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VOLUME the SECOND. 
CONTAINING, _- 


+: The Military Affairs II. Some of their Miſ- 
of the GRECIA NS. cellany Cuſtoms. 5 


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Printed for W. STRAHAN, J. and F. 3 L. HAwEs, WL. 
W. Clarke and R. Collins, B. White, R. Hoxs FIELD, 7 
G. Kirn, W. Owen, T. Casion, 8. CRO WD ER, 
T. LoN MAN, R. Wars, E. Jonks ron, T. Lowu ps, 


K Knox, W.Gincrk, |. Jounso 8, W. FIX XNEY, 
N. Cox AN T, ard A. Werlan, | 


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B 0 0 K II. 
HAP. I. of the Wars, Valour, Military Glory, wh 


of the autient Grecians _ Pag 
Chap. II. Of their Levies, Pay, &c. of Soldiers G 
Chap, III, Of the different Sorts of Soldiers 


9 
Chap. IV. Of the Grecian Arms and I. eapons, with their 


military Apparel 19 
Chap. V. Of the Officers of the Athenian and Lacedæ- 
monian Armies 51 
Chap. VI. Of the ſeveral Divif ons and Forms of the 
© Grecian Army, and other military Terms 56 
Chap. VII. Of their Manner of . making Peace, and 2 
claring War; their Ambaſſadors, &c. 64 


Chap. VII. Of their Camps, Guards, Watches, and 
military Courſe of Life 70 


Chap. IX. Of their Battles, their Generals He grangues, 


the Secrifices, Muſick, Signals, Enjigns, the Word, and 


Way of ending Wars i fingle Combat, &c. 74 
Chap. X. Of their Sieges, with the moſt remarkable of 
their Inventions and Envines uſed therein 89 
Chap. XI. Of the Slain and their Hunerals 97 
Chap. XII. Of their Booty taken in War, their Gratitude 


to the Gods after Viftory, their Trophies, &c. 106 


Chap. XIII. Of their military Puniſoment and Rewards, 
with the manner of conveying Intelligence 114 
Chap. XIV. Of ihe Invention and different Sorts of Ships 


120 


Chap. XV. 07 the Parts, Ornaments, &c. of Sh ips 1258 


Chap. XVI. Of the Tackling and ee required in 


Navigation 131 


Chap. XVII. Of the Taftruments of Var in SHIPS 1% 
Chap. XVIII. Of the Mariners and Solaltcis I 38 
Chap. XIX. Of Naval Offcers _ 143 
ho XX. Of their Voyages, Harbours, dc. 148 
Chap. XXI. Of their Engagements Nc. by Sea 154 
4 2 Chap. 


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| CONTENT s. : 
Chap. XXII. Of the Spoils, military Rewards, and Pu- 


Wee c . 
HAP. I. Of the Care the Gischt had if Puntrals, 
and of Perſons deſtitute there, 160 


Chap. II. Of the Ceremonies in Sickneſs and Death 172 
Chap. III. Of the Ceremonies before the Funeral 178 


Chap. IV. Of their Funeral Procefiins 189 
Chap. V. Of their Mourning for the Dead 194 
My VI. Of their manner of interring and burning the 
Dead 207 
Chap. VII. Of their Sepulcbres, Monuments, Cenota- 
Ae. 33918 


Chap. VIII. Of their Funeral Orations, Games, Luſtra- 
tions, Entertainments, Confecrations, and other Hor 


nours of the Dead, c. wo 227 
Chap. IX. Of their Love of Boys — 2411 
Chap. X. Of their Cuſtoms in expreſſi; ing their Love, their 
 Love- Potions, Incantetions, &c. 245 
Chap. XI. Of their Marriagcs - "203 
Chap. XII. Of tbeir Divorces, Adutteries, Concubines, 
and Harlots e 
Chap. XIII. Of the Confinement and Employments of 
their Women 310 
Chap. XIV. Of their Cuſtoms in Child-bearing, and ma- 
naging Infants "4 92S 


0 hap. XV. of their different ferts of Children, Wills, Inbe- 
ritances, the Duties of Children to their Parents, &c. 335 
Chap. XVI. Of their Times of Eating 352 
Chap. XVII. Of the ſeveral ſorts of Entertainments 354 
Chap. X VIII. Of ihe Materials whereof the Entertain- 
ments conſiſted. 269: 
Chap. XIX. Of the Cuſtoms before Entertainments 368 
Chap. XX. Of the Ceremonies at Entertainments 378 
ine XXI. oY the Manner 7 entertaining ad > 2 * 


2 


Archæologia Græca: 
O R, 1 H E 


Ul 


ANTIQUITIES 


"Iv . 


GREECE 


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C HA P. [. 


Of the Wars, Vlour, Miltary Glory, &c. EX the antient 
Grecians. 


HE antient Grecians were a rude and unpoliſhed Sort of 
Mortals, wholly unacquainted with the modern, and more 
refined Arts of War and Peace. Perſons of the higheſt 

Birth and Quality, and whom they fancied to be deſcended from 
the Race of the immortal Gods, had little other Buſineſs to employ 
their Hours, befides Tilling the Earth, or feeding their Flocks and 
Herds ; and the Rapitie of theſe, or ſome other petty Concerns, 
which was looked on as a generous and heroical Exploit, occaſioned 
moſt of the Wars, ſo famous in their Story. Achilles in Homer tells 
Agamemnon, that twas purely to oblige him, he had engaged him- 
telf in fo long and dangerous a War agaiuſt the Wee from whom 


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2 Of the Military Affairs of Greece. 


he had never received any juſt Cauſe of Quarrel, having never been 
deſpoil'd of his Oxen, or Horſes, or had the Fruits of his Ground 
deſtroy'd by them (a). NN 4 


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K a prev , imam PANE DONAG peT AED 

Odea TE ( xideſlæ, d Te NH ο 6 


Ao, d fi avades, du dem, 3 fe (V Xalpnc 


For tho? I here with warlike Trojans fight, 
"Tis not to vindicate my private Right; 
Since they by impious Theft have ne'er detain'd 
My Oxen, Horſes, or on Phthia's Land 
Deſtroy'd my Fruits; ſecur'd by craggy Ways, 
O'er pathleis Mountains and tempeſtuous Seas, 
I fear not what Invaſions they can make: 
But tis ungrateful Man, *tis for thy Sake, 
T' advance thy Triumphs that I hither come, 
That thou with greater State may'ſt reign at Home. 


Mr. Hutchin. 


And the Simplicity of their Conduct may be ſufficiently evinced, as 
from ſeveral other Inſtances, ſo by thoſe eſpecially, where Achilles, 
Hector, or Ajax are introduced oppoſing themſelves to vaſt Numbers, 
and by the Force of their own Valour putting to Flight whole Squa- 
drons of their Enemies. Nor is the Poet to be thought Blame-worthy, 
or to have tranſgreſſed the Rules of Probability in ſuch Relations; 
which, tho' perhaps ſtrange and incredible in our Days, were, no 

doubt, accommodated to the Manners of the Times, of which he 
wrote. For even in the ſacred Story we find it recorded, that a ſingle 
Goliath dehed all the Armies of 1/rael (b), and with a big Look, 
and a few arrogant Words, ſtruck ſo great Terror into them, that 
they fled before him. | 85 . 

Notwithſtanding this, in the Revolution of a few Ages, Greece be- 

came the celebrated Mother of the braveſt and moſt experienc'd Sol- 
diers in the World: For being canton'd into a great Number of little 
independent States, all which, tho' bordering upon one another, were 
govern'd by different Laws, and proſecuted contrary Intereſts, it be- 
came the Seat of continual Wars; every Hamlet being ambitious of 
enlarging it's Territory, by encroaching upon it's am Eg 


* _— 


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( Tied, 4. v. 192. (5) 1 Sam, xvii. 17, 24. 


Of the Military Affairs of Greece. 4 
and contending for the Addition of a few Lands, with no leſs Heat 
and Fury than if whole Kingdoms had been the Prize: The Conſe- 
quence whereof was, that the Grecians, being from their Childhood 
inured to martial Affairs, and having to their native Bravery added 
long and conſtant Experience, were rendered as well in good Order 
and Diſcipline, as true Courage and Valour, ſuperior to moſt other 
Nations. They became a Terror to all the Countries round about 
them, and with ſmall Numbers often put to flight vaſt Multitudes of 
the Barbarians : The Perſians frequently experienced the ſad Effects 
of it in the Loſs of numerous Armies, and at length of the greateſt 
Empire in the World. And (to enumerate no more Inſtances in a 

Thing ſo well known) the Carthaginians, tho? Men of great Courage, 
and excellently ſkill'd in the Art of War, being worked in Sicily by 
T:moleon the Corinthian, in ſeveral Encounters, and by unequal Num- 
bers of Men, were driven into an Admiration of the Grecian Valour ; 
and forced to confeſs, that they were the moſt pugnacious and inſu- 
perable of Mankind; and forthwith made it their Buſineſs to entertain 
as many of them as they could procure, in their Service (a). 

But tho? almoſt all the Greciant had their Share in Military Glory, 
yet were the reſt far inferior to the Lacedæmoniaus, who by the Laws 
of their Country were under an Obligation to make War their Pro- 
feſſion; they never applied themſelves to any Art or Employment, 
or the Exerciſe of Trades, which they accounted unworthy ot gene- 
vous and free-born Souls ; but committing all ſuch Cares to the Helots, 
who were a genteeler Sort of Slaves, ſpent their Time in manly Exer- 
cCiſes, to render their Bodies ſtrong and active. They were alſo ac- 
cuſtom'd by hard Diet, by Stripes, and other Severities, patiently to 


undergo Hardſhips, to endure Wounds, to encounter Dangers, and 


if the Honour of their Country ſo required, to throw themſelves into 
the Arms of Death without Fear or Regret. Yet were they not ſo 
imprudent or fool-hardy, as to court Dangers or Death; but were 
taught from their Childhood to be always prepared either to live or 
die, and equally willing to do either; as appears from thoſe Y erſes, 
cited by Plutarch (6) to this Purpoſe. 


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LINE TO TRUTH KANG; a4 PaT1p EXTENT EL. > 


They dy'd, but not as laviſh of their Blood, 
Qr thinking Death itſelf was ſimply good, 
Or Life; both theſe the ſtricteſt Virtue try'd, 
And as that cali'd, they gladly liv'd or dy'd, 


Nor was this Indifferency to Life or Death only diſcourſedof amongſt 


them, as a Point of mere Speculation; but carefully and ſeriouſly in- 
Killed in their tender Years, and always embraced as one of the firſt 
e 2 Principles 


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0: Of the Military Affairs of Greece. 
Principles of their Actions; which begot in them ſuch an undaunted 
Courage, and fo firm and unmoveable a Reſolution, that ſcarce any 
other Nation was able to ſtand before them. This extraordinary and 
unparallel'd Bravery, being adorn'd and ſtrengthen'd with the wiſeſt 
Conduct, and the moſt perfect Skill in all the Stratagems of War 
thoſe Times were capable of, has render'd them famous in Story, 
and Examples of Military Virtue to all ſucceeding Ages: For 
« {theſe are Plutarch's (a) Words) the Lacedzmonians were moſt ex- 
«« pert and cunning in the Art of War, being train'd up and accuſ- 
«© tom'd to nothing more than to keep themſelves from Confuſion, 
% when their Order ſhould be broken; to follow any Leader or 
_ «« Right-hand Man, ſo rallying themſelves into Order; and to fight 
« on what Part ſoever Dangers preſs.” | 
It is therefore by no means to be wonder'd at, that foreign and vaſtly 
remote Nations ſhould be defirous to entertain the Lacedemonians in 
their Service; that Cyrus the Younger ſhould think it the readieſt and 
moſt effectual Method to advance himſelf to the Empire of Perfia : 
That Cræſus, the wealthy King of dia, and ſeveral of the Ag yptian 
Monarchs, tho* ſurrounded with numerous Forces of their own, ſhould 
never eſteem themfelves ſecure without Aſſiſtance from Sparta; or 
that the Sicilians, Thracians, Carthaginians, with the Cyrenæans, and 
many others, were beholden to it for Protection, and Deliverance 
from powerful Enemies. And for the Grecians themſelves, whenever 
any of their little States were in danger of being ſwallow'd up by 
their more powerful Neighbours, we find them having Recourſe for 
Aid to the Spartans, who were a common Refuge to the Oppreſſed, 
and reſtrain'd the ambitious Invaders of other Mens Rights. 
Hence likewiſe it came to paſs, that in all Confederacies they were 
look'd on as the principal Aſſociates; and in all Wars carried on by 
public Contributions, they challeng'd the chief Command as their 
Right and Peculiar. Nor could any Exigency prevail with them to 
de part from that Claim, or reſign it to the greateſt of Princes. Gelou, 
King of Sicihy, tho* promiſing to furniſh them with large Supplies a- 
gainſt the Barbarians, on Condition he might be declar'd Captain = 
General of the Grecian Forces, was rejected (4). Yet we find, that 
after the Victory over Mardonius at Plateæ, Pauſanias the Lacedano- 
nian General, having by his exceſſive Severity, and tyrannical Beha- 
viour to the reſt of the Soldiers, render'd the Spartans very odious, in 
the End they revolted to the At henians, the gentle and courteous Car- 
riage of whoſe Commanders Ariſtides and Cimon, had endear'd them 
to all the reſt of the Grecians: And here the Magnanimity of the 
Lacedæmonians was wonderful; for when they perceived that their 
Generals were corrupted, and their Minds too much elevated and 
puffed up by the Greatneſs of their Authority, they left off ſending 
any more of them to the Wars, chuiing rather to have Citizens of 
Moderation, and that perſever'd in their ancient Manners and Cuſ- 
toms, than to be honour'd with the Superiority of all Greece (c). But 
" | | | | this 


a; . — 
2 
3 


— — 


(a) Pelopi da. (6) Heredotus, lid, VII. ( c) Pluarchus Ariſlide, 


bp the Military Aﬀairs of Greece: ; 
this Misfortune did not put an end to the Lacedemonian Greatneſs ; 
for we find them in a little Time re- aſſuming their ancient Spirits, 
and diſdaining even Alexander himſelf (tho* tubmitted to by the reſt 
of the Grecians, and declared their General againſt Pera) for their 
Superior. Which is the Reaſon, that in the Monuments erected after 
the Perſian Victories, and bearing the Names of Alexander and the 
Grecians, the Lacedemonians were excepted by Name, as having no 
Share in that Honour (a). | | 
The Athenians were alone able to diſpute this Prerogative with the 
Lacedemonians ; fome few ſunctures excepted, when ſome unuſual Suc- 
ceſs raiſed any of the other States beyond their ordinary Grandeur; as 
it happen'd to the Thebans, who, from a mean and deſpicable People, 


were by the Conduct of Epaminondas and Pelopidasadvanc'dtoan Equa- 


lity, if not a * jag over the moſt flouriſhing Cities of Greece, 

_ Notwithſtanding theſe, and ſome other Obſtacles, the Lacede na- 
nians for the moſt part, made good their Pretenſions, and in moſt Wars 
carried on by a Confederacy, were Generals of all the Land-Forces ; 


but were at length conſtrain'd to leave the Dominion of the Seas to 


the Athenians ; who having laid out their whole Strength in fitting 


out a Navy againſt Xerxes, for a long Time reign'd fole Lords of the 


liquid Element: During which Seaton we find a Decree put forth by 


their Senate, wherein it was order'd, 7 hat the Command of all the 


Naval Forces of Greece ſhould belong ts Athens; but the Land- Armies 

12 obey a General from Sparta (6). But the Rival Cities could not 
be long content with this equal Diſtribution of Power, each being 
| Jealous of the other's Greatneſs, and thinking herſelf beſt able to go- 
vern the whole Juriſdiction ; till at length the At heniant, having their 


whole Fleet, except twelve Trireme-Gallies, deſtroy'd at once by 


Lyjanaer the Spartan Admiral, in the famous Battle at Ages pota- 
mus, were conitrain'd to own the Lacedemonians far Sovereigus both 
by Sea and Land (c). | OR: 

But the Lacedemonians wer? not long able to maintain this Com- 
mand; for the Athenians, having recruited their Naval Forces, and en- 
gag'd Evageras the King of Cyprus, and Pharuabaxus the Perfan Em- 
peror's Lieutenant to their Inter eſt; by their Aſſiſtance, and the ſingu- 
lar Conduct of their own Admiral Conan, gave them io great an Over- 
throw at Caidus(d), that they never atter pretended to conteſt the So- 

vereignty of the Seas, but contented themielves with the chief Com- 
mand at Land, which the Athenians ſuffered them to enjoy, without 
farther Moleftation ; both Cities being weary of the Contendion, and 
con vinc'd at lengthot the | ruth of what had been commonly obſerv'd, 
That Fortune was moit favourab:e to the Lacedemenians by Land, but 
in Sea Engagements ſided with the .2rheurars (e). This leems not to 
have been without Keaton, the Atpen ans thro' the Commodiouineis 
of their Situation being diſpoſed, and, as it were, anvited by Nature 

Ig | ; if SED | to 


(a) Plutarchus Alexandre, Arrianus De geſtis Al xandri, lib. I. (b) Xemphon 
AMmxay, lib, VII. (e) Xenophon, wit Kupy dvd, lib, VI, Plutarchus Lyſandgre, 
d) Locrates pro Evagora, in Phihppum, Punathenatca, Xenopbon NN. ibs VI. 
Pluitarchus Artaxerze, (e) MXenophon EM , libs VII. 


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6 Of the Military Aﬀeairs of Greece. 


to apply themſelves to Naval Affairs; whereas the Lacedemonians 


— — — 


early admitted to the Wars, in others later. 


were plac'd at a greater Diſtance from the Sea, and more inclin'd to 
Land-Service (to which they were inur'd from their tender Vears) 
than to venture themſelves on the Ocean, to which they had never 
been accuſtom'd ; for Lycurgazs, their Law-giver, expreſsly forbad 
them (a) to viſit foreign Countries, out of a well-grounded Fear, 
leſt his Citizens ſhould be corrupted by the Converſation of Strangers, 
and forſake that excellent Platform of Government he contriv'd for 
them. And it happen'd to them as he had wiſely foreſeen; for no 
ſooner had Lyſander render'd them Sovereigns of the Seas, but they 
began by Degrees to leave their ancient Cuſtoms, and to degencrate 


from the Virtue and Glory of their Anceſtors (6). 


6 5 2» * 
© AION EIA —— — 
a 


— — — — — 8 
CH AF 1, Hy: 
Of their Levies; Pay, &c. of Soldiers. 


HE Grecian Armies conſiſted for the moſt part of free Deni- 

1 zons, whom the Laws of their Country oblig'd, when arriv'd 
at a certain Age, to appear in Arms, upon the Summons of the Ma- 
giſtrate, or commiſion'd Officer. In ſome Places they were more 


The Athenians when arrived at eighteen Years of Age, were ap- 


pointed to guard the City, with the Forts belonging to it; from 


their going about to viſit which, they were called wipincau (c) : But 


were not lent to foreign Wars till twenty; the Spartans ſeldom till 


thirty. The younger Men in both Cities, with thoſe who by reafon 
of their Ape, were diſcharg'd from Military Seryice, were left at 
Home to deijend their Habitations. „ 
Some Perſons were excus'd by reaſon of their Age; for having 
ſpent their Youth and Strength in ſerving their Country, it was but 
reaſonable to diſcharge them from farther Service, that they might 


end their Days in Peace. After threeſcore Years it feems to have 


been uſual in moſt Places to allow them the Liberty of retiring. At 
Athens no Man above forty was preſs'd to ſerve in the Wars, except 
in Times of extreme Danger (4). Others were exempt upon ac- 
count of their Function; ſuch were at Athens ui TING» D. the 
Farmers of the public Cuſtoms (e), whoſe Preſence was requir'd in 
the City, during the whole Time of their Employment, and ſeveral 
of the Holy Orgere, as alſo the Perfons appointed to dance at Bac- 
chus's Feſtivals CF). „ | | 

Others were excluded from ſerving in the Wars; ſuch were the 
Slaves, and ſuch others as liv'd among ft them, but we.e not honour'd 
with the Frerdom of their Cities. Theſe were never admitted, except 


80 in 
(a) Plutarchus Inſtitut Lacomers. | (b) D:moſtbenes Orat, in Philip III. 
fc) Uipronus in Oyntbiac. III. (4) Uſpanus in Olpntbiac, III. (e) Demuſt- 


bines in Nearam, / Idem Midiana, 


ö 


Of the Military Affairs of Greece, 7 
in Caſes of extreme Danger, when there remain'd no other Means 
of preſerving the Common-wealth, Of this Cuſtom I have already 
given a large Account in one of the forcgoing Books (a). 
All that ſerv'd were enter'd into a public Roll: Whence the Levy 
was call'd xa D, xaxlamuy®-, Fpalonoyia 3 and to make a Levy, 
 *&\#yov, Or xy. worciolas. 2 the Primitive Grecians 
it ſeems to have been frequently made by 5 
oblig'd to furniſh out a certain Number, and filling up their Pro- 


portion by the Chance of Lots: Whence Mercury in Homer (4) pre- 


tending to be one of the Sons of Poly&or the Myrmidon, adds, that 
he was appointed by Lot to follow Achilles to the Trojan War. 
— pra mann, x Mex Hs Ne. 
*Twas I, who when the Lots were drawn, 
Was doom'd to follow Peleus” mighty Son, 


For the Appointment of all Perſons of a certain Age to be ready to 
ſerve in the Wars, ſeems only to be an Inſtitution of later Apes ; 


whereas all ſuch-like Things were formerly manag'd at the Pleaſure 


of the Supreme Magiftrate. 


The Soldiers were all maintain'd at their own Expences; no Name 


was more opprobrious than that of a Mercenary, it being look'd upon 
as a Diigrace for any Perſon of ingenuous Birth and Education to ſerve 
for Wages, For all this, it was not permitted any Perſon to abſent 
himſelf, except upon Reaſons allow'd by the Law; and whoeyer was 
found thus to have tranſgreſſed, was at Athens depriv'd of his Voice in 
all public Buſineſs, and in a manner of all other Rights of Citizens, 
and was forbidden to enter into any of the public Temples (c). And 


leſt any of the Perſons appointed to ſerve ſhould make their Eſcape, 


we find they were branded with certain Marks, call'd 5izuare. 
Theſe are mention'd by Vegetius (d, who ſpeaking of the Military 
' Oath, and the Muſter-roll, wherein the Soldiers Names were re- 
giſter'd, mentions alſo, that they were wid&uriz in cute punctis ſcripti, 
branded with laſting Marks in their Fleſh, Theſe Marks common. 
ly contain'd the Name or proper Enſign of their General. To diſ- 
tingyiſh Soldiers from Slaves, who were commonly mark'd in the 


| Forehead, as has been elſewhere obſerv'd, they had rigucle i rade 


Xeo, their Characters impreſs d upon their Handi, as we are inform'd 


by lian. By the ſame Ceremony it was cuſtomary for Men to 
dedicate themſelves to certain Deities : Whence is that Queſtion 


mention'd in Zechariah (e), where he ſpeaks of the Prophets and 
Votaries of the Pagan Gods: Aud one ſhall ſay unto him, What are 
theſe Hound: in thy Hands ? And the Beaſt, who requires all Men to 
worſhip him in the Book of Rewelations (%, is there ſaid to cauſe 
all, beth Small and Great, Rich and Poor, Free and Bond, to receive a 

: 5 | B 4 5 Mark 


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(a) Lib. I. Cap. . mn Ifed. d. © () Eſcbines Crofiphentea Demoſibenes 


AI. ver. 1. 


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B Of the Military Affairs of Greece. 
Mark in their Right-hand, or in their Fore-heads (a). And to the 
ſame Cuſtom St. Paul is thought to allude in his Epiſtle to the Ga- 
latians (b), where ſpeaking of the Wounds he had receiv'd in his 
Chriſtian. Warfare, he tells us, that he bore in his Body the Fiypala, 


or the Marks, of the Lord JESUS. | 


The Carians were the firſt that ſerv'd in Greece for Pay (c), ang 


have thereby render'd their Names infamous to Poſterity ; being re- 


preſented by all the Writers of thoſe Times, as a bate and ſervile Na- 
tion; inſomuch that zapizo;, and x«pipopoi, are Proverbial Epithets 


for Perſons of abject and puſillanimous Tempers, or ſervile Condi- 


tion Ca); and Kg; is a ſynonymous Term for Slaves; as in that 


\ Proclamation at the End of the Athenian Feſtival Autheſteria, where- 


by the Slaves were commanded to be gone out of Doors ; 
Ovpate, K&peg, ax iT Ardernpua, FR | 
Be gone, ye Slaves, the Ant heſteria are ended. 


Thus the Carians were reproach'd for introducing a Cuſtom, which 
in a few Apes after was ſo far from being look'd upon as unwortbhy 
their Birth or Education, that we find it practis'd by the whole Nation 
of the Greeks, who not only received Pay for ſerving their ewn Com- 
mon-wealth, but hſted themſelves under foreign Kings, and fought 
their Battles for Hire; their chief Magiſtrates not diſdaining to accom- 
pany them in ſuch Expeditions. Several Inſtances of this Sort might 
be produc'd, were not that famous one of the Great Ape/i/ans's con- 
deſcending to ferve Ptolemy King of Mg pt, inſtead of many others. 

The firſt that introduc'd the Cuſtom of paying Soldiers at Athens, 
was Pericles, who, to ingratiate himſelf with the Commonalty, repre- 
ſented how unreaſonable it was, that Men of fmall Eſtates, and ſcarce 
able to provide for their Families, ſhould be oblig'd to neglect their 
Buſineſs, and ſpend what their Induſtry had laid up, in the public Ser- 
vice; and thereupon preferr'd a Decree that all of them ſhould have 
Sublſiſtence- Money out of the Exchequer (e); which ſeems to have 
been receiv'd with general Applauſe. What Sum they daily receiv'd, 
cannot eaſily be determin'd, it being increas'd, ordimini{h'd, as Occa- 
ſton requir'd. At firſt we find the Foor-Soldiers had two Oboli a Day, 
which in a Month amounted to ten Drachms (. What we read in 

Thucydides (g/ of the Soldiers that garriſon'd Poiidea, to every one of 
which was allotted a Drachm a Day, with another to a Servant for at- 
tending upon him, mult not be underſtood, as if their ordinary Pay 
was of that Value, that being only to the common Seamen of Athens 

three Obol:, io thoſe that mann'd the Sacred Veſſel called Haan, 
and the Foot-Soldiers, four; whence rverp6:Av 40; is a Prover bial 
Expreſſion for a Soidier's Life (2 3 and % £3 (wouN Ze tor lerving in 
Bo | 125 the 


hn g : — 


(a) Conf. Archeologiz hujus lib. I. cap. de Scrris. (6) Cap. VI. ver. 17. (e) 
Strubo, Heſychius, Etymolagici AuQtor, (d) Hiſychivs, (e) Ulpianas in Orat, de 
Syntaxi. (/ Demoſibenes Philipp. I. (g Lib. III. (Y) Euſtatb. Od H. &. 


Of the Military Affairs of Greece. 9 
che War. The Horſeman's Pay was for the moſt Part thirty 


Drachms a Month, that is a Drachm a Day; this we find to have 


been term'd «zT#445:; (a). | 


The ordinary Method of raiſing this Money, was by impoſing a Tax 


on the whole Common-wealth, whereby all Perſons were obliged to 


contribute according to the Value of their Eſtates. But this was done 
only when the public Treaſury was exhauſted, and the conſtant Re- 
venues from tributary Cities, public Lands, Woods, Mines or from 


Fines and Amercements, were not ſufficient to defray the Charges of 
the War. In Caſes of greater Neceſſity, the richer Citizens at Athens 


were obliged to extraordinary Contributions; and there appears to 


have been a generous and laudable Emulation amongſt the Men of 
Quality in that City, who voluntarily offered more than was required 


of them, and contended which of them ſhould moſ largely contri- 


bute towards the Honour and Preſervation of their Native Country. - 


Confederate Wars were maintain'd at the common Charge of all the 


Allies, every one being oblig'd to ſend a Proportion of Men; as we | 


find practis'd in the Traian War, which was the firſt, wherein the 
whole Country of Greece united againſt a foreign Enemy, Sometimes 
they were carried on by public Contributions of Money, levied by 
Perſons delegated by the comman Conſent of the Confederates, which 


was only the Practice of latter Ages; the primitive Wars, wherein the 


Soldiers ſerved at their own Expence, and ſupplied their Neceſlities 
out of the Spoils of their Enemies, being manag'd with leſs Charge to 
the Public. The firſt Tax, or Tribute of this Nature, that we find 
paid by the Crecians, was after the Expulſion of Xerxes out of 
Greece, when they agreed to make an Invaſion upon their common 
Enemy, under the Conduct of the Athenians : For then Ariſtides the 
Athenian, at the general Deſire of the Greeks, furvey'd the whole 
Country and Revenue, and aſſeſs'd all particular Perſons Town by 


Town, according to every Man's Ability : Thus he tax'd them four 


hundred Talents, to which Pericles added about a third Part more; 
for we find in Thucydides, that in the Beginning of the Peloponnefran 
War the 4:h:27ans had coming in from their Confederates fix hun- 
dred Taleats, After Pericles's Death being increas'd by little and 
little, it was at length rais'd to the Sum of thirteen hundred Talents 
(7%); ail which was manag'd at the Diſcretion of the Arhentans, 


5 


— 


e ee I. 
Of the different Sorts of Soldiers. 


I ws. det 


| Their Groſs, or Main Body, uſually conſiſted of Footmen ; 


the reſt rode, ſome in Chariots, ſome on Horſe-back, others upon 
Elephants, | | 


__ The 
rr A T3 ANTE nga. 


HE Armies were compos'd of various Sorts of Soldiers: 


777 


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10 - Of the Military Affairs of Greece, 
The Foot-Soldiers we find diſtinguiſhed into three Sorts ; the 
Firſt and Principal of which were term'd O (a), being ſuch as 

| bore heavy Armour, engaging with broad Shields and long Spears. 
2. Ti, were e Men, who fought with Arrows and 


Darts, or Stones an Slings, annoying their Enemies at a Diſtance, 
but were unfit for a cloſe Fight. They were in Honour and Dignity 
inferior to the Heavy. arm'd Soldiers; and therefore when Teucer in 
| —_— quarrels with Menelaus, he is ſcoffingly reproved by him in 


O vogoTn; bons & (Nui port (6). Ry 
This Archer ſeems to think himſelf to be ſome- body. 


It ſeems to have been frequent for them, having ſhot their Arrows, 
to retire behind the Shields of the Heavy-arm'd for Protection; for 
we find the ſame Teucer doing in Homer (c). TS 


Tedeße· N ello; ads, mantra mite rh 
Tri & 4 2 un” Alarro; (ant TN ,uub e, 
| Ea Alas 7 vert l pepe "ao" rg oy e 
Ilex lng ire d an vigitoaxs by d 
Bech,i & jury ad iow A Joey IAS. 
Ab rag 5 æbbig de, wats o; ö An vi ατ OUoxa 
Eis Ai ad, ö d pair (rec æfur rache p. 
Teucer the ninth from theſe at length appear'd, 
And all his Bows for certain Death prepar'd ; 
Behind the Shield of ax cloſe he Rood, ; 
Which whenfo'er the Warlike Chief remov'd, 
Around on all he caſts his angry Eyes, 
Threatning Deſtruction to his Enemies; | 
Whom when his Arrows wounded had, or ſlain, 
Back he betook him to his Shield again. 
So tim'rous Boys, approaching Ills to ſhun, _ 2 5 
With eager Haſte to careful Mothers run. . 


3. H. Ng (d), tho? frequently comprehended under the V, 
as Oppos'd to the mira, were 2 middle Sort between both, being 
arm'd with Shields and Spears, but far inferior in Bigneſs to thoſe of 
the Heavy-arm'd Men. The Name 1s taken from the narrow 
Shields, call'd mira. T4 | | 3 

| | The 


— * — * 


(2) Sindat. v. Orhral. (6) Sopbocl, Ajac, v. 1141. (e) Mad. C. v. 266. 
{4) Suidat, loc, cit. Alia nus. | | 


Of the Military Aus of Greece, 11 


The Horſemen among the antient Grecinur were not very nume- 


rous, being only ſuch as were poſſeſt of Eſtates, and able to furniſ out 


Horſes, at their own Charge. Hence both at Athens aud Sparta we 
find beg, or Horſemen, to have compoſed the ſecond Order in the 
Commonwealth, being plac'd above the Commonalty, and next to 


thoſe of the higheſt Quality and Fortune: The ſame is recorded of 


the Roman Egquates, and (to mention no more) we are told by Hierodo- 
tus (a), that among the Chalcideans none but rich Men were admitted 
into that Order. Afterwards, when Men of Eſtates began to court 


Eaſe and Pleaſure, and thought it more adviſable to furniſh out a 


Horſeman, and to maintain him at their proper Expences, than to 
venture their own Perſons ; they retained indeed their former Name, 
but the Honour of ſerving on Horſeback was loſt (3). | 


Who it was that firſt inſtructed Mankind in the Art of Horſeman- 
ſhip, is not agreed by the antient Writers of Fables: Some attribute 


it to the Amazons (c), others to the Centaurs (d, others to Bellerophon 


(e), others, laſtly (to trouble you with no more) afcribe the Honour of 


it to Neptune , the firſt Creator of this Animal; for which Reafon 
we find the various Epithets Irie. (g, Irwapx@- (), Imnnyirng (!)» 


| InToxsp©-, Ac. conferr'd upon him by the Poets and Mythologii:s. 


Whoever obliged Mankind with the firſt Invention of this Art, 
ſeems to have left it very Ty GUY for in thoſe early Ages, *tis 
probable they underſtood not t 


ſeveral other Nations, as the Numidians (4), Getulians (1), Libyans, 


Et gens quæ nudo refedens Maſſylia dor 


Ora levi flettit frænorum neſcia virgd. 


Without a Saddle the Mash lians ride, 


. 


And with a bending Switch their Horſes guide. 


Afterwards Bridles came into Faſhion, of which the moſt remarkable 
were thoſe call'd Lupata, having Bits of Iron, not unlike Volves 
Teeth, and therefore called in Greek Avxo in Latin Lupi; ' whence 
Horace (c), | io AS = 


—— Gallica nc Jupatis 
Temperet ora franis. _ 
Nor with the ſharper Bits 
Manage the unruly Horſe. 


# | ' 


a 


* 


(a) Lib. V. () Xenophon EAM, lib. VI. 5 Lyfias Orator. d) Pa- 

Lephaius lib. I. (e) Plinius lib. VII. cap. LVI. / Hemerus in Hymn, Sepbocles 

Oedipo. (g Pauſanias Achaicii. (b) Pindarus Pyth, (i) Lycepbron. Caſſandr. 

(3) Silius lib I. (.) Id. Hb. II. (u.) Scrabe lib, XVII. (=) Lacan, l. IV. 
() Lib, I. Od. VIII. ; | | 


e Method of governing Horſes with 
Reins and Bits, but managed them only with a Rope, or Switch, and 
the Accent of their Voice; this we find to have been the Practice of 


2 


Py 
r p 
8 ee Sg 8 = 
CE * 
= — — 
a 1% 
* I 2 po. 


— — 


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TE 


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r 
a Fe er Cas 
„ 
"1 


. 
= 


8 4 — — nn . — 5 
— 36 —— —— 2 Are” 


22 Of ihe Miktary Affairs of Greece: 
-The firſt Invention of fem is by Statius attributed to Negtunt, 


———Neptunus equo, fe certa priorum 
Fama patet, primus teneris lefifſe Iupatis 
Ora, & littoreo domuiſſe in pulvere fertur. 


Neptune, if we may Credit give to Fame, 
Firſt taught wich Bits che gen 'rous Horſe to tame. 


B "TIER to the Labin, or . who inhabited a Town in 
Thefal, Landy Pelethronium ; Thus Virgil (a), | 


Fræna : Pelethronii . — Fl yreſque dedere 
Imp af 71 dorfo 


The Lapithe of Pelethronium rode 
rr Bridles firſt, and what cheir Uſe was how 4. 


Tho” * are of Opinion that the Poet ſpeaks of Bridles, as invented 


not by the Lapitbæ, but x Man of that Nation, Whoſe Name was Pele- 


throxins ; to whom we find Pliny alſo attributing the Invention of 


Bridles, and Harneſs (3): The lat of theſe the Greeks term grau, 


and iplæmæ, which were made of divers Sorrs of Stuffs, as Leather, 
Clock, or the Skin of wild Beaſts. Parthenop aus s Horte is covered with 


_ the Skin of a Lynx in Statias; Eneas's in Virgil with a Lion's (on 


quem fuloa leonis 


. — CJ 


Pellis obit 
Cover'd with Lion's Skin. M 


Sometimes we find them adorn'd with rich and coſtly Cloathing ; : 
in the ſame Poet (4), | 


. Omnibus extempla Teucris Jubet ordine duci 
Inſtrato, oftro alipedes piftijque tapetis, 
Aurea peetoribus demiſſa monilia pendent, 


For ev'ry 7 rojan ſtraight it is decreed, 

That ſprightly Courſers be in Order led, 
Adorn'd with coftly Trappings, to whoſe Breadts 
The golden Poitrels as. 4 


of the Saddles in uſe amongſt us we find no mention in any antient 
Writers; as neither of the Szapza or more properly Subex pedaneus, 
or Stirrop, which does not appear to have been us'd till theſe latter 
ö Ages 3 3 


(a) Georg, III. 113. (6) Lib. VII. cap. LVI, (c) En. VIII. (4) En. VII. 


Df the Military Affairs of Greece. 13 
Ages; there being no Notice taken of any ſuch Thing in aay Au- 
thor, chat! know of, before Ex/lathius, who flouriſh'd five hundred 
Years ago, and in his Commentaries upon Homer hath mentioned 

an Inſtrument of this Sort. In former Ages they ſupplied the Want 


of ſuch Helps by their Art, or Agility of Body ; being able to leap 
on Horſeback, as the Heroes in Ji, gil EL 


Cor pra ſalts 
Swubjiciunt it eg uo 


And by a Leap beſtride their Horſes. 


— 


Or for their greater Convenience, the Horſes were taught ſubmiſ- 


' fively to bow their Bodies to the Ground, and receive their Riders 
upon their Backs (/), as we find practisd as well in Greece, as b 
the ancient Spaniard; (c), and other Nations. Hence Silius ſpealæs 
of the Horſe of Clelius, a Roman Knight, in this Manner 149. 


Inde inclinatus 6e e fubmiſſur d ar mos 
De more, infiexis gael; ſcandere terga 
Cruribus 


Downwards the Horſe his Head and Shoulders bent, 
To give bis Rider a more free Aſcent. 


Sometimes we find thang leaping up by the Help af their Spears, or 


ottier Things. Several other Methods were us'd by men of weak and 
inactive Bodies: Some getting up on the Backs of their Slaves (e) : 
others by the Help of ſhort Ladders; both which Supports were 
term'd avxCoxi;. Laftly, we find the Highways fill'd with Stones 
erected for this Purpoſe : which is ſaid to have been done in Traly by 
Gracchus , and in Greece was always one Part of the Buſinel; of 
the Overſeers of the Roads (g. 

Let as now return to their Military Affairs, where we ſhall find it 
diſputed, whether the Warriours of Primitive Ages were carried to 
the Field in Chariots, or on Horſeback. 


that the firſt Heroes were mounted upon Hories, we zreas Chariots 
were only a later Invention (5). | 


Et prius 5 re -bpertum 1 equi conſeendere coſlac, 
Et moderarier hunc franis dextraque wipere, 


Quam bejugo curru belli tentar“ pericla. 


Mounted on well-rein'd Steeds in ancient Time, 
Before the Uſe of Chariots was brought in, 
The firſt brave Heroes fought 


* ** i 
——_——— 
—_ — 


— 


* 


(a) An, XII. (6) Pollaux lib. I, cas; XI. (ec) Sat lib, III. (4) Lib. * 
(e) Volaterranus Epit. 2 Y Plutarchus Gracch!s, (5) Xenophom 
FAIRIES. (+) Lib, V Ry 


Lucretius indeed tells us, 


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14 Of the Military Affairs of Greece. 
But we are inform'd by Palzphatus, that Chariots were firſt in Uſe » 
the Lapithæ, who flouriſh'd about Hercules's Time, being the firſt 
that attempted to ride = Horſes, a Fhing ſtrange and unheard of 
by the Grecians in thoſe Days, who view'd them not without Amaze- 
ment, imagining them to be Monſters compounded of the different 
Shapes of Men and Horſes, or Bulls, which they frequently back'd 
inſtead of Horſes ; whence we have the Fables of the Centaurs and 
Hippocentaurs, and *tis more than probable, that at the Time of the 
Trojan War, the Cuſtom of Riding and Fighting upon Horſes was 
not commonly receiv'd by the Grecians ; ſince the Heroes of Homer, 
whoſe Authority muſt in ſuch Caſes ever be held ſacred, are always 
introduced into the Battle in Chariots, never on Horſeback. | 
The Chariots of Princes and Heroes were not only contriv'd for 
Service, but Ornament, being richly emboſs'd with Gold and other 
Metals; as we read of Or/ines the Perſian in Curtius (a) and ſeveral 
of Homer's as that of Rhz/us (6), | 1 


"Ara & xpveg r. wpyPpu i) iννʃp’nu!. 
Silver and Gold his Chariot did adorn. 
And another of Diomedes (c), 
Ata rd ve xpuow ] πẽi“̊uia, xc fr. 
Chariots richly adorn'd with Gold and Tin, 
They were likewiſe adorn'd with curious Hangings ; whence wo 
read of Lycaon's Chariot (4), 


1 
Hex f 


Like Wings its Hangings are expanded wide. 


And the Poet calls that of Achilles dur Ad memruxzopin (e). 
The Chariots in Hamer are drawn for the moſt part by two Horſes 

coupled together; that of Achilles had no more, the Names of his 

Horſes being only Xanthus and Balius. So Lycaon's (f, 


— pa Je oO αάẽ,u dive h 


Two well-pair'd Steeds to ev'ry Chariot ſtand. 


And Area's in Virgil (g), 


Abſenti Æneæ currum, geminoſque jugales. 4 


f : 
. 4 wy . 

. 409 „ . . — ee. * 4 

11 2 8 * * 5 * * * * * * . 3 ꝶ—Tñ— ed. 4 


"ix OBE IO BAT nee, (an xs 
7. W AÆneid. Vu. 280. | f — 


3 


Of the Military Affairs of Greece: 15 
A Chariot and two ſprightly Steeds are ſent 
To abſent #7 neas — | 


—— nn 


To theſe two they ſometimes added a third, which was not coupled 
with the other two, but govern'd with Reins, and therefore called 
celfados. oi pa pi fos, mapaoupes, & c. but in Homer uſually wapnozccs 


and the Rein wherewith he was held in mepnopia. The ſame Cuſtom 


was practiſed by the Romans, till the Time of Dioxy/ius the Halicar- 
naſſian (a), tho? left off in Greece long before. In the eighth Lad. 
Hector's Chariot ſeems to be drawn by four Horſes ; for there the 


Hero thus beſpeaks them, 
| Zavls Tr, x ( Todapy:, x Ailluv, Aue Te Of 


And however ſome antient Criticks will have the two former to be 
no more than Epithets of the latter, becauſe Hector afterwards ſpeales 
to them in the Dual Number, es | | 


| Nov por Tv #0pur39v &WOTIVETOy — — 


Yet it is evident from other Places, that even in Homer's Time it 
was cuſtomary to have Chariots drawn by four Horſes ; as when he 
tells us, the Phzracar Ship ſhap'd her Courſe, 


— 0 27 credo Telpopis ro. (2). | 


Every Chariot carried two Men, whence it was term'd Jippos, 9. 
NÞopo; (c): tho? that Word does not in its ſtrict and proper Accep- 


tation denote the whole Chariot, but only that Part wherein the Men 


were placed. One of theſe was call'd wiex&, becauſe he gevern d 
the Rezns, which in thoſe Days was not a ſervile or ignoble Office, but 
frequently undertaken by Men of Quality; for we find Nefter (4), 
Hlector (e), and ſeveral others of Note employ'd in it; and that not on 

extraordinary Occaſions, but frequently, ſome of theſn making ix 
their Profeſhon. Vet the Charioteer was inferior, if not always in 
Dignity, at leaſt in Strength and Valour to the Warrior, who was 
call'd aeeaitarny, and had Command of the other, and directed him 


which Way to drive, as Euſtathius obſerves 44 When he came 


to encounter in cloſe Fight, he alighted out of the Chariot, as we 
find every where in Homer, and the reſt of the Poets. So Hercules 
and Cycnus about to engage, | 


- nN Sig dogor ad in yaiu . 
_ Leapt from their Chariots on the Ground. 
And Turnus in Virgil (), | 
5 —De/lut 


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16 Of the Military Aﬀairs of Greece. 


wan Defluit bijugis, pedes apparat ire. 
Diſmounts his Horſe, and fits himſelf to walk. 


When they were weary, which often happen'd by reaſon of their Ar- 
mour, being heavier than any other, de into their Chariots, 
and thence annoyed their Enemies with Darts and miflive Weapons. 

Beſides theſe, we ſind frequent mention in Hiſtorians of Chariots, 
call'd Currus falcati, and dperavro@53por, becauſe arm'd with Hooks or 


| Seythes, with which whole Ranks of Soldiers were cut off together, 
But afterwards it being conſider'd they were never in any Uſe but in 


plain open Ground, and were frequently turn'd back by affrighted and 
ungovernable Horſes upon their own Party, to its Confuſion aud 
Ruin, ſeveral Methods alſo being contriv'd to defeat or elude their 


Force, theſe and all other Chariots were wholly laid aſide. Accord- 


ingly when Military Diſcipline was carried to 1ts Height, though 
ſometimes they were brought into Battles by Barbarians, as may 
be obſerv'd of the Perſians in Curtius, yet we never find the Gre- 
cians making any uſe of them, or much damag'd by them; but 
contemning that old and unſkiltul Method of fighting, they choſe 


rather to ride on Horſeback, which Cuſtom ſeems to have been 
received in a ſhort Time after the Heroic Wars. a Fs 


Of all the Greciaus the The/alians have the greateſt Name for 


| Horſemanſhip, and in all Wars we find their Cavalry moſt eſteem'd. 
The Colophonians had once, by many remarkable Actions, arriv'd to 


ſuch a Pitch of Glory, as to be eſteem'd invincible : In all long and 
tedious Wars their Aſſiſtance was courted, and the Party that obiain'd 
Supplies from them, was certain of Succeſs and Victory; inſomuch thar 
xooPave miliary, and in Latin Colophonem imponere, was uſed proverbi- 
ally for putting a Concluſion to any Affair (a). The Lacedemonians 
were but meanly furniſhed with Cavalry, and till the Meſenian Wars, 
it does not appear that either they, or the reſt of the Peloponneſians em- 

loy'd themſelves in Horſemanſhip, but repoz'd their chief Confidence 
in Foot (5) ; Peloponneſus being a montainous and craggy Country, 
and therefore unfit for Horſemen (c), who in ſuch Places become almoſt 
uſeleſs in Fight. But the Meſinians being ſubdued, the Spartans car- 
rying their Arms into other Countries, ſoon found the great Occaſion 
they had of Horſes to ſupport and cover their Foot; and in a ſhort 
Time ſupplied that Defect, by inſtructing their Youth in Horſe- 


manſhip; to which End we find they had Maſters in that Art, called 


wwwxapzrar (4), But the greateſt Part of the Cavalry was furniſh'd_ 


from Scires (e), a Town not far diſtant from Sparta, the Inhabitants 


of which claim'd at their proper Poſt the Lett Wing in the Lacedemo- 
nian Armies (/ Attica was hkewiſe a hilly Country, and therefore 
not deſign'd by Nature for breeding Horſes : We nd accordingly the 
Athenian Cavalry to have been exceeding few in Number, confilting 
only of ninety- ſix-Horſemen: For the whole Athenian Nation being 

b 8 8 | -— =" anclently 


9 —_— 


(a) Strabo lib. XIV. (6) Pauſanias lib. V. (e), Plato, {d) Helys 
cbius. (e) Kenopbon Küpemato lib. IV. (f) Tuqdides lib, V. 


2 


Of the Military Affairs of Greece! 17 


antiently divided into forty-cight Naucratiæ, we are told by Pollux, 
that the Number of Horſes each of theſe was obliged to furniſn to 
the War, was no more than two. And therefore *ris no wonder if the 
Medes thought them deprived of Reaſon, when at the Battle of Ma- 
rathon, they had Courage to encounter a ſtrong and numerous Army 
with ſo ſmall, and appearingly centemptible a Force (a). Havin 

afterwards expell'd the Medes and Perfrans out of Greece, and mig d 
themſelves to a flouriſhing Condition, they increas'd the Number of 
their Cavalry to three hundred; and not long after, having once 
more reſtor*d Peace to their City, and eſtabliſh'd it in greater Power 
and Splendor than before, they augmented them to twelve hundred, 
and arm'd at the fame Time an equal Number of Men with Bows 
and Arrows (5), of which they had before no greater Plenty than of 
Horſes ; for both then and afterwards the Strength of moſt of the 


_ Grecian Armies conſiſted in theix heavy-arm'd Foot. 


The Athenians admitted none to ſerve on Horſeback, till they had 


undergone a ſtrict Probation ; and if any Perſon was found to have 
fraudulently infinuated himſelf into the Roll, upon. Conviction he 


was declared Av, and disfranchiſed (c). This conſiſted, with re- 


ſpect to the Men, in a Search after their Eſtates, and Obſervation of 
their Strength and Vigour of Body: For no Perſons were enter'd into 

the Roll, but ſuch as had plentiful Poſſeſſions, and were in good 
Plight of Body. This Probation was performed by the InTrapysr, Ge- 
neral of the Horſe ; who, if Occaſion required, was aſſiſted by the 
Phylarchi, and Senate of 5ve hundred C4. In Horſes they oblerved 
their Obedience to their Riders; and ſuch as they found ungovernable 
or fearful, were rejected. This was examin'd Ts xwJr , by the 
Sound of a Bell, or {ome other Inſtrument of that Nature: Whence 
æudunlgei is expounded ©:pacy, to try, or prove; and axuiunyor 15 
the ſame with arναννν,; unprov'd (2). Such Horſes likewiſe as were 
beaten out with long Service, they branded upon the Jaw with a 
Mark, frequently term'd ⁊ανν, (, being the Figure of a Wheel, 
or Circle ; and ſometimes Tproinxy, whereby the Beaſt was releaſed 
from farther Service, Hence iz TPUTITT OY, 18 10 excuſe, 
This in the following Verſe of Eupolis, e 

EV deR Im pour Enboanhely ff, . | 
Which was thus expreſs'd by Crates, in his Comedy intitled, The 
Samians. : | En OE 
ITT @ Ynpdoxul; T& patio, EA. r 


We meet with ſeveral Titles and Appellations of Horſemen, moſt 


of which were deriv'd from the Variety of their Armour, or different 
Manner of Fighting, as that of «xpoconyai, who annoy'd their Ene- 
| et mies 


— —— 


(a) Herodotus. (b) Eſchincs Orat. de falſa Legatione, Anderides Orat, de Pace, 
(c) Lyſias Orat. de Ordine deſerto. (d) Ariſlophants Scheliaftes in Ranas Xenophon 


Hipparcbico, Heſychius, v. Tuc. (e) Feſychius. (F3 Conf. Zenobius 


Cem. IV. Prov. XLII. 
Vo L. II. | _ : C 


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18 Of the Military Affairs of Greece. 


mies with miſſive Weapons at ſome Diſtance, JoaroPopas, Evre@uper, 
UneaxoTtiral, ImmotoZoray, xo apo. JupeoP6p03, with others, the Di- 


ſtinctions of all which are ſufficiently intimated in their Names. 
Atupimerei, ſometimes by Miſtake, or Corruption, called & ανπναπι (a), 


were ſuch as for Conveniency had two Horſes, on which they rode 


by Turns. They were fometimes term'd inwaywyci, fi, 59 dem [agus 


becauſe they led one of their Horſes; which was not a late Con- 


trivance, but 1 ſoon. after the heroical Times, as appears 
) mentioning at : VN 
8 & dure Ew IG? 6 lt! 
OFPECTT GANT im A apices, ol. d cy xellat. 
Nor does he ever fall, tho' at full Speed 
He leaps from one upon the other Steed. 


| Aipaya, firſt inſtituted by Alexander the Great, were a Sort of 
Dragoons, and accommodated with Armour ſomething heavier than 
that of ordinary Horſemen, but not quite ſo weighty as that of the 
Foot Soldiers, to the End they might be ready to ſerve either on 


_ Horſeback or on Foot; for which Reaſon they had Servants attend- 


ing to take their Horſes whenever the General commanded them to 
alight (c). e 5 . 
They were al ſo diſtinguiſhed into x&ldPpaxiy and A xccla i. 
i. e. heavy and light-armed, after the ſame Manner with the Foot- 
men. The sj, or Cuiraſſiers, were not only fortified with Ar- 
mour themſelves, but had their Hcrſes guarded with ſolid Plates of 


' Braſs, or other Metals; which from the Members defended by them 


received different Names, being called wplunita, mapuria, nafnia, 
Pp ofrtpridic, Waparhufioic, α f ννf du, Txraxnmuidtiz, &C. Cd): Some- 
times they were com poſed of Skins, foitifhed with Plates of Metal 
curiouſly wrought into Plumes, or other Forms. Thus we u find ore 
of Virgil's Heroes arm'd his Steed (e): | | 


Spumantemque agitabat equum, quem pellis ahenis 
In plumam ſquamis auro conſerta tegebat, 


He ſpurr'd his gen'rous Horſe, whoſe Cloathing was 
A Skin beſet with Plates of Gold and Braſs, 
Made in the Faſhion of a coſtly Plume. 


They were likewiſe bedeck'd with various Ornaments, viz. with 
Bells, as we find Rhefas's Horſe in Euripides; with Cloathing of Ta- 
peſtry, Embroidery, and other curious Work; with rich Collars and 
'Frappings, or what the Latius call Phaleræ, the Greeks pasagæ, whit 
ſome will have to be an Ornament for the Forehead, others for tha 
Jaws ; nor are there wanting who think them to ſignify all the Or- 

naments belonging to Horſes, ; 

| 1 0 


75. „„6— 


(a) Samas Pollux, I. I. cap. X. n. V. (0% Thad, 6. 684. 5 (c) Prius, 
loc. cit. (4) Idem codem cap. (e) . XI. v. 770. . 


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Of the Military Affairs of Greece. 19 1 
Of Camels and Elephants, which are ſo much talk'd of in the Wars 1 
of ſome Countries, we have no Mention in the Crecian Story before 7 BY 
the Times of Alexander, when we find a great Number of Elephants 1 
tranſported from the Eaſtern Parts of the World. Theſe were wont 1 
to earry into the Battle large Towers, in which ten, fifteen, and, as + {i 
ſome affirm, thirty Soldiers, were contain'd, who an noy'd their Ene- 2 
miles with miffive Weapons, themſelves being ſecure, and out of Dans» _ 2 BY 
ger (a). Nor were the Beaſts idle, or uſeleſs in Engagements; for be- _ 
fide that, with their Smell, their vaſt and amazing Bulk, and their 7 2, 
ſtrange and terrible Noiſe, both Horſes and Soldiers were ſtruck with TH 
Terror and Aſtoniſhment, they ated their Parts courageouſly, tramp- TH 
ling under Feet all Oppoſers, or catching them in their Trunks, and 1 
toſſing into the Air, or delivering them to their Riders (4), Ner was 11 
it unuſual for them to engage with one another with great Fury, 1 
which they always doubled after they bad received Wounds, tearing 1 Fi 
their Adverſaries in Pieces with their Teeth (c). But in a ſhore Lime 1 
they were wholly laid aſide, their Service not being able to compenſaie 41:8 
the great Miſchiefs frequently done by them, For though they were 1:5378 
endued with great Sagacity, and approach'd nearer to human Rea- 13:38 
fon than any other Animal, whereby they became more tractable to 3 708 
their Governors, and capable to pay Obedience to their Inſtructions; 1:38 
yet being fore wounded, and preſs'd upon by their Enemies, they be- 1 A 1 
came ungovernable, and frequently turn'd all their Rage upon their 1 
own Party, put them into Confuſion, committed ter ible Slaughters, | i} 48 
and deliver'd the Victory to their Enemies; of which ſeveral remarke 2 | 
able Inſtances are recorded in the Hiſtorians of both Languages, | 1 4 
| rey 4 ; YI 
; CHAP. I. | 
Of the Grecian Arms and Weapens, with their Military | 


EF HE Authors of Fables tell us, the firſt Perſon that put on Ar- 
| mour was Mars, who perhaps for no other Reaſon was honour'd 
with the Title of God of War; it being very frequent with the ancient 
Heathens gratefully to acknowledge their Obligations to the firſt 
Contrivers of any profitable Invent on, by inſerting them into the 
Number of their Deities, and decreeing to them the perpetual Care 
and Sovercignty of thoſe uſeful and ingenious Arts or Contrivances, 
whereof they were the firſt Authors. The Workman employ'd by 


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Ss © Mars was Pulcan, at that Time a Maſter Smith in the Ifle of Len- ON 
's 0 30, and ſo eminent in his Profeſſion, that Poſterity advanc'd him 
| 2 | among 
{a} Philofiratys Vita Arollcriy, lib I. cap. VI. ( Curtius, lib. IA, 
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20 Of the Military Affairs of Greece. 
among the Gods, and honour'd him with the Superintendency and 
Protection of his own Trade: But his own Countrymen the Lemnians 


uere not ſo fortunate ; for they ftand repreſented to all Ages as com- 


mon Enemies of Mankind, and branded with Characters of Infamy 


lor that execrable and pernicious Device. Whence the Poets have 


fx'd upon them the Name of Lurie, to continue the Memory of the 
Harm they did to Mankind. Thus Hemer (a), 


Tiba pur Chri- drips bPag xoplowils mobile. | 
Turn'd out of Heav'n the Lemnians me receiv'd. 


Their Country likewiſe was call'd Ewrnig, as we find in Apollo 


nius (5), 5 


Eipzoln xparzny YT Anpror i. 


To Lemnos, otherwiſe Sinteis call'd, 
They ſail'd. 


From the ſame Original are deriv'd thoſe common Proverbs, Aw 
va, great and intolerable Evils : Anyia xtie, a fatal or miſchievous 
Hand; and Aur fm, to have a cruel and bloody Look (c). Tho?” 
ſome will by no means allow this Character to have been given to 
the Lemuians for their Invention of Arms, but rather for the Sent 
Piracies and Outrages committed by them upon Foreigners, or for 
other Reaſons : Whereas they tell us, that Liber, or Bacchus, was 
the firſt that introduced into the World the Uſe of Weapons (C9. 
The Arms of all the primitive Heroes were compoſed of Braſs, as 
appears from Homer, who is herein follow'd as well by the ancient 


Poets, both Greek and Latin, as all other Writers that give Account 


of thoſe Times. Pauſanias hath endeavour'd to prove this by a great 
Number of Inſtances (e): Tis reported in Plutarch (, that when 

Cimon, the Son of Miltiades, convey'd the Bones of The/eus from the 
Iſle of Scyros to Athens, he found interr'd with him a Sword of Braſs, 
and a Spear with a Head of the ſame Metal. More Examples would 
be ſuperfluous, fince we are expreſsly told by Heſiod, that there was 
no fuch Thing as Iron in thoſe Ages: but their Arms, all Sorts of 
Inſtruments, and their very Houſes were made of Braſs (g. 


Toit 9 ny V0 pov TEXT, NAME 08 Te lc; 
Kru 8 wuipyatolo, winas ' d to 0idnp©-, 


Not yet to Men Iron diſcover'd was; 


But Arms, Tools, Houſes were compos'd of Braſs. 


And 
(a{ Lad, &. prope fi nem. (b) Argon, II. (e) Euftathius Jiad. 4. p. 
119. Edit. Baſil, A JIſidorus, Orig. lib. IX. cap. III. (e) Lacenicis. 


{f) Theſes, (g) Oper, & Dieb. 


Of the Military Affairs of Greece. 21 


And in later Ages, when the World was acquainted with the Uſe of 
Iron, the Artificers and their Occupation fill retained their old 
Names. Thus we are told by Ariſtotle (a), that yarreous denotes an 
Iron Smith: And (to trouble you with no more Inſtances in a Thing 
fo commonly known) Plutarch (&) applies the Word ixaMzwoals to 


the making of Iron Helmets, Pf, 
Some of their Arms were compoſed of Tin, eſpecially their Boots, 
as we read of Achilles's in the eighteenth Jliad. This Metal was 


likewiſe frequently us'd in other Parts of their Armour, as appears 


from Agnmemnon's Breait-Flate (c), and /Zxeas's Shield (d/. 
Several other Metals were made uſe of: Gold and Silver were in 
great Eſteem among them; yet the moſt illuſtrious Heroes uſed them 

only as graceful Ornaments : They, whoſe whole Armour was com- 


poſed of them, are uſually repreſented as more addicted to effemi- 
nate and delicate Arts, than manly Courage and Bravery. Glaucus's 


Arms were indeed made of Gold, but the great Diomedes was con- 
tent with Braſs. Amphimachus, who entered into the War with 
Golden Weapons, is compared by Homer to a trim Virgin (e). 


Nern, Apdipayec Te, Nopwiog ayhug Tixve, 
Os #) f txXwy ναEQ/ d' le fre xf. 
ä Nuri, 20 7% 0 T6 Y' imypxeos Avypoy LD 
A toapn v0 YXipot wodwtiO: Aiaxidas 
Ex wolapw, xpvoo y Axim; ixipore JatÞtur 


Trick'd up in Arms of Gold for horrid War, 

Like ſome trim Girl, does Nomion's Son prepare, 

The vain Amphimacus ; but not that Show, 

Nor Pomp could ward off the uncrring Blow ; 

But by A#acides depriv'd of Life, 

His Arms were ſeiz d by the more fkilful Chief. H. H. 


In like manner the Per/ians, having given themſelves over to Softneſs 


and Pleaſure, engag'd with the rough Greczans, nchly adorn'd with 
Gold and; Jewels, and became an eaiy Prey to them. The Grecian 
Heroes, tho not ſo unpoliſh'd, as to debar themſelves the Uſe of theſe 
_ Ornaments, yet were not ſo exceſſively profuſe of them, nor applied 

them to the ſame Ends and Purpoles : Achilles's Shield, fo curiouſly 
engraved by Vulcan, is a Lecture of Philoſophy, and contains a De- 
ſcription of almoſt all the Works of Nature. The Arms of other va- 
liant Princes are frequently adorn'd with Repreſentations of their no- 
ble Exploits, the Hiſtory of the Actions of their Anceſtors, or Bleſſings 
receiv'd from their Gods; or fill'd with terrible Images of Lions, or 
op C4 Dra- 


* Camillo, tyaramrats xudm TIG Wir; Nya. | 
(e) Lad. N. {4) Iliad. d. (e) Iliad, G, prope finein, 


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22 O the Military Affairs of Greece. 


Dragons, and reuder'd bright and ſhining, to firike Terror and A- 


maze ment into their Enemies, according · to that of Homer (a); 


— Yoos & AH 
Auyy Xanun,— 


Th' amar ing Luſtre terrify'd the Sight. 


So 's reported of our Brit; Anceſtors, that they painted them- 


ſelves with divers Forms of Animals, thinking thereby t » appear 
more terrible to their Enemies, 1 | 
The ancient Greczans were always armed, thinking it unſafe to ad- 
venture themſelves abroad without a ſufficient Defence againſt Aggreſ- 
ſors. Hence Ariſtotle hath rationally inferred, That they were a barba- 
rous and uncivilized Nation: For being educated in the deepeſt Ig- 
norance, and having very little Senſe of that Juſtice and Honeſty, to 
which all Men are obliged by Nature's eternal and immutable Sanc- 
tions, being alſo in 4 great meaſure without the Reſtraint of human 
Laws, all Perſons thought they had a juſt Title to whatever they could 
by any means take into Poſſeſſion, which they had no other Method to 
ſecure, but that whereby they obtain'd it, and refign'd their Claim 
whenever a more potent Adverſary exhibited his Pretenſions. The Seas 
ere filled with Pirates, the T and with Robbers, who made a Prey of 


Whatever came to their Hands, and frequently made Incurfions into 
Countries, which they ſpoil'd and depopulated, and, if their Force was 


great enough, drove out the Inhabitants, and compelled them to ſeek 
new Seats, By Men of this Profeſſion, Jo, Europa, Ganymedes, and ma- 
ny Others, were ſtolen z which put Tyzdarus in ſuch a Fear for his 
Daughter Helen, that he cauſed all the young Princes that made their 
Adareſſes to her, to bind themſelves by a ſolemn Oath to recover her, 
if ever ſhe ſhould be convey'd away. The Sea, we are inform'd by 
Thucydides (C), was freed from Piracies by Minos King of Crete, who 
With a powerful Navy maintain'd for many Years the Sovereignty of 
it. But the Land was ſtill infeſted ; and thercfore when 7 he/eus de- 
ſign'd to make his firk Journey from Trazen to Athens, Plutarch tells 
us, that his Relations would have perſuaded him to po by Sea. For 


(lays he) i vas at tha T ime very dangerous to travel by Land to A- 


thens, no Place of the Country being free from I hicwes and Muraerers : 
Kor that Age pruduted & Sort of Men, jer Strengih of Arms, Swiftneſs 
of Feet, and Higour of Body, excelling th: ordinary Rate of Men, and in 
Labours and Exercijes inucfatigubie; yet making uſe of theſe Gifts of 
Nature tn nothing good or praſitable to [Mankind ; but rejoicing and 
rakivg Price in Ixjolence, and pleaſing theinſelwes in the Commiſſion of 
barbarous and inhuran Cruelties, ia feixing by Force whatever fell into 
their Hands, and practiſing upm Strangers al! Manny of Outrage; 
ah imagined that Ciwiiity, aud Fuſtice, and Equity, and Humanity, 
(which they thought wwere commended by un, either for want of Con- 
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Of the Military Afairs of Greece. 23 


wage to commit Injuries, or Fear of receiving them) nothing at all to 
concern thoſe who were moſt daring and ftrong (a). Of theſe indeed 
Hercules and Thecus, and other generous and public-ſpirited Princes, 
in a great meaſure freed the Country: But before that, tas not to 
be wonder'd if the Grecians always wore Arms, ſtanding upon their 
Guard, eſpecially fince in thoſe Days few of them were united into 
large Towas, but lived retiredly in Country Scats, or at the beſt in 


ſmall and defenceleſs Hamlets. This Cuſtom was firſt laid aſide at 4- 


thens, the Occalibn and Neceflity thereof being firſt removed in that 
City (2): For Hiftorians generally agree, that the Athenians enter- 


tained the decent Rules of Civility and Hemanity, were modelled _ 
into a regular Fo m of Government, and enjoy'd the Happineſs of 
wholeſome and uſeful Laws, before the reſt of the Greciann. Aﬀter- 


wards a Penalty was laid by Solon upon thole who wore Arms in the 
Cuy without Neceſiiy (c); that having in former Times been the 


_ Occaſion of frequent Murders, Rubberies and Duels, On the ſame 


Account was made the following Law of Zaleucus, Mndarx poem em 

'v To BG,. That no Perſon ſhould bear Arms in the Senate. 
Let us now return to the Deſcription of the Grecian Arms, which 

are diitinguiſied into two Sorts, ſome of them being contrived for 


their own Defende, others to annoy their Enemies. The primitive 


Grecians, we are teld /d), were better furniſhed with the former, 


whereas the Barbarians were more induſtrious in providing the lat- 


ter; the Generals of theie being moſt concern'd how to deſtroy their 
Enemies, whilſt the Grecians thought it more agreeable to the Dictates 


of human Nature to ftudy how to preſerve their Friends: For 


which Realon Homer always takes care to introduce his brave and 
valiant Heroes well armed into the Battle, and the Grecian Law- 
Fan decreed Puniſnment; for thoſe that threw away their Shields, 
but encuſed thoſe that Jolt their Swords or Spears; intimating here- 


by, that their Soldiers ought to be more careful to defend them- 


ſelves, than to offend their Enemies (e). | 
Firſt let us take Account of their Defenſive Arms, as fitted to the 
ſeveral Members of the Body, beginning at the Head, which was 


_ guardet with an Helmet, ca led in Greek wefint pahæala, xparD-, xofus, 
Kc. This was fometimes compoſed of Braſs or other Metals, as 
 Menelaus's im Home-: | 25 | | 


a "He | , ; 4 ; > -/ 
,b ers FEOavny R Darn cs 25 
On44ls fore w. * | 


He put his Head-piece on, compos'd of Braſs. 


And very frequently of the Skins of Beaſts, which gave occaſion to 
thoſe different Appellations, derived from the Names of Animals, 
whereby it is fign hed in Homer, as den, ra vpein, aNwTixin, Nn 


C4: 95 alyeln, 
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1 7 Of the Military Aﬀairs of Greece; 


alyrluy, d others, of which none is more common than vvin, 
which was compoſed of a Dog's Skin; Euſtathius tells us twas 
o rfid · Eon, a Water-Dog, and was ſo frequently uſed by the An- 
cients, that we find jt ſometimes taken for the Name of an Helmet, 
tho? PORT of another Sort of Matter, Thus Homer She 


jap; Ae xyrin» hes 0 
Tante. 


Ile put on's Helmet of a Bull's Hide te, 


— 


Theſe Skins were always worn with their Hair on; and to bolder 
them more terrible and frightful, the 'Teeth were frequently placed 
grinning on their Enemies. Thus the Soldier in 7% gil (b); 


Ie pedes tegmen torquens immant leonit, 
rribill impexum eta cum dentibus albis, 
ladutus capiti, fic regia tecta ſuvioat, 


He ſhakes his Lion's Skin, who! e griſly Hair 
And dreadful Teetch create in all a Fear: 
Thus having fortity'd his Martial Head, 

; The Royal Roof he enters. | 


2 likewiſe arms Lies in the ſame Manner (c) * 


2 di o xvi ur vt Px x w Ahne 
Pus TOWTHY, TvMe@4v by roch. ＋ geen 
Eli Tv geftds. tu rogh. Jt A&uXoi les | 

6 Apidos D- v 506 Sewing i 5 aide % irh; 3 

Ev 5 TIS hw" ẽMauon 9 ww 0042.0. & (pit. 


His Leathern Helmet on his Head he plac'd, 
Whole Inſide with the ſtrongeſt Thongs was lac'd ' 
But all the outward Parts were fortify'd 

With the white Teeth of N 


The Pore- part of the Helmet was open, fox the Heroes all enter'd 
into the Battle with Faces uncover'd. To the Side was fix'd a String, | 
whereby it was tied to the Warrior's Neck, This was term'd edu, 
whence Homer ſpeaks of Paris thus (di 5 


Axe 95 fair NU Ker» 6 bpuces GNI Urs ONT | 
"Os ei vn" hefe e rr f οννE,— 


The well. wrought String, which ty'd his Helmet on 
Under his s Chin, now choak'd the Champion, 


Some 


— 10 * a TIS 1 _ 4 N * * y- 
9 ; A - * N N 8 . 


(Hua. x. = (6) Eneid, VII. v. 666. (c) Ihady v. v. 261. 
F. anni a „ 7 « | 


Of the Military Affairs ef Greece. 28. 


Some of its Parts receiv'd their Names from the Members guarded 
by them, as «@fv«;, that Part which cover'd the.Ezebrozs, and the 
reſt in like manner. The little Lappet erected over the Brow was 
by a metaphorical Term call'd ii, the Pent-houſe. But the mol 
remarkable of all the Parts in the Helmet was its Creſt, term'd 
p, and N. (a), which was firſt us'd by the Carians (4), and 
thence call'd by Altens, Kapix Mopar; . 


Abu ve (v Kapiti, 
Shaking his Carian Creſt. 


For the Cariant were once famous for Military Exploits, and oblig'd 
the World wich this, and ſeveral other Inventions : Hence we are 


told by Thucydidges (c), that it was cuſtomary for them to depoit 2 
little Shield and an Helmet in the Graves of their Dead, Some 


will have paa®- to be diſtinguiſh'd from , that ſignifying the 
Conus, this the Plume fix'd to it fa); but others allow no Difference 
between them. The iormer of theſe was compos'd of various Ma- 
terials, moſt of which were rich and chargeable, being deſign'd as 


an Ornament to the Helmet. The other likewiſe was adorn'd with 
divers Sorts of Paint, whence Pollux gives it the Epithets of, warn, 


varphveEady; (e). Homer has enrich'd it with Gold //); _ 


Tete Js ot x5puba Bpapm xtoraPus apupvias 
Kniknv, dardaniny, n ot 00740 NoÞov 5X, 


A ſtrong and truſty Helmet next he made, 
Which when he'd rightly ſeated on his Head, 
The curious parti-colour'd Golden Creſt 
In beauteous Form he ger the Helmet plac'd. 


_ One of Virgil's Heroes has his whole Helmet of Gold, and hi; 
Creſt painted with red (g). 


maculis guem Thracius 410375 
Portat equus, criſtague tegit galea aurea rubra. 


Streak'd with large Spots of white the Thracian Steed 
Carry'd the Hero, who had arm'd his Head 
With Golden Helmet, and Creſt painted red, 


The Creft was for the moſt part of Feathers, or the Hair of Horſes 
Tails or Manes ; whence we read of AiQe; 37roxairn;, xiv; lern- 
0aouc, invep. Thus Homer (+), | 


— 
(a) Heſychius, &c. () Herodotus Clio, Strabe, lib. XIV. ( Lib. I. 
4) Suidas, &c, e) Lib. I. cap. X. 22 Lad. . 610. (e) Ancid, 


LI. 9 | HR (b) Hiad. 55 v. 382. 


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26 Of the Mi litary Aﬀairs of Greeee, 


EF 4915 95 N 
Irres rfepclhula, elfe 00 Fe 200er. 
. Xpbet¹, &; HP X40; T7 a 4 D âg. 
Like ſome bright Star che creſted Helmet ſhone ; 


The gilded Hairs, which Vulcan round the Cone 
Had plac d, where all in ſportful Order mov'd. 


The common Soldiers had only ſmall Creſts; the great Officers e and 
all Perſons of Quality, were diflinguiſh'd by Plumes of a larger Size, 
and frequently took a Pride in wearing two, three, or four together. 


Suidas will have Geryon to have been famous in Poetry for three 


Heads, on no other Account, but becauſe his Helmet was adorn'd 


with three Creſts, Vergil deſcribes Turnus's Head-picce after the 
fame Manner (a), adding alſo to it the Figure of a Chimera, 


Cui rriplict crinita jaba galea alia Chimera»: 
Suftinet 


Whoſe tri iple-creſted Helmet a ſuſtain 
A terrible Chimera. 


This Helmet Was called rh οννν,jʒꝙ; when it was ſurrounded, with 


two Plumes apPiPo2x ; and. when adorned with four, Tera Pak. 


Thus Apollonius (6) : | 
Tolęa Pang Qoivexs Mow terre TY 


A four-fold Plume with dazzling Luſtre ſhone, 
Whole nodding Top 0'erlook'd the dreadful Cone. 


The Deſign of theſe was to ſtrike Terror into the Enemies ; 8 hence | 
that of Homer (c). 


ee ads bY: A os nabymth | 25617. 


For the ſame Reaſon Pyrrbus, King of Epirus, beſide alofty Creft, wore 


Goat's Horns upon his Helmet (4). We are told indeed by Suidas, 


that the rpyyworg, or Creſt itſelf, was ſometimes term'd H Never-- 


theleſs ſome of the ancient Helmets had no Creſt or Cone at all. 
This Sort was call'd zeTeirvz, as we learn from Homer (e), 


X17 3s 6s Kutna xa) 2 Eb 
T upriny, c Nov TE 9 D, 7 Ts Xa "57S. 
Kix Nn 


His Ball- ſcin Helmet on his Head he plac'd, 
Kerzirus call'd, *cauſe without Cone or Creſt, 


Other Sorts of Ornaments were us'd in E elmets, as in that calbd 


Fea. 5775, | 


2 1 * K ee 


(4) Encid VIL v v. 785. (5) Lib. III. (e Trad, IH. a) Plaiambur | 
| Ferrhs, | (e) I Ma ly uh — TT: — 


— ate 
Ser 


1 
| 
| 
| 
| 
: 


Of the Military Afuirs of Greece 25 


e124, which Name fignifies the Ridge of a Mountain, and on that 


account is applied to Helmets having ſeveral iZox«}, Eminences, or 


Parts jutting out (a). Homer has taken notice of this Sort alſo (5), 


— realy dafy of  Cythe yaMtdoape.. 


Nor cou'd his Helmet made of ſolid Braſs 
Ward off the Blows 


of all the 8 Helmets the Bult 1s faid to "Ol been the beſt 
(c). The Macedonians had a peculiar one term'd aa, which was 
compoſ-d of Hides, and ſerv'd inſtead of a Cap to defend them from 
the nl according to the Epigram in Suidas, 


| Ne 7 Tor perl) Maxc3cw UA Seraes, 
Ka. [ximas i ey nero, 2 xu ty . 


Were I to chuſe what Armour I would have, 
No Helmet forg'd in brawny Vulcan's Cave, 
Nor Bear's, or Lion's grizly Skin I'd crave; 
But an old broad-brim'd Macedonian Cap, 
Whoſe ſpacious Sides ſhould round my Shoulders wrap. 
Thus all Attacks with greateſt Eaſe I'd bear; 
As well the Storms. of Weather, as of War, +. oh 


Pliny attributes the firſt Invention of Helmets to the Lachen len ; 


(4), as likewiſe of the Sword and Spear: But this muſt be under- 
ſtood only of the peculiar Sorts of thoſe Weapons us'd at Sparta; 
other Kinds of them being known before the firſt Foundation of the 
Spartan Government, or Nation. 

The Heroes prided themiclves in wearing for their Defence che 
Skins of wild Beaſts, which they eſteemed Badges of their Proweſs. 


Inſtances of this Kind are every where to be met with in the Poets. 
Hence 75 Pearritus (ene 


Ae rag berte 50 % axis noperre 


* Axon Nl Ale. AdorTug 2 Puppppivor i MN 


Over his Neck and Back a Lion's Skin was s thrown, 
Held up by t's Feet 


Hercules's Lion's Skin is very famous in Story, and Homer's great 


Princes are wo introduced in the ſame Habit; in Imitation 


of whom the other Greet and Latin Foes have arm'd their Heroes, 
Thus 8 in *. a ig 2. 


(a) Hehrebins, 


(% Thad. . v. 96. 
VII. cap. LVI. 


02 Pollux, lib. I. cap. x. {4) Lib. 
(e) Aierxeuparg, - | oy 


(7 } AE ned, V. v. 36, 


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a8 O the Military Aﬀairs * Greece. 


| cet Aceſtes 5 
Horridus in jaculis, & pelle Libyftidis arſe. 


Aceftes dreadful for his horrid Darts, 
And for the 2 Bear-ſkin that he wears, 
Met them 


But we find they were not aſhamed of afng better and enger 
Armour for their Defence, the ordinary Sorts of which were theſe 
that follow: 


Mien, made of Braſs, but lin'd with Wool, 55 worn next to the 


Skin, underneath the Coat of Mail. This we learn from Homer 


ſpeaking of a Dart that pierc'd thro” the reſt of the Hero's Armour, 
but was ſo blunted by the jive (a), that it only rad his Skin: 


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She to chat Part the deadly Shafts convey d. 
Where meeting Claſps a double Breaſt-plate made; 
Straight on his Belt it fell, nor there cou'd ſtay, 
But thro' both Belt and Breaſt- plate forc'd its Way; 
And now his laſt beſt Hopes, the well-lin'd Braſs, 
Which againſt Darts his ſoreſt Refuge was, 
It ras'd, bat could not thro? it make a perfect Paſs. 


H. E. 


Zum, or borne, reach'd from the Tec to the Belly, where it was 
join'd to the Brigandine (4). But the latter of theſe Names is more 
frequently taken for the Belt ſurrounding the reſt of the Armour, 
Thus Homer (c). | 


Ac e 04 oi Corps DR. 1130 11. 
Zo re, ll THY Nee Xa poor dvds. 
His rich embroider'd Belt he then unbrac'd, 


And all his Armour underneath it plac'd, | 
Which by the Hands of kilful Smiths were made. 


1 bis was ſo eſſential to a Warrior, that 3 came to be a ge· 

neral Name for putting on Armour (d: Whence Homer introduces 

Agamemnon commanding the Grecians to arm themſelves thus (e). 
Arzpeidng 


— _—_— it 
4 hs — 
ht. Aft — 2 


(a) Lad. “. & Euftathius ibid; p. 345. Edit. . | (3) Euſtatbius ibid, 


le Nad. 7. (4) Pauſanigs Bgeoticis, ſe) Ila 


Of the Military Affairs of Greece. 29 

| ArTpeion; N Bonow, N Comvolar davwys. 

Arri dis ſtraight commands them all to arm. 
he ſame Poet, when he makes that Hero reſemble the God of War 
in his Vn, is ſuppoſed (as Pauſanias (a) tells us) to mean his whole 
Armour. The Romans had the ſame Cuſtom, as appears from Pla- 


arch (6) : An it prevail'd alſo N * * ** "he fled joan 
era, when he fled from 


dotus relates, how Xerxes having reac 


| Athens, and thinking himſelf out of Danger, did Avar vu 2 


* o 
or diſarm himſelf (e). But don is a more general Name than gn, 
and ſigniſies the wi 


Owpat con ſiſted wy two Parts, one of which was a Defence to the 


| Back. the other to the Belly ; 
Wlipvyeg, the Middle yianu / a 1). 
with a Sort of Buttons (e). 
of the Roman Lorica, which differ'd not much from the Grecian 
Thorax, whence Owpag is by Heychius expounded Ap! 


the extreme Parts of it were term'd 
The Sides were coupled together 


—— qua fibula mo ſus. 


Lorice aire. laxata e its 


HuOwpdarcs was an Half thorax, or Breaſt-plate, which Pallux tells 


us was firſt invented by Jaſon; and we find it very much eſteem'd by 
Alexander, who, as Polyenus (g) reports, conſidering that the en- 


tire Oda? might be a Temptation to his Soldiers to turn their Backs 
upon their Enemies, thoſe being equally guarded by it with their 
Breaſts commanded them to lay aſide the Back-pieces, and arm 
themſelves with nudpzzic, Breat-plates ; that ſo whenever the 
were put to Flight, their Backs might be expoſcd naked to their 
Enemies. The Thoraces were not all compos'd of the ſame Stuff; 
ſome were made of Lime, or Hemp twiſted into ſmall Cords, and 
cloſe ſet together; whence we read of Thorares b:lices, and trilices, 
from the Number of Cords flx'd one upon another. Theſe were 
frequently us'd in Hunting, becauſe the Teeth of Lions, and other 
wild Beaſts, were unable to pierce thro” them, ſticking in the Cord; 
bot not fo often carried into Battles, as Pauſanias obſerves (þ) : 


Yet there are not wanting Inſtances of this Sort, for 4jax the Son 
of Oileus has the Epithet of vb ons in Homer (i). 


_ My ps em Med ng. 
Hjax the Leſs a Linen Breaſt-plate had. 


Alexander likewiſe is reported by Plutarch to have worn Sa bara 


AWEY 


(a) Loco citato. (65) "OS 00) Rn cap. . CXX. 7d), Pollux, 


Fauſanias Atticis, ſe) Pauſanius ibid. (F) Lib, VII. (g) Strateg. lib, IV, 
( Atticis, 


(i) Iliad, E 


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30 Of the Military Affairs of Greece. 
Avi N, or a double-twiſted Linen Thorax : And Iplicrates 
caus'd his Soldiers to lay aſide their heavy and unwieldy Brigandines 
of Iron, and go to the Field in Hempen Armour, as Cornelius Nepos 
hath inform'd us in his Life of that Captain, The ordinary Mat- 
ter the Thoraces were made of, was Braſs, Iron, or other Metals, 
which were ſometimes ſo exquiſitely harden'd as to be Proof 
againſt the greateſt Force. Plutarch (a) reports, that Zoilus an Ar- 
tificer, having made a Preſent of two Iron baren to Demetrius 
Poliorcetes, for an Experiment of their Hardneſs, caus'd an Arrow 
to be ſhot out of an Engine call'd Catapulta, plac'd about twenty- 
ſix Paces off ; which was ſo far from piercing the Iron, that it 
ſcarcely rais'd, or made the leaſt Impreſſion on it. This Armour 
was of two Sorts ; one of which, becauſe it conſiſted of one or two 
continued Pieces of Metal, and was inflexible, and able to fand 
upright, was term'd Saas gude. or ral (b), The other way 
| compoſed of a Beaſt's Hide, according to the Poct, 


F 


19 N Supax® - ¶ xd v. 


Whence the Latin Word Lorica is thought to be deriv'd from Lorum. 
This was ſet with Plates of Metal in various Forms; ſometimes in 
Hooks, or Rings, not unlike a Chain; ſometimes reſembling Fea- 
thers, or the Scales of Serpents, or Fiſhes; to which Plates or Studs 
of Gold were often added: Whence we read of Swear akvoidwrot 
As, Doh dr. & c, And the Greet and Latin Poets frequently 
mention them. Thus &us (c) ſpeaking of the Conſul! Tlaminius; 


Loricam induitur, tories huic nexilis hamos 
Ferro ſquama rudi, permiſtcque aſperat auro. 
| | He, : | 


Virgil arms his Heroes after the ſame Manner C; 


Rutulum Horaca indutus, ahbenis 
Horrebat /quamis | | 5 


Dreſs'd in his glitt'ring Breaſt- plate, he appear'd 
Frightful with Scales of Braſs, _ 


The ſingle Plates being ſometimes pierc'd thro? by Spears, and miſ- 
five Weapons, it was cuſtomary to ſtrengthen them by ſetting two, 
three, or more, upon one another. Thus $zazjius (e), 


— ter injuto ſervant ingentia ferro 
Pectera 
Wich triple Plates of Iron they defend 
Their Breaſts. And 


5 


* e — 


Er * — . Lt — —— "—_— 


(a) Demetrio, () Euftatbiun, le) Lib, V. (@) And, XI. (e) Thebs VII. 


Of the Military Affairs of Greece. 31 
And in another Place (a), | 


Multiplicem tenues iterant thoraca catee, 


The little Chains a mighty Breaſt- plate j join. 


| Whence i in the ſame manner as from the Number of Cords, they 
were term'd bilices, and trilices ; in Greek, didi, & rfumdo. Virgil (6), 


Loricam conſertam hamis, auroque trilicem. 


The three fold Coat of Mail beſet with Hooks and Gold. 


Kmuile;, Ocree, were Greaves of Braſs, Copper, or other Metals 
to defend the Legs. Whence Heſiod (e), 


&xrnpicas fειινννẽt Pate, 
; * * / » 
Halen K οαπν, Jab po We. KVNATCNY nx. 


The Greaves of ſhining Braſs, which Palan gave 
He round his Ankes e — 


Homer frequently compoſeth them of Tin (C4; 


Tics 14 b xonpidas f t æa c. 


He 2515 his Greaves of beaten Tin. 


The Sides were generally clos·d about the Ankles with Buttons, 
which were ſometimes of ſolid Gold or Silver, as we have it in the 


ſame Poet (e); 


75 * | \ U SA 
Krad 4 füru cep uni Inxs 
Kah g, gp ιν e740 Pup 1016 apHCUrec. 


The curious Greaves he round. his Ankles clos! d 
Wich Silver Buttons. | | 


ſt t 15 probable, that this Piece of 1 was at firſt either peculiar 
to the Greciaus, or at leaſt, more generally uſed by them than any 
other Nations; becauſe we find them ſo rene call'd by the 
P Jet, 


Ne dt Axxiol. 


Nite were "Guapdi for their Hands: which we find alſo to have 
been uſed by ſome of them, with other Defences for their Arms. 
| Acwig, 


1 1 1 
e K * 
2 — 


nw 


(4) Theb. XII. - (6) /Encid. III. 467. (e) Scuto. Cd) Iliad. v. v. 612, 
( Had. 7. v, 330. | | | | | 


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32 Of the Military Affairs of Greece. 
Aowis, a Buckler. This was firſt uſed by Pretus and Acriſiut of 

Argos (a). It was ſometimes compoſed of Wicker woven together, 

according to Virgil (6) : | es ak 


Peftuntque ſalignas £6 
 Unbmmum cates | 


The Buckles they of Oſiers make. 


Whence it is term'd iris (c). It was likewiſe made of Wood; and 
hecauſe it was expedient that the Warriors ſhould be able with the 
ercateſt Eaſe to wield it, they uſually choſe the lighteſt ſort of Wood 

So this Uſe, as the Fig, Willow, Beach, Poplar, Elder-Trees, G. 
as we are inform'd by Plizz (4). But it was commonly made of 
Hides ; whence we find ſo frequent mention of d ie Bina. Theſe 
were doubled into ſevera! Folds, and. fortified with Plates of Metal. 
jax's Buckler was compoſed of ſeven Folds of Hide, and cover'd 
with a ſingle Plate of Braſs, as we read in Homer (e) 


- (a- a AGG | 
Tavgws CarpiPiur, er 0 4 οο NAQTS XaAKov. 


Made of the Hides of ſeven well-fatted Bulls, 
And cover'd with a Plate of Braſs _ 


A-billes's was guarded with three Folds more, as the Poet tells us, 


& as, © proxima rupit _ 
Terga nouena boum, decime tamen orbe moratum eſt. 


It pierc'd the Braſs, and thro? nine Hides it broke; 
But could not penctrate the tenth, 


But the ſame Hero's in Homer was more ſtrongly fortified by two 
Plates of Braſs, two of Tin, and a fifth of Gold (% 


— t % 140 Kerb, 
Ta du uMxiing* go 3 990k xcæcilipolo, 
T N g Novo — 


Fer with five Plates Vulcan is fortifyd, 
With two of Braſs, two Tin, and one of Gold. 


The principal Parts of the Buckler were theſe : | 
Allut, frog, cpp,“ Or a., the utmoſt Round, or Circum- 


OH 
(a) Pauſanias Corinthiac, B'. p. 131. Edit, Hanov, (5) fEncid, VII. 632. 


(0) 1 e (4, Nat, Hiſtor, lib. VI, cap, X.. (e) Liad. h. v. 222. 
(Cf) Lad. . v. 272. 88 


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3 
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Of the Military Aﬀairs of Greece - yg 


| Onan; and Uhde, in Latin Umbo, a Boſs jutting out in 
the Mar, of the Buckler, upon which was fixed another protuberant 
Part termed ivoyu@aao. This was of great Service to them, not 

nly in glancing off, and repelling miſhve Weapons, but in bearin 


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artial has this Alluſion: 1 
In turbam incideris, cunctos umbone repellet. 


Should you be in a Crowd, your slave 
Wou'd with his Boſs repel them all. 


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Taahα was a Thong of Leather, and ſometimes a Rod of Metal, 
reaching croſs the Buckler, whereby they hung it upon their Shoul - 
ders, according to the primitive Faſhion (a) : Whence Homer (5), 


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a UTP d Wh F 43 of 
Aowis S TEAGþpawvs xahal wilt Tippibrooa. | 
Down from his Shoulders the huge Buckler fell 


With its 100s'd Thong. 


It was ſometimes called xa, except this may be underſtood of the 
Rod to which the reazpu was faſten'd, as He/pchius expounds it, 
which ſeems moſt probable ; and that xa»: were Rods whereby the 
Bucklers were held (as Homer's Scholiaſt reports) but rirAupwrg, the 
Thongs affixed to them, and hung upon the Warrior's Shoulders, tho? 
Euftathius will have them to have been put to the former Uſe, and to 
be the ſame with xaxws; (c). Sometimes the Bucklers were held by 
little Rings call'd a4prax:;, but at length moſt of the Grecians uſed 
an Handle called zv, or yd, which, tho? ſometimes ſpoken of 
with the former Names, and explained by them, was really different 
from both, being invented by the Carians (4), and, as 'tis commonly 
thought, compoſed for the moſt part of {mall Iron Bars, placed croſs 
each other, and reſembling the Letter x (). When the Wars were 
ended, and the Bucklers, (as was cuſtomary) hung up in the Temples 
of the Gods, they took off the Handles, thereby to render them unkit to 
ferve in any ſudden Inſurrection: Whence Ari/tophanes introduces a 
Perſon affrighted, when he ſaw Bucklers hanging up with Handles, 


N 2 


0! poi rde, Iv yo pH. 
O ſad! The Bucklers Handles have. 
Which another had alſo found fault with a little defore 


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(a) Euftatbius, Lad, G. p. 184. Baſil, (ö) Lad f. (e) Logo citate. 
.) Etymologiei Autor, Homer! Scboliaſtes, Kc. (s) Eufpathius, loc citate, 


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Hſcbylus Geaks of little Bells hung vpon Bucklers to uke Terror 


into the Enemy : 


EEC Rn — "ey 


an cont dw N To | 
xai ullol WNGgees N pie, 


Moſt of the Bucklers were curiouſly adorned with all Sorts of Fi. 
Fare of Birds and Beaſts, e Nee t ſuch as were of generous Natures, 
2 Eagles, Lions, &c, Nor of theſe only, but of the Gods, of the 
Ccleſttal Bodies, and all the Works of Nature; which Cuſtom was 
derived from the Heroick Ages, and continued in later Times, being 
(as Herodotus (a) reports) firſt introduced by the Carian, and from 

them communicated to the Grectans, Romans, and Barbarians. 

