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© INSTITUTED IN LONDON, SEPTEMBER 1788, 


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FOR T H E 
PREVENTION or CRIMES. 


CONTAINING 


REMARKS UPON ; EDUCATION, 


AND so ACCOUNT or THE METHODS 
ADOPTED IN THE REFORM FOR CULTIVA- 
TING VIRTUOUS DISPOSITIONS AND HABITS 

IN THE WARDS OF THE SOCIETY. 


Tur SECOND EDITION. 


1 0 N 9 0 N: 
Printed by Covcuman and Fay; | 


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to doubt and require defence. 


T was originally ſtated that theſe pub- 


| lications, called Reports, were not 


intended to be confined to the mere nar- 
ration of facts. It ſeemed neceſſary to 

employ reaſoning i in ſupport of meaſures 

which, as being new, might be ſubjected 


alſo a principal part of their deſign to 
make ſuch occaſional and renewed ap- 

: peals to the heart as circumſtances ſhould 
from time to time preſent, and as would 


be likely to engage continually freſh ſup- 


porters of a plan which has a common. 
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Cr 1 
and univerſal claim upon all men. The 
title of this Second Report has been al- 
tered, to adapt itſelf more to theſe inten- 


tions, and obviate objections to which it 


might otherwiſe be thought liable. 


This Second Report treats of a part of 
the plan which will be conſidered as of 
great importance in itſelf, and of till 

5 greater, as it may tend to produce bene- 
ficial effects in the community at large, 
by introducing a general mode of educa- 
tion, which may, in a great meaſure, cor- 
rect that degeneracy of manners ſo much 
complained of, as having an univerſal 


ſpread. 


Were the whole extent of the plan of 
this ſociety to have been made public at 
once, it might juſtly be feared that it 
would have been conſidered as an obtru- 


C 1 
fion of a new utopian viſion on the world 
—as a ſcheme which, if it could be read 
with any degree of amuſement, was yet 


wholly undeſerving the actual . of 


ſenſible men. 


It was therefore brought Forward with 


a cautious reſpect to the opinions that the 
actual ſtate of the world has generally 


diffuſed. It propoſed but little that was 


new, and that little was previouſly ſanc- 


tioned by facts. Children of vagrants 


and of criminals were already obtained, 


and under the care of the infant ſociety, 


before the plan was announced to the 


public at large. It was, then, a plan for 


extending what was begun, not for doing 


what was yet only in deſign. A ſimilar | 


line of conduct will continue to be ob- 


ſerved, to avoid appearing to deal in 


mere ſpeculation. Nothing will be 


brou ght 


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brought forward but what can be ſubſtan- 
tiated by leading facts, or by acknow- 
ledged principles, in ſuch a manner, as to 
claim the moſt ſerious attention of the beſt 
informed men. It is upon the actual 
effects which the early and imperfect com- 


mencement of the ſchool of morals has had 


on the children, that a deſcription of this 
part of the plan is now ventured to be 
given: and facts no leſs deciſive, will 
juſtify declaring another important inten- 
tion, which can only at preſent be barely 
named. - 


It was one of the original features of 


this plan to model an eſtabliſhment that 
ſhould in its mature ſtage ſupport itſelf, 


and ultimately be productive of a ſurplus Z 


or a revenue which ſhould ſerve for a per- 


petual means of ſupport and labour to 


the deſtitute and deſerted poor. 


The 


LL 
The facts on which this declaration to 
the public is reſted, are briefly ſtated in 
the following Report. The proficiency 


already made in ſeveral mechanic and uſe- 


; labour i is the genuine ſource of wealth, 


announced the commencement of a ſimi- 


ſentations the former Report contained. 


The letter is from a Clergyman i. in Edin- 


wan; who it is hoped will pardon the 


ful arts; together with the principle, that 


The various publications of the plan of 


. * 
= „ nb ante. —=— PL. 8 - "y p m e —— a 
FEE one Tr / / RE 
4 "A 2 — 3 _ 93 a _—— a . — * — Þ 1 * — 2 
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5 the Society have been productive of many 
teſtimonies of approbation, and it is hoped 


3 


of much good. Among others, the fol- 
lowing extract of a letter will be received 


— — 


with peculiar pleaſure. TheFirſt Report 


lar inſtitution in Wales, and this ſhews 
Scotland diſpoſed to follow the example, 


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freedom taken with a communication ſo 

much to his honour, and ſo likely to be 
produttive of general good. 


Edinburgh, Sept. 19, 1789. 


Tet (TE 
THE Firſt Report of the excel- 


3 lent and unexceptionable Society (and of which 
Ah your name ſtands as a diſtinguithed promoter) 


| having reached me, I have the honour of wri- 

ting to youon the important ſubjet; perſuaded, . 

| though a ſtranger, you will have the e goodneſs | 

= | to attend to me. 

Though born, educated, and preferred in 

England, I have been reſident in Edinburgh 4 
nearly eight years, and on that account may |} 

I be ſuppoſed to be a competent judge of the 

3 manners of this crowded city. But when I L 

1 have added that no man can boaſt, from an 


unmerited partiality indeed, of a more gene- 
ral and reſpectable acquaintance, and that my 
life has not been an indolent one, among the 
conſtant and complicated miſeries of the very 
poor in their own cabins, and the very wicked 
in priſon, I flatter myſelf you will give me | 
8 | rather 


0 | IX ] 


zeal, in the judgment I have deliberately 
formed of the people and ſcenes around me. 


*The reſult of my obſervations and expe- 


rience is, that there cannot ſcarcely exiſt a 
community where there is more increaſing 


profligacy of that polluted kind your Society 


ſets itſelf to ſtem than in this city: poſſibly 


you are not to be told that there are no manu- 


 faQtories in Edinburgh: its trade is chiefly 
ſupported by the courts of law, and the uni- 


verſity—it may eaſily therefore be conceived 
that in ſo populous and crowded a town there 
muſt be many who can ſcarcely get work, and 


many alſo nat diſpoſed to ſeek it. The latter 
remark is too well eſtabliſhed upon melan- 


choly fact. The ſtreets ſwarm with boys from 
about ſeven to fifteen years of age, who carry 


each a ſmall box at his back to ſhew he is no 


beggar, and by eaſy fleps acquires the dex- 


terity of a thief. Examples of theſe young 
creatures being often impriſoned and publicly 
whipped, . are become quite common; and 
what is equally ſad and notorious, many of 
them are arrived at ſo daring a pitch, as to 
deſpiſe or defy both the one and the other. 
The conſequence is, that the. preſent Magi— 


L ſtrates 


rather more credit, both for knowledge and 


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ſtrates of the city, who are eminently active 
and ſteady, have lately been forced to requeſt 
the preſiding Judge of the Juſticiary or Crimi- 
nal Court, to have ſome of theſe ill-fated boys 


put upon their trial for life. 


“Under this preſſure of ruinous profligacy, 


| your excellent Society propoſes a remedy, and 
| ſets the great and good example to this coun- 


try; and ſhould ſhe avail herſelf of the new 


light your Society has ſtruck out for the ad- 
vancement of national credit and proſperity, 


no doubt you will rejoice in it as virtually 


done to yourſelves. 


c Wich this comfortable perſuaſion, andwith 


no leſs humility than zeal, I have taken upon 
me to ſingle out a Nobleman of great wealth, 


influence, and ſpirit, to be Preſident, and if 
he accepts of the charitable high office, there 
are other gentlemen of the firſt character, whq 
1 think would co-operate, 


My principal view therefore in having the 
honour of addreſſing you, Sir, is, by reſpe&- 


fully propoſing a queſtion or twq to be pre- 


pared, ſhould a meeting be effected. Many 


very uſe ful plans have gone back for want of 


3 leiſure, 


yy 


L * ] 
leiſure, no leſs than perſeverance, in the con- 
ductors. In page 60, of your firſt Report, 
it is ſaid that © the friends of the inſtitution 
« viſit the places:“ Pray who are theſe friends? 
The Committee alone, or aſſiſted by ſome of 
the ſubſcribers? Often have I ſeen ſuch ex- 


tremes of wretchedneſs as are feelingly drawn 
in the latter part of the ſame page, and I con- 
ceive it muſt be a maſter-point in this work to 


gain the help of ſuch managers as will ſubmit 
to be preſent at ſuch miſerable ſights. | 


ay Another queſtion occurs, that is—As the 
objects cannot be e, though their adoption 
muſt be ſo, and their claims to relief equal, 
in what manner is the preference given ?—In 
other reſpects, the —— pamphlet I have 

now lying before me, is ſo full, rational, and 

' forcible in its directions, that there can be no 

need of troubling you further; perhaps you 
may think the reſt might have been ſpared 


you; if ſo, 1 ſhall be heartily grieved, and 
beg you will accept of this letter as a ſincere 
though feeble wiſh, to applaud your Chriſ- 


tian inſtitution from my ſoul, and of my un- 
feigned prayers to our Gop for bis vleſing on 


the good work. 


L 2 EI have 


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e] have the honour to be with that reverence 
which the friends of the poor and of their 
country are ever entitled to, 


.* ik; 


„ Your moſt obedient, 


« Humble Servant, 


* ALEX. CLEEVE.” 


It i 1s a Gingular fact that chis inſtitution 
has conſtantly accompliſhed more than it 


propoſed, notwithſtanding a pretty gene · 
ral apprehenſion that it would fall ſhort of 


hat its original plans contained. 


