OF 


ANCIENT EGYPT. 


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HISTORY = 
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ANCIENT EGYPT, 


AB EXTANT r THE = 
GREEK HIsroklaus, Pon rs, and Others: 


2 TOGETHER WITH. 155 
* H E 8 T A T E 
| o THE 


RELIGION, LAWS, ARTS, SCIENCES, 
and GOVERNMENT: 


FROM. 


1 The firſt Settlement under Mrenaiu, in 
the Year before Cuxisr 2188, 


be final Subverſion 07 the Empire by > 2 
 CamBYsSES 4-2 A - 


| Containing a Space of 1664 Years, : 


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THE KIN ©. 


Mey it p Your - Majtary; 


E ſingular pleaſure I have 
enjoyed i in tracing the ear-⸗ 
y efforts of human genius, was 
attended with a defire to convey 
the ſame to others; 3 but conſci- 
ous of the refinement of the age, 
1 dreaded to appear in the re- 
public of letters, until looking 
up to the GRBAr PRSO NAR by 
whom Arts and sciences flouriſh 
in theſe. dominions, 1 ſawy the 


Ss - infant 


vi , DEDICATION. 


infant genius led on with tender- 


neſs, and the ſmiles of Your Ma- 
JESTY'S protection expand the 


glowing faculties : animated by 
the goodneſs, and benevolence of 
; the moſt illuſtrious | Prince and 
accompliſhed Gentleman in Eu- 
rope, I have ventured to produce = 
the ruſtic hand of nature, A 
early improvements of mankind | 
to the world. 


10 look back, Grrar Sing, i in- 
to the principles of the elegant 


productions of the preſent age, 


is no leſs replete with entertain- 


: ment, chan honour to human na- 


ture: we there ſee the ſtruggles 
on 5 = mf 


DEDICATION. 4 vii 
| 4 reaſon, and find each dynaſty 


refine upon, the others diſcoveries ; Z 
aſperity of manners ſoftened, bar- | 
barians formed i into civilized ſtates, 


and in a long ſeries of ages, ſoar 


; to the grandeur and perfection 
of che Bririſo empire. 


Theſe im, drawn forth un- 
der Your Ma; JESTY' 8 auſpices, will 


receive dignity and importance; 3 


and Your Majzsrv's ſubjects, ſee- 
ing the diſguſtful maxims and | fe- 
f verities of former days, will feel 
a pleaſing ſenſation of their own 0 
happineſs, and be ſtruck with admi- 
ration and reſpect for thoſe wiſe 
Laws and Inſtitutions, which are 
- 44 calculated 


4. 


* 


DEDICATION. 


8 


viii 


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y, advantage and ſecurity of every 


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May it pleaſe Your MAJESTY, | 


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Your MajzsTY $ 


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Moſt devoted, 


Faithful Subject 


NichMuO ND, 
March 10th, 1774 


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and Servant, 


George Laughton. 


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THE | 


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: 70 0 trace back the operations . 


the human mind, and explore 


e Principles of ideas and modes 


N of thinking, ofens at once the 


ſource of laws, government, arts, 


ſciences, | and manners : each new 


E ſeovery in 5 leaf, ing a work, is ü 


an acguiſit ſtion of knowledge, and 
| important to every one, who wiſhes 


to know the ſprings of bis ou moſt 


valuable endowments.” 


x PREP ACE, 


The biftory of” kingdoms in di if- 


8 — 4 
. - » AS. ˙ A < is 
7 ii. anos i. OH 
——_ 3 = A ON ad. 


improved regulations, preſents | to 


; beneficial by experience; and diree- 


Zion, learning and laws. 


ferent periods of Hine, and under | 
| ſucceeding ages, maxims found 10 be 


tions to avoid ſuch meaſures, as 
have been pernicious, and de Aruc- 
tive of union and order. The an- 
cient Egyptians claim attention and 5 
applauſe in this particular 3 their 
early exertions. and Aruggles 4% re- 5 
gulate their government, and Bu- 8 
manige unpoli iſhed nature, gained 1 
them the frft general reputation 
1 for wiſdom, and cauſed foreigners to 
e refort to them for advice, inflruc= 


The 


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PREFACE. 11 


The general hiftory of this much 
edivired People, which is the bu- 


1 neſs. of the following ſheets, i 5 


conducted i in his method. 


H aving. in on — a; . 


courſe, ſhown the divine diſpenſa- 


tion and intention of longevity im- 
1 mediately after the deluge, the di if 
per fic on at Babel, origin of lan- 
guages, method. of handing down 
events in various parts of the world, 
the ſpeculative branch of the Egyp- 
tian religion, ſource of the Grecian 


mytholog 5 and errors in ancient 
chronolog y ”; 1 have introduced the 


 hiflory of ancient Egypt, with 4 
L ahb ae eſcription of 115 ft 2 . 


lion, 


——— ner tal nee gle 


xi PREFACE. 


tion, and fhewn their gradual im- 


provements, from their firſt Hettle- 
ment, in almoſt a fate of nature, 
under Mizraim, accompl; iſbments in 
the reign of Amoſis, and from that 
period | have interſperſed the flate of - 
: arts, ſeiences, religion, laws, g- 
vernment, cuſtoms and manners, 
. with all poſh ble exatineſs, ſupported = 
by the beft authorities, and moſt . 
approved chronolog. 7 that a unity 
of time, and coincidence of fads, 
may mutually ufrate each other, 
and di i play i in one view, the general 


< em of r 


E frequent 3 of the 
Ethiopians and Aſſyrians, together 
with 


5 


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PRERACE. xi 


with tbe national foible of omitting 


Zo record, whatever events did nt 
contribute to the honour and fame 
of the kingdom, have made wide 
| chaſms in the regal biftory, and 
1 deprived us of abundant fats, . 
which would have been particularly 
inflruftive, and pointed out the oc- 
caſſon of various  inflitutions. and 
productions of genius: : for want ” 
- theſe records, authors have collected is 
: from the mnonuments, buildings, 
and public works, the general 


1 - of arts and ſciences in every 


Ki 2. 


In 2 . my the B 1 
bave Produced the arguments 1 
| to 


A <a ering 
* . 


in PREFACE. 


— 
- 


70 aſcertain the ſatuation of O phir, 

and concluded the whole, with a 
= recapitulatory d: Nertation, in which 
are ſhewn the ill effects 0 ' parti- 
cular laws, the excellence of others, 
ond their 2 title to the honour of 
ſome geometrical and aftronomical 
di coveries, which have been atiri- 
buted to others, 9 


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INTRODUCTION. 


IN ah beautiful order of nature, every 
principle 18 uniformly productive of 
a certain end ; powers are adapted to the 
ſphere. of action, and abilities diſpenſed e 
to accompliſh the divine will. When 


one man, and one woman, were formed 
10 people the world, to proportion the 
. : ability, to the command, their lives were 
= protracted to more than nine hundred | 
years. Immediately after the deluge, | 
: when the three ſons of Noah, were to raiſe 


up a new offspring for the new world ; 

Shem only of theſe patriarchs lived five 
hundred years. In the ſecond century, 

: the age of men was much ſhortened, no 


one accompliſhed two hundred and forty | 
OO years, 


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2 INTRODUCTION. 


| | | 
years, the World was s then more populous, 


cities were built, ſocieties formed, and 


colonies planted in diſtant countries. As 
: mankind became more numerous, longe- 


1 5 vity gradually decreaſed, until it de- 
| PI ſcended, in the days of Mo oſes, to the pre- 
| 


| ſent ſtandard of age, that juſt medium, 


in which life and death being nearly equal 
1! in their progreſs, the world neither feels 
1 — recundluney, or want of inhabitants. 


114 ö When 5 families of Shem, Ham, and 
1 Fapheth were increaſed, Noah divided 
| the earth between them, and allotted to 


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= each che country he ſhould people ad 
5 : appropriate. To Shem he granted Aha 44a; 
| . 10 Ham, Syria, E Cy bt and Africa; to Ja- 
pbeth, Eur oe. We know very little of 


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their proceedings, from the deluge to 


P r rr 


N ttutkeir afſembling i in the plains of Sinar, 
 ninety-nine years after, to build the tower 


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InTrRODUCTION, 3 


of Babel, which produced an . me- 


morable i in antiquity; 


Ty this time, all | mankind ſpoke ihe 
8 fame language, and kept 1 up a general in- 
| tercourſe ; but now, the production of a 

variety of languages, looſened the ties of 
| conſanguinity, Zave birth to a ſeparation, 

and made it neceſſary for them to adhere 
to that diviſion, which ſpoke the ſame 
| language with themſelves. This diſ- 
union naturally producing ſeparate inte- 
reſts, each endeavoured to gain ſuperi- 
ority, countries and opulence, to render 
themſelves conſpicuous, and hand down 
to poſterity whatever they thought great, : 
good and memorable, 


The manner of communicating events 


| to after ages, has been either by engrav- 
ing on ſtone or metal, in ſongs, by tying 
knots of different coloured wool, which 


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= old as the SYr1ac or Chaldee : nor does it 


4 "FT ROOVE TER 


have ſerved inſtead of characters amon gſt 
the people of Peru and Chili, or by hie- 
roglyphics uſed by the ancient Egyptians 


and Chineſe, or by letters, the moſt mo- 


dern, and by. far the moſt correct and | 
expeditious method. 


Cog tors, :think baſs in the 
: Hebrew type, Abraham the Syriac. and ; 
Chaldee, the Phanicians the Attic, which 
 Cadmus brought into Greece, and the 
: Pelaſgians afterwards into Trah, Niceftrata 
the Latin, This * the E Egyptian, and Uutji- 
las the Gothic. By this account the He- 
brew type invented by Ms geo, is not ſo 


appear that the Hebrew language! is older 5 


than the 85 e or Chaldee. 


Until the building of the tower of 


Babel, it is allowed by Fows, Chriftians, 
and Mabometons, that One language pre- 


vailed 


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INTRODUCTION. 5 


vailed over all the earth : how the con- 
fuſion was effected, has been a matter 


of ſpeculation : ſome have thought that 


the Almighty inſpired the builders of 


that tower, with new words 3 and others 5 


conjectured that the confuſion aroſe from 
their forgetting the uſual application of 


the words, and naming one thing for 


another, though all indifferently ſpoke | 


the OE tongue, | 


. 


The Sow now | ſpoken, | as well as 

the Arabic and Chaldee, are generally ſup- 
poſed to be dialects of the language 
ſpoken by Adam, which is loſt. TRE. 
Hebrew cannot be intitled to the high = 
diſtinction, ſo vainly contended for, , 


being the language taught of God : 


1s far inferior to other languages i in as 


: gance, copiouſneſs, and clearneſs, and 1s 
| ſo exceedingly dry, that the Hebrews want 


i words to expreſs the moſtcommon things, | 
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6 INTRODUCTION. 


and are obliged to uſe the ſame periods 
continually, for want of expreſſions to 
vary the phraſe. The Arabic is greatly 
7 ſuperior | to it, the Greek is vaſtly. more 
elegant and harmonious, and modern 
languages are more abundant i in beauty, 
fertility of words, and modes of convey- 


ing ideas. 


The loſs of original language was not 


ſo injurious a misfortune, as the confu- 

fion of ideas, and want of recollection, 
vhich afflicted the emigrants from Babel. 
The arts which were known prior to 


that event, were almoſt obliterated, and | 


” the traditions fo recently received from 
Noah, were confined to a ſmall number. 
The labour requiſite to collect their food, 

engaged all their attention, and requiring : 
but few ideas, reduced the mind to an 
infancy of intelligence. 


The 


INTRODUCTION. 7 


The knowledge of a Supreme Being, 
interwoven in the ſoul, was never to be 
eraſed, and the attributes taught by 
nature were always diſcerned; but the 
mind, too debaſed to ſee them with per- 
ſpicuity, received and expreſſed them a@- 
cording to its fallacious conceptions, re- 
5 preſenting the incommunicable attri- 
butes, as ſubordinate divinities preſiding 

over the different elements, and ſuper- 
intending the paſſions and affections of 5 
men. Theſe notions generally prevailed 
in the heathen world, particularly amongſt 
the Egyptians, who from a veneration for 
things ſacred, confined the ſtudy of theo- 
logy to the kings and prieſts, and to con- 
ceal them from prophane eyes, repreſented 
them in hieroglyphics, a character they 
ſolely underſtood, which not only denoted, 
but in ſome meaſure expreſſed the thing. 
A cuſtom which drew on them the calum- 


ny of worſhipping the figures themſelves: 
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INTRODUCTION. 


2 reproach, one would think it impoſ- 


ſible for the moſt ſuperficial obſerver to 
have thrown on them. ls it not incre- 
dible that a people of the firſt intelli- 
gence then in the world, could origi- 
nally (however they fell afterwards) pay 
divine honours to reptiles, inſets, onions, 
coats, ſheep, crocodiles, and cats, merely 
as ſuch? when they were ſo famed for 
| wiſdom and ſcience, that it was a dif 
tinction and mark of eminence to be 


verſed i in 1 the learning « of the Payprions. 


To whatever abject ſtate human na- 
ture ſunk, we certainly diſcover great 
imprudence in looking for it particu- 

larly, amongſt a people juſtly admired for 
their early advances in knowledge. 


On the other fide, it would be equally 
wrong to compliment their hieroglyphics 
with comprehending the ſublime doc- 


trines 


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INTRODUCTION. 9 


trines of chriſtianity, or ſuppoſe that 
they poſſeſſed the principles of religion, 
in as great . as the Jews, 


| Theſe extremes are erroneous ;. their 
knowledge tranſcended the former abject 
ſtate, but did not extend to the latter 
excellence. 


* Euſebius has handed down to us 
the definition the ancients gave of the 
Deity. 44 They thought kim to be i incor- 
4 ruptible, eternal, ſelf-exiſtent, without 
« parts, likeneſs or equal ; the author of 


«al goodneſs, the wiſeſt and moſt per- 
feet of all excellent beings ; the father 


of juſtice, and good laws, omniſcient, 


= 


« omnipotent, and the creator of na- 
„ eee e . 


Præp. Evan. lib. 1, p. 42. 


They 


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10 -INTRODUCTION. 


> They never applied the appellation: 
of God, to any material or ſenſible ſub- 
ſtance, and believed that the great Crea- 
5 tor conducted terreſtrial affairs by nume- 
rous ſubordinate miniſters, who acted in 
every part of the univerſe, thinking that 
it would be derogatory to the divine 
honour to ſuppoſe fewer fpiritual intelli- 
gences, khan chere were material ob- 
jects. wy * 


They imagined that ſpiritual beings 
exiſted originally only i in heaven, pure 
and undiſturbed ; that ſome of them in- 


dolently enjoying their felicity without 
that active excellence which is eſſential 
to ſublime truth; and not following the 
Supreme Being in his diſpenſations of 
goodneſs, contracted an heavineſs, and 
burſting through the pure confines of 
heaven, fell to the earth, and there inha- 


» Laertius de Pytag Cicero de leg. lib. 2d, p. 119). 
bited 


INTRODUCTION,” 11 


bited bodies ſuitable to their diſpoſiti- 


ons, the leſs depraved, delighted in con- 


templation and philoſophy, the ſubor- 
dinate to them engaged in laborious em- 
ployments, and the moſt 1 impure became 8 


tyrants, and bad Princes : death putting 
an end to this ſtate of probation, ar- 
ranged them i in different ranks, accord- 
ing to their late virtuous, or vicious con- 
duct, degrading them to ſlaves or evil 
demons, or exalting them to heroes and 
as, 


Bades the . ſpirits who; were degraded 


from celeſtial habitations, and again re- 


covered ſome degree of divine rank, the 


Egyptians thought that the ſouls of men 
became demons after their ſeparation from 5 
the body. © wandering ſpirits clothed. 


in fineſt air;” and were good or bad 
according to the habits they had con- 


4 Hees. 


tracted 


12 INTRODUCTION. 


tracted in the body; * the good our 
guardians walking here amongſt us. 
„Wicked demons were puniſhed by che 

Fe deity for their evil actions, until they 


6. were purified, and were then admitted 

<< to the order of good demons. N ot 

« that the ſoul in this ſeparate ſtate 
« was ſuppoſed to poſſeſs any faculty or 
power, it did not enjoy before it left 


-... 7 "he body ; but as the ſun intercepted = 
« bya cloud, ſeems to loſe its ſplendor, | 
„ though 1 in reality it is not at all dimi- 

« niſhed, ſo the ſoul acquired no new 
1 ability when diſrobed of the body, 
YL though it had been reſtrained from 


« exerting its powers, by the interven- 
cc tion of material ſubſtance; and retain- 


6 4 ing the fame affections, conſtantly 
60 protected its former aſſociates from 
5 impending danger, and imperceptibly i 
. guided them 1 in the paths of virtue.” 


4 « Heiod, C Empedocles, 7; Plutarch. 
SS | This 


In TRODV.CTIoN. 13 


This doctrine of genii, or good and evil 
demons, was carried from Egypt by Py- 
 thagoras, Plato, Xenocrates, and others, 
into Greece, and there multiphed into 
that numerous offspring now ſeen in 


their mythology. 


At will be ſufficient here, to particu- 
larize the origin of a few of the Grecian 
divinities and ceremonies, to prove the 

ſource of their mythology. An extenſive 

diſquiſition would lead me from MY, de- 

* 


The fable of the Gon Bacchus, is ; 
borrowed from the hiſtory of My ges. 


Þ © The Greeks inform us, that Bacchus : 
was laid on the waters in a baſket of 
oꝛiers, ſoon after his birth, had two mo- 

5 thers; F that he was called Bicornis, double 


e r Eurip. in "OY PETIT OL 
* 155 1 horned, 


* a 2 2 —— 2 n 2 


- wy — ey a 4, — 
— 


— — 


14 INTRODUCTION. 


horned, that he was carried to mount 
Nia, and afterwards commanded an ar- 
my of men and women. 


This i is almoſt literally che account of 
Moſes ; he was expoſed on the Nile, in a 


baſket of ruſhes, had two mothers, Joc- 


gabel his natural mother, and Thermutis 


princeſs | of Egypt, by whom he Was 
: adopted. He afterwards conducted an 
army of the Iſraelites, men, women, and : 


children, and when he deſcended from 


mount Sina, (which by tranſpoſing the 
5 letters, becomes NMiſa) the rays of glory 
which darted from his forehead, appear- 


ed like two horns. And Orpheus writ- 


ing of Bacchus, calls him Moon Mo oſes, 
Ocopaporoy a lawgiver, and attributes to 


him, AlTA&x echo, the two tables. 


Vulcan means Tubal Cain, who firſt 
wrought iron. Janus with two faces al- 
7 . ludes 


INTRODUCTION. 15 


ceived divine honours, was Ham, the fon 


of Neb, to whom T,ybia was granted 1 in 
the diviſion of the earth by his father. 
Ihe chaos of the poets is evidently bor- 
rowed from the book of Genefi 2 and the 
golden age from the happy ſtate of our 
firſt parents. The garden of the He Pe- 
rides, the golden apples, and the dragon 
which guarded them, with Pandora's s fa- 
tal curioſity; are evidently the garden 
of Eden, the tree of life, the ſerpent | 


which beguiled Eve, and the evils con- 
ſequent on Eve's diſobedience. The fa- 


bulous war of the giants againſt the gods, 


and the mountains they piled up to al- 


fault heaven, aroſe from that ambitious 
attempt to build the tower of Babel. : 
Lot's wife turned into a pillar of ſalt, 
furniſhed them with the fable of Niobe 


! * changed. 


Yoda to Noah, who ſaw the rt, and 


latter world. Jupiter Hamman, who had 
a temple i in the deſerts of Lybia, and re- 


* * <4 Ct —— "0 _ 
SOR IDW: — ORs 


7 
| ' 
* 


— 


2 


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EY 
— — — es 


16 INTRODUCTION, 


changed into marble. Adonis is + ations 
from the Hebrew Adbnai, vgnifying 
Lord; ; Fove from Jebovab. 


oh he ceremonies uſed by the Egyp- 


tians in the worſhip of Ofir: iris, were Cars 
ried by Orpheus into Greece, and there 
diſplayed under the title of the orgies 
of Bacchus; and thoſe of Js were uſed 
in the worſhip of Ceres. It is generally 
: thought, that Homer received his. firſt 
ideas of hell, and the Eh. Jan fields, 
| from the Egyptian ſepulchres, and man- 
ner of burying their dead, which he has 
painted with great ſublimity and beauty 


in the Odyſſey; and many others have 


collected from them the matter Which 


adorned with Grecian elegance, has Not 
a little contributed to the reputation of 


- that diſtinguiſhed people. To return: 


b Diodorus, lib. 2. 


The 


8 
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INTRODUCTION. 17 


The Egyptian religion muſt be conſi- 


dered, as the effect of their endeavours 
to inveſtigate ideas of the divinity on na- 
tural principles; theſe led them to ve- 
nerate and adore the excellence of the 


deity, but the expreſſion of that venera- 


tion, depending on themſelves, was groſs 
and impure, obſcene and depraved, re- 
preſenting the pureſt of their theological 
tenets, by terreſtrial ſymbols, and {ſome 
of theſe even of the vileſt ſpecies. When 
even the moſt grand, and excellent in 
themſelves, will ſcarcely be found to 
promote virtue, or impreſs refined ideas 
on the mind. Material repreſenta- 
tions are inferior to the mental nature, 
and cannot refine what is purer than 
itſelf. Mean ſmbois ſtir up mean ideas, 


and debaſe, rather than expand the 


heart, as we find in the Eg TY DILANS, who 


were fraudulent and hypocritical, lazy, 


Vain and cowardly, puff ted up with a ri- 


i diculous 


18 INTRODUCTION: 


14 diculous opinion of their own wiſdom, 
| e fooliſhly deſpiſing nations they knew no- 
thing of, recording only ſuch tranſac- 
tions as were honourable, and carried 
away by a deſire of appearing of the 
It 3 greateſt antiquity, worked up their chro- 


bs 

N 
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je -. - 36.42 
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time. 


1 % ͤ ] U œ PNY beſt chronologers, and hiſtorians 


* 
— 

— — — 
— — 


14 have attributed their enormous account c 


. 
— 


=: pe” of events to vanity, and indeed their 5 


— — — 

yg ey 

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opinion ſeems too well eſtabliſhed to ad- 


mit of controverſy: yet ſome endeavour 


q Ul, = 8 to ſoften ſo ſevere a. cenſure, by ſhew- 
| il ing the poſlibility of its being the reſult 
4 5 of error, rather than of deſign. 1 In 
i 104 5 very early ages, ſays Diodorus, the Egyp- 
mi | + fians knew only lunar years, and there- 
| fore it was not impoſſible for ſome to 
IF „ live twelve hundred years, but i in proceſs 


13-8 Scaliger and Uider, EO x Diodorus, lid, 1. 


INTRODUCTION. 19 


of time, having obſerved the ſolar revo- 


lution, they extended the year to that 
period, and inſerting the ſolar year in 
their chronological records, in ſucceſſion 
to the lunar account, without making 
allowance for the difference of time, ” 
ſwelled their chronology to ſuch a height, 


as to give account of ae carlier than 


the creation. 


Theſe errors ; have rendered the 07 — 
tia hiſtory ſo exccedingly irregular and 
uncertain, that no hiſtorian has been able 


to write it with accuracy. The events 


prior to Pſammitichus, all ſuffer from this 


national foible, and however true in 
themſelves, are liable to ſuſpicion and 
diſcredit: the 1 means they took to build 
up their glory, brought run upon it, and 
thoſe actions, which would have done 


the greateſt honour to their nation, were 


© 2a: ſwallowed 


Pl 
— — 1 —— 
a — ere We - — mm, wx 


— 
— . — . on, 4-4 ITE oe 8 2 
— 3 — *. ier 3 8 -———— 


20 INTRODUCTION. 


ſwallowed up in the malignity of their 
fabulous narratives. 


The chronology of theſe ages, cannot 


"be: ſuppoſed to have all deſirable accu- 


racy, their ſuperficial acquaintance with 
the ſciences neceſſary to it, rendered it 
impoſſible. The Grecians who built on 
Egyptian knowledge, and had all the 
5 advantages which the E gyprians laboured 
for, more than fourteen hundred years, 5 
did not conduct their records with an 
exactneſs to be relied on, until the firſt 5 
0 olympiad, ſeyen hundred and ſeventy-ſix 
years before Chriſt, twenty-four | years : 


before the foundation of Rome. 


The Chingſs, whom a celebrated writer 


is pleaſed to imagine of greater antiqui- 

ty, than Moſes's account of the creation, 

pretend themſelves to no hiſtory higher 
than 


INTRODUCTION. 21 


than the reign of Fobi, who was co- 


temporary with Noab, and allow © that 


the moſt ancient obſervations, they made 


in aſtronomy, were on two fixed ſtars, 


one in the winter ſolſtice, the other in 


the vernal equinox, in the reign of Tao. 


In the year two hundred and forty-ſix 


46 before Chriſt, their books of hiſtory, 


« their claſſical books, (whatever thoſe 


TY mean) and their books of aſtronomy, 


« were bur rned by order of the emperor 
60 Th A- -chi-hoang « * as by this means the 


« ſcience of aſtronomy was brought into 


1 diſrepute, we cannot be ſurprized, that 


« from the time of Thi in-chi-hoang, as the 
#8 jeſuits themſclves obſerve, there were 


oh among the Chineſe neither ſkilful aſtro- 


Shuckford's Connettion, Vol. "4 29, and 102. 5 


. Biancini hiſt, uni. chap, xvii, SIC, dec. . P- 1. 
lib. 8. 


u Coſtard's Hiſt. of Aſtro. p. 33. 


t n p. 34. 


nomers, nor books of aſtronomy, nor 


E4- 3 


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22 INTRODUCTION. 


* any known method, and that all that 
remained were only confuſed traditi- 
4 ons, catalogues of ſtars and conſtella- 


tions, and fragments of books that had 


ſince, aſtronomy was ſo little improved 
in China, that they could not calculate 
an eclipſe of the ſun; when father Adam 
Scaal arrived at Pekin, he ſo fully con- 
vinced them, that their rules of the mo- 
tions of heavenly bodies were all falſe, | 
that they received the Tychonic ſyſtem, 
and ſubmitted their board of aſtronomy 
: to the direction of che Tefuits 


The inſtability of F ene; things, 


has always had a malign effect on the 
productions of genius: moderns as well 
as ancients lament the remoras, which 
have impeded their improvements, and 
: reſtrained them from urbanity and refine- 
ment: ;- the- caprice of Kings, national 


pride, 


Two hundred years 


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INTRODUCTION. 23 


pride, internal faction, war, the ſubver- 


ſion of government, or weak politicks, 
; have in every kingdom and ſtate, retard- 
ed the growth of ſcience, and involved 
events in doubt and uncertainty. 


Beſides theſe acchdeiital obſttcles, which 
: particularly affected the ancient Egyptians, 
it is to be obſerved, that many ſciences 
are not naturally within the ſcope of hu- 
man genius. | Arts and ſciences are 
brought to perfection by collateral aids, 
5 mechanic improvements have opened 
beauties ! in ſcience, Which were before 
inconceivable; and events, which lay un- 
noticed, and obſcure, from inability to 
diſplay them, as literature advanced, were 
delineated and drawn forth to obſerva- 
tion. The manners of mankind have 
improved, with their learning and intel- 
ligence. It would therefore be inade- 
quate to form our ideas of ancient Egypt, 
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24 INTRODUCTION: 


} 
ö 


from the preſent ſtate of things. Their 


early attention to order, and whatever 


Was beneficial to ſociety, produced many 
cuſtoms and wiſe inſtitutions, which one 
tinguiſhed them from their cotempora- 
rics; yet there was an alloy « of barbariſm 
in their character, coarſe and diſguſtful. 


The ſame ſtile was | obſerved in their 


works, as in their manners; their obe- 
liſks, temples, porticoes, and pyramids, 
diſcover great ſtrength of genius, without 
any of that delicacy and juſtneſs of me- 
thod, % hich incites in the beholder plea- 
5 ſure and admiration. | 


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OF 


ANCIENT EGYPT. 


\ GYPT | is ; Gtuated on | the continent 


of Africa, between twenty- one and 
thirty-one degrees of northern latitude, 5 
and forty-five and fifty-one degrees, of 


eaſtern longitude from the meridian of 


Pero. »The firſt people we find ſettled 


in this country, were thoſe emigrants 


from Babel, who had choſen Mizraim 


the ſon of Ham, for their conductor. 


He was induced to make a ſettlement a 
there, we may rationally ſuppoſe, from its 


„ Anno, A. '2Þ 2188, 2 
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26 The His ToRY of 


fertility, and naturally producing ſuch 
fruits as were wholeſome and good for 
food; but theſe being liable to ſcarcity, 
| and the acquiſition of them attended with 
great labour, naturally led them to pro- 
pagate ſuch ſelected fruits, as they found | 
moſt nutritious and agreeable | to the body. 
The natural effect of which was, that 
they « eſtabliſhed themſelves in particular 
diſtricts, to take care of, and Protect 
what they: had cultivated. 


Having ſecured ſuſtenance for their 
bee, and averted the danger of ſcar- 
city and want, they endeavoured to make 
their being comfortable ; built houſes to | 
protect themſelves from the intenſe heat 

of the ſun, and malignity of nocturnal 
dew, as near to each others as they &ould 
. conveniently, to give and receive requiſite : 
affiſtance, which gradually grew | into vil- 
lages, - 


1 a 4 


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? 9 
ANCIENT EGYPT. 27 
lages, towns, cities, and at length expand- 
ed into a mighty empire. 


Their attention to the proper 1 ſeaſons 


for cultivating the lands, ſowing the ſeed 


and reaping the corn, muſt have been 
aſcertained by the revolution of the 


heavenly bodies, and obſervations which 


gradually became a ſcience, whilſt a de- 


fire of executing the different branches 
of agriculture, and building with more 
N facility, eaſe, and perfection, ſtirred up 


their genius to invent various inſtru- 


ments, and tools; and their aſſembling 


in towns and cities, made laws indiſpen- 


ſibly neceſſary to regulate and fupport 


Wen. 


The exact time when the government 


became ſyſtematical, We are not acquain- 


ted with: during the ſpace of four hun- 
fred and ſixty- four years, from Nixrain : 


to 


f 
2 
L. 
7 
7 


— The HISTORY of 
to Ang. e, there is a chaſm 3 in the hiſ- 


| tory, the regol ſucceſſion is not conti- 
nued, the growth of many inſtitutions, 
which modelled the ſtate, and the pe- 
riods, when particular arts were invented, 
are totally loſt, ſo that there is no poſſi- 
bility of. writing of this interval with 3 
truth and accuracy; 3 and We ſee a people, 3 
but now, in almoſt a ſtate of nature, 
cultivating the ground to ſupport them- 
ſelves in being, at once break out in I 
power and grandeur, their country not 4 
only ſettled, fertilized, and populous, I 
but a flouriſhing and well- -regulated king- 9 


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| dom, able to maintain its own inhabi- 
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Ancient Ecv?r. 29 


one, the monarch was powerful and 
magnificent, generous and liberal; and 
L preſented Abraham with ſheep and oxen, 
and he-aſſes, and men- ſervants, and 
maid- ſervants, and the- aſſes and camels. 
Henceforward, the ſacred hiſtorian, from 
whoſe pen only, events of this. antiquity 
could have been received, is filent for 
near two. hundred years, when we find 


Amos s on the throne. 5 


A M Os I 8. 
. 69 


| . 


er PT, ie divided! into three 


BL parts, the Delta, Heptanomis, and 
thi e Thebate, was, before Amoſis aſcend- 
ed the throne, ſubdivided into various 


kingdoms : 


= —— 


| 


30 The His Tory of 


kingdoms : the Delta, ſo called from its 
reſemblance to the Greek letter of that 
name, is formed by the river Nile, which 


riſing i in Ethiopia paſſes through Egypt, 


.= 00 empties itſelf by ſeven channels, into 


the Mediterrancan ſea. About two 
leagues north of Memphis, the Nite di- 
vides itſelf into two branches, one in- 
clining to the eaſt, the other to the weſt, 
= which with the Mediterranean ſhore, i in- 
| | clude the Delta, a triangular tract of 
land, extending ſeventy-five miles from 
| the diviſion of the Nile, to the Mediter- | 
ranean ſea, and one hundred and thirty- | 

five miles from the Canopian, to the Pos 


Ifnian mouth of the Nile. 


Conn 


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Egypt; it preſented itſelf immediately 
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raits of Suez, i in their journey from Ba- 
bel, 


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* 


ANCIENT EGYPT, 31 


bel, and being of a luxuriant ſoil, and en- 


riched by a variety of beautiful ſtreams, 


which. every where diffuſed from the 


Nile, temperate the intenſe heat of the 
climate, produce a delightful verdure D 


in the adjacent fields, and was accom- 


modated by nature to the wants of a co- 


: lony ; a conjecture this, ſtrongly ſup- 


ported, by the populouſneſs, and nume- 


rous large cities built in the Delta, in 
the earlieſt ages. 


At the angle where the Nite divides bs 
ſelf, ſtood the city Carcaſura; ; about 
twenty miles below on the eaſtern branch, | 


was the city Bufiri Iris, where the eaſtern 
throwing off a ſmall arm, to the weſtern | 


branch, incloſes a province of a triangular 


ſhape, called Buſiris from its capital. 
From Buſiri ITS, the eaſtern, or Bu rian 
channel continues a northerly courſe, 
about three leagues, and throws off a 


2: Ph ſtream 


42- The His tory of 


ſtream called the Bubaſtian, which runs 
ning north- caſt to the city Bubaſtis, 
empties itſelf into the Mediterranean ſea, 
at the city Peli um, the beſt fortified, „ 
and moſt eaſtern city of the Delta. About 
three leagues below the entrance of the 
channel of Bubaſtis, commences the chan- 
nel of T;, ants, which having watered the 
ancient kingdom e of Tanis, empties itſelf 
| into the Mediterranean ſea. At the con- 
: junction of the arm, which croſſes from : 
Buſs ITS, with the weſtern branch of the 
_ Nik, ſtood the city Naucratis, the only 
port to which the ancient Egyptians per- 
mitted ſtrangers to come, it was in the 
kingdom of Sais, the centre of the Delta. 3 
the capital Sais, long the reſidence of 
many powerful kings, was adorned with 
magnificent palaces and temples. About 
three leagues below Naucratis, was An- 
 dropolis, where the weſtern branch of the 
Nite dividing, one part takes its courſe 
7 ok to 


ANCIENT EGY PT. 33 


to the north-weſt, the other to the north, 
the latter of which diſtinguiſhed by the 
name of the Hermopolitan channel empties 
itſelf at the city Raſehid into the Mediter- 
ranean fea : between this and the eaſtern 
2 branch, about ſeven leagues north of Sais, . 
Was the city Cynopolis, through which a 
ſtream paſſing from the eaſtern branch of 
the Nie, diſembogued itſelf into tlie great 
lake Buteus adjoining to the ſea: between 
the grand diviſion of the weſtern branch 
of the Nile, lies the diſtrict of Butcs, a 
province beautifully interſected by rivu- 
lets, which either empty | themſelves into 
a lake by the city Butos, in the centre of 
the | province, or uniting again with the 


main ſtream, flow together into the Me- 


diterranean ſea, by the city Canobus, ex- 
cepting one ſmall ſtream, which taking 
its courſe due weſt, joins its waters with 
thoſe of the lake Maro, and from thence 


iS is diſcharged i into the Mediterranean ſea. 
D The 


ful and healthy part of Egypt ; the deep 
foil fertilized by the various ſtreams and 
rivulets, which regularly feed the lands, 
and the annual inundation of the Nile, 


bandman has but little trouble i in laying 


®. 


try is like the moſt verdant plain ena- 


The Delta is by far the moſt plenti- 


; produces in vaſt abundance. The huſ- 


his corn in the ground, or difficulty i in 
ö ſupplying his flocks with provender ; ; the 
light manure left by the inundation is 
opened with the greateſt facility, and the 
waters ſcarcely recover their uſual chan- i 
nels before the fields are overſpread with 
the richeſt paſturage, which the liberal | 
hand of nature has given chis country 
* even in the depth of winter : : in the 
m on ths of January and F ebruary, when 5 
every blaſt of air loaded with the fra- | 
grance « of the orange, lemon, and other 


bloſſoms, delights che ſenſes, the coun- 


melled with flowers, and the. fields 


SA 5 | 18 erouded | 


IS ON age ann 
„„ Tn, 1 I. 


7952 


ANCIENT EcGypyr. 35 


crouded with flocks and herds, afford to 


the eye a charming landſcape, terminated 


by a moſt pure horizon, nature ſeeming 
to withdraw her bounty from other re- 


_ vions at this ſeaſon, | to enrich and adorn. 


this luxuriant clime. ; 


The Heptanomis has s 4 very. rent 


a appearance, excepting within the envi- 


rons of Memphis : as far as the Nile over- 


flowed, it wore the face of the Delta, 


where it did not, the deep ſands render- 
ed the country totally unfruitful; yet! ſuch : 
were the numbers of the inhabitants. in - 
this diſtrict, though much inferior to 
5 thoſe ; in the Delta, that the inhoſpitality 


did not impede their building many large 
cities in theſe. barren fands, nor diſcou- 


rage them from attempting to ſuperſede 
the defects of nature by. induſtry and art, 
| amidſt a climate that was, and i is at this 


time exccedipgly unhealthy, which mo- 


D 2 dern 


36 The HISTORY of 


dern travellers have attributed to the vio- 
lent heat of the country, and the water 
left in low places after the inundation of 
the Nite, which putrefying fills the air 


with peſtilential particles, and ſweeps off 
vaſt numbers of people. Sands and Van- 
 Nebius fay, that thou gh five hundred die i in 


a day at Grand Cairo, of the plague, be- 
fore the overflowing of the Mile, yet the 
day after, there does not one die of it, 


the air being impregnated with a volatile 
: alkali, which evaporates from the nitre 


pits, then full of water, and i is thus pro- 


pe duced: . «Conſidering i it rains little or no- 
« „thing comparatively to the great heats 


« in Egypt, and that the lakes there are 
60 only once a year furniſhed with freſh 


Water, from the overflowing of the ] 
Nile; ; alſo that vaſt tracts of land there 
and all over Ale, are N covered = 


| 


«c 


ah 


0 


1 Dr Liſter Phil. Tran. Abr. vol. UI. P- 529. 


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ANCIENT EGYPT. 37 


with foſſile ſalt; again, that thoſe lakes 


are furniſhed with vaſt animals, as croco- 


diles, hippopotami, and without doubt, 


with a great variety of leſſer vermine: 


theſe things I ſay conſidered, it is eaſy 


to think, thatin a year's time, moſt 
of the water of thoſe lakes has paſſed | 


through the bodies of thoſe animals, 


and conſequently is become urinous, 
or ſalino urinous, as is the nature of 
fictitious ſal armoniac.“ : Vaſt quanti- 
ties of which are found in many parts of 
Nitrian deſart, particularly near the town 
of Nitria, where there is a lake called 
Latron, about thirty miles north- weſt | 
from the pyramids ; ; 40 from the bottom 
5 of which, the learned Dr. Hunting- 
ton fays, * the nitre called natron ariſes 


40 to che ys and i 1s there condenſed i in- 


Phil. Tranf, Abr. Vol, IL. p. 527. 


D 3 | "06 


* of 


« to a ſubſtance, by the heat of the 


— 


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TOR 


The His 


38 


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in them cucum 


IONS AN 


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when the annual 


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ple a ſtate, 
oreat beauty to the country and cities, 


ilſt 


— 


planted 


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d 
eeks, on 


, | 


18 


— 


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tree, 
ev 


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cities, an 


vities 


ow 


— 


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h 


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és ſun,” 
melons 


— 


— 


five to be filled, but neceſſary to ſupply 
thoſe with water, who lived diſtant from 


to free the land from ſtagnated water by 


dation Was not ſufficiently plentiful. 


levelling the ground 


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tations of a art. 