The Grecians had ſeveral Sorts of Bucklers, the moſt remarkable 
of which ſeem to have been thoſe of Argos, which are thought to be 
bigger than the reſt ; whence Virgil compares them to Polypheme” $ 

n monſtrous Eye, which he tells us was (6), 


| | Argolici elypei , aut Phabea lampadir inflar 
| | 1 bo 0 Like an Argolick Backler, or the Sun. 


1 - Moſt indeed af the ancientBucklers ſeem to have cover'd the whole 
“ | day ; whence Virgil (c), 


1/56 RY - boigue Jub orbe teguntur. 
Under their Bucklers cover'd cloſe they band. 


it in -.F; eu enumerates the Members protected thereby, 


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1 4 | Musee Tt, rij hae Ts XAT, K vipæ, dhe 

ö | | | Acre. t zofeing vg ann dp. 4 
1} | 1 | Thighs, Legs, and Breaſt, Belly and Shoulders + too 
1 The mighty Buckler cover d. 


1 This farther appears from the Cuſtom of carrying dead Soldiers out 
1 N of the Field upon their Bucklers; whence we read of the famous Com- 

is | mand of the Spartan Mothers to their Sons, H rav, 5 i Tay, i. e. 
Either bring this (meaning the Buckler) or be brought upon it; mean- | 
ing, they ſhould either ſecure their Bucklers, or loſe their Lives in de- | 


f fending . {d). And Homer for the 1 {ame reaſon calls them act 
das 


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.Of the Military Affairs of Greece; 45 
Jas 4 hy . and wedmexii;, which Zuſtarhius interprets asd, 
i. e. of the ſame Size with a Man (a); | 
Their Form was uſually round, whence Virgil's elypes orbis, and 
the frequent Mention of aowiJy WXUKAG, avid: lc, &c. Hence 
the utmoſt Cuoometents was called «xx, As hath been already 
obſerved. 
There were likewiſe Shields of leſſer Sizes, ind other Forms, the 
he of ſeveral of which was later than the Heroick Ages. 
„ Off yigg, was ſquar'd; like the Figure Rhombus, and firſt 
uſed 4 7 the Per/fans (6). 
Ovpro; was oblong; and uſually bending inward : it ſtems to have 
been the ſame which 3 is call'd in Pollux (c) «omni; xoikn irepoprinns. = 
Aale ſeeins t have been ſhap'd like the former, and compos'd + 4 
of Hides with the Hair, whence Grammarians derive it from azo1O-, = 
i. e. hairy, It was very light, whence (as 8 72 ee 
Homer gives it the Epithet ge | 
— — Botias 4.8 | 
 Aonidas xIUXIKB;, Aaonia Ti eflgietls. g 
ub was 4 ſmall and light Buckler in the Forin of an Half. Vo 


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(.), or according to Xenophon; reſembling an Ivy-leaf, and firſt uſed. 
| by the Amazons, But Suidas will have it to be a kind of Four- quare 
| Buckler, wanting the drug, or exterior Riſing. 

This was the chief of all their Arms : The Regard they had of it 


appears both from what has been already obſerv'd concerning their 

| Care in adorning and preſerving it ; and from the common Story of 
Epaminondas; who having receiv'd a mortal Wound, and lying under 
the Agonies of Death, with great Concern enquir'd whether his Buck- 
ler was ſafe /. Clabnini the famous Athenian; when his Ship was 
ſunk, rather choſe honoutably to reſign his Life with bis Buckler; 


than leaving i it to eſcape to another Veſſel (g. Military Glory in- —_ 
deed being eſteem'd the greateſt that human Nature was capable of, "Hg 1 
they had a profound Regard for all forts of Arms, which were the In- 1 
ſtruments whereby they attain'd it; whence to leave them to their Wl 
Enemies, to give them for a Pledge, or diſpoſe of them any diſho- mn 
nourable Way, was an indelible Diſgrace both 1 in Greece (h), and at ä 
Rome, and ſcarce ever to be aton'd for. ; 
Thus have I endeavour'd to give you a Deſcription of the principal | 
. of the Grecian Defenſive Arms, which are in general term'd n-: = bl 
. ru, cu HH. and mpoonipuala. 5 1 
£ The only Ofzn/rve Arms uſed by the 3 were Stones, or | 4 it | 
5 | Clubs, and ſuch as rude Nature furniſh'd them with. They were =P 1 
: | _ Wholly 1 ignorant of all thoſe Arts and Contrivances to deſtroy their 1 
2 | Enemies, which Neceſſity and Thirſt of Glory afterwards introduced 116 
: | into the World. Thus Horace deſcribes the Fights of thoſe wild 1 
, | and uncultivated Ages: i 
a | ui Oy Tone. Unguibus 1 | 
| a) Iliad, 7 00 FR lib, XV. (c) Lib. I. cap. X. 2 Liad. i. p $ 1 
1 | rei. Baſil. (e) Tidorus Hiſpal, Orig. lib, XVIII. / Ammianus, lib. XXV. 1 
| e Emilius Prebus in Chabria. (6) W Seboliajies Pluto. 1 
| 


36 Of the Mi litary Affairs of Greece: 


is! | | Unguibus & fiel, dein fuſtibus, atque ita fore 
| r armis, gue poſt fabricaverat uſus. 


* _ Sharp Nails and Fiſts the firſt Arms only were, 


1162 8 Then Clubs came into Uſe, next Men took care 
10 To make more hurtful Weapons 


Lucretius hath an elegant Paſſage to the ſame Purpoſe (a): 5 


| Arma anligua manus, ungues, denteſque Fuere, 
|| JING Et lapides, & item filvarum fragmina, rami, _ 
010088 Et flammæ atque ignes, pofiquam funt cognita primum 
15 

[ 


5 Pofterius Ferri wis eff, æriſque reperta : 
Sed prius æris erat quam ferri cognitus uſus. 


it In the firſt Ages, Nails, Hands, Toh would pleaſe 
A Combatant for Arms, and Boughs of Trees; 
Or Stones, or flaming Brands with Anger thrown, 
Were then the beſt, and chiefeſt Weapons known: 
Men afterwards in Miſchief wiſer far 
_ Us'd Ir'n and Brazen Arms in ev'ry War. 4/5 | 
Of theſe Braſs firſt began to OO Ce: E. D. 


Theſe Cl abs were call'd Þaaſys; and Ca: 7 whence Gramma- 
rians conjecture that Squadrons of Soldiers were termed Þaaſys, (E), 
and by the Latins, Phalanges, from this primitive Way of F ghting. 


„ The principal of their Offenſive Weapons in later 5 was ix 


and 93pv, Spear or Pike, the Body of which was compoſed of Wood, 
in the Heroic Times moſt commonly of Aſh ; whenee we have {o. 


| f | | | frequent Mention in Homer of h , as woo he {peaks of Achilles ; 
l Spear (c): 5 
| : Tinnecada H, 7 1 wal f. QiAw woge Xel po 


F | TInMs bx xopÞ1;, Pores ippjarrcms Tower ow, 


aan —y—-:. 


— — — — — AS pens curry + "ES I * 
245 — * * ou 
— ” — — — — — — 
* re 
Ly 


3 


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c 


— 


Ree 
— 7 ne — * ä a . 
2 8 . a „ ˙ ˙ A ee ba Ee Re TI, ———— — 7 1 6—— Lag 5 ani K 


— —— —— — rW‚ T . 


The Aſhen Spear for Murder then deſign'd, 
When to his Father with a cruel Und 
Old liner gave it. 


The Trojans were likewiſe armed from the ſame Tree (4): 
Kai mne h djd Mpatoio. 


The Head, alxui, was of Metal. So was alſo che capo ruh, Which 
1s fo called either q. . from ravpcc, à Croſs; or from cage. 


| 2 85 


— — —— 2 — 2 — 


_ e a 
ht a —_ 8 


—— 


25 ib. v. 00 Eufatbius Iliad. N. „ Edit, Baſil, &c, (c) W EA 
if —_— nN . p- 357 afil, 0 


- — 


Of the Military Affairs of Greece. 35 
a Lizard, which it is ſaid to have reſembled, being hollow at one 
End, where it was fixed into the Bottom of the Spear ; and ſharp at 
the other (a), which being thruſt into the Ground upheld the Spear 
erect, when the Soldiers reſted from the Toil of War, Whence Ho- 
mer, ſpeaking of Diomedes's Followers (6) : | 


=a#uP; 3 iraipe; 
Eü dh, und xpaciv ix zonidus, x & oÞu 
Off i oavewhnpe; inminals 


Sleeping about him all his Men they found, 
Under their Heads were laid along the Ground 

Great Shields, their Spears creed upright ſtood 
Upon their Brazen Points, 1 


Ariſtotle obſerves, that the ſame Cuſtom was practiſed amongſt the 
Ihrians in his Days (c). And it ſeems to have bank common in other 
Nations, as may appear from the Firſt Book of Samuel Cd, where Saul 
is ſaid to have {lept with his Spear fix'd in the Earth cloſe by his Head. 
In Times of Peace they rear'd their Spears againſt Pillars, in a long 
wooden Caſe called J2pogoxy, as we have it in Hemer (e) 


FHN 5 pls tron Qlgws wphy los fang 
Agpodoxns too den zb 8 | | 


Againſt his Pillar in a well-made- Caſe, 
He hung his Spear. ; 


Virgil ſpeaks ſomething to the ſame Purpoſe (: 


2 


Exin que in mediis ingenti adnixa column 
 LEdibus aſtabat, validam wi corripit haſtam. 


Straight he pulls down with all the Force he cou'd 
A Spear, that in the. Middle of the Houſe 
Was rear'd againſt a mighty Pillar, 


There are two Sorts of Spears, as S:rabs hath well obſerv'd / 7): The 
former was us'd in cloſe F k 4 and call'd 9% 6x, for the Uſe and- 
excellent Management of which the A/bantes are celebrated inHomer(þ); 


To & au Abæſlec Trolle Seel, ride xopewrrigg 
AiXtmTai „ MijhawTts ger TR Nνονẽ . 
©cpnnas ende Inte . beo... | 


30's: | Th? 


— a. a 


2 „ * * 


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Poetica. (d) Cap. XXVI. v. 7. (e) Och,. 4. V And, XII. v, 93 


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38 Of the Military Affairs of Greece, 


Thi Abantes follow'd him, aol buſhy Hake 
Lies thick behind; Abants, who never fear 


Cloſe Fights, but bravely ſtrike the . plates "_ 
With Aſhen Spears, 


Where may be obſerv'd the Signification of the Word rnifaotias hich 
(as the Spholiaff remarks) is applied to Arms uſed in cloſe Fight; 
whereas mM belongs rather to miſſive Weapons, which are call'q | 
by the general Names of ware, and Bin, of which Kind was the 
other Sort of Spears: Whence ye find one making this Boaſt, 


Avg} by eduorrige 6 0 7g BK GAO 116 bir. 
I ſtrike as far with a Spear, as another with an Arzow, 


This was frequently us'd in the Heroick Duels, where the Combay 
tants firſt threw their Spears, and then made uſe of thejr Swords. 
Thus Hector and Achilles (a), Menelaus and Paris (6), and the reſt of 
e Heroes attack one another, Theocritus hath deſcribed * Combat 
of Caſtor and Lynces afier the ſame manner (c); 


E [you pats far verdi, woe) El Nu, 
| AM & N 7h ebe Yule ior | 
AN HT 08 Ta 15 ufa, 1% pO- ru InMioaodats 
Ae? blen, gααẽꝭwu mY eu WAYITC. 
'Þ 1 Ta . 405 £4 D 201 ive“, Povoy ers 
| 1 FRE . Tx x © TY CL 1 N & iner ii. 


Firſt with cheir Spears began the noble Strife, 

| $248 8 Each ſought to find an open Piſs to Life ; 

itn i | hut all in ot the Shields the Strokes endur'd, 
M 5 Their Spears were ed and the Men ſecur d; 


| 04 | [ Their Swords they drew, the Blades like Lightening ſhone, 
N Before the Thunderbolt falls ſwiftly down ; 
| [ 22008 Now roſe their F ury. Mr. Creech, 


WR. The Macedonicns had g peculiar fort of Spear called cafe, which 
3 33888 was fourteen or ſixteen Cubits in Length. 
14 ige, a Sword, which according to antient Cuſtom was hung in 
1 | a Belt pat round the Shoulders. Whence Homer (4) 3 


Audi & a af dri Ba he Cie o pyopondan, 
$1908 His Silver-hilted Sword about his Shoulders hung, 


Vos 
AGG N — * e 
fa) Mad. il. (6) Iliad, 1 00 10 x, v. 187. (. 4) Lad, f 8, ' 


a Wr — * 


Of the Military Afairs of Greece. 39 


me efrod ay the reſt of the Poets mention the ſame Cane (a) 3 3 


4 ep 5 PTL Aub 455 rer 
Ka N ix mand 


— 4 Brazen dons. 
5 Plac'd i in the Belt, down from his Shoulders Trey 


FLEE 


The Belt reach'd donn to Ger Thighs. Whence Homer 5 Hero (4) ; 5 


e 455 ovdunes Tepa 15d. 
Straight from his Thigh his Sword he draws, 


And 7 'rgil's Ara, 0 ; 


Eripit a * 


It may be enquired whether the dad was u hung upon the Right Side, 
or the Left; to which ſome reply, that Foot-Soldiers wore it on the 


| Left, Horſemen on the Right; and Fo/ephus (d ex "Bar wh mentions 
Horſemen with their Swords on the Right Sides: But whether this 
was conſtantly obſerv d, or frequently vary'd, as Lipfius (e) has ob- 
ſarv'd of the Roman Sword, cannot eaſily be eee The Scab- 
hard was call'd ah cloſe to it was hung a Dagger, or Ponyard, 
cal'd 74 wap junpiy w fGr, Or mupuCuro Ei pid tur; according to 
Euftathius ( J wp Spi Oc, Or If Xeipicuor, and in Homer, PLN AFR. 
It was 10400 om us'd in Fight, but on all Occaſions ſupplied the 
Want of a Knife, as appears from the ha out of whom I ſhall 


only ſet down this one Inſtance 7228 


Arpeidng bY ivo. Xeipeoos dg arpany 
'Hoao Wal Elos Hexer Xg)Mi0v aity d oßlo, 
Apron ex KO ay rafes fix 


Drawing his Dagger, which was always put 
Cloſe 5 his Sword, Atrides ſtraightway cut 
Some Hairs from the Lambs Heads. 


Poſe donius in 4 tells us, the ſame Cuſtom was NA by the 
antient Ca). Cloſe by this, or rather inſtead thereof, the 


Soldiers of lower Ages yſed a Dagger call'd avuaxns, which was 


borrowed from the Perfrans 3 ). 884 had ſometimes another 


D 4 255 Sword 


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(b) Odyfſ. Nx. (e) Ancid. X. v. 86. (4) f 
e) Militia Romana, (f) Iliad /. (g Thad, . (4) 
(i) Moſchepulus in vocibus n ellas, &. IEP 


a) Scuto Herculis, 
Hieroſolym. lib. III. 
. lib. XIV. 


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with Silver and Go 
Heads, &c. to make them appear more terrible to their Enemies. 


10 Of the Mi flitary Affairs of Greece. 
Sword call'd sonde, which was the ſame with the Roman E * falea- 


rus, and our Faulchion, or Scimetar, and Was chiefly uſed by the In- 
habitants of Argos. Not much unlike this were the Lacedemonian 


Swords, call'd, according, to Pollux, Euinas, but, as Lenop bon, CMN, 


and by the Athenians, xiv (a). They were bent Faulchion-like, 
and in Length far leſs than thoſe commonly uſed in other Parts of 


| Greece : The Reaſon of which Cuſtom being demanded of Antalcidas ; 


Js (ſaid he) becauſe aue encounter the Enemies Hand to Hand (S) And 


| ao another Perſon told Ageſilaus in Deriſion, That a Ju Juggler on 2 


e would make nothing of ſwallowing their Swords; Well (reply'd 

ing) yet with theſe little Weapons we are able to r ach our Enemies 

75 The only thing further remarkable in the old Grecian Sword, is 
the Hilt, which the fy took a great Pride in adorning, not fo much 
d, and precious Stones, as with Figures of Lions 


_ AZivn, a Sort of Pole-ax, With this bb ag . was en- 
counter'd by Piſander in Homer 04 ): | 


— 5 5 on aowide; u as | 
Aﬀiry txanter, Doing ajpfs WINKKYy 
Maxpy wer 


The other from his Buckler radphtwny 3 
A curious Brazen Axe, whoſe Handle few 
: Could match for Length, for Olive, or for Work. 


nlhann, was not much different ban the former, 44 1 1s 9 0 
with it in Homer (e) :- 


A of * 6 yubev i (xa per2sy £9 90d ov, 
Otto, 9% WNAETT, 25 4 ti. 


Both Parties fighting cloſe together ſtood, 
And unconcern'd alike for Loſs of Blood. 
Axes and Hatchets us'd. | 


Several other Weapons of leſs Note may occur in Authors; whereof 
1 N mention only one more, and then proceed to the miſſive Wea- 
: It is Kein, a Battoon of Wood or Iron; from the Uſe of 


| _ the famous Robber Periphetes, flain by The/eus, was named 


xoporitns (J; which Title was likewiſe conferred upon Areit hous ; 
who, as Homer tells the Story, uſed to break through whote Squa- 


drons of Enemies with his Iron Club /g) : 


Tio; d' Eero NaN pH lraxo, 2222 pot, 
e N EE Abbo & d ατ, 
Alu 


ä . 2 — 


3 * —_ —_—_ I * * N Kan 


(a) Suidas, Euſiatbius, Iliad. x. Heſychius, Ke. 6 7 Plutarchus Arpa 
(s) Idem Joc, citat. & Lycurg. {d) Iliad. v. v. fan: (e) lhad, i. v. 71% 
22 Platarchus Theſeo, Duderus Cic. lib. IV. (8) Lied, 3. v. 136, | 


Of the Military Affairs of Greece. 41 


Als Abe, Tor imixAnow, xn m , 
Ard psc xixAe TROY XKANN Gro: T6 b, 
| Oovex' d&g & T0E0408 AXECRETO, dul Te praxya, 
AM 013y prin xopirn enywvore ph. 


Brave ZEruthahkon led theſe on; he wore 

'The Arms of King Areithous before ; 

Godlike Areithous, Club-bearer nam'd, 

And for his cruel Weapon greatly fam d, 

Who with his Club whole Squadrons put to Flight, 
But never Spear or Arrow us'd in Fight. TY 


- To20, the Bow - the firſt Invention of which ſome aſcribe to A. 
ello, who from the Art of managing this Weapon hath obtain'd di- 


vers Appellations, as ix, ixclnciitys, iEιν e, TotoPif®-, X- 


corte, apyvporot®-, ffn, &c. All which, tho' moral Inter- 

reters force to other Applications, yet the ancient Authors of Fa- 

les refer to this Original. This new Contrivance the Gods com- 
municated to the primitive Inhabitants of Crete (a), who are reported 
to have been the firſt of Mortals who underſtood the Uſe of Bows and 
Arrows (6): And even in later Ages the Cretan Bows were famous, 
and preferred to all others in Greece (c). Some rather choſe to ho- 
nour Perſes, the Son of Perſeus, with this Invention; and others fa- 
ther it upon Scyzhes, the Son of Jupiter Ca), and Progenitor of the 
Scythians, who were excellent in this Art, and by ſome reputed the 


firſt Maſters thereof: Thence we find it deriv'd to the Gretians, ſome. 


of whoſe ancient Nobility were inſtructed by the Scyzhians, which in 
thoſe Times paſs'd for a moſt princely Education. Ihus Hercules 


(to trouble you with no more Inttances) was taught by Teutarus 2 


Scythian Swain, from whom he receiv'd a Bow and Arrows of Scythian 
Make: Whence Lycophron, ſpeaking of Hercules's Arrows, 


Tois Teurafeſoig BGN wipupa eU. 


N Wich Arrows which he had from Teutarus. 


And though Theocritus had chan g'd his Tutor's Name into Eurytus, 
yet he alſo was of Scy/hian Original: And we find the Hero in that 
Foet arm'd with a Mgotian, i, e. Seyzhian Bow (f) : 


 Nyiro Mabl⁵dU4H NG roxapnia TEH, 


He went arm'd with a crooked Bow aſter the 
Mactian Faſhion, . | 
„„ Lycophron 


_ 
— 
„ — 


(a) Dioderus Siculus, () Jadorus. (c) Pollux, lib. I. cap. X. (d) 
Pfinius. (e) Caſſandr. v. 56. Item Jgeteæ Scbolia ibidem, & Tbeocriti Scbeli- 
er, Idyll. XIII. {f) Idyll. XIII. v. 56, | a 


E. D. 


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42 Of the Military Afairs of Greece. 

Lycophron alſo arms Minerva with Maid rns wiix®-, a Mæotian Bow, 

and in the ſame Place ſpeaks of Hercules's y 4 4 ; whereby 
rh 


he means a Bow, which he bequeath'd to Philo@eres is Care in 
kindling the Pile wherein he was burnt alive (a). 


| AuTy yag axpas «pow colour? xepois 

Tarte, amoLanizca Ma T WAiKov. 
Aüpag af ixlai 3; er M S αον 
Alorra gate yeipas A Exvln _ | 
Aparxorr', afUrxTW yopRUtar NuporTuMOv. 


Minerva, who found out the Trumpet's Sound, 
Drawing her Arrows with a ſkilful Hand, 
She aim'd, and ſhot with a M.rotian Bow, 
This crooked Bow the God-like Hercules, 
Whoſe Arrows when they flew wou'd always kill, 
Firſt us'd, and then to Philo&etes gave, WI 1 
A Preſent for the Pile at Dura's Banks. E.D. 


Both the Poets ſeem particularly to remark the Jncurwations of the 
Seytbian Bow, which diſtinguiſhed it from the Bows of Greece, and 


other Nations, and was ſo great as to form an Half-Moon, or Semi- 


circle (5). Whence the Shepherd in Atheneens (c) being to deſcribe 
the Letters in T he/#nus's Name, and expreſſing each of them by ſome 


appoſite Reſemblance, compares the third to the Scyzhian Bow z 


Tried N ity vb vive V wajpppiph, 
The third was like a Scythian Bow. 


Meaning not the more modern Character Z, but the ancient C, which 

is ſemicircular, and bears the third Place in @HCEYC, The Grecian 
Bows were frequently beautified with Gold or Silver ; whence we 
have Mention of aurei arcus, and Apollo is called apyvpirofe; ; but 


the Matter of which they were compos'd ſeems for the moſt part to 
have been Wood; tho? they were anciently Scythian- like, made of 


Horn, as we read of Pandarus's in Homer (4) ; 


AuTix' zovaa To&0 ze, CN 475 

Avpiz i ga her avto; vo gipoι⁰ο e ννjc ug, 

Tlirpng ixCair1x Ye”; i wpodox noi, 

Br2Ar.xes p H e, d & dh ie wirpa. 
* xο ba D Wer areal Det, 

Kai Ta H aok10 M f- Ag TEATHY, 

Ha, 9” iy N,el, xpuoiny imibyxs xopuirure 


Straight 


—_ _ . . 1 
N 1 A F4 _ * 


* 2 — _— — 


Q Caſſardr, v. 914. (5) Ammianus Marcellinus, lib. XX. ( Lib. X. 


(4) Ila J. v. 103. 


Of the Military Affairs of Greece, 42 


Straight he pulls out an handſome poliſh'd Bow, 
Once in a wanton He-goat*s Horn did grow; 
A Goat, that coming Pom his wonted Rock 

He ſpy'd, and wounded with a mortal Stroke: 
ue Dart pierc'd thro? his Breaſt, and ſtraight the Ground 

Receiv'd him falling by ſo deep a Wound : | = 

Long were his Horns, and theſe a Workman wronght, 

And made the very Bow with which he fought; _ 

The Horn he ſmoothly poliſh'd, and affix'] | 


Whence Lycopbron, who affects antiquated Cuftoms an 4 Expre Mons, 
ſpeaks thus of Apollo encountering [das with his Bow (a); p 


, xc co; tip. 
n Battles bent his Horn. 


But ſome ancient oy ger by x{j2; would rather underſtand 
r 


fixes, or the Bow-ſtring, which was compoſed of Horſes Hair, and 
therefore call'd alſo inniis (6) : To which Cuſtom Accius alludes, 


Reciproca tendens nervo equino conc „ 


© Drawing the Arrows with an Horſe's Hair a 


| Hemer's Bow- ſtrings are frequently made of Hides cut into ſmall 
Thongs: Whence we read of reg beta. HE 8 


* 


Eau 9' cpu Ye Te Na, v Boun. 
He drew the Arrow by the Leathern String; 


As Euſtathius obſerves upon that Place (c). One Thing more is re- 
markable in their Bows: It is that Part to which the String was 
fix d, being upon the uppermoſt Part of the Bow, and call'd »oparn, 
commonly made of Gold, and the laſt Thing towards finiſhing a 


Bow : Whence Homer, when he has deſcrib'd the Manner of making 


2 Bow, adds after all 


m— fv; iibx- xo. 


Hence Euftathius tells us, xpvonr immibivay xopdry ſignifies to bring 


any Affair to a happy Concluſion. 


The Arrows uſually confiſted of light Wood, and an Iron Head, 


which was commonly hooked ; Whence Ovid (4), 


— 


i. 


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44 Of the' Military Affairs ef Greece 
Et nanu bamatis wtraque eft armata ſagitlis. 
Hook'*d Arrows arm'd both Hands. 


Sometimes they were arm's with two, three, or four Hooks : : Hence 
Statins (a) : | 


Aera ſergeminis acies ſe condidi uncis. 


The Head with three Hooks _ 
En ter his Body. 


In this Senſe likewiſe Hippocrater's rtr yνα Bilan are to be under- 


ſtood. The Heads of Arrows were ſometimes beſmear'd with Poiſon : 


for which Piece of inhuman Skill Virgil $ Amycus was famous (5): 


-ferarum 
Vallatorem Amycum, guo non felicier a 
Ungere tela manu, ferrum que armare venend, 


| Amycus the Man, 
Who many a wild and ſay age Beaſt had lain, 
Fam'd for his Skill, and for his wond'rous Art 
In giving double Force to any Dart, 
Or Arrow, with his Poiſon. 


This Practice was more frequent i in barbarous Nations, but allem 
us'd or underſtood in Greece : Wherefore Mincrua in Homer, N 


aſſumed the Form and Titles of Mentes, King of the Taphians, an 
Son to Anchialus, pretends that her Father, out of an extraordinary 


Love to Uly/es, oblig'd him with a Quantity of this deadly Oint- 


ment, after he had been at the Pains of a tedious Journey to Ephyra, 


to furniſh himſelf; but had been denied it by Ilus, the Son of Mer- 


merus, Who (as the Poet tells us) rejected Ulyges's Requeſt out of a 


Scruple of Conſcience, being afraid that Divine W would 
proſecute ſo criminal an Action (c): 


EZ EPupns @vioile arg" Is MeppeepiFee. 
Nixe yoo xaxticos Jon; in] ved Od vc, 
Paporxu drei-, Ng ner., fa 5e 
I; Naiteba. Went an 6 lain 8 ol 
Buxey, Fel 2% Jens babe Gro 4 ter xs, | 
| AM Warn? 6s 0wnty jog, Out he Alu. 


When he had lus leſt 
Return'd from Ephyra; in hopes to find 
Some Poiſon he for Arrows Heads defign'd, 
Uly/es thither ſail'd: Ilus rever'd + 
ITh' immortal Gods, and therefore much hs ſear'd 


. 


Ye " * 9 - * * 


| 2 
(a) Thebaid, lib. IX. (U Zncid. IX. v. 771. (c) O. d. v. 260. 


Of the Military Affairs of Greece. 45 
To grant what he deſir'd: but eaſier far 
He found Azchialus, who ſtraight took care 
To give the killing Poiſon which he aſk'd, | 
For dearly well he lov'd him, coins F. D. 
Arrows were uſually wing'd with Feathers, to increaſe their Speed 
and Force ; whence Homer's Wheels ig (a) 3 cle pbsig bog (b) ; Oppi- 
an's iisb; Qepenligut (c), and war Cd,; Sophocles's its xn (e) ; 
with divers other Epithets and Names to the ſame Purpole Y. They 
were carried to the Battle in a Quiver, which was uſually clos'd on 
all Sides, and therefore as (Euftathius {g) obſerves) joined with the 
Epithet & h ο , , This with the Bow the Heroes carried upon 
their Backs: Thus Apollo in Homer (hb): e 


TE" Joon Nu, ewPrpepia TE Papirpmy. | 
Carrying his Bow and Quiver on his Shoulders. 
Hercules is repreſented by Heſſod in the ſame Manner (i); 


: an—_—_ 0 ep ry heco. Sai pn 
Kabower ihr, W d robe regol 
Pines, Sasa rνðẽ Aubio®0cſyro Jornpes, | 
towards his Back | 5 
He turn'd the hollow Quiver, which contain'd 
Great Shafts, whoſe Force no Mortal yet ſuſtain'd, 
And did not ſtraight expire. | 


Likewiſe the famous Heroine in Virgil (i). 


Aureus ex humero ſenat arcus & arma Dianæ. 
The Golden Bow and Arrows looſely hung 
Down from her Shoulders. 


In drawing Bows the primitive Grecians did not pull back their Hand 
towards the Right Ear, according to the Faſhion of modern Ages, 
and of the ancient Per/fans (/) but, placing their Bows directly be- 
fore them, return'd their Hand upon their Right Breaſt (n,; which 


was the Cuſtom of the Amazonian Women, who are reported to have 


cut off their Right Breaſts, leſt it ſhould be an Impediment to them in 
ſnooting; on which Account their Name is commonly thought to 
have been deriv'd from the privative Particle à and pad, i. e. from 
their Want of a Breaſt, Thus Homer of Pandurus (n)) 


Neva 


1 
* 
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(a) Jad, N. v. 116, &c, (6) Iliad. “. v. 171. (e) Abiurixa, Bo (d) Kumy: 


#. le) Trachiniis. ( 7 Vide Commentarium meum in Lycophron. v. 56. (g) 


{rad 4. p. 29. Edit, Bal. (Y) Thad. a“. (1) Scuto Herculis, v. 130. ( An. 
XI. v. 155 () Procopious de Bell, Perſic. lib. I. (] Euftathius, Tad. N. p. 
3445 & c. Nad. 8. P- 602. Edit, Baſl, ( lhad, T. V. 123. : = 


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4+ Of the Military Apairs of Greet 


Nuvpyy fal pagy MING, Tow o @iyper, 


to the Head the mortal Shaft he drew, 
T7; Bow+{tting —— his Breaſt, 


There were ſeveral Sorts of "OY or Javelins, as y. cal: 
omer alyan (a), © voo%, and many others; ſome of which were 
proje ected by the He of a Strap girt round their Middle, and call d 
in Greek, dyn, in Toric: amentum : The Action is expreſſed by the 
ord perle ao, Which is alſo ſometimes uſed in a more general 
Senſe for any Sort of Darting, tho” without Straps, The Javalin dus 


_ caſt was term'd prog. The Cuſtom is mention'd in the Roman 
s well as Greet Writers : : Whence Seneca in his Hippolytus, 


 Amenium digitis tende prioribus, 
Et totis jaculum dirige wiribus. 


The Strap with your Fore-finger draw, 
Then ſhoot with all your Strength. 


The ancient Grecians were wont to annoy their Enemies with ane | 
Stones. Thus ! in Homer (C); 


AuTze 6 0 Tr ano memo hebrn iy x; ay Jews, | 
Eyes, og! re, pEY ANC Te Xrepadioow, 


But he to other Ranks himſelf betook, 


And here his Spear, his Sword, and Stones too Rrudk: 
The flying any 


Theſe were not Stones of an ordinary Size, but ſuch as the joint 


Strength of ſeveral Men in our Days would be unable ſo much 25 


to lift. With a Stone of this Bignels Diomedes knocks An LEntas 
in Hemer (t) : 


3 N Hd, at Yup} 

| Tubus, tut ver, 0 8 dd N ye one 
Ot os vu pole to, 0 27 . gia nal . 
Ta — Avene xar* LACK 


a vaſt and monſtrous Stone 

The brave 7ydides took and threw alone; 

A Stone it was, fo heavy and ſo great, 

Not two the ſtrongeſt Men cou'd bear the Weight, 
As now Men are; but he with Eaſe 1 it hurl'd, | 
And broke Zneas' Hip. 


dia 


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Of the Military Affairs of Greece,” 47 
Ajax likewiſe and . Hefor encounter'd one another with the ſame 


Weapons; and the latter (as the Poet tells us) had his Buckler broken 
with a Stone ſcarce inferior in Bigneſs to a Mill. ſtone () ; 


Flo & d fat: BRA U 6 as, 


A Stone ſo big, you might a Mill- fone call, 
He threw, which made the Shield i in Pieces fall. 


Nor did the Gods themſelves diſdain to make uſe of them ; "_ 


2 from Homer's Minerva, who attack'd the God of War with z 


Stone of a prodigious Size, which had been in _ Ages * 
for a Land- mark 05 3 " 


N * af raphiry aides thats 0 ex; in 

| eine, 1. =, N, ren xu re. luyar vt. 
To & dvIpss wp repoi die ani Epaphrvees deo dee. 
1 Bas Mg po Apna nan" ar, Ade It yu 


-here ſtepping back, 

A Stone, that ong had lain to part the Land, 
She forces up with her commanding Hand 
A ſharp, black, heavy Stone, which, when "twas tons; 
Struck Mars Neck; the helpleſe God falls 8 

Wich ſhiv'ring Limbs, | 


Firg i has elegantly imitated ſome of theſe Paſſages i in his welk 
Hui (c), where he ſpeaks of Turau in this Manner: : 
Nec plura effatur, Jaxum cireumſdicit n 
Faxum autiguum, Inpens, campo guod forte Jacebat 
Lines agro paſitus, litem ut diſcerneret arwis © 
Fix illud lei bis ſex cerwice /«birent, 
ualia nunc hominum producit corpora tellus : 
Ille. many raptum trepida contorfet in huſtem 
Alltior inſurgens, & curſu concitus Heros, 


He ſpake no more, but ſtraight a Stone he ſpy'd, 
An old prodigious Stone, which to divide | 
The Lands there lay, left Quarrels might enſue, 
And one ſhould claim what was another's Due. 
Should ſix the luſtieſt Men together try 
To bear this Stone, it would their Strenath defy ; 
So weak, ſo frail the Bodies that Men wear, 

Such puny Men as now on Earth appear: 
He ſnatch'd it up, and running on him threw 


| This maſſy Stone. 3 


— — —_— * FI. — — — — — 
. Iliad, x. V. 2704 . (6) Liad. 9 Ve 403. le) V. 296. 


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48 . Of the Military Aﬀairs of Greece: 
On all which Relations, ſeveral modern, eſpecially French Criticks, 
inſult with Triumph, imagining them groſsly abſurd and ridiculous ; 
whilſt forming what they call Rules-of Probability from the Manners 
of their own Times, there is ſcarce any Paſſage in all the Volumes of 
ancient Poetry, which does not, on ſome Score or other, foully diſ- 
guſt their curious and diſtinguiſhing Palates. | 

But however the heroic Fights were carried on in this Manner, as 


molt of the ancient Poets witneſs ; yet in nearer Ages, when they tell 


us Men's Strength and Courage were leſſen'd, but their Policy and 


Conduct improv'd, we ſeldom tind any Mention of Stones, except in 


Sieges, where the Defenders frequently roll'd down vaſt Rocks upon 
their Enemies Heads. They were likewiſe caſt out of ſeveral En- 
gines, of which the moſt common in Field Engagements was, 
Duden, a Sling: which, we are told by ſome, was invented by 
the Natives of the Balearian Iſlands, where it was managed with ſo 
at Art and Dexterity, that young Children were not allow'd any 
ood by their Mothers, till they could ſling it down from the Beam, 
where it was plac'd aloft (a); and when they arriv'd to be of Age to 
ferve in the Wars, this was the non of their offenſive Arms; it 
being cuſtomary for all of them to be furniſh'd with three Slings, 
which either hung about their Necks, according to Eufathins (b) ; or 


were carried, one on their Necks, one in their Hands, a third about 
their Loins (c). Hence the Balearear Slings are famous in ancient 


Writers. 1 obſerve this one Inſtance only out of Owid (d) : 


Non fecus exarſit, quam cum Balearica plumbum 
Funda jacit; wolat illud, & incandeſcit eundo, 
Et quos non habuit, ſub nubibus invenit ignes. 


| He burnt within, Top 

Juſt like the Lead the Balearian Sling 
Hurls out; you hear the Bullet whiſtling fly, 
And Heat attends it all atong the Sky, 
The Clouds the Fire, it wants itſelf, ſupply. 


. . 


It was likewiſe common in Greece, eſpecially among the Acarnanian: 
(e), who were well ſkilled in managing it, and are by ſome thought 
to have invented it: Others give that Honour to the Ztolians (. 
But none of the Greciant managed it with ſo great Art and Dex- 
terity as the Achaians, who inhabited Ægium, Dyma, and Patræ : 
They were brought up to this Exerciſe from their Infancy /g), 
and are thought by ſome to have excell'd the E : 

| | | | V hence 


N 
* ves 


Rnd 1 


(a) Vigelius de re militari, lib. I. cap. XIV. Lacius Florut, lib. III. cap. VIII. 
Diodorus Sirutus, lib V. Strate, lib. III. (5) Commentario in Diony firm. 4c} 
Lyophrn, ejuſque Schaliaſtes, v. 635, (4) MMetamor Ph. lib. II. v. 727. le) 
Pollux, lib. l. cap. X. % Strabo. (g Livius, libs XXXVIII. | 


6 dee s 


Of the Military Affairs of Greece. 40 
Whence it became a Cuſtom to call any Thing directly levell'd at 
the Mark Axa BAS (a). This Weapon was us'd for the moſt 


part by the common and light-arm'd Soldiers ; Cyras is ſaid to have 


thoug t it very unbecoming any Officer (2); and Alexander, en- 
deavouring to render his Enemies as contemptible to his own Sol- 
diers as he could, tells them,“ They were a confus'd and diſor- 
« derly Rabble, ſome of them having no Weapon, but 4 Javelin ; 
« others were deſign'd for no greater Service, than to cait Stones 
« out of a Sling, and very few were regularly arm'd (c).“ The 
Form of a Sling . may learn from Dionyſius, by whom the Earth 1 1s 
ſaid to reſemble it, being not exactly ſpherical, but extended out in 
Length, and broad in the Middle; for Slings reſembled a platted 
| Rope, ſomewhat broad in the Middle, with an oval Compaks s, and 
ſo by little and little decreaſing into two Thongs, or Reins. The 
Geographer! s Words are theſe (4 ; ; 


Ov hb , Jrcerps @rpiIpapes, ANAL Nawpls 
Fefe gau 27095 n xtuUb, 
Tor 16. 


Its Matter ſeems not to have been always the ſame ; in Homer we find 


it compos'd of a Sheep's Fleece ; and therefore, one of the Heroes 


being wounded in the Hand, Agenor binds it with his Sling (e); 


Ar (ic) veαεαẽ N Eur i , Ar, 
E@wdirn, nv apa oi yipanuy txt Tae Aaws, 


A Sling of Wool he to his Hand apply'd, 
One of his Servants held 1t, 


Out of it were caſt Arrows, Stones, and Plummets of Lead, call'd 
poAvedides, or Hehe {'7aipas, ſome of which wergh'd no leſs than 
an Attic Pound, 7.e. an hundred Drachms. It was diftinguiſh'd 
into ſeveral Sorts ; ſome were managed by one, others by two, ſome 
by three Cords. 

The Manner of Slinging was by whirling it twice or thrice about 
their Head, and fo caſting out the Bullet. Thus Mexzentius in 


Firgil 97 


Ik ter addufia circum caput egit Þ abena 
Thrice round his Head the loaded Sling he whirPd, 


But Vegetius commends thoſe as the greateſt Artiſts, that cafl out the 
Buller with one Turn abour the Head. How far this Weapon car- 
ried its Load is expreis'd 1 in this V erſe, 


Fundum 
(a) 3 | 5 | (5) Yeaph, Shed lib. vii. A Curtias, lib. iv. 
(4) Hep. V v. 5 (e) Iiad. Y. 599. (reid. ix, v. 587. 


\ "2" len 7 3 E 


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< pointe * 7 N * 4 7” 2 — 2 4 2 iv 2 - = 2 * 4 Pp gn 1 — — A P 
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* 2a, th 


30 Of the Military Affairs of Greece, 


Fundum Varro wocat, quem poſſis mittere funda. 


Its Force was ſo great, that neither Head-piece, Buckler, or any other 
Armour was a ſufficient Defence againſt it; and ſo vehement its Mo- 
tion, that (as Seneca reports) the Plummets were frequently melted. 
Laſtly, we find Mention of Fire-balls, or Hand- granado's, call'd 
avpoC0A0s Ailer, &c. One Sort of them are call'd ( xl , Or ( urah- 
dis, which were compos'd cf Wood, and ſome of them a Foot, others 
a Cubit in Length: Their Heads were arm'd with Spikes of Iron, 
beneath which were plac'd Torches, Hemp, Pitch, or tuch like com- 
buſtible Matter, which being ſet on Fire, they were thrown with 
reat Force towards the Enemy's firſt Ranks, Head-foremoſt, where- 
£ the Iron-ſpikes being faſten'd to whatever came in their Way, 
they burn'd down all before them (a) : Wherefore they ſeem to 
have been of the greateſt Uſe in Leaguers, to demoliſh the Enemy's 
Works; tho' my Author mentioneth no ſuch Thing. | 
Concerning Military Apparel, nothing certain or conſtant can be 
related; only it may be obſerv'd, that Lycurgus order'd the Lacedæ- 
201nians to cloath their Soldiers with Scarlet. The Reaſon of which 
Inſtitution ſeems either to have been, becauſe that Colour is both 
ſooneſt imbib'd by Cloth, and moſt laſting and durable (4) : Or on 
the Account of its Brightneſs and Splendor, whick the Law-giver 
thought conducive to raiſe Men's Spirits, and moſt ſuitable to Mind: 
animated with true Valour (c); or, laſily, becauſe *twas moſt proper 
to conceal the Stains of Blood, a Sight of which might either diipirit 
the raw and unexperienc'd Soldiers of their own Party, or inſpire their 
Enemies with freſh Life and Vigour Ca,): Which Euftathius oblerves 
to have been well and wiſely conſider'd, when he comments on that 
Paſſage of Homer, where the cowardly Trojans, upon ſeeing Uly/e-'s 
Blood flow from his Wound, receive new Courage, and animating 
one another, ruſh with mighty Force upon the Hero (e); 


* %\ , = 
Trogg os ey alum, £7 6 Jon * OJvon, 

/ * 5 ou 4 3 
KixAomeycy K SN, ET AUTH walks iCnomv. 


— ke Try ſaw Ul. Blood 8 
Guſh ſtom his Wounds ; then with new Life inſpir'd, 
Each ſtirr'd the other up, and with joint Force 
Ruſh'd on the Hero, | | 


Tis farther remarkable of the Lacedmonains, that they never engag'd 
their Enemies, but with Crowns and Garlands upon tbeir Heads (/. 
tho” at other Times they were unaccuſtomed to ſuch Ornaments ; Here- 


6 
* 


2 Suidas, % YXeonpben de Rep. Laced. (c) Plutarchus Infiitut, Lacorice 


(4) Piutarchus los. citat, Ælianus, lib. VI. cap. VI. Valerius Maximus, lib. II. 
cup. VI. (c) Iliad, N, v. 459. ( Xcnoplon, item Plutarchus Lycurgo. 


Of the Military Affairs of Greece. 31 
by aſcertaining themſelves of Succeſs, and, as it were, anticipatin, 
their Victory, Crowns being the ordinary Rewards prefented to Cons 

querors in all Parts of Greece. 80 wonderful, indeed, were the old 
Lacedæmonians Courage and Fortune, that they encounter'd theit 
Enemies fearleſs and aticoncern'd, joining Battle with Aſſurance of 
Victory; which was a Thing ſo common to them, that for their 
greateſt Succeſſes they ſeldom faciihc'd to the Gods any more than 
a Cock: Nor were they much elevated when the happy News ar- 
rived, nor made Preſents of any Value to the Meſſengers thereof, as 
was uſual in other Cities: For, after the famous Battle of Muntinea; 


we find the Perſon, that carried the Expreſs of Victory; rewarded 


only with a Piece of powder'd Beef (a). 


The Soldiers uſually carried their own Proviſions; which conlifted, 


for the moſt Part, of Salt-meat; Cheeſe, Olives, Onions, c. To 


which End every one had a Veſſel of Wickers (6), with a long, 
narrow Neck call'd 9:24, whence Men with long Necks are by the 
Comedians term'd in Deriſion yowatyer; (c). | 


. = ——_— tl. 1 pe : : 
2 — * Fa F 2 
w—_— + — * — e 


CH APY. 


Of the Officers in the Athenian and Lacedæmonian 
EO Armies. 


HE Erecian Cities being govern'd by different Laws, the Na. 
ture and Titles of Offices, Whether in Military or Civil Affairs, 
muſt of Contequence be diſtinguiſhed, Whereforé it being an end- 
leſs Undertaking to recount the various Commands throughout the 
whole Grecian Nation, I ſhall only preſent you in this Place with a 
Mort View of the chief Othces in the Athentias and Lacedæmonian 
Armies. . ps age | 
In the primitive Times, when moſt States were govern'd by Kings, 
the ſupreme Command belong'd to them of courie ; and it was one 
principal Part of their Duty towards tneir Subjects, to lead them forth 
in Perſon againſt their Enemies, and in ſingle Combat to encounter 
the braveſt of them at the Head of their Armies, And it may be ob- 
ferv'd, that when any Prince, thro? Cowardice, or other Weakneſs; 
was judg'd unable to protect his People, it was cuſtomary for them, 
withdrawing their Allegiance, to ſubſtitute a Perſon better qualify'd 
in his Place: A memorable Inſtance whereof we have in Thymeetes, 


an thenian King, who, declining a Challenge ſent by Xanthus King 


of Breotia, was depoſed without farther ado, and ſucceeded by a Fo- 
reigner, one Melanthus a Maſſenian, who nndertook to revenge the 
'21arrel of Athens on the Bæotians (a); 

N | | E= Vet 


* 4 


" 2 q * * 
9 * gt —_ * 


: (a) Plutarchus Apeſilao, (2) Ariſephanis $b:\raftes Aebarnenſ. 
4 Vide Achæ olg. noſtr. Lib. II. cap. XX. ia AfaTWwpta, 


6 


6 


(c) Pace. 


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CW. S 8 LE OFT N 
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= — 


52 Of the Alilitary Affairs of Greece. 


Yet on ſome Occaſions it was not impracticable for the King to 
nominate a Perion of eminent Worth and Valour to be his lou; 
+©-, or General, who either commanded under the King, or when 
the Emergency of other Affairs requir'd his Abſence, ſupply'd his 
Place: Which honourable Poſt was conferr'd by King Ercchtheus 
upon Ion, the Son of Authus, in the Eleuſinian War (a). i 

But, the Government being at length devolv'd upon the People, 
Affairs were managed after a new Method: For, all the Tribes be- 
ing inveited with an equal Share of Power, twas appointed that each 
of them ſhould nominate a Commander out of their own Body. That 


this was done in the Time of Cimon, appears from Plutarch (50. But | 


whether each of the Tribes perpetually made choice of one of their 
own Body, or ſometimes nam'd Men of other Tribes, is not ve 

certain. No Perſon was appointed to this Command, unleſs he had 
Children and Land within the Territory of Athens (c). Thoſe were 
accounted Pledges to the Commonwealth: And ſometimes the Chil - 


dren were puniſh'd for the Freaſon of their Fathers. Which, tho? 


ſeemingly cruel and unjuſt, was yet Antiguum & Omnium Civitatum, 
an ancient Cuſtom, and receiv'd in all Cities, as Cicero hath obſerv'd 
Fa). e gives us in the ſame Place an Inſtance in Themiftocles's Chil- 
dren, who ſuffer'd for the Crimes of their Father. Hence Sinon in 


Virgil, pretending to have quitted the Grecian for the Trojan Inte- 


reft, ſpeaks ihus of his Children (e): 


Nuoc ills fors ad poonas ob noſtra repoſcent 
 Effugia, et culpam hanc miſerorum morte piabunt. 


To return to our Subject. The Nomination, of the Generals wa: 


made in an Altembly of the P.ople, which on this Occaſion was con- 


ven'd in the Pxyæ, and frequently lighted upon the ſame Perſons, if 
they behav'd themſelves with Courage and Prudence, and executed 
their Office tor che Safety and Honour of their Country; inſomuch 
thut 'tis reported of Phocion, that he was a Commander five and forty 
T3mes, tho? he never ſued or canvas'd for that Honour, but was al- 
ways promoted by the free and voluntary Choice of the People (Y. 
Before their Admiſſion to Office, they took an Oath of Fidelity to the 
Commonwealth, wherein one Thing is more peculiarly remarkable, 


viz. That they oblig*d themſelves to invade the Megarians twice 


every Year: Which Clauſe was firſt inſerted in the Oath by a Decree 
preferr'd by Charinus, on the Account of Anthemocritus, an Athenian 
Herald, whom the Megarians had barbarouſly murder'd about the 
Beginning of the Pe/oponnefian War (pg). This done, the Command 
of all the Forces, and warlike Preparations, was entruſted in their 
Hands, to be employ'd and manag'd as they judg'd convenient: Yet 
as not their Power abſolute, or unlimited, it being wiſely order'd, 


„that, 

(a) Pauſunias Atticis, (% Cimone, (e) Conf. Petitus Commentario in Lege, 
Atticas. Dinarchas in Demoſthenem, (d) Epif. xvi, ad Brutum. Conf. Cæliu- 
Kbadiginus, Lib, xiv. Cap. 12. (e) Enid. Lib. ii. v. 139, 72 Pla- 


(arcbus Phecione, (g Plutarch. Pericle, 


* 
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t 
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R 
0 
1 
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v 
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t 
C 
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„ A Mm tw aft 


4 
r A eee 


O the Military Affairs of Greece. 53 
that upon the Expiration of their Command, they ſhould be liable to 
render an Account of Meir Adminiſtration : Only, on ſome extraor- 
dinary Occafions, it ſeem'd fit to exempt them from this Reſtraint, 
and fend them with full ard uncontroulable Authority, and then they 
were ſtil'd AyToxparoris (a) : Which Title was conferr'd on Ari/tides, 
when he was General at the famous Battle of P/atez ;. upon Nicias; 
Alcibiades, and Lamachus in the Sicilian Expedition, and ſeveral o- 
thers (6). Theſe Commanders were Ten, according to the Number 
of the Athenian Tribes, and all called Erfarry>i, being inveſted with 
equal Power ; and aboutthe firſt Times of their Creation frequently 
diſpatch'd all together in Expeditions of Concern and Moment, where 
every one enjoy'd the ſupreme Command by Days. But, leſt in contro- 
verted Matters, an Equality of Voices ſhould retard their Proceedings, 

we find an eleventh Perſon .join'd in Commiſſion with them, and 
call'd H:Awapyo, whoſe Vote, added to either of the conteſting Par- 
ties, weigh'd down the Balance, as may appear from Herodetus's Ac- 
count of the Athenian Affairs in the Median War. Tothe ſame Perſon 
the Command of the left Wing of the Army belong'd of Right (c). 

But afterwards it was look'd on as unneceſſary, and perhaps not 
very expedient, for ſo many Generals to be ſent with equal Power to 
manage Military Affairs: Wherefore, tho' the ancient Number was 
elected every Year, they were not all ob} g'd to attend the Wars; but 
one, two, or more, as Occaſion required, were diſpatch'd to "that 
Service: The Pclemarchas was diverted to civil Buſineſs, and became 
judge of a Court, where he had Cognizance of Law-iuits between 
the Natives, or Freemen of Athens, and Foreigners: The reſt of the 
Generals had every Man his proper Employment; yet none were 

wholly free from Military Concerns, but determin'd all Controver- 
ſies that happen'd amongſt Men of that Profeſſion, and order'd all 
the Affairs of War that lay in the City {4}. Hence they came to be 
dillinguiſh'd into two Sorts, one they term'd, Te; ini an ro kn Tiw;, 
becauſe they aaminiſtred the City Buiineſs; the other TEC ker TWY 0WAGW 
from their Concern about Arms." The latter of theie lifted and dif. 
banded Soldiers as there was Occahion (); and, in ſhort, had the 
whole Management of War devoly'd upon them during their Con- 
tinuance in that Poſt, whick ſeems not to have been long, it being. 
cuſtomary for the Generals who remain'd in the City, to take their 
Turns of ſerving in the War {f}. 

Tatiapu were likewiſe ten, (every Tribe having the Privilege of 
electing one) and commanded next under the Cream. They had 
the Care of Marſballing the Army, gave Orders for their Marches, 
and what Proviſions every Soldier mould furniſh bimſelf with, which 
were convey'd to the Army by public Cryers. They Had alſo Power 
| to Caſhier any of the common Soldiers, if convicted of Miſdemea- 
nours. Their Fans was only over the Foot (g). 


A E 3 | Immagyce 
(a) Suidas, (6) Plata, Aviflide, * (c) Heredebus, Erato, ä 
{4) Demoſibenes Philipp. (e) Idem Orat. de Epitrierch. Pure Pho 


cione. ( Ulpianus in Midi anum. (g) T.yſias Orat, pro Mantithes, & 4 
neviecta militia, Ariſtopbanis Scho . Avibos. 


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54 Of the Military Affairs of Greece. 


Imre were only two in Number (a), and had the chief Can. 
wand of the Cavalry under the Erpalnyoi (b). 

®v>zgx,0 were ten; one being naminated for every Tribe, They 
were {ſubordinate Officers to the InTa;xo!, and inveſted with Autho. 
rity to diſcharge Horſemen, and to fill up the Vacancies, as Occa- 
ſion required (c). | 3] Wo oa | 
Thus much ot the general Officers. The Inferiors uſually derived 
their Titles from the Squadron, or Number of Men under their 
Command: As Ayyayo, xinlarye, ixaldilaryoi, AA . M 
daf, &. Proceed we then in the next Place, to the Commandeis 
of the Spartan Army, | | | | 

The ſupreme Command was lodged in one Perſon ; for the Lace. 
demonians, however fond of Ar;focracy in civil Affairs, found by 
Experience, that in War a Monarchical Government was on ſeveral 
Accounts preterable to all others (d;: For it happening that once 
vpon a Difference in Opinion between their two Kings, Demaratuz 
and Cleomeucs, the former withdrew his Part of the Army, and left 
his Colleague expos'd to the Enemy, a Law was hereupon enacted, 
that for the future they ſhould never command the Army together, 
as had been uſual before that Misfortune (e). Yet upon extraordi- 


nary Occaſions, when the Safety and Honour of the State was in 


Diſpute, they had ſa much Prudence, as rather by tranſgreſſing the 
Letter of the Law to ſecure their Country, than by inſiſting on 
Niceties to bring it into Danger: For we find that, when Agis was 
engaged in a dangerous War with the Argians and Mantineans, Pii- 
Honax, his Fellow- King, having raiſed an Army out of ſuch Citi- 
'zens, as by their Age were at other Times excuſed from Military 
Service, went in Perſon to his Aſſiſtance Y. 
"The General's Title (as ſome ſay) was Bayes {g ), Which others will 
have common to all other Military Officers. He was ordinarily one of 


the Kings of Sparta; it being appointed by one of Lycurgus's Laws, 


that this Hondur ſhould belong to the Kings: But in Caſes of Nece!- 
fity, as in their King's Minority, a Protectcr, or Viceroy, called g 


x5, Was iubilituted for the Management of military, as well as civil 
Affairs (O0. Twas under this Character, that Lycurgus reform'd and 


new-modeli'd the Lacedæmonian Polity, and commanded their Armies 
during the Infancy of King Charilaus (i). Pauſanias alto was Tutor 


to Pliſtarcbus, when he led the Lacedemonians, and the reſt of the 


Crecans, agaipſt Mardonius, Xerxes's Lieutenant at Platææ (4). 

. This only concern'd their Land Armies, for the Laws made no Pro- 
viſion for tneir Fleets, the Law-giver having poſitively forbidden 
them to meddle with Marine Affairs. Wherefore when they became 
Maſters of a Navy, they confined not their Elections of Admirals to 
the Royal Houte, but rather chate ro commit that great I ruſt to ow 

| moſt 


43 _— — — a. 


vas 


(a) Sigenius de Rep. A ben. (6) Demaſt benes Mediana. (c) Ly Aas in locs 
ritatis. (4) Tjocrates ad Niem. (e) Heredetus Lib. V. cap. LXXV. 
V Tbaqdidet Lib. V. (f] Foiyebius, % Aereſ hen de Repub. Jaredær. 
67 tarchus Lycurgo, „ Herototvs, Thuryd1des, Plutareaus, Cornelius Ne# +4, 
an an. 455 X | | 


Of the Military Aﬀairs of Greece, 58 


moſt able and experienced Seamen; as may appear from the Inſtances 


of Lyſander, and ſeveral others, who comman.led the Spartan Fleets, 


tho” never inveſted with Royal Power. Nor was it ordinarily per- 
mitted their Kings, when -entruſted with Land- Armies, to undertake 


the Office of Admiral : 'The only Perſon honour'd with thoſe two 
Commands at the ſame Time, was the Great Ageſilaus (a). 

The King, however lim ted and reſtrain'd when at Home, was 
ſupreme and abſolute in the Army, it being provided by a particular 
Precept of the Law, that all others ſhould be ſubordinate to him, 
and ready to obey his Commands (5), Notwithſtanding this, he was 
not always leit wholly to himſ-1f, and the Proſecution of his own 
Meaſures ; it being cuſtomary for ſome of the Magiſtrates call'd E- 
phori, to accompany him, and aſſiſt hm with their Advice (c). To 
theſe, on ſeme Occaſions, others were joined. When Agis had unad- 
viſedly enter'd into a League with the Argiaus, at a Lime when it 


lay in his Power to have forc'd them to accept of Herms far more 


honourable to his Country, the Spartans highly reſented his Impru- 
dence, and enacted a Decree, that he ſhould never again command 
an Army, without ten Counſeliors to go along with him. Whether 
the ſucceeding Kings were hereby obliged, does not fully appear; 


but it ſeems probable, they were not tent to the Wars without a 
Council, conſiſting, if not of the ſame, however of a conſiderable 


Number of the wiſeſt Men in Sparta. Ageſipolis was attended with no 
leſs than thirty Cd): And tho the Tenderneſs of his Age might oc- 
caſion that extraordinary Proviſion, yet in Wars of great Concern, or 


Danger, and ſuch as were carried on in remote Countries, Kings of 


the greateſt Experience, and moſt eminent for Conduct, were not 
waſted without a great Number of Counſellors : For we are told, 


that Ageſilaus himielf, when he made his Expedition into Aa, was 


obliged by a Decree of the People to take thirty along with him (e). 
Beſides theſe, the General was guarded by three hundred valiant 
Ypartans, called Irie, or Horſe- Men, who fought about his Perſon 
H, and were much of the tame Nature with Romulus's Lite-Guards, 
call'd Celeres, or Light-Horte, as Dioxy/rus of Halicarnaſſus reports. 
Before him tought ail thuie that had obtained Prizes in the Sacred 


Games, which was look'd upon as one of the moſt honouable Poſts 


in the Army, and eſteem'd equivalent to all the glorious Rewards 
conferr'd on thoſe ViRors in other Cities {pg ). 


The chief of the ſubordinate Officers was call'd Toatywagx® The 


Titles of the reſt wil! eaſily be underſtood ſrom tie Names of the 
Parties under their Command, being all deriv'd from them: Such as 
aK, VivTyxor gs, Ero , KC. | | 


1 CHAP. 


* 2 —_ q 


—— 1 


(a) Plutarchus Axgeſilao. (5) H. rodetus Lib. VI. 7 bucydides Lib. V. (e) 
Acuet ben EMM iy Libs I“. {d) Kenophon EMnvitay Lib. V. (e) Piutarch x 
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50 Of ibe Military Affairs of Greece, 


CHAP. VI. 


of the ſeveral Diviſio rons, and Forms of the Grecian Arm, 
with other Military Terms, 


HE whole Army, as compounded of Horſe and Foot, was 
called ran. The Front pirwroy, Or mpwre- ork; the 
Right-hand Man of which, as in other Places, was wpulo#dry; : 
5 The Wings, ifa, of which ſome make Pan, Bacchas's Genet! 
in his Indian Expedition, to have been the firſt Inventor: The Sol- 
diers herein, and their Leader, w ne: Thoſe in the middle 
Ranks kridras: The Rear, %, or brio H (a); which 
ſeem to have been common Names for any others that obtain'd the 
like Places in ſmaller Bodies. 
Lees was a Party of five Soldiers; its Leader, Tray ©. 
Atxd g of ten; 3 its Leader, Gef S. And ſo of the reſt. 

AbgO- conſiſted of eight, as others cf twelve, or as ſome, of ſix- 
teen, which was a compleat Mx, tho' ſome make that to contain 
no leſs than twenty-five, It is ſometimes term'd 5ix®-, or dei, 

and its Leader Ae. 
| Aippoopice, or Hji?o7 Gia, was an half LEE 3 its Leader, Auporpirte 
or HA Virus. 

To rug Was 2 Conjunction of ſeveral Ab Nen: : Sometimes tis 
term'd v5 noi;, which conſiſted of four half, or two compleat NN 
containing thirty-two Men. 

IIarrorcbrafxia, however the Name imports only fifty, was uſually 
4 double (vac, conſiſting of four aye, or hxty-four Mer 

Whence its Leader was not only term'd IVF e., but Te- 
fel x, and, for W r KOTA» , We ſometimes and re EN 

Exelorapyia, ſometimes call'd ras, conſiited of two of the for- 
mer, containing an hundred and twenty-eight Men, Its Commander 
was antiently call'd Taf%ex@0, but afterw ards the Name of Exa@To- 
_ T«px©- generally prevaild. To every Exuwrurorgia were aſſign'd 
five neceſſary Attendants, calld *ExTaxru, as not being reckon d in 
the Ranks with the Soldiers. Theſe were, 

1. Erpaloxnpus, the Cryer, who convey d by Voice the Words of 
Command. He was uſually a Man of ftrong Lungs : The moſt re- 
markable of any in Story was Homer's Sten tor, who, he tells us, wa 


able to ſhout as loud as any fifty (9). 
| Ea 


(a) Orbictus, ; (5) Thad. 'P Y, 734 


Of the Military Affairs of Greece: 57 


EIA Fo nos dec AruvtuwArvoc Hen 
Trhlogt Eb FApEYY hy RAT, Toft LAX W rw, 
04 roc oy N. nac 6709 4 wrerrnN I. 


8 Jure there clamours with imperious gan 
Like bawling Sterror, when his Longs gave way, 
Whote Voice would open in a guy Shout 
As loud as fifty Men's. — 


2. Dylaaiopitos, the Enſign, remitted by Signs the Officers Com- 


nands to the Soldiers; and was of uſe in conveying Things not to 
be pronounced openly, or difcover}d ; and when the Noile of War 
drown'd the Cryer's Voice. 
3. ExAniytTiic, Or Trumpeter, was neceſlary, as well to font 
to the Soldiers the Will of their Commanders, when 1) uit render'd 
the two former uteleſs, as to animate and N them, and on 
ſeveral other Accounts. 

„ Tanjiry;, was à Servant, that waited on the Soldiers to o p- 
ply them with Neceſſaries. Theſe four were placed next to tue 
foremoſt Rank. 

5. Ovpeyc;, the 1 brought ” the Rear, and tonk care 
that none of the Soldiers were lett behind, or deſerted. | 
EurTaywa, WAP TREK, \| Ty AAZyi9; and, according to jome, Exp icy 


WAS compounded of two Tater, being made up of two hundred * 
lix Men. The Commander L CUITERY AT HEX NC. 


His1-#0040fxi%, Or Cera, contain'd two (Cv ala, i. e. five 


hundred and twelve Men. 


The Commander s Name was a- 
orf, or Zay3;- | | 


KiAapyxicy (Correppan, and (as ſome think) Frans, was the for- 


mer doubled, and conſiſted of a thouiand and tweuty-four. The 
Commander, X. N o, XMS, Or Terrence. 

Mepce p, by ſome call d TE, by others Sri I, contain 2 
two of the former, 1. 2. Two thouſand forty-eight, The Com- 
mander, Mcpa pn. T: N Mν ., or E Ti5802.95%, 

Þanxalyupyic, ſometimes call'd Hue pos, dacrocoνν] *, FiÞoc, and 
by the Antients rrarny/s, was compounded of two T4 ; SOT con- 
tained four thouſand fourſcore and fixteen, or four thouſand thirty- 
ſix, according to others. The Officer, $4::ya;4*; and £ralnyis. 

Au α ui Xipas, ETITOYE, (and as fome think) MER, was al- 
moſt a Duplicate of the former, for it conſiſted of eight thouſand one 
hundred and thirty-two, The Commander's Title was Kep4png. 


T's rp Per af Nc, contain'd about two e or ſixteen 


thauſand three hundred fourſcore and four. 
fn Panalyap gone. 

$4wys, 15 ſometmes taken for a Party of twenty-eight Men, 
ſometimes of eight theuſand ; but a compleat «azz 1s laid to be 
the ſame ung Tergæ pa ala. Several other Numbers are figni- 


Ys 


The Commander, T. 


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38 Of the Military Affairs of Greece, 


fd by this Name, it being frequently taken for the whole Body of 
Foot, and as often in general for any Company of Soldiers. Indeed 
the Grecian Battles were uſually rang'd into an Order peculiarly 
term'd Phalanx; which was of ſuch Strength, that it was able to 
bear any Shock with what Violence {oever charg'd upon them. The 
Macedonians were the moſt famous for this Way of Imbattelling; 
their Phalanx is cetcrib'd by Polybius to be a ſquare Battail of Pikc- 


Men, conſiſting of fixteen in Flank, and five hundred in Front; the 


Soldiers ſtanding ſo cloſe together, that the Pikes of the fifth Rank 


were extended three Feet beyond the Front of the Battail: The 


reſt, whoſe Pikes were not ſerviceable by reaſon of their Diſlance 
from the Front, couch'd them upon the Shoulders of thoſe tha; 
ſtood before them, and ſo, locking chem together in File, preſs'd 
forward to ſupport and puſh on the former Ranks, whereby the AC. 
fault was render'd more violent and irrefiftibie. The Commander 
was call'd 0analyaryn | | 
Mog Poareſys; was the Length or firſt Rank of the Phalanx, reach 
ing from the fartheſt Extremity of one Wing to that of another. 
*T1s the ſame with werwrcy, Wf07w% 0, (Ira, g πν 1K, WpwTNOx ih, 
wh rata, erf ro Guyor, &. The Ranks behind were call'd, ac- 
cording to their Order, drs, Tpiro; Gvy%;, &c. i 


Babes or wax; αννά , fomurtmes call'd Tory oc, was the Depth, 


conſiſting in the Number of Ranks from Front to Rear. | 

Zurypoi Sabai, were the Ranks taken according to the Length of 
the Phalanx. es | 

Tri Or MN, were the Files meaſur'd according to the Depth. 

Aix onde Carſyc, the Diſtri bution of the Phalanx into two equal 
Portions, which were term'd whevoei xeraia, &c, or Wings: The 
| Left of theſe Was vi 270 , and ape : The Right, Xipa Jess, 
xeDarn H axpwinprov, grtiu afyr, KC, | 

" Apapoc, pPunc;, roxy G the Body, or Middle Part be- 
tween the Wings, TY 3 

Aerſue fis Pc vg, the leflening the Depth of the Phalanx by 
cutting off ſome of its Files. e 

Ofble, er5pupernxn;, Or mapajpwnxn, Oxnzyt, ace, recta, or the Horſe, 
wherein the Depth exceeded the racy, rok | 
Hay Ganays differ d from the former, being broad in Front, 
22d narrow in Flank; whereas the other was narrow in Front, and 
broad in the Flank (a). . | | 
Ats Pakuyt Or obligue acies, when one Wing was advanc'd near 
the Enemy's, to begin the Battle, the other holding off at a conve- 
ment Diftance. 15 | | 

Apps ie; Punoy?, when the Soldiers were placed Back to Back, 
that they might every way face their Enemies: Which Form of 
Fartalia was uſed when they were in danger of being ſurrounded. 

AyTirowo; Pancys differ'd herein from the former, that it was 
form'd Lengthways, and engag'd at both Flanks ; whereas the for- 
mer engag'd at Front and Rear. 25 | 
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Of the Military Affairs of Greece. GH 
Aubloroc Jip], when the Leaders were placed in both 
Fronts, but the Oc&ray), who followed the Rear, tranſplanted into 
the Middle, ſo that their Enemies were confronted on all Sides, 
Arier, ND, was contrary to the former, having the 


Oda and. their Rear on the two Sides, and the reſt of the Com- 


manders, who were placed at other Times in the Front, in the Midſt, 
facing one another: fa which Form, the Front, opening in two 
Parts, ſo clos'd again, that the Wings ſucceeded in its Place, and the 
laſt Ranks were tranſplanted into the former Place of the Wings. 
Ownior cpu» J. D, was, when both the Phalanxes had their 
Officers on the ſame Side, one marching behind the other in the 
ſame em, , 
 Emipiren N ,t when the Commanders of one Phalanx 
were plac'd on the Right-Flank, and the other on the ] eft. 
Uebe Puna, when its Form was changed, as the Way re- 
quir'd, thro? which it march'd. 


- 


Emmaprn;. Panayt repreſented an Half. moon, the Wings turn'd 


backwards, and main Body advanced toward the Enemy, or on the 
contrary, 5 = 1 | | 
The ſame was call'd zupry and xolàn, being convex and hollow. 
 Fonappimn S, when the Parts of the Baitalia Rood at an un- 
equal Diftance from the Enemy, ſome jetting out before others, 


ep αννννν, ? When both Wings were extended beyond the ad- 


verſe Army's Front; when only one, unerifuor. 


Popptoridns Pony, call'd likewiſe Omoriinc, a Battalia with four 
equal, but not rectangular, Sides, repreſenting the Figure of a Dia- 


mond. This Figure was us'd by the 7 he/ahens, being firſt con- 


trived by their Country-Man 7a. Indeed moſt of the common 


Forms of Battalia in Greece, in Sicily alſo, and Per/ia, ſeem to have 


been devis'd after this, or ſome other Square (a). | 
"EpConm Roftrum, or Cuneus, was a Rhombus divided in the Middle, 


having three Sides, and repreſenting the Figure of a Wedge, or the 


Letter A. The Deſign of this Form was to pierce, and enter for- 
cibly into the Enemies Body. . 
KoiAionov,, or Foren, was the Cuneus tranſvers'd, and wanting 


the Bafzs : It repreſented a Pair of Sheert, or the Letter V; and | 


ſeems to have been defign'd to receive the Cuneus. 
I ofiey, Hiawbia, laterculus, an Army drawn up in the Figure of 
a Brick or Tile, with four unequal Sides; its Length was extended 
towards the Enemy, and exceeded the Depth. 
IIS. Turris, was the Brick inverted, being an oblong Square, 
after the Faſhion of a Tower, with the ſmall End towards the Ene- 


My, This Form is mention'd by Homer (6) ; | 
Oi Oo Te . (Dea; õ 735 H]. 
Wheeling themſelves into a Tower's Form. 


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bo Of the Mililary Affairs of Greece. 
daleid had an oblong Figure, but approaching nearer to a Cin 
cle than Quadrangle, | 


Tendo, was an Army extended at Length with a very few Men 


in a Rank, when the Ways they march'd thro? could not be paſo'd 
in broader Ranks: The Name is taken from a Worm that infinuare; 


itſelf into little Holes in Wood. On the ſame Account we find 
mention of @xauy5 £:poridn;, fo rang d, as it were, to pierce thro! 


. 


the Paſſages. 


Horses Pdaely®, was the ranging Soldiers cloſe together, f. 
that whereas in other Bartalias every Man was allow'd four Cubits 


Space on each Side, in this he tcok up only two. 


Lora αο Was Cloſer than the Former, one Cubit's Room being 


allow'd to every Soldier: Tis fo call'd from Bucklers, which were 


all joined cloſe to one another. | 
Several other Forms of Ballalia may occur in Authors, as thoſe 


drawn in all the Sorts of Spherical Figures. One of theſe was call'd 


Pm, firſt invented by Llion of T heſjaly, repreſenting the Figure of an 
Egg, into which the The/alians commonly 3 their Horſe (2). 


Tis commonly taken for any Party of Horſe of what Number ſo- 


ever, but ſometimes in a more limited Senſe for a Troop of ſixty- four. 
 Emihapxic Contained two i, 1. e. One hundred and twenty- 


hundred fifty-fix : For they commonly u3'd a Sort of Horſemen, 


call'd Teparriu, Of ixnayunya, who annoy'd their Enemies with 
miſſive Weapons, being unable to ſuſtain a cloſe Fight by reaſon of 


their light Armour, There was likewiſe another Sort of Tarentiue 
Horſemen, who, having diſcharg'd their miſſive Weapons engag'd 
their Enemics in cloſe Fight. Their Name was deriv'd from T 
rentum in {taly, which uſed to furniſh out Horſemen of theſe Sorts : 
But whether the Name of this Troop was taken from the Sort © 
Horſemen, or the Numbers being the ſame with that uſed by the 
7 arentines, is not certain. | 

Lirircycia contained two of the former, 7. e. Five hundred and 


twelve, 


Ee rap was a double Inwapxio, being made up of one thou- 
ſand and twenty-four. 5 | 


£1ght, | | 
 Eniraype was equal to two Tran, being compoſed of four thou- 
ſand ninety-fix, or ey 
The Lacedæmonian Diviſions of their Army had peculiar Names. 
The whole Army was divided into Mega, or Regiments. What 
Numbers of Soldiers were ranged in each is uncertain, Some make 
them five hundred, others ſeven, and ſome nine (C); but, at the 
frit Reformation of the Common-wealth, they ſeem not to have 12 
| | | ceeded 


_— 


4] Hlianus loc, citat, (6) Flutarchus Pelopida. 


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Of the Military Affairs of Greece. 6 
ceeded four hundred, who were all Footmen. The Commander 
was call'd moxtuapy®- (a); to whom was added a ſubordinate Of- 
cer call'd EvpPopev; (5) e The former was a Colonel, the latter his 
Lieutenant. Ei „ 

Aixo was the fourth Part of a Mea: And tho” ſome affirm there 
were five Alx in every wopa (c), yet the former Account feems more 
agreeable to the antient State of the Sparian Army: For we are aſ- 
ſur'd by Xenophon, that in every Mea there were four Aoaywys). 

Tlarrxorts was the fourth Part, or, as others, half of a AAN, and 
contain'd fifty Men, as appears from the Name. The Commander 
thereof was ſtyl'd Ilswlnxoilns, Tiwhnzolatne, or Nalmoryp : Of theſe 
there were eight in every Mp, as the fore-mention'd Author re- 

orts. 5 e Trapani 
k EvWua e was the fourth Part, or, as others, the half of urrurs⸗ 


og, contain'd twenty-five Men, and fo call'd becauſe all the Sol- 


diers therein were irwpd)o: fic (Payiur , or bound by a ſolemn Oath 
upon a Sacrifice to be faithful and loyal to their Country. The Com- 
mander was term'd wwmworapyn;, or iwpirepxoc. Of theſe Xenophore 
affirms there were ſixteen in every wx ; which, together with his 
Account of the Acyo, and Ilewlnrorve;, makes it evident that the pri- 
mitive Mspe conſiſted only of four hundred: The Diſagreement of 


Authors herein ſeems to have been occaſion'd by the Increaſe of the 


Lacedemenian Army; for in ſucceeding Ages the Spartans, having 
augmented their Forces, ſtill retain'd their antient Names, fo that 


te eighth Part of a pz, tho' perhaps containing ſeveral Fifties, 


was ſtill term'd mwlnws;, The Roman Battalions, in like manner, 


however inereaſed by new Additions, were fill calPd Lepiones; which, 


tho” at firſt they contain'd no more than three thouſand, were after- 
wards vary'd as Neceſſity requir'd, and conſiſted of four, five, or 


fix thouſand. The ſame may be oblery'd of their Cohortes, Manipuli, 


Ordines, &c. . 


There are ſeveral other Military Terms, an Explication of ſome 


of which may be expected in this Place. : | 
Liporati; is the placing of any Company of Soldiers before the 


Front of the Army; as aporaZ Fiu, when the light-arm'd Men 


are drawn before the reſt of the Army, to begin the Fight at a 
Diſtance with miſſive Weapons. | To 


eu rakic is contrary to the former, and fignifics the Ranging of 
Soldiers in the Rear, 1 | ing o 


Ueeratic, when to one, or both F'anks of the Battle, Part of the 
Rear is added, the Front of thoſe that are added being plac'd in the 


ſame Line with the Front of the Battle. | 
_ Tmorag;, when the Wings are doubled, by beſtowing the light- 


arm'd Men under them in embow'd Form, fo that the whole Figure. 


reſembles a three-fold Door. 


"Ela, wapiintc, Of mpowlatic, the Placing together of different. 
Sorts of Soldiers; as when light-armed Men are order'd to fill up 
void Spaces between the heavy-armed Companies. | 


ee te ae 


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62 Of the Military Affairs of Greece. 

Hape is diftinguiſh'd from the former, as denoting the Com. 

pletion of vacant Spaces in the Files by Soldiers of the ſame Sort. 
ETaywyn 1s a continued Series of Battalions in Marches drawn up 


after the ſame Form behind one another, fo that the Front of th; 


latter is extended to the Rear of the former: Whence this Term is 


ſometimes taken for the Rhetorical Figure Indu&io, where certain 


Conſequences are inferr'd, in a plain and evident Method, from the 
Conceſſion of ſome Antecedents (a). : 
| [lapeywyn differs herein from eraywyr, that the Phalanx proceed- 


eth in a Wing not by File, but by Rank, the Leaders marching not 
directly in the Front, but on one Side: When toward the Left, 


*twas call'd wor wwpaywyn: When toward the Right, gd 


wa fe. 1 
ETaywyn and wapzywyy are diſtinguiſh'd into four Sorts ; for when 


they expected the Enemy, and march'd on prepar'd for him only 


on one Side, they were call'd inaywyn, or WApMYWYyr, fu AVG 2 
When on two Sides, 9inMvps;; When on three Tpimaeupe; ; When 
every Side was ready for an Aſſault, Terpamawvrs 1 
The Motions of the Soldiers at their Officers Command were 
term'd xx. E „ N 
EKNeig ind gopy, to the Right: Becauſe they manag'd their Spears 
with their Right-hands. 5 „ 1 8 
ETarmaxnoc, the Retrograde Motion. | e 
K Nie r 4o7iJe, to the Left: For their Bucklers were held in 
their Left- hands. 5 3 
Mera Conn is a double Turn to the ſame Hand, whereby their 
Backs were turn'd on what before lay to their Faces. There were 
two Sorts of it. 5 | | 
1. Mals Cen in" dee, whereby they turn'd from Front to Rear, 
which is term'd sf, ſo that their Backs were toward their Enemies; 


| whence 'tis called r ans Tor It was always effected 


by turning to the Right, 8 2 
2. Mera B an eds, or in; our, from Rear to Front, where 
by they turn'd their Faces to their. Enemies, by moving twice to 


Eoi5poPn, When the whole Battalion, cloſe join'd Man to Man, 


made one Turn, either to the Right or Left, 


Aar foo 15 oppos'd to t n, being the Return of ſuch a Bat. 
talion to its former Station, | Rn 
 Neponraou:s, a double inirppn, whereby their Backs were turn'd 
to the Place of their Faces, the Front being transferred to the 
Place of the Rear. | | | 1 
ExT«QoTaoms; a treble imirpPn, or three Wheelings. 
Fig 0208 dradsza, Or in PALL dc ννά ug IG ci, to turn about to the 


EZiMype;, EE, Or EECννν Counter-march, whereby cvery 
Soldier, one marching after another changed the Front for the Rear, 


or one Flank for another : Whence there are two Sorts of Counters 
| : | marches, 


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of; wherein this Counter-march differ'd from the two 
both which the Phalanx chang'd its Place. 


Counter-march by File: In the Counter- march by File tbe 


# 


Of the Military Afﬀairs of Greece. 63 
marches, xard Myzo, and x«re Cys, one by Files, the other by 
Ranks; both are farther divided into three Sorts. TI: | 

1. EF NMH Maids xalanoxes, invented by the Macedonians, was 
thus : Firſt the Leaders of the Files turn'd to the Right, or Left a- 
bout, then the next Rank paſs'd thro? by them on the ſame Hand, and, 
being come into the diſtant Spaces, placed themſelves behind the Lea- 
ders of their Files, then turn'd about their Faces the ſame Way: In 
like manner the third Rank after them, with the fourth, and all the 
reſt, till the Bringers up were laſt, and had turn'd about their Faces, 
and again taken the Rear of the Battle. Hereby the Army was remov'd 
into the Ground before the Front, and the Faces of the Soldiers turn'd 
backward. This appear'd like a Retreat, and was for that Reaſon laid 
aſide by Philip of Macedon, who us'd the following Motion in its ſtead. 


2. ECM Agxy x47T% Mx, invented by the Lacedemonians, 


was contrary to the former: That took up the Ground before the 
Phalanx, this the Ground behind it, and the Soldiers Faces turn'd 
the contrary Way; In that the Motion was from Rear to Front, in 


this from Front to Rear. Ælian (a) deſcribes it two Ways; One was, 

when the Bringers-up firſt turn'd about their Faces, the next Rank, 
likewiſe turning their Faces, began the Counter-march, every Man 
placing himſelf directly before his Bringer- up; the third did the like, 


and ſo the reſt, till the Rank of File- Leaders were firſt. The other 
Method was, when the Leaders of Files began the Counter-march, 
every one in their Files following them orderly : Hereby they were 
brought nearer to their Enemies, and repreſented a Charge. 

3. EC) Eliza, Or Kenvrixòe, xa Myxec, Was us'd by the 
Per/ians and Cretans ; it was ſometimes term'd xc;e76 becauſe ma- 
naged like the Grecian Chori, which, being order'd into Files and 
Ranks, like Soldiers in Battle-Array, and moving forward toward 
the Brink of the Stage, when they could paſs no farther, retir'd 
one thro' the Ranks of another; the whole Chorus all the Time 
maintaining the ſame Space of Ground they were before poſſeſs d 
former, in 


EE xelee yy, Counter-march by Rank, was contrary to the 
| art e Motion 
was in the Depth of the Battalia, the Front moving toward the Rear, 
or the Rear toward the Front, and ſucceeding into each other's Place : 
In this the Motion was in Length of the Bartalia flank-wiſe, the Wing 
either marching into the Midſt, or quite thro? the oppoſite Wing: In 
doing this, the Soldiers that ſtood laſt in the Flank of the Wing, 
moy'd firſt to the contrary Wing, the reſt of every Rank following 
in their Order, It was likewiſe perform'd three Ways, 
1. The Macedonian Counter-march began its Motion at the Cor- 


ner of the Wing neareſt the Enemies, upon their appearing at ei- 


ther Flank, and remoy'd to the Ground on the 


Side of the contrary 
Wing, ſo reſembling a Flight. | | 


8 * 


ho ” "0 


() Taft, Cap, xxviii. cum. Binbamii notis. 


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64 Of the Milttary Affair: of Greece. 
2. The Laced&monian Counter-march, beginning its Motion in 
the Wing fartheſt diſtant from the Enemy, ſeiz'd the Ground near. 


_ eſt to them, whereby in Onſet was repreſented, - | 


3. The Chorean Counter- march maintain'd its own Ground, on] y 
removing one Wing into the other's Place. . | | 


OI 


FS. Is to double, or increaſe a Battalia, which was effec. 
&d-two Ways. Sometimes the Number of their Men was aug. 


mented, remaining ſtill upon the ſame Space of Ground ; ſometimes 
the Soldiers, continuing in the ſame Number were ſo drawn out 
by thinning their Ranks, or Files, that they took up a much larger 


Space than before. Both theſe Augmentations of Men, or Ground, 


being made either in Length or Depth, occafion'd four Sorts of 
Jura α,Ʒ-a f, Which were made by Counter-marches. 

" Bs A GXaTIeG Ho; r eο x Goya, or xala unx 3%, when freſh Men 
were inferted into Ranks, the Length of the Battalia being ſtill the 
ſame, but the Soldiers drawn up cloſer and thicker than before. 

2. AinmXuoia# we; ev3gw xals Mya;, or xa Bal, was when the 
Files were doubled, their Ground-being of no larger Extent than 
before, by ranging them cloſe to one another, 4-9 i eee 


* 


3. Armhadiacue, Tre xala (ys, Or xl Hr, When the Length | 
of the Battalia was increas'd, without the Acceſſion of the new Forces, 


by placing the Soldiers at greater Diſtances from one another. 

. ArVARTearo; rote Ka N Nνν, or x Bal boc, when the Depth 
of Ground taken up by an Army was render'd greater, not by add- 
ing new Files, but ſeparating the old to a bed Diſtance. 

To conclude this Chapter, it may be obſerv'd, that the Grecians 


were excellently kkill'd/in the Method of embattling Armies, and 


maintain'd public Profeſſors call'd reale from rar, Who exer- 
cis'd the Vouth in this Art, and render'd them expert in all the 
Forms of Battle, before they adventur'd into the Field. 


FA "ER 2 ho 


— ' LS. Ea * 2 8 : * E 


Sk. NU. 


Of their Aauner of making Peace, and declaring War ; 


their Embaſſadors, &c. © 


TY Efore the Greeians engag'd themſelves in War, it was uſual to 


D publiſh a Declaration of the Injuries they had receiv'd, and to 


demand Satisſaction by Embaſſadors : For however prepar'd or excel- 


lently ſrill'd they were in the Affairs of War, yet Peace, if to be 


rocur'd upon honourable Terms, was thought more eligible : Which 
Ouftom was obſerv'd even in the moſt early Ages, as appears from 
the Story of Tydeus, whom Polinices ſent to compoſe Matters with 
his Brother Freecles King of Thebes, before he proceeded to inveſt 

that City, as we are inform'd by Statius (a), and ſeveral others. 
| 1 potior 


— OY 


* 


(a) Ticbaid, lib. II. V. 368, 


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Of the Military Affairs of Greece: 


an——potior cunctis edit ſententia, fratris 

Prætentare fidem, tuto/que in regna precando 
Faplorare aditus: Audaæ ea munera Tydeus 
Sporte ſubit- 


The Council then vote it ex ae | 

That to the King a Legate ſhould be ſent, | 
Who might to * be Faith the Oath declare, 
And ſtop the Ferment of inteſtine War ; 

This Treaty Tyaens.>ravely undertoos. 


Nor was the Tr9jan War proſecuted with ſo great Hazard and Loſs to 

both Parties till hoſe Mears prov's ineffeQual ; for we find that U. 
lies and Menelaus were diſpatch'd on an Embaſſy to Troy to demand 
Reſtitution 3 : Whence Antenor thus beſpeaks Helen (a); | 


Hen Yee 5 geb pe wor Nh Y. Od vou 
Tec bvex c . ine o Cri Pu MerMaw. 


With ſtout Atrides ſage Uly//es came 
Hither as Envoys, Helen, thee to claim, 


19 


The ſame Poet in another Place acquaints us, that their Propoſal was 


:cjefed by the Trojans over-raked by Axtimachus, a Perſan of grea 


Repute amongſt them, whom Paris had Engag's to his Party by a 
large Sum of Money (6) ; 


- 

- AvTijþaa ty 066 Fee Perc, © 986 2a ug a 
Xr Aeg, rt 99% 0, a, da, 
Ovx te Ext do Carty MwiAxy. 


Antimachus o erſway d the Embaſſy 
Refus'd, and did fair Helena deny, 
Since Paris had by Largeſſes of Gold 
Secur'd his Truſt- 


Invaſions without Notice were look'd on rather as Robberies than law- 


ful Wars, as deſigned rather to ſpoil and make a Prey of Perſons inno- 


cent and unprovided, than to repair any Loſſes, or Damages ſuſtain'd, 
which, for au ght the Invaders knew, might have been ſatisfied for an 
eaher Way. Tis therefore no Wonder, what Polybius (c) relates of 
the /Ztolians, that they were held for the common Out- laws and Rob- 
bers of Greece, it being their Manner to ſtrike without Warning, and 
make War without any previous and public Declaration, whenever 
they had opportunity of enriching themſelves with the Spoil and Booty 
of their Neighbours. Yet there want not Inſtances of Wars began 


WI the 


f 2 4 
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* * 96 2 2 — —— i. 


(a) Thad. Y. v. 205, () Tiad,N, v. 124 (c) Lib. iv, 
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66 Of the Military Affairs of Greece. 


without previous Notice, even by Nations of better Repute for Juſtice 
and Humanity: But this was only done upon Provocations ſo grew: 
and exaſperating, that no Recompence was thought ſufficient to atone 
for them. Whence it came to paſs, that ſuch Wars were of all other; 
the moſt bloody aad pernicious, and fought with Exceſs of Rage 
and Fury; the conteſting Parties being reſolved to extirpate each 
other, if poſſible, out of the World, | 
Embaſſadors were uſually Perſons of great Worth, or eminent Sta- 
tion, that by their Quality and Deportment they might command Re- 
ſpect and Attent on from their very En mies; and what Injuries or 
Affronts ſoever had been committed, yet Embaſſadors were beld fa- 
ered by all Sides, Gods and Men were thought to be concern'd to pro- 
ſecute with utmoſt Vengeance all Injuries done to them. Whence (to 


omit ſeveral other Inſtances) we read that the Lacedemonians having 


inhumanly murder'd Xerxes's Embaſſadors, the Gods would accept 
none of their Oblations and Sacrifices, which were all found polluted 


with direful Omens, till two loblemen of Sparta were {ent as an ex- 


piatory Sacrifice to Xerxes, to atone for the Death of his Embaſſadors 
by their own. That Emperor indeed pave them leave to return in Sath- 
ty, without any other Igucminy, than what they ſuffered by a ſevere 


Reflection on the Sparian Nation, whoſe barbarc us Cruelty he projets'd 


he would not imitate, however provok'd by them: Yet Divine Ven- 
geance ſuffer'd them not to go unpuniſh'd, but inflicted what thoſe 
Men had aſſum'd to themſelves, upon their Sons, who, being ſent on an 


Embaſſy into 4fa, were betray'd into the Hands of the Athenians, and 


by them put to Death; Which my Author concludes to have been a 
juſt Revenge from Heaven for the Lacedæmonian Cruelty (a). 
Whence this Holineſs was deriv'd upon Embaſſadors, bas been 
Matter of Diſpute : Fabulous Authors deduce it from the Honour 
paid by the Antients to the xxypuxs;, or Heralds, who were either 
themſelves Embaſſadors, or, when others were deputed to that Ser- 
vice, accompany'd them, being held ſacred on the Account of their 
Original, becauie deicended from Ceryx, the Son of Mercury, who 
was honour'd with the ſame Employment in leaven theſe obtain'd 
upon Earth. Tis true that theſe Men were cver had in great Eſteem, 
and their Perſons held ſacred and inviclable ; whence, as Euftathius 
obſerves, Le in Homer, when caſt upon t reign and unknown 
Coaſts, uſually ſends an Herald to protect the Men deputed to make 
Diſcovery of the Country and its Inhabitants, Perions of that Cha- 
radter being reverenced even in barbatous Nations, except ſome few, 
fuch as the Zeffrygones, or Cyclopes, in whom all Sente of Humanity 
was extingoiſh'd (4). They were likewile under the Care and Pro- 
tection of Mercury, the Preſident God of their Occupation, and Fu- 
piter (c); whenee Achiiles calls them the Menger nor of Men 
only, but of Jupiler (d), | 
| 2 Xx: pre 


— 82. 
— 
— 


4 


(a Herodotus Pol;mn. cap. CX IV. (b) Euftarh, Iliad. 4. Pp. $3. 84. E“. 
Jail. () Idern, lied, *'s P- 749 a (4) Ilia 6 6. | _ 


Of the Military Affairs of Greece. 67 


xaiert xnpuxts, Aids alyinng nt dd. 
All Hail! ye Exwveys of great eve and Men, 


But theſe Honours ſeem not to have been conferr'd upon them ſo 
much becauſe they were deſcended irom Mercury, (ſeveral « ther Fa- 
milies, to whom no ſuch Reſpect was due, bearing them.elves much 
higher on their Original) as upon account of their Office, which, 
being common to them with other Embaſſadors, ſcems to have chal- 
lenged an equal Reverence to both, Licence, indeed, being once 
granted to treat Perſons of that Character tnjurioufly, all Hopes of 
Peace and Reconciliation amongſt Enemies muſt be baniſh'd for ever 
cut of the World; and therefore in the moſt rude and un poliſh'd 
Ages all Sorts of Embaſſadors were civilly entertained, and diſmiſs'd 


vich Safety: Whence Tydeus's Lady in Srarizs (a) is prevail'd with 


to let her Huſband go Embaſſador to Thebes, becauſe that J itle 
would afford him Protection in the Midſt of his Enemies; 


e, fort iſſſume gentis | 
Atolum, mulizr lachrymrs cenata merari eff 
Deiphile, Jed Jud parris, tutique regreſſus 
Legatc, juftaque preces vicere ſeroris. 


