inany Thing: bons &-higns 3.and 
{0,, DOT jCaky muſt 
needs be. LIES AD ble. _ 8s 0:3 i ON = # } 


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Dis bis 'of V alour bs 5 "the''n 


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ripg. Valour, it felf; be will 
deprived of: the Joy that at- 

orgae- 2; Kvery 'Vertye ivace 

+ PFONET {FP its andyif-ſhe 

r Jails to.1crown  her- ſelf. —_ 
As " her: Atigovare al agree 


94 AM Moral Treatiſe 


Truth'z nb6t exd 'thoſe, whoſe Z 
Maxiths were” * moſt cried - down. 
One cannot do a greater-Injity-to Yer- © 
tue, than in eſtabliſhing Pleafire to be 
the End of Man: Yer notwittiſtanding, 
thoſe Perſons who ſpeak after this man- 
ner, will/gtve\us leave to ſearch for 
Pleaſure in the Exerciſes of Valour. 


rording co dbjoPrineip®) general | 


: | ne 1 in di- 
5 | My wn: nt ep Loſs; 
Þ newer. re felf byBier owt Bands, -in 


.Procuring the PI which fie re- ; 
liſheth ; and tho lie Les with 

ungrateful Wretehe h, or þ 
Fees-thi y ad" He r 


too [como Higgs 

nd is {forty for” them, 4h ode *cotri- 
planing, of then. 
Tame 0 


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———_ ſarround-1it. mats 
'ſRtian Morality foroiſheth' us with a fa» 
mous inſtance on this Subject :: She! it- 
cludes; Martyrdom under the Notion 
of Valoar; and conſiders them-who 
-have ſuffered, - as as 'Champions, - or. 23 
Heroes, vitorious over Pain and Death. 
Fhe'Firſt .Fruits of the Joys:of Hea- 
ven-never 2 x0 —_— 2s in the 


Is 


wwhem his -Fly 


: 2 - 4a 8 _ __ w + 
<3 


h | - A A T; 4* - | 
96 <A Moral\Triatiſe 


of Learning: which: 15 ſweet -and char- 
ming,:1/We may 1ay; in;a;manaer, that 
Valour is amopgſt theYertues,: as Poe- 
1e:isamongſt the Sciences :: She has her 
Inſpirations;:and her 'Enthuſjaffns too : 


Shereleyates and Toars, abbve Nature it # 
felf: -_ And, indeed, dath;ithere. not 


Feem Tometiiing] more-thad Rumane in 
the famousiCamribe,: who: was: called 
the "Second Founder of: zKompe-;z" who, 
igh :was' pierced: with.an 
Arrow; tie wreſted it. out obthe. Wound 
himfelf; | anciclaſters —_ 2 had 


+ ay nears $5446 


He tot ovly: drew-ort.thezDart which 
hadentred his Body, but. reyenged his 
Wound bx tlie Death of-his Enemy that 
© ity bt 1 Breparted,-/that.two Ar- 
gaged,” there happened an 
Eattliquak&avhere'the: Field of Battel 
was, and the Soldiers. perceived it not ; 
— all had been;under.an. Aliena- 
f:Mind;\and:were (avwe may day ) 

EBed: with on -Rewony,of, War; it 
poſkbledor them 40 regard-any 
orhee-Fhing-ttlamthe \ftion they: were 
engaged 


upon” V4 LOU! Ne 
engaged? int; and the Means of carrying 


"7 the Vtory. 
- + extraordinary Pleaſure, which Valour 
'* beſtows upon thofe who follow!her bn- 
; | | potſes, and praCtiſe the Exerciſes there- 
7 of. firſt, The Grandeur: of the Eb- 


J feds which ſhe produceth ; as, the Ta- 


There-are yet. other Reaſons. of this 


; king of Towns and Provinces, the Sub- 
= verſion or Elevation of :Etnpires:3 and, 


7 in a Word, the Cataſtrophe? 


s which /hap- 


2 pen ypon the Theatre-of War, where 


2 we not only ſee Men who: 


repreſent 


; Kings, but where Kings themſelves are 


| Attors. 


Beſides, Vertues are agreeable 


g and pleaſant, in that they make us vi- 
| Qtorions, either over others, or over 


| our ſelves: Over our ſelves, in ſur- 
monnting-our-P 


alflons-;.-over-others,..in 


abhorring the bad Examples, or in ad- 


& vancing us above the Good. All the 


Victories of the other Vertues are ob- 
ſcure, in Compariſon to thoſe of Va- 
lour ; which ſhews that ſhe muſt be Mi- 
{treſsof alkother Paſſiqns Jaſs generous, 

ſince that, mavgre' their Counſel, ſhe 
expoſeth her ſelf to the moſt terrible of 
all Things. She not only keeps at a Di- 


ſtance from the Examples of Cowards, 
F but 


93 A Moral Treatiſe, &c. 


but her very Preſence: puts them- to 
flight ; and forcing the Reſiſtance off 
others, ſhe reaps thoſe Advantages, |? 
whereof .our: Eyes: are Witneſſes. 1 
ſhort,” ſhe opens a large Field to all th: 
other Vertues,. and furniſheth us with ai 
copious Argument to cxerciſe Juſtice, | 


| Liberality, Clemency and Moderationf 


on : Infomuch that the Pleaſures which 
accompany them being joyned together, 
the Reſult isa Joy, the greatneſs where i 
of isſcarcely to 'be conceived, and ne- 

ver to be exprelled. ; 


-» 


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PF bj ; FE.2 * Se Be ' : P. 
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2 4 
+ wed 
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+ 


- 4 Mer a Treaiſe/ &c. 10 od 


"CHAP." I. 


Fob ts ta be a 
with Fuſtice. 


mY Lut arch ſaith, there I is 9 great Dif- 
ference between: valianc Men. If 
ho makes this Difference to eonfift- jn 
the Degree, that they: are:more.or leſs 
valiant, there is. nothing of Difficulty 
in it: Or if he why par it of the 
Manner of making War, we ſhould ea- 
ſily apprehend his Senſe. But he doth 
not mean ſo neither. He placeth this 
Difference in the Valour it ſelf ; and he 
alledgeth the Example of Alcibiades and 
das, as of twa Men valiant to 
the higheſt Pitch » But they were not fo 
after the ſame: manner. In'the mean 
Tims, Morality teacheth us, that Va- 
tour: is one" andthe ſame; and confe- 
quently,. it muſt be faid; that between 
two'valiant Men, conſidered purely as 
valiant, there is rather a Reſemblance, 
than any O on. '- To give 8 true 
Senfe' then "to the: Maxim of Rluwreb, 
It Wuecelliry that we ground it ou 


I I II II 


did ungnimoully 8gree- to place him in 


110 A Moral Treatiſe 


the Circumſtances which ought to ac- 
company Valour. :The Example of 
theſe two Men which he propounds, 
leads us naturally to this Explication. 
Epaminonaas was a Perſon of a fincere 
Probity ; and his Valour was animated 
by this Motive. On the other ſide, 4/- 
cibiades ſacrificed all to his Ambition ; 
and, the better to accompliſh his Ends, 
never examined whether. the Means 
were juſt, or unjuſt. - This. appears, | 
not only by the Conduct of his whole | 
Life, but. by an Expreſſion that. fell ! 
from him once, at Pericles*s Houle, 
whither he went to give him a Viht:: 
When they told him the was not to be 
ſpoke with, for that he was buſi? .in 
making. -up ' his Accounts for the Ahe- 
23ans; faith he, Would not be do better 
to ſtudy a Way how not to give up his Ac 
counts ? ':Now, . though. this Arbenian 
had a moſt daring Courage, and:chad 
ſignalized- himſelf in :the Wars by; A, 
Ctions of the utmoſt ' Bravery, yet his 
Reputation was not ſo clear as that of 
the famous Theban, .who was ſo illu- 
{trious for-his Vertnes;; that: thoſe that 
knew. beſt how:to-Jjudge of his Merits 


' the 


- 


upon KALOVUR. ws 


«he firſt Rank: of Heroes, not 'only of 
his City,. but.of his'Nation'; *and to re- 
gardbie) as thegreateſt Man? thatevet 
+ og RAS ER 0 ond 0p 


CHAP: DOES 


The Artivitr Roti made 4 
Difference between two 
ther moſt formidable Ene- 
,mies,, in conſidering- one . as 
a juſt Prince, and the other 

 &s a Man without Faith. 


"HE Refletion we have made i$ 

confirmed by the Difference which 
the Ancient Romans put between two 
the moſt formidable Enemies they ever 
had 3 Pyrrbus, and Hannibal. They 
conſidered the Firſt, as a Prince who 
had Faith and E vity z. and whom they 
never mentioned, but with Eſteem- 
They conſidered the Second, as 2 Ca- 


and they 
Ou a and: perfidious ; an TY oe 


, 3.4 
eo res 


<& Gs 4 Ae 


oa. S-<oroeg 


F o - 
*. - 
+ PE 


112 # 


Morel Treatiſe 


never ſpake of him, but with Deſpight 
and Exeeration. -, We may obſerve the 


intelligent of them, if they did adviſe 
the Deſtruttion of Carthege, yet wou!d 
not approve of that of Corinth. And 
although the adyantageous Situation 
of theſe two Places was equally capable 
to eclipſe the Glory of their City, and 
to draw the Seat of the Empire either 


into Greece ar Afvica, yet they eſteem- 


ed the Surname. af Achaicus was not ſo 
glorious to Mammim., as the Surname 
of Africanys was to Scipio + And that if 
It. were aſt to.demalifh Carthage, and 
to puniſh her for the Miſchiefs the had 
done in #aly ; yer it was not;juſt to in- 
flict the ſame Penalty upon Corinth , 


from whom they never received any þ 


canſiderable Injury. 


4 
Y 
hav 
S 
« 
of 
: 


peas Go 
wet 


3 


Which the Romany made. The moſt 


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1 : 


CHAP. II. 


| Toft Wars muſt be juſtly ma- 
' mnaged. What ſort of Wars 


are juſt : Aud what is requi- 
le | ſite to maly @ War juſtly. 


r I dogs. is wary aiee by when, it 
- 4 _Y. fghtsagaioft Juſtice.  Ducle ju- 
0 * Sejuſte geramo: Juſt Wars mult be juſt 
© 7} ly managed. Allis compriſed, in thele 
f } twoWords, Warsare juſt when they 
| | are made for the Reparation of Iojuries 


# 


received,” or for. the Preſfrvatiog,.of 
our lawful Rights z to which we may 
add, or for the Defence of our Allics. 
They are made juſtly, when Faith” Is 
kept jin the Management, and Pong 8 
us 7 far the End. Pacem bai 
re dchet_wolnntes, bellum neceſſites, ſaith 
St, Augnſtjne, It would, indeed, be 2 
ſtrange Thing, if one ſhould imagine 
that we were permitted to make War 
i for War's ſake, to exerciſe Violences 
| . and Cryelties, and to revel in Blood 


2nd Slavghter. Peace is a Thing Fhic 


114 A Moral Treatiſe 


Is abſolutely good : War is not ſo, but 


upon certain Conditions. Wer (1 ſay) % 
ought to be conſidered as a Remedy |}; 
which we ought not. to make vie of, i 


but in Cafes of-the laſt Extremity, and 
which tends to the Preſervation or ( as 


we may. ſay). the Health-of the Bo- i 

dy Politick.. It may be compared to | 
the 'violent Operations of Chirurgery, 8 
which makes Application of Knives * 
and* Fire to the Bedy of Man; but 7 
they are not: deſtgned to'torment him, 7 
but to cure him. © Farther, Faith ought © 


_ to be kept. We know not how to ex- 
cafe the Perfidiouſneſs of Haemibal, at 


the Battdl of Thraſymene : After ha- | 


ving won a Vitory over the Romans, 
whoſe General was ſlain upon the Place, 
he perceived a Body of the Infantry, 
of Six Thouſand Merr, 'who had'gained 
an advantageous Fort, and that it was 
difficult to force them : 'He ſent to 
them to ſurrender ; and, indeed; they 
did ſurrender: upon Terms but, in- 
ſtcad-of performing what he had pro- 
mtiſed, they had no ſooner- taid” down 
their Arms, but he put them all to the 
Edge- of the Sword. The Stratagem 
which. he made uſe of in-the Battel 'of 


Cane 


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Cane was not altogether ſo unjuſt ; 
yet I have heard him condemned for it 
by ſome Perſons, who, without doubt, 
will be thought roo nice and.ſcruputous 
by ' Men of the Sword : He ſent Flve 
Hundred: Numidian Horſe,” 'who (pre- 
ſented themſelves to the Conſul Mar- 
cus Terentius Varro, as being willing to 
deſert, and come over to him. The 


"Conſul put them 'in' the Rear of\ the 


Roman Army.; but afterwards; when 
they :came: ito: engage, and'the'Battel 
grew. hot, the Numidians made it dp- 
pear, that itheir 'Deſertion- was 'but 
feigned-; for, turning their Arms a- 
'pamſt the ' Romans, they -pratnoted" the 
greateſt Slanghter,-in-ofie of the bl6o- 
dieſt 'Battels that ever was” fought. 
When Princes do not wage juſt Wars, 
or manage them juſtly, ?cis to no pur» 
poſe for them to have Advantages and 
Succeſs in Military Undertakings; they 
are miſerable ſtill; for Vice is the 
greateſt: of all -Misfortunes': ''And''an 
unjuſt Victory hath- with Reaſon been 
called ' ar Muſtrious' Crime. Ocoiſarum 
gentium glorioſum ſcelus, Sen. 


CHAP. 