Ancient EO VHT. 39 


and not only have contributed to the ſa- 
lubriouſneſs of them, by opening a free 
circulation of air, but have been pleaſing . 
retirements, to enjoy the evening breeze 
of ſocial converſation : there were none 


of che ſuperb-pavilions, grottos, or ele- 


| gint receſſes, which decorate the gardens 
of the opulent i in this age; the grafly 
bank, or craggy ſtone, overſhadowed by 
the vine or fig- tree, ſupplied all the uſe 
off the moſt magnificent accommodations, - 
and ſpread : a canopy adorned with the 
rich ns of nature, more ele- 


11 


3 
3 
Ly 
Lt 


Memphis,” the capital of the Heptanomis, 


18.03 


: and at this time the c reſidence, had, 

we muſt naturally tuppoſe, all the atten- 

tion paid to, it, thay the genius « of the 
© age could admit of, "both with reſpe&t to - 


conveniency and decoration. It was 
D 4 - © ſounded 


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40 The HISTORY of 


founded by Ucherus in the moſt judicious 


fituation, adjoining to the Nile, and ſur- 


rounded by a bank within a ſpacious 
trench filled with running water; its 
ftreets were ſpacious, and almoſt i innume- | 
rable, but certainly the houſes had none | 
of that elegance, which ſome writers 
have thought proper to deſcribe, if we 
may collect an idea of them, from the 
a ſtile of their temples and palaces, which 
were numerous, but totally deyoid of ge- 
nius and beauty, taſte or deſign; they 
ſeemed calculated rather to ſurprize the 
. beholder, than to impreſs an idea of gran- | 
deur and magnificence. 1 Large ſtones 
reaching from wall to wall anſwered the 
double uſe of beams and roof, * which, 
if they extended to any conkiderablelength | 
i were ſupported by rude maſſy columng, : 


hall lib. 17, p. 11599. * Greaves, p. 16, 


The 


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ANCIENT EGyPT. 41 


The pyramids now extant, in the plain 
adjoining to the ſpot where Memphis 


ſtood, are in the ſame ſtile, and ſhew 


their Proficiency in architecture; 5 there 


are many of theſe enormous ſtructures 

diſperſed through the plain, but three 
only diſtinguiſhed by their ſize, have uſu- 
ally been attended to by travellers, as the 
others afford no variety, and will be de- 
ſeribed by the obſervations on n the ſecond | 


and third, 


The firſt pyramid has a ſquare baſe, 


each fide of which is fix hundred and 
ſixty feet, and conſequently it is two 
thouſand ſix hundred and forty feet 1 
circumference. Its perpendicular height 0 
is near five hundred feet: at the top is 
a platform, about fixteen or ſeventeen 
feet ſquare, though it appears from the 
bottom to terminate in a point. At one 
of the angles between the north and the 
eaſt 


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eaſt! (eich fide of the pyramid anſwering | 
| to one of the cardinal points) about the 


middle of the Pyramid, is a ſquare cham- 
ber: the gate of the pyramid is at the 
fixteenth- ſtair, to which you aſcend by a 


little Hill, probably formed by the fand 
blown” from the deſert; the ſtone 
that lies acroſs the gate, 1S eleven paces 
in length, and! near eight i in breadth ; the 


entrance is three feet and three inches 
ſquare, which gradually bending : and de- 
: ſcending ſeventy-ſix feet and five inches, 
riſes with the ſame degree of breadth 
5 and inclination, by which you are led to 
two paſſages, the one low and horizon- 
tal, the other high and bending as at firſt. 
At the entrance of the former, is a pit, 
| through which probably they let down 
the dead bodies, into caverns under the 
pyramid; beyond, it leads to an adjoining 
chamber : : the other paſſage, which is fix 


feet and four inches in breadth, aſcends 


an 


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an hundred and fixty-two feet, having 
| benches | on either fide, two feet and an | 
Half high, to to reſt and ſupport perſons 805 
ing up; at the end of it, you enter an hall; 
thirty-two feet long, nineteen high, and 
| ſixteen broad, with a flat roof compoſed 
of nine ſtones, each of which 18 lixteen : 
feet long, and four broad : at the end of 
the hall ſtands an empty tomb of a kind of 
porphry, which when ſtruck, ſounds like 
4 bell, prepared (as they ſay) for the Pha- 
ö roab, who was drowned i in the Red Sea. 
1p he paſſage to the ſecond mid l is 
cloſed, and there is nothing to be ſeen 
but the plain ſuperficies; ; its form is 
quadrangular; each ſide is ſix hundred N 


and thirty- one feet, i in the lame e poſition 
: with the firſt, 7 155 T.51 


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The third amen 1s likewiſe cloled, | 


1442 9 


and the facing, which was of the ſame 


ns 3 we kind 


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= ) ee a et Dee a. 
N 


44 Te HIS TOoRx AY 


kindof porphry as Pharoaly s tomb, is tum- 
bled down, and part of it lies at the foot 4 
of the pyramid : and indeed it is general- 9 


ly conjectured that the largeſt pyramid 
| was originally faced with the ſame mate- 


rials, but there are no traces of them re- | 
maining. 


— m * * Os k * 
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. IT LI Leng ries cnn. 8 


At a ſmall diſtance from theſe pyra- 

mids i is a vaſt ſtatue ; ; the ſands have co- 
vered the body, and left the head only 
viſible, the dimenſions of which (uppo- 
ſing a due proportion is obſerved i in the 
ſeveral parts of the body) will point out 
the enormous ſize of the ſtatue: 27 66 it 


cc is thirty-five feet in circumfe- 
0 rence, twenty-ſix high, and fifteen 
from the chin to the ear. * Drodorus 
f ſays, that the Egyptians divided their 
ö . 5 00: ſtatues into twenty-one parts and A 


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AN cIENT EGYPT. 46 


4 quarter, and the workmen Ming ſha- 


15 ped them at their ſeveral houſes, united 


" them with the greateſt exactneſs; 


probably by firſt forming a model of clay, 
and then cutting it into ſeveral parts, as 


ſculptors do at this time. Statues of a 


natural ſize, and ſmall obeliſks, were 


made, in all probability, of one ſtone, 


and wrought by one man, as they had 


machines capable of moving and elevat- 5 


ing them; but to raiſe a ſtatue on its ba- 


ſis,” of ſach vaſt bulk as this figure (faid 
tobea ſphinx) i is, required ſuch mechanic 
powers, as renders it incredible that it is 


formed of one diſtinct and intire ſtone, 
and induces me to think, that it Was 


either compoſed of various pieces, or (as | 


0 others, with no ſmall appearance of pro- 


bability, have ſuppoſed) cut out of, and 


never ſeparated from, the rock. 


What 


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46, The HN dE of. 


have thought that they were intended, for 


that they were built by Foſe ph, to receive 

the corn he laid up, to provide for the 

ſcarcityh he foreſaw ; and ſupport their opi- 
: nion by remarking, that one of them is 


called by the Egyptian, Haram Fuſe pf. 


: to make granaries; they are by no means 


What could have been dhe motive 
for building ſuch huge ſtructures as the 
pyramids, which have, neither ornament 
or variety of architecture, has been the 
conſideration of various authors. Some 


gnomons upon a larger ſcale. And others, 


It ſeems. very improbable that he ſhould . 
erect theſe enormous piles of vaſt ſtones 


accommodated to ſuch a a uſe, nor could 
have been built by him, in time to re- 
ceive the corn; he was advanced to the 
favour of Pharoab i in the firſt of the ſeven : 
years of plenty, which were. immediately 
ſucceeded by the ſeven years of fa- 


mine. 


Ariſtotle 


AN,CLEN.T. BGU. 47 
An loll [ny that the kings who built 


them, were induced to enter upon ſo ar 
duous a work, from tyrannical. princi- 
ples, that by keeping their ſubjects in 
5 conſtant labour and poverty, they might 


govern with deſpotic power. 


Others think chat they were © intended : 


for no particular uſe, and 7 are only mo- 
numents of in 3 


* 3 1 
45 / 


* 
; 1 


Dives | is 5 of opinion, , that the inter- | 
nal parts of them were deſigned for royal 


| burying places; and indeed a little in 


fight j into the Egyptian character, and way 
of thinking, will induce us to concur with 


— — — —. 


his ſentiments; and it is very probable, 


that the outſide was calculated for aſtro- 


nomical obſervations, as their height ena- 


bled them to meaſure the variation of the 
ſhadow with accuracy, and their ſides 
are found to be true meridian lines. 

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48 Th His o of 
The Egyptians thought that the ſoul 


could not be ſeparated from the body, fo 
| long as it continued intire, and therefore 
took every precaution to keep it from a 
ſtate of putrefaction, at a vaſt expence 
embalmed the bodies, and incloſed them 
in tombs impenetrable by external matter 


and violence, calling them their eternal 


abodes. And as Egypt is every year laid 
under water by the overflowing of the 
Nile, which would be very detrimental 
to the bodies, they built on a rock, in 
too elevated a ſituation to be affected by 
5 the water, in which they ſunk caverns, 
and there depoſited the bodies with the 
utmoſt ſecrecy. 


From theſe facts we : evidently diſcern ; 


that the chi. ief motives for erecting the 
| pyramids, were to aſcertain to the Eng, 


»Diodorus, lib. 1. 


Ax cIENT EcyerT. 49 


if poſſible an eternal duration, and to ac- 
compliſh that deſign, they uſed every 
means human ability could dictate, to 
guard againſt every natural property, or 
contingency, which might injure the bo- 
dies, and cauſe them to decay: with this 
view, they incloſed them in buildings of 
great ſtrength and ſolidity, founded them 
on rocks, and built them in a pyramidal 
form *, as beſt adapted to reſiſt the force 
of time. And yet, not ſatisfied with theſe 
” precautions, they drained every ſource of 


genius, in contrivances to * conceal the Ts 


place, where the bodies were depoſited", 


: which is demonſtrated | by the internal 
conſtrudtion of me firſt pyramid. 


An hundred thouſand men, who were 
relieved every three months by the ſame 


= Herodotus, lib. 4. | . Diodorus, lib. 1. 
Pietro della W Lett. I. p. 235. Maillet. 


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number, were employed ten years in pre- 
paring the ſtone for, and twenty years in 
building the firſt pyramid; a burthen, ac- 
cording to Joſe phus, inflicted on the 
Thraelites, whoſe maintenance during the 
work in onions and herbs, the only! ſuſte- 
nance they were allowed, amounted to 
ſixteen hundred Attictalents*, three hun- 


confined to the royal city Memphis or its 
neighbourhood, it branched out on both : 
ſides of the Nile, and filled the plain with 


diſpoſed to reward the hand of induſtry, 


power of the kingdom. Diodorus (in- 
cluding the 7 bebais, of which I will write 


dred thouſand pounds ſterling.” 


The genius of improvement was not 


cities, flocks and corn; every part was 


and advance the opulence, grandeur and 


+: fv; e e e 5 
| * Note, an Attic talent is 187 l. 10s. D 


Ancient EcGyPr, $1 


in the reign of Armais) ſays there were 
not fewer than eighteen hundred Cities 
and towns in ancient Egypt; the remem- 
brance of a very N of them, has out- 
lived the ruins of time. South of Mem- 


bis, was Nilopolis, not far from the lake 
Meris, on the weſtern fide of which was 
the famous labyrinth, that furnithed 
| Dedalus with the plan of the labyrinth he 
afterwards built at Crete; beyond, were 
the {tables mentioned by Driadorus, which, 
if they were intended, as he ſuppoſes ; 
they were, for the accommodation of 
cavalry, could not have been built prior 
to Sęſeſtris, who firſt introduced cavalry 
into the Egyptian armies. Above the 
royal ſtables were Cæne and Cynopolis both | 
| on the Nile, near the moſt northern ex- 
tremity of Joſeph's canal, which extends 
from thence, to the ſouthern boundary of 
the Heptanomis. On the eaſtern ſide of : 
: the Nite, ſouth of Ae. were  Schenus- | 
E * Mandras, 


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The Hi STORY of 


Mandras, Aphroditeolic, Thimonepfi and | 


Hipponon : whatever cities there were at 


any conſiderable diſtance from the Nile, 
they are intirely loſt; and even thoſe 
which are recorded, having moſt of them 


Greek Names, appear to be of later days 


than the reign of Amoſis. However, it 
is generally thought that the Delta and 
Heptanomis were very populous, cultiva- 
ted, and replete with cities, within the 
four hundred and fixty-four years pre- 5 
ceding Amgſis; but the Thebars was not 
inhabited until the eighteenth year of that 
7 monarch, when, Foſeph his prime mini- 
ſter having brought down his father Ja- 
cob, and other relations from the land of 
Canaan, ſettled them in the Thebais, or 
as the Hebrews called it, the land of Ra- 


meſes, at a diſtance from the Egyptians, 
whoſe religious principles would not per- 


mit them to aſſociate with ſhepherds. 


Gen. xlvii. 11. 
| | OF 


ANCiENT EGYPT. 53 


oF THE 


Ars, seines, Govanauauαt, 
PENAL LAWS AND RELIGION, 


OF THE EGYPTIANS, 
IN THE REIGN OF AMOSIS, 


A. C. 1724. 


'T this time almoſt every veſtige 
of the Egyptians ſituation under 
 Mizram, was removed: they came 
neareſt to it in the ſimplicity of their 
food, which was chiefly vegetables, with 
occaſionally fleſh broiled or boiled ; they 
eat twice a day, in a fitting poſture, | at 


noon and in the evening, obſerving the 
E 4 utmoſt 


54 The HISTORY of 


utmoſt neatneſs in their repaſts, as well 
as in their dreſs, never uſing the cup, or 
diſh, or wearing their garments, a ſecond 
time, before they were ; waſhcd. 


The corn was no longer eaten in its 0 
5 natural ſtate, art was uſed to render it 
more agreeable to the taſte, and nutri- 
tious to the body ; ; haying reduced it to 
4 powder between two ſtones, they formed 
it into paſte, and baked it on the coals, 
"0f in“ ovens, which they invented, and 
uſed when Abraham came into Egypt; it 
was unleavened, as appears from * Genefis, 
where it is faid, that Sarah baked cakes 
as ſoon as ſhe had made them of meal and 
. water, for the angels; and we cannot ſup- S 
poſe that ſhe would have preſented her 
divine June with fuck” ill prepared - 


. © Herodotus, lib, 2. d | Swidas i in voce ares. 


br ead, 


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ANCIENT EQOGYPT. 53 


bread, if Abraham had diſcovered (and it 
could not have eſcaped his obſervation, 
if it had been known) when he was in 
Egypt four-and- twenty years before, the 


art of making i it more light, pleaſant, ang, 


_ of geſtion.” 


1 Beer the common drink of the Egyp- 


tians, and wine kept originally in ſome 
natural veſſels, or ſkins, were now pre- 


ſerved in veſſels of wood, and jars made 
"of burnt earth. Mechanics had made a 


more rapid progreſs than might naturally | 
have been expected; they not only uſed 

the ruler, lever, wedge, balance, ſledge 
and roller with all requiſite advantage, 
but had ſtudied the more eaſy and con- 
venient accommodations, " built open 

chariots for travelling and magnificence, 
and inſtead of i 6 cottages of cane, 


1 Herodotus, lib. 2. Gen. l. g. 


E 4. j or 


365 The His Tory of 


or reeds interwoven, now inhabited lofty 
houſes of ſtone. 


| Metals were held in eſtimation accord- 
ing to their purity : copper was of ge- 
neral utility; inſtruments in agriculture, 


8 mechanical tools, weapons of war, and 


veſſels A pplied to culinary uſes were made 5 


5 of it; but works of elegance and orna- 


ment, and veſſels of magnificence and 
ſplendor, were of ſilver or gold. 


T heir manner of ſeparating the gold : 
ore, and bringing it into fuſion, is thus 


deſcribed: they began with pounding the 
ore, and having reduced it to the ſmall- 
neſs of ſand, laid it between two large : 
: ſtones and pulverized it ; and having . 
| placed it on inclining boards, and ſprink- 
led it frequently with water, to carry off 


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= 


Aux cIi ER T Bayer. 57 


the groſs terreſtrial particles, they rubbed 
it between their hands, until nothing 
but gold-duſt remained; then, others tak 
ing it from them, put it into earthen 
pots, mixing with it a certain proportion 
of lead, tin, ſalt and barley meal, and 
having ſecurely covered the pots, placed 
them in the refining farnace for ten days 
and nights, in which time, the lead, 
tin, falt and barley meal were evapo- 
rated, and the gold left pure and ſcarcely : 
at all diminiſhed. 


* Though, Fg art of ſmelting _ re- 
fiping gold, ſilver, copper, lead, and tin, 
Was known thus early, yet iron uſed be- 
fore the flood, was now, from the diffi- 
culty of working it, and bringing it in- 
to fuſion, neglected and almoſt forgotten. 
Metals being thus rendered ductile and 

mal leab le, gave the artiſt great opportu- 
nity of diſplaying his ſkill and ingenuity; 
Sa Eb 6 a” 


58 The His Tory of 


and a vaſt variety of uſeful and ornamen- 
tal inventions ſucceeded ; chains of gold, 
rings, bracelets, cups of gold and filver 
were wrought, idols of gold and filver 
were caſt, together with * brazen veſſels 
for ſacred uſes, and an infinity of other 
things of an inferior value. * Their ſculp- 
ture, (mentioned by Moſes) could not in- 
deed boaſt m uch elegance or beauty $40 
was vaſtly clumſy, merely an attempt of ; 
genius. Their ability roſe no higher | 
than to make rough figures, with the arms 
hanging down cloſe to the body, and the 
knees placed together, without the leaſt 5 


expreſſion, gracefulneſs of attitude, or- 


* The veſlels here called benen 1 e au- | 


8 thors, cannot have been of the materials our preſent 
braſs is compoſed of, the art of making it is a mo- 
dern diſcovery. It ; is not improbable, that like the 5 
Corinthian braſs, they were, gold, ſilver and Copper 
5 incorporated. 5 
| » Deut. XXiX, 17. : 5 


nament 


ANCIENT EGYPT. 59 


nament or drapery; as is ſeen in the fa- 


med ſtatue of Memnon, which is the 


more extraordinary, as the idea of dra» 


pery ſeems to be as naturally dictated by 
their dreſs, as the ſtatus was by their 


— 


T heir dreſs conſiſted of a linen tunic 
N reaching down to the knees, and fringed 
at the bottom, over which they wore a 
_ white woollen mantle ; ; they cut their 
hair cloſe from their infancy, and never 
permitted it to grow unleſs in the days 
of mourning ; Joſepb was obliged to cut : 
off his hair, which was grown long dur- | 
ing his confinement, before he was per⸗ 
mitted to come into Pharaoh's 8 preſence. 55 


Linen was the peculiar dreſs of the com- 


mon people, thoſe of ſuperior rank wore 
Eptton ?, adorned with chains of gold 


p Pliny, lib. xix. ſec. ii. P. 156. 5 


about 


L 

N 
F 
-$ 
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3 
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60 The HISTORY of 


about their necks, and rings on their 
fingers ; ; uſing mirrors of poliſhed me- 
tals in the adjuſtment of their dreſs, the 
art of making glaſs, or at leaſt the inven- 
tion of foliating it, was unknown. Their 
attention to their perſons, delight i in or- 
naments and external conveniencies, give 
us room to conjecture, that they were not 
neglective of domeſtic accommodations 
and eaſe, though hiſtory does not inform 
us, in what manner, or with what mate- 
rials their houſes were furniſhed: by this 
. filence, We are excluded from a channel of 
intelligence, which would have made us 
: acquainted with the genius: of the females, 
who conducted domeſtic affairs with ab- 
ſolute power, and ſhewn us how far their 
diſpoſitions and abilities reſembled their 
| huſbands, who reciprocally behaved with 


| the utmoſt politeneſs, | and vied with each 
other 


Ancient EG YT. 61 


other à no leſs in cultivating the pacific 
virtues, than they did in the arts and | 


ſciences. 


Or Tus SCIENCE Ga 


RT 8 and ſciences have ſo intimate 2 


connection and dependance on each 


other, that they muſt be nearly coeval; 


the earlieſt labours of agriculture Were 
regulated bythe revolution of the heavenly 


bodies, and the firſt eſſays 1 in architecture 


were executed on mathematical princi- Y 
ples. Abſtruſe ſpeculation indeed, could 
not have been received with the degree of - 
| pleaſure, manual performances were : the 
former preſented a multitude of incom- 
| prehenſible, confuſed ideas, whilſt the 
latter carried with them ſatisfaction and = 
| immediate advantage; yet to compenſate ; 


„ Herodotus, lib, 2. 


for 


} 
ry 
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62 The His TOR of 


for this initial difficulty, the cultivation 
of ſpeculative ſciences expands ſuch a 
vaſt field of beauty and wonderful infor- 

mation, that the mind is raiſed, enlarged i 


and ennobled by them. 


— 


| Or P HY SI C. 


Tur preſervation ef eth ran 5 
received the attention of mankind, 
and nature taught them when diſordered : 
to ſeek relief: their firſt reſource was in“ ; 
| herbs and ſimples, which they uſed in- 
ternally and externally, compriſing. the 
ſcience now divided into two diſtinct 
8 branches, under the ſingle term phyſic. 
The father preſeribed for his family, and | 
every one was under a moral obligation, 
to aſſiſt with his advice others, who were 


1 Homes Oayſt lib. 3 iv. ver, 228. Pliny, lib. xxv, 
p. 360. a 


afflicted 


gb 
© 3g 


ANncienT EcyyT. 63 


afMited = Y diſorders, he - had been 
converſant in; and when the father did 
not ſucceed in his preſcriptions, the ſick 


= perſon was expoſed in the ſtreet, that 
thoſe who paſſed by, may have an oppor- 
tunity of preſcribing ſuch medicine as 
had cured ſimilar diſorders. 


But now 


the Egyptians had made ſome proficiency 

in pharmacy, reduced the ſcience to an 
art and diſtinct profeſſion ; | 
his phyſicians to attend his father Jacob | 


in his laſt illneſs, and embalm his body 
after he was dead. 


IJqſeph ſent 


5 * Celſus ſays, that the | 


ancients did not attempt internal diſor- 
ders, but applied to the gods for their 

cure, thinking they were immediately in- 

flicted by them. 


Medical vehicles pre- 
pared by diſtillation were unknown, nor 


were the virtues of metals and minerals 


applied to . uſes : ſome have ima- 


Gen. . 5 cCœlũ 1 


gined, 


64 The His Tory of 


gined, that they ſaw the traces of Sell 
cal chymiſtry in theſe ages, but their 
conjectures merit little regard, as none of 
the writers on the ſciences of ancient 
Egypt, have intimated the leaſt idea of 


it. 


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The operation of embalming was per- 
formed after this manner; having ex- 
4 tracted the brain through the noſtrils, 

&« by means of a crooked inſtrument of | 

„ metal, and infuſed certain medica- 

« * ments into the vacant ſpace, they made 
« an incifion in the belly with a knife 
4 of ſtone, juſt large enough to take out 

E the bowels, and leaving only the heart 

« and kidnies in the body, filled it up 
„ with pounded myrrh, caſſia, and other 
Co aromatics, and having lain it ſeventy 
« days i in nitre (Jacob's body lay only 


* Hlendotus, lib, 2. V oh. 3. 


« forty 


Ancient EENYPT. 68 


forty days in nitre) they waſhed the 
whole body, bound it round carefully 


* 


46 


Wh 


cc the dead perſon, taking the body, put 


cc it into a caſe ſhaped like a man, and 
1 ſet i it up againſt the wall, in the apart- 

„ment appropriated to that uſe. This 

= method was confined to the opulent ; i 


40 the generality of the people could not 


Rs defray the expence « of the compoſition, 


wn with which the body was filled. 


„The middle "ROY of people, em- 


4 akne in a more ſimple manner; they | 


« 


* 


ip without cutting the belly or taking « out 


11 the bowels, which by i its peculiar qua- 
« lity having conſumed the fleſh and in- 
: teſtines during the *. days that 


« Herodotus, lib. 2. 


1 the 


« with filk fillets, and covered it with 
* oums; After which the relations of 


injected with ſyringes oil of cedar, 


r — — — FF ˙m ! ⸗· IE 5 IY 
R 2 . I. ow 3 . 


- - —— 
r 


6 * 4 
——27＋*“˙m . ˙—2—ᷣ Ü 2 — . 


— — Lo ape Das Fon tu 
taut om > 2 * 


IST 
* * — —— 
— 2 — js <P OD 


GT RIPE” ne 0 CIR 


1 nn ee — 
— — . ES wn 
, : - — Et ao 
* EE — * _ 
— 
anc Dos CANT prevent nas Soma ven * 


ME LIE AED na * 
Sr „ 


66 The HISTORY of 


the body was laid in nitre, all was 
drawn off together by the fundament, 
&« and nothing left remaining but {kin - 


44 and bones. 


« A third method uſed by the poorer 


4 people, was to inject particular liquors 


C 


3 


“ the body! in nitre as deſcribed above. : 


gs he great epos they entertained for 


the human body, though it grew from : 


excellent principles, a veneration for 


| their anceſtors, and that ſpirit of humani- : 
ty, which was cultivated amongſt them, 
and ſupported by the moſt amiable laws, 
had the diſagreeable conſequence of effec- | 
tually debarring them from all knowledge 
of the mechaniſm of the body : nor did 
anatomy make any figure i in Egypt, until 
new manners, cuſtoms, and ways of 


thinking, | 


which waſhed the bowels, and immerſe 1 


ANCIENT EG YF Tc: v7 


thinking, had been introduced by a va- 
* of revolutions i in the empire. 


| Or rus MATHEMATICS. 


. 25 mathematics, | a kiencs no leſs 
| beneficial to ſocieties, than medicine 

1 to the natural body, neceſſarily accom- 
panied the firſt productions of genius; 
yet, in the times under conſideration, it 
had ſcarcely tranſcended its original ſim- 
plicity. The ſtate of mechanics ſhewn 
above, makes a far more reſpectable fi- - 
gure, than we ſhall diſcover in their 
- arithmetic, aſtronomy, geometry and na- 
vigation ; the two former of which, ac- 
cording to © 7 Foſe ephus, were brought 
« into Egypt by Abraham. L * Others fay 
7 15 Jud. An. bd. - cap. 8. 


* Diog. Laertius in proem. ſeg. 11. Pp. 8. Janb, 
in vita Pithag. cap. xxix. p. 135. 


F 2 „ that 


68 The HisTony of. 


that the Egyptian: and Phanicians were 
* the inventors of them.” This is cer- 
| tain with reſpe& to arithmetic, that 
their ſtate being ſoon ſettled, and reve- 
venues eſtabliſhed, required the aſſem- 
| blage of numbers and calculation to con- 
duct them; and though a very ſimple 
mode of numeration might have executed 
the buſineſs of the more early ages, it 
muſt have accompanied the growth of 
+ opulence, and improved with the increaſe 
of commodities. Thoſe who have en- 
i gaged i in the moſt extenſive commerce, 1 
have always poſſeſſed the greateſt ſkill in 
arithmetic, and * neglect of merchan - 
dize has ever been attended with igno- 
rance in numbers. f Modern arithmetic 
can convey us no idea of that uſed in 
ancient Egypt; the accuracy and expedi- 
tion of calculation at this time, is part 


| . Strobe, lib. II. p. 767. | 
| of 


Jn as 0 


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Thouſands | 
Hundreds 


Tens 


| Vaits 


__I|Thouſands 


— Hundreds 


—— — — — — — 


Tens 


. 


ande 
eds 


ANCIENT EGYPT. 71. 


of the accompliſhment of a refined age; 
then it bore an affinity to other early 
efforts of genius, was defective and cir- 
cumſeribed. Their common method of 
numeration was, by pebbles arranged 


from the right hand to the left; but to 
aſcertain the ſums ariſing from the pro- 


vinces, and the commodities in which 
the taxes were paid, they uſed. hiero- 
glyphics with perpendicular lines, and 


horizontal lines over them, each hav- 


ing its peculiar expreſſion, probably in 


the manner exemplified ; in the firſt plate. 


The perpendicular lines are ſuppoſed to 


| expreſs units, and by the aſſiſtance of 
a dot and hieroglyphic ſpecify the perſon, 


action or thing to be denoted. Suppo- 


fing (as is ſhewn in the ſecond plate) 
they wanted to record an action in the 
ninth year of the king 8 reign, they put 
a dot under the ninth- perpendicular 
line, and a bee with extended wings, 
which 200 a king, and the pro- 

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7% The HIST OR v of 


per hieroglyphic : if they n to re- 


cord that a particular province paid an 
annual tax of fifty pounds of gold, they 
extended the fifth unit to the firſt hori- 
2o0ntal line, and placed the hieroglyphic 
for gold adjoining to it: if they wanted 
to ſpecify, that the revenues of a diſtrict 
were ſix hundred pounds of ivory, they 
extended the ſixth unit to the ſecond 
horizontal line, and adjoined the hiero- 


glyphic denoting ivory: after the ſame 
manner the third horizontal line expreſ- 


| ſed. thouſands. CY 


This anche; was obſerved not only 

in recording the revenues, but in their 
aſtronomical calculations, and commer- 
cial intercourſe, Men naturally exert 
their genius, and make improvements 
according to their wants, which could 
not have been great in the reign of Ano- 


= 7 55 and though it is very poffible, they 
| 5 might 


The 


ANCIENT EGYPT. 73 


might have reduced their arithmetic to. a 
more accurate ſtate, we cannot but ad- 
mire the ingenuity of it, and receive 
great pleaſure, from ſeeing the human 
mind ſtruggling to diſrobe itſelf of the 
abundant imperfections of untaught na- 
ture, and raiſe mankind to the rank and 
diſtinction, the Almighty intends Sy ü 


ſhall enjoy in the creation. 


* 


Or ASTRONOMY, 


7 - 1 E almoſt conſtant ſerenity of 
_-the, ſky, and the nearneſs of 


Ep. to the equator, gave them a 
fair opportunity of making aſtronomi- 
cal obſervations, which probably ex- 
tended no farther for a conſiderable time 
| than to note the period of the moon 8 
revolution, the fituation, and heliacal 
7 riſing and fetting of the fixed ſtars, 


which | 


— 


74 The HisTory of 


which they were particularly induced 
to do, as they were their only guides 
in their nocturnal Journies. They are 


univerſally allowed to have given a 
certain form to the year, which, at 
= firſt lunar, was ſoon by © their know- 
edge of the ſtars divided into twelve 

months, and diſtinguiſhed in the days 

of Mo ofes * only by the names of the 
ſecond, ſeventh, or the tenth month. 
Whether this year conſiſted of twelve 
f lunations, three hundred and fifty-four 4 

days, or always as Mo ofes's year, ” OP. 

three hundred and ſixty days, by which : 
he calculated the years of the world 
and the deluge, is not determined. 

They had reduced the decreaſe and in- 
creaſe of the day, to tolerable exact- 
neſs, by means of the enomon, the 


= — , — * a * A * 4 
— — a— ac war - — = N _ A8. of 2 5 2 
—— 7 — r 1 n rr 2 
oy _ 2 ww * * — : 2 — 


> Clem, Alex. ſtrom, lib. 1. p. 361. 


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_ © Herodotus, lib. 2, 4 Gen. ch. vii. viii. | 3 


7 only 


33 td re CE a 


9 1 ) 
W 


ANCIENT EGYPT. 75 


only aſtronomical ent they were 
acquainted with, for many ages. But 
their ignorance of the ſolar ſyſtem muſt 
have left them very inaccurate in mea- 
ſuring the year. If they confined it 
merely to twelve lunations, the moſt = 
evident defects would ſoon occur, no 
8 leſs than - an entire inverſion. of the 
ſeaſons in the ſpace of a few years; 
and if they allowed thirty days to the 
ſynodical revolution of the moon, with- 
; out. the aſſiſtance of intercalary days, 
they would in ſeventeen years have in- 
curred the loſs of more than the fourth 
part of one whole year. They might, 
indeed, by noting the heliacal riſing 
of a fixed ſtar, 6 have calculated with 
| facility, the days from that period to 
the regular annual return of it to the 
ſame point, and by that means have 
acquired a more juſt knowledge of the 
bann of che year: but they ſeem to 


have 


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76 The HISTORY of 


have aimed at no more, than a coinci- 
| dence of the ſolar and lunar months, : 
and to accompliſh it, added to every 
twelve 1unations | ſix days; ; on this 
plan Me ofes's year was - ſettled ; but it 
0 appears very probable, that he made 
other additions to this year at certain 


periods, to ſupply the defects, which 


could not have eſcaped the obſervation 
of that aſtronomer. It is evident that 
they knew ſome of the conſtellations | 
= very early ages ; ; Job, who 1s up- 


poſed to have been contemporary with 


Jacob, ſpeaks of Arcturus, Orion, 
and the Pleiades; and Homer deſcrib- 


ing the ſhield, Which Vulcan made for 


b Aebilles, fays, Dad * verſes 487, 488, 


TimePas [ Tabs TE Her Ngtwres 


Agee 0 FFI Xs | duakay erhAgow xa Nearly. 


© Job ix. ver, 9, 


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ANCIBNP Forer. 77 


that he engraved on it, the Pleiades, 


Hyades: Orion, and the 5 com- 


monly called Charles g- ao 
have thought that the diviſion of the 


year into twelve months, and the 2z0- 


diac into twelve ſigns, of thirty degrees 
each, correſponding to, the thirty days 
in each month, was regulated at the | 
fame time ; but this appears to be pay- 
ing their aſtronomy an undeſerved com- . 
paliment, | and is inconſiſtent with the i 
ſtile of ſcience in the age; to diſcover 
the twelve ſigns in the Zodiac, and 
L aſcertain their diſtance to thirty de- 5 
grees, could only have been effected 
by great application, reaſoning, and * 
tolerable acquaintance with the ſolar 


| ſyſtem, 


78 The HISTORY of 


or GEOMETRY. 


1 H E province of e which 
now conſiſts of Longimetry, Al- 


9 — . * — . * 
* . 5 
. —— ᷣ — — > — — ——.— 2 222 _ — L 
— : be = — or * — — — 8 SY * 2 = 8 . — 4 _—_ = ___" 2 — _ 
— * — — N 1 — 3 _—_— — — WR — — * — — 2 — - 
— — — * —— . — ——%S A. > oo — l 
— — 32 _ — r WES 3 1 — ——_ — Sts 27 
4 * = — ” 


* ar 


0 timetry, Planimetry, and Stereometry, 


——— — — — 


is almoſt boundleſs ; ; there is ſcarcely 


. ag 
88 | 


an idea „but may be conveyed to the 
imagination by lines, and conſequent- 
ly is of geometrical conſideration; for 
all ſpeculative truths, * conſiſting only 
in the relations of things, and in the 
| relations between theſe relations, they 
may be all referred to lines. Conſe- | 
quences may be drawn from; and thoſe i 
conſequences, again, being rendered 
ſenſible by lines, they become per- 
manent objects, conſtantly expoſed to 
a rigorous attention and examination; 


Cham. Die. 


ANCIENT EGYPT. 79 


and thus we have infinite opportunities 
both of enquiring into their certainty, 
and purſuing them further, 


| We do not, bowerer, pretend i that 
al ſubjects men may have occaſion to 


enquire into, ean be expreſſed by lines, 
There are many not reducible to any 
ſuch rule: : thus the knowledge 8 
God, on whom all things depend, and 


By x. 4 
2 
FEA 
5 


Who would have all his creatures exe 
cute his orders to become capable of 
being happy, is the principle of all 
morality, from which a thouſand un- 
deniable conſequences may be drawn, 


— bg > pad = 2 
2 3 3 & 2 — 9 — — as 
: _ lr ans ch „* „ I — 5 r - 8 , 4 1 — 4 * 
A - D 8 A 5 4 N 2 — OT] > _ — * 5 xo — ES ** n 8 6 2 88 — + al 5 < es, ack — 2 
Se = — A nt — „ — F . 8 3 * IVE, — 4 Lear 82 Pp SC SEEN 4 at Sofas OY POTS 2 — &; 2 * © - 4 — * 7 13 3 — f _—_— = 3 * = 
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of ts 5 be Wy ” . 120 . 1 * & „ * - * . 2 3 1 8 ** 27 1 - * = 6 5 WY 4 on. Bode 
— * a r — 2 . * q a ” - 4 . L — + -—_ — . Can nr 1 — ww 
e e 2+, 7 . * — * . Je . N 2 1 5 8 —_ LT > x2 . e OT — g 2 2 8 
p 5 3 _ 1 + ” a ks 
K a 7, . 5 = : 5 7 5 
_— I - - 5 - — r 2 — 2 — 2 
= E SP — A , SP 


and yet neither the principle, nor the 
conſequences, can be expreſſed by lines, oo 'h 
or figures. 8 


* 8 2 
— — = 1h to Se WL 
5 5 W * r 
3 
i 1 


. 8 . F | * * 
1 
© \ 

| $ 
: j 


+ Malebr, Recher, de la Veri. tom. 2. 


The Egyptians, however, uſed to ex- 


preſs all their philoſophical and theo- 
logical notions, by geometrical lines. 
In their reſearches into the reaſon of 
rhings, they obſerved, that God and 


Nature affect perpendiculars, parallels, 
circles, triangles, ſquares, and harmo- 
nical proportions; ; which engaged the 
the prieſts and Philoſophers to repre- 
ſent the divine and natural operations 
by ſuch figures; ; in which they were ̃ 
followed by Pythagoras, Plato, and 


others. Whence that faying of Boetius, 


Nullum divinorum ſcientiam ©y$aueTpoos 5 


| attingere poſes . 


But it muß be obſerved, g that the 


uſe of Geometry amongſt the Egyptians; 


was not ſtrictly ſcientifical, as amongſt 
us; but rather ſymbolical: : they did not 
argue, and deduce things and proper- 


ties unknown by lines; but repreſent- 


ef 


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Ancient EGVYVPBT. 81 


ed, or delineated things that were 
known. In effect, they were not uſed 
as means or inſtruments of diſcover- 
ing, but images or characters to pre- 


ſerve, or communicate the diſcoveries 
made. ; 


q Gale blen, that the Fan 
uſed geometrical figures, not only to 
i expreſs the generations, mutations, and 
deſtructions of bodies; but the man- 


&.. 


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ner, attributes, . of the ſpirit of 
the univerſe, who diffuſing himſelf from | 
the center of his unity, through | infi- 
nite concentric circles, pervades all 
bodies, and fills all ſpace. But of all 

other figures, they moſt affected the 
cirele and triangle; the firſt, as being EN 
the moſt perfect, fimple, and capacious 
of all figures z whence Hermes borrow- 


h Gale's Phil. Gene. lib. tb. ü. | 


* . 


))) IT 


— — ny — — — —— 
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„55 
82 The HIS TOR of” 


ed it to repreſent the divine nature 
defining God to be an intellectual 
circle or ſphere, whoſe centre is every 
where, and circumference no where. » 


The ancient geometry was s confined to 


very narrow bounds in compariſon of - 
the modern: it only extended to right 


5 lines, and curves of the firſt order or 
conic ſections: * it was firſt uſed by the 
| Egyptians, and occaſioned by the annual 
inundation of the Nile, which waſhing 
away a part « of ſome lands, and extend- 


— 


—_ S RIB 
r 


—— ——ñbD — — 2 
4 * RP — —_ — 


n 
2 — = 


2 om * = - 
r 
— 1 * . 


ing the limits of others, made it neceſ- 1 
ſary for the people to aſcertain their a . — 
=. lands by meaſurement, and diſtinguiſh =_ 
= them by figures. The branch of geo- 
metry, which we call planimetry, ap- 
pears to me, to have been an ns: 


ENS Kircher's Oedip. gyp.· 
Wy Herodotus, lid, 2. 


ment, 


the ſcience. Longimetry neceſſarily re- Wl 
ſulted from the preſſing exigencies of 


mankind, in their firſt forming them= 
ſelves into ſocieties and ſettlements, 


and is by far the moſt ſimple branch of 
: geometry. 7 There is no difficulty in 
meaſuring ſtraight lines, though the va- 
riety between them be infinite; they 
may cafily be compared, by laying one 
upon another, in which ſuperpoſition, 


Jongimetry conſiſts. But this ſimplicity 


will not do in planimetry ; the mind may . 
imagine thouſands of parallelograms and : 
triangles, the fimpleſt of ſuperficial 
figures, which cannot diſcover their 
_—_ or inequality, by : any application 


or ſu perpoſition. 


Some have attributed the diſcovery of 


planimetry to See tris, but very erro- 
an: that great prince beautified the 


G 2 face 


Ancient EGY Pr. 83 


4 _ — a — Mas 3. 2 
. _— 2 * 2 FRY , - 
—_ n — — Fu . 3 8 > > . 2 n 
E re WE Re RH — = I RY" L = 


- 
me * — RE OR ** r — 
1 ST. - : — — 
— — 2 * 
ins amet — 


is an pn a -s 


— 
— a4 


Ae TR. — — ng - 


— — 
r — 


— 


— 


x vac) re? 
I 


— nn — 


rr 3 


84 The HISTORY of 


face of Egypt, and raiſed the ſtate of 
things to more elegance and exactneſs, 
but did not in his canals, and regulation 
of the lands, ſhew the ad traces of 
planimetry. We find that the lands, of 
Egypt were divided into private property, 
parcelled out into various portions, and 
aſcertained by diſtin& bounderies, in the 
year one thouſand ſeven hundred and 
two before Chriit, two. hundred and 
£ ſeventeen n. before 2 ri, aſcended 
the throne, when J ph hovght all = 
the lands of the ande 


Altimetry, the objec of which is the 
meaſurement of heights, either regular 


or irregular, acceſſible or inacceſſible, 
now generally performed by a quadrant, 5 


appears to have been comprehended origi- 
nally in ; longimetry, what little was 
. Gen. xlvii. 20. 22. 


known. 


Ancient Ecyer, 85 


known of it ; they had obſerved the in- 
creaſe and decreaſe of the day, by the 
aſſiſtance of the gnomon, and probably 

; remarked at what time of the day, 
the ſhadows of objects are equal to 
their heights *; *; by this means, T. hates, 
according to Diogenes Laertius, meaſured ; 
the pyramids, 


In Stereometry, the object of which 
is to find the contents of ſolid bodies, 
by meaſuring their ſuperficies, there do 
not ariſe the ſame natural advantages, 
and to effect it, with accuracy, mecha- 
nical inſtruments are requiſite, which = 


were unknown i in theſe ages. 
* Shadows are equal to the height of their objects 
when the ſun 1 is vendor * high. 


r 


— 

* 

WRT „ — co 5 — — ” 

ER. 4 —— — Ee I OS "_ 
4 . 