* 


Thy tender Wife, Heroic Soul, did pine, 

And ſcarce admit thy generous Deſign, 

Uutil her boiling Paſſion did abate 

By Arpia's Prayers, and a Parent's Threat, 

And that Tatelar God, who does on Envoys walt. 


The Athenian Heralds were all of one Family, being deſcended _ 
from Ceryx the Son of Mercury, and Landreſus Daughter to Coorops. 

Ling of Athens. EE | | 

The Lacedæmonian Heraids were all deſcended from Ta/rhbytias, 


A 


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2 wo, - . ages 1 
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Agaremnen's Herald, who was hogcurd with a Temple, aud Di- 


vine Worſhip at Sparta (C) | 

They carried in titerr Hands a Staff of Laurel, or Olive, called 
vf, Tound Which two Serpents, without their Creſts erected, 
were folded, as an Emblem of Peace and Concord (e) Inſtead of 
this the Athenian Heralus frequently made uſe oi the Ecco wn, which 


was a Token of Peace and Pienty, being an Olive Branch cover'd 


With Wool, and adourn'd with all Sorts of Fruits of the Earth. 


Know; Ol Heralds, are by lome thought 6 differ from CH, 


or Embaſſad rs, in this ; that Emhaffadors were e:nploy'd in Treaties 
of Peace, whereas Heralds were ſent to declare War fa. But this Di- 


A 4 indion 
(a Thebaid, Lib. II. v. 371. (5) Her edotus loc. cunt, Pa ſan. Lacenic it, 


e Poling, L. B. XX K. . ili. d. Sr idas. 
b 111. 


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68. Of the Military Aﬀairs of Greece. 


ſtinction is not conſtant or perpetual, the «ypvx:; being frequently ta- 
ken for Perſons commiſſion'd to treat about accommodating Diffe- 
rences, which may appear, as from. ſome of the fore-cited Places of 
£uſtathinus, ſo from ſeveral Paſſages in Homer, and other Authors, 
Embaſladors were of two Sorts, being either ſent with a limited 


_ Commiſſion, which they were not to exceed, or iuveſted with full 


Power of determining Matters according to their own Diſcretion. 
'The former were hable to be call'd 1n queſtion tor their Proceed- 
ings ; the latter were ſubject to no After-reckoning, but wholly their 
own Maſters, and for that Reaſon ſtiled Iljioong; avroxpdropes, Pleni- 
potentiaries (a). 5 | | 

It may be obferv'd that the Lacedemonians, as in moſt other Things 


their Cuſtoms were different from the reſt of the Greets, ſo likewiſe in 


their Choice of Embaſſadors had this Peculiar, that for the moſt part 
they deputed Men, between whom there was no very good Corre- 
fpondence ; ſuppoſing it moſt improbable, that ſuch Perſons ſhould 


ſo far truſt one another, as to conſptre together againſt the Com- 
monwealth, For the fame Reaſon it was thovght a Piece of Policy 


in that State to raiſe Diſſenſions between their Kings (5). | 

Their Leagues were of three Sorts: 1. A bare (ron, Colnzn, 
e617, or Peace, whereby both Parties were oblig'd to ceaſe from a!l 
Acts of Hoſtility, and neither to moleſt one another, nor the Conte- 
derates of either. e e Fl org 

2. EAN, whereby they oblig'd them ſelves to aſſiſt one ano- 
ther in caſe they ſhould be invaded. | 5 = 1 

3. Evwwaxia, whereby they covenanted to aſſiſt one another 2$ 
well when they made Invaſions upon others, as when themſelves were 
inveded, and to have the fame Friends and Enemies (c). 

All theſe Covenants were ſolemnly confirm'd by mutual Oaths, the 
Manner of which I have already deſcribed in a former Book {d). To 
the end they might lie under a greater Obligation to preſerve them 
inviolate, we find it cuſtomary toengravethem upon Tables, which they 
tix*d up at Places of general Concourſe, that all the World might be 
Witneiles of their Juftice and Fidelity: Thus we find the Articles 
of Treaty between Athens and Sparta not only publiſh'd in thoſe Ci- 
ties, but at the Places where the Olympian, Pythian, and If hi ian 


Games were celebrated (). Others exchang'd certain Tefere, in 


Greek, ovpoorz, which might be procuc'd on avy Occaſion, as Eviden- 
ces of the Agreement. The Covenant itielf was alſo call'd by the ſame 
Name (. Farther, to continue the Remembrance of mutual Agree- 
ments freſh in their Minds, it was not uncommon for States thus united, 
interchangeably to ſend Embaſſadors, who, on fome appointed Day, 
when the People aſſembled in great Numbers, ſhould openly repeat, 
and by mutual Conient confirm their former Treaty: This we nnd 
practiſed by the Arbenians and Spartans atter their fore- mentiored 


6 


) Vide Archæolog. noſtr. Lib. I. cap, XV. (6) Avillatelss Politic Lib. II. 
(e) Suidas, (4) Lib. il, cap, VI. (e) Thucydides de Bell, Peloperne;, 


9 Harpocration"s Zujpabonoy, 


League, 


* 


Of the Military Affairs of Greece. 69 

League, the Spartan Embaſſadors preſenting themſelves at Athens 

upon the Feſtival of Bacchus, and the Athenians at Sparta on the 
Feſtival of Hyacinthas. | | | q 

Their Manner of declaring War was to ſend an Herald, who bad 

the Perſons who had injur'd them to prepare for an Invafion, and 

ſometimes in token of Defiance caſt a Spear towards them. The 


Athenians frequently let Icoſe a Lamb into their Enemies Territo- 


Ties ; ſignifying thereby, that what was then an Habitation for Men, 
ſhould be laid waſte and deſolate, and become a Patture for Sheep (a). 
Hence 4pe wpocunnuw came to be a proverbial Phraſe for entering 
into a State of War. | | 


This was rarely done without the Advice and Encouragement of the 


Gods; the Soothſayers and all Sorts of Diviners were conſulted, the 


Oracles enrich'd with Preſents, and no Charge or Labour ſpar'd to en- 


gage Heaven (ſo they imagin'd) to their Party: Inſtances of this Kind 
are almoſt as common as the Declarations of War, which was never 
undertaken before the Gods had been conſulted about the Iſſue. Nor 
Vas the Verdict of a ſingle Deity thought ſufficient ; but in Wars of 
great Moment and Conſequence, whereon the Safety of their Country 
and Liberties depended, they had recourſe to the whole Train of pro- 
phetical Divinities, ſoliciting all with earneſt Prayers lifted up to Hea- 
ven on the Wings of coſtly Offerings and magnificent Preſents, to fa- 
vour them with whojeſome Counſz]. A remarkable Example whereof 
we have in Cræiſus, before he declar'd War againk the Per/rans ; when 
not content with the Anſwers of his own Gods, and all the cele- 


brated Oracles in Greece, in conſulting which he had laviſhly profus'd 


vaſt Quantities of Treaſure, he dijpatch'd Embaſſadors as far as 
Lybie loaden with Wealth, to aſk Advice of Jupiter Hammen (6). 
When they were reſolved to begin the War, it was cuſtomary to 
offer Sacrifices, and make large Vows to be paid upon the Succeſs 
of their Enterprize. Thus when Darius invaded Attica, Callimachus 
made a Vow to Mirerve, that if ſhe would vouchſafe the Athenians 
Victory, he would ſacrifice upon her Altars as many He-goats as 
ſhould equal the Number of the Slain among their Enemies. Nor 
was this Cuſtom pecullar to Greece, but frequently practis'd in moſt 
other Coumries: Many Inſtances occur in the Hiſtories of Rome, 
Perſia, &c. The Jeacs us'd the ſame Method to engage the Divine 
Favour, as may appear from Fephthah's Vow, when he undertook 
to be Captain over Jrael againſt tte Ammonites (c). | | 
After all thelePreparations, tho? the Poiture of Affairs appear'd ne- 
ver ſo inviting, it was held no leſs impious than dangerous to march 
againſt their Enemies, till the Seaton favour'd their Enterprize: For 
being extremely ſuperſtitious in the Obtervation of Omens and Days, 
till thoſe became fortunate, they durſt not make any Attempts upon 
their Enemies. An Eclipſe of the Moon, or any other of thoſe they 
eitecmꝰ'd unlucky Accidents, was enough to deter them trom marching : 


F 3 | © 4.65 Ad 


(a) Diogemian Collect. Prov, Suidas, &, ( Herodotus, lib. J. {c) Fudicam, 
cap. XI. v. 30. | 922 ' 15 


1 


70 Of the Military Afairs of Greece. 


And if all other Things promis'd Succeſs, yet they deferr'd their 
Expedition till one of the Days, they lo.k*'d on as fortuvate, invited 
them to it. The Athenians could not be perſu.ded to march #76; 
is, before the Seventh (a) ; which pave Cccaſion to the Proverb, 
whereby Perſons, who undertook any Buſineſs unſeaſonably, and be- 
fore the proper Time, were ſaid to do it #3 :&2v;ang (6). But the La. 
cedniomans were of all others the moſt nice and icrupulous in theic 
Ob'ervations ; their Lawgiver having commanded them to pay a 
critical and inviolate Obedience to the celeſtial Predictions, and to 
regulate all their Froceedings, as well in Civil as Military Atairs, by 
the Appearances of the Heavenly Bodies: Amongſt the reſt they were 
obliged by a particular Precept never to march befcre the Full Moon 
(5): For that Planet was believ'd to have a particular Influence upon 
their Affairs, to bleſs them with Succeſs, when 1tielf was in the Height 
of its Splendor, but till it was arriv'd there, to neglect, or ſufter 
them to be blaſted for want of Power to ſend Aſliſtance. So conſtant 
a Belief of this they had entertained, that the greateſt Neceſſity could 
not prevail upon tuem to alter their Meaſures ; for when the Athe. 
vians were like to fall into the Hands of Darius, and ſent to implore 
their Aſſiſtance, they agreed, indeed to ſend them a Supply of Men, 
but, rather than march before the Full Moon, forced them to run 
the Hazard of a deciſive Battle, and with a ſmall Force to encounter 
an hundred thouſand Medians Cd. 5 1 . 


CZ CHAP; VL, --- 
=: Of their Camps, Guards, Watches, and Military Coarſe 
1 5 of Life, 


| BY F the Form of the Grecian Camp nothing exact and conſtant can 
i | be delivered, that being not always the ſame, but vary'd, as the 
| Cuilom or Humour of diflerent States, or the Conveniencies of Place 
| aid Time requir'd. The Lacedæmoniaus, indeed, are ſaid to have 
| been preicrib'd a conſtant Method of building Towns and Encamp- 
be ing, by their I a» -giver, who thought a ſpherical Figure the beſt 
fitted tor Peſen ce (e); which was contrary to the Cuitom of the Ro- 
ans, whoſe Camps were Quadrangular z but all Forms of that Sort 
were rejected by Lycwr gs, the Angles being neither fit for Service, 
nor deſenſible, unleſs cuarded by a River, Mountain, Wal}, or ſome 
ſuch Fortification, It is farther obiervable of the Laceda@monians, that 
they frequently mov'd their Camps, being accuſtomed vigorouſly to 
proſecute all tieu Enter prizes, impatient of Delays, and tedicus Pra- 
| | | wr ___ craltinations, 


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"lay Ariſtophanis Scboliaftes Equrt. Felychigs, (b) Zenobius Cent. III. Proverb, 
LXXIX. (e) Lacianus Aſtrolog, (d.] Herod tus, Lib. VI, (e) A 
ve Repub. Laced. s 


= = P 


Of the Military Affairs of Greece. 7x 
craſtinations, and utterly averſe from paſſing their Time wichout 
Action: Wherefore the Reaſon of this being demanded of Lycurgus, 
he reply'd, ** "Twas that they might do greater Damage to their E- 
nemies (4). To which Xenophon adds a ſecond, That they might 
give more early Relief to their Friends (5).” 


Of the reſt of the Grecian Camps it may be obſerv'd, that the va- 


lianteft of the Soldiers were plac'd at the Extremities, the reſt in the 


Middle; that the Stronger might bea Guard to the Weaker, and ſuſtain 
the firſt Onſets, if the Enemy ſhould endeavour to force their Entrench- 
ments, Thus we find Achilles and Zjax poſted at the Ends of the Gre- 
cian Camp before Trey, as Bulwarks on each Side the reſt of the Prin- 
ces, Who had their "Tents in the Middle, as we learn from Homer (c). 

Tru & im OJucor®- pryarxytu vo wee, vn, 

H l £Y UiTTATW tone, VeYwvephty 2wPoTipware, 

H ey tn Alti. xaoinc Teaujwlltd20, | 

H d' en AyiAAnS- To 25 £0 Y2T0 Vcc float 

Elfuoay, nvopæ y WIT, x; #& pl: uf. 

Atrides ſtood i'th' Midſt o'th' Fleet, hard by 

Where th' high-built On Ship did lie, 

That all his Orders equally might hear, 

As far as Ajax's on one Side, as far 

As Peleus Sons o'th' other; for they were 

At each Extremity, like Fortreſſes. 


When they deſign'd to continue long in their Encampments, the 
contriv'd a Place, where Altars were erected to the Gods, and all 
Parts of Divine Service ſalemnly perform'd, In the fame Place pub- 
lic Aſſemblies were call'd together, when the General had any Thing 
to communicate to his Soldiers; and Courts of juſtice were held, 
wherein all Controverſies among the Soldiers were decided, and Cri- 
minals ſentenced to Puniſhment: Which Cuſtom was as antient as 
the Trojan War, and is mentioned by Homer Cd; 


xd vac Oduoor® S8i040 | 
Its Jew TlarroxhDr, ia oP ayepn Tis Nilig 2 
Huy, T1 On u TÞs dec eT5|1:UN4T0 of. 
Sweating to th Uly/ean Ships he came, 
Where their Aſſemblies and their Courts were held, 
And the Gods wortlipp'd. e 


When they were in danger of having their Camp attack'd, it was 


aſual to fortify it with a Trench and Rampirey or Wall, on the Sides 
whereof they erected Turrets not unhke t:ofe upon the Walls ot Cie 
ties, out of which they annoy'd their Enemies wich in ue E250n5, 


F 4 11 5 


* W 3 — 
2 — r 


(a) Plutarchus Apophthegmat. Lacenic. (6) Loco citato. (c) Ii d. G. 4222 
Item Sopbocies ax cjujque Sebohkaftes Triclinius, x. 4 (4) Had. , 306. A 


ws 


6 
EST H Art 


. 
x e EG oe 3, oat 97D Oe ets 


re r 
. 7 


* e — Ir TT. — 8 
. r STA 0m 


7⁴ Of the Military Affairs of Greece. 
"Thus the Grecians in Homer were forc'd to defend themſelves in the 
ninch Year of the Trojan War, when Achilles refus'd to aſſiſt them 


whereas till that Time they had wanted no Fortifications, but im 


mur'd the Trojans within their own Walls: The Poet has thus de- 


ſeribed their Works (a) : 


m—— Tx bes, 5 

Hupyss g d, lag vnd yre, K, *, 

Ev d evToios wy; i, 6) f., 
Op d avraw imnynMuoin do n, 
Ex rech N gab. da im aty TaAOpcr , 
Evpeiay HEYXAN, i N CKoAoTma; naTirn av. 


A thick ſubſtantial Wall of vaſt Extent 

They rais'd with Turrets, as a Muniment 

To them and th' Fleet: And, that there might a Way 
Be for their Cavalry upon Survey, . 
They ſram'd great Gates, the Wall too they intrench'd 
With Stakes infix'd. 5 | 


The manner of living in Camps depended upon the Diſpoſition of 
their Generals; fome of which allow'd their Soldiers in all Sorts of 
Exceſs and Debauchery ; others obliged them to the ſtricteſt Rules of 
'Temperarce and Sobnety ; a remarkable Inſtance whereof we have in 
Philip of Macedon, who (as Polyæuus reports) condemn'd two of his 
Soldiers to Baniſhment for noother Offence, than becauſe he had found 
them with aSinging-womanin his Camp. But the Grecian Diſcipline 
was not always 10 ſevere and rigid, as may appear from P/utarch{b), 
who tells us, that the Lacedemoniuns alone of all the Greczans had no 
Stage · players, no Juzglers, no Dancing or Stuging-women attending 
them, bac were free from all Sorts of Debauchery and Looieneſs, of 
| F rh Pomp and Foppery; the young Men when commanded nothing 
y their General, were always employ'd in ſome Exerciſe, or manly 
Study; the old were buſied in giving Inſtructions, or receiving them 
from Perſons more ſKiltul than themſelves; and their looſer Hours 
were diverted with their uſual Drollery, and rallying one another fa- 
cetiouſly after the Lacoric Faſhion : Vet their Law-giverallow'd them 
greater Liberty in the Camp chan at other Times, to invite them to 


_ Jzrve with Delight in the Wars, for, whilſt they were in the Field, 


their Exerciſes were more moderate than at Home, their Fare not (© 
hard, nor ſo ſtrict a Hand kept over them by their Governors; {3 
that they were the only People in the World, to whom War gave 
Repoſe. They were likewiſe allow'd to have coſtly Arms, and fine 
Cleaths, and frequently pertum'd themſelves, and curl'a their Hair: 
Whence we read that Ares was ftruck with Admiration, when the 
Scouts brought him Word, the Lacedemonien Guards were at (ym- 
nical Sports, and curling their Fair (%. 


It 


1 _—Yy 4 - 


{a Thad. . V. 436. (6) Cleomene, p. 810. Edit, Tar, & L,yxutgo, (e) H. rs 
adi, Lib, VII. cap, CCVI'L & CCI. a 


Cf the Military Affairs of Greete. 73 
It was alſo cuſtomary at Athens for Horſemen to nouriſh thei? 
Hair. Hence the following Words of Ariſlaphanes (a); 


N * +» 
0% „ Exuir 

72 4 / \ , * 0 
Ind geri Thy ꝗ Ef. 


And, in another Place of che ſame Poet, there is an Alluſion to this 
Practice (%): | 
Na; Gx is Tai; xh 

Tray, by | 


The Cuſtom ſeems to have been derived from the primitive Times, 


there being ſcarce any Expreſſion fo frequent in Hamer, as that of xa- 


prxopatwiles 2 3,4. Afterwards Cynecas and Phrynus, beſides ſeveral 


other Changes in the Arhenian Dicipline of Soldiers, procured a Law | 


to be enacted, which forbad them xa, «; abrooiairty t: 
nouriſh their Hair, and to live delicately (c). Fi 

Their Guards may be diitinguiſhed into fa α,u, and 
*oxrepwai: The firft were upon Duty by Day, the other by Night. 


To 


At ſeveral Hours in the Night eertain Officers, called wen, did 


Seite, or walk round the Camp, and vifit the Watch. To t 
whether any of them were afſeep, they had a little Bell, rerm'd s- 


dun, at the Sound of which the Soldiers were to antwer{d) ; Whence 


to go this Circuit was call'd zw%it, and xwowrPoprr ; 


* — 3 OP) 
KA IND OpebT Hi, DAVILY 7 
1 4 
Ohana abs HRT. 


Hence al{o »w%i7:y is uſed for wwraGw, to try, to prove (e); and 
exy/unr®- for Ae, e, untry'd, cr unprov'd %%. This Cuſtom 
furniſh'd Hraſdat with an Advantage againſt Potidæa in the Peloponnt- 
fan War; for, baving oblerv'd the Soundiug of the Bell to be over, 
he took his Opportanite, before the Bell's Return, to ſet up Ladders 
in an unguarded Place of the all, and fo enter'd the City g). 
The Lacedemoian Watch were not petmitted to have their Buck- 


lers, that, being vuable to defend themſelves, they might be more 


cautious how they tell aſleep, To Which Cuſtom J zerzes alludes in 
©1e of his Hiflorical Chiliads (b) ; 
ler re r SfLTNY/w3 (in f uri rwy TTY; 
Tyrus c ν wud: Tee Guin; wow, 
Orwe *mowyfonvoTeha Tyy CUAQX1) Wi'wr7H1, 
Kal An Lag iges RvTHH tig d EX TFE OW, 


One 


5 — 
” 3 a * FT I -— hui — 


. 1 — — 


| | 
() Nubibus, At. I. St. I. (6) Eguitibus Act. TH. Se; II. c) Ariflophaniy 
Schclafies ad Equites, (4 Sudan (6) 72 ephants Balpaxoig, . liem 


I y/ijerate, (g. 4 bucyaudes, Lib. IV. {4} Clad IX. Bit, CCOLXX Vi, 


as. a - 
do A FE WIE 


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* * 
Ine. 3 


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wee oo re RT 


Dig, 10a: 4-4 


74 _ Of the. Military Affairs of Greece. 


One of the Gen'rals once moiſt eminent 
In Stratagems and warlike Policy 
Gave out, that all the Guards ſhould march unarnm'd 
With Bucklers, to ſecure them vigilant, | 
Leſt they ſupinely negligent ſhould fleep. 


The a of the Spartan Soldiers were obliged to take their Reſt arm's, 
what they might be prepar'd for Battle upon any Alarm (2). 

Ic may be farther obſerv'd of the Sparzans, that thry kept a double 
Watch; one within their Camp, to obſerve their Allies, leſt they 
ſhould make a ſudden Defection; ; the other upon ſ me Eminence, 
ar Other Place, whence there was a good Proſpect, to watch tne Mo. 
tions of their Enemies (4). | 

How often the Guards were zeliev'd doth not appear; as neither 
whether it was done at {ct and conſtant Times, or 2ccording to the 
Commander's Pleaſure, ®vazxy indeed, which hgnthes a Walch, is 
frequently taken for the fourth Part of the Ni. Shi, anſwering to the 
" Roman Vigiliæ; as appears from ieveral Places of the. Mew Tejt ce 
ment, as well as other A:thors: But it ſeems to have th.s Sipnih- 
cation rather from the Roman. than Grecian Watches, thoſe being 
changed four Times every Night, zhat is, every third Hour, (com- 
puting the Night from Six 10 Six, or rather from Sun to Sun) for 
the Time between the two Suns was divided into twelve equal Parts, 
which were not always the ſame, like, our Hours, but greater or lels, 
according to the Sealon of the Year; and are the1WE by Altrono- 
mers terni'd unequal and Planetary Hours. oy 


CHA P. IX. 
Of SEC Battles, the Generals Haraneues, the Sac ties, 


Muſt ck, Signals, Enfigns, the Word, and Way of end- 
ing Wars by fingle Combat, & c. 


} Efore they join'd Battle, the Soldiers always refreſh'd themſelves 

with Victuals, eating and drinking plentifully: Which Cuſtom 
with its Reaſons we have largely accounted fer in Uly/ps's Pages! 
Oration to Achilles (), where he adviſes the young General by 
Means to lead out the Army faſting : 


Mud“ Org dyal! „ t, Jeorineh Axia 
Niclas i rf fr. Hues Vic AN 
TD {60,60 Tops 6, £Tt Bx N νενννν 5X4 
@unorri;, iv T' ay W 2 SN paul. :6 

| | Ard ra 


hen. Aon a 


(a) Xenophon. (5) dem. (ec) Thad, &. v. 155. 


Of the Military Affairs of Greece. 75 


Af, & d Jede muon inn Suddlipmow. 

AXAZ re caoha Ave., 2 i) 1 Axa 

Tire 9 „hole, To 76 privos i AAXN. 

Ov y@2 PILE Tp ay EL i LEALY ve le 
"Axpanyo; {iro CUMIOET EL A uf bai. 
"Exmree * YU; Soap ye prrowe o,, 

A TE Azbpy D ef bela, me Xi are, 
Ai wy * Ms paccy fErnatilas, t tx JOVveT levi. 
©: & X ang J rope Td iv; X, eowdng 
Ay92%0% 0 GUTPEVEET' O'S eunhatf oe wobshiGti, 5 
Oagcadi „ 06 HTog 75 peecn, 89s Ti i 
Tl. * b, ei unt! t wol ftote. 


Noble Achilles tho” with martial Rage OR 
Thy gen'rous Mind is fir'd thy Foes t 'engapeg 
Let not thy valiant Troops to Trey repair, 
There to ſuſtain the great Fatigues of War, 
. Before briſk Wines and Viands animate” 
Their Souls with Vigour to repel their Fate; 
That Trey to their embattled Force may yield, 
And with amazing Terror quit the Field; 
For ſuch is th' Energy of ſparkling Juice, 
With ſuch Heroick Zeal itwarms, ſuch Proweſs goth infos 3 
No Man hath Puiſſance the whole Day to fight, 
Till the Phoebean Carr brings on the Night, 
Unleſs rich Wine and whol{ome Food prepare 
His Courage for the Duſt and Din of War: 
His ſtrenuous Limbs then Marches undergo, 
And he with dauntleſs Rage aſlails the Foe; 3 
Inflaming Wine incites his Fury on, . | 
And thus he'll venture eil the Battle 5 won. J. A. 


2 


We are told alſo by Livy, that the Romanrthought this a Preparative 
abſolutely Neceffary, and never 0taitted it before Engagements (a). 
This done, the Commanders marſkall'd the Army in order to an 
Engagement: In which Art the Grecians were far inferior to the 
Romans ; for drawing up their whole Army, as it were, into one 
Front, they truſted the Succeſs of the Day to a ſingle Force; where- 
as the Remans, ranging their Haftati, Principes, and Triaell in 
dittin& Bodies behind one another, were able, after the Defeat of 
their firſt Body, twice to renew the Battle, and could not be en- 


tirely routed till they had loſt three ſeveral Victories. Vet ſome- 


| thing not unlike this we find practiſed as long ſince as the Trojan 


VV "ar, where old Mater! is {aid to have placed a Body of Horſe in the 
| | | Fr ront ; 


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— 


A 
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r 


755 / the Military Aﬀtirs of Gteect. 
Front; behind theſe the moſt infirm of the Foot, and laſt of all, 
ſuch of them as ſurpaſs'd the reſt in Strength and Valour (a): 


Iro nag pr mpar2 (ts I H ND, 

Ilge, & iforibir CTyriy wog Te, x ich, 
"Epx®- du πνννẽ,ö . xaxc; d ig wicoor iAzoom, 
Opp x, d ib Tic ro: yuan WAN, 


 Neftor the Horſe plac'd firft in all the Hoſt. 

I ch' Rear the Iafantry maintain their Poſt, 

Such as he had detach'd.trom all the reſt, _ 
For Courage, Hardſhip, and for Suength the beft : 
And, to tie End that none ſhould run away, 

F th' midſt of all were order'd in Array | 
The Rude, 'th' Infirm, the Inexpert.— Fe th © 


F 


Where tho? ſome interpret rd @fwrw and xd bie of the right and 


left Wings, and others ſeveral other Ways, yet the moſt natural 
and genuine Senſe of the Poet ſeems to be, that they were drawn 


At this Time the General made an Oration to his Soldiers, where- 
in, with all the Motives ſuitable on ſuch Occaſions, he exhorted 
them to exert their utmoſt Force and Vigour againſt the Enemy: 


And ſo wonderful was the Succeſs that attended theſe Performances, 
that many Times, when Affairs weie in a declining and almoſt de- 


fperate Condition, the Soldiers, animated with freſh Life and Cou- 
rage, have inſtantly retriev'd them, and repuls'd thoſe very Enemies, 
by whom themſelves had before been defeated : Several of theie 
Inſtances may be ſound in the Grecian and Roman Hiſtories, few of 
which are more remar able than that of Tyriæus the lame Aibenian 


Poet, to whom the Command of the Spartan Army was given by 


the Advice of an Oracle in one of the Meqtnian Wars. Ihe Spar- 
tans had at that Time ſuicer'd great Loſſes in many Encounters, and 


All their Stratagems prov'd ineffeQual, ſo that they began to deſpair 


almoſt of Succeſs, when the Poet by his Lectures of Honour and 
Courage, delivered in moving Verſe to the Army, raviſh'd them to 
ſuch a Degree with the Thoughts of dying for their Country, that, 
ruſhing on with a furious Tranſport to meet their Enemies, they 
gave them an entire Over-throw, and by one deciſive Battle put an 
happy Concluſion to the War (c). | 
Before they adventur'd to join their Enemies, they endeavour'd 
by Prayers, Sacrifices, and Vows, to engage Heaven to their Affi, 
tance, and ſung an Hymn to Mars, call'd waizs yoal;p- ; as that. 
fung to Apollo after a proſperous Batile, was term'd mwaizy inwict 
{d). „ | 

Ihe 


”—_— * 
9 - 


—__ 


(a) Liad. “. v. 227. (6) Plutarchus, lib. de Hemero, (c) Pauſumas Meſſeniacis, 
Diadarui Sie, Lib, XV. Zuftin, Lib. III. ( Thucyd, Scbi!, Lav. I. Ec. | 


Of the Military Affairs of Greece. 77 
The Lacedæmonians had a peculiar Cuſtom of ſacrificing to the 
Mies; which was either deſign'd to ſoften and mollify their paſſionate 
Tranſports, it being their Cuſtom to enter the Battle calm and ſedate 
(a); or to animate them to perform noble and heroical Exploits de- 
jerving to be tranſmitted by thoſe Goddeſſes to Poſterity (5.). The 
Soothiayers inſpected all the Sacrifices to preſage the Succeſs of the 
Battle; and, till the Omens prov'd favourable, they rather chofe 
tamely to reſign their Lives to the Enemy, than to defend themſelves. 
The Spartans eſpectally were above meaſure addicted to this Super- 
ſtition: For in the famous Battle at Platææ, when Mardonius the 
Perſian General had fallen upon the Grecians, Pauſanias the Sparian, 
who at that Time commanded the Grecian Army, offering Sacrifice, 
tound it not acceptable to the Gods, and ther-upon commanded his 
Laced.emoniazs, lay ing down their Bucklers at their Feet, paticntly 
to abide his Commands: The Prieſts offer'd one Sacrifice after ano- 
ther, but all without Succeſs, the Barbarians all the Time charging 
upon them, and wounding and ſlaying them in their Ranks; till at 
length Pau/anias turning himſelf towards the Temple, with Hands 
lifted up to Heaven, and Tears in his Eyes, beſought June of Ci- 


iheron, and the reſt of the tutelar Deities of the Platæans, that, if 


the Fates would not favour the Ereciaas with Victo y, they would 
grant at leaft, that by ſome remarkable Exploit they might demon- 
irate to their Euemies, that they waged War with Men of true 
Courage and Bravery. 'Thefe Prayers were no ſooner finiſhed, when 
the Sacrifices appearing prapitious, the Signal was given, and they 
ell with tuch-Kceſolution upon the Perfiars, that in a ſhort Tine 
they entirely defeated their whole Army (c). | 
Their Signals are commonly divided into (e, and Cycle, 
vhich Words ſometimes, indeed are us'd promiſcuouſly, but in 
Propriety of Speech are diftinguiſh'd. 
DoS, were of two Kinds, either Qwrixa, Or sfr, f. e. pro- 
nounced by the Mouth, or viſible to the Eye: The fr{ term'd 
(vr Ha , the latter wo u. | | 
Euiinwz, in Latin Teffera, or the Word, communicated by the 
General to the ſubordinate Officers by them to the whole Army, as a 
Murk of PDiſtinction to know Friends from Enemies fa. It common- 
ly contain'd ſome good Omen, or the Name of ſome Deity worſhip- 
ped by their Country, or General, and from whom they expected 
Saccels in their Enterprizes. Cyrus, for Example, us'd Zig (vpmar 
O, nine, or orn. (e); Ceſar, Venus, genitrix (/; Auguſtus, Apollo 
C2) Bat this Cuſtom often prov'd of tatal and pernicious Conſe- 
quence z for by frequeutly queſtioning one another they bred Con- 
tifion among themſelves, and (which was no leſs dangerous) 
diſcovered che Ford to the Enemies: As we find happening in the 
Fight between, the A.benians and the Sracuſfans, ſpoken of by Thu- 
eydides (%). It became ligewiſe the Occaſion of ſeveral miſchievous 
Stratageme, one ot which we find practis'd by an Arcadian Captain 


in 
4) Plutarch ui Te! alepvibrgialg 5 lam, Lycurge. 1 [dem. Avifttde. 
4) Gleſſographe, (e) Xenophir Kupevrerd, Lib. vit. / Apriones, Bell. Civil. 


Lid, II. (g Fauriut Maximus, Lib. I cap. Vo (, Lib, VII. 


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78 Of the Military Afairs of Greece. 
in a War with Lacedæmon; when engaging in the Night all the 
Tefjera he gave his Soldiers was, That they ſhould forthwith kill who- 
ever demanded the Word ; whereby they eaſily diſtinguiſh'd and flew 
the Spartans, themſelves being undiſcover'd, and therefore ſecure (a). 

Ha pœiibnaa was a viſible Character of Diſtinction, as nodding 
their Heads, waving their Hands, claſhing their Weapons, or ſuch 
like (5). | | „5 Erb Soak 

Empeiz were Enſigns, or Flags, the Elevation whereof was a Sig- 
nal to join Battle, the Depreſſion to deſiſt (c). Of theſe there were 


” 


different $.rts, ſeveral of which were adorn'd with lmages of Ani- 


mals, or other Things bearing peculiar Relations to the Cities they 
belong'd to; the Atheniaus, for Inſtance, bore an Owl in their En- 
ſigns (4, as being ſacred to Minerva, the Protectreſs of their City: 
The T hebans a Sphinx (e), in Memory of the famous Monſter over 
come by Oeadipus + The Perfians paid Divine Honours to the Sun, 


and therefore repreſented him 19/the'r Enſigns . > 


The (nue was frequently a Purple Coat upon the Top of a 
Spear, as appears from Conon's in Polyenus, and Cleomene;'s in Plu- 
tar Nor was it uncommon to uſe other Colours, Po/ybins, ſpeal- 
ing of the Fight between Anligonus and Cleomenes (g), tells us, 
That the ///yr:ans, having Orders to begin the Battle, were to re- 
« ceive a Signal by a white Flag, that ſhould be ſpr:ad from the 
e neareſt Poſt to O/p1Mpus : But the Signal to be given to the Megalo- 


e politans and the Cavalry, was a Purple Coat, which was to be 


« advanced in the Air, where Ant1gonus himſelf was poſted,” 
The antient Grecian Signals were lighted Torches thrown from 
both Armies by Men call'd v2; or mv;oP5ro, who were Prieſts of 


Mars, and therefore held inviolable ; and, having caſt their Torches, 


had fafe Regreis (%): Wheace of Battles fought with Tranſport of 
Fury, wherein no (Quarter was given, 1t was uljual to iay, 80 3 WD ονν 


po. icdbn, i. e. Not 0 much as a T-rch.bearer c caped. To this 
Cuſtom there are frequent Alluſions in Gree# and Latin Poets ; Lycn- 


pbron, ſpcaking of the Phenicians, who by ſtcaling Io began the 
Quarrel between Europe aud Alla, ſaith, 1 ; 
Ex bp o wo pcs nreipoig NM ic (i). 


They rais'd envenom'd Diſcord, who then aok 
Her baleful Torch within two Continents, 


Hence alſo Statizs (4) ; 


Prima manu rutilam de wertice Lariſſæo 


Oftendit Bellona facem, 


Bellona firſt from the Lariſſæan Tow'r „„ 
Shakes the dire Torch. — Claudia 


A 
2 


— — 


a) Polyænus, Lib. I. (4) Oncfander Strateg, cap. XXVI. (c) Suides, Thu- 
dides Schol. Lib. 1. (4) Plutarchus Lyjandro (e) Idem, Feloßide, Correlit: 
Neo Epaminonda, (f) Curitus, Lib. III. (x) Fine, Lib II. (6) Euripides 
ele, e Phan, Lyraphront, Seidl ten x. 250, aliique fue. () Cd 
v. 1293. {k) Thebard. IV. v. 5. | — 


Of the Military Affairs of Greece. 79 


Claudian likewiſe, with others, whom I ſhall forbear to mention, 
takes notice of this Cuſtom (4); | 


Tiftphone guatiers infelo lumine pinum, 
Armatos ad caftra woca! pallentia manes. 
Ti/iphone ſummons the Ghoſts t appear, 
Shaking a livid Flame as Signal of the War, 


Theſe being laid afide, Shells of Fiſhes ſucceeded, which they 
ſgunded in the manner of Trumpet: 5, Which in thoſe Days were not 
invented (6). Hence { heognis's Riddle may _ be interpreted, 


Hon 9 7 U A ν,e SN. O. KA. vt fs, 
# cure f OP! ab: be- ( reha rt 


A Sea- [nhabilant W. th living Mouth 
Spoke to me to go tome, tho* dead it was, 


Triton's Shell- Trumpet is famous i in Poetical N Whence Ovid 
peaking of Neptune (c), | 


ſupraque profunaun 17 

Fata autem, alque humercs inhalt murice tectum 
Coeruleum I litona wat, concſcgue ſonaci 
Injjirare jubet b Puauſyue & I fumina ſi gh⁰ 

Jam revecare dato, cava ucygna jumirur wh 
Tortilis, in latum que turbine cręſcit ab imo. 


Alreudy 7 reton at his Call appears 

Above the Waves, a Tyrian R be he wears, 

And in his Hand a crooked 'Irumpet bears. 

The Sovereign bids him peaceful Sounds inſpire, 

And give the Waves che Signal to retire : 

His writhen Shell he takes, whoſe narrow Vent 

Grows by degrees into 2 large Extent, | 
| Mr. Dryden. 


And moſt of the Poets mention this Cuſtom in their Deſeription of 


the primitive Wars; Whence Theeccrit.s in nis Pcein about the 


LASING of Caſtor and : Palins Ad), 


1 Aung, * 20 T0 ! 5 UZATE, 9 rohan, 
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Koda Sl: O., 4e Beefuxe5 ,.. 


This ſaid, Amycus did his Trumpet ſound, 
The Valleys rung, and echo'd all around. 'Thro' 


(2) De Raptu Priferping, Lib. I. (6) Tzetze in Lycopbron. v. 2 8 
51 K . morgh. Lib. 74) 14/1. , v. 71 0 


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Of the Military Aﬀairs of Greece. 
Thro' every diſtant Field the Noiſe was heard, 
And Clock of ſtout Bebtjciant ſoon appear d. Mr. Creeeb, 


Lycephron alſo, ſpeaking of the Trajan War (a), 


Kai Jy xalail yait inn; Arc, 
Te pot To aipatypiy tt agy,ur eu. 


Great Mars, that nimble God of War, 
Invigorates the Youth by Sound of Shell 
Twining and carcling into various Rounds ; 


Thus was the Land laid waſte, thus rag'd the fiety God, 


Where tho' the Scholiaft falls foul upon the Poet for introducing 
Shells at a Time when Trumpets were in uſe, which he tells us may 


1 2 
be made appear from Homer; yet herein he ſeems to be too audici- 


dus, it being obſervable (4), that, tho? Homer mentions Trumpets, 
yet they never make any Part of the Deſcription of his heroica} 
Battles, but only furniſh him with a Sim/e, or Alluſion; as happens 


in the Place cited by T xe (c), 


Nc d an” fi Curr, rs T l CANT YG, 
Aru f ννðW dt vio SU pofarFiws 
Q; r afiGnin ν yur Aid gue. 


When Foes encamp'd around a City lie, 

And wait Surrender fram the Enemy, 5 
Great Fear runs thrilling thro” their Breaſt within 
The Walls, when echoing Trumpets do begin; 
Such was Achilles“ Voice, ſuch Dread appear'd | 
In all the Dardan Hoſt, twas ſo diſtinctly heard. . 7. 

Whence it may be preſum'd, that Trumpets were indeed uſed in He. 

mer's Time, being then only a late Invention, and not fo antient as the. 

Troyan War, as the old Scheliaft hath allo oblerv'd C,, Virgil indeed 

appears to give ſome Countenance to Tzetges's Opinion, when he 
peaks of Miſenus, whom he makes to have ſerv'd Hector in the 7 ryan 

War, and afterwards /Znens, in the Othce of a Trumpeter (e); 


illi Miſenum in littore ficco, 

Ut venere, vident indigna morie peremptum; 

Miſenam Moliden, guc non præſtantlor aller 
Are ciere wires, Martemque accendere cantus: 
Hectoris hic magni fuerat comes; Hectora circum. 
Et litus pugnas in/ignis obibat & haſta. : 
| | # Pofguan 


— — - 
i A N * 


(e) Dad, d. v. 219: 


7 (1) Exbatbi hed. ©: 
(4) - | (e) AM, neid, VI. V, 163, | 


Had. 6. Ve 219. Lad. 15 „ 388. 


Of the Military Affairs of Greece. 81 


Poſguam illum victor vita ſpoliavit Achilles, 
Dardanio Eneæ /e/e fortiſſimus heros 
 Adaiderat ſocium, non inferiora ſecutus. 


As ſoon as they approach'd, they ſp'd their Friend 
Miſenus, dead by ſome untimely End, 

The brave Miſenus, above all renown'd 5 

To make with ſwelling Notes the chearful Trumpets ſound, 

New Vigour would encourage on the War, 

Whene'er his Trumpet eccho'd from afar. | 
He was th' illuſtrious Hector's Intimate, | 
The Ranks he'd traverſe in Heroic State, | { 
With Spear he'd exerciſe, with Trumpet animate ; 

But when Achilles Hector overcame, : 
And flew him in the Ficld, as great a Name 

H' atchiev'd by cleaving to ÆEntas Side, 

A Prince for's Proweſs no leſs dignify d. . 


But here the Brazen Trumpet and Lituus are taken from the Practice 
of the Poet's own Age, by a Figure familiar to Men of his Profeſſion ; 


for Miſenus was never acquainted with ſo rare a Contrivance; and 
though we find him fo proud of his Art, as to challenge the Gods of 
the Sea, yet 'twas not to a Contention on the Trumpet, but on a 


Shell, the Inſtrument us'd by theſe Deities : Whence the ſame Poet, 
who may be ſuppos'd to be the beſt Interpreter of his own Words, 


ſpeaks thus in the Verſes immediately following: 


Sid tum forte, cava dum perſonat &quora conche 
Demens, & cantu vocat in certamina Divos, 
mulus exceptum Triton, i credere dignum eff, 
Inter ſaxa wvirum ſpumoſa immerſerat unda. 


But whilſt the Sez- God proudly he defy'd, 
Sounding a Writhen Shell by th' Ocean's Side, 
As his due Fate for his ambitious Sound, 
Him, if Report deceive not, Triton drowr'd. 


Nevertheleſs, in the moſt Eaſtern Countries Trumpets were us'd 
ſeveral Ages before. They are ſeveral Times mention'd in the Sa- 


cred Hiſtory of the Jews, whoſe Pircſts Office it was to found the 


Alarm upon that Inſtrument (a). 1 | 
There were fix ſeveral Sorts of Trumpets (3), which have occa- 
froned the Diſagreement in ancient Writers concerning the firſt Au- 


thors of the Invention; it being common ſor them to a{cribe to the 


inventor of any one Sort the Honour of the firſt Contrivance. 
Vor, IL G 1. The 


e ** 


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82 Of the Military Aﬀairs of Greece. 

1. The firſt Trumpet was contriv'd by Minerwa, the common Mo. 
ther and Patroneſs of almoſt all Arts and uſeful Inventions ; W hence 
ſhe was honour'd with the Title of Taue, mention'd in Lic 
phron (a). | Te reg | 

| An wap drxgay apt td RN 
da eᷣ mnt 


Under this Name the was worſhipp'd in a Temple dedicated to he: 
at Argos (6) But Paiſhnias is rather of Opinion, that this Trumpe: 
was the Invention of one of Hercules's Sons, called Tyrrhenus, whole 
Son Hegelaus (having communicated it to a. Party of Dorlant, the 
Subjects of 7 emenus) in Memory of che Invention, andoutof Gratitude 
to the Goddeſs for her Aſſiſtance therein, gave her this Sitname (c). 

2. The ſecond was the Egyptian Trumpet, call'd yan, Oſiri, 
Contrivance : It was round, and us'd at Sacrifices to call the Con- 
gregation together C4). | LITE | 
Z. The third was invented in Gallia Cellica, where it was term'd 
x26.v2: It gavea very ſhrill Saund, but was not very large: Itwa: 
caſt in a Mould, and had its Mouth adorn'd with the Figure of ſome 
Animal. They had a Pipe of Lead, thro' which they blew into the 
Trumpet when they founded. * 

4. The fourth was firſt us'd in Paphlagonia, and call'd Bt, &, from 
Bz-, or the Figure of an Ox upon it's proper Orifice; it had a deep 
Baſs Sound, 15 F 5 
5. The fifth was invented in Media, had alfo a deep Note, and 
founded by the Help of a Pipe compos'd of Reeds, 5 

6. The ſixth was call'd Pa Togdnin, becauſe invented by 
the Tyrrhenians, from whom it was communicated to the Greczans by 
one Archondas, who came to aſſiſt the Heraclidæ, or Poſterity of Iller 
cies (e). Others attribute the firſt Contrivance of it to Tyrrhenus, Her + 
cules's Son . It's Orthce was cleft, and ſent forth an exceeding 
loud and thrill Sound, not unlike the Phrygian Flute; whence it be- 
came of all the reſt the moſt proper for Engagements: Cet, in 5-- 
phocles compares it to the Goddeſs Minerwa's Voice (g/. 

Q @b:9m Ad ih rν £14.94 Sewn, 

N rig Tg x r - 1 5 3s, 

Gn Aανν, 5 S ανννν Of 

XN Xo) - 0 Too nmr. 

How clear, Minerva, and diſtin& thy Voice, 
Thou, whom J reverence above the reſt | 
Of Deities, who croud th* Etherial Court; 
Thy Voice [ know, and perfectly retain, 
Altho? thou art unleen, as if I'd heard 


þ * as. a. 


"IS len ethers. 
w— 


(a) Caſſandra v. 915. () Hiſychius, Phaworinus, Euftathivs, loc. eit. (c) Pa. 
nia Chorinthiacdis, Vide Commentarium noſtrum in Lyrophron. v. 915. (<4) E 
thius loc. citat, Idem deinceps videndus. (e) Sopheclis Schiitaftes Ajace, v. 17 


S:udei Diodorus Sic lus, Lib, v. (/) Hyg ines, Fab. 274. e. Ahace, v. 16, 


Of the Military Affairs of Greece. 83 


The Tyrrhene Trumpet, whoſe continuing Sound 
Leaves an Impreſſion of its echoing Notes, J. A. 


Where the Scholiaff obſerves, that Minerwa's Voice is reſembled to 
the Tyrrhene Trumpet, becauſe it was eaſily known by reaſon of it's 


Loudneſs, as that Trumpet excell'd all others, and was at the firſt 


2 eaſy to be diſtinguiſh'd from them, ' | 
Theſe were the moſt common and remarkable Sorts of Trumpets ; 
others may perhaps now and then occur in Authors ; ſuch as the Ly- 
ian mention'd by Suidas, and one of Sophocles's Schelinfts (a), but 
ſeem to be of leſs Note, and not ſo frequently us'd. 


Several other Inſtruments were us'd in ſounding Alarms; the ov. 


ei, or Pipe in Arcadia; the wneri; ſometimes term'd Kaj in 
Sicily (6). The Cretans were call'd to Battle by the Sound of avi, 
or Flutes (c); as others, of Citharæ, Lutes or viols {4) ; but, as moſt 


of the ancient Writers afſfirin, of Lyræ, or Harps (e), which, Plu- 


tarch tells us, were not laid aſide for many Apes (//: The Perſon 
that ſounded the Alarm, the Cretans call'd I., and others term'd 
him ICvxTyp g, from a Sort of Trumpet call'd 13. | | 
The Lacedæmoniaus are particularly remarkable for beginning their 
Engagements with a Concert of Flutes (4) ; the Reaſon of which Prac- 
tice being demanded of Ageſlaus, he reply'd, ** That it was to diſtin- 
de puiſh Cowards 3” ſuch being unable, by reaſon of their Conſterna- 
tion, to keep Time with their Feet to the Muſick, as was their Cuſtom, 
This Anſwer is indeed facetious, and not wholly without Truth; yet 
ſeems not fully to comprehend the Deſign of this Cuſtom. Valerius 
Maximus is yet farther from the Truth, and ſtands in direct Oppoſition 
to it, when he ſuppoſes 1: intended to raiſe the Courage of the Soldiers, 
that they might begin the Onſet with greater Violence and Fury; for 
Thucydides, with whom the reſt of the ancient Hiſtorians agree, aſ- 


ſures us, that the Deſign of it was rather to render them cool and ſe- 


date, Trumpets and other Inſtruments being more proper to inſpire 
with Heat and Rage; but theſe Paſſions they thought rather apt to 


beget Diſorder and Confuſion, than to produce any noble and me- 


morable Actions; Valour being not the Eflect of a ſudden and va- 
niſhing Tranſport, but proceeding from a ſcttled and habitual Firm- 
neſs and Conſtancy of Mind: Wheretere they eadeavour'd not with 


Noiſe and Haſte, but with compos'd Minds and ſettled Countenan- 


ces, to advance in a majeſtick aud delib:rate Pace towards their Ene- 
mies. The Manner of it is deſcrib'd by Plutarch (i), who tells us, 
That the Army being drawn up in Battle-Ar:ay, and the Enemy 

| G 2 | «© near, 


F2 — 


1 * 5 — 


hy 


(a) Loco citato, (5) Clemens Pædag. Lib. II. cap. IV. (c) Pelybius, lib. IV. 
d) A. Gellius, lib. I. cap. XI. Martianus Capella. lib. XI. (e) Clemens loc. citat. 
Aitbenæus, lib. XII. & XIV. Eujtath. ad Thad. F. (f) Lib. de M.ſica. (g) He- 
ſychins, (Y) Iidem Auctores, qui de Cyctenſibus citantur, item Aenothon Naim t 
Tyrins Diſſert. XII. & XXI. Quintilian lib. I. cap. XVI. Tbucydidet, lib. V. Vaiormus 
Maxi nus, lib. II. cap. VI. Lid. de Saltatione, & alii paſſim. (.) Lycurgo, 


8 


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4 Of the Military Aﬀairs of Greece! 


« near the King ſacrificed 4 She-goat, and at the ſame Time com- 
« manded the Soldiers to adorn their Heads with Garlands, and the 
ce Fluters to play Kayogtor He-, the Tune of Caſtor's Hymn; and 
<« himſelf, advancing forward, begun the ipuCaing®- wan, or A- 
* larm : So that it was at once a delightful and terrible Sight to ſee 
them march on, keeping Pace to the Tune of their Flutes, with- 
© out ever troubling their Order, or confounding their Ranks, their 
% Muſick leading them into Danger chearful wy, unconcern'd. For 
* (proceeds my Author) Men thus diſpos'd were not likely to be 
«© poſſeſs'd with Fear, or tranſported with Fury; but they pro- 
« ceeded with a deliberate Valour, full of Hope and good Aſſurance, 
„ as if ſome Divinity had ſenſibly aſſiſted them.“ Maximus the 
Tyrian attributes to this Method thoſe great Succeſſes and numerous 
Victories, that have render'd the Spartan Name famous in all ſuc- 
ceeding Ages; but it ſeems peculiarly calculated and adapted to 
the Diſcipline and Temper of that State; and ſcarce to be imitated, 
till the old Lacedæmonian Reſolution and unparallel'd Firmneſs o! 
Mind thall be recall'd. 5 5 ; | | 
I' he reſt of the Grecians advanc'd with eager Haſte and Fury, and 
in the Beginning of their Onſet gave a general Shout to encourage 
and animate themſelves, and rike Terror into their Enemies: This 
was call'd a\zAzywo:, from the Soldiers repeating «aA. Suidas makes 
them to have cry'd alſo iXia:v. The firſt Author of it was Pan, Ba- 
chus's Lieutenant General in his Indian Expedition; where, being en- 
compaſs'd in a Valley with an Army of Enemies far ſuperior to thein | 
in Number, he advis'd the God to order his Men in the Night to | 
give a general Shout, which ſo ſurprized the oppoſite Army, thai 
they immediately fled to their Camp: Whence it came to paſs, that 
all ſudden Fears impreſs'd upon Mens Spirits without any juſt Rca- 
ſon, were call'd by the Greets and Romans, Panick Terrors (a). | 
This Cuſtom ſeems to have been us'd by almoſt all Nations, bai- | 
barous as well as civil; and is mention'd by all Writers that treat oß 
Martial Affairs: Homer has oblig'd us with ſeveral elegant Deſcrip- | 
tions of it, too numerous to be inſerted in this Place: I ſhall how- 
ever give you one out of the fourth 7/iad (6), where he reſemble: 
the Military Noiſe to Torrents, rolling with impetuous Force from 
Mountains into the ſubjacent Vallies: | 19 


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Of the Military Affairs of Greece, 15 
Into the Vales with mighty Floods they pour, 
Fraught with Deſtruction and an hideous Roar: 


Thus fled, thus poſted all the Trgan Kout 
In eager Flight with diſmal Noiſe and Shout. J. 4. 


Some may infer from the Beginning of Homer's third Iiad, that this 
Noiſe was only a barbarous Cuſtom ; praQtis'd indeed by the Trojans, 
bat laught at by the more civiliz'd Grecians (a). 


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| As, when the nipping Winter's Seafon's paſt, 

Too a Pygmean Combat Cranes make haſte, 
| In chearful Flights they blacken from afar 
1 The Clouds, and gladly meditate a War; 
| With Noiſe and Clangor cagerly they fly: 
1 | Such were the clam'rous Shouts of th' 7 rgjan Enemy, 
Silent and wiſe the Argian Legions move, - a j 
Fix'd and united by a mutual Love, Þ} 
Auxiliary Aid reſoly'd to ſhow, | | | l 
If an impending Loſs came threat'ning from the Foe. J. A. 


3 


But this is only to be underſtood of their March; as appears likewiſe ' 
| from another Paſſage in the fourth Iliad, where the Poet has admira- 
bly repreſented the Order and regular March of the Grecians, with 
the Confuſion and diſorderly Motion of the Barbarians (5) . 
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86 Of the Military Affairs of Greece. 


AGnxis POT ETTTETS axyoxou wma wprov 
N; T @MxAnTY ck Fpato fugyy op- 
With ſtern and awful Viſage Chiefs bear Sway, 
While all their Forces filently obey :__ 
In thick Battalions they march along : | 
But who wou'd think that ſuch a num'rous Throng 

Shou'd fill the Plains, and ſcarce e'er uſe a Tongue; 
Such pow'rfu! Chiefs the Grecian Heroes were, 
Thus did their Conduct gracefully appear: 

And thus they march; their burniſh'd Arms afar 
Diſplay the Luſtre of a future War. 5 
Not in ſuch State advanc'd the Trojan Rout, ; 
With thund'ring Peals of Noiſe Wh pompous Shout 
A Tumult they did raiſe, and th' Air did rend. | 
Thus, when a Swain large Flocks of Ewes hath penn'd, 
To milk their burthen'd Dugs, they doleful bleat 
Hearing their Lambkins bleating for the Teat. J. A. 


Where 'tis manifeſt he only ſpeaks of their March, becaufe a few 


Verſes after, where he comes to deſcribe the Engagement of the two 
Armies, he does it in the Words before cited; and in all other Pla- 


ces he mentions the great Noiſe and Clamour of both Parties in their 


Encounters. Thus in the ſixteenth [had he ſpeaks of Achilles 
Myrmiders (a), . 


„ „ 8 ok . 

Ey d' erxeonv T power or αννννẽ, cu by ne: 
4 , "-; 1 * . BE _ 
Te d Ny Ko: wen ts OUNCAYTWY UT AXA. 


The Grecians preſs o' thi Trojans with a Noiſe, 
The Ships reflect the Echo of their Voice. 


And a little before (3) 5 


Ex iv EY E0vToy 900 F dere. cpr. | 
They throng out of their Ships with joyful Shout. 
Nay ſo neceſſary, and almoſt eſſential, was this Shour to a Battle, that 


pb %, airy, and Boy, are us'd by the Poet as equivalent 'Terms for 
lan: And when he commends his Heroes for being By wya9:, 


he often means no more than pam wys9.}, excellent Warriors. 


"Twas allo one Part of a good Soldier's and Commander's Character, 
to have a ſtrong Voice, not only becauſe it was the Cuſtom to ſignify 


their Orders by Word of Mouth before Trumpets were invented, but 


for the Terror wherewith it ſurpriz'd and aſtoniſh'd their Enemies (c): 
Inſtances of this Nature are very frequent in Homer, where Hector, 


Achilles, 


(#) V. 279. (5) V. 267. | (c) Euhath, Had. 8. no 187. : Tliad, 7. p- 
303. Had. N, p. 759, &c, Ed. Faſll. e Pol 


** 


Of the Military Afairs of Greece. 87 


Achilles, and ſeveral others ſtrike a Conſternation into the adverſe 
Party with a Shout: And later Authors give this good Quality it's 
peculiar Commendation ; Plutarch in particular, in his Character of 
Martius Cariolanus the Roman General, obſerves, that he was not only 
dreadful to meet in the Field by reaſon of his Hand and Stroke, but 
(hat he tells us Cato requir'd in an accompliſh'd Warrior) in/up- 
portable ie an Enemy for the very Tone and Accent of his Voice, and the 
ole Terror of bis Ajpedt. 3 | 
In the heroical Wars the Generals fought at the Head of their Ar- 
mies, as appears in all Homer's Baitles : Whence they are frequently 
term'd WP9pe 7 vi, and WECjhny becauſe they did Wen Y ite 0 eee, 
fight before their Armies: Thus when he led up the T (a) 


Two): [vir ννẽHl4K.˙ AMi&4100- Iecentny te 
At th' Head o th' Trojans God like Paris fought. 


And when Achilles ſends out his Soldiers to defend the Grecian Ships, 
having allotted to the reſt of his Officers their ſeveral Potts, he places 


Patroclus and Automedon, as chief Commanders before the Front (6): 


Harro N hr]. 0 ave vupooio3cv, 
\ g 5 „ 1 
IIarpox N de TL % AvT:pif ot, £/% VSUpUY EXOTE' 
I;codw Mvgpidarur wiper Ceriiys 


Before the reſt two well-arm'd Chiefs appear'd, 
Patroclus and Autamedsa, prepar'd Es 
With equal Courage to begin the Fight 
At the Head o' th' Myrmidons. 


To heap up more Inſtances in a Thing ſo well known, would be to 
no Purpoſe. In wiſer Ages this Practice was laid aſide, and Generals, 
conſidering how much the Event of the Battle depended upon che 
Preſervation of their Perions, uſually choſe ſafer Poſts, and were more 
cautious how they adventur'd themſelves into Danger. 

The Retreat, and other Commands, ſeem uſualiy to have been 
ſounded upon the ſame luſtrument wherewith the Alarm was given: 
Vet in thoſe Places where the Alarm was founded by ſoft and gentle 


Muſick, the Retreat and other Orders we find ſometimes ſignfy'd 


upon louder Inſtruments: Which may be obſerv'd of the Lacedæmoni- 
ans, who feem to have us'd Trumpets, in fignifying the General's Or- 
ders, as appears fromPe/y6bius(c),who reports that Cleomenes command- 
ed a Party of his Army to change their Potts by Sound of Trumpet. 
The Lacedamonians, when their Enemies fled out of the Field, were 
not allow 'd to proſecute their Victory, or make long and eager Pur- 


Gs: Ro EE 


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88 Of the Military Aﬀairs ef Greece. 


ſuits after them (a): While they made Oppoſition, and were able to 
fight for Maſtery, they contended with invincible Courage and Reſo- 
lution to bear them down; but when they ceas'd to make Reſiſtance, 
and yielded the Day, they gave them Liberty to provide for their 
Safety by Flight, purſuing them only a very ſhort Space, and that 
by flow and eaſy Paces ; Ihe Reaſon of which Cuſtom Pau/anias (6) 
accounts for, from their ftr:& and inviolate Obſeryance of Order and 
Diſcipline, which made them rather chuſe to let their Enemies ef. 
cape, than by breaking their Ranks to overtake them. Plutarch”: 
Relation ſeems alſo rational, and well ſuited to the old Spartan Tem- 
per; That the SHartant, having routed an Enemy, purſued him 
„till they had compleated their Victory, and then ſounded a Re- 
6 treat; thinking it baſe, and unworthy of true Grecians, to cut 
„Men in Pieces that had ceas'd from reſiſting them, and left them 
« the Field: Which Manner of Dealing with thoſe they had con- 
4 quer'd, did not only ſnew their Magnanimity and Greatneſs of 


* Soul, but had a politick End in it too: For their Enemies, know- 


* ing that they kill'd only thoſe who made Reſiſtance, and pave 
«© Quarter to the reſt, generally thought it their beſt Way to con- 
« ſult their Safety by an early Flight (c).“ 25 | 


One Thing farther remains before the Concluſion of this Chapter, 
wiz. That it was frequent amongſt the ancient Grecians to put their 


Cauſe upon the Iſſue of a ſingle Combat, and te decide their Quarre!s 
by two, or more Champions on each Side; and their Kings and 
great Commanders were ſo eager in their Purſuit after Glory, and 
{o tender of the Lives of their Subjects, that they frequently ſent 
Challenges to their Rival Princes, to end their Quarrel by a ſingle 
Encounter, that by the Death of one of them they might prevent 
the Effuſion of more Blood. Remarkable Inſtances hereof we have 
in Xanthus, King of Bæotia, who, challenging the King of Attica, 
was ſlain by him, and ſo ended a dangerous War between thoſe 


States Ca); and in Pittacus the famous Mitylenian, who ſlew PHryno 


the Athenian General in a ſingle Combat. Ancient Hiſtories are full 


of ſuch Examples, as likewite of Wars happily concluded by a ſmall | 


Number commiſſion'd by mutual Agreement to decide the Contro- 
verſy: The Lacedæmonians furniſh us with one memorable Inſtance 
in their Wars with Argos about the Title to Thyrea, which was de- 
termin'd by three hundred on each Side: Nor was the Concluſion 
of the War between the Tegeans and Pheneans, two ſmall States 
in Arcadia, leſs remarkable, being effected by a Combat of three 


Brothers on each Side (e), all the Circumftances of whoſe Story run 
exactly 


arallel to that of the Horatii and Curiatii, ſo famous in Ro- 
man Hiitories, The Eaftern Countries were acquainted with the ſame 


_ Cuſtom, as may appear from Goliath's challenging the {/raelitihHoſtto 


give 


| (a) T hucydides, lib, V. Polyæ nus, lid, I, (B) Me ict, | (c) Plutarchuz 


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e 


OF the Military Fairs of Greece. 99 


give him a Man 20 fight with him, and the Flight of the Philifines 
upon David's Victory over their Champion, | 


et, 


2 _— 


Of their Sieges, with the moſt remarkable of their Inven 
tions, and Engines us'd therein. 


HERE are no Footſteps of any * among the primitive 
1 Grecian ; their Cities were not fortify d with Walls, bur lay 
open to all Invaders; and their Inhabitaurs, once vanquiſh'd in 
open Field, became an eaſy Prey to the Conquerors. Wherefore tis 
not to be wonder'd, that the People of thoſe 'Times enjoy'd no fix'd 
and ſettled Habitations, but frequently remov'd from one Part of the 
Country to another, being forced to quit their Seats, whenever they 
were coveted by a Power ſuperior to Sale own (a). | 
This moving and unſettied Condition, wherein they continued for 
ſome Ages, caus'd them to attempt ſeveral Methods to ſecure them- 
ſelves: Some built their Cities upon the I ops of inacceſſible Rocks 
and Mountains, whence they could caiily repel a greater Force of E- 
nemies: Others, whoſe Situation was not ſo defenſible, were driven to 
ſeele other Ways for their Safety; till at length fome Heads of no 
vulgar Underſianding brought forth an amazing Contrivance to in- 
_ cloſe their Houſes and Poſſeſſions within Walls: This at firſt was 
. Jook*d on as a Work ſo wonderful, ſo far above human Capacity, 
that the Gods were frequently call'd from their bleſſed Manfions to 
undertake it. The Walls of Trey (to mention no more) were of diviae - 
Workmanſhip, and rais'd by no meaner Perſons than Neprune and 
Apollo But, if Mortals had the Happineſs wo. project and finiſh ſo 
reat a Deſign, they ſeldom fail'd of being tranſlated to Heaven, and 
— their Names enroll'd among the exalted Beings, to whom they 
were thought to make near Approaches, whilſt on Earth. | 
And, ſince it was their Cuſtom to immortalize the firſt Author of 
every little Contrivance, *tis no Wonder if they conferr'd the ſame 
Honours on thoſe great Benefactors to whom they were obliged for 
the Security and quiet Poſſeſſion of whatever the reſt of their Deities 
had gratiſy'd them with. Once, indzed, jacloſed within Walle, they 
look'd upon themſelves ſafe from all Aſſaults; and, had not a weak 
Oppoſition within been ſufficient to repel much greater Forces of 
Jnvaders, ſuch a Town as Troy could never have held out ten Years 
againſt an hundred thouſand Beſiegers. | 
Nor were the Grecians of later Ages, however renown'd for K now- 
ledge in Military Affairs, very willing to undertake, or expert in ma- 
naging Sieges; but rather chole to end their Quarrels, if poſlible, by 
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of the Beſieged. Thus, w 


go f the Military {fairs of Greece. 
one deciſive Battle, than to undergo the Fatigue and other Incom. 


modities of ſo tedious, ſo dangeraus, and expenſive a Method. 
Of all the Grecians, the molt averſe from undertaking Leaguers, 


and the moſt unſkilful in carrying them on ta Advantage, were the 


Lactdæmonians; inſomuch, that after Mardonius's Defeat at Platæa, 
when a Body of Perfians had taken Refuge in ſome wooden Fortifica- 
tions, they could find no Means to drive them thence, but muſt have 
been forced to retire, had not the Athenturs and ſome other Grecia: 
advanced to their Aſſiſtance (a). For we are told by Plutarch, That 
their Law-giver oblig'd them by a ſpecial Injunction not eaſily to 
engage in beſieging Nen ; and to Joſe their Lives in ſuch Under- 
takings was accounted inglorious, and unworthy a Spartan, as We 


learn from the ſame Author (5), who, ſpeaking of Lyſander's being 


ſlain before the Gates of a little Parotian Town call'd Haliartus, tells 


us, That like ſome common Soldier, or one of the Forlorn Hope, he 


*© caſt away his Life ingloriouſly, giving Teitimony to the ancient 


Spartan, that they did well te avoid Storming of Walls, where 


„ the ſtouteſt Man may chance to fall by the Hand not only of an 


e abject Fellow, but of a Boy or Woman; as they ſay Achilles was 


« {lain by Paris at the Scæas Gate of Troy (c); Pyrrbus allo, the 
great King of Epirus, fell by the Hand of a Woman at Argos (d). 

When they endeavour'd to poſſeſs themſelves of a Town or Caſtle. 
it was uſual firſt to attempy it by Storm, ſarreunding it with their 


whole Army, and attacking it in all Quarters at once, which the 


Greeks call'd owymevur, the Romans, corond cingere. When this Me. 


_ thed prov'd ineffectual, they frequently deſiſted from their Lnter- 


prize: But, if reſolved to proſecute it, they prepared for a longer 


Siege; in carrying on which they ſeem not to have proceeded in 


any conſtant and ſettled Method, but to have varied it according to 
the Direction of their Generals, as well as the Difference of Time, 
Place, and other Circumſtances. | Ears p 
When they deſigned to lay cloſe Siege to a Place, the firſt Thing 
they went about was erruxiop%, Or wrgiluyiomws , the Works of 
Circumvallation, which we find ſometimes to have conſiſted of a 
double Wall or Rampire, razed up of Turfs, called in Greet en, 
and axubiz, in Latin, Ceſpites. The interior Fortification was deſign'd 
to prevent ſudden and unexpected Sallies from the Town, and to de- 
prive it of all Poſſibility of Succour from without; the exterior to 
ſccure them from 1 Enemies, that might come to the Relief 
en the Pelaopoungſiaus inveſted Platææ, T hu- 

cxaides reports, they raiſed a double Wall, one towards the City, the 
other towards Athens, to prevent all Danger on that Side: The 
Middle Space, which was ſixteen Feet, was taken up with Lodges 
for Guards and Centinels, built at due Diſtances one from another; 
vet ſo cloſe, that at a diſtant View the whole Pile appeared to be 
one broad Wall, with Turrets on both Sides, after every Tenth of 
which was a larger Tower extended from Wall to Wall. 

h | | Engines 
(b) Plutarch, Syllu. (c) Homer. 


* 


—— Herodetus, Lib. IX. cap. LXIX. 
Jad, X. v. 3606, (d) Plutarchus Pyrrba, 


+ Oe en nts. no 


F 


Of the Military Affairs of Greece. 9t 


| Vngines were cel d by the ancient Greels potyſare, and afterwards 


unxaai. The fri Invention of them the Grecians claim to them- 
elves, being not eaſily induced to allow the Contrivance of a 


ny Art 
o other Nations; for it was their Cuſtom to travel into Eg ypr, Laie, 


and other Eaſtern Countries, to furniſh themſelves with Sciences and 
Inventions, which afterwards they made public in Eurepe, and vented 
as Productions of their own : Hence was deriv'd moſt of the Grecian 
Philoſophy : and as for Engines uſed in Sieges, it appears they were 
invented in the Eaſtern Nations many Ages befere Greece had the leaſt 


Knowledge of, or Occaſion for, them: Mz/z;'s Times ſeem not to 


have been unacquainted with them (a); ſeveral of the Few Kings 
likewiſe appear to have known the Uſe of them; whereas the Gre- 
cians, till Homer's Time, are not found to have had the leaſt Hint of 
any ſuch Thing: 8tariys indeed carries them as high as the Troarx 


War, and, ſpeaking of the various Preſents ſent to Achilles by oh ; 
| Grecianz, in order to carry on the War, reports, that Py/as and Meſene 
furniſh'd him with Engines to batter the Walls: 


Murorum tormenta Pylos Meſſenaque tradunt. 


Large batt' ring Engines are from Pylos ſent, 
And from Meſſene. _ 


ä 


But the Poet ſeems to have forgotten the rude and unſkilful Age of this 


Here, and to have form'd his Deſcription from the Practice of his 


own Times; ſiace Authors of better Credit have no Mention of any 
ſuch Thing. Homer indeed ſpeaks of xgiz74:, which ſome ancient 
Interpreters take for xXpaxe;, Scaling Ladders (6); | 
— 4 emits 
Kyoooxwy EE by LXAXWEVN 02,47 EXE 
Bearing well-pointed Spears, theſe ſtraight aſcend 
The Scaling-Ladders. . 


But it may with no leſs Propriety be taken for the Pinnacles of 
Towers, as we find it us'd in the following Verſe (c): | 


Kploong pir u even x, ftr inane. 
The Tower's lofty Pinnacles they raz'd, 
Demoliſh'd all their Bulwarks,—— 


Others again will have them to have been as ancient as the Theban 
War, and to have been the Contrivarice of Capaneus, one of the jeven 
Champions; the Story of whoſe being knocked down with Thunder- 


bolts was grounded on no better a Foundation, than that, attempting to 


{cale 


3 


— 


| (a) Dauer ona. cap. XX. v. 20. (6) Had. . v. 444. (e) Ihid, v. 258. 


PP ———— — ———— — —— . * 


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17 


92 Of the Military Affairs 'of Greece: 


ſcale the Walls of Thebes with Ladders, he was beaten down and tain 
with Stones: And ſince the Contrivance is ſoeaſy and obvious, it may 
not be wholly improbable, that even thoſe Ages were acquainted with 
it: However, the different Sorts of Ladders were invented afterwards, 


when ſome of them were wyxra: (a), plicatiles, folded; others NaN, 


felutiles, to be taken in Pieces (6),. for the Convenience of Carriage, 


The Matter they were compoſed of was likewiſe very different, be. 


ing not only Wood, but Ropes, Leather, c. 1 8 

"Che reſt of the Engines ſeem however to have been later; The Ram 
indeed is ſaid by Pliny to have been invented in the Tyan War, and 
to have given Occafion to the Fable of the Wooden Horſe, built by 


Epeus; it being the conſtant Practice of thoſe Times to wrap up the 


Original of every Invention in F ables ; But this is only ConjeQure, 
and may with the ſame Eaſe be deny'd, as aſſerted. Athengus in- 
deed ſpeaks of this Engine as very ancient (e), but doth not fix it's 
Invention te any determinate Time, only obſerves that the Romans 
were obliged for it to the Grecians; and ſince Vitruvius gives the 
Honour of its Contrivance to the Carthaginiant in their Siege of 


| Gades, and neither Homer nor any Gree& Writer for many Ages after 


has the leaſt Mention thereof, there ſeems little Reaſon to credit 
Pliny's Report. Tis probable, however, that thoſe Ages might 


have ſome ſmall Helps in Taking Towns contriv'd, as by ſeveral 


others, ſo particularly by Epeus, who 1s famous in poetical Story for 
being an Artificer, and (as Lycophron reports) was very ſerviceable 
on that Aceount to the Grecian Army; | | | 


ieurwn 148. oO, E 0 i * NU dopbe, 
El Y] v TEX 445 „ P. NH perro {a # 
Dauntleſs in boxing, but diſmay'd at th' Sound 
Of claſhing Arms; yet by his famous Art 
He was moſt yſeful to the Grecian Fleet, 


But theſe Devices ſeem to have been exceeding contemptible, and 


vnartificial; and therefore were wholly la.d aſide in wiſer Ages, and, 


it may be, never practiſed but at their firſt Invention. The only con- 


ſtant Inſtruments uſed by the ancient Grecians in demoliſhing Walls, 
were (for aught appears to the contrary) thoſe they call'd rpur«:z, 
in Latin, Terebræ, which were long Irons with ſharp Ends. Where- 
fore *tis reaſonable to conclude that moſt of their famous Engines 
were invented about the Time of the Peloponnefian War, wherein tis 
plain from T hucydides, they were uſed. Diodorus and (e) Plutarch . 72 
will have Pericles to have contriv'd ſeveral of them by the Aſſiſtance 
of Artemon, an Artificer of Clazomene, as Rams, 'Tortoiies, e. yet 
Cornelius Nepos reports, that ſome of thein were uſed in the Age be- 


fore by Miltiades, when he befieged Pares, Plutarch alſo himſell, 


when 


* a) Atpian. (5) Plutarchus Arato. (c) Fine Lib, IV. (4) Ca and, 
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Of the Military Affairs of Greece. 93 
when he reports out of Ephorus, that battering Engines were firſt 
employ'd in the Samian War, by Pericle;, and compos'd at that 


* 


Time by Artemon, your then a ſtrange and av rp by. Sight, pre- 

1. that Engineer 
to have flouriſh'd ſeveral Years before the Samian War; ſo that no: 
thing of Certainty can be expected in this Matter. The Principal 


ſently after adds, that Heraclides of Pontus will have 


of the Grecian Inventions were theſe which' follow : 


kan, el x Tortoiſe, a deſentve Invention, g ed from 
covering and ſhelienng the Soldiers, as a Tortoiſe is covered by it's 


* — — 


Sew. Several Sorts we find of it; as, 


Nn yocialor, teftudo militaris, termed ſometimes ovwarmous 


when the Soldiers drawn up cloſe to one another, and the hindermoſt 


Ranks howing themſelves, placed their * above their Heads; 
as if weſuppole the firſt Rank to ſtand erect, thi 


* 


Men in the Front and on the Sides holding their Targets before their 


| Bodies, the reſt covering the Heads of thoſe that were plac ro befote . 2 
them; fo that the whole Body reſembled a Pent - Houſe or Roof co- 


 ver'd with Tiles, down which the Enemy's miſſive Weapons caſihy 


glided without Prejudice to the Soldiers underneath. This Invention 0 
Was us'd in Field-Battles, but more frequently in ſurprizing Cities, 
before the Beſteged were prepared for Defence ; and ſerv'd to pro- 


tect the Beſiegers in their Approach to the Walls. 
2. X. xp was four-ſquare : The chief Deſign thereof was 


(as the Name imports) to guard the Soldiers in filling Ditches, and 


l AAA ĩðV2y ⁵— 8 : 
3. XzAwrn 6pvZ was triangular, with its Front ſhelving downwards, 
for the Protection of the Pioneers, who undermin'd Walls. 
4. To theſe may be added Teftude arietaria, wherewith thoſe that 
. battered the Walls were protected; of which afterwards. 5 


Tiga, Wicker-Hurdles, reſembling the Roman wine, which the 


Soldiers held over their Heads. The Word came at length to f- 
nify T rifles, from the Siege of 8 Yracuſe, where, the Athenians, calling | 
contigually for Hurdles to cover them, the Beſiegers in Deriſion cry'd | 


Another Engine compos'd of Boards, and like the Roman Pluteus, 
was us'd by Alexander's Soldiers, as we read in Curttus, Fs 


i ; . 


* > 


Xda. azger, a Mount, which was raifed ſo high as to equal, if not 


exceed, the Top of the beſicged Walls: The Sides were Walled in 


with Bricks or Stones, or ſecured with ſtrong Rafters to hinder it from 


3 ore- part only, being by Degrees to be advanced nearer 
the Walls, remaiued bare. The Pile itielf conſiſted of all Sorts of 


Materials, 4 Earth, Timber, Boughs, Scones, &c. as Thucidydes re- 


ports in the Siege of Plates Into the Middle were caſt alſo Wiek - 
ers, and Twigs of Trees, to faſten, and; as it were, cement, the other 
Parts. The whole Fabrick is thus deicribed by Lucan (a). 8 


- 1 
* hs; 


EB 1s #16 4 


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fy reſt to ſtoop lower ande 
lower by Degrees, till the laſt Rank kneel'd upon the Ground; the 


ne SEE .. fe AI Ee IIS 1 42,7 ts * . Aa I. *- 5s od ants n 


— 


— — Ness r 


F Towers in the elder Dionyſius's Reign (4): It may be the Device of 
| making wre Popnrecy portable Turrets, to be taken in Pieces and 
carry'd along with the Army, mig be owing to them. 
1 Keie, Aries, the Ram, was an Engine with an Iron-Head, cail'd 
11 in Greek xipa or i623, reſembling a Ram's Head, wherewith they 
batter'd the Enemies Walls. Of this there were three Kinds: 

1. The firſt was plain and unartificial, being nothing but a long 
Beam with an Iron-Head, which the Soldiers drove with main Force 
againſt the Wall, 


. ** SS 


185 1 tunc omnia lald oh 

1 Procumbunt nemora, & ſpoliantar robore filve ; 

1 Ur, cum terre levis meaſ am wergaltaque molm 

14 Suſpendant, ſtrudd laterum compage ligatam 

IF Arctet humum, praſſus ne cedat turribus agger. 

1 The Groves are fell'd, and ſtrongeſt Timber ſought, 

I From thickeſt Foreſts largeſt Oaks are brought, 

1 To make ſtrong Rafters to ſupport the Pile, 

1 Left th' Earth break in, and fruſtrate ali their Toil, 

wu Unable to ſuſtain the Tower's Weight. . H. 
1 Ne, Twrres, moveable Towers of Wood, uſually placed upon 
WE |} the Mount: ny were driven apon Wheels, which were fix'd within 
| © | the Bottom-Planks to ſecure them from the Enemies. Their Size 
1 was not always the ſame, but proportion'd to the Towers of the City 
1 they beſieg' d; the Front was uſually cover'd with Tiles, and in later 
1 Times the Sides were alſo guarded with the ſame Materials; their 
' 4.86 Tops were cover'd with raw Hides, and other Shrowds, to preſerve 
j 47 them from Fire-Balls and miſſive Weapons: They were form'd into 
1 FR ſeveral Stories, which were able to carry not Soldiers only, but {- 
17 9 veral Sorts of Engines; whence Sileus (a); . 
1 Turris multiplici ſurgens ad fidera tecto 

1 $58 Exibat, tabulata decem cui creſcere Grajus 

1 if | Fiecerat, & multas nemorum confumſerat umbras. 

1 $f Thin were the Groves, and ſcarce could boaſt a Shade, 
{BY i | | When th' Grajan with ten Rooms a Tower made, 

14 1 [118 | Whoſe various Turrets ſeem'd the Stars t'invade. 

Fi It The firſt Contrivance is attributed to ſome Artificers of Sicily about 
1318 the Time of Diony/fus the Tyrant; by ſome to Polyidus a Theſalian, 
it it . Philip of Macedon's Engineer (6) ; by others to Diades and Cher as 
lf | 1 (ch, who were Polyidus's Scholars, and entertain'd by Alexander in hi: 
i] I! | Eaſtern Expedition: The laſt of theſe ſeem rather to have been Im- 
1 ' q provers of the former Invention, for we find mention of Wooden 
| BY 

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(a) Lib, XIV, (6) Athenaus Mechanicis apud Turneb. Vitrxviu, Lib, X. cap. 
XIX. (c) Heron, cap. XIII. (4, Diodorus Sicklus, 15 


— E m e ĩͤ . . ˙ PEI” = ri Perron eo A. 
8 * - > * (34 C , . . - ny 
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Of the Military Aﬀairs of Greece. 99 
2. The ſecand was hung with Ropes to another Beam, by the 


Help of which they thruſt it forward with much greater Force. 


3. The third differ'd only from the former, as being cover'd with 


a wm, Or Shroud, to guard the Soldiers, whence tis call'd 7 j 


arietaria. | | 

The Beam was ſometimes no lefs than an hundred and twenty Feet 
in Length, and cover'd with Iron Plates, leſt thoſe who defended the 
Walls ſhould ſet it on Fire; the Head was arm'd with as many Horns 


as they pleaſed : Jeſepbus reports that one of /e/paſian's Rams, the 


Length whereof was only fifty Cubits, which came not up io the Size 


of ſeveral of the Grecian Rams, had an Head as thick as ten Men, 


and twenty five Horns, each of which was as thick as one Man, and 
plac'd a Cubit's Diſtance from the reſt ; the Weight hung (as was 
cuſtomary) upon the Hinder-Part, weigh'd no leſs than one thouſand 
and five hundred Talents ; when it was remov'd from one Place to 


= another, if it was not taken in Pieces, an hundred and fitty Yoke of 


Oxen, or three hundred Pair of Horſes and Mules labour'd in draw- 
ing it; and no lefs than fifteen hundred Men employ'd their utmoſt 
Strength in forcing it againſt the Walls. At other Times we find 
theſe Ranis driven upon Wheels. . 
Exim was firk invented by Demetrius, Son to Aatigonus, who, 
having taken Rhodes, with feveral other Towns, by the Help of this 
Engine, was honour'd with the Sirname of .Awparing. We have ſe- 


veral Deſerĩiptions of it left by Vitruwius (a), Plutarch (6), and Die- 


dorus (c), who, tho' differing in other Puints, are thus far agreed, That 
it was a Machine of prodigious Bulk, not unlike the Ram cover d with 
the Shroud, but vaitly bigger, and of far greater Force; that it was 
dri ven both with Ropes and Wheels, and contam'd ſeveral other ſmaller 
Engines, ont of which Stones and other miſive Weapons were cait. 
KeraniX:+, are uſcd in different Senſes, ſometimes for Arrows, 
ſometimes for Engines, out of which Arrows were caſt ; in the latter 
of which Sipnifhcations they were term'd 2ZvCca:-, and Bird 75:cs 
They are hkewiſe, tho“ not very properly, taken for Engines to caſt 
Stones; and we find them ſometimes uſed to throw great Pieces of 
Timber, The Invention of them is aſcribed to the Syrians by Pliny ; 


bat Drodorus fd) and Plutarch report, they were firſt contr.v'd in 
Sicily, about the Time in which the elder Dionyſfus engag'd in the 
War with Cat hage. | | | 


Engines to caſt Stones were of ſeveral Sorts ; ſome only for ſmaller 


Stones, ſuch as cf, Slings; others for thoſe alſo of a larger Size, 


call'd ſometimes only by the general Names of a ν l and pay- 
+ 41a Ypyuvx, Or &Þirnqua {iy arc, the former of which ſeem to ſig- 


mify all Sorts of Engines, the latter all thoſe deſign'd to caſt mifive 


Weapons; ſometimes by more peculiar Titles, as 2. Ch, ler, 


. loo Ac 5,9-212, Which Names are yet fo general, as to comprehend. 


Engines that caſt Stones: Nor is there any proper Term, chat [ 
| know 


Aw. 


a 


fa) Lib. X. (5) Lib, XX, (.) Lib, XIV. (d) Ibid. 
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derates (if they had any) to haſten to 


gs Of the Military Affairs of Greece. 

know of for that famous Engine, out of which Stones, of a Size not 
leſs than Mill-ſtones, were thrown with ſo great Violence as to daſh 
whole Houſes in Pieces at a Blow ; Twas call'd indeed by the Ro- 
mans Balifta ;' but this Name, tho' of Grecian Original, appears not 
to have been us'd in Greece: This Engine however was known 
there, and was the ſame with that us'd by the Romans, the force of 


which is thus expreſs'd by Lucan (a); 


At ſaxum quoties ingenti verberis is 

Excutitur, qualis rupes, quam wvertice montis 
 Abſeidit impulſu wentorum adjuta wetuſftas ; 
Frangit cuncta rutns, nec tantum corpora preſſa 

Exanimat, totos cum ſanguine diſſipat artus. 


Such is the Force, when maſſy Stones are thrown, - 

As when from ſome Mount's Top a Rock falls down, 

Which now worn out with Age can't longer bear 

The Shock of Winds, and Fury of the Year; 

They break through all that in their Paſſage lie, 

And do through Walls and Houſes force their Way, 

Not only kill the Man, but ſpread all o'er | 
The Ground his ſcatter d Limbs and reeking Gore, H. H. 


Theſe were the moſt remarkable Engines the Grecians uſed in taking 
Towns. It will be expected in the next Place, that ſome Account 


be given of the Methods by which the Befieg'd defended themſelves. 
ood the Enemy's Approach, they gave Notice to their Confe- 
Heir Aſſiſtance: In the Day 

this was done by raiſing a great Smoke; in the Night by Fires, or 
lighted Torches, call'd pe, and Qevxrweiai, whence to fignify the 
coming of Enemies was call'd pgux]wesiv (8). Theſe Torches were 
term'd wAwics Geveloi, to diſtinguiſh them from thoſe they call'd 
Seile Pius, which were lighted upon the Approach of Friend: : 
They differ'd in this, that the latter were held firm and unmov'd, 


the former toſs'd and wav'd to and fro in the Air. 


They ſeem not to have had any conſtant Method of defending them 


ſelves ; but thus much may be obſery'd in general, that the Walls were 


uarded with Soldiers, who, with Stones, and all Sorts of miſſive 
8 aſſaulted the Invaders; and the xZ̃ Ha, with other En- 


you of that Kind, were planted within the 'Town, and play'd upon 
t 


em. Several other Methods were practiſed _ them, as when 
the Tyrians heating Braſs Bucklers red hot, and filling them with Sand 
and Lime, pour'd it upon Alexander's Soldiers, which, getting between 
their Armour and Fleſh, burnt vehemently, and caus'd them to fling 
off their Armour, ſo that the Beſieged wounded them at forges 
| og | . without 


— 
ey" AE 


() Lib, III. () Theognidis Scheliaſter, Hameri Scholiaſtes Lad. &, 


as Deed. AE. Ee 


Of the Military Affairs of Greece: 97 
without rectiving any Hurt. Several Ways they had to elude the 
Force of their Engines, and defeat their Stratagems: Their Mines 
they render d ineffectual by Countermines ; their Mounts they, let fall 
to the Ground by Undermining their Foundations: Their Towers 
and all their Engines they burn'd with Eire- balls; themſelves they 
defended with ee Wool-packs and other Things proper to ward 
off Stones, and other miſuve Weapons: The Heads of Hatt ring- 
Rams they wa a off with Stones of a prodigious Size from the Walls; 
or (as we read of the Tyrians) render'd them uielefs by cutting the 
Ropes, whereby they were govern'd, with long Scythes: And, if 
there remain'd no Hope of defending their Walls, they ſoinetiines 
rais'd new ones with Forts within. Many other Contrivances „ere 
us'd, as the Poſture of Affairs requir'd, and as the Beſieged were in- 
genious in finding dut Methods for their own Preictvalion. 

The Manner of treating the Cities they had taken, was not always 


the ſame, depending upon the Temper of the General, who ſometimes 


put all, at leaft all that were in Arms, to the Sword, demoJiih' the 
Walls and Buildings, and made the reſt Slaves; ſometimes ?? 7 
receiv d them into Favour, requiring only ſome tributary Ac ow 


ledgment. The Athenians had a Cuſtom of ſending Colo ee 
habit the Mag they had depopulated, which they divided 
among ſome of 


the Commonalty, when met together in public 
JJJ%%0%%d0é . a... | | 
When they demoliſh'd a City, it was frequent to pronounce dire 
Curſes upon whoever ſhould endeavour to rebuild it; which ſome 


imagine was the Reaſon that Troy could never be rais' d out of i:- 
_ Aſhes, tho? ſeveral Perſons attempted it, being devoted to eterna} 


and irreparable Ruin by Agamemnon (I: This ſeems to have been 
a very antient Cuſtom, and deriv'd from the Eaftern Nations; tor 
{to omit other Inſtances) we find Jaſua, at the Deſtruction of Feri- 
cho, to have fix'd, an Imprecation upon the Perſon that ſhould re- 
build it Cc, which was accoftplith'd in Hie the Bethelite many Ages 


after, in the Reign of Ahab (4). 
$44.85 O20 90S ATTY 2 TCH * NA 4 22881 2 1 FEY — 
"Coax KN, 


Of the Slain, and their Funerals, ” 


H E antient Oreci&#s ſeem to have treated the Bodies of their 
dead Enemies in a very indecent and inhuman Manner, baſely 
revenging the Injuries they had receiv'd from them whilſt living, by 
disfiguring, and ſtabbing their Carcaſes, and expoſing them to Scorn 
and Ignominy: Which cruel and barbarous Practice was not thorough- 
ly reform'd in the Trojan War, as appears from divers Inſtances in the 
. 8 Thad 

( Jeſbnar cap. VI. — {4) 1 Reg. — VI. 34. 1 5 | 

Vor. II. 7 5 H 


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„ of the Military Affairs of Greece. 


{liad, where dead Enemies are diſmember'd by inſulting Conquer. 


ors; none of which is more temarkable than that of Hector, who lay 
unburied many Days, was dragg'd round Trey's Walls, and Patroclus's 


Sepulchre, and ſuffer'd all Sorts of Indignities. This indeed might 
be imputed to Achilles's extravagant Rage 


for the loſs of Patroclus, 
or (as the Scholiaft (a) affirms) to a peculiar Cuſtom of Thepah, his 
native Country, where it was their conſtant Practice to drag at their 
Chariots the Murderers of their near Friends; did it not appear that 
the reſt of the Grecians us'd him in a Manner no leſs brutiſh and bar- 
barous, inſulting over him, and ſtabbing his dead Body (5). 


H e % ix vixpoio ipuooato xantter tyxOcy 
Kati To y du tny* d an wor Tex: iovas 
Al ao 9 wieda. pies Ax, 
"Oz 9 dyn h 9 d. a. 
Exlopos, 80 R on Tis avreTyTi YE @apiny | 

Ng: dt rig elmroxey d tc man obov hAKoy, 
N wors:, n .. N on HUANZKY Y 4 Pa04ze021 

| Exrwes n ore nas ivemrproty Wuph x1AE9s 


Thus having ſaid, with unrelenting Force 
He rends his vengeful Spear from Hector's Corſe; 
Too ſmall the Recompence one Death cou'd give, 
But, He&#or dead, his Manes ſtill muſt grieve ; 
He then the bloody, lifeleſs Corps deſpoil'd; 
And Soldiers, with avenging Fury alba, 
With eager Haſte about his Body preſs, 
Admire his Stature, and his Comelineſs; 
Each vents his Rage upon th' already Slain, 
As tho? they meant to kill him o'er again: 
Then thus one pointing to his Neighbour ſaid, 
With vaunting Words inſulting o'er the Dead, 
Is this the Har, whoſe tremendous Name 
4% Brought Fear and Terror whereſo'er it came? 
*« Gods! How he's chang'd ſince when he threw his Fire 
« Amidſt our Ships, and made whole Greece, retire? H. H. 


Tydeus has no better Treatment in Statius (c); 


Ducitar heftili {prob dura potentia Fati !) 