Thus it was at firſt thought expedient 


3 propoſe to take children at a very early 
1 8 age only out of places of infamous reſort, 
I EE: leaſt thoſe of riper years ſhould be feared 
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to reclaim. Experiments however were 


made in private before they were announ- 


ced, and their ſucceſs has called for the 
important alteration in the plan of taking 
for the preſent (while the numbers muſt 
be limited) only thoſe who are at an age 
to begin the more ſerious miſchiefs, if left 
to their on courſes. A greater number 
of ſuch children can be admitted, becauſe 
their labour will ſooner exonerate the 
fund from ſupportin & them. And by t this 
alteration all the benefits of the inſtitution 
will begin to be felt ſeveral years ſooner 
than they could otherwiſe have been. In. 
ſtead of being a patriotic plan for poſte- 
rity, it is become a meaſure of immediate | 
policy for ourſelves. No man can now 
ſay whoſe life or property, whether his 
| own, his childrens, his relations, his 
friends, may not depend on the future ad- 


_ miſſion or non-admiſſion of particular 


characters 


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L xiv J 


characters into the RxroRM, which ad- 


miſſion or non- admiſſion, as it muſt be re- 
gulated by the ſtate of the fund, may alſo 
depend, in ſome degree, on his individual 
contribution, and the effect of his ex- 


ample on his neighbours and friends. 

There is an highway robber who had al- 

ready proceeded to exerciſe perſonal vio- 
lence in his deſperate purſuit, and who is 
- now metamorphoſed into a diligent ap- 
prentice t to the craft of ſhoe-making. 


"5 Printed Liſts of Subſcribers, with 
a ſhort account of the Inſtitution, are diſtri- 
| buted gratis in the Capital, and throughout 
Great-Britain, and are to be had at the 

Bankers and Receivers Houſes, and at the 

Paul's Coffee. Houſe, St. Paul's Church- 

Yard. 


SECOND 


SECOND REPORT, &c. 


IN the FixsT RErokr of this Society, it 

was mentioned that a ſchool of practical 
morality formed a very eſſential part of its 
plan; but that time and circumſtances had not 
then permitted it to be carried into effeQ. 


The limits of that publication did not admit 


any further particulars to be given of the de- 
ſign, and its great importance entitles it to 
eſpecial notice in a work by itſelf; it is there- 
fore taken for the principal fager of the Se- 


wy Report. 


Indeed, very little progreſs has yet been 
made in the eſtabliſhment of the ſchool of mo- 


rals; but its baſis, principle, and outline, may 
be delineated with advantage; both with a 
view to a diffuſion of the ſame principles i in 

0 TE the 


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L 16 J 
the general ſyſtem of education, and with the 
hope of having improvements ſuggeſted for 
our own practice, when a ſcheme as a baſis has 
once been drawn, 


The operation of the Plan of this Society is 


| of great extent in various points of view, 
which ought to be conſidered diſtinctly. At 


preſent, it is regarded only as a moral inſtitu- 


tion, calculated to produce a very general 


influence upon all orders of ſociety. 


Speculative plans are commonly found to 


end in mere ſpeculation. Whether they be 
condemned or approved, imports but little, as 
they ſeldom advance beyond ideal exiſtence. 


There is fo naych Giffrciice be cen ec 


and execution, that although many employ 


themſelves in the former, few will undertake 


the latter. The projector of a ſcheme thinks 
he has done enough in Pointing out the path 
of 1 improvement. It is for others to profit by 


his invention, and travel in the road he has 


diſcovered. 


It happens very commonly that ſpeculative _ 


men are indolent, and, from the habit of think- 


ing 


FE 


THY 


ing much, are not diſpoſed for aktive life and 


labours. On the other hand, men of buſineſs 


commonly chooſe to follow the beaten track, 
which has been long tried, and the advantages 


and diſadvantages of which are known. The 
projettor cannot impart to the world the confi- 


dence in his ſchemes which he feels in himſelf. 
Execution is attended with coſt and trouble; 
and, if unſucceſsful, with loſs and damage. 
He, therefore, who would put his fortune to 
the hazard in a plan, has a thouſand fears, of 


which the mere projedtor is ignorant. The 


ſchemer can faſhion his project to his will, as 


the warmth of his fancy hurries him on. He 
ſees no difficulties, or he creates imaginary pow- 


ers to ſubdue them. Experimentaliſts and men : 
of buſineſs know this diſpoſition in projettors, 
and are cautious of truſting to their ſchemes. 
They know, that in every new undertaking 
there will ariſe difficulties, which a man who 
merely contemplates it, without any deſign of 
engaging in it himſelf, will either wholly diſre- 
gard, or eſtimate too Me 92 50 


From theſe and other cauſes it bappens that 


the buſineſs of the world goes on ſo much in 
its old courſe, notwithſtanding the evils and 
inconveniencies continually experienced, and 

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the remedies ſo often pointed out; becauſe 
| theſe remedies are in general abſtratt propoſals 
only, liable to doubts and objettions; and of 
uncertain operation. The world is not drawn 
out of its ordinary courſe by the fancies of 
merely ſpeculative and viſionary men, who 
are, in general, as unfit to direct its concerns 
as one who knows the theory, only, of navi- 
gation, would be to command a veſſel in a 
ſtorm. 8 . 


Hence it is neceſſary that thoſe who in the 
ſpirit of philanthropy, would benefit mankind, 
by improving the condition of civil ſociety 
and human life; thoſe who would engage a 

buſy world to alter the cuſtoms, laws, and ha- 
bits, which have been founded in error, and 
are productive of evil; or to adopt new prac- 
tices, heretofore unknown, muſt, by experi- 


ment and example, call that attention, and en- 


gage that confidence, which theory and pre- 
cept alone will ſeldom do. 


The ſtudies of thoſe SR propoſe to embark 
ſeriouſly in the execution of their plan, and 
commit their time and reputation on its event, 
will be differently conducted from the reveries 
of a man whole only objeR is to write a book, 
and 


1 
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15 
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3 and add his name to the catalogue of authors | 

| | who have invented or retailed a theory. | 
| It will appear that the plan of this inſtitu- _ 
tion has been the reſult of much ſtudy ; that | 

3 it purſues a remote end, which many ſanguine 4 

friends of virtue would have thought unattain- 4 
1 able, by difficult means, that demanded no 4 

q ſmall degree of fortitude to encounter, and j 

through intricate paths which will n no . 

leſs perſeverance to trace. iff 

It will appear that it meditates a general re- 1 

form in favour of Religion and Virtue, and bl 

that it makes the moſt eminently wicked the x | 

channels and the inſtruments of promoting ſo 4 j 

deſirable a change. It will alſo be ſeen, that 1 

this was not a ſpeculative project, intended to lh 


"= _— 7 
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be thrown into the mals of opinions which ifſue 


continually from the preſs, in crude and ideal 
reforms 


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But that it was from its origin deſigned for 
execution; and it was therefore formed with 


g 1 caution 


ta ] 


caution and deliberation, every circumſpec- 


tion being uſed, that no falſe premiſes might 


lead to erroneous concluſions, and that no un- 


foreſeen difficulties might ariſe, in the moment 


of expected ſucceſs, to deſtroy the hopes of ſo 


much time and labour. Human nature was 
ſtudied, not as it is found in books, but as it 


is in fact. It was conſidered, that to effect any 


purpoſe, efficient powers were wanted; and to 


provide thoſe powers, and direct them to their 


end, was the buſineſs of execution, as diſtinct 


from an abſtraQ and ſpeculative plan. 


To accompliſh a general reform, ſome po- 


tent influence was wanted, that ſhould pervade, 
with effect, the entire maſs of the community. 
Education was judged to be the only inftru- 
ment capable of ſuch extenſive powers; but 
how ſhould new and untried modes be intro- 
duced to ſeminaries of education? Would 


propoſals and plans ſerve ? Different opinions, 
different theories, counteracting each other, 
and all unſupported by experience, would have 
little effect in changing the practice of teach- 


ers, the old attached to their habits, the young 
conſident in their own ſchemes. Example alone 
could ſerve; and that example muſt be mag- 
nificent, ſtriking, commanding : it mult attract 


the 


I 21 ] 

the eye of the nation; and it muſt, by its ac- 
tual and decided ſucceſs, leave no place for 
doubt, nor any excuſe for neglett. 


No example that could take place in a pri- 


vate academy could be effectual. In ſuch an 


one, any material deviation from cuſtom would 
ill be borne, and would meet with too many 
obſtacles from parents, from the youth, and 


from rivals, to give hapes of ſucceſs. Neither 
could any experiment, made in ſo private a 


manner, have weight enough to bear down the 
maſs of national prejudice, and introduce any 


material change in the general ſyſtem. 


An example could not be made, unleſs ſub- : 
jefts for it could be procured. It has appeared 
that the youth who are educated at colleges and 


academies, cannot ſerve for ſuch an example. 


The poor who come under parochial juriſdic- 


tion, lie under a predicament ſomewhat ſimilar. 
Pariſh officers have their own modes of pro- 


_ ceeding, directed indeed, in great meaſure, by 
law, and ſo confirmed by authority and by 
habit, that no hopes can be entertained of any 
interference being allowed, or any change of 


conſequence introduced. 


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But adeſcription of people preſented itſelf, 
opportunely for the deſign, and preciſely ſuch 
as it required. 


from law. The experiment, to be ſucceſsful, 
extra legal, extra civil, extra ſocial, which were 


ment to frame a new model for a plan of edu- 


cation: for as they were not under parochial 


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could not impede the operation of the intend- 


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receive 


The ſubjeRs of this attempt ſhould be at the 
entire management of thoſe who were about to 
make the experiment. There ſhould be no in- 
terruption from cuſtom, from prejudice, or 


ſhould be free. The children, therefore, of a 
claſs who are, as was ſaid in the Firſt Report, 


deſerted and outcaſts of ſociety, were found ad- 
mirably adapted to the purpoſe of an experi- 


laws and cuſtoms; as they were to be ſeparated 
from parents who had no means of ſupporting 
them but diſhoneſt ones, parental authority 


ed plan; as the firſt leſſons taught the children 
would be forgetfulneſs, and diſuſe of all they 
had hitherto learned and practiſed, their own 
| habits and errors thus early and ſucceſsfully 
combated, would give very little obſtruction 

to the deſign. They were as a blank, ready io 


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L 23 J 


receive any impreſſions or forms which were 
deligned for it. 