— 


« ——— 2 9 — 
n —— 6 


— 


_— 
. 


— 


2 22 — — — "I SEN mg neg er _ 
—_ — FL 2 Ek. — — i ů — — — * — — 
I — — — ES — rn — 2 === = 2 
— r — — — 2 - c . —— — ——ç — 
== SIS ps 88 5 


* 1 * SO OTA K ñ IE — — — Ly * — — — — * 
— —— 1 — 2 
- * 


84 The HISTORY of 


5 face of 2 5 and raiſed the ſtate , of 
things to more elegance and PAY 
but did not in his canals, and regulation 
of the lands, ſhew the firſt traces of 
planimetry. We find that the lands of 
Egypt were divided into private property, ; 
parcelled out into various portions, and 
aſcertained by diſtinct bounderies, in the 
year one thouſand ſeven hundred and 
wo before Chriſt, two hundred and ; 
- ſeventeen years: before 85% frris aſcended | 
the throne, when Jose pb havght e all 
the lands of the amen 


>g 


Alticnetry;: the abject of which is the 
meaſurement of heights, either regular 15 
or irregular, acceſſible or inacceſſible, | 
now generally performed by a quadrant, 
appears to have been comprehended origi- 


nally iu longimetry, What little was 


# 


known 


- WA 


ANcient EcGcyer. 8 5 


known of it; they had obſerved the in- 
creaſe and decreaſe of the day, by the 
aſſiſtance of the gnomon, and probably 
remarked at what time of the day, 
the ſhadows of objects are equal to 
their heights *; by this means, Thales, 
according to Diogenes Laertius, meaſured 


f the n 


In sterebmetty, che object of which 
is to find the contents of ſolid bodies, a 
by meaſuring their ſuperficies, there do 
not ariſe the fame natural advantages, T 
and to effect it, with accuracy, mecha- 

nical inſtruments are requiſite, which 


were unknown in theſe ages. 


* Shadows are equal to che height of their objects 
when the ſun is five· and- * degrees high. : 


86 The HISTORY of 


' Or GEOGRAPHY. 


\H BR. geographical knowledge of 


theſe ages, cannot be ſuppoſed to 


be very extenſive; TO particularly amongſt 
the Egyptians, whom ſuperſtition re- 


ſtrained from venturing on the ſea, and 


acquiring any farther knowledge of the : 
diſtance and fituation of countries, with 
reſpect to chemſelves, than what they 
collected from the vague reports of ſach 
as reſorted to them. The; firſt, and | 
| only certain account of their. geography 
18 given 1 us by Mo ofes : he ſays that Ja- 
eb, at that time the prime miniſter of 
Egypt, viſited the provinces of the 


Egyptian empire, to prepare them for 
the approaching | famine ; ; in which pere 


0. Gen: xli. 4 


grination, 


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FE 4 oF 8 9 4 7 1 N EET 2 EE - UE Eb S ODETTE. oy 8 8 . n LAT EL 75 1 VE ED 8 5 A 2 — 73 K 5 0 + * 2 o 3 3 A : : 0 X ; \ R 3 8 $ By e +: * n n . AC e « 
4 = Y 9 1 8 ON ; N N > 9 7 1 5 7 * LES OS. n N 2 LY * 8 2 eee Fe S . R e n D I ab 3 JI. J £ 2 * g Page 4 7 B _—_— 0 * 8 5 8 y 1 nn” 1 I 2 W 
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' 


ANCIENT EGYPT, 87 


grination, he undoubtedly diſcovered, . 


and found a method to aſcertain the re- 
lative ſituations of the different diſtricts. 
The ſacred writer in his geographical 
account. of the happy reſidence of the 


| parents of mankind, opens more fully 
to our view the extent of their geo- 


graphy : he fays it was in the land of 


Eden, eaſt of Egypt, through Which ; 
flowed a grand river, which divided it- 
ſelf into four branches, watering coun- 
tries fruitful in gold, bdellium, and 
the onyx-ſtone : x the firſt river, called 


. ifon, compaſſed the land of Havilah ; 


the ſecond, Gibon, compaſſed the whole 
land of Ethiopia 3 ; the third, Hiddekel, 
flowed to the eaſt of Aria; ; and the 
fourth, Euphrates, running to the ſouth, 
empties itſelf into the gulf of Perſi ja, to- 


gether with Hiddekel, now called the 


G4 Tygris, « 


- dr es os note 290 S wat 
5 N . 8 * RC A SS 3 3 9 _ 
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4; 
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Cans ACE IE Irons ge oe Er ro . 


— LEY 
9223 — — — — — 
8 2 a 


— 


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- . — — £ 3 8 — N A . — 2 — — — 
. * * - - * $I — 2 — — — 
— —— — — _— — — — —— — — — — 
— — — — 2 — 3 =Þ o > S — — 


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. — a = one dere Sr roar: ad rr an 7 
* pz 
SN ; — - 8 _ — — - , 
= 


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- Gro mare ut hea Et S 


— COS 
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— — —— —— 


88 The HISTORY of 


they were acquainted with the ſituation | 


and of courſe with Syria and thoſe coun- 
tries on the continent of Ala, which 
: are adjoining to the Mediterranean ſea, 


made an incurſion into. any part of 
Europe, or gained intelligence of 
the iſlands in the Mediterranean ſea. 
Indeed their ignorance of the ſpherical 
= ſhape of the earth, and the operations | 
- 6b; aſtronomy and geometry, eſſential to 
7 accurate knowledge i in geography, muſt 
| | have made the whole geography, not 
only of theſe ages, but even o many 


ſucceeding ones, very uncertain an im- 
: perfect. 


. 
e 


1 
wi © thy T 
; 


Bes. F rom hence it appears that 


and extent of Ethiopia, Arabia, Aſyria, 


But there is no evidence of thejr having | 


or 


ANCIENT EGYPT, 89 


Or NAVIGATION AND 
COMMERCE. 


TDROM their turn for ſpeculation, and 
aſſiduity in cultivating the arts and 
ſciences, we may naturally ſuppoſe, that 


their genius would have branched out 
into every ſpecies of ſcience, and ac- 


compliſhment, which could diſplay the 


Powers of human ingenuity and abili- 


ty; yet in navigation, where there was 
expanded before them a moſt ſpa- 


cious field, for the genius to exert and 


. ſhew itſelf i in, they made no improve- 
ment. With reſpect to their averſion 
from navigation, it will be juſt, for us 
to conſider, that the mind ſtruggling to 
enlarge itſelf, and poſſeſs a regular and 
rational ſyſtem of ideas, muſt be embar- + 


: 1. . gafled: 


_ — — 2 PIER _ _ 
b Se EE — be — — 
— — — N — 
— av red Io. — DS. — 
* * "= 


—— mk a} ——ĩ— - 
— * . — 


— — — 
—_ 


— —_ 
N A 
e's . 


90 The His ToRyY of 


rafſed by occurrences, which exceed its 


comprehenſion, and entertain ideas fo- 


reign to truth, from which muſt flow 


abundant abſurdities both i in thought and 
action. 


Experience had not yet expanded this | 


Egyptian mind ; ſuperſtition, that de- 
ſtroyer of every liberal ſentiment, poſ- 
ſeſſed their faculties, and teaching them 
that it would be impious to launch forth | 
on the ſea, reſtrained them from that 
element, and deprived them, not only of 
the advantages the happy ſituation of 
their country, gave them for a commer- 
cial intercourſe with the weſtern part of 
the world, but, by ſecluding them from 
a knowledge of mankind, indulged that 


natianal ſelf-ſufficiency, which ſtained 


their real merits, and rendered them deſ- 
picable to 50 who were vaſtly be- 


* ; neath 


ANCIENT EGYPT. 91 


neath them, in all the accompliſhments, 
which do honour to human genius. 


1 * eee turn in the Eppan 
8 character, was well adapted to promote 
ſpeculation, and ſuch diſcoveries as aroſe 
from reflection and ingenuity, but by no 
means, to occupations wherein activity 
and bodily | exertion were requiſite : 
wherefore, we find them indiſpoſed 60 
commerce perſonally conducted by the 
; merchant, travelling to the mart with 
his commodities, and ſee the motive, : 
which threw all the trade of the conti- 
nent, into the hands of the Iſhmaelites, 
who generally brought into Egypt dia- 
monds, gold, ſpices, gums and ſlaves; 
and received in exchange, corn, wine, 
oil, wrought metals, linens, and gold | 
and filver coin. 


VVV When 


92 — The HISTORY of 


When Abraham returned from Egypt, 
he had ſo liberally experienced the royal 
munificence, that he was rich in gold and 
ſilver, current coin 2 and gave four 

. hundred ſhekels for a cave to bury his 

family in; amounting (ſuppoſing the 

thekel equal to four Attic drachmas, or 
four Roman denarii) to bout forty-five | 
pounds, eight millings and four-pence | 
ſterling, which Abraham weighed be= 
fore all the people. ; The fhekel was. 
valued according to its weight and i in- 
trinſic worth: but all the circulating : 
ſpecies was not under that regulation, 

Mo ofes ſays 4 that Jeb; Was ſold to the | 

Thmatlites for twenty pieces of ſilver, and 

that this patriarch preſented his brother 

| Benjamin with three hundred pieces of 

ſilver. ; And * CN. ml an hundred 3 


2 Gen. xxxvii. 28. * Gen. xlv. 22. 
5 Gen, xxxiii. 19, 
pleces 


: ANCIENT EGy?r. 93 


pieces of money (keſitahs) to the chil- 
dren of Hamor for a field. Interpreters 
have differed i in the interpretation of the 
word keſitah; ; it is allowed i in general to 
mean a piece of money, and the beſt 
commentators | agree, that it ſignifies A 
piece of money impreſſed with the 
figure of a lamb'. 


I ſhall not preſume to give my opi- 
: nion, whether this was originally an 
Egyptian coin, or an improvement of 
the Jews; nor is it the object of my ; 
: preſent deſign, to contend, whether gold : 
and ſilver were coined and looked upon 
as riches in Egypt, ſooner than in any 
particular part of the world; vet it is 
neceſſary to obſerve, that the Egyptians 
had gold and filver money in very early 


0s Caliet, tom. 1. p. . 605 


* I 


; 
94 The His Tory of 


ages, and probably gave the Fews the 


firſt idea of coining, as there was no 
money amongſt them, until Abraham re- 
turned from Egypt, and circulated that, 
' which the munificence of Pharoah had 
affluently ROPE” him with. 


* Tur GO VE e T. 


T. H E government of Egypt was mo- 
narchical and hereditary; whether 
it deſcended lineally from Mizraim to 
Amoſis, is not known; yet it is very 

probable, that it had hot been mate- 
rially affected, either by internal con- 
vulſions, or any foreign power, as they 
lived within the ſtricteſt bounds of tem- 3 

perance, moderation, and ſubordination, 5 ; 
unſtained by luxurious vices, which i in- 3 
flame the paſſions, and devoted to works 

of 


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Ancient EcGyPT. 95 


of genius from their ſettlement. There 
is no room to ſuppoſe that any external 
power had broken in upon them: there 
were no diſciplined troops properly ſpeak- 
ing in the world, the fate of kingdoms | 
depended on the numbers led into the 
field; in this particular, Egypt was in- 
ferior to no country. Her inhabitants 
were greatly augmented, and the internal 
| ftrength and proſperity promoted, by 
their. bringing up all their children, 
whether legitimate or begotten on ſlaves; 
whilſt the generality of the world ex- 
poſed their infants to death, on various 
occaſions, and thereby diminiſhed their 
eſſential ſtrength: but this wiſe maxim 
would have been inſufficient to ſupply | 
that throng of inhabitants which was 
in Egypt, had the country been ever 
conquered, as conquerors in theſe ages, 
thought it ſound policy to deſolate the 
countries they had fubdued, and led 
ION vaſt 


96 The HI STORY of” 


yaſt crowds of captives with them, t6 
people the more uncultivated parts of 
their own dominions ; undoubtedly nei- 
ther of theſe miſeries had yet fallen on 
theſe peaceful regions; a trace of war 
was no where ſeen, induſtry and plenty 
prevailed in every quarter, and magnifi- 


cence reigned in the houſes of the 
great. Foſeph's palace was vaſt, the 
royal palace of Amo/is was furniſhed 
with veſlels of gold and filver, and his | 
: houſehold well regulated by proper offi= 


| cers ; ; a chief butler, chief baker, and 


— 


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captain of the guard, were in conſtant 
waiting, and all the attention due to ſo- 
vereign majeſty, was paid to the Eh- | 


tian monarch, 


- 6s 8 CER IE 3 i OE IE BSD 2 5 
. * I IT Inn art Ap Rn vr ang 

. Et 2p ers HR : a 
<5 - bs As * 23 —— — — — 


The power of tlie Egyptian kings L 
was deſpotic, and their actions imme 
diately amenable to no law; yet they 


. cannot be ſaid to have been entirely 
free 


* "I - S 2 - 
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AR rENMT Eocyer: 97 


fios from obligation: z a particular 1ns 
4 Nitution often laid a reſtraint upon the 
regal conduct, kept the prince within 
the botinds of moderation, and cauſed 
him to dread the diſpleaſure of bis 


people: This particular inſtitution be- 


ing properly penal, ſhall be introduced, 
as the fourteenth penal law. 


| The legiſlature was very attentive to 
he education of children, and endea- 
| voured by every means to impteſs on ; 
the infant mind, a love of ſobriety and 


1 temperance, a reſpect for their elders, | 


and the higheſt veneration and regard 
. = their parents: with this deſign the 
1 art of embalming was practiſed, that : 
i having their anceſtors before their eyes, 
they may he reminded of their vir- 
tues, and ſtimulated to glorious actions. 
This inftitution, ſo wiſely founded on 
the beſt diſpoſition of human nature, 
= retained 


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98 The His TORY of 


retained its effect until the total ſubver- 

ſion of their empire by the Romans, 

and en communicated its virtue 
: to them: 2; Maximus and P. Scipio 

| frequently declared, that when they 
beheld the ſtatues of their anceſtors, they 
were vehemently incited to glory. 


1 the darkned interval. between Miz- 


rain and Amoſis, the political ſyſtem was 
extended to the ſettlement of a police, 


and diviſion of the lands into certain di- 1 
ſtricts and portions amongſt the huſband- 
men, mechanics, and prieſts; but they 
who give us this intelligence, either 
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taxation the grants were made, or ſhew | 


what revenues came into the royal trea- 


'-  * Salluſt, Bell. Jug. p. 60. 
: Piod. lib, 15 Strabo, lib, 17. 


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AncienT EGyPT, 99 


ſury to ſupport the dignity of the crown, 


ſupply the exigencies of the ſtate, pay 


the judges, and other officers immedi- 
: ately dependent on the king. In this 
reign the huſbandmen and mechanics 
were compelled by famine, to ſell their 
lands to Joſe pb for the uſe of the crown, 
which were afterwards reſtored to them 
under the condition of paying the fifth 
part of their produce annually to the 
king: this tax did not extend to the 
2 Sacerdota! Domain, they had a portion 
aſfigned them of Pharoah, and did eat 
the portion, which Pyaroab gave them, : | 


wherefore they ſold not their lands. 


In the adminiſtration of juſtice, the | 
utmoſt attention and impartiality was 
obſerved, and every method uſed to avert 


* Gen, xlvii. 20. 
Gen. xlvii. 22. 


ET ſeduction 


Y Gen. xlvii. 24. 


— nt. ve the . < ro GAR i LE . ̃ b — 


ro The HISTORY of 


leduction and jmpoſition. The chief 
tribunal conſiſted of thirty judges diftins 
guiſhed for their wiſdom and integrity, 
who were appointed by the king, and 
paid out of the treafury. The manner 
of con lucting ſuits, was to receive the 5 
ſtate of the point in litigation, from the 
different parties in writing, drawn up by 
themſelves; on which, when they had 
deliberated, they proceeded to ſentence : © 
the preſident drawing from his boſom 
a little image made of wood, without 
eyes, adorned with precious ſtones, the 
ſymbol of truth, touched the perſon 
in whoſe favour the ſuit was decided, | 
with it, and paſſed judgment, from which 
there was no appeal. Here the arts of 3 
oratory, could not influence the nice 
5 feelings of humanity, to ſwerve from 
me virtue; nor did cloquence dreſs 


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Diodorus, lib. „ 


Es falſity 


ANCIENT EGYPT. 101 


falſity in the garb of truth, to draw the 


judge into an unjuſt ſentence, So te- 
ſolute and cautious were they to keep 
the adminiſtration of juſtice free from 
corruption, that the judges took an oath | 
| at their inſtitution to the office, that 
though the king ſhould direct them to 
pronounce an unjuſt ſentence they would 


not "INE him. 


The employment which b 90 M filled 
5 in Egypt, mult not be conſidered as an 
eſtabliſhed office in the ſyſtem of govern- 
ment; no ſubject enjoyed ſuch elevatec 
rank and boundleſs power, either before 
or after him. His authority was a dif- 
penſation of the regal power, occaſioned 


by the high veneration the king en- 
tertained for his wiſdom, and the ſpirit” 


of God, Ns reſted upon him. Pha- 


_ : d Plutarch. 


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202 Heeren 


roah wiſely concluding that a perſon ſub⸗ 


limely endued with ſuch a plenitude of 


wiſdom, if properly employed, would be 
of the moſt eſſential ſervice to his do- 


minions, gave full ſcope to his genius, 


by inveſting him with abſolute autho- 


rity to conduct the government, and re- 


gulate the kingdom according to the dic- 
tates of his own wiſdom: See (ſays he) 1 
have ſet thee over all the land of Egypt, 


only i in the throne, will I be greater than 


: thou; and taking off a ring from his 
own hand, he put it upon Joſe þb's (on 
the beſil of which the royal ſeal was 
probably engraved, with which the king * 
mandates, and every commiſſion or de- 
cree that required the regal ſanction, are 
. ſuppoſed to have been ſealed) and there- 
with enabled him to exerciſe ſovereign 
authority, over every branch of the le- 


Gen. xli. 40. 8 Gen. xli. * 


giſlature, 


Ancient EcyverT., 107 


giſlature, and the whole Egyptian empire ; ; 
whilſt Pharoah, fatisfied with his well- 
placed confidence, calmly enjoyed the 
rank and magnificence of the king. 


Theſe out-lines of the general ſyſtem 7 | 
of the Egyptian government, produce, | 
in the mind, ideas ſo honourable to 
that diſtinguiſhed people, that we can 
not but lament the loſs of the more 


E particular inſtitutions. The few inſtan- 


. ces of their political regulations handed 
_ down to us, ſhew that they were founded 


ona juſt knowledge of human nature, 


- and principles of rigid virtue, as will be 
evidently ſeen in their penal laws ; which 


only, can be mentioned at preſent. 


Hiſtorians are almoſt ſilent with reſpect 


to the civil law; and thoſe of the mi- 
litary department, were not introduced 
until two hundred years after the reign. 


of Amgſis. 


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104 The His Tory go 


Or Tis PENAL LAW 8. ; 


HE great attention - ao by the 
Egyptian: to their government, and 
every incident which could affect ſociety, 

. leaves us no room to doubt of their 

verly early application to means of keeps 

ing it inviolate; at the firſt ſettlemens 

of their colony, whilſt every individual i 
was engaged in procuring ſuſtenance, 
or erecting cottages to avert the incle- 

mency of the ſun, and nocturnal air, 
the whole body was not expoſed to any 

material injury, from private vice; but 
when their numbers were multiplied, 

: villages, towns and cities were built, and 
ey ery family was engaged in A ſeparate 
line of action, to the emolument and ad- 
vantage of the kingdom in general, it 
became neceſſarp to Protect and defend 
that = 


1 57 


An nr EGyPT, roy 


that union, by laying reftraints on ſuch 
paſſions and difpofitions, as tended to 
ſubvert public order, or domeſtic apy 

: 4 ; 


They ſoon faw the online. of a 
regulation with reſpect to the ſexes ; that 
too free an intercourſe between them, 
was inconfiſtent with a regular plan of 
government, a and ſocial quiet, and there- 
fore enacted: 


Ta the bib. #4 That no man 
ſhould have more than one wife: with 
| whom, contrary to the cuſtom of every 


t c in his firt book, qpeitiing 6f the very 
early ages of the Egyptian empire, fays, Polygamy was 
allowed in Egypt excepting to the prieſts, who were 7 
permitted to marry one woman only; and that what- 
ever was the condition of the woman, by whom they 
had children, whether ſhe was free or a flave, her 
children were deemed free and legitimate. 


8 ? Herodotus lib. 2. 5 
5 other 


106 "The HISTORY of 


other people, he received a portion. 


Solomon received of Pharoab the city. 


Gazar, for his daughter's dowry. The 


pernicious effects of polygamy ſuffici- 
ently demonſtrate the wiſdom of this | 
law : beſides the internal feuds, family 


quarrels and diſtractions produced by the 


jarring intereſt of a variety of mothers and 


| children, which frequently end in mur- 
der, and are not ſeldom the founda- 
| tion of civil wars, and ruin of king- Hy 


doms ; ; the countries where it is per- 


mitted, are by no means ſo populous 
as thoſe, where it is forbidden. This 
law Ceerops carried into Greece, and i in- 
ſerted it in the code, which he compiled 


for the Athenian Rate. 


La the Second. T o ſecure then mar- 
riage bed from violation, they enacted, 
that every adulterer ſhould receive a 


I Kings, ix. 16. 


5 


8 


— 0 
_ 


Ax ci T EG YT. 107 


thouſand ſtripes on his naked body, and 


that the adultereſs ſhould ſuffer wad au- 


| tilation of her noſe. 


Law the Third. - Whoever had it in 
his power to ſave the life of another in 
danger of being killed, and did not, was 
himſelf put to death. II he could not 

protect the perſon aſſaulted, he was ob- 
liged immediately to inform the magi- 
ſtrate of the author of the violence, Z 
or incurred the puniſhment of a ſevere 
flagellation, and confinement for three 
days without food. By this means, every 

citizen conſidered. himſelf - as his neigh- 
bour' s protector, and was intereſted not 
only to avoid danger, but to avert every 
_ of violence from others. 


Gini the Fo ourth. . Aa per- 
ſon was found dead, by whatever ac · 

cident it bed. the city neareſt to 
the 


= * —— 2 A . SES ar >= — — 4 Ba 


103 The His Tory of 


t 3 tte place, where the body was found, 
was obliged to embalm and bary it 
magnificently, that the greatneſs of the 
expence, may influence each city, to 
take the moſt effectual ſtops to dard 
againſt accidents of overy kinds 


Law the Fifth, Wilful murgerdrs were 
condemned to death, 


Lau the Sixth. The puniſhment in- 
flicted on particides, was peculiarly con- 
| trived 3 they ſtuck their bodies full of 
ſmall reeds, and ſu rrounding them with 
thorns, burnt chem to death, FE 


| Law the Seventh. If any unnatural 

_ parent killed his child, Be was not put 

to death, but compelled to hold the | 
dead body i in his arms three days, with= | 
out any kind of ſuſtenance, and after- 

Wards 


AxcityT EOGY T. 109 
wards left to the horrors of his own 


conſcience. This was thought a more 
ſevere puniſhment than immediate death. 


Law the Mk | Perjury was. pu- 
niſhed with death. 


Lato the Ninth. A ad re- 


ceived the puniſhment, intended by his 
defamation. A 


"how the Ti btb. Reveslers of ſtate £ 
ſecrets, were e of their tongues. 


Law 5 Eleventh. The 11 of 
thoſe were cut off, WhO counterfeited 
ſeals, or the public coin, uſed falſe 
en meaſures, or 58 deeds. 


Law he T wel Ifth. Whoever attempt- 
ed to deflower a woman, was made an 


7 | : eunuch: 


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110 The His Tory of 


* eunuch. In all their puniſhments they 


had an eye to the 2 anne 


Law the Thirteenth. The execution 


of pregnant women, was always deferred 
until they were delivered. This law, ſo 
wiſely founded on humanity and Juſtice, 


was afterwards obſerved by the Greeks 


and Romans, and is at this time, by 


: every « civilized nation. 


Law the F ads: The E gyptians 


thought the deprivation of funeral rites. 
the greateſt misfortune which could poſ- 
ſibly attend them ; and knowing how 
powerfully religious ſentiments inforced 


ſocial and moral virtues, app! 1 that : 
opinion to the ſupport of order in the 


tate, and nate a law, that every one ; 
ſhould be judged immediately after his 
death. The manner of conducting this 


finguar proceeding i is thus related. As 
1 foon 


* ; 


ANCIENT EGYPT. 111 


ſoon as a perſon was dead, his relations 

were obliged to acquaint the judges with 
it, who appointing a day for producing 

the body before their tribunal in pub- 
| lick, then entered into a ſtri& examina- 


tion of his morals af actions; and if 


they were found particularly culpable 
and vicious, he was condemned to be 
unworthy of funeral rites ; ; if nothing 
criminal was laid to his charge, he was 
bonobred with a funeral oration, in 
which the perſons virtues and merits 
were diſplayed, to incite imitation, 
but not the leaſt intimation of rank or 


| dignity, all the Egyptians | thinking 
themſelves quill noble. 


This 1 1 ſubjected + the king : 
and people to the fame arraignment, 
was obſerved by the Jews, after their 
return from captivity, and continued i in 
force, a long ſeries of ages. The au- 
thor 


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( 


| * whether they will refuſe me Burial, 


this manner, I ſhall be buried with 
er © magnificence, which, otherwiſe, 1 


112 


The HIS TORY of 


thor of the * book of Chronicles 2 


c 
ic 
68 
Ti 


ce 


| wh 


„* 


| * 


40 


hat their wicked kings were not buried 
in the ſepulchres of their father: 


Alexander, a prince of the Aſo n 


e mean family, knowing that his life 
* and actions had been tod vicious and 


immoral. to merit funeral bonours, 7 
thus artfully directed - his queen on 
his death bed. When you come to 
Jeruſalem, deſire the Phariſees to at- 
tend you ; uſe the moſt obliging lan- 
guage you can to them, ſhew them 
my dead body, and give them per- 
miſſion to diſpoſe of it as they pleaſe, 


or not; x you conduct yourſelf in 


could not be.” | 


E 2 Chron. ; xix. 20. 


c * Joſeph. Jud. 3 ant, lb. xili. cap 2. 
| The 


Ancient EGYPT.” 113 


The ſpirit of ſeverity which flows 
through the penal laws, will at firſt 
view ſtrike the nicer ſenſations of hu- f 
5 manity with horror and diſguſt; yet $ 
: cannot but think, a little reflection will 
induce us to make their apology, and 
| give them a branch of that applauſe, 
which they have ſo amply received 
from former ages. They had no ſuch 
delicate fe lings, as are produced by a 
refined i orality, and few mental obliga- 
tions to ſubdue the violence of unpoliſh- 
ed nature: from a people in ſuch C 
ſituation, ſevere inſtitutions were inevi- 
table, the animal faculty ſtrongly pre- | 


EB vailed, and corporeal inflictions only 


were capable of working upon the paſ- 
ſions, and compelling thoſe within the 
bounds of ſubordination, through fear, 
who were not ſuſceptible of the ſenſa- 
tions of honour, fame, or virtue. 


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114 The HISTORY of 


Or THE RELIGION. 


giNoULARITY | and ſuperſtition 
were viſible in every ſhade of the 
Egyptian character. They delighted to 

. act in a peculiar manner, and were in 
many particulars ſo exceedingly indeli- 
cate, that I cannot prevail on myſelf to 
mention their ſingularities. With re- 
| ſpect to their ſuperſtition, it is really 


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amazing to ſee the lengths they carried 5 


, in oppoſition 1 to nature and reaſon. 


They ſelected par dieler animals to 
honour with worſhip and adoration, | 
and entertained for them the moſt in- 
toxicated veneration. The father of 
hiſtorians ſays, a man would negle& 
an property however valuable, when his 


n Herodot. lib. 2. ; Vt ſupra. 
houſe 


„ Acer EHYPT, mig 


houſe was in flames, through his 


anxiety for a cat; and * another, 
that thoſe who returned from diſtant 
countries, brought home with them 


dead cats and kites, mourning and la- 


menting their loſs, and ſuffering at the 
ſame time in ſilence, miſery, fatigue, 


and Want. And han, a writer of re- 


putation, ſays (which almoſt tranſcends 5 
the powers of credibility) that a mo- 
ther would receive the greateſt joy, 
from ſeeing a crocodile devour her 
child, thinking herſelf happy i in having 
produced a OY worthy the appetite 


of her God. 


1 ſacred animals, lodged in apart- 


aw 


ments appropriated to their uſe, Were 


carefully attended, and fed with the 
moſt delicious food: Whenever ay of 


= + 


_ Diodorus, lib. 2. 


: lian. de natu. ani. lib. 10. cap. 21. ; 
I2 them 


w# 


| 
| 
4 
| 


x 1 ; 
3 — — gn, EEG. —— EE ů —— —Vũ — — —— — — — — = — 


116 The His Tory of 
them died, ſo general a ſcene of mourn- 
ing overſpread the country, that it 


ſeemed to have ſuffered ſome great ca- 
lamity. 


To kill an ichnumon, cat, ibis, or 


hawk, even by accident, was unpardon- 

| able ; 3 the blood of the unfortunate of- 
ſender only could atone for the crime. 
Diodorus relates a remarkable inſtance of 5 
their ſuperſtitious rage againſt a Roman, 
who had accidentally killed a cat. 


Le * Superſtition (fays he) ſo 3 pre- 


vided over every faculty of their minds, 
that at the time when Ptolemy was not 


admitted. to the friendſhip of the Ro- 


5 mans, and the Egyptians univerſally paid 


the utmoſt deference and attention to 


every Roman who came amongſt them, 
| to avoid giving them the leaſt pretence 


m Diod. lib. 1. '; 
3 : for 


ANCIENT EcGyPT. 117 


for a war: yet a [Rota having acci- 
dentally killed a cat, an enraged multi- 
tude ran to his houſe, and notwith- 
ſtanding the King ſent officers to in- 
treat them to offer no violence, and 

the general fear of offending the Ro- 
Mans, they put him to death. This 1 
do not relate from report, but was 
preſent at the tranſaction. 


80 powerfully did n Soil. 
over every rational faculty and human 
ſenſation. The principle from which . 
ſprung, had nothing of the noxious 
e of the production. : 


T: he peculiar utility ſheep aud goats 
were of to ſociety, when animal food 
was not abundant, and the great ſer- 
vice the dog, hawk, ichnumon, ibis 
and cat did the country, by deſtroying 


dangerous animals, particularly aſps, | 
4 


229 The His TORY of 


and other ſerpents, whoſe bites were 
mortal, occaſioned theſe animals to be 
much careſſed and regarded: which par- 
tiality, ſuperſtition converted by an 


eaſy tranſition into a ſacred eſtimation. 


This, together with their on of 
conveying ideas and ſentiments of the 
divine attributes, elements, or heavenly 
bodies by hieroglyphics or figures of 
plants and animals, and applying that 
ſacred reſpect and admiration to the 
ſymbols themſelves, which they were 
only intended to indicate, gave birth to 
the high veneration, they entertained for 
leeks, onions, and animals even of the 

vileſt ſpecies, and compoſed a ſyſtem of = 
unparalleled idolatry, degrading to hu- : 

man nature, and poignahtly derided, as 
is ſeen in the following verſes, even by 
mole, whoſe mythology could boaſt 


very | 


ANCIENT EGyPT, 119 


very little pretenſions to reaſon or refine- 
| ment. | 


Tu maximum anguillam Deum putas, ego 
Obſoniorum credidi ſuaviſſimam, 
Carnes ſuillas tu cayes at gaudeo 
His maxime, DR ; colis, quem verbero 
a Edentem ubi deprendo forte obſonium. 
Nobis Sacerdotes petit lex | integros. 
Arcentur | a vobis procul tales viri. 
Habere fi felem, mali quid videris 
. Luges, ego ſuaviſlims decortico | 


Poreſt apud vos mus * araneus, nil me apud. 


Anaxandrides ud Atbenæum, lib. 7. c. 1). 


* T he ichnumon i is here meant, a large ſpecies of 8 
rats, of the ſize of cats, which, endued with * RE 
tural enmity to the crocodile, , watches an opportu- 
nity, when that animal ſleeps with its mouth open, 
and creeping into its body devours its inteſtines, and | 


kills it, 
14 Tou 


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| Our laws require the prieſts ſincere, 
| In ev'ry g grace abounding : 


But ſuch as virtue's ſhrine revere, d 


: In tears you mourn the ſufPring cat, 


Whiltt no cares my Joys retard; 


CES 2 3 22 IS 'S 


— 


E 


* — — 
TE ER x . 
er OO ̃ —— — 
« 


120 The HISTORY of 


You chink the cel of rank divine, 
To me the ſweeteſt eating; | 
And carefully avoid the ſwine, 
Which 1 the moſt delight | in. 

The dog you adoration pay, 

Revere the pamper'd glutton ; 3 

To drub his ſides I ne'er delay 


Whene' er he ſteals my mutton. 


Your ſpacious realms ar'n n't found! in. 


And venerate the enormous rat, 


Too vile for the leaſt regard. 1 


* 


Juvenal wha begins his fifteenth ſatire. 


Quis neſeit, Voluſi bithynice, qualia demens | 


Aer porrents colat | ? crocodilon art 


. 


| Effie 


ANClENT EGYPT. 121 


Effigies facri nitet aurea cercopitheci, 


Dimido magicz reſonant ubi Memnone chordæ 


Atque vetus Thebe centum jacet obruta portis, 


Illic cæruleous, his piſcem fluminis, illie 


Oppida tota canem venerantur, nemo Dianam. 


. Porrum & cepe nefas violare & frangere morſu. 


0 ſanctas gentes, quibus hec naſcuntur in 


hortis 


Numina. 


2 Is there one ignorant, Voluſius, ſay, 
To what vile monſters,  Feyptians pay 

5 Honours divine : on yon inclining ſhore 

be crocodile, they ardently adore. 

1 And here the ibis, on fiery ſerpents fed, 
Receives their Vows, with chilling terror made, 
Leſt glutted with his prey, he'd careleſs grow, 

| And yield his charge, to their moſt deadly foe. 


Each facred monkey boaſts i its hallow'd ſhrine 
of burniſh'd gold, which moſt e 


mine, 


Where 


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122 Toe H1STORY of 


Where Memnon” s ſtatue, when the day's begun, 


In ſounds melodious, hails the riſing ſun. 


And ancient Thebes, whoſe hundred gates a are 


ſeen 


Oo rwhelm'd | in ruins, from the ſilver ſtream 
Collects her Gods, and others madly ſtrove, 


To claſs their dogs, with great immortal Jove. 


Whilſt ſacred honours, none will ever deign, 5 


To pay the huntreſs of the verdant plain. 


; And mark them impious, who profanely ſeek 


Fo 0 violate the onion, or the leek. 


0 holy nation! how pure muſt virtue e flow, 


Where Gods immortal, eben in gardens grow. 


Theſe divinities were worſhipped ſome 


in one city, and ſome in another ; but 
Apis or 22 iris was the moſt ancient, as 


well as the general God of Egypt. Mela 
ſays, lib. 1. Apis univerſally worſhipped 


by 


ANCIENT EGYPT... 123 


by the Egyptians, is a black calf, either 
male or female, diſtinguiſhed by parti- 
cular ſpots, with a tail and tongue diſſi- 
milar to all others, conceived as they 
imagined not according to the regular 
order of nature, but, by an infuſion of 
cceleſtial fire : the day of whoſe appear- 
ance was annually celebrated as an high LES 
feſtival ; * This event. happening Juſt as 
| Cambyſes returned to Memphis from an 
unſucceſsful expedition, cauſed them to 
put on their richeſt apparel, to feaſt 
ſplendidly, and exhibit the uſual pub- 
lick aan ken of joy: the tyrant ſup- 
poſing his ill ſucceſs occaſioned theſe 
publick rejoicings, ſent for the magiſ- 


trates of Memphis, and obſerving that ge 


had never before ſeen ſuch exultance in 

Egypt, enquired the occaſion of their 
preſent gladneſs, when he had loſt fo 
„ Herodot. lib. 3. 


con- 


t24 The HISTORY of 


_ conſiderable a part of his army, by the 
tempeſtuous ſands in the deſert. They 
anſwered, that when their God ap- 
peared, which was but ſeldom, the 
Egyptians had been always accuſtomed 
to celebrate his manifeſtation with! the 
= | greateſt demonſtrations of | Joy. Which, 
when Cambyſes heard, he told them, 
they lied, and put them to death as 
(lars. Then ſending for the prieſts, 
and receiving the like anſwer from them, 
he ſaid, that if a God was ſo obliging 
and familiar, as to ſhew himſelf to the 
Egyptians, he would not be unacquainted | 
with him, and therefore gave orders for 
his being brought before them. This 
Apis, or Epaphus, (as the Greeks call it) | 
Is the calf of a cow incapable of bear- 
ing another, impregnated by lightning. 
x heſe marks diſtinguiſh him from all 
others. His body is black, excepting . 


one ſquare of white on the forchead ; 
he 


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Aer HBOYaT. 125 
he has the figure of an eagle on his 
back; a double liſt of hair on his tail; 


and a ſcarabæus under his tongue. 


When the prieſts, had brought their God 
into the preſence of Cambyſes, he drew 


His dagger, and deſigning to bury it in 


the belly of Apis, wounded him in the 
thigh : and laughing, faid, Ye wretches, 
a theſe things, which are compoſed of 
fleſh and blood, and ſo vulnerable, the 
Gods you worſhip ? This is a worthy 
God indeed, and ſuitable to the cha- 


5 racter of the Egyptians. But 1 will let 
you know, that you ſhall not abuſe me 


with impunity. Having thus expreſſed 5 


- himſelf, he gave the executioners orders 


© to whip the prieſts, and put all thoſe Y 


to death, who ſhould be found making 
publick rejoicings. After Apis had lan- 


guiſhed ſome time he died of his 
wound, and was privately buried by the 
prieſts in the temple. The Egyptians 


affirm, 


126 The HISTORY of 


affirm, that Cambyſes grew mad imme- 

diately after this facrilegious action 

however it is very certain, he was ſo 
es before. | 


7s ſee a nation unequal to none of 
ber contemporaries in {kill and liberal : 
improvements, ſo far degrade her ra- 
tional faculties, as to claſs a mere brute, 
with beings of the moſt refined and 
ſpiritual nature, is ſo foreign to the leaſt 
rational diſcernment, that it aſtoniſhes 
the mind, and incites in it a curioſity, 
and with to diſcover the latent cauſe of 


ſuch depraved ſuperſtition. ” 


it have era. above, chat the uti- 
lity of ſome animals, and the ſymbolical 
expreſſion of others, originally produced 
the veneration they received. And in- 
deed  Diadorus is» of opinion, that the 


fame 


1 


AN cIENT EGY HT. 127 


ſame cauſe produced the adoration of 


Apis. 


* Macrobius thinks, that the Egyptian 
idolatry ſprung ſolely from one natural 

principle, that when Ii is ſaid to lament 
the abſence of Ofris (their moſt ancient | 


deities) they implied that /s (the earth) 


was diſtreſſed for want of the falubrious i 


rays of Oris (the ſun): and farther i in- 
ſiſts, that all the Pagan deities, are only 
the ſun, moon, or earth, diſplayed un- 


der a variety « of dreſs and repreſentations, 


according to their different qualities and 
effects. 


Ve Nu 4 with great learning endeavours 


10 prove that the patriarch Yoſeph oa 


ſioned the honour paid to Apis, as the 
ſymbol of the plenty he foretold, which 
Macrobius Sat. lib, I." E, 1, 


after- 


123 The HISTORY of 


aftewards degenerated into baſe idolatry. 
And indeed, when we conſider the many 
benefits, Foſeph conferred upon the 
; Egyptians, and how. prone they were to 
venerate their benefactors, we muſt feel 
5 ourſelves impelled to concur with this 
learned author's opinion, in which 1 
am confirmed by the book of Rnodkie; 
and the firſt of Kings, where the Iſrael- 
ites are ſaid to have made golden calves, 
and worſhipped them. What cauſe can 
be aſſigned for this idolatrous deſertion 
of the religion of their fathers, unleſs 
it was Apis, whom they had ſeen in 


Egypt 3 and having heard that the adora- 2 


tion paid to him by the Egyptians, was 
deſigned to perpetuate the remembrance 
of Jeſeph their benefactor, they were 
- likewiſe ſeduced into the ſame idolatrous 
' mode of expreſſing their regard. for the 
patriarch. 
"2 


ANCIENT EcGyPr. 129 


In the celebration of their religious 


feſtivals, they paid little regard to mo- 


deſty or moderation. In the feſtival 


held in honour of the goddeſs Bubaſtis, 
the Grecian Artemis, and Latin Luna, 
there was a general confluence of the 
people, at the city Bubaſtis, to which 
they came in barks down the Nite ; and 
during the voyage, ſome of the women 


played on the tabor, and the men on a 


pipe, the reſt of the party accompany- 
4 ing them with their voices, and ſtriking 
their hands in concert. 


they came to, part of ths: women: going 
on ſhore provoked the women of the 
city with opprobrious language, danced 
and ſhewed themſelves naked, When 
: they arrived at Bubaſtis, they celebr ated | 


the feſtival with numerous facrifices, 
and drank vaſt quantities of wine. 


o Herodotus, lib. 5 


At every city 


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e REO, To IT 


130 .The HISTORY of 


— 


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part « of the ing. 