Tydeus ille ſole, modo cui Thebana ſequenti 

Agmina, fiue gradum ſeu frena effunderet, ingens 

Limes utringue datus : Nuſquam arma, manuſque quieſcunt; 

Nulla wiri feritas ; juvat ora rigentia leto, 

Et formidatos impune laceſſere wultus ; 17 | 
| | 3s 


"I 3 


(eh Mad. of. v. 366. (5) 14. . 36. (0) Thebaid, IX. v. 380. 


„„ a Eee, IS as 


fic 


Of the Military Affairs of Greece. 71 
lic amor, hoc una timidi, forteſgue ſequuntur 

Nobilitare manus, infectague ſanguine tela 

Conjugibus ſervant, parwiſque ojtendere nattt. 


At God-like Tydeus (wretched Turn of Fate!) 
Th' avenging Tyrians level all their Hate; 
At God-like Tyaeus, whoſe commanding Sway 
Thro' Theban Troops did propagate Diſmay z 
Whether he mounted on his Horſe appear'd, 
Or for deſtructive War on Foot prepar d, 
Th' oppoſing Squadrons dar'd not long to ſtay, 
But, where e led, ſubmiſſively gave Way; | 
Yet he, brave Chief, is drag'd along the Field, 
And bears what Foes, with Pow'r and Fury fill'd, 
Cou'd cer inflict; his dreadful Arms they ſeize; 
All ſtab his Corps, and tear his manly Face; 
The moſt oppoſing Minds in this conſpire, 
The 'Timerous and Brave alike defire ; 
To ſtab the Body of their Foe, when ſlain, 
And with his Blood their glutted Blades to tain : 
Theſe they as Marks of higheſt Honour prize, 
And keep to ſhew their Wives, and blooming Boys. H. H. 


Whence it appears to have been their conſtant Practice, and look'd 
on as very conſiſtent with Virtue and Honour; as Serwius hath like- 


wiſe obſerv'd when Virgil's Mezentias was us'd in the ſame Manner. 


The Poet indeed does not expreſsly affirm any ſuch T hing, which 


notwithſtanding plainly appears; for whereas he only receiv'd two 
Wounds from #neas (a), we find his Breaſt- plate afterwards pierc'd 


__ thre' in twelve, i. e. a great many Places, a determinate Number 
being put for an indefinite ( „ | 


, ſex thoraca petitum 
Perfoſaumgqu? locis. 


Throꝰ twice fix Places was his Breaſt-plate pierc'd. 


The barbarous Nations were not leſs guilty of this inhuman Praca : 
tice. Leonidas King of Sparta, having valiantly loſt his Life in 


_ fighting againſt Xerxes, had his Head fix'd upon a Pole, and his 


Body gibbeted C: But the Grecians were long before that Time 
convinc'd of the Villany and Baſeneſs of ſach Actions; and there- 


fore when Pauſanias the Spartan was urg'd to retaliate Leonidas's In- 


jury upon Mardonius, Xerxes's General overcome at Plate, he re- 
fuſed to be concern'd in, or to permit a Revenge ſo barbarous and 
VVV unworthy 


nnn 


i 1 _ PRE PRI 


I 


5 (a) Fine An, x. (b) XI. V. 9. (e Herodotus Calligte· 


74 5 
: A 
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Of the Military Aﬀairs of Greece: 


unworthy a Grecian : Even in the Times of the Trojan Wars the Gre. 
cians were much reform'd from the Inhumanity as well of their 
own Anceftors, as other Nations; it had formerly been cuſtomary 
for the Conquerors to hinder their Enemies from interring their 
Dead, till they had paid large Sums for their Ranſom ; and ſome 
Footſteps of this Practice are found about that Time; Hector's Body 


4 


was redeem'd from Achilles (a); Achilles was again redeem'd from 


the Trojans for the ſame Price he had received for Hector (6) ; 


| Kpavipa Baux Jogrras 


Aab 08 wavy TY @Oxopt Ja- 
Deb Takatry vp οννν,.ỹ¶ũELͤlmp4“u¹t o, 

Ab big rd & N, la, 
Hax ra⁰ανα g . THAGUY) Apr, 


That Royal Hector's mangled Corps might have 
The happy Priv'lege of a decent Grave, 

By Argian Chiefs ſhall be repaid to Troy, 

And then the flain Achilles ſhall enjoy 


A Ranſom large as that which Priam gave, . 


That honourable Urn the grateful God EE 
Upon his Mother Thetic had beſtow- d. . E. 


Nifac is introduc'dby Virgil, diſſuading his Friend Euryahes from Ac- 


companying him into Danger, leſt, if he were flain, there ſhould be 


no Perſon that would recover by Fight, or redeem his Body (c/ : 


Whekce it appears that the Redemption of the Dead was praftis'd 


Sit, gui me raptum pugna, pretiove redemptum 


Mandet huma ſolita. ——— 


Wou'd me redeem made Pris'ner of the War. 
Or, ranſom'd, decently my Corps interr, 


Let there be one, who, mov'd with itying Care, 


in thoſe Days, and if neglected, they were frequently ſuffer d to lie 
unbury'd; which Misfortune happen'd to many of Homer's Heroes, 


as we learn from the very Entrance of the firſt Iliad, where he thus = 


H. Y db. Uf did. wo,, 


= 


of 4chilles Anger, 


Ned, aura; 0 EAWpI0 TEUXE KUVECOVY » 
0142019% 71-760 —— | 


And num'rous Crowds of valiant Heroes Ghoſts. 
Sent mournful down unto the Stygian Coalts, 
Whilſt uninterr'd on Earth their Bodies lay, 

Expos d to Dogs, and rav'nous Birds of Prey. a 


BY : Nn 3 1 Py — 


be 


63 


(a) Bas, of, (5% Lycopbronis Caſſandra, v. 269. (e) Eid. x. v. 273. 


NR RN 


Of the Military Aﬀirs of Greece. 10 


But this was not ſo common as in more early Ages, for we fim A- 
 chilles himſelf celebrating the Funeral of Fetion King of Thebes in 
Cilicia, and the Father of Andromache, whom the Poet introduces, 
| {ſpeaking thus (a); „ Obs od | 


Hros vg rares af d,, iO» ANπτπτπι , 
Ex di nou tei poi KNA £0 v,ẽẽu aqa, 
Ou U οον⁰ον aura 0 rraνο Herlene- 
Obi pair Eerclpi e, (sd νẽꝭ q ag 15 yi dyn, 
A ape ptr Revixne (v i780) CAN, 
Hd #:: 7 x. ̃ | A 


Then when the Walls of Thebes he overthrew, 
His fatal Hand my Royal Father flew, 

He ſlew Zetion, but deſpoil'd him not, 
Nor in his Hate the Fun'ral Rites forgot ; 
Arm'd as he was he ſent him whole below, 
And reverenc'd thus the Maxes of his Foe ; 

A Tomb he rais'd, —=—— © 


Mr. Dryden. 


And Agamemuan | ary the 779 aus free Leave to perform the Fune- 
ral Rites of all their Slain, promiſing upon * give them no 
Diſturbance (59; IT aa keto 


Ag 98 rexpoiow nalaxniuer & ri ptyxipw 
Ov wag Tis pe. d vextwy xo] 2TDrevwrw? 

Ther, ini x: Jars! Topo, meanooipry wan 
Oprice N Zeus iow H. wg; Hong, 


I envy not the Priv' lege of the Dead, | 

I grant, that they upon the Pile be lay'd - 
Let Joe be Witneſs to the Vows I make, | 
Nor will J &er the binding Cov'nant break. H. H. 
Not long before the Greciant were perfect Strangers to this Pigce of 
Humanity, for we are told that Hercules was the firſt that ever gave 


Leave to his Enemies to carry off their Dead c); and others report, 


that the firſt Treaty made for the recovering and burying the Bodies 
of the Slain, was that of The/eus with the Thebans to inter the Heroes 
that loſt their Lives in the Theban War (4). In ſueceeding Ages it was 


look'd on as the greateſt Impiety to deny what they thought a Debt to 
Nature, and was rarely, or neyer done to lawful Enemies, except upon. 


extraordinary and unuſual Provocations; for it was thought below a 


$19 generous 


(% Alanus Var, Hift, lib, 


—— ad 


(b) Had, f. v. 408. 


(a) Liad. F. V. 414. 
(d) Phiarchus Theſes, 


XII. cep. XXVII. 


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nos f the Military Affairs of Greecs, 
| Temper, and unworthy Grecians to vent their Malice, when 
heir Enemies were depriv'd of all Power io defend themſelves. 

The Athenians ſeom to have been careful to Exceſs and Superſtition 


in procuring an honourable Interment for the Bodies of their own Sol- 
diers that had valiantly loſt their Lives; inſomuch that the ten Admi- 


rals that gain'd that famous Victory over the Lacedæmonians in the 


Sea-fight at Arginy/#, were put to Neath chiefly on this Pretence, that 


they were ſaid not to heve taken due Care in gathering the Bodies that 


| floated on the Waves; when yet they alledg'd, that they were hin- 


dered by a Tempeſt which might have been dangerous to the whole 
Fleet, had they not provided for their Safety by a timely Retreat (a). 


This, no doubt, was one Cauſe why, after a Battle upon the Corin- 


tbian Territories, Vicias the Athenian General, finding that two of 
his Men were left by an Over-ſight, when they carry'd off their Dead, 
made an Halt, and ſent an Herald to the Enemy for Leave to carry 
them off, hereby renouncing all Title to the Victory, which belong'd 
to him before, and loſing the Honour of erecting a Trophy; for it 
was preſum'd that he who aſk'd Leave to carry off his Dead could 
not be Maſter of the Field /4). After that, Chabrias having put to 


Flight the Lacdæmonians at Naxus, rather than leave any of his Sol- 
diers, or their Bodies, to the Mercy of the Waves, choſe to deſiſt 


from proſecuting his Victory, when he was in a fair Way to have 


deſtroy'd the Enemies whole Fleet (c). 


When they carried their Arms into diſtant Countries, they reduc'd 
the Bodies of the Dead to Aſhes, that thoſe at leaſt might be convey'd 


to their Relations, and repoſited in the Tombs of their Anceſtors : 
The firſt Author of which Cuſtom (they ſay) was Hercules, who hav- 


ing ſworn to Lycymnius to bring back his Son Argius, if he would 
give him leave to accompany him in his Expedition againſt Troy ; 
the young Man dying, he had no other Expedient to make good his 
Oath, but by delivering his Aſhes ts his Father (4): However, we 
find it practis'd in the Trojan War, where Ne/tor advis'd the Grecian: 
to burn all their Dead, and preſerve them there till their Return in 
to Greece %, Bk VVV 


— 8 


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Bug! S 1rovtho lv arae KaTAKNY AE) AUTH; 
Tu10d» amo T3 vew), wi & 055i Wars nag 
Olxad dn, dr avis He margida ps. 


 Oxen and Mules, in ſolemn Order led, 
To us aſſembled here, ſhall bring our Dead, 
That we their Bodies near our Ships may burn, 5 
And fave their ſnowy Bones till we to Greece return, H. A. 


; : "IT | 
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Ca, Xemphon, Gree, Hiſt. lib, l. ( Plutarchas Vicia. ce) Dicdarus Sculei, 


| bd. XV. (d He, Scholiaftts Ihad, d. v. gz, (e Iliad. i. v. 534.7 


r , co  wWDM.am wo aC-4 


Of the Military Affairs of Greece. 

The Lacedemonians thought this an unprofitable Labour, and 
therefore bury'd their Dead in the Country where they died ; only. 
their Kings they embalm'd with Honey, and convey'd them Home, 
as we learn from Plutarch (a), who reports, that when Ageſilaus re- 
ſign'd his Life at the Haven of Menelaut, a defart Shore in Africa, 
the Spartans, having no Honey to embalm his Body, wrap'd it in 


Wax, and ſo carry'd it to Lacedæmon. 3 | 
The Soldiers all attended at the Funeral Solemnities with their 
Arms turned upſide down, it being cuſtomary for Mourners in moſt 
of their Actions to behave themſelves in a Manner contrary to what 
was uſual at other Times: In thoſe Places where it was the Faſhion 
to wear long Hair, Mourners were ſhav'd; and where others ſhav'd, 
Mourners wore long Hair: Their Conjecture therefore is frivolous, 
who imagined the Soldiers turn'd the Heads of their Shields down- 
Wards, leſt the Gods, whoſe Images were engraven upon them, 
ſhould be polluted with the Sight 612 Corps C); ſince not the Gods 
only, but any other Figures, were frequently repreſented there; nor 
ſome few only, but the whole Company held them in the ſame Poſ- 
ture: Beſides, not the Shields al 
pointed downwards: Thus Evarder's Arcadians, with the reſt of 
_ AEneas's Soldiers in Virgil (c), follow Pallas's Herle. . 


— Tum mæſta Phalanx, Teucrigue ſeguuntur, 
Dyrrbenigue duces, & werſfis Arcades armis, 


Next went the mournful Troop, Captains from 7; rey, 


Hrrbenia, and from pleaſant Arcady, 
With Arms turn'd downward. i 


The Grecjas Princes in Sratius Cd) obſerve the ſame Cuſtom; 


verſes ducunt i »fgnibus ip/i 


Erajugenæ reget.— 


The Grecian Chiefs the ſad Proceſion led 
With Enſigns downwards turn'd, ——— 


Their Tombs were adorn'd with Inſcriptions ſhewing their Names, 


and jometimes their Parentage, and Exploits, which Honour the Spar- 


tan Lawgiver granted to none beſide Women who dy'd in Child-bed, 
and Soldiers (e) that loſt their Lives in Battle: Theſe were bury'd 
with green Boughs, and honour'd with an Oration in their Praiſe; 
Such of them as had excell'd the reſt, and were judg'd compleat and 
perfe& Warriors, had a farther Honour of being interr'd in their Red- 
Coats, which were the Soldiers Habit at Sparta . Their Arms were 
likewiſe fix'd upon their Tombs; whence Leonidas the Spartan 


4, ng 


pA CI IS 1 


1 we 9 * r * 


— 22 6——— 


Plutarchys Lycurgs, (f) A lianus Var. Hf, lib. VI. cap. VI. 


- i a) Ag efilao, | 6 ne in HAneid. X1, 92. {c) Loe. eitat. a) Thehaid, VI. | 
: 
1 


103 


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104 Of the Military Affairs of Greece, 
King is introduc'd in the Epigram refuſing Xerx-:'s purple Robe, and 


_ defining no other Ornament io beautify has Tomb, than his Buckler, 


Head Ar Kd Ng ad o 

Sience, ixN a Rape? wopPrpio 

Knx vexuwr 0 N 5 rg Trg wiyas How? 

| ©. Or Jixopar erpoborar; wild dQunarra, | 
„ Amis pot Tubs xigp@r h, begs r Tlepgwyy 
Re of; aidh os AAN e . 

Whilſt Xerxes moy'd with pitying Care beheld 

Th' unhappy Spartan, who himſelf had kill'd; 
The Royal Perſan with officious Haſte 
His purple Robe about the Body caſt; 

„Til dying Leonidas Silence broke, 

And thus that gen'rous Spartan Hero ſpoͤke: 

1 Forbear, fond Prince, this unbecoming Pride, 

tt No Perſian Pomp ſhall eber theſe Reliques hide. 

4“ Soft Purple Palls are only us'd by thoſe, 

% Who have betray'd their Country to their Foes; 

% My Buckler's all the Ornament Pll haye, 

© Tis that which better ſhall adorn my Grave 

% 'Than *Scutcheon, or a formal Epitaph; 
My Tomb thus honour'd, I'll triumphant go 


Like ſome brave Spartan to the Shades below.“ H. H. 


This Cuſtom was not peculiar to Sparta, but praftis'd over all 


Greece; where, beſides their Arms, it was uſual to add the Badge of 


whatever other Profeſſion they had borne. Elenor appearing in the 


Shades below to Uly/es, intreats him to fix the Qar he us'd to row. 


with, upon his Tomb, and to caſt his Arms into the Funeral 
Plc (@&)-.*- TREE 
. * 8 PRs * * 3 
AM t KYKXENEL TU) TSUYETLY TOR [h0L EFTY 
Erna Te (vb Yevoas Wodwng ii Dit Juhdoong 
Arbe 007TH Ky £700 tract wvbichzs. 
| Tab ra E fol THAN ng a T ET 70e 6 718 
1% Cos peg Tory ty (er. £4623; ETApOIOWs 


Whatever Arms remain to me, when dead, 
Shall with my Corps upon the Pile be laid; 
Then o'er my Grave a laſting Mon'ment rear, 
Which to Poſterity my Name ſhall bear; 
This do, then fix the Oar upon my Tomb, 
5 With which I us'd to cut the Silver Foam. H, H. 


mY * * a 
Alias co td * * — I- — * 


31. / 
pet 


9 


„ hoot K 6 6 


Of the Military Affairs of Greece, 105 

Miſenus, Æueass Trumpeter, has both his Arms, Oar, and Trum- 
pet fix'd upon his Grave (a) ; | 1 

At pius Eneas ingenti mole ſapulcrum he 

Inponit, quagus arma viro, remumſut, (ubamgue. 
A Tomb ef vaſt Extent ueas rear d, 1 
Where the dead wy, > was decently interr'd, 
And on't his Arms, his Oar, and Trumpet fix d. 


It was cuſtomary for the Spartan Matrons, when there had been a 
Fight near Home, to, examane the Bodies of their dead Sons; and 
ſuch as had received more Wounds behind than before, they con- 
veyed away privately, or left them in the common Heap; but thoſe 
who had a greater Number of Wounds in their Breaſts, they carried 


away with Joy ard hy to be repoſited amougſt their Anceſtors 


(b): They were carry'd Home upon their BuckJers ; whence that 
famous Command of the Mother to her Son related in Plutarch 
(c), 1 Ta n ini Tu, i. e, either bring this (meaning his Buckles) 
Home with you, er be brought upon it: To which Cuſtom 44 
ui ae oO: | | LY 8 


lis ſuper weberi: quid Thralybule, tas? 


Why are you thus upon your Buckler borne, 
Brave Thraſybulus ? „ 


The Athenians uſed to place the Bodies of their Dead in Tents. 


three Days before the Funeral, that all Perſons might have Oppar- 
tunity to find out their Relations, and pay their laſt Reſpects to them: 
Upon the fourth Day a Coffin of e was ſent from every Tribe, 
to convey the Bones of their own Relations; after which went a 
covered Herſe in Memory of thoſe whoſe Bodies could not be found: 


All theſe, accompany'd with the whole Body of the People, were 


carry'd to the public Burying-place, calld Ceramtcus, and there in- 


terr d: One Oration was ſpoken in Commendation of them all, 


and their Monuments adorn'd with Pillars, Inſcriptions, and all 
other Ornaments uſual about the 'Vombs of the moſt honourable 
Perſons. The Oration was pronounced by the Fathers of the de- 
ceas'd Perſons, who had behaved themſelves moſt valiantly. Thus 
after the famous Battle of Marathon, the Fathers of Callimachus and 
Cynegirus were appointed to make the Funeral-Oration (e). And 
upon the Return of the Day, upon which the Solemnity was firſt 


held, the ſame Oration was conſtantly repeated every Year (J). This 


was their ordinary Practice at Athens (g), but thoſe valiant Men 
| e who 


1 — _ — 


K — — a _ — — —_— 


© (4) Virgil, Aid. VI. v. 23% (6) fans, Var, Hiſt Lib, XII. esp. KXI. 
(e) Apophthegmat. 4) er. XXIV, (e) Polemp in Arguments Twy EN 
dee n. (/) Gere M, (g) . gd, Lb. i. 


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106 Of the Military Affairs of Greece. 


who were ſlain in the Battle of Marathon, had their Bodies interr'd 


in the Place where they fell, to perpetuate the Memory of that won- 
_ derful Victory. . | 


lt may be obſerv'd farther, that in their Lifts the Names of the 
Soldiers deceas'd were mark'd with the Letter 8, being the Initial 


of darbilie i. e. Dead; thoſe of the living with v, the firſtin 79s. 
4%, 7. e. Preſery'd; Which Cuſtom was afterwards taken up by 
the Romans (a). 755 


ad — 


* 2 — N 


„ - 

Of their Booty taken in Mar; their Gratitude to their 
Cod, after Victory; their Trophies, &c. 

Tt E1R Booty conſiſted of Priſoners and Spoils. The Pri- 

ſoners that could not ranſom themſelves, were made Slaves, 


and employ'd in the Service of their Conquerors, or ſold. 
The Spoils were diftinguiſh'd by two Names, being either taken 


from the Dead, and term'd (ev>az; or from the Living, which they 


call'd axPprpz: They confiſted of whatever Moveables belonged to 


the Conquer'd, whoſe Right and Title by the Law of Arms paſſed 


to the Conquerors (2). Se 

Homer's Heroes no ſooner gain a Victory over any of their Rivals, 
but without farther Delay they ſeize their Armour; Inſtances of this 
are as numerous as their Combats. But however this Practice might 
be uſed among che reat Commanders, who rode in Chariots to the 
Battle, fought by en and encounter'd Men of their own 
Quality in Engle Combat; yet inferior Soldiers were not ordinarily 
permitted ſuch Liberty, but gather'd the Spoils of the Dead, after 
the Fight was ended: If they attempted it before, they were even 


then looked upon to want Diſcipline. Nzefor gives the Grecians a 


particular Caution in this Matter Ce); 


Niroę & Apytiorow ixixaclo worpor avoag 
NO npwis Azvact, Jeparules Ape, 
Murig vd i ον HC, fete 
M. vile, ws xe @Azira Qipay £7 vic IxnTaLy 
AAA p Xleivoper, rtr 0 9 T& n 
Nexpys apredior (eie v1 . 


Then Nefor thus began his ſage Advice, 
My Friends, and valiant Greeks, be timely wiſe, 


— — * —_ a x" 1 A 


* 


32 


a) Ruffuns in Hietonymum, Paulus Diaconus De Notis Literarum, Iidorus Hiſpal. 
Lib, J. cap, XXIII. % Plate De Legibus, Lib. J. (c) Thad, & u. 6. 


14 


Of the Military Affairs of Greece. 107 
Auſpieious Sons of Mars, let no Delay, | 
No Hope of ſordid Booty cauſe your Stay 
But with united Force ruſh on the Foe, . 
Add certain Death to each becoming Blow; 
Twill then be Time enough for to prepare 
To ſeize the Booty of the horrid War, 
To drag your mangled Foes along the Plain, 
When weltring in their Blood they lie all lain, Z. I. 


This Method was taken in ſucceeding Ages ; for no ſooner were 
cheir Battles ended, but they fell to tripping and rifling the dead Car- 
_ caſes of their Enemies: Only the Zacedemonians were forbidden to 
medd!e with the Spoils of thoſe they had conquer'd (a) ; the Reaſon 
of which Prohibition being demanded of Cleomenes, he reply'd, 
„That it was improper to offer the Spoils of Cowards to the Gods, 


«« and unworthy a Lacedemonian to be enrich'd by them (5).” But 


this ſeems only a Pretence, ſince there are ſeveral Inſtances of their 
dedicating Part of their Booty to the Gods ; the true Reaſon per- 
haps my be collected from the Conſtitution of their State, whereby 
an Equality was maintained amongſt them, and nothing more ſe- 
verely prohibited, or more repugnant to the very 
Government, than to acquire and poſſeſs large Eſtates: Wherefore, 
to prevent the Soldiers from ſeizing upon the Spoils, they had al- 
ways three hundred Men een 

put the Law in Execution againſt Delinquents (c). . 
The whole Booty was brought to the General, who had the firſt 
Choice, divided the Remainder amongft ſuch as had fignauz'd them- 
ſelves according to their Quality and Merits, andallotted the reſt equal 
Portions : Thus in the Trojan War, when the captive Ladies were to be 
choſen, Agamemnon in the firſt Place took Afynome, Chry/es's Daughter, 
vext Achilles had Hippedamia, Daughter to Bri/es, then Ajax choſe T ec- 
meſſa, and ſo on Ca; whence Achilles complains of Agamemnon, that 


| he had always the beſt Part of the Booty ; himſelf who ſaſtain'd the | 


Burden of the War, being content with a {mall Pittance (e); 


's Ov 4 oo wle eo EX Ypoacy error Ay,z4d 
Ted ixTigrug wIxeperer WI. Ned por. 
AN T5 485 WI * Abανα e - NH. | 
Xe ie; £112 dir f mY er: $20 put kr, 
To 79 YEpa5 FLAY ut Or, * 3 Ayo? Te, Dinos 72 
EN txwn 80 nag, 679 K Woifht Coy, 


Vet when the Gree4s ſome rejan Town invade, 
And Diftribution of the Spoiis is made, * 
| | | Ow 


2 — 


(a) Zlianvs, lib. VI. cap. vi, 
(e) E£utpilius Liad. &. v. 6be fa] Haas Taizes in I.ycoptronis Caſſaudl um. 
LD 299. (e) Lad. 6. v. 163. 8 x 


Foundation of their 


—— 


PO TIS 
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to obſerve their Actions, and to 


(b) Plutarchus Apophtheem. Lacanicis. 


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208 Of the Military Aﬀairs of Greece. 

How ſmall a Part, compar'd to thine, I bear, 
I who have borne the Burden of the War! 

Nor do you envy me in this the largeſt Share. 

But when the ſo much wiſh'd-for 1 ĩme arrives, 

That to each Greet th' allotted Portion gives, 
Laden with Spoils you haſte into your Tent, 

Whilft I, with F A quite fatigu'd and ſpent, 

Come to the Navy with a grateful Heart, 
For that ſmall Pittance they to me impart. H H. 


And whenever any Booty of extraordinary Value was taken, we find 


the Soldiers reſerving it for a Preſent to their General, or the Cum. 


manders of their Party: Inſtances of this Sort are frequent, as in 
other Writers, ſo eſpecially in Homer; Uly/es's Company always bo- 
nour'd him with the beſt and choiceſt Part of what they took. He- 


rodotus (a) reports, that after the Victory over Mardonius, Xerxe:'s 
Lieutenant, Paz/anias, the Spartan, being at that Time General of 
all the Grecian Forces, was preſented with a great Booty of Women, 
Money, Horles, Camels, Oc. over and above what was given to any 


other: This Practice indeed was ſo univerſal, that zo be a Commander, 


and to haue the firſt Share of the Booty, are uſed by the Poets as equi- 
valent Expreſſions : Whence Lycophron (5), 4 


 Theaaes 0 h,, wpwroaric ⅜ EMA. 
Alxpn Giporiacy wy (mupa7; wynupirss 
Ai cal xxlegarosy LE xi pic. 
Thy Hands ſhall mighty Potentates ſubdue, 
And brave Commanders that the Prize firſt ſhare, 
Chiefs too, that ſo much boaſt their Pedigree. 


But before the Spoils were diſtributed, they look'd on themſelves 


oblig'd to make an Offering out of them to the Gods, to whoſe 


Aſſiſtance they were indebted for them all; thoſe ſeparated to this 


Uſe were term'd axpodinz, either 9. dp οονν¹ our 70 (i is po yr 
wonag;, becauſe the War, wherein they were collected, had de/troy'd 


many (c); or, & d 78 N, becauſe after Sea- Engagements they were 
expos'd upon the Shore (d); or rather, from their being taken a 
4xps Ty 21w5;, from the Top of the Heap; becauſe all the Spoils be- 
ing collected inte one Heap, the Firſt-Fruits were offer'd to the 
Gods (e): In Alluſion to which Cuſtons, Megara in Euripides, telling 
what Choice of Wives ſhe had for her Sons out of Athens, Sparta, 
and T hebes, thus expreſſeth it, N | 


| Eyw d waP24 nxgob v SH. 


1 — 


b ©. 0 — — tered — 1 
3 = . —— a LAS 
e 
; 


e c) Zy athius Odyf, y d) Buler. 
gerus, Lib. de Spoliis, Jo (e) 55 phodlis Sen Ta hin. Of. . ( 


The 


oy 


Of the Military Affairs of Greece. 106 
The Gods, to whom this Honour was paid, were not only thoſt 
whom they Iook'd on as having a pecultar Concern in all Affairs of 
War, ſuch as Mays, Miner wa, &c. but ſeveral others, as Jupiter, Juno, 
and any to whom they thought themſelves obliged for Succeſs; thoſe 
eſpecially that were Protectors of their City, or Country, Sc. 
They had ſeveral Methods of conſecrating =—_ Sometimes they 
collected them into a Heap, and conſum'd them with Fire; ſome- 
times they made Preſents, which were dedicated and hung up in Tem- 
ples: So Pauſanias the Spartan is reported to have conſecrated out 
of the Perfian Spoils 4 Tripod to Delphian Apollo, and a Statue of 
Braſs ſeven Cubits long to O/ympian Jupiler (a). | | 
It was very frequent to dedicate their Enemy's Armour, and hang 
it in Temples; but the Laced#monians were forbidden this Cuſtom : 
which perhaps may be the Meaning of Claomeness foremention'd Re- 
ply; for that they were allow'd to offer their other Spoils appears as 
from that of Pau/anias, ſo from ſeveral other Inſtances; This Cuſtom 
was very ancient (6), and univerſally receiv'd, not in Greece alone, but 
moſt other Countries: Hence He#or promiſes to dedicate his Enemy's 
Armour in polls Temple, if he would vouchſafe him Victory (): 


EI N % Th tw Jun N wor rg Arν⁰²⁰⏑i, 
| Toxin o, tow v "IXcov dp, i 
Kal nprpubc wort n ATOANDV®r EXT IO, 


If kinder Phœbas my Proceedings blels, | 
And crown my bold Attempt with good Succeſs, 
Make Hector conquer, Whilſt his Foe ſhall bleed, 
And give me th* Honour of fo brave a Deed ; 
When I've deſpoil'd my Foe, his Arms PU bring, 
And there devote them in his Temple,—— =Z=F E. 


— 


Virgil alludes to this Quftom in his Deſcription of the Temple, where 
Latinus gave audience to ntas's Ambaſſadors (4) 


Multaque pr æterea ſacris in peflibus arma, 
Captivi pendent currus, curvegue /ecures, 

Et crifte capitum, & portarum ingentia claufira, 
Spiculaque, . clypeique, ereptague roftra carinis. 


Axes and Arms did ſacred Poſts adorn, | 

And chariots from their conquer'd Nations borne, 
Creſts too, and maſſy Bars of Gates and Spears, 

And Beaks of Ships, and Bucklers .. 


Many 


55 " 4% * 


— "” 7 nd 


1 — 


(a) ebe Lib. IX. ( Eufathus Ihad. ö. v. 8. % Thad. loc, 
cit, 27 Oy vil, 10 es ws "7 4 


110 Of the Military Affairs of Greece. 
May other Inſtances to the ſame Purpoſe accur in Authors. This 


Cuſtom ſeems to have been deriv'd into Greece from the Eaftern 


Nations, where, no doubt, it was practis 'd; what elſe can be the 


Meaning of Goliarh's Sword being fe poſited in the Jewiſh Place of 
_ Worſhip (a) ? 


Nor was it cuſtomary only to dedicate to the Gods Weapons taken 


from Enemies, but their own likewiſe, when they retir'd from theNoiſe 


of War to a private Life; which ſeems to have been done, as a grate- 
ful Acknowledgment ta the Gods, by whoſe Protection they had beea 


vi 0 


| Elivered from Dangers. Horace alludes to * W 01; "uh 


—— Vejanius, armis 

Herculis ad poſtem fixis, late! abditus. gro. . 
Eejanius now conſults his private Eaſe, ' 7 

Veſiſts from War, and ſeeks retir'd Peace, | 

Having hung up his Arms to Hercules. 


Quid alſo ſpeaks to the ſame Purpoſe (c) 


Wiles ut treeritis non eft ſatis utilis annis, 
Peonit ad antique, que tulit, arma Lares. 

| The batter'd Soldier, harraſs'd out with Age, 
Not able longer in the War t' engage, 
Devotes the 4. which formerly he „ 

To's Houſhold-Gods for their ng Pow'r. | 


But leſt cheſe 4 mould ſumiſh Male-contents5 in fadden Tamults 
and Inſurrections, they ſeem to have been uſually ſome Way or other 
ww unfit. for preſent Service: The Bucklers, for Inſtance, wer? 
ng p withaut Handles; ; whence a Perſon in one of the Poets ſet- 
ing em eee cries out in a F 5 . 


Wo) 601 rid, N vg wa. | * 
Unhappy Wretch! the Bucklers Handles have 


another ſaith, 


The Reaſon may be collected from the foregoing Verkes, where 5 


Oo you K ref FEW 705 * ix exporlag 
Taurzs þ Kr &vToig eg aD,. 


If you fincerely wiſh the public Good, 
| You ſhould not ſuffer any to devote 
Bucklers with Handles, 


— * 4 2 0 
— * 


Lada 


(0) 1 Som. xxi-9. (0) Lid. I. Pig, 1. „ 4. (% Trif, Lib. Iv. 


He 


Of the Military Affairs of Greece. 112 

As a farther Expreſſion of their Gratitude to the Gods, it was 
cuſtomary to offer ſolemn Sacrifices, and return public Thanks to 
them. Here it may be obſerv'd, that the Lacedæmonians, for their 
ateſt Succeſſes by Force of Arms, offer'd no more than a Cock 


to the God of War; but when they obtain'd a Victory by Strata- 


gem, and without Blood, they ſacrific'd an Ox (a); whereby they 
gave their General to underſtand, that Policy as well as Valour was 
requir'd in a compleat Warrior, and that thoſe Victories were to be 
preferr d, whereby they ſuffer'd the leaſt Damage; excelling herein 


the Roman Conſtitution, which rewarded with e Honours the 


Victors in open Field, than thoſe who gain'd a Conqueſt by Policy, 
which was eſteem'd leſs noble and becoming Romans; wherefore 
| thoſe were permitted to enter the City in Triumph, but the latter 
were only honour'd with an Ovation (6). It may not be impro 
in this Place to add, that the Grecians had a Cuſtom which reſembled 
the Reman Triumph; for the Conquerors uſed to make a Proceſſion 
thro” the middle of their City, crown'd with Garlands, repeating 
Hymns and Songs, and brandiſhing their Spears; the Captives were 
alſo led by them, and all their Spoils expos'd to public View, to do 
which they call'd Halpt gt (ec) On. 
Trophies were call'd by the ancient Athenians Tora ra, by ſucceed- 
ing Ages Tpowain (d): They were dedicated to ſome of the Gods, 
eſpecially Jupiter, ſirnamed Tqinai®-, and Tpraizy®-, (e) and Juno, 
who ſhar'd in her Huſband's Title, being call'a Tpunaix /; whence 
Lycophron (g), 5 5 


| Tpowraing tagd- und eg. 


The Mannerof adorning Trophies, was hanging up all Sorts of Arma 
taken from the Enemy, according to Euripides (5); | 


fer. bela: 

Tlarriwxiar N xoila Tw οπν ji. 

All Sorts of Arms, that from the Foe he took, 
He hung about the Trophy which he rais'd 


Hence alſo Juvenal Ci) ſpeaking of the Romas Triumphal Arches : 


Bellarum exuvie, truncis affixa trophais 
Lorica, & fracta de caſfide buccula pendens, 
Et curtum temone jugum, victægue triremis 


. * <a F ER, > 1 4 . —_— 
- —— 


* 


raclid. v. 786, (+5) Satir, X. v. 133. 


” Plutar:hus Inſtitut. Lacunic, /) Idem Marcelo, (e, Phaceries, 
4) Ariflophanis Scheliaftes Plutes (+) Pauſanias Lacenicir, Plutarebus Parallels, 
Phurnutus. / Phaworinus, (g Caſſandra, v. 1328. He- 


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112 Of {he Military Affairs of Greece. 
The Spoils of War brought to Feretrian Joe, 
An empty Coat of Armour hung above | 
T he Conqueror's Chariot, and in Triumph bortie 
A Streamer from a boarded Gally torn, 
A chap-talPn Beaver looſely * by 
The cioven Helm. tr Dryden, 


To theſe they uf ually added the Names ar the God the ey were ded! 
cated to, 1 the Con uerors alſo, and of thoſe overcome by them, 
with an Account of al the Spoils, and other remarkable Occur: 
rances in the War; this Inſcription was call'd z. ypaf@n, er briypa fia 5. 
and Was frequently engrav'd, whenee Lucian ſaith f zr To ThWwT Hb 270 | 
aa; ſometimes wiitten with Ink, IE Othryades the Lacede. 
moan, juſt ſurviving his Victory over the fre3ans, cauſed 4 Trophy 
to be erected, upon which, pes 7 wot by his pear, he in- 
{cribed with By OW Blood, inden 65e ik, A Lt” o (a). 

The Spoils wer n the Trank of a Tree; live was 
frequently put to this "UE, eing the Emblem of Peace, ten is one 
of the Conſequents of Victory 4 - veral. guy! Trees Wh Had the ſame 
Honour, eſpecially the On. 10 55 g conſecrated to Jupiter, Wh 
had a pecuhar Right to theſe Re * .. "There i 1s hos mention 
ol chis in the Poets: Sidonius. (6 


— er | V 
Curva gemi. 


The bended Oak beneath the Trophies 3 bons. | 


Statins deſcribes the kane Cato 605 TT a TRL 


Quercus erat teneræ jamdundum oblita ju jwventes . 
Huic lewes galeas, perfuſagque vulnere crebro Ds 
Inſeril arma. | 5 10 1 


There ood an ancient Oak, whole f a; Juice 
| Decay'd by Age, could ner ike Eee 7 
Thro' ev'ry Part; on this bright Helmets hung, 

And batter'd 8 5 


* 


Firgil alſo concurs Fa with them in feveral Places, and adds far - 
ther, that A7neas's Trophy was upon a Hill; whenee it may ſeem 
probable, that it was cuſtomary to ſet them upon eminent Places, io 


render them more conſpicuous: His Words are theſe (4%, 


M 914 
3 92 k TX his . t ECT 5 | 
a} 1 Parellelir, N ThE, De Fortuna, | (03 Penegyric. 
e. Thebaid, (4) AEneid,XT. v. 4. | 


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Feta Deum primo victor ſolvebat Zoo; 
duger tem net %y deciſis undigue ramis 
Cinſtituit tumulo, fulgentiague induit arma. 
Mezenti ducis exuvias, tibi, magat, tropaumy 
| Belligotens ; aptat rer antes ſauguine crifiasr, 
Telague truuca viri, E 's [ex thoraca petitum 
 Perfoſſumgue locis, clyprumgue ex ere finitre 
Subligat, atque enſem collo juſpendit eburnum, 


Soon as the Morn her weaker Beams diſplay'd, 
His Vows to Heav'n the pious Victor pay'd; 
A ſtately Oak, whoſe Branches all around 
Were firſt lopt off, be plac'd an riftng Ground, 
With glitt'ring Arms the hallow'd Trunk be cle, 
The 8 Flle of King Merenrius deceas'd ; 
Which Trophy, mighty — of War, | 
The grateful Prince did to thy Honour arg "WY 
He hung his nodding Plume beſmeax'd with Blood, 
And broken Sperrn upon the leafleſs Wood, 
Then round the Stock his much pierc'd Corilet bound, 
The ſad Remembrance of each ghaſtly Wound; 
And on the left Side fix d the ne Shield, 
With which Merxentius loſt the fatal Field; 
Then round his Neck the Leathern Belt he caſt, 
And in' his I ry- -hilted Sword he Flac d. 3 


In the ſame Manner Pompey having ſubdued the Spauiardi, eredad a 


Trophy on the Top of the Pyreneas Mountains. 

Iuaſtead of Trees, ſueceeding Ages erected Pillars of Stone, or Braſs, 
to continue the Memory of their iQories ; ; to raiſe theſe they term'd 
37 avas Tperaw, Which 2 was likewiſe apply d to che Erection 
of Trees; for if the Place they pitch'd upon was yoid of Trees, fit 
for their Parpoſe, it was 4 — to ſupply that Defect by fixing one 
there, as appears from the fore - mention d Paſſage of Virgil. 


To demobiſh a Trophy was look'd on as unlawful, wot a kind of 


Sacrilege, becauſe they were all canſecrated to ſome Deity : Nor 
was itleſs a Crime to pay divine Adoration before them, or ſa repair 
them when decay 'd, as may he likewiſe abſerv'd of the Roman Tri- 
mphal Arches : This being a Means to revive the Memory of for- 
gotten Quarrels, and engage Poſterity to revenge the Diſgrace of 
their Anceſtors: For the ſame Reafon thoſe Grecjans who firſt intro- 
duc'd the Cuſtom of erect ng Pillars for ras incurr'd a levers 
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The Macedonians never erected Frophies, obliped hereto by a Pre. 
ſcription, obſerv'd from the Reign of Caranus, one of whoſe Tro. 
phies was demoliſh/d'by Wolves oo which was the Reaſon that Alex. 
ander the Great, However vain- glorious in other Inſtances, never rais'd 
Aa Trophy : As for thoſe erected by the Macedonians of ſucceedin 2 
Ages in their Wars with the Romans, they were inconſiſtent with the 


ancient Cuſtom of their Country. In ſome Ages after this, they ſeem 


to have been wholly laid afide. 

Yet they were not ſtill wanting to raiſe Monuments to preſerve the 
Memory of their Victories, and to teſtify their Gratitude to the Gods; 
ſome of which are likewiſe mentioned in Authors before the Diſuſe 
of Trophies. Sometimes Statues were erected to the Gods, eſpe- 
cially to Jupiter, as appears from that which Pauſanias dedicated 
out of the Pex/ien Spoils (59, and ſeveral others: T here 1 is frequent 
Mention of this Cuitom 1 in 8 8 


2 fia, ia Setrag, 
Again, 
Atera, Z mos of hd Brivas. 


Severn othen Infances may be produc'd: Sometimes the fame God 
was honour'd with a Temple on ſuch Accounts, as appears from the 
Story of the Doriaut, who, having overcome the en rals'd a 
Temp le to Jupiter Pfromavc; 3 4). 

AS edme⸗ they erected Towers, which they adorn'd wich 5 
Spoil of their Enemies ; which was likewiſe a Roman Cuſtom, and 
practis'd by Fabius Maximus, and Demitias A nobarbut, after the 
Victory over the Allobroges Ce. TY, 

It was alfo cuſtomary to raiſe Altars to the Gods; an Inſtance 
| whereof we have in Alexander, who, returning from his Indian Expe- 
dition, erected Altars, in Height ſcarce inferior to the moſt loft: 
Tomets, and i in en exceeding them Ws 7. 


* * n * e 8 4 Fa 


_— n * * U — * 8 og 


CHAP. XIII. 


05 their Miluary Punifments and Rewards, with their 
Manner of conveying Intelligence. 


va HE Grecians had no conſtant Method of correcting their Sol“ 


diers, but left that to the Diſcretion of their Commanders 5 


only in ſome few Caſes the Laws made Proviſion. 

AuTowA:i. Runagates, ſuffer'd Death. 

AraTwur/4, ſuch as refus'd to ſerve in the Wars, and ſach as quitted 
their Ranks, by one of Charondas's Laws, were obliged to fit three 


„ AAS cc 2 wo wee ne K > 5&5 Mm ty „ _ ow anmnr &E © amd 


Day: 
| (a) N p. 375. (6) Herodotus, Lib. IX. 9 2 Phan, 
(4) ) Paunſanias Laconicis. (e) Lucius'F! — Lib, III. cap, II. A Ar. 


i anus Exped. Atcxard, Lib. V. 


rere 


— —— ” 888 py 1 & l + aa as t- © 


Of The Military Air of Greece, þ 15 
Days i in the publick Forum in Women's Apparel (a). At Ythove 


a pareu Fits ſuch as refuſed to ſerve in the Wars; Ae6 3:0T ANl21y they | 


who deſerted thew Ranks ; and JN, Cowards, were neither per- 
mitted to wear Garlands, nor to enter the 4 de ger ; Speclenr , publick Tem- 
ples: And were farther oblig'd by the Undecimwiri to appear in the 
Court call'd Helia'a, where a Fine, or other Puniſhment, was inflid- 
ed according to theit Demerit. If a Fige was inflicted, he Crimi- 
nal was kept 1 in Bonds till he made Payment (5). Lo theſe are to be 
reckon'd ge ids, they who loſt their Bucklers, which was ac- 
counted a Token of extreme Cowardice. Hence a Law came to be 
enacted, That whoever ſhould object this Crime to any Perſon un- 
deſerv ly, ſhould be fin'd (c). ut of all others the Zacedamanians 
infliged the heavieſt Puntſhments on all ſuch Offenders ;. for their 
Laws oblig'd them either to conquer, or to die upon the Place; and 
ſuch as quitted their Bucklers, laid under as great Diſgrace as if they 
had forſaken their Ranks, 
lonours, but it was likewiſe a Diſgrace to intermarry with them; 
hoover met them in the Streets, had Liberty to beat them, nor 
Vas It permitted them to reſiſt in their own Defence; and to make 
them more remarkable, whenever they went abroad, they were 
oblig'd to wear a naſty Habit, their Gowns were ch'd with divers 
Colours, and their Beards half ſhav'd, half unſhav's (40). "heir 
Scandal was likewiſe extended to their whole Family, and therefore 


their Mothers frequently aton'd for their Crime, by ſtabbing them 


ut their firft Meeting; which was a common Practice, and frequently 
alluded to in the Greek Epigrams, in one of which a Spartan ol 
tron having run n her Son through, thus inſults over him: : INE 


Eggrs K 4X04 N dice ear, 3 de v. * 
Es e@ra&; dard; une ira Poor g 566. x | 

Axettuv nba: w, lau tels igee r Shan, 

| Leg, To n Traęræg £40: 77 Ty EVEN 2 . 


Be gone, degenerate Offspring, uit this Light, 
Eurotas is concern'd at thy 10 00 91 ight; ; 

For ſee, he ſtops his Courſe, aſham'd to glide. 

By that polluted Coaſt where you abide ; 

Hence then, unprofitable Wretch, ſpeed to the Dead, 
And hide in Hell chy ignominious Head; 

Baſe daſtard Soul, unworthy to appear 5 

On Spartan Ground; I never did thee bear, A. th 
Several others may be roduced to the ſame Purps ſe, and where the 
fame Fate befel thoſe that loſt their Bucklers. Now the Reaſon being 
demanded of Dema. atus, why they puniſhed ſo ſevercly thoſe who 
1 [Sw 


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116 Of the Military Affairs of Greece. 
quitted their Bucklers, when the Loſs of their Helmet, or Coat of 
ail, was not look'd on to be {0 ſcandalous, he reply'd; That he/e 


 avere only defign'd for the 9 of fingle Perſons, aubereas Bucklers | 


were ſervicaable to the e Battalia. Archilochus the Poet was 
- baniſh'd from Sparta for erg wr, the following Epigram, wherein 
he glories in the Loſs of his Buckler (a):  —- 


Aowid: wir Lale Ti adannlas, 11 we Safe, 
Evo; a propariles Karo 8x ib Nau, 5 

— — —_— Cen 

Eger iSabheg ATHT0 acts 8 Raxiw. | 


ny To pawn their Arms was alſo actovited a Crime, and ſeems to have 
been forbidden by a Law at At bent, as the Greet Scholiaſt hath uvbſery'd 
in his Explication of the following Paſſage of Ariſtophanes (b): 


Ox 6:4 xupov ri hne N rapslaty. 
Where the Poet de ſcribes the Misfortune to which Men are expos'd 
by Poverty. Among the Romans, any Soldier who pawned his Shoul- 


der- piece, or any other of the leſs conſiderable Parts of his Armour, 
. was corrected with Stripes: But ſuch as pawn'd their Helmet, Buck- 


ler, Coat of Mail, or Sword, were puniſh'd as Deſerters (c). 
Beſides the Rewards of Valour already mention'd in the foregoing 


Chapters, there were ſeveral others. The private Soldiers were put 


Into Office, and the ſubordinate Officers were honoured with greate: 
Commands. It was likewiſe cuſtomary for the General to reward 


thoſe that ſignaliz'd themſelves with large Preſents; whence Telmon 


being the firſt chat gain'd the Top of Troy's Walls, when it was be- 
ſieged by Hercules, had the Honour to have Hefione the King's Daugh- 
ter for his Captive ; The/eus was preſented by the ſame Hera with An- 

 Ziope the Amazonian Queen, for his Service in the Expedition againſt 
the Amazons. The Poets frequently intruduce Commanders encoura- 
ging their Soldiers with Promiſes of this Nature : Thus Agamentir 
animates Teucer to behave himſelf courageouſly, by aſſuring him 6! 
a conſiderable Reward, when the City ſhould be taken (4): 


Igor To er ig WproGCrior by ef Snow, 
I 3\ , » os 
H xe, vs que imTe; avroiow exioÞn, 
* Ly 3 Q , — 7 „ 2 
Hi vνανÆ&ͥ xi re d, N thoarabziron 


Next after mine, your's is the beſt Reward, 
A Tripod, or a Chariot ſtands prepar'd 


a 5 8 


D 1 „— 
1 N - — * * 
* L . , - 


(a) Strabo Geograph. Lib. XII. Pace Inſtitut. Lacon. p. 2•9. Edit. Parit; 
[Y Pt Act. II. Scene IV. (c) Paulus libre ſingulati de Pepis Militur. 
L Had C., v. 289. _—_ — aer banal 


For . 


CAA 


& 


Of the Military Affairs of Greece. 
For your Acceptance; elſe ſome captive Maid 
Shall, big with Charms, aſcend your joyous Bed. 


A ſcanius in Virgil makes no leſs Promiſes to Ni/us (a); 


Bina dabo argents perfecta, atgue aſpera i 
Pocula, devitta rf hep gue r 1g | 
Et tripodas geminos, auri duo magna talenta z 

Cratera antiquum, guem dat Sidonia Dido: 

Si virs capere [taliam /ceptri/que potiri 

Contigerit vitteri, & prædæ ducere fortem; 
Vidiſti quo Turnus eguo, quibus ibat in armis 

Aureus, ipſum illum clypeum, criftaſqut rubentes 

Excipiam ſorti, jam nunc tua præmia, Nile : 
Præterea bis ſex genitor lectiſima matrum 

Corpora, captivo/que dabit, ſuaque omnibus arma 

Tnſuper id campi quod rex habet ipſt Latinus. 


| Your common Gifts ſhall two large Goblets be 

Of Silver wrought with curious Imag'ry 
And high imboſs'd, which, when ofa 
My conqu'ring Sire at ſack'd Arisba gain'd: 
And more, two Tripods caſt in Antic Mold, 

With two great Talents of the fineſt Gold; 
Beſide, a coſtly Bowl engrav'd with Art, 
Which Dido gave, when firſt ſhe gave her Heart: 
But if in conquer'd Tah we reign, 
When Spoils by Lot the Victor hall obtain, 
Thou ſaw'ſt the Courſer by proud Turnus preſt; 
That, Ni/us, and his Arms, and nodding Creſt, 
And Shield from Chance exempt ſhall be thy Share, 
Twelve lab'ring Slaves, twelve K 
All clad with rich Atare, and train'd with Cate; 
At laſt, a Latian Field with fruitful Plains, 


1 55 And a large Portion of the King's Domains. Mr. Dryden. 


Several other Promiſes they encourag'd them with, according to 
every Man's Temper or Condition: Wherefore Iſcanius thus pro- 


ceeds to Euryalus, Niſus d Companion in Danger: 
Te vero, mea quem ſpatiis propieribus etas 
Inſeguitur, wenerande puer, jam pectore toto 


Aocipio, & cumitem caſus complector in omnes; 
Nulla meist fine te quæretur gloria rebus. 


13 


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118 Of the Military Affairs of Greece. 
| eu þ em feu bella eram, tibi maxima rerum, 
2 ti OY, 


But thou, whoſe Years are more to mine ally'd, 

No Fate my TOA Aﬀedtion all divide WA 

From thes, ty ick Youth ; be wholly mine, 

Take full Poſſeſſion, as my Soul is thine, 

One Faith, one Fame, one Fate ſhall both attend, 

My Life's Companion, and my Boſom Friend; 

My Peace ſhall. be committed to thy Care, | 
And to thy Conduct my Concerns in War. Mr. Dryden. 


Sometimes Crowns were preſented, and inſcrib'd to che Perſon: 


Name and Actions that had merited them, as appears from the In. 


ſcription upon the 


— / % 


rown pr eſentod by the Athenians to Conon, Ko 


n T1: AK = vn; w A 1g 


2 


Others were honoured with Leave to raife Pillars, or ere& Statues 


to the Gods, with Inſcriptions declaring their Victories; which Pla- 
tarch ſuppoſeth to have heen a Grant rarely yielded to the greateſl 
Commanders: Cimos indeed was favour'd therewith, but Malliades aud 


Hemi ſtorles could never obtain the like; nay, when Maltiades only 


deired a Crown of Olive, one Sochares ſtood up in the Midſt of the 


Aſſembly, and reply d. When thou fhalt conquer alone, Miltiades, th: 


halt triumph ſo tooy, which Words were fo agreeable to the Populace, 
that his Suit was a 5 The Reaſon why Cimon was more re- 


ſpected than the reſt, our Author (a) thinks, was, becauſe under 
other Commanders they ſtood upon the Defenſive ; but hy his Con- 


duct they not only repulſed their Enemies, but invaded them in their 


own Country But perhaps a more true and real Account may be 


taken from the Change af Times; for the primitive Ages ſeem not 


to have been ſo liberal in the Diſtribution of Rewards as thoſe that 
{ucceeded ; for later Generations degenerating from their Anceſtor:, 
— producing fewer Inſtance; of Magnanimity and true Valour, the 


Bt fs ha Honour became eaſier, and Men of common Performances 
2 Difficuity obtain'd Rewards, which before were only paid to 


Perions of the fixit Rank for Virtue and Courage (b). 
Another Honour conferr'd at Athen upon the Valiant, was to have 


7 


_ their Arms placed in the Citadel, and to be call'd Cecropide, Citizen: 
of the true | 


old Blood; to which Cuſtom the Poet alludes, 


Od v2Murixas, Kixporioac ihe! iy, 


Some were preſented with a w, or compleat Suit of Ar. 


turn'd from the Expedition againſt Potidæn (c). 


mour; as we find of Alcibiades, when he was very young, and te. 


Others 


8 as 
«th —— * 
W. „ PR — — 


() Pub e. (5) Afebine: in Crete bent em. e) Elatarcb. Alcilias. 


— 


Of the Military Affairs of Greece. 119 
Others were complimented with Songs of Triumph, the firſt of 
which were compoſed in Honour of Ly/ander the Spartan General a); 
They who loſt any of their Limbs in the War, whom they call 'd 
A ouaroi, were maintain'd at the publick Expence, provided they had 
not an Eſtate of three Autict Pounds yearly, On which account they 
were examined by the Senate of Five Hundred. Their Allowance was 
an Obolns by the Day. Some affirm they had two OB every Day. 
Others relate, that they received nine Drachme, that is fifty- four Ohl. 
every Month. And it is probable, that their Maintenance was raifed 
or diminiſnh'd according to the Exigency of Affairs, as hath been elſe- 
where obſerv'd concerning the Military Stipend. This Cuſtom of 
maintaining diſabled Soldiers was introduc'd by Solon, who is ſaid to 
have given an Allowance to one T herfppus: Afterwards it was eſta- 
bliſned by a Law during the Tyranny of Piſigratus (5). 
Many other Honours were paid to ſuch as deſerved well of their 
Country ; but I ſhall only mentzon cne more, which conſiſted in the 
Care of the Children of ſuch as valiaatly ſacrificed their Lives for the 
Glory and Preſervation of the A:rbenian Commonwealth (c): They 
were carefully educated at the publick Charge, till they came to Ma- 
turity, and then preſented with a compleat Suit of Armour, and 
brought forth before the People, one of the publick Miniſters pro- 


claiming before them; „That hitherto, in Remembrance of their 


© Fathers Merits, the Commonwealth had educated theſe young 
„Men; but now diſmiſs'd them fo arm'd, to go forth and thank 
e their Country by imitating their Fathers Examples“. For their 


59 


farther Encouragement, they had the Honour cf #g«4giz, or having 


the firſt Seats at Shews and all publick Meetings. | 
The Laws of Solon made a farther Provifion for the Parents of 


thoſe that died in the Wars, it being extremely reafonable that they 


ſhould be maintained at the publick Expence, who had loft their 
Children, the Comfort and Support of their declining Age, in the 
Service of the Publick (g)). 195775 FE 
It may not be imprep'r to add fomething concerning their Way 
of fending Intelligence. This was done ſeveral Ways, and by ſeveral 
Sorts of Meſſengers; ſuch were their Hz:p:0,5u94, Who were hghtly 
arm'd with Darts, Hand- granadocs, or Bows and Arrows (e); one 
of theſe was Phidippides, famous in the Story of Milttades, for his 
_ Vihon of Pan (7). 
But the Contrivance of all others the moſt celebrated for cloſe Con- 
veyance of Intelligence, was the Lacedemonian oxurunn, which was a 


white Roll of Parchment wrap'd about a black Stick ; it was about 


forr Cubits in Length (g), and fo call'd from ox»; D., 2. e. Skin. The 
Manner and Uſe of it was thus; when the Magiſtrates gave Com- 


—_— _— 


(a) Plutarchus Lyſandro. (2) Plutarcbrs Solea, J pho: ip, ar, Heſychius, 


 Hasprocation, Suidas v. Adtveles. (e Aſchinus in Cr phontem, () Plata 
Mens xena, Diogenes Laertius Solone. (e) Suidar, V Cornelias Ne . liage, 
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1898 07 the Military Affairs of Greete. 
miſſion to any General or Admiral, they took two round Pieces of 
Wood ray equal to one another; one of theſe they kept, the other 


was deliver to the Commander, to whom when they had any Thin 
of Moment t communicate, they cut a long narrow Scroll of Parch- 


ment, and rolling it about their own Staff, one Fold cloſe upon 


another, they wrote their Buſineſs upon it; then taking it of, vir. 


patched it away to the Commander, who applying it to his own Staff, 
the Folds exaQly fell in one with another; as at the Writing, and 


the Characters, which, before twas wrapp'd up, were confuſedly 
disjoin'd, and unintelligible, appear'd very plain (a). 


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5 „„ 
S/ the Invention, and different Sorts of Ships. 
y OST of thoſe uſeful Arts, and admirable Inventions, which 
are the very Support of Mankind, and ſupply them with all 


the Neceflaries and Conveniencies of Life, have at firſt been the 
Productions of ſome lucky Chance, or from ſlight and contemptible 


| Beginnings, have been, by long Experience, curious Obſervations, 


and various Improvements, matur'd and brought to Perfection: In- 
ſtances of this Kind are every-where frequent and obvious, but none 


can be produc'd more remarkable than in the Art of Navigation, 


which, tho* now artiv*d to a Pitch of Perfection beyond moit other 
Arts, bythoſe ſucceſsful Additions it has received from almoſt every 
Age of the World, was inthe Begintiing ſo mean and imperfect, that 
the Pleaſure or Advantage of thoſe who firſt apply'd themſelves to it, 


| was very ſmall and inconſiderable. 


| Thoſe who adventured to commit themſelves to the liquid Ele- 
ment, made their firſt Eſſays in ſhallow Waters, and truſted not them- 
{elves at any conſiderable Diſtance from the Shore; but, being em- 
bolden'd by frequent Trials, Ore farther by Degrees, till at 
length they took Courage, and launch'd forth into the main Ocean : 
To this Purpoſe Claudian (6) : . | 


In venta ſecuit primus qui nave prafundum, 
Et rudi bus remis ſolicitavit aguas, 

Manguillis, primum trepidus fe credidit undis, 
Littera jecure tramite ſunima legens; 

Moi lengos tentare ſinus, & linquere terras, 
Et leni cepit pandere wela Noto- 

AR ubi paulatim præcips au#aiia crevit, 
Cordaque lunguentem dedidicere metum, 


Jam 


, ** n . 1 * " , " E: * = _ 
= # —_— a. n 4 . | of 8 


(e) Plutarchas Lyſandro, Ariſtephani: Scheviaſtes in Avibus, A, Gellius, ke, 


\ , 


() Prefat. in Rap. Projeryice. 


Of the Military Aﬀtairs of Greeks: Fg 


Jae 
| Jam Dagus 1 rrupit pelago 5 calumpue ſecutus, | 


K 


Egeas hyemes, Ioniaſque domat. 


Whoever firſt with Veſſels cleav'd the Deep, 
And did with uncouth Oars the Waters ſxeep, 
His firſt Attempt on gentle Streams he made 
And near the Shore affrighted always aid 

_ He launch'd out farther next, and left the Land, 
And then erected Sails began to ſtand ; 
Till by Degrees, when Man undaunted grew, 
Forgetting all thoſe Fears before he knew, 
He ruſh'd into the Main, and harmleſs bore, 
Guided by Stars, the Storms that loudly roar 
In the Ægean and Tonian Sean — 


To whom the World is oblig'd for the Invention of Skips, is, 
like all things of ſuch Antiquity, uncertain : there are divers Per- 
ſons, who ſeem to make equal Pretenſions to this Honour; ſuch 


are Prometheus, Neptune, Janus, Atlas, Hercules, Faſon, Danaus, 


Erytbræus, &c. but by common Fame it is given to Minerva, the 
happy Mother of all Arts and Sciences. Some, who leaving theſe 
antiquated Fables of the Poets, A e to ſomething more of Cer- 
tainty in what they deliver, aſeri 

thoſe Places that lie upon the Sea - coaſts, and are by Nature deſign- 
ed, as it were, for harbouring Ships, ſuch as the Zginenfians, Pha- 


_ nictans (a), &c. The Reaſon of this Diſagreement ſeems to have 


proceeded partly from the different Places where Navigation was 
firſt practiſed (for it was never peculiar to any one People, and 
from them communicated to the reſt of the World, but found 


out in Countries far diſtant from one another) and in part from. 


the various Sorts of Ships, ſome of which being firſt built by the 
Perſons above-mention'd, have entitled them to the whole Inren- 
tion. | Dd ieee e 
The firſt Ships were built without Art or Contrivance, and had 
neither Strength nor Durableneſs, Beauty nor Ornament; but con- 


ſiſted only of Planks laid together, and juſt ſo compacted as to keep 


out the Water (5): In ſome Places they were nothing elſe but 
Hulks of Trees made hollow, which were called S porifuna, as 
conſiſting only of one Piece of Timber; of theſe we find Mention in 


Virgil (+ > 


uc alnos fluevii primu n ſanſere cavatar, 
Navita tum ftellis numeros, & nominaf fecit. 


Then hollow Alders firſt on Rivers ſwam, | 

Then to the Stars both Names and Numbers came, bs 
Ilzmpos'd by Mariners. In 
(a) Plin. Lib. V. Cap. XII. Strabo, Lib. XVI. Mela, Lib. I. Cap, XII. 
{5) Maximus Tyr, Differt. XL. Jfaorus, (ei Georgie, Lib, J. v. 136. 


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722 Of the Military M Fairs of Greece. 
In fater Ages alſo they were malle uſe of at ſome Places, being the 
Accepta- 


ſame with thoſe called ox«py in the ſtritt and moſt 


tion of that Word (a), from C xa rhodz:, as made 22 g, and, 
as it were, Aigging in a Tree. Nor was Wood alone apply'd to this 


Uſe, but any other Materials that float upon che Water without ſink- 


ing, ſuch as the Zgy pep Reed Papyrus, or (to mention no more) 
= were frequently compos d, 

and call'd wie Tyme þ or er Dar, "Theſe were ſometimes be- 
irt with Wickers, and frequently us'd in that manner upon the 
ivers of Zthiepia, Egypt, and Sabæan Arabia, even in later Times; 


but in the firſt of them we ſind no Mention of any thing but Leather, 


or Hides ſew*d together: In a Ship of this Sart Dardanus ſecured 


His Fliglit to che Country afterwards call'd Troas, when by a terrible 
Deluge he was forced to leave Samethrace, his former Place of Re. 
| dence (6). Charon's Infernal Boat was. of the, {ame Compoſition, 


—_ to 4 n „ 


-+11 ebe Gn: fb pondare OY 
-  Smilis, & multam accepit 1. Palndens 


Under the Weight the Boat of Leather 3 
1 — — rown, chi e pee Water found 
| When Ships were by ht to a «Ms Wann nta 10d ia 
creas d in ati the Sig t of them ſtruck the ignorant People with 


— and eee. for it was no {ſmall Surprize to behold 
great floating Caſtles of unaſual Forms, full of living Men, and 
wich Wings (as it were) expanded flying upon the Sea (4): What 


olſe could have given Occaſion to the Fiction of Per/exs's Flight to 


the Gorgons, who, as ee 00 Ae 1 us, was 1 0 


e N 5 


niet abe 1 wach. 76 Poppin eine, 


What other iginal could there be for the famous Story of Triptole- 
mas, who was feign'd to ride upon a wing'd Dragon, only becauſe 
in a Time of Dearth at Athens he ſail'd to more fruitful Countries 
to ſapply the Neceſſities of his People; or to the Fable of the 

90 Horſe Pega/us, who, as ſeveral Mythologifts J report, Was 
nothing but à Ship of that Name with Sails, and for that Reaſon 


feign'd to be the Offspring of Neptune, the Emperor of the Sea (g)? 
e ſor the Stories of Gryffons, or of 


Nor was there any other 

Ships transform'd into Birds and Fiſhes, which we fiequently meet 

with in n the antient arm. 80 acceptable to the frit Ages of me 
| Yor 


FIT 


bo en Lib. v. 75 ee Caflandy, eee, v. 75. 
e) AEncd. VI. (4 9 Ap clloniu etuſque Scboliaſtes. Theſmophor, 
AO Alt, t Ius Idol. Lib. III. Cap. . 


+ a a 6. A... note. at&t 


: 
” 


O the, Military Affairs of Greece. 
World were Inventions of this Nature, that whoever made any Im- 
rovements in the Art of Navigation, built new Ships of Forms 
better fitted for Strength or Sui ftneſs than thoſe before us'd, ren · 


by 


der'd the old more ecommodious by an additional Contrivanee, or 
diſcovered Countries untrac'd by former Travellers, were thought 


worthy of the greateſt Honours, and {like other common is 
tors to Mankind) aſcrib'd into the Number of the 


vens : Henee we have the Signs of Aries and Taurus, which were no» 
thing but two Ships; the former tranſported Phryxus from Greece to 
Colebor, the latter Europa out of Phanicia into Crate. Argo likewiſe, 
Pegaſus, and Perſeus's Whale, were: new. Sorts of Ships, which be- 


ing had in great Admiration by the rude and ignorant Mortals f 


thofe Ninſes, were in Memory of their Inventors, tranflated amongſt 


the Stars, and metamorphos d into Conſtellations by the Poets of = 
thoſe, or the ſucceeding Ages. Thus much concerning the Inven- 


| Ar their frſt Appearance in the World, all Ships, forwhatever Uſe | 


defign'd, were of the ſame Form; but the various Ends of Navigation, 
ſome of which were better an{wer'd by one Form, ſome 
ſoon gave Occaſion to fit out Ships, not in Bigneſs only, but in the 


Manner of their Conſtr uction and Equipment, ciffering from one anos - | 
ther. Not to trouble you with a diſtinct Enumeration of every little 


Alteration, which would be endleſs, they were chiefly of three Sorts; 


Ships of Burden, of Mar, and of Paſage. Ships of Paſſage were diſs 
ſeveral Names, taken uſually from their Carriages; 


tinguiſh'd by 
thoſe that ferv'd for the Tranſportation of Men, deing call'd by th 
| r Names of fs and isis, or, when fill'd w 
Men, by the particular Titles of 6narayayu And rpariurite; 3 thoſe 


In which Horſes were tranſported, were named imnyye, imraywyc, 


and Hippagines, to mention no more. 


Ships of Burden were call'd Nu, Gef, and Ae, todiflin. ; 


| 2a them ſrom Ships of War, which were properly term'd : 
They were uſually fan orbicular Form, having large and capacious 
Bellies to contain the greater Quantity of Victuals, Proviſions, and 
other Neceflaries with which they were laden; whence they are 


ſometimes call'd 5:13: ; as on the contrary, Ships of War we find 


nam'd puexpar (a), being extended to a pour Length than the for- 
mer, wherein they agreed in Part with tt 


Men of War, tho” not wholly deſtitute of Sails, were chiefiy row'd 


with Oars, that they might be the more able to tack about upon 


any Advantage, and approach the Enemy on his weakeſt Side 
whereas Veſſel; governed by Sails, being left to the Mercy of the 
Winds, could not be managed by ſo ſteady a Conduct; hence the 
Ships of War are uſually ſtil'd wi, and xe. Ships of Bur- 


— 4 


eee in Peet Ont, .. Lee. 


rr Tr TT ICI 


Linc deify'd Heroes. 
They had their Inventions alſo conſecrated, and fix d in the Hea- 


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| e Tranſport-Veſſels, which 
were of a Form betwiæt the Ships of War and Burthen, being ex- 
ceeded by the latter in Capaciouſneſs, by the former in Length. 
There was likewiſe another Difference amongſt theſe Ships; for 


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124 Of the Military Affairs of Greece. 
den were commonly governed with Sails, and thoſe of Tranſport 
.._ © often tow'd with Cords, not but that in both theſe all the three 
| Ways of Government, viz. by Sail, Oar, and Cords, were upon 
Kn | Occaſion made uſe of, 1 4 eee Nr. ; | wad 
Ships of War are ſaid tahave been firſt, rigg d out by Parbalus, or 
Samt, as others by dim but according to ſome (a) by ron. 
Ade were farther diſtinguiſned from other Sorts af Ships by various 
Engines, and Acceſſiony of Building, ſome to defend their own Sol- 
_ diers, others to annoy Enemies, an Account of which ſhall be inſerted 
in the following Chapters; and from one another in later Ages by 
ſeyeral Orders or Ranks of Oars, which were not, as ſome vainly 
_ "Imagine placed upon the ſame Level in different Parts of the Ship; 
nor yet, according. to others,” directly, and perpendicularly above 
dne avether's. Heads ; but their Seats, being fix'd one at the Back 
of andthergiaſcended gradually in the Manner of Stairs. The moſt 
| - -” uſual Nunſbes of theſe Banks was three, four, and five; whence 
ig frequent Mention Of mes Thin pie, Telpnpier, and enerlnpercy i. e. 
e, quadrireme, and quinquereme Gallies, which exceeded one 
another by à Bank of Oars, and conſequently were built more high, 
and row'd with greater Strength. In the primitive Times the lon 
Ships had only one Bank of Oars, whence they are ſometimes term'd 
gaconigea;, and Keales, from the Name of a ſingle Horſe; and therefore 
when we find. them call'd aelxolceoi, and upwards as far as ixalwulc- 
bio, we are not to ſuppoſe they were row'd with fifty, or an hundred 
Banks, but only with ſo many Oars: One of theſe was the Ship 
Arge, which was row'd with fifty Oars, being the firſt of the long 
ik Ships, and invented by Jaſen, whereas till that Time all Sorts of 
li. Veſlels had been of a Form more inclining to Oval: Others (64 
[| - _, carry the Invention of long Ships ſomething higher, referring it to 
; | Danaus, Who they tell us, ſail'd from Egypt into Greece in a Ship 


” — IC. 


 O winquiromss Priſca Fawn Interior a re Jus ſis 


N of fifty Oars; and however "not Nay be allowed to have intro- 

Wi duced them into Greece, yet he cannot be thought the firſt Contriver, 

1 bdut rather imitated the Egyprian or African Model, the latter of 

{1 /  _ which was ſome time before compoſed by Atlas, and much uſed in 

1 | (hoſe Parts. The firſt that us'd a double Bank of Oars were the 

Ji *  Erytbroam (e]; which was farther enlarged by 4minocles of Corinth 

1 with the Acceſhon of a third, as Herodotus, Thucydides, and Diodorus 

. the Siciliam report; but Clement of Alexandria (d) will have this In- 

4 vention to belapg to the-S/Honrans: To theſe Ariffotle, a Carthagi- 

Th mien, added a Fourth; Veffet han of Salamis (according to Pliny) or 
{ Dioxyffus the Sicilian (according to Diodorus) a Fifth: Arnagoras the 

3F * © Syracufian a Sixth; Ne/epiton increaſed the Number to ten, Alexan-, 

i der the Great to Twelve, Ptolemy Soter to Fifteen ; Philip Father to 

I} Perſeus had a Ship of ſixteen Banks (e); then (it being eaſy to make 

| | Additions, the Methods of erecting one Bank aboye another once 

1 — — — — — — — 3 — —— = 
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84 


Of the Military Fairs of Greece. 425 


found out) Demetrius the Son of Aptitonge built a Ship of thirty Banks, 
and Prolemy Philapater, out of a vain-g lorious de of out-doing 
all the World beſides, farther enlar 34 the Number to Forty (a). 

- which (all other Parts bearing'a Jul Proportion) rais'd the Ship to 
igious Bigneſs, that 5 appear'd at a Diftance like a floating 
Mountain, or Iſland, and upon a near View ſeem'd like a 1 Caſtle 

the . it contain'd four thouſand Rowers, four hundred 

+ hed employed in other Services, and almoſt three thouſand Sol- 
dliers. "ot s, and ſuch-like Fabricks, ſery'd only for Shew and 

Oftentation, being by their great Bulk render'd unweildy, and unfit 

for Uſe. Atbenæus tells us the common Names they were known 
| by" were Cyclades or # tna, 1. 6. Ilands or Mountains, ta which 

they ſeem'd almoſt equal in Bigneſs, conſiſting as ſome report, of 
2s many Materials as would RAVE beap ſufficient for the Con ruction 
of at leaſt fifty Triremes. 

© Belides OR already Peco, there were other Ships with half 

| Banks of Oars; ſach as V⁰jpαναν Or 1pjvaÞ-, which ſeems to haye been 
betwixt an Unireme and Bireme, conſiſting of a Bank and ah half: 
Likewiſe Tgnenina, betwixt a Bireme and Trireme, having two 

Ranks and an half: Theſe, tho? perhaps built in other Reſpects after 

- the Model of the long Ships, or Men of War, are ſeldom compre- 
hended under that Name, and ſometimes mention'd in oppoſition 

© to them. Several other Ships are mention'd by Authors, Which 
fer d from thoſe aſt ready en ed, being fitted for particular Ukes, 


that 


or certain Seas, employ d upon urgent Necefſities in Naval Fights, 


— but. more commonly as b upehin al, Tenders, and Victuallig Ships to 


ſuß 
pedition to 
bout Dange r 
' Theſe alle AN 
Conſtruction and ng 


E xpreſſes, and obſerve the Enemy's Motjans with - 
ſeiz d by the heavier, and arm'd Veſſels. 
ed from the former by the Manner of their 


uipment, being in part like the Men of War, 


| partly reſembling the Ship s of Burden, and in ſome things differing | 
_ trom both, = we Frans | Exigetcles they ſery'd' in, (eem'd to re- 


the main Fleet with Proviſions, and ſometimès built for Ex- 


Wh) q e 


* 4 # 
q . . 


of the Parts Ornaments &c. 8 Ships. 


10 A IN G treated of the different Sort of Ships us'd cuts 2 


the antient Grecians; I ſhall in the next Place endeavour to de- 
| faribe? the principal Parts.whereof they conſiſted, the Ignorance of 


which has occaſion'd many Miſtakes, and much Confolidn in thoſe 


»whohay © . You Authors ow += wage Herein I ſhall chiefly 


4+ 


_y " * 


(a) Piutgrchus Demetrio, Athens us, Lib. V, 


_ follow 


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reſt having uſually flat Bottoms (8): Ali 1 Keels e gh placed 
Nl 


126 Of the Mili ar Affairs if Gteere, 


follow the Account of. Scheffer, Who hach ſo capiouſly treated on this 
Subject, and with ſuch Indu uſtry and Learning collected whatever i; 


"neceſſary to its. luſtration, chat very little Room is left for farther 


Enlargement. 

Now the. S ipal Parts of which Ships confi ſted, were three, oz. 
the Beth, row, and the Stern: 8 were Again compoted of 
other aller Parts, which ſhall be hriefly deſerib' din their, Order. 
I, In the Bell, or middle Part pf th e Ti there was uche, Car. 
na, or the Keel, which was campos'd of Wood, and therefore from its 
Streng tþ and F irmngſi, call'd ay; en: 55 Its was laced at the Bottom of the 
Ship, being deſign d to cut, and glide thro? the Waves (a), and 


therefore tf not broad, but narrow _ ſharp 3 whence it may be 


rceiv'd that not all ps, gut only the bange, whole Bellies were 
ait, and of a {mall Circumference, were provided with Reels, the 


Pieces of Wood to ſave it from recgivin when the Ship was 
fiſt launch'd into the \ Ater, or bulg mY againſt Rocks; thete were 


| GUS XPoo pale, in W Canei, according to | Ovid he 72 


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5 ia to the Keel was Palms (4) aithis att was ned the 


| Ws 4 2 een which Water was convey'd out of the 


After this was Ja bee or ES; Keel, being plar'd bencath 
the Pump, and call d NM, N haller (tf T. By. ſome . 
18 falſely ſuppos'd to be the ſame with fe 

Above the Pump was an hollow Place, call'd by Her desu i 5 
In noc, by Pollux xbrœ. and arg RE large and ca CAapaciovs 
after the Form of a Veſſel or Belly) by the Larins teftudo.. is V as 
ſurrounded- with Ribs, which were Pieces of Woot!" rifing from he 
Keel upwards, and call'd by Hegebius gutt, by others irt che 
Belly of the Ship being contained within them) in Latin, c. b 
Upon theſe were placed certain Flanks , which rig hh cas 
Tepwreiag, or ap,, b 

Hence proceed we to the . Fr or Sides pe 5 the Ship, 
which encompaſs'd all the former Parts on both Hands! Th; fe were 


compos d of 2 Rafters extended from Prow to Stern, an | called 


re Ala. Curnge (5), and C, la 29, opt then the 
whole Fabrik was begire 0 or ſurrounded, : I na 


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(e) Homeri Schlaf. Odyſf. . (I) Thderes Lib, XIX. Cap, I. <) Atem. "XL. 
v. 516. (4) Pollua. (* b. N 1 n (f) Pollux. (e) 2 de Bepub. 
Lib. X. {b) I. ebodoru: th; pics. (1) Ariflephanes Equitibus, 


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Of the Military Affairs of Gicere: 850 125 


”W both theſe sides the Rowers hid their Places, called 7751; and” 
%%, i Lali Fori and franſira, plac'd above another: The 


loweſt was) call'd" Sage., and thoſe that labour'd therein, Jade» 
tet The Middle Fey, and the Men : 1 { rmoft Sea 
1:4, whence the Rowers were term'd 9;ar/ras (4). In theſe were 


times one continued Vacuity from one End to the other, call; 
7p60nZ, but more uſually diſtinct Holes, each of which was deſign” 
for a fingle Oar F theſe were ſtil'd twat, rum la, as alſo N- 


* E s 


1 


Spaces Arg echten the Rowers pat their Oars: Theſe wers = Z 


were by a more general Name term'd iyzore, from contain 1 
mo 


, becauſe bot unlike the. Eyes of living Creatures: All of them 


Oars (5)5 but dyn ſeems to have been another thing, fignityin 
the Spaces between, Banks of Oars on each Side, where the Paſſen- 


gers ſeem to have been plac'd ; On the Topof all theſe, was a Paſſage, 


4 


6r Place to walk. in, call'd a4;aJ6., and #=pad;a-G,, a3 joining 8 


the Jeet, or uppermoſt Bank of Oars. 


| re WOT TI 1h 0 RS "I 
2. II, the Pro, or Fore · deck, whence it 19 ſometimes called 


_ »irw7n9, the Fore-head, and commonly diſtinguiſh'd by other meta- 


phorical Titles taken from human Faces. In forme Ships there is 


men tion of two Prows, as likewiſe of two Sterns; thus was Dana:'s 
Ship adorn'd by Minerva, when he fled from Egypr, It was cuſto- 
mary to beautify the Prow with Gold, and various Sorts of Paint 

and Colours: In the primitive Times Red was mot in Uſe, whenes 
Acrer's Ships were commonly dignify*d wü the Fitles of wixlowapncs 
and @6:1449% pn, Or Red-fac'd; The Blue likewiſe, or Sky-colour, 


was frequently made uſe of, as bearing a near Reſemblance to the 
Colour of the Sea; whence we find Ships call'd by Homer zvuarnn,u- 


pol, by Ariſtaphanes Kvzripo Au Several other Colours were alſo 


made uſe of, nor were they barely varniſh'd over with them, but 


very often anneal'd by Wax melted in the Fire, ſo as neither the Sun, 
Winds or Water were able to deface them. The Art of doing this 
was call'd from the Wax, xngcy;aÞis ; from the Fire iyxavrixy ; it 
is deſcribed by F7truvizs (c), and mentioned in Owid (d/ : | 


| | | 1 
Pda coloribus uftis 3 | 
Cærulæam matrem concatua Puppis babe. 


The painted Ship with melted Wax anneabd, 
Had Ter2ys for its Deity, ——= | 


1 


In theſe Colbüts the various Forms of Gods, Animals, Plants, . 


were. uſually deſeribed, which were often added as Ornaments to 


cther Paris alſo of the Ships, as plainly appears ftom the antient 
Monuments preſented to the World by Fg "ng 5 DTT "ne 


* ww 9 alata” ** by 1 ** 4 
F — 


4) Pollax, * yy N 1 2620 8 ; 
tore, Lib, IV. 4 N A TOE Lib, V 403 Lib. VII. Cap. IX. 0% Faſ. 


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128 Of the Military Afairt of Greeee. 


The Sides of the Prow were term'd erT«, or Wings, and waz 


according to Scheffer, or rather wageia: ; for, fince the Prow is com. 
monly compar'd to an hyman Face, it will naturally follow that its 
Sides ſhould he called Cheeks, 'The Top of theſe, as likewiſe of the 
Stern, was call'd mwp£cipeoiz (a), n void of Rowers. 


3. Hedten, the Hind- deck or Stern, ſometimes call'd S, the Tail, 
becauſe the hindmoſt Part of the Ship ; It was of a Figure more in- 


clining to round than the Prow, the Extremity of which was ſharp, 
that it might cut the Waters; it was alſo built . than the Prow, 


and was the Place where the Pilot fat to ſteer; The Bow of it was 


call'd , 3 the Planks of which that Was compos'd, Taz WITT 
wax. There was another Flace ſomething below the Top, call'd 
ac the interior Part of which was term'd 3. 04½¼½. 

Some other Things there are in the Prow and Stern that deſerve 


our Notice; as thoſe Ornaments wherewith the Extremities of the 


Ship were beautify'd, comfonly call'd in general & (5) or 


vey xopwrides (c), in Latin, Corymb;; which Name is taken from che 
Greek xi old, uſed in aner k 


| = » ' T „ | | . 45 | 
„ roi x $90. 


"Tho? this Word in Greet is not, as in the fades” apply'd to the Orna- 


ments of both Ends, but only thoſe of the Prow (4) ; Theſe arc 
likewiſe call'd zxz«5oz, becauſe plac'd at the Extremity of the c, 


which was a long Plank at the Head of the Prow, and therefore ſome- 


times term'd fu νẽ (7), The Form of them ſometimes re- 
ſembled Helmets, ſometimes living Creatures, but moſt frequent!) 


was winded into a round Compaſs, whence they are ſo commonly 
named Corym bi and Coronæ. 


Io the axporone In the Prow anſwer'd the Ao in the Stern, 


which are often of an orbicular Faſhion, or faſhjon'd like Wings, to 
which 2 little Shield call'd zoTidnr, Or Ch dig xy, Was fre. vents; 


afix' d: Sometimes a Piece of Wood was erected, whercon Ribbands 
of divers Colours were hung, and ſerv'd inſtead of a Flag V to 


diſtinguiſh the Ship, and of a Weather-cock to ſignify the Quarter: 


of the Wind, 5 00 
Knvioz®- was ſo call'd from à , a Gooſe, whoſe Figure it reſem- 
bled, becauſe Geeſe were looked on as fortunate Omens to Mari- 


ners, for that they ſwim on the Top of the Waters, and fink not. 


This Ornament, according to ſome, was fix'd at the Bottom of the 


Pro, where it was join'd to the foremoſt Part of the Keel; and 
was the Part to which Anchors were faſten'd when caſt into the Sea: 
But others carry it to the other End of the Ship, and fix it upon the 


Extremity of the Stern (g). 
Iaparuymy was the Aur, whereby Ships were diſtinguiſh'd from 
d in the Prow, juſt below the raa8-, being 

| LOS | ſometimes 


1 3 * ed = Ly 7 


Lal i coat Cds 4 * 1 


(a) Thutydidis Schotiaftes, ( ) Suidas, (e] Homerus, (d, Erymol:gigt Autor; 


one another; It was plac 


(e] Pollux. (, Pollax, Euflathizs, (8) Etmcivgic Auẽtor. 


2 


5 


Of rhe Military Afatrs of Greete, 129 
ſometimes carv'd, and frequently painted, whenceit is in Lali term'd 
Pictura, repreſenting the Form of a Mountain, a Tree, a Flower, or 
any other Thing wherein it was diftinguiſh'd from what was call'd 
Tulela, or the Safe-guard of the Ship, whieh always repfeſent-1ſome 
of the G ds; to whoſe Care and Protection the Ship was recommend- 
ed; for which Reaſon it was held facred, an had the Privilege - f be- 
ing a Refuge, and Sanctuary to ſuch as fled to it; Prayers alſo and 
Sacrifices were offer'd, and Oaths confirm'd before it, as the Man- 
ſion of the tutelar and preſiding D-ity of the Ship: N and then 
we find it taken for the «@<;xonw.v (a), and perhaps iome few Times 
the Image of the God might be repreſented upon the lags: By 
ſome it is placed alſo in the Prow (5), but by moſt Authors oi Cre- 
dit aſſigned to the Stern: Thus Ovid, (to omit more Inſtances) in 
his Epiſtle of Paris, | | . | 

Accipil &pictos puppis adunca Deos. 
The Stern with painted Deities richly ſhines, 


Farther, the Tarela and apache are frequently diſtinguiſh'd in 
expreſs Words; that being always ſignify'd by che Image of a God; 

this uſually of ſome Creature, or feign'd Repreſentation : Hence the 
fame Author (/ „ bs \ £97 th 


ER mibi, Gn precor, flave' tutela Miner, 
Mavi & d pid caſſide nomen habet, 

| | Minerva is the Goddeſs 1 adore, . 
And may the grant the Bleſſings I implore; 
The Ship its Name a painted Helmet gives. 


Where the tutelar Deity was Minerva, the we gd 2nuwor the Helmet, 
In like manner the Ship wherein Europa was convey d from Pheenicia 
into Crete, had a Bull for its Flag, and Jupiter for its tutelar Deity ; 
which gave Occafion to the Fable of her being: viſh'd by that God 
in the Shape of a Bull. It was coſtomary tor the Antients to c m- 


mit their Ships to che Protection of thoſe Deitics, whom they thought 


moſt concern'd for their Safety, or id whom tney bure any fort © 
Relation or Affection: Thus we learn from Euripides , that The- 
ſeus's whole Fleet confiſted of fixty Sail, was under the Core of Mi- 


zerva, the Protectreſs of Athens; Achilles Navy was committed to 


the Nereids, or Sca-Nymphs, because of the Relation he fac to them 
on the Accouut of his Mother The, ho was one of the Number; 
and (to mention no mer) the Bœotian Ships had for their tutelar God 


Cadmus, repretented with a Dragon in his Hand, becauſe he wa: the 


Founder 


—_— — —— 


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130 Of the Military Affair, of Greece. 


Founder of Thebes, the principal City in Bavtia. Nor were whole 


Fleets only, but ſingle Ships, recommended to certain Deities, which 


the Antients uſually choſe out of the Number of thoſe who were re- 


pos the Protectors of their Country or Family, or preſided over the 


Buſineſs they were going about: Thus Merchants committed them. 
ſelves and their Ships to the Care of Mercury, Soldiers to Mars, and 


Lovers to Venus and Cupid; fo Paris tells his Miſtreſs in Ovid. 


Dua tamen ipſe vehor, comitata Cupidine parve | 


Sponſor conjugii flat Dea pitta ſui. 


| Tas ha bes ods, yall fend 
With little Cupid on my Ship. | 


On the Prow of the Ship, about the gs, was placed a round 


piece of Wood call'd wrvy;-, and ſometimes Sg, the Eye of 


the Ship, becauſe fix'd in its Fore-deck (a); on this was inſcrib'd 
the Name of the Ship, which was ufually taken from the Flag, as ap- 
pears in the fore-mention'd Paſſage of Ovid, where he tells us his 


Ship receiv'd its Name from the Helmet painted upon it: Hence 
comes the frequent Mention of Ships call'd Pega/r, Scyllæ, Bulls, Ram:, 


 Tygers, &c. which the Poets took Laberty to repreſent as living 


Creatures that tranſported their Riders from one Country to and 
ther; nor was there (according to ſome) any other Ground for thoſe 


known Fictions of Pegaſus, the wing d Horſe of Bellerophon, or tlie 


Ram that is reported to have carried Phryxus to Colchos, with ſeveral 
others, that occur every-where in the Poets. | 

The whole Fabrick being compleated, it was fortified with Pitch 
to ſecure the Wood from the Waters; whence it came that Homer's 
Ships are every-where mention'd with the Epithet of wiazwzi, or 


black, The firſt that made uſe of Pitch, were the Inhabitznts cf 


Pheacia (6), called afterwards Corcyra. Sometimes Wax was em- 
ploy'd in the ſame Uſe z whence Ovid (c), 


Cerula ceratas accipit unda rates, 
The azure Sea receives the waxy Ships. 


Now and then it was apply'd with a Mixture of Roſin, and other 
Materials fit for the ſame Purpoſe z whence the Colour of Shi; 


was not always the ſame, and the Epithets aſerib'd to them in the 


Poets are various. | Es | 

After all, the Ships being bedeck'd with Gartands and Flowers, the 
Mariners alſo adorn'd with Crowns, ſhe was launch'd into the Sea with 
loud Acclamations, and other Expreſſions of Mirth and Joy as; en 


belug 


3 


—_— PX om 
3 


(a) Pollux, Euſtatbhius, Apollanii Scboliaſtes Argon, Lib. I. v. 1089. (65 Suidas V 
Navoixaas (c) Epiſt. Oencn. ver. 42. 5 | 


( } Alena, Lib, V. 


it 


2” 5 


- 


Of the Military Afairs of Greece 131 
being purify'd by a Prieſt with a lighted Torch, and Egg and Brim- 
ſtone a), or, after ſome other Manner, was cönſecrated to the God 


whoſe Image ſhe bore, 


- CY 2 SF 


CHAP. XVI. 
Of the Tackling, and Inſtruments required in Navigation, 


HE Iuſtruments us'd in Navigation were of divers Sorts, being 
either neceſſary to all ſorts of Navigation, or only ſome Form 
of it, as that by Sails, by Oars, Oc. The chief of the former 
Sort were as follow; ., | „ 158 5 
IId, gu ber naculum, the Rudder, placed in the hindmoſt Deck, 
whereby the Pilot directed the Courſe of the Ship. The ſmaller 
Sort of Ships had only one Rudder, but thoſe of greater Bulk, as 
often as Occaſion required, had more, inſomuch that ſometimes we 
read of four Rudders in one Veſſel: The Places of theſe are uncer- 
tain, being perhaps not always the ſame ; but it ſeems probable, that 
when there were only two Rudders, one was fixed to the Fore-deck, 
the other to the hindmoſt; whence we read of ;y: wfiwpuprni, Or, 


Ships with two Sterns - When there were four Rudders, one ſeems 


to have been fixed to each Side of the Veſſel. NT Ts oh Pd 
'Ayxzvpz, an Anchor, the firſt Invention of which ſome aſcribe ta 
the Tyrrhenians (V; others to Midas the Son of Gordius, whoſe An- 
chor, Pauſanias tells us, was preſerv'd in one of Zapitcr's Temples 
ul his Days: Since there were divers Sorts of Anchors, it is not 
improbable that both theſe may juſtly lay claim to Part of the In- 
vention. The moſt antient Anchors are ſaid to have been of Stone 
e), and ſometimes of Wood, to which a great Quantity of Lead was 
utnally fixed: In ſome Places, Baſkets full of Stones (4, and Sacks 
h11'd with Sand, were employ d to the ſame Uſe: All theſe were let 
don by Cords into the Sea, and by their Weight ſtayed the Courſe 
of the Ship. Afterwards Anchors were compoled of Iron, and fur- 
niſhed with 'T'ezth, which, being faſtened to the Bottom of the 
Sea, preſerved the Veſſel immoveable; whence 525re-, and Dentes, 
are frequently taken for Anchors in the Greet and Latin Poets. At 
ft there was only one Tooth, whence Anchors were called #regsp- 
0; te); but in a ſhort Time a ſecond was added by Eapalamus (f). 
or Anacharſis the Scythian Philoſopher (g): The Schlia upon A. 
Follonius {b) confidently aflirms, that this Sort of Anchors was uſed 
by the Argouaats ; yer herein he ſeems to deſerve na great Credit, 


* — 

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132 Of the Military Affairs of Greece. 

for that he runs contrary to the Teſtimonies of other, Writers, and 
his own Author Apollonius makes mention of none but thoſe of Stone. 
The Anchors with two Teeth were called zp@i6:an, Or & get, 
and from antient Monuments appear to have been much what the 
ſame with thoſe uſed in our Days, only the tranſverſe Piece of Wood 
upon their Hand es is wanting in all of them. Every Ship had ſe. 
veral Anchors, one of which, ſurpaſſing all the reſt in Bigneſs and 
Strength, was peculiarly term'd ivd, in Latin, ſacra, and was never 
uſed but in extreme Danger; whence /acram anchoram ſolvere i 

proverbially applied to ſuch as are forced to their laſt Refuge, 
EA, NEN, own, /aburra, Ballaſt, wherewith Ships were 
2 whence it is called aopanopws wiz; it was uſually of Sand, 
ut ſometimes of any other ponderous Matter. Diomedes, in his Voy- 
age from Troy, 1s faid to have employ'd the Stones of that City's 
Walls for this Uſe (a). It is ſometimes called x:paa%; and xiÞzA (5) 
Bir, called by Herodotus xu, ν Ain (e), by Lucilius Catapirat:: 
(4), was an Inſtrument wherewith they ſounded the Depth of the 
Sea, and diicover'd whether the Bottom was firm and commodious 


for anchoring, or dangerous by reaſon of Quick-ſands, or other 


_ Obſtruchions, It was commonly of Lead or Braſs, or other ponde- 


rous Metals, and let down by a Chain inte the Deep (e). | 
Kovroi, called by Sophocles whrxrpa (J), in Latin, Conti; long 


Poles uſed to found the Depth of ſhallower Waters, to thruſt the Ship 


from Rocks and Shelves, and to force her forward in Fords and Shal- 
lows, where the Waters had not Strength enough to carry her. 
AmoCabpai, inicabpui, Or Nee, were light Bridges or Stair: 
joining the Land to Ships, or one Ship to another. We 
ArTAio:, arthur, in Latin, hauſtrum, tolleno, or tollena, &c. a Swipe 
or Engine to draw up Water. n TH 4 
To ſome of the above-mentioned Inſtruments certain Ropes were 
required, and diſtinguiſhed according to their ſeveral Uſes ; as 
Ikiopzra, ancoralia, Or ancorarii, the Cables wherewith Anchor: 
were caſt into the Sea called ſometimes xapinos , Or xapnas (+): 
Whence in the Place of St. Marthewv, where Chrift, ſpeaking of the 
Difficulty of a rich Man's entering Heaven, tells his Diſciples, it 
is harder than for a Camel to paſs thro' the Eye of a Needle; Theo- 


pbylact, and ſome others, interpret the Word xdpna®-, not of the 


Animal called a Camel, but a Cable (i). . 
Peu, drt, or ( retpa 5 parolcones, remulci, Ropes by which 
Ships are towed. . * 

AToyua, irie, ce, mpuproix, retinacula, Cords where- 
with Ships were ty'd to the Shore. 'In moſt Harbours Stones were 
erected for this Purpoſe, being bored through like Rings, and thence 
called Jaxruaioi; to theſe the Cords caſt out of the Stern were bound: 
This Cuſtom was always obſerved when Ships came into Port; and 


therefor, 


** . „ 
ed „ 


(a) Lycophronis Caſſandr, v. 618. (6) Heſycbius. (e) Euterpe, (d) Lib. XIX. 
cap. IV. (e) Gloſſe in AQ. Apoſt. cap. X XVII. / Pollux. (g) Ariſftopbants 
Schehoftes, (b) Pbavori nus. (7) Matther Eyangel, cap. XIX. 