11 appeared evident, therefore, that the va- 
grant, the criminal, the outcaſt and deſerted 


poor, were the only ſubjeQs that could be em- 


ployed for the grand experiment which was de- 
ſigned to aſcertain and fix the principles of a 
general reform; and to an experimentaliſt on 


mind ſuch an opportunity was beyond all price. 


Of all countries in the world, this was the 
moſt favourable to the undertaking; becauſe 
the habits which prevail in it, of ſupporting 


| charities by the voluntary contributions of in- 


dividuals afforded a proſpect of a fund, ſuch as 
was alone likely to be employed with effect; 
a fund not ſubjected to reſtrictions that would 


5 be ruinous to its Leiten. 


Charities, in thoſe countries where govern- 
ments are their ſupport, are commonly dirett- 
ed by permanent laws, which the immediate 
agents and ſervants cannot change, as their ex 


perience and as circumſtances require. 


In the preſent attempt, no permanent preli- 
minary laws could poſſibly b be laid down: the 
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[ 24 1 


whole was new. Experiments and inventions 
are directed to the improvement of knowledge; 


they cannot therefore be governed by any laws 


vwhich the more imperfe& knowledge can dictate. 


They are a ſort of unnavigated ſea, in which 
the mariner can have no chart to guide him, 
but muſt truſt for reſources from the vigour 


of his mind, and the fertility of his invention. 


Conſidered as a Charity, alone, numerous as 
were the preſent foundations of ſuch a nature, 


this bids fair for the moſt eminent ſucceſs. It 


was evidently the higheſt charity, as directed 
to the moſt unprotefted diſtreſs. No one could 
have a view to ſerving their friends or depen- 


dants, by a proviſion for the families of com- 


mon vagrants and thieves. It was therefore 
the moſt pure and genuine teſt of national 
| benevolence to which this or any country had 


ever been brought; and the riſing ſtate of the 
inſtitution, at preſent known chiefly as a cha- 


rity, is an honourable teſtimony to Britain and 
to human nature; juſtifying the confidence in 


this public virtue that was the E 
motive to the attempt. | 


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L 25 J 


It was indeed neceſſary, in the firſt accounts 


of the plan, to prefent it in the moſt ſimple 


point of view, not to claim attention at once 


to more than a ſingle object; and even this, 
however highly applauded, was by many judg- 
ed to be impratticable. It was therefore pro- 
poſed as a mean for the prevention of crimes, 
by a charity which ſhould provide for the 
children who are the natural inheritors of vice. 


It may now with ſafety be added, that the plan 


contemplates an higher objett—a reform of 
manners through all ranks by the influence of 
its example. 


The effect of moral powers is not leſs cer- 
tain than that of phyſical. This is manifeſt 
in the common modes of education; and as 
readily as men may be made learned, they 
may allo, by the uſe of proper means, be 
formed good. The paſſions are ſuſceptible of 


culture, equally with the underſtanding. Sen- 


timents and feelings can be excited in the ſame 

manner as ideas are produced, by their proper 
objetts and occaſions: habit has the ſame power 
to fix a ſeries of moral impreſſions as a courſe of 
literature or ſcience; and the heart, to uſe the 
metaphor, may be formed and modelled to the 
purpoſe of a tutor, with the ſame eaſe and cer- 


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26 J 


tainty as the head. It was a primary object in 
the plan of the Society to aſcertain this im- 
portant principle as an experimental truth, to 
reduce it to practice, eſtabliſh ſome leading and 
fundamental rules, and to render it an example 
of ſuch notoriety and importance as could not 
fail of engaging followers. This would be done 
effectually by the preſent plan; as a charity 
ſupported by a very general contribution, its 
notoriety would be ſecured; and when the in- 
fluence of moral education was experienced 
on the very loweſt and worſt deſcription of 
people; when theſe ſhould be changed, by this 
means, ſo as to produce the beſt characters; 
when from the children of vagrants there 
| ſhould be formed a ſuperior claſs of mecha- 
nics and ſervants*; honeſt, induſtrious, affec- 
tionate, faithful examples to others, and pre- 
ferred before them, it would be impoſſible but 
that every order of ſociety would be eager 
to wipe away the diſgrace of being left be- 
hind in the race of virtue by thoſe whom they 
had been accuſtomed to hold in contempt. 
Governors and teachers, who have the care of 
the minds and morals of the Britiſh youth, will 
feel the indiſpenſible neceſſity of emulating or 


At the period of printing this ſecond edition there is 
every appearance of this hope being fully realized. 


ſurpaſſing, 


E: 39-4 


ſurpaſſing, in their ſeminaries, thoſe advantages 


which will now be afforded to the very loweſt 


and vileſt of mankind. 


For theſe to excel all others in honeſty, ho- 
nour, fortitude, integrity, patience, fidelity, 


chaſtity, and every manly, feminine, ſocial, and 


domeſtic virtue; to be better neighbours, re- 
lations, ſubjects, and citizens, than thoſe who 
have been educated for higher ſtations, and 
have had the advantage of learning given them 
at great expence, would bring the ſevereſt re- 


proach on all maſters and governeſſes to whoſe 


remiſſneſs ſo diſgraceful a contraſt could be 
charged. : 


The force of loch an example will, there- 


fore, be irreſiſtible ; and the reform cannot 
fail to become general, from the very circum- 


ſtance of its commencing at the loweſt point of 
diſorder, atrociouſneſs, and vice. 


Many of the charities eſtabliſhed for ſup- 


porting or for ſaving of human life, however 


highly and juſtly eſteemed, have great defects, 


which ſeem to have been but little obſerved. 


Ne I 


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It is, perhaps, too haſtily received, as a general 
principle, that the lives ſo ſaved or ſupport- 


ed are certainly valuable to themſelves and to 


the ſtate: a ſuppoſition not always verified by 
experience. It is ſurely no object of philan- 
thropy or police to nurture the miſchiefs of ſo- 
ciety, or prolong the miſeries of our fellow-crea- 


tures. Life is in itſelf an equivocal thing: it 


may be valuable or pernicious to others; a 


pleaſure or a burthen to itſelf. The expence 
and exertions employed about a life which is 
produdtive only of ſorrow and miſery, is doubt- 
leſs trouble and expence to procure what had 
better not be; and is a double drawback upon 
the ſumof happineſs; a pohtive coſt ta procure 
a poſitive ill. „„ nd 


* 


It is not intended to conclude from hence, 
that there can be a doubt whether life in our 


power ought to be cheriſhed and preſerved or 


not. But this conſequence is drawn; that, 


while the preſervation of life is an object of hu- 
manity and police, it is eſſentially an object of 
each to adopt every means for attaching to the 
life ſo preſerved a poſitive value, that our well 
intended labqurs may not be ſelf-defeated, and L 
that we may not, for our benevolent exertions, 
reap the fruits of miſery. Without this object 


be 


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be kept in view, it muſt be confeſſed that both 


charity and police are at beſt extremely im- 


perfect; and the preſent inſtitution, contem- 


plating thoſe defects, as at preſent too gene- 
rally exiſting, is calculated to PP a * 
for both. 


And as framed and addreſſed entirely to this 
end; to attach the higheſt poſſible value to 
human life, that its propagation, ſupport, and 

preſervation, may be truly and certainly deſi- 
rable, its plan is to begin its operati onsupon 
lives, which in their preſent ſtate are below 
the zero point, in the ſcale of eſtimation ; 
which notonly have, already, no politive value, 
but which on the contrary have a poſitive di/- 
value; if it may be ſo expreſſed, or in the ba- 
| lance of which the evil prevents over the good. 


The mind of man is often compared to the 
earth, as it requires care and culture to render 
it produttive of good fruits. Landis valuable, 
on the contrary, only as it is produttive of 
fruit or not. If with immenſe trouble ſhould 
be gained from the ocean a tract of land, to re- 
main a moraſs, unproduthve of uſeful vegeta- 
tion, and exhaling peſtilence and diſeaſe ; who 
would ſay that its owners had cauſe to rejoice 5 


in 


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in their ſucceſs? They have, as yet, been 
only labouring to bring calamities upon them- - 


ſelves; their work is unfiniſhed; they have 


their land to drain and fence, to manure, and 
to ſow : then only will they reap their reward. 


Life, over-run with immorality and vice, is 


but a moraſs, which ſpreads its contagion 


around it, and in which the ſeeds of virtue are 


| Checked and periſh immaturely. Much no 
doubt of the life which charities preſerve 
among the lower claſſes, a melancholy pro- 
portion, indeed, is of this kind! becauſe the 
work is imperfectly done; becauſe it is ROY 


ſo much life gained from the ocean of being 


but left uncultivated, a prey to corroding wif. 

_ chiefs, and without the neceſſary pains to ren- 
der it produttive of good. That finiſhing taſk. 
this Society 1 18 prepared to undertake. 


Nor is immorality confined to the claſſes of 


vagrant poor and criminals. Some of the moſt 
pernicious vices, drunkenneſs, debauchery, 
diſhoneſty, want, of affection, of fidelity, ok 
ſubordination, grievouſly pervade the whole 
body of labourers, working mechanics, and 
menial ſervants. Every one in his place can 


bear teſtimony to the truth of this remark. 
Who 


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Who that keeps ſervants does not find ingrati- 

tude, diſhoneſty, idleneſs, and infidelity, their 
too prevalent charatter, to the e of 
i domeſtic life. 


And the miſchief of immorality among ſer- 
vants has a much wider ſpread and more fatal 
conſequences than many imagine. The poiſon 
they inſtil into the minds of youth, of both ſexes, 
neceſſarily ſuffered to be much under their 
| care, is the true ſource of numerous calamities 
1 | that rob families of their peace, and of which | 
N che cauſe is often unobſerved. 