The feſtival of Vis was celebrated in 
the temple dedicated to that goddeſs in 


the city of Bufiris, with all imaginable 
ſolemnity; on the preceding day they _ 
faſted, and after having offered up their 
Prayers, ſacrificed a bullock ; takin gout 
the bowels, they left the fat in the car- 


caſe, and having cut off the legs, end 


of the loin, ſhoulders and neck, they 
; filled the body with fine. bread, honey, 
dried raiſins, figs, incenſe, myrrh and 
other aromatics, and performed the ritcs 


of conſecration, with great libations of 


oil. They ſacr ificed faſting, and having 


beaten themſelves, whilſt the fleſh was 


on the fire, feaſted on the remaining 


y At a feſtival of Apis, a bull Luth- 


out blemiſh was ſacrificed. After the 


* Herodotus, lib. 2, Ut ſupra, 


victim 


A NCIE N T E DV.PT. 131 


victim was brought to the altar, they 
kindled Aa. fire, and 5 pouring | wine be- 
tween his horns, devoutly offered up 
their prayers to the God; which being 
ended, they killed the beaſt, flead the 


body, and cut off the head; and having 
imprecated that all the evils impending 


the ſacrificers, or the Egyptians in ge- 


neral, may fall upon it, threw it into 
the ſea. The ceremonies of making 
libations, and devoting the head of the 
facrifice, prevailed in all the temples of | 
Egypt; and they univerſally agreed in 
avoiding to eat the head of any animal, 


for that reaſon, though they varied in 


che choice of victims and burnt- offer | 


gs. 


Of 
p ; 
4 15 


In the ſacrifices at Sat "they as 
up by night a great number of lamps 


5 Mn lib. 2. 


3 


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132 The His Tory of 


filled with oil, and a mixture of alt, 
round every houſe, which burnt the 
- whole night. This feſtival was called 
the lighting of lamps, and was eele- 
brated not only at Sais, but at the ſame 
time through every part of Egypt : the 
occaſion of theſe illuminations, | is un- | 


2 


known. 
Tf we can form an adeguste judgment 
of the diſpoſition of a nation, from their 
: publick ceremonies, which being adapt- 
ed to the genius of the people muſt 
faithfully repreſent their propenſities, | 
what an opinion muſt we receive of their 
temperance, decency, and chaſtity ? The 
generality of their feſtivals are al- 
lowed to have been f ull of riot and 
diſorder, and admitted of ſcenes of 


' Herod, lib. 2. Diod. lib, r. Strabo. lib, 17. 
debauchery 


ANCIENT EGYPT. 133 


debauchery too indecent. to be men- 


In their external expreſſion of ſorrow 
for the dead, they were directed by the 
dignity and importance of the perſon. 
On the death of the king, a general 
mourning prevailed ; they tore their gar- 
ments, ſhut up the temples, and for- 
bore from ſacrifices and feſtivals, for the 
ſpace of eighty days. ! Honours but 


Though this ee diſpoſition in the leſs en- 
lightened days, ſtamped the national character, and 
they, as well as the inhabitants of the ſouthern he- 
miſphere, were obſcene, without immodeſty, yet as 
they improved their reaſon, that barbarous ſimplicity 
ſubſided, decency prevailed, and i in proceſs of time, 

men became fo jealous of their honour, that (the 

more effectually to domeſticate the women) they 
would not permit them to wear any thing on their 
feet. Plutarch. 


Diodos. 1 Gen. l. 3 
Kaz: little 


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r nds weep gt 6 CE. r ˙ a RARE i Gong oc BN Ao AY air 


8 


134 The HISTORY of 


little 1feribf to theſe, were paid by the 


Egyptian: to Jacob, as may be feen in 
the book of Genefis. 


= | When a perſon of diſtinction died, 
the females of his family beſmeared their 
keads and faces with dirt, and leaving 


the body at home, walked through the 


; fixeets of the City, attended by their 
female relations, with naked breaſts, 
and girdles about their waiſts, beating 
themſelves as they went : and the men : 
aſl; embling in another company, con- 
ducted themſelves in the like manner; 
and returning home from this obſcene 
proceſſion, permitted the embalmers 10 
perform their office. 


The cuſtom of ſpreading duſt on the 


head in the deepeſt agonies of ſorrow, 


mentioned by Herodotus and other an- 
cient writers, W as apparently not prac- 


4 tiſed 1 


Z r c Os a or al opt EF" * 8 ee, 1 
4 SEE e N wy IL = {I A ny 9 N N. N VET” Rp CC N 0 2 
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gay EE a EL a ER nt IC II TI ne OE IT pa Na - 7 N N . e e a * 


ANCIENT EGYPT. | 13 5 


tiſed at this time: * when Abroham was 
| deprived of Sarah by death, he is faid to 
have mourned for her and wept. And 
when Jacob died in Egypt, and received 
ſuch diſtinguiſned funeral honours, there 
is no mention made of this expreſſion 
of ſorrow. * Foſeph is ſaid to have fal- 
len upon his father's face, wept upon 
him, and kiſſed him. As the inſpired 
law-giver, who was perfectly verſed f in 
all the cuſtoms of the Fgyptians, gives 
no intimation of ſo ftriking an expreſ- 
ſion of ſorrow, it ſeems probable that it 
was not practiſed: ! and from his days to 
Solomon, there 1s no writer on record, 
either ſacred or profane, who gives any 
account of this cuſtom, excepting the 
author of the book of Job, who (in his 
ſublime poem, not beneath the elegance, 


dignity : and wiſdom of Solamon,) ſpeaking 


Gen. xxili, 2. Gen. E 3 


Ks: 


136 The HisTorY of 


of the forrow which Job's friends felt for 
=... ſufferings, ſays, 0 they rent every one 
his mantle, and ſprinkled duſt upon their 


| heads towards heaven. Soon after the 


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days « of Solomon it prevailed both on the 


continent of Ala, and in the Grecian 


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— — 
„ ; *S 
IX” 


— — 
EEE _ 


Her „ deſeribin g che grief * Achille, : 
occaſioned by the death of his friend 
Patrocles, ſays, Ilad &, . 2 28, Ge. 


— — —_— 
— 8 = 
>= x = Xx 
©. =” 4TH 
N a. + F * = _ 
- — — — 
- —— 


Ns caro rey Ly axe nagen neben. phabe 1 
Aperipnor N N. D 0 ddatorooas | 
| Kevarrs d padde, afl q eu Tpoouray. 


1 


; Sharp pointed ſorrows ſeiz'd the hero”: J heart, ” 
5 And through his ſoul, diſcharg'd her keeneſt 
dart: 


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: Revel. xvili. 10. 


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AN * ENT * LPT, 137 


beta on the * he graſp! d with furious 
And wear d his __ head with burning 
mm 


And in his Odyſley, painting the grief. 
of Laertes, for his ſon Ulyſes, whom he 

| falſly ſuppoſed to have Nile. B. * 
3144 © et hr 


| "nc gare Toy # yes nc nahere abe 
Augoripyo: « A NP N N⁰⁰ dilahotg | 


2! Xidaro nan . LOC ado oops. 
The doleful tale, produced a ſudden flood 
Of blackeſt grief, which freez d the parents 

e blood: 5 | 


With tote ring limbs, and heart felt groans he 


Apread 5 
The mourning aſhes, o'er his der d head, 
I have thus far, ee to give 
Aa general y view of the national regula- 


tions, 


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-138 We HisTory of” 
ES 
tions, diſpoſition, and improvements of 
the Egyptians, as connectively and diſ- 
tinctly as poſſible, that having the moſt 
early ſcenes impreſſed on the memory, 
we may gradually ſee them expand, the 
more eaſily trace the diſcoveries in arts 
and ſciences, and permit the advance- 
ment of the political ſyſtem, and gran- 
deur of the empire, to open upon us, 
without loſing ſight of the principles, on 
which they were founded; and will now 


” proceed with the regal ſucceſſion. 8 


Amoſis having reigned ſeven and twenty 
years, died in the year before Chriſt one 
thouſand fix hundred and ninety-ſeven : 5 
from this period we find a barrenneſs of 
incidents in the Egyptian hiſtory, during 
the three ſucceeding reigns. An inter- 


regnum of two years enſued the death of 
ae after which 35 


yi * - 
* 
e 


ANCIENT EeverT, 139 


CHEBRON aſcended the throne, | 
Aa A. C. 
3 
| AMENOPHIS, 
MN 
MEPHRES, 
6. 
MISPHRAGMUTHOSIS. 
1654. 


To the cighteenth year # this reign, 


. Joſe ph continued prime miniſter, hav- 


ing enjoyed that dignity eighty years, 


and i in all probable ſupported political 


affairs 


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AE ” 


140 The HISTORY of 


affairs in the ſtate we have already ſeen 
them ; at leaſt, we have no account of 


arts, ſciences, or any branch of the po- 

tical ſyſtem. That great miniſter be- 

ing dead, and no guardian arifing to 
protect the Jews, who were become ex- 
| ceedingly numerous, their multitudes ex- 
cited the jealouſy of Pharoah, and in- 
| duced, not only M. iſphragmuthoſis, who 

paid the debt of nature eight years. after 
: his miniſter, but his ſucceſſor 


any alteration or improvement either in 


TUTHMOSIS, 


4. c. 


10228. 


AND 


AMENOPHIS, 


Anno. A. C. 
1618. 


ANcIENT EGYPT. 141 


To give way to their fears, and treat 
the Iſaelites with the utmoſt indi gnity 
and ſeverity. Amenophis having reigned 
one and thirty years, was ſuccceeded 


. 
HO R US. 


Anno A. C. 


1707. 


r breite with which the Bgp- 
Hans had oppreſſed the Tfraelites in for- | 


mer reigns, not having ſufficiently an- 
ſwered their deſign of reducing the num- 


bers off, the Jews, now much augment- 


ed, and of courſe more dreadful to them , 
a total extirpation of any future pro- 


geny was determined on by Horus, who 
iſſued out a mandate — the 


1 Hebrews 


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Hebrews to. put tlivit male infants to 
death, 


© One of the Gacred ſectetaries (to whoſe 
predictions the Egyptians paid implicit 
credit and attention) told Horus, that 


there would be an Hebrew child born 
about that time, Who would afflict the | 
Egyptians, advance the foelites, excel 
all others in virtue, and acquire immor- 
tal glory, if he lived to be a man: 
this information terrified the king, cs 
caſioned the cruel mandate, and a law, 


that if any ſhould conceal their chil- 


dren, both they and heir f. family ſhould 5 


ſuffer death. 


At Shs. time Jochabel, the wife of 


Anram an Hebrew, was delivered of a 


ſon, and * to expoſe him on the 
8 b fad, Antiq. lib. 2. cap. 5. 


Nite, 


ANCIENT EGYPT. 143 


Nile, whoſe preſervation, advancement, 
actions and accompliſhments, are de- 
clared in ſoriptural, Fewiſh, and Heathen 
76 records, to have been of the moſt 
extraordinary nature. * He was born in 
the ſixteenth year of Horus, and was 
called Mo ofes from the Egyptian words 
mo and y/es, fignifying ſaved from wa- 
| ter; from which he was preſerved by 
7 hermutis princeſs of Egypt, who took 
him immediately under her own protec- 
tion, educated himi in the Egyptian learn- 
: ing, uſe of arms, and moſt elegant man- 35 
ners of the politeſt court, then in the 
world. His judgment exceeded his 
years, and even his childiſh amuſements 
_ diſcovered diſcretion and ingenuity. 
His perſon was ſo beautiful and en- 
«© gaging, legs the moſt auſtere would 


S Moſes born, Anno. A. C. 1571. 
a Jon Jud. Antiq. lib. 2. 


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144 7e HISTORY #&f . 


* neglect important affairs, to gaze on, 
« and admire him.” Thus happily en- 
dowed with mental and perſonal accom- 
pliſhments, he grew every moment more 
a dear to his benefactreſs, was adopted by 
: her, and introduced. to Pharoah her fa- 
ther, with this addreſs. As God has 


<« not bleſſed thee with an i heir, I have 
« provided thee with a ſucceſſor, whom 
6 I have preſerved from the Nik : : 1 


Cc 


6 


Co 


have brought him up, and finding his 


mental faculties not inferior to his 


x 


perſonal beauty, have adopted him, 


and intend him for thy ſucceſſor i in 
« thy kingdom.” | E bermutis then pre- 
ſented him to Pbaroab 8 arms, and he 
embracing the child with tenderneſs and 


affection, in the warmth of his. regard, 
put his crown on Mo ofes $ head, which he 
immediately threw away : this action was 


+ Joſeph, Jud, Antig lib. 2. cap. PE 


thought 


ANCIENT EGYPT. 145 


thought to portend no good to the 
Egyptian empire, their ſuperſtition was 
excited, and the facred ſecretary, who 
before ſpoke of his birth, now ſolicited | 
| to have him put to death: exclaim- 
in „ O hang! this child, by whoſe 
6a dh only we can be ſecure, has al- 
a ready confirmed my predictions, and 
1 ſpurned thy diadem: . him there- 
« fore die, that we may be caſed of our 
us fears, and the Hebrews deprived of the 
0 hopes, they entertain from him.” 5 
From this impending danger, the power 
: which firſt conſtituted him to great en- 
terprizes, and trained him up to exe- 
cute the divine will, conveyed him by 
his guardian and protectreſs the princeſs | 
T bermutis ; z nor did ſhe permit him to | 
appear any more at court, until an in- 
eident in the following reign, drew bim 


** Joſeph, Jud. antiq, lib. 2. 


J 


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146 The His TORY of 


out to fame and glory. Horus having 


filled the throne eight and thirty years 
died, and was ſucceeded by 
ACENCHERES, 
Anno. A. C. ” 
1549. 


1 H E Ethiopians, ſoon Dk 4 mo- 


narch 8 aſcenſion to the throne, mak- 


ing an incurſion into Egypt, carried every 


thing before them, and penetrating even 


5 to Memphis and the ſea, ſtruck ſo uni- 


verſal a panic through all orders and de- ; 


grees of the people, that there was a 


general confuſion : in this extreme * 


lemma, the eyes of all, Egyptians as well 
as Hebrews, were turned upon Mo ofes. 


T bermutis rejoiced to ſee her favourite, 


thus the obje& of univerſal admiration 


and 


1 


ANCIENT ES YPT. 147 


and eſteem, and was glad to have him 
draw his {word in the hobleſt cauſe, the 
defence of his country ; yet could not 
conceal her parental apprehenfions, and 
tender concern for his ſafety : the diffi- 


_culties'ſhe had experienced in reſtraining 


her father from imbruing his hands in 


Moſes's blood, made her dread to have 


him taken from under her protection, 


leaſt ſome latent treachery ſhould be de- 
ſigned againſt him: for this reaſon, be- 
fore ſhe permitted him to accept the 


command of the army, ſhe exacted an 


oath. from Acencheres, that no injury 


ſhould be offered either t to his perſon or 


honour. 


Being now veſted with the chief com- 


mand, he aſſembled and encouraged the 5 


timid troops with the utmoſt expedi- 


tion, led them on in purſuit of the Ethi- 
| epians, (who. having loaden themſelves 


La with 


— TIRET 


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The HISTORY of 


148 
with plunder, were retiring to their own 
country) and having made rapid marches, 
| fell upon them unprovided for an attack, 
nor at all apprehenſive of an enemy. 
Thus fituated they were ſoon thrown into 
diſorder, and a general rout and maſſacre 
enſued. M fer, not contented with this 
firſt offering to his fame, purſued the ad- 
vantages | his victory gave him: his ge- 
nius, animated by this taſte of glory, 
diſplayed the nobleſt ardor; he purſued 
the flying: army, entered their towns with 5 
them, enriched his troops with their 
ſpoils, and having broken the force of 
5 the Ethiopians, laid oft iege to Saba their 
capital, and attacked it with all the 


fire of a young conqueror leading on an 
army fluſhed with N 


How fir he would have ſucceeded! in 
the ſiege, does not appear: in all proba- 


yy . he would not have carried the 
1 3 — City ; 5 


ANCIENT EGYPT. 149 


city ; it was very ſtrong by nature and 


art, and his army too haſtily aſſem- 
bled, to be accommodated with provi- 
; ſion, tools, and conveniencies indiſpenſa- 5 
bly neceſſary to form the ſiege of, and 
ſubdue Saba, which was ſituated in an 


iſland of the Mle, environed with a tron g 
wall, and fortified with ramparts be- 


tween the wall and the river. In theſe, 
and indeed much later days, the con- 
queſt of countries, was generally the con- 
ſequence of a complete victory; ; there 
being but few fortified towns, and little 
or no impediment, their armies marched . 
through the dominions to receive the 
ſubmiſſion of the vanquiſhed ; but when- 
ever they were obſtructed by a fortifi- 
cation, the interruption was vaſtly tedi- 


ous; War was not reduced to an art, nor 


were the inſtruments invented, which ſo 


readily open 4 way through walls and 
bulwarks: ; 1 they could not carry the 


L's place 


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150 The HISTORY of 


place by aſſault, they had no other re- 
ſource than a blockade, and the conque- 
rors frequently periſhed by the means 
they took to ſubdue the enemy. | 


Moſes in attacking Saba, did every 
thing a great genius deſirous of glory 
could dictate, but the obſtacles were hs 
ſurmountable, and the Ethropian army 
being broken and diſperſed, he intend- 
ed to have withdrawn his troops, when 
T, hartis the daughter of the king of 
Ethiopia, | ſeeing his valour and noble ex- 
c ploits from the wall, was captivated by 
him, and offered him her hand, with 
the ſurrender of the city; the condi- 


tions were too honourable and pleaſing to 
be rejected; Mo ofes married the princeſs, 
and took poſſeſſion of Saba for his ſove- 
reign, and ſoon after news was brought 
him of the death of Acencheres, in the 
twelfth year of his reign. 


AcH o- 


ANCIENT EGYPT. 
uin e H O R I 8, 
Anno A. C. 

1537. 


M OSES having thus added Erbiopia 
to the Egyptian dominions, | ſent his. 
troops back to Egypt, and not long after 


followed them, where inſtead of being 
received. with kindneſs and applauſe, ſo 


- juſtly due to his eminent ſervices, he 


felt the ſecret gloom of Pharoab 8 mind; 
his excellencies had incited that mo- 


narch's envy, and the Egyptian prieſts, 


Who had long hated the virtues of the 
i noble Hebrew, took occaſion from his 
defending an Moelite againſt the violence 


: of an Egyptian, to bring a charge of 
: murder againſt him, and determined to 


put him to death; with which being 


L 7 acquainted, 


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152 The His TOR of 


acquainted, and knowing his inability to 

reſiſt ſuch potent enemies, he privately 

left the ungrateful court, in the fortieth 

year of his age, and ſixth of the reign 
of Achoris. 


| During Meſes's reſidence amongſt the 


—_— Ab 2 n r — eb xt# — — i 
= a g GY — 
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— — — 
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Midianites, there is an hiatus in the 


: Egyptian hiſtory : ancient writers have 
been obliged, for want of matter, to 
paſs over that ſpace, and content them- 


IAEA IEICE D IG — — — 
— — —— — — — — = — 
2 es ESD * 


ſelves with ſpecifying the kings who 
filled the throne. Achoris enjoyed the 


regal power nine yours; and was ſucceed- 
2 * 


A. 
1 
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Fi 
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EN CHR E s, 
Anno. A. C. 


x528, 


ANCIENT EGYPT. 153 


ACHERR t 8 
dune. A. c. 
1512. 

CH 1 1 
Anno. A. C. 


1504. 


M 0 SES being ne now cighty y years old, 
was commanded of God to return into 
Egypt, and deliver the Iſraelites from bon- 
dage. He appeared before Pharoah in 
the thirteenth year of his reign, plead- 
ed the undeſerved ſufferings of his bre- ; 


theren, and the commands he had re- 
ceived from God to deliver the Tfrae- : 
3 lite from bondage. Pharoah heard 
bim with reſentment, and anſwered him 
with 


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154 The HISTORY of 


with indignation and ſcorn ; he was too 
obdurate to be ſwayed by gratitude or 
juſtice, or to ſuffer eloquence, though 
divinely pointed, to prevail on him to 
give up the poor diſtreſſed objects of his 

tyranny. Moſes then exerted the power 
God had endued him with, and wrought 
miracles before him to prove his divine 
miſſion, far tranſcending human ability, 
and brought ſuch a variety of afflictions 

on Pharoah and all Egypt, as carried 2 
| death and miſery into every family, and 

would (if Cherres had perſiſted in refu- 
ſing to let them go) have involved the 
whole country in utter deſtruction. The 
particular miracles are mentioned in the 
book of Exodus, to which I refer my 
reader, and will here give him a quo- 
tation from an heathen author, as it is 
leſs likely 1 to fall in his way, than the 
books of Mz ofes: IF : Though the king 


F ' Artapanus apud Euſcbium, lib, 1. cap. 27. 


6c raged, 


T 


Cc 
66 
ce 


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cc 


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768. 


ANCIENT EcyPr. 155 


raged, Maſes added to the great af- 


fliction of the hail, violent earth- 
quakes, ſo that, thoſe who endeavour- 
ed to eſcape the dangers of the con- 
„ cuſſion, periſhed by the hail, and thoſe 
«© who fled from the hail, were killed 
by the carthquakes. All the houſes 

and very many temples were thrown 
down. The king being ſabdued by ſo 
many evils, at length gave the Fes 
leave to depart, on Tueſday the fifth 
of May, in the year one thouſand four 


« hundred and ninety-one, A. . after 


being in Egypt four hundred and thirty 
years. The Fews being departed, 
Cherres repented his having given them | 
6. their liberty, and purſuing them with an 
intent to bring them back to their for- 
mer ſlavery, periſhed with his army in 


the Red Sea, on the Monday following 
| the Jour emigr ation. 


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I 56 The HISTORY of 


No tranſaction in ſacred or | prophane 
hiſtory is ſo full of great and wonder- 


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ful events, as this : more than mortal f 


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part of it. Xenopbon s retreat with ten 


— 


thouſand Greeks from the interior parts 
of H. , when ſurrounded by hoſtile na- 
tions they opened a way through their : 


— —ę— — 
x?  — 2 We. 2 


* 


multitudes, and reaped the rich produce 
of the HAfatic plains, has (as well as other 


» — — —— 

. —.̃ 7˖˙—˙ 
— ——— — 
2 D 


grand exploits merely human) deſervedly 


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received the applauſe and admiration of 
mankind: but the difficulties the Tjra- 
elites had to ſtruggle with, were to be 
5 ſurmounted only by ſupernatural aid ; the 
almighty hand which led them out of 
bondage in oppoſition to the intereſt, 
advantage, and inclination of their maſ- 
ters, protected them. 


1 their journey, what ability merely 
human, could have been capable of con- 
ducting 


AWCIENT-EOYPT. 157 


ducting and preſerving fix hundred thou- 


ſand men, with their wives and chil- 


dren, ſurrounded. by enemies? * in that 


great and terrible wilderneſs, wherein 
were ad 8 and ſcorpions and 


drought : land of deſerts and of 


pits, of aug, and of the Made of 
death, a land that no man paſſed through, 


and where no man dwelt. When the 
proviſion, they had brought out of Egypt 


with them, Was exhauſted, and no na- 


tural reſources were found to fupply 


their wants, genius and the cleareſt men- 
tal faculties could afford no aſſiſtance; 3 


$ human wiſdom has no creative power; 3 


yet no ſooner did their dilemma require 


the exertion of ſuch a power for their 


preſervation, than the deſerts were co- 
vered with food, and ſtreams of water 


burſt forth from the barren rock. 


Deut. viii. 15. Je. ii. 6. 


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158 The HISTORY of 


We diſcover in no part of the Egyp- 
tian hiſtory, the charge of miſrepreſent- 
ing and ſuppreſſing incidents derogatory 
to the honour of the nation, ſo frequent- 
ly made againſt the prieſts, who only 
kept the public records, as in the tran- 
ſaction before us; they would undoubt- 
edly have obliterated every trace of it; 
if they had brought the Iſraelites back 
to their former ſlavery ; as that was not = 
effected, and the world muſt inevitably 
hear of their tyranny, impicty, and diſ- 
grace, they have endeavoured, with re- 
: fined art, to invalidate the credit of 


Mo fer s actions, by giving them a _ 
lous repreſentation. 


Horus, in whoſe reign Moſes was been. 
and Cherres, before whom Moſes wrought 
his miracles, are indiſcriminately called 
by the Egyptians, the good Ofiris, and 
Moſes the evil Typhon. A miſnomer can- 


not 


ANCIENT EGYPT. 159 


not change the nature of facts ; and the 
actions they relate of Typhon (when diſ- 


robed of fiction) ſo exactly concur with 
the hiſtory of Moſes, that we muſt imme- 


diately diſcern they built their fiction on 
the miracles and ſubſequent actions of : 


Eon 


They ſay, that Typhon having been 


incloſed in an ark of ſea-weed and 


reed, was thrown into the Nile by 
: * 


. ſos was expoſed by the Solar of 
Horus, on the Nile, in an ark of reeds, | 


or ruſhes. 


Typhon conſpired againſt Qfris, and 


being aſſiſted by the queen of Ethiopia, 
and ſeventy-two giants, cut the king 8 
body into fourteen Pieces. 


*** ie 


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166 The His TOR * of 


5 This agrees with Joſephus s account 

of Moſes's marrying Tharbis princeſs of 
Ethiopia, his being aſſiſted by Aaron and 
ſeventy elders i in the government of the 

Maelites, and leading out of Egypt 
| twelve tribes deſcended from Jacob, and 
two from Foſe Bo 


 Typhon, they oy, was the creator of 
inſects, OO" and reptiles. 


Mb Jo changed his rod into a dars 
brought locuſts, frogs, lice, and {warms 
of Rwy into every part of Bgypr- 


| They ſay, that 222 and 2 
were e ſons of tee. Z 


= 2 conducted the Iſraelites to the 
borders of Canaan, from whence they 
: entered into Fades and Hiergohma. 


Theſe 


ANCIENT EGyPT. 161 


Theſe quotations evidently ſhew, that 
the Egyptians drew the fictions of Ty- 
phon, from the hiſtory of Moſes : if any 
deſire more evidence, they will be abun- 


dantly ſatisfied by conſulting the ne 
Bochart. Tt 


Cherres having fallen a victim to his 
impiety, and obſtinacy, was ſucceeded | in 
his throne 55 


ARMAIS, 
Anno. . : 
1490. 


OF this prince 8 actions, we are only 
informed, that he paid great attention 

is the education of his ſon 89% Aris. It 
is very probable, as the Egyptian reli- 
gion did not permit them to live 


M | amongſt 


* 


162 The HISTORY of 


amongſt the Jeu, that they firſt inha- 
bited the Thebazs in this reign, removed 
the regal ſeat from Memphis to Thebes, 
and took poſſeſſion of the cities eva- 
cuated by the Fews, which muſt have 


been very numerous to accommodate 


- —* 1 
2 — > - 0 


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2 221 22 2 2 — 
4. " - * _ KS ey 
2 — - Pn —— 
— 4 3 Lan _ = F £u, = — > 
= <a 
<TI'S DOE At EE 


near two millions of people. 


— — — . — — - — 
r 
— 2 * 4 5 2 


at. Le” 26 2 
— 


The moſt ancient maps inform us, 
. that at the entrance of the T hebats, due 
ſouth of Joſe pb 8 canal, was Hermopolis, : 
: adjoining to the 75 hebaicum colt ; Apol- 
linopolis Minor, due weſt of this city, to- 
wards the great deſert; Tycopolis, ſouth + 
of Apollinis Minor on the bank of the 
NVule, Antæopolis, Hipſele, Crocodilepolis, | 
| Dioſpolis Minor, Pampinus vicus, Contra | 


— 
2 — — — — 
> * — x 


DIY . ˙— CSR — - — INE 
— . p ⁵˙—i%ĩ, ůQmLwn ⅛˙n EO NTT" SIS _ 
—— — ER FOE" - — — —— 
8 ? 


= Copton, Memnonium, Latopolis: * on on, 

eaſtern ſide of the Nil, was Thebes ; 

- the north of that city was pave Fl 
polis, Apollinis vicus, Coptos, Neapolis 

' Cone, Chenoboſeia, Lepidatum, Panopotss ; 


to 


Ancient EGYPr. 


to the eaſt, at the foot of the Porphyrites, 


 Chemnis; more northerly, adjoining to 


the river, on the borders of the Hepta- 


nomis, were Antinopolisz and Poos Arte- 


midos. 


names being Grecian, have led ſome. to 
think, that they are more modern than 
the ages under conſideration, whilſt 
others are of opinion; that they are the 


ancient Cities, though the names knowri 
at this time, were given to them by the 
| Greeks, who only have handed down to 


us an account of them: 


importance to the preſent world, or the 


glory of that empire, whoſe opulent and ” 
powerful Cities are now, through the 


mutability of ſublunary things, ſwept 


away from their foundations, and obli- 


terated from memory and record. Ar- 


mais paid the great debt of nature, five 


M2 years 


163 


It is not poſſible to aſcertain 6 
antiquity of theſe cities; moſt of the 


This point 
muſt remain undetermined; nor is it of 


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2 0» 1 * 


wy The HISTOR V of 


years after he aſcended the throne, 
which was immediately filled by his lon” 


— ; 
$ES 9 8'TR:15, 
Anno. A. C. 
14835. 


IN the former reigns, we have ſcen 
the Egyptians gradually expanding their 
genius, and without foreign aids, ar- 
rived at a proficiency in arts and ſci- 
ences, ſuperior indeed to the world - 
in general, though far from accu- 
racy, and perfectneſs. The laws en- 
acted to ſupport ſociety and cultivate 
urbanity, were juſtly admired, yet the 
internal government was very defeRtive, 
the lands were not well regulated, a valt 


deal lay uncultivated, and in an un- 


w hole fon e 


AncienT BeyPT. 165 


wholeſome ſituation, uſeleſs and peſti- 


lential to the kingdom; the revenues 


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were not well arranged, commerce had 


ſcarcely been attended to, and there was 


. Pi ere 
* — — 


Sm + 1 8 hey OE 


very little wealth, either in private poſ- 
ſeſſion, or in the treaſury; ; the will of 

the monarch was the guide of the ſub- 
ject's actions, his ultimate ambition was 


to erect ſome enormous edifice, and 


theirs to indulge. their natural indo- 
lence, | and eat their moderate viands, 


with as little trouble as poſſible, 


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1 we ſhall fee the face 


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— 


of things greatly changed in Egybt. 
Sefo tris was endowed by nature with all | = 
the accompliſhments neceſſary to make 


P FIRED 
Sys, apa oo. 


a great king ; he penetrated i in an inſtant 


into the cauſes of events, ſaw the ten- — 


dency | of occurrences, and retained D 


whatever he had once known : to theſe 


: 2 4 — 
- — . _ 4 
r — od 
——.— — — —— — 
and, ma — 3 p” Oren 


extenſive mental endowments, were 
M 3 united 


166 Le HisToRY of. 


united great corporeal powers; ; he was, 
according to Euſebius, ſeven feet and 
two inches i in height, and juſtly propor- 
tioned in all his limbs, inured to hard- 
ſhips, and laborious exerciſe, from his 
youth, which gave him an activity and 
ſtrength capable of ſupporting the fati- 


gues of v war. 


Thus accompliſhed by :- nature, and 
adorned with every advantage, which 
art and literature could give him, there 
ſeemed i in him an aſſemblage of endow- 
ments to make his people happy, and 
extend his kingdom to a powerful and 
glorious empire, He ſoon diſcovered 
an attachment to arms, and a deſire of 
heroic fame; his manner of education 
would not admit of a life of inactivity, 5 
his natural magnanimity puſhed him on 
to great actions, youthful ardor fixed his 
ideas on the glory of conqueſt, and laid 

3 Waſte 


8 cat ——ůů— 


ANCIENT EGYPT. 167 


waſte many peaceful nations, before his 

ripened underſtanding ſhewed him how 
widely he had miſtaken the character of 
an hero: he imagined his valour (of 
which no one had a larger ſhare) would 
intitle him'to that character; a diſpoſi- 
tion frequently, and as often erroneouſly, 
ſuppoſed to conſtitute the here. hs 


Valour i is by n no means in itſelf a vir- 
tue, but rather a natural diſpoſition of 
mind and body, which may be either 
good or bad, as it is _ * he 
moſt abandoned often poſſeſs it, and 
ſome have been ſeduced by . Ps the 
paths of rectitude, to vicious courſes: : 
though it is not in itſelf 2 virtue, it 
will eaſily become fo, under the in- 
fluence of a ſuperior virtue. Loyalty 

to his king, and love for his country, 
regulated by obedience, convey virtue to 
the ſubject s valour. The hero draws 
M 4 his 


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168 The HisToRY of 


51 hopes of ccd from a confidence 
in Almighty protection, and animates 
his zeal by univerſal humanity: it is 
this refined and boundleſs love for man- 
kind, which conſtitutes the hero's vir- 
tue. A ſteady and unremitted attention 
to our duty, undaunted by danger, un- 
biaſſed by affection, and uninfluenced 
by allurements, diſtinguiſhes true and 5 
i virtuous valour, from furious zeal and 


pernicious violence. 


The warmth of this magnanimous 
5 youthful prince, may be intimated as an 
_ apology for his diſpoſition to war, but 
cannot render it laudable ; a king who 
truly loves his people, muſt ever look on 
war, as a misfortune, and will to avoid 
it, attempt every means, conſiſtent with 
his honour, and not injurious to his 
eſtabliſhed rights and thoſe of his ſub- 
5 jects; with Wien diſpoſition true bra- 


very 


ANCIENT: EGYPT... 169 


very is naturally united, the leſs fond he 
is of incroaching on others rights, the 


more zealous he will be in the defence 


of his own; frequent conteſts never 


extort from the enemy veneration or 


dread. The prince who gives no of- 
fence to his neighbours, and maintains 


his own juſt pretenſions with uniformity 


and reſolution, 1s only reſpectable, de- 


ſerving admiration : and applauſe, 


Sefftris, before he undertook the con- 
queſt of foreign nations, wiſely deter- 


mined | to remove the internal defects of 5 


his own dominions, and by a juſt ar- 


rangement of the ſeveral departments in 
the ſtate, render Obe formidable with- 


in itſelf. 


* He firſt divided the whole kingdom 
into fix and thirty diſtricts, and ſet over 


* Diodorus, lib. 2. 


them, 


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them, men of known honeſty and abi- 
lities, who were to ſuperintend the exe- 
cution of the laws, colle& the taxes 


within their provinces, and give an ac- 
count of the particular ſtate of affairs, 


and their conduct, to the king; and at 
the ſame time parcelled out the lands 


to individuals, under an annual tax to 


be paid into the treaſury of the diſtrict, 


with this reſerve to the landholder, that 
_ he ſhould have his taxes remitted in 
proportion to the damage, he ſhould at 


any time ſuſtain from an impetuous in- 
undation of the Nite 


The lands, and revenues ariſing from 


them, being thus regulated, he reduced 
all his ſubjects into ſeven claſſes or 


orders: and the more effectually to ſup- 


Herodotus, lib. 2. 


port 


ANCIENT EGYPT, 171 


port this regulation, he inſtituted, * that 
every fon ſhould practiſe the profeſſion 
of his father, 


Having ſettled his civil es, | he pre- 


pared to gratify his deſire of glory, and 
military atchievements : : here he had 


The diſ- 
| poſition of the people, by no means 


great difficulties to ſurmount. 


inclined to war; the ſupineneſs of former 


reigns, had introduced an indolence and 


averſion from fatigue, which had not 


only infected the artiſts, but the mili- 
tary order, which having long taſted . 


the ſweets of retirement and eaſe, diſ- 


covered the greateſt reluctance in ex- 


changing their placid enjoyments, for 
the toils of war. 
militia into two ſeparate corps, Hermo- 


. Ariſtotle, pol. lib. 7. cap. 10. initio. 


L Herodotus, lib, 2. 


' tybiang, 


* Seſeſtris divided the 


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Y72 N His TORY of 


H blanc, and Calafiri Frans ; the former were 
raiſed in the diſtricts of Bufiris, iris, Sais, 
: Chemmis, Papremis, and one half of the 
iſland of Natho, and conſiſted of one 
hundred and fixty thouſand foot; the 
latter were ſupplied by the Juriſdictions 
of Thebes, Bubaſtis, Apthis, Jani, 
Mendes, Sebennytus, Athribis, Pharba- 
this, Thmins, Onyphis, Anyſis, and My- 
cephoris i in an iſland oppolite to Bubaſtis, 
and amounted to two hundred and fifty 
thouſand. In peace they were quar- 
7 tered in their ſeveral provinces, and had 
each twelve acres of land free from 
taxes allotted to them for their pay, 
and maintenance: from each of theſe 
corps, a thouſand men were annually 
draughted to guard the king, and received, 
© beſides the revenues of their lands, 


five pounds of bread, and two pounds 


* Herodotus, lib. 2. 


* 


ANCIENT EGYPT. 179 


of beef each day, with a ſufficient 
quantity of wine: an allowance diſ- 


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penſed for the maintenance of their 


. — 


families, as well as themſelves. 


— 


— r . P ue 
5 — 


This body of militia, ſo reſpectable in | 

: point of numbers, was in reality a vaſt | 
5 j i 
undiſciplined rabble, unuſed to regula- ll 


22 E r EY; 
FEFURERMCRERRRRcde pp Wo EA RES — 


rity on a march, ignorant of method i in 


war, and when led on againſt an enemy, 


—— 


— — 


FEC .cc 
e 3 —— 


ruſhed, regardleſs of order, tumultu- 
ouſly to battle. Seſoftris is faid to have 


introduced * ſpecies of diſcipline 


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amongſt them: what it was, is at this 


time unknown: it is certain, however, * Þ: 
that he found means, not only to eradi- 


cate their indolence and inactivity, but 


to infuſe into them a ſpirit of emula- 
: tion and ardent defire of tame. 


» Diodorus, lib. 2. : 


Having 


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174 The His Tory of 


Having augmented his army with one 
hundred and ninety thouſand men, from 


the order of huſbandmen, twenty four 


| thouſand cavalry, and twenty eight 


thouſand armed chariots, which he firſt 


introduced into armies, and aſſembled-/ | 


on the Red Sea a fleet of four hundred 
ſhips loaden with warlike ſtores and | 
_ proviſions, he firſt attacked and ſubdued 


the Fithiopians (who. having left the 
banks of the Indus, had for a conſider- 


able time been ſettled i in the neighbour= 6 
hood of Egypt) and laid on them an 


annual tribute of ebony, gold, and 


ivory. Fr rom thence he marched into 
Aſia, and his fleet having paſſed, what 
is now called the ſtraits of Babel- 


mandel, attended the army in its march, 
coaſting by the Arabian ſhore, to the 


gulf of Perjia. 


AxciENT EGYPT. 175 


Some have aſſerted, that Sefe oftris 
_ croſſed the Ganges and ſubdued various 


nations in India. Suppoſing his forces 
irreſiſtible, the difficulties, which muſt 
inevitably have obſtructed his march, 


the time in which he completed his 


victories, and the improbability of ſub- 
fiſting fix hundred and fifty two thou- 


ſand men, and four and twenty thouſand 


horſes of the cavalry, beſides, thoſe of 
eight and twenty thouſand armed cha- 


riots, | in many barren countries, he 
muſt have paſſed, before he could reach 


the banks of the Ganges, affect the Cre- 
dibility of the aſſertion, and induce me 
to think with Herodotus, that his con- 
queſts, after the reduction of Ethiopia, 


were confined to that part of the Aſatic 


continent, which lies between the Rel 
Sea, and the gulf of Perjia, inhabited 
by the Arabians, the Holy Land, Syria, 


| Meſopotamia, Perſia, Turcomonia, Na- 


folla, 


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176 The HISTORY of 


folia, Georgia, C rreaf ia, and Thrace in 


Europe. 