Of the Military Affairs of Greece. 133 


therefore when th-y put to Sea, it is uſually ſaid they did /elvere fu- 


nes, looſe therr Cords; Inſtances of this are every-where frequent, 
but I ſhall only give you one out of Ovid (a), who ſpeaks thus of 
neuss Followers: N e | 


AEncade gaudent, exfopue in littore tauro, 
Torta coronatæ jolvunt retinacula navis. 


A Bull the joyful Trojans ſacrificed 
Upon the Shore, then loos'd the Rope that ty'd 
The Ship all crown'd with Garlands, — 


The End of doing this was, that the Slips might be ſecured from the 
Violence of the Winds and Waves; for which Reaſon, in thoſe 
com modious Harbours that lay not expoſed to them, Ships remain'd 
looie aud unty'd; whence Homer (6) ; OY : 


Ev» N Nany evogu®e, > Ng wilouard; 24. 
80 fill the Port, there was no need of Ropes, 
proceed to the Inſtruments, which were only neceffary to ſome 
fort of Navigation; where I ſhall fir treat of thoſe required in 


Rowing, which were as follow: 


Kral, remi, Oars, ſo called from one Copas, by whom, tis faid, 


they were firſt invented. Ha, in Latin, Palmula, or Tonja, was 


the Blade, or broad Part of the Oar, which was uſually cover'd with 
Braſs, that it might with greater Strength and Force repel the Waves, 
and endure the longer. There were ſeveral Banks of Oars placed 
gradually above one another; the Oars of the loweſt Bank were 
thorter than the reſt, and call'd Sa, Or Szaapidias: I hoſe of 
the middle Banks were termed (vy:a; ; thoſe of the uppermoſt 3payn- 
r and Jpaviridee, and were the longeſt, being at the greateſt Diſ- 
tance from the Water; whercfore, that the Rowers might be the 
better able to wield and manage them, it was cuſtomary to put Lead 
upon their Handles (c), leſt the Bottom ſhould out-poiſe the Top. 
Trave, were round Pieces of Wood, whereon the Rowers hung 
their Oars when they reſted from their Labours : Hence ah, v. 
or, i. e. a Ship with three Rows of Scalmi, or a 'Trireme. 


Tome, TporoInpe:, firopht, or flruppi, were Leathern Thongs (4), 


wherewith the Oars were hung upon the ſca/mi; thoſe alſo, with 
_ which the Rudder was bound. Leather and Skins of Beaſts were ap- 
ply'd alfo to ſeveral other Uſes ; as to cover the /ca/mi, and the Holes 
thro* which the Oars were put forth, to preſerve them from being 
worn (e). There were Skins under the Rowers, called v-ycioua, and 

| K 3 | ſometimes, 


—_— 


— 


(a) Metam Lib. XV. v. 605, (5) Odyfſ t. v. 136. Vide Annotationes noftras 


in Lycophrons Caſſandr. v. 20. (c) Atherceus, Lib. V. 


| | | (4) Erymclogic: Auctor 
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134 | Of the Military Affairs of Greece, 


ſometimes, UTraYyx0:ic, v10%vyiac d fer, from ſaving the ElLoquy 
or Breeches of the Rowers. 


Eid, (Mv, ya, in Latin, tranfire and juge, were the 
Seats of the Rowers. e Manny | BR 

he Inſtruments pfed in Sailing were as follow: | 

IFia, cg. ee CP e, Vola, Sails, Which are by ſome thought to 
have been firſt invented by Dædalus, and to have given Origin to the 
Fable of his uſing Wings: Others refer this Invention to car, 
making Dedalus the Contriver of Maſts and Sail- yards (a). At firk 
there was only one Sail in a Ship, but afterwards a greater Number 
was found tonvenient ; the Names of which were thete:t 

Aeris, by ſome taken tor ſunparum, or the Top-ſail, which 


hung on the Top of the Maſt. 


Axarie, the great Sails (6). | 


Ade, the Trinket, or ſmall Sail in the Foresdeck Ce): Others 


make axar;y and Jaw the ſame, ; | | 
ride the Miſen-ſail, which was larger than the former, and 


hung in the Hind-deck Ca). 


Sails were commonly of Linen, ſometimes of any other Materials 


fit for receiving and repelling the Winds: In Dio (e) we have mention 
of Leathern Sails; it was likewiſe uſed for want of other Sails to 


hang up their Garments; whence came the Fable of Hercules, who 
is feign'd to have ſail'd with the Bac of a Lion, becauſe he uſed no 
other Sail but his Garment, which was a Lion's Skin (Y. 


Kea, xigala, antennæ, the Sail-yards, Pieces of Wood fix'dupon 
the Maſt, to which the Sails were ty'd (g): The Name ſignifies an 


Horn, whence its Extremities are called axeuxrgain; its Arms in- 


Elining to an orbicular Figure, are term'd ayuvacni. The Latin Poct 


hath uſed corzue in the ſame Senſe (4), | 


— 


u—=— Pilogue ſuperba capaci m_ 
Cum rapidum hauriret Beream & cornibus omnes 


Colligeret flatus. 


Other Parts it had cloſe to the Maſt call'd & e, and (Vi, be- 
ing thoſe by which it was moved. e 1 

Id, malus, the Maſt, Every Ship had ſeveral Maſts, but we are 
told by Ariſtotle, that at firſt there was only one Maſt, which being 
fix'd in the Middle of the Ship, the Hole into which the Foot of it 
was inſerted, was named ueod9n (i), in Latin, modius, When they 


landed, the Maſt was taken down, as appears every-where in Homer, 


and placed on a Thing called ige, which, according to Sui das, 


was a Caſe, wherein the Maſt was repoſited ; but Fuftathius will have 


it to be nothing but a Piece of Wood, againſt which it was reared, 
The Parts of the Maſt were theſe: IHriga, or the Foot, Aus, or, 
Es | according 


; 
22 
-- 


6 


—_ —_— 


* 


(a) Plin, Lib. VII. cap. LVI. {6) Heſyabius. (c) Suidas. v. . Tfidoruss 


7d) * 1 Ifdorus, (e) Lib XXXIX. {f) Servint An. VIII. (g) Hamer, 


Bcbohalles Lind, . (b Silius Italicus Lib. XIV. (i) Homeri Scholiaſtes Odyſſ. G. 


\ 


AO wH_#*©w © = 


( 


** 


_ > a oa 2 re m 


Of the Military Affairs of Greece. 135 
according to Atheneus, Aug, Or 7 Mαο g, to which the Sail Was 
fixed. Kagxnown, the Pulley, by which the Ropes were turn'd round, 
©.c4x191, built in the Manner of a Turret for Soldiers to ſtand upon, 
and caft Darts: above this was a Piece of Wood call irie, the 

Extremity of which was terin'd »\zx&77, on. which hung a kibband 
call'd, from its continual Motion, ite, turning round with the 
Wind. . 3 | 

he Names of the Ropes, requir'd to the Uſe of the above-men- 
tion'd Parts, were theſe that follow, as enumerated by Scheffer : 

Eriroyos were the Ropes call'd in Latin, anguine, wherewith the 
Sail-yards were bound to the Main-Maſt (a): Others will have them 
to be the ſame with the Latin rudentss, which were thoſe that go- 
vern'd the Sail-yards, fo as one Part of the Sails might be hoiſted, the 
other lower'd (6), according to the Pleaſure of the Pilot. Others will 
have the Cord wherewith the Sail-yards were ty'd to the Maſt, to be 
term'd xaxur, ceruchus, anchonir, and rudens ; that whereby they 
were contracted or dilated, une (c), in Latin, opifera (d). 

[l.9+c, in Latin, pedes, were Cords at the Corners of the Sails (e), 
whereby they were manag'd as Occaſion requir'd. Ilgenogss were 
ſmall Cords below the pedes, which were ſo contriv'd as to be looſed 
and contracted by them: The Uſe of both theſe was in taking the 

Winds, for by them the Sails were contracted, dilated, or changed 
from one Side to another, as there was Occaſio. 

Meovgias were thoſe whereby the Maſt was erected, or letdown 
; others will have them to belong to the Sails 

eros were Cords, which, paſſing thro” a Pully at the Top of 
the Maſt, were ty'd on one Side to the Prow, on the other to the 

Stern, to keep the Maſt fixed and immoveable. 

The Materials of which theſe and other Cords were compoſed, 
were at firſt ſeldom any Thing but Leathern Thongs; afterwards - 
they uſed Hemp, Flax, Broom, Palm-leaves, Philyry, the Bark: of 

Trees, as the Cherry, Teil- tree, Vine, Maple, Carpine, Cc. 


2 „ 
2 


* 


CHAP. XVII 
Of the Inſtruments of War in Ships.. 


FXZ7 HAT I have hitherto delivered concerniog the Parts and 
Conſtruction of Ships, has been ſpoken of in general without 
reſpett to any particular Sort of them; it remains therefore, that in 
the next Place I give you a brief Account of what was further neceſ- 
{ary to equip a Man of War. 5 | 8 | 
Fe, rerum, was a Beak of Wood fortify'd with Braſs, whence 
it is call'd yanxupa ww in Diodorus (g), and Ships have ſometimes 
K 4 the 


„ 


a) S Tt b) Photer inns. c. Sardar. 75 2 "hg Ari ophan 2 , 
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136 Of the. Military: A fairs of Greece, 

the Epithet of x: One or more of theſe was always fa". 
ten'd to the Prow to annoy the Enemy's Ships, and the whole Pro 
was ſometimes covered with Braſs to guard it from Rocks and As. 
faults, The Perſon that firſt uſed theſe Beaks is ſaid to have been 
one Piſeus an Ttalign (a) ; tor it will not be allowed that the primi. 
tive Greeks had any Knowledge of them, ſince no ſuch Thing is men. 
tioned in Homer, which could ſcarce have happened, had they been 
invented at the Time of the Trojan War: Yet Ai/ebylus (b) gives 
NMeſter's Ship che Epithet of dne, Or armed with ten Beaks, 
and Iphigenie in Euripides ſpeaks of Brazen Beaks: | 


#34 of 4 tre 9 K THE "2 3 1446 Wy 4 4 
n N XN R 
TI ena af. Au; NE 
Nee 1 | 
ie TE OR 
Ol chat theſe Ships with Brazen Beaks 
Tad never enter'd Aulii Ports, 


But it may be juſtly queſtion'd, whether theſe Poets do not take thei: 
Deſcri 77 from the Practice of their own Times, a Thing frequent 
enough with Men of that Profeſſion. Theſe Beaks were at firſt ng, 
and high, but afterwards it was found more convenięnt to have them 
ſhort-and firm; and placed ſolow as to pierce the Enemy's Ships un- 
der Water. This was an Invention of ohe Ariſio a Corinthian, againſt 
whom it prov'd a confiderable Advantage; for by theſe new Beaks ſe- 
veral of the Athenian Men of War wee overturn'd, or torn in Pieces 
at the firſt Shock Cc. Above the Beak was another Inſtrument call'd 
web ac, and it appears from antient Medals, that the Beaks them- 
{elves were uſually adorn'd with various Figures cf Animals, &c, 
Eid: Were Pieces of Wood placed on each Side of the Prow (Cd. 
to guard it from the Enemy's Beaks ; becauſe Prows are uſually com- 
ar d to Faces, theſe were thought to reſemble Ears, whence thei: 
Nome ſeems to have been deriv'd: For thoſe are miſtaken that 
would haye them. belong to the Hind-deck (e. 
Karagge ha, (untups1z, or Hatches, ſometimes called xuJa@:a7 
Nala. whence we meet with er mezypirzi, xclaPexxl.:, and fecta, 
cover'd Ships, or Men of War; which are frequently oppoſed to 
Shięs of Paſſage. or Burden, which were Apex and apertæ, un- 
ccyer'd, or without Hatches: This Covering was of Wood, and erec- 
ted on Purpoſe for the Soldiers, that they ſtanding, as it were, upon an 
Eminence, might level their miſſive Weapons with greater Force and 
Certainty againſt their Enemies. In the primitive Ages, particularly 
| 14 of the Trejan War, we are told by Thucydides, that the 
Soldiers us'd to fight upon the foremoſt and hindermoſt Decks (, 
and therefore whenever we find Ilomer ſpgak of izgiz ng, which his 


Scho- 


ha OY 
2 _ — 


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6a). Pn, Lib. VII. cap. LVI, (I) Mugge. (e) Diador. Sic. Lib. XIII. 
(d) Th cydidis Sobuliaftes, Lit. Vil, (+) Erymologici Auctor. () Lib. I. 


— — wh I» 


Of the Military Afairs of Greece, 137 
5choliafts interpret Hatches, we are only to u derſtand him of theſe 
parts, which alone us'd to be cover' in thoſe Days. Thus he tells 
us of Ajax defending the Grecian Ships againſt the Attack of che 


Troans (a), 


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He march'd upon the Hatches with long Strides, 


And of Het preparing himſelf for the Encounter with Soylls, by 
ſpeaks thus (5) „ | ah 


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The other Parts of the Ship are ſaid to have been firſt covered by the 
 Thafrans (). 5 TE 

Befide the Coverings of Ships already mention'd, and call'd 2. 
Praywala, there were other Coverings to guard the Soldiers from 
their Enemies, call'd αταεεναννιαα, wif, h, da ga l, 
ji, Tex pp Io, in Latin, P lutei 3 and.ſometimes P 74 
pugnacula ; Theſe were commonly Hides, or ſuch-like Materials, 
hung on both Sides of the Ship, as well to hinder the Waves from 
falling into it, as to receive the Darts caſt from the adverſe Ships, 
that under theſe, as Walls on both Sides, the Soldiers might without 
Danger annoy their Enemies. + | | 9 

ang, a certain Machine, which being uſually a Part of theſe 
Ships, cannot be omitted in this Place: It was 2 vaſt and maſfy 
Piece of Lead or Ion, caſt in the Form of 2 Daipbir, and bung wick 
Cords and Pullies to the Sail-yards or Maſt, which being thrown 
with great Violence into the adverſe Ships, either penetrated them, 
and ſo open'd a Pailage for the riſing Y loods, or by it's Weight and 
Force ſunk them to the Bottom of the Sea (4). 

Another Difference betwixt Men of War and other Ships was, 
tat the former commonly had an Helmet engraved on the Top of 


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138 Of the Military Affairs of Greece, 


C HAP. XVII. 
Gf the Mariners and Soldiers. 


E are told by Thucydides, that amongſt the Antients there 
were no different Ranks of Seamen, but the ſame Perſon; 
were employ'd in thoſe Duties, which were in later Ages executed 
by divers, to whom they gave the ſeveral Names of Rowers, Ma- 
riners and Soldiers ; whereas at firſt all theſe were the ſame Men, 
who laid down their Arms to labour at the Oar, and perhaps what 


was farther neceſſary to the Government of the Ships, bar, as of. 


ten as Occaſion requir'd, reſum'd them to aſſault their Enemies: 
This appears every where in Homer, out of whom I ſhall obſerve 
this one Inſtance : Y h LEN 


i etral 0 i rar muritorla = 


| Ejpb:Cnoas rg TY rig. 


Bach Ship had fifty Rowers that were ſkill'd 
„Well in che ſhooting Art. — 5 

Theſe were term'd Sovigeren la. This was the Practice of thoſe 

Times, wherein no great Care was taken, no extraordinary Prepara- 


tions made for equipping Men of War, but the ſame Veſſels were 


thought ſufficient for Tranſportation and Fight: Afterwards, when 
the Art of Naval War began to be improv'd, it was preſently under - 
ſtood that any one of the fore-mentioned Occupations was enough to 
require the whole Time and Application of the Perſons employ'd 
therein ; whence it became cuſtomary to furniſh their Ships of War 
with the three following Sorts of Men. 

Eęi ri, xcommAogra, Call'd by Polybins 7 b ) 06 bre Iles, and by the 
ſame Author Ce, with Xenophon Cd), rd wanevuara, tho? we are 
told by che Scholiaſt upon T hucydides that this is a Name of very 
large Extent, comprehending not only thoſe that row'd, but all other 
Perſons in the Ship, and ſometimes apply'd to any Thing elſe con- 


tain'd therein, when Ships had ſeveral Banks of Oars, the upper- 


moſt Rowers were calld $-avire; and their Bank Se ge: The 
loweſt JN, i, dan xH xu, and S Aααν, and their Bank gaAx⁰,S,: 
Thoſe in the Middle Coryiras and pprooGoyioty and all their Banks, 


how many ſoever in Number, {vyx. Every one had a diftin& Oar. 


for, except in Caſesof Neceſſity, one Oar was never nianag'd by above 
ene Perſon, as Scheffer hath prov'd at large; yet their Labour and Pay 
PT. | OS ee 


8 „ W397 WU — 


(a) Sides, Pollux, Lib. I. Cap. IX, Thurydides, 


(5) Hiftor, Lib. X. 


(e) Lib. I. (4) Hiſtor. Lib. 1, (<) Pollux, Ariflophanis Scbelrafter, Suid! 
Ftymolegici Auctor. + | 


Of the Military Afairs of Greece. 229 
were not the ſame z for ſuch as were plac'd in the uppermoſt Banks, 


by reaſon of their Diſtance from the Water, and the Length of their 


Gars, underwent more Toil and Labour than thoſe in the inferior 


Banks, and therefore were rewarded with greater Wapes. The Ro-] - 


ers in Ships of Burden were call'd <go[yunorapras Ca, thoſe in Tri- 
remes Tewetrai, and the reſt ſeem to have had different Appellations 
trom the Names of the Ships they labour'd in. T hos that were 
foremoſt in their reſpective Banks, and ſat neareſt the Prow, were 
call'd weoxwnsr ; and on the other Side, thoſe who were plac'd next 
the Stern were term'd inizwro, as being behind their Fellows. Their 
Work was eſteem*d one of the worſt and moſt wretched Drudgeries, 
and therefore the moſt notorious Malefactors were frequently con- 


demn'd to it; for, beſide their inceflant Toil in rowing, theiryery Reſt 
was uneaſy, there being no Place to repoſe their weary'd Bodies, be- 

{ide the Seats wherein they had Jabour'd all the Day; therefore 
whenever the Poets ſpeak of their ceaſing from Labour, there is 


Mention of their lying down upon them: Thus Seneca (6 


— g credit. cf vent ratis, 


Fuſuſque tranſtris miles, —— 


Under the Wind the Ship was left, 
The Soldiers lay along their Seats, 


To the ſame Purpoſe Virgil (c): 


— placida laxarant membra quicte | 
Sub remis fuſi per dura ſedilia nautæ. 


And now along their Seats the Rowers laid, 
Had eas'd their weary'd Limbs with Sleep, 


The reſt of the Ship's Crew uſually took their Reſt in the ſame Man- 


ner, only the Maſters (40, or Perſons of Quality, were permitted to 
have Clothes ſpread under them; ſo we read of Ces in Aomer Ce 


Ka 3 ag OJvooni rogioas gnycs , N 
Nude ir ixgiep yAzOven; (ive Nilo £19) 
Hevn, & & g abròg ioyoalo, wy K 


Eine | 
But Clothes the Men for great Uhy/zs ſpread, 

And plac'd an eaſy Pillow for his Head; 
On theſe he undiſturb'd ſecurely flept, 


* 


Lying upon the Stern. — 
6 kg Such 


3 
— * 


— 8 : 2 


»„Ü— 


(a) Pollux, Lib. VII. (5) amemnon, v. 457. 
% Tbeopbraſtus igt arentubecing, (e) Od. Y. v. 74. 


(c) ZEneid, V. v. $36. 


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140 Of the Military Mairs of Greece. 

Such as wotild not be contented with this Proviſion, were look'q up- 
on a; ſoft and delicate, and unfit to endure the Toils and Hard(h: ps 
of War'; which Cenſure the Athenians pals'd upon Alcihiades, becauſe 
he had a Bed hung on Cords, as we read in Plutarch (a). | 
 Navtai, Mariners, were exer,pt from drudging at the Oar, but 
perform'd all other Duties in the Ship; to which End, that all Thing; 
might be carried on without Tumult and Confuſion, every one had 
his proper Office, as appears from Apollonius and Flaceus's Argona:. 
ticks, where one is employ'd in rearing the Maſt, another in fittin 
che Saul-yards, a third in hoiſting the Sails, and the reſt are beſtowed 
ho, down the Ship, every one in his proper Place : Hence they 
had different Titles, as from ag, Sails, the Perſons appointed to 
govern them were call'd aguan5-} ; thoſe that Climb'd up the Ropes 
to deſcry diſtant Countries or Ships, were term'd 5444106ara:, and the 
reſt in ke Manner: There were a Sort of Men inferior to the for. 


| 7 * 1 21 WH "HC f | — 
mer; and call'd* peo-raurs:, who were not confin'd to any certain 


Place or Duty, but were ready on all Occafions to attend the reſt of 
the Seamen, and ſupply them with whatever they wanted (5). The 
whole Ship's Crew were uſually wicked and profligate Fellows, with. 
out any Senſe of Religion or Humanity, and therefore reckon'd by 
Juvenal (c) amongſt the vileſt Rogues: $a 4 
Invenies aligus cum percuſſore face ntem, 
Permixtum nautis, aut furibus, aut ſugitibis- 


"+ 


vice, yet exceeded it in . Strength and Firmneſs. Beſides this we 


« 


cipal of which are theſe that follow : 6 


| find alſo ſome new Inſtruments of War never pſd on Land, the prin- 


Ao para 


7 1 —— * * 
* 4 rw * * FI F . „ —— 5 
22 - Le ..4 * pay 
» , * 1 PY a 9 


(% Aribiadet. (6) Cœlius Rbodiginus, Lib. xxv 1 Cap. SL (e) Satiry 
VIII. (4) Themiſtecle, 2 W | 


Of the Military Affairs of Greece. 141 


Aleaſla vaiyaye (a), Spears of an unuſual Length, ſometimes ex · 
ceeding twenty Cubits, whence they are calf'd in Livy (6) bar 


longe, and by Homer Eurd vatunyx, and wings (c); 
Oi & amo vnw» uu r 
Mam pete. evg, r 0477 i nνοE⁊puro 


- 


| Navpnxa, xi. 3 

Wich Spears that in the Veſſels ready lay, 
Theſe ſtrove to make the Enemy give Way: 
Long Spears, for Sea-fights only made, compos'd 
Of fev'ral Pieces, —— 


Again in another Place (4): | 
Naa 0 Cu piya ravuays i rahaαjG i 

| KoAAnteY Bantpoos, FVOR AN ROTTIYY, | : | 

A Spear with Naik compacted and made ſtrong, 


That was full two and twenty Cubits long, 
He brandiſh'd. —— _ ; 


Apnrevey (e) call'd by Appian doęvdęi ran, by Dioderus f %- 
rare xręala, was an Engine of Iron, crooked like a Sicle (p), 
and fix d to the Top of a long Pole, wherewith they cut in ſander the 
Cords of the Sail-yards, and thereby letting the Sails fall down, diſ- 


abled the light Ships. Not unlike this was another Inſtrument, arm'd 


at the End with a broad Iron Head, edg'd on both Sides, wherewith 
they cut the Cords that ty'd the Rudder to the Ship. 3 
Kiga (Y) were Engines to caſt Stones into the Enemies Ships. 
We find another Engine mention'd by Vegetius, which hung upon 
tne Main-maſt, and reſembled a Battering-Ram ; for it conſiſted of 
à long Beam, and an Head of Iron, and was with great Violence 
puſh'd againſt the Sides of adverſe Ships. | 
Kee ownex, in Latin manus ferrea, was a Grappling-Iron, which 
they caſt out of an Engine into the Enemies Ship: It is ſaid to have 
been firit us'd in Greece by Pericles the Athenian (i) at Rome by Du- 
ius (t). Different from theſe were the zeway:c, harpagines, ſaid to 


be invented by Anacharſis (I) the Scythian Philoſopher ; which, as 


Scheffer collects out of Athenæut, were Hooks of Iron hanging on 
the Top of a Pole, which, being ſecur'd with Chains to the Maſs, or 
ſome other lofty Part of the Ship, and then caſt with great Force 
into the Enemies Veſſel, caught it up into the Air, The Means uſed 
to defeat theſe Engines was to cover their Ships with Hides, which 
caſt off, or blunted the Stroke of the Iron (n). ; 7 


n Ms 


* 


(2) Ferodotus. (6) Hift. Lib, XXVIII. Cap. XLV. (e) Thad, 6. v. 389. 
4) Iliad. 6. v. 677. N Pollux. 72 Lib. XXII. (8) Vegrtius. Lib. IV. 
Cap. ult. () Diodarus Siculns, Lib. XII. Atbeness. (i) Plin. Lio. VII. 
Cap, LXI. (i) Jun, Frontirus, Lib. Cap. III. Pin. Lib, VII. Care 
LVII. (m) Thucydiee, Lib. VIII. Pellux. 


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142 Of the Military Hair if Greece. 


The Dominion of the Seas was not confin'd to any one of the G. 
cian States; they were continually, contending for Empire, and by 
various Turns of Fortune ſometimes poſleſs'd, and again in a few 
Months or Years were diſpoſſeſs d of it: The Perſons that enjoy'd it 
Jongeſt, and maintain'd it with the greateſt Fleet, after Greece had 
arriv'd at the Height of it's Glory, were the 4:henians, who firſt be- 
gan ſeriouſly to apply themſelves to Naval Affairs, about the Hime 
of Xerxes's Invaſion : The hrft that engag'd them in this Enterprize 
was Themiſtacles, who conſidering their Inability to oppoſe the Per- 


fans by Land, and the Commodiouſneſs of their Situation for Naval 


Affairs, interpreted the Oracle that advis'd to defend themſelves with 
Walls of Wood to this Purpoſe, and prevail'd upon them to convert 
their whole Time and Treaſure to the building and fitting out a Fleet. 
The Maney emplay'd on this Deſign, was the Revenue of the Silver- 
Mines at Laurectis, which had formerly been diſtributed among the 
People, who, by Themiftocles's Perſuaſion, were induc'd to part with 
their Income, that Proviſſon might be made for the publick Security. 
With this an hundred Triremes were rigg'd out againſt Xerxes's nu- 
merous Fleet, over winch, by the Aſſiſtance of their Allies, they ob- 
tain'd an entire Victory. Afterwards the Number of their Ships was 
increas'd by the Management of Ly;urgus the Orator to four hun- 


dred (a); and we are told by Jocrates (b), that the Athenian Navy 
-eonſiſted of twice as many Ships as all the reſt of the Grecians were 


Maſters of: It was made up of two Parts, one being furniſh'd out 
by the Athenians themſelves, the other by their Confederates. 
The Fleet equipp'd at Arbens was mgintain'd after the Manner pre- 

ſcrib'd by Themiftocles till the Time of Demoſtbenet, who, to ingratiate 
himſelfwith the Commonalty, reſtor'd to them their antient Revenue:, 
and devis d a new Method to procure Money for the Payment of Sea- 
men, and the Conſtruction of new Men of War: This he effected by 
dividing the richer Sort of Citizens into ovpperiat, or Companies, 
which were obliged, according to their ſeveral Abitities, to contri- 
bute largely out of their own Subſtance ; and in Times of Necetiity 
it was frequent for Men of Eſtates to rig out Ships at their own Ex- 
pence, over and above what was requir'd of them, there being a ge- 
nerous Contention between the leading Men in that Commonwealth, 
which ſhould out-do the reſt in ſerying his Country. 


pn * 


The remaining Part of the Fleet was campos'd of Allies; for the 


_ Athenians, underſtanding how neceſſary it was to their Affairs to 


maintain their Dominion of the Seas, would enter into no Leagues or 
Confederacies with any of their Neighbours, but ſuch as engag'd 


_ themſelves to augment their Navy with a Proportion of Ships; which 


became a double Advantage to the A4therians whoſe Fleet waz 
ftrengthen'd by ſuch Acceſſions, whilſt their Allies were held in 
Obedience, as it were, by ſo many Hoſtages, all which upon any 
Revolt mult needs fall into the Hands of the Athenians; Thoſe 922 

TY 


” * 
RE 7 * * n. — 7 ' 240+ : 5 W. a 
0 


(5) Hanegyrics, 


(a] Plutarchus. 


Of the Militam Affairs of Greece. 143 
that were remote from Sea, or unable to fit out Veſſels of War, 
were oblig'd to ſend their Proportion in Money (2). Theſe Cuſtoms 
were firſt brought up after the ſecond Per/ian War, when it was a- 
_ greed by the common Conſent of all the Greciant, that they ſhould 
retaliate the Injuries received from the Barbarians, by carrying the 

War into their own Country, and invading them with the whole 
Strength of Greece, under the Conduct of the Atbenians, who at that 
Time raiſed themſelves a very high Reputation by their 5 7 
Naval Preparations, and the fingular Courage, Wiſdom, and Hu- 
manity of their two Generals Thewiftocles and Ariftides. Afterwards 
being grown yum in Power, and aiming at nothing leſs than the So+ 
vereignty of all Greece, they won ſome by Favours and ſpecious Pre- 
tences, others by Force of Arms to comply with their 
their Manner of treating the Cities they had conquer'd, was to oblige 
them either to furniſh Money, paying what Tribute they exacted, 


or to ſupply them with Veſſels of War, as Thucydides reports of the 


Chians, when ſubdued by the Athenians (); Aenephon allo (c), and 
Diodorus (4) mention the ſame Cuſtom : Thus by one Means or 
other the greateſt Part of the Grecian Cities were drawn in to aug» 
ment the Athenian Greatneſs, 


— — — * * — — _ — : * — 


CHAP. XIX. 
Of Naval Officers. 


HERE were two Sorts of Officers in all Fleets ; one govern'd 
the Ships and Mariners, the other were entruſted with the Com- 
mand of the Soldiers, but had likewiſe Power over the Ship- Maſters 
and their Crew ; theſe were | SE 
EVAzpyocy v νε, Or ggalnyòe, Præfectus claffis, the Admiral, 
whoſe Commiſſion was different according to the Exigency of Times 
and Circumſtances, being ſometimes to be executed by one alone, 
ſometimes in Conjunction with other Perſons, as happened to Aleibi- 
ades, Nicias, and Lamachus, who were ſent with equal Power to 
commaud the Athenian Fleet in Sicily: Their Time of Continuance 
in Command was likewiſe limited by the People, and, as they 
pleas'd, prolong'd or ſnorten'd. We read of Epaminondas (e) that, 
tinding his Country like to be brought into great Danger upon the 
Refignation of his Office, he held it four Months longer than he was 
commiſſion'd to do; in which Time he put a new Face upon the 
Theban Affairs, and by his wiſe Management diſpell'd the Fears they 
lay under; which done, he voluntarily laid down his Power, but 
was no fooner diyeſted thereof, than he was call'd to Account for 


hoiding it fo long, and narrowly eicap'd being condemn'd to Death; 


for 


_y 
* — 


(4) X-1oþben, Hiſtor. Grac. Lib, VI 5) Lib. v as 32 
14.7 Acnope tor, Crac. Lib, VI. (e) Lib. VII. (c) Hiſtor. Lib, I 
-, Lib, XIII. & aliis in locis, (e Grell epos in —— . 


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144 Of the Military Affairs of Greece. 
for it. was fear d that ſuch a Precedent might ſome Time or other be 
a Pretence to ambitious Spirits, having ſo great Power entruſted in 
their Hands, to. enflave. the Commonwealth. The ſame Reaſon 
ſeems to have been the Cauſe of the Lacedæmonian Law, whereby it 
was forbidden, that any Perſon ſhould be Admiral above once (), 
which nevertheleſs ſtood theni in no good ſtead, it thereby often 
happening that they were forced to commit their Fleet to raw and 
unexperienced, Commanders. Tk , 
Exigoaivs (4) ſometimes call'd; zniyoAiu@05g@, was Vice Admiral, 
or Commander in Chief under the Admiral. | | 
Temngxzex®-, Captain of a Trireme, who commanded all the other 
Soldiers therein. The Captains of other Men of War were dig- 
nify'd with Titles taken from the Veſſels they commanded, as w- 
rnudil g., &c. 3 | 


The Officers that had Care of the Ships, were the following ; 


Apxiavecerirar, thoſe who were entrukted with the Care and Ma- 
nagement of all Marine Affairs, to provide commodious Harbours, 
to direct the Courſe of the Fleet, and order all other Things con- 
cerning it, except thoſe which related to War. | 

Kobe, the Maſter or Pilot had the Care of the Ship, and Go- 
vernment of the Seamen therein, and fat at the Stern to ſteer : All 


Things were managed according to his Direction, *twas therefore ne- 


ceſſary that he ſhould have obtain'd an exact Knowledge of the Art 


of Navigation, which was call'd x»G:e-mlxn in, and chiefly conſiſted 


in theſe three Things. 1. In the right Management of the Rudder, 


Sails, and all the Engines uſed in Navigation. 2. In the Knowledge 


of the Winds and Celeſtial Bodies, their Motions and Influences. 3. In 


the Knowledge of commodious Harbours, of Rocks, Quickſands, and 
other Occurrences on the Sea. All theſe Acætes in Owid tells us he 


furniſh'd himſelf with, in order to become an accompliſh*d Pilot (e) 


Mor ego, ne ſcopulis harerem ſemper in iiſdem, 
Addidici regimen, dextra moderante carinam 
Flectere; & Oleniæ fidus pluviale capellæ, 
Taygetemque, Hyadaſque ocalit, Arctumque notawi, 
Fentorumgue domos, & portus puppibus aptos. 


Leſt, ſtruck againſt a Rock, I there ſhould ſtay, 

Of ſteering well I learnt the uſual Way, 

Obſerv'd the Arctas and the Hyages too, 

The Stars that round Taygetes glitt'ring ſhew; 

Have mark'd th* Olenian Goat that Rain portends, 

And how a noiſy Wind each Quarter ſends ; 1 
Ro tha earn'c 


k « , * 
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—_— La ** 


(%) Phetarchus Lyſandro. Xemphor. Hlſt Lib. II. (5) Xenophon, Hiſt, Lib. II. 
& V. Pollux, Lib, I. Cap. 9g. (e) Metamorpheſ, Lib, III. in Fab. Bacchi. 


1 


Of the Military Affairs of Greece. 145 
] learn'd the ſafeſt Ports, and beſt Retreats | 
For tatter'd Veſſels,—— J. . 


As to the heavenly Bodies, they were obſerv'd by Sailors upon a 
two-fold Account being of uſe to them in prognoſticating the Sea- 
ſons, and Guides which way to ſhape their Courſe. The principal of 
thoſe us'd in foretelling, were Arcturus, the Dog ſtar, Are, Orion, Hy- 
adrs, Hadi, Caſter and Pollux, Helena, &c. It was likewiſe cuſtomary 
to take notice of various Omens offer'd by Sea-Fowls, Fiſhes, and di- 
vers other Things, as the Murmuring of the Floods, the Shaking and 
Buzzing Noiſe of Trees in the Neighbouring Woods, the Daſhing of 
the Billows againſt the Shore, and many more in all which good Pi- 
lots were nicely ſkilPd. As to the Direction in their Voyage, the firſt 
Practitioners in the Art of Navigation, being unacquainted with the 
reſt of the celeſtial Motions, ſteer'd all the Day by the Courſe of the 
Sun, at Night betaking themſelves to ſome ſaſe 1 

on the Shore, and not daring to venture to Sea till their Guide was 
riſen to diſcover their Way: That this was their conſtant Cuſtam 
may be obſerv'd from the ancient Deſtriptions of thoſe Timcs; 
whereof I ſhall only obſerve this Inſtance ca): ; 


Sol ruit interea, & montes unbrantur opaci, 
Sternimur optatæ gremis telluris ad undam, 

Sortiti remos, paffimgus in littore ficco 

Corpora curamus, feſſos ſopor irrigat artus. 


The haſt'ning Sun had reach'd his wat'ry Bed, 
And Night the gloomy Mountains had o'erſpread, 
When Lots reſolving who ſhould Rowers be, 
Upon the Shore we lie juſt by the Sea, 

With Sleep our drooping Eyes we quickly cloſe, 
And give our weary'd Bodies ſweet Repoſe. 


4. 


Afterwards the Phenicians, who ſome will have to be the frſt In- 


ventors of Navigation, diſcover'd the Motions of ſome other Stars, 
as may be obſery'd in Pliny (6), and Propertius (c): 


Quæritis & calo Phoznicum inventa /ereno, 
Nr fit ftelia homini commoda, queque mala. 
—led by the Art, 
The wife Phenicians found, and did impart, 
You mind, what Stars are Signs of Good or Harm, 


The Phenicians we find to have been directed by Cyno/ura, or the 
lefler Bear-/ar, (4) which was ſirſt obſerved (as ſome are cf Opinion) 
Vor. II. 5 3 by 


G 4 
_— a——_— 


2 tl. Y 8 * 3 as 6 
nd — — 
. 


(c) Lib. II. v. 999. (4) 


wo Virgil Hneid. III. v. $08. (5) Lib. VII. 
Evufiatbius Iliad 4. Arrianis Exped. Lib, YI. 


arbour, or reſting 


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146 Of the Military Aﬀairs of Greece. 


| by balls th e Mil:fian, who was originally a Phænician (a) 4 where 


the Mariners of Greece, as well as other Nations, ſteer'd by che 
greater Bear, calPd Helice ; whence Aratus, | 


— 7 pts Gers "þ X24 
Ei, aM xTHpaiplzs Ia ypr rnv a yirelte 


Helice always is the'Grecians Guide, 
Whene'er they take a Voyage, 


For the firſt Obſervation of this they were obliged to Nauplins; if we 
may believe 7 heon, or according to the Report of Flaccus (b), to Ji. 


phys, the Pilot of the famous Ship Argo, But of theſe two, we are 
told by Theon, the former was the ſecurer Guide, and therefore was 
ſollow'd by the Phenicians, who for Skill in Marine Affairs outſtript 


not only all the reſt of the World, but even the Grecians themielves, 


Ilpwger;, Or wpwparhy WAS next under the Maſter, and had his 
Place in the Head of the Ship, as his Name imports, To his Care 
was committed the "Tackling ot the Ship (c), and the Rowers, who 


had their Places aſſign'd by him, as appears of Pheax, who perform'd 


this Office in T he/eus's Ship (d). We find him every-where aſſiſting 
the Maſter at Conſultations concerning the Seaſons, Places and other 
Things (e). 5 SN 
KN, portiſculus, agitator, Or hortator remigum, is by ſome in- 
terpreted the Boatſwain ; his Office was to ſignify the Word of Com- 
mand to the Rowers (V, and to diftribute to all the Crew their daily 
Portion of Food (g). | 
 Tpingaykn; was a Muſician, who by the Harmony of his Voice and 


Inſtrument, rais'd the Spirits of the Rowers, when weary with La- 


bour (4), and ready to faint, as we read in Statius (i); 


Acclinis malo mediis inter ner Orpheus 
Remigiis, tantoſque jubet neſcire labores, 
Againſt the Maſt the tuneful Orpheus ſtands, 


Plays to the weary'd Rowers, and commands 
The Thought of Toil away. --— | 


Another, it may be, the chief Uſe of this Muſick was to direct the 
Rowers, that they, 4e-ping Jime therewith, might proceed in a le- 
gular and conſtant Motion, leſt by an uncertain Impulſe of their 


Oars the Courſe of the Ship ſhould be retarded (4) : Hence Flaccus, 


in his Argenautics x 


carnin® 


* 
— 


— 


— 


(a) Hyginus Lib. II. Poet. Aftren. Euſtatbius II. . Theon, in Aratum, (6b) Ar. 


gon. 1. e X enopbon Adminiſt. dom. Lib. V. (d Atbenæus Lib. XV. 
(e) Suidas, Flatarchus Agide, XenopbonAdminiſt, dom, Lib. V. Pollux. (f)4r- 
rianus Exped. Alex, Lib. VI. (g) Suidas. (5) Cenſorinus cap. IE. 


(i) Thebaid, V. v. 34% ( Maximus Tyrius Diſſert. XXIII. 


N the Military Affairs of Greece: 4 


— Carmine ton/as 


Ire docet, ſummo paſſim ne gurgite pugnent. 


His Notes dire& how ev'ry Oar ſhould ſtrike, 
_ How they ſhould Order keep. 


S/ tus alſo i pong to the ſame Purpoſe (a); 

medic ſtat margine puppis, ; 
Dui voce alternes nautarum temperet ictus, 
Ft remis dictet ſonitum, paritergue relatis, 
Ad numerum plaudat reſonantia cærula tonfis. 


One ready ſtands to ſing a charming Song 

Unto the Sea-men as they row along, 

Whoſe lively Strains a conſtant Movement keep, 

And ſhew when ev'ry Oar ſhould bruſh the Deep, 

Who, as the beaten Water ſtill reſounds, 1 
Applauds their Labour with his Voice.“ E. D. 


is Mufick was call'd ya (2), Or T6 Tpinge22y EP. (c). 

ET zupa xte, cuſtodes nauis, were oblig'd to take care that 
the Ship receiv'd no Damage by bulging upon Rocks, or otherwiſe; 
whence, in the Night eſpecially, we hnd them employ d in ſound- 
ing and directing the ye with long Poles ; ; 


Ns aug, rip 19mg : 
Lx T p 4 mevbu ron tia Tgomay (4). 
As thoſe who in the Night-time mind the Ship, 
Direct and guide 1 it with long Poles. | 


Toff WETE either thoſe who had the Charge of the 7:55 55; 
ende, or Sides of the Ship, according to Turnebus (e); or of the rer. 
iel, 5% 06 10 et r, 1. e. the Bank of Rowers. 

Several other Names of Officers occur in Authors; as Taiz, 
who diſtributed to every Man his Share of Victuals, being uſually 
the ſame with the Ku, but tometimes 1 it may be diſtin from him, 
Homer mentions this Officer . 5 05 ; 


Kal Tapicy ifa zol, S Tivo? fury, gts. 


And Officers embark'd, whoſe Care it was 
To give each Mau his Victuals. 


L 2 | Eoy pr; 


—ů — — — — — — — — 


(a) Liv, VI. v OY {6) 1 ejuſque Schola. Ran. Act II. Sc. V. 

i, (% Vipian, Lib. LIII. cop. vi. & vii, Pollux. Lib. VII cap. xxxi, 
E. Karben Lad . (4) Sep kecles AY a CVA). . N (e) Advert, Lib, XXVIII, 
ce Xlili. Y Hiad. *. | | 2 


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148 Of the Military Affairs of Greece, 


Eogpius (a), was a Perſon whoſe Buſineſs lay Wii m ic 
about the Fire, and therefore is by ſome thought to have been the 
Cook; by others the Prieſt who offer'd Sacrifices. 

Aryigng, Or ypqapuarvg, was the Burſer, who kept the Accounts, 
and regiſtered all the Receipts: and Expences of the hip. 


FI —_ ** — 


ww —_— 3 


„ & akon. * 
. Of their Voyages, Harbours, &c. 5 


—B ey. fee ee IS AM oa ne — 
28 Q aa a * 


8 8 ä EL 
2 CIO te Ä Ä = — 


NXI/7 HEN it was e the Fleet ſhould put to Sea, the Sig- 
nal being given by the Admiral, the Mariners hal'd the 
Ships into the Water; for it was cuſtomary, when they came into 
Harbour, to draw the Sterns to dry Land, to prevent their being 
toſs'd and diſſipated by the Waves Hence Virgil; - 


- by > 
- —y — - 2 „ 
. * PPP © 


— Stant littore PUPPEs, 
The Sterns ſtand on the Shore. 


EH . 
PPP 


F It. was frequent alſo for Seamen, underpropping their Ship with 
1 | their Shoulders, to thruſt them forwards into the Sea; ſo we read of 
) + | . the Argonauts in Valerius Flaccus (bY, © 
'} 2B At ducis imperits Minyæ monitugue frequentes 
1 Puppem humeris ſubeunt, Q tento poplite proni 
11 | Decurrunt, | | 


119 The Prince commands that they no longer ſtay 
| His Orders ftrait tne Minye obey : | | 
. ; And kneeling down, their Shoulders heave the Ship 
. Into the Main 


3 
I 22 


— ——— 


F et co than cadet. mart to 
. 


” 
© wh. © II ——— 
Seaton <= bone Ate 


1103288 This was ſometimes perform'd by Leavers and Spars of Wood, over 


WH which Ships were roll'd into the Deep; theſe were call'd 2aX.7/::; 
i} 113 1288 @arcyſix (c) and according to Homer woyau (d) © 


— 
REP IS — 


© * 
e YR * 
* Ow _ — 


— 


Menze, 3 apex Twys Kaldiguos ti; oe "PTR 
The heavy Ship into the Sca they thruft 
With Leaver 


_— — 
e * * 


RI 


Mok W op rr A 2 es 
— 
"IC 4 — = Fer 2 nn. T — — 4 IS * ; _— : — 
722. K vr, eo a3... e. 
E ERS 8 —— N 2 5 n 2 
g 


But, to remedy the great Trouble and Dificulty of theſe Methods, 
Archimedes the Syracufian obliged his Countrymen with the Ingera- 
OUS 


—— ny 


ne „ 
— 
* 21 — . 
— ig —— IL. oe 
* 


we 


oe 


. 


— 0 2 — 3 


15 gente 


(a Pelluæ. (b ) Arge . (e) Heſycbius, Pollux, ' (d / Od. . 


Of the Military Affairs of Greece. 149 
ous Contrivances of an Engine called felix, whereby the Ships were 
with great Facility remov'd from the Shore (a). To do this they 
call'd 71,0 @(VpLyXY Xiys6y, Or ng KATEFUSLY TH A. | * 

Before they embark'd, the Ships were adorn'd with Flowers and 
Garlands, which were Tokens of Joy and Mirth (4), and Omens of 
future Proſperity : Hence Virgil. 


S&. Dat jam carbaſus auras, 

Puppibus & læti nautæ impoſuere coronas. 
Now's a fair Wind, and all the Seamen crown 
The Ship with Garlands.—— 


Becauſe no Succeſs could be expeAed in any Enterprize without the 
Divine Bleſſing and Aſſiſtance, they invok'd the Protection of their 


Gods by ſolemn Prayers and Sacrifices, which as they offered to other 
Deities, ſo more eſpecially to thoſe who had any Concern cr Com- 
mand in the Sea: To the Winds and Tempeſts, the whole Train of 
marine Gods and Goddeſſes, but above all to Neptune the great Em- 
peror of the Sea. Thus Auchiſes in Virgil (c) dares not adventure 


himſelf to Sea, till he has firſt addreſſed himſelf to Neptune and Apollo; | 


—meritos arts mactawit honorcs, | 
T aurum Neptuno;” laurum tibi, pulchcr Apollo. 
A Bull to Neptune, and a Bull to you 

He ſacrific'd, Apollo, as your Due. 


A great Number of Inſtances to the ſame Purpoſe may be met with in 


antient Writers. Nor was it enough for themfelves alone to petition 
the Gods for Safety and Succeſs, but all the Multitudes that throng'd 
on ſuch Occaſions to the Shore, earneſtly recommended them to the 
Divine Protection, and join'd their fervent Prayers for their Delive- 
rance from all the Dangers they were going to encounter Cd). 
This done, we are told by the Scholiaſt upon Apollonius, that it 
was uſual to let fly a Dove; which, no doubt, was look'd on as an 
Omen of ſafe Return, becauſe the Bird is not eaſily forced to re- 
linquiſh its Habitation, but, when driven away, delights to return. 
Then they put to Sea, the Signal being given by a Shout, by Scund 
of Trumpet, and ſeveral cther Ways; in the Night it was uſually 
given by Torches lighted in the Admiral-Gally; an Inſtance where- 


. * 


of we have in Seneca's Agamemnon (e): 


Signum recurſus regia ut Fulſit rate, 
Et clara lentum remigem emovuit tba, 
Auraia primas prora ſecavuit wias. | 5 

| 1 . The 


E L —_— 
_ WY —_— a 


(4) Plutarchbus Marcello, A bens. (by Ariftethazis Scholiaſtes Arbarn. Act. II. 
de. V. (e Enid, III. v. 118. (d) Dicdirus Siculus lib. XIII. (e) V. 427. 


» * n 


— „ „%„„„„/, LIE RO — MW IT. 
ay” 22 D by _ * —_ 
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xo Of the Mlitary Aﬀairs of Greece. 
e . being lighted, which, to guide Ha 
kh, Uebler en Hay. in che King's Ship ſtood, 
And ſummon'd by the Trumpet's noiſy Sound, 
When ev'ry Man his proper Oar had took, 
The Admiral march'd firſt, and cut the Waves, 


The Ships were uſually rang'd in this Order: In the Front went 
the lighter Veſſels ; after theſe followed the Men of War led on by 
the Admiral, which was commonly diſtinguiſhed from the reſt by the 
Richneſs of her Ornaments ; thus we find Agamemnon's Ship in the 

fore - mention'd Place of Seneca going before the reſt; . 


Aurata primas prora ſecavit vias, 


 Aperitque curſus, mille quos puppes ſecent. 


The Admiral went firſt, and cut the Waves, 
Prepar'd the yielding Deep, which afterwards 
A thouſand Veſſels cleav'd, 55 | 


L.aſt of all the Veſſels of Burden came up. If the Winds were high, 
or Seas dangerous, they were extended out at length, failing one by 
one: But at other Times they went three or more a breaſt. | 
When they arriv*d at any Port where they deſign'd to land, the firſt 
Thing they did was to run their Ships backwards upon. their Hind- 
| decks in order to tack about: this they called t wow, or 
c eoptpuraey geg ba (a), which Phraſe is by Thucydides elegantly applied 
to thoſe that retreat fighting, and {till facing their Enemies: Then 
they tack'd about, which they term'd zige. (6), turning the 
Heads of their Ships to the Sea, according to Virgil. 


Obwertunt ßelago prora· 
To ti? Sea they turn'd their Prows. 

Now the Rowers ceaſed from their Labours, and refted their Oars, | 

which the Greeks call'd 41S 611, Thy abe, the Latins, inhibere em 


Theſe they hung upon Pins, as We find in Status (5): 


Duinquaginta zl trabibus de more revintis 
Eminus abrupto quatiunt nova littara ſaltu. 


Their fifty Oars hung up, they rudely leap'd | 
Upon the new found Shore, 


1 
For 


n 


— — 


(4). Ariſoph, Schot, Veſp. 457, (5) Gretius Aratteis, (e) Thebaid, V. 344» 


1 . 


For Fear their Oars ſhould be in danger of being broken by the 
Floods, they hung them not ſo as to reach the Water, but upon the 
Sides of their Ships: whence Ov, (a) ; 


Obwertit lateri pendentes navita remos. 
To the Ships Sides the Seamen hung their Oars. 
Being ſafely landed, they diſcharg'd whatever Vows they had 
wade to the Gods, beſides which they uſually offer'd a Sacrifice call'd 
amoearngiony to Jupiter ſirnam'd aroarnp®-, for enabling them 


a Tale amo tov wor tO quit the Ships, and recover the Land. 
Their Devotions were ſometimes paid to Nereus, Glaucus, Ino, and 


Melicertes, the Cabiri, and other Gods of the Sea, more eſpecially 


to Neptune, who was thought to have a peculiar Care of all that tra- 


vell'd within the Compais of his Dominions : Thus the Heroes in 


Homer (S): 

Ai N Nuxe, Nu kü ον wh Ned pory 
15% To in du SuAuToH; ö i ion 
Tat ps c TED Ero &b.Nnzirn: 
Landed at Pylus, where King Nelexs reign'd, 
With blackeit Bulls they ſev'ral Altars ftain'd, 
A Sacrifice to Neptune. — 99 


They who had eſcap'd a Shipwreck, or any other Danger at Sea, 
were more particularly oblig'd to offer a Preſent to the Gods as a 
Teſtimony of their Gratitude, To this they ſometimes added the 
Garment in which they had eſcap'd, and a Tablet containing.an 
Account of their Deliverance. To which there is the following 
Alluſion in Horace (c); 


| — me tabula ſacer 
Votiwa paries indicat uvida 
Suſpendile potenti 
Veſtimenta maris Deo. 


If nothing elſe Mania d. they did at leaſt ſhave their Hair, and 
conſecrate it to their Protectors. Thus Lucilius affirms of himſelf 
in the Epigram (4); | | 


Tazoxu, *% Nnpnt, 9 15. T, 2 Menixtfern, 
Kai Bubi Kpovedn, 9 EL 2446015 Jeg 

E wbelc ix wiharyes ANαννννDe.-, woe xitapma F 
Tas Tpixas ix XiDanngy 40 yas adiv exe. 


L 4 | = Hence 


(a) Metamorph. XI. 25. () Cay. v. 4 (e) Lib, I, (d. v. 
\4, Antbol, Lib, VI. cap. 21. Epitzt. I, | | 


Of the Mililary Aﬀairs of Greece. 151 


4 
Winn „„ 
— , 5 2 & > eng 
v * * — = 
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NR. 22 e 1 - AS = 


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132 Of the Military Affairs of Greece. 
Hence Petronius Arbiter calls ſhaving their Hair naufragorum ultimum 
derum, the laſt Vow of Men in Shipwreck (2). It was alſo cuſtom. 
ary for thoſe who had eſcaped any other Danger, particularly ze N. 
van chillig vb, for ſuch as had recovered from any dangerous Sick. 
neſs, to ſhave off their Hair (3). The Agyptians uſed to ſhave their 
own Hair when they paid their Ae ene to che Gods for 
the Recovery of their Children (c). 

Harbours were Places render'd, either by Art or Nature, commo- 
dious for the Entertainment of Ships, and to defend them againſt 
the Inſults of Winds and Waves: The former Sort were uſually at 
the Mouth of a River, or in a Creek of the Sea, under the Cover of 
ſome lofty Promontory : The latter were-vaſt Piles, or Heaps of 
Earth and other Materials caſt up in the Form of a Semicircle, wich 
Arms of a vaſt Length extended into the Sea; theſe were call'd 
yaa (4) from their Reſemblance to Crabs-Claws ; or axper 19 Nut- 

(e); Or axrzi, as in Homer, who ſpeaks thus of the Phercynian 


Harbour {f) : 


— — $92 N wpobanrs; ty a/ 
[1 5 6% 


Axlz3 arpeuyic, N. ole manioul iy, 


— There two great Piles ſtood out, 
Which made a Haven —— . 


Cicero terms them Cernua (g). For the Security of the Ships in- 
clos'd therein, we find it uſual to fix to the two Ends vaſt Chains or 
Booms, as appears in the Syracufian Harbour mention'd in Frontinus 
(6): Nor was it unfrequent to guard them with great Pales fortify'd 
againſt the Water with Puch: Hence Havens are ſometimes term'd 
in Latin Clauſtra, in Greek xn, (i), On both Sides of the Mole 
were ſtrong Towers (4), which were defended in the Night, and all 
Times of Danger, by Garriſons of Soldiers (/). Not far Diſtance from 
hence was a Watch- tower with Lights to direct Mariners; this was 
called Pharos, which Name originally belonged to a little Ifland in 
the Mouth cf the River Vile, where the firſt of theſe Towns was 
built, but afierwares was naturaliz'd both in Greece and at Rome. 

The ſecond Part of the Harbour was term'd 2, in Latin, Oftium 
and fayces, being the Mouth or Entry between the Arms of the Se- 
micircle. i 5 N 

Muxyo; was the inmoſt Part of the Harbour neareſt to the Shore, 
and moſt ſecure from the Waves, inſomuch that their Ships were 
often ſuffer'd to lie looſe, whereas in other Parts of the Harbour 
they were uſually either chained to the Band, or lay at Anchor: It 

| | was 


—— —U——— . — . . — —— . — 
— CW. wi — , — — —— a — 


(a) Cap. 63. 5) Conf. Artemidorus Onetroerit, Lib. I. cap. 23. (e) Diodorus 
Stculus Bibliothec. Hiſt. Lib. I. (4) Dioderus Siculus Lib. XII. Thucy tides Scbo- 
af. % Poiyanys Strateg. Lib. V. (YO. . (g] Epiſt. ad. 
Ati. Lib. IX. Ep, XIX. (b) Strateg Lib. 1. () Thicyd, Lib, II, 
(8) PFgetas Lib. V. cap. 2. (!) Tharyc:eet, Curtius ehen. 


07 the Me litary Affairs # Gia” 153 
was diſtinguiſhed into ſeveral Partitions by Walls, erected for the 


moſt part of Stone, under the Covert of which the Veſſels had Pro- 
tection: Theſe Places were called «ja (a), whence Homer (6) : 


| — Moch. bY ary Iropno tec 

Nn toceA\ uct, or, ops petlTpy N ¾. 

The Ships that far within the Harbour lodge, 
Without a Chain are ſafe, —— 


They were alſo termed »aU3»y0, and altogether 3 iat was 


call'd »zvra0pi;. Here were likewiſe the Docks in which Ships were 
built, or careen'd, and dragged to Land ; theſe were n 510 
{ixos (c), i ire (A, eb e. &e. | ; 

The adjacent Places were uſually filled with Ions and Stews Ws | 
well ſtock d with Females, they proſtituted themſelves to the Mari- 
ners, Merchants, and Artificers of all Sorts, who flock'd thither in 
great Numbers. Moſt Harbours were adorn'd with Temples, or 
Altars, where Sacrifices were offered to Tutelar Deities of the Place, 
and Preſidents of the Sea ; Mention of which we find, as in other 
Places, ſo particularly in "Home (g), who ſpeaks of a Cave in the 
Haven of Ithaca dedicated to the Naiades. 


Scheffer will have fationes navium to differ from the former in this, | 


that here Ships were not laid up for any confiderable time, but re- 


main'd only till they were ſupply'd with Water or other Neceſſaries, 


or on ſome other ſhort Occaſions, They had ſeveral Names, being 


call'd & 0 4496 (#), V oc Ci, iropprowsln (4). Can: $ (1), rare (m); ” 


and frequently at ſome Diſtance from the Shore; whence 5;pay in 
Plutarch (n) is term'd a, which \ imports their being among 
the W aves; and by T hucydides aye iT @yxutwiy which aniwers in 
fome Meaſure to the Latin Phraſe 1 in Livy, in ancherts Aare, to nde ; 
at Anchor, ; 

In Times of War they defended themſelves with Fortifications on 
both Sides, but made after a different Manner; towards the Land 
they fortify'd themſelves with a Ditch and Parapet, or Wall built 
iu the Form of a Semi-circle, and extended from one Point of the 
Sea to another This was ſomerimes defended with Towers, and 
beautify'd with Gates, thro' which they iſſued forth to attack their 
Enemies. Homer hath left us a remarkable Deſcription of the wo 
cian F ortifications i in the Trojan War (): 


ach Y a @1T9v rex b. fe, 
| Nit yu; ce, „Rag nora, 9 ard. 
„ ad roi t tegel der t a fafbias, 
"O@pe, % aETYwy dana in dg ein 


Ex Teo 


{a) Euftath. Odyſſ. . Lied 17 ( 0 04 „ /. (c) Diodorus Siculus, Lib. XIV. 
Vuidas. (d) Homer Od. emoſiben. Schol. Orat. de Corona. Suidas, 
Hemeri Schol,  ( f) Poll "Lib, IX. ack, 5. (g) Odyſſ. V. v. 103. (6) Heſyebins, 

_ (1) Strabo, Lib. VIII. (4) Arpiams, Lib. V. {U Pelph, Lib. I. (n. . 0 

Lib, IV Ae Scheliaſt, 1 Pempero, (8) L. 0, „ V. 4380. 


—— 
- * 


61 — 


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154 Of the Military Aﬀains of Greece, 


"Exroobir d Babeiar in” a rel por deva, 
Evpiic, HaYrAy!, by ds (xohowa xarimnt av. 


A bulky Wall, and lofty 'Tow'rs to ſhield _ 
Their Navy and themſelves, the Trojans build; 
On theſe great Gates for Paſſages they make, 0 
Convenient Ways that all their Horſe ſhould take, 
And all around they dug a ſpacious Ditch, | 
Fixing great Pales of Wood. | cs xe / 


Toward the Sea, or within it, they fix'd great Pales of Wood, like 
thoſe in Harbours ; before theſe the Veſſels of Burden were placed in 
. ſuch Order, as they might be inſtead of a Wall, and give Protection 

to thoſe within; in which. Manner Nicias is reported by Thucydides to 
have encamp'd himſelf: But this ſeems only to have been practisd 
when the Enemy was thought ſuperior in Strength, and rals's in them 
great Apprehenſions of Danger. At other Times all they us'd to do, 


was to appoint a few of their Ships to obſerve their Enemies Mo- 


tions: Theſe were termed wp@vazxid; (a), and the Soldiers wypou;::, 
or wvypoupidizs, from mupo3;, a Torch wherewith they fignified the Ap- 
proach of their Enemies (5). When their Fortifications were thought 
ſtrong enough to ſeeure them from the Aſſault of their Enemies, it 
was frequent to drag their Ships to Shore, which the Greets called 
bdo, the Romans, ſubducere (c). Around the Ships the Soldiers 
plac'd their Tents, as appears every-where in Homer, Thucydides (d), 
and others; but this ſeems only to have been practis'd in Winter, 
when their Sache Fleet was laid up, and could not aſſault them; 
or in long Sieges, and when they lay in no Danger from their Ene- 
mies by Seas as in the Trojan War, where the Defenders of Troy ne- 
ver once attempted to encounter the Grecian: in a Sea-fight : At other 
Times the Ships only lay at Anchor, or were tied to the Shore, that 
upon any Alarm they might be ready to receive the Enemy. 


8 Py 
>. es. — — 


N CHAP xxl. 
1 their Engagements, &c. by Sea. 


IN preparing for an Engagement at Sea, the firſt Bufineſs was to 
1 diiburtnen their Ships of War of all Proviſions, and other Lum- 
ber not neceſſary in the Action, leſt by too heavy a Load they ſhould 
be render'd unwieldy, and unfit for Service, being neither able with 
Force and Vigour to aſſail their Enemies, nor by lightly os 
| | | about 


r 


— — Sa — 


| (a) Thucyd, Lib. 1 (b) Polyanus, Lib, III. (c) Lit ius, Lib, XXII. eap. 28. 
Cicero de Offic, Lib, III. 4) Lib. VI. 8 3 | 


. * wy 6 is a 


Of the Military Affairs of Greece... .. 155 
about to avoid their Onſets. This done, when the Enemy appeared 
in View, they took down their Sails, lower'd their Maſts, ry ; Ecur'd 
whatever might expoſe them to the Winds, chaſing rather to be go- 
vern'd by Oars, which they could manage at their Pleaſure. On this 
Account we read (a) that Hanno the Carthaginian being purſued by 
a Fleet of Dionyfius the Sicilzan, to Which he was much inferior in 
Strength and Number, and having no Way to make his Efcape, 
took A his Sails as preparing to fight; whereby decoying the 
Sicilians to do the like, whilſt they were buſy and ohſerv'd him not, 
he unexpectedly hoiſted again his Sails, and made away. 

As to their Order of Battle, that was vary'd as Time, Place, and 
other Circumſtances requir'd ; being ſometimes form'd like an Half- 
moon, and call'd e. unou#3;, the Horns jutting out towards the 
Enemy, and containing the ableſt Men and Ships ; ſometimes, on the 

contrary, having its Belly neareſt the Enemy, and its Horns turn'd 
backwarde, whence it was term'd zvpry waparat:; : Nor was it un- 
uſual to range them in the Form of a Circle, which they called 
'#1xAov reren Or (to mention no more) in the Figure of the Let- 
ter V. (3), with the Horns extended in a direct Line, and meeting at 
the End; which Order was named enmupryc muaparatic, in Latin, 14 
Forceps; and was uſually encountered by the Enemies rang'd into the 11700 

ſame Order inverted, whereby they reſembled the Figure of a Wedge =. Ii 
or Beak, whence it was call'd cuneus or ro/trum ; this enabled them | 

to penetrate into the Body of the adverſe Battle. © 7 
Before they join'd Battle, both Parties invoked the Gods to their 
Aſſiſtance by Prayers and Sacrifices; and the Admirals going from Ship 1 
to Ship in ſome of the lighter Veſſels, exhorted their Soldiers in a ſet 1 
Oration, to behave themſelves like Men: Then all Things being in 4 
Readineſs, the Signal was given by hanging out of the Admiral's Gal- 1 
ley a gilded Shield, as we read in Plutarch; or a. red Garment or — 
Banner {c ; which was term'd 25p84; THEIR. D uring the Elevation of 11 
this the Fight continued, and by its Depreſſion, or inclination to- . 
wards the right or left, the reſt of the Ships were directed in what. 14 
Manner to attack their Enemies, or retreat from them C4). To this - Fi 
was added the Sound of Trumpets, which was begun in the Admi- 1 
ral's Galley (e), and continued round the whole Navy (/); it was inn 
likewiſe uſual for the Soldiers before the Fight to ſing a Pæan, or 11 
Hymn to Mars (g), and after the Fight another to Apollo. „ 

The Fight was uſually begun by the Admiral-galley as we find done Inne 
at the Battle of Salami, (5), and another Time by Attalus's Ship (i): 1 
It was carried on in two different Manners, for not only the Ships en- FEY 
gag'd one another, and by their Beaks and Prows, and ſometimes their 4 
Sterns, endeavour to daſh in Pieces, or over- ſet and ſink their Oppo- 1 
lers; but the Soldiers alio annoy'd their Enemies with Darts and Slings, ine 
and upon their nearer Approach with Swords andSpears: Thus Lacan (4); | j " 

| . | 9 Ut . 


A 5 1 — [2.90 — — Pn — EEE —— a r — 
© — n n e * CE TIL OP 5 TP 2 Ä 7 9 Hoy” 4 n —— — 
. A ͤ K ͤ A Dre —— — wp Dl ry wad Ys tary om — ann 2 — oy — 2 i, a — — Lan Ly — 1 , — Ml — — 


. CPI, IE .< 4 4 


— e 
p = 7 * r , L 
6 : > — . a : 3 111 * —— 
KRK Ä M: ũvr;. T..·· -E AA ptr ion 7 ach. ma — > 


3 
. 9 

a ae. 
be cans 

—— 2 — — 0 


— > 


—— 


(a) Pulyenus, Lib. V. (6) Pegetius. (e) Diedorus Siculys, Lib. XIII. Poly nus, 
Lib. I. (d) Leo Tact. (e) Piutarcbut Lyſandro. () Diadorus, Lib. XIII. 
{7} Suidas. | % Diodorue, Lib, III, (i Polgbias, Lib. XVI, (4) Lib. III. 


ol the Military Affairs of Greece. 
Di primum roftris crepuerunt obvia roſtra, 


In puppim rediere rates, en iſſague tela 


Aera texerunt, vacuumgus cadentia pontum. 


The Ships firſt e their ferceſt Rage, 
And furtouſ with claſhing Beaks engage; ON 
Theſe turn about, and then the Javelins fly, 


And Show'rs of Arrows darken all the Sky 5 " 6 
The Sea is e 0 1 e 5 


Afterwards he goes on in this Manner, 


Jam non excuſſis torquentur tela lacertis, © 
' Nee longinqua cadunt jaculato vulnera gory 3 


Miſcenturpue manus, navali plurima bello 
Enfis agit ; flat quiſque ſue de robore Puppic | 


Pronus in adver/ſos vas. 


1 hey throw no longer Duets no o fonger y. 


With miſſive Arms to kill the Enemy; 
0 2 eloſe together come, their Swords 5 draw 


Each foutly eeps his Poſt. 


whence Silius (a) : . 


; Iiieda ligant hive wincala dert | 


Atęue illine na ves, fteteruntque ad prelia nexes ; 


Nec. jaculo, aut longe certatur arundine fuſa, 


Caminus & gladio terreſtria prælia miſcent. 


Chain'd faſt with Irons both the Navies ſtand, 


No Blood the Darts and flying Weapons ſpill, 


With Swords they, cloſely join'd, begin to kill, 


Segue tenent remis, toto \ fetit æguore 1 


The Ships they hold with Oars, and all around 
The Face of horrid War appears.— 


—_—_— 
6 bt * 


| E. D. 


Nor can it be wonder'd how they app N ſo near one another, 
when we find it uſual to link their 


eſſels together with Chains or 
| 898 of whirh I have 1 in one of the e . 


Sometimes for Want of Irons they ſo fix'd their Oars, as thereby to 
- binder their Enemies from retreating ; ſo we read in neren < 6 © ; ORE 


| This Sort of Combat was not unlike a Sieve, where the ſtronger 
Party, 795 over their nes, enter'd their V eſlels by laying 
| Bridges 


—_—_ 


(#) Lib, XIV. + % Lb. 11, 


Of the Military. Affairs of Greece: 157 
Bridges between them, and having kill'd, or taken Prifoners, allthey | 
tound in Arms, ſeiz'd and dragg'd away their Ships. | 
When a Town was. beſieg' d by Sea, they us'd to environ it's Walls. 
and Harbour with Ships, rang'd in Order from one Side of the Shore 
to the other, and ſo cloſely join'd together by Chains and Bridges on 
which arm'd Men were plac'd, that, without breaking their Order, 
there could be no Paſſage from the Town to the Sea; this Leaguer 
Diodorus calls Cevywe (a). The better to prevent any Attempts of 
the Beſieg'd, Demetrius is ſaid to have invented a Sort of Boom arm'd 
with Spikes of Iron which ſwam upon the Waters: this he plac'd at 
the Mouth of the Harbour of Rhodes, when he beſieg'd that City (5). 
Sometimes they block'd up the Harbour, or made a Paſſage to the 
Town by raiſing a vaſt Mole before it, as we read of A/exander in the 
Siege of Tyre (c); or by ſinking Ships filled with Stones and Sand, 
as we find practis'd by the Romans. 6 | 8 
The Attacks were uſually carried on by Men ſtanding upon Bridges 
between the Ships, and thence with Darts and Stones, forcing the be- 
fieged from their Walls: Thus Alexander in the Siege of T pre ſo or- 
dered his Gallies, that two of them being join'd at the Heads, and the 
Sterns ſomewhat diſtant, Boards and Planks were laid over in the Fa- 
thion of Bridges, for Soldiers to ſtand upon, whowere in this Manner 
row'd cloſe to the Wall, where without any Danger they threw Darts 
at their Enemies, being ſheltered behind the Foredecks of their own 
Gallies (4). Here alio, that they might throw their miſſi ve Wea- 
pons with greater Advantage, and batter the Walls with their Rams 
and other Engines, they erected Towers ſo high as to command the 
City Walls, from which having repelled the Defenders, they by this 
Means had Opportunity to delicend by Ladders. | 
The Beſieged were not at a Loſs for Ways of defeating theſe Strata- 
gems ; the Ships link'd together, they pull'd aſunder with Iron Hooks, 
the Paſſage to the Town they block'd up in the fame Manner the E- 
nemies had done that of the Harbour, or otherways (e); if they could 
not hinder their Approach, they fail'd not to gall them with Darts, 
Stones, Fire-balls, melted Pitch or Metals, and many other Things; 
and laſtly, to trouble you no farther, it was frequent for thoſe in the 
Town to deſtroy the Veſſels and Works of the Beſieged by Fire-ſhips, 
as we find done by the Tyrians (J), who, taking a large Veſſel, put a 
great quantity of Ballaſt into the Stern, covered the Head with Pitch, 
ar, and Brimſtone, then by the help of Sails and Oars brought her 
eloſe to the Macegonian Fortreſs, where having ſet the combuſtible Mat- 
ter on Fire, they retreated into Boats prepar'd for that Purpoſe; the Fire 
immediately feiz'd the Towers of the Fortification, and by the Help of 
Torches and Fire-brands cait by thoſe in the Boats, the Work itſelf 
took Fire, and that vaſt Pile, on which ſo much Time and Labour 
bad been beſtow'd, was in a few Moments quite demoliſh'd. The 
Uſe of Fire- ſnips we likewiſe meet with amongſt the Rhograns in 
Diodorus the Sicilian (g). | 
7 e | CHAP. 


* 1 


(a) Lib. XI - (4) Diodorus,lib, XX. (e) Curtias, lib, IV. (% Kem. 
dem. (e Thugdides, lib. VII. ( Curcius, lib, IV, (e) Lib, XX, 


2 


. Of the Mir 4 Auen, of Greece, 
| c HA P. XXII. 
45 the el. Military Rewards, Punifhments, &c. 


71 0 10 RY being obtains; he Conquerors rode home trium- 


phant, laden with the Spoils of their Enemies, and dragging 


after them the captive Ships, as appears from the Inſtance of 4/c;. 
biades in Plutarch, and Lyjander in enophon (a): The latter of theſe 


bad Crowns or Garlands preſented him by all the confederate Cities 


of Sparta, as he paſs'd by them, which Cuſtom was conſtantly prac- 
tiſed by the Grecians, from whom it ſeems to have been deriv'd to 
Rome: Nor was the Admiral, or the Soldiers and Mainers (5), only 
adorn'd with Garlands,. but their Ships were likewiſe bedeck'd with 


them (c) ; whereby the Rhogzans were once reduc'd to extreme Dan- 


ger; tor their Enemies having made themſelves Maſters of their 
Ships, crown'd them with Laurel, and entering them, were receiv'd 
with preat Joy into Rhodes (4); which Stratagem was frequently 

raed in Greece (e). Nor were they beautified with Garlands only, 


but hung likewiſe about with Wrecks and broken Pieces of the Ships 
deſtroy'd in Battle, eſpecially the , axp;rinma xoguwer, and other 


ornamental Parts, which the Conquerors were induſtrious in procu- 


ring to Kerr their Triumphs; whence of Hector threatening the 


Grecian Fleet with DeftruQion, Homer ſays, 


* 


| Evita 7: nd erode axpa xopupone” 


Theſe they Ag db Arterie, and to deprive a Shi p of them ap- 

piegers . is Manner the Victors return'd home, filling the 
Sea lch their Shouts, Acclamations, and Hymns; which were 
ſweetened by the Harmony of Mulical enen, as appears from 
the Example of Ly/arder in Plutarch. 

Being received into the City, they went ſtraitwyay into the Temples 
of the 'Gods, where they dedicated the choiceſt of their Spoils: Thus 
we read, that the Syracufians, having defeated the Athenians and the 
Rhodians after a Victory over Demetrius, fill'd the Temples of their 
Gods with Wrecks of Ships. Nor was it unuſual to preſent entire 
Veſſels to them; for we find that Phormio, having overcome the La- 
cedæmoniant, conſecrated a Ship to Neptune (g); and the Grecians, 


after their great Victory over the Perſians at Salamis, are reported to 


have dedicated three Phænician Triremes (Y). 
Having paid their Compliment to the Gods, the Remainder of 


their Spoils wn og beſtow d in the 8 95 and 9 Fe Places 


of 
(a) Hiſtor, lib, II. (b) Polyenus, lib, IV. (c) Dioderus, lib, XIII. 
(d) Vitruvius, lib, II. cap, 8. (e) Polyæ nus. (f) Aenopbon, tft, lib, VI. 


(g) Diodorus, lib, XII. ( N lib. VIII, 


* 


Of the Military Affuirs of Greece. 189 
of their City, to preſerve the Memory of their Victory: To which 
End they were likewiſe honoured with Statues, Inſcriptions, and l 
Trophies; the laſt of which were ſometimes erected in their own 1 
Country, but more frequently near the Place where they had over- 4 
thrown their Enemies, and were adorned with Arms, and broken 
Wrecks of Ships, which for that Reaſon were looked on as a Sign 
and Teſtimony of Victory: Thus we are told by Thacydides (a), that ä 1 
in a Fight between the Athenians and Corinthians, where both Parties 1 
made Pretenſions to Victory, the former were by moſt eſteemed to 
have the juſt Title to it, as having poſſeſſed themſelyes of their Ene- 
my's Wrecks; and King Philip, tho“ worſted by Attalus, yet be- 
cauſe he made a ſhift to keep his Fleet amongſt the adverſe Party's 
Wrecks, would have perſuaded the World that, the Day was his 
on,, 7 Br . 1 
Tak were the Principal of the Rewards peculiar to thoſe who 
had ſerv'd their Country by Sea; others they ſeem alſo to have been 
frequently honour'd with, which being common to thoſe who had 
been uſeful in other Stations, may be more properly referred to other 
Places, where I have already treated of them. The chief of their 
Puniſhments was Whipping with Cords, which was ſometimes in- 
flicted on Criminals having their lower Parts within the Ship, and ö 
their Heads thruſt out of Port- holes, and hanging into the Sea. Thus Wi 
one Scylax, Maſter of a Myndian Veſlel, was treated by Megabetes, ö "I 
for not being careful to keep Watch and Ward (c). [ 
There ſeems to have been a Puniſhment by which Offenders were 
tied with Cords to a Ship, and dragg'd in the Waters till they were 
drown'd ; in which Manner Scyl/a was treated by Minos, after ſhe 
had betray'd to him her Father and Kingdom | 6 
Others were thrown alive into the Sea, as we read of Jonas the 
Prophet. = | | | 
Avavudxc, Or ſuch as refuſe to ſerve at Sea after a lawful Sum- 
mons, were at Athens themſelves and their Poſterity condemned to 
«71+ix, Ignominy or Disfranchiſement C4), of which Puniſhment I 
have ſpoken in one of the former Books. OE 3 
AiTor>zUT2 8, Deſerters were not only bound with Cords and 
whipp'd, as Demo/thenes reports, but had their Hands likewiſe cut 
ef, as we are infogm'd by Suidas. 775 = 


* 


— — — 5 hs — 1 
— . — 


22 or a _ * 
3 3 
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1 — — 15 Nu x ae 
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hor 45. * 


1 5 FRF | 1 
a) Lib. VII. ann ia, Bb: XVI. ca Ms 2 0 
, TR 00 OY WO UL T0 PO ge 


Archao- 


- Ir OE WEI SETS 
— — — ne 


Yr dls. 3 4 ͥ ²LB¹—rœ!h0 ——Uͤ—ñ—wů iᷣ „144 
. _ 


av AEDs. ans Woo tis " 


*-'H ö 


„ e 
eee 


Archeologia Græca: 


OR, THE 


A K E „ 


f 1 1 K 3 ” : 
4 k 
2 . ht. _— " 
— I „ _— = uh. _— —_— 
d * * —_ * _ 
\ 


„%%% ., 7 By is 
Of the Care the Grecians had of Funcrals, and of Perſons 
=. deſiltute thereof. ho 
oro was the firſt who inſtructed the Greeians (a) in the 


Manner of Performing their laſt Offices to the Deceaſed, 
which gave Occaſion to the Inventors of Fables to aſſign him 


. avaſt and unbounded Empire in the Shades below, and conſtitute 


him ſupreme Monarch of all the Dead. And ſince there is ſcarce any 


uſeful Art, the Inventor whereof was not reckon'd amongſt the Gods, 
and believed to patroniſe and preſide over thoſe Artificers he had firſt | 


inſtructed; no Wonder if he who taught the rude and unciviliz d Ages 


What 


„ 


* 


8 (a) Diadorus Stculus, Lib. V. cap. 15. 


2 * 


— # 


/ the Miſcellany Customs of Greece, 161 
hat Reſpect, what Ceremonies were due to the Dead, had the Ho- 
Nour to be number'd amongſt the Deities of the firſt Quality, ſince the 
Duties belonging to the Dead were thought of far greater Import- 
ance, and the Neglect of them a Crime of a blacker Character than 
thoſe requir'd by the Living ; for the Dead were ever held ſacred and 
inviolable even among the moſt barbarous Nations; to defraud them 
of any due Reſpect was a greater and more unpardonable Sacrilege, 
than to ſpoil the Temples of the Gods; their Memories were preſer- 
ved with a religious Care and Reverence, and all their Remains ho- 
noar'd with Worſhip and Adoration ; Hatred and Envy themſelves 
were put to Silence, for it was thought a Sign of a cruel and inhuman 
Diſpoſition to ſpeak evil of the Dead, and proſecute Revenge beyond 
the Grave; no een was thought ſ Aileen to warrant ſo foul an 
Action; the higheſt Affronts from themſelves whilſt alive, or after- 
_ wards from their Children, were eſteem'd weak Fretences for diſturb- 
ing the Peace, Offenders of this kind were not only branded with Dif- 
grace and Infamy, but by Solan's Laws incurr'd a ſevere Penalty (a). 
But, of all the Honours paid to the Dead, the Care of their Fune- 
ral Rites was the greateſt and moſt neceſſary ; for theſe were look'd 
upon as a Debt ſo ſacred, that ſuch as neglected to diſcharge it, were 
thought accurſed ; hence the Romans call'd them juſta, the Greciarrs 
Fx xe, TEA vo, 0142 $0012, &c. all which Words imply the 
inviolable Obligations which Nature has laid upon the Living to take 
care of the Obſequies of the Dead. And no Wonder if they were thus, 
Gl1e: Vis about the Interment of the Dead, ſince they were ſtrongly 
poſſeſs'd with an Opinion, that their Souls could not be admitted into 
the Elyfan Shades, but were forced to wander deſolate and without 
Company, till their Bodies were committed to the Earth (5) ; and if 
they never had the good Fortune to obtain- an Burial the Time 
of their Excluſion from the common Receptacle of the Ghoſts was no 
leis than an hundred Years; whence in moſt of the Poets we meet with 
paſſionate Requeſts of dying Men, or their Ghoſts after Death, for this 
Favour : I will only give you one outof Homer (c), who introduces the 
Soul of Elpenor earneſtly beſeeching Ulyyestoperform his FuncralRites; 


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Mi H AANAUgον, A bw d xl N 

Neofrobiics An Tei Th Scar (4/7 $44 % YE Wpzt. | | 
When homewards bound th' infernal Shades you quit, 
Don't me, unhappy-Wretch, my Friend, forget. 

If aught of dear Concern you've left behind, 

With Zeal tow'rd me, let that affect your Mind: 

If aged Sire, your Wife, or hopetul Heir can bind, 


Let 
(a) Demofthen. Orat. in Leptin, Plutarchus $2/ane. () Hencras dliad, . 
(e) Odyfſ. X. v. 66, 72 | | 


Von. | M 


— — 


Ci 62 Of the Miſcellany Cuſtoms 


* N n mY * * FF 
1 N 4 * W l N 
c p bes 
* 1 4 
* 


of Greece. 
Let Dirge and Burial ſolemnize my Fate, 
. Leſt I ſhou'd prove to th* Gods a Reprobate: 
This, this I beg, this earneſtly implore; 1 
Thus will my Soul to Bliſs be wafted oer. F. 4. 


— 


This was the Reaſon why, of all Imprecations, the greateſt was 


to wiſh that a Perſon might ara. ir xbordc, i. e. die deſtitute 


of Burial; and of all Forms of Death the moſt terrible was that by 


Shipwreck, as wherein the Body was ſwallowed up hy the Deep; 
whence Ovid, tho? willing to reſign his miſerable Life, yet prays a- 
gainſt this Death :'' 1 . | 


Demite naufragium, mers mihi munus erit. 


Death would my Soul from anxious Troubles eaſe, 


* 


But that I fear io per i/o by the 1 80 | 


Wherefore, when they were in danger of being caſt away, it was 


cuſtomary to faſten to ſome Part of the Body the moſt precious of 
all their Stores, with a Direction to the firſt that found their dead 


Corpſes, if the Waves chanced to roll them to the Shore, entreating 
of him the Favour of an human Burial, and proffering what they 
carry'd about them as a Reward, or defiring him to expend ſome 
Part of it upon their Funeral (a) Rites and accept the reſt himſelf. 
But though the Carcaſe brought no Reward along with it, yet was it 


not therefore lawful to paſs it by neglected, and deny. it what was 


look'd on as a Debt to all Mankind; tir not oniy t <4 enian 
Laws forbad fo great an Act of Inhumanity (4), but in all Parts of 
Greece it was look'd upon as a great Proyocation to the Infernal 
Gods, and a Crime that would call up certain Vengeance from the 
Regions below (c); nor could the gnilty Perſon be freed from the 
Puniiiment of his Offence, or admitted to converſe with Men, or 


worſhip the Gods, but was look'd upon as profane and polluted, til! 
he had undergone the accuſtom'd Purifications, and appeas'd the in- 


cens'd Deities, Vet it was not always requir'd that all the Funeral 
Solemnities ſhould be nicely perform'd, which the Haſte of Travel- 
lers that ſhould light upon the Carcaſe might oftentimes not permit; 
but it was ſufficient to caft Duſt or ſoft Earth upon it three 'T: mes 
together, according to Horace (4) : 15 

 Quanquam feftinas, non eft mora len ga, licebit 

jecto ter pulwere curras, oe! 

— Over the C: rpſe thrice ſprinkle Sand, 
Th' oficious Deed will not retard your Haſte. 


Of theſe three Handfuls, one at leaf was thrown upon the Head. 
This, in Cafes of Neceſſity, was look'd upon as enough to gain the 
| Ghoſt's Admiſſion into Plato's Dominions, and to free ſuch as hap- 


ada Aw w_ 2 
— 


pen d 


| (a) Synefus, FEpiſt. Interpretes Hiſtoriæ Atollonii Tyrit, Meurfius in Lyctpbron. 


Cafiandram, v. 367. (b lian, Var. Hit. lib. V. cap. 14. (e) Seel. 


Scheliaftes Antigone, eh 4) Lib. I. Od. XXVIII. v. 36, Ruintilianus Declam. 
V. VI. Celia Rhodiginus, lib, XVII. cap. 20, A | 


O - the Miſcellany Cuſtoms of Greece. t63 
pen'd u on their Bodies from the Fear of being haunted, yet was far 
, ck 2 them entire Satisfaction; wherefore, ſuch as had been 


interr'd clandeſtinely, or in haſte, and without the cuſtomary Solem, 
nities, if afterwards good Fortune diſcoyer'd thein to any of their 


Friends, were k:ncur'd with a ſecond Funeral, as appears from the 


Story of Polyderus in Virgil, who, being murder'd and interr'd by 
Polymneftor,” does yet make his Com mplain to Hueat at his Arrival 
in Thrace, that his Soul could not reſt till his Obſequies were cele · 
brated according to Cuſtom; wherefore the pious Hero 


| ——Inftaurat funts, es, 0 Jepulchro 
Condit (a). 


Attends the Rites, and giyes the Soul Repoſe 
Within a wiſh'd-for Tomb. — _ 


Noo was it ſufficient to be honour'd with the ſolemn Performanes 


of their Funeral Rites; except their Bodies were prepar'd for Burial 
by their Relations, and interr'd in the Sepulchres of their Fathers; 
the Want of which was look'd upon by themſelves, and their ſurvi- 
ving Friends, as a very great Misfortune, and not much inferior to 


Death itſelf, as appears from-innumerable Teſtimonies, of which L 
ſhall only trouble you with the followin 5 the firit taken from tre 


Epitaph of Leonidas the Tarentine, which runs thus (5) ; 
Ho As- 4 Irak * Werbe, © £X TE Taxparr®s 
Harpns, Tere di wot wire Na ατν. 


I from Tarentum far remote to lie, | 
My native Soll, than Death oh worſe Anxiety! 


The ſecond from Flera in Sas hocles, who having preſerv'd als 


from Clytemneftra, by ſending him into a foreign Country, and ma- 
ny Years after, hearing he had ended his Days there, wiſhes he had 


rather periſhed at firſt, than after ſo many Years Continuance of 
Life have dy'd from Home, and been deſtitute of the laſt Vite af 


his F riends, Her Wcrds are theſe (c) 1, 


al 0 a; , 4 Tui, Azpurpos timed” 17%, 
Ne pid. capie, dx N re Alo, N 

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Te wache 0, {ARGS 6% « 
Nuy d x ro ol, K 11 7s * NN Gvyas, 
Kaxus anus on ragiymnrna Tiga, Kc. 


Ob! could I wiſh thou had'ſt, unhappy Youth ; 
Been Jaan before I ſent thee thus away, 


„ 
60 uad. u. v. 62 8 6. (b) Antholo \ Epigram: Lib, III. cap. 2 6, 
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164 / the Miſceſlany Cuſtoms of. Greece, 
Then thou had'ſt ne'er theſe doleful Mis'ries felt, 
But dy*d in ch' Innocence of Infar cy: 5 
Then thou had*ſt had one common Sepulture 
With thy dear Father; then thy Siſter's Love | 
„Aud Pity ne'er wou'd thus have heap'd up Woes 
| Now thou art in a foreign Land deprived _ 
Ot thoſe bleſt Rites thy Friends could once beſtow. 
And as thy Life unhappy was, ſo is alike thy Death. J. A. 