Icourneymen in the mechanical trades, and 
9 labouring huſbandmen even in remote parts 
| of the country, their maſters experience to be Mi 
infected with the ſame vices. No doubt they — = 
ſpread and are increaſed both by bad example . bi | 
from each other and from their ſuperiors : but, Ul! 
in all, they have one common lource—neglett WM 
of moral culture. = 3 oh | 
4 
This Society begins its reform with evil _ Wl 
where it is at the worſt.. It takes the off- - 1 
ſpring of the moſt degenerate claſs of poor; 4 
not merely of the vicious, but of thoſe Who 1 


draw their exiſtence from their vices alone. 
Theſe it will not only reſtore to the com— 


F 1 = mon 


L 32 ] 


mon level of ſuch as are called uſeful among 
the labouring poor, but raiſe them to a de- 


gree of ſuperior utility, as far above as they 


are now below that level. The race of vagrants 
and thieves will become examples of good mo- 


rals; ſervants, mechanics, and labourers, from 


them, vill ſhame and diſgrace the vices of ſome 
who are now called honeſt men; and from hav- 
| Ing been the very fink of vice, they will be- 


come the ſource of reform. 


The plan of moral education adopted by this 


Society, will, no doubt, by degrees, extend to 


other and the higher ſeminaries, where ſcience 
is taught; experience and the ideas of inge- 
nious men, may ſuggeſt many improvements, 
and adapt it to different conditions of life. But | 
whenever the principle of cultivating virtuous | 
diſpoſitions, by a regular ſyſtem of reward and 
encouragement ſhall become univerſal ; it will 
| be a new empire gained to whatever ſtate ſhall 


adopt this happy change; an empire not ra- 
viſhed from former poſſeſſors, but created 


within itſelf, by a Proper e of its 


own powers. 


Philoſophers and ſtateſmen may learn from 


the unlettered huſbandman. He cultivates the 
earth; they are the hulbandmen of the mind; 
both 


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arts and their toils, 


The farmer, after he has cleared his ground 
from weeds and ſtones, drained the marſhy 
places, broken the hard clod with the iron 


plough, and improved the ſoil with additions 
of ſuitable manure, he puts in the ſeed of 


whatever grain he deſires to be produced: : 


and laſtly, while he watches its growth, and 


carefully removes noxious and obſtructing 


tares, he prays to the common Parent for the 


bleſſings of timely rains and foſtering ſunſhine 


to reward his labour with a plentiful harveſt. 


With this conduct of the fimple farmer, let 


us compare that of philoſophers and politici- 


ans, in their endeavours to cultivate the vir- 


tues of ſocial life and civil ſociety. 


In a 7 to this, let us als that an owner 


of a parcel of land, which he undertook to farm, 


were to proceed contrary to theſe eſtabliſhed 


maxims of huſbandry and of reaſon; that he 


ſhould neglect to clear the ſurface from weeds 
and ſtones, and to drain the wet parts and im- 

prove the ſoil with admixtures of proper ma- 
nure; that he ſhould ſow no ſeeds of whole- 


ſome 


O 


both alike ſeck wealth and happineſs from their 


5 E* 1 


ſome grain, but merely employ the plough, the 
; hoe, or harrow, on the ground covered with 
1 weeds, thiſtles, and flints; that by this means 
he tramples down the noxious herbs; bruiſes, 


1 breaks, and ſometimes removes a few of the 
1 looſened ſtems; and hopes by and by to ſee 
fl the weeds diſappear, and the grain begin to 
| , and he congratulates himſelf that he has 
| ſaved the expence of a thorough clearing, 
| | draining, and manuring of his land, and above 


all the coſt of ſeed, which his improvident pe- 
nuriouſneſs conſiders as waſted, Whan buried 


in the earth. ; . 8 | | 1 


In the ſuppoſed caſe of ſo unwiſe a farmer, 
we ſee a picture of almoſt all the governments 
upon earth, which in their management of the 
minds under their direction, confine their en- 
deavours to the ſuppreſſal of vice by puniſh- 
ments, without even preventing its ſeed being 
ſown and ſpread; much more without the 
ſmalleſt efforts poſitively to implant and en- 
courage the growth of the ſocial virtues. 


The human mind every where, as to vicious 
or virtuous diſpoſitions, is allowed to take its 
courſe. Although art has pervaded every leſs 
concern in life, aſſiſts in learning, in labour, 

1 and 


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and in luxury, improving almoſt every form 


of nature; though the underſtanding has infi- 
nite pains beſtowed on its culture; yet the 
feelings, ſentiments, paſſions, the ſprings of 
the mind, and the immediate ſeat of happineſs 
and miſery, theſe remain without culture, in 
a ſtate of pure, unrefined, and unaſſiſted na- 
ture. In our ſchools, private or public, are 


few forms of education for the heart; moſt is 


for the head or for the body. The force of ha- 


bit, and the power of culture, is abundantly 


experienced by theſe, and with leſs pains than is 

beſtowed on erudition, often uſeleſs to its own- 
ers, the moſt valuable qualities of private life 
might be produced. Is it then thought that La- 


tin and Greek literature are more uſeful in the 


world than religion and morals ? And is it of 
more conſequence to be able to read Homer and 
Virgil than it 1s to be good ſubjefs, neighbours, 
relations, and citizens? It muſt be confeſſed 
the inference is undeniably ſo, when the for- 


mer qualihcations are purchaſed with great ex- 


pence, and the latter almoſt wholly neglected. 


Governments, the province of whom it is to 
watch over the collettive welfare of commu- 
nities, content themſelves with nipping here 
and there a prominent branch of the tree of 


O 2 evil 


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evil diſpoſitions, without ever meddling with 


the root, 


They neither clear the ground, by ſeparating 


the good fruit from the bad, nor plant the ſeeds 
of virtue by due rewards and encouragements 
allotted to merit; but with the retainers and 


retinue of juſtice, with the iron hand of the law, 


the plough and harrow of legiſlation, they over- 


run the ground and tear up the ſoil, carrying 


with them only deſolation and miſery, and {till 


leave the roots of evil to ſhoot up anew, and 


the ſeeds to germinate with freſh vigour in the 


looſened earth. 


Since induſtry is the ſource of wealth; it 


may be aſked, what is the ſource of induſtry ?. 
Does it depend on accident ? or has it a cer- 


tain ſpring which may by proper mcalures be 


cleared and ſupplied? Tuition and habit are 


the ſource of induſtry, as certainly as induſtry 


is of riches: and as ſecurely as induſtry will 
produce the goods of life, tuition and habit 
will produce induſtry. Now tuition and habit 
as it reſpetts children, is in the power of go- 


vernors and teachers: therefore induſtry is 
at their command, and conſequently wealth. 
The education of the poor, conſidered nation- 

ally, 


1 

ally, is in the power of thoſe who maintain 
them, of pariſh officers, ard the directors of 
charities: therefore in their hands is placed 


one grand ſource of national wealth. Now in- 


aſmuch as habits of induſtry are not by in- 
ſtruction, example, and reward, duly encou- 
raged among the poor: in none to the degree 
which is pratticable, and in the greater num— 


ber ſcarcely at all: it follows that the ſources 
and ſupplies of national wealth are lamentably 
_negletted, and that a prodigious increaſe of it 


may be readily attained. 


There ean be ns doubt of the neceſſity of 


puniſhing criminals among the poor: but when 
an intelligent mind ſurveys at once the whole 
ſyſtem of a body politic, and ſees that the art 


of government has hitherto negleQed the great 


and fundamental mean in its power of attain- 


ing its own end: that it entirely diſregards 


the ſeeds of deſtruction, while it ſees them 
planted, growing, and flouriſhing within it, 


permitting every vice of every kind to ſpread 
and be propagated without controul, and pu- 
niſhing only crimes which are neceſſary conſe- 


quences of vice; what can be interpreted of 
fo fatal a blindneſs to its own welfare! If we 
ſce a parent knowingly permitting his children 

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1 38 J 


in riot, diffipation, and A in every 
exceſs which can deprave the mind and give 
it over to ruin, attentive only to puniſh cer- 
tain ſpecific acts, which are but a part, and a 
conſequence of the general diſpoſitions that he 


paſhvely allows: what ſhould we ſay of ſuch a 
parent! To ſay that vindiftive juſtice was the 
moſt grateful exerciſe of his authority, and he 


allowed of that, from which crimes muſt ne- 
ceſſarily proceed, in order to enjoy the ſatiſ- 
faction of inflicting their penalties; would be a 
cenſure, perhaps too ſevere: but one muſt: 


ſurely allege, that ſuch a parent was under 
the influence of ſome ſtrong and fatal prejudice 
that ſhackled the due exerciſe of his reaſoning 
faculties. 


1 as à collective body, may be conſi- 


dered as a common parent over all its compo- 
nent individuals. 


To this parent it is known that there exiſts 


a numerous claſs of wicked and abandoned 


characters, which herd and aſſociate together, 


and of which the lives are a continued vio- 


lation of decency and of the law: ſome few 


only, in the routine of judicial proceſs, i in- 
curring its penalties. 


By 


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L 39 4 


certain that the adult among them, are, by ha- 


bit, become irreclaimable. 


Their children, nurtured in the midſt of in- 
famy, in time, acquire the ſame incorrigible 
habits. But, here is a period of tender youth 
when theſe baneful propenſities have either not 
begun to take root, or are not yet ineradicable. 
There is a period in which the human form 
divine is not obſcured with helliſh dark- 


neſs. 