The Apatic nations, urifuſpicious of 


foreign danger, and engaged in cultiva- 
ting the arts, to which they were de- 


voted, were in no condition to oppoſe 


the Egyptian monarch : not having the 


leaſt deſire to extend their territories, 


they had no idea of being deprived of 
them; ; the flocks and herds which filled 


the plains, the rich gifts of nature, af- 
fluently ſupplied their wants, | and united 
eaſe to the happineſs, which peace dif- 
fuſed amongſt them. The deſolations 2 
of war had not N their quiet re- 
gions, and blaſted the works of virtue, 
innocence and induſtry, or taught them 
the uſe of fortifications to impede the 
invaders progreſs ; ; to that Sefe eris's wars 


in Alia, were little more than a march 55 


through the ſeveral nations, to plunder 


| 7 them 


ANCIENT EGYPT. 177 


them of their riches, reduce a free and 


inoffenſive people to ſlavery, and build 


his fame on the ruins of induſtry, and 
thoſe ſweet enjoyments, which delight 


human nature in her 3 ſtate. | 


When 8h ri. had croſſed 5 Don 
and the Danube, and entered Shear: 

the ſcene was totally changed ; he had 
no longer the luxuriant plains of Aja to 


: ſupply his army with proviſion and fo- 


rage, nor a people of effeminate diſpoſi- 


tion to contend with; the 2. bracians fed 


on the fleſh of animals taken i in hunting, ; 


drank milk or water, lived in rugged 


cottages, and were clothed in the ſkins 


of wild beaſts ſlain by their own hands : 
thus accuſtomed to ſimple food, labour 
and dangers, their conſtitutions were 
exceedingly robuſt, capable of ſupport- 
ing much fatigue, without ſuſtenance, 
for an almoſt incredible length of time. 


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5 The HISTORY of 


1 In war they were terrible to their enc- 
mies, in peace, beloved for their hoſpi- 
tality, generoſity, honeſty, and diſin- 
tereſtedneſs, inoffenſive to their neigh- 
bours, and impatient of i injury. 


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they immediately aſſembled, boldly at- 
tacked his army, and retreated un- 
broken, to reſt their arms weary with 
laughter, and reſolving to fell their li- 
berty, as dear as poſſible, ſoon renewed 


the battle, and bravely diſputed every 


2 —— — 


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inch of ground: each fought as if his 
country's s fate depended on his ſword | 
alone, and fell i in the midſt of enemies. 
They made a noble ſtruggle for freedom, 
5 but in vain, their forces were greatly 
reduced by the many battles they fought ; 

and unable to meet the enemy in the 


e Herodotus, lib, 2. 


5 ns | 


ANcitnT EGyPT. 179 


field, were neceſſitated to oppoſe art 
to ſtrength, and endeayour by policy 
and ſtratagem to weaken and deſtroy the 
enemy, which they had almoſt effected, 
by cutting off all forage and proviſion 
from the Egyptian army: the hopes, 
: they conceived. from this advanrage, 
were of ſhort duration ; See Aris found 
means to ſupply his army, and they 
were obliged to ſubmit to the con- 
queror. þ 


Some authors have aſſerted, that he 


: - could not withſtand the F bracians, and 


withdrew his troops without gaining 
, any advantages over them. Others, 
that he treated them with cruelty, 
after they were ſubdued. Nothing can 
be more foreign to this monarch's cha- 
rater, than either of theſe repreſenta- 
tions : : with reſpect to the former, the 
ſituation of his vaſt army, incumbered 


N 2 with 


180 De His TORY of 


with immenſe plunder; priſoners from 
Aſia, and the neceſſary train, could not 
admit of a choice of conduct; victory 
alone could ſecure it from ruin ; unleſs 
we ſuppoſe, that the Thracians, after 
finding themſelves not inferior to the 
Egyptians, kindly permitted them to de- 
part, without reſenting the invaſion, and 
taking the advantages, which muſt have 
been given them, in the retreat of ſuch 


an incumbered multitude over the Da- 


nue. Beſides, the greatneſs of Sefe Aris s - 


ſoul, would not have brooked the diſ- 
grace of tacitly acknowledging himſelf N 
conquered; a tame ſubmiſſion never 
gratified his deſires, a powerful reſiſt- 
ance ſtimulated his ardour, and drew | 
him out into a diſplay of conduct and 
valour, worthy the greateſt hero. 


As for treating the e 2 


cians with cruelty, it ſeems very impro- 


bable. 


AnclienT EcGyeT. 181 


bable. A brave and generous ſpirit ad- 
mires the ſame virtues in an enemy; he 


| contends with him only for glory, and 
never deſcends to revenge a reſiſtance, 


which aroſe from principles, he holds 
Great and 


in the higheſt eſtimation. 


good minds never add cruelty to afflic- 
tion; they look on miſery with a kind of 
ſacred regard; when offended, are flow 
to revenge, and never puniſh with all 
deſerved rigour. They take no delight 
: in deſtroying, when they have it in 
their power, and feel the trueſt joy 7 = 


| pardoning an offender: : this debt to the 


general calamities of human nature, the 


great Sefo Aris extended to his enemies, 


and indulged his taſte and private en- 
joyment, with acts of mercy and gene- 
rofity. Whenever he conquered a peo- 
ple, who had ſhewn that they knew the 
value of liberty, by bravely defending it, 
he thought ſuch only an addition to 


© OE his 


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182 The Hs To of | 


his glory, and endeavoured | to perpe- 


tuate the acquiſition of a brave people 
to his dominion, by erecting pillars in 


their country, with his own ſtatue on 
them in an Egyptian dreſs, holding an 


arrow in one hand, and a bow in the 


other, with this inſcription On the 0 
| ſtring of it: © 1 obtained? *this . by 
the ſtrength of theſe arms; * ſome of 


which Herodotus law TRE in Pale 5 


| tine. 


Sgſoſtris having been abſent from 


5 Egypt nine years, and planted a colony 
on the Black Sea, which gave riſe to the 


Colchians, returned home loaden with 


military glory, and all that was found 
curious or valuable in nature, art, or 


ſcience, in the vanquiſhed nations. 8 


Warlike ardor now n the aſcen- 


dency to. the folid virtues of peace, 


which 


AN CIENT EGYPT. 183 


of his affections; though they had been 


borne down for a time, by the ſplendor 


of arms, and vanity of trampling on 
conquered kings. 


The vers of Sefoftris were particularly 


advantageous to his dominions, in 2 


of wealth, elegance, and ſtrength; 


circumſtance never attendant on war in : 
theſe days: : now nothing but deſolation 
follows its ſteps; wealth is exhauſted, : 
and ſcience ſtagnated by it; and the 
conqueror is ſeldom ſo powerful after 
L his victories, as before he entered upon 
the war. Suppoſing a king, after a ten ; 
years war, brought 2 million of new 


ſubjects, with a proportionate extent of 


country under his dominion, it will be 
found a ſpecious, rather than a real ac- 
quiſition; i he, inſtead of ſix hun- 


dred thouſand men, the number Se— 


N 4 = foſires 


which had always poſſeſſed a large ſhare | 


— —-— ——— 


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184 The HISTORY of 


foſtris led into the field, had but half 


that number, (more than which are of- 


ten kept on foot by one prince) it is 
ſeldom found that more than four fifths 


ſurvive one campaign, which loſs in ten 


campaigns, will amount to ſix hundred 
thouſand able bodied men, inſtead of 
the old and young, women and children, 5 


found in the conquered country. 


Beſides, this is not all the loſs to 


3 be eſtimated; the wiſe regulator of the 


world, to propagate the ſpecies, has or- 
dered nearly an « equal number of men 
and women, that each woman may have 
an huſpand, and be affiſtant in carrying 
on the work of generation, which in 


a 
N 


war cannot be effected, and many of 
whom, during the war, muſt have 
died without iſſue, who otherwiſe, per- 
haps, would have had a numerous off- 
eint but allowing, that each woman 


might 


might have had no more than two chil- 
dren in the courſe of ten years, theſe 


added to the fix hundred thouſand men 
loſt in war, ſhew that the king ſuffers 
a loſs of two hundred thouſand valuable 


ſubjects, who would have been united 


to his government, by national affection, 
duty, and intereſt, inſtead of thoſe who 
bear the yoke with reluctance, and are 
ready to ſeize the firſt opportunity to 
ſhake off his power. Thus does War, 
however ſucceſsful, ſap the foundation 


of a nation's welfare, and involve not 


only the preſent age in diſtreſs, but ex- 
tend its malign effects to ſucceeding 


| generations. 


The points in which nations are par- 


ticularly affected by war at this time, 
the loſs of inhabitants, and decay of 


arts and ſciences, ſuſtained no kind of 


injury from the wars of S/ ru. Egypt 
abounded 


ANCIENT EGYPT. 185 


— 3 _ 


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186 The His ToRY of : 


abounded in inhabitants; the lands, 
which required the labour of very few 
hands, were, cultivated i in the ſame man- 
ner as before the army marched againſt 
the enemy; the eſtates of the ſoldiers, 
were cultivated by their families, and 
the other lands by the proprietors, ſo 
= that there was the fame annual produce 
and revenues: : the ſciences were culti- 
vated only by the prieſts, who did not 
follow the camp; and the body of arti- 
ficers, who were never admitted to the 
military employment, abundantly ſup- 
plied tools, inſtruments, and manufac- 
tures, and ſuffered no kind of impedi- 
ment or interruption in the exerciſe of 
| their ſeveral talents and occupations z ; 
the greateſt diſadvantage they ſuſtained, 
was the facility with which they exc- 
_cuted their employments ; the ſimple 
| tate of agriculture, | architecture, and 
dreſs, required no great variety of im- 
plements 


ANCIENT EGYPT. 187 


plements and manufactures, and admit- 


ted of an indolence and inattention, in- 


jurious to ſkill. and improvement, and 


| occaſioned that early ſtagnation ſo much 


wondered at in the Egyptian genius ; 
this diſpoſition, the return of 89% Aris no 
longer permitted to exiſt ; ; the variety of 
artificers, tools and machines which he » 
| brought with him, executed the ſeveral 
branches 1 in which they were employed | 
ſo much better, than had ever been done 
in Egypt, that the E gyptian artificer found 
himſelf under a neceſſity of exerting his 


genius to get employment, by which 


means mechanics were univerſally im- 


5 proved, the arts refined, and the na- 


tion became more illuſtrious and ele- 


gant. 


The facility with which this; mo- 


narch over-ran other nations, pointed 
out to him the impropriety of leaving 
. i 


— 
* 23 
—— 2 om ey o_ a - - 


OC Leo > 


— . 
2 * 


— — 
— —— — — omg” 
K PI r 


188 The HISTORY of 


his own country expoſed to the ſudden 
incurſions of © an enemy. Egypt, though 


abohnding in cities and inhabitants, 
Was from its fituation, and manner of 
diſpoſing of the army in peace, liable 
to be ſurprized, and become an eaſy 
conqueſt. The 7. hebais was in no danger a 
of a ſurprize, the countries to the ſouth 


and eaſt of it, were under the 205 : 


tian dominion, and to the weſt lay the 


deſerts of Lybia, over which it would 
have been madneſs to march an army, 7 
where, the fands blown by impetuous 
= winds, which are frequent and ſudden, 
roll like the waves of the ſea, and i 


would inſtantly ſuffocate the moſt nu- 


merous army. But the Delta was not 


ſo ſecure, from its nearneſs to the con- 


tinent of Ha; therefore 85% Aris built 
a wall from Pelyfum to Hieropolis a 


, Diodorus, lib. 45 


AnClgenT EGVPT. 189 


city adjoining to the Red Sea, in length 
about ſixty geographical miles, the ex- 
tent of the iſthmus of Suez, which effec- 
- tually hindered a ſudden incurſion of the 


= Afatics. 


80 Aris having thus ſecured his king- 


dom, in the only part expoſed to a ſud- 
den invaſion, executed an undertaking to 


ſupply by art, the conveniencies and ad- 
vantages denied them by nature. The 
 Thebais and Heptanomis ſuffered greatly 
in many parts for want of water; the 
intenſe heat and dryneſs of the climate, 


created a barrenneſs in many lands, 


which were capable of vegetation, if 


ſupplied with a moderate quantity of 
water, and lay uncultivated, uſeleſs, and 


deſerted, for want of that element: he 


therefore opened canals from the Nite, 


and diffuſed its waters to various parts 


of the kingdom. The royal canal was 


opened 


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opened at Dioſpolis Minor, where, the 
Nile having inclined to the eaſt, makes - 
an elbow to the weſt, and paſſing by 
0 rocodilopolis, Hipſele, Antæopolis, Apolli- 
71s Minor, & ; and leaving TFoſe ph” s: ca- - 
nal (which extended from oppoſite Poos 

i Artemidos to Cene } at the diſtance of 1 near _ 
two leagues to the eaſt, threw off a 
branch to the weſt, which emptied it- 
ſelf into the lake Maris by three ſtreams, 


one on the eaſt, another in the centre, 


2 and the third by the labyrinth; ; the main 


| canal was carried on cloſe to Memphis, 
about two leagues diſtant from the weſ- 
tern arm of the Nite, in the Delta, and 
finally terminated | in the lake Moro * by 

7555; "pie 

. 

* The lakes Maro and Meeri is (the latter of which 
£ Herodotus, Diodorus and Strabo have repreſented to 
have been equal in circumference to the extent of 
the Egyptian coaſt, but Pomponius Mela with more 
probability, to be only twenty thouland paces, or x- 


teen | 


ANCIENT EGYPT. 191 


the Mediterranean Sea, near three hun- 


dred miles diſtant. from Digſpolis Minor, 


where it was N 


From the weſtern de of the lake 
Maris, 825 Aris made another canal, and 
; carried it in almoſt a ſtraight line by 
Nitria, about thirteen leagues weſt of that 
part of the royal canal, Which Was 


oppofite to the diſtrict of Bufiris * this : 


canal (now called by the Arabs, the 
river without water) joined the lake 


teen Engliſh alles in ciromafereict} os ſuppoſed to 5 


have been made for reſervoirs of the water of the Nile 


that as the riches of Egypt depend upon the inunda- 
tions of the Nile, if at any time the waters ſhould not 


riſe higher than twelve or thirteen. cubits, which 


threatened a famine, they may ſupply the difficiencies 


by opening the ſluices of the lakes; and if it ex- 
ceeded ſixteen cubits, when there is danger, they may 


receive ſome of the abundant water, The expence ; 


of opening the luices 18 ſaid to have amounted to 


11,250 J. ſterling. | 
25 i” Maro 


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192 The HISTORY of 


Maro on the weſtern ſide. By theſe, and 


many other canals, which Sefeftrrs cut, 
the intercourſe between different parts 


of Egypt became commodious and plea- 
fant; commodities were carried with fa- 
cility ; 1 and travellers, inſtead of wading 
through burning ſands, were conveyed 


from place to place with conveniency and 


eaſe, * And lands before uſeleſs, deſert 


and uninhabited, were cultivated, laid 


| out in fields and gardens, rendered be- 
 _neficzal to the ee IEEE 


N Notwithſtanding theſe candls; there were many : 


high lands which could not be affected by the inun- 
dation, or receive any benefit from the canals. This 


want was afterwards ſupplied by means of ſpiral 


pumps, which being turned by oxen, threw the 
water into pipes laid to different parts of the lands. 
Diodorus, lib. Iſt. ſpeaks of ſuch an engine, called 


Cochlea Agyptia, invented by Archimedes | in his travels 


into Egypt; one of which is now uſed to raiſe water 
in his Majeſty” $ garden at Kew, 


5 „ 


Ancient EcGyyerT., 193 


with houſes, public ſtructures, and or- 
namental n 


The e of the Nite, fo pro- 
ductive of fertility and advantage to EH 
in general, was ſometimes deſtructive to 
individuals with their flocks and herds, 
when the riſe was ſudden, and the flow 
| impetuous. The predeceſſors of Sefa- 
firis had attempted to guard againſt this 


peril by making embankments in the | 
moſt expoſed places ; but they were ex- 


ecuted with ſo little judgment and fill, 
that they were frequently borne away by 


the Water, and ſwept off every man or 
animal, Which could not fly from its 
impetuoſity. To protect his people from 
this danger, Seſo tris made ſpacious and 
| lofty mounts of the earth which had 
been taken out of the canals ; and com- 
pelling his ſubjects to build houſes on 
| them for themſelves, and accommoda- 
0 tions 


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194 The HISTORY of 


tions for their cattle, they ſoon became 


flouriſhing and pleafant cities, oreatly 


uſeful and ornamental to the kingdom. 


The imagination cannot well conceive a 


more ſingular and pleaſing proſpect, than 


Egypt affords, when the waters of the 


Nile overſpread the country in July and 


Auguſt ; an infintiy of cities, towns, and 
_ villages riſing out of this temporary ſea, 
_ diſcover in fome the buſy multitudes ex- 
ercifing their occupations, in others the 
buildings are only ſcen, and the more 
diſtant ſeem juſt emerging from the 
waves; and the veſſels ſailing in the in- 
termediate ſpace, from city to city, en- 
rich the view, and exhibit a moſt diver- 


ſified and beautiful ſcene. 


Seſoſtris deſigned to have opened a 


communication between the Nile and the 


Red Sea, and began the work, but deſiſt- 


ed from it, on a ſuppoſition that Egyp! 


5 was 


AxnctenT EGvert. 195 


was lower than the Red Sea, and would 


be deſtroyed by it, or at leaſt, that the 


waters of the Nile would be ſpoiled by 
4 mixture with thoſe of the Red Sea: : 
Modern geographers are of opinion, that 
gibt i is not ſo high a8 the level of the 
Red Sea; the ancients joined Strabs i in the 
contrary opinion : this is certain, though | 
many kings of Egypt have meditated on 


the plan of uniting the Mie and Red Sea, 


by a grand canal, no one was ſo hardy 


as to carry it into execution. 


_— 


Works of public utility were the firſt 


objects of 87% ores s attention, but they 
did not intirely engage him; his great | 


mind delighted to adorn his improve- 


ments, and embelliſh his kingdom with 


monuments and various noble edifices: : 


: 'the foreign artificers built by his order, 


( 


.:- +. Diodors, lib, 2, 


02-7 + we 


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196 The HISTORY of 


X 

two ſquare obeliſks of granate, to be 

uſed as gnomons, each an hundred and 
eighty feet high, on which the amount of 

his hereditary revenues, and thoſe of the 
nations he had conquered, were engraved. 


One of them, Pliny ſays, was conveyed by I 
: Auguſtus to Rome, and ſet up in the Cam- 
pus Martius. He erected two gigantic 

ſtatues of himſelf and his queen, each 

five and forty feet high, and four others 
repreſenting his four children, each 

thirty feet high, before the. temple 4 

Vulcan built by him i in Thebes, and with | 

a liberality of mind, ſcarcely to be ex- 

pected i in ſuch unenlightened ages, built 

many temples, in different cities, and 
dedicated them to the divinity peculiar 
| to the Place. 


x Pliny, lib. 36. ſec. 14, p. 736. 
Herodotus, lib. 2. 


8 Sefoſtris 4 


ANCIENT EGYPT. 197 


 Sefoſtris, though particularly afſiduous 


and diligent in promoting the internal 


welfare of his hereditary kingdom, was 
totally negligent of his conqueſts; he nei- - 


ther ſecured them from revolting by 


quartering his troops amongſt them, nor 


endeavoured to eſtabliſh a commercial in- 


tercourſe with his new ſubjects, and unite 
them to Egypt by the ties of intereſt and 


advantage: 4 he had no idea that the 


ſeeds of empire were incorporated with 


commerce, or that immenſe riches, ho- 
nour and fame were procured by it; if 


he had, his diſpoſition to every action 


that appeared to him honourable and 


* beneficial to his dominions, would have 
induced him to cultivate it with ardour, 
and enrich his country with the produc- 


tions of every region. Nature particu- 


larly delight: in diſſeminating her bleſ- 


ſings in various countries, to make the 
different Parts of the world neceſſary to 


. each 


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198 The HISTORY of 


each other, and by this mutual depen- 
dence for conveniencies and elegancies, to 
unite them in one RIOT intereſt. Com- 
merce alone opens this natural connec 
tion, and aflembling 1 the curious offspring 
of cvery clime, brings health to the 


feeble, riches to nations, and magnifi- 
| cence t to Kings and nobles. 


To what an height of glory would © 
 Sefojiris have raiſed his reign, had he 
made the force of his arms ſubſervient 
to the enlargement of commerce, and 
rendered his country a8 much ſervice, by 
making it, the grand mart of the world, 
as he made his victories illuſtrious, by 
the acquiſition of ſkilful artificers and 
men of genius? But this was not Se- 
ſrics ſphere of action; the cleareſt head 
| does not immediately diſcern every im- 
proveable incident ; nor do the ideas ofa 
Gſtem, i in itſelf of the utmoſt utility and 


benefit, 


A Ancient EcyPT. 199 


benefit, neceſſarily ſtrike the mind with 
any conſiderable force ; ideas of it en- 
large as the ſyſtem unfolds; and 86% 5 ITIS, 
though he did not exert his powers to 


promote a naval commerce, made the 


firſt ſtep towards it, in prevailing upon 


his people to venture on the ocean. 


Planimetry received at this time no 


ſmall improvement ; it was practiſed, as 


3 have ſhewn above, in the days of Jo- 


fſepb, but now firſt reduced to exactneſs. 
Seſo ofris, in th partition of lands, enac- ; 


ted that every landholder ſhould. be in- 


titled to a reduction of ta xes, in pro- 


portion to the diminution of land he had 


ſuſtained by the inundation of the Nite: 8 


this regulation neceſ: itating every land- 


holder to make frequent ſurveys, and 


keep an exact meaſurement of his lands, 
produced the more perfect knowledge of 
the Kine. 9G 


O 4 Mechanics 


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200 The His Tory of 


Mechanics ſeem to have made more 
rapid improvements at this time, than 
any other branch of the mathematicks, 
though I cannot find their exact ſtate, nor 
are there any deſcriptions of their ma- 
chines extant ; yet we have the ſtrongeſt 
evidence from effects, that they worked 
on eſtabliſhed accurate principles, and 
poſſeſſed very ingenious tools and ma- 
chines: unleſs they had, We can have no 
| rational idea by what means, they could 
raiſe the enormous ſtones which covered | 
in the temple 'of Vulcan, elevate obe- 
liſks of one hundred and eighty feet in 
height, the ſtatues of Sefeſtris, his queen 
and children, to a perpendicular on their 
baſis. Theſe mechanic powers, un- 
known in Egypt, until Seſoſtris returned 
from his expedition, were probably i in- 
troduced by the Afiatic captives, whom 
that monarch ſelected for their kill and 


4 


| ingenuity, 


ANCIENT EGYPT. 201 


ingenuity, in the ſeveral conquered coun- 
tries, and brought with him to Egypt. 


The ſedentary diſpoſition of the Egyp- 


Hans, and averſion from foreign inter- 


courſe, had confined their geography to 


this time within the limits traced out 


by Moſes ; but the conqueſts of Seſoſtris 


extended the ſcience; and the“ maps 


which that monarch made of all the 
countries, he led his armies through, 
and diſperſed even amongſt the Scythians, 
that no one might be ignorant of his 
fame, gave them a tolerable knowledge 
of the weſtern parts of Af a, and the 


eaſtern boundaries of Europe. 


Architecture and ſculpture now ap- 


peared in the gyptian cities without diſ- 


eg ruſticity; and from the taſte and 


i Euſt, in fine Epil ante Diony. Perleg. 


magnificence 


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202 The HISTORY of 


magnificence of Se/o/iris, and the nu- 
merous excellent ſtatuaries, architects, 
and carvers he conſtantly. employed, 
there is great room to think, that Thebes 
= particular owes its greateſt ornaments, 
and moſt noble buildings to him. Some 
are of opinion, that this city was founded 
by the Iſraelites, ſettled there by Joſepb, 


and others conjecture, that it was built 


by Buſs iris. This is certain, it was found- 


: ed in early ages of the empire, and muſt 
have received the aid of many ſucceed- oo 


ing princes, to build up that greatneſs 
and grandeur, which exceeded all the 


; magnificence of antiquity. It is called 
in the ſeptuagint Heliopolis, the city of 


the ſun, the moſt famous city in the 


world. pf Strabo fays, that it was ſur- 


rounded with a ſtrong bulwark. And” 


» Sera, tb, r 5 lad, ts. . 0, Be: 


Homer 


Ad ciENT EGYPT. 203 


Homer thus celebrates its opulence and 
power. 


| | 5 WS: 
038 9% io Opyojutvoy τοννανασνντν,jEso gc Maas 
AlyuTTIas, EE elsa opao1s 1 85 urnhtara: ett 
Al! Herbe edel, under Nav t EXASHV 


Ankpes Woryvebor 6 eu verdu. 


Not all the riches which! in ſtores are found, 


Bhs © hrough every part of Orchomenian ground, 
Nor all the wealth, that haughty T hebes cer 


ſaw, 

Whoſe matchlef force retains the world! in aue, 

Who ſends to nations the command of fates, 

Bye crouding heroes through her hundred gates. 

Two hundred cavalry, beheld from far, 

On fiery horſes! iſſuing forth to war, 

With cars two hundred, a tremendous train, 

Through each wide portal, fill the * 
Plain. 


Thebes 


204. The HISTORY of 


' Thebes was founded on the Arabic 
fide of the Nile, but in after ages, being 
extended to the plain on the weſtern 
ſhore of that river, received the Nile i in 


1 its boſom, an acquiſition particularly 
beautiful and beneficial to a city ſicu- 
| ated ſo near the tropic. The houſes 


were built four or five ſtories high, of 


brick made i in ſquare moulds, and baked 


in the ſun. The public buildings were 


magnificent, and every part of the city, 


according to the concurrent accounts of 


ancient authors, abounded in wrought 


gold, filver and ivory, obeliſks of one 
block of granate, and Coloffian ſtatues. 


3 | ſays, of four 5 temples in i 
Thebes, which were remarkable for their 


ſize and grandeur, one ſtanding in his 


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2 Diodorus, lib. 2. 


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ANCIENT EGyPT. 2035 


rence; its walls were ſeventy-ſeyen feet 
and an half high, and twenty-four broad ; 


and that the richneſs of the ornaments, 


was equal to the magnificence of the 
temple: : theſe decorations were carried 
away by Cambyſes, together with the 
artiſts, who afterwards built the grand 
palace, which Alexander burnt. in Per- 
ſepolis, and others in Suja and Media. 


Time, that unwearied deſtroyer of 


every monument of human grandeur 


and genius, has now almoſt ſwept 


away the once powertul, opulent and 


magnificent Thebes ; nor does its great- 
neſs live in any hiſtorian; a loſs, that the 


curious mind cannot but feel and la- 5 


ment. In order to give as full a con- 


ception of it as poſſible, it will not be 
entirely foreign to my undertaking, or 
diſpleaſing to the reader, to introduce 


the accounts ſome moderns give of the 


ruins of this once illuſtrious Fry: 


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206 The HISTORY of 


Mr. Granger, an author of reputation, 
thus deſcribes an edifice, which he 
thinks was a temple of s. The firſt 
object which offers itſelf to our view, 
is a portico ſixty feet high, thirty-ſix 
broad, and ſeventy-one thick, embel- 
liſhed with a beautiful cornice, and a 
i, fillet round it; below which, and imme- 
diately over the gate, which is twenty 
feet high and ten wide, we ſee a ſort of 
eſcutcheon compoſed of a globe, ſupport- 

I ed by two kind of eel-pouts, Placed on 


an az ure field j in the manner of two ex- 


tended wings. This portico 18 covered 
from the top to the bottom with hi- 


eroglyphic inſcriptions. From this gate 


we enter into a very ſpacious court, 
full of the remains of columns : oppoſite 
to the temple which is in the middle of 
this court, we find twelve other pil- 
lars ſtanding, which ſupport the reſt of 


the ceilin g. 


The 


ANCIENT EGYPT. 207 


The front of the temple 1s one hun- 
dred and twenty-nine feet long, eighty- 
two wide, and ſeventy high : the back 
: part is one hundred and ſeventy feet long, 
one hundred and eight broad, and of the 
fame height with the front. The walls 
are covered from the top to the bot- 
tom with Egyptian divinities in bas relief 
and hieroglyphic characters; a moſt 
beautiful cornice goes round the whole, 


and eight lions heads form gutters. 


We immediately entered into a grand 5 
| hall, one hundred and twelve feet long, 5 
ſixty high, and fifty-eight broad. The 
ceiling i is ſupported by fix rows of pil- 

lars each ; the ſhaft of theſe columns i is 
ſifty- wo feet, and their circumference 
twenty- three; the chapiters of the co- 
lumns are formed of four women's heads, 
with their backs to each other. 


The 


208 The HISTORY of 


The walls of the hall are covered with 
an infinity of figures of animals, Egyp- 
tian divinities, and hieroglyphic cha- 
racers. The ceiling, the ſtones of which 
are each eighteen feet long, ſeven broad, 
and two thick, is painted in freſco, and 
the colours are ſtill very lively. 1 


From this ball we paſs into A large 
ſquare ſaloon, the ceiling of which 13 

ſupported by ſix columns, three on each 

ide, of the ſame form and proportion as 
the precedent; this faloon 1s forty-two 
feet, by forty-one. 1 


5 The ſame hall leads | to four cham- 
bers; the firſt is ſixty- three feet by eigh- 
teen, the others forty-three by ſeven- 
teen. The walls of theſe chambers are 
| painted and covered with inſcriptions and 
hieroglyphics. 
ZZ From 


Ancient EGyPeT, 209 


Fr rom the laſt chamber, we enter into 

a veſtible of twelve feet long, and three : 
wide, which leads to winding ſtairs, by 
which we aſcend to the terrace : there, 
on the ceiling of the grand hall, is a 

very dark chamber, eighteen feet ſquare, 
and nine high, enriched with many fi- 

gures cut in bas relief: on the ceiling is 


the figure of a giant in relievo, whoſe 
arms an logs we extended 


© A . miflionary in his voyage up 5 

the Nik, gives the following deſcription 

of ſome pieces of antiquity, he ſaw at 

the place, where Thebes is ſuppoſed 8 
have ſtood: in one place, at a ſmall dif- -- 


| tance from each other, he ſaw ſeven obe- 


| liſks ; in one hall upwards of an hun- 
dred and twenty columns covered from - 


the top to the bottom with b hierogly- 


Phil. Tranf, Abr. Vol. Ul. p. 52). 


= phics 


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210 The His TOR v of 
phics and figures of deities ; two ſtatues 
of a man and a woman eight and forty 
feet high ſitting i in chairs, and two others 
of black marble, repreſenting women 
with globes on their heads. And ſpeak- 
ing afterwards of a ſpacious building 
which the country people (who had re- 
ceived the information by tradition) ac- 
quainted him, had been in former ages 
the palace of a king, he ſays, there are 
* the avenues of it, a great number of 
: ſphinxes twenty feet in length, diſtant 
from each other about ſix feet. He had 
no opportunity of examining more than 
half the circumference of the building, 
and in that ſpace, walked in four ave- 
nues, which terminated at four gates of 
the palace, in one of which he numbered 
ſixty ſphinxes, and 1 in another fifty-one, 
| arranged oppoſite to each other. The 
gates of the palace are of an. extraordi- 
nary height, covered with vaſt ſtones; one, 


3 Which 


Nr Er. A 


which! formed the entablature, meaſur- 
ed upwards of twenty- -ſix feet in length, 
and of proportionate thickneſs: the walls 
and pillars were covered with innume- 
rable figures, all in profile, the ground 
of which, the azure and other colours, | 


which are like enamel, appear as freſh 
as if they had not been laid on a month. 
There are temples fo ſpacious, that three 
thouſand people may ſtand on the roof 
with eaſe. 


Mr. Nirdin” gives the following de- 


ſeription of a temple. 


As we advanced towards the ruins of 
the temple, our attention was drawn by 
two Col ſean figures looking towards the 
Nik, of ſimilar dimenſions and prodigi- 

ous ſize. They are about fifty feet high 
from the baſis of their pedeſtals, to the 
ſummit of their heads. They are ſeated 
: „ e 


212 The HISTORY of 


on ſtones almoſt cubic, fifteen feet high, 


and as many large, comprehending the 
Thac figures which ſerve for ornaments 
on the ſides of each ſtone. 


& he back part of each ſtone is a foot 


wn an half higher than the fore-part, 
the pedeſtals are each five feet high, 
thirty-ſix and an half long, and nineteen 
and an half wide. 


The diſtance of one > ſtatue from the 


. other is twenty-one paces; they botn 
conſiſt of ſeveral blocks of a fort of . 
greyiſh gravel ſtone, and ſeem to have 

been brought from the caverns which 

_ abound i n the eme eee. 


The back part : and ſides of the halen, 
on which they are ſeated, are covered 


with hieroglyphic figures, which in ge- 
neral are like each other, though there 


1s 


ANncienT EG YT. 213 


is ſome difference in the particular form 
of the characters. The chairs ſeem to 
be made of one piece, of the ſame 
kind of ſtone with the reſt, but ra- 
ther more brown and hard. 


The pedeſtals are as hand and brown | 
28 the chairs: its inſcription conſiſts. of 
one line of hieroglyphic figures, which 
are greatly injured by time and vioß; | 


lence. * 


The injury 0 Col 72 PI have 
received, has been only from time the 
T hieroglyphics have a ſimilar arrangement 

in the general diſpoſition, and are exe- 
- cuted with elegance and. ſymmetry, and 
are well preſerved. The inſcriptions were 
engraved to teſtify, that the voice of 
| Memnon had been heard. We went 
afterwards, ſays he, to the ruins on the 


north fide, not far from the Coloſſear 
Þ 3 figures, 


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BI --- 200 HISTORY of 


figures, which are doubtleſs the re- 


mains of the palace of Memnon. 


The portico alone of this temple is 


enough to give us a grand idea of the 


Egyptian architecture. Each column 


has over its capital {mall ſquare ſtones, 
which ſerve as beams, on which large 
blocks of ſtone reſt : all that is viſible 
of them is covered with hieroglyphics, 
which receive an additional luſtre from 

J the moſt lively colours incruſted chere- 
on; ſome of theſe blocks are forty feet 
long and two thick. Above theſe ſtones, | 


are other large ones in a tranſverſe poſi- 


tion, joined to each other like planks, 


and covered in every ville part with 
hieroglyphics. 


T- farts of columns are to be ob- 


ſerved in the edifice 3 their thickneſs 


and 


ANCIENT EGYPT. 


and ſolidity give them a fine appearance 


to the diſtant beholder, whoſe eye draw- 
ing nearer is pleaſed with a view of the 
hieroglyphics, and when cloſe by, de- 
- with the PR of the colours. 


This Lind: of painting, has neither 


ſhade or gradation, the objects are in- 


cruſted, as the figures are on the dial | 
plates of watches, with this difference, 
there is no detaching of them. I muſt 
confeſs this incruſted matter ſurpaſſed 
for ſtrength, any thing I had ever ſeen 
of the kind. It is far above the al- 
freſco and ZE moſaic, and laſts longer ; 


and it is ſurprizing how the gold, the 


ultramarine, and ſeveral other colours, 


have preſerved their luſture to this 


day. 5 


On the eaſt and weſt ſides of this edi- 
: fice there is a wall, which ſerves for an 


. encloſure; ; 


215 


216 The HIS TOR of 


encloſure ; on the north and ſouth 51 
are two colonades : the exterior columns 
are nether ſo high, nor ſo well orna- 
mented as thoſe in the middle; they 
have no capitals, but a kind of ſwelling 
at the top, which produces nearly the 
fame effect, as that of the thick end of 
a large club, or mace. There ought to 
be one-and- -twenty columns on each fide ; 
two- and- thirty only are ſtanding, which 
are covered with hieroglyphics ; ; thoſe | 
in the middle being the talleſt raiſe. the 
5 platform higher than the galleries ; ; there 
is no ſeeing the floor, as it is covered : 
with ruins and fand three or four feet | 
deep. 


Beſides theſe, there are a | variety . 
ruins, to the extent of three quarters of 
a league weſtward, and other adjacent | 
= pls, demonſtrating the extent, ſtu- 

pendous 


ANCIENT EGVYPT. 217 


pendous works, and magnificence of 


this ancient city. 


And, indeed, there were many ſtate- 


Iy temples, and ornamental ſtructurec, 


not only i in Thebes, but in all the chief 
cities of Egypt. A ſpirit of devotion 
had, in every age, occaſioned the build- 
ing of ſtupendous edifices to induce | 
the divinity to reſide in them, and to 
elevate the mind to a degree of dignity 
capable of converſing with him; but 
there was a diſpleaſing ruſticity in their 
buildings, which could not be entirely 


removed, even by the addition of paint- 


ing and ſculpture. Numberleſs {mall 


hieroglyphic figures on their columns, 


flat roofs, and abundant apartments in 
their buildings, conſpired to render 
them inelegant. A bold and ſpacious re- 
lievo conveys a grandeur to the edifice, 


whilſt a multitude of minute figures ap- 
pear 


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218 The Hi STORY of 


pear mean and confuſed. The concave 


1s particularly adapted to pomp and 
grandeur; the vaulted roof and dome, 


have a magnificent effect; the eye takes 
in the whole at a view, and is the point 


in which all the lines of the building 


concentre. Theſe ideas, however, re- 
ſult from long experience, and a ſeries 
of improvements: : buildings, and works | 


of art, are to be conſidered as grand 


and beautiful, according to the accom- 
pliſhments of the age, in which they 
were executed. We now look with ad- 


miration on the works of a Wren, 200 -- 


Manſard, at a time, when magnificence 


and excellencies in arts are redundant. 


| What wonder then muſt the works of 
Sefo Aris have ſtruck the world with, 


when inſtead of uncouth ſtructures, they 


ſaw his magnificent temples built in a 


new ſtile of architecture, with columns 


of poliſhed marble, adorned with ſculp- 


ture, 


ANCIENT EGYPT. 219 


ture, paintings, and decorations of bur- 
niſhed gold ? They thought that human 
genius could execute nothing more 
grand, elegant, or beautiful, and their 
extraordinarineſs have contributed to 
ſupport the fame of Se/otris, already 
more than three thouſand years, and 
will continue fo to do, to the lateſt 

ages of the world, | 


This great king having, with unre- 
mitted attention, promoted the happi- 
neſs of his people by the wiſeſt laws 
and inſtitutions, cultivated, adorned, 
and enriched his country, ſuffered diſ- 

turbances in his old age, which gave 
him great mortification and pain. The 

inceſſant labours Sefe Aris engaged the 
captives in, occaſioned them to rebel; 

the * Babyloniſh captives began the com- 
motion, and the Arabians following their 
0 Diotorus lib. 2, 


example, 


Ros 


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220 Me His TORY. of 


example, ſhook off their fetters, and 


withdrew from Egypt. This event ſour- 
ed the monarch's temper, already en- 
feebled by age, and brought on the 
illneſs which deprived him of ſight, a 
defect of nature, mortifying to his 
pride, who had been accuſtomed to uni- 


verſal admiration ; ? he could not ſupport 


the degrading ſtroke, which ſubjected 


him to pity and derifion ; ; and © there- 
fore, ((o uſe the words of Dioderus) 0 
with the ſame magnanimity, as he had 

atchieved ſo many glorious deeds, he . 
bravely encountered death, 


He is reckoned. amongſt their moſt 
famous heroes and legiſlators : 3 he left 


his dominions to his ſon Menopbis, flour- 5 
5 iſhing, and full of riches; the * reve- 
nues, at the time of his death, were 


equal to thoſe of Rome in her higheſt 


: Diodorus, lib. 2. | Tacit. annal. lib. 2. 


power 


ANCIENT EGYPT. 221 


power and grandeur ; which approved 
aſſertion of the hiſtorian, demonſtrates 
the extenſive dominion, power, and 
glory of Seſotris, the firſt monarch who 
could boaſt unrivaled greatneſs. He 
filled the throne ſixty-nine years®, 


MENOPH I 8, 
Anno A. C. 
14285 


THE flouriſhing condition | in which 
855 oftris left his kingdom to Menophis, 


* When Darius had conquered Egypt, he de- 
ſigned to have fixed his ſtatue in the temple, in - 
a place above that of Sefſeftris, which the high prieſt 
oppoſed, faying, he had not yet ſurpaſſed the 
actions of that king. Darius, not offended at the | 
rebuke, replied, He would endeavour to equal that 
hero i in glory. 


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122 Yo His FORL- 


the immenſe. revenues, and happy dif. 
: poſition | of the internal government, 
gave him the power of ſupporting the 
glory of Egyßt; but what uſe he made 
of theſe fair advantages cannot be evi- 
dently determined 5 He had not long = 
enjoyed the throne, before he Was 
afflicted with the diſorder, which had 
occaſioned his father's death; having 
laboured under it ten years, he was told 
by the oracle of Butus, that the only 
application, capable of reſtoring | his 
ſight, was the urine of a woman, who 
had known no man but her huſband. 
He made the firſt experiment with the 
queen 8 water, and after her's, that of 
many others, without ſucceſs ; 45 at 
length, a gardener's wife reſtored him 
to ſight, and was raiſed by him to the 
| throne ; the adultereſſes were incloſed 
within a city called Erythrebolus, and 


E Herodotus, lib. 2. and Diodorus, . 
together 


 AncleEnT EGYPT. 223 


together with the city, reduced to 


Monoßphis is, according to Funccius, 
the Maro of Diodorus, and the Oſman- 4 
des of H. ecat@us, the Abdarite, who 
| built a grand mauſoleum, on the walls 
of which were en the military ex- 
ploits of Of mandes; * which is thus 


. deſeribed: 


At the entrance of the mauſoleum = 
was a veſtible of two hundred feet long, 
and ſixty- ſeven and an half high, built 


of the richeſt porphyry. Within it was 


1 ſquare periſtyle, each fide of which 
Was four hundred feet. Figures of ani- 


mals four and twenty feet high, of 


one ſtone, badly wrought, inſtead of 


columns, ſupported the ceiling, made 
of ſtones twelve feet long, the whole | 
being overſpread with ſtars of gold, on 


* Diodorus, lib, I, page 5. 