For this Reaſon, ſack as dy'd in Foreign Countries had uſually 
their Aſhes brought Home, and interr'd in the Sepulchres of their 
Anceſtors, or, at leaf, in ſome Part of their native Country; it being 

thought the: the fame Mother, which gave them Life and Birth, was 
only fit to receive their Remains, and afford them a peaceable Habita- | 
tion after Death. Whence ancient Authors afford us innumerable In- 
ſtances of Bodies convey'd, ſometimes by the Command of Oracles, 
ſometimes by the Good-will ct their Friends, from foreign Countries 
to the Sepulchres f their Fathers, and with great Solemnity depoſited 
there. Thus Theſeus was remov'd from Scyrus to Athens; Oreſtes from 
Tegea, and his Son Ti/amenus from Helice to Sparta, and Ariftomenes 
(to mention no more) from Rhodes to Maſſene. How far this Cuſtom 
extended to Soldiers, and by whom it was firſt introduc'd into 
Greece, has been related in the precedent Book. 1 
Nor was this pious Care limited to Perſons of free Condition, but 
Slaves alſo had ſome Share therein; for we find the Athenian Lawgiver 
commanding the Magiſtrates call'd Demarchi, under a ſevere Penalty, 
to ſolemnize the Funerals not ſo much of Citizens, whoſe Friends 
ſeidem tail'd of paying the laſt Honours, as of Slaves, who frequently 
were deſtitute of decent Burial; (a). . 908 

But if any Perſon was backwardin paying his dead Friends due Re- 

ſpect, or but ſparing in his Expences upon their Obſequies and Mo- 
numents, the Government look'd upon him as void of Humanity and 
natural Affection, and thereupon excluded him from bearing any Of- 
fice of Truſt and Honour; tor one ſpecial Enquiry concerning the 
Lives and Behaviour ot ſuch as appear'd Candidates for the Magiſtracy 
at Athens, was, whether they had taken due Care in celebrating the 
Funerals, and adorning the Monuments of their Relations C80. Far- 
ther, to appear gay ana pleaiant be: ore the ordinary Time of Mourn- 
ing expirea, was Matter of no ſmall Scandal; for we find it objec- 
ted by Mſchines to Demo/?henes as a Crime of a very heinous Nature, 
that after the Death of his only Daughter he ſacrific'd to the Gods. 
in white Apparel, and adorn'd with Garlands, before due Reſpet 
was paid to the Memory of ſuch a Relation. | 

The great Concern they had about Funerals may farther appear f:om 
the Kei pect paid to Perſuns cticlating therein: For we find the Cre- 


tan 


P . . 7 — — 
- — _ — 8 « mad 
— bu 


Of the Miſcellany Cuſtoms of Greece, 165 
„an 22laxadra;, who had the Care of Funerals, to have been reve- 
renc'd equally with their Prieſts ; and when the Laws permitted to 
ſteal from others, as was likewiſe cuſtomary at Sparta, thoſe Men 
were exempted from the common Calamity, to convey away any 
part of their Goods being look'd on as a kind of Sacrilege a). 
Notwithſtanding allthis, there were ſome ſo unhappy as by their 
Actions whilſt alive, or the aggravating Circumſtances of their Death, 
to be unworthy of all Title to the common Funeral Rites, and ſome 
to any Funeral at all: Such were thete which follow, | 
1. Publick or private Enemies; for tho? it was look'd upon as in- 
human to deny an Enemy the common Privilege of Nature; yet upon 
ſome extraordinary Provocations we find it practis'd by the ancient 
Grecians. Homer has introduc'd ae threatening Socus therewith 
6; Hector likewiſe promiſing the ſame Treatment to Patroclus (c), 
and Achilles revenging his Cruelty by the like Uſage of him (Cd. 
The ſame Poet hath Jurnih'd us with ſeveral Inſtances of Heroes 
made xvoi ul ub pe, and xvrioow vivo ve £Av (6% „ A Prey to Birds 
and Beaſts. No better Treatment had the Bones of Pyrrbus, 4chilles's 
Son, treacherouſly murder'd by Oreſtes (e) : | | 


Sparſe per Ambracias que jacuere vias, 13 
Which lay diſpers'd about th' Aubracian Roads. 


= 


And however this may be thought the Practice of thoſe primitive and 
unciviliz'd Mortals, yet there want not Inſtances herect, in more 
refin'd Ages; for Ly/ander, the Spartan Admiral, having routed the 
| Athenian Fleet, cauſed Philocles, one of their Commanders, and to 

the Number of four thouſand Athenian Priſoners, to be put to Death, 
and refus'd to give them human Burial FJ). 

2. Such as betray'd, or conſpir'd agaiuſt their Country (g). On 
which account Ariſtocrates, being convicted of Treaion egaintt the 
Arcadians, was ſton'd to Death, and caſt out of the Bounds of their 
Country unbury'd (5); for it was thought but reaſ,nabie that Vil- 
lains, conſpiring the Ruin of their Country, ſhould be depriv'd of 
all Privilege in it. Paſanias likewiſe, after he had deliver'd Greece 
from the 3 being found upon ſome Diſcontent to maintain a 
Correſpondence with them, was pit'd to Death, and deny'd Buri- 
al (7); and the famous Phocion being unjuſtly condemn'd by the 

Athenians, as conſpiring to deliver the Pirætu into their Enemies 
Hands, had his Body caſt out of Attica, and a ſevere Penalty was 
decreed againſt any that ſhould honour it with Interment /4), 8 
exact were they in the Obſervation of this Cuſtom, that whea the 


0.4 Pelti:ence- 
2 Plutarchus Grac, Queſt, XXI. ob) Nad. v. (c) Had. . 
(4) Thad. x. (e) Ovid in hin, v. (Y Fauſamas Bevoriciy, 


| 30. * L 
p. 591. Edit. Hanov, , (g) Drodorus Sirus, lib. XVI. cap. 6. 
famas Meſſeniacis. i) Plutarch. Pan ſomu. 
Mes, P pocione, Valerius ax, lib, V. cap. Ze 


( Pau- 
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166 Of the Miſcellany Cuſtoms of Greece. 
Peftilente rag'd at Athens, and the Oracle gave out, that the anly 
Remedy was to fetch Themiftocles's Bones from Magne/ia, they refus'd 
to do it publickly, but convey'd them privately, and, as it were by 
Stealth hid them in the Ground. Amongſt the Betrayers of their 

Country, we may reckon thoſe who were not active in defending it; 
for they were likewiſe frequently deny'd human Burial- Hence 
Hector is introduc'd by the Poet, threatening this Poniſhment to all 
who would not help him in deſtroyin g the Grecian Fleet (a). 


O, iy Ah „ reh voi 
At rd dt Jarxhe! paliooopts* 29; rw or ye 
TrwToi ri yrwrai Temps Nimyuo Darcy, 
AN xvi; ipuycs wpo ari@ ini | 
le that for Spoil and Plunder of the War 
| Dares lag behind, and not in haſte repair | 
To th* Argive Fleet, as ſoon as known ſhall die; { 


His Carcaſe, deny'd Fun'ral Rites, ſhall lie 
A Prey for rav*nous Curs, a Mark of Iufamy. J. A.) 


Some Seholzafts wauld have this the firſt Example of the Practice! 

am ſpeaking of; but Homer ſufficiently refutes this Opinion by 

making Agamemnon threaten the ſame Puniſhment to the Grecian; 
in the ſecond Thad (5): e 


O & x iyuv anarvls warn; ion 4 = 
Mipprdger wap uot Xopunrioivy & of I 
1 5 Afxboy ET OST Quyte U a o | 
When to the Fight briſk Cornets found Alarms, 
That ſneaking Saul who then lays down his Arms, 
And ſkulks about the Navy out of Fear | 
Of any Danger from th' impending War, 
Shall be an Outcaſt for the Birds of Prey, | 
And hungry Dogs as mercileſs as they, , . J. 4. 


Before this Inſtance, Palamedes, being condemn'd as a Traytor by the 
Treachery of LDH had wanted Burial, had not Achilles and 4ju 
adventur'd to pay him that Office in oppoſition to Agamemnon's 
Commands. Nor was the Cuſtom begun here, tor in the former 
Age we find Lutzgone bury'd alive by Creos for interring her Brother 
Polynices, by whoſe Means the famous War againſt Thebe; was carry d 
on, which is the Subject of Sopheches's Antigone, „ | 
3 To theſe we may ſubjoin 'Tyrants, who were always look'd on 
as Enemies of their Country, and us'd in the ſame Manner with thoſe 
that endeavour'd to betray it to foreign Powers, there being noDit- 
lerence between a Domeſtick and Foreign Slavery. So the Pherians 
| No by having 


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% Had. & v, 348, (#) v. 397, 


Of the Miſcellany Cuſtoms of Greece, 16 7 
having lain Alexander, who had cruelly oppreſs'd them, threw his 
Carcale to the 0 ; and Plutarch obſerves that this was not a late or 


modern Cuſtom, 
the Paſſage of Homer (a), where Neſfor tells Telemachus, that had 


Menelaus found Ægiſibus alive aiter his Murder cf Agamemnon, and 
"Tyranny over the Mycenæans, he would not have vouchſafed him 


Burial (6): 


Ei Corr ATi in EY Apo br. 
Arpt on- Teolnbe d, Earl; MiNa 
Te xt i v0: Haber xl i yaltay txeves, 
AN apa Toy yt xvve; TEX) dur RXTiIOzYay 
ReH]̃ iy w indy de-, 5595 ui 74; pary | 
KAaxtour AXaliaduy.. | 

If the bold Murd'rer had his Fate ſurviy'd, 

When Menelaus from Troy's Siege arriv'd, | 

What Ils woald then attend his Ghoſt and Name, 

When Menelaus ſwoln with Vengeance came ? 

None e'er his Fall ſhould mourn, his Fate lament, 

But, leſt his Body ſhow'd the City taint, 

Remote on ſome wide Plain it ſhould be caſ. 
For Dogs and Vultures to regale and feaſt. 3 


he Mycenzans were not inſenſible of the Wrongs they had ſuffer'd 


by him, and, thinking him unworthy of an honourable Funeral, 


caſt him with the Adultereſs Cytæmneſtra out of the City, and there 
interr'd them (e). | 


* 


4. On the ſame Account, ſuch as were guilty of Self- murder for- 
feited their Right to decent Burial, and were clancularly depoſited in 


the Ground without the accuſtom'd Solemnities; for they were look'd 
on as Enemies to their Country, whoſe Service they deſerted (4). For 
which Reaſon Ajax, the Son of Te:amon, was not reduc'd to Aſhes, as 


the Cuſtom was, but private:y interr'd ; it being declar'd by Calchas _ 


to be a Profanation of the holy Element, to conſume in it the Bodies 
of ſuch as had occaſion'd their own Death /e). After the Battle of 
Platææ, when the Bodies of the Slain were honour'd with the accu- 
ſtom'd Solemnities, Ar:/odemns alone, whowas generally confeſſed to 
have acquitted himtelf in the Fight with the greateſt Valour of any 
Man in the Army, lay unregarded becauſe he ſeem'd reſolv'd to ſa- 


| crifice his Life as an Atonement for the Diſgrace he had contracted 
by ſurviving his Fellow-Solciers at Ther mopylæ (f). Yet to puta 


Period to their Lives on juſt Occaſions, ſeems rather to have been the 
reputed Effect of a neceſiary and laudable Courage, than any way 


4 criminal 
(a) Lib, de Hemera. (b) Od. . v. 256, | le) Pauſanias Coptnihracizs 


d) Ariftoteles Ethic. Nicemae, Lib, V. cap» 2: le) Phikjiratus Here 
V Herodetus Calliep cap. 70. | | 


ut practis'd in the moſt early Ages: Speaking of 


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168 Of the Miſcellany Custom of Greece. 


criminal or_blame-wortliy.. Demoſthenes and Hannibal are ſaid to 
have been conſlantly provided of an effectual Poiſon to diſpatch them- 


. ſelves with, before they ſhould fall into their Enemies Hands. Cao, 


Cleopatra, Brutus, Otho, and ſeveral others, have not at all leffen'd 
their Eſteem and Character in the Heathen World by becoming their 


own Executioners. Plaio himſelf, when he commands thoſe only, 


who out of Cowardice and unmanly Fear butcher'd themſelves, to be 
interr'd in loneſome and deſolate Flaces without the ordingry Solem- 
nities, ſeems to excuſe others whom he thought compell'd to it by a a 


great Diſgrace, or any unavoidable and incurable Misfortune (a); 


and *tis no wonder if Epicureans, Who expected no future State, and 
Stoicks, who thought all Things to lie under an irreſiſtible Neceſſity, 
purſuant to their Principles, abandon'd themſelves over to ſuch fatal 


Courſes. Many other Inſtances may be produc'd not only from the 


Grecians and Romans, but the Indian Philoſophers, and almoſt the 

5. To theſe we may add Villains guilty of Sacrilege C), to inter 
whom was an Affront to the Deities they had robb'd. The Gods were 
ſometimes thought to 1nfli&t this Puniſhment on ſuch MalefaQors ; 
wherefore Archidamus the Spartan King being ſlain in Nah, and de- 
priv'd of Burial, Pauſanias (c) concludes it was a Judgment upon 
him for affiſting the Phocians in pillaging the City and Temple of 


the Delphians. | 


5. Perſons kilPd with Lightning, who being thought hateful to 


the Gods, were bury'd apart by themſelves, leit the Aſhes of other 


Men ſhould receive Pollution from them. Wheuce Haraſtus in Eu- 
ripides, ſpeaking of Capaneus, ſaith; VV; 


H Xe: 17605 Ws vexgory dal Hat Jeaes: 3 

Shall he apart be bury'd as accurs'd? _ 
Some will have them to be interr'd in the Place where they dy'd (4) ; 
others collect cut of Platarch's Sympoſiacks, that they had no Inter- 
ment, but were ſuffer'd to rot in the Place where they fell, to which 
it was unlawful for any Man to approach: Whence Perfius (e), 

Trifte Jace Jucis, evitandumgue bidental. 


A direful Inſtance of Jowe's Wrath you lie, 
And whom, being Thunder-ſtruck, none dare come nigh, 


For this Reaſon the Ground was hedg'd in, leſt any Perſon ſhould un- 
awares contract P.Jiution from it. It may be obſerv'd in general, 


round 


— 


— B Ä —˙*¾. — — — 
— 1 
— 4 3 
* 5 
, 


_— na — 


7 — —— — 


(a) De Legibus, Lib IX. (5) Dio orus Siculus Biblioth. Lib. XVI. cap. 6. 


x v2. p. 178. Edit. Han. (a) Arte midorus, Lib. I. cap. 8. le) Sate. 
* 5 * 12 173 16 4 


II v. 27. Y Flutarcbus Pyrrbo, 
to, e LE a Es e Wear: 


* ; 


Of the Miſcellany Cuſtoms of Greece. 169 
round, out of Fancy, that Jupiter, having taken ſome Offence, fd 
upon them the Mark of his Difpleaſure. SEW + 
7. Thoſe who waſted their Patrimony, forfeited their Right of 

being bury'd in the Sepulchres of their Fathers. Whence we find 
Denmocritus to have been in danger of wanting a Burial-place, for 
ſpending his paternal Inheritance in Trayel to foreign Countries, 
and ſearching after the ay regen of Nature (a). OT b 
8. To theſe we may ſubjoin ſuch as die in Debt, whoſe Bo- 
dies belong d at Athens to their Creditors, and could not claim any 
Right to human Burial, till Satis faction was made. Whence tis re- 
ported, That Cimon had no other Method, to redeem his Father Mil- 
- ziades's Body, but by taking Debt and Fetters upon himſelf, | 
9. Some Offenders who ſuffer'd capital Puniſhment, were likewiſe 
depriv'd of Burial ; thoſe eſpecially who dy'd upon the Croſs, or were 
impaled, whom they frequently permitted to be devoured by Beaſts 
and Birds of Prey. To which Cuſtom there is an Alluſion in Ho- 
Trace (6): EK 


| | | 5 
Non heminem occidi; non paſces in cruce cor vos. 


With impious Hands I neꝰer flew th! Innocent: 
'Theretore to feed the Crows 1s not your Puniſhment. 


7avenal alſo mentioneth the ſame Cuſtom (c), 


Vultur jumento, & canibus, crucibuſque relictis, 
Ad fertus properat, partemgue radaveris affert. 


Where Croſſes and contagious Murrain are, 
Vultures in Flocks moſt greedily repair, 5 
And to their craving Young thence Food they bear. 
Ihe Interpreters of Fables will have Prometheus's Puniſhment to be an 
Emblem of this. If the Carcaſe was ſpar'd by the Beaſts, it com- 
monly remain'd upon the Croſs or Pale, till the Weather conſum'd 
and putrify'd it. Thus S:/zzs reports of the Scythians (d): 


At gente in Sythica /uffixa cadavera truncis 
Lenta dies ſepelit, putri liquentia tabo. 


Delinquents Carcaſes in Scy:hia were 

Impal'd, until corrupted by the Air, 

The putrid Fleſh did drop and ſhrink away, 3 
And the Bones moulder'd by a long Decay. F. A. 


Nor | 


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170 Of the Miſcetlany Cuſtoms of Greece, 
Nor was this inhuman Cuſtom practis'd in that barbarous Nation on- 
ly, but by thoſe who made greater Pretenſions to Civility and good 
Manners, as may appear from the Dream of Polycrates's 2 
who fancy d ſhe ſaw 4. Father's Face waſh'd by Jupiter, and anoint- 
ed by the Sung which was accompliſh'd not long after, when he 
was hung upon the Croſs and expos'd to the Rain and Sun-beams 
(a). Hither alſo may be referr'd the Anſwer of Theodorus the Phi- 
loſopher, who being threatened Crucifixion by King Lyfmachus, 
reply'd, That it was all one to him to be above or beneath the 
Ground (8). e N | oh 7 
10 In ſome Places it was cuſtomary to inter the Bodies of Infants 
who had no Teeth, without conſuming them to Aſhes (c); to which 
Cuſtom Juvenal has this Alluſion (): e 
Nature imperio gemimus, cum funus adulte 
Virginis occurrit, vel terra clauditur infans 
Et minor igne Yogi, =—— 


When a young Lady briſk and gay is dead, 

As ſoon as ripe ſhe ſeems for th' nuptial Bed, 

And when an Infant, not yet fit to burh, 5 
Is bury'd, who relents not, who forbears to mourn? F. 4. 


If Perfons who had incurr'd publick Hatred, had the good For- 
tune to obtain human Burial, it was cuſtomary to leap upon their 
Tombs, and caft Stones at them, in Token of Deteſtation and Ab- 
horrence : Which Practice is mention d by Euripides (e): 


5 „ , | 
ixdcwoxs r 
Tlirpois Te Auk αννc N, WATGS» 


| He leaps upon his Parent's Tomb, 
And in Derifion batters it with Stones. 


Nor was it unfrequent to puniſh notorious Offenders, by dragging 
their Remains out of their Retirement, and depriving them of the 
Graves to which they had no juſt Pretenſion ; as may appear from 
ſeveral Inſtances. 5 71 | 

Sacrilegious Perſons were commonly thus treated. A remarkable 
Inſtance whereof we find at Athens, where Cylo, an ambitious Nobie- 
man, having ſeiz'd the Citadel, and being there ſtraitly belieg*d, found 
Means to eſcape with his Brother, leaving his Accomplices to the Mer- 
cy of the Beſiegers; they fled therefore for Protection to the Altars, 
whence there was no Method to draw them, but by promiſing them 
Pardon: But no ſooner had they left their Sanctuaries, when the Ma- 

| | giſtrates, 


A — 
” r 


— „ 


{a) Hered. Tala. 5) Cicero Taſc, Duet Lib. I. (c) Pliaiu: Nat. Hiſt. 
Lib, VII. () Satir, XV. v. 139. % Eleftra, © —— 


of ne Miſcellam Cuſtoms of Greece. 171 


gilrates, eontrary to their Covenant, put them to Death; upon 
which Fact themſelves were afterwards arfaign'd and baniſh'd, the De- 
ities fo commanding : Nor was this alone ſatisfactory to Divine Ven- 

cance, till their. Graves were rifled, and their Remains, Which had 
1 convey'd into Attica, caſt out of the Country (a). | 7 


Traitors were condemn'd to the ſame Puniſhment; which appears, 


as from ſeveral other Inſtances, ſo from Phrynichus the Athenian, who 
being arraign'd, and condemn'd for Treaſon, ſome time after his Fune · 
ral, his Tomb was open d, and his Reliques thrown out of Attica (6). 
The fame was ſometimes practis'd upon Enemies, when their Ma- 
lice and Fury were extended beyond the ordinary bounds of Martial 
Law, and hurried them on to defoil the ſacred 'Temples, and commit 
unſufferable Villanies. Otherwiſe, thus to treat a law ful andhonour- 
able Enemy, was always cenſur'd, as barbarous and inhuman, 


But above all it ſeems to have been the Fate of Tyrants, who were 


eſteem'd of all other ſavage Beaſts the moſt hurtful and pernicious to 
Mankind: Wherefore we are told by Plutarch {c), that Dio was ex- 
tremely cenſur'd for hindering the Syracufians from breaking up the 


Jomb of the Elder Dienyſfus, and ſcattering his Bones. Peri ander the 
Corinthian Tyrant (by ſome reckon'd amongſt the ſeven Wiſe Men) 


to prevent his incens'd Subjects from venting their Fury upon his Re- 


liques, contriv'd this Method: He commanded two young Men to 


walk in the Depth of the Night in a certain Path, and killing the 
firit Man they met, to 2 7 © 

theſe he commiſſion'd four, after whom he ſent others, and after 
theſe a greater Force, to treat the former in the ſame Manner; 
whereby it came to paſs that the Tyrant himſelf, meeting the firlt 
Pair, was interr'd in a Place unknown to any Man (4). 

Other Methods were likewiſe uſed to ſecure Peace to their Aſhes, 
the Diſturbance whereof was look'd on as the higheſt Affront, and the 
greateſt Misfortune in the World: To inſtance, we find Medea in 
Euripides reſolving to bury her Sons in June Acrea's Temple, ho- 
pin g that the Holineſs of the Place would protect them from the Ma- 
lice of her Enemies (e): 55 | 


— i rei (Pa; 710 ty Jah its 
®ipao” t; Hoog THD. Axęalae Fes. 
Ne pan Ti; a v WoArpiwy rag, | 
Tops; araora., > = 4 


Affronts and Contumelies to prevent, 
And that their Sepulchres mayn't be defac'd, 
I will myſelt give Burial to my Sons 
In Juno's Temple at th' Acropolis 
She preſides Over. — 
8 5, | * A. 


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145 A . I Wea 
07 the . in Sickneſs, and Death, 


| We E N any Perſon was ſeiz d with a 0 5 Diſtemper, it 


was uſual to fix over his Door a Branch of Rhamn and Lan- 
rel Trees : Which cuſtom is mention'd by anda in his Life of 


Blies the eee : 


Pear Ty A der Mp 0 
Tie ben, dib wren. 

Arrasſa 4 " | garen, 
an. av de 


nit Eier the Poſt of s Door doth | 
WMich Rhamn and Daphne 12 5 
For fear of Death in his ſad Caſe, | 
' He nothing now will want. Jo 4. 


The formet of theſe Plants ſeem'd defign'd t to keep off evil Spirits; 


againſt which it was reputed a ſovereign Amulet; wo? on that ac- 


4. count ſometimes Join'd with the 8 n as in this Frag- 


ment of SIE : 
— AdeEizaxes Ove g Lavor. 


18 Produc the Rhamn, ww miſchievous Ils 
An Antidote. | 


The Laurel was join'd to it to render the God of Phyfic propitious, 


who, they thought, could deſign no Harm to any Place where he 
found the Monument of Kh beloved Daphne, Theſe Boaghs they 


0 term'd are La). 


It may not be improper to obſerve in this Place, that all ſudden 


' Deaths of Men were imputed to Apello; whence Hector having lain 


unburied twelve Days, and being by the ſpecial Favour of Heaven 
preſerv'd freſh and free from Corruption, Hecuba reſembles him to 


one dead, not of a ling ring and wearying Diſtemper, but by a ſud- 


den Death; the former being thin, and conſum'd . me latter 


fat and fleſhy (9): 


Nov 9 pt Tories 9 Fe 27 legen 
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Ol; ayavi; Hν,M4(bw W e 


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(6) Eqnolgiei Autor. (6) Had. d. v. 757, 


Of the Miſcellany Cuſtoms wort Ireece, 17 
Now freſh and glowing een in Death thou art, . 
And fair as he who falls by Plabur Dar, 


The ſudden Death of Women was attributed to *.* ; whence 
' Claucus in the ſame Poet, ' ſpeaking of Hippodamia i 


Tyr & xoMoaptry xgvorn®- Ar lers, | 
 Incens'd Diana her depriv'd of Life, 
Again Achilles wiſhes that. Briſeis had been match d away ? 
0 d. 


ſudden Death, rather than have been the Ger of ney 
between him and I (9): 


* 


Th Zou „ mice ur rasldhe Agrapuc is, 
Hav. Tw r «yn i Avenœcò ohgoa. 


Oh that Diana had her kill'd on Board, 
When firſt I carry'd her, Lyrneſſus overthrow” d. 


The Poet has explain'd his own Meaning in another Place (e); where 


Tumæus reports, that in the Ifle of Syrza-the Inhabitants never die 


of lingering Diſtempers, but, being arriv'd to a good old Age, drop 
into their Graves Shove any previews Torment: 


Iii F soli dn tolgyarai, 80; vg ον 
NegS- i £474 -N WENT a6 daher  Beoroigu. 
A ere grgdOKuci ew nate Ov droge Twly 

Eva a@gyveirige- AT wv Aer. Ev, 
ON; ayari; Beogn N. xalere fron 


No Plague, no Famine does their Lives impair, 
No pois'nous 1113 theſe happy Mortals fear; 
Healthy and ftrong they ſee the Verge of Age, 
Then venerably old they quit the Stage ; 
Apollo and Diana ſtop their Breath, | 
Shooting anerring Shafts well fraught with Death. 7. 4. 


929 * 


Again; Ls enquires of his Mother in the Regions below, whether 
the reſign'd her Life under a 22 5 or Diane's Hand Cd): 


ANN 491, 6 > 769; eis: % are xlſa het, 
e vi xn daha TarAnyi@- dera rolo, f 

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1 74 Of the Miſcellany Cuſtoms of Greece. 
This I deſire, dear Mother, you'd relate, | 
By what unhappy Deſtiny, what Fate, 
You poſted hither to this gloomy Coaſt, ' 
And all the Endearments of the World have loſt : 
Whether Diana with relentleſs Dart, 12 
(That ſportful Deity) transfix'd your Heart, 
Or elſe you did your vital Breath expire | | 
By ling'ring Pain, or Peftilepual Fire? 4 


Other Inſtances may be produc'd to the ſame Purpoſe ; The Ground 
of this Opinion was Apollo's being uſually taken for the Sun, and 
Diana for the Moon; which Planets were believed to have a great 
Influence on human Life (a). * e 
All dead Perſons were thought to be under the Juriſdiction of the 

| Infernal Deities, and therefore no Man could reſign his Life, till 
ſome of his Hairs were cut to conſecrate him to them: Hence £Zur;. 
pides introduces Death with a Sword going to cut off ſome of the 
Hair of Alceſis, whom the Fates had adjudg'd to die inftead of her 
Huſband Aametus (bh): © Gs 5 


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I'm come to looſe the brittle Tic of Iife 
And fend her to th' infernal Manſion: hence; 
This Sword is to initiate the Rites, | 
By cutting off the fatal Lock, on which N 
Lies che laſt Struggle of her panting Breath. 3 


Which Paſſage is imitated by Virgil fe, where he tells us that P., 
ridding herſelf out of the World before her Time, had not her Hair | 
cut off by Praſerpi na, and therefore ſtruggled ſome Time, as unable 
to reſign her Life, till Iris was commiſſion'd from Juno to do her 
that kind Office (4); | | Sr: | 


Tum juno omnipotens, longum 1miſerata: dolorem, 
_ Diffiile/que obitus, Irim demiſit Olympo, f 
Quæ luctantem animam, nexoſque reſolveret artus ; 
Nan qura nec fato, merita nec morte peribat, 
Sed mijera ante diem, ſubitogue accenſa furore, 
| Nondum illi flavum Proſerpina wertice crinem 
Abſtulerat , Stygioque caput damnaverat Orco: 


£rq 


Ah. — e 8 p 
\ as abs P * kick — — 
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; (a) Heraclides (vel potius Heraclitns} Ponticus de Allegor, Homer. Euftathias 
Iliad. & v. 205. & Hiad. . v. 59, Kc. (6) Alcifid. v. 74. {c) Macrobius 
Satdrnal, lib, V. cap, 19. (d Mnad. IV. v. 694. | 


Ergo Iris croceis per cælum roſcida pennis, 

Mille trahens varios adwverſo fele colores, ; 
Devolat, & ſupra caput aftitit ; ** Hunc ego Diti 
« Sacrum juſſa fero, teque iſto corpore ſolvo.“ 
Sic ait, & dextra crinem ſecat ; omnis & un 
Dilapſus calor, atque in wentos vita receſſit. 


Then June, grieving that ſhe ſhould ſuſtain 
A Death fo ling' ring, and fo full of Pain, 
Sent Iris down to free her from her Strife 
Ol lab'ring Nature, and d ſſolve her Life; 
For ſince the dy'd, not doom'd by Heav'n's Decree, 
Or her own Crime, but human — 
And Rage of Love, that plung'd her in Deſpair, 
The Siſters had not cut the topmoſt Hair, 
(Which Proſerpine and they can only know) 
Nor made her facred to the Shades below; 
. Downward the various Goddeſs took her Flight, 
And drew a thouſand Colours from the Light; 
Then ſtood above the dying Lover's Head, 
+ And ſaid, I thus dewote thee to the Dead; 
« This Of ring to th' infernal Gods I bear.” 
Thus while ſhe ſpoke ſhe cut the fatal Hair, | 
The ſtruggling Soul was loos'd, and Life difloly'd in Air. 


ba: was the Ground of this Opinion, cannot be certainly defined ö 


but it ſeems not imp ble that it proceeded from a Ceremony at Sa- 
crifices, wherein they cut 'ome vf the Hairs from the Victim's Fore- 
head, and offer'd them to the Gods, a» Firſt Fruits of the Sacrifice; 
whence ſome imagine the ſame was thought to be done by Death 
upon Men ſent as Victims to the infernal Gods. 

When they perceived the Pangs of Death coming upon them, they 
made Supplication to Mercury,whoſe Office it was to convey the Ghoits 
to the Regions below. An Inſtance whereof we have in a Cean Ma- 
tron, who, being about to rid herſelf of Life by a Draught of Poi- 
ſon, firſt call'd upon Mercury to grant her a pleaſant Journey, and 
convey her to à commodious Habiration in Plate's Dominions (a). 
theſe Prayers, whether offered to Mercury, or to any other God, were 
term'd ig., dE, which is a general Name for all Prayers be- 


fore any Man's Departure, whether by Death, or only to take a 


Journey {b), dt LB „ . 
Their Friends and Relations, perceiying them at the point of reſign- 
ing their Lives, came cloſe to the Bed where they lay, to bid them fare- 
wel, and catch their dying Words, which they never repeated without 
Keverence. The Want of Opportunity to pay this Compliment to 

| . 5 py | | Hecto » 


1 
8 


—— 


(a) Vulerius Maximus, lib. II. cap. "2 


OY CE II 


(6) She Bret Afr, 


Of the Miſcellany Cuſtoms. of Greece, I 75 


Mr. Dryden. 


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196 Of the Miſcellany Cuſtoms of Greece. = 
Hector, farniſhes An#romache with Matter of Lamentation, which {hs 


thus expreſſes (a: 


Oy yer ob N Xeyewy x Yiipas det uc, 
Oude 7. PIT reg Wx Fn Os J T6 xiv ales 
Mipprnunts lag Tt ay tpcdla daxpryiuca. 
T ſaw him not when in the Pangs of Death, 
Nor did my Lips receive his lateft Breath. 
Why held he not to me his dying Hand ? 
And why receiv'd not I his laſt Command? = 
Something he would have ſaid, had I been there, 
Which I 'd ſtill in fad Remembrance bear; 
For I cou'd never, never Words forget 
Which Night and Day Iwou'd with Tears repeat. Mr. Cengr, 
They kiſs'd and embrac'd the dying Perſon, ſo taking their laſt 
Farewel; which Cuſtom was very ancient, being deriv'd from the 
Eaſtern Nations; for we find in the Holy Writings, that Joſeph /+/! 
upon his Father Jacob's Neck, when he lay upon his Death-bed, and 
Lid him (6b). They endeavour'd likewiſe to receive in their Mouth 


his laſt Breath, as fancying his Soul to expire with it, and enter into 


their Bodies : And at the Time of its Departure it was cuſtomary to 
beat brazen Kettles, which was thought an excellent Method to drive 
away evil Spirits and Phantaſms, whoſe airy Forms were not able to 


_ endure ſo harſh a Noiſe (c): Thus they imagin'd the dead Man's 
Ghoſt ſecur'd from Furies, and quietly convey'd to a peaceful Habi- 
tation in the £lyfar Fields. For *twas an old Opinion, that there be- 


ing two Manſions in the Infernal Regions, one on the. Right-hand | 


| pleaſant and delightful, the other on the Left appointed for ihe 


Souls of wicked Wretches, the Furies were always ready to hurry 
departed Souls to the Place of Torment: Virgil has an Alluſion to 
this Fancy (d): f 2 1 c 
Hic locus eft, partes ubi je via findit in ambas, 
Dextera, que Ditis magni ſub mania tendit, 
Hac iter Elyſium nobis, at læ ua malorum 
Exercet pzenas, & ad iupia Tartara mittit. 
is here in diff rent Paths the Way divides, 
The Right to Pluto's Golden Palace guides, | 
The Lek to that unhappy Region tends, 
Which to the Depth of Tartarus deſcends, | 
The Seat of Night profound, and puniſh'd Fiends, 
33 0 en Mir. Dryden. 
Death, and all Things concerning it, were ominous and ill-boding, 


and therefore frequently expreſs'd in ſoftening Terms: To die is com- 


monly term'd aroyc4io0as, to which the Latin, dend (ci, 3 
15 1 8 \ ome- 


« 
44 ſe o . " > : d. - 


* : —— N 9 — * : — A 
6 


(a) Lad. & v. 745, (5) Cen. cap. L. (e) Theocriti Schol, (d) An, VI. v. 54% 


Of the Miſcellany Cuſtoms of Greece, 17% 

Sometimes 'tis cail'd ol xe hai, to apart 5 and the Dead, xi : 
So alſo Chia 1 In an Epiſtle to Plate ith, 74 2 r0pwTruy ATE Topraty 1 
quill depart out of the World. In the ſame Senſe we find the Latin 
Word abitio, which is a ſynonymous "Term for Death (a); and 
abiit ; as when Pliny writes, that Virginius Rufus plenus annis abiity 
plemss bonoribus (6), departed full of Years and H nours: Thus 
alſo the Greeks uſe g., 7. e. be once lived ; and the Romans, vixit | 
and fuit ; thus Vi gil; ; 


3 


Fuit Thum, & 
Gloria Teucrorum 


Glory did once attend be Hades State. 
It's Spires then glitter d, and it's Chiefs were great, 


Den, with ſeveral others, hath us'd the ſame Expreſion (©); 3 


Livite felicer, memores & wivite 2207, 


Sive erimus, ch mos fata fuiſſe velint. 


Tn a bleſ'd Series may your Lives glide on, 

Tf while I live, or when Pm dead-and gone, 

One tranſient Glance you'll on my Mem'ry caſt, 5 
And 1 in ſoft Accents ſay, He's gone and paſt, J. A. 


ons they us'd : vizance, and kane. Thus Homer (4), : 
Aitor robe, 8, vie & int d daher. 


Ve dire Avengers of all perjur'd Slaves, 
When once they” re dead, and cover di in their Graves. 


A gain (e. 


22 T. SR rie, 
—The Choy o' th? Dead, 


But the moſt frequent are Nambs taken Frall Sleep, to which Death 


bears a near Reſemblance ; whence the Poets feign them to be 
Brothers, and xopcolas, dr 808+ are 1 ods for Ying 3 
thus C allimachus 7 fe | 


I 87 ut Alx, Abe lis Ferroy 


Kora. 
aon 
e ( ) Lib. II. Epiſt. I. c) Lib, III. Eleg. v. (d. Id. 2 
(e) 04 (/) Epigram. XV. f | os 4 


178 * Of che Miſcellany Cuſtoms of Greece, 


1 Seon ih Atantbias Dicos's Son, hard by, 
In everlaſting Sleep wrapp'd up doth lie. 
| | In ancther Place (s): f 
| j Pp | , htte 
. FEĩeba r da, * pH. | 
4 The common Debt of all Mankind ſhe ſleeps. 
q Orpheus hath us'd the ſame Metaphor in his Argonautichs - 
Eibe, Ade vnd b. Ce Frog 
. 4 DL 
.  Agniades, thou art in ſoft Repoſe 
5 Lock'd up. e 
Many other like Paſſages occur both in profane and infpir'd Writers 
and ſo common was this Way of ſpeaking with the primitive CHriſian, 
that their Burying- places were call'd xopyrypa, which is a Term ot 
Il the ſame Senſe with Lycophron's emarnpia (6): by 
1 Tiboog 6g dv dg . | 7h 
To th* Sleeping-Place of Sithon's Daughter, 
| e OTE ne 


Of the Ceremonies before the Funeral. 


A ſoon as any Perſon had expir'd, they clos'd his Eyes; to do 
which they term'd *, u pH, TUYKAs £40 rec O- 
Hug, or rd PaPae, Ac. Which Cuſtom was ſo univerſally practis'd, 
that no Peron who has the leaſt Acquaintance with ancient Writers, 
can be ignorant of it, Hence xalapuveu came to be us'd for 9% 
'The Degen of this Cuſtom ſeems to have been not only to prevent 
that Horror, which the Eyes of dead Men, when uncover'd, are apt 
to ſtrike into the Living; but alſo for the Satisfaction of dying Per- 
ſons ; who are uſually deſirous to die in a decent Poſture, Thus Pohx- 
ena in Euripides is ſaid to have order'd herſelf in ſuch a Manner, that 
nothing unfit to be ſeen ſhould appear in her Fall (c): 


* "2 IO as * POOR 1 1 n . 


—_— — ' — — wes . 
: 5 — 4 


(a) Epigram, XXII. (6) Caſſandr, v. 383. (l A.- pid. Rane, v. 562. 


* 


* the Miſcellany Cuſtoms of Greege. 179 


N. x dye ue 5 e 
Ion. eopoyorcer Ne ive xh atork; n oats 
Küren 8 d xpurlew 6 anne Nous Nad. 


And Auguſtus Ceſar, upon the A 
| Looking-glaſs, and caus'd his Hair to be comb'd, and his fall. 

Cheeks, be cently. compos'd (a). For the ſame Reaſons the Mou 
of the dead Perſon was clos'd. Hence the Ghoſt of Agumemnon in 
Homer domplains that his Wife tag br had neglected to of cog 
form this CHE (4); 


50 pos FTA 12 cep 45 Aidao . 
Xepo) rar — Hutu, cuil core bprioas. 


pproach of his Death, call'd fer 


This done, his Face was cover'd :, Whence 8 in Euripides, 


being at the Point ts expire, enn upon his Father T Heu to do him 
"that Gee; © ; | 


Ko os 6 es obo 0 rd xog 1 
Veil my Face over quickly with a Sheet. 


Indeed almoſt all the Offices about the Dead were Fanden d by their 
neareſt Relations; nor could a greater Misfortune befal any Perſon, 
than to want theſe laſt Reſpects: Electra in Syphocles ſeems to prefer 
Death itſelf before it. Infinite Numbers of Inſtances might be pro- 
duced to the ſame Purpoſe, were it not too commonly krown to need 
any farther Confirmation. All the Charges ag pang on Funerals, 

and the whole Care and Management of them, belong'd alſo to Re- 
lations, ſaving that Perſons of extraordinary Worth were frequently 
honour'd with public Funerals, the Expences whereof were defray*d 


out of the Exchequer ; thus we find Democritus at Abdera, Zeno and 


Ari _ at Athens, Epaminondas at Thebes, Gryllus, Xeniphin's Son, 
at Mantinea, with many others, that have had their Funerals cele- 
brated at the public Expence. . 
To return: Before the Body was cold, thay, cn all the 
Members, ſiretchin thaw out to their due Length ; this they term'd 
ix reti, Or oct hence the Maid i in Euripides $ Hippolitus, as ſoon 


as Phedra had 0 her laſt, cries out to ſome of her own x to 


Fun this Office (4): 


Of ear idle Oven pinoy, 
H. xp 749" alf FeoToTa( $455, 


Tho tis a Service that will bitter prove, 
And grieve the Souls of my moſt wretched Matters, 
Vet lay the Corpſe of the dead Lady outs | 
N 2 Not 


ed. 


9 1 


11 


(5) Od. x. v. 419. 


» IR 


(aa) Sueronius in Aug. XCIX. 
Fehis. v. 1458. 75 V. 786. | 


e) Enripid. Hip- 


Y 180 of » Miſcellany Cuſtom: of. Greer. 
| Not long after the Cheras ee 


Hoy yas d we „por iy ir = In; 
As it is uſual, they lay her out, 10 


| After this the dead Hed was walh'd; | hence Woes in in rie ihe 
Fl (4), upon the Approach of the fatal Day, wherein e was to lay 2 
| her 14e for her Huſband Admetus, walh d herſelf i in the River; 


Ertl yay zo dib Hip. Toy Xupbcw 
Hxuozy vx werfen N xp68 
- EASTAT , ——— 


The ious Dame did 10 the River 5 | 
Her — 2 Body, when the fatal Pay 
Of her own Exit did approach. — 


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Plato telle us, chat an waſh'd himſclf ou 5 his „ to 
Wy fave the Women a Trouble (6) ; for this Office was commonly per- 
14 2 by Women related to the Party deceas'd ; only in. Caſes of 
= eceſſit/ others were employ'd therein: So we find that poor The. 
Bi  gagenes having neither Wite, nor Child, nor any near Relation of his | 
Ut own, was waſh'd by the Cynicks (e). At ſome Places there were Vel- 
1 ſels in the Temples deſign'd for this Uſe; theſe were call'd in Latin 
4 . labra, whence ſome derive the Word Alb „ee | 
1 This done, the Body was anointed ; Pliny reports, that the Gre- 

£ians never us'd Ointment, till the Time of Alexander the Great, when 

they r it convey d out of Perfia (e): and Homer, tho“ frequently 
"Mt menti the Cuſtom of anointing che Dead, yet uſeth no other 
14 | Materials s beſide Oil: Thus they anointed Patroclus 5: 


Ka! Tots In. 1 x 6 | 


* Nr Haig. | 
eine him with on. 


As ſoon as waſh'd, 
is 5 But en by no Mans al ow Homer's Oil to have been diftin- 
Wn uim'd from pov. or Mhtment properly ſo called Cg andiwe' find 
at Solon allow'd his HMtizens the Ule of Ointinents, f rbidding only 


Slaves to perfume themſelves therewith (5). Whence it ſcems pro- 
bable, that however the Grecians might not have any Knowledge of 
thoſe coſtly Ointments the Per/ans furniſh'd them with, yet they 
were not unacquainted with the Uſe of another Sort. 

Atſter the Body was waſh*d and anointed, they wrapp'd it in a Gar- 


went which ſeems to have hook no other than the n pallium, 
| or 


* FR? ts. 


22 _ N „ y_- 


(a) V. 156. () Phedene. (e) Galenus de Methodo medendi, Lib. XIII 
e. 15. {d) Aſconius de Divinatione, (e) Nat, Hiſt, lib, XIII. cap. 1. 
(f) Thad. d, v. 35% (eg) — lib. XV. (e) Plutarchus Solone. 


of the Miſcellany Cuſtoms of Greece. 181 
or Cloak they wore at other Times (a), as we find the Roman made 
uſe of their Toga, Thus Miſenus in Virgil, being firſt waſh'd and 
anointed, then (as the Cuftom was) laid upon a Bed, Was wwpp'd 
in * Garments he had aſpelly worn (6): 


Pars calidos latices , 2 a N A is 


Expadiunt, corpu/que lavant Frigentis, & ungunt : 
dn, Tam memra rare oof repomant, 


Purpureaſgue ſuper veftes velamina nota 
: Confleiunt ——— | 


Some, being mov'd, with Pity with their Friend, 
Water to boil in Caldrons do attend, 
Then wah his cold and ſtiffen'd Limbs all o'er, 
To try if quick'ning Heat they can reſtore ; | 
With Eſſences and Oils they ſen t the Dead, 
And then repoſe him on his Fun'ral Bed: 
Their glowing Paffion in deep Sighs they vent, 
And full of Sorrow dolefully lament; 
On him the Robes they caſt he 2. io wear, _ | 
Which PO done, Wey heave him on the F. 4. 


Aſter this the Body v was adorn'd with a' rich aud if indi Garment : : 
Hence we find that, before Socrates took the fatal Draught, Apollodo- 
rus brought him a Cloak, with a Garment of great Value (e), it be- 
ing the Philoſopher's Deſire to prepare himſelf for his Funeral before 
be died, Tis reported alſo, that Philecles the Athenian Admiral be- 
ing overcome, and ſentenc'd to Death by Ly/ander the Spartan, waſſi d 
himſelf, and put on his beſt Apparel, before he was executed (49. | 

The ſame we read of Alceſtis in eee pum 2 
* 

Exel yas ,0910) I Thr xuphcey 
Hxvoas, vous dla ονα tea 
Exxcar, ix & e red 
„ _—  turperrcas 40ioalls. 


The pious Dame, before the fatal Day 
Of her own Exit, bath'd her beauteous Limbs | 
In gentle Rivulet ; then ſhe put on | 
A ſplendid Veſt, and detent. Ornaments 

Of Tich Attire. | | 75 


The e ee covers with this' Gerecht I Cdfour was 
OP vane as we find in Hemer ſpeaking of Patroclus (e): 


N 3 E. 


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Lib. I. cap. 564 0 Piutarcbus ee N Thad. 0. v. 352. 


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18: Of the Miſcellany Cuſtoms of Greece. | 


1 axheoes N Hache dend rh nar, 
A 0 medac bs kp, dab ref & pf. Aung. * 
In a white Linen Shrowd from Head to Foot. 
They put the Corpſe, when on 4 Bed laid Out. 


| Whence Artemidurus reckons it an unluxky Omen, and reſaging 


Death, for a ſick Perſon to have white Apparel (a): This Co — 
ſeems to have been uſed to denote the Simplicity and Harmleſſneſs 
of the Dead (5). So concern'd were they about this Garment, that, 
as ſome think, they f quently prepar'd it for themſelves and Friends 


during Life: Thus Pe 
Courtiers (e); 


KSto, iel fung dps, zun, Jain 37» Olvoorus, 
Miner inreryopuryes Toy 7 yapuor, wuoixe Pap®: 
EAT (wn le. Ala rnpecert* Anas) 
Aaipra srl TaÞyior, ti; 0 Te xw jy 
Ne 601 abe ra Hale rei. 


Since my Ulyſſes, as tis ſaid, is ſlain, 
And clotted Gore won't circulate again, 
_ Gentlemen, you that vig'rous Rivals are 
In courting me, your hot Purſuit forbear, 
Till I have ſpun this Web againſt grim Death 
With his cold Hands ſhall top Laertes? Breath. 


"Thus likewiſe 


Nec te tua funera mater 
Produxi, prefſive eculos, aut vulnera lavi, 
V-ejte tegens, tibi quam noctes feftina dieſgue 
Urgebam, & tela curas folabar aniles © 


What Pangs of Grief my throbbing Breaſt invade | 


To think thy mangled Carcaſe was not Jai 
Forth on its Pile by me; oh, ſad Surprize ! 
That I wa'n't by to cle thy beauteous Eyes, 
Juſt as th? expiring Soul did take her Flight 
Into the Regions of Infernal Night; 


Oh! had 1 wwaſh'd each Wound, each ſever'd Vein, 


When thou 


Which 1 have ſpun, my Dotage to delight. 


A; hou ſcarce cold laidſt weltring on the Plain, 
"40 And had the %% fpread o'er thee, Day and Night 


nelope is introduce d by Homer ſpeaking to her 


F. A. 
Saryalus being flain, his Mother is brought in com- 


But 


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N F V. 95˙ 8 Kibi * ; 5 5 


(d) Virgil. Ancid, IX. v. 486. 


[4 "4 iſ o 


n 


Of the Miſcellany Cuſtoms of Greece. 183 
But it may be diſputed whether theſe were made on Purpoſe for Fu- 
neral-Garments, or only defigned to be worn, and apply'd to the | 
former Uſe, in caſe the Perſon ſhould di-; it being uſual (as hath 


been already obſerv'd) to wrap dead Bodies in the Garments they 


had uſed when alive: The latter Opinion ſeems more probable from 


the Words which Penelope adds; 

MV rig ol xala N Axa viele en, 
Alxe dre (wipe xt, wana xliatiooas. 
Left, if my Sire without a Coat ſhou'd lie, 
Shame and Reproach I might incur thereby 


From Grecian Ladies, ſince this Duty he, 
Having ſuch large Revenues, claims of me, 


And it bears no great Shew of Reaſon, that a Mother ſhould com. 
fort herſelf by weaving a Winding-Sheet for her young Son, who at 


that Time was likely to have lived many Years. However that be, 


it is obſervable that the Lacedemotiians, as in moſt other Things, ſo 


here alſo ran counter to the reſt of the Grecians ; for whereas in other 
Places the Dead were clothed with coftly Apparel, which none, ex- 


cept the poorer Sort, ever wanted, the Spartan Law-giver ordered, 


that Perſons of the greateſt Valour and Merit ſhould be bury'd in no- 
thing but a red Coat, which was the common Habit of Soldiers: 


lo the reſt even this was deny'd (a) ; for he thought it wholly ab- 


ſurd and unreaſonable, that thoſe who through the whole Courſe of 
their Lives had been accuſtom'd to contemn Riches and ſuperfluous 
Ornaments, ſhould be decked therewith when dead. Nor were any 


Ointments, or coſily Perfumes us'd there, being looked on as con- 
ducing nothing to the Felicity of the Dead, and unworthy of the 


 Lacedemonian Gravi ty. 


Ihe next Ceremony was the bedecking the dead Body with Chap- 
lets of Flowers, and green Boughs. Thus Talthybius puts on He- 
cuba to adorn her Grandſon Aftyanax (60, 


Il:TA2%40w we we pics Ang ver gbr, 
Erifavo 9, 30 (o e we ines Te (A. 
That you adorn the Corpſe with coſtly Robes, 
With Chaplets, and what other Pomp you can. 


When Perſons of Worth and Character died in foreign Countries, . 


their Remains, being brought home in Urns, were honour'd with 
the Ceremonies cuſtomary at other Funerals, but more eſpecially 


with this I ara ſpeaking of. Plutarch reports, that all the Cities 


thio' which Demetrius's Aſhes were convey'd, ſent Mourners to meet 


N 4 | WE 


4 4 * — — 


e e, Var Hiſt, lib. V. cap. 6. (5) Euripid, Tread, v. 1143. 


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„ Of the Aae Chlomeaf Gere n 
thy Haag Urn, with others to eue the Rites e ſuch Oce 


allons, or at leaſt they crown'd' it with Garlands (a): The ſam- 
Author reports, that Philopamen's Relicks were attended by Cap- 
tives in Chains, and his Urn fo covered with Rübbands and Ch. p- 

lets, thar ſcarce any Part of it was to be ſeen (6). This Ceremouy 
was either taken from the Games, wherein the Conquerors wert re- 
warded with Crowns of Leaves, as ſignifying that the Dead had 
Aniſb'd their Courſe (c) ; or was deſign d to expreſs the unmix'd and 
never-fading Pleaſures the Dead were to enjoy, upon their Removal 
out of this painful and' troubleſome: World c; for. Garlands were 

an Emblem of Mirth and Joyfulneis, and therefore uſually worn at 
Banquets and Feſtivals. The lame may be obſery'd of Ointments 
nnd Perfumes, the conſtant Attendants of Gaiety and Pleaſantneſs. 

To both theſe Ceremonies we have an ingenious Alluſion of an old 
Poet in Stobexs :: x 1 ö | 

Ov (wiv νν Bru; d Gor? irifarwpuiret 

nb Ah, ud ee | 
El pan xi 0e erleidet. | 

Ala rar Yee Tory A aka ot, 

la; yag My Ti © parufirnc ol geras. 

Not that we leſs compaſlionate are grown, 
Do we at Funerals our Temples crown, 

Or with ſweet Eſſences adorn our Hair, 

And all the Marks of pleaſing Tra ſport wear: | 

But, cauſe we're ſure of that more happy State g 


| To which kind Death doch ev'ry Soul tranſlate, 

Which here by drinking we anticipate: 
For ſoon as Death his fatal Shaft hath hurl'd, 
And us tranimitted to the other World, 
We drinking ſing th' immortal Beverage, 

And in ſweet Joys Eternity engage; 
Hence they by ev'ry one are only laid 
To be right happy, that are truly dead. H. H. 


This done, they proceeded wporileaJa:, collocare, to lay out the 
dead Body; tometimes they placed it upon the Ground, ſometimes 
upon a Bier, called Ai, Giprpcy, Or Qiptiper, which they bedecked 
with various Sorts of Flowers. Some are of Opinion the Corpie was 
firſt laid out upon the Ground, afterwards lifted upon a Bier. This 
Office, as moſt of the former, was performed by the neareſt Relations; 
_ whence Ly/ias (e) among other aggravating Circumſtances which at- 

tended the Death of Erarofthenes, who was condemned by the Thirty 

Tyrants of Athens, reckons this as none of the leaſt, chat they laid him 

out, aſſuming thereby an Office belonging of Right only to the ons 
an 


N 


nd 4 e * 


(s) Daweris. (5) ry E 0 Snides, (e) d Arend i 
| Va. ib. II. rap. 8. , . Orat, de Care Erntojihenis, ( 4 b 


r 


„ - 


Of bs, Miſcollany. Cuſtems of Greece, 16g 
and moſt tender Relations, Tiberius Cay/ar is, likewiſe cenſur d 
Dis, not only. as ib bs Hing to. wifit Livia when fick, but becauſe 4 
{aid her not out with his cn Hands, when ſhe was dead (a). The 
Place where the Bodies were laid out, was near the Entrance of the 
Houſe, Which oh ſometimgs term'd mpownio, it came to, paſs t that, 
5 dead Men Were ca led bus · Hence run O),, , 


H fer 101 ng Hureſßa pi. 


The Reaſon of this Ceremony was, that al Perſons might Wos 
portunity to ſearch whether e Party deceas'd had any Wounds, or 
other Marks of an untimely and violent Death (c). It oy be farther 
obſerv'd, that the Feet were wy e towards the Gate. Hence 
"Om ( 70. 


—T andemg zue Aerni hs | 
Compoſitus 25 ef gee lutatus amgmig, 
In pertam rigidos calces extendit.— | 


Our dear departed Brother lies in State, 
His Heels ſtretch'd oy, _ pointing © to the Gate. 


ulli in Homer ſpeaks of Patroclus as laid out in the fame anner. 


an XxATin de dag seit Ya 
Ne a bre Tiff. 


Slain at the Entrance of the Tent he lies. 


w here we are told by the Scholiaf, that by this Ceremony they fig» 
nifed that they were never to return after their being carry'd out. 
Whilſt tie Body lay in this Place, * twas cuſtomary to give ĩt conſtant 
Attendance, to defend it from any Violence or Affront that might, 
be offered. Whence Achilles adds i in the fore-cited Place, | 


— — H Sl 0 ra 1 
Moparrai. 


| Round the dead ck his ſad N mourn, 


Anda little before we find nim ſo paſhonately concern'd leſt Flies a1 
Vermin ſhould. pollute ihe Cor ple, that he could not he drawn. from it | 
to the Battle, till Theis had f Pr guard it /, When any Per, 
{on died in Debt at Athens, there was ſomething more to be POT 

the Laws of that City gave Leave toCreditors to ſeize the dead Bodyr 
aud deprive it of Burial till Payment was made; whence the Corpſe of 
Miltiades, 


" os. At. ant. as. eta dia 


00 Lib. LVIII. Alceftide. rs Lib, VHS; ca ** 
Vs 103, * ad. 0 a., B . * vel 7 (4: | 


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660 Sudu, &. (b) Lara. 


s Of the Miſellony Cufime of Greece: 


Miltiades, who deceas'd in Priſon, being like to want the Honour of 
Burial, his Son Cimon had no other Means to releaſe it, but by 
taking upon himſelf his Father's Debt and Fetter, © 
Some Time before Interment, a Piece of Money was put into the 
Corpſe's Mouth, which was thought to be Charox's Fare for waſting 
the departed Soul over the infernal River. This was by ſome term'd 
xapxzgola (a), by others Jaan (4), Javaxn, Or Jarxrys, from avs, 
a Price; or becauſe it was given To; dari, to dead Men, fo called 
from dard, or dry Sticks (c). It was only a ſingle zee. Ari/to- 
2 „ introduces Hercules telling Bacchus he muſt pay two 


E woiceply Yun o aye yiper 

Nadrug df 0 S e Nabus, 

Th' old Ferryman of Hell will maſt you o'er 
In this (tall Skiff for poor two Oboli. Rin 


But the Comedian ſeems to ſpeak this only by way of Jeerto the Judges 
in ſome of the Athenian Courts, who were preſented with two O4o/; 


at the End of their Seſſion: Whence Bacchus preſently ſubjoins, 


248 6 ple e candgt 3 Hooks 


1 find two Oi can much prevail 
In either World. 


Meurſius therefore, interpreting this Place of the common Cuſtom to- 
wards the Dead, and adding gut of the Scholiaſt, that the Price was 
afterwards rais'd to three Oboli, ſeems not to have reach'd the Au- 
thor's Meaning: For nothing can be more plain than that the Scho. 


 kiaft is to be underſtood of the Snap; wobic, or Reward allow'd 


the Judges, which was two OBoli, and afterwards increas'd to three. 
This Ceremony was not us'd in thoſe Places which they fancy'd ſi- 
tuate in the Vicinity of the Infernal Regions, and to lead thither by 
a ready and direct Road (e); Strabo particularly mentions that the 
Hermianians pleaded Exemption 12 | RG 
Beſides this, the Corpſe's Mouth was furniſh'd with a certain Cake, 
compos'd of Flour, Honey, c, and therefore called wiarlera (g ). 
This was defign'd to appeaſe the Fury of Cerberus the Infernal Door- 
keeper, and to procure of him a ſafe and quiet Entrance. We have 


* 


an Alluſion to this in the Comedian (o), 


r ee 8 5 | 
__ Malitigray iyw «x, oy petty. | 
0 5 . 5 e A Cof- 


23 c 6 4 9 * 


(a) Saidaz, (6) Heſychius, | © fc) Etymolegici Auctor. (4) Ranis, p. 217+ 
Aurel, Aileb, _ 5 7 Auctor, V. Savixeg, (f) Geogr. lib. VIII. 


15 


\ 


Of the Miſcellany Cuſtoms of Greece, 187 


| A Coffin he ſhall buy, and I'll prepare 
A Cake for Cerberus 


Firgil has oblig'd us with a larger Account of this Cuſtoin, when he 
deſcribes the S;byl and AfEneas's Journey to the Infernal Shades (a) $ 


Cerberus hac ingens latratu regna trifauce 
Perſonat, adwverſo recubans immanis in antro: 
Cui wates, Horrere widens jam colla colubris, 
Melle ſoporatum & medicatis frugibus offam 
_ Objicit ; ille, fame rabida tria gutture pandens, 
Corripit objectam, atque immama terga reſolvit 
| Fujus humi, totogue ingens extenditur antro : 
Occupat Æueas aditum, cuftode ſepulto, 
E vaditgue celer ripam irremeabilis unde. 


| In his Den they found 8 

The triple Porter of the Stygian Sound, 

Grim Cerberus, who ſoon began to rear 

His creſted Snakes, and arm'd his briſtling Hair; 
The prudent S:by] had before prepar'd = 

A Sop in Honey ſteep'd to charm the Guard, 

Which, mix'd with pow'rful Drugs, ſhe caſt before 
His greedy grinning Jaws, juſt op'd to roar : 

With three enormous Mouths he gapes, and ftrait, 

With Hunger preſt, devours the pleafing Bait ; 

Long Draughts of wi his monſtrous Limbs enſlave, 
| He reels, and falling fills the ſpacious Cave. 
The Keeper charm'd, the Chief without Delay 

Paſs'd on, and took th' irremeable Way. Mr. Drydez, 


Before we conclude this Chapter, it may be obſerv'd, that the whole 
Ceremony of laying out, clothing the Dead, and ſometimes the In- 
terment itſelf, was call'd Cvyzoan (6) : In the ſame Senſe antient 
Writers uſe (vyxopiGew, with its Derivatives; thus Sopbocles (c) : 
OUTS ( pod. rod. Toy ref Yeporr A 

My (oyxopi Gem, 4 1 drag iN. 

Do not reſume th accurſed Corpſe t'inter, 
But let it lie expos'd to open View. 


It way farther be obſery'd, that during this Time the Hair of the 
_ deceas'd Perſon was hung upon the Door, to fignify the Family was 


in Mourning. And, till the Houſe was deliver'd of the Corpſe, there 


8 TTY 


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188 Of the, Miſcellany cab. of Greece. 
ſtood before the Door a Veſſel of Water called ap- (a), cd , 


vag h (5), and from the 3 it was en male wk oF panes, 
as in Arifophances (c) : 


1dr vt xadugs nalen mph T3; Jopms. 


An earthen Veſſel full of Water place 
Before the Dao. , 


Part 4 a Chorus i in Euripides, ſeing neither of, the Signs, could 


ſcarce be induc'd to beheve: Alceſtis dead (4g 3. 


Iod wa holhe * 8x 570 | 
Ilnyaior, ws ropigeras | 
Te, xipvis © £76 pr Rg; 

| Xatra T BT 1 epobupa.r rofaa c: 
05, & & vexuwn who. win, 


I ſee no purifying Water plac d 
Before the Doors, a Cuſtom us'd of old; 

Nor Lock of Hair is in the Entrance fu d, 5 
To ſhew the Houſe in Mourning. — xk. 


The Delign, of this was, that ſuch as had been concern'd' about the 


Corpſe might purify themſelves by Waſting, which was called . 


r ve. For not the Fews only (e) , nt the greateſt Part of 
the Heathen World tho ught themſelves polluted by the Contact of a 


dead Body, Death, being contrary to Nature, and therefore abhorr'd 


by every thing endued with Life. Hence the Cœleſtial Gods, thoſe 
eſpecially who were thought to give or preſerve Light or Life, would 
not endure the Sight of a wh Diana. in Euripides profeſſes it 
unlawful for her to ſee Hippolylus, her Favourite, when geand 3 


Ka v , ited Ya? 8 pig pb dp, 
Ov? d N fE& Jayaoipgucs ixmrmat;, 


Farewel, for twere in me a ſinful Act 
To view the Dead, or to defile mine Eyes, 
With the ſad Sight of an expiring Soul. 


Nor was the Houſe where the Corpſe lay b from Pollution, as ap- 


pears from the Words of Helena in Euripides (f) : 


3 ek pats pl 5 — hes 
8.08 


+ 4 Li ah, * * 1 Pn | — 
Narr — = | | 


a) 114 „ Pollux, lib, VIII. c Heß PIR (e) . 
74 * 8 (e) We, 5 "Y ' . Ecclut. cap. XXXIV. : 
C1 "I 1440. | mY ue 


2 


Of | the. Miſcellany Cuſtoms. of 2 189 


For ſacred are our Houſes, not defil'd © 
By the Neath of Menelays ——— 


The Air proceeding hem the dead Body was thought, 17 ollute all 


Things into which it enter d; whence Nl uncover'd Veſſels which 
ſtood in the ſame Room with the Corpſe, were accounted unclean b 
the Jews. Hence tas cuſtomary to have the whole E Hoof purified! 
as ſoon as the Funeral Solemnities were over; of 9 Ceremony I 
— have occaſion to re in one of the L 1 


| C H „ e 1 IG. 
Of thrir Funeral Proceſſions. 


HE next Thing to be obſerv'd is their carrying the Corpſe 
forth, which is in Greek term'd ixxojudy, and oped in Burian 
elatio, or exportatio whence the Latin, efferre, exportare, and the 
Greek, ixÞipew, and ixxopita, are Words 8 to Funerals. 
Kirchman would have wapaxoqity to be uſed in the fame Senſe; but 


the Place he produces out of Eunapius (a) to that. Purpoſe, hems - 


rather to'denote the Præterwection of the Body, by ſome Place, ow 
its Elation from the Hoafe wherein it was prepared for Burial ; 
T:pa«oigew, is uſually ſpoken with reſpect to a Place in the — 


Way of any Motion; dowepurgew belongs to che End, or Place where 


the Motion ceaſes ; but izxopiC,"0r tePepeny' Are only proper when 
we ſpeak of the Place whence the Motion begins, being the ſame 


with ?Z Oper, carrying forth, which Words are taken by Theocri tus 
in the Senſe I am ſpeaking of (5) ; | 


Ade d a a ppjhts u. 44 Wow 4 pb ity 
Oiozvpmis wore ,“ ir al wiveara. 


Þ th' Morn when pearly Dew has een 
The bending Graſs, we will bring forth our Dead 
Don to the River's are, 


| Plautus likewiſe, for Herre. has Howe ferre =_ 


Rue cras veniat gerendie furas feratur ſoror. 


To-morrow's Sun ſhall ſee my Siſter carry'd forth. _ 
e 


(6) Tamblicke, (5) Tel. XV. 13. (c) Altria. 


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committed to the Flames (): 


190 Of the Miſcellany Cuſtoms of Greece. 
The Timé of Btürial ſeems not to haue been limited. ＋ he Authos 


| of the Geniales Dies (a) tells us, That Bodies were uſually kept (-. 


venteen Days, and ſeventeen Nights, before they were interred ; 


which he ſeems to have out of Hamer, who reports, that Achilles's 


Body, after ſeyenteen Days 1 as Hy we. 8 of e was 


* 


Erlasachies N O's "Re" r ous > 9166 
KN Toe, aIalreovrol Y Hiob, Soo 1 — 9 
{0 cant Þ Due wp — | 


Seventeen long Days were in ſad Mourning ſpent, 

As many Nights did Gods and Men lament, 

Baut on the Eighteenth laid you on the Pile. 
Servint was of Opinion, that the Time of burning Bodies was the 
__ Da e Death, the Time of burying the Ninth (c); but this 
anderſiood of the Funerals of great Perſons, which could 
not — — ſolemnized without extraordinary Preparations ; Men of 
inferior Rank were committed to the Ground without ſo much Noiſe 


and Pomp. The antient Burials ſeem to have been upon the third or 
o_ * aſter ou. Thus the Author of the Rn ( * ; 


Me wero ermantes utes funus N 
TFrers totes condunt lugubri murmure en 
0 Magnifice tumulant quarte.. | 


With three Days 88 they the Fund grac'd, 
The laſt good Office due to the Deceas'd) 
ut on the fourth ys ver his 25 rear d 

A ſtately Tomb. 


H. H. 


Nor was it unuſual to . che Solemnities, e of poor 


Perſons, upon the Day after their Death; which 3 from an 
* of mn. T 


* rie 9 eo ith Toy cUpror ; nel x naf oe, 


XH, reo aD Gen © ir igellisois, 
, Ty £Tepy ü idr reha. — 


Who knows what Fortunes on To-morrow wait, 
Since Charmis one Day well to us appear'd, 
And on the next was mournfully interr'd ? 


. ne to this Cuſtom in his Epiſtle to Thales _ by 


Larr- 


p 3 a. 
1 
2 4 N FR 1 ** — 


1 * EIS I 


4 ” 
% m4 ' v ws \ . 


() Lib. ut, cap. 7. (5) Od. 4 ve 63. (e) nad, v. (d) Lib. II. 


Of the Miſcellany. Cuſtoms of Greece. 191 


| Loerties (a) telling him he expected every Minute to breathe his laſt 
_ had bie has Friends to his Funeral the Day following. , 


The Ceremony was perform'd in the Day, for Night was lock d 


on as a very improper Time; becauſe then Furies and evil Spirits, 
which could not endure the Light, ventur'd abroad. Hence A 
ara in a Quarrel with Ta/thybius foretels, as one of the greateſt 
chiefs that could befal him, that it ſhould be his Fortune to be buried 
in un , ok 1 
H rande xaxa; raden wills, r is vaewpas 
An evil Fate attends thy Obſequies, 
Thy Fun'ral Rites ſhall be perform'd at Night. 


Voung Men only, that dy'd in the Flower of their Age, were bury'd 
in the Morning Twilight; for ſo dreadful a Calamity was this ac- 
counted, that they thought it undecent, and almoſt impious, to reveal 
it in the Face of the Sun. Whence {as the Expounders of Fables tell 
us) came the Stones of Youths ſtolen into Auroras Embraces ; for, 
when beauteous and hopeful ng, Men ſuffered an untimely Death, 


it was cuſtomary to alleviate the Diſaſter, by giving it a more plea- 


ſant and agreeable Name; whence inſtead of calling their Departure 
| Death, they term'd it Hias array (c) : Becauſe theſe Funerals were 

celebrated by Torch-light, it became cuſtomary to carry Torches at 
all other Burials, tho“ perform'd in the Day; Shakes came that pro- 
verbial Speech, whereby old Men are ſaid to approach in} r da 
Tv Bie, to the Torch of their Life (4). The Athenians went counter to 
the reſt of the Grecians, for their Laws enjoin'd them to celebrate 
their Funerals before Sun-riſe : Which Command (e) Cicero will have 
to be no antienter than Demetrius the Phalerean ; but Demoſthenes 


makes Solon the Author thereof (%%. Tis not improbable that it 
might be firſt inſtituted by Solon, and afterwards reviv'd by Deme- 


trius : The Deſign ſeems to have been to moderate the expenſive Ex- 
travagance in Funerals which a more open and public Celebration 
ſeem'd to require. e of hos 5 
The Bearers uſually mounted the Corpſe upon their Shoulders, 
which Euripides calls adus pipun, ſpeaking of Alce/tis (g) ; 


| — ene, 8 
oipον apony por Taforre, x; wf. 1 
The Servants to the Grave the Corpſe do bear 
Upon their Shoulders. V 
Thie Body was ſometimes placed upon a Bier, inſtead of which the 
Lacedemenians commonly uſed their Bucklers ; whence that re- 


markable : 


'Y 
* 


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—— —⁰ F - 8 


(a) Vita Pherecydis ſab fin. (5) Furipid, Troad. v. 446. (e) Heraclides Ponticus 
de Allegor. Homeric, ſob fin. Exvftathius, fd] Plutarebus Lib. An ſeni eapeſſ. fi 
Reſp, (e) De Leg. Lib. II. (% Orat, in Mecartarum, (g. Aleeft, v. 507. 


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„ eee eee . 32 
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5 - 1 * * 6 7 ä 
— — — a —— —— * *PÄ—??5 => nn 
. aan rc nec 


19> Of ibs tation hut f Stele 
markable Command of one of their Matrotiz to hr Son, J a) 5 
* 5d, i. e. etther bring this (pointing | to his Buckfer) Back, op 


ht upon it, Nor was this Cuſtom upknown in other Places. 
2 ach mentioned it in his tenth Bαν (a) ; 


; — multo gemitu lac puff | 
dungs ents rerun Tala, ſrequoner. 


In doleful Plaints his dear Companions mddrh 
Their dead Friend Pallas on his Target botne. 


But the moſt ahcieht G4crans fm to have conveyed their dead Bo. 
dies to their Funerals without any Support; whence (as Eufarhiu 


obſerves) Parrochus bel cry carry'd forth by the N aac Achiltes 
went behind to fapport his Head (% 


Ono N ragt * Nt: Axia. 
Beelen Arbil aid beat op His Fend. 
= ſcems'to be the Meankag of Bur pft donde, #hhtrrio, When 


ting of Rus $ Funeral, tre a the S "uttering 
theſe WIR 1305 


bent wean Jade 3 OY 
* — 45 xigoq 7 
ny wifemti. 


What God, O Kin 415d with owing On 
Shall with his Ha Vekind ſupport thy Head 3 % 


Tue Perſons preſent at F id were the dead Mat Friends and 
Relatiohs, who thought themietves under ah Obligation to pay this 
laſt Reſpect to their $d Friend. Befite „others were fre- 
quently Nevin to inereaſe the Soferhrfity;, where the Laws reft:ain'd 
them not from it ; which they did at ſome Places, Bither to prevent 
the Diforders Which often h pen'd at fuch promiſcuous Meetings, 
or to mitipete the h Sen happin 5 of Led rin Thus we find that 
Pittacus eftabliſh'd a Law at Mice, that none but the Relations of 


the Deceas'd ſhould appear at Funerals; Slo alſo laid ſome Reſtraint 


upon his Athenians, wholly excluding all Women under threeſcore 
Years of Age from thefe Solemnities; yet Relati vn: were admitted 
whilſt under that Age, as appears from Zyffar's Oratjun in Defence of 
Eratoſthenes, wht had murder'd his Wite's Gallant, whoſe firſt Ac- 
quaintance with her, he tells us, proceeded from Neeing her at a Fu- 


neral. Yet they ſeem not to have gone promiſcuduſſy among the 


Men, but in a Body by themſelves; as may be collected from theſe 


Effertir 
— — a a lf 3 © tris — 6 4 "ie ERGY 
% v. Ses. () NA . 00 Ri. b. dt. 


Words in Terence's Andria; 


* 


Of the Miſcellany Cuſoms of Greece. 193 | 
MY 


Eftrtur, imus : Interca inter mulieres, . 
Duc ibi aderant, forte unam adſpicio adoleſcentulam. 


The Corpſe is 1 forward, and we follow, 
But mongſt the Women *twas my Chance to ſee 
A beautiful young Creature. 


The Habit of theſe Perſons was not always the ſame; for though 
they ſometimes put on Mourning, and in common FPunerals as fre- 
quently retain'd their ordinary Apparel ; yet the Exequies of great 
Men were commonly celebrated with Expreſſions of joy for their 
Reception into Heaven. Thus T7mzlcon's Hearſe was follow'd by 
many thouſands of Men and Women in white Garments, and be- 
deck'd with Garlands, as in Feſtival Solemnities (a); Aratass Fu- 
neral was likewiſe celebrated with Peers, or Songs of Triumph and 
Dances (5). | | | ; | | 

When the Body was convey'd out of the Houſe, they took theit laſt | 
Farewel, ſaluting it in a certain Form of Words, as appears from Adme- | 
tus's Speech to the Pheræan preſent at the Funeral of his Wife (c); | 


j 

— ; pt as / * , : 
Tue N Tw Has, wi vogel, | 1 
N * A. .< < 7 ' ; 4 
poor ifieoaur, S Gow. | P | 

: 


Do you; fince ancient Cuſtom ſo requires, 
Salute the Corpſe, and take your laſt Farewel. 


The Proceſſion was commonly made on Horſeback, or in Coaches; | 
but at the Funerals of Perſcns to whom more than an ordinary Reve- * 
rence was thought due, all went on Foot: Which Reſpect the Athe- 
nians paid to the Memory of 7 h:op braſtus, as an Acknow'edgment | 
of his excellent Virtue (4). The Relations went neut the Corple ; 
the reſt walk' d ſome Diſtance off: Sometimes the Men went before | |: 
it with their Heads uncover'd, the Women following it. Patroclus 
was carry'd to his Funeral, ſurrounded by the Grecian Soldiers: 


Ich: pris i7rntg, porta 97 d · wml TOS 
Moflon, & 62 pleororos Phew Harzorny 57 aipus (0). 2 | 


The ſad Proceſſion by the Horſemen led, | 
The thronging Footmen in the Rear ſucceed, | | 
And in the midſt his Fricads Patroclus bear. 5 


But che ordinary Way was for the Body to go firſt, and the reſt to | 
follow; which appears, as from many other Inſtances, io from that  . Þ} 
of Terence 1 POR | "lt | if 


Funus 9 


2 "A 2 * — — 14 


— — 


(a) Plutarchus Nel arte. (I) Idem. Aae. (c) Euripid, Ace. v. bos. Fil 
4 Diogenes Laertias Theopbrofio. (e) Hamer. Iiad. J. (/ And, ia. | 


"Vous 1: "0 


— 


e Fae or wn 7 e 
. — . —— , , — . 
_—_ — — —— — IE IHR dv rt 
9 tw . Engg — OT AE age ml Ee PAT! TE 
— 
* 


1% Of the Miſcellany Cuſtoms of Greece: 


Funus interim 
Procedit, Jequimur,— 


The Fun'ral marches firſt, we follow it. 


Whereby the Survivors were put in mind of their Mortality, and 
bid to remember they were ail following in the Way the dead Per- 
ſon was gone beſore (a). At the Funerals of Soldiers, their Fel- 
low- Soldiers attended with their Spears pointed towards the Ground, 
and the uppermoſt Part of their Bucklers turned downwards, as has 
been formerly obſerv'd (4). This was not done ſo much (as ſome 


fancy) becauſe the Gods were carv'd upon their Bucklers, whoſe 


Faces would have been polluted by the Sight of a dead Body, as 
that they might recede Gow their common Cuſtom ; the Method cf 
Mourning being to act quite contrary to what was uſual at other 
Times ; and therefore not only their Bucklers, but their Spears, 
and the reſt of their Weapons were inverted. Nor was this only 
a Martial Cuſtom, but practis'd likewiſe in Peace; for, at the Fu- 


nerals of Magiſtrates, their Enſigns of Honour were inverted, as 
appears from the Poet (c); e 


Quos primum vidi faſces, in funere vidi, 
Et vidi verſos, indiciumque mali. | 
The Faſces firſt I at a Fun'ral ſaw, _ - 
With Heads turn'd downwards, the ſad Badge of Woe. 


To perform this Ceremony they term'd z , mapariumeiy, and 


_ wpor4prrey ; the firſt with reſpect to the Houſe, out of which the Body 


was carried forth; the ſecond with reſpect to the Places by which it 
paſs'd ; and the laſt, to the Place whither it was convey'd. 


PR ih * X 
* 


„ 
Of their Mourning for the Dead. 15 


0 85 HE Ceremonies by which they us'd to expreſs their Sorrow 


0 upon the Death ot Friends, and on other Occaſions, were vari- 

ous and uncertain: But it ſeems to have been a conſtant Rule amongſt 
them to recede, as much as poſſible, in Hahjt and all their Beha- 
viour, from their ordinary Cuſtoms; by which Change they thought 
it would appear, that ſome extraordinary Calamity had befallen 
| | | them. 


_— — 


(a) Donatus in loci m Terentii, Alexand, ab Alex. Lib. III. cap, 8. (6) Lib. 
III. cap. 11. (c) Ped? Albinovan, Eleg. ad Liviam, | 


1 


Of the Miſcellany Cuſtoms of Greece. 195 


them. Hence it was, that Mburners in tote Cities demean'd 
themſelves in the very ſame Manner with Perions who in other 
Places deſign'd ro expieſs Joy: For, the Cuſtoms of one City being 
contrary to thoſe of another, it ometimes happen'd, that what in 
one Place pats'd for an Expreſſion of Mirth, was in others a Token 
of Sorrow. U he moſt ordinary Ways of exprefing Sorrow, were 
theſe that follow “!?: 155 5 x 
1. They abſtain'd from Banquets and Entertainments; and ban'ſh'd 
from their Houſes all muſical Inſtruments, an whatever was proper | 
to excite Picaſure, or bore an Air of Mirth and Gaiety. Thus Ad | 
metus in Euripides upon the Death of Alceftis (a); | 


lade N xoper, ovwroTw ? SnNα,De | 
| ErT:Pary Te, B N KaTaixe why N 8 | 


No more to pleafing Banquets will I run; 3 1 
All Converſation with my Friends IL'Il ſhun; 

No more my . ſhall fragrant Chaplets wear, | 
But all the Marks of joy ſhall diiappear ; | 
No more I'll Muſtek hear, too weak to ſave | 
My dear Alceſtis from the eonqu'ring Grave. H. H. Wo 


They frequented no publick Solemnities, nor appear'd in Places of ; 
Concourle, but ſequeſtered themſelves from Company; and refrain'd 
even from the Comforts and Conveniencies of Life. Wine was too | 
great a Priend to Chearfulneſs to gain Admiſon into ſo melancholy | 
Society ; the Light itſelf was odious, and nothing courted but dark | 
Shades and loneſome Retirements, which they though: bore {ume 
Reſemblance to their Misfortunes (5) ; Whence Ariemidorus lays it | 
down as a certain Forerunner of Death, for any one to dream of a j 
Fire's being extinguiſh'd, during the Sickneſs of any in the fame 
Family (e) Th Es Es 
2. They diveſted themſelves of all Craaments, and laid afide 
their Jewels, Gold, and whatever was rich and precious in their 
Apparel. Thus Lycephron Ceſcribes the Women that mourn'd for 
Achilies's Death (d: | 


Dwarf &“ tra TiOuos Eyprwpoic FI 
Huben tor civamrnxu, AAA vH ro 

Kai Af ., mrmonpe daν, Ws 

Kai ur eve Taicfa RANA YvERY 2: Ing. 

MN aofpomr vec 4 wu. ANN Tir) 
Kan Perun, , —— == 

This to the Women ſhall a Cuſtom be, 

To mourn Achiie, third from LE acus, 


8 2 | Grand- | 


„„ "of 


—_— 


„ 


; „ 
— At... at. oF. 4 


* 


(a) Alceſt. v 1243. (5) Cloſſ. vet. Ita b. Conſolat. ad Urorem. (c) Lib. II. 
cap. 9. (d) Ca{a,:dr, v. $59, noſtrumque ibi Commentarium conſule 


44 
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196 Of the Miſcellany Cuſtoms of Greece. 
| Grandchild to Doris, and of largeſt Size; | 
'To mourn Achilles, frightful jn the War, 


Not cloth'd with rich Attire of Gems and Gold, 
With Slitt'ring Silks or 9 


The Cuſtom i is frequently mention'd in the Poets, but was + not pecu- 
lar to Mourners for the Dead; being likewiſe, with ſeveral other 
Ceremonies, noted in this Chapter, practis'd by all that lamented for 
any great Calamity. Whence Hecuba had no ſooner heard the For. 
tune aflign'd to herſelf and Caſſandra, but ſhe de out, 


— err, riæra, Ladis 
KAnidag, xc Xpoòg ir- 
Irc r rei. kepdg go (a). 


Throw off theſe rich, theſe conſecrated Robes, 
And hallow'd Crownen 


Their mourning Garments were always black; whence Progne, ; having 
Notice of Philomela's Death, is thus defcrib'd by Oel 


——yelamins Progne 
Diripit ex humeris auro fulgentia lato, 
| Tnduiturgue atras veſtes, 


From off her Back th' embroider'd Robes ſhe tears, 
And Progne now in mournful Blacks appears. 


Thus likewiſe Althea, when her Brethren were ſlain by Meleager (e) 


-plangore dato mæœſtis ululati bus urbem 
Inplat, &© auratas mutavit eib us atris. 


She fills with piteous Plaints the ſpacious Town, 
And *ſtead of glitt'ring Robes puts Sable on. 


To which Cuſtom Pericles had reſpect when he boaſted, © That he 
had never given any Citizen Cauſe to put on Black ( 40. ” Hence 
Ariemi dorus will have it to be a Preſage of Recovery, for a ſick Perſon 
to dream of black Clothes, fince not thoſe that die, but thoſc who 
ſurvive to mourn, were apparell'd in Black (e). The giant arr 
reported by Servius to have introduc'd this Cuſtom, when they 
mourn'd for the Death of Liber, otherwiſe call'd Ofiris, who was 
treacherouſly circumvented and murder'd by his Brother 7ypho. Far. 
ther, mourning Garments differ'd not from their ordinary Appate! 
in Colour only, but likewite in Value, as being of cheap and coarte 
Stuff; which may be obſerv'd from this Example of Terence ( 
beſide n many others : 


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f cap. 3 ( Heauteniimor, Act. II. Scen. 3. 


Of the Miſcellany Cuſtoms of Greece, 197 


Texentem telam fludioſe ipſam offendimus, 
Mediocriter weftitam wejte lugubri, 
Ejus anus cauſa opinor, que erat mortua. 


We found her buſy at the Loom, attir'd _ 
In a cheap mourning Habit, which ſhe wore 


For the old Woman's Death, as I ſuppoſe. 


3. They tore, cut off, and ſometimes ſhav'd their Hair; nor was 
it ſufficient to deprive themſelves of a ſmall Part only, for we find 
Electra in nag a'ws badiog fault with Helena for ſparing her Locks, 
and thereby defrauding the Dead (a). This Cuſtom is too well 


| known to need any Confirmation by Examples. They had ſeveral 
Mays of diſpoſing of their Hair: It was ſometimes thrown upon 


the dead Body, as we learn from Patreclus's Funeral, where the 
| Grecians, to ſhew their Affection and Reſpe& to him, cover'd his 
Body with therr-Hair (6); - | PS ON +, 


O45; N wavra vexuy xf, a; i, 
| Keipopurigs —— | 

They hav'd their Heads, and cover'd with their Hair 
The Body. . | IR | 


| Beating hath bowls obſerv'd the ſame Practice (c); 


——tergoque & pectore fuſam | 
Cefariem ferro mnuit, Jeetrjque pacentts 

Obnubit tenuia ora cmi. 

He cat off all the Hair that from his Head 
Down to the Back and Breaſt was comely fpread, 
And cover'd with it the dead Face. 


— — 
* 


It was likewiſe frequent to caſt it into the Funeral Pile to be con- 
ſum'd with the Body of their Friend; as Achilles appears to have 
done at Patroclus's Funeral C; | 


Traę anvayule wupre Envy anexifero Yair, 
T5 2% EmTepyeiu T9 pe rice ry) 7 %y, ; 
Standing hard by the Pile, the comely Hair 


Which tor Sperchius was before preſerv'd, 
He now cut off, and caſt into the Flames. 


O 3 Somer 


p< F—_ PRI 


2 þ "7 


alt ben Mile ht. A 


la) Ore. 12.8, (Y) Liad.- J. v. 135. (e) Thibaid, VI. Cd Thad, q | 


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Sometimes it was laid upon the Grave, as we find in EHu (a); 


| Oro Toa do rod: Bo ral p. 
I ſee this Hair ppon the Grave. - 


Donate i in Ovid bewails her Miebreone, edi ſhe was debarr'd 
rom performin 8 this Ceremon y to her beloved Macareus 3 Fo 


Non mihi te lcuir lacrymis perfundere juſtis, 
In tua non ron/as ferre ſe pulchra comas, | 


Twas not permitted me with briny Tears 
To bathe thy lifeleſs Corpſe, or bring my Hairs 
Unto thy Sepulchre, . 


Some reftrain this practice to Sons, « or very near Relations ; - but 
it appears, by many Inſtances, to have been common to all that 
thought themſelves oblig'd to expreſs their Reſpect, or Love to the 

Dead; inf much that, upon the Death of great Men, whole Cities 
and Countries were commonly mav'd. | 

This Practice may be accounted for two Ways; for the Scholiaſ 
upo. Sopbecles obſerves, that it was us'd partly to render the Ghoſt 
of the acceas'd Perſon propitious, which ſeems to be the Reaſon why 
they threw Hair into the Fire to burn with him, or laid it on his 
Body; partly that they might appear disfigur'd, and careleſs of 
treir Beauty; for long Hair was look'd on as very becoming, and 
the Gree4s prided themſelves in it; whence they are fo frequently 
honour' d by Homer with the Epither of Kor pH. 

It may be tarther obſerv'd, that in folemn and pub! c Mournings it 
was common to extend this Practice to their Beaſts, that all Things 
might appear as deform'd and ugly as might be. Thus Admetas, upon 
che Death of Alceftis, commands his Chariot Horſes to be be ſhorn ( ); ; 


Teen Te Goods, x) fler Aruxag 
xf o. re r LveT | GUN Evwy oem. 


My Chariot-Horſes to my Grief ſhall ſhare, 
Let them bs horn, cut off their W Manes. 


Thu: likewiſe the 7. al. bang cut off their own Hair and their Horſes 
Manes at the Deathof Pelepidas{c): When Mafiftius was ſlain ina $kir- 
miſh with the 4/henians, the Per hans ſhav'd themſelves, their Horſes, 
and their Mules C4): But Alexander, as iti the reſt of his Actions, ſo here- 
in * went 1 9558 che reſt of Mankind ; for at the ou of Hephe- 


! | ſition, 


* 


1 4 - _ 


a) POR b) Fr des 2 1 * 6) Plutarchus Pa/opidas, 
ans. ( . 1 4 9 | 


Of the Miſcellany Cuſtoms of Greece. 199 
ſion, he did not only cut off the Manes of his Horſes and Mules, 
but took down the Battlements of the City Walls, that even Towns 
might ſeem Mourners ; and, inſtead of their former beauteous Ap- 

drance, look bald at the Funeral (a). | | 5 

It may be objected Indeed to what I have been ſpeaking, that 
Shaving was a Sign of Joy; whereas to let their Hair grow long, 
was the Practice of Perſons in Affliction : Hence Fo/#ph is ſaid to 
have been ſhav'd when he was deliver'd out of Priſon; and Mephi. 
boſheth, during the Time David was baniſhed from, Feru/alem, let 
his Hair grow, but on his Return ſhav'd himſelf: Thus likewiſe | 
Mariners, upon their Deliverance from Shipwreck, us'd to ſhave 
themſelves ; To which Practice Juvenal hath this Alluſion (6): 


gaudens ibi wertice raſo | 
Garrula ſecuri narrare pericula nautæ. 


And there ſhorn Sailors boaſt what they endur'd. 


Whence Artemidorus will have Mariners that dream of having their 
whole Head ſhav'd, to be forewarn'd by the Gods, that they are to 
undergo very great Hazards, but to eſcape with Life (c). Pliny alſo 
in one of his Epiſtles interprets his Dream of cutting off his Hair, to 
be a Token of his Deliverance from ſome imminent Danger; and 
the Poets furniſh us with ſeveral Examples to our Purpoſe: Lyco- 
pbron, for Inſtance, thus deſcribes a general Lamentation (4) ; 
— was N Avyaiay Aw; . | 
EobytTa wporporaim tyxA%uepirOr, 
Avxmy wiudn; d epurpeucts Bow 
Kar d' dug wTh xanuiork Poon, 
Mynnpury @ANGAY THMENSS" COUSjAdT WI, 


In mournful Blacks ſhall ev'ry Soul appear, 
Each ſhall with loathſome Dirt his Face beſmear ; 
Negle&ed Hair ſhall now luxuriant grow, 
And by its Length their bitter Paſſion ſhow ; 
Inceſſantly they ſhall their Loſs complain, 
And all their Life be one ſad mourntul Scene ; 
Thus they the never-dying Names ſhall ſave 
Of antient Patriots from the conquer'd Grave, H. H. 


2 


Plutarch, undertaking to reſolve this Difficulty, reports that the Men 
let their Hair grow, but the Women were ſhav'd ; it being the Fa- 
ſhion for Men to wear their Hair ſhort at other Times, and for Wo- 
men to ſuffer theirs to grow (e): But, on the contrary, it plainly ap- 
pears from the Inſtances already produced, and many others, that the 


* 


(a) Idem. Pelopida. (5) Sat. XII. v. $2, | e) Lib, I, cp. ; 


* 


8 F ; " _ ; 4 3%. PISS; 1 
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of the vaten Gn! of Ge 


Men frequently wore long Hair, which they cut off upon any at 

oft a ak It be ended that the Women . 4 
long Hair in Sorrow, ſince tis remark'd as a Badge of a Woman in 
a Phony ing, that ſhe has her Hair diſhevelled, and careleſs]y fowing 
about: Thus Ariadye beſpeaks T heſeus : 


Aſpice demiſe: lugentis more capillos, 
Et tunicas lacrymis ficut ab imbre graves. 


See, like a Mourner's, my %iftievell'd Hair, 
Wet, as with Rain, with Tears my Robes appear. 


Triad likewiſe; the Scene of whoſe Fable is ho un cat, has thus 
deſcrib'd a Woman in Mourning (a2); 


Texentem telam ſtudioſe ipſam 8 
Mediocriter weſtitam weſte lugubri, 

Ejus anus cauſa, opiner, que erat mortua ; 

Sine auro tum ornatam, ita uti que, ornantur bi, 
Nulla mala re effe ex al ar muliebri, 

Capillus paſſus, prolixus, circum 1 caput 

R ejeepus negligenter.— 


We found her at the painful Loom emplay 'd, 
Dreſt in a Mourning! Jabit, which ſhe wore 
For the old Woman's Death, as I ſappoſe: 
She was not trick'd up in a gaudy Sute, 
Nor dreſs'd in Robes of Velvet, or of Gold, 
Nor patch'd or painted to attract the Eyes 
Of her Gallants, but with diſhevell'd Hair, 
Careleſsly o'er her Shoulders thrown. 


Wherefore two Things may be obſery'd for the Solution of this 
PDifficult : 

Firſt, The Manner of being ſhav'd: For tho? to be ſhav'd; or trim- 
med by Barbers, was a Token of Chearfulnefs, yet choſe that cut off 
their wn Hair, and that in a negligent and careleſs Manner, were 

look'd on as Mourners: Whence tho” Artemidoris reports; that no 
Man under the Preſſure of Misfortunes was ever ſhav'd (5); yet he 

adds in the ſame Cha —_ that for a Man to dream of ſhaving him- 
ſelf, was a Preſage of ſome great Calamity ; becauſe Men 1n d ſoch 
| Circumſtances were wont to ſhave themſelves,” 

Secondly, The different Faſhions of ſeveral Nations are to be con- 
ſidered: For where it was cuſtomary to wear ſhort Hair, there the 
Length of Hair was a Token of Mourning; but where long Hair 

was in Faſhion, there Mourners ſhay'd themſelves. Tis reported by 
Herodotus (c), and others (4), that the TOY having loſt Thyrea to 
the 


- 


* ——— * e — — * — „„ — Ac endings ne 4) re Wi 


IP" — — - — 


() RY AR II. Scen. 5 Lib. 1. cap. 23. (e) Lib, I. cap. 82. 
Cd Plutarchns Les, Alex. 3; ar, Gen. Dier. NY &e, 


- 


ee 
. — 


* 


of he Miſcellany Oufoms of Gieeet, 2 
the Spartans, ade à Decree that their whote City ſtwuld cyt theie 
Hair, and never permit it to apam to its accuſtomed Lengtk, 
till chey recover'd that Place. he Spartans, on the contrary, ung 
to wear their Hair ſhort, put forth à Decree, that from chat Time 

they ſhould nouriſtr their Hairz in reproach to their Enemies. Now 

in theſe Cities, when the Faſhion was to wear ſhort Hiir, then 

Mourners were e & by long Fyvrs- huts Toag gee coming 

into Faſhion, Mourners were hay ed. 