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A — 2a a abs A POW Y 4 » Ac >> I” Ss FILE 
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OI, OO EI its er ned 


uf ode 
Vertue. $0 it is: of Prudence, 


1185 A Moral Treatiſe 


- VURMAE IV. F 
 Valour without Juſtice is not a | 
 Vertme, no more than Pru- 3 


7 Alour is then rather worth 
+ Blame an ns when. is |: 
er Merit, and ber Loveh: "| 
1erares my rel the Noble- | 


iginal, and ſowres intoa | 
Vicez or,: at leaſt, ceaſeth- to ow ; 
W 4 

She becames unjuſt; When he doth |: 
mor wil yp up to her Proper End, in- 5 
carrying out: the Spirit of 2 

TAR bo the Performance of dexterons 
and commendable Aftions, ſhe con- 
duts, or rather bewilders | him by the 
Sbiffs and. Windings of: Corning, Im- 
Pofure, - 8ng 4nfidelity ; for we cannot 
give it..more-honourable Names. We 
do not call thoſe.vertuous or prudent, 
who are poſſeſſed of theſe ſorts of En- 
dowments. All their florid Parts be- 


get 


i upon VA LOU "* if e7 


| get not any Eſteem, Amity, or Conht- 
; dence; but, on the contrary, they en- 
: 1 gender Fear, Contempt, and Averfton : 
| F | And we arefo far from chuſing ſach to 
3 beour Guides, that we ſtand npon our 
Z Gnard againſt their Adyices, and con- 
ſider them as dangerons Shelves and 
Snares. Valour is no'leſs ſtrangely 
changed, (when ſhe'is Allied to 'Inju- 
ſtice 3 the forfeits all her' Re 
by ſuch ous Company and in- 
ſtead of attracting Men's Vows and Ac- 
clamations, ſhe extorts their Reproa- 
ches arid Imprecations. We may ap- 
ply to Valour the Saying of a Prince, 
concerning C ney; who under- 
; Rftanding that ſome Perſons guilty 6f 
; the fonleſt Enormities endured” the 
3 Rack with incredibleRefolntion, -The/e 
3 Aen, ſaith be, miſt needs be impudent 
. Sinners, oo fn /o Een a Thing as 
Conft ancy evil Attions, 
Wedb a not hivefont; tall them valtanc, 
who devote their Contage to Injuſtice ; 
and inſtead/of oppoſing Vioknes, come 
mit it ; and being obliged to ſerve as 
' Aſylums and Protectors of the Innocent, 
become their Enemies and Perſecutors. 


If the Out-breving. of Perils, anc DPe- 
fiance 


bes SE 4 o # OO oa ty 


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1138 A Moral Treatiſe. 


It to thoſe unhappy. Wretches, 


fiance of Death, muſt needs merit the Y 
Name of Valiant, then we may allow 2 


not only deſpiſe Death, but ſeek for 


it ; and being ſeized with the Exceſs 7 
of  Deſparation,, or. a Tranſport of # 
Frenzy, lay violent Hands on them- ? 
ſelves, and become their: own Execu- 
tioners. - It appears by this, that the *' 
AQtions. of Heroes. require ſomething 
more, than. to expoſe a Man's ſelf to 
Danger, and- the Gontempt,.of Death 
it ſelf: Though that ſeems to be the 
Heighth of Courage, yet it is not true 
Valour ; at leaſt, it is no part; of the 
Motive wherewith it ought to be ani- 
mated ; that is, the preferring the 
Senſe of true Honour before our own 
Lives. According to theſe Principles, 
though the Saying of Apeſilaus was ex- 
cellent, when to one who demanded of 
him how he came to perform. ſuch 
great Exploits, he anſwered, /t was by 
deſpiſing Death : .Yet, not-to abuſe this 
poble Thought, it is neceſſary that we 


_ add another Saying of C-ro the Elder ; 
who tells us, In the Perils of War, he 
makes a great Difference between thoſe that 


love Vertu, and thoſe who are weary of 
| cher 


A CERN ies 
oy > IEA RE bt Weng? 
*'* 30 
OR i 


Upon 
their Lives: Indeed, it muſt be the 
Love of Vertue that animates Valour, 
and the principal Wheel that puts it 
into its due Motions. Zeal for Juſtice 
ought not only to be the Pretence, but 
the Cauſe of War : And a Prince is ob- 
liged to have the ſame Motive in proſe- 
cuting his Enemies by his Arms, as in 
arraigning Offenders by bis Laws ; for 
his Enemies are looked upon as convict- 
ed Criminals, the Declaration:of War 
is their Sentence of. Condemnatin z 
and becauſe this Sentence Cangpr got be ſo 
eaſily executed as the others, he ſends 
his Armies to be his Sheriffs and Execu- 
tioners: And .the ſame Effet. which 
the Puniſhment of a.private Criminal 
hath on a Nation, the Puniſhment of a 
Nation bath on the; Univerſe ; or, as 
we may ſay, in the great Republick of 
the World. ; 


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120 4 Moral Treatiſe 


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*" Errour of thoſe, 
. the exatt PraGiice of Juſtice © | 
. to be an Obſtacle to Valour. % : 


' A. ND yet, notwithſtanding all this, an 
F fome —— inthe World, FA 
wha imagine, that the exa&t practiſing | 
of ſaſtice is an-Obftacle to Valour. If, Far 
in the fixed Humonr whereinto this | 
fundamental Errour hath caſt thzir } 
Minds, they are not-capable to be diſ- | 
abuſed by Reaſons, they ovght' to be | 
cured by Examples. Afarore Aurclinu 
is the moft-famons amongft ithe Em- 
perors, for Vertue purely Hamane. 
St. Lewis is the moſt renowned among(t 
all Kings, for Chriſtian Piety. They 
were both very valiant. St. Lewis was 
the firſt that deſcended from Ship- 
board, into Egypr, in the ſight of the 
Enemy ; he fought with incredible Ob- 
ſtinacy in that Fight, where he loſt his 
Liberty: And, during his Impriſon- 
: ment, 


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"Iment; he diſcovered"ſuch a noble Aſſu- 
Hance of Mind, that the Prince ofthe 
Þarbarians being near Death, ghe Ad- 

- Fviration'rhar they had- for The Vertue 
Hf their generous /Caprive, puc'them 
e | Kipon Deliberation whether they ſhould 
» not chuſe him for their Sovereign. | As 
For Marcu Aurelius, he ended'his Days 
in an Expedition -in. Almaigne : He uns 
| Feerwent all-the Duties, of -a- Soldier, 
, Rand: a Captain 5. and had made great 
, Radvances, if he had not been-ſurprized 
by Death. The Example of this Prince, 
 Fand that of his Son, do: well demon- 
ſtrate, that Juſtice. is ſerviceable to Vas 
Flour; -inſtead- of being prejudicial it9 
Zit; and'that that:Courage which 1s nor 
founded: in the, Love of: Vertue, 4s-0b- 
E noxious to great Diſorders. Commo- 

$ aus, ' the Son of Aurelius, had been 

E carefully educated by his Father, with 
Z all-the Exat@tneſs imaginable: This E- 

& ducationwas in him joyned with an 2U- 
ſpicious-Birthz hci'had a vaſt Genius 3 

| he was ſtrong, dexterous, and of a 

{ good Mind; and nothing was wanting 
to make him a great Prince, but his: 
Will to be ſo. His Father had 0 


ſooner rendred up his- Life, but. he 
| ZAHO G th+3ks 


122 A Moral Treatiſe 


thinks of nothing more than returving | 
to Rome, thongh one might have well # 


repreſented to him, that Rome was eve- 
ry where where the Emperor was. He 
abandons an aſſured Vittory, and patch- 
ing up adiſhonourable Peace with the 
Alemaignes, ſets forward for 1taly, with- 
out being at the Pains to conſider whe- 


ther. it would not beget ill Impreſſions 


of his ConduR, in the Beginning of his 
Reign. We come now from ſeeing an 
old Emperor, who had rather die un- 
der his Military Labours, in the Bed of 
Honour, than quit the Deſign he had 
formed ; and we ſee after him, a young 
Prince, full of Vigour, who, to wind 
himſelf out of the Fatigues of War, 
eſchews an Enterprize, to which the 
. Memory of his Father, and his own 
Honour, ſhould have engaged him: 
Inſtead of embracing a lawful Occaſion 


for the Acqueſts of Glory, he rather 


choſe to expoſe himſelf to the View of 
the Romans, in the Equipage of a Gla- 


aiator ; and by throwing of Darts, to | 
kill Panthers or Lions in an Amphi- | 
theatre. 


CHAP. 


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- pox VA LODR, 123 
CHAP. VI, Ave 


© Pu 


Why it 3s,. that, at this Day T'» 
1 the Warld hath not the 


Opinion they ought to hawe, 


_ #pon the Obligation of” j Joyn- 
"Ing Tuſft ice to Valour. 


> Aa 
. I. Fg 
"pF a . 


| F all Men, at this Day, have not the 
Opinion they ought to have of their 
being obliged to joyn Valour. with this 
other 'Vertue, (which is the Rale::of 
all Morality.) perhaps it comes fron 
hence, that in;this. Monarchy, as in 
many others, they have 'made. ai Sepa+ 
ration of the Gown from the Sword, 
as if they were diſtinct Functions ; and 
do not think it proper, that the ſame 
_ might be Magiſtrates and Captains 
It 1s true, the Sovereign: Admis 
pram of Laws-and Arms reſides'in 
the Perſon-of the Prince; but it'is' in 
no other properly, but” in him; that 
this Union 1s tobe found : And yet, in 
ſome ſort, he hath declared himſc]}f - 
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1724 A Moral Treatiſe 


the Military Employment, ſince he e- 


very Day 'bears the Badpes of it ; and 
even in the aftual Adminiſtration of [u. # 
Itice,. he wears a Sword by his Side. W 
But the Ancients d1d not-determine of Y 


Fbings.. after | this Rule. (Amongſt 


them,- the Charge of Con/al, that of 3 
Pretor, and many others, were no leſs I 
fer; the. Wars, than for Peace: Inſo- | 
much that there were ſome that, ina 


Moment, paſled from the Tribunal, to 
the Camp; and, after having heard 
Cauſes ' pleaded, and been Pleaders 
themſelves, were ſent to command, 
and to fight, 'in the Army. Fabritiu 
was a. Man of -an undaunted Spirit : 
Both the Ca:&s were exceeding valiant: 


_ And: the dame Juſtice which reſtrained 


them from ſuffering their Judgments to 
he:cortupted, excited them not to ſut- 
fer-themfelves to be vanquiſhed. in Bat- 
tels.. :We find the like Examples in 
the Gracian Hiſtory. © Phocjon 'and Ari- 
fitats had no leſs of. Courage; than 1n- 
tegrity.”: They gave to  Ariſtides the 
Surname of Faft ; they might'-as well 
have given him the.Surname of Yaliart. 
*!I'is! rrue, he never commanded the 
Army in Chief ; but he diſtinguiſhed 


}= pid | himſelf 


Eq 


way ns PY Uh, Yay bu} bw. fo we” 


; Cs Ny 26 


- i 


himſelf in all the Wars where he ſerv- 
ed, either as a Soldier, or as. an Offi- 
cer ; and he behaved himſelf-admira- 
bly well -in the Battels of /arathron, 
Salamine, and Platea. Now. in the 
Republicks of- Greece, no manner of 
Profeſſion conld exempt a Man from 
his' Service in the Wars ; or, atleaſt, 
was incompatible with Arms, We 
could name Philoſophers, who have 
joyned Juſtice with Valour. Soorates 
ſaved Alcibiades in a Battel ; and dart- 
ing himſelf through the thickeſt of his 
Enemies, reſcued him out of their 
Hands. Zenophon, after the Death of 
Clearchus,. was one of the Captains in 
that famous Retreat, which, .amongft 
the Criticks in the Art of War, paſ- 
ſeth for one, of the fineſt Maſter-pieces 
that ever was performed. 


opbec 6" 


SORES nr trot ins TIS Cue naar re 4.4 De re nat « 4 
— —_ 


eb dann ſy NUT IRE 
_ n OR 


$:26- A Moral Treatiſe. 
CHAP. VI. 


What A the Extent of. Military 


Obedzence. 
Z A'S 1t 15-an important Thing, (SIR) 


for thoſe who are deſtined to 
command. Armies,. to know to what 


Pont they. may extend this Command ; 


and becauſe 'You purpoſe Your ſelf to. 


learn under the Orders of the King, 


Conquering, and of being victorious ; 
we muſt not forget to remark in this 
Diſcourſe,'' what is the Extent of Mili- 
tary Obedience. ': It hath ſometimes 
been 'a Queſtion, Whether Juſtice ob- 


_ ligeth a Soldier'to deliver op himſelf to 
a certain and inevitable Death, when 


his Commander puts him upon it. 
Some anſwer to this,. Firſt, That it is 
very difficult to find any Caſe ſo deplo- 
rable, but that there may be ſome poſ- 


libility of eſcaping: For, after the Ex- 


ample of Alexander, when he threw 
himſelf into the City of the Oxydra- 
Gas: And aſter that, of Horatius Co- 


urs. 


Your Father, who teacheth the Art of- 


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_ it-were certain, that in the executing 


port VAL 0UV R. 12 - 


cles; 'who fingly ſtopped an Army of 
Enethies, till the Bridge was broken 
down, and then, all wounded as he 
was, leaped with his Arms into Tyber, 
and ſaved himſelf by ſwimming. There 
hardly ſeems a Danger ſo viſible, and 
ſo preſſing,, where a Man may not ſee 
ſome Glimmeritigs of Hope. But al- 
though we ſhould take' this Suppoſition 
in the Extent of its Rigour, yet we 
ought not to doubt, but that a Soldier, 
who hath received his Commands, muſt 

folow'the Orders given bim, though | 


it, -or in the endeavonring to do it, it 
would coſt him his Life. The ſame 
Principle which wills us to hazard Life 
for the Preſervation of Honour, com- 


minds ns to facrifice it for -the ſame 


Reaſon 35 ſince if Honour were not 
mote valadble than Life, we ſhould not 
only not ſacrifice it for the Preſerva- 
tion of Honour, but ſhould not think 
it needfof to hazard it. Beſides, a 
private Man is inreſpe& of the Pab- 
Hick, as 4 Member is in reſpeCt of the 
Body : And it happens ſometimes, that 
for the Preſervation of the Body, we 
not only apply painful Remedies to the 
| G 4 Part 
if 


128 A'Moral Treatiſe 


_ Part aftefted, but we wholly cut it off. 
This Reafoning is confirmed by Exam- 
ples: As, by that of Zrowidas ; who, 
- with his Three Hundred Lacedemunians, 
(as we have mentioned in this: Diſ- 
courſe ) being at the Streights of 7hcr- 
r:epyle, to: oppoſe the greateſt Army 
that ever was; when he knew that 
this dreadful Army was ready to- fall 
gpon him, faith. he to- his: Soldiers, 
Come, my Friends, let us dine now ; we 
ſhall ſoap in the: other W orld.. ;The - Roe 
man Hiſtory relates an. Ation. very 
like this, and of an equal Number | 
of Men, in the War againſt the Car- |: 
theginians. But if ſome will inſiſt up- | 
on that which I juſt now hinted, that 
it may be theſe valiant Men, in thefe 
Rencounters, did not look upon their 
 _ Deaths: as altogether - infallible 3. yet 
there were others, who did actually 
 devcte themſelves to Death ; as, De- 
e445 amongſt the Romans, and Codrus 
_ and Menechens amongſt the Greeks. 
And in our Modern Hiſtories, we find 
Commanders of Ships, who being pur- 
Ayed, and fore preſſed, without being 
either able to defend. or ſave them- 
{clves, have put Fire. to the Powder, 
and 


he  VALOUR.. 4 


and- blown themſelves up,-that-ſo neis 


ther they, nor their Ship might, fall, as 
a -Prey, into the. Hands of their Rey 


111] (> 


_- een trend iO 0 acene ih Ae 


CHA D. VIE. 
W bhi. one' muy be di jpuſed 


with from following an Or- 
der in War, when he ſees, 
-- in not following it; he” ſhall 
bring greater: Advantege. to 
his Side.” < 