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224 The HISTORY of 


a ground of azure. Beyond this pe- 


riſtyle, was another veſtible like the for- 


mer, but adorned with more figures ; 


there the attention is immediately drawn 
by three ſtatues of one ſtone each ; the 
largeſt is of the king, who built the 
mauſoleum, in a ſitting poſture, thought 


to be the largeſt coloſſus i in Egypt, being 


at leaſt fifty fect high. This was not ſo 
much to be admired for its ſize, as it 
was for the workmanſhip, and the ex- 
cellence of the ſtone, in which though 
- ſo large, there was not the ſmalleſt flaw, 
defect or blemiſh. From this veſtible 
you entered into another periſtyle, far 
—_— the other! in e ; the wall: 


were pieces of ſculpture, repreſenting 


the military exploits of Of, mandes. In 
the centre of the periſtyle was raiſed an 
altar of moſt beautiful marble, and ex- 


quiſite workmanſhip ; | and at the bot- 


- 3 tom 


AxctenT EcGyPrT. 225 


ſtone, each forty feet and an half high. 


From this periſtyle, three grand gates 


led into a ſpacious hall; about two hun- 
dred feet ſquare; the ceiling of which 


was. ſupported by Pillars in it was an 


infinity of figures in wood, repreſent - 
ing a grand audience, attentive to the 


| deciſions of a ſenate engaged in the ad- 


miniſtration of Juſtice, Thirty judges 
ſat on benches erected againſt one of the 


lides of the. hall. 


The hall had a communication with 


2 gallery, in which were a variety of 
cabinets, and tables overſpread with all 
kinds of meat, which could fatter the 


taſte. At the upper end of this gallery, 


the prince who built this grand edifice 


Was repreſented at the feet of Oris, 


offering ſacrifices to him. In another 


part of this mauſoleum, was the ſacred 


. | library, 


226 _ The His Tory of 


library, adjoining to which, were placed 
ſtatues of the gods of the Egyptians, 
and the king preſenting ofterings to 
_ each of them. Beyond the library, on 
a line with it, was an hall, at the en- 
trance of which were twenty beds, witn 
the ſtatues of the chief deities, and 
that of Ofimandes lying on them; many 
rooms joined to this hall, in which 
were repreſentations of the ſacred animals, 
and the tomb of Of mandes, to which 
they aſcended by ſeveral ſteps. 


There was hope in this building a 
5 circle of gold, a foot and half in thick- 
neſs, and three hundred and ſixty-five 
in circumference ; from which diviſion 
into three hundred and ſixty-ſive parts, 
it is thought, that the Egyptians had at 
this time divided their year into that 
number of days. This circle, Camby- 
fes carried away when he plundered 

Egypt. Menophis enjoyed t the throne 
e forty 


Ancient EGyPer, 227 


forty years, and was ſucceeded | by 
ethos. 


8 E T H O 8 
Anno. A. C. 
1376. 


THE NINETEENTH DYNASTY: : 


THE hiſtory of this king's r reign is 
| loſt; it is obſerved that in the ſifty- firſt 
year of his reign, the great canicular 
year began, on Saturday the twentieth 
of July, conſiſting of one thouſand 


four hundred and ſixty years, the dog- 


ſtar having riſen heliacè that morning, 


preciſely at four 0 clock, at Thebes. 


Sethos reigned hfty-five years, and was 
ſucceeded in his throne. by his fon 


Ramſes. 55 


9 
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3 R A- 


223 The His Tory off 


R 4 M 5 K 5 
Anno. A. C. 
1321. 


THE filence we * been obliged to 
obſerve with reſpect to Sethos, leaves be- 
hind it room to imagine, that he was vir- _ 
tuous and beneficial to mankind, and poſ- 
ſeſſed ſome ſpark of his grandfire s mag- 


nanimity and grandeur of ſoul: the ſame 4 


filence would have been an acquiſition 

to Ramſes, whom nature ſeemed laviſh- 
. determined to render deſpicable. 

With the meaneſt capacity, ſhe gave 
him no deſires but what centered in 
ſelf ; he paid no attention to the happi- . 
neſs, or reputation of his kingdom, nor 
: regarded its internal police, or the ad- 
miniſtration of Juſtice: : his whole de- 
light 


AncienT EGyPT. 229 


his inj uries, joined themſelves to the 
his dominions, after he had reigned 


. to the throne. 


ber 7. acitus, (perhaps from the like- 


by Herodotus, who ſays, that Seſe Aris 


: maſter of Ethiopia. 


f Tacit, ann. lib, 2, cap. bo. 2 Herodotus, lib. 2. 


Q 3 A M- 


light was to amaſs wealth; and in the 
gratification of this paſſion, neceſſarily 

| falling into oppreſſion and cruelty, 
alienated the affections of his ſubjects, 
who no longer capable of ſupporting 


king of Ethiopia, expelled him from 


lixty-fix years, and raiſed the Ethiopian | 


Some have aſſerts; and of that num 
neſs of his name, to Ramaſes, another 
name of 2 Aris that he conquered 


Ethiopia; ; however, this is cleared up 


alone, of all the Egyprian . Was 


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230 The His Tone 
41 MENEPHT HES 
Anno. A. C. 

1255 
AMMENEMES, 
Anno. A. C. 
"10, 


T H E Egyptian hiſtorians hows pro- 
bably avoided to mention theſe Erhio- 
Pian princes, to obliterate as much as 
lay in their power, their own infidelity, 


and treacherous ſubverſion of the empire, 


Whether Ammenemes died without iſſue, 
or a revolution recalled the ancient line 
of kings ta the government, is not 
Known; however, we find that the 
. throne 


ANCIENT EGYPT. 231 


throne reverted to the Egyptian family 
in the ONO of 


„ 
1 


NOTHING can his more dange- 
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and the happineſs of a nation, than the 
admiſſion of a Prince to the throne, 
whoſe principles are materially diſſimi- 
lar to their own, who is not united 
0 the country by affinity and affection, 
is averſe from the eſtabliſned religion, 
and had ſuffered at any time, injuries 
from them. The ſtep the Egyptians 
took in transferring the throne to the E- 
thioptan, was not more unnatural, than it 
was baſe and impolitic. Ta a prince 
8 4: unacquainted 


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232 .The HISTORY of 


unacquainted with urbanity, and the | 
politer arts, to which they were de- 


voted, unuſed. to their ſuperſtition, the 


| general genius of the people, and whoſe 


country had been conquered by the 


grandfather « of the late king, they could 
not be a pleafing people, nor he other- 
5 wiſe than obnoxious to their contempt 


and averſion, which probably was in- 


creaſed by a particular attachment to 
his own people, and introducing them 
into offices of truſt, contrary to the 


laws of Egypt, which permitted no 
foreigner to enjoy any place of truſt, 1 
honour, or importance in their king- | 
dom; and indeed, in every inſtance of Ly 
gratifying his own inclinations, he muſt 
have mortified the pride, fed the jea- 
louſy, | increaſed the. ſuſpicion of the 
Egyptians, and deſtroyed that confi- 


5 dence, which is the happy cement of 
PI and people. F rom theſe conſi- 
| derations, 


ANCIENT EGYPT. 233. 


derations, which naturally attended the 
Egyptian infidelity, it is not to be doubt- 
ed, that Egypt ſuffered greatly during 
| the two laſt reigns; 


e emden at Abe ant ene 
ed his provinces according to the ancient 
ſyſtem, by {ſelect officers, aſſiſted by a 
council. He intruſted the government 
of Memphis to Proteus, a native of that 
city, who entertained Helena, when 
Paris, compelled by a tempeſt, entered 
the Nile, This point of hiſtory, He- 
rodatus ſays, he received from the 
prieſts; and ftrengthens the aſſertion 
by obſerving, that there was in a tem- 
ple, on the north fide of that dedicated | 
to Vulcan in Memphis, a chapel dedi- 
cated to Venus the ſtranger, whom he 
ſuppoſes to be Helena, the daughter ' 


Tindarus: and Homer, conferring high _ 


encomiums on the medicine Nepenthe, 


ſays, 


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234 The HISTORY of 


ſays , that Helena learned the compofi- 
tion from Polydamna, the wife of * 
king of 20b.. 


Abri ap tis otvoy Pan gaflaaros 7 Nn ET1v0y 
Nonwlic TAY ONSV TE, Katy dor dinayrw, 
K Oc To naval pete, Þ 27 5 \xpnriſpe laren 
Ov av UPnjipide VE Naldo NATE oelupo n. 
Oo E oi xarareain un np TE rarip Te | 
: Obo & of Tporapoey dhe los, n eder u 
Nabe nice, 0 o pd ah ele Gp@ro. 
rea Side deparnp 1 * Qappaxc rider 


Wa Ta ol Hoare. Tipe Odo Taponorrir, 


Odyſſey, lib, 4. ver, 220, & ſeq. 


In haſte ſhe mix'd with wine, whoſe genial fire 
Dilates the heart, and animates the lyre, 
' Nepenthes myſtic fumes, whoſe ſovereign balm 


Wraps every ſenſe, in one ſeraphic calm, 


With power divine diſpels each gloomy care, 
And empts the briny fountains of deſpair; 
| 3 


Ancient EGyPT, 23g 


The mind directed by this potent charm, 

On high tranſcends the feels of dire alarm; z 

The aged parent, rends the air with groans; 

The tortur'd brother, neſts the rocks with 
moans; * e 

The tender ſon, in clotted gore 18 ſeen, 


With heart unruffled, and the ſoul ſerene, 


Beautcous Helen, of the race of Jove, = 
7 Bright as the princeſs of th' Idalian grove, 2 


F rom Polydamna, 7 hone 8 imperial queen, 


= Receiv'd theſe drugs, where Nile 8 meandring 


ſtream, 
With rich profus on orerſpreads the kd 
And decks all nature, with a lib'ral hand. 


I Intelligence having been rnd = 
of the Tryjan prince's arrival, and the 
perfidious action he had been guilty of, 
in ſeducing the wife of Menelays ; or- 
ders were diſpatched from Memphis to 


ſeize him, and the effects on board his 
4 Heredotus, lib. 3. 


veſſel, 


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236 The HIS TOoRY of 


veſſel, which were immediately exe- 


cuted; and Paris being brought be- 
fore the governor, was thus addreſſed 


by him. If I was not very unwilling 


to put ſtrangers to death, forced by the 


winds to take refuge in theſe territo- 
ries, I would revenge the injury thou 
haſt done to that Grecian: thou haſt 
ſhewed thyſelf the baſeſt of men, in 


755 violating the ſacred laws of hoſpitality, 
and ſeducing the wife of one who en- 
tertained thee in his houſe with kind- | 
neſs; and as if it was not enough to 


debauch his wife, thou haſt brought her 


. with thee, and to complete thy 
crime, haſt robbed him of his treaſures: : 
ther efore, though Il cannot perſuade my- 
ſelf to kill a ſtranger, yet 1 will not 5 


ſuffer thee to carry away the woman, or 


the riches which thou haſt plundered, 
but will detain both, and reſtore them 
to thy injured hoſt, upon his demand. 


ANC ENT EGV T. | 237 
panions, to depart out of this kingdom, 
within three 8 — pain of being | 
TD treated as enemies. 


| Theſe accounts of Herodotus and Ho- 

ner, which have bred ſome confuſion 
in the regal ſucceſſion, from a ſuppoſi- 
tion, that Proteus was king of Egypt, 

and Memphis the royal reſidence, are 


5 only the beginning and continuation of 


5 the ſame narrative. Paris could enter Lu 
the Nile, by the Cancpian branch only, 7 


which neceffarily leading him to Prote= 
— province, ſubjected him to the ju- 
dicial notice of that governor, who hav- = 
ing expelled the raviſher, Helen was re- 
moved to Thebes, and entertained in the 
palace, where ſhe learnt the compoſition 
| of Nepenthe from queen Polydamna, and 
was reſtored to Menelaus by Thuoris, ſoon | 
after the deſtruction of Tr roy, which was 


3 | taken 


— SO one K TE a rs —- 


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—_— 7 — — — 


238 The HISTORY of 


taken and burnt in the night e the 
twenty- third and twenty- fourth of Thar- 


gelion, the eleventh Athenian month, cor- 


5 reſponding to the night between the ele- 


venth and twelfth of Fane : four hundred 
and eight years before the firſt olympiad, 


eleven hundred and eighty- four before 
f Chriſt, and two before the death of Thu- 


oris, whoſe reign cloſes the nineteenth 
* ; 


The TwEeNTIETH | Dyxas rv, and 


third of THEBAN Kincs, containing the 


ſpace of one hundred and ſeventy- eight 
years, is intirely unknown. 


Tur 


Ancient EcGyPT. 239 


Tar entf Fier Dyxasrr. 
$M ENDIS. 
Anno. A. C. 
1004. 


THIS monarch i is alſo called i in Kir- 
1 cher's E gyptian Oed. pus, Simandius, 2 
i mandrus, and Smerres. I n the laſt dy- 
naſty ſome extraordinary revolutions, un 
known to the preſent ages, muſt have 
rent the Egyptian dominions: the ſceptre 
was no longer ſwayed by an Egyptian, 
the royal reſidence was at Tanis in the 
Delta, and Egypt and Ethiopia obeyed 
one ſovereign; a union by no means 
advantageous to Egypt, either in point 
of politics, civilization or arts; the Erhi- 
opians, unacquainted with a regular ſyſ- 


tem 


244 The His Tory of 


tem of government, and thoſe iniprove- 
ments which ſoften men's manners, and 
are the ſource of urbanity and 'order, 
entertained a ruſticity in principle and 
action inj urious and obſtructive to re- 
= gular diſpenſations of juſtice, averſe from 
the obligingneſs univerſally obſerved by | 
the Egyptians, and pernicious to their 
ſpirit of emulation and ingenuity ; and 
indeed we hear very little of improve- 
ment in arts or ſciences, from the firſt 
irruption of the Ethiopians into Exp, 
until the re- eſtabliſhment of their na- 
tural princes, when their diſpoſition to 
arts and ſciences always renewed its 
efforts, and broke forth with energy 
| and vigor. 


„ Though Boypt ſuffered in works of 
genius, and thoſe qualities, which, re- | 
ſulting from mental ability, do moſt 
honour to human nature; 3 yet the union 
with 


ANCIENT EGYPT. 24t 


with Ethiopia gave them ſuch an ac- 
ceſſion of power, as made the friend- 
ſhip of Smendis courted. by the neigh- 
bouring nations: amongſt others, king 
Solomon, & prince highly diſtinguiſhed 
for his wiſdom and riches, not only 
entered into pacific engagements with 
him, but ſtrengthened the alliance by 
a marriage with his daughter, and re- 
ceived the ' city of Gazar i in dower with 
the * 


At this time Solomen appointed * Fero- 
boam to the office of overſeer of his work- 
men employed in building the temple and 
: palace at Jeruſalem, who being told by 
the prophet Abijab, ' that he ſhould reign 
over ten tribes of Tfrael, incurred his 
maſter 8 diſpleaſure; and to avoid the 


in Kine, i ill, 1. k 1 Kings, Xi. 28. 
1 I Kings, X1, 37. "ok 


R 


reſentment 


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242 The HISTORY of 


reſentment of Solomon, retired to the 
court of Egypt, and there married Atu, 


the queen's ſiſter. This connection 
brought great troubles afterwards on 
Nehoboham the ſon of Solomon, as will 5 


TENE in the following reign. | 


Smendis was a great f lover of juſtice, 
and of an amiable, mild, and humane 


g diſpoſition ; too true a friend to the 
rights of mankind, to wantonly let looſe 
the numerous forces of two powerful 
empires, to deſolate the world, he en- 
: Joyed refined picaſures in eaſe and re- 
tirement, and in promoting the wel- 
fare and happineſs of his people, which 
does not appear to have ſuffered | any 
material interruption, until his death 
filled their hearts with ſorrow and la- 
mentation. He filled the throne fix and 
twenty years, and was ſucceeded by his 


ſon 


PSEU- 


AN CI TNT EGVYPT. 243 


PSEUSENNES, os SESAC, 
A. C. 


Anno. 


978. 


THE youthful actions of princes are 
ſeldom recorded ; none but thoſe of the 


moſt illuſtrious character, and of theſe 
conduct of 


only ſome particulars: : the 
Eſeuſennes, during his father's 8 life-time, 
was regular and decent; 
to obey, but not to command: The ar- 


bitrary power he was inveſted with, to- 
: cether with the throne, had i in the laſt 
reign, in the hands of a placid, humane 


and magnanimous prince, filled his coun- 
try with happineſs, and made every in- 
dividual deok up to his ſovereign with 
veneration, confidence and regard : to a 
penetrating genius, were united in Sen- 


R 2 Alis 


| 


he knew how | 


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244 The His Tory of 


dis nice ſenſations, and the moſt oblig- 
ing diſpoſition ; enjoying too ſtrong an 
intellect to be miſled by intereſted in- 
ſinuations, or delegate the guidance of 
his faculties to others, he looked into 
| the affairs of his people, and directed 
the buſineſs of his kingdom according 


to the dictates of his own good heart, 1 


and ability: ſuch a union of excellent 


qualities, could not but advance the hap- 


pineſs and welfare of the nation; but 
how ſeldom 1 is ſuch a union to be found £ 
p If it is at all defective, the conſequences : 
muſt be fatal. Human nature is too 
Weak to be intruſted with unlimited 
power; it requires reſtraint : in being 
raiſed above the laws, fear, that excel- 
lent ſupport of morals, i is extinguiſhed ; 
reaſon muſt be too offenſive to the will, 
to be attended to, and no power remains 
to curb the capricious temper from vi- 
| olence and rage: whoever reads the 
hiſtory 


ANCIENT EGYPT. 245 


hiſtory of Suetonius will ſhudder at its 
| horrid effects. 


Pſeuſennes, a prince of tottering prin- 


ciples, was eafily ſwayed from the lit- 


| tle ſtock of habitual virtue and mo- 
deration he poſſeſſed ; too mean in his 


capacity to meaſure the worth of things, 


by the ſtandard of reaſon, he ſubſtituted 
his will, in its place, and in the pro- 
| ſecution of his defires, tr ampled on the 
laws, broke civil obligations, ſhut up 
the temples, and forbad any facrifices | 


or adoration to be paid to the gods. 


N 


A ſimilitude of diſpoſition * ü 


| him to his uncle Feroboam, who re- 


ſided at his court, and prevailed on him, 


ſoon after the death of Solomon his bro- 


ther in law, to engage in a war againſt 
his coufin Rehoboam, the {on of Solomon, 


who having cauſed che ten tribes of 


1 . Iſrael 


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246 The HisToRY of 


Ifrael to revolt, they, according to the 


prediction of the prophet, called Jero- 
 boam out of Egypt, and fat. him on 
the throne of Iſrael, in which he was 
ſupported by P/euſennes at the head of an 
ce "army of twelve hundred armed cha- 
. riots, ſixty-thouſand horſe, and an in- 


FE: numerable multitude of ras Trog- 


* hodytes, and Ethiopians -” 2 with theſe 
forces, too powerful for Reboboam to 
withſtand, he entered Jeruſalem, carried 
away the treaſures of the temple, the 


riches of the royal palace, and the three | 
hundred ſhields of gold, which Solomon 


made, each of which weighed three 


hundred ſhekels, or three minæ, equal to 
three pounds of the preſent weight, into 
Egypt, and there laviſhed them away in 


licentiouſneſs and enormous buildings. 


= Joſeph, Antiq. lib, viii. cap. 4. 


He 


ANCIENT EGYPT. 247 


| He built a bridge over the Nie, three 
thouſand one hundred and twenty-five 
feet in length, ſixty in breadth, and 
forty in height ; the ſtones of which, 
as well as thoſe of the ſecond pyramid, 
| attributed to him, were dug i in the Ara- 
bian mountains, to which they opened A 
canal from the Nike, and bringing the 
rafts within the quarry, immediately re- 
ceived the ſtones on them, and conveyed 
them from thence to the ſpot where they 
were to be uſed. By theſe buildings, and 
a general prodigality, Pſeuſennes exhauſted 
the treaſures of his anceſtors, as well as 
thoſe he brought from Jeruſalem, and 
reduced himſelf to ſuch poverty, that 
| he baſely ſubmitted to proſtitute his 
daughter for £ gain. Thus wretched from 
his vices, he could neither ſhake off his 
habits, nor bear to ſee them i in their true 
colours; the fairneſs of a good charac- 
ter, lo ſtrongly expoſed the turpitude and 
R 4 darkneſs 


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r TEE IPRS 9 
r — —2 >>: >» x a — 


— —.— — 3 
— 25 — — - C 


24.8 The HISTORY of 


darkneſs of his own, that it was always 


irkſome and odious in his fight ; he ſet 
his ſon aſide from the throne, becauſe his 


amiable diſpoſition tacitly condemned his 


infamy and baſeneſs. He died univer- 


ſally deteſted, after he had been the 

ſcourge of his ſubjects one and forty 

years, and left the throne to his brother 
937. 


FROM the motive which raiſed this 


prince to the throne, a fimilitude of 


| diſpoſition to his brother, we are not 


15 


at a loſs to collect the general Ren of 


his character, though hiſtory does not 


| opinion 


ANCIENT EGYPT, 249 


opinion that he is Vaphres, whole letters 


the throne reverted to his nephew 


AMENOPHTHIS, 
Anno A. C. 


933. 


but not daring to interfere, or declare 


ſubmitted to his ſovereigns inſtitutions. 


to Solomon are to be ſeen in the ninth | 
book of Euſcbiuss evangelical prepara- 
tion. After he had reigned four years, 


THIS prince had long beheld the 
: tyranny and impiety of his father and 
uncle with ſilent horror and averſion, and 
ardently wiſhed to reſtore the Egyptians 


to their religion, and former ſituation ; 


ſentiments, which had already loſt him 
the crown, he prudently temporized, and 


Now 


250 The HrsTory of | 


Now poſſeſſed of power, and at full li- 
berty to exert the dictates of his heart, 
| he opened the temples, and reſtored 
religious worſhip to its former channel, 
permitted the people to exerciſe their 
trades and occupations, encouraged their 
induſtry, alleviated their wants, and 
brought the arts and ſciences, which 
had been diſregarded, into practice and 


* eputation . 


He found the provinces | and courts 
of judicature i in the hands of thoſe, who 


had been appointed to their offices in 8 


the late reigns, and according to the | 
politics of the ſeaſon, knowing no other 
: rule of action, than their maſter” s will, 
expected the ſame deference from their 
inferior officers, and all who applied to 
their departments ; which had fo per- 
verted every principle of juſtice, that 
they ſeemed rather the executors of ra- 


pine 


* ” 


ANCIENT EGYPT. 2g1 


pine and deſolation, than the guardians 


of the. laws, and protectors of virtue. 
Theſe were immediately ſuperſeded by 
men of integrity and abilities, who at- 
tending to a juſt execution of the Jaws, 


reſtored juſtice, regularity and order, 


Anenopbrbis was of ſo merciful a diſ- 
poſition, that the death or puniſhment | 
of a criminal gave him great pain and 


uneaſineſs. A refined morality and hu- 


mane temper gave him nice ſenſations, 
and the miſery even of an offender aſ- 
ſembled in his mind the moſt commi- 
ſerating reflections, and made ; him feel 
the importance of having a citizen's life 
ſuſpended on his determination. This 
{ſerious warmth | in the cauſe of mercy, 
the firmeſt and moſt pleaſing ſecurity 
of the perſons and property of his peo- 


ple, could never admit of capricious vi- 


olence, too often experienced in arbitrary 


governments; 


” 


252 We His Tory of 


governments; and whilſt it gave the 
ſubject the comfort of knowing himſelf 
ſafe in the enjoyment of his poſſeſſions, 
was the ſource of internal felicity to the 
5 prince. There can be in no ſcene of 
life a true taſte of enjoyment, without 
a diſpoſition to mercy ; ſenſibility extends 
its influence to every faculty; whilſt it 
commiſerates the wretched, and expands . 
the tender powers of humanity to plead 
the cauſe of the afflicted, it feeds the 
ſoul with the higheſt joys; the glad- 
5 dened heart of the wretched, and the 
deſponding raiſed to ſatisfaction and hap- 
pineſs, pour on it a flood of delight, and 


in diſplaying humanity ! in the moſt ex- 


alted point of view, demonſtrates that the 
moſt refined ſenſations, will attend the 
5 pureſt « elevation of reaſon and human na- 

ture, | - 
ry Amenopbithis 


AncitenT EGYPT. 253 


Amenophthis had happily adjuſted the 
internal government, and by an un- 
wearied attention to the general wel- 
fare of his people, almoſt obliterated the 
effects and remembrance of the two 
laſt reigns, when he loſt his favourite 
daughter, whom he buried in a ſingu- 
lar manner: Having cauſed the i image 
of a cow to be made of wood richly 
"0p « gilded, he put t the body of his daughter 
« into it. The cow was not interred, 
cc but continued near five hundred years 
905 afterwards, i in the days of Herodotus, 
. expoſed to view, in a magnificent 8 

5 chamber of the royal palace, in the 
« city of Saic, where they burnt ex- 

« quilite perfumes all the day and lamps | 
0D — night.“ 


T his calamity was ſeverely felt by 
Amenopbthis, imbittered the reſidue of 


n Herodotus, lib. 2. 


3 . = 


» 


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. ſucceſſion. 


254 The His Tory of 


his days, and gradually brought him to 


his grave. He reigned nine years, a 


ſhort ſpace for ſo valuable a prince : 


| he had no deſire, like moſt of his pre- 
deceſſors, of perpetuating his name by 
magnificent buildings; they were gene- 
rally diſtreſſing to the people; and 
though his genius did not rank him 
amongſt the legiſlators, and moſt diſtin- 
guiſhed kings, yet the happineſs his E 
ſubjects enjoyed from his tender care, 
erected a monument of him in their 
hearts, more durable and pleaſing, than . 
the moſt ſoperb mauſoleum, or ſtatues 
of gold or marble, 


During one hundred and forty- three 


years, from this period, which includes 
the reſidue of this, and two ſucceeding 
dynaſties, nothing more is preſerved | of 


the Egyptian hiſtory, than the regal 


= 


Anno 


ANCIENT EcGvyvPT. 2g 


Anno A. C. 924. 


Osoc n ſucceeded | AMENOPHTHIS, 
and reigned = - „ 6 years, 


Anno A. C. wh 


PsINACHES reigned — 9 years. 


Bunling ſays, that the e Eli- 
jab, was taken up into heaven in the 


fifth year of this — 


Anno A. C. 909. 


- PsEUSENNEs the ſecond, reigned 3 years. 


About this time flouriſhed the poet 
Homer. 


Tur TwexnTy-SrconD DYNASTY. 
OF THE BU BASTITES. 
Anno A. C. 874. 
SESENCHOSIS aſcended the throne, and 


reigned | K 21 years. 


VHP 


1 
. 
' 
1 
k 

5 

i 


r wb 


— — 
— — 


r ß ß. 


2 56 The HISTORY of 
Anno A. C. 853, 


OsoRTHoON aſcended the throne, and 
reigned = = = = 15g years. 


Anno A. C. 838. 


TACELLOTHIS aſcended the throne, 


and reigned = „„ 13 years. 


Tur TwexnTy-TrirD DyNnasTv. 


"OFTHE 'F ANITES. 


Anno A. C. 825. 


PETUBASTES aſcended the throne, and : 


reigned - — — 25 years. 


Anno A. 25 $00. 


OsoxTHON the ſecond aſcended the 


throne, and reigned = 9 years. 


Anno 


ANCIENT EGYPT. 257 


Anno A. C. 791. 
PsaMMus_ aſcended the throne, and 
| reigned We SIO 10 years. 


Tur TwxNTVY-FouRTH DynasTyY, 
Os Tus SAITES. 
3 5 1 8. 
Anno A. C. 
781. 


N ROM a Pra of Sefo PAY the 


Egyptian government, and ſituation of 
affairs, were often wavering, irregular, D 


and unſettled ; ; the ſeeds of power, and 


principles of arts and ſciences were not 
oſt, though neglected ; and we have 


ſeen the kingdom in a flouriſhing and 
8 potent 


| 

1 
1 
1 


258 e His Tory of 


potent condition, both in the time of 
the Trojan war, and during the twenty- 
firſt dynaſty yet even then, they made 


no improvements on the wiſe laws of-.. 


Sefoftris, nor gained any additional re- 95 


putation in art, ſcience, or politics. 
Many of the artiſts had indeed retired 


from Egypt in the latter part of Se- 
foftris's reign; but ſkilful artificers and 
men of genius ſtill remained, as is evi- 
dent from the tomb of Of; mandes, and 


other magnificent buildings, erected af- 


i ter that period. And though there 5 
aroſe no genius like Seſo Aris, to draw 
| out the ability of the people, and cul- 


tivate amongſt them an ambition to 


excel; they had his code and maxims 


to conduct the government, and by 
5 their aſſiſtance, ſupported themſelves 


: from confuſion and obſcurity, until 


the Ethopians were in poſſeſſion of the 


throne ; ; who having no idea of ſcience, 


3 A_ the 


AN CIENT EGVYPr. 259 


the value of arts, or their ſyſtem of 


government, totally ſubverted the lat- 


ter, and involved the former in almoſt 


utter ruin, from which they were pre- 


: {ſerved 1 * 


Within the two laſt FREE which { 


I have been obliged to paſs over 1n 


ſilence, there muſt have ariſen ſome 


violent civil commotions in the king- 


dom, as the throne, before that time 


4 
— 


in the poſſeſſion of the Ethiopian family, 


was now filled by Bocchoris an Egyptian, N 
a prince mean in his perſon, weakly in 


his conſtitution, and ſevere in his man- 


ners; circumſtances, which in another 
king would have incurred the con- 


tempt and diſregard of a people prone 


to licentiouſneſs and rebellion, as the 


Egyptians were, but in him they were 


not conſidered; the ſuperiority of his 


wiſdom and prudence, obliterated every 
[ 8 2 idea 


ar 
i 
1 
F 
$ 

. 

& 
| 


25 2 = 4 
— — A rs 


260 The HISTORY of 


idea of perſonal defect. The delicacy 

of his conſtitution, which rendered 
him incapable of attempting to ac- 
= quire military glory, was no interrup- 
tion to his mental faculties, but do- 
meſticating him, | inclined his genius 
wholly to the regulation and internal 
concerns of his kingdom. 


is all the property in the | 
| 5 kingdom had been veſted in the crown; 
| the lands were divided amongſt the _ 
| people, firſt by Foſe ph, and afterwards 
x 5 by Sefo oftris, for an undetermined time, 
but not in fee, on condition of an- 
| nually | paying a ſtipulated quit- rent 
into the treaſury; by this tenure, the 
leſſee was ſubject to a reſumption, 
whenever the crown pleaſed to exerciſe 
that power, and to be deprived in an 
inſtant of the fruit of their own, and 
the labours of their anceſtors ; which 
9 Bocchoris 


0 pp nt; > ct 20m; 


— — 
P cc 


_ — 7 — — —— — —— 
— * N - — — 4 1 2 go - * — . 2 
P EEned RE FRIES an Fung >. 


ANCIENT EGYPT. 261 


Bocchoris thought ſo unfriendly to in- 
duſtry and improvement, that he made 
it the firſt object of his attention, to 
aſcertain the rights of the crown, and 


point out the independent N of 
the NEO 


The laws of 895 r which had been 
ſet aſide, were now reſtored, and ſuch 
others added, as he thought neceſſary 

and beneficial to the ſtate ; particularly — 
the firſt commercial laws, and * others 


relative to contracts and agreements. 
He enacted, that a: debtor ſhould be 
free from any claim, where there was 
no written proof of the debt: and 
that thoſe who lent their money up- 
on uſury, ſhould not receive intereſt, 
after it had doubled the principal. He 


ſubjected all property to the payment 


* Diodorus, lib. 2. Ut ſupra, 5 = 
1 of 


262 The His Tory of © 


of debts, but Sl #247 
body of the debtor to be ſeized; a 
the ſtate required his aſſiſtance in mince 
258 war, thinking it unjuſt and im- 
politic, to permit the avarice of a cre- 
ditor to deprive the ſtate of the ſer⸗- 
vices of a uſeful ſubject. T his law 
was carried to Athens by Solon, and 
there called the Sciſachbia. Finding 
that there was not ſufficient | money 
in circulation to ſupply the exigencies 
of individuals ; to eſtabliſh credit, he 
made a law, by which his ſubjects 
were permitted to pledge the bodies of 
their fathers, for the payment of a 
loan; ; and that if the debtor. refuſed 
to pay the debt, or died, without re- 
deeming the pledge, he ſhould be de- 
priyed of funeral rites. 


Theſe, laws judiciouſly founded on 
the Fe and diſpoſition of the 
_ Egyptians, 


ANCIENT EGYPT. 263 


_ Egyptians, were univerſally admired, and 


in force ſeven hundred years after the 


reign of Bocchoris, when Egypt was 
_ ſubdued by the Romans. He was juſt- 


ly ranked amongſt their moſt famous 
legiſlators, and regarded as one of the 


wiſeſt and beſt ra of Egypt. 


| The only public vailding attributed 


to him, was a beautiful and magnifi- 


cent portico, on the caſt fide of Vulcan's 


temple, 


In the forty-fourth year of his 
reign, Sabacon, the Ethiopian, entered 


Egypt with a powerful army, and con- 


quered it; what became of Bocchoris 8 
after this reverſe of fortune, 1s not well 


known * * 


Ho * Euſebius, after Julius Africanus, ſays, that Boc- 
| ehoris Was taken in battle, and burnt alive by or- 
8 4 5 der 


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264 The His ToRY of 


Tux TwEN TY-Fir ru  DynasTyY 


Or Tix E TH 1 or IANS. 


2 A B A NL 0 N, 
Anno A. 10 
19 19 5 


SABACOCO Ns late victory opened 

him a way to the throne, and the 

: ſubmiſſion of the Egyptians ; 5 they, 
ever ready to traneler” their allegiance, 
knew not What it is to love their 

king, and entertain a warm regard for 

a beneficent and excellent ſovereign. 

Bocchoris, adomed: with eminent virtues, 


we father of his people; and the blood 


der of ben ; this is ſo * to the chatter 


7 of Sabacon, by Elian and Herodotus, that it cannot 
be credited. 


royal 


Ax cIENT EGyPT. 26g 


royal ſunk, with their honour and fi- 


delity ; truly does the hiſtorian charge 
them with baſeneſs: their ties, indeed, 
to their king, were only thoſe of laves 
to their maſter, from whoſe glory or 
_ diſgrace, they received no conſequence, 
or degradation. Was it poſſible to pal- 


liate the crime of breaking every ſocial 


and moral obligation, the merits of 
Sabacon may lay claim to that poſſi- 


bility, and apologize for their ready 


obedience to him: contrary to the gene- 
ral diſpoſition of the Ethiopians, he 


encouraged men of ingenuity, ' was 
_ pious and juſt, and of ſo merciful a 


temper, 7 that he did not Put one Egyp- 


tian to death during his reſidence in 


Egypt, and totally aboliſhed the laws 
which inflicted death on delinquents. 


He employed malefactors in the moſt | 


Alien. * Herodotus, lib. 2, 


laborious 


266 The HISTORY of 


laborious works, that whilſt they were 
rendered of public utility, that may 
deter others from male practices. A 
puniſhment more dreadful to malefac- 
tors than death. Many of the moſt 
abandoned would feel the keeneſt grief 
and mortification, in being ſeen by their 
| relations, and former reputable aſſo- 
ciates, chained to a barrow, or in the 
habit of ſlaves, labouring on the pub- 
lic roads, or fortifications, Who conſi- 
der immediate execution as a friendly 
relief from a burthenſome exiſtence. : 
Sabacon obſerving the danger the cities 
were expoſed to, from the lowneſs of 
| their ſituation, ordered the criminals to 
carry a quantity of earth, proportioned | 
to their crimes, to the cities they inhabit- 
ed; by which means, the cities were 
elevated, and rendered more healthy and 
beautiful. The earth taken out of 8900 922 
tris's aqueducts and canals, had been ap- 


pied 


ANCIENT EGYPT. 267 


plied by him to this uſe, and was very ſer- 


viceable in protecting the cities from the 


ill effects of the inundations of the 


Nile; and it is a matter of ſurprize, 


that no one of the many kings, who 


reigned between | Seſoftris and Sabacon, 
. purſued a plan fo obviouſly beneficial 


to the public. 


The city of Bubaftis was particular- 
: ly improved by this law, in point of 


commodiouſneſs and elegance, though 5 
not in reputation, as it handed down 
to poſterity, no honourable character of 
the diſcipline of the city, nor left the 


leaſt room to admire and applaud the 
| morals of the inhabitants. 0 In this 
« city gabacon built a temple, and de- 


1 dicated it to Bubis (the moon); it 
t was fituated i in a peninſula formed by | 


2 Herodotus, lib. 2. 


* two 


268 The HISTORY of”. 

« two canals cut from the Nile, each of 
« which was an. hundred feet wide, 
« ſhaded by trees planted on either 


« bank. The temple was of a cir- 


« cular form, about one thouſand cight 


* 


hundred and ſeventy-five feet in cir- 


« cumference, which you entered by a 


+ magnificent portico, ornamented with 


* ſtatues nine feet high, and encompaſ- 


„ ſed by a grove of lofty trees, incloſed 
„ within a wall beautified with figures 
« engraved on the ſtones. It ſtood in | 

the higheſt part of the city, and was 

ce ſeen at a ws diſtance in all b ad- 


c 


E jacent country.” 


Sabacon having reigned in Egypt twelve 
years, reſigned the throne to his ſon, 
and retired to his paternal dominions. 
He was ranked amongſt their legiſla- 
tors, is called So in the Septuagint, 


2 Kings, xvii. 3, 4. 


4 and 


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ANCIENT EGYPT. 269 


and was ſolicited by Hoſea king of . 


3 
rael, to join his forces againſt Salmanaſar | 
king of Sri. 788510 „ ee 0 


Or —— 
— — 2 ä 
. 


o 1 


725. 


MANY regulations in government, 
dictated with conſummate wiſdom, and 
anſwering all the end expected from them 
at the time of their inftitution, have 
ſometimes been continued longer than 
they were advantageous and beneficial to 
the kingdom: the grant of lands which 
Seſoftris made to every ſoldier for his 
maintenance, was founded on the trueſt 
politics, as it employed 1 in peace, a nu- 1 
merous body of men in cultivating waſte : 1 


lands, 


270 The HisToRyY of 


lands, ſaved the nation the expence of 
maintaining the army, and increaſed the 
revenues: but when the reaſon for ems 
ploying them no longer exiſted, and the 
tenants were enriched, the ſpirit and de- 
ſign of the inſtitution was deſtroyed, and 
what was ſtill more pernicious, the ſol- 
diers diſcovered no readineſs to leave 
their pleaſing retirements, where they 
enjoyed affluence and quiet, to enter upon 
- WE fatigue and dangers of war; ſo that, 
they were a uſeleſs and dangerous _ 
to the empire. 


This evil, Sevicus ſaw and determined - 
to remedy ; ; a ſtep worthy of a great : 
prince attentive to the advantage of 
his kingdom ; but to remove four hun- 
dred and ten thouſand men from their 
eſtates, the only body profeſſing arms 
in the Egyptian dominions, was full 
of danger, and required precaution, 


reſolution and addreſs. Sevicus, with- 
out 


AncienT EGYPT. 271 


out taking any previous meaſures to 


retain them in his intereſt, or continue 


their dependance, at once diſembodied 
them, that being no longer militia, they , 
may be deprived of the only title they 


had to their eſtates: uſed to receive impli- 
1 cit obedience, he did not confider that the 
| ſubmiſſion of his ſubjects was extorted 


” by fear, without the leaſt concurrence of 


the will, or attachment to his perſon ; 3 


that they would dare to neglect, or at- 


5 tempt to ſhake off the ſhackles of his 


power ; that the fear which awed the 
people, was not produced by him, but 
the ſtanding militia; that by diſbanding 
them, he diſrobed himſelf of power, and 
that they, deprived of the emoluments 


which bound them to his intereſt, would 


not, if required, follow his banner. 


Whilſt things were in this unſettled 


ſituation, Salmanaſar king of Aſyria in- 
vaded Egypt with a Numerous army; and 


i evicus 


272 The HISTORY of 


Sevicus ſummoning the diſbanded troops 
to follow his ſtandard, they refuſed to 


obey. In this dilemma, * Sevicus went to 


Ec 


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temple of Vulcan, repreſenting a king 


the temple of Vulcan, and was ex- 
horted by that god to take courage, 


and aſſured, that if he marched out 
* againſt the enemy, he ſhould conquer 


(e 


them; aſſembling therefore a body 


of artificers, traders, huſbandmen, and 
whomſoever would follow him, he 


marched to Peluſfum. in the night af- 


ter his arrival, a multitude of rats 
entering the enemy 's camp gnawed 
their quivers, bows, and the thongs 
of their ſhields in pieces. The AG. 


rians finding themſelves thus diſarmed 


in j the morning, fled, and ſuffered 
| greatly i in their Aight. Wherefore a 
. ſtatue of ſtone was erected in the 


FA 3 lib. 2. 