At this critical opportunity, if loſt, never to 


be redeemed, the common parent ſhould ſeize 
and reſcue its devoted children. If they be 
ſuffered to remain where the contagion is, is it 
their fault that they take the diſeaſe? Can they 
be blamed for evil diſpoſitions, who have never 
been allowed to come to the knowledge of 


good? And is it their crime or their misfor- 


tune, that they are plunged in inevitable ruin 
from the remiflneſs of the parent in whoſe 
power it was to have made them heirs to hap- 
pineſs? The preſent adult race of infamy might 
when young, have been formed to another cha- 
Tater, and the neceſſity have been prevented 
„ © 


By whatever ſteps, and from whatever cauſes 
this claſs of people were formed, it 1s but too 


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[ 40 ] 


of the puniſhments and the miſeries they ſuf- 
fer! With reſpett to them, the opportunity is 
loſt, but in their offspring a new one preſents | 
itſelf; this ſhall we not embrace, taught by ſo 
many fatal leſſons of former negle@ ? Shall we 
ſill ſuffer a vagrant child to aſſociate with the 
wicked herd, and become neceſſarily ſuch him- 
ſelf, for the melancholy redreſs of puniſhing his 
future guilt? Shall we ſuffer the crime firſt, 5 
then infli& the penalty, and thus i 1ncur a double 


evil, while both are yet in our power to pre- 
vent? 


Puniſhment alone tends rather to divert the 
current of evil than to ſuppreſs its increaſe, It 
forces into multiplied ſecret and winding chan- 
nels, what otherwiſe would have taken a direct 

and open courſe, which would ſoon have ter- 
minated. Driven by the operation of legal force 
to the arts of ſelf-defence, evil derives ſtrength 
from the very attacks employed for its de- 
ſtruction. 


Juſtice, by waging war upon men's paſſions, 
foome to have rendered their vices more for- 


midable; as it is ſaid that warlike nations have 
made dangerous enemies of neighbours whom 
a wiſe 


414 


a wiſe and gentle e might have attached as 
invaluable friends. 


The crimes to which mere inclination prompts 
men, are few and ſimple. The greater number 
are crimes of concealment, meant to eſcape 
detection or avoid the penalty; crimes, there- 
fore, which are unknown to nature, are created 
by human laws: and ſtill, if penalties were 
multiplied, would not men's minds, challenged, 
as it were, to the trial, diſcover new methods 
of evaſion by new- invented crimes ? 


It muſt be admitted, that in civil ſociety 
ſomething more is required to fill any ſphere 
with credit and uſefulneſs than a mere ne- 
gative character; ſome poſitive good is ne- 

ceſſary. Puniſhments which at beſt are in- 

tended only to ſuppreſs vice, cannot effect 
that end, cannot form men, even negatively. 
good, much leſs give riſe to real virtues, to 
which they do not pretend. The heart and 
paſſions, when left to their natural courſe, re- 
quire pains and culture to direct them to the 
good of ſociety: theſe pains and this culture 
become then more eminently neceſſary in the 
oo adtual 


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—— — — 0 — — Oe Geer wr Wop — — — — ITE ONE? _—_— — — — —— 


L 42 ] 


actual ſtate of the world, where degeneracy has 
ſo wide a ſpread, and youth in every ſtation 
are expoſed to the impreſſions of evil precepts 


and example. The ſeeds of virtue ſhould there- 
fore be planted, and the harveſt cheriſhed with 
indefatigable care to guard againſt the weeds 


and tares that threaten to check its growth. 
The mind ſhould be exerciſed in the ſocial cha- 
racter; the qualities wanted in the man ſhould 


be called forth in youth, put to trial, brought 
under government, directed to their end, and 
confirmed by habit. 


0 


If ve wiſh a youth to dance with grace, do 


we ſuffer him to make his firſt eſſay in a bril- 
liant aſſembly ? Does the muſician join in the 
concert before he has been practiſed in the 
ſchool? Is the ſoldier's firſt exerciſe 1 in arms 
| left t to the day of battle? 


In theſe caſes 3 tuition, exerciſe, and 


habit, are thought neceſſary to the excellence 


required. Why is it not the ſame in the quali- 
ties on which domeſtic happineſs and civil wel- 
fare depend? Why muſt honeſty and integrity 


be neglected and untried, till the moment it is 
wanted for uſe, when its failure may be preg- 
nant with ruin? Why muſt kindnels, forbear- 
ance, 


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EY 1 
ance, and affection, make their maiden efforts 
in the field of battle, and under the 0 of 
the moſt ſerious trials? | 


E Men do not bow in a gay circle, nor de- 
ſtroy a fellow- creature in war, without having 
paſſed years of probation: yet they enter upon 
the higheſt concerns, infinitely more import- 
ant and more difficult; become maſters, huſ- 
bands, fathers, guardians, or ſtateſmen, without 

having taken a ſingle preliminary leſſon to ini- 
tiate them in their duty : nf 


How many bitter draughts of life might be 
avoided, were youth, by previous exerciſe, in- 
ſtructed in the duties, and practiſed in the trials 
they are to paſs through, as men! Diſappoint- 
ment would not then ſour their tempers, nor 
ignorance defeat their attempts in the various 


occupations and conflitts of domeſtic, civil, 
or public life, 


A ſchool-boy fancies his claſſical exerciſes 5 
and his tutor's rod are all the bitters he can 
| taſte: he looks forward to the time of his quit- 

ting ſchool as the period of beginning pleafure 
and independence—a fatal miſtake, which every 
one perceives, but no one is friendly enough 

* "a to 


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C 44 J 


to correct! His Latin, Greek, and philoſophy, 
the purchaſe of the moſt precious period of 


youth, are ſoon forgotten in the buſy world, 


wherein often they are not of the ſmalleſt ad- 
vantage; he becomes engaged in ſcenes, of 


which he is ignorant; difficulties for which he 
is unprepared; and troubles he believed at an 


end. He is a ſtranger among men, having only 


been acquainted with books. He has yet to 
learn, by dear-bought experience, every leſſon 


of life: he ſees his time, labour, and fortune 


- miſerably waſted on what does not avail him, 

and finds himſelf the ſchool-boy of the world 
from the yery moment in which he began to 
rank himſelf in it as a man. 


It wauld lead too far from the nature of a 


5 Report to inveſtigate the grounds of this ſtrange 
remiſſneſs in things that moſt of all concern 


our happineſs. The ſame reaſon makes it im- 


proper to engage deeply in metaphyſical diſqui- 
ſitions, relating to the means here deſcribed | 


for ſupplying thoſe defetts. 


In giving an account to the public of conſi- 
derable deviations from eſtabliſhed uſages, it 
becomes neceſſary to explain the views on 
which they are grounded. But the nature of 
| | Our 


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our work requires us todepart no further from 


' narration than is unavoidable, and denies the 


full licenſe of philoſophical diſcuſſion. 


It ſeems, however, that we ought not to ne- 
glect an objection which eminent writers have 


advanced againſt a grand pillar of our fabric, 
the reward of merit. They have imagined that 
reward inculcates a ſelfiſh principle, deſtruQtive 

of the good it ſeeks to purchaſe. 


Whatever be the authorities which ſupport 
this objeftion, we think its principle falſe, 
We conceive that happineſs is the ſolid baſis 
on which the fair fabric of virtue reſts, That 
if virtue were naturally produQtive of miſery, 
it muſt be abhorred; if it had no tendency to 
men's advantage, it could have nothing to re- 
comment itſelf to their love : that therefore vir- 
tue is to be loved, becauſe it is good. Tochil- 
| dren and inferiors, parents and governors are 
the diſpenſers of the evil and the good which | 
the governor and parent of all has allotted to 
vice and to virtue. They do not withhold the 
evil diſpenſations: they judge it expedient to 
inflict the penalties of crimes; ſhall they then 
keep back all the bleſſings? Ought they not 
to cauſe their dependants to participate in 


their 


their due rewards, as well as their juſt puniſh- 
ments? Shall human governments have only 


their hells, to the reproach of divine goodnels, 


which has alſo prepared its IE to perfect 
its n of wiſdom. 


Reward, agreeably to the order of nature, 
is the conſequence of merit, and the proper 


motive by which virtue ought to be recom- 


mended and enforced. 


« For great is your reward in Heaven,” is 
the language of an authority which few will 
diſpute. The good attendant on virtue is that 


which makes virtue good; and virtue will be 
loved for its own ſake, while it is Perceived 
to be good. 1 


Sk to ſeparate from virtue the reward 


which is its natural and proper concomitant, 


is to deſtroy its true nature. It is to diveſt it 


of the good which makes it lovely, in order to 


ſecure its being beloved. Men, who know the 


true relations of things, may abſtratt a virtuous 


act from any preſent reward, and yet love the 


| virtue; but ſurely this 18 not a leſſon which 


children can learn; they muſt firſt be taught, 
by experience, the benefits of virtue, beforc 
3 they 


L 47 
they can entertain for it ſo. ſtrong an affection 
as to love it under affliction and adverſity. 


Few will diſpute the axiom, that the labour 
employed in che education of youth ſhould be 
directed ſo that the greateſt poſſible advantage 
from 1 it may accrue to them as men. 


From this axiom he Wusel corollaries 


may be drawn: 


Thoſe things ſhould be firſt taught which 


are moſt eſſentially 8 8 or moſt highly 


5 uſeful. 


Thoſe 1 hien are WY | uſeful to all, 
ſhould be taught to all; and thoſe things pe- 
culiarly to each, which are conſidered as moſt 
applicable to the peculiar deſtination of each. 


It is an axiom no leſs evident than the fore- 


going, that the attainments moſt advantageous 


to all men are thoſe which enable them moſt 


ſucceſsfully to encounter the troubles of life, | 


and purſue the enjoyments of their ſtation. 