4. Twas frequent for Perſons overwhelm'd with Grief, and unable 
to bear up under it, to throw themſelves upon the Earth, and roll in 

the Duſt ; and the more dirty the Ground was, the better it ferv'd to 

defile them, and to expreſs their Sorrow and Deje@ion, Thus Ozenens 
| behaves himſelf upon the Death of his Son Meleager (a); 


Pulwvere canitiem genitor, vultaſput ſthiles | 
Fædat humi fujos, ſpatioſumgue increpar æ u. 
His hoary Head, and furrow'd Cheeks beſmears 


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With no:fome Dirt, and chides the tedious Tears. 


_ Priam in Hemer repreſents his lamenting of Hecbor in the Tame Po- 
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Soft Sleep has never clos'd cheſe watchful Eyes, 
Since my dear Son became your fatal Prize; 

But Day and Night I mourn my wretched Fate, 

And on my countleſs Suff rings rutninate, IN 
Welt'ring in ev'ry filthy Place, —— e . (4: , 4 


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5. They cover'd their Heads with Aſhes. Thus Achilles upon the 
News of Patroclus's Death (c), | 18 


Apelipne: N xeporr h R · νννννντονν⁰n 
4 Xiao xaxxtiÞanus. | | by 
Then taking Aſhes up with both his Hands, 

He threw them on his Head. —— 


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202 Of the Miſcellany Cuſtoms of Greece. 
6. When any Occaſion requir'd their Attendance abroad, their 
Heads were muffled up, as appears from theſe Verſes in the Epi- 


gram (a) LENS 


ates ape. y irixprjads cf cou 
| IIIHaI2 x; Jixvowu.- Wes: 1 


Her Face wrap'&in a Veil declar'd ber Woes, 


Whence Orefter, perſuading Ele@ra to leave off Mourning, bids her 
be unveild; 7 dias e | 


* Y © | caxahont”, @ xlr xd pæ, 
Ex dagfden T dn 


Pull off your Veil, dear Siſter, and forbear 
'This Grief. — „ 


Nor was this the Faſhion of Women only; for Adraſtus carne to 
Theſeus after his Loſs at Thebes, xaThpn; xAandiog, wherefore T he/eur 
| ſpeaks thus to him (5) 5 | 


Aly, ixxanlar xf ra, _— ve. | 
Speak out, unfold your Head, refrain your Tears. 


Thus likewiſe Zaman, upon the Defeat of his Plot againſt Mordecai, 
is ſaid to have hae, to his Houſe, mourning, and having his Head 
covered (c); and the Jesus are repreſented by Jeremy as being 4. 
ſhamed and confounded, and covering their Heads in the Time of a 
grievous Famine (4). | 
7. Another Token of Dejection was, to decline their Heads upon 
their Hands, Whence Helen ſpeaks thus of the calamitous Trojan (e); 


Em of xpari xeipas ib nv. 5 | 
They with their Hands ſupport their drooping Head. 


8. They went foftly, to expreſs their Faintneſs, and Loſs of Strength 
and Spirits. Thus Ahab, King of {/rae!, being terrify'd by the Judg- 
ment Elias denounc'd againſt him, fafted, and lay in Sackcloth, and 
went ey (f) : And Hezekiah, King of Fudah, being told by the 
Prophet, that he was never to recover of a Diſtemper he then lay un- 
der, amongſt other Expreſſions of Sorrow hath this: 7 ball go /o/tly 
all my Years in the Bitterneſs of my Soul (gg. | = 

e 9. They 


—___— 


() Antholog. Hb. V. cap. 33. (8) Eurip. Supplic, 120. (e) Eber, cap, 
vi, 12. (d Cap. xiv. 3,4. (e) Euripid. Helen, 377, (f) 1 Reg. xx), 27: 
(g. Iſaiab. cap. xxxviil, 5. is Fl | 


| 


Of the Miſcellany Cuſtoms of Greeco. 203 

They beat their 3: calls and 1 highs, and tore their Fleſn, ma- 

king Furrows in their Faces with their Nails; which Actions, tho' 

no Fs 'd ſometimes by cn, were more trequent among Women, 

whoſe Paſſions are more violent and , Thus Nonnus ro- 
preſents them (a), 


ere 15 mee, 
Tron: sev0iomo wy * aA ανν weprity, 
| Kal ding & 6X 000T 0%) νν 4% da TURE pa Gor. 


Women with Nails their Breafts and Faces tear, 
And thus th ir boundle: 5 beadſtrong Grief declare. 


In the e Manner dona bewails _e Siſter Dide's unexpetied 
Death (6); ; 


Audiit exanimic, trehidagus exterrita 5 
Unguibus ora ſoror fadans & pectora Palmis. 


Her Siſter hearing, ſpeeds with frighttul Haſte, 
Tears her ſoft S and beats her panting Breaſt. 


Many Inſtances of this Nature occur in both Lan guages, the Cuſtom 
being generally practis'd both in Greece and at Rome. Solon thought 
fit, amon gſt other Extravagancies at Funerals, to forbid this (e). Ihe 
Lacedæmonians bore the Death of their private Relations with great 
Conſtancy aud Moderation; but, when their Kings dy'd, had a bar- 
baroas Cuſtom of meeting in vaſt Numbers, where Men, Women, 
and Slaves, all mix'd together, tore their Fl n rom their Fore- 
heads with Pins and Needles. The Deſign of this was act only to 
teſtify their Sorrow, but allo to gratify the Ghoſts of the Dead, who 
were thought to feed upon, and to delight in nothing ſo much 28 
Blood, as Fervine has prov'd from Varro (a). 
10. e accus'd and curſed their Gods: Hence Statins (e) e 


injuſtos rab idis 45 18 
Clicolas Jolamen erit. 


T' inveigh againſt the Gods with juſteſt Rage, 
And cali them envious, may our Griet allwage. 


Nor was this the Effect of extravagant Paſſion, or practis'd only 
Perſons of weaker Underſtandings in the Extremity of their Sorrow, 
but frequently done by Menof all Qualities, and that in the moſt grave 
and ſolemn Manner that could we, as appears tram the ſame Poet: 


—_—— 


__—_— 


—— — 


(a) Diayſ. lib. IX. 18. 50 Virgil. An. Iv. _ c Plutarchus Solone. 


Cicero de he (4) An. lib. III. Conf, Idem in Æa, Lib. XII. 0 Sylv. 


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204 Of the Miſcellany Cuſomt of Greece. 
principe fenes, Q longo examine matres, 
Invidiam planxere Dein, — | | 

The aged Sires, and Dames in num'rous Crouds | 


L 


Bewail, and curſe the Envy of the Gods, 


For, the Gods being thought ſubje& to human Paſſions, twas very 
eaſy and natural for Men under Misfortunes to impeach them of 

_ Cruelty or Envy. Thus, when Hy/as, Hercules's Darling, periſh'd 
in the Waters, the Deities reſiding there were ſaid to have been 
enamour'd with him, and to have ftol'n him; and when any great 

and publick Blefling. was taken away, the immortal Beings were ſaid 
to envy Mankind fo great Felicity. Many Inſtances might be pro- 
-duc'd to this Purpoſe, whereof I will only ſet down that remarkable 
one of Marcellus in Virgil (a) : 15 1 


i _ Oftendent terris hunc tantum F ata, negue ultra 
if | Ee finent : Ninium vobis Romana propago 
j Vija potens, ſuperi, propria hc ſi dona fuiſſent, 


8 | This Wonder of the World the Gods but ſhow, 
| ' Heav'n were impoveriſh'd, ſhou'd he ſtay below : 
Bleſs'd to Exceſs had been the Roman State, hs | 
Had Heay'n theſe Gifts as laſting made as great. H. H. 


Sometimes their impious Rage againſt the Gods proceeded to the 

pulling down their Altars, and facking their Temples ; an Example 
_ Whereof we have in Neoptolemus, who being inform'd that Apollo was 

acceſſary to his Father's Death, took up a Reſolution to demolith 
the Delphick Temple, and periſh'd in the Attempt (C). 

11. Another Cuſtom they had of drawling out their Words, and 
with Tears repeating the Iuterjection, “, 2, , 2 Hence (if we may 
credit the Scho/iaft (c) upon Ariftophanes) Funeral Lamentdtions 

were called iney;, Elegies. 

12. When pubiick Magiftrates, or Perſons of Note dy'd, or any 
publick Calamity happen'd, all publick Meetings were intermitted, 

the Schools of Exerciſe, Baths, Shops, Temples, and all Places of 
Concourſe'were ſhut up, and the whole City put on a Face of Sor- 
row : Thus we find the Athenians bewailing their Loſs of Socrares, 

not long after they had fentenc'd him to Death (4). a 
13. They had Mourners and Muſicians to increaſe the Solemnity : 
Which Cuſtom ſeems to have been practis'd in moſt Parts of the World. 
The Roman Prefice are remarkable enough, and the Eaſtern Countries 
obſerv'd the ſame Practice; whence we find mention of Mourners goirg 
about the Streets, and Mourning Women, in ſeveral Places of the Sa- 
cred Writings. Jeremy, having foretold the Calamity of the Zews, 3 
viſes 


” 


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Laertius, Secrate. | 


Of the Miſcellany Cuſtoms of Greece. 203 
_ viſes to conſider, and call for the Mourning M amen, that they may make 
haſte, and take up a Wailing for us, that our Eyes may run down with 
Tears, and our Eye-lids gujh out with Waters (a). Theſe Homer calls 
genre ita ue, becauſe they endeavoured to excite Sorrow in all the 
Company by beating their Breaſts, and counterfeiting all the Actions 
of the moſt real and paſſionate Grief. They are likewiſe termed #9, 
cool, &c. from the Songs they ſung at Funerals ; of theſe there 
ſeem to have been three, one in the Proceſſion, another at the Fune- 
ral-Pile, a third at the Grave: Theſe were commonly termed ?xo$v;wet, 
2.04, A, tho' the two laſt ſeem net peculiar in Funeral-Songs, but 
applicable to others: We find them ſometimes call'd jap, from 
Talemus, one of Clio's Sons, and the firſt Author of theſe Compoſitions ; 
for the ſame Reaſon Songs at Marnages were termed vjpoaio, from 
his Brother Hymenæus: Funeral Dirges were allo called raaun, 


whence r is expounded in Heſychius by Stub, to mourn ; 


and TrAzpir;pas is another Name for Mourning Women: Hence r 
rache ſignify empty and worthleſs Things, and rain, v- 
Nei, D. is proverbially applied to inſipid and ſenſeleſs Compoſitions 
(b) ; for the Songs uſed on theſe Occaſions were uſually very mean 
and trifling : whence that Saying of Plautus (c): e 


He non ſunt nugæ, non enim mortuaria. 


"Theſe are no Trifles, ſince they're not compos'd 
For th' hideous Chanting of a Funeral,  _ 


What the Deſign of their Muſical Inſtruments was, is not agreed; 
ſome will have them intended to affright the Ghoſts and Furies from 
the Soul of the deceas'd Perſon ; others, agreeably to Pl/aio and Py- 
thagoras's Notions, would have them to ſignify the Soul's Departure 
into Heaven, where they fancied the Motion of the Spheres made a 
Divine and Eternal Harmony; others ſay, they were deſign'd to di- 
vert the Sorrow of the dead Man's ſurviving Relations: Laſtly, the 


moſt probable Opinion ſeems to be, that they were intended to ex- 


cite Sorrow, which was the Reaſon that the Lyra was never uſed at 
ſuch Solemnities, as being conſecrated to Apollo, and fit only for 
Pans and chearful Songs. Admetus indeed commands the Flute like- 


wie to be baniſh'd out of his City upon the Death of Alceftis (4) : 


Avaay on pr, tat” arv. wn waz; xTVTD 
Fro, SN dude” ixrATGpBpivoc, 


Let not the pleaſing Flute, nor ſprightly Lyre, 
Till Phoebe twelve Times has repair'd her Horns, 


mm 


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— 8 * — — — — — 006. 22 — ä 
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(4) Cap. IX. 17. (2) Surdas Sean en (c) Aſinaris. (4) Furitid. 


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206 Of the Miſeeliay Cuſtoms of Gtecet 


) Theb. lib. VI. v. 120. (5) Heſyebius, (e) Lib. 11. 4) Perf 


N 


Be in the mournful City heard, for! 


A Corſe mote dear than this ſhall ne'er inter. F. I. 


But hence we are only to collect, that the Antients had different 
Sorts of Flutes, ſome of which were proper in Times of Mirth, 
others in Times of Movrning z for it e by many Examples; 
that ſome of their ava, or fibiæ, were of all other Inſtruments the 
moſt common at Funerals. Henee $S:azius in his Deſcription of 
young Archemorus's Funeral (a): | | ee 


Tum fignum luctus cornu grave mugit adunco 

Tibia, cui teneros ſuetum traducere manes 
Lege Phrygum naa: Pelopem monſf raſſe * 

Exequiale ſacrum, carmenque minoribus umbris 


Urie. 1 | 


In doleful Notes the Phrygian Flute cotnplains, 
And moves our Pity with its doleful Strains: 
The Phrygian Flute of old us'd to convey 
The fall Souls on their unerring Way ; 
Which Cuſtom into th* World firſt Pelops brought, 
And th* unknown Uſe of Fun'ral Dirges taught; 
Dirges, whoſe pow'rful Sounds were thought to ſpeed, 
And ſmooth the Paſſage of the younger Dead. H. H. 


Some indeed will have the Lydian Flutes more ſuitable to F unerals, 
the Phrygian, of which Statius ſpeaks, to agree better with Mirth, 


and Chearfulnels, and to be uſed only at Funerals of Infants or 
Youths, which were ordinarily ſolemnized in a manner quite differ- 


ent from thoſe of grown Perions, which they think confirm'd by Sta- 
tius's Words; but as theſe may bear a quite different Senſe, not the In- 
ſtruments, but the Song whereot he there ſpeaks, being proper for the 
Funeral of Perſons under Age; ſo it appears farther, that the moſt 


common Flutes uſed at theſe Solemnities were of the Phrygian Faſhion, 
tho' perhaps neither the Lydian, nor ſome others might be wholly ex- 


cluded : Hence aænia, which is the Latin Word for Funeral Dirges, 
feems to have been deriv'd from the Greet wialu, which is uſed by 
Hipponax; and (however Scaliger deduces it from the Hebrew) affirm'd 
by Pollux to be of Phrygian Original; wnwpiGen d is of the ſane De- 
ſcent, and expounded by Ijxv:%. The Carian Flute was likewiſe uſed 
on theſe Occaſions, whence the Muſicians and Mourners were termed 
aprt (5), and Kajpry pra is a Funeral-Song ; now this was the 
very ſame with that uſed by the Phrygians, from whom Pollux tells us 
it was firſt convey'd into Caria (c). I ſhall only mention two more; 
the firſt is the Myfan Flute, an Inſtrument likewiſe fit for Sorrow: 
Hence, .Z{bylus (d: 

Kal 


— he * — 


— * T n W * 


ejuſque Scheliaſten ibid. 


SD 


; | » 


Of the Miſcellany Cuftoms of Greece. 20) 
kal rip” aptoon, vA + Menne. bY. of 
He beats his Breaſts, and ſounds the Myfan Flute. 

The laſt is the Lydian Flute, which, as Plutarch reports out of 
Arifloxenus, was. firſt applied to this Uſe by Olympus at Python's 
Death (a). | ; VE 8 | 


i. ** 8 " . «ita. 
— ” 


CHAP. VI. 


D. 


I would be needleſs to prove that both Interring and Burning were 
[| practis'd by the Grecians ; yet whether of theſe Cuſtoms has the 
beſt Claim to Antiquity, may perhaps admitof a Diſpute. But it ſeems 
robable, that however the latter Grecians were better affected to the 
Way of Burning, yet the Cuſtom of the moſt primitive Ages was to in- 
ter their Dead. Tis plain the Athenians, however afterwards addic- 
ted to Burning, us'd Intermentin Cecrops's Reign, if any Credit may be 
allow'd to Cicero (6) ; and the Scheliaſt upon Homer (c) politively af- 
firms, that Interring was more antient than Burning, which he reports 
to have been firſt introduced by Hercules. However it appears that the 
Cuſtom of Burning was receiv'd in the Trjan War, and both then and 
afterwards generally practiſed by the Greczans : inſomuch that when 
Lucian enumerates the various Methods uſed by different Nations in 
diſpofing of their Dead, he expreſsly aſſigns Burning to Greece, and In- 
terment to the Perſans d. But this is not ſo to be underſtood, as if 
the Grecians in the Ages he ſpeaks of never interr'd their Dead, or 
thought it unlawful ſo to do, but only that the other Cuſtom was more 
generally receiv'd by them. Socrates in Plato's Phadon ſpeaks ex- 
prefsly of both Cuſtoms ; and it appears that tome of them look'd on 
the Cuſtom of Burning as cruel and inhuman ; whence a Poet cited by 
Euſtathius (e) introduces a Perſon exclaiming againſt it, and callin 
out upon Prometheus to haſte to his Aſſiſtance, and ſteal, if poſſible, 
from Mortals the Fire he had given them. The Philoſophers were 
divided in their Opinions about it; thoſe who thought human Bodies 
were compounded of Water, Earth, or the four Elements, inclin'd to 
have them committed to the Earth: But Heraclitus with his Followers, 
imagining Fire to be the firſt Principle of all Things, affected Burn- 
ing. For every one thought it the moſt reaſonable Method, and 
moſt agreeable to Nature, ſo to diſpoſe of Bodies, as they mi ght 
ſooneſt be reduc'd to their firſt Principles. 


Of their Manner of Interring and Burning the 


Zu- 


Ka — 
— _ K 4 


(a) De Muſica, (8) De Legib, lib, II. (e) Lad, a, (d) De LuQtu, 
| it) Had. a, p. 32. | | 1 


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208 Of the Miſcellany Cyſtotes of Greece. 
 Euftathius (a) aſſigns two Reaſons why Burning came to be of f 


ou Uſe in Greece - The firſt is, becauſe Bodies were thought to 


unclean after the Soul's Departure, and therefore were purified 
by Fire; whence Euripides ſpeaks of Clhtemneftra 5 


— Tv} xtra epa;, 
The Body's purify'd by Fire 
The ſecond Reaſon is, That the Soul, being ſeparated from the 


ay" and unactive Matter, might he at Liberty to take irs Flight to 
e 


Heavenly Manſions (5). Wherefore the Indian Philoſophers, out 


of Impatience to expect the Time appointed by Nature, us'd to con- 
ſume themſelves in a Pile erected for that Purpoſe, and fo looſe their 


Souls from their Confinements. A remarkable Example hereof we 
have in Calauus, who followed Alexander out of India, and, finding 
himſelf indiſpoſed, obtain'd that King's Leave to prevent the Groth 
of his Diſtemper, by committing himſelf to the Flames (c). Hercules 
was purified from the Dregs of Earth by the ſame Means before his 
Reception into Heaven. And it ſeems to have been the common 
Opinion, that Fire was an admirable Expedient to refine the Cœleſtia 


Part of Man, by ſeparating from it all groſs and corruptible Mat- 


ter, and the impure Qpalities which attend it. Thus Scylla, being 
ſlain by Hercules, was rais'd from the Dead , and rendered immortal 
by her Father Phorcys (d)) ens e 


— % cv; TT" 
Dal fe xc Ao@vicouw Joun S , 
Aitrluriy & Trig Tay dd Dc. 
— into whoſe ſtiffen'd Limbs 
Phborqs by quick ning Flames new Life inſpir'd, 
And rais'd her high above the Fears of Death. 


* 


The Piles whereon they burnt dead Bodies were called uta“. 
They ſeem not to have been erected in any conltant Form, or to have 
conſiſted of the ſame Materials; theſe being vary das Time and 
Place, and other Circumſtances requir'd. | 
| The Body was plac'd upon the Top of the Pile, but was rarely 
burn'd without Company; for, beſides the various Animals they 
threw, upon the Pile, we ſeldom find a Man of Quality conſumed 
without a Number of Slaves or Captives : Beſides 4 all Sorts 
of precious Ointments and Perfumes were poured into the Flames. 
Many Inſtances of this Nature might be produced out of the antient 
Poets, but I ſhall only ſet down the following one out of Homers 
Deſcription of Patroclus's Funeral (e): | | 

| Tlornoay 


— ——— 
_—. a "”y 


—— b e ee eee eee e eee «HOARY -n e 


(a) Loco citato. (5) Quintilianis Declam X. (e) . Curtis. ( d) Lycs- 


a» 


poron, Cafſandr, v. 44. (e) Thad, . v. 166. 


2 


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Io dt 1 , 9 eig 7 ENMLXEZS Bs | 

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Anf 2 ba ονν v Herre bed. ANN s . 
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E» d' übe preArr©- ny dMlatog a alp. pof RE 

II g% AMEN XN f & ipravyea; mrs; 
Eogvyadras EVE De woßn gereida Carex Gov 

Ei a 78 dy ατι THD urig moan, 

Kad jiv vas dib won duo dare reſcicas. 

2 N Teway — Viees za) 8; 

| Kang dm | 


A ſpacious Pile the monrafal Grecians made, 

And on the Top his comely Body laid ; . 
Next ſtripp'd the Sheep and Oxen there, that food. 

lu folemn Ranks before the flaming Wood. 

Bot brave Achilles, as above the fell 

| Concern'd, more Signs of Care and Love expreſs'd 3 
Straight off the Victims all the Fat he flay'd, 

And over all the much-loy'd Corpſe it ſpread: 

Then plac'd their Carcaſes around the Pile, | 

And Veſſels fill'd with Honey and with Oil; 

Next deeply groaning, with becoming Hale, 

Four ſprightly Cburſers on the Pile he caſt ; 

Nine lovely Dogs he at his Table fed, 

And two of theis upon the Pile he laid ; 

Twelve valiant Trojan Captives next he ſlew, | 
And on the Pile the mangled Bodies threw,  _ H. H. 


The Reaſon why the Body was cover'd with the Fat\of Beaſts was, 
that it might conſume the ſooner (a); fer it was look'd on as a ſin- 


gular Bleſſing to be quickly reduced to Aſhes: Wherefore in Fune- 
rals, where N of Bodies were burnt on the ſame Pile, they 
were ſo diſpos'd that thoſe of moift Conſtitutions, and eafy to be i in- 
flam'd, being proportion'd to Bodies of contrary Tempers, ſhould 
increaſe the N of the Fire; whence Plutarch (C) and Ma- 


crobius (c) have obſerved, that for ten Men it was the Cuftom to put 


in one Woman. 
s uſually had their Arms burnt with them: Wherefore El- 
mer begs this Favour of LH. (4): 


. 6 — 


{a} Euſtatbius. (6) Sympoſ, Lib, ul, . Quoſt, IV. (c) Saturn, Lib; VII. 


cap. 7. (d) Odyfſe N. v. 74. 
Vo 2. II. W 


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| 210 Of the Miſcellany Cuſtoms of Greece. 
| ; | | | AM ps NAH (vv Trxiow Roo joor ivr. 
1 Let all the Arms 1 have be with me burnt. 


Tt ſeems likewiſe to have been the Cuſtom for the Garments they had 
worn in the Time of their Lives, to be thrown into the Pile. Some 
were ſo ſolicitous about this, that they gave Orders in their laft Wills 
to have it done: And the Atbeniant were, as in all other Obſervances 
which related any way to Religion, ſo in this the moſt profuſe of all 
the Grecians ; inſomuch that ſome of their Law-gryers were forced to 
reſtrain them, by ſevere Penalties, from defrauoing the Living by 
their Liberality to the Dead. Lycurgus allow'd nothing to be bury'd 
with Bodies beſide one red Garment, or, at the moſt, a few Branches 
of Olive (a); nor theſe neither, except the Perſon had been eminent 
for Virtue and Fortitude. Solon allow'd three Garments and one 
Ox (3). At Cheronea thoſe that were convicted of Extravagance at 
Funerals, were puniſh'd as ſoft and effeminate by the Cen/ors of 
Women (c). | „ 8 
The Pile was lighted by ſome of the dead Perſon's neareſt Relations 
or Friends, who made Prayers and Vows to the Winds to aſſiſt the 
Flames, that the Body might quickly be reduc'd to Aſhes. | Thus 
Achilles, having fir'd Patroclus's Pile, intercedes with Boreas and 
Zephyrus to fly to his Aſſiſtance with their Joint-forces Cd; 


1 ok un Tales rattle ⁰ Hehe. 
J * | Ed) ür Gd M once woda 98. Ayia, 
3 | Trag anuvvls wupn; Jools near avripocos 
| Bofin & Zifvps, x; viicxetlo. ie x, 
| Hen 8: * rid puoi erat MTGv:ur 

| Exe, S fe TLxX354 M¾I Phryihoinro verge, 
Yan T i@0ww0%T0 ixναν,u : 


F: When we perceiv'd the Flames t'abate their Force, 

1 | Unable to conſume th'unhappy Corle, | 

[| | Some Diſtance from the Pile the Hero ſtands, _ 

| The golden Chalice fills his royal Hands, 

And there to Boreas and to Zeph'rus pray'd, 

And with each Deity ſolemn Cov'nants made, 

That grateful Victims ſhould their Altars ſtain | 
And choiceſt Off*rings load the joyful Fane, 

If with their kinder Blaſts they'd fan the Fire, | 
And with new Force the languid Flames-in{pire, 

That they to Earth the Corpſe might ſoon reduce, H. H. 


I; At the Funerals of Generals and great Officers, the Soldiers, with the 
1 reſt of the Company, made a ſolemn Proceſſion three Times round the 
Piͤile, to expreſs their Reſpect to the Dead. Thus Homer's Grecians (e); 

| 2 285 a 


} i (2) Plutarchus Lycurgo, (6b) Idem Solone, (c) Idem ibidem. (d, „ad. J. 
Fi | v. 194. (e) Aud. C. | 


07 the Miſcellany Cuſtoms of Greece, 21K 
Oi N pts wigs vexphr irh as ν¾Liu ru. 9 
M »popurrot. 5 - 
They drive their Horſes thrice about the Dead 
Lamenting. - — 


This Action was called in Greek e:pJpus, in Latin, decurfio 3 we 
find frequent Mention of it in the Poets. Sratius has elegantly de- 
{crib'd it in his Poem on the Theban War (a); 5 


| Func ſeptem numero turbas centenus ubique 
Surgit eques) werſis ducunt infignibus ip 
Grajugenæ reges, luftrantque more fini/iro 

Orbe rogum, & ſtantes inclinant pulyere flammas : 
Ter curwot egere finus, illiſague telis 
Tela ſonant; quater borrendum pepulere fragorem 
Arma, quater mollem famularum brachia plandtum. 


Seven goodly Troops the fad Decurſion made, 
| In each of which an hundred Horſe appear'd, 
And theſe (a Poſture fitting thoſe that mourn'd) 
The Captains led with Enſigns downwards turn'd : 
Towards the Left they march; on th' Pile they gaze, 
Whit Clouds of Duſt the thronging Horſes raiſe, 
Whoſe much- prevailing Force depreſs the riſing Blaze: 
Three Times they all the burning Pile ſurround, 
_ Whilſt Darts ſtrike Darts, and make a frightful Sound; 
Four Times the Din of claſhing Arms jnavades 
The ſuff' ring Air, four Times the mournful Maids — 
Loudly lament, each ſtrikes her panting Breaſt, 
And Pity in us moves for the Deceas'd. . K. 


Where it may be obſerv'd, that in this Decurſion the Motion was to- 
wards the Left-hand, by which they expreſſed Sorrow; as, on the 
contrary, Motion to the Right was a Sign of Joy. Thus the ſame - 
Author (5); N 


| Hic ludtus abolere, no vigue | 
Funeris auſpicium wates, quanguam omnia ſentit 
Vera, jubet, dextro gyro, & wibrantibus haftts 


* * - 


* 


Huc rede ant. | 
The Prieſt, tho* by the boding Signs he knew 
Some dire Calamity wou'd ſure enſue, 
| Bids them their anxious Thoughts a while forbear, 
Their pompous Grief, and bitter Paſſion ſpare, F 
Deas ot Þ An 


"tht * 2 — . * 7 * MS * = 


(s) Lib. VI. v. 213. (5 Ibid, v. 221. 


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212 Of the Mifelley Cuſtoms of Greece. 


And moving tow 'rds the Right wich brandiſh'd Arms 
Back to return. AL . 


Theſc Motions were er with Shouts and Sound of Trum- 
pet, as we learn. from Valerius F laccur (a) | 


7 ** ter armatos Minyis referentibus wes 

Concuſſi tremuere rogi, fer inhorruit ether 

Ludificum clangente — Jecere ad 
Jun clamore faces. 


Three Marches ind the Pile the Minye ads 

Their weighty Strides the well-piPd Strufture . : 
Thrice doleful Sounds from hollow Tubes are. ſent ; 
The Clangor wounds the troubled Firmament; 
With Torches next cams. ah a with Shouts, 

They light the Pile,- 


H. l. 


Which laſt Words ſeem to intimate the Dicurſiint's being made be- 
fore the Pile was lighted ; whereas it appears from other Authors to 
have been made whilſt the Pile was . Thus Firgil tells us 
in expres Words (5); 


Ter circum accenſos cincti fulgentibus armis 
Decarrere rogos, ter næſtum funeris ignem 


Luftravere in equis, ulalatuſque ore dedere. 


Well-arm'd thrice round the Pile they march d on Foot, 
Thrice round it rode, and with a diſmal Shout | 
Survey'd the rolling Flames, 


During the Time the Pile was burning, the dead Perſon's Friend: 
ſtood by it pouring forth Libatiens of Wine, and calling upon theDe- 
ceas'd. Thus Achilles attended all Night at Patreclus's F uneral (c): 


Ka _=anvxO- wx; Axio; 
xc EX xpnTHpe- i exwr Mg  #pQtUreMAeY | 


Oivoy c Pu 0% pne- XAuads xis, dd N e 
FUN 1 KIEATTKOV Ikaxipoxa®- dex. | 


All Night divine Achilles does attend 
At the lad Fun'ral of his much-lov'd Friend: 
A Golden Cup he bore, that Wine contain'd, 


Which pouring out, the — Pavement ſtain'd ; 
Lis 


_ K „ 


* Les, nd 


(a) Aken, Lib, III. (6) Arnd. XI, „, 188. (e) Had. . 


Of the Miſcellany Cuſtoms of Greece. 15 : 


His pious O's thus the Hero paid, * 
. Calling upon Gs! of the Dead. 5 1. K. 


When the Pile was burnt down, and che Flames had ceas'd, they 
extinguiſh'd the Remains of the Fire with Wine; which being done, 
they collected the Bones and Aſhes. Thus , e of the Tre ro- 
Jari at Hector s Funeral (a) : | 


Hare, who Kala _ @vprainy (Aras ache. ol % 
lacan, moorow inioye evfes 4e. abrag wells 


Oria AzvRtg AgyorTo KECHYMT 04 .FT&foi T6. 


About the Pile the thronging: People came, 
And with black Wine quench'd the remaining Flame; 
His Brothers then, and Friends ſearch'd every where, 
And gather'd up his ſnowy Bones wich Care. 
Mr. Congreve, 


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9 3 
+ Hor Pen ts N 


| Non hic mibi mater, 
. legat in maſtes a perufta Pre 


Nor was my dear indulgent Mother by, | 
Who to her Breaſt my mould'r ring Bones wou'd ly. 


* — 
: 2 
Sr 


The Jaws were e waſh'd with Wine, . (which common- 
Iy followed Waſhing) anointed with Oil. Agamem un is. introduc'd 
by Homer informing 's Able how this Ceremon 7 had been perform'd 


de him (5): 


Are el 0n Ce S = zern H@airo 
Haber In To Neher Mu, Crt, AN, 
O £y & xęij r Ky auÞals. — 


But when the Flame your Body had configs; 
With Oils and Odours we your Bones perfum'd, 
And waſh d wich unmix'd Wine. 


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Patroclus*s Remains were incloſed in 3 at (c) : 
Knaiorrrs 85 EToipoto ans. ric; Aevnc 
"EXAzyor ts xpuoen pia ira v. 


| His mournfyl Friends in Fat his Bones Ye KV 


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214 Of the Miſcellany Cuſtoms of Greece. 


It may here be demanded, how. the Reliques of the Body were di- 

_ finguiſh's from thoſe of the Beaſts and Men burat with it? In An- 

ſwer to this Enquiry (omitting thoſe groundleſs Stories of the Stone 

Amiantus, and Indian Hemp, which could not be conſumed by Fire) 

- wi 4p produce two Inftances, whereby it appears the Method they 

took to effect this, was by placing the Body in the Middle of the 

Pile, whereas the Men and Beaſts burnt with it lay on the Sides. 

Thus Achilles tells the Grecians, it would be eaſy to diſcover the Re. 
mains of. Patroclus (a) | 47 inane he | 


Id rer u xale Zvi (Vir a hom hwy 
Hara, enogTor imo bg wir ara; i, 
Os ia IHatjixanc Mο,uνÜM Nh. k 
Ed d ile, agi E df rern 
0 lliicon yag ixeilo muh, Toi 6 &, due: 


Eoxariy x e imwo Tr x) dd het. 


Firſt with black Wine extinguiſh all the Flames, 
nm ev'ry glowing Cinder that remains; 
Then let us gather up, tis eas'ly done, 
The unmix'd Bones of brave Menetius' Son. 
Your nicer Care need not be here expreſs'd ; 

You'll ſoon diſtinguiſh his from all the reſt; _ 

For in the midſt o'th* Pile his Corpſe was plac'd 
Whilft Men and Beaſts, promiſcuouſly caſt, | 
Lay frying on the outward Parts. H. HF. 


Achiller's Bones are ſaid to have been diſtinguiſh'd the ſame Way (6): 


Ay tors mupxaiy owe (ira, ric 3" avre 

__ Ozirer” apiPpadiug* Int Mx ETip9501 opuorcy 
Hy, a ola yiyail@s atiupiO-. oi put aa 
Do x8ivorg sf, inet Borg, 10s uy imo 
Kai maid TA piyde xTXpuiroct Ai 
Bai aryl xiolo epi iu, og & ini pai oo; 
Pixi vp Hair den - of ix 


| When the remaining Flames they'd quench'd with Wine, 
+ Which were the Hero's Bones was plainly ſeen ; 
13 Not like the reſt which fell his Sacrifice, 

1 But of a larger and gigantick Size; | 

Nor could his Bones be with the Vulgar mixt, 

Since his rich Corpſe remote from them was fixt; 

The captive Trojans, Beaſts and Horſes ſlain, 

Upon the Out-works of the Pile were lain, a 

es. There 


: „* 
a 
„ — 
* y N 
- 


A 


— 


(a) Loc. eit. (0) Quintus Smyrneus, Lib. III. v. 720. 


Of the Miſcellany Cuſtoms of Greece. 215 Ts 
There burnt ſome Diſtance from the nobler Dead, 5 1 
Who in the midſt o'th' Pile alone was laid. HF. H. = 
The Bones thus diſcover'd, they ſeem to have gather'd the Aſhes 11 
which. lay cloſe to them; nor does it appear there was any other 1 
Way to diſtinguiſh the Remains of the Men from common Aſhes. 1530 
The Bones and Aſhes, thus collected, were repoſited in Urns, 1 
call'd xzAmay, P, xtw0 To, Me praxtc, õ N Hανp broloy tia, corel, KC. 1738 
The Matter they conſiſted of was different, either Wood, Stone, 1 
Earth, Silver or Gold, according to the Quality of the Deceas'd. 1 
When Perſons of eminent Virtue died, their Urns were frequently „„ 
adorn'd with Flowers and Garlands ; but the general Cuſtom ſeems 13 08 
to have been to cover them with Cloths till they were depoſited — 
in the Earth, that the Light might not approach them. This is $3708 
particularly remark'd in Homer's Funerals, as when he ſpeaks of #8 | 
Hector s Bones (a): 90 Ll 5 . #4 1 
Kal ra yt xpvorin ele Nh O iANvTHS, 1 1 ; 
TlopPuptois TeTAuTt x aki KPANGHOT iv, | | a 
— An Urn of Gold was brought _ {1088 
Wrapt in ſoft Purple Palls, and richly wrought; 1 
In this the ſacred Aſhes were interr'd. 5 | v8 11 
The ſame Ceremony was perform'd towards Patroclus's Urn in the , 118 
preceding /lhad : a rp It 0 1 | 
Ev xMiGinos 08 Jivltg k ANTI XGAUY av. 1 
Within the Tent his coſtly Urn was laid, 1 
And over it a Linen Cloth was ſpread. 1 
Concerning their Interment it may be obſerv'd, that their Bodies lay $1 
in their Coffins with the Faces upwards, it being mnt ore 7 409 
proper, and perhaps more conducive to the Welfare of the Deceas'd, = 
to have their Faces towards Heaven, the Abode of the Cœleſtial £218 
Gods, and Fountain of Light, than the dark Manſions of the In- $1188 
fernal Deities; Whence Dzogenes the Cynich, being aſk'd in what 11 
Foſture he would be interr'd, anſwer'd, e mpzowru, with my Face 64 
downwards; the Reaſon of which being demanded of him, he re- 11 
ply'd, that in a ſhort Time the World would be turn'd upſide down if OY 
(5) ; which Anſwer ſeems deſign'd to ridicule the Grecian Superſti- 112 
tion in this Point: TH | 1 3 
It may be obſerv'd farther, that the Heads of the deceas'd Perſons 1 
were ſo plac'd in the Grave, that they might look towards the Riſing by | 
Sun (c). Plutarch informs us indeed, that the Megarenſſans placed their . 1 


Dead towards the Eaſt; and the Athenians, whole Cuſtom ſeemg 
1 73 P 4 herein 


n 8 
* * 

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| 316 Of the Miſcellany Cuſtoms of Greete. 

Fit | 3 ; and lian, as far as concerns the Athenians, agrees with him 
. (85): But it muſt be conſider'd, that to ſituate the Face fo as it 
8 | ſhould look toward the Riſing Sun, *twas neceſſary the Head 
5 ſhould lie towards the Weſt ; Whenge alſo the Head, br uppermott 
h Part of the Sepulchre, being to face the Riſing Sun, was Lkewiſe 
1 placed at the Weſt-End. Wo | 1 ho 

4 Before I conclude this Chapter, it will not be improper to add, 
* that the Megarenſfans commonly put two, three, or four Carcaſes 


into the ſame Sepulchre; hut at hens one Sepulchre, mach leſs 
one ©ffin or Urn, ſeldom contain'd above one Carcaſe (c); which 
ſeerus to have been commonly obſerv'd by the reſt of the Greeks ; 
only thoſe that were join'd by near Relation or Affection, were uſu- 
ally bury'd together, it being thought inhuman to part thoſe in 
Death, whom no Accidents of Life could ſeparate, Many Exam- 
ples of this Nature occur in ancient Writers. Hence Aarbig's E- 
pigram concerning two Twins : | e e 


224 
A OA. in te 


—— 


——U— IT OY 


* 21 
Ire WE 


IR — — 
A et 


ll Ele 33 0. wo kA rep eryae £TET Nov 
Hypo g Neude o Be & Na us. N 
Two Brothers lie intery'd within this Ura, 
k Both dy'd together, as together born. 
Lovers thought this no ſmall Acceſſian to their Happineſs: T's 
7 laſt Requeſt was, that ſhe might be interr'd with Fyramus {d) - 
Hoc tamen amborum verbis eflote rogati, 
O multum miſeri meus ill:uſgue parentes; 5 
Ut, quos certus amor, quos hora noviſſima junxit, 
4 Componi tumulo non invideatis eadem. | ; 
14 At length our thrice unhappy Parents, bear, 
| And grant us this our laſt moſt earneſt Pray'r j 
[1 That we, wiom Loye and Death together join'd, 
1 As both one Fate, one common Tomb may find. H. . 
1 Aanetus in Euripides declares his Reſolution to lie in the ſame Cofſu 
j4 with his Wife Alceſlis (e): | | | 


— 
— 


E r avTGi vag f ien αο Rif 
Tol Te Iiivecs FAevpa. - — 


* 


4 
1 
* 


| Cloſe by thy Side I'll in thy Urn be laid. 
Patroclus, appearing after Death to Achilles, begs of him, that be 


"Oh would repoſit his Bones in the ſame Urn he deſign d for his own (1: 


(a) Sole, (2) Var. Hiſt. Lib. VII. cap. 19. (e) Plutarebus Salens. (d) Ovid, 


K : we — . 

2 " 347, Aral 6% "Þ - 2 2 * ä . 

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ie Miſcellany Cuſtoms of Greece, 217 
And when Achilles was dead, we find the Grecians put the Aſhes of 
his Friend Antilochus in the fame Urn with his; but thoſe of Patroclus 
they not only rep: ſited in the ſame Veſſel, but mingled them to- 
gether, . Thus the Ghoſt of {gamemnoy tells him at their Meęting 
in the Shades below (a); e 


Ey 79 T6 usr Ns, bt lh Axe, 
My & Tavpixao MD Dανοαο HN. 
Xwpig N Ar νονj˖,t Tor i Fν,H Ties d ẽj]u . 
Tar dN irTapws purrd Tharpoxhc ys Jarate. 


Within this Urn your ſad Remains are laid, 
Mixt with che Bones of your Patroclus dead: 
In the ſame Urn Aniilochys doth lie, 3 

His Bones not mix'd with yours, but plac'd bard by ; 
For much you did that worthy Chief eftcem, 4 


Only Patroclus was prefer'd to him. „ 


Halcyone's Love carry'd her ſtill farther; for, her Huſband Ceyx having 
perilh'd in a Tempeſt at Sea, ſhe comforts herſelf in this, that, tho 
| 45 Body could not be found, yet their Names ſhould be inſcrib'd upon 
the ſame Monument, and, as it were, embrace each other (6) 


—Crudlior 9 


Sit mibi mens pelago, fi vitam ducere nitar 
Longius, & tanto pugnem ſupereſſe dolori. 1 
Sed negue pugnabo, nec te, miſerunde, relinguam; 
Ex tibi nunc ſaltem veniam comes, inque ſepulehro 
Si nen urna, tamen junget nes litera, ſi non 
Offibus ea meis, at nomen nomine tangam. 


But I more cruel than the Sea ſhould be, 
Could I have Thoughts to live depriv'd of thee ? 
Could 1 but dare to ſtruggle with my Pain, 
And fondly hope behind thee to remain? 
Ah! no, dear Ceyx, I'Il not leave thee fo, 
I'll not contend with my too prefling Woe, 
: Where-e'er you lead Halcyone will go: . 
And now at length, my deareſt Lord, I come, 
And though we are deny'd one common Tomb, 
Though in one Urn our Aſhes be not laid, 
On the ſame Marble ſhall our Names be read: 
In am'rous Folds the circling Words ſhall join, 
And ſhew how much I lov'd, how you was only mine. 


CHAP, 
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218 Of the Miſcellany Cuftoms of Greece, 


„ HA. VII. 


O their Sepulchres, Monuments, Cenotaphia, &c. 


HE primitive Greerans were bury'd in Places prepar'd for 

that Purpoſe in their own Houſes (a). The Thebans had once 
a Law, that no Perſon fhould build a Houſe without providing a 
Repoſitory for his Dead, It ſeems to have been very frequent, even 
in later Ages, to bury within their Cities; the moſt publick and fre- 


quented Places whereof ſeem to have been the beſt ſtored with Mo. 
numents: But this was a Favour not ordinarily granted, except to 


Men of great Worth, and publick Benefactors; to fuch as had rais'd 


_ themſelves above the common Level, and were Examples of Virtue 


to ſucceeding Ages, or had deſerv'd by ſome eminent Service to 
have their Names honour'd by Poſterity. The Magne/ians rais'd a 
Sepulchre for Themiſtocles in the Midſt of their Forum (6) ; Euphron 
had the ſame Honour at Corinth (c); and it appears to have been 


common for Colonies to have buried their Leaders, under whoſe 


Conduct they poſſeſs'd themſelves of new Habitations, in the Midſt 
of their Cities (4). | ee LIL, | 
Temples were ſometimes made Repoſitories for the Dead, whereof 


the primitive Ages afford us many Inſtances; inſomuch that ſome 


have been of Opinion, that the Honours paid to the Dead were the 
firſt Cauſe of erecting Temples (c ). Nor were later Times wholly 


void of ſuch Comps, for the Platæans are ſaid to have bury'd Eu- 


clides in the Temple of Diana Exclia, for his pious Labour in going 


a thouſand Stadia in one Day, to fetch ſome of the hallow'd Fire from 


Delphi (f) From which, with many other Inftances, it appears that 
this was look'd on as a very great Favour, and granted as a Reward 
to publick Services. Sometimes it was deſir'd for Protection, as we 
learn from Medea's Caſe, who interr'd her two Sons in Fuze Acræas 
Temple, to ſecure them from the Malice of her Enemies {g), as 


But the general Cuſlom in later N was to bury their 


Dead without their Cities, and chiefly by the Highways: Which 


' ſeems to be done, either to preſerve themſelves from the noiſome 


Smells wherewith Graves might infect their Cities, or to prevent the 
Danger their Houſes were expos'd to, when Funeral Piles were ſet 


eon Fire: Or, it may be, to fill the Minds of Travellers with the 
Thoughts of Mortality; or to excite themſelves to encounter any 


Dangers, rather than permit an Enemy to approach their Walls, and 


deſpoil the Monuments, or diſturb the Peace of the Dead. Laſtly, to 


trouble 


* — 


1 


(a) Plate Minee, (6) Plutarcbus Themiflocle. (e) Xenopbon Ew, Lib. 
VII. (4) Pindari Scholioff:s. le) Vide Archæolog. noſt. Lib, II. cap. 2. 
(f) Pluuarebus Ariflide, (g) Enripid, Med, v. 1378. | | 


Of ibe Miſcellany Cuſtoms of Greece. 219, 
trouble you with no more different Opinions, others think it moſt 
probable, that this Cuſtom was firſt introduc'd by a Fear of con- 
tracing Pollution from the Dead, of which I have already treated 
in a foregoing Chapter. eg WO” TT OT TESTS 

But Lycurgus, as in moſt of his Inſtitutions, ſo herein too differ'd 
from the reſt of the Grecian Law-givers ; for, to cut off the Super- 
ſtition of Burying-places, he allow'd his Lacedemenians to bury 

their Dead within their City, and even round about their Temples, 
to the end their Youth, by being us'd to ſuch SpeRtacles, might not 
be afraid to ſee a dead Body; and withal to rid them of the Con- 
ceit, that to touch a Corpſe, or tread upon a Grave, would de- 
file a Man (a). e Bog i; 

Every Pariſh was wont to have their ous Burying-place, to be 
deprived whereof was reputed one of greateſt Calamities that 
could befal them: Wherefore when the Lacedemorians were reſolv'd 

to conquer the Meſſenians, or loſe all their Lives in the Attempt, we 
read that they bound Tickets to their right Arms, containing their 
own and their Fathers Names; that if all ſhould periſh in the Bat- 
tle, and their Bodies be ſo mangled as not to be diſtinguiſhed, thoſe 
Notes might certify what Family they belong'd to, that ſo they 
might be carried to the Sepulchres of their Anceſtors (4). The reſt 
of the Grecians had the ſame Cuſtom ; whence (to trouble you with 
only one Inſtance more) there being a Law, that ſuch as prelerv'd not 
their Inheritance, ſhould be depriv'd of the Sepulchre of their Fa- 
thers, Democritus, having ſpent his Eſtate in the Study of Philoſo- 
phy, was in danger of incurring that Penalty (c). 

The common Graves of primitive Greece were nothing but Caverns 
dug in the Earth ({), and call'd vxiyaic ; but thoſe of later Ages were 
more curiouſly wrought ; they were commonly pav'd with Stone, 

had Arches buil: over them, and were adorn'd with no leſs Art and 

Care than the Houſes of the Living, inſomuch that Mourners com- 
monly retir'd into the Vaults of the Dead, and there lamented over 

their Relations for many Days and Nights together, as appears from 

Petronius's Story of the Ephe/fian Matron. | E 

Kings and great Men were anciently buried in Mountains, or at 
the Feet of them (e). Thus Aventinus Slvius was interr'd in the 
Hill which receiv'd its Name from him //. Virgil reports the ſame 
of Dercennus (g); Ren Foy V 


| — Fuit ingens monte ſub 4 
Regis Dercenni terreno ex aggere buſtum. 


A Tomb beneath a mighty Mount they rear'd 
For King Dercennus. 4h 8 95 


n 
2 — 


Whence likewiſe appears the Cuſtom of raiſing a Mount upon the 
Graves of great Perſons, which Lacan has thus expreſs'd, ſpeaking of 
. the Egyptian, (5) : | | Et 


——_— 


(a) Plutarchus Lycu "yg 5 ins, Lib, Il, (c) Laertim Democrito. 
1 0 Etymologici ph ny npia. ( . An, XI. 25 Aurelius de Orig. 
Gent, Reman. (. Loc. cit, (5) Lib. VIII. | 


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—— 3 — 


f the Mijcellany Cuſtoms of a 


* ragum cineres extrudto monty guigſcunt. 
| Beneath a Mount their Monarch's Aſhes reſt, 


N. : . 


This confiſted Goda, of Stone; ad Theſeus in Euripides tells 


Hercules, the Athenian would honour his 2 5 


in — af + e. N 
With hagh-built men of 8 


But the cammon Materials were nothing but bann whence Us 


1 * xf, Thus Euripides (a) 3 ; 


— — 0b, NV Ae . 
The Mount which o'er er Achilles Tomb was rais'd, 


To caſt it up Homer calls xis oba, ſpeaking of Hector s Tomb (3); 


Kubach rd Tape, many xl, 


Having a Tomb of Earth rais'd o'er his Grave, 
They all e e 


The ſame Words he us'd before in the Deſcription of Patrecla's 


Funeral (c). dxriparer terms it xanvoles rap: 


Apo Toda ade rah. AE dri rols 
Att., a txbpur xapoiv ixuupile d. 


Under this fordid Tomb doth Priam reſt, 
Not that his Worth did not delerve the bet, 
But 'cauſe his Enemies it rais'd, 


is ſometimes expreſs'd by the more general Names of Gyzucu;, 


Som, & c. Thus Euripides, 


ore! EW KEY rap, 
O'er my dead Mother's Corpſe a Tomb I mis d. 


The Author of the following E pigramhas fach.another 0. (0 


| Aoxpides- TW uff E HovbJoro || 
NUpPa Kpriddur Neoav ano oÞtlipur, 


Kal r a — 


What 


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1 * 


TE TO W Iv. "F SK. rh 


44 


a) Hecuba, (3) Tit, w, * (e) 254 *. 4) Anthol r. 
ud IV. cit, ei; ss. 00 Soon MY” III. tit, 8 gig wed | * Eris 


Of the Miſcellany Cuffoms of Greece. 221 
What Care and Love the Nymphs to He/iod ſhew'd ? 
At their own Fountains in the Locrian Wood, 
They bath'd his lifeleſs Corpſe, and o'er't a Tomb they rear'd. 
Whence the Latin Tumalus, which in its pr per Gents. imports. no 
more than a Hilloek, came to ſignify a — TIO Ul 
Whatever the Materials were, they were uſually laid together with 
Care and Art: Thus Homer witnefleth of Patroclus's Tomb (a) : 


e B ee, Squid Te apcCadefle 
Aue uf y, ebag & xm , ixeuas, | 
They inclos'd the Ground wherein the Grave was made, 
And caſt in Earth upon it, — _ | | 


Where by heel fome underſtand the /orica, or inclos'd Ground 
round the Grave, ſometimes term'd by the metaphorical Names of 
9 ſxdc, yeioo, Bee, and called by Pauſanias weft, and xn 
vie, by others oxirn, &c. For the antient wiz were compoſed of 
two Parts, one was the Grave or Tomb, which was likewiſe term'd 
geo in a ſtrict Senſe of the Word, and is known by ſeveral othen 5 
Names, moſtly taken from its Form, as ow1\z40, TU, Kc. The 
ſecond Part was the Ground ſurrounding the Grave, which was fenced 
about with Pales or Walls, but uſually open at the Top, aud therefore 
ſometimes call'd-vwai0po. Tombs of Stone were polith'd and adorn d 
with greater Art, whence there is ſo frequent mention of gr Tap : 


5 The uarG ke — (6) 
And ſee the poliſh'd Tomb. 


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Upon the poliſh'd Tomb. 


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The Ornaments wherewith Sepulchres were beautified, were nume- 


j rous. Pillars of Stone were very antient, as appears, from the Story 
of 1d@'s ſtriking Pollux with a Pillar broken tis Grandfather 
Amyclas's Monument 4. 112 | 
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Next with a Pillar Ida, him ſhall ſtrike, 


i | A Pillar pluck'd from th” hallow'd Sepulchre f 


8 9 Anyclas.— | ; 
Pinday calls it & ates, Ferd. arp (a), and 7, e takes 
Notice of the ſame Accident (0. i 

The Pillars were term'd ma, and frequently contain'd Inſcriptions 

ee, r. Family, Virtues, and whatever was remarkable in the 


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1 Deceas'd, which were commonly deſerib'd in Verſe. The Sicyonians 
. had no ſuch Inſcriptions (c); Lycurgus alſo would by no means allow 

HINT | of Talkative Grave-flones, nor ſuffer ſo much as Names to be in- 
LI | ſcribed, but only of ſuch Men who died in the Wars, or Women in 
LIE | Child«bed {4}. Nor was it unuſual at other Places to omit the Names 
„ of che Deceas d, writing inſtead of them ſome moral Aphoriſm, or 
dort Exhortation co the Living, ſuch as this. 
|} © TOYE ATA®CTYE KAI ©ANONTAE EYEPTETEIN A-, 
4 The Virtuous even when dead ought to be reſpected. 
, | Hs | Beſides this, eſpecially where there was no Inſcription, they com- 
„ monly added the dead Man's Effigies, or ſome other Reſemblance per- 
. nent to the Occaſion, and ſignifying his Temper, Studies, Employ- 
18 ment, or Condition. Virgins had commonly the Image of a Maid 
ny with a Veſſel of Water upon their Tombs (); the former to repre- 
big ſent the Deceas'd, the latter to denote a Cuſtom the young Men had 
IE || of carrying Water to the Sepulchres of unmarry'd Maids. - A care-- 
"1 Y ful Houſe-keeper was repreſented by ſuch Figures as are mentioned 
N 1 in the following Epigram of Antipater upon Lace; . 
* bl Magee Tis ov, Tis bmi ganrion wirgd, 

1 | Avordina, NN Tov d' ixapats wry 

# 0 „ Ta piv avelpopuiray joe wor” EI Ny. pig. 

1 « Av, & avoacy H rio | 

+3 %. Inmmarne d' 00; xn; dali. s mAvpuler, 

N 2 | «© Oy AgAovy, WANG Kat; HTNE nu. 

3 I've often ſought, tell me, Ly/igice, _ 

1 What is the Meaning of this Imag'ry ? ' 

bh | What mean theſe curious Figures round thy Tomb ? 

-# What are they all deſign'd for, and by whom ? 

1 % tell you, Sir; and firſt that Bird of Night 

„ « Shews how L us'd to ſpin by Cindle-light : 

4 % That well-carv'd Bridle on the Side is meant 

by „ My well-rul'd Family to repreſent ; . 
A | 77 My 
19 


(a) Nemeon. Od. X. (b) Diofcuris. (c) Pauſanigs Corinthjiacis, (d.] Plu- 
terchus Lycurgo, (e) Pollax, lib. VIII. cap. 7. 


* 


\ 


Of the Miſcellany Cuſtoms of Greece, 223 
% My peaceful Temper next the Muzzle ſhews Wee 
40 That 1 no Scold, or buſy Tatler was.” W 5 H. H. 


Diogenes the Cynict had a Dog engraven upon his Monument, to de- 
note the Temper of his Sect, or his own. 1fcrates's Tomb was 
adorn'd with the Image of a Syren ; Archimedes's with a Sphere and 
Cylinder ;_ whereby the charming Eloquence of the former, and the 
Mathematical Studies of the latter were ſignified. Nor was it unuſual 
to fix upon Graves the Inſtruments which the Deceas'd had uſed. The 


Graves of Soldiers were diſtinguiſhed by their Weapons ; thoſe of 


Mariners by their Oars ; and, in ſhort, the Tools of every Art and 


Profeſſion accompanied their Maſters, and remain'd as Monuments 


to preſerve their Memory, Hence £/pener is introduc'd by Homer (a) 


begging of Uly/es to fix the Oar he us d to row with upon his Tomb, 


as has been already obſery'd (3). AEneas in Virgil performs the like 
Office to his Trumpeter Miſenus (c). 


Theſe, with many other Ceremonies, were defigned to perpetuate 


| the Memory of the Deceas'd ; whence their Graves were term'd 


_ onpala, pple, wnpals, &c. Agamemnon reckons it a great Ha pi- 
neſs to Achilles, that he was honoured with a Monument, wht 
would continue his Name to Poſterity (4): _ 


Ode, de · v2; „ Orosz Pe Axe, 
Os Dales by Tpoin, &c. ny 


You are thrice happy, God-like Peleus* Son, 
Who did at Troy reſign your Breath. — 


And afterwards, 


Aua Ky FIhovc: H 

X:veye Apytiw ge El aixporaur 
AuT1 im Taxon in: r EXnoToOTY. 
Qc ue r ον ix worre aD ing, | 
To; of voy yeydas, x of He iootas. 


To thy great Name did warlike Grecians rear 
A large and never-fading Sepulchre. 
And this they plac'd upon a riſing Mount 
Impending o'er the ſpacious Helleſpont; 
That ſo both Ages preſent and to come, 
From diſtant Shores, might ſee the ſacred Tomb, H. H. 


But later Ages grew ſo extravagant in theſe Structures, that their 
Law-givers were forc'd to keep them within Bounds, by inflicting 
levere Penalties upon ſuch as exceeded their Preſcriptions ; Solon in 

| | particular 


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ad been cuſtomary, becauſe Mirrury was an infernal God) or arch'd 
Roofs, ſhould be made in the Athenian Monuments, and that they 
ſhould never be greater than ten Men were able to erect in three 
Days; and Demetrius the Phalrriam enacted a Law, that not above 
one Pillar, and that not exceeding three Cubits in Height, ſhould be 


E upon any Monument (a). 


It may not be im roper to mention their Cuſtom of praying for 

and de of Piety and Virtue, that the might 
lie light upon them; for their Enemies, and all wicked Men, that it 
might preſs heavy upon them; for they 1 the Ghoſts that ſtill 
hikes their Shrowds, and were in love with their former Habita- 
tions, had a very acute Senfe of the Accidents which befel their 
Bodies, Hence the Chorus prays for en. (3); | 


Kee S 


Tes z tots, b. 
I wiſh the Earth may fall upon you lr. i 


 Menelaws i is introduced by the ſame Poet (c) arming himſelf againſt 
Death by this Conſideration, that the Gods took care that ſack x who 
died with Honour ſhould have no Senſe of any Preſſure from the 
Earth; whereas Com mould be cruſh'd under it: 


E we neu o N cep! 
EdLuxe dp mokefuiur Sr vio 
KuyPn tale prio x & Tvpew RK 
Kono & i Epps Fepecy 2 7. 


For if the Gods (and ſure they all Things know) 
Have due Regard for Mortals here below, 
1 will not, cannot ſuffer thoſe that die 

e too po rful Force o' th Enemy, 
7 F ws with Courage have maintain'd their Poſt, 
And for the Public Good their Lives have loſt, 
To be o'erburthen'd with the heavy Weight 
Of Earth; but ſuch as ſtand aghaſt at Fate, 
Baſe daſtard Souls that ſhrink at ev'ry Blow, 
Nor dare to look on a prevailing Foe ; 
Theſe ſhall (nor is the Puniſhment unjuſt) 
Be cruſh'd and tortur*d by avenging Du, | H. H. 


Thefow praysthis Paniſhmen may be inflicted apon wickedPhedre (4d): 
— 


4 - ——_— 
CIS 


8 


(a) dis de Legibus, lib, 11, (3) Euripid, Ale. v. 462. (e) Helen, v. 
Eo” + og = or WR Can aac adds 0 


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x terra 'de Wen LID * FE 
 Gravijque' tellus impio capita e 148 EAT ne 


And may the Earth that is upon her 1 
Lie heavy on her Corpſe, and cruſh her curſed Head. 


= 5 
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3 has ingenioally iber this Order in * bene 
Epigram (a) ; 5 An ; oe 


x 


"> 


Ein col A oy whe kun x01, FD vage, i 
Opfa os ie ieee. xv. | my v; 


Which Martina / tranflates thus (6 


Sit tibi terra lewis, molligue tegarts arena, 
Me tua nol paint eruere Ma canes. | 


Let there be ane, who lighter Dutt, or Sand : . 
Shall ſprinkle o'er. your Corpſe with (paring Handy 
80 b to e Dogs: pn be an caker Prey. | 


Paſs we now to che Mooiments * in Honoge of the e Dead, 

but not containing _ of cheir ne aud thence call* q KEOT thn 
der, x , 141 $4 5 

g Of da there were two gem : "One was . erefted to ſuch Perſong 

as had been honour'd with.Funeral Rites in another Place; of 

which we find frequent Mention in Pauſanias (c), who ſpeaks of 

ſuch honorary Tombs dedicated to Ae, ood Ren Achilles, 

Dameon, Tireftass; dc. 

The ſecond Sort was erected for thoſe that had never obtain'd 4 
juſt Funeral; for the Ancients were poſfſeſs'd with an Opinion, that. 
the Ghoſts of Men unbury'd could have no Admittance into the 
bleſſed Regions, but were forced to wander in Miſery 109 Years; | 
and that when any Man had periſh'd in the Sea, or any other 
Place where his Carcaſe could not be found, the only Method of 
giving bim Repoſe, was ta etect a Sepulchre, and by repeatin 
three Times with a loud Voice the Name of the Deceaſed, to a 1 
his Ghoſt ta the Habitation prepared. for it; which ww wr} Was. 
term'd uxayania. | 

This Practice ſeems to have been very ancient 1 Peljas is intro» 
duced in Pindar a telling Jaſen he mult recal the Soul of Phryx- 
%, who died in Colchis, into his native Country, Enes in Virgil 
performs the ſame Office to Derphibus (e), ; 

T une egomet tu mulum Rhœteo in littore inanem | 
5 _— 2 magna. manes ter voce vocavi. 6 
| 5 En 9 Thy 5 


A ** 8 n 
ä . ene 


{a) Antholog, Lib. u. tit. a; Torneu.. (6) Lab. IX.” Epitaph. Philæn. 
fe) Atticis, Miaſſentacis, Eliac. &. Bavitcts, BE 6 * yt bionic. Qd, IY, 
e) ZEneid. VI. v. 3. 8 | 


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226 Of the Miſcellany Cuſtoms of Greece, 
Thy Tomb I rear'd on the Rhetray Coaſt, 
And thrice aloud call'd back, thy wand' ring Gboſt. | 


Auſonius has * deſerib'd, and dow. oth the Reaſon of thi: 
Cuſtom . 


Hoc ſatis 2 3 1 ” telluris egenis ; ; 
Voce ciere animas funeris inſtar habet ; 

Gaudent compoſiti cineres ſua nomina dici; 
Frontibus hoc ſcriptis & mionumenta jubent: 

Ile etiam mæœſti cui defuit urna ſepulchri, 
Nomine ter dicto pene ſepultus erit. 


This is the Privilege the Unbury'd crave, 
No Grave, or decent Burial they have; 
Only inſtead of pompous Funeral, 
Aloud upon their wand'ring Ghoſts we call; 
This they command, with this they moſt _ pleas'd, 
And empty Mon'ments with Inſcriptions rais'd : 
For he, whoſe Manes have been fo recall'd, 
Though his dead Corple of fit Interment fail'd, 
Is nigh as happy, and as fully bleſt, 
i As he LS Bowes beneath : a Tomb. gone reſt. 


H. H. 


Many other Inſtances of this ae may be met with in the 
Poets. The Sign whereby honorary Sepulchres were diſtinguiſh's 
from others, was commonly ixpics, or a Wreck of a Ship, to ſignily 
the Deceale of a Perion in ſome foreign Coun 

It may be expected, that I ſhould add ſomething concerning the 
Sacredneſs of Sepulchres: Theſe, with all other Things belonging 
to the Dead, were had in ſo great Eſteem, that to detace, or any 
way: violate them, was a Crime no leſs than Sacrilege, and thought 
to intail certain Ruin upon all Perfons guilty of it. Examples of 
this Nature are tco common to be enumerated in this Place, where- 
fore I ſhall only ſet down that of Idar, who upon Ny of 


the Pillars in Apbartus's Sepulchre, was immediate Thunder - 
ſtruck by Jupiter (5); 5 


Hp ddt rah A@apnis GREET” 
Tope dag gg ra x iu: Miroan®- Idas, 
Mew aa rote Ba pere, ov NMC 
Ax Z zus ET aaurt, ef ds oi ixacohe Tuxlay 
Mappapo, abr 08 PAoyiw o. x r e ν¾,. 


For, to revenge fall'n Lynceus haſty Doom, 
He tore a Pillar from ny ſacred Tomb, 


= | ; To 


1 W2 „* 


() Præfat. Parentalium. (s) WPeocrit. Idyll. 420. v. 07. 


Of the Miſcellany Cuſtoms of Greece. 225 
To dart at Caftor, 1 e 0 
The fierce Revenger of his Brother's Blood 
ove interpos'd, and by his ſtrict Command - 

Swift Lightning ſtruck the Marble from his Hand ; 
He ftrove to reach it, but his Soul was fir'd, | 
He fell; and in no common Deſtiny expir'd. 
A 5 | | | | Mr. Creech, 


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It has been a Queſtion, whether the Cenotaphia had the ſame re- | 
ligious Regard, which was paid to the Sepulchres where the Re- | 
mains of the Deceaſed were repoſited ; for the Reſolution hereof it | 
may be obſery'd, that ſuch of them as were only erected for the 1 
Honour of the Dead, were not held fo ſacred as to call for any Judg- Y | 
ment upon ſuch as profan'd them; but the reſt, wherein (Ghoſts were 4 
thought to reſide, ſeem to have been in the ſame Condition with Se- 1 
pulchres, the want whereof they were deſign'd to ſupply. L |; 
H AP. VII. 1 Sue 
Gf their Funeral Orations, Games, Luſtrations, Enter- 
tainments, Conſecrations, and other Honours ef the 
Dead, A.. | | | | 9 


EF ORE the Company departed from the Sepulchre, they 
were ſometimes entertained with a Panegyric upon the dead 
Perſon. Such of the Arhenians as died in War, had an Oration fo- 
lemnly pronounced by a Perſon appointed by the public Magiſtrate, 
which was conſtantly repeated upon the Anniverſary-Day (a). Theſe 
Cuſtoms were not very ancient, being firſt introduc'd by Solos, or 
(as ſome ſay) by Pericles, but were generally receiv'd, not in Greece 
only, but at Rome. It was thought no ſmall Acceſſion to the Hap- 
pineſs of the Deceaſed to be eloquently commended ; whence we 
find Pliny compleating his Account of Y7rginins Rufus's Felicity in 
this, that his Funeral Oration was pronounced by one of the moſt 
eloquent Tongues of that Age (6b). 3 
it was farther cuſtomary for Perſons of Quality to inſtitute 
Games, with all Sorts of Exerciſes, to render. the Death of their 
Friends more remarkable; this Practice was generally received, 
and is frequently mentioned by ancient Writers. Miltiades's Fu- 
. neral in Herodotus, Brafiadas's in T hucydides, Timoleon's in Plutarch, 
with many others, afford Examples hereof, Nor was it a Cuftom 
of latter Ages, but very common in the primitive Times; Patroclus's 
Funeral Games take up the greateſt Part of one of Homer's Iliads 
(e), and Agamemron's Ghoſt is introduc'd by the ſame Poet, telling 


la Cicers ” Ort. 00 Lib, II. Ep. I. (c) Ilia. V. 


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got Of FR Mi ſcelany Cuſtoms of Greeee. 


"the Ghoſt of Achille: that he had n a and of great be 
of ſach Solemnities (a) ; 2 


a fi, Ming 7 abriea en 906 m "7" 
fe tei r a af AX ats 41 
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„ ore xiv wor re hc Baonn@ 
1 I Zamurral Te riot, K ErerTUvorTas alia” 
AM we xii warire ior i ri. HH, 
il obi ub, Ge orpina nt ene 


5 | Aprophnmita nm 


N 8 Pour Mother, full of Piety and e | | 

_ .Craves firſt a Bleſſin 3 the Pow'rs above; 

Then ſhe doth x 1 SE and Prizes ſtate, _ 

_ While ſprightly Youths the Games do celebrate; 

I've been at many Games, great Piles ſurvey'd, | 

Which eternize heroic Chiets when dead, 

But none can equal Wonder ſeem to be, 

As thoſe the pious T hetis made for thee, J. 4. 


2 


A 


In the Age before we find Ocdipur „ Fatierat ſolemniz'd with Sports, 
_ and Hercules is ſaid to have celebrated Games at the Death of Pe- 
| bogs (5). The firſt that had this Honour was Axan, the Son of 4r- 
cat the Father of the Arcadravs, whoſe Funeral, as Panſantas reports 
(c), was celebrated with Horſe-Races. The Prizes were of different 
- Sorts and Value, according to the Quality and Magnificence of the 
© Perſons that celebrated them. The Garlands given to Victors were 
/ uſually of Parſly, which was thought to haye ſome particular Rela- 
tion to the Dead, as being feign'd to ſpring out of Archemorus's Blood, 
. whence it became the Crown of Conquerors in the Nemean Games, 
which were firſt inſtituted at his Funeral C4). 
*Twas a general Opinion, chat dead Bodies polluted all Things 
. nhoat them; this occafion'd proving alter F ene which Virgil 
"We uy deſcribed (e) ; ; 


\ Lim ter * pura circumtulit Anda, 
Lee, rore lewi, & rama felicts olive, 


Luftravitque VIrOS, 


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— the 
| — parts — — — — — 


(a) 04. G. v. 85. (5) Dienfus Halicarnafſ, lib. v, (e) Areadicis. (a) VM. 
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} 


Of the Miſcellany Cuſtoms of Greece, 229 
the preceding Books, have no Claim to any Mention in this Place; 
Till this Parification was accompliſh'd, the polluted Perſon. could 
not enter into the Temples, nor communicate at the Worſhip of 
the Gods; whence {phigenia ſpeaks the following Words concern- 
ig D © OT ee a5” SEM e BL 


ra Th; did & pipPopa: cofiguara, 
His, Beotwy * mv Tis t @ore, 

H Nele 1 res Sys x-. 

Bona a n, (woofer qr 


The ſuperſtitious Tricks and Niceties 

Of ſtrict Diana's Worſhip I dillike, 1 

Since of departed Friends the fatewel Touch, 

All Murder done in Paſſion, or elſewiſe, © * 
And Acts of Venery ſhe doth reject, | 
As great Pollutions of her ſacred Rites, .- 
Actors herein proſcribing from her Gifts, £4 IF. 4 


+ 
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Nor was it” Diana alone, of whom the Poet ſpeaks, that had ſuch 
an Averſion to theſe Pollutions, but the reſt of the Gods and God- 
deſſes were of the ſame Temper. Lucian, in his Treatiſe concern- 
ing the Syrian Goddeſs, tells us, that when any Perſon had ſeen a 
Corpſe, he was not admitted into her Temple till the Day follow- 
ing, and not then, except he had firſt purified himſelf; and the general 
Uſe of this Cuſtom (5) ſhews that the reſt of the Celeſtial Beings 
were equally afraid of Defhlement. This may farther appear, from 
its being unlawful for thoſe Perſons to enter into the Temples, who 
were call'd oregon dps, or J:1psrorzucr (c), 1. e. ſuch as were thought 
dead, but after the Performance of their Funeral Rites recovered ; 
or ſuch who were reputed to be dead in ſome foreign Country, and 
unexpectedly return'd ; theſe Men were re Lom worſhipping 
any of the Gods; Hehchius mentions only the Zumenides, but others 
ſpeak of the Gods in general; whence Arifiinus was forced to ſend 
Meſſengers to conſult the Deſphian Oracle, what Method he ſhould 
aſe to be freed from Pollution, where he receiv'd this Anſwer;  ' 


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Oo ji ity Mytroos . yon TIXTECR TAIT, 
Toca jo ay TiNoarnae guts pardfeoo Sigi. 


All Forms and Cuſtoms which Child- birth attend, 
The ſame muſt you to th' angry Gods commend, ' 


whereupon he was waſh'd, ſwaddled, and treated in all, other Re- 
ſpects as new-born Infants, and then receiv'd into Communion, But, 


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{s) Euripid; Tpbigen| Tauric. 380. (%% Suidas, v. naladeits, Ari ep ber. 
Sebeliaft. * * r) HoGebius in dtraque voce. 1 5 


* 


* 


130 07 the Miſcellany Cuſtoms of Greece. 


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as my Author (a) proceeds, others make this Cuſtom much anciente; 
than 4ri/im, carrying it up as high as the primitive Ages, And 
tis certain, the Opinion that dead Bodies polluted all Things about 
them, was very ancient, as appears from the Jewiſh Laws. | 

The Houſe was alſo purified, an Inſtance whereof we have in 
Homer (6b), where Uly/es having flain Penelope's Courtiers, and car- 


ried them out of his Houſe, thus beſpeaks his old Nurſe : 


ole, Slum, Yo, aa de let If pos g, 
Opp Finwow pryapor,— — | ; 
| \ 


Fetch Brimſtone hither, Nurſe, and Fire, that I 
My tainted Dwelling-Houſe may purify. ; 


Afterwards the Poet adds (e) #2 


— - Dus" ain An pop Eur 

Her- d' d H x; dN e avrae Olvocw; 

Ev diebe, fai f x; Sopan, a. 

Strait truſty Zurycle perform'd his Will, | 
Then he with ſalph'rous Smoke the Houſe doth fill, 
And chas'd th? Infection from polluted Rooms. 


But the Lacedamonians were taught by their Lawgiver to contems 
1 ſuperſtitious Follies, and to think it unreaſonable to fancy, that 
ſuch as liv'd a virtuous Life, and conformable to their Diſcipline, 
| thould contract any Pollution by Death; on the contrary, they 

eſteem'd their Remains worthy of Reſpect and Honour, and there: 


fore thought no Places ſo fit to repoſite them in, as thoſe adjoining 


to the Temples of their Gods 4 ). 

Alfter the Funeral was over, the Company met together at the 
. Houſe of the deceaſed Perſon's neareſt Relations, to divert them 
from Sorrow; here there was an Entertainment provided (e), which 
Was term' d Ivar, ier pode m, ra. in Latin circumpotatio, aC- 
8 * to Cicero, who informs us, that the Attict Laws prohibited 
the Ule of this 1 at the Funerals of Slaves (Y. The Cuſtom 
was very ancient; the Trojans, having celebrated He&or's Funeral, 
Pere ſplendidly entertain'd at King Priam's Houſe ( 85 5 


* 


Keurig N T6 o, waky 5 ab krete 
EV 02% y:f@jacves dal vονν ip Jara 
Aupacy is IIA Nerf Diο . .- 


A Tomb being rais'd, they orderly reſort 
8 In penſive Crowds unto King Priam's Court, FY 
JJ ES CO Cn by Where 


— Ly * * Rn : — _ — 


£5 (a) Plutarchus Quæſt. Roman. baud longe ab initio, (b) oc. v. 481. (e) V+ 
402. (4) Plutarchus Lycurgo. (e) Damoſ benes Orat. de Corona, Bugijunn: Dialcy: 
hal 72 Lib n 2 Lad. &, fine RET 


Of the Miſcellany Cyftoms of Greece, 231 
Where a rich Banquet cheerful Mirth invites, 4 

And ſparkling Wine whets their pall'd Appetites. 

0 RE ane J. 4. 

The ſame may be obſerv'd in the Grecian Camp, with this Difference, 
that Achilles entertain'd them before Parrochus's Funeral (a); 
| Kad & IC . rn ordwne@ Axl „ 

Muplos, auTae 6 ro ra jarvorinice dairy” 
Ho pity Borg apyor opeytror ap} 019%py 

EOadoper, wo & dirs x; prod aeg 

oe & apyiodules ves d] 4 . 

Evucyuaes Taro dic Poyes Hp 

Hain & ap! vixvv u Eee 72 5erv f. 


While great Achille; doth prepare and fit 

The Fun'ral Banquet, thronging Grecians fit 

About the Hero's Ship ; whole Herds he kills 

Of huge fat Oxen, roaring while he ſpills _ 

Their Thew that iſſue from their reeking Wounds ; | 
Whole Flocks of Sheep he kills; the Air reſounds, 
While Goats and fatted Swine make hideous Roar, 
When purple Streams from their gaſh'd Throats do pour. 
Theſe having kill'd, he roaſts, the while the Blood _ 
Around the Corpſe in a great Current flow'd, J. A. 


By which laſt Words it appears, that the dead Perſon had ſome In- 


tereſt in theſe Entertainments ; and as the Blood of the Beaſts was 
deſign'd for Patroclus's Ghoſt, ſo even in latter Ages we are told, 
the broken Morſels which fell from the Tables were look'd on as ſa- 


cred to the departed Souls, and not lawful to be eaten (4), To this 


Fancy Pythagoras's Aphoriſm, tho”. perhaps containing a more myſti- 
cal Senſe, was an undoubted Alluſion (c), T4 ia N aruifeiovaty 
i. e. Take not up Things fallen down; or, as others expreſs it, Mode 
ive Jar d av indy Tpamilng xalant7n, i. e. Do not ſo much as taſte 
Things fall'n under the Table. Theſe Fragments were carried to the 
Tomb, and there left for the Ghoſt to feaſt upon; whence to denote 
extreme Poverty, it was uſual to ſay, that a Perſon fole his Meat from 
{he Graves, To this Tibullus's Curſe alludes, e 


Ipſa fame ftimulante furens, eſcaſque ſepulchro 
' Querat, & a ſevis a relitia lupis. 


May ſhe want Bread ſo much, as ev'n to crave 
The Scraps and muſty Morſels of a Grave ; 


May ſhe be glad to pick a Carcaſe Bone 5 
Which Wolves and Vultures once have fed upon. J. 4. 
8 e WG me: þ 


8 6—— — — 
. 


{a) Iliad, W. v. 28. (5) 4ibenei parmooie, lib, X. (e) Laertius Fyrbager, ; 


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232 Of the Miſcellany Cuſtoms of Greece. 
The Entertainments of latter Ages conſiſted not, like Homer's, o 
Fleſh only, but all Sorts of Pulſe 8 Beans, Peaſe, and — 
Parſly, Eggs, and many other Things. The chief Subject of Diſ- 
courſe at theſe Meetings were the Praiſes of the Dead, eſpecially if 
they had been eminent for any Virtue, or commendable Quality; 
otherwiſe ſo great was the Simplicity of primitive Ages, that they 
look'd _— it molt expedient to ſay nothing, when by ſpeaking 
they muſt unavoidably offend the dead Man, or tranſgreſs the Rules 
of Truth, both which were thought equally criminal. But aftcr- 
wards they grew more laviſh of their ommendations, diſtributing 
them to all! Perſons without Diſtinction; whence came the Proverb 
Ovx iran»; wo ty wepr iv, which was only ap ly'd to Villains of 
the firſt Rate, and ſuch as had not the leaſt Shadow of a good Qua- 
ty to recommend them. 5 | 
There was a Cuſtom at Argos, obliging thoſe that had loſt any of 
their Kindred or Acquaintance, to Nane to Apollo preſently Pa 
Mourning, and thirty Days after to Mercury, out of an Opinion, 
that as the Earth received their Bodies, ſo their Souls fell into Mer- 
cury's Hands ; the Barley of che Sacrifice they gave to Apollo's Mi- 
niſter, the Fleſh they took themſelves ; and having extinguiſh'd the 
ſacrificial Fire, which they accounted polluted, kindled another, 
whereon they boil'd the Fleſh, calling it wyxriope (b), from the 
EFumes aſcending from the burning Sacrifice, which were term'd in 
 Gieek wivew. DT hs WW, | | | 8 
The Honours paid to the Sepulchres and Memories of the De- 
ceaſed were of divers Sorts: It was frequent to place Lamps in the 
ſubterraneous Vaults, of the Dead, whither ſuch as would expreſs 
an extraordinary Affection for their Relations, retir'd, and cloyiter'd 
themſelves up; an Example whereof we have in Perronius's Ephe- 
Han Matron, PO NRA | | 
They had a Cuſtom of bedecking Tombs with Herbs ard 
Flowers, amongſt which Parſly was chiefly in Uſe, as appears from 
Plutarch's Story of Timoleon, who marching up an Aſcent, from the 
Top of which he might take a View of the Army, aud Stiength 
of the Carthaginians, was met by a Company of Mules loaden with 
Parſly z which (faith my Author) his Soldiers conceived to be a 
very ill-boding and fatal Occurrence, that being the very Herb 
wherewith we adorn the Sepulchres of the Dead. This Cuſtom 
gave Birth to that deſpairing Proverb when we pronounce of one 
dangerouſly ſick deb. or, that he has . nothing but Par- 
fly ; which is in effect to ſay, le's a dead Man, and ready for tlie 
Grave. All Sorts of purple and white Flowers were acceptable to 
the Dead, as Amaranthus, which was firſt uled by the Talio 
to adorn 4chilles's Grave (c); w Ani, (a), which f me will have 
to be the Jeſſamin, with Lillies, and ſeveral others: Hence Virgil (e), 
85 1 x 5h | Purpu- 


4 r 1 1 


— 


| » (a) Plutar _ —— 1 () Platarebus Quæ . mr p. 296, 297. edit. 
rau. le Phitratus Heroic. (4) Th-pbrofs Lib, Vi. dcn. 
Athenzus, Lib. XIV, (le) Axeid. V. v. 1 nas ur 


07 the” Mz ear cee, of Greece, 23 3 


Purpuregſque j acet fores ac talia fan, ws 
He having purple F lowers aue d. chus ſpoke. 


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In the DOE Book he ade to the fins Cuſtom (s) . 


Heu, miſerande puer, figua fata aſpera rumpas, 
Tu Marcellus eris : date lilia plenis, 
ee Jpargam flores, animamque 8 
His ſaltem accumulem donis. 


Ah! could'ſt thou break thro' Fate's rd Decree, 
A new Marcellus ſhall ariſe in thee: 

Full Caniſters of fragrant Lillies bring, 

And all the curious Drap'ry of the Spring; 

Let me with purple Flowers his Body ſtrow, 8 
This Gift which Parents to their Children owe, 
This unavailin g Gift at leaſt I may beſtow. _ 


The Roſe too was very. grateful, whence Anacreon — theſe Verks 
in his Ode upon that Flower; 


Todt 5 y0080Ww ane, | 
Töde 9 vexpois fle 


When Age and Vigour do decay, 
The Ro/e their Strength repairs, ö 
It drives all Maladies away, 
And can prolong our Years ; 5 
The Dead too in their Graves do lie, 
With peaceful Slumbers bleſt, 
This is the Amulet, hereby 
No Ills their Tombs moleſt. | 7 A. 


On Ho oo 2 Aa... 


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Nor was the Uſe of Myrtle leſs common, 3 Euripides intro- 
duces Electra complaining chat Agamemnon's Tomb had never been 
agorn's with Boughs of that Plant; | | 


— 
. 


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"hes lum. 9 ros. 17 a0 ir. 
Ou wrwrolk & You, & x wupoivns 
Eat. 


With no 1 nor with Myrtle Boughs, 
Were my dear Father's Manes gratify d. 


, io roi ies; 297 


— nn. Mem agree pe—o oy — — 
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In tort, Graves were bedeck'd with Garlands of all So, an F lowers, : 
as appears from Agamemnon's Daughter i in Sepbocles ( | 


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(a) Ancid, VI, v. 883 (%) Eleftra, v. 586. 


234 Of the Miſcellany Cuſtoms of Greece 


. 


Een vf be, enailpes dg re, 
Opa xoAwrn; if Gxpa; rogevres 
Tinſa; yaaaxzIr, x; miprin _ 


Hasle oo” ie arliur Nux warp. 


No ſooner came I to my Father's Tomb, 
But Milt freſi pour'd in copious Streams did flow, 
And Flow'rs of ev'ry Sort around were ſtrew'd, 


"Theſe were commonly call'd eg (a), either from their Deſign to 
expreſs Love and Reſpect to the deceas d Perſon, or from Fe, 


becauſe they were uſually compoſed of a Collection of ſeveral Sorts 
of Flowers; or from jpa, as being laid upon the Earth; tho? nei- 


ther of theſe laſt Reaſons are conſtant ; for the Garlands were ſome- 


times compoſed of only one Sort of Flowers, and frequently hung 


upon the Pillars, and not Iaid upon the Grave-ſtone, Several other 
Things were frequently laid upon the Graves, as Ribbands, whence 
tis ſaid, that Epaminondas's Soldiers being diſanimated at ſeeing the 
Ribband that hung upon his Spear, carry'd by the Wind to a cer- 
tain Lacedæmonian Sepulchre, he bid them take Courage, for that 


3 portended Deſtruction to the Lacedemonians, it being cuſtomary 


to deck the Sepulchres of their Dead with Ribbands (4). Another 


Thing dedicated to the Dead, was their Hair. Ele&ra in Sophocles 


fays, that Agamemnox had commanded her and Chry/othemis to pay 


him this Honour, 


Hyuei; dd waTp3; Taber we i pie ro, 
Aobaio; TywToE x; xayaTipuog xaIAH;. 
* Eriiþorles. — $f] : 


With Drin#-O 'rings and Locks of Hair we muſt, 
According to his Vill, his Tomb adorn. 


Canace in Ovid (e) bewails her Calamity, in that ſhe was not per- 
mitted to adorn her Lover's Tomb with her Locks, as has been 
already obſerved. Ys e 

It was likewiſe cuſtomary to perfume the Grave- ſtones with ſweet 
Ointments, to which Practice Aracreon has this Alluſion, 


Ti G der Mor fegen, 
Ti & yy xi Rr ; 
Et poanaor, ws ir Ca, 
Mui, 85905 08 xa ra 
Huxel. 


Why 


* 


(a) Phaworinus, Etymologici Autor, ; (5) Frontinus, Lib. I. cap. II. (.) 
Epiſt. Canac. ad Macar, | 7 


| Of the Miſcellany Cuſtoms of Greece, 


Why do we precious Oiatments ſhow'r, 
Noble Wines why do we pour, 258 
Beauteous Flow'rs why do we ſpread 
Upon the Mon'ments of the Dead? 
Nothing they but D can ſhew, 


Or Bones that haften to . | $68 
Crown me with Roſes while 1 live, 3 5 
ende id fs while Live, e, 
Whence Leonidas ſeems to have borrow'd the Senſe of this Epigram, 
Ma pupae, ln g ip Mira rrnaos xapit, 
Mu T9 wog one, tis xu d Jr, 
Zörri Nel, £71 Jong xaipon Tipper N eh 
Ha Wolfi, Mx 5 Varun Tiirai. | 


When cold and lifeleſs in my Grave Pm laid, 
No fragrant Oi then pour, no Chaplets ſpread ; 
All expiatory Fires, all Rites are vain, 8 
Wine only can my fruitleſs Abbes ſtain: 
Come let's caroule, let's revel while we live, 7 
Twill elevate our Soule, twill Eaſe to Troubles give. 
To theſe Practices we find another added, vi. running naked 
about Sepulchres ; for Plutarch (a) tells us, that Alexander arriving 
at Troy, honour'd the Memories of the Heroes bury'd there with ſo- 
jlemn Libations, anointed Achi/les's Grave- ſtone, and (according to 
ancient Cuſtom) together with his Friends, ran naked about his Se- 
pulchre, and crowned it with Garland, s. 
* Beſide the forementioned Ceremonies, there remain ſeveral others, 
eſpecially their Sacrifices and Libations to the Dead: The Victims 
were black and barren Heifers, or black Sheep, as being of the 
fame Sort with thoſe offered to the infernal Gods, to denote the 


Contrariety of thoſe Regions to Light and Fruitfulneſs : whence 
Homer introduces Ulyſſes making a Vow to the Ghoſts after this 
manner (6): Sto 


Hoa N yen rexvwy Eure xd ma, 

EXbuy eie Iba xv, reipar Br, Arie alen, 

Pi tei &y fue i pol, wupi 1 ELTAT TEE) ie · 

Tespsoin & anvarvly ti ie pνν cz | 

Tappiaay', 35 pnnoos He fi HEñHh bg. 
A barren Cow to all the Poaw'rs below 

I did with ſolemn Proteſtation vow, 


| 0G * 


— 


— 


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COD Ss 


1 


30 7 a ms of eece, | 


5 i IND If eerl N my Lordſhip ſee, 
4 1 the us Wat rings on . abt 


V Altars then I likewiſe ſwore to Loa 

| With Fruit and ether OF rings as were * 

DN + But the beſt of our black Rams I cou'd chuſe, 15 
| N 1 e with chaſte Vom. P. 4. 
1 15 Beſides their offering theſe Sacrifices in Ditches, and ſome other Cuſ- 
|| 8h; 48 toms ſpoken of in one of the former Books (a), it may be obſerv'd 
| 3}! farther, that the firſt Thing they offered was the Hair upon the Vic- 
+ trims Forehead, which for that Reaſon was term'd «wapyai, and to 
Wk  offerit ewalpyroass. But however theſe Terms are ſometimes uſed 
os the Sacnfices of the Ghoſts, yet the Cuſtom of offering theſe 
| | Firft-fruits was common to the Sacrifices of the Celeſtial and other 

1 '' Deities, as appears from ſeveral Inſtances : * ne it at 
|| 1.38 one of Minerva's Sacrifices () 
| Wy N — wy „Ho 3 Adig þ 
{| 81.38 Br wand. nePanig Tpixas b wop) gabs, 
14 1 E invok'd Minerva with his Pray'rs, . 
1 e on the Altar threw the F orchead Hairs. 
1 another Place he ſpeaks of it as acceptable to the Gods (e i 
; | | ANN? oy ' & TAP XopuarO- apa. ri xc £y of! Bday 
| 0 ; Aypiele- 5 e, 9 in ivxilo W u Veoios, | | 
Hi Ot the Sow's Forehead having burn'd the Heirs, 
[i . To all the Gods he offers n Ri.. 
N l But their ordinary Offerings were nothing but Libations of Blood, 
iti 5 Honey. Wine, Milk, Water, Cc. Solox forbad the Sine 
„ dre ylCsι HA, to offer an Ox on this Occaſion Ca. Upon the Sacrifice 
fl they commonly inked W Some of cheſe are mentioned 
bi iv er, 0. | 
| | wh — Nong Aiohis wei rxvioow 
A | Ned ra laehunfire, pelereila & 9977 chu, 
PE | | To xl au val ini. Ap A aun, 
F We did with Reverence the Shades adore, 
re Me firſt did Honey mix'd with Water pour, 
4 Then Wine, then Ane Water, and next Barky fr 


Honey .» was rarely omitted, being accounted. 9 Copa, 3 
Symbol or > Tones of Dearh ( 9. Jence, as Tome ranks Me Ghoſts 
of 


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(a) Lib, 1. ca ) 0g , 9 Hliad, ; 4) hes 
n [. TN 55 17 77 5e de ie itt 


| 


WY 


Of the Miſcellany Cuſtoms of Greece. 2 * 


| of the Deceas d came to be term'd Here, che infernal Gan, 
xxx, and their Oblations g 

They were __— to render the Ghoſts.kind and propitious, 
and dee. term d yoal lupo, or dogacheften. e in 2 8 
ha fide — deſcribes them (a); - | 


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To whom TI in this ſacred Chalice 4 hut 5 
I hbeſe ſolemn Liquids as an Cine | 
This Blood in Crimſon Streams ſhall ſtain the Ground, 
Wich Wine and th' Product of the ſed'lous Bee, 
The common Peace-Atonement for the Dead. 72 2. 


Theſe were ſometimes offer'd upon Altars, which were d 
plac'd near the ancient Sepulchres, with Tables for the achificlat 
Feats ; ſometimes they were 1 forth upon the Ground, or 
Grave - ſtone, and, together with a certain Form of Words, offered 

to the Deceaſed. Thus Helena deſires Hermiene to 9 * 
neſtra in her Name (5); . 


Q vi xxos e Eppudrr, Sp OY 

Kai Mace Neat THO i Nifen, æötiag v kg, 
EN 0 a To KAvieupwnr pes rope 

| MeNaxpaT” Apes vNαπ oirwToes T? 2 

Kal ac ir axps Aue. Mt Ta): 

% Fawn of D ra od: Fopeiras v. 