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ANC ENT EcGyPeT. 273 


* with a rat in one hand, and theſe 


c words iſſuing out of his mouth: wWho- 


4 


N 


ever beholds me let him learn to be 


religious.“ 


" Foſephus gives a different account of 


this expedition; he ſays, that after the 


Aſſyrian had ſpent much time, to little 


- purpoſe, in the fiege of Pelufium, had 
raiſed his works as high as the walls of 


chat city, news was brought him, that 


the king of Ethiopia was on his march to 
aſſiſt the Egyptians, and intended to croſs 


the deſert to fall ſuddenly on the Aſyrian 
army; and that this intelligence cauſed 


| him to raiſe the ſiege and retreat * 
Herodotus 


N Joſeph Ant. Jul. lib. 10. cap. 1. 


* Joſephus calls the Aſrian king who retived from 


Peluſium, without ravaging Egypt, Senacherib, which is 
evidently a miſtake ; that prince did not aſcend the 


Aſſyrian throne until ten years after this event. He 


T + .. "cond: 


294 | The HisToky of 
Herodotiss received his fabulous narra- 

tive from the prieſts; and it is thought to 

have been borrowed from the account of 

the deſtruction of the Aſyrien army un- 

der Senacherib, ſucceſſor of Salmanaſar, by 

the angel, mentioned i in the ſecond book 
of ets and of Berofus. | 


The arts do not appear to have been 
improved in the latter reigns, nor do 
we diſcover an endeavour to tranſcend 
the bounds they were ſkilled in: the 
laity, often engaged! in revolutions and ; 
civil diſturbances, ſeem to have loſt 
their taſte and force of genius but the 
ſciences, in the calm retreats of the 


wy could be no other than Salmanaſe i”, who not ſucceed- 
ing in his attempt upon £gypt, marched againſt Sa- 
maria, and after a three years ſiege, taking it, led the 
Ijraelites into captivity. Senacherib ſucceeded in his 
expedition n Egypt, as will de ſeen in the next 


reign. 


orleſis; 


Ancis8BnT EG YT. 275 


prieſts, particularly aſtronomy, was im- 
proved ; * their knowledge of the motion 


of the heavenly bodies was extenſive ; 
they calculated an eclipſe of the moon, 


which happened on the nineteenth of 


| March, three hours and twe nty mi- 


nutes before midnight i in the fifth year 


of this reign, the firſt on record; and 


two others in the following year, one 
on the eighth of March, and the other 


on the firſt of September. 


. the above author aſſerts, that 


their knowledge of the motion of cœleſ- 
tial bodies was extenſive, he can only 


mean comparatively with the reſt of 


the world at the ſame time, and un- 
doubtedly they excelled i in the ſcience : 
ſome have indeed ſet up the Chaldeans 


in _ oppoſition to them, but with great 


* Marſham, p. 474. 


1 2 improptiety, 


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admitted of an omiſſion in ſo impor- 


276 The HIS TOR of 


impropriety, as they ar are allowed to hive 
applied themſelves to the ſtudy of aſtro- 
logy, rather than to aſtronomy. 


The pft knew that an eclipſe 


of the moon was occaſioned by the 
immerging of that planet into the earth 8 
ſhadow ; and 7 Diodorus ſays, they had 
acquired the art of conſtructing aſtro- 


nomical tables, and by their aſſiſtance 


aſcertained the motions and revolutions 


of the ſtars*; that they conjectured, that 
comets 1 7Y periodical revolution, and 
that the earth and planets revolved 
round * common center, and their 
: own axis at the ſame time. This, how- 
ever well founded, 1s not hinted by He- 
rodotus, whoſe attention to every part 


of Egyptian learning, could ſcarcely have 


y Diodorus, W 4 5 Ut Supra. 


tant 


ANCIENT EGYPT. 277 


tant a point of knowledge: their ideas 
of the nature and motion of the celeſtial 


bodies were at beſt confuſed, uncertain 


and incorrect, and the moſt ingenious 


writers have been obliged to confeſs, 


that their vague ſyſtem was altogether 


inexplicable and full of contradictions, | 


Wich reſpect. to the magnitude of 


the planets, their experiments were too 


futile and inaccurate to give them any 


tolerable information, not to mention 


the errors they muſt have incurred 


through an ignorance of phyfics: for 


example, to know the diameter of the 


ſun's diſk, as ſoon as they diſcovered a 


ray of that planet, they cauſed an horſe- 


man to ſtart and gallop until the 4 


of the ſun was clearly above the hori- 
20n; and knowing the diſtance which 
the horſeman gallopped i in an hour, and 
the time that planet took in riſing upon 

1 the 


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273 The HisTory of 


the plane of the horizon, calculated the 


ſun's diameter, 


The Egyptian year conſiſted of three 
hundred and ſixty- five days, both by the 
teſtimony of the Mil: an aſtronomer, and 
Herodotus, who ſays, FR that their years 
« conſiſted of twelve months of thirty 
30 days each, to which five days were 
« annually | annexed to complete the 
0 period. This concurrent evidence 
ſeems to aſcertain, that the Egyptians : 
knew. nothing of the erroneouſneſs of 
this computation. But to this it is re- 
plied, that the Egyptians had two years, 

the aſtronomical and the civil year; the 
former known to the prieſts, conſiſt- 
ing of three hundred and fixty-five days, 
and fix hours, the latter conſiſting of 
three hundred and fixty-five days only, 
in general uſe; not to accurately aſcer- 
tain periods of time, but purpoſely in- 
55 . tended 


ANCIENT EGYPT. 279 
tended by its retrograde motion, to paſs 
every day of the year: by this method 
of computation, they gained on the ſo- 


lar year, one day every four years, and 


one whole year in one thouſand four 
hundred and ſixty years *, 


covered and practiſed about the ſame 


maths; the firſt called Thet, 2d Paophi, 3d Athyr, 


the 29th of Auguft of the Julian year. 


4 
N 
is 


9 
0 
4 
5 
L 


their annual feſtivals by degrees through 


8 
5 ne H5 
——— 


The affinity between ſculpture and 
painting is ſo near, and the ideas af: 
both arts flowing almoſt in the ſame 
channel, it is probable they were A. 


time; . the ſtile of the former has been 


* The Egyptian year continued to conſiſt of twelve 


4th Chojac, 5th Tybi, 6th Mecheir, 7th Phamenath, 8th 
Pharmuth, gth Pachon, 10th Pauni, 11th Epiphi, 12th 
Mefari, with five additional days, until they were 
| ſubdued by the Romans, when they intercalated a 
day at the end of their year between the 28 and 29 


of Auguſt ; the firſt day of their year correſponded to 


T4 occaſionally 


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230 The His Tory of 


_ occaſionally ſhewn ; the latter, of which 


the Egyptians are ſaid to have been the 


Inventors, was diſplayed on the ceilings, 
on the pillars, and other parts of the 
temples and magnificent buildings : oils 


could not have been uſed in thoſe paint- 


ings, they deaden the brilliancy of co- 


lours, which were laid on without ſhad- 
ing or ſoftening, and were of ſo corro- 
five a quality, that they perforated the 
ſmalleſt pores, aſſumed the hardneſs of 


adamant, and maintain their luſtre even 
to this time, with a freſhneſs that looks 


as if they were ſtill wet from the painter 8 


bruſh; if they had diſcovered the beau- 


tiful expreſſive effect a gradation and 


oppoſition of colours have in painting, 


they would doubtleſs have ſhewn it in 


the decorations of their grandeſt build- 
ings. The ceilings of the temples and 


mauſolea were generally over· laid with 


the brighteſt azure, ſtudded with ſtars of 
5 gold, 


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. 
28 


ao her 


ANncienT EG YT. 287 


gold, the pillars and walls with figures 


of the ſacred animals, hieroglyphics, 
and foliage, in which the ſhape, not 


the colour of the animal Was conſider- 


| ed; leaves of gold and ſilver were min gled 


with red or blue; and nature ſeems to 


have been as little attended to, as in 

the preſent taſte of Chineſe painting : 
but however imperfect their performan- 

ces were, 1 were held in high eſti- 
mation Candaules a king of Lydia 
„ who reigned from the third year of 
Sabacon, to the eighth of Sevicus, 
« gave for a picture of a battle, Its 


cc e in gold.” 


Thus ſtood the general ſtate of the 


government, arts and ſciences, when 


Sevicus, after reigning twelve years, paid 


the debt of nature, and was ſucceeded "OY 
his brother 


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282 The HISTORY of 


TERACUS, ox TERHAKA, 
Anno. A. C. 
7133 


' TERAC US, who had. "and in 
Ethiopia from the death of his father 
| Sabacon, on the demiſe of his brother 
Sevicus repaired to Egypt, and taking 
; poſſeſſion of his dominions, again 1 united 
the kingdoms of Egypt and Ethiopia. 
In which he was ſcarcely ſettled, when 
| Senacherib (who had juſt ſucceeded to 
the throne of Nineveh) determined to re- 
venge the diſgrace which Teracus had 
; brought on his father Salmanaſar, i in com- 
pelling him to raiſe the ſiege of Pelu- 
__ made a deſcent upon Egypt, ra- 
"ages the Della, and E Curried away vaſt 


= numbers 


ANC1ENT EGYPT. 283 


numbers of Egyptians into captivity, 
When, according to archbiſhop Ver, 
and Dr. Prideaux, the propheſy of the 


prophet Nahum was fulfilled ; who thus 


elegantly foretold the event : * Speak- 


ing of Nineveb, the prophet ſays, 
by Art thou better than populous No | 
(Peli. un), that was ſituated amongſt 
& the rivers, (the Delta, on the eaſtern 
fide of which was Peluſium, is full 
« of rivers) that had waters round about 
« it, whoſe rampart was the ſea, and 
s her wall was from the ſea Pp: (Peluff um 
was ſituated on the eaſtern mouth of , 
the Nile adjoining to the ſea, and a 


c 


AQ 


c 


* 


wall was built by 2 Aris from the 


| ſea-ſhore by Pelufium, acroſs the 
 Ifthmus to the city Hieropolis on the 
Red Sea.) © FE thiopia and Egypt (united 


« under 7. eracus) were her ſtrength, and 
» Nahuny, chap, iii. v. 8, 9, 10. 


56 jt 


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RY... ", wa 8 Lang” 


284 The HISTORY of 


« it was infinite; Put and Lubin ” 


(which means Lybia, a part of the 
Egyptian dominions) * were thy help- 


« ers. Yet was ſhe carried away, ſhe 


went into captivity: her young chil- 
men alſo were daſhed in pieces at 
yy the top of all the ſtreets; and they 


ec caſt lots for their honourable men, 


. 


* 


and all her great men were bound in 


cc. chains,” 


Whatever were the natural abilities, 
or accompliſhments of Teracus, he had 
no opportunity of diſplaying them, be- i 
fore the Afjrian | army deſolated . 
; dominions ; an event, not only n 
to liberal productions, and the fortunes 


of individuals, but to the general 
ſyſtem of government, and the ſove- 


reign's authority in particular, who, 
no longer ſupported by the army, and 


baſely deſerted- by his ſubjects, was, 
| ſome 


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ANCIENT EGyYPT. 285 


ſome few years after the Afyrian inva- 
ſion, oppreſſed, and his kingdom of 
Egypt being ſeized by the moſt. power- 


ful traytors, was divided into twelve 


ſeparate and independent kingdoms. 
He reigned in Egypt twenty years, and 


was ſucceeded in the diſtri of Gais, 


(according to Eusebius by Merres, an 
Ethiopian ; 3 of whom, or the other | 
eleven kings, we find very little re- 
corded, until Pſammitiebus ſwayed the 
ſceptre 1 In Sais. 


I THE TWENTY-SIXTH DyNASTY. 
or rug SAI TE S. 


Anno A.C. 693. 


Mexres ſeized the throne, and held 


Anno 


: tt... eas ts 1 
—— 


G— U —xÆAM = anna Eo — 4 


nr Q& 
2 . 
re 


— nx 
— =o, 


— . 4 
— — 5 Mt. nw 2 — [) 4. » 

: SY — 8 

«ui tp CIS SIE 


— 


286 The HISTORY / 


Anno A. C. 681. 


STEPHINATES ſeized the throne, and 


held 11: 7% yeats. 


Anno A. C. 674. 


Necueesos ſeized the . and held 


Anno . 668. 


| Necuo | ſeized the throne, and held 
i it SW > | — 8 years. 
Necho Was killed in battle by the 
kin; g of Ethiopia, when Pſammitichus, 


| his ſon, fled into Syria, from whence 


. was recalled by the other kings, 


after the Ethiopians had evacuated 


Sails. 


e Herodotus, lib. 2. 


it - - = 2 = 6 | 6 years. 


hy 
"= 


Ancient EcyyeT. 287 
PSAMMITICHUS, 
Anno. A. C. 


660. 


THE ulurpers, well acquainted with 


the diſpoſition of the people to violence 
: and reſentment, acted in their ſeveral 
kingdoms with caution and addreſs; ; 


they conſtituted each a counſel of a 

few ſelect perſons, to inſpect and tranſ- 

act public affairs, confirmed the old 
laws and cuſtoms, and backing ſuch 
new regulations, as they thought ne- 

ceſſary for the good of their king- | 

doms, by a ſtanding army, eſtabliſhed 


: ſubjection and order. 


Vet, notwithſtanding their precau- 


tion, it was in danger of not being 
durable; 


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288 The HisTory of 


durable; compulſion influenced; no na- 
tural or moral obligation tied them 
to their maſter; and whenever thoſe arts 
and means ſlept, by which the princi- 
pality was gained, or the ſovereign was 
found defective in art, or penetration, 
his power muſt totter, and his adhe- 
rents could have no ſcruple to diſpoſſeſs 
him of a throne, to which they could 
lay as good a claim as himſelf. This, 
the ſovereign was aware of, and there- 
fore, looked into every man's conduct 
with a ſcrutinizing ſuſpicious eye, and 


ſifted my action and deſign. 


The kings FUSE into a ſtrict offfen- 
five and defenſive alliance, indiſpenſa- 
bly neceſſary to reſiſt the incurſions of 
their powerful neighbours, and mutu- 
ally countenance and ſupport each other's 
authority in their ſeveral kingdoms. 
But a union between princes of their 


complexion, 


_ 
by, 


Ancient EGyPr:. 289 


romplexion, whom no principles re- 
ſtrained from treachery, could not be 


laſting. 'They had been witneſſes to 


each others chicanery and ſubtilty ; and 
ſuſpecting every incidental infringement 
of treaty, to be a premeditated attempt 
to aggrandize power, were continually | 


engaged | in controverſy and cabals. 


"Mes their AY diffolved hs ge- 


neral alliance, they concurred i in build- 


ing a mauſoleum, ; called the Labyrinth, 


by the lake Meris, to be a monu- 
ment of their reign, and receive their 


bodies when dead . 45 This a building, 


Herodotus, who examined it very care- 


fully, ſays, N 20 exceeded in magnifi- 


60 cence every ſtructure he had ſeen, 


e or heard of; it contained twelve 


1 Herodotus, lib. Ys 


* Dædalus is ſaid to have buile his labyrinth at | 
Crete, after the aboye model, | 


U = vaulted 


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200 The HISTORY of 


„ yaulted halls, to which you entered 
« by the ſame number of doors, fix 
« towards the north, and fix towards | 
ee the ſouth; over which, were fifteen 
cc hundred chambers, and the like num- 
0 ber beneath ; which being the ſe- 
6c pulchres of the kings, and holy 
60 crocodiles, were held ſacred, and 
« kept from the ſight of ſtrangers. 
W communication between the 
« various apartments, was ſo exceed 
ly intricate, that without a guide, 
«& j it was impoſſible to explore them. ; 


p The roof and walls were of white 


6 


N 


marble, adorned with various pieces 


> 


3 


of ſculpture. The ceiling of the 
halls, was ſupported by white mar- 
ble pillars, highly poliſhed. At 
the angle, which terminated the la- 

« byrinth, was a pyramid forty fa- 
„ thoms in height, entered by a ſub- 


8 


* 


4 


* 


4 


e Stoke, | lib, TH page 1165 


5 cc terraneous 


Ancient Ecyyrrt. 29 


* terraneous paſſage, and adorned with 
figures of animals larger than life.” 


This is the only monument record- 
ed to have been built by the twelve 
kings, between whom the alliance had 

ſubſiſted ſome years, without material 

interruption; 3 when, meeting on an ap- 


pointed day, to ſacrifice i in the temple 


of Vulcan at Memphis, and being about 
to offer a libation, on the laſt day of 
| the ſolemnity, the high prieſt forgot 
to bring one of the twelve golden bowls, = 


which were made for the kings uſe 
on theſe public ſolemnitics ; the prieſt 


did not diſcover his omiſſion, until ks -- 
had delivered a bowl to each of the 


kings, exceptin 8 Pſammitichus, who 
ſtood laſt in rank; and not being will- 
ing to interrupt the facrifice by delay, 
took off his brazen helmet, and hold- 
Ig it in his hand, performed the Tiba- 
tion: each of the other kings had an hel- 


1 met 


: 1 n 
Ws -— aa GR Sp 3 


ag2 The HISTORY of © 


net like Pſammitichus's, and wore it at 
that time; nor had Pſammitiehus any 
concerted deſign ! in offering the libation 
out of his helmet; bat the other kings 
recollecting a prediction of the oracle, 
That he who offered a libation out 
2 brazen bowl, ſhould be king of 
= all Egypt, '— though they would not 
put him to death, (becauſe on exami- 
nation, they found him innocent of 
any evil intention) unanimouſly agreed 
to deprive him of his territories, and 
| baniſh him to the fens, with a ſtrict 
injunction not to interfere in the affairs 
of Egypt. Breathing revenge againſt 
the authors of his diſgrace, he ſent. 
to conſult the oracle of Latona, in the 
city of Butus, and was informed by it, 
4 T hat he ſhould be revenged by men 
. braſs, ſuddenly riſing out of the 
„ ſea. Not comprehending the poſ- 
ſibility of. receiving ſuccour from men 
of braſs, he conceived not the. leaſt 
hopes 


Ancient EcyPT. 293 


hopes from the anſwer of the oracle. 
Not long after, ſome Tonian and Carian 


pirates, driven by a tempeſt on the 
Egyptian coaſt, landed in brazen ar- 


mour. An Bgyptian, who had never 
before ſeen men armed in that manner, 


went to the fens, and acquainted P/am- 


 mitichus, that men of braſs, riſen out 


of the ſea, were ravaging the country : 


he, no longer doubting of the accom- 
pliſhment of the prediction, by pro- 
miſes of ample rewards, engaged the 
Tonians and Carians in his intereſt, and 


by their afliſtance, ſubdued and de- 


throned the other kings. 


The civil wars being now entirely 
ended, and the twelve- kingdoms united 


under one prince, Pjammitichas added 


A portico; to Vulcan's temple, at Men- 


Phis, facing the ſouth; and in the front 


of the portico, built an edifice for the 
U 3 5 reſidence 


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294 The His ToRY of 


reſidence of Apis, adorned it with a 


variety of figures in ſculpture, and 


ſurrounded it with coloſſean ſtatues 
eighteen feet high. 


His attention was ſoon withdrawn 5 
from the indulgence of his taſte and 
piety, to the preſervation of his domi- 


nions; the ancient enemies of Egypr, 
the Ariane, made incroachments on 


the frontiers of his kingdom, and 
forced him into a war, the particulars 


of which are not known. 


We find him likewiſe engaged in a 
war with the Syrians, | which continued 


the greater part of his reign, (the fiege 


of Azotus, the moſt memorable for its 


duration on record, laſting nine-and- 
twenty years). and was productive of 


events moſt important and advantage» 
' ous to his people. The Greeks who 
1 ſerved 


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27222 ³·A 


ANCIENT E GYPT. 295 


ſerved him in the civil wars, and con- 


tributed ſo particularly to his victories 


over the confederate kings, were at this 
time in his army, and in a general en- 
gagement complimented with the poſt 
of honour; a diſtinction probably re- 
ſulting from the gratitude of FEſammi- 

fichus's diſpoſition, but devoid of ſound 
policy and wiſdom; he did not fore- 
ſee the conſequence of degrading the 
Egyptian reputation, wounding their 
ſpirit of emulation, and deſire of fame: 
they would not forſake their king in 
his exigence, juſt entering upon the 
battle, nor baſely ſubmit to have their 
natural honours planted on a foreign 
brow, but nobly ſhewed their reſent- 
ment, fought with ſurprizing bravery, 
gained a complete victory, manifeſted 

that they were not unworthy of the 
| honour, which their ſovereign confers 


red upon ſtrangers ; - and to avoid the 


DU 4 like 


— — 8 
35 2 —_—__, very ＋ 2 44 
— 3 4 8 * > 


296 The HISTORY of 


like difgrace in future, two hundred 
thouſand men immediately quitted the 
camp, nor could the moſt earneſt 
importunities prevail on them to re- 
turn. * They marched to the confines 
5 of Ethiopia, and there ſelecting a con- 
venient ſituation, eſtabliſhed an inde- 


dane 


The deſertion of almoſt one Half of 
his army, muſt have been fatal to a 
prince bent on military glory, and 
weakened the nation very materially, 
in a leſs provident reign than the pre- 
ſent ; but Pſammitichus, attentive to 
the real advantage of his kingdom, 
made this incident productive of the 
greateſt benefit and honour to his coun- 
try. His intercourſe with the Greeks, 
had ſhewn him the ny of the Egyp- 


f 1 


lian 


AN CIENT EGYPT. 297 


zian ſuperſtitious dread of the ſea, the 
benefits accruable to a ſtate from mari- 
time commerce, and a free communi- 
cation with the world; and made him 
teſolve, to compenſate for the loſs of 
ſo many ſubjects, * to open his ports, 
| favour navigation, encourage ſtrangers 
to ſettle in his dominions, and allow 
chem particular privileges. He reward- 
ed the Carians and Jonianc, with great 
liberality from his treaſury, and * ſettled 
on them lands i in fee, on both ſides of 
. the Nite; a 7 | tenure never before granted 
to any ſubject : and to eradicate the il- 
liberal opinion the Egyptians entertain- 
ed of all foreigners, he educated his 


children in he Greek language and 
manners. 


From this period the Egyptians be- 
came more poliſhed, the intercourſe of 
Pie Herodot. lib. 2. Diodorus. 


other 


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298 The HISTORY of 


other nations refined their addreſs, ex- 
panded their ſentiments, and giving a 
pleaſing urbanity to their learning and 
ſkill, cauſed ſpeculative. men to reſort 

to Egypt from various parts of Greece 


0 x and Aba, as to the ſeat of polite learn- 
15 ning and d profound erudition. 


This amiable change of difpoſition, 


and improvement in Egyptian politics, 


was in danger of being ruined in its 
infancy, by the Seythians, a ſavage 
people, who had ravaged upper Ala, p 
entered Syria, and threatened | Egypt 
with an invaſion, in no condition to 
oppoſe their victorious armies. To 


avert a ſtorm, | which could not but 


be fatal to all his labours, and excel- 


lent regulations, P/ammitichus went to 


the Scythian camp in Syria, and fo ſkil- 


fully applied his attentions. and pre- | 
ſents, 


ANCIENT EGYPT. 299 


ſents, that they retreated, and left 
Egypt undiſturbed. 5 


This judicious ſtep, which evident« 
ly ſhews the penetration, addreſs, and 
diſcernment of Pſammitichus, is the laſt 
recorded of that excellent prince, and 
may be conſidered amongſt his moſt 
beneficial actions, as it preſerved, what 
had been adjuſted with ſo much wiſ- 
dom and ſucceſs, and continued to his 

people, the power of cultivating that 
field of wealth and elegance, which 

he had opened to his dominions. He : 
: died in the forty- fourth year of his 
reign, at Sais his capital, full of glory, 
and was buried there in the temple. of 
Minerva R 


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300 The HTS Tory of 


PHAROAH NECHO, 
Anas A, . 
616. 


THE commercial ſyſtem, which 
Pſammitichus had eſtabliſhed, made a 
| great alteration in the Egyptian genius 

and diſpoſition ; it removed their ſu- 

perſtitious dread of the ſea, diffuſed 

| an air of buſineſs, alacrity, and dili- 
gence, and gave them more liberal ſen- 
timents of men and things. With 
theſe advantages Pharoab Necho aſcend- 
ed his father's throne. The refractory 
and diſcontented ſpirit, too prevalent 
heretofore, was now ſubſided, and una- 
nimity ſucceeding in its place, Pbaroab 
Necho had the faireſt opportunity of 


exer tin 8 


AncienT EGYPT, 4of 


exerting a natural ſtrong genius, TON 
formed by the beſt — and Grecian 


maſters. 


The advantages accruing from com- 
merce and navigation, had even in its 
infancy, ſo evident a tendency to en- 
rich and ſtrengthen the kingdom, that 
Pharoah uſed his utmoſt endeavours to 
improve and enlarge them: with this | 
view, he began a canal, to open a 
communication between the Red Sea, 5 
and the Nile; a plan, the great Seſe 75 - 
tris could not accompliſh, and which 
 Pharoah was obliged to relinquiſh, after 
he had loſt an hundred and twenty thou- 
ſand men in the attempt. Could he 
have executed his deſign, he foreſaw, 
that ſuch a communication, giving great 
facility and ſecurity to the conveyance 
of commodities from the eaſtern o- 
cean, to the various parts of the weſt, 


would 


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302 The HISTORY of 


would have made Egypt the centre of 
_ commerce. 


Deſiſting from this enterprize, he 


1 turned all his thoughts to the enlarge- 
ment of his marine, and built two 
fleets, one on the Mediterranean, the 
other on the Red Sea: having manned 
the latter with expert Phenician ſailors, 
he determined on the vaſt project, of 
ſending it to explore the coaſt of Africa, 
very imperfectiy known at that time. 
Sefo Aeris s fleet ſailed to the gulph of 
Ormus, and Solomon's to Opbir, from 
whence it brought gold, precious ſtones, 
| filver, ivory, apes and peacocks. 


Veste have been the conjectures, 5 
where the country called Ophir, is ſi- 


tuated; nor has it ever been ſo clear- 


AxcitnT EcGyPer. 303 


ly proved, as to give univerſal ſatisfac- 


tion: in fo obſcure a diſquiſition, that 


place which could be found with the 
greater facility, is pointed out by cre- 
dible ancient authors, and produced all 
the commodities mentioned in the book 


We of Kings, has the advantage 1 in Point of 3 


probability. 


There are two places in particular | 
contended for, by the learned world: 
| the iſland of Ceylon, off the ſouthern- 
moſt point of the coaſt of Coromandel ; 

and Sofala, a country on the eaſtern coaſt 

of lower Ethiopia, oppoſite to which 
is the illand Aer. 


"ids and the adjoining Cherſoneſus, 
and Sofala, alike abounded i in the com- 
| modities brought home in Solomon 
feet, excepting one particular. The 
N diſtance of each place, from the Red 


Sea, 


A The His Tory of : 


Sea, is ſuch, that a voyage to either 
might have been accompliſhed by theſe 
early navigators, in the time Solomon 8 
fleet was abſent. | 


This parity does not continue in every 
Seeber not to inſiſt on the dangers | 
they muſt have encountered in trayerſ= 

ing the gulphs of Ormus, Scindi, and 

Canbray, in doubling cape Comorin, in 
their little gallies, and abundant other 
| circumſtances, which muſt immediately 
. occur, and wound the credibility of that 
| voyage, we cannot but remark that the 

| learned Bechart, and other ingenious 5 

* writers advocates for Ceylon, reſt their 

opinion, on their derivation of the name 
of the iſland. If derivation is ſuffi- 

i cient to conſtitute an opinion, 2 pox 

ſitive name muſt have much more evi- 

dence; 3 Sofala ! is NOW called by the ſame 

5 name (all but the mutation of a letter) 

5 Opbir 


Ancient EOGYPT. 305 


Ophir was known by to the ancients, in 
the Greek verſion of 1 Kings, cap. ix. ver. 
28, it is called Ewpipz (Sora), and in 
the Alexandrian copy Ewpapa (Sofara). 
And not to depend on this evidence 
alone, Foſe ephus ſpeaking of Ophir, places 
it in Ethiopia, and ſays, they brought 
to the king Tavs Eagpas, Aiviones me 
kal IIS much ivory, Ethiopians, and 
monkeys 225 . 


The ſimilitude between he: ancient = 
ant preſent name of Sofala ſubſtituted 
in the place of Ophir, the particular 

mentioned by Foſe -phus, that the fleet 

brought Etbbiopians to Solomon, the faci- 
lity of the navigation from the Red 
Sea, to Sofala, and its ſituation on the 
ſame continent, from which they em- 
barked, do not ſeem to leave a doubt 


* 2M = Joſephi, Antiq. Jud. id G eap 2 


> that 


2396 n HuoToRY of 


that Solomon's ophir, is the modern 
Sofala *. N ee ge 
0 VU 


* + With reſpect to the objection, that 2 can- 
not be the Ophir of Solomon, becauſe its diſtance 
from the Red Sea is too ſhort to take up three 
years, the time Solomon's fleet is ſaid to have 
been abſent: we muſt obſerve, that the expreſſion 
uſed in the iſt Kings, 1 22. that the navy returned 
from Ophir once in three years, only conveys, that 
the fleet ſailed in one year, was abſent the | ſe- 
cond, and returned in the third : and indeed it 


does not appear probable, that they could perform 
it ſooner, 00 for they always landed in Lybia (Afri. 
0 ca) about the time of the autumnal, , equinox, and 
. that being over, they ſowed the land (in Oc- 
c tober or Novemler) waited the time of harveſt, 
00 (March or Apru) and then cut the corn.” He- 
rodotus, lib 4, p. 364. The reſidue of the ſecond 
year they were engaged in collecting the gold, ivo- 
ry, and other commodities, and returned with their 


| lading in the third N which was always im- 
menſely rich. Solomon got in one voyage 450 ta- 
lents of gold, (2 Chron. viii. 18.) which amounts, 


according to Prideux, Conn, Vol. I. ad annum 740, 
©. (who 


AncitenT:EQyPT. 30% 


The Phenecians to whom Pharoah 
entruſted this grand expedition, exe - 
cuted his commands with great fideli- 
ty, and carried his fleet by the coaſt 
of Mo ofambique and Srfala, round the 
Cape of Good Hope, and entering the 
Mediterranean by the ſtraits of Gib- 
raltar, arrived in the Nik, the third Wy 
year after they failed from the Red 


Hea. pe 2 


By this voyage, the ancients s gained 
a more perfect knowledge of the Ajri- 
can coaſt, and extended their geography, 
which had not been aſcertained beyond 
the limits delineated in Seſeftris's maps. 


(who eſtimates the talent equal to 72001. ſterling) 
05 three millions two hundred and forty thouſand 
pounds terling : and according to Dr. Cumberland's 
account of. the Hebrew talent, to two millions two 
hundred and eighty- four thouſands, one hundred 
and two pounds, and ſeven- pence half- penny. 


Aa Their 


308 The HISTORY of 


Their beſt geographers, had but little 
more intelligence of countries, than that 
there were ſuch. They knew only a 
ſmall part of Ala and Africa, nothing 
of the northern parts of Europe, and 
probably very little of the interior, and 

more weſtern parts of it. It is con- 
jectured that they knew the nature of 

the climate under the equator, from ; 

Homer's deſcription of the garden of 

Alcinous, but no where intimated, that : 

they were at all acquainted with the 

extent and variation of the climates, 


| without the tropics. 


As for the ae part, the 5 
very eſſence of the ſcience, ſcarcely a 
trace diſcovers they had an idea of it. 
Homer alone, in his beautiful deſcrip- : 
tion of the ſhield which Vulcan made 
for Achilles, ſays that the artiſt did 

„ Iliad xviii. verſes 606, 607. 


ANCIENT EGyPT. 3og 


Ev cw zr Set rorν,ñP jpiya evo wWrtavoto 


a | 2 ! "Wy \ 1 3 
 Avtvya rap Tar datos απα TolyTolo. 


Round the vaſt ſhicld, with ſkill refin'd en- 


grave, 


The girding waters, of the briny wave. 


A thought probably conceived, from the 
acce pted doctrine, that the earth was 
a plane ſurrounded by the ocean. This 
branch of ſcience received little or no cul- 
tivation from the Egyptians. Anaximan- 
der, a Greek of Miletus, who was born 


whilſt Pharoah Necho was on the throne 
of Egypt, and died in the fixty-fourth 


y ear of his age, endeavoured to perfect : 
geography by the aſſiſtance of aſtrono- 
my and geometry; and notwithſtanding, 


an ignorance of the globe's ſuperficies 


prevailed, with very little improvement, 
during the Greek and Roman empires : 
and indeed more light has been thrown 


1 


2 ͤ En ̃ ͤ—c̃ͤę ot 
* a 7 4 s ”= 
rr ee x 3. a 


upon this ſubject, within the laſt cen- 
tury, than it received before, from the, 
creation of the world. 


Pharcah Necho having accompliſhed 
his expedition, and eſtabliſhed a re- 
ſpectable marine, marched a formida- 
ble army againſt the Aſjrians. In his 
march to 4 the | Euphrates, 5 being une x- 
pectealy oppoſed by gab king of Ju- 
dah, whoſe dominions lay between Egypt 
and Aſpria, an engagement enſued in 
the plains of Megidao, i in Which Jo- 
ab was mortally wounded, in his cha- 
riot by an arrow, and his army totally 
routed. ( On this prince, Jeremiab 
compoſed an elegy i in verſe). From the 
field of battle, the Egyptian army per- 
ſued the firſt plan of operation, and 
advancing to the AM Grian frontiers, took 


„ 


the 


2 


the ſame perſon, 1 


Ancient ECV PT. zr 


the city Carchemiſh ſituated at the con- 


fluence of the Euphrates and the Araxes,: 


and having ravaged the country three 


months, without oppoſition, turned his 


forces againſt the Jews, and ſeizing Je- 
hoahaz, the youngeſt ſon of Joſiab, at 


Riblah, whom the Fews had raiſed to 


the ſovereignty, he loaded him with 


chains, and marching to Jeruſalem, ſeated 
his elder brother Jeboiaꝶim on the throne, 
impoſing on him an annual tribute 'of 
one hundred talents of ſilver, and one 
talent of gold *. 


* According to Dr. Cum- l. . d. 


berland, the Hebrew talent of gs 
ſilver i is equal to — — | 353 pp 10; ſterling 


An hundred talents: in Enghiſh Il. 4. d. 


money, amount to — . 354359 7 | 63 


The talent of cold, according to 1 | 
— ' 5,075- 15 7+ 


* 


— — 9 


The annual tribute was J 40,435 3 17 


X 4 At 


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312 | The H 18 T o RT of © 


At this period the reputation, power, 
and grandeur of ancient Egypt were in 
their meridian ; the arts neceſſary to the 
conveniency of ſociety, and the magni- 
ficence of individuals, were practiſed with 
elegance, and ſciences reduced to an ac- 
curacy, they did not tranſcend for a long 
time after. Pharoah Necho had a for- 


midable army on foot, a fleet in the 


Mediterranean, and another in the Red 
Sea, and beſides the proper dominions 
of Egypt, governed Syria, | held Judea, 
and the provinces on the Euphrates (part 
of the Afyrian empire) tributary, was 
courted by the Grecian ſtates, and aſpi- 
red to the mer of 4h a. 


Aris, ng formidable to Egypr, had 
been on the decline for ſome years ; 
and at this time, through the effemi- 
nacy and inattention of its ſovereign 
Sardanapalus, and the turbulent diſpo- 


ſition 


AncrentTt EGYPT. 313 


fition of ſome of the nobles, falling in- 
to anarchy and confuſion, became an 


_ eaſy conqueſt to Nebuchadnezar king of 


Babylm, a prince of boundleſs ambition | 
and military | genius; who conſidering 
the provinces which Pharoah Necho had 
diſmembered from the Aſhrian empire, 


28 now belonging to his dominions, 
5 marched at the head of an army to 
recover them out of the hands of the 


Egyptians. 46 v Pharoah being informed 
« of Nebuchadnezar' 8 deſign, advanced 8 
* with a numerous army to oppoſe him, 
« and ſoon coming to an action, near 
« the Eupbrates, was routed | with 8 
« great ſlaughter of his troops, and with 


« the battle, loſt the provinces, Syria 
% and Fudea ; the enemy perſuing his 
cc flying ny to the ww" of 2 um. 


1 + Joſep Jud, Anti, lib, 10. cap. * 
This 


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Irs Toe His ToRY of” 


This unfortunate event, at once ter- 

minated Pharoah's ambitious views, and 

' threw a cloud over the glory his great 

atchievements and merits juſtly entitled 

him to: he ſurvived his loſſes four 

years, and PR _ his throne 
in Peace. 


rns 
Called in the Old Teſtament, 
PHAROAH HoPHRA = 
ke A A. C. 
FRED 


WE might have «gd; chat: the 
moſt early object of this monarch's at- 
4 tention would have been, to reſent the 
it | Z diſgrace his father had received from 
=_ Nebuchadnezar, | 


r 3 * . * þ — 4 
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7 s 8 A 
c ccc 


ANCIENT EGYPT. ITY. 


Nebuchadnezar, and endeavour to retrieve 
the honour of his country : undoubt- 


edly his pride was mortified and paſ- 
ſions inflamed ; but prudence interven- 
ed, and reſtrained him from action. 
The united power of the kingdoms of 
Babylon and Aria awed the world, 


and kept Apries from ſo dangerous an 


enter prize. 


 Febviakim, whom Pharoal Necho had 


ſeated on the throne of Judah, was 
carried away captive to Babylon, and 
Zedekiah being advanced to the throne 
by Nebuchadnezar, Apries entered into. 
an alliance with him, and finding him- 


ſelf in no danger of an attack from 


the continent, * 1 ſent his fleet againſt 


4 | Herodotus, lib. 2; "Diodates lib. x. Tremel- 


ke and Junius i in Ezek. XX1X, Cap. Uther ad ann, 


mundi 3415 and 3430, &c. Bunti ing ad A. M. 3 360. 
Alſted, in chron. Egyp. reg. 


ec the 


* — „ mg INE OO" 


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a i, 


316 The His Tory of 


the Cypriots, Tyrians,” and Sidenians, 


took the city of Sidon, and ſome other 
cities in Phenicia, poſſeſſed himſelf 


Hof Cyprus, vanquiſhed the united fleets 5 
© of Phenicia and Cyprus, and returned 5 

loaden with the ſpoils of the enemy. 
„This ſucceſs rendered him fo in- 
80 ſolent and vain as to boaſt, that the 


e power of a God, could not diſpoſſeſs 


him of his kingdom ; to which Eze- 


ce bie alludes, * when he calls him the 


great dragon, that lieth i in the midſt PF 
« of his rivers, which hath faid, My 


river is mine own, and I have made 


«It for myſelf.” oy 


The alliance Wich the king of Ju- 


dab, I prince tributary to Nebuchadne- 
| zar, who could neither promote the 
intereſt of EO. or throw ſufficient . 


5 "2 Re lib. 2. e eck. xxix. 3. 


weight 


ANCIENT EGYPT. 317 


weight into the ſcale of power, to pro- 


tect it againſt the armies of Babylon, 
could not be founded on any princi- 


ple of human policy, and 8 da - 
conſidered as preparatory to thoſe afflic- | 
tions, almighty providence determined | 


x to pour on his kingdom. 


Zedetiabh having withdrawn himſelf 
from the Babyloniſh yoke, a powerful 
army under Nebuzar-odan, Nebuchad- 


nezar's general, entered Fudah, and in- 


veſted Feruſalem ; in this diſtreſs, Pe 5 
dekiah ſent ambaſſadors to his ally A- 


pries, to require his affiſtance; who 


marched with a numerous army to his 


relief; but ſeeing. the Chaldeans | ad- 


vancing to attack him, retreated into 


his own country, and left Zedekiah ex- 


poſed to an enraged and too powerful 


© Ezekiel xvii. 15. 


. 8 enemy. 


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218 e HISTORY of 


enemy. This baſe deſertion was fatal 
to Zedekiah, and Feruſalem fell into the 
hands of Nebuzar-adan, on the ninth. 
of June, in the year before Cbriſ, 
five hundred and eighty-ſeven, when 
the temple. and palace were plundered 


and burnt. to the ground. This in- 


famous violation of faith, immediately 5 
; incurred the divine diſpleaſure, who de- 
clared by his prophet, e All the in- 
. habitants of Egypt ſhall know that 
0 1 am the Lord, becauſe they have 

4 been a ſtaff of reed to the houſe of 
Throel. When they took hold of 
* thee by thy hand, thou didſt break, 
«6 and rent all their ſhoulder; and 
« hen they leaned upon thee, thou 
« brakeſt, and madeſt all their loins 
« to be at a ſtand. . Nothing was ever 


c 


ö 


more exactly fulfilled than this denun- 
ciation of Vengeance. 


5 . Ezckiel xxix. 6, 7. 