PF. hath alſo been.a Queſtion, If, af” 

ter a Militar T Order,.is given out;' 
be who. Tecelve: itz ,may difobey it, 
when he, ſees, .in not. following.it,, he 

ſhall do. a greater, piece of Service! for: 
his Party, and that. he ſhall be Exfrain: 
to. accom iſh a Victory? @=, 
is hath beca propounded, 5:10) 
reference 5 Frign ip: They demand, 
If a Man being. Cw by kis- Frind: 


 " Zo - A Moral Treatiſe ; 


to do a Fhing, whether he be obliged 
precifely to: keep cloſe to; that which 
was: preſcribed him ; or ' whether he 
may take another Courſe : ; when he af- 
{uredly knows, that by this Means be 
ſhalt farther ſerve his F riend, who hath 
put his Concerns into his Hands ? Ma- 
ny have. thought, that: he-may do it : 
Il But, in the mean Time, they give us 
lf theſe two. Cautiens::; Firſt, To ſee if 
ll the Courſe which we ſteer, and which 
i" we preferr. before-the other, doth pre- 
vail .ſo much: aver that which we have 
Qrders to follow. | that:this Advantage 


penſarion' «for the Liberty we. ghve'our 


mands of a Friend, in. his proper Inte- 
reſts. . They adviſe us alſo: to take care 
with: whors we have'to do: For if we 
ſhould have'to-4b with-a MF and felt- 


good' Intentions, nor” ow: | 
for-Reaſon ; but; on ry - Obeghons, 
intexprets, all lors. of = 


nov and As "the:Risk of __ 
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ſelves to forſake the Will. and .Com- - 


conceited Perforn, whelly abourtdiny in - 
Hig own-Senfe, de-willinciehier x take our - 


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kfs Friendſhip. Some have extended 
this Queſtion to the Commands _—_ 
we' receive from our Superiers'y-'in 
which we muſt affirm, "far the ſecurefſt 


Way is; not' to ſet up ones ſelf & Mm 


Umpire of their WH}; and that there 
happen very few Occaſions, where he 
may be allowed to paſs che Limits of a 
blind Obtdience. ' Aulus Gellins, wh 
ſometimes | thakes Remiirks 'payticu! 
enongh/ vp69 Things'of Antiquity, 're- 

lates, how that Craſſus going'into- Aſie 


with his Army, and being deſirous "_ 


Dogs 4 Place, ſtood in' want of a 


and ſtrong Bear, to nfake one of - 
the ſe Enpittes whith' the Antients called 


Baleares, Battering-Rams ,' and with 
which oy uſed to batter Towns: He 
y' Athens, took notice of 2 Beath 


ere phe in the Gate, and which he 


believed: wonld'exattly fit his purpoſe; 
he wrote to the Architedt of the Athe- 


mans, to ſend it't& hint; | The Archi- - 


tet, "who was ant able Artiſt, knowitg 
for what Deſign he intended it, ſent 
him another, which he judged moſt 
tha per” for his' parpoſe. Craſſus calls 


«fort hi, anddemanded of bits, - 
Why he did'tiot exactly follow _ _— | 


. 
* 


uy, If Moral cone, 


_ ders? Whatever Reaſon the Man al- 
ledged to juſtifie himſelf, he cauſed him 
to be puniſhed in-the/fight of. bis Army. 
Behold one who was rigorous to Extre- 
ity. We--may ſay, this Romen uſed 
him-as he would have dealt with a Sol 
dier who had diſobeyed- his Orders; 
and that he purſued the Severity of Mi- 
litary Diſcipline. Indecd, in War we 
muſt obey -puncually : And when Or- 
ders: are given- out, | nothing can diſ- 
penle with the Obligation we have to 
ſubmit to ther. This Maxim is foun- 
ded firſt upon this, That we ought ne- 
ver to do a-poſitive Evil,. for any Good 
that may happen thereby : . And Diſobe- 
dience in, Matters of-Diſcipline is an eſ- 
&ntial Crime. On the other ſide,..We 
mult keep upthis Rigour tothe heighth, 
otherwiſe, the Conſequence would - be 
dangerovs, if by one ſingle Exception, 
we ſhonld open a-Door- fo Dilobedi- 
ence z and if we ſhouly | -ave , place to 
imagine, that, there are Reaſons, after 
a.General-hath given his Orders, which 
will leave one at.liberty to follow, or 
notto follow them....T bb, ich 
the Sroick Philoſopher Td of alqur, 
accords very. well with..thy is: Principle 
No roug 


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Through all the Extent of Morality, 
they referr- the Deſign, of Things to 
Prudence; the Diftribution* fo Juſtice, 
and the Execution to Valour. Seeing 


then, the proper Office'of -Valonr is t» 


execute, ſhe-muſt be content with her 
own FunQtion ; and may always ſup- 
poſe, that there have been 'Conſults 
enough; preparatory for, her 5.and be- 


{ſides, that ſhe is not; anſwerable for the 


Miſcarriages 'of Deliberations. Other 
Authors, to ſhewthe'Connexion'of Ver- 
tues, have eſtabliſhed this for a Maxim, 
That an Aftion can never be vertuous., 
if-it be not donewith-Dueretion, -Equi- 
ty, Mederation, and Reſolution.:.And 
according to this Proſpect, they have 
aſſigned to every Vertue a general-Qua- 
lity 3 as, Diſcretion to Prudence, Equi- 
ty:to Juſtice, Moderation to Tempe- 
Trance, . and. Reſolution to Valour.. . We 


have no need toexamine this Pringiple, 


in. all its Circumſtances.; It; is:enqugh 
for this Reflection, that ſince Reſolution 
is: the Character of Valour, a Soldier 
muſt give Teſtimony of it, in keeping 
himſelf indiſgepſably tied to Diſciplive 


Li 00 


. 


and in never ſtarting alide from, the Ju: 
tics of Military Qbedience, 


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« A Mor al Treatiſe 


CHAP. IX. 


JE 15. an Errour to believe, that 
the Profeſſuon of a Soldier is | 
condemned by A Chriſtian - 
Religion. if Anger be per- 
. minted in” Battel, in” what 
manner one 0ugt be 1 to bebave 
himſelf aſs a Friend on 
. the comrary F arty, when one 
' vntets him mi the Fight. 
Pirhooghe it needful here” to' tonch 
thar Scruple ſo' weakly grounded, 


which makes ſome Men: believe, that 
chic Milir: Riloy: 0 ſands condem- 


| oft : In'tltis rlicy are" cort- 
enthed themſelyes, not only by: tlic 

ty of 16 wit Ware rich are 
refitel in” the Scriptures; but atfo- by 
thar remarkabte Place inthe Gofyel 
wherethe Soldiers'confulted the Fore- 
runner” of Jeſus Ehrift > He "doth not 
exhort, them” tb'c t their Employ- 


ment, 


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ment, but to ty cnet with theie 


Pay, and not to mutiny. Here then' is. 


da - 


vided the Ancient Philoſophers; woke: it . 
conſiſts in this z Whether Anger be.. 
forbidden in Battels, as a Paſlion alto-. 


no Subject of Doubt, as there. ita 
in-that famous Diſpute, which 


gether evil: Or whether it may be al- 
lowed as an Inſtrument of Valour. 


This laſt Opinion hath prevailed ; the - 
Lyceum is more followed in this Point, _ 
than' the Portizws; and we' believe, as - 
there are commendable Deſires, wiſe 


Fears, and, innocent Joys. and Sorrows, 
ſo there-are lawful Angers; and-in- 
Wars we may make ufe of this P 


to.inflame, or (as Ariftorle ſpeaks y to 


whet our Courage. What ſhall we fay 
to this other Queſtion which hath beet 
- propounded' by the Ancients; that is; 


In- what manriſer we are to. behave 


our: ſelves againſt 2 Friend: who is of 


tlie contrary Party, and with whom.we 
meet ifti-Battel? Muſt we avoid him, - 


or. fight him ?- We ſhall not undertake 
to” decide: a- Difficulty, 
get, A lef "undecided. Les 
7 to. the-Bottom,.of 


which ſo many. 


fear of finding Rea- 
ſons: 


T 
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by 


220 1 36 A Moral Treatiſe : 


ſons contrary to a Sentiment which 
ſeems ſo humane :- And let us: preſerve 
Reſpe&t” for . Friendſhip, which is a 
Vertue it ſelf, or the-moſt honourable 
of. all "Things in the World, next to 
Verne... : 


"RY am. _—. FO OCINASLLSE. 2 ——, 
_- m—— 


Ss A 0 


Neceſſs ry RefleSions upon ' 
91199 Raſhneſs. 


WW V2lour is regulated by Ju- 
.Y V tice, ſhe is far enough from 
Raſhneſs. .For, if a Pripce be prodi- 
gal of his Life, he is'vnjuſt to his Pco- 
ple; and he onghr ſometimes ts regard 
Femerity under this Notiop': For, if it 
be confidered 3s a piece of 1njuſtice, it 
appears: more conderhnable, than if it 
be conſidered but as 'aÞiete of , Impru- 
dence. That a Prince therefore may 
not become guilty of raſh Actions, he 


ooght 6 have ſomertiing elſs in bis Eye 
; becauſe 'ohe muſt not | 


feek Sift" Dangers fr Danger'S ſake. 
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And, if,one-:do. expoſe himfelf to. the 
Hardſhips of War, it-is not: ſimply-te 
expoſe himfelf,, and no more ;. but; for 
the avoiding:of ſome.eminent-Damage, 
or. the obtaining ſome great Advamage, 
The-AQtion of a:;Prince then ought to 
have this End,. viz. A Reference. to the 
Succeſs of his Arms, - which is poſlible, 
important, and conformable to. his 
Rank. He fails in the firſt Condition, 
which is Poſſibility, if he does: as Ale- 
xander did, when: he threw. himſelf 
from the Top of the Walls, into an 
Enemy's City : For, Could: he pretend 
to take it alone! He fails to obſerve 
the ſecond-Condition, which is Impor- 
tance, .if he doth as the ſame Prince 
_ did, when, during the Siege. of Tyre, 
he drew out a ſmall Detacliment of- his 
Army, for know. not what Expedition 
againſt - the: frabtens ;.. which was nei- 
ther neceſſary for him, nor worthy. of 
him. .It is our next Buſineſs to conſi- 
der, that an Aftion may be poffible and 
important, and. yet not be praper.to 
the Quality. of -him . that would execute 
it. Nothing is more poſſible, than to 
gain Forts by ſpringing of Mines; and 
{ometimes nothing, is more important, 


o 


than 


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than to uſe thoſe Means; but we muſt 
not: thence conchide, that the King 
ought to go himſelf to-lodge the Mi- 
ner. I ſee it wovld be impoſſible to 
eftumerate'the particilar Things which 
are- fit t6 be acted: by a Prinee, in the 
Wars; and 'which are not ſo: But it 
ſeems to me, thit we may eſtabliſh this 
as a general Mxim, That a Prince 
ought not to expoſe himſelf to Danger, 
but in ſuch Atons where his Command 
is requiſite. Tf. he knows a Fort well, 


it-is, 'to ordain; in what manner it ſhall 
be beſieged : 1f he: viſit the Trenches, 
it is there alſo to diſpoſe his Orders: 
And if he-appear-in Bareel, It is not 
there - chiefly-. to imbrue' his. Sword in 
thi Blood" of fdime*Solditrs; for: the 
Kibirig of thret or fort Met is not ſaf- 
ficient to turn a-Battil ;' bur. it is here 
-he ought to have bis Eyes move through 
the whole, to ſhoot his Orders and Di- 
-rettions every where, and tb be as the 
zonf to his whole Arty. | We diſtin- 
_ guifh' between two forts of Temerity ; 
one a patticular, the other a general 
Raftmeſs: One cortfilts in the hazard- 
ing our ſelves, upon Occaſion, againſt. 
the: Rufes of Mifitary Prudence ; s 

- | oLner 


upon \\FIDOVR.. 139" 


other is, when we engage in a War far 
above 4 mo or Agr bs _ : 
epared ; as they 4 in his- 
him aga inſt I. Some diſtin- 
gviſh alſo betwixt the Temerity of the - 
Enterprize, 'and. the Temerity of the 
: 5 Execution;; which are not altogether 
\ F the ſame 25 thoſe we have mentioned, .. 
FF although they come very near to them. 
Common Senſe ot Fea: us ſufficiently to 
underſtand theſe by 
{ * It will be more important for us to 
' conſider the Cauſes of this Temerity 
and they are, the-falſe Admiration' tot. 
raſh Enterprizes or Executions, when 
they have ſucceeded; - anda pas Pubera 
Contempt of Conduds conformable to - 
the xo of War, when they wErr5ng 
not to have enough of Bravery 
folution. We ma 5 fee this manifeſfly ye- 
rified in a Condu@t quite contrary, whlch 
Marcellus and Fadins once followed'; one 
calted the Sword, and the other the 
Buckler of the Romans. I fhould watt- - 
der too far, if-.] ſhould examine the. - 
Lives of theſe two Men, to make par- 
ticnkar Remarks of this Diverſity and. 
Oppoſition. Ir js ſufficient to ſays that - 


F bins. was truly the Buckter _ 
and . 