F. xperience 


| 
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| Experience and obſervation will inſtru us 
2M in what thoſe troubles and enjoyments princi- 
$$ pally conſiſt, The labour of our ſtation, diſ- 
appointments, hardſhips, injuries, ill-temper, 


ingratitude, oppreſſion, affliftions—our own 1 
| paſſions, —are the troubles we have to en- 4 
counter. „ L 


| Competency in our ſtation, love, friend- 
ſhip, confidence, the eſteem of our neighbours, 
and a good conſcience, are the enjoyments of 
life. ED e 


Now if an attention to the culture and go 
vernment of the paſſions will enable men to 
encounter thoſe troubles, and purſue thoſe en- 4 
joyments with the greateſt ſucceſs, it follows |: 
that the labour of education ſhould be direQ- 
ed principally to that object, the due regula- 
tion of the paſſions, as that from which the 
greateſt poſſible advantage will ariſe through 
life to each individual, and to ſociety at 
large: and we hold this truth as founded in ex- 
perience; and it is the baſis of the School of 
Morals, that the characters of men, in reſpect to 
moral ſentiments, temper, and virtues, public and 
private, may be impreſſed by inſtruction and ha- 
bit; and every one knows, that it is upon the 

EY moral 


J 49 J 
moral character, and the virtues of their ſta- 
tion, that men's eſteem or diſeſteem in the 


world, and their happineſs or miſery, princi- 
1 depend. 


There are few, who have paid but a mode- 
rate attention to the human mind and charac- 
ter, as it appears in common life, and as it is 


found in hiſtorical records, who will be diſ- 
poſed to controvert this doctrine. 


It is indeed the language of an univerſal ex- 


perience, and become even proverbial, Tell 


me the company he keeps, and I will tell you 


his character. The various peculiarities of 


certain nations, provinces, claſſes, ſocieties, 


ſeas, employments, and profeſſions; all ſerve 
to ſhew the influence of external circumſtances 


on men's diſpoſitions. We find that courage, 
_ cowardice; fidelity, deceit; honeſty, thieviſh- 
neſs; openneſs, cunning; anger, patience ; 
Kindneſs; ferocity ; are qualities belonging to 


certain claſſes of men, ariſing ſrom their aſſo- 


ciating together under the ſame circumſtances 
and influences. 


This hoſt of witneſſes ſeems to preclude the 


ſelettion of any particular examples; and it is 


2 88 placed 


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placed out of any manner of doubt, that he 
who is inured to dangers will be brave, he 
who is accuſtomed to truſt will be faithful, 
and he who is taught to pity will be kind. 


A ſtranger to alarms will be timid in dan- 
ger; one habituated to witneſs breach of truſt 
vill be diſhoneſt; and one brought up amidſt 


ſcenes of cruelty will be ferocious; exceptions 
to this general rule, by being brought as ex- 
ceptions, ſerve in fact to eſtabliſh the rule. 


This dodtrine appears to be of great im- 


portance, and not deviating from our deſign 


to eſtabliſſi thus far: its more particular adap- 


tion to the ſeveral orders of ſociety, we muſt 


leave to others, confining ourſelves to our 
immediate province, which is the humble office 
of [POTS vagrant children into labouring 


The culture of Virtuous Diſpoſitions requires 


two things; iſt, Circumſtances which admit of 
ſuch diſpoſitions being called forth and exer- 
ciſed. 2d, A perception of the benefit ariſing 
from them to their poſſeſſor. 


A man 


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A man brought up in a foreſt among a gang | 


of thieves, and ſubſiſting upon illegal plunder, 


can by ſuch a life acquire no diſpoſitions to 


reſpeft the laws of his country. A ſhepherd's 
boy cannot, by attending his flock, become a 


warrior, and diſpoſed to hazard his life for 
honour or his country. A perſon who has 
never been truſted, cannot have exerciſed 


fidelity; nor can one have felt gratitude who 


has never experienced an obligation. But, 2d, 


The occaſion is not ſufficient to the cultiva- 


tion of any virtue, without its advantage be 


alſo apparent. Although men are in circum- 
ſtances to reſpe& the laws; or to be courage- 


ous, or to be faithful, or grateful for obligati- 
ons; yet if their own advantage ſeems to them 


to run counter to theſe virtues, the virtues will 
rather be repreſſed, than encouraged or culti- 


vated, Every one ſees his advantage in the 


eſteem and goo0d-will of the world; and to in- 


culcate forcibly the certainty that this advan.” 
tage will attend upon the practice of virtue, 


will, joined to the occaſions or opportunities 
of its exerciſe, ſucceſsfully cultivate and pro- 
mote its growth. 


Rewards given to children are to be conti- 
dered principally as tokens of this eſteem of 


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the world. The infant mind requires ſuch ſen- 
ſible evidences, as the mediums of impreſſing 
the more refined ſentiment. The ſugar plum 
may be grateful to the palate; but it is doubly 
To when given with a ſmiling face, as a teſtimo- 
ny of approbation. This latter impreſſion will 
remain when the flavour of the ſweetmeat is 
gone. Badges, or diſtinctions in dreſs, calcu- 1 
lated to pleaſe the eye, are, in common, to be [ 
preferred before money, or any thing which is 
ſoon conſumed, becauſe their effect is more 
laſting. The rewards which hitherto have been 4 
| beſtowed upon the children of the Reform have 
been ſuch, that they could be valuable as tokens F 
of eſteem only. They are tickets, as teſtimonies 
of good behaviour. They conſider theſe as trea- 
ſure; they have been knovn to prefer them be- 
fore money, and they always carefully reckon 
up and compare the number each poſſeſſes. 


The firſt part of the School of Morals at 
preſent in practice is a Day-book, kept in 
every houſe by the ſeveral maſters and miſ- q 
treſſes, as a record of faults and virtues, in : 
their daily manners, occupations, and inter- 
courle with each other. This record gives to 
their actions a ſort of perpetuity, the idea of 
which operates with wonderful force as an in— 

| centive 


[ 53 J 


centive to a laudable and a preventative of an 
improper conduct. Thoſe who would depiſe a 
flogging, are kept in awe by the Black Book, 
(as the calendar of faults is named); and this 
ſimple mean has already produced an aſtoniſh- 
ing effect in the manners of theſe children, and 
almoſt removed every trace of their former 
evil propenſities. 


From theſe ſeveral day-books the materials 


are collected into one common book, in the 


form of a ledger, in which an account isopen- 
ed with every ward; he being made debtor to 
his faults, and creditor by his praiſe-worthy 


actions. 


Every Sunday evening, between the hours 


of ſix and eight, the School of Morals is open- 


ed: in this ſchool an officer, called the Regu- 


lator, preſides. He explains to the children the 
nature of faults and virtues, as they tend to 
their happineſs or miſery, in a ſimple manner, 


and vith familiar exemplifications, ſuited to 
their capacities. He then diſtributes rewards 


and puniſnments. 


Theſe conſiſt chiefly in tokens of honour or 


diſgrace. Thoſe againſt whom no faults wor- 
. 3 N 


L 8 ] 


thy of notice are alleged for the preceding 
week, have a ticket expreſſive, generally, of 
good behaviour. Theſe tickets are preſerved 
for each proprietor. Thoſe who are found 
guilty of ſlight faults only, are puniſhed merely 
with the deprivation of one or more tickets. 
Faults of a more ſerious kind, or frequent re- 
- petitions of ſlighter faults, are noticed by badges 
of diſgrace, which are to beworn till a certain 
term of good behaviour ſhall purchaſe their 
removal. Chaſtiſement is as rarely beſtowed as 
poſſible, and is performed with ſolemnity in 
public. Every tranſattion, either of reward or 
puniſhment, of theſe weekly ſchools, is regi- 

ſtered. ny en, eb 


As the plan of this ſchool, together with that 
of the entire eſtabliſhment, comprehends a diſ- 
tant period and a great extent ; it may not be 
improper now to carry it forward a little, in 
advance, as it is intended for future practice. 
To give effect to this Regiſter of weekly prizes 
and penalties, an annual day of account and 
retribution is propoſed to be held: on this day, 
thoſe who have been for the preceding year 
diſtinguiſhed by their moſt uniform good con- 
duct, or their moſt eminent merit, are to be 
rewarded by ſome badge of honour, to be worn 

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as a conſtant incitement to others to attain a 
ſimilar recompence. On this day alſo, penal- 
ties of amore permanent and ſerious nature are 
to be adjudged to faults and crimes which have 
accumulated on the Weekly Regiſter, or are 
transferred to this more ſolemn day of appeal. 


Thus far the outline; much remains to be 


ſaid, and, probably, much to be learned againſt 


future Reports. 


| Hitherto the Gitem of reward alone is con- 


kdered. 


In order to produce the occaſions of virtue, 
the firſt and fundamental thing is to impreſs 
clear ideas of what emotions and feelings are 
virtuous, and particularly what are the virtues 
intended for them to learn, and what the con- 


trary vices to Dun. 


To this * there is placed in the ſchool- 


room a catalogue of what they are to practiſe, 


and what to avoid; in the following manner: 


Induſtry, Icdleneſs, 
Speaking truth, Lying, 


Honeſty, 


Aaron "6 


— — — — — — 


1 . EN cs. ” 
„ — be r 
— —— * as 


L 56 ] 

Honeſty, Diſhoneſty, 
Piety, Impiety, 
Obedience, Diſobedience, 
Good temper, Ill temper, 
Kindneſs, Cruelty, 

- Decent language, Immoral language, 
Gratitude, _ Ingratitude, 
 Contentment. Diſcontent. 


Theſe are conſidered as the qualities moſt 
adapted to the comprehenſion and uſe of the 
multitude, and moſt eſſentially neceſſary in 


life. There are other more refined virtues and 


qualities of different caſts, ſuited to particular 
ſituations and to higher ranks; but even of 


them theſe muſt * meviably form the baſis. 


The firſt row, or the Virtues, are painted in 
a gold letter on a white ground; the other in 
red upon black. Such trivial diſtinQions are 
not unworthy of attention. A ſhort explana- 
tion of thele virtues, ſuited to their tender ca- 
pacities, is given to each ward; and they are 
catechiſed upon this hook—not in the way of 
getting by rote ſet anſwers to certain queſtions, 
but by anſwering queſtions in their own man- 
ner, to aſcertain how far they underſtand what 


they have read. 


The 


C 67 1 


The occaſions, exerciſes, and trials of vir- 


tues, are various, according to the nature of 


the virtue. 