ANCIENT EGYPT. 319 


Nebuchadnezar, ſoon after the reduc- 
tion of Feruſalem, led his forces, by 
divine influence, againſt the haughty 
city of Tyre, 3 a whoſe merchants 
"y were princes, and her traffickers the 
FE honourable of the earth.” 1 he ſiege 
of this city was carried on * thirteen. 
years, with inexpreflible labour and fa- 


tigue, and occaſioned one of the moſt me- 


morable declarations, and open diſplays 


of almighty power exerciſed in the con- 
duct of human affairs, recorded in the 
ſacred books. Son of man, ( ſays, 
the Almighty to his prophet Ezekiel} h 
« Nebuchadnezar king of Babylon, cauſed 


his army to ſerve a great ſervice a- 


5 * gainſt Tyrus: every head was made 


*. Thinks Kli " 
* Diocles Per. Hiſt, lib. 2. Philoſtratus Phcen, 
et Ind. Hiſt, | Joſeph. Jud. Antiq. lib. 10. cap. 10. 


Ezekiel xxix. 18, 19, 20. 


2. . ee hald, 


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— oY 2 - by - — — — — . 6 — 
—— — — or Dr F — oe — —— —— * - os 
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in this memorable ſiege. 


320 The His Tory of 
« bald &, and every ſhoulder was peel- 


e ed: yet had he no wages, nor his 
c« ; army for Tyrus, for the ſervice that 
« he had ſerved againſt it: therefore, 
« thus faith the Lord God; Behold, I 
will give the land of Egypt unto 
« Nebuchadnezar kin 8 of Babylon ; and 

. he ſhall take her multitude, and 
„ take her ſpoil, and take her prey; 
« and it ſhall be the wages for his 
« army. 1 have given him the land 

« of Egypt for his labour, wherewith 
5 he ſerved. againſt it, becauſe. they 
«6 wrought for me, faith the Lord God.” . 


* The baldneſs of the heads of the Balylbnians, 
was owing to the preſſure of their helmets; and | 
their peeled ſhoulders, to their carrying baſkets of 
earth, and large pieces of timber, to join Bre and 


the continent. Baldneſs was a badge of flavery, 


and, with the peeled ſhoulders, ſhews that the con- 
queror's army ſuſtained even the moſt ſervile labours 


And 


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AN cIENT EGvet: 4at 


And another prophet ſays , He ſhall 


array himſelf with the land of E- 
te 3 and he ſhall go forth from 


«* thence in peace,” 


Mow 4 | theſe ſublime expreſſions 
ſhew the facility, with which opu- 
lence, powers and grandeur, are car- 
ried away: when the Almighty con- 
ducts the revolution, he transfers them 


as a garment to another perſon, whoſe. 


agency is no farther neceſſary, than to 
receive and cloath himſelf with it. 


During the the thirteen years, which 


Nebuchadnezar had been engaged in the 


fiege of Tyre, the afflictions of Egypt 
gradually unfolded themſelves in civil 


diſcord; q and breaking out into a rebel- 


a Jeremiah xlili. 12. 


13 lion, 


— . ——-— 5M 4 4 3 


N : 
: — : 

8 "_ + ” 4 a . A 7 * 
nme, I r r 
ie / Ser Lou a> OG n notes 8 e 

& Le on 2 > 419,20, <0 
. 


322 The HISTORY of 


lion, headed by Amaſis, at the time he 
was on his return from Tyre, he en- 
tered Egypt with his victorious army, 
as is ſuppoſed by the invitation of 
Amaſis, laid waſte the whole kingdom, 
drove the unfortunate Apries from his 
throne, and paid (as was foretold) the 

wages of his army in "Egyptian captives ; 
and plunder. 


1 he W i of Epe by che Ethia- : 
pians, the civil wars, and many other 
devaſtations, which had at various times 

diſtreſſed this kingdom, were apparent- 
ly inſignificant, to the miſery it ſuſtain- 
ed from Nebuchadnezar's invaſion. For- 
mer troubles ſtagnated. their liberal ad- 
vances to civilization, impoveriſhed par- 
ticular diſtricts, ſpilt much blood, and 
trampled on the regal power; however, 


they were not fatal to the being of the 


kingdom; its natural reſources, ſoon 
5 rectified 


* 


Ancitnt E&EYPT. 323 


rectified temporary injuries, and revived 
its former ſplendor and greatneſs. But 


Nebuchadnezar ſapped the ſources of : 


their ſtrength : after ſpreading deſola- 
tion from Migdol, a frontier town, on 
the north, to Syene, the ſouthern ex- 
tremity of Egypt, on the confines of 
Ethiopia, he collected all the riches 
he could, drove crowds of captives be- 
fore his army to Babylon, and left be- 
hind him a body of troops under A- 
maſis, to eſtabliſh his power in Egypt, 


who effectually executed his inſtructions, 


and either brought over to his intereſt, 
or cut off, the ſhattered remains of the 
Egyptian army. 


Greeks 3 who, remembering with gra- 
titude the kindneſſes they had received 
from Apries and his anceſtors, attached 

themſelves to his for tunes, nor could be 
prevailed upon to deſert bim in his 

| Y 2 diſtreſs, 


The | only troops left 
to oppoſe him, were thirty thouſand : 


—— — 


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324 The His Tory of 


diſtreſs. With this handful of men, 
the king venturing to engage the rebels 
in the plains of Memphis, was vanquiſh- 
ed, and taken priſoner on the field of 


battle, from whence he was conveyed to 


his own palace in Sais, and ſtrangled 
by the order of Amaſie, according to 
the divine determination predicted by 
the prophet Jeremiab; © Thus faith, 
* the Lord, behold I will give Pharoah 


N « Hh phra, the king of Egypt, Into 
40 the hand of his enemies, and into 


« the hand of them that ſeek. his 


— 1 life.” 


What a ang picture din. this — 
prince give us, of the inſtability of -- 
human greatneſs? Within the ſpace 


of one year, the moſt flouriſhing king- 
dom in the world, containing * twenty 


> Jeremiah xliv. 30. =* Herodotus, lib. 2. 
: thouſand 


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Ancient EcyPT. 325 


thouſand cities, was laid waſte ; the king, 


whom ſucceſs and opulence vainly flat- 
tered, that he was above the power of 


misfortune, was driven from his throne, 


forſaken by his ſubjects, and murdered 
by the man he had raiſed to honour 


and diſtinction. He reigned thirty years, 


and was the laſt deſcendant of the great 
Pfammitichus. 


It does not appear that Apries made 
any improvement in the laws, govern- 5 
ment, arts, ſciences, or manners of 

his people: 4 his war with the Cypriots, 

Tyrians, and Sidonians, engaged the for- 


mer part of his reign ; and the civil 


diſturbances of his kingdom afterwards, 
were fatal to the growth and produc- 
tion of thoſe excellencies, which adorn 
men and nations, and flouriſh only i in the 
calm repoſe of peace, when the mind 
18 undiſturbed, and the genius unin- 


* 4 fluenced 


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[| 320 _ The HIS ToRv aff > 


F fluenced by paſſion, conveys juſt and 
i beautiful ideas, inculcates civility, and 
the milder arts of pleaſing, feels the 
impulſe of humanity, and impreſſes on 
ſociety more general benevolence, po- 
liteneſs, and unanimity. 


The leſs mankind are civilized, the 
leſs reluctance they have to the effuſion 
of human blood: about this time, a 
diſpoſition 1 to war almoſt univerſally pre- 
vailed, which they entered upon with 
ſavage ferocity, without plan, or order, 
The height of their kill i in conducting 
a fiege, was to cut a trench round the 
city, and raiſe mounts equal to the for- 
tification, from which they threw miſ- 
ſile weapons againſt the enemy, whilſt 
pioneers | undermined the. wall. The 


generality of ſieges were little more 
than blockades, to reduce the enemy 


by famine, as thoſe of Feruſalem and 
Aeolus. 


ANe nr EGYPT. 3259 


Asotus. In their wars they had no idea 
of ſecuring advantageous poſts, of uſing 


ſtratagem to draw the enemy into an 


incommodious ſituation, of laying am- 


buſcades, ſurprizing convoys, lining de- 
files, annoying the enemy in their 
march, fatiguing their army, by keep- 


ing it in continual alarm, harraſſing their = 
rear in a retreat, or reducing it when 

diſtreſſed for proviſion, by acting on 
the defenſive, and protracting the cham- 
paign ; ; nor did they endeavour to make 
a river, wood, or moraſs, protect or 


ſupport their troops in battle, or at- 


tempted to render an inferior army, 


equal to a more numerous, by engaging 


on a ſpot, where great numbers could 


not be brought on to action. Manceu- 


vres, evolutions, and the various arts 
now practiſed in war, were then un- 


known; * they led on their cavalry, 


Herodotus, lib. 2. 


4 | infantry, 


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g28 The His Tory of 


infantry, and chariots, in one promiſ- 


cuous body to battle; numbers decided 
the fate of kingdoms, deſolation ſpread 


wherever the victor came, and ſlavery 


awaited the captive : thus Egypt, full 


of wealth and riches, bleſt with natu- 


ral elegances highly diſplayed by art, 


and adorned and beautified with ſtupen- 


dous works of genius, fell into the 
hands of Nebuchadnezar, and was over- 


_ flowed with blood, and the deſtractions | 


of war. 2 Eo Er Þ 


The death * * left the ſtate in 


ts anarchy, and laid Amaſi is under ſome 
difficulty, how to fill the throne ; he 
did not want power to ſupport his choice, 
but even tyrants wiſh to flatter them- 


ſelves with ſome appearance of virtue 
and propriety, though the eſſence of it 
never dictated to them a ſingle action: 
in this dilemma, there paſſed an inter- 


regnum 


Ancient EY T. 329 


regnum of one year, when Amaſis feel- 
ing the diſtreſſes the people ſuffered for 
want of civil diſcipline, and the im- 
| poſſibility of giving peace and ſatisfac- 
tion to his country, without reſtoring 
the ancient form of government, aſcend- 


ed the throne, with the * approbation of 
* eDUCHGANERAT « 


: Vhher on the year 3432, 
A. c. 


Anno. 570. 


INTERREGNUM, 


AM A- 


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330 The HISTORY of 


A M A 8 1 8, 
Anno. | A. E. 


569. 


THE Bone Ind ſearcely began 
to taſte the placid enjoyments of ſo- 
21 quiet, before a reſtleſſneſs of diſ- 

5 poſition and tendency to commotion diſ- 
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ANCIENT EGYPT. 331 


new the late troubles. Amaßs ſaw the 
growing evil, and by addreſs, deſtroyed 
the ſeeds of diſaffection. He command- 
ed a large golden ciſtern, in which, 
they who came to viſit him uſually 
waſhed their feet, to be caſt into the 
form of a god, and ſet up in public; 
which, numbers continually ing to 
pay adoration, he ſummoned the people 
to attend him, and acquainted them, 
that the god they worſhipped, had been 
a veſſel applied to the vileſt uſe, though | 
now held in the higheſt veneration : : 
that he likewiſe, originally too mean 
to merit their particular regard, now. 
raiſed to the ſovereignty, and not act- 
ing in a manner unbecoming that high 
rank, was intitled to, and expected the 
attention due to their king. This ſea- 
ſonable, and ſpirited diſcourſe, had all 
the effect he deſired, ſuppreſſed their 


3 1 5 murmurings, 


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ED EIS oe Et EE WR nc. ARG 


332 The HISTORY * 


murmurings, and raiſed his own re- 
putation. 


For him to introduce order into every 
branch of the civil government, which 
had been violated and diſregarded by 
him, and teach ſubordination and obe- 
dience to laws, who had trampled on 
| all obligations and diſtinctions in climb- 
ing to greatneſs, was no leſs extraor- 
dinary than arduous, and would indeed 
have been inſurmountable to a mode- 
rate capacity ; but Amaſis found no dif- 
ficulty, his inſtitutions were ſo wiſely 
calculated to promote the public good, 
that they were always received with 
pleaſure, and his perſonal attention to 
the tranſaction of buſineſs, not admit- 
ting of any neglect or deception, juſtice 
was adminiſtered with exactneſs, and 
the ſeveral departments of government i 
conducted with admirable regularity. 
8 at 3 


<3 
5 


00 


Ancient Ecyyer. 333 


* 


One law of his enacting has been 
recorded with particular applauſe, by 
which every individual was obliged 
to give an annual account to the 
“ governour of his province of his 
© name, profeſſion, and means of ſub- 


« ſiſtence; and whoever could not give 


* 


cc 


a ſatisfactory account of himſelf, and 
cc ſhew that he ſupported himſelf by 
50 honeſt means, was deemed guilty of 
« a capital offence, and puniſhed with 


« death. 1 law, according to the 
above hiſtorian, was introduced by Solon 
into the Athenian code; others attribute 
it to Draco, who was prior to Solon - 


this is certain, it Was borrowed from 


the Egyptians, obſerved. by the Athe- 
nians, and after them, by many other 


ſtates and kingdoms 6 


f. Herodotus, lib. 2 * Marſham, 594, 595. 


From 


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334 The HISTORY of 


From this ſpecimen, we can form 
a general idea of his legiſlative abili- 


ties, and perceive that the high cha- 


racter, which many have given him, 


was not devoid of foundation. Au- 
| thors who ſpeak thus honourably of 
Amaſis, 5s, conſider him in the immediate 
7 exerciſe of the kingly office, abſtracted 
from an idea of the baſe means, by 
which he forced himſelf into power: 
and in that point of view, it may be 
lamented, that there are no more of 
his laws and inſtitutions extant, from = 
which we ſhould have more fully ſeen 


the tendency of the Fgyptian diſpoſition, 


and the efforts of a ſtrong natural ge- 


nius, to ſtem the degeneracy and ow- T 


vailing vices of the ige. 


Few of the Egyptian kings had faf- 


ficient ability and goodneſs, to attend 
. to the real benefit of the communi- 


ty 3 


ANCIENT EGYPT. 335 


ty; they cently conſidered their ſub- 
jects as born to obey their nod, and 


execute their commands: from prin- 


ciples fo deeply centered in ſelf, the 
people could not have been objects of 


attention; any conſideration for their 


welfare muft have been thought, a con- 


deſcenſion unbecoming the greatneſs of 


the monarch : happy for the nation, 
there aroſe ſometimes princes above theſe 


Narrow and irrational ſentiments ; kings, 
who, to the honour of human nature, 
| held the good of mankind, and of their 


own ſubjects in particular, in the moſt 


ſacred eſtimation : : yet however diffe- 


rent in character, they almoſt all agreed 
in the laborious and oppreſſive maxim 
of erecting vaſt buildings, to perpetu- 
ate their memory and diſplay the re- 


gal grandeur and magnificence. 


Amaſis 


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336 The HIS TRY of 


Amaſes built a portico at the en⸗ 


trance of the temple of Minerva at 
Sais, the largeſt in Egypt, adorned with 

Coloſſean ſtatues and figures of Androſ- 
phinges ; part of the ſtones with which 

it was built, was brought from the 


quarries of Memphis ; ; thoſe of the largeſt 


dimenſions wete conveyed down the Nile 
on rafts, from Elephantis. * Adjoining 
to the portico, he placed an houſe, made 
of one ſtone, thirty- one feet and an 
half in front, twenty-one in depth, and 
twelve in height, which employed two 
thouſand ſailors three years, in tranſport- 
ing it from Elephantis. 


He laid on a baſis, at the entrance 


of Vulcan's temple at Memphis, a Co loſ- 
ſean ſtatue, ſeventy- five feet in length, 
| with its face upwards, and erected on 


* Herodotus, lib. 2. 


; Ep ES 


Ancitnt Ecyvtr. 337 


the ſame baſe; two ſtatues, each twenty 


feet high, one on either ſide of the ſu- 
pine Coloſſus. In the ſame city, he 
likewiſe built a ſpacious temple, and 


dedicated it to Ths, and preſented many 
noble donations to religious uſes. 


The fidelity lich the Greeks had 
ſhewn to the late king, was greatly 
honoured by Amaſis, and induced him 
to cultivate their friendſhip, and endea- 


vour to attach tbem to himſelf: the 


more effectually to unite them to his 
intereſt, he married a Cyrenian lady, and 
gave them leave to build temples, erect 
altars, follow their mode of worſhip ; 
without interruption ; and as a parti- 
cular mark of regard, preſented their 
city with his portrait. This connec- 
tion and toleration cauſed abundance of 


1 Pliny. 
2 888 Greeks 


338 The His Tory of 


Greeks to ſettle in Egypt, who forming 
a factory, facilitated trade, enlarged the 
_ exports of corn, hardware, &c. and bring- 


ing plenty and affluence to the artiſts, 
animated the genius to excel and in- 


vent. Theſe advantages, fo highly bene- 


ficial to his kingdom, led Amajis into 


every prudential meaſure, to ſecure them 
to his dominions, and hinder any fo- 
reign power from diverting the courſe 
of trade : with this view he granted pe- 
culiar indulgences to the Grecians, who 
were ſettled i in Egypt, incorporated them 
ö with his own people by intermarriages, 
and entered into alliances with ſeveral 
Grecian ſtates. | 


80 deficient 1s human foreſight, and 
uncertain the event of things, that en- 5 
gagements eſtabliſhed on the wiſeſt prin- 


ciples, are often big with ruin and de- 
ſtruction. 


AN cIENT EG Y © 309 


Aruction. * The alliance, Amaſis entered 
into with Cræſiis king of Lydia, an 
opulent and powerful prince, was found- 


ed on a plan, evidently productive of 
utility and advantage to his kingdom, 


had not Cræſus involved himſelf, and 
his ally (who was obliged by ſtipula- 
tion to ſupply Craſus with a body of 


troops, whenever he ſhould require them) 
in a war with Cyrus king of Penſia; 
who commanded his army in perſon, 
bore down all before him, and added 
Lydia to the Perf, fan empire. This fa- 
tal cataſtrophe did not immediately ex- 
tend its effects to the Egyptian domi- 
nions; Cyrus s deſigns againſt the A/ 
ian empire, protracted the ſtorm, which 


deſolated Egypt t two and twenty years 


after. 


* Herodotus, lib, I. 


4x "The -- 


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240 The His Tory off 


The occaſion of the rupture 1 
Cambyſes and Amaſis, is related 
a different manner by the 2 
They ſay that an oculiſt, who was 
baniſhed from Egypt, took refuge in the 


Perſian court, and meditating revenge 
for the diſgrace he had ſuffered, con- 


trived to imbroil the two kingdoms, | by 


prevailing on Cambyſes to require the 
daughter of  Amaſes in marriage : the 


propoſal. involved Amaſis s In the great- 


eſt dilemma ; 9 he was at a loſs how to 
act in an affair of ſo delicate a na- 
ture, knowing that a war with the 
; Perfians, would be inevitable on his re- 

fuſal ; nor brooking the indignity of de- 
grading his daughter to the infamy of 
being that monarch's concubine, which 
he knew was intended: to avoid this 
danger and diſgrace, he ſelected from 


1 Herodotus, lib. 2. 


the 


" 


ANCIENT EcyPT, 341 


the beauties of his court Nizetis the on- 
ly daughter of the late king, a prin- 
ceſs of remarkable beauty and elegance 


of perſon, and ſent her as his daughter, 
with great magnificence, into Perſa. 
Nitetis not unmindful of the injuries 
her family had received from Ana- 
/is, took an opportunity ſoon after ſhe 
arrived at the Per/fian court, when Cam- 


byſes viſited her in a familiar manner, 


and called her the daughter of Amal 7, 
thus to addreſs him 20 king, thou 5 
haſt been deceived by Amaſis, who 
a: ſent me hither, with all thoſe orna- 
ments inſtead of his daughter; Iam 
« the. daughter of Apries his maſter, 
40 whom he murdered, after he had re- 
« yolted with the reſt of the Egyp- 
„ tians,” This intelligence fired Cam- 
er with reſentment, and determined. 


mn 1 ot lib. 2. 


3 dim 


2 


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342 The HISTORY of 


him to attack the Egyptians. Another 


motive concurred to induce and faci- 


litate Cambyſſes's deſigns againſt Egypt, 


which was the arrival of Phanes a Gre- 


cian of Halicarnaſſus, late commander 


of the Grecian troops in „ 
man prudent in council, valiant 
action, and beloved by the ders; 

who being diſguſted with Amaſis 
fled into Perfia, and Joining Cambyſes, - 


greatly contributed to the progreſs _— 


his arms. Amidſt theſe. growing dan- 


gers, Amaſis either ignorant of the 


ſtorm gathering in Perſia, or vainly 
confiding i in his own ftrength, wantonly 
renounced the Samian alliance, and there- 
6 by cauſed Poherates to join the Per- 
an fleet with forty triremes. 


Things were in this ſituation, when 


death removed Amaſis beyond the reach 


3 of misfortune, and left Pſammenitus to 


ſtruggle 


ANCIENT EGyPT. 343 


ſtruggle with the tempeſt his father 


had ſtirred up. Amaſis reigned four 


and forty years, and was © buried in 


ce the court of the temple of Minerva 
«at Sais, within a magnificent ſtruc- 


FE. ture adorned with columns of ſtone, 


"0 extraordinary dimenſions, reſem- 


* bling palm trees, and abundant other 
e ornaments: in the centre of this build- 


ing was his tomb.“ He was ranked 


e their legiſlators. 


He 3 is Abd, putlciteely by Plats, to 
have been born of mean extraction in 


the city of Sais; a circumſtance by no 


means an hinderance to greatneſs in 
old Egypt ; there were no hereditary 
honours beneath the throne; excellence 
only was noble; where that was found, 


rank was conſequent. This ſyſtem 


# 


® Herodotus, lib. 2. 


PL, 8 


344 The HISTORY of 


opened the way for Amafis to exert his 
powers; he was endued with a natural . 
grandeur of mind, extenfive abilities, 
and ſuſceptivlity of the moſt amiable 
virtues ; but he did not diſcover a li- 
beral or generous idea, any ſenſibility 
of virtue, until a poſſeſſion of the throne 
had rendered the blackeſt vices no longer 
neceflary to the moſt infamous deſigns : 
he eſtabliſhed wiſe laws, and opened to 
the kingdom a channel of wealth and 5 
affluence; having firſt trampled on go- 
vernment, deſtroyed all order, deſolated 
the moſt flouriſhing kingdom in the 
world, and, unreſtrained by gratitude, = 
: friendſhip, or focial obligations, im- 
brued his hands in the blood of his 
royal maſter, and climbed the throne, 
over the mangled bodies of his coun» 
trymen, who nobly died in their ſo- 
vereign's cauſe, ” 
PSAM- 


ANCIENT EGYPT. 345 
PSAMMENITUS, 
Anno. A. C. 


525. 


THIS prince, whoſe juſt ſenſibility 


and magnanimity in affliction, ſhewed an 
; exalted and generous ſoul, would pro- 


bably have been a moſt excellent king, 
had providence pleaſed to have permit- 
ted him to exert his abilities, He had 
been veſted with the regal dignity no 
more than ſix months, when the im- 


pending ſtorm burſt upon his domi- 


nions, Pſammenitus was appriſed of the 


approach of the Perſian army, aſ- 


ſembled his troops before the walls of 


Pelyfium to oppoſe the invader, but was 


compelled to retreat, and relinquiſh 
not only that city, but all the Delta, 


without 


——— —_— — 
— 


oF 
* 
1 * 
n 
is 
if 
3. 
* 
1 
1 


346 The HISTORY of 


„ i, is ID 


7 1 — 
— — <a 2 
- I. ” 


without bloodſhed, by a ſtratagem dic- 
tated by Phanes, who knowing the E- 


— 


Cyptian ſuperſtition, and the ſacred 
regard they had for particular animals 's 
drove in the front of the Perſian army 
a number of cats, and other animals, 
held inviolable by the Egyptians, which 


1 not permitting them to throw their miſſile 
= - weapons againſt the Perfians, (leſt whilſt 


they annoyed the enemy, they ſhould 
wound ſome of the animals, and be 
: guilty of facrilege) they were obliged 
to retreat ; but ſoon finding that Cam- 
 byſes meditated no leſs than the con- 
queſt of all Egypt, and ſeeing their 
country plundered, and their families 


maſſacred, deſpair ſuperſeded. their ſu- 
perſtition, and they engaged the Per- 
ſian army in the plains of Memphis ; 


the event was unfortunate to the Egyp- 


o Ovzelius ad Minu. Fælicem. 


AncitenT EGYPT. 347 


Fans, and Pſammenitus fell into the 


hands of the conqueror. 


An event no leſs fatal to Cambyſes's 
reputation, than to Eſammenituss . per- 
ſon and family. A well regulated mind 

- will look down with pity upon ſuch as 


are elevated by ſucceſs, and feel a ſhame 


for the imbecillity of human nature, 


0 which can forget its own weakneſs, 
and become giddy from the ſuſpenſion 
of its own ſorrow and trouble. The 
ruſticity of the age claims our apology 
in many inſtances; the unenlightened : 
ſtate of their reaſon, Was denoted by 
the aſperity of their manners; humani- 
ty ſuffered, but ſeldom experienced the 


rage which Cambyſes exerciſed againſt 
Eſammenitus; not contented with de- 
priving him of his throne and liberty, 
he loaded his wretchedneſs with con- 
tempt, and tortured his tendereſt affec- 
tions. 


— 


* 
j 
EF 
0 
h 
1 
16 
1 
15 
15 


n 
— 2 K 


348 The His Tory of 


tions. To ſhew him the greater in- 
dignity, he lodged him in the ſuburbs of 
Memphis, and cauſed his daughter, in the 


habit of a ſlave, with the ladies of the 


firſt diſtinction, to draw water daily from 
a well, to which | they muſt paſs be- 1 


fore his lodgings; > & and dragged his 


* ſon, and two thouſand young Egyp- 


« fians, before his eyes to execution, 


« with ropes about their necks, and 


1 bridles 3 in their mouths.” 


Theſe FR Eſammenitus - ſupported | 


with ſurprizing fortitude; not even a 
ſigh, or the leaſt emotion, diſcovering 
his diſtreſs; until, obſerving an old 
friend at a diſtance, reduced to want, 
and begging his bread, his conſtancy 
forfook him, tears Mead down his 


cheeks, he beat his head, and groans 


burſted forth from his boſom. This 
extraordinary conduct being told to Cam- 


? Herodotus, lib. 3. 755 
7 byſes, 


ANCIENT EGYPT, 349 


byſes, by thoſe, whom he had placed 


about P/ammenitus to obſerve his ac- 


tions; he ſent this meſſage to him : 
©,» Pſammenitus, thy maſter Cambyſes 


cc 
6c. 
- ce 
= 
| cc 
0 


ce 


(6 


cc 


"ut 


4c 


deſires to know why, after thou haſt 


« ſeen thy daughter ſo ignominiouſly - 
© treated, and thy fon led to execu- 
tion without exclamation, or ſhedding 
a tear, thou ſhouldeſt be ſo particularly 


concerned for a poor old man, no 


way related to thee, as he is inform- 


cc 


ed.” To which Pſommenitus replied, 


of Son of Cyrus, the calamities of my 
family are too great to leave me the 
power of weeping. But the misfor- 
tunes of a companion, reduced in 
his old age to extreme RON, may 


a be Juſtly lamented "gs tears.” 


2 Was affected by this anſwer, 


and ſent to ſtop the execution of me” - 


1 Herodieus, lib. "3 5 wid. 


young 


359 The HISTORY of 


young prince, but the order came too 
late, he had already ſuffered: nor did 
the father long ſurvive him: being found 
intriguing with the Egyptians to re- 
cover his liberty, Cambyſes put him to 
death, in the year before Chr: . five 


hundred and twenty-four, 


Thus fell . Ext, never to 


— — 


recover its accuſtomed magnificence and 


0 2 * 8 2 — - == 
4 — * K — - —— — — _ 
be — on * - . _ . — — : 
— * 9 ( —ͤ— — IS — — 7. — WHORE 2 rw. BIT =; — = — . — 
- of 3 SS -- 1 — — Da - * nne — = — ſg — = — — —— 
1 —— — ne On. — —— 5 = - , I” — — ei — he — —— 
. 1 2 pd " de _ * 2 2 — 
— — — 5 — ago Pe FI — = 8 * 3 * C WW „ 
_ — > —. —_ - 8 ———— * 5 N — — woT== 5 _ — 2 4 8 — — 8 — " 
- 0 * * 2 ” U — ” - G 
* 


+ "a. PLL 5 * 
* * » . - 3 * — —— 


— a 


ſplendor, under the dominion of an 
= unpoliſhed tyrant, who, having no idea 
of ſcience, or the liberal arts, hated 


— — 2 2 


- . 3 * 


— — — 


excellencies he could not equal; and to 

the irreparable loſs of ſucceeding ages, 
exerciſed his rage againſt thoſe noble 
monuments of {kill and Ingenuity, 
Which have done the higheſt honour to 


| human genius, and raiſed the reputa- 
tion of Egypt above all the contempo- 


rary kin 1gdoms, 


\ 


A Re- 


3511 


A 


Recapitulatory Diſſertation. 


HEN we biet the dall 


improvement of European na- 


W 


tions, in knowledge and invention, how 


5 urbanity, politics, and the liberal arts, 
conjointly : advance; we cannot but de- 
fire to know the cauſe, that the arts 
received 1 long time, leſs refine- 


ment in Egypt, than their manners, 


laws, and government. We find im- 


portant diſcoveries made in very early 


ages, with a rapidity that fills us with 


pleaſure and admiration, in which we 
can ſcarcely indulge ourſelves, ' before 


we are ſurprized by a ſtagnation of * 


nius equally extraordinary. 


- The 


* h Y r 3 PPT Pp - 

8 2 * * - 22 % A * — _ > 8 — 

2 F — 5 

* rg r 8 

aN 1 1 * 
2 
LE =, 
=. 2 


= _——— * . 
SIT 4 ber, 8 & y 8 8 & . G „ 2 
Ot 0 OR, A AION Bhs Ee OR ORESIEAEE 
lb: — © 8 SEE 2 2 2 Is 2 3 


a 

* 4-1" ie 

: Feen 
e 


352 A RECAPITULATORY 


The Ai eſtabliſhment of the Egyp- 
tian empire, w which afforded the faireſt 
opportunity of cultivating the arts and 
ſciences, ſeems not to have enabled 
them to tranſcend a particular point, 
and bring their inventions to exactneſs. 
Their minds were not expanded, to re- 
ceive ideas beyond a certain number, 
which were accumulated with readineſs, 1 
and entertained, without ſtimulating 
their genius to exceed its narrow limits. 
This diſregard, and inſenſibility of ele- 
gance, muſt have been derived from re re- . 
ſtraint, and a want of incitements to 
excel. They had many laws and in- 
ſtitutions, deſervedly admired for their 
wiſdom, at the ſame time, that others 
: eſtabliſhed inconveniencies highly preju- 
dicial to the community. Their excluſion 
of ſtrangers. from their country, diſlike 

to novelty, and making profeſſions he- 
reditary, were inſurmountable obſtacles 


_ 


— arg 333 


to perfection in their diſcoveries. An 
hint from thoſe who have received dif- 
ferent ideas of things, frequently opens 
the mind, throws an inconceivable light 
upon it, and produces a new chain of 
thinking: whilſt the pride of being 
fatisfied with preſent attainments, and 
holding : all innovation in contempt, de- 
bars every effort of genius, and rays 
a poſſibility of e 


They undoubtedly intended, by mak- 
ing profefſions hereditary, to advance 

the arts, ſuppoſing that men being con- 
fined to a profeſſion, or buſineſs, with- 
out a poſſibility of being promoted, or 
removed from it, would, having no am- 
bition to gratify, or object to divert 
their attention from their particular 
occupation, execute it with more {kill, 
and be reſtrained from diſturbing the 


ſtate. How foreign is this opinion to 
6 the 


354 A RECAPITULATORY 


the principles of human nature ? Does 
the happineſs of mankind depend on 
the diſuſe of the mental faculties ? Or 
is ignorance, the baſis of peace and 
civil agreement? Are the paſſions moſt 
reſtrained, where reaſon and intelli- 
gence leaſt preſide? Or can there be 
any public benefit in a ſyſtem devoid 
of every ſeed of that laudable, gene- 
rous, and noble ambition, the vital 
part of government, and ſoul of vir- 
tue and excellence? Human faculties 
delight in progreſſion, and will at- 
tempt to excel, if by that excellence 
they can attain reputation, a more ele- 
vated rank, or affluence; but when 
theſe cannot be acquired, a diſregard for 
accompliſhments, which produce no 
perſona] utility, muſt be entertained. 


"Mechanics ſuffered particularly, from 
this miſtaken policy; ; * artiſans were 


d Herodotus, lib. 2. 
cConſidered 


DissERTATI ON. 


355 


conſidered as the loweſt claſs of the 


people, and contemned by the other 
orders, however they diſtinguiſhed 


_ themſelves in their art. What incite- 


ment then had they to induſtry, far- 
ther than they were compelled by ne- 
ceflity ? or what inducement had they 


to aſpire to fame, when the utmoſt ex- 


ertion of their abilities could not obli- 


terate the indignity they were expoſed 


to, or raiſe them above contempt ? In 


ſo degraded and confined 4 ſituation, 
without a motive to accelerate the ge- 
nius, it is not ſo much a matter of 
ſurprize, that they continued the ſame 
dull round of mechanical labours, as 


that they were not totally ſuppreſſed, 
from which nothing preſerved them, 
but their being the only means of the 
mechanic 8 ſubſiſtence. 


A a 2 N 


356 A RECAPITULATORY 


To this injudicious regulation, is 
likewiſe attributed, in a great meaſure, 
the flow advancement of aſtronomy, 
and other ſciences : for not being ſup- 
plied with | proper inſtruments, they 
could not take exact obſervations, or 
uſe the advantages, which might have 
been reaped from their nearneſs to the 
equator, * They ſtudied (as I have 
„ ſhewn) the motions of the heavenly 
25 bodies, and diſcovered that the 
„ moon's. immerging into the earth's. 
t ſhadow, was the occaſion of junar 
ol eclipſes ; ; "in the calculation of which 
* phenomena, | and even ſolar eclipſes, | 
* the Theban aſtronomers were tolerably 
e ſkilful, who conjectured that comets 


«© were ſtars, which reverted after A 


Diane lib. "7 
© Diogenes Laert. præm. ſegm. Il. | 
4 Diodorus, lib. " OE 


certain 


DisSERTATION, 357 


“ certain period, conſtructed aſtronomi- 
« cal tables, and pretty uſtly aſcertain- 
* ed the ſtationary, retrograde, and di- 
rect motion of the planets.” 

From theſe out- lines of their aſtro- 
1 {Þ we lee it was in its infancy, yet 
by no means in a ſtate of NON-CX= 
iſtence, as ſome modern writers wiſh 
to inculcate, by attempting to prove, 
that the Egyptians were ignorant of ge- 
ometry, without which, they could make 
no advances in aſtronomy. Geometry 
is undoubtedly neceſſary to inveſtigate 
the ſcience ; and there would be room 
for the above concluſion, was the aſſer- | 


tion founded in truth. 
All ſcientific knowledge was con- 

tined to the prieſts, and for that rea- 
* Clem. Alex, lib, 1. Jamblicus de Vita Pyth. 


ſon 


14 
{1 
it 


— 


Go 


— 2 


_ * * 
r A 
= 


—— — dog 


— aa 0 
— As — = 2 


—— —_— 
ECL 


— — OC —— — 
* n 4 = n 
4 ——2 —— . —— 
of a 7 DLO ——— ——— ä 
— KF © 3 RR . 
— — Fo. 


358 ART CATIGVIATOERI 


ſon Pythagoras was ſo deſirous to be 
admitted to their friendſhip, and receive 
inſtruction from them, that he ſub- 


mitted to be circumcifed, without which 


he could not have enjoyed that privi- 
lege: As had Thales before him, 
« wh: was inſtructed in geometry by 
« the Egyptian prieſts.” Ts it not there- 
fore very probable, that the inventions 
in that ſcience | attributed to Thales and 
Pyrhagoras, were borrowed | from the 
Egyptians? Eſpecially as the inventions, 
which the Greeks have arrogated to their 


countrymen, are the firſt principles, and 


moſt ſimple propoſitions in geometry. 
ales, they ſay, firſt diſcovered that a 


triangle, which has the diameter of a 


circle for its baſe, and whoſe ſides meet 


in the circumference, muſt of neceſ- 


ſity be rectangular. And that Pytha- 


f Dios. Laertius: | 


SCs 


DrsSERTATION. 359 


goras firſt obſerved, that the ſquare of 
the bypotheneuſe, Was equal to the 


{quares | of both the other fides. If 
they were the inventers of the firſt 


principles, what did they learn 


from the Egyptian prieſts, who were 
confeſſedly their inſtructers in geome- 


try? And beſides, many hundred years 


before Thales, the prior of theſe philoſo- 


phers, the kingdom of Egypt was abun- 
dantly adorned with ſtupendous and 
magnificent buildings, temples, mauſo- 
lea, obeliſks, and pyramids ; the lands 


were levelled, and canals cut in vari- 


ous parts of the country; all of which 


muſt have been executed on approved 


geometrical principles. 


The Fgyptions entered too late into 


navigation to make any capital figure 


in marine aftairs, and were too averſe 


from fatigue, to arrive at any eminence 


5 RE IS) | 


. 8 4 5 . 2 e * = 4 1 
ee 3 
, x 


360 A RECAPITULATORY 


in the art of war. Their medicinal 
knowledge, (though phyſic had been a 
profeſſion from the days of Foſeph, and 
ſome have conjectured that they ſaw 
the traces of chymiſtry at this time) 
was undoubtedly in a very low and 
vague fituation : there is no account ex- 
tant of the Egyptian medicines; ; it is pro- 
bable they did not differ materially from | 
thoſe of the Jews, with whom they 
| kept up a regular commercial inter- 
courſe, who preſcribed the j Juice of herbs 
for internal complaints, and fomented | 
obſtructions with particular ſimples ſteep- 
ed in warm water : the phyſicians pro- 
| bably fomented king Aſa's feet in the 
— 5 gout, when he Was blamed for ſeek- 
— ing aid from. his phyſicians, rather 
oh than from God.” They applied oil, 
and the fat of animals, indiſeriminately 


LY Kings, xv. 23. 


to 


* 


DiISssERTAT ION. 261 


to contuſions, healed wounds with balm 


brought from Arabia, made their cata- 
plaſms for fractures of balm and gums, 
and healed boils, ulcers, and abſceſſes 


with * plaiſters of figs. Theſe methods 


of treating complaints ſufficiently de- 


monſtrate, that medicine had not yet 
received the aid of diſtillation, or * 


| chymical preparation. 5 


The barbarity of PER muſic, want 
of taſte in painting, unacquaintance with 
the powers of eloquence and poetry, ſhew . 
that a livelineſs of imagination was no 
part of the Egyptian character. Their 


genius evidently inclined to abſtruſe ſpe- 
culation and cloſe reaſoning, demon- 


ſtrated by their proficiency in the ma- 
chematics, and thoſe wiſe laws, which 


b Iſaiah xxxvili. 21. 


VF 


KK * 88 WE” 3 


360 A RECAPITULATORY 


in the art of war. Their medicinal 
knowledge, (though phyſic had been a 


profeſſion from the days of Foſeph, and 


| ſome have conjectured. that they ſaw 
the traces of chymiſtry at this time) 
was undoubtedly in a very low and 
_ vague fituation : there is no account ex- 
tant of the Eg gyptian medicines ; ; It is pro- 
bable they did not differ materially from 
| thoſe of the Jewo, with whom they 
kept up a regular commercial inter- 
85 courſe, who preſcribed the) Juice of herbs. 
for internal complaints, and fomented 
obſtructions with particular ſimples ſteep- 
ed in warm water: the phyſicians pro- 
bably fomented * king Aſa's feet in the 
«« gout, when he was blamed for ſeek- 
ing aid from his phyſicians, rather 
« than from God.” They applied oil, 
and the fat of animals, indiſcriminately 


2 1 Kings, xv. 23. 


to 


* 


DISSENYATION. 361 


to contuſions, healed wounds with balm 
brought from Arabia, made their cata- 
plaſms for fractures of balm and gums, 
and healed boils, ulcers, and abſceſſes 
with * plaiſters of figs. Theſe methods 
of treating complaints ſufficiently de- 
monſtrate, that medicine had not yet 


received the aid of diſtillation, or any 
8 chymical preparation. 


The barbarity of their muſic, want 
of taſte i in painting, unacquaintance with 
the powers of eloquence and poetry, ſhew | 
| that a livelineſs of imagination was no 
part of the Egyptian character. Their 
genius evidently inclined to abſtruſe ſpe- 
culation and cloſe reaſoning, demon- 
ſtrated by cheir proficiency in the ma- 
thematics, and thoſe wiſe laws, which 


have borne the higheſt reputation in for- 
0 Ifaiah xxxvili. 21. 


. 


362 4 D188 * ar ATION. 


mer ages, and will ever receive the ad- 
miration of thoſe who delight in ſee- 
Ing reaſon and genius exerted, and com- 

prehend 1 the importance of thoſe regula- 

tions and diſcoveries, which do honour 
to human nature, and adorn the more 
elegant and e world. 


3 r R RAT u M. 
Page: 35. line laft for ſtraits read iſthmus of gun. 


ee 


. 