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and that he ſaved her from-Ruin. On 
the other-ſide,. Marcelus is blamed for 


having precipitated himfelf into Dan- 


gers; and to have (as we may ſay) 
ſtole away. his Life from the Defence 
of . his Country, in a Time when {he 
ſtood molt -in. need of it.. It-was ſaid 
by a famous Orator, That many Great 
Men, who have been wholly diſpoſed 
lo ſacrifice their Lives and Fortunes to 
the publick-Intereſt, yet were not con- 
tent .to facrifice to it the leaſt Part of 
their Glory. :.He alledgeth upon this 
Subject, the Example of Cleombrotus 
the Lecedemonian, who loſt the Battel 
at Lexftre: And of another, called 
Caltcratiaes;. who, during the Wars 
pf Peloponne/us,, engaged himſelf un- 
luckily ina ex fight againſt the Arhe- 
mia: ;;.and. when, they endeavoured to 
dilluade him. from it, he anſwered, 
The Commenwealth of Sparta might ſend 
another Fleet to the Sea ;, but as for him, 
he could not make a Retreat, but to his 
Diſhonour. . But he deceived himſelf ex- 
treamly.in ſpeaking after this rate ; for 
if a Retreat were neceſlary, then it 
could not be ſhameful ; .and if the En- 
Bagement..were raſh, .it could. not- be 


glorious. - 


a 


upon v1 LOWk tht 


glorious. Theſe Reſtrictions put , You 
in Pain, (SIR; and You look v pon 
them as Fetrers to Your Courage: 
bear them fo much the envre Het: 
ly, in that You know Alexanier re- 
mains' Conqueror at this Day ; and:ha- 
ving an Emulation” for his Glory, You 
aim to be as valiant as he. Your Pre- 
tenſions (SIR) are juſt; and You 
give us Reaſon to hope, that You: will 
equal the Fortune, and ſarpaſs' the 
Vertue of this famous Conqueror. 
But I moſt humbly b:ſeech You to take 
notice, that one may be as valiant. as 
Alexander, without being fond of fol- 
lowing the Examples of his Temerity; 
provided©one dd not forbear imitating, 
him herein by 'any Impulſe of Fear, 
but ont of a Principle of Reaſon. 
There are, in the whole, three or four 
A®jons in the Life of that Prince 
which are inexctſable Temrrities, .an 
the-Sueceſs cannot juſtifie them ; fince 
wiſe Men judge of Things as they are 
m themſelves, and nor by the Events, 
Theſe ſorts of Exceſs would be more 
condemned in-our Days, after the In- 
vention of Artillery, which hath given 


i9 many, Advantages to Fortune. «fa 
| that 


O17 OA IR Podonens  AIO oy 


- that formerly ſaw a Warlike Engine, 
- cried out, that Yalour would be loſt, had 
| ſeep theſe other Machines, which not 


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 fefts. of. Lightning, and carry Death | 
. to a: prodigious Diſtance, how would 


e- have improved the Subject of bis 
Exclamation ! - He that is undaunted, 
1s as valiant as Alexander : But though, 
in this Greatneſs of Courage, he is not 


- afraid of Death ; yet, nevertheleſs, he 


is not.qbliged to expoſe himſelf there- 
unto, to no purpoſe. - We cannot ima- 
gine any Thing more important than 
this Reflection, becauſe the Valour of 
a raſh Prince: cannat produce the Effeas 
which it ought to do : His Enemies 
conceive as much of Hope, as Fear at 
it z and they deſire no more of him, 
than to confront Dangers, without Ne- 
ceſſity; and they wait. every Moment 


for that fatal Stroak; which ſhall put 2 


Period tothe Courſe of his Succeſs, 
and that of his Life. If a Prince will 
be a Conqueror, he muſt firſt learn to 
overcome himſelf: And he muſt hold 
this for a certain Rule, That he that 
cannot . command his own Courage, 
can never render himſelf Maſter of his 

1 Es Enemy's. 


+ Enemy's., The true Valour of 2 Prince 
doth not conſiſt in avojding Dangers, 
no More than a ſeeking of, them ; bur 
 toattend, .and nof. to deſert the Fun» 
7 Cons of his Command,: for any Dan- 

| gers that ſhall encompaſs him. If, ur 

a Sea-fight, a Pilot ſhoyld quit the 
Rudder, and-run. upon the Deck, he 
. would: be accounted fool-hardy: Anſ's 
on the. other {ide ;. if, fearing to 
flain in_ the Place where he. ought to 
ſteer the $hip, be ſhould go and hide 
himſelf in the Hole, he would be bran- 
ded for an Errant Coward. . Some have 
compared. an Army to the Body of. 2 
Man, Jphjerates ſaid, the Infantry were 
the Hands, the Cayalry ihe Feet, ap the 
General the Head. Now, it the Head 
will: either - give or put, by Blows, in- 
ſtead of leaving this Office to the Hands, 
it would receive. as many Wounds, as/it 
makes Puſhes, and would ſoon. be. put 
_ ont of a Condition of fightivg. But if, 
an the other Extream, finding it ſelf 
afraid of Danger, it would hood-wink 
her Eyes, or turn away. her Sight, it 
will ſo happen, that the Hands not be- 
ing guided thereby, the whole Body 
will be left without Defence, ae oF 


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poſed to the Diſcretion of the Enemy, 
{ allow, that theſe Compariſons areim- 
perfect, (and we cannot frame Simili- 
tudes which will have an entire Exa@- 


' neſs; ) but we: may draw ſome Light 


from them, 'and thereypon form a De- 
fivition [bf Valour, near approactilng 
to-that which the Ancients have left us. 
In Truth, this Vertue would not be ill 
defined, if we fay; that Falorr 3s the 
Science of thoſe Dangers," to whith a Man 
— to expoſe himſelf; aid! 0f-rhoſe, t 
which he ought not to expoſe himſelf. 
They who will be willing to conceive 
of it in this Senſe,. would purſue the 
Notion of Socrates, whio'called- all the 
Vertues:- Sct-nces ; © and ©'iparticularly, 
gave this Name” to Vatour ©! [tis rela- 
red of him,” how' that being-one Day 
at a Feaſt, 'where they brought in one 
of thoſe fort of 'Wotmen we-ſee now-a- 
Uays,- who/leaped-over i naked Swords, 


with the Points npwards, and croſſed ; 


he: made a' Retietion, how well this 


Woman had' overcome the natural Ti- 


midiry of her Sex, in that ſhe under- 
took a Thing wherein .her Death had 
been infallible'Ff ſhe had ſtopped . by 
the Way, and-had not' throughly per: 
a formed 


Y, 
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wv 424. 


ha A 


ir. ASS. . | SD cnwas 


Og I 5, AONOEY 


' formed fo hazardous a Leap. Then, 
| being come'near ta one of his Scholars, 
| Yalour (Taith be to him) 


of Juſtice, 


"in LODR. bs. 


is 4 Thi 

h,. tails -ander, Dotrive, freeman o 
ey, Opt the a3Xim of this Philo 
pher hath any Foundation, and it is Ne 
that Valour may be learned, who ſhall 
be the Maſter :of this noble Scietice ? 
Certainly,-the- Prince. - His Examples 


. thertinare the Models; iand'bi Orders 
| arethePrecepts:: 


But:in'the C Orders that 


he ſhail-give out torathers, . or to -him+ 


elf; he: avght; not-to make Juſtice to 


Yo | _ ok one ea 


confiſt''1 in __ 


go mn _ v3 yr 

ay polymers -in the Affitmative:i Bur 
we muſt- underſtand! itof an-Equality 
.-or Propartioniz (that is to 
fay ): Thezthe King:muſt expoſe him- 
ſelf; as; a: King: ao: _—y Ir; vos 2 


os 2TH! 


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146 A' Moral Thiatvſe 


CHAP. XI. 


The Dependance of Valonr, nl 
regard of God. | 


RE principal Part of Juſtice i 
& that wherewith God hath ordaio- 
ed us to fetye him; and it conſiſts in 
that . entire; Submiſſion we onght to 
render him. #nſdmuch that we muſt 
not fail to conſider in: this Diſcourſe, 
what are thoſe Dependencies which the 
Valour of Menveceives from the Power 
of God. It:depeirds upon/him re 
ſpe& of that which 'we cell Fortune, 
and iq reſpect 6f the Body, and allo 
of the Sonl. Firſt, The Things called 
Fortuitons +5 mer fas the Hands of 
God. There is mv Qborage 

yer, that &:able tb foreſee or prevent 
theſe ſorts of Adventures, As, -whed 
Cambyſes was going to make War in | 
Lybia, Fifty Thouſand of his Army || 
were buried under a Mountain of 
Quick:ſands - Or, as in the late Times, 
che King of Sweat was going to the 
Iſle of Fabnen, the Ice broke under _ 

(9 


whatſoe: 8 


pox V4 LOUR. 145 


& all drowned in the Sea. Svipio, when 
2 very young,” wes in that Battel which 
n I Pavlus vAEnylius gained over the laft 
& King of Mwnbwe.  Aﬀect the Fight 
- was over, and the Vitory carried for 
the Romars, they knew not what was 
become-of kim ;, and the Romwr Army 
was returned into their Camp, with- 
| out Tevinig young Swpiv appear. E- 
 - mjiyes was Extreamly troubled thereat;; 
| and Mn _ midſt wt —_ of = 
great Day, he tec no Joy, but what 
wes enibittered with Grief, by the 4p- 
| prehetrffion he had of having tvIt a Son 
of xgreat Hopes. They fent out intb 
a} Coafts,'to karn Tidings of him, and 
| Called nt aloud for him 3 but all to nb 
| purpoſe* | They coholodell then, that - 
| tre tay mingled amongft che- Aain' B6- 
» if dies; and they were there Tearching 
for Him, . when, ar taſt, they (AW hit 
return with Two more, and hisSwerd 
rerkivg in Blood : That is to fy, he 
was fo tranſported by the inconſiderate 
Fervency' of Yonth, as, having quitted 
the Body of the Army, he parſued the 
Macedonians To far, that he had periſh- 
ed a Thoufthd Tirnes, if he had hed 


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to do with Men who durſt have rallied: 
Nothing had been -more ealie, than to 
have. incompaſsd - and ſlain him. If 
this had bappened,, there had .been no 
Scipio the Great, the Deſtroyer of Car- 
thage and, Numantia: And his Valour 
( as one .may ſay) having been nipped 
in the Bud,: he had not performed thoſe 
uluſtrious, Aftions which have, rendred 


LE +3 , 


him labora] in Story... On the other 
ſide, If. Providence had given a longer 
'Life .to; the Dyke of Longuewille, he 
might have been. another Scipio; or, 
£o compare him; with the Chief of his 
Iluſtriops. Race, which ended in him, 
he; might” have; been, another Dan0is 
Prince doth not ſo. much reſpect the 


firſt Dependance, of which I have been 
ſpeakivg,. as the. ſecond, which ought 
allo. to. be conlidered..., The Valour of 
gard of his Body,... This is plaioly vi- 
ible in Wounds ; ſeeing; that Courage 


grand, Courage, . when.,haviog taken 2 
.Town by; Force. of Arms, . be received 
th- a. Stone; thrown down 

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ſtunned him; and cauſing him to' fall 
| from his Horſe, left him withont 
| Strength or - Senfe, in the Hands of 
' thoſe that took away his Life * What 
| did this heroick Reſolution of Mind 
| profit © Philopoemon, ' who was the ſole 
| Support of his Country ; when, being 
ed . the laſt in the Retreat, as he was firſt 
« W in the Onſet, his Horſe threw him 
i i down under him z whereupon, he'was 
i W ſoon ſurrounded by his Enemies? We. 
', MW may remark this Difſerence, not only 
3 WF in Wounds, | but in other Things ; 
, W which, though they are leſs ſenſible, 
* 8 yet are more aſtoniſhing. ' It happens 
ſometimes, that a valiant Perſon, who 
| hath out-faced great Dangers with an 
undavnted- Conntenance, has yet been 
afraid when there has been no Cauſe of 
Fear : It muſt be no other than a kind 
of Dazling, or an [magination, which 
troubles and confounds him. It is in 
the AAﬀions of War, as in thoſe of E-. 
loquence :' The moſt compleat Orators 
ſometimes have been, as it were, Pla- 
net-ſtruck, andhave loſt their Speech, 
without knowing any Reaſon for it. 
Men- of ' the 'greateſt Courage have 
T ; H 3 . been, - - 


250 A Moral Treatiſe 


been, as one may ſay, dumb.fou 

_ 8s. well as the greateſt Genius's. Hi. 
Rary is full of ſych Events. And tha 
which is obſervable here, is, that the 
Fagens themfielves have acknowledged | 
this ſort of Dependance ; inſomuch 
that the Septiments they have had 
thereof have obliged them ta conſider 
theſe pannick Fears as Envoys from 
Heaven. We ſhall find a Proof of this 
Vial Exprefion which Yirgil makes 


* 
—_ 
WE # 


<# Dys me terrant. | | 
_ ?Tis true, theſe Idolaters moſt fre- | 
quently. knew not to what God they 
Gould ;aſcribe theſe ugexpetted Hor- 
FOUFS 2 And;;we may with Reaſon lays ; 
that as Children who know nat their | 
Father, addreſs; themſelves ſometimes 
to the firſt Man they meet, calliog bim | 
their Father ; In like manner, the P«- | 
£@ny, through their Ignorance of the | 
true Deity, when, any. Terrour invaded | 
their Spirics,. or, ſtruck. their Senſes, | 
they imagined preſently: that this was | 
their God z, -and ſeeing the great Ef- 
dts which 


Rh Lerrour produced in their 
; Armies, 


der a Sacrifices which they made during 
s 8 came from the ſame Original z inſo- 


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| 2 God. [There was at Luacrdecwnie (28 
$ we have already obſerved ) the Fempie 
= of Fear : And there was anether” at 
= Rome, which: was not only dedicated 
to Fear, but ta its Effects; Pavori, "© 


Phllori, All the: Auguries, Expiations 


Wars, and before their Battels, 


much that, at the laft, their Religion 
became wholly Military. They conſe 
dered their Camp as a Temple: They 
did not only bring their Gods thither 
with their Eagles, but they placed the 
SEG in the Number of 
they ſwore by their Name. [When the 
Emperors had'cembraced the Chriftian 
Fatb, .they aboliſhed this fort of Ido- 
Iatry, as welt 'as others. But to' re- 
rain the Soldiers in their Duty by a vi- 
ſidle Object of Religion, which might 
often 'put them in mind of the need 
they had of God's Aſſiſtance, and of 
the Dependanee they had on his Power, 
they repreſented the Crofs upon the 
Standard, which they called Zeberwm. 
Soxpmen, the Eceletiaſtical Hiſtorian, 