4 


Perhaps we may make a general N 


them into two claſſes; the one, virtues of ſelt- 
denial or labour; ſuch as bravery, fortitude, 


patience, induſtry others, of ſentiment, that 


require no exertion, there being no contrary 
impulſe to oppoſe them ; ſuch as Pity, bene 


volence, kindneſs. 


In the former, every trial is a temptation, 
becauſe eaſe or pleaſure conſtantly war againſt 


the virtue which conſiſts in the habit of ſub- 


duing thoſe repugnant propenſities. Every 
occaſion of virtue is alſo an opportunity for 
vice. The ſame teſt diſcovers the coward and 
the brave, the hypocrite and the faithful, the 


villain and the honeſt man. 


The exerciſe of the virtues then conſiſts in 


the ſtate of conteſt againſt incitements to their 
_ contrary qualities; theſe incitements being ſo 
adapted in their degree to the ſtrength of the 
mind, that they may not prevail over it. For 
as the force of either virtue or vice conſiſts 


in habit, every prevalence of a zemptation de- 


I bilitates 


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L 58 J 


bilitates the mind, and gives force to the next 

attack: on the contrary, every triumph of vir- 

tue renews its ſtrength. 

The ſkill of theſe exerciſes will, therefore, 
conſiſt much in ordering them ſo that the con- 
flic may always end in favour of virtue. If 
any aſk, why ſhould virtue be expoſed to the 
danger of defeat in conflicts that are premature 

and unneceſſary; will not trials enough come 

of themſelves? It is anſwered, that without 
conflicts there can be no virtue; and the cer- 
tainty that dangerous trials will come in the 
very ground of the preparation againſt them 
by theſe diſciplines. For the ſame reaſon ſol- 
diers are trained in mock-engagements, that 
they may conquer their enemies in we day of 
ſerious action. 
Thoſe virtues of che ſentiment, that conſiſt 
merely in a due proportion of the benevolent 
and gentle paſſions, require to be exerciſed by 
the preſence of ſuitable objects; at the ſame 
time to be kept within proper limits, ſince, 
carried beyond its juſt point, virtue itlelf be- | 


comes a Vice. 

This ſecond Went of the School of 
Morals conſiſts, therefore, in placing the wards 
under circumſtances which will give occaſion 


to. 


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'T 93 


to the exerciſe of the ſeveral virtues defigned 


in particular to be cultivated. 


An account of the methods by which this 
purpoſe is to be attempted, is reſerved for 
future Reports. Theſe details being deſigned 


to exhibit the progreſſive ſtages of advance- 


ment in every department of the work we are 
carrying on, muſt neceſſarily preſent an unh- 
niſhed picture of parts not yet mene and 


connetted into an whole. 


The School of Morals was barely Lined: at 


in the Firſt Report: in this it is deſcribed as 


fully as preſent circumſtances and the limits 


allotted to the Report will permit. 
Much 1 important light is to be expected from 


future experience; and of that we ſhall always 


anxiouſly avail ourſelves : but at the beſt we 


anticipate ſome inſtances of failure in the new 
attempt of our School of Morals. Theſe will 


not militate againſt the truth of its principles, 
nor leſſen the value of its more general ſuc- 


ceſs. It is probable alſo that, amidſt the variety 


of men's opinions, ſome may be found adverſe 


to a plan which may not agree with their ha- 
bits of thinking, or their favourite theories; 


and by ſuch, every example of failure may, 


probably, be eagerly caught at, magnified, and 


applied to the ſupport of their objettions. 
> 6 We 


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[ 60 J 


We cannot hope at once to reconcile ſenti- 
ments mutually at variance, or widely different. 
But the ſuperſtructure we are raiſing on the 
broad baſis of nature and experience, will 

| have nothing to fear from adverſe opinions, 


which, however, time will at length conciliate. 

We ſhall for the profent: add — two re- 
marks: 

Firſt, That our attempt is not abſolutely 
new: it is only a new application of principles 
that are old as the world, and certain as its 
daily courſe. Even the brute creation has long 

been known as ſubjeQs of the plaſtic power of 
education. The ſavage race are tamed, and 
taught to be kind. Fidelity, honeſty, affeQtion, 
patience, and gratitude, have been, in an emi- 

nent degree, produced in various animals. Is 
not man, then, worth the labour of a ſimilar 
trial? 

Second, That the peculiarity of the raſk we 

have undertaken renders ſomething of the na- 
ture of our School of Morals a neceſſary branch 

of our plan, even if it were leſs applicable to 
human nature in general, and to every claſs of 
ſociety. | 

Our pupils are not untutored, and in the 
ier ſtate of youth who are to receive 
their firſt leſſons at ſchool; they have been al- 


ready 


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ready in a ſchool of vice; they have contraft- 
ed habits, and imbibed principles inimical to 
the well-being of ſociety. 

If they were merely taught reading, writing, 
and an handicraft trade, their vices would ne- 
vertheleſs grow up with them, and they would 

be only ſo much the more dangerous to ſocie- 
ty, in proportion as they had acquired higher 
talents and greater ſkill, They have therefore 
lefſons to unlearn, and diſpoſitions to be root- 
ed out. This can be doneonly by ſubſtituting 
poſitive virtues, in the place of vices rejected, 
by ſuch a ſtrong, vigorous, and ſyſtematic 
education in morals as we propoſe to beſtow: 
without this the Society would be inſtrumen- 
tal in ſtrengthening the ſinews and extending 


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the miſchiefs of vice. It had better leave the : 

vagrant poor and their enormities in their i 
' preſent ſtate than awaken them to higher de- i 
grees of activity and new powers. Eg ; ij 


Virtue and induſtry, like learning, are arti- . 1 
cles that can be manufactured, and the ſtock 
creaſed at pleaſure. 


attempt 


Men may be made induſtrious, well diſpo- 4 

' ſed, and mutually uſeful to each other, inſtead b 
of lazy, miſchievous, and injurious. It is ſure- 4 
ly then a more eligible plan to reform man- 1 
kind, by giving them good diſpoſitions, than to il 


[ 62 ] 
attempt it by picking out of the great body bf 


bad and degenerate characters a few to ſhut up 


together in a priſon, or to ſend to another 
country, or to take away their lives. By ſuch 


. examples as theſe, the reſt may be put upon : 


their guard, but they cannot be reformed. 


The fight of a gaol, or of a malefactor on 


the tree, will not make induſtrious a man who 
is inured to idleneſs, or give ſentiments of 
honour to one ſunk in debauchery and prac- 
tiſed in diſhoneſty : the thefts committed un- 
der the gallows, at times of public execution, 
are ſtriking proofs of this truth: it will not give 


a character and the means of an honeſt living 


to him who is ſtampt with diſgrace ; nor will it 
_ appeaſe the calls of hunger, nor remove the in- 
citements of aſſociates prompting him to ſupply 


his neceſſities by the only means he has in his 


power. It is plain then that a code of penal 
laws is by no means a power adapted to cor- 


rect the depravity that en a vaſt body 1 


_ poor. 


It is certain that corruption muſt inevitably 


be propagated from race to race, fo long as 


the children of ſuch people are brought up in 


the ſociety and example of their parents. 
No other means can produce a reform but 
the ſeparation of the van who are innocent, 


from | 


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from the old, who would contaminate them. 
By this ſeparation they are reſcued from the 
dominion of actual vice. The next ſtep is to 


impreſs a contrary character on their minds, 


virtuous diſpoſitions, and induſtrious habits ; 
laſtly, to find them the means of an honeſt 
employment and livelihood. 


Fear of diſgrace and puniſhment ſeems 


3 adapted only to the ſtate of men who have a 
ſenſe of ſhame, a character to loſe, and who are 
not driven by neceſſity to ſubſiſt by illegal prac- 


tices. In ſuch men, temptations to diſhoneſty 
and other crimes may be repelled by fear of 
ſhame and puniſhment. But men without cha- 


rafter, and loſt to ſhame, can be influenced 


only by bodily ſuffering; and it is certain that 


the dread of pain can hardly operate as the 


flighteſt obſtacle againſt the ſtrong and reſiſt- 
leſs impulſes which hurry them on in their 


wicked career. 

The force of habit; the force of the ane 
which men's aſſociates have over their minds, 
encouraging and familiarizing vice, ridiculing 


the timid, urging and dragging to crimes; the 
force of neceſſity each of theſe, ſeparately, is 


far more potent than fear of diſtant and un- 


certain pumiſhment ; fear, which they glory in 


ſeeming to deſpiſe. How 1s it then poſſible but 
1 chat 


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L 64 J 


that all of them united ſhould prove an irreſiſt- | 


ible impulſe on the minds of untutored men ; 


men in whom virtue has not a ſingle ally, prop, 
or defence; and who are left unprotedted 
and expoſed to the whole violence of the 
aſſault of theſe corrupt incitements. : 


Men thus circumſtanced are plunged in a 


torrent which carries them on rapidly, but to 
themſelves imperceptibly, towards a precipice 
that threatens to terminate their career. No 
warning they may have of their danger can 
enable them to reſiſt the increaſing violence of 


the ſtream; and therefore, regardleſs of the 


future, their only care is to provide for the 
preſent moment, and pals along 11 in their courſe 


as merrily as they can. 


That this is the true condition of a prodigi- 
ous body of the poor ; 3 that their crimes, their 
vices, their miſeries, their puniſhments, their 


depredations and miſchiefs, the whole train of 


calamities attendant on their ill-fated birth, are 
neceſſary conſequences of a ſtate of ſociety not 
in their own power to change, are truths too 
obvious to admit of doubt, and too ſerious to = 
be longer paſſed over in negleft. EE 
Mankind, the public, individuals, are called 5 


upon by intereſts the moſt dear, and duties the 


moſt ſacred, to awaken to the conſideration of 
theſe i 


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L 63 1 


is neither doubtful, difficult, nor remote. 