Daughter Hermione, come forth and take 

* hefs Offerings to thy dear Aunt's Sepulchre, 
Theſe Lacks of my Hair, and this Honey mir 
With Mill, and this Hine to pour ver her Grave, 

Which having done, ſtand on its Top, and * 

« Thy Sister Fielen to declare her Lowe, 

Nd Offers theſe Rites to thy * Memory,” 


The Water thus employ'd” Was term'd 93 She, derben: 
and at A. ee x 3 N died who had been 


8 3 We 8 ' 123 2 ” | . 


** "MEI" 4 * 2 


(a) Ipbigen, Tae. v. 15 · (i) Zed. Or f. v. 114. () Bit, oa 0. 


1 0 
" * e 4 : 


1 


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. ai) — waſhes — 
rin —— — 
7 2/94 —— n — — 
FF IL a 4 _ as 
+ 


— —  — — — 


e 5 e 
— PA gti 


— . — — * 

Gy 8 a. 2 th + A og "> Ss. — 2 
Vx oh 20 el me ee ages arg oeey 
— Reed — eta 


% 


236 Of the Mſcelam Cuban of Greece. 


with Veſſels of Water upon the Sepulchres of ſuch as di 


marry'd, there was a Cuſtom for Women to carry Water to the! 
Graves, who from pouring it forth were termed ü xulpicpia. (a). 
When a young Man or Maid died, the Water was carried by a 
Boy (5), or (Which 1 to ſome more probable) by a Boy to the 
Sepulchres of young Men, by a Maid to the Sepulehres of Maids 3 
whence came the Caſtom of erecting Images reprefenting Maids 
in their 
Virginity, as was obſerv'd in the foregoing Chapter, tho? I have 
there interpreted this Cuſtom fo as to agree with the former Opi- 
nion. As for thofe that died in their Infancy, they were honoured 
with no Libations, nor had any Right to the reſt of the Funeral 
D . „ 
Theſe Honours were paid the Dead the ninth and thirtieth Days 


after Burial C4), and repeated when any of their Friends arrived 


that had been abſent at the Solemnity, and upon all other Occa- 
fions which required their ſurviving Relations to have them in 
Memory. But ſome part of the Month An:hifteriox ſeems to have 
been eſpecially ſet apart for theſe Ceremonies in ſeveral of the 
Grecian Cities. Athenæius reports in particular of the Apolloniatæ (c), 
that they paid the Dead the cuſtomary Honours in this Month. He- 
Hchius (/ hkewife reports that the ſame Cuſtom was obſerv'd at 
Athens, and that they termed the Days appointed for theſe Solem- 


nities papel apr, Which were by others called awoPpadrs (g, as 
being polluted by their Dedication to the Dead, whoſe Ghoſts were 


thought to aſcend from their ſubterraneous Habitations, to enjoy the 


kind Entertainment of their Friends (S); the want hereof was thought 


a great Calamity, and therefore is reckoned by Caſſandra among the 


manifold Misfortunes of the Trojans, that ay Ros have no ſur- 
riving Friends to offer Sacrifices at their Tombs, 


con ede rape 

Eo orig auνιαν wipes y dbfnνοννi. 
Tor ſhall one Friend remain | 
To. flain their deſert Sepulchres with Blood. 


Upon theſe publick Days they called over the Names of their 
dead Relations one by one, excepting ſuch as died under Age, or 


* 


: forfeited their Title to theſe Honours, by diffipating their Paternal 
Inheritances, or other Crimes. There was likewiſe another time 
when they call'd over the Names of the Dead, which being omitted 


in the foregoing Chapters, I ſhall ſpeak of it in this place; it was 
when they loſt their Friends in foreign Countries, whence before 
they departed they called the Names of all that were og ou of 
their Company three times. Thus Ulyſſes in Homer declares he did, 
when he loſt ſome of his Men in Battle with the Cicones (i); 


Ty 
wh a) Ft ci Autor. (5) Idem. (c) Plucarebus lib. conſolat. ad uxorer!. 
(4) Pollux ib, III. cap. X. (e) &Armverop lib. VIII. Voce Miapac. 
(g) Suidas, (6) Lucianus EN4, . (i) Och,. l. v. 64. 


0 the Miſcellany Cuſtoms of Greec ece. 239 
od ate prot exflipe ring cle ayuPieiooes, N. 


nu run vd d i7apar Tel; lr avon, 
0! Salbe is wii Kubin de Jute dels. 
My high-built Ships I launch'd not from che Shore. 
A better Fate and Voyage to explore, ; 
Till I had fingly ehrice call d o'er my Friends, 
Who by Ciconians came t' untimely Ends. 


+ Jt 


Hercules in Theecritus calls Hylas three times (a); 


Tis her Yau Zou Soo Bad p. NI, 
His much lov'd Hylas periſh'd in the Flood 
He call d on Thrice as loud as &er he cou'd; 


The Reaſons of this Cuſtom were, according to John Netzes (5), 
partly, that ſuch as were left behind might upon hearing the Noiſe, 

repair to their Ships, and partly to teſtify their Unwillingneſs to 
depart without their Companions ; | 1 | 


Ts efoTepor For; Inoxavlag 8s yur Th 4 
AToInuBili; od avTav TPOTEKXIG Auf 

N Ohne ididats Bicky Tx; Odvooriag 
Taro 9“ Sey we fue, Toy g Dinar 44, 
Ka: w; ”, £5 anonigon Tis, po; Thy pn o urdpagaci· 


It was a Cuſtom ' mong'ſt all ancient Greeks, 
That he who trav'ling into foreign Parts 

Did die, ſhould by ſurviving Friends be cal! 
Thrice, as a Token of their mutual Love. 
Hence all that were alive then join'd their Voice, 
As Homer in his Odyſſey atteſts, 5 . 


To return: They had anniverſary Days, on which they paid their 
Devotions to the Dead; theſe were ſometimes term'd Nu, as 
being celebrated upon the Feſtival of Nemeſis, who was thought to 
have eſpecial Care for the Honours of the Dead (c); ſometimes: 
Qpaia (49, as alſo Tateia (e); the Reaſon of which Name ſeems 
to be, that it ſignifies the anniverſary Day of Man's Nativity, which 
after his Death was ſolemnized with the ſame Ceremonies that were 
us'd upon the Anniverſary of his Death (//, which were properly 
term'd Nexyoia ; hence it is that theſe two Words are commonly 
thought to ſignify the ſame Solemnity. | 


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(d) Heſychius, Phavorimes, (e) Sudan & (/ Suidas, i, Feat. 


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| | W . 5 1 i 80 
249 Of the Miſcellany Cuſtoms of Greece, 

The Honours of the Dead were diſtinguiſhed according to the 
Quality and Worth of the Perſon they were conferred on. Such as 
by their Virtues and Public Services had raiſed themſelves above 
the common Level, had ngwizac TH, the Honours'of Heroes; the 
Participation hereof was termed anizgoyai, or ex 11 ned x, 
deo, Of T,. Others, who had diſtinguiſhed themſelves 
from the former, were rais'd a Degree higher, and reckoned 
among the Gods, which Conſecration was termed $:onaie, and 
was very different from the former, to worſhip the former Perſons 
being only termed wayitew, but the latter Jy. The latter Honour 

was very rare in the heroic Times, but in ſubſequent Ages, when 
| at Examples of Virtue were not fo frequent, and Men more 

addicted to Flattery, it became more cheap, inſomuch that thoſe 
Perſons, whom former Ages had only. worſhipped: as Heroes, were 
afterwerds accounted Gods; an Inſtance whereof we have (to omit 
ſeveral others) in Lamp/ace one of Plutarch's Heroines (a). The 
Athenians were eſpecially remarkable for immoderate and profuſe 
Diftributions of thoſe Honours, and it is generally Keel 
that that Nation exceeded all the reſt of the Grecians in the Arts 
of Flattery and Superſtition, as appears from ſeveral Inſtances in 
the precedent Books. „ W A 

I ſhall obſerve in the laſt place, that theſe and the reſt of the 
Honours of the Dead, were thought moſt acceptable when offered 
by their neareſt Friends; when by their Enemies, they were reject- 
— with Indignation; whence OV introduces Electra adviſing 
her Siſter CHryſotbemis, that ſhe ſhould by no means offer Chtem- 
#:ftra's Gifts to Agamemnon (67 9035 „ 

ANN, 4 eln, rr ew, wy U K ονν, 
Tub, mroown/15 ·αν 8 yep c Sa. 
Ov & cor txSpas axe yurain; i, 
KrTtgiopar', ad Avipe mpogPipew maolgi. 
Dear Siſter, don't attempt his Tomb tYapproack 
With a Deſign of offering thoſe Gifts, 
Since the internal Manes do deteſt, 
As heinous, Rites paid by an Enemy. . 


For Men were thought to retain the ſame Affections aſter Death 
which they had entertained, when alive. This appears farther from 
the Story of Ezeocles and Polynices, Oedipus's Sons, who having kill'd 
each other in ſingle Combat, and being burned in the ſame Pile, the 
Flames of their Bodies would not unite, but hy parting from cach 
other demonſtrated the irreconcilable and immortal Hatred of the 
Brethren, as we are inform'd by Bianor's following Epigram ; 
Oldie. wardw O15 TY, A 6 warwng | 
TD ET Cavlw al AVET CE Sogar | Fe 
| | 1 Keivs; 


„ 
. 


(e) Lib. de Mulierum caris faftis, (5) Elerra v. 432. 


of the Miſcellany Euftoms . Greece, 24x 
Kebeg r ade haf ev a x Axis Ee 5. oy 09 oF 
Mdpailas r oy - e e 


Kai evpi avg SNF kx ,k e e H 
Nadi, d coiHn Tr ages Joa r n 


Within thy Walls, O Thebes, two Brothers lie, 8 
Who, tho? deceas'd, ceaſe not their Enmity 1 
For from their Bodies on the Pile do 2 e Fe 
Enrag'd Corpuſcles juſtling in the Sk 

With pointed Fury eagerly. they meet, 

Then in Averſion ſcornfully retreat. 

Unhappy Youths, by Fates deny'd to have 

The peaceful Slumbers of a ſilent Grave. 7 ＋ 


Lycophron has furniſhed us with th llel Ban of Mopar 
and Amphilochus, who having ſlain ke por ther, were buried in the 
oppoſite Sides of an Hill, leſt their Ghoſts ſhould be diſturbed 1 
having their Sepulchres within ſight of one another (a); ; 


Axe & anCpo; Sve &y Ea 
Mryapo®- &lvuv H rabtiomras 

N an Haruci; und v: Plipuy ideas | 
Arvles, ory daa biſſac anus ra pos 2 


An high and craggy Mount, M ark nam'd 

Shall ſtand between the ſacred e | 

Leſt the grievid Manes ſhould offended be | 
To ſee each ther $ Tomb by ee din d. . 


| cH AP. M. 
of their Love of BOYS. 
7 HO it was that firſt bands the Cuſtom of levies Boys 


into Greece, is uncertain ; however (to omit the infamous Wo 

Amours of Jupiter, Orpheus; Laius of Thebes, and others) we find | {= 
it generally practiſed by the ancient Greciant, and that not only 18 
in private, but by the public Allowance and Encouragement of 
their Laws ; for they thought there could be no Means more effec- 
tual to excite their Youth to noble Undertakinge, nor any greater 
Security to their Common-wealths, than this generous Paſſion. This 
the Invaders of their Liberties ſo often experienced, that it became 
a receiv'd Maxim in the Politics of Tyrants, to uſe all their En- 

| denden to extirpate it out of their Dominiors ; ſome Inſtances 
; 1 whereof 


3 P 4 


„ — — - — 


Vo be oi a | 


6 


* 


were cal ne th 
that the Lovers always took their Boys by Force; for having placed 


2 Of the Miſcellany Cuſtoms of Grecce- 


whereof we have in A:heazus (a). On the contrary, free Common- 
wealths, and all thoſe States that conſulted the Advancement of their 
own Honour, ſeem to have been unanimous in eſtabliſhing Laws to 
encourage and reward it. Let us take a View of ſome few of them. 
Firſt we ſhall find it to have been ſo generally practiſed, ſo high- 
ly eſteem'd in Crete, that ſuch of their well-born and beautiful 
Vouths as never had any Lovers, incurred the public Cenſure, as 
Perions ſome way or other faulty in their Morals; as if nothing 
elſe could hinder, but that ſome one's Affections would be plated 
upon them. But thoſe that were more happy in being admired, were 


honoured with the firſt Seats at public Exerciſes, and wore, for a 


diſtinguiſhing Badge of Honour, a fort of Garment richly adorned ; 


this they till retained after they arrived to Man's Eftate, in memo- 


y they had ance been xa:ilo;, eminent (5), which was the Name the 
retans gave to Youths that had Lovers. The Lovers themſelves 
ed Orot. One thing was remarkable in this Place, 


their Affections upon any one, they gave notice of it to his Rela- 


tions, and withal certified them what Day they deſigned to take 


him : If the Lover was unworthy of the Boy, they refuſed to yield 
him up; but if his Quality and Virtues were anſwerable, they made 
ſome flight Oppoſition, to ſatisfy the Law, and purſued him to his 


Lodgings, but then gave their Conſent. After this the Lover car- 


ried the Boy whither he pleaſed, the Perſons that were preſent at the 
Rape bearing him company. He entertained him ſome time, two 
Months at . fartheſt, with Hunting, and ſuch Diverſions, then 
returned him Home. At his Departure it was ordered by Law that 
the Boy ſhould receive a Suit of Armour, an Ox, and a Cup, to 
which the Lover uſually added out of his own Bounty ſeveral other 


_ Preſents of Value. The Boy being returned Home, ſacrificed the Ox 


to Jupiter, made an Entertainment for thoſe that had accompanied 


him in his Flight, and gave an Account of the Ufage he had from 


his Lover; for in caſe he was rudely treated, the Law allowed him 
Satisfaction (c). Tis further affirmed by Maximus the Tyrien, that 


during all the time of their Converſe together, nothing unſeemly, 


nothing repugnant to the ſtricteſt Laws of Virtue paſſed between 
them ca); and however ſome Authors are inclined to have hard 
Thoughts of this Cuſtom, yet the Teſtimonies of many others, 
with the higheſt Characters given by the Ancients of the old Cretar 
Conſtitutions, by which it was approved, are ſufficient to vindicate 
it from all falſe Imputations. The ſame is put beyond diſpute by 
what Strabo tells us (e), that 'twas not ſo much the external Beauty 


of a Boy, as his virtuous Diſpoſition, his Modeſly, and Courage, 


which recommended him. 


From the Cretans paſs we to the Lacedæmoni ant, ſeveral of whoſe 


Conſtitutions were derived from Crete, Their Love of Boys was 
ee 3 — 60 5 _- remarkable 


— 


_ <tc... hs. li. 


(4) Lib. XIII. (6) Stabe, lib. X. (e) ldem. (4) Difſert. X. (.) Loc. cit, 


OF ide Miſcellany Cuſtoms of Greece, 243 
remarkable all over Greece, and for the whole Conduct and excel- 
lent Conſequences of it every where admired. There was no ſach 
thing as Preſents paſſed between the Lovers, no foul Arts were uſed 
to inſinuate themſelves into one another's Affections; their Love 
was generous, and worthy the Spartan Education; it was firſt en- 
tertained from a mutual Eſteem of one another's, Virtue; and the 
{ame Cauſe which firſt inſpired the Flame, did alone ſerve to nouriſh 
and contiuue it; it was not tainted with ſo much as a Suſpicion of 
Immodeſty. Agefilaus is ſaid to have refuſed ſo much as to kiſs 
the Boy he loved (a), for fear of Ceuſure; and if a Perſon atte mpted 
any thing upon à Youth. beſides what conſiſted with the ſtricteſt 
Rules of Modeſty, the Law (however encouraging a virtuous Love) 
condemned him to Diſgrace (6), whereby he was deprived of al- 
moſt all the Privileges of free Denizens. The ſame Practice was 


allowed the Women towards their own Sex, and was ſo much in 


ſaſh ion among them, that the moſt ſtaid and virtuous Matrons 
would publicly own their Paſhon for a modeſt and beaut ful Virgin 
(e), which is a farther Confirmation of the Innocency, of this Cuſ- 
tom. Maximus the Tyrian (d) aſſures us the Spartans loved their 
Boys no otherwiſe than a Man may be enamoured with a beautiful 
Statue, which he proves from what Plalarch (e) likewiſe reports, 
that tho' ſeveral Men's Fancies met in one Perſon, yet did not that 
cauſe any Strangeneſs or Jealouſy among them, but was rather the 
Beginning of à very intimate Friendihip, whilſt they all jointly 
conſpired to render the beloved Boy the moſt accompliſh'd in the 
World; for the End of this Love was, that the young Men might 
be improved in all. virtuous and commendable Qualities; by conver- 
ſing wich Men of Probity and Experience; whence the Lover and. 
the Beloved ſhared the Honour and Dugrace of each other; the 
Lover eſpecially. was blamed if the Boy offended; and ſuffered 
what Puniſhment was due to his Fault %. Plutarrh has a Story 
of a Spartan fined by the Magiſtrates, becauſe the Lad whom he 
loved cried out effeminately whilſt he was fighting (g. The ſame. 
Love continued when the Boy was come to Man's Eſtate ; he ſtill 
preſerved his former Intimacy with his Lover, imparted to him all 
his Deſigns; and was directed by his Counſels, as appears from an- 
other of Plutarch's Relations concerning Cleomenes, who before his 
Advancement to the Kingdom, was beloved by one Aenares, with 
whom he ever after maintained a moſt intimate Friendſhip, till he 
went about his Project of new modelling the Common-wealch, 
which Anares not approving; departed from him, but ſtill remained 
faithful to him, and concealed bis Deſigus (6%). r SOON 
If we pais from Sparta to Athens, we ſhall find that there Salon 
forbad Slaves to love Boys, making that an honourable Action, and 
as it were inviting (theſe are Plutarch's (i) Words) the Worthy to 
practiſe what he commanded the Unworthy to forbear. That Law- 

47 . 1 . i giver 

(a) Phturcbur Apophthegm. (b) Xenopbon de Rep. Laced. Plut:rebus Infriturt, 
Lorie, (e) Plutarcbus Lycurgo, (d] Diftert. X (e) L;c:rgo. Alas. Var. 
Milt, Mb. 13. (g) I.ycorge, ofb) VI :rorchus Cleamere, (1) Suient, 


5 9 


— 


| 


* n FM AO Wet BEET Vi TORI | 1 3 ts TP 
244% » Ofc the Miſcellany Cyftoms of Greece. 
giver kimſelf is ſaid to have loved Piffratur (a), and the moſt emi. 
nent Men in that Common-wealth ſubmitted to the ſame Paſſion. 
Socrates, Who died a Martyr for diſowning the Pagan Idolatry, is 
very remarkable tor ſuch Amours, yet ſeems not whilſt alive to have 
indurr'd the leaſt Suſpicion of Diſhoneſty; for what elſe could be 
the Cavſe,” that when Callias, Thrafymachus, Ariſtephanes, . Anytus 
and Melitus, with the reſt of his Enemies, accuſed him of teaching 
Critias to tyrannize, for Sophiſtry, for Contempt af the Gods, and 
other Crimes, they never ſo much as upbraided him with impure 
Love, er for writing or diſcourſing upon that Subject? And tho' 
tome Perſons, eſpecially in later Ages, and perhaps unacquainted 
with the Practies of the old Grecians, have called in queſtion; that 
Phileſopher's Virtue in this Point, yet both he and his Scholar 
Plato are ſufficiently vindicated from that Imputation by Maximus 
the"Tyrian (5), to whom I refer the Reader. The Innocency of 
this Love may farther appear from their ſevere Laws enacted. againſt 


immodeſt Love, whereby the Youths that entertained ſuch Lovers 


were declared infamous, and rendered\uncapable of public Employ- 
ments, and the Perſons IN them, condemned to die; 
ſeveral other Penalties were likewiſe ordered, to deter all Men from 
{o*heinous and deteſtable a Crime, as appears from the Laws of 4. 
thins, deſeribed in one of the f..regoing Books (c. 
Theie are many other Examples of this Nature, whereof I ſhal! 
only mention one more; it ſhall be taken from the 7 hebans, whoſe 
Lav givers Pletarch tells us (a) encouraged this excellent Paſſion, 
to temper the Manners of their Youth ; nor were they diſappointed 
of their Expectation, a pregnant Evidence whereof (to omit others) 
we have in the t Panayt, /acred Band; it was a Party of 300 
ck ſen Men, compoſed of Lovers and their Beloved, and therefore 
called ſacrea; it gained many important Victories,” was the firit 
that ever overcame the ere (whoſe Courage till then ſeemed 
irre unſtable) upon equal Terms, and was never beaten till the Bat- 
tle at Chæronta; aſter which King Philip taking a View of the 
Slain, and coming to the Place where theſe 300, who had fought his 
whole Phalanx, lay dead together, he was ſtruck with Wonder, and 
underſtanding that twas the Band of Lovers, he ſaid weeping, Let 
3 periſb who ſuſſpect that theſe Men either did or ſuſftred any thing 
. Betore I conclude this Chapter, it may be neceſſary to obſerve, 
that the Lover was called by the Spartans diommeg; tromunnc, Or as 
others write it, dene; the Beloved was termed by the Tian, 
 dirryg. Thus T heverztus (e); N . 
34 | Bow In Tie rad pet” apppoieferrs yorrotny 
ca © 4 uy tler Ng, Oain No. Aνα,Etmu du | 
T & rep Wav, w; xiv 5 Q500%A% imei, AH. 


The 


< 4 z 4 _ N 8 


* N 9 1 * 


wy * 4 * 4 th. "_ "Oy 


— EIOS td hc 1 * 


(4) Idem loc. cit. (4) Diflert,, VIII. ix. X. M. (ce) Lib. I. p. 172, 173 
2) Peletida. (e) Idz I. %, v. 12. ö | | 2 | 


— 


of the Miſcellany Cyams of Greece. 2 45 

The Greek Scholiaft derives, both the Names a * Toy ict A- 
c len 5 $i 0mv23v Toy pwTa TW ayanu/y, from the Lover 8 bein 8 inſpired 
with Affection for his Las TN and other ancient a 
agree wich him herein. * Uk 


CHAP. ” 4 
Of thei Cuſtoms in "expreſſi ing their Love, their Love. 


Potions, Incantations, &c. 


OVERs had ſeveral Ways of diſcovering their path ons and 

expreſſing the Reſpect they had for their Beloved, Every Tree 
in the Walks they frequented, every Wall of their Houfes, cvery 
Book they uſed, had inſcribed upon it the Beloved's Name, with the 
Epithet of a or ae Whence Lucian (a) relating a, Stary pr 
one deſperately in Love with Venus Cnidia, after other Expreflia 
his Paſſion, adds, that there was never a Wa'!-or Tree but what prt 
claimed Apreh xn xa, Venus fair. Callimachus's Lover has the 1ame 
Fancy, only that he wiſhes his Miſtreſs's Name written on Leaves, 

if we * credit the Scholiaft upon nad oor era (#), 


ANN in os, PI ret lun T6TTH% 22 
rere Kubi w 45 if⁰ον f. 


May the kind Trees. on . duch Letters. Heb. 
As ſhall proclaim my dear & Gydigpe fair. 


Twas in Alluſion to this Practise, that one in Puripide declared, 
he ſhould never entertain a good Opinion of the Female Sex, tho” 
the Pines in Mount Ida were filled with the Names (c). 4ri/iop hancs 
had an Eye to the fame Cuſtom, when jeſting upon an old Athenian 
that was 12 in love with deciding Cauſes, ke ſays, that upon 
every Place he writ znu%; t, 5 W ord ſignifies cue Cover of 
the Fa Urn Ca). | 


| Ay ion 2. 3 verbalen Vs: | 
To Hefe 87 ofen nf. Kane | = Hala 
Ih mel. e Knjos &. 


Lovers uſually deck'd the Doors of their Beloved with Plowere 
and Garlands ; for thinking the Perſons their Affections were pla- 
ced upon, to be che very Image of the Deity of Love, their Hoaie 

R 3 could 


„„ ee HA. 4 OE 


, 


(e) Euftathins Nad. C. 2 490. 


245 'Of the Miſcellany Cuftoms of Greece. 
could be no leſs than Crupid's Temple (a), which was accuſtomed 
Þ receive thoſe Honours. From the ſame Original they ſeem © 
ave derived the other Cuſtom of making Libations before their 
Miſtreſſes Doors, and ſprinkling them with Wine, of which we have 
Mention in the Sebdliaft upon Ariſtophanes (ö), where he reports, 
that many of the 7 5zJe1ian Gentlemen were in love with the beau- 
 tiful Nats, and publicly own'd their Paſſion, by ſprinkling the Doors 
of her Houſe with Wine. [ 1 N 
When a Perſon's Garland was unty'd, it was taken for a Sign of 
being in love (c) s and for a Woman tv compoſe a Garland, was 
al. Indication of her Paſſion (4). s Hs 


i? 
= 


—— EC 2. WAX 
Tom giparo, igꝶ doris, 


The Wreathing Garland in a Woman is 
The uſual Symprom of a Love-fick Mind. 


They had ſeyeral Methods of diſcoyering whether their Love would 
| ſucceſsful ; that of the x5ra69- was very frequent at Enter- 


| kainments, which is hereafter deſcribed. Two other Ways we have 
in Theecritas (e) „ 


Exo wpas zue py pappaphy = p, pe = 
'Ovdt 75 TyMPiAo woluypatale rd n, 
AN @DTY; ννν wort wax ier f 

Ewe 2 Aypeid T araliq xooxwigailic, . 
A p ðh-⁰ʃi Uο, weg Sex iy 4 
Ti d. HAI, TY Of prev Abyur B0Ine Don. 


All this I knew, when I defign'd to prove . 
Whether I ſhould be happy in my Love; 
I preſs'd the Long-life, but in vain did preſs, 
Tt gave no lacky Sound of good 3 HOY 
To Agrio too I made the ſame Demand, 
A cunning Woman ſhe, I croſs'd her Hand, 
She turn'd the Sieve and Sheers, and told me true, 
That I ſhould love, but not be lov'd by you. 


4 : Mr. Creech, 


Both theſe Cuſtoms I haye already deſcribed in one of the precedent 
Books (Y, which the Reader may conſult. 14 50 

When their Love was without Succeſs, they had ſeveral Arts to 
procure the Affections of their Beloved. The The/alian Women 
were famous in their Skill in this, as well as other Magical Prac- 
tices. The Means whereby it was effected were of divers Sorts ; 
| l | it 


7k 


=" "IL 1 oi * 


, K \ 
4 {he * 


— 


(a) Atbeneus lib, XIV. (4) Pluto AR. I. Sc. I. (c) Athenevs lib. cit. ( 4.) A. 
rifopbanes Thejmepbor, (e] Idyll. III. v. 28. (/ Lib. II. cap. xvili. 2. 39 


2 lan | | 
Hic Magicos a fert cantus, hic Thefſala vendit 
Philtra, guibus valeant mentem vexare mariti. 

This Pedlar offers Magic Charms, the next : 
Philtres, by which the Huſband's Mind's perplext. 


Their Operations were violent and dangerous, and commonly de. 


prived ſuch as drank them of their Reaſon. Plutarch and Cornelius 


Nepos report, that Lucullus the Roman General firſt loſt his Reaſon, 


and afterwards his Life by one of them. Lucretius the Poet, ended 
his Life the ſame way; and Caius Caligula {as Suetonius reports) 


was driven into a Fit of Madneſs by a Philtre given him by his 
Wife Cz/onia, which Story is mention'd by the fame Poet (6), 
| —T ames hec tolerabile, | non, | 
Et furere incipias, ut avunculys lle Neconis, 
Cui totam tremuli frontem Cæſonia put. 
Infudit— e WE AU Bn oe C4 
Some nimbler Juice would make him foam and rave, 
Like that Cz/onia to her Caius gave, | 
Who plucking from the Forehead of the Fole 


His Mother's Love, infus'd it in the Bol. Mr. Dryden. | 


Ovid likewiſe aſſures us, that this was the uſual Effect of theſe 
Potioms, FF W 55 5 
Nec data prefuerint pallentia philtra puellis, 

Philtra nocent animis, vimgue furoris habent. 
All pois'nous Drugs, and necromantic Arts 
Ne'er move the ſcornful Maids relentleſs Hearts, 
They but diftra the Senſes, ſeize the Brain, 


And Jeuu, Rites and Myſteries profane. . . 


The Ingredients they were made up of were of ſeveral Sorts, di- 
vers of which applied by themſelves were thought effectual. Some 
of the moſt remarkable were theſe that follow;  _ * 

Hippomanes, a Piece of Fleſh upon the Forchead of Colts new 


foal'd, of a black or brown Colour, in Bigneſs and Shape like a F is, 
which the Mares bite off as ſoon as they have foal'd, but if they be 


prevented, forſake their Off- ſpring; whence it was thought a pre- 
valent Medicine to conciliate Love, eſpecially when reduced to 


R 4 Cn, A 


— — —_  ETEPY 
* a 1. — 


9 
1 —_ 


a) Satir. VI. v. % (8) Loe. cit. 


Of the Miſcellany Cuſtoms of Greece. 247. 
* was ſometimes done by Potions. called gif, which are fre- 
ently mentioned in Authors of beth Languages. Juvenal ſpeaks 


| 
| 


mer, as M4 from 


K — 
| ” 


* of the ka cane ef Greact) 


Powder, and ſiatiow'd with ſome Drops of the Lover's Blood. Tis 
frequently mention*d by the Writers of Natural Hiſtory. Ariſtotle, 


. Pliny, Solinus, Columella, with many others, have thought it worth 
their Notice. The Poets are full of its Effects; whence Dido in Virgil 


(to omit other Inſtances) bas Recourſe to it, when eie to re- 
call nueas to her Affection (a), 


Fee ts e equi. 4 rant revulſas, | | 


atri præreptus amor. 


© She from the Forchead of a new-foal'd Colt _ 
Th' excreſcent Lump doth * 


"AY ſame Word i is frequently taken in another Senſe, 450 is deſcri - 


hed by Pliny | to be. Virus aifiillans at inguing eguæ coitum Maris appe- 


tentis, & i in furorem a ag This was no leſs 3 than the for- 


auſanias's Story of a Horſe's Statue dedicated 
by one Phormis an Arcadian, which being infected by a Magician 


with the Hippomanes I am ſpeaking of, fo enraged all the Stone-Hor- 


ſes that paſſed that Way, that they would break their Bridles in Pie- 
ces, and throw their Riders, to come at it (5), and could not with- 


out great Difficulty and many Stripes be forced from it. Several of 


the Foets ſpeak of its Effects 3 Ovid , 


Sci bene quid gramen quid torto concita ene, | 
Licia, quid walegt wiras amantis eur. 


be knows the Virtue of each Herb to move 
The latent Seeds of à coy Lady's Love; 
She knows the Rhomb, what Feats in Magic are, 


From pois nous I ue of a luſiful Mare. 


2 "i 


| Fire 1 will have it to proceed from Lyfitonian Mares impregnated 
| by he Wind 7 40%. 


C ontinuoque avidis ubi ſubdita Hamma medullix 
. Pere magis, quia were calor redit offibus ile, 

Ore cmnes werſ# iu Zephyrum, ftant rupibus altis, 

Eceptanigie lewes auras; & ſæge fine ullis 
Conjugiis, wento gravide ( mirabile diffu). 

Saxa per, & ſcopules, & depreſſas conwalles 
Diugi uns; non, Eure, tuss, neque polis ad ortus, 

In Beream, Cauru xgue, aut unde nigerrimus Aufter 


| oh Ry Naſcitur, 2 pluvid contriſtat frigore cœitum. 


Hinc demum, Hippe manes vero quod nomine dicunt | 
 Paſtorts, lentum diſtillat ab inguine virus, | 


bo H ippo- 


—² mm ene 2 "RT een fab 3 8 55 
(a) Hneid. IV. . ? (6) Eliac, 4. rope « fem, ſe) Lice J. 
es VIII, 749) Georgic, III. 21. F 


- 


& the Miſcellany Cuſtoms-of- . 9 


anes, quod feepe male legere novirea, 
| . & nen — vera. * 


When at the 8 Spring's A pproach their Masrow burt 
For with the Spring 4 genial Heat returns) 
he Mares to Cliffs of rugged Rocks repair, 
And wich wide Noſtrils ſnuff the Weſtern Air * 
When (wond'rous to relate) the Parent Wind, 
Without the Stallion, propagates the Kind; 
Then fr'd with am'rous Rage they take their Eli 
Through Plains, and mount the Hills unequal Height; 
Nor to the North, nor to the riſing Sun, 
Nor Southward to the rainy Regions run, 
But bearing to the Weſt, nod hov'ring there, 
With gaping Mouths they draw prohfic Air, 
With Which impregnate, from their Groins they od 
A ſlimy Juice by falſe Conception bred. 
The Shepherds know it well, and call the ſame 
Hippomanes, to note the Mother's F lame; 
This gather'd in the Planetary Hour, 
With noxious Weeds, and ſpell'd with Words of Pow” r, 
Dire Stepdames in the Magic Bowl infuſe, 
And mix for r unn the ad nous e 


The ſame Story FO 1 ove | by Ariſtotle, Others make M 


% be a Plant in Arcadia, which allo was powerful 4 an en the 
wrementioned Effects (a), 


Erregers pile 55s Wag "Arxaon* TW ors. de. 
Ka TAs . ay wfec % dea! ici. 
N x, ob 70016. K is T69 Sehn wen 
| Mauwy ixinor, Nu apc fluohe mana. fac. 
Hippomanes, à Plant Arcadia bears, 
This makes Steeds mad, and thir excites the los; 
And oh! that I could tee 12 Delnbis come 


From th' oily Fencing-houſe 10 raving Home. Mr. Creech. | 
"Ivy, is the Name of a ſmall Bird, the Latin of which is not 


agreed on ; ſome tranſlate it paferculae, others will have it the ſame 
with terguilla, frutilla, or with Regulus. This Bird the Writers of 
Fables tells us (5) was once the Daughter of Pan and Pitho, or 


Wy: and having inveigled Jnpiter into Jos Love, was transformed 


by Juno; upon this ſhe became the Darling of Venus, and retaining 
| the lame Inclinations ſhe had formerly, iti} ſerved t to promote the 


. | Affairs 


— — 


5 — 


WY As t_ 


—— 


— 


(a) Tbeocritus Idyll. &., v. 48. (5 Kade 1 acts Txetzes in L bree, 
J. 310. ubi ee "= adcunduy. ? * 15 


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N RE 8 — en "7; Oh 2 uw at 9 — 
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n — — 3 5 


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7 


230 Of the Miſcellany Cuftoms of Greece. 

Affairs of Love: The firſt time the Goddeſs made uſe; of her was 
in the Argonautic Expedition, when ſhe invented Love-magick with 
Charms and Potions, a chief Ingredient whereof was this Bird, 
which ſhe communicated to Jahn, to gain his Acceſs to Medea“ 
Affections. Hence Piadar (a), 8 


Maud? bay Kur poyitiæ Pipe 
Hledror di rf Y F 
Aa; ixz010%ox10w coÞar Alowmidar 
O'Þpu Mig Tori apc . 
„ id, nnnm_— ĩͤ 


The Goddeſs Yenas firſt diſelos'd the Uſe, 
To FJaſen firſt-the Magic Charm difplay'd, 
Told how the Bird would fire the Maid, 

And glowing Love into her Breaſt infuſe ; 

Nor Duty, nor Parental Love ſhould bind, 
Too weak and feeble is that Force; 

When Jynx ſteers the Lover's Courſe, 
A ſafe Admittanee he is ſure to find, | H. H. 


The Part moſt valued by Enchanters was the Tongue, which they 
looked on as having a ſovereign Virtue in Love-potions : Some- 
times they faſten d the whole Bird to a Wheel of Wax, which they 
| turn'd over the Fire till both were conſumed, thus inflaming the 
Party in whom they had a mind to create Love. Others there are 
that will have ivy to ſignify nothing but a Muſical Inſtrument ; and 
ſome take it for all Sorts of Allurements. | 
To theſe may be added ſeveral Herbs, and Inſects bred out of 
putrid Matter, with other Animals, ſuch as the Fiſh called ix«nic, 
or remora; the Lizard, with another not much unlike it, called 
fellio and flincus ; the Brains of a Calf, the Hair upon the Extre- 
mity of a Wolf's Tail, with ſome of his ſecret Parts; the Bones 
of the left Side of a Toad eaten by Ants, for theſe were thought to 
generate Love, whereas thoſe on the right Side cauſed Hatred, 
Others took the ſame Bones, when the Fleſh was devoured by Ants, 
and caſt them into a Veſſel of Water, wherein thoſe that ſunk, be- 
Ing wound up in a white Linen Cloth, and hung about any Per- 
fon, inflamed him with Love, the others with Hatred. Other 
Parts of the Toad were uſed in poifonous Compoſitions ; whence 


At nuxc res agitur tenui pulmone rubetæ. 


But now with pois nous Entrails of a Toad 
They urge their Huſband's Fate, 1 55 5 
0 0 


aa ++ 


— 


(0) Pythion Od. IV, (5) Sat. VI. v. 658. 


Of the Miſcellany Cuſtoms of 0 TY) 


To o theſe others add the Blood of Doves, the Bones of Snakes, 
Scritch-Owls Peathers, Bands of Wool tied upon a Wheel, 


which were 


much uſed on 1 Occaſions, for their Reſem- 


4 Hh to he ol 


Ties of Love) 


about one that * himſelf 5 


"ome of 


ially ſuch as had been bound 
of theſe are mentioned by 


Propertins (a), 


-Improdi non vicit me 8 ite, bd 1 
| Staminea rhombi ducitur ile rota ; 
Illum turgentis rane portenta rubetæ, 
Et lea exſectit anguibus u trabunt 3 
Et Hrigis invent per buſta jacentia plume, 
Cin#aque funefto lanea vitta viro. 


Were there no Merit but a due R 

I ſhould not fear my Rival's being 8 
But ſhe, too conſcious of my pow'rful Charms, 

By Spells and Magick tears him from my Arms; 

The pois'nous Bones of ſwelling Toads the takes, 
And mingles them with thoſe of creſted Snakes ; 
Then ſtrait where Owls frequent ſhe doth repair, 
And picks their ſcatter'd Feathers up with Caren 
Next ſhe proeures ſome fatal woolleh Band | | 
"The n him that * by ks own Hand. A. 

| ma grand an; | * ' 


Several other kes liens of Love. -potions are + mentioned in Leliui's 
Verſes cured by Apuleins (5). 


Philera emnig undique eruunt, 

* Antipathes illud quaritur, 
Trachiſci, iynges, tanie, 
Radicula, herbe, ſurculi, 
Aurea ilicis, bichordilæ, 
Hinnienti um dulcedines. 


From ev'ry Part they Magic Draughts procure, 
For that much-fam'd Autipathes they ſeek, 
Pills, Fillets, and thoſe Love-enforcing Birds, 
Roots too, and baneful Herbs, and ſappy Sprigs, 
With Scarlet Oaks, and with Hippomanes, 


Other Sorts of lagredients were Rags, Torches, and, in ſhort, 
all Relics, and whatever had any Relation to dead Corpſes, or 
Funerals, Sometimes a Neſt of young Swallows was placed in a 


convenient Veſſel, and bury'd in the Earth till they \ were — 


** 


„* 


( Lib, Hf. Eleg. v. 


(5) Apoleg. 


F 
{ 
i, 
71 
4 
- 
* 
; 


' 


Of 4be Aalen Caftems of Gin 


252 


"then they,open'd, the Grave, and ſuch of them az were found wit} 


Mopeds ſhut, were thought conducive to allay the Paflion of 
* the reſt, 9 p ern{h'd with Mouth? pa gaping for Food, 
thought 10 to excite I” To the ſame end they uſed Bones 

faxtched rom y and ravenous Bitches, which were believed * 


to derive ſome Pure the eager Defire of thoſe Animals into the 


Potion : Hence Horace give us this n e of an En- 


chantreſs's Practices (a), 


Canidia brevibus implicata vigerts 
Crines & incomptum caput, 

Fubet ſepuſchris caprificos erutas, 
Jubet cupreſſos funebres, | 

Et una turpis oa rane Janguine, 
Plumamque nofturne ftrigis, 

Herbaſque, quas t& Iolchos, mew Iberia 
Mittit venenorum ferax, 

| Er a ab ore rapta jejune canis, 

Flammis aduri Colchicis. 


Canidia then does for the Charm prepare, 
And binds with Snakes her uncomb'd Hair; : 
Maid, ſpeed the cries, and pillage ev'ry Tomb; 
Bring Cypreſs and wild Fig-tree home ; 
Let Eggs firſt ſteep'd in Blood of Toads be ſought, 
And Feathers 3 the Scritch-Owl brought; 
Bring ven mous Drugs, ſuch as Jolchos yields, | 
2 Poiſon from [berian Fields; 
Bring Bones from Jaws of hungry Bitches torn, 
And thoſe I'll ſeethe, and thoſe I'll burn, 7 
As firſt Medea did inform. 11 5 „K. 


To theſe they added andthex Ingredient more powerful than any of 


the reſt, which the Poet has thus deſcribed in the ſame Ode (6) ; 


Aba&a nulla V eja conſcientia, 
Ligonibus duris humum al 
Exhauriebat ingemens laboribus ; 
2x0 pofſt infaſſus puer 
Longo die bis ter us mutatæ dapis 
Inemori ſpectaculo, 
Cum promineret ore, quantum extant agua 
Suſpenſa mento corpora; _ 
 Exſutta uti medulla, & aridum jecur 
. .  Amoris effet poculum, 
Tnterminato cum ſemel fixe tibo N. 
2 pupulæ. Vea 


. 
P 0 \ * 
1 * a 0 
— ——— Vngar.. "6 q ay 
4 a — oy adhd. 20.4 _— * * er „* * - 


W _ Ye 1 «econ, WF Fd Bw. 


— 


of the Miſcellany Cuſtoms of Greece: 234 


Vija, who ne'er Remorſe of Conſcience felt, 
Nor bluſh'd at her own horrid Guilt, 

Toils at the Spade, and digs the fatal Pit, 
In which th' unhappy Lad ſhe ſet, 

Where choiceſt Dainties, while his Life ſhould laſt, 
Oft feaſt his Eyes, deny d his Taſte ; 

Juſt o'er the Brim appears his ſickly Head, 
As theirs who in the Rivers wade ; 5 

That there his Marrow drain'd and Liver dry, 
Might with Love-potions her ſupply, 

As foon as Cer his rating Eye-balls ſhew'd 5 
Approaching Death for want of Food. H. H. 


Let us paſs now.to ſome other Arts they had of dez Love: - 


Some thought the Udder of an Hyæna tied about their left Arm, a 
good Expedient to entice to their Affections any Woman they fixed 


their Eyes on: others took wirvpe, a fort of ſmall and hard Olives, 
or (as others interpret it) Barley-bran, which either by itſelf, or 
made np in Paſte, ths caſt into the Fire, hoping thereby to inſpite 


the Flame of Love : lence Simatha in T. Buer (a) "he 


Nvy Juow 7%. ir vf 


No will I firew the Bay Na: 


Sometimes they uſed pda, or Flour, which the Kabels u 
Theocritus will have termed Sajuala. That Poet has deſeri — 


chis Cuſtom, where he introduces his Enchantrels thus calling out 


to her Maid (6); 


AXPile Tos etre ruft ragiral, 4 il ra, 
Divx Nedaia, Wa rat Peres; EXTETOT &7 ; 

H 5 i rei, {Tapt, 5 ru in yapua Tituſuai, 
Lace d ha, x Nt rar, ra anpid. bis wd. 


Firſt burn the Flour, then ftrew the other on, 
Strew it; how ? where's your Senſe and . gone; 
Baſe Theſtylit, and am I fo forlorn, 
And grown fo low, that 'm become your Scorn? 
But * the Salt, and ſay in angry Tones, 


1 fatter Delphid?: perjur's Delphid?s Boner, Mr. Creech. 


* 


inſtead of Bran or "lone, twas uſual to burn Laurel, as we lam 
irom the ſame * who proceeds thus : 1 


Apis 


K-» __—— la 
vn _— 


yy Ll 
— — md ” — | A 


() v. 33. (% mid. v. 18. 


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7 
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I” ice 


254 Of the Miſcellany Cuſtoms of Greece. 
Ad i een, by I bit ap dere 
Alder x os avte xf wiye zxamrofionce, 
Kntawimn «In, tN o afdopes ork; 
ore voi xy Ahe bY Print odge 22 
Firſt Delphid injur d me, he rais'd my F laws. Ei 
Ahd now I burn this Boug h in Delphid's Name ; 
As this doth blaze, and Rock Eh in Fume; 
e 


How ſoon it Pm let . Fleſh conſume. 
51 4 Mr. Creech, 
"Twas likewiſe 6 went to th Was, 8 to mollify the Per- 


ſon's Heart whom tl . 4 Hence ſhe goes on, 


. rd ro Tov, 11 a h Jaipur rau, 


% Taxa)” vo 10” ig - Mu: auriza AixPic. 


Ads the devoted Wax melts o'er the Fire, 
1s. Myndian Delphis melt with ſoft Deſire. 


e they placed Clay before the Fire, together with Wax, 


that as one melted whilſt the other hardened, ſo the Perſon that 


then rejected them, might have his Heart mollified with Affection, 
and inflamed with Defire, whilft their own became hard and unre- 


lenting ; or that his Heart might be rendered uncapable of any 
Imp on from other Beauties, but eaſy of Acceſs io themſelves, 
This ſeems to be Yirgil's Meaning in the firſt of the following 
Verſes : the latter two contain ſome of the Cuſtoms before deſcribed 


out of Theocritus, 5 


Linus ut bie dureſeit, bac ut cera ligueſcit, 
2 eodemgue igni; fic noſtro Daphnis amorè; 
arge molam, &. fragiles incende bitumine lauroß; 
me 3 erit, ego Banc in Daphnide layrum (a): 

4 Fic this + nd hardens made of Clay, 

And this of with Fire conſumes away, 

Such let the Soul 6f cruel Daphnir be, 

Hard to the reſt of Women, ſoft to me. 

Crumble the ſacred Mole of Salt and Corn, 

Next in the Fire the Bays with Brimſtone burn, 

And whilſt it crackles in the Sulphur fay, 

Thus for On" 1 thus W butns away. 
| 1 | Mr. Wy den. 
It was cuſtomary to imitate all thoſe Actions they had a mind 

the Perſon they loved thould perform. They turn'd a Wheel round, 


praying 


” — hd 
hh p a * * 


(a) Eclog, VIII. 80. 


Of the. Miſcelay Cuftoms of 8 55 


praying he m ight ht fa!l down before their Doors, and row! himſelf on 


me Ground.” Thus Theocritas s Enchantrefs, © 


X' ws A 9. 4 use., is Aude 
"Ne - e wey' 18 digen. [7 


And, Venus, as I whirl this brazen Wheel, 
Before my Doors' let peyur'd Dupbid oi. 


We are told that it has been uſual to, compoſe an Po of Wax, 
and calling it by the Name of the Perſon to be inflam'd with Love, 
to place it near the Fire, the Heat whereof affected the Image, and 
the Perſon repreſented by it, at the fame time (a) Yirgi/s En- | 


chantreſs rd of drawing! it three times * the Altar. | 


tis hec altaria , 
Efie duc... — | 


Thrice round this Altar 4 the lines a. * 


HER 


1 


She bad befare —— care to net it bound, thereby to intimate the 


tying his Affections; 
Tiras 178; tide rinmum triplic diverſe color © 


Licia circumdo. . 7 


Three Threads I of three different Colours bound 
1 your * 5 


* „„. * V 


It was not unfrequent to Serbe PONY” Maodicudiente upon 


ſome Part of the Houſe where the Perſon reſided. Thus 7 heocritus's 


Enchantreſs commands; n Bag 


Oli, wr N AaGoioe ô v er raed, heats 
Tas ry Baa; N liper, @ 4 £76 

"EX : Jud Neat (3. 37 fle o Bla n rut) 

Kai Ay ip o doo a, ra AiNPII@ cia . 


Now take theſe Poiſons, I procure you more, 

And ftrew them at the Threſhold of his Door, 

That Door where violent Love hath fix'd my Mind, 
Tho? he regard not, cruel and unkind! _ 

Strew them, and ſpitting ſay in angry _ 

9 Kalli Delphid”;, perjur'd Delphid”; Bones, Mr. Creech, 


If they could get into their Hands any thing that belonged to the 


Per whoſe Love they deſired, it was of ſingular Uſe. The ſame 
Enchantreſs 


ä 


(a) Wierus, lib. V. © a; 


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—ů — OE nai 
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—— ̃ y—— — — ͤ PJ— 


——— ͤ— 


Porn ee burns the Border of De/phid's Garment, that: the Omnet 
* be tortur d wich the ſame F lame; 


Ter“ ard 74 Wau ris Zomder jr 1 e, a 


. the Miſcellany Gabe of IVY 


Ny rw TMGoa f 0 &y vp g 4 


La 


This Piece from. dear os Delphid's 5, Garment tom, 


I tear again, and am d to burn. 


F pg as her Lover ate th in the Ground, 


12 


i m ee a1. e 4 
* gui nunt ego limiue in hs” 


P CL ATA: 


f Terra, tibi nando; debent . hee Fignora . | | 


"Theſe Garments once were his, and left to me, 
The Pledges of his promis'd Loyalty ; 
Which underneath my Threſhold I Vc 


| Theſe OED O ſacred F Earth to me _ Gaphi owe. 


ov Dryden. 


e 


The Deſi ign of which Action ſeems to be the ay eo her Lover, 
and ſecuring his Affections from wanderi 


Virgil has thus deſcribed another cod: in the 16 er en. 
rund to her Woman, ond oo 30 uy; 


* 


9 


Fer cineret, Amarylli, foras, rivogue 12 . e 
Tranſque ceput jace 3 ne reſpexeris : His ego bye 
Hggrediar, nibil ille Deos, ni carmina 4 TH 


Bear out theſe Aſhes, caſt them in the Brook 1 

Caſt backwards o'er your Head, nor turn your Look ; 

Since neither Gods, nor God-like Verſe can move, 

Break out ye . F . and kindle r Love. 
Mr. Dryden. | 


1 ſhall only hs you FO one. 6 more, which was 


their tying 2 e 0 in the n e Aﬀetions 
> with their own ++ | 17 


Necke tribus nodis terns, aan" Ae,” ; 


Necte, Amazylli, node; & Veneris, dic, vincula neo; 


Knit with three Knots FR. F illets, knit them freight ; 3 


And lay, T, "beſe Knots to Lowe 1 conſecrate, 


Her Caution about the . of Knots is ble. for moſt 
of their Actions in theſe Rites were confin'd to the Number Three. 
T heocritus's Enchantreſs is no leſs exact in this Circumſtance ; 


& - 


9 
* 3 
Fl 


| Of the Miſtellany Cuſtoms of Greece, 257 
e ele amoorirdw, & Tpis rudi ora Grd. 
Thrice, thrice I pour, and thrice repeat my Charms. 


7irgil has aligned the Reaſon hereof to the Pleaſure the Gods were 
thought to take in that Number, R 


——Namero Dexs impare gaudi 
Unequal Numbers pleaſe the Gods. 


Whether this Fancy owes its Original to the ſuppoſed Perfection of 
the Number Three, . becauſe containing a Beginning, Middle, and 
End, it ſeems natural to ſignify all Things in the World; or whe- 
ther to the Eſteem the Pythagoreans, and ſome other Philoſophers 
had for it, on the account of their Trinity; or laſtly (to mention 
no more Opinions) to its Aptneſs to ſignify the Power of all the 
Gods, who were divided into three Claſſes, Celeſtial; Terreſtrial, - 
and Infernal, I ſhall leave to be determined by others. Thus much 
is certain, that the Ancients thought there was no ſmall Force and 
Efficacy in unequal Numbers; whence we find Yegefius adviſing, 
that the Ditches round Encampments ſhould be at the leaſt nine 
Feet in Breadth, at the moſt ſeventeen, but always of an unequal 
Number (a) : Shepherds are likewiſe adviſed to take care that the 
Number of their Sheep be not even (6): but the Number Three 
was acceptable to the Gods above all others; whence we find three 
fatal Sifters, three Furies, three Names and Appearances of Diana, 
according to he h;, „ 


— Tria virginis ora Dianæ. 
Three diff rent Forms does chaſte Diana bear. 


The Sons of Saturz, among whom the Empire of the World was 
divided, were three; and for the ſame Reaſon we read of Jupiters 
fulmen trifidum, Neptune's Trident, with ſeveral other Tokens of the 
Veneration they had for this Number. 3 | e 
Many of their other Practices were the ſame with thoſe uſed at 
common Incantations: The Charm, or Form of Verſes, had little 
Difference beſides the proper Application to the preſent Occaſion: 
Virgil's Nymph ſpeaks of her Verſes as of the ſame Sort, and endued 
with the ſame Ethcacy as Circe's ; 


_—;hl bic if carmina dnt : 5 
Ducite ab urbe domum, mea carmina, ducite Daphnin; 
Carmina vel cælo peſſunt deducere Lunam, 
Voit... "8 Shs Carminibus 


(s) Lib. UI. cap, VIII. (4) Geopoaic, lib, XVIII. 


( 


„ 


* 


— —— — rs 
” 


— —— — 


rr ee r 


0 the Mi gere Cuſtoms f. Greece, 


Carminibus Circe ſocios mutavit Ulylſei, 
Frigidus in pratis cantando rumpiter anguis. 


— HE want but Verſe ; reſtore, my Charms, 
My ling'ring Daphnis to my. longing Arms; 

Pale Phezbe drawn by Verſe, from Heav'n deſcends, 

And Circe chang'd wich Charms Uh, Friends: 

Verſe breaks the Ground, and penetrates the Brake, 

And in the n Carern ſplits the Snake, 


Mr. Dryden. 


And the Herbs and Minerals uſed in other magical Operations, 


were no leſs ſouFht for in this, there being in them (as *twas 


* ht) ſome wonderful Powers, which were equally prevalent 
| ſupernatural and miraculous Effects; "whence we find /ir- 


905 Nymph alluring Daphnis to her Love by the very ſame Me- 


caments which . Maris had found effetual in ae other 
Feats: 8 | 


Has a atque hac Ponto be lea venena 
15 dedit Mœris; naſcuntur plurima Ponto; 
s ego ſpe lapum fieri, & /e condere filvis 
Morin, ſepe animas imis exire ſe epulchris, 
 Mtque ſatas alio vidi traducere meſſes. 


Theſe pois'nous Plants for Magic Uſe deſign A, 
(The nobleſt, and the beſt of all the baneful Kind) 
Old Mæris brought me from the Pontic Strand, 
And cull'd the Miſchief of a bounteous Land; 
Smear'd with the pow'rful juices on the Plain 
He howls a Wolf among the hungry Train; 
And oft the mighty Necromancer boaſts, 
With theſe to call from Tombs the ſtalking Ghoſts ; ; 
And from the Roots to tear the ſtanding Corn, 
Which whirl'd aloft, to diſtant Field's is borne. 


— 


r. ues. 


| The Gods likewiſe (to mention no more nde of thi Agree. 


ment) were the fame that ſuperintended all magical Arts, as we 
learn from Theocritus Simetha, who is introduced invok: ing the 
Moon and Hecate to her Aſſiſtance; | 


— AMR Thau BY 
Gabe x 2, Ti year Wola or aerxa. 2 
| Ta xhona Z E var, ra- * gaedb 76e. Tl 
N "1 Av VE. Yor art T 1puce, x lalda, * | 
; Kang, ExaTa Jar 9 5s D- af 672d, 
og XK T Tat r 8 2900, Xi, [47;TE Th Kean, 5 
Mur. T6 Mycoiag, (Th. honda. Ile Hndag. 


- 


Moon, ſhine b icht and clear, 

To thee I will direct my ſecret Pray'r; 

To thee and Hecate, whom Dogs do dread, 

When ſtain'd with Gore the ſtalks amidſt the Dead, 

Hail, frightful Hecate, aſſiſt me ftill, 

Make | mine as great as fam'd Medea's Skill. Mr, Creech, 


7 has far concerning their Ars i in exciting Love. It may be en- 
quired in the next Piace, whether they had any Means to allay the 
Pation, when once rais'd? Now it appears, that it was common to 
ſet the Patient at Liberty by the Help of more powerful Medicaments 
or Dæmons ſuperior to thoſe that had bound him; whence we ſin 
Canidia in Horace complaining, that all her Enchantments were ren · 
dei id ineffectual by Arts ny to her own 3 | 


Quid accidit / cur dira barbare minus 
Venena Medea walent, 

Vuibus ſuperba fugit ulta pellicem, 
Magni Creontis filiam, 

Cum palla, labo munus imbutum, novam 

 dmcendio nuptam abfulit ? © 

Atgui nec herba, nec lalens in aſperis 
Radix fefellit me locis. 

[ndormit unchis omnium cubilibus 
Oblivione pellicum. | 

Ab, ah, ſelatus ambulat wenifice 


"0 cientiorii Carmine. 


Am I fo bers d ? my baſe degrading Charms, 
Shall Colches foſter greater Harms? 

What! ſhall the Preſeut ſpell'd with Magic Rages 
Medea's vengeful Breaſt aſiwage ? | 

Siace the fallacious Git to Flames is turn'd, 
And her unhappy Rival barn'd : | 

Then, what am I? There's not an Herb doth grows 
Nor Root, but I their Virtues know, 
And can the craggy Places ſhow ; 

Yer Varus ilights my Love, above my Pow'r, 
And ſleeps on roſy Beds ſecure; 

Ah! much I fear ſome Rival's greater Skill 


Defends him from my aher Spell. . H. H. 


Bat Loye inſpir'd without the Afiftance of Magic, ſcarce yielded 
to any Cure; Apallo himſelf could find no Remedy again it, but 


is introduced lamenting in theſe Woras Ca; 


2 Invintun 


r — _ — — — x 
(a) Ovid, Metam. I, Y, 32 Oy 


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e CCC WT 2 PE IG, MARIA 4 EI #7 

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Disor, 6 berbarum . uli Wy potentia 725 


of 10 Miſelluy Cuftems of Girece, | 
Irventum mitlicina meth 9 , opiftrgue per r arbens 


Hei mihi ! quod nullts amor eff medicabilis herbir, 
Nec preſunt domino, que Proſunt omnibus, artes. 


In Fields and Poreſts, all their Pow'rs I . 
And am the great Phyſician call'd below; 
Alas ! that Fields and Foreſts can afford 

No Remedies to heal their Love-fick Lord! 
To cure the Pains of Love no Plant avails, | 
A5 Hap own os. axons the P SINGER fails, | „ Dryden . 


Med'cine is mine, what Herbs and Sim ples grow 


| The ſame Poet W 1 in another Place, chat no An Was e ever 
able to ſet a Lover at Liberty (a) ; 


lla recantatas dedonent peftora caras, 
Nec fugiet vivo ſulphure victus amor. 


 Nuid te Phaſiacæ Juverunt gramina terre, 


Cum cuperes patria, Colcht, manere domo * 


| Dad tibi ' nerunts Circe, Perſeides herbe, 


Cum tibi Neritias abftulit aura rates. 


Not all the Pow r of Verſe with Magic joins. 

Can heal the Torture of a Love-fick Mind; 

Altars may ſmoak with expiatory Fire, 

Too weak to make a well-fix'd Love retire, x 
Love by Repulſe ſtill works the Paſſion higher. 

What Help, Medea, did thy Potions yield? 


Not all the Drugs that ftock'd the Colchian Field, 


Cou'd Eaſe to your diſtracted Breaſt afford, 
When forc'd from heme, you lov'd the foreign Lord. 
Nor greater the Relief that Circe found, 

When left by her Uly/es homewards bound; 

Nor Herbs nor Poiſons conld her Grief allay, 


When envious Blaſts had tol'n her Dear nN H. H. 


Lil! But notwithRanding the Difficulty of this Core, there is rot 
8 wanting Variety of Preſcriptions adapted to the ſeveral Cauſes and 

Occafions of the Malady; as appears from the old Nurſe's Words 
to Myrrba deſperately'1 in Love (5); | | 


Sen furor oft, habeo queer carmine VOUS & lerbis; 5 
-Stwve aliquis nocuit, magico lf rabere rity. 


1 D » ſaer iacapil . 
ra Deum ſi ve oft, ſacris p 1 ara 1 


—_— 


(a) De rem dio amoriv, (5) Metam. X. v. 397. 
2 


— 


4 


oa 
vb > 
\ . 4 


Of the Miſcellany Cuſtoms of Greece, 261 
Madneſs by ſacred Numbers is expelÞd, - © 
And Magic will to ſtronger Magic yield ; 

If che dire Wrath of Heav'n this Fury rais'd, 

Heav'n is with Sacrifice and Pray'r appeas'd. 

| 2 | \ Mr. Hophins, 


The Antidotes may be reduced to two Sorts ; they were either ſuch 
as had ſome natural Virtue to produce the deſigned Effect; ſuch are 


Agrus Caſtus, and the Herbs reputed Enemies to Generation (a). Or, 


ſecondly, ſuch as wrought the Cure by ſome occult and myſtical 
Power, and the Aſſiſtance of Demons; fuch are the Sprinkling of 
the Duſt wherein aMule had roli'd herſelf (4), the tying Toads in 
the Hide of a Beaſt lately ſlain (c), with feveral others mentioned by 
Pliny ; amongſt which we may reckon all the Minerals and Herbs, 
which were looked on as Amulets againſt other Effects of Magic, 
for thoſe were likewiſe proper on ſuch Occaſions ; whence the Poets 
aſually mention Caucaſus, Colchis, and other Places famous for ma- 
gical Plants, as thoſe which alone could furnith Remedies and An 
 tidotes againſt Love; I ſhall only ſet down” one Inſtance, wherein 

the Poet enquiring what ſhould be the Cauſe his Miſtreſs had fo 
forſaken him, puts this Queſtion among others 4 ;; 


An que © 
Leda Prometheis dividit herba Jug it. 


What! do thoſe odious Herbs, the Lover's Fane, 
Growing on Caxca/us, produce this Pain! 


By Prometheus's Mountain he means Caucaſus, which was remark- 
able for Herbs of ſovereign Power, that /prung out of Prometheus's 
Blood, „ 


The Infernal Gods were call'd upon ſor Aſſiſtance, as may be 
learn'd from Virgil's Dido, who ſignifies her pretended Deſign to 


_ Ciſpel the Remains of her Love for Anas in theſe Words (e); 


Sacra Jovi Stygio, gue rite incepia paravi, 
Perficere eſt animus, finemque imponere curis, 
Dardaniique rogum capitis permittere flammæ. 


Thus will I pay my Vows to Stygian Jove, 
And end the Cares of my diſaſt'rous Love 
Then caſt the Trojan 3 on the Fire, 


And as that burns my Paſhon ſhall expire. Mr. Dryden. 


8 3 Silius 
() Vide Archæolog. hujus lib. cap. III. % Pimi Nat. Hiſt, lib. xrx. 
cap. xvi. (e) Idem lib. xxxii. cap. *, C4 FPrqpertii lib. I. leg. x31, 


Kral. iy, v, 638. 


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261 Of the Miſcelling Cuſtoms of Greece." 


* 
7 


1 


Silias introduces Auna, Dide's Siſter, telling how ſhe had endes. 
voured to render the ſame Gods propitious (a). 


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Nigro forte Jovi, cui tertia regna laborant, 
" Atque atri ſociæ thalami nova ſacra parabam, 
Duets ægram mentem, © trepidantia corda levaret 


 dafelix germana r. —·» 


To. griſly Fove of Hell 1 Off'rings paid, 

And to the ſwarthy Conſort of his Bed, 

In Pity of my Love-fick Siſter's Grief, 

And in Aſſurance of a bleſs'd Relief, 1 

Io charm her Cares to Sleep, her Fears to Reft, 
And ſtill the Tumults of her troubled Breaſt. F. 4. 


Not long before the ſame Perſon, relating how the Diviners aſſay'd 
to reſtore Dido to her right Mind, ſays, they invok'd the Gods of 
Night (whereby ſhe means the Shades below) to aid them; 


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themſelves of Love; 'tis the Water of Selemnus, a River 


- — 9s — - — — 
— — r watrake ens oa. oye 
. 2 


— - 
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Heu ! Sacri vatum errores, dum numina No8is 
Flictiunt, ſpondentque novis medicamina curis. 

O ſoothing Prieftcraft / O the cloſe D:i/pui/e 
Of beat, abu. opt throne” 155 * 

With a pretended Zeal the Shades they implore, 

The Gads of Night demurely they adore, 

With promis'd Cures they gull our eaſy Minds, 

A ſolemn Vow their holy Knav'ry binds.  ' FJ. 4. 


1 ſhall only mention one Expedient more, whereby oy cured 
that falls 


into the Sea near Argyra in Achaia. The Story is thus: Selemnus, 
a beautiful young Shepherd in thoſe Parts, was belov'd by Arg yra, 
the Nymph, from whom the 'Town and Fountain of that Name 
were called ; but the Flower of his Age being over, the Nymph 
deſerted him, upon which he pined away, and was transformed 
into a River by Venus; after this he ſtill retain'd his former Paſ- 
lion, and (as the Patrenſians report) for ſome Time convey'd his 
Waters, through a ſubterraneous Paſſage, to Arg yra's Fountain, in 
the ſame Manner that Alpheus was ſaid to join himſelf with Aretha, 
till by Feaus's Favour, the Remembrance of her was caus'd to vaniſh 
quite out of his Mind. Hence it came to paſs, that as many 45 
waſh'd themſelves in this River, were made to forget that Paſſion. 


Thus Pauſanias (b). 


„Thus much concerning their Love. I am not ignorant, that En- 
largements might be made in every Part of this Chapter; but what 
has been ſaid will (I hope) be ſufficient to ſat'sfy the Reader's Curio- 


lity, without treſpaſſing too far upon his Patience. 


O HAP. 


(a) Lib. VIII, (5) cin p. 442, & 445. Edit. Hanov. 


5 


% 


®f the Miſcellany Cuſtoms of Greece. 263 
f 125 Of their | Max RIAGE s. a 


ARHE firſt Inhabitants of Greece 1:v'4 without Laws and Go- 


vernment, no Bounds were preſcribed to their Paſſions, their 


Loves (like the reſt of their Deſires) were unconfin'd, and promiſ- 
cuous Mixtures, becaule forbidden by no Human worn ig, were 
publickly allowed. The fr that reſtrained this Liberty was Cecrops, 


who having raiſed himſelf to be King over the People, afterwards, 


called Athenians, amongſt many other +uſcful Inſtitutions, introdu- 
ced that of Marriage (a). Others refer the Honour of this Inſtitu · 
tion, together with the Invention of Dancing, to Erato, one of the 


Muſes ; bat fome rather underſtand that Story of the Marriage-So- 


lemnity, the regular Conduct whereo!, they ſay, was firit ordered by 
Erato. However that be, it was in ſome Time received by all the 
Grecians; for no ſooner did they begin to reform their ſavage and 
barbarous Courſe of Life, and join themſelves in Towns and Societies, 
but they found it neceſſary to confine the unruly Luſts of Men, by 
_ eſtabliſhing lawſul Marriage, with other Rules of good Manners. 


Marriage was very h:nourable in ſeveral of the Grecian Common- 


wealths, being very much encouraged by their Laws, as the abſtain- 


ing from it was diſcountenanced, and in ſome Places puniſhed ; for 


the Strength of States conſiſting in their Number of People, thofe 
that refuſed to contribute to their Increaſe, were thought very cold 
in their Affections to their Country. The Lacedemenians are very 
remarkable for their Severity aga:nſt thoſe that deferred marrying, 
as well as thoſe who wholly abitained from it (5). No Man among 


them could live without a Wife beyond the Time limited by their 


Lawgiver, without incurr ng ſeveral Penalties ; as firſt, the Magi- 


firates commanded ſuch once every Winter, to run round the pub- 


ck Forum naked; and to increaſe their Shame, they ſung a certain 


Song, the Words whereof aggravated their Crime, and exported them 


to Ridicule. Another of their Puniſhments was, to be excluded 
from the Exerciſes, wherein (according to the Spartan Cuſtoms) 
young Virgins contended naked (c). A third Penalty was inflicted 
upon a certain Solemnity, wherein the Women dragg'd them round 
an Altar, beating them all the Time with their Fiſts (4%. Laſtly, 
they were deprived of that Reſpe& and Obſervance which the 
younger Sort were obliged to pay to their Elders; and therefore 
latth Plutarch (e), no Man found fault with what was ſaid to Der- 
cy/lidas, a great Captain, and one that had commanded Armies, who 
| I 4: TY coming 


ꝶͤ— 


— 


(a) Vide Archzolog. hujus lib. cap. II. (6) Stebezs Ixv. de laude Nuptiaratn, 
(e) Plutarchus Lycurgo, Cd.) Athengus, lib. xiii, (e) Loc. citat. 1 


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264 Of the Miſcellany Cuſtoms of Greece. 
| "coming into the Place of Aſſembly, à young Man, inftead of riſing 
and making room, told him, Sir, you muſt not expe that Honour from 
me — young, which cannot be returned to me by a Child of yours, 
ben J am did. To theſe we may add the Athenian Law (a), 
| whereby all that were Commanders, Orators, or intruſted with any 
public Affair, were to be married, and have Children, and Eſtates 
Land ; for theſe were looked on as ſo many Pledges for their good 
Behaviour, without which they thought it x hen; os to commit to 
_ . them the Management of public Truſts.. | | 
| Polygamy was not commonly tolerated in Greece, for Marriage 
was thought to be a Conjunction of one Man with one Woman; 
5 whence ſome will have Ya phos derived, w Td 0 f bat, from 
tuo becoming oye. When Herodotus reports that Anaxandridas the 
| Spartan had two Wives, he remarks, that it was contrary to the Cuſ- 
tom of Sparta (6). The reſt of the Grecian Cities did, for the moſt 
art, agree herein with the Lacedemonians; only upon ſome emergent 
Occaſions, when their Men had been deſtroyed by War, or other Ca- 
| lamities, Toleration was granted for marrying more Wives an In- 
ſtance whereof we have at Athens in Euripides s Time, who, as ſome 
ſay, conceived an Hatred againſt the whole Sex, for which he is fa- 
mous in Story, by being harraſſed with two Wives at once (c). Socrate; 
is ſaid to have been married i ns and Myrto, at the ſame time 
[1 , and Aibenæus concludes it was then reputed no Scandal, beckuic 
1 we never find any of his Enemies caſting it in his Teeth (e); but 
|} ſome think the Matter of Fact may be juſtly called in queſtion, and 
in Plutarch's Opinion, Panetius of Rhodes, ixavu; ui has fully 
.confuted it in his Diſccurſe concerning Socrates (,. 2 
The Time of Marriage was not the ſame in all Places: The 
Spartans were not permitted to marry till they arrived at their ful] 
Strength /g); and though I do not find what was the exact Number 
of Yeais they were confined to, yet it appears from one of Lycurgu:'s 
_ Sayings, that both Men and Women were limited in this Affair; 
Which that Lawgiver being aſked the Reaſon of, ſaid, his Deſign 
| was that the- Syartan \ hildren might be ſtrong and vigorous. .'I he 
Athenian Laws are ſaid once to have ordered, that Men ſhould not 
marry till above 35 Years of Age ; tor Human Life being divided 
by Solon into 10 Weeks (ieee he affirmed, in harum hebdoma- 
dum quinta maturitatem ad ſtirem religuendam homini inrfſe ; that in 
the fifth of theſe Weeks Men were of Ripeneſs to multiply their 
Kind (5); but this depended upon the Humour of the Law-giver, 
nothing being generally agreed to in this Matter. Ariſtotle (i) thought 
188 37 a good Ape, Plato 30; and Heſiod was much ot the ſame Judg- 
went for as he adviſes his Friend: | 


1 'Npeirog 


— 


(a) Dinarchus in Demo benem, 


(5) Lib, V, (e) Cellius Noct. Atic. lib. 
— xv. Cap."'xx; (d] Diogenis Laertius Socrate, (e) Lib. xii. (f} Plutarchus, 
i | Pericle, (: ' X enopbon de Repub. Lacedæ m. * Cenſorin de die natali, cap - 
j [4 Liv. (i) | t. lid, vil, we xyi. FR * | , I | Sir 4 Wy 


% 


Of the Ally cur. f. Greece, ng 


nee * vn red welt olxor Soda, 
Mare rinnen ii pane mon amo Twy, 


Mar will; pate M. Y N Te be- Zr 10. 


The Time to enter on 2 marry'd Life 
Is about Thirty, chen bring home a Wife; 
Bot don't delay too late, or wed too young, 
Since Strength and Prudence to this State belong. 7 4, 


Women married ſooner than Men; ſome of the old Athenian Laue | 


permitted | them to marry at 26, Ariſtotle at 1B, Hefiod at 15. 


H * wet its 50a, whunlly I} yaporre (5). 


A dt when fifteen chuſe, then let ber wed, 
I'th'Prime for Hymen's Rites, for th* Joys of th? Marriage-bed, 


Where the Poet adviſes that Women be permitted to grow to Ma- 
turity in four Years, i. e. four after ten, and marry in the fifth, 5. c. 
the fifteenth. Others think he means they muſt continue unmarried 
four Years after their Arrival at Woman's Eſtate, 7z.e. at fourteen 
Years, and marry in the fifth, i. e. the nineteenth. But as the Wo- 
men were ſooner marriageable than Men, fo their Time was far 
ſhorter, it being common for Men to marry much older than Women 
Sale expect to do, e complains 1 in Ariftophanes (e); 


AY. Hep ra roch is Tok; daR Daene, udn, 2 
NP. Oba Y ard ges nta e nd AY. Me Ai) a wx rag dun, 
0 va ix fa, xc n woas, ra xi ad rg viſahenrt 
TIC bY: vue pixpog 6 Ks, xa? rr [41 Nn Tat, 
Ov9tis firs Y Taurh, flevpay Abt. 


LY. *Tis ſome Concern to me, u hen I reflezX 
On the poor Girls, that muſt deſpair of Man, 
Aud keep a ſtale and loa hed Cel vacy. 
PR. What ? ha'n't the Men the lane hard Meaſures then! 
** Oh! no, they have a more propitious Fate, 
Since they at Sixty, when their Vigour's paſt, 
Can wed a young and tender Spouſe to warm 
Their aged Limbs, and to repair their Vears: 
But Womens Joys are ſhort and tranſient; 
For if we once the golden Minutes mils, 
There's no recalling, ſo ſevere's our Doom; 


We mult then long in vain, in vain expect, 


And "7 our [lls forewarn Poſterity. | . A. 
The 
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166 Of tbe Miſcellany Cuſtomt of Gtegee. 
The Times or Seaſons of the Year moſt proper for Marriage 
| yo according to the Atheniant, ſome of the Winter Months, e. 
ecially January, which for that reaſon, was called yapnuu» (0). 
mou the Perſon in Terence, the Scene of whoſe Fable is laid in 
0 Ertece, affirms the Soothſayers had forbidden to enter _ Matri- 
mony till Winter ( 3 


— — 


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Negotii lacipere- 


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Until the ſcafonable Time of _ 

When froſty Weather Sind all Thin ings, the Prieſt 
Counſell'd us by all means to put off Marriage. 


E EEE AE EN 
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The moſt convenient Seaſon was when chere happen'd a Cohjunc. 
tion of the Sun and Moon, at which Time they celebrated their 
| Feſtival called ©coyzua, or Marriage of the Gods (c). Chytemneſtra 

in Euripides having aſk'd Agamemnon when he defign'd to give [ph;- 


ER en 
5 


As ae —— 2 — — — > — Y —— — 


78 


——— — . CI — —j 


1 | Fenia in N to Achilles, he anſwers, that the Full- Moon was 
| Ora, be eUTUY.nG tn xi 7 40. 

| KEE: | When the F L Moon darts forth her lucky Raye, 

| : Themis in Pindar adviſes that T] betis be 8 to Peleus in the 3 


Seaſon (e); for by q. xe deri he he means the Full- Moon, which 
happens in the middle of Lunar Months, which were uſed in the old 
Grecian COINS. The Poet s Words run thus: | 


Ly A xojemideoor | 
AL + zo, iar 

| Abo. Xt ονννντ y- 
-O nfws waphuiag. 


When creſcent Phœbe is about to ſhine 
In a full Orb with radiant Light, 
Then may he marry, then may = invite 


1. 'The Hero, both their Loves to join, 

4 N hen let them blend, and tie, their Joys, their A0 combine. 

[| 2h This Cuſtom ſeems to ; vn proceeded from an Opinion they had 

It _ of the Moon” Power in Generation. Some preſcrive other Days : 

Ti Heſiod 
| ol ap 1 Tu 


4 1 0 Qympiodorn in Meteora Ariftotelis, Euftarhius in Iliad. c. : (4) Pho ment, 
. 2 Hefiods Schelaſtes Hyetp. ( d) Iebigen. in Auld v. 717. (e) His. 
| Od. 3. p- 753. dit. Benedict. . 


ey the Miſcellany Cuſtoms of Greece. 267 
Hefead thinks the fourth moſt convenient, becauſe (as one of the, 
Scholiafts obſerves) it was dedicated to Venus and Abe {a}. 


FE 'E N THe glu nie d yea is el dxoiln, 


Oiws Kaas Y in ig. rer gol. ; 


On the fourth Day of the Moon's Age your Wife 
Bring homie, to enter on the Cares of Life ; 
But firſt take heed yourſelf to certify | Fg 
In the reſpective Signs of Augury. tis + 2 


The ſixteenth, or, as ſome, the eighteenth, is mentioned as * 
unfit of all others OF 3. 


"Exln &“ n liier dN dei 58 FE 
A. dg. 1 aqa, en * & ova % ic 
Ovre ver io ha TpwT', ar 4g v · al 


Whatever Trees you plant the ſixteenth Day, 
They'll never thrive, but wither and decay ; 
But if your Wiſe's deliver'd of a Son, 80 1 
His Life with /uc&y Proſpects is begun; | i | 
But Girls, if born, or marry'd now, will ſee | i 
Their Years _— with Woe and Mijery. 7. 4. - 14 


Severn other Days were look'd on as favourable, or  otharwiſe, in IR 
this and all other Affairs, which 1 it would be too tedious to enume- = 
rate in this Place, 
M»ſ of the Greets look'd © on it as ſcandalous to omni within | 3 
certain Degrees of Conſanguinity, | Hermione in Euripides ſpeaks . 
of the Cuſtom of Brethren's marrying their Siſters, with no leſs | i Ii 
Deteſtation than of Sons Tg their Mothers, or Fathers their Wil 
Dauhters (c); it 


rare Way To Baigoagr 5. 
Ila r 7 vo 1 rad 7E 28 nett, 
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Such Things Barbarians. act, ſuch Villainies 1 
Are the Reſult of Luſt, or perverſe Will, 1 
Where no Laws cement, and no Right confines, / | 
Fathers their Daughters, Sons their Mothers force wil 
To an eee Bod; and hurry'd on | 
By boiling Luſts Brothers with Siſters join; 
All Things are free, the moſt exalted Love 
Can't gainſt incentive Luft ſecure your Life. . 


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268 Of the. Miſcellany Cuſtoms of Greece. 


Several of the barbarous Nations ſeem to have overlook'd the Rules 
of Decency, and allowed unlawful and inceſtuous Mixtures ; the 
Perſiant are eſpecially remarkable for ſuch Practices; for their Mag;, 


the moſt ſacred Perſons among them, were the Off-ſpring of Mo- 
thers and their Sons: Hence Catullus (a), ee 
Naſcetur Magus ex Gelli matri/que nefando 

Conjugio, & diſcat Perſicum aruſpicium : 
Nam Magus ex matre A gnato gignatur oportet, 

Si vera eft Perſarum impia religio, 


Gellius hath Iſſue by his Mother got, 
Nor is it in his Heraldry a Blot; | 
The Boy muſt ſtraight be made profoundly wiſe 
In all the Magic n and Lies. 


What muſt the Perſian Religion be, 
Where ſuch an Ad is no Impiety ? . 


The Lacedæmonians were forbidden to marry any of their Kindred, 


whether in the direct of Aſcent and Deſcent, but a colla- 


teral Relation Hindered them not, for Nephews married their 
Aunts, and Uncles their Nieces; an Inftance whereof Herodotus 


ives us in Anaxandridas, who married his Siſter's Daughter (5), 
"he Marriages of Brothers and Siſters were utterly unlawful, tho? 
eountenanced by ſeveral Examples of their Gods; an ample Ac- 
count hereof may be ſeen in By4/is's Words, when in love with 


her Brother Caunus, where notwithſtanding the Greatneſs of her 


Paſſion, ſhe confeſſes that no Examples were ſufficient to licenſe her 
inceſtuous Deſires (c); 
Dii melius ! Dit nempe ſuas habuere ſorores 
Sic Saturnus Opim ſunctam fibi ſangujne duxit, 
Oceanus Tethyn, Junonem Rector Glywpi. 
Stunt ſuperis ſua jura. Quid ad caleftia ritus 
Exigere humanos, diverſaque ferdera tento? 
Aut noftro wetitus de corde, fugabitur ardor; 
Aut, hoc fi nequeo, peream precor ante, torog ue 
Mortua componar, pofitegque det gſcula frater : 
Et tamen arbitrium querrit res iſta duorum. 
Finge placere ng hi, ſcelus eſſt videbitur illi; 
At non olidæ thalamos timuere fororum : 
Unat ſed hos nowvi # Cur bac exempla paravi ? 
Quo feror? obſcene procul bint diſcedite flamme, 


* 
K — — ——— — — MARGE: b 
* N * : 
he ee eee 1 8 g g . e ' #4 TH IK. \ 25 ; 


Of the Miſcellany Cuſtoms of Greece. 26g 


The Gods forbid ; yet thoſe whom I invoke 
Have lov'd like me, have their own Siſters took. 
Great Saturn, and his greater Off-ſpring ove, 
Both ſtock d their Heaven with inceſtuous Love: 
Gods have their Privilege, why do I firive 
To ſtrain my Hopes to their Prerogative? 
No, let me Ki this forbidden Fire, | 
Or quench it with my Blood, or with't expire; 
Unſtain'd in Honour, and unhurt in Fame, 
I 1 the Grave bury both my Love and Shame; 
| ut when at my laſt Hour I gaſping lie, | 
Let only my kind Ae be . 
Let him, while I breathe out my Soul in Sighs, 
Or gaze't away, look on with paying Eyes ; 
Let him (for ſure he can't deny me this? 
Seal my cold Lips with one kind parting Kaſs : 
Beſides 'twere vain ſhould I alone agree 
To what another's Will muſt ratify, 
Could I be ſo abandon'd to conſent 8 
What I have paſt for good and innocent 
He may, perhaps, as worſt of Crimes reſent, 
Yet we amongſt our Race Examples find. 
Of Brothers, who have been to Siſters kind; 
Fam'd Canace could thus ſucceſsful prove, 
Cou'd crown her Wiſhes in a Brother's Love. 
Bur whence could I theſe Inftances produce ? 
Hou came I witty to my Ruin thus? 
— Whither will this mad Phrenzy hurry on? 
Hence, hence you naughty Flames, from hence be gone, % 
Nor let me e'er the ſhameful Paſhon own. © 


Yet *twas not reputed unlawful in ſeveral Places for Brothers to 
marry their Half ſiſters; and ſometimes their Relation by the Fa- 
ther, ſometimes by the Mother, was within the Law. The Lacedæ- 
mogian Lawgiver allowed Marriages between thoſe that had only 


the ſame Mother, and different Fathers (a). The Athenians were 


forbidden to marry Siſters by the ſame Mother, but not thoſe by the 


lame Father, as we are told by PhiJo the Few (5). An Inſtance here- 
of we have in Archeptolis, T hemiſtocles's Son, who married his Siſter 
Mnefiptolema (c); as likewiſe in Cimon, who being unable thro? his 


extreme Poverty to provide a ſuitable Match for his Siſter E/pinice, 


married her himſelf. Nor was this contrary to the Laws or Cuſtoms 


of Athens, as Athenæus Cd) is of Opinion; for, according to P/utarech's 
(%) Account, it was done publicly, and without any Fear of the 


Laws : 


34 * 4 
, 


4 Philo Fuderus, lib. de ſpecialibus ibus ad praceptum vii, contra meckos. 7 
6 oy de legibus ſpecialibus, (e) Plutarchus, Themiſtocl, (d.) Lib, XII. 
8 one, 2 


3 


Mr. Olabam. 


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2 Of the Miſcellany Cuſtoms of Greece. 
Laws : Cornelius al 15 likewiſe (a) aſſures us, it was nothing but 
what the Cuſtom of their Country allowed, We find indeed that 
Cimom is ſometimes taxed for his Familiarity with Elpinice ; but this 
is only to be underſtood of his taking her after ſhe had been mar- 
ried to Callias ; for it appears from the forecited Authors, that C. 
mon firſt married her himſelf, then gave her to Callias a rich Athenian; 
after which he again became familiar with her, which indeed was 
look'd on as Advltery, ſhe being then another Man's Wife. 
Moſt of the Grecian States,  eipecially thoſe that made any Fi. 
gure, required their Citizens ſhould match with nothing but Citi- 
rens; for they look d upon the Freedom of their Cities as too great 
a Privilege to be gtanted upon eaſy Terms to Foreigners or their 
Children. Hence we find the Atbenian Laws ſentencing the Chil- 
_ dren of ſuch Matches to perpetual Slavery; an Account whereof 
has been given in one of the foregoing Books (6). This was not 
all, for they. had a Law, that if a Foreigner married a Free-wo- 
man of Athens, it ſhould be lawful for any Perſon to call him to 
account before the Magiſtrates called The/mo!hetz, where, it he 
was convicted, they ſold him for a Slave, and all his Goods were 
confiſcated, and one third part of them given to his Accuſer. Ihe 
ſame Penalty was inflicted upon ſuch Citizens as gave forcign 
Women in Marriage to Men of As hent, pretending they à ere their 
own Daughters, .ſave that the Sentence of Slavery was changed in. 
to Ignominy, whereby they were deprived of their Voices in all 
public Aſſemblies, and moſt other Privileges belonging to them as 
Citizens, Laſtly, if any Man of Atbens married a Woman that 
was not free of that City, he was fined 1900 Drachms (c). But 
_ theſe Laws were not 4 bo and perpeiual, Sometimes the Ne- 
dceſſity of the Times fo far prevailed, that the Children of ſtrange 
Women enjoyed all the Privileges of fleeborn Citizens. The old 
Law, which prohibited the Men of Abend to marry Strangers, hav- 
ing been ſome time diſuſed, was revived by Pericles, and afterwards, 
at the Inſtance of the fame Perſon, abrogated by a Decree of the 
People (4), but again renewed in the Archonſhip of Exclides, at the 
Motion of A4rifophon, when it was enacted, that no Perſons ſhould be 
tree Denizons of Athens, unleſs both their Parents were free (e). 
Virgins were not allowed to marry without the Conſent of their 
Parents; whence Hero in Muſzus tells Leander, they could not p 
4 henourably joined in Marriage, becauſe her Parents were againſt 
An v durapeoie vH¹νỹ 000408 MEALTT RL 
O yay ipois Toreeoow inevas'y | | 
My Parents to the Match will not conſent, 
Therefore deſiſt, it is not pertinent. 
. ee -þ Hiermios 


x I —— 
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— 


5 — * ada. Lacks Te WIRES W Wan 


(4) Cimore, (5) Lib, I. cap. ix. (c) Demoſ'benes Orat. in Nera. (4) P'v- 
tarchus Pericls. (e) Demoſtbrries in Enduliem. ) V. 179. | | 


Of . the Miſcellany Cuſtoms of Greece; 271 


Hermione in Euripides (a) profeſies. ſhe had noC-oncern an Hee 
Marriage, but left that wholly to her Father; $7 in 


NupPwjid troy p63y ra i wade es | 
Meg. ien, xd ih Ogνν 74. 


I'm not concern'd, my Father will "OPS care 
Of all Things that reſpect my Noptials. = \ 4 


The Mother's Conſent was neceſſary as well as the Father's; - and 
therefore Iphigenta, in Euripides, was not to be given in Marriage 

to Achilles till Clytemneftra approv'd the Match Ko Nor were Mea 
permitted to marry without conſulting their Parents ; for even the 
moſt early and ignorant Ages were too well a uainted with the 
Right which Parents have by Nature over their Children, to think 
theſe had Power to diſpoſe of themſelves without their Parents Con- 
ſent. Achilles, in Homer, refuſes Agamemmon's Daughter, and leaves 
& to his Father Peleus to chuſe him a Wife 00 * 


Hy yup On ts TAWO) Yeok, * zua d; 1 WAG, - 
 Unaevs Iyy avg eil yore in Yaputoo as _ 


If by Heaven's Bleſfn T return a Bride, 
My careful Father will for me provide. 


| And Pamphilus, | in Terence, i 18 betroth'd by his F "SS Fins who 
is introduced thus ſpeaking © e pr 


* fama zmpulſus Chremes 
Ultro ad me wenit, unicam gnatam ſuam 
Cum dote ſumma filio uxorem ut daret; 


Placuit; deſpondi; bic nuptiis dictus eſt dies. | 


When Virgins had no Fathers, their Brothers diſpoſed of them, 
Thus we find Creon promiſing his Siſter Focaſtu to any Perſon who 
| ſhould deſtroy the Sphinx that infeſted hebes ; and Oreftes gave his 
Siſter Electra to his Friend Fyluder. When they had neither Parents 
nor Brethren, or if their Brethren were not arrived to Years of Diſ- 
cretion, they were diſpoſed of by their Grandfathers, thoſe eſpe- 


cially by the Father's Side; when theſe failed, they were commit- | 


ted to the Care of Gutadions; called i $FiT29704, ON KU (e). Some- 
times Huſbands betrothed their Wives to other Perſons upon their 


Deach- beds; as appears from the Story of Demo/thenes's Father, who 


gave his Wife Cleobule to one Apbobus with a conſiderable Portion. 
When he was dead, Aphobus took the Portion, but refuſed to marry 
the Womans ; \wherex poa. Ons: inade his Complaint to the 


Magiſtrates, 


* 


la) Ae (6 W in Aulide, my Thad, i iv. 29. e 2, 


A I. Scen, I. 19 De nofiþenes in Stepbanum teſteni. 


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Magiſtrates, and accuſed him in an elegant Oration (a). And that 

this Cuſtom was not unuſual, appears from the ſame Orator's De- 

ſence of Phormio, Who being a Slave, and faithful in his Buſineſs 

his —_ him both his Liberty and his Wife, * 
hey 


T ſeveral Forms of betrothing, ſuch as this cited by Cie 


mens the Alexaxdrian (5) out of Menander, Tiaidw ambgy Tar Hj. 


Ado c TH ipavrs. gulalice ; i. e. I give you this my Daughter 10 
make you Father of Children lawfully legotten. The Dowry was 


_ ſametimes mentioned, as we find in Xenophon (e), where Cyaxare: 


-betrothes his Daughter to Cyrus, Aidnjpucl Toi, a Kugr, avTy TavTh 
Typ Y, dvſaliga vt Soar inv, iur. ide 9 avrn iyy x; pig Mubicr 


d, i. e. I give you, Cyrus, this Woman who is my Daughter, 


avith all Media, far her Dowry. The Perſons to be married plighted 
their Faith to one another, or to their Relations. Thus Clitop bon 


and Lucippe ſwear to each other C, the former. to be conſtant and 


fincere.in his Love, the latter to marry him, and make him Maſter 
of all ſhe had. Ovi makes the next Ceremony after betrothing, 
to be the Virgin's Oath to her Lover; 

Promifit pater hanc, bc S Juravit amanti. 


Her Father promis'd, ſhe an Oath did take 
Her faithful Lover neyer to forſake. | 


The Ceremony in promiſing Fidelity was -kifling each other, or 
giving their Right-hands, which was the uſual Form of ratifyin 


all Agreements. Hence age in Furiprdes calls for Achil- 


41's Right-hand, to aſſure her 0 


tus fincere Intention to marry her 
Daughter (e); ON: DES iv ate i WA" 60 | 


— 


ase Y h ware Bhs 
Tura, dM faragiar wafruvuatu, 
Join your Right- hand to mine, a ſacred Tye 


The Thebens had a Cuſtom for Lovers to plight their Faith at the 
Monument of Jelant, who was a Lover of Hercules, and aſſiſted him 
in his Labours , and was'therefbre believed to take care of Love 
Affairs when advanced into Heaven. u 

In the primitive Ages Women were married without Portions from 


their Relations, being purchaſed by their Huſbands, whoſe Preſents 


to the Woman's Relations were called her Dowry, Thus we find 
$hechem bargaining with Jacob and his Sons for Dinah : Let me 
find grace in your Eyes (faith he) and what ye ſpall ſay unto me, I 


auill give: Aſt me newer ſa much Dowry and Gift, and I will give 


according as ye ſhall /ay unto me; but give me the Damſel to Wife ( 21 
| Several 


$. 
n "TY ** * * W 


b) Stromat. lib, II. (e