H 4 relates, 


# Fo OR NTENE 
92 , A Moral 


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relates, That the C briſtisn Soldiers con: 
lidered this Enſign as. a Thing ſacred, 
 whertin was the Sign of their Redem- 
ption ; and that they rendred to it a 
peculiar Reſpect. - As all theſe Fears [ 
have been'obſerving may: ariſe from the 
Diſpolition of: 'the Body, or of- the 
Corporeal Faculties, I have ranked 
them under the ſecond -Dependance, 
But there is another Dependance be-_ 
hind : The Valour of Men is ſubject 
to the: Divine.Power'in-regard of the 
Soul. : Indeed, a: Prince. who faith to 
God, Give me my\ Arms, preſerve me my 
Life and Health, atid 1 know well enough 
bow to do the reſt-* That is to ſay, [ 
know well enough how [to-improve my 
Courage /my. ſelf: This Prince ſpeaks 
like a Pagan. : Our Souls: depend en- 
tirely on him that made them. And 
if a valiant Man doth not believe that 
It is God which beſtows his Valour on 

him, and that he can take it, from him 
when-ever he pleaſeth ; if ;the -moſt 
hardy: Man in the World imagines that 
it.doth not -belong to -God-to render 
bim” the moſt fearfut: Creature, - he 
knows not God, neither doth he know 
himſelf, . Our Souls, as we have ſaid 
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already., are. the Operations of | his 
Hands ; they have continual Need of 
the Supplies of his 'Succours, to pre- 
| ſerve the Qualities they have received. 
This Principle muſt be agreed, - Thar 
as there are none but Spirits that can. 
penetrate Bodies, ſo there 1s none but 
God can penetrate Souls. Inſomuch 
that God is in our Souls, he afts im- 
mediately there, and-it belongs to him 
to do that which he Þleaſeth. They 
deceive themſelves extreamly who ima- 
gine, that in making theſe RefteCtions 
on. the. Dependence of Men's _Valour, 
it ſhould be capable to abate their Cou-- 
rage,..rather than' to add more Aſſu- 
rance to it. | For,' as it is in- C:v1l 'S0- 
cicties, the Power of our Friends cre- 
ates 1n us rather Confidence than Fear ; 
{o the Divine Omnipotence- is ſo far — 
from -abating the Courage of:thoſe Per- | 
ſons::that acknowledge and- adore: it, 
that it elevates-and confirms it: ' And 
certainly 1 believe,” that all the Exhor-' 
tations that ever have been made, or 
ever ſhall be made, to excite Men to- 
Valour,; have not ſo-much:Force as one 
Sentence of the 01d Teſtament; alledged: 
by St. Pant; If God:be for us, who cam 
- H 5 be 


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be pA Ms ; ? And that other in the Go- 
ſpel ; Fear noe them that can kill the Boay, 
but cannot deſtroy the Saul. 


 —_ 
= —_— —_— 
2  ——— —— — a G—_- _ \— SA — 


CHAP. XII 


W. bat 3s the End of V as. 
Actions. 


attend. Aftions, the moſt eflemial 


<a ia: What is the End of 


the Actions of Valour? The Pagans 


have propounded Glory for its End. 


Chriſtian Morality advanceth: higher ; 
and to conceive aright of the. Grandeur 


and Solidity of the Sentiments ſhe in- 
ſpires upon this Subject, it is ,needful 


for us. to conſider, it I6- in Valonr as it 


1s in other Vertnes, and that Military + 


Actions ought to: be. ranked amongſt 
the good Works. to. which- the Reward 
of Heaven is-promiſed. There. is .in 
them This in_particular, that they are 
not only more” painful . and” difficult 


thin the others, | rg hey oftentimes 


put 


” PRESLEY 


+Mongſt the Circumſtances which - 


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pit a Period to the Life! of him that 
performs them z and fo he embraceth 
Death inthe 2Qual Exerciſe of 'Vertue. 
If a Men cloſeth vp his Life, ſtretch- 
inz out - his Hands to 2ffiſt the Poor, 
and in the very At of Alms-deeds and 
Charity ; or if he render up his Soul at 
the Foot of the Akar, whilſt he is ap- 
plying himſelf to the Invocation-and 
Adoration of God ;' ſuch 'a Death will, 
with Reaſon, be accounted as a Fa- 
vour, and will give” us advantageous 
Thovghts of the Salvation of this Man. 
We ought to have the ſame Opinion of 
aDeath which happens tn Military Ex- 
peditions. And to make the RefleCtion 
more agreeable to this Nation, it ts not 
neceſſary that it muſt be a War waged 
againft Infidels ; it is ſufficient that, in 
eſpett of the Prince, the War be jaſt ; 
and in'reſpect of the Subjefts, that 
they are commanded by their Prince: 
Then we may fay, that Death is a Sa- 
crifice ;* and he that ſuffers it, is 2 Vi- 
Qim. I will be objefted, without 
doubr, that this Sacrifice may not be 
-pkeaſing'to God, becauſe it may ſuffer 
that Death;- and yet otherwiſe be in 


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a Caſe peculiar to Valour ' only, ſeeing 
that it may. be alſo, that. he who dies 
10 the afual-;Exerciſe of Alms- giving, 
or of Prayer, yet-may':not die- in a 
good Diſpoſition of Conſtience. : There 
1s only one Difference to be obſeryed, 
[That Alms-giving and Prayer do not, 
in themſeclves,..expoſe a -Man's Life to 
_ Hazard; but; Maitary AQtions are ac- 
companted with: Dangers, and it is 
their very Buſineſs to encounter them. 
Inſomuch that- we 'may ſoberly con- 
clude thereupon, that a Soldier is par- 
ticularly. ;obliged- to, take care of his 
_ Conſcience,; :and-.in that he is expoſed 
to Death -hourly;,: he ought always to 
be well prepared, to, die daily. - It is 
not necellary .to make a farther Re- 
ſearch -what 'is the End of valiant A- 
tions, it is the ſame as of. athes.ver- 
tuous Aﬀtions. + Valour;:propoynds. 80 
leſs' an Aim; 7thantphe:; nobleſt- of- ajl 
Conqueltsz. that of Heavens: She pro- 
pounds an, Immartality [that is. not 
feigned, nor./metaphorical, as is. that 
of -Fame ;,, but a Life truly etexnaly and 
truly happy: As to:thgbothgr-lmmo:- 
T:kty,! ſuch g5,it is; {-meanz. che Glo- 


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muſt-ſee of, what Diſpoſitions: Chriſtian 
.Pringes, ought. to be-iin-this RefpeCt;; -I 
xmetnember 1 haye read a Notion in;the 
Writings of an Ancient Father, which, 
_ at:the:frft; ſurprized me z{þbut.it was 
very ſolid, and: very neceſſary: upon 
this Occaſion... He preached to his Peo- 
ple after this. manner : Have a.Care. of 
my Reputation « [t 1s your antereſt, rather 


than ninegcfo to-402:.1 have no,negd. of it 


for my ſelf ; but [-have reed of-it for 
you. So a-Prince ſtands in:no need of 
Honour for. himſelf: He ſhall not be 
judged of God by his Reputation, but 
by his:Vertue :: He hath only need of it 


for his-People, to maintain his Subjes... 


in; their Duty, to hinder ; his; Enemies 
from undertaking any Thing againſt 


them; and, in a Word, for a Thou- 
'Jand Things: important. to;the Publick. 


We Ccangot doubt- then, but. ;that.. the 
Reputation of Kings is capable-of-pro- 
ducing . great. Effects, - be It; either; in 
Peace. or War : / But all this; hath no 
farther Regard to a Prince, but during 
his Life. , Ought he then to negleCt a 
Repuiation | which ſhall endure : after 
Death 2: Naz he ought. not: to, neglect 
it.z. but. on the contrary, to deſire 1t ; 
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not for himfelf, but for others : Which 
is the Motive we have formerly tonch- . 
ed at, and appears here to be manifeſt. 
Iy true. Indeed, St. Lewis would not i 
be e'cr the 'kefs happy in Heaven, 
though all the World were ignorant 
of the ARtions he did on the Earth; 
and we never had known he was va- 
han, or that: he had made War in 
Africa, or hed ſuffered Death as a 
Martyr. It is not:then @ Felicity to 
St. Lewis, that Hiſtory ſpeaks of him ; 
but it is an Happineſs for thoſe who 
are now living. It is an Happineſs in 
particular to You, (SIR) who are 
animated by this Example 3 and fipd 
in a Stem ef your Auguſt Family, the | 
moſt perfeft Model that the Churck | 
hath propeunded for Princes. As we | 
may- fee by this,- that the Glory of 

great Kings prodaceth grexe Effects, 
_ which ave not confined within the Li- 
mits of their Days z .ſo- we cannot de- 
ny but: that they may propeund' to 
themſelves to do fuck Aftions which 
will ngver' be forgotten z and the e- 
mores of their Vertue' will procare a | 
continued and perpetual Benefit to the © 
World. We. ſhalf be yet more con 
vinced 


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— that hays” is 2 
altogether equal,” between the Times 
and Places. And, as when a Chriſtian. 
Prince. deſires to be known, out of his 
own Kingdom, it is to render —_ 
le to Strangers, as well as to 
his Subjeas : In like manner, when he 
defires to be famed after his Death, it 
is to this End,- that afcer having ſerved 
his own Generation, he will be-yet far-- 
ther ſerviceable to Poſterity. 


I nga — Re 


C H AP. XHE 


Valenr ought to be accompanied- 
with Generoſity. 


"Hen one is animated: from ſo 
-.» noble a Principle, and hath - 
propounded opounded to himſelf ſo excellent an 
nd, he ſometimes prohibits "mae 
the-Uſe- of thoſe Things which , 
EG, are allowable. It is Reps 
_— to fatisfie our ſelves, that we 
far 


fron .beivg guided by unjuſt 
Maxims ; 


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Maxims 3- but we ought- farther to 
hearken..to the-Impulſes of Generoſity. 
Many confound.the:/Name of Generous, , 
with that of; #akart ; [but in this they, 
deceive. themſelves: - All undaunted 
Men are. not generqus. Generolity is 
a Grandeur, or a. Beauty of the Soul, 
which ſametimes is. not found in thoſe 
who- are; remarkable :for./ Courage. 
There, are many who. not being capa- 
ble of the leaſt Cowardice amid the. 
Dangers of War, yet have been guilty 
of great Weakneſſes in the other Acci- 
dents of Life. . We have borrowcd this 
Term of the Latins, but we take it in 
another Senſe.than 'the/Ancient; Romans 
did ; and have given it ſuch a copious 
Signification, that we muſt. conſider 
Generolity in the full Extent, as a g:- 
neral Vertue, whicty is a chief Ingre- 
_ dient, and mingles it ſelf amongſt all 
the athers, ;and-adds a; Flavour tottheir 
Sentiments. Indeed,.:as.l remarked/be- 
fore, we call thoſe generous, who have 
acomely, beautiful Soul. Now, as 
ane ſingle Feature well formed. does not 
render þ 3 Face, beautiful, ſo one ſingle 
Yertue docs nof. make up. a loyely;Soul. | 


. 


Generolity is. allied to all the Vertues, 


but 


which: opens to [her - a: yaſt- Career; 
wherein to- exerciſe her ſelf; -it- gives 
her the ſtatelieſt Theatre ſhe conld ever 
have: had, whereon . to ſhew ſorth-the 
Nobleneſs and; Purity of her Intentions; 


It is by Valeur that an Hero-renders 


himſelf viftorious ; it is by Generoſity 
that he does not: ſully the Glory of his 
Viftory. It is by this that he remits 
the rigorous Juſtice of his Rights, and 
gives a::Relaxation of: hard: ( and; yet 
! juſt) Severities z that-i/he: fcarns Re- 
| venge, though he hath: the full Power 

to. aftit. He is ſorry: in his Chair of 
Triumph, . for the Blood which-he was 
_ conſtrained to ſhed inthe Field of Bat- 
tel; ſtretcheth out. his Hands to relieve 
the Vanquiſhed,. and ſhews.them that 
he-is-ar: Enemy to no- People z and that 
he' never deſigned. any,' more-than to 
correct: their. Inſolence,: Tyranny, and 
Iojuſtice. .. Farther, (SIR; ): Genero- 
ſity-is properly: the Vertue of a-Prince. 
You ought to-eſteem.. it.as, one of the 
principal--Orpaments-. of: your - Life: 
And You cannot. take too: much Pains 
to cultivate thoſe Seeds which. You 


hayg received: at Your Royal Birth, 
and 


g* wad + 


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162' A Moral Treatife 


and to prattiſe thofe Maxims which 
You have continually tearned in Your 
excelent Education. That which 
ſhews, this Vertue-appertains peculiar= 
Iyto thoſe who are ptaced in the high- 
eſt Station, is, that ſhe includes with. 
in-her lf a kind of Superiority : Acd 
we may always affirm in fome ſo; h 
that he that 'docs a generous AQ, 
that he raifech himſelf up. above him 
that — it. Aad certainly, ſhould a 
| Subject, in making Proteſtations of his 
ity, \ ll the King that he would 
ſerve him gener '3 though perhaps 
he may -have no ill-Intention, yet he of | 
fends agatnſt Devency: Nay, to go far- | 
' iran ſhould ſd-expreſs himſelf | 
Gi ak'net anly | 


ther z 1 
towards 50 OG Terk 


encroufty towards 

fd ro genen is 'more ſor- 
is generous towards Men :- 
We ought to fay, indeed, that he is 
gooe, and compaſſionate. Now, ſee- 
ing that Generofity is a Vertue more 
than mere Goodneſs, it may 

be. demanded, Why, in ſpeaking of 
God, we. chuſe rather. to ſay he is 


good, 


OI II TIES es a 4 ew ay EE REL ENY 
af 4 1.4.3 Ps \ wa rare —Cy, 


» we ought not'to fay neither, |} 


| event that which was had in ſa great a : 


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go0d, than that he is generous? They - 
do wiſely, that expreſs themfelves ſo: - 
And this. Way of Speaking. ſeems to 
be founded on Reaſon- As Words are - 
the Images of the Thoughts, we cat 
nat. well give .a Name: to. Ged, ſee- 
ing we cannot comprehend him. All. 
Names, generally, are nnworthy of his - 
Greatneſs and Immenſity, not excepting . 