The intereſt and the honour of community 


are concerned alike; its intereſt not to ſuffer 


injuries it can ſo eaſily remedy—its honour, 
its truth, its juſtice, its duty to the Father of 
mercies and of men, not to ſee numberleſs in- 
nocent children, who now lift their imploring 
hands to it for reſcue, left to a ruin, which f in 
their preſent ſtate is inevitable. ; 
If, ten years to come, a malefaftor at the 
| gallows ſhould be heard to ſay, © When I was 
* young, neceſſitous, unprotetted, and compel- 
® led by my parents, by friends, by blows, 
* and by hunger, to ſteal for my daily bread, 
© I abhorred my condition, and dreaded. 
e the fate which now has arreſted me; at 


© that time I begged of you the bread of in- 
ce 


duſtry— I entreated the means of employ- 
cc 


«c 


cc 


was received into the Society of Reform. 
4 


« 


* 7 ole” ten times the ſum which would 


8 wy have 


theſe evils, and to adopt their remedy, which 


ment—I fought your proteftion from my 
miſerable parents and friends——1 had the 
mortification to be left, while my companion 


Some had given liberally, but their exam- 
ple was not followed by ſufficient numbers 
for me to partake the benefit. In this 


caſe parſimony was profuſion, was waſte. . 


8 Pens n — 
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Ae 8 P I er ery oo DF 1, 6c AAA 


1 


haye kept me honeſt. I ſhould have res 


paid your political gift with intereſt; with 
my labour, my example, my obedience to 
the ſtate, by leaving, perhaps, ſucceſſors to 
my humble virtues. What I have ſtolen, 
what my condition left me no other alter- 
native but to ſteal, is waſted on a life that 


has been ſupported by injuries, and now is 
paſſing away uſeleſs to my country; nor 
have I the ſatisfaction to reflect that my 
example will prove the ſmalleſt benefit 
that may make atonement for my crimes. 
You might have prevented my guilt when 


hs implored your pity ; you refuſed. Your 


* juſtice would now be as inexorable as your 
kindneſs was then deaf to my prayers —My 
puniſhment may be neceſſary: but was it 
neceſſary ten years ſince that my country 
ſhould have abandoned me to its known 
enemies, who were bringing me up ſyſte- 
matically firſt to deſpiſe the powerof the law, 
next to offend againſt i its decrees, and laſtly : 
to ſuffer its penalties? But I mean not to 
end my life in reproaches on the world. 
I forgive, as I hope forgiveneſs from 


it and from the Gov of mercies.—I have a 
younger brother who now ſeeks your protec- 
tion, as I once did. My laſt prayer is, that 
* ten 


L 67 J 


© ten years to come he may not, ſtanding as 
Ce] do at preſent on the verge of eternity, have 
ce to renew thoſe feelings which, from my ap- 
« peal to your hearts, you muſt now experi- 


© ence.” 


a period, would probably link deep into the 


minds of thoſe who ſhould feel the force of 


their application. 


This ſuppoſed addreſs is by no means an 


exaggeration ; as far as it concerns the preſent 


time, it is founded in facts; and as it reſpects 
the future, in the higheſt probability; numer- 
ous requeſts have been made on account of 
' youths who could not be admitted, and whoſe 


circumſtances render it not at all improbable 
that ſome of them may end their lives at the fa- 
tal tree—when, imagination will ſupply the 
8 Re £7 4 


The following is a general account of the 


proceedings and progreſs of the inſtitution at 
large, in continuation from the Firſt Report. 
See page ä 


The objects of his plan are two; Firſt 


to cauſe theſe children eventually to provide 
for themſelves whatever they uſe or enjoy, 
that they may be N on foreign ſup- 

— - > plies, 


. 


—Such ſolemn truths, at ſo awful 


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plies, and learn to truſt to their own ; labour 


and Care. 
Second, That by their labour, played i in 


improving the original ſtock, furniſhed by 
ſubſcriptions, a permanent property may be 


created, ſufficient always to afford the means 


of employment to thoſe who are deſtitute. 
This property is to conſiſt of lands, tenements, 
utenſils, and materials of labour; of the pro- 
duce of the earth, and the neceſſaries of life. 
The eſtabliſhment is to become an aſylum for 
fugitive induſtry, and for unprotected youth. 


After a certain period, when the public 


bounty ſhall have given it ſome conſider- 
able extent and ſolidity, it is to be altogether 
ſupported from its own labour; labour being 
the ultimate ſource of wealth. Its burthen 


therefore will be but temporary, its benefits 


| perpetual. After having been reared to a 
neceſſary. degree of vigour by the foſtering 
hand of political charity, its grateful influ- 


ence will repay the bounty which gave it ſup- 


port: its period of maturity will become a 


new ornament and ſtrength to the nation 


whoſe beneficence ſhall have ſupplied its 
ſtages of infancy and adoleſcence with the 


neceſſary recruits of vigour and life. It will 
become, ſo long as Britain ſhall flouriſh in 
5 arts 


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. 1 [ 69 I 


arts and in arms, a perpetual preventative of 
idleneſs, miſery, and crimes; and inſtead of 
being a drain upon her wealth, it will be- 
come an additional prop to her ſtate, and pro- 


long the term of her greatneſs among the 
neighbouring nations. All the ſteps now 
taken, have this deſirable end in view, a 


perpetual. ſelt-ſupported aſylum _ and ſemi- 


| nary of induſtry, ſuſtained by the labour it 


exerts, and producing the comforts it en- 


joys. 
; A Carpenter: was placed to occupy the fourth 
| houſe which was hired. There are now 
| fix Shoe-makers, ſix Taylors, fix Carpenters; 
and, for the time and their ages, the progreſs 
made in theſe ſeveral callings is by no means 
contemptible. The other 52. knit ſtockings, 

or weave garters. 


The girls are employed in needle- work, and 


Knitting; they are in general younger than the 
boys, and have conſequently made leſs ad- 
vances in induſtry. 


A place has been hired adjoining to the 


| houſe, for a Carpenter's ſhop ; a ſmall ſpot of 
garden-ground has been alſo taken, and the 


boys aſſiſt the Gardener at their leiſure hours. 


To keep theſe different manufacturers and 
the apprentices in employ, as well as to give 


oppor- 


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wa. -- - — 


, ah 
opportunity for inſtrufting them properly, or- 
ders are propoſed to be received and executed 
for the benefit of the fund. a 

It may be ſuppoſed that much cannot hi- 
| therto have been done in a buſineſs ſo newly 
attempted ; but conſiderable aids may, in time, 

be reaſonably expected from this ſource. 
Two donations of ioo each, under the 
ſignatures A. B. and G. W. received while 
this Report was in the preſs, together with the 
increaſe of annual ſubſcriptions, have been 
ſufficient for engaging a fifth houſe, This is 

at a ſmall diſtance from the others, and will | 

make a convenient diſtin reſidence for the 
girls. The number of children is alſo augment- 
ed to ſixty. By this conſtant and rapid in- 
creaſe, the eſtabliſhment already begins to give | 
the ſemblance of a little village, which, in 
order, induſtry, and good morals, is a pattern 
to the poor; and which has been formed 
from the Augean ftable of filth, diſeaſe, and 
iniquity, which diſgraces the metropolis. | 
Such brilliant and decided marks of ſuc- 

_ ceſs, are matter of gratulation to the world 
as well as to the immediate patrons of the 
Inſtitution; more eſpecially when it is con- 
ſidered that only a twelvemonth ago, the at- 

a tempt was ridiculed by numbers, and its failure 


predicted 


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2 Þ 71 7 | 
predicted By FRET | all, even of thoſe who 


aſſiſted in its commencement. That unſhaken 
confidence in the public ſupport of a cauſe 


which attaches itſelf to men's hearts by ſo many 
and ſuch powerful ties, a confidence that has 


been ſo well juſtified hitherto; will continue 
to form the baſis of future proceedings. 

It is an affecting circumſtance to ſee youth 
"of both ſexes reſident in the abodes of in- 


famy, who. have heard of an inſtitution de- 


ſigned for the . reſcue and protection of ſuch as 


them, ſoliciting for themſelves that aſſiſtance 
Which their companions have received, but 
from which the greater number muſt, by the. 


preſent limits of the fund, be ſhut out. 


Eight young girls, from the worſt part of 
; Sy Giles's, having dreſſed themſelves as de- 

cently as they could, lately came in a body to 
a gentleman in Charlotte-Street, who belongs 


to the Society. They waited patiently before 
his door till he was compelled to inquire their 


buſineſs. They came to petition for admittance 


into the School; as they termed it—and were 


extremely urgent in their requeſt. It was diſ- 


| treſſing to be obliged to refuſe them, but aſſu- 


ming an appearance of ſternneſs, he threatened 


to ſend them to Botany-Bay. They came, they 
laid, from a worle place from Dyot- Street. 


Similar 


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fe” att i ee. . been very Wüméf bil 
and painful is the neceſſity of refuſing theth; 
It is hoped this neceſſity will conſtantly grow 
leſs and leſs. The number of ſuch children 
would afford a hopeleſs proſpe& indeed, were 
their reception and maintenance to be con- 
ſtantly and altogether a public burden. But 
the preceding ſtatement of ſuch conſiderable 
aids from themſelves, as a proper employment 
of their labour and talents will certainly afford, 
brightens in a manner the view, and ſeems 
to afford a hope that the difficulties, great as 
they are, in our way, are yet not inſurmount- 
able. | 1 5 
— accounts will be | cloſed up t to the end 
of the year, and continue to be laid before 
the Public annually. Every Subſcriber who 
' wiſhes, at any time, to be informed of the ſtate 
of the Society's finances, may ſee the Books at 
the Treaſurer's houſe. „ 


: * + & 4 8471 
T 4 
„ 


ROBERT YOUNG; 
E = Fo . ow Diredlor and Treafartr. 5 


8 Loxnox, 1 Bike = : 5 
Nov. 305 1789. +% . * . 4 ＋ 


8" 8255 TCC 
Exp of the Sgcoxp RETORT. 


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