Veneration. amongſt the.7ems. We ſay - 
of Gad, that he is gaod 3 becauſe, as - 


this is a Name we ordinarily: 
Mes, ſo we believe, by our attributing - 
it'to God, that, at the fame Time, he. . 
will not fail to elevate our 11 Roi | 
beyond our Expreſſions.; But - 

bear to-give him the-Name'/of Gene» * 
rous; which is one of 'the ſublimeſt/ in 
Morality, for fear one: ſhould imagine - 
that-it-would fill up the Les heo 
to have of.the King of Kings, and th 
it might be truly worthy of his infinite . 
Perfettiqns. _'] am-infenſibly fallen into - 
this Digreſlion, -and will unprove it no 
farther, but tie my felf- at prefent to - 
conſider Generofity as a Vertne which 
ought-to accompany. Valour. . 


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The | g reateſt Men in Ancient. 
; vl Hiftor ww bave ' not only been 


*HE Heroes: which Antiquity took 

- eare-'to render illuſtrious, were 
generaus,- as: well as valiant; - And it 
muſt; be:confeſted, that 'the Actions 
wherein :their> generous Thoughts and 
Motions are moſt conſpicuous, are the 
Pallages of their-Lives wherein we are 
moſt. fenſibly touched, and which en- 
gage. us: the:more: to:eſteem their Me- 
mories:: i\Cz/a#!lamented the Death of 
Pompey : And after he was paſled over 
into'A/rics; condutting his Troops to- 
wards the City where . Cato.-was, as' 
ſoon-as he underſtood that! he had kil- 
led:himfelf, / envy your Death, ( cried 
he ): @Cato, ſince | you Have envied me 
the Glary'of ſaving your Life. Auguſtus 
alſo bewailed the:Death' of Mark Arn- 


: 4 Vu 


{x8 


Death: of: his Rivdl, and to: Fetidex 
Prajſes 0: his Merit.z. "He reads torhem 

rain'Letters which: he-had: recei ed 
from: him, and nakes\Remarks-on-the 
Neatneſs:and-Beauties of his Stile :iHe 


ſhews them; that: be was :not-only' a 


Man of great Cotirage; but;-of-a great 
Soul, * Some will ſay, all-ebefe Arn | 
werecſo; -but one an, y his 
how commendable- and anjiable! Gede 
roſity is, ſince, /in theſe Inſthtices, Ges 


ſer and: Auguſt believed; thas: they 


ovght hang had either ſuckrreak-lan- 
preſlions,; or, at leaſt, | the\, Appearan» 
þ corn them: And as: thiy: had: the 
Taſte and Ambition - of true Glory 1 
they: conceived :it imported , much to 
their Honour, to. be: ſenfilile--of the 
" Misfortune of their Enemies-..or:-if 
they: were-not fo, yet to! ſeent:ta- be 
Jo;. |.1n: ſpeaking: after-this-manner;' 1 
know." do- not accommodate'\iny-felf 
tothe Opinion of thoſe who make lit- 
tle Fanweble ConſtruRions -of the 
Tears: of; the: two - firſt Ceſers -; In 
which. it; .Feems, co-me;! they: have: bur 
1: wa tifec 1L>the: Vertue; «WE 
ſpeaking;! and that they | have) w 


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| can at two 
| great 'Men, who, after the Eſtabliſh- 
menc-of their Sovereignty, had made 
their Clemency appear fo conſpicuous, 
' ſhould not ithen-enter 'upon Conſiders» 
tions which might draw Tears from 
them? * Valour and Generofity are not 
Mmcompatible; and when one hath 
yvanqmihed an Enemy, 1 -camot toil 
.whac ſhovid kinder him from depio- 
 ribg his Misfortune, after 'the ViQory. 
We ruſt cotfeſs, Dnvy is a 7 
| 3 it will divine Things It 
never {faw, und will make Comments 
wid the anefbialtions'of the Heroes, m 
«he work Senſe, But 'wharean it fay 
of Soipio, who, after the Burrel at Z«- 
284, 'the Loſs of which rednoed the 
C rams to the Romer Servitude, 
Fudied rather. to preſerve | 

than toideftroy nt brook He obli Ip 
Vangoiſhed : 26 their els, 
wherein! conſiſted the Force of ther 
them 
Iver up this redoubtable Enemy, 
Who had ravaged deaf, and bad brought 
Mere xouke very Brink 'of Ruin; and 
who, Sees, [in the Uſe of Hawn 
whic 


_ re : But he did 'not oblipe 


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(which | de caployed co gin his Point, 


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is War wes. deckureds 


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HO mich chemwme 
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compared 


| 168 <4 Moral 'Treatiſe 


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compared it with the Inhumanity of 
Flamimu; who ng found Hannibal 
- in the King 'of. ©s' Court, never 
ceaſed to-perſecnte him fo cruelly, that 
he cauſed him to kill himſelf. A Pro- 
cedure: ſo barbarous -was condemned 
by: 'the ifolid /Part of Mankind, and a 
"Number of. them: Romans: too. 
By this,” Flammnias blaſted the Reputa- 
gion he had acquired cit his Macedonian 
Conqueſty3; Weiconceive,: Þ fay; he 
_ to” rave ſpared: the. Life of a 
jor ene wot after! having,-eſcaped ſo 
ny Dangers, was now arrived: to 2n 
cam Did''Age; i Hanmbal was of 
Lich, an(dgngartianibed he wiſhed. 11 to 

the rope rchny was noticapable: to ef- 
_ tectity though,” indeed,-the ought not 
£o haveidobe it, nor: to have wiſhed it. 
This Aftion' of Tir 'Flamininue puts me 
in: mind of that'of Luciz Flaminus, his 
Brother we which was extreamly: colt 
der ;  Hei>was Commander''of 'a 
Province ; 3 and'one Day being at a 
Feaſt-with a Perſon he loved, 'who be- 
ag -tzken with an-inhamane. Curioſity, 
toldi him,: ſhe had. never: ſeen+a'. Man's 
_ [Head cutiioff: ole: 55: » faith he, *0 
DT y_ Deſire: in; ths. And'there 
being 


upon VALOUR. 169 
being in the Priſon ſome Criminals un- 


der Condemnation of Death, he ſent 
for one into the Hall where the Feaſt 


was, and cut off his Head in their Pre- 


ſence. When he returned to Rowe, 
one might have offered ſomething by 
way of Excuſe for a Condut fo brutal ; 
thit he whom he had cauſed to be exe- 
cuted was a guilty Perſon, and. one a- 
ftually condemned ; and that he had 
only changed the Place of his Execu- 
tion: One might have alledged the 
Glory of his Family, the-gocd :ervices 
of his Brother, and of himſelf roo. 
But he was noted for Infamy ; and Ca- 
ro the Elder, by his Authority, as Cer- 
for, which he then exerciſed, expelled 


him ont of the Senatorian Dignity. ; BY 


this Kxample-we may obſerve, that this 
brutiſh action diſpleaſed even a People, 

who were accuſtomed to ſze the C om- 
bats of the Gladtarors, So true it is, 
that valiant Men, when they are crue], 


excite: more of Horronr, than Admira- 


tion; and that all who are Strangers to 
Generofity,: o:tend not only Souls that 
are gencrous, but even thoſe that are 
not os 


'I CEAP. 


170 A Moral Tredtiſe 
CHAP. XV. 


Valour without Generoſity, is 
zmperfeet , and Generoſity 
without Valour, ts imperfe& 

_ alſo. 


Pon the whole, it concerns us, 
A that we joyn both theſe Vertues 
rogether ; I mean, Generoſity and Va- 
tour : They are imperfet when they 
are ſeparated the one from the other. 
Generoſity without Valour, doth not 
feem to be ſincere; and Valour with- 
out Generoſity, does not ſeem to be 
reaſonable : One appears as an Artifice, 
—_— for the covering a Defect ; 
the other, as an Inſtinft whereby 
Nature blindly hurries him. A Prince 
ought therefore to wmnite beth theſe in 
his own Perfon. Thoſe who would 
repreſent Beroes in their greateſt Per- 
fections, form and imagine them ac- 
cording to this /d42a: They animate 
them with a Defire of rendring all 
Mankind happy : They make them to 
a0) protect 


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-protet the Innocent, though their 


Perſons are veknown to them; ſome- 


. times to run through the Univerſe, to 


relieve the Oppreſled : They inſpire 


into them an ardent Paſſion for true 
Glory, and a noble Congempt, not on- 
ly of all Things which are little and 
baſe, bnt of thoſe which are common 


and ordinary. This Union of Gene- 
roſity and Valour makes Magnanimity, 
which moſt be conſidered -as the Perfe- 
&ion of Humane Vertues. The Title 


of Magnanimoxs is one of the moſt plo- 


rious Surnames that a Monarch can 
have aſcribed 'to hum. I wonder that 
we have never given it to any King : 
Thoſe, amongſt the Princes, which 


deferved ir, have not taken it upon 


them. You may (SIR) take it one 
Day, after You have merited it; and 
as You have 8lready an Ambition to 
render Your Self worthy of it, it reſts 
wholly in You, to have the Advantage 
of enjoying it. 


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172 A Moral Treatiſe 
CHAP. XVI. 


Diwers ſorts of Generoſuics, 


which ſerve to inhannce 


Valour. 


A Monegſt. the divers ſorts of Gene- 
A. rofities, (the Number of which 


are inhnite ) thoſe which ſhew an en- 


tire Unconcernedneſs, and a noble. 


Contempt of Riches, ſerve extreamly 
to raiſe the Reputation of Valour ; be- 
cauſe that Confidence which makes a 
Man valiant, and perſuades him that 


heneed never fear the Dangers of War, 


hath very munch of ' Conformity with 
that Confidence which makes a Man 11i- 
beral, and perſuades him that he need 


_ never be afraid of Misfortunes ; the 


Thoughts of which are a: continual 
Terrour to the Covetous. Alexander, 
before he paſſed over into Aſia, gave 
away all that he had: And when one 
demanded of him, what he had reſer- 


ved for himſelf: 7 have, ſaith he, 7e- 
{erved Hope. But if we find too much 


of 


of Exceſs in this ConduCt;' ( as, with- 


out doubt, there was ) we ſhall find}. 
however, a great Solidity in his An- - 


ſwer to Parmenio, at the Battel of Ar- 
bella, This old Captain ſent to adver- 
tiſe him, that the Perſians had fallen 
upon the Baggage of the Army ; and 
that he could not fave it, without im> 
mediate Succours. Alexander bid them 


tell him, That he muſt let that alone, 
and think, of nothing but to overcome 3 for 


if the Macedonians carried the Vittory, 
they ſhould not only recover their own Bag- 
gage, but that of the Enemy's alſo, This 
Anſwer gives me Occaſion torelate the 
Saying of Antiſthenes the Philoſopher, 
and Scholar to Socrates > We ongbt, 
ſaith he, to wiſh all forts of Goods to our 
Enemies, except Falour ; for 1f they are 
defeftive in Valour, they will not be able 
to preſerve the Goods that they have, and 
we ſhall not fail to render onr ſelves Aa- 
ſters thereof. One ſpoke ingeniouſlly, 
who called Covetonſneſs an e/Znigme : 
For, in Truth, nothing is ſo odd, and 
unconceivable, as to joyn Poverty and 
Riches together ; and to ſcrape up a 
Maſs of Goods, on purpoſe not to 
make uſe of them. ' This c-£ngme yet 


I 3 becomes- 


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174 A' Moral | Treatiſe z 


becomes more inexplicable, when Avz- |} 
rice meets with Valour in one and the I} 


ſame Perſon. If one ſhould put the 


Queſtion, and ask, Who is he that | 


deſpiſeta Life, and with Greedineſs 
heaps up Things which he believes are 
neceſlary for. Life ; and yet, neverthe- 
leſs, makes -no Uſe of thoſe very 
Thiogs he bath fo eagerly hoarded up ? 
Certainly, this would look like a Fa- 
ble, and a Chimers; and one could not 
imagine that. it were ever poſſible to 
make a fit Application thereof. But 


fuch Examples are rare amongſt Kings. 


Yet I will not deny, but that there 
may be found ſome Princes of the Cha- 
ratter of that Roman, who was made 
Con/xl at a Time when they dreaded a 
_ difficult and dangerous War. He was 
much cried down upon the Score of 


Intereſt. And when it was demanded 7? 


of -another Xamar, there at that Time, 
why he would: be adviſed to give his 


Vote for ſuch a Man to be Conſul? It 


bs, faith he, becauſe 1 had rather be 
plundered, than ſold, But, as 1 have 
ſaid, theſe Examples are very rare. 
Valiant Men do make no other Eſti- 
mate of Riches, but to uſe them z nr 

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but thereby to be enabled to do Things 
worthy of Glory. This appears, even 
from the Common Soldier, to the Prince; 
The great Deſire of a Soldier truly cou- 
rageous, is, to have ſerviceable Arms ; 
that of a Captain, to have a-Company 
well diſciplined ; and that of a Prince, 
to have ſtrong and well-marſhalPd Ar- 
mies : ?Tis for this that he reſerves his 
Treaſures. And we cannot but lament, 
or, to ſay better, we can ſcarcely be- 
wail the Misfortune of thoſe who periſh 
by the blind Impulſes of Ava- 

rice. Acertain King of Ma- Perſe. 
cedonia, who was conquered 


by the Roma, had Troops able to de- 


fend him but becaufe theſe Troops coſt 


him ſo much Money to maintain them, 


he disbanded them the Evening before 


'the Battel which he had: againſt ſuch 


formidable Enemies. Hiſtory farther 
obſerves, that after his Defeat, Cove- 
touſneſs was his predominant Paſlion ; 


and when he fled away with all that he 


had that was of any great value, he 
was betrayed by a Captain of a Vellel, 
who imbarked the Treaſures of this 


Prince in his own Ship, and left him 
I 4- upon 


| upon VALOUR. 175 
|} they donot uſe them for any other End, 


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176 A Moral Treatiſe 


upon the Sea-ſhoar, abandoned to all} 3 
the World. Although we ſee him ar- |# 
rived to the moſt deplorable of Hu. Z 
mane Diſgraces, yet we have leſs Pity 
for his Misfortune, than Indignation at 


his ConduRt. 


CHAP. XVII 


Amongſt all the Generoſities in |? 


the World, there is none 


that brings ſo much Honour |! 


to valiant Men, as the Par» 
doning of Injuries. 


ES is no Point of Generoſity that 


 redounds ſo much to the Honour 
of valiant Men, as the Pardoning of 


Injuries. I ſhall only add this Word ; 


4 5 


They ought to conſider, that in Par-: 
doning they run no Risk, ſeeing they 
need not fear that this ſhall be imputed 
to 'them as Feebleneſs, or Want of 
Courage, Pompey hath been —_ 
e 


We. — 


© Rack 


-Ing the Letters which were written to ; 


. the Fire, without ſo much as reading 
them, 'for fear they might have inſpi- 


'Rank which was due to' the Athenians, 


the Grecians in almoſt 'theſe Terms : 
We are not come here with a Deſion to af 


Apon VALOUR, 177 


ded for burning the Papers. of Serto- 
rims, where were Letters would have 1: 
made many a Romar?®s Heart ake; who \& 
deſired-not to ſee an End* ſo foon: to a L 
War wherein he was engaged. We | 
commend Ceſar yet more, for throw- F 


Pompey during the Civit Wars, into | 
red into him other Thoughts, contrary 


to thoſe of his Clemency. - The Subject 
whereof we treat will not permit us to 4 


- forget thoſe Generoſities which are uſe- F 


ful for the Succeſs of Valour, and which 
are as the Inſtruments of ViAtories and 
Conqueſts. Ariſtides ' reconciled him- 
ſelf to Themiſtocles the Night before the 
Battel of Salamina; In that of Plarea, 

when there arofe a Difpute about the , 


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pute with' our Allies, but to fight agamst 
our Enemies : We know, Places are not Ca- FE 
pable, in themſelves, to create Fear, '07 1- 


ſpire Valour. Behold us all aiſpoſed 20 IE 
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ceive the Poſts wherein you will be pleaſed | 
80 put ns; and we make Proteſtations, that |? 
we will endeavour well to defend them, | © 
conſider alſo the Condutt of Phocton az 7 
a great Piece of Generoſity, when he | * 
r to engage in a Battel, to which |? 
be. was raſhly deſired by thoſe whom he | 7 
commanded, He perſiſted in his Judg- | 
ment, notwithſtanding the Murmursof | 7? 
his Troops. And when they were al- | 7 
Moſt ready to accuſe him for Want of |} 
Courage, Brave Feliow-Solaters, faith 2 
he, 1+ 3s not you that can make me valiant, © 
nd it is not 1 that can make you Coward, | 
We.muſt acknowledge by this Exam- |? 
Þle; that amongſt thoſe Perſons who | 
propound Glory for, their End, there: |? 
may happen Occaſions, where their | 
Generoſity. ſhall raiſe them above the |= 
Senſe, of Honour : They love rather | 
ta, be blamed without. committing of |: 
Faults, than commit Faults without be- |: 
ing .blamed ; .and then finding their | 
.Conſolation.in:the Teſtimony they ren- |. 
der to. themſelves, they thence draw ſo « |: 
ET. 
never deſerved... wh _ \ 


CHAP. - 


por VALOUR. 179 7 


CHAP. XVHEL 


After what manner Soldiers 
ought to ſpeak. of their Ex<- 
NT - © 


| 'E muſt not make an End of the 
Reflections that we have pur- 
ſued upon Generoſity, without obſery- 
ing, in few Words, after what man- 
ner valiant Men ought to ſpeak of their 
Exploits. And the firſt Condition 
which ought to be ebſerved, is, Truth. 
in Times paſt, by the Rules of the'&o- 
men Diſcipline, Lying in theſe ſorts of 
Matters was a Crime, which they ſig- 
nificantly called, The Crime of Falſe 
Combats. And Polybins makes this Re- 
mark, That if a Soldier had vaunted- 
himſelf before an Officer, of a Piece of 
Service he had not done, he was ſure 'E 
to-be puniſhed as ſoon as he was there- S | 
of convitted. To be full of ones own. 
Praiſes, though there may be ſome ' 
Truth at the Battom, is not always al- 
lowable.. Homer's Heroes are repre- 
| ſented 


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180 A Moral Treatiſe 
ſented as very valiant, but they ſome- 
times talk like Brapgadochio?s z, and be- 
cauſe they boaſt of themſelves at every 
Turn, in this they are not formed ac- 
cording to the /4zs of true Generoſity, 
no more than in their continual Tran(- 
ports of Paſſion : Which made one of 
the Ancients ſay, Nihil ſadius Heroibus 
— Homericis: Nothing is more fulſom than 
Homer's Heroes. The moſt celebrated 
- Men of Greece and Jtaly have often fail- 
cd in this important Part of Morality : 
And we muſt confeſs, that the generous 
Alexanaer was not always generous in 
this Point. . The certain and. ſure Rule 
which.one ought to follow, 1s, to con- 
ider_ this Self-applauding, either as 
hurtful, or unprofitable ;. or as neceſ- 
ſary. When: it is hurtful, we ſhould 
forbear in point of Prudence : When it 
15 unprofitable, we ſhould forbear in 
point of Modeſty : But when it is. ne- 
ceflary, we muſt then ſtrain a Point, 
and applaud our own Actions, as well 
out of that Juſlice which we owe to our 
ſelves, as others. And therefore, when 
Hiſtorians deſcribe Princes' to us, who, 
- to-animate their Troaps before the Bat- 
te], make Haranpues, and tell them, 
"> that 


pon VALOUR. 8s 


that they have a Leader who fears no- 
Dangers, and puts-them in mind of o- 
ther Occaſions wherein he hath ſignali- 
zed his Courage, they do not confider 
this ſort of Diſcourſe as ſavouring of 
Pride, but as generous. A certain Prince 
at Sea, finding himſelf within Sight of 
the Enemy*'s Fleet, which was ready to 
attack him, heard one of the Soldiers 
ſay, The Enemy*s Ships are much more in 
. Number than ours; he turns himſelf ſud- 
denly to the Soldier, and asked him, 
For how many doſt thou count me? This 
was not Arrogance, It was a becoming 
Confidence. And although, by theſe 
Words, the Prince comprehended his 
own Praiſes, yetthe Expreſſion was not 
leſs fine, than that which is related of 
. Pelopiaas : He leads his Troops through 

a Place where he did not believe he 

ſhould be forced to: an Engagement : 

' In the mean time, he perceived the E-- 
nemies on a ſudden. and that he could 

not avoid fightimmg. Saith one of his 

Officers to him, We are fallen into the 

Hands 'of our Enemies. No, ſaith he; 

the Enemies are fallen mto ours. 


CHAP, 


iB2 AA Moral Treatiſe 
CHA FP. XIX: 


to be accompanied with-the 
Love of Learning. 
Efore I come to obſerve another 


Qualification, which. is advanta- 
* geous when accompanied with Valour, 


] believe I am obliged to tel] You, that 
it-is not ſoeſſential, nor ſo important, 


asthoſe two of which 1 have been diſ- 
courſing, Generolity and Juſtice. We 
cannot treat Morality with too much 
Freedom and Sincerity. Vertue ſur- 
mounts all other Things in ſuch a man- 
ner, that when a vertuons Man is po(- 
 ſeſſed of them, his Merit flows princi- 
pally from chat which is vertuous in 
him; and when he is vertuous, though 


muſt 'needs always obſerve-in him a 
| good Foundation! for true Glory. . We 


commonly fanſie Old Rometa be the Seat - 
of the Sciences ; and, as a Polite Com- 


monwealth, we cannot form this No- 


tion -- 


The Valour of a Prince oneht © 


| he be not poſleſled of them, yet we 


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tion of her in her Infancy ; for, during 


more than Four Hundred Years, this-. 


People remained in a profound Igno- 


rance, .and an extream Averſion for : 
Learning. Thoſe Men, though they. 


were rough and unpolifhed, yet they 


_ Pe : And, jo one _ ſaid of - 
them, new not how to Thing, . 
but to till To Ground, and hall their pk | 
mes. However, we admire the Heroes - 
ſhe produced. in thoſe firſt Ages; and . 


we have Reaſon to admire them. We 
ſhall not find a leſs-Interval of-Time 


between the Foundation of Arbers, and - 
the Honour ſhe had to be the Mother - 


of the Arts. Since ſhe became ſo: fa- 
mous for Eloq 


not an ordinary Politeneſs for an AMthe- 
rien, yet he gained Battels at Land 
and Sea for them: And of whom one 


ſaid; Cimon was as valiant as Afitta- - 


des, as prudent as Themiſtocles, and 


more juſt than either Themi/tocles, or 
Afiltiades, Although he had not fo - 


much Agrecableneſs of Spirit, as he 


. had Grandeur of Soul, yet he acqui- - 
red immortal Renown. They placed : 


him in the Rank of. the ill —_ | 
| = 


nence, ſhe produced a 
great. Captain z who, though he had- 


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| 84. A Moral Treatiſe 


and have wrote his Life. And if we 
may obſerve therein ſome little De- 
fedt, yet a flight Indecency is not ca- 
Þable to {ully. the Glory of his. Repu- 
tation, On the other ſide, Though 
* Princes are endyed with Politenels ; 
yet, if thoſe other more ſolid Quali- 
ties, which we have touched upon in 
this Diſcourſe, are not conſpicuons in 
them, we muſt ingenuouſly confeſs the 
Truth,. they cannot acquire a true E- 
ſfteem in the World: And if they de- 

- fire to- be numbred amongſt the He- 

 roes of it, their Ambition meets with 

ſo many Obſtacles, that it is impoſ- 
-fible to ſurmount them. But behold 
the Judgment one ought to make vp- 
on the Sciences, that ſo we may not 
aſcribe too much to them, nor dero- 
gate too much from them. They are 
_ to be eſteemed for Three Things : 
. Firſt; They are able to inſpire. ver- 
tuous. Notions. Beſides, When they 
accompany Vertue, tney appear more 
refined, and are rendred more amia- 
ble. And Laſtly,. They are uſeful to 

. Preſerve. the Memoirs of Grand At- 
chievments ; whether it: be: by the 
.Ben of: him that performed them, or 


by 


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upon VALOUR. 18s 


by that of other learned Men, who 
dedicate their nocturnal Studies and La- 
bours to his Honour. 


CHAP. XX 
IWithout the Aſſiſtance of Lear- 


ning, a Prince knows not 
| how to immortalize bis A- 
Gions. 


|| T would be diftcult to find Princes, 
who, after having formed a Deſign 
of diſtinguiſhing themſelves from the 
reſt of Mankind by their Valour, have 
not, at the ſame Time, apprehended, 
that they ſtand in need of the Aſſiſtance 
of the Learned, to eternize the Me- 
mory of their Exploits. One Day A- 
lexander finding himſelf oppreſled un- 
der the Weights and Fatigues of War, 
cried out, /f you aid but know, O Athe- 
nians, what I ſuffer, to merit your Pras- 
es! Amongſt the Treaſures of the 


Spoils of Dariss, they found a Cabinet 


of 


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186 A Moral Treatife 
of” ineſtimable Value. And at an En- 
tertainment in the Preſence of Alexan- 


der, his Courtiers asking what it was - | 


he would put- into ſo precious a Cabi- 
net : / defigned, ſaith he, !o pur Homer” 
Works intozt, And he uſed it acually 
for that purpoſe. Amongſt thoſe they 
call the Twelve Ceſars, the greateſt in 
Eſteem are the Two fuſt. We may 
add to thein Ye/paſim. 1 ſhall ſay no- 
thing upon the Two firſt, for then we 


- ſhould ſpeak but too mwch : But Ye/pa- 


fian had no leſs a Love for the Arts, 
than either of them. It was he, whoſe 
Protection and Encouragement brought 


forth a Swarm of fine Wits; which, 


without doubt, muſt give place to || 
thoſe who were inthe Time of 4Juygo- | 


fins; and yet, nevertheleſs, they merit 
very great Eſteem. Pompey lowred the 


Conſulery Faſces before Poſſidonins his 
Houſe, when he went to give him a 
Viſit. Trajan made Dion Chry/oftom:- ſit 
on one Side of him, in his Chair of 
Triamph: Scipio ordained, that the 
Statue of Emins ſhould be placed up- 
on his Monument : And another was 
erected in the pnblick Place, to the 
Honour of Claudian, _ by. _—_— 

ofs. 


upon VALOUR. 187 
of Arcadius and Honorius, Charle- 
maign and Rrencis the Firſt were, in' 
their Times, the Fathers of Learning. . 
Philip Auguſtus was alſo fond of it. 
[There is at this Day extant a kind of 
Hiſtory in Verſe, called the Philippeids. - 
| He honoured the Author with his Royal - 
| Favours; and thongh it was not wor-- 
| thy ſogreata Prince, that was his Miſ- 
fortune, and not his Crime. Charles 
.the Fifth. followed theſe excellent Ex- 
amples. He eſteemed the Learned, and: 
the Sciences: And if he did-:not make 
therein ſo you 2 Progrefs as was ex- 
pected, under the Condudt of that ſage 
Governor whom Lewis the Twelfth had - 

! provided for him; and improved not - 

5 fo much as was hoped he would have 


| done, under the Care and Pains of 2 


Tutor who afterwards arrived to the 
* Supream Pomtificate; yet he ſignified his - 
Sorrow for it. Hiſtory obſerves, that - 
an Harangue in Latin having/been made 
before him at the City of Genoue, when - 
he underſtood not : the meaning of it; . 
It happens: now (ſaith he) what 7 bave- 
long Time fore-told ; that 1 ſhould repent 
one Day, that 1 had not applied my [elf to. 
Study.. Nay, even Henmbal himſelf. had - 
2 pat 


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far from:this Maxim : They teach them 


the Perſian Language, to enable. them | 
to read their Hiſtory and Poeſie. In |: 
Truth, they are but irregular Works, |: 
in compariſon of thoſe which the Greeks |? 
and Lars have left ns: Their Chrono- |: 
logy is fabulous, and their Eloquence |3 


adulterate, But if they delight in this 


mean fart of Learning, becauſe they ? 


-underſtand it; it is very probable, that 
tf they:were acquainted with more per- 


Feſt Sciences, they would better eſteem } 


them. - 


CHAP. 


a particular AﬀeCtion for Learned Men, || 
And the very Turks themſelves, who Þ 
paſs for Barbarians ( and (o they are in |} 
many Things, yet) would fcem in this Þ} 
to give ſome Ground to their Repntz- Þ 
tion. Thoſe who are famous, 2bove | 
others, in their Hiſtory, are, /47homit | 
the Second, and Solyman : The one ex- || 
tended the Bounds of the Empire, and } 
the other eſtabliſhed it : They both cf | 
them took care to cultivate their Ge- [3 
nius, The Education which theſe Infi- |3 
dels beſtow on their Princes is not very |! 


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upon 'VALOUR. 189 
PCHAr xn. 
| How the Qualities of Wit or 


Parts ſerve to inbaunce the 


_ Efleem of a valiant Man. 


T is a common Opinion, faith Ta- 

citus, that Soldicrs, take them ge-' 
nerally, are ſeldom polite: And there- 
fore the refined Qualities of the Soul 
ſerve extreamly to increaſe the Eſteem 
of a valiant Man, becanſe they make a 
glorious Exception from this General 


Rule. And beſides, they make it ap- 


parent, that his Courage is not a blind 
Tranſjort of Anger, ror an inconfide- 
rate Heat of Youth, nor the Effet of 
any other Principle leſs commendable; ; 
but a true Vertue, conducted by the 
Light of Reaſon, and animated by the 
Emulation of good Examples. Far- 
ther; All Things which have any Re- 
lation to the Arts, contribute ſo high- 
ly to the Glory of a valiant Prince, 
that we many times admire that in 


him, which we ſcarce take notice of, 
or 


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x90 A Moral Treatiſe 


-or perhaps blame, in another Perſon. || '* 
Thongh Agriculture be never ſo inne- |} 
cent a ſort of Life, yet if we ſhould | 
ſee a Prince delight in it, -who had ne- |j 
.ver acquired a Reputation in War, | 


when Opportunities have courted him 
therennto, we ſhould ſcarce forgive 
him this Fondneſs z nor ſhonld we en- 
dure to ſee him dreſs up Palms and 
Lawrels, who knows not how to merit 
- Crowns, _ But the Lacedemonien, who 
ſaw Cyrus the Younger in his Gardens, 
conceived a quite contrary Opinion : 
The Adventure is remarkable ; and as 
it had reſpec to a great Prince, and an 
illuſtrious Private Man, 'it feems to me 
not unworthy to be related to You. 
Lyſender, whom Courage and Vido- 
ries had rendred very famous, was ſent 
Ambaſſador from the Laceduemonians, 
to Cyrus, ſurnamed The Younger, to di- 
Ringuiſh him from Cyr=e wh 


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who founded 
the Monarchy, and who, according to 
the common Opinion, was ſlain'in his 
Wars againſt the Scythians ; he was 
then inthe City of Szrdis;- the Metro- 
polis of that Realm, which the Per- 
| ſrans had made one of the Provinces of 
_ their Empire, and which they-had con- 
| quered 


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#pon VALOTVR. 191 


-quered from. the rich and unfortunate 


Creſus. There was a Conformity of 
Merit between the Prince and the Am- 
baflador, the Reſult whereof was, a 
Complacency in the Society one of 


another. Cyr«s treated ' him in all 


Things worthy his Grandeur : And 
one Day taking him into his Gardens, 
which were kept by his Order, with 
Royal Expences, Ly/ander could not 
forbear to admire the Statelineſs of the 
Trees, the Length of the Alleys, the 
Compartment of the Parterres, the A- 
bundance of Flowers, and of Fruits ; 
and, above all, the fine Order wherc- 
in every Thing was diſpoſed. When 
Cyrus perceived him in this Surprize, 
Ton ao not believe ( faith he to him ) 1har 
all this was my Invention, I drew the 
Platform my felf , and, amongſt theſe 
Trees, you may ſee ſome that were planted 
with my own Hands, The Ambaſlador 
was then more aſtonjſhed, and caſt his 
Eyes upon the Magnificence of that 
Prince's Habit, which was nothing like 
that of a Gardener ; and thinking, at 
the ſame Time, npon the Glory of hs 
AQtions, Tow are happy, cries he, O 
great Prince, foraſnmeh as im you Fertwe 

is 


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192 A Moral Treatiſe 


is joyned with Fortune, This was the 
Opinion he had of the Merit of Cyr, 
which cauſed him to make that Re- 
flietion. For, if he had had to do 
with a Man whom he had not eſteemed 
for his Courage, he had deſpiſed this 
Adventure, inſtead of admiring it. 
He would not have been ſurprized, 
that an effeminate Prince ſhould ſeek 
out ſuch Amuſements, to divert his 
idle Hours: And it wonld have bcen 
the Subject of his Indignation, to have 
ſeen him take more Care to plant his 
Trees, and dreſs his Gardens, than to 


govern his People, and command his 
Armies. 


en. ot _— - wW— 


CHAP. XXIL 


Continuance of the fame Re- 


fleSions. 


I Know not how it happens; that 
Wit which one would think ſhould 
help to conceal the Defect of Courage, 
ſerves rather to diſcover it. Whether 

IT 


upon VALOUR. 193 


it be, becauſe a Man of. Wit hath more 
Eyes upon him than others, and one or 
_ other -will fpy out his weak Side : Or 
whether it be, that Envy endeavours to 
find ſome DefeC&t in him, which ſeems 
- to make an Atonement for the Diſplea- 
ſure it hath conceived for the Advanta- 
pes he polleſleth : Or whether it be the 
Artifices he makes uſe of to avoid Dan- 
gers; Jiſcover the Fear wherewiththe is 
agitated, As one may obſerve amongſt 
the Animals ; thoſe That are fearful, 
appear to be ſo much the more, as they 
have Cunning joyned with Timorouf- 
neſs. ' Wit is then a Light which diſco- 
vers equally the Good, and the: Bad : 
And Cowardice, inſtead of finding an 
Aſylum, wherein it may hide it ſelf, 
meets with a Flaſh, which betrays ir, 
and renders it more expoſed. It muſt 
alſo be owned, on the other fide, 
that. the Valour of a Prince makes a 
greater Figure, when he is Maſter of an 
happy Genius, and hath taken Pains tq 
cultivate it. Then we are raviſhed to 
ſee that, under what Circumſtances ſo- 
ever he appears, be.comes off with Ad- 
vantage:; knows how to act well, and 
to ſpeak well , that he can. inſpire Fear 

into 


CO Oo OT OY UT ERR _ 
—_ a te OO oe FR 
—— " 


as TEE k 
ET ABNS* N e t75 iner 1 


94 A Moral Treatiſe 


mto' his Eneniies, and Love iito his 
Sobjes. Then a Thouſand happy Ex- 
preſſions/falt from him, which all the 
Workd .colledts with Care; and they 
being ſpread amongſt the People, re- 
double the: Eſteem they have for their 
Sovereign, and. confirm them in the 
Love of Loyalty: They are transferred 
to After-Ages, and are as eternal as the 
famous: Sayings of the Zecedemorians, 
which haveibeen as faithfully preſerved 
as:conſecrated Relicks ; but had never 
been derived down to'us, had they not 
been ſpoken by-one of the moſt valiant 
Nations 1 \the' World. A King who 
1dyns the:!Qualities of Addreſs torthat of 
Covrage; and Eloquienceto Undaunted- 
ntfs, :1maked prefent Reparties and Re- 
plies to premeditated 'Difcourfes : He 
indicts Letters, which bear the Chara- 
&er of tis Drgnity ;and; maybe. his own 
tHrflorian, if he will hinfelf :/ He relifh- 
eih andiundenſtands' what 15:fweeteſt in 
_ Triomphs, [the Encommmof his Ver- 

: And, amongſt all the Praiſes they 
Haſowe upon. him, . he diſtinguiſheth |} 
thoſe which Pofterity may be ignorant | 


bf, from/thoſe which ought to be'1m- 
mortal. AlltheArts and Sciences con- -j- 


©3t}; z \pirs 


. 
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- 


upon VALOUR. 195 


ſpire together for his Glory ; and are 
equally allpfed to this Devoir by the 
Renown of his Actions, and the Equity 
of his Judgments. A Roman, that had 
been Conſul, writing to a learned Man 
whom he had recommended to Ce/ar, 
and upon whom Ceſar had beſtowed 
his Friendſhip,] Rejoyce, ſaith he, in chat 
you are introduced into a Place, where they 
underſtand you are worth ſomething, Un- 
der the Reign of aft illuſtrious Prince, 
the Homers, the Demoſthenes*s, the Thu- 
cyaiaes*s, all ſpeak the ſame Language. 
This Confideration is that which conti- 
nually charms their Nocturnal Studics : 
And what Pains ſoever they are at, this 
is that which ſweetens and renders them 
agreeable. They feel a ſenſible Joy, that 
their Hero, who knows how to make 
Conqueſts, and reap Vitories, knows 
alſo in what manner they ought to be 
celebrated. They are ambitious of his 


- Approbation, as the moſt noble of all 


their. Recompences; and ſubmitting 


their Works to-him, to whom they have 


conſecrated! them, they efteem 'thim- 


 felveghappy, 'thabthe who is the Objeft 


of thoſe Praiſes;'is ,-at the fame 15 me, 
the J vdge afd Diſpepfer-of them. © 
OS K 2 CHAP. 


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CHAP. XXIIL 


The Lerning of a Prince onght 
not to be affected. 


T"linally, The Learning of a Prince, to 
£4. make it worthy of Valour, ought 
not to- be affeted, as was that of A- 
arian, who took a Pride in attempting 
thoſe; Things wherein he never ſuc- 
ceeded;; 'or as that: of Tiberius, who 
made uſe of an obſcure Language, al- 
though he was able to expreſs himſelt 
as clearly as any ; and by his odd Opi- 
nions of the Merit of Authors, prefer- 
red thoſe who were little known, and 
leſs eſteemed. He tired the Gramma- 
rians of his Time with ridiculons Que- 
ſtions ; ſometimes addifted himſelf to }! 
an infatiable Curioſity in Learning, 
which Senecs. juſtly tiles. an. /ztempe- 
YANCE. Kings onght to ſhun this, As 
"Rock; and-to conſider, God hath no 
.fent them into the World to ſhut them 
ſelves up in a dull Solitode, and to pore 
_ all their Life-time upon dead Men% La- 
bours but to appear upon the Throne, 
3 1 0 


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to enlighten the World by their Pre++ 
ſence, and: to live continually in Attion- 
Thzre:is no'Part of Science, but what - 
is capable to take up a Mars Life-time, 
if he will ſearch into: the vain Quirks 
and Subtilties of it, and not be con- 
tent with neceſſary DeduQions. Theſe 
forts of 'Exceſs :will 'be injurious to a 
Prince, although they arife from a De- 
fire to apprehend the-Bottom of thoſe 


Arts which have :a more:1mmediate Re- 


lation to Royalty or Valour. It ſeems, 
the Knowledge of the Laws cannot be 
too well underſtood by him, . ſeeing:that 
we-exerciſe Juſtice in hisName. And 
likewiſe, that .he cannot be [too well 
Skilled in Fortifications : He hath Forts 
himſelf, and ſo:have his Enemies:; and 
therefore:he- ought toknow how to de- 
fexd the :one, and attack the other. 
Yet if he wwll altogether dive to the 
Bottom of theſe Arts, and. refint.upon 
them, fo well as:the profoundeft 'Law- 
yer, or the moſt able Engineer, he 
muſt:do nothing elſe during bis whole 
Reign, . The Extent of his Employs 
oblige him to divide ' himſelf : 'The 
Gharatter of Sovereignty is, to have a 
general: InſpeAion over all. A King _ 
MN knaws: 


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knows enough of the Arts and Sciences, 
provided he can but know when he is 
well or ill ferved, not only in reſpect 
of Zeal, but of Capacity : Then he is 
a Lawyer, and an Engineer, by thoſe 
that areſo; and he makes their Science 
his own. We cannot carry this Refle- 
ion too far z-for, through the Want 
of this due Conſideration and Guidance, 
many Princes come ſhort of that Glory 
which waited for them ; and never fil- 
led up the Grandeur of their Dignity 
ſo much as they were capable of. It 
has oft-times been ſaid, it is with a 
Realm, as with-a Ship; and with a So- 
vereign; 'as with a Pilot. A Thouſand 
Work-men contribute to the making of 
a Ship, or to its Tackle: One furniſh- 
eth her with Anchors; another, with 
Maſts or Sail-yards ; others, with Ca- 
bles or Sails. } If a Pilot propound to 
himſelf; / fully to. underſtand every of 


_ theſe particular Matters, and to make 


them himſelf, with bis own Hands, ej- 
ther Canvaſs or Cordage, he will run + 
great Hazard, never to acquit himſelf 
well in his own Profeſſion : For, one 
of theſe two Things muſt follow ; that 
either he will learn this Art out of this 
| Ship, 


wp Bri him, " but Dal has o 
of — «ttar i his yoriinual Di- | 


muſh jo e to offs, - forbear 
and ' there..are others which _ 
q ; ut derſtand wirhout | practifmg 4d 4 
In ſhort, There are ſome which * 
he may 'prattiſe too z nevertheleſs, | 
withour entring into Concurrence or 
nerſhip with. thoſe who 'make a 
Profeſſion thereof: . 


j Re dan > 
The Conf on of the Wor & 


THen a Prince WY how to 
| make ſo judicious a Differerice ; ; 
when CLOeJ 8 his'1 bir dge 


066... is, Joyned, to CUES and. Ja- 
* ftice 3 an "that. theſe, Qualifications 
united togetl er, accompany Valony in' 
> he, Perſon 0 A. Prince z Gut of this 
| - 'Hero, which 

y of the whole Earth. 
$. Means, .that ſuch "may 
t only to equal, bur'to 
urpals. the, greateſt M NE Antiqui-' 
| vt ; And. CY "ſeerns to. me, that what 
ey. call,. Fidld of Glory, ought to be 
4 In dered_.; 3.2 Race-Courſe, where 
+ the Priz © 18: not LY f adjudged ; becauſe 
| . w whether thoſe wha 
; hav ady excreted there, ſhall not: 
| be Fares by ſome of thoſe who are 
 . now exerciſing in this Field, or. that 
F- ſhall hereafter enter thereinto. * "Th& 
urs, the Alexauaders, the Ceſar, 
Rn IT Trebhes 
| - have appeared in this Courſe with 
 great'Splendour +. -" But: hom -grenk {o- 
ever their og amr hath been, 'yct 


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Heroick have made appear by their 
_ | firſt Motions and Attive Inclinations : 
And if any thing render this piece a- 
\ greeable, it will not be that Novelty, 
. which 1s, however, one of the greateſt 
Charms in the 'Produdts of of Wit; bur 


" 


I am aſſured, the Brave will have the 
ſame Pleaſure that 'one& has, when he 
| hears thar Praiſe which-be loves. 


And befides, as the Rulers of Vertue' , 


that Praftiſe them, I do not doubt, 
for that Reaſon,+but that this Diſcourſe 
will one Day become their Excominm. 


& 


are the true' Commendations of thoſe” 


| 1 have ſaid nothing but what the 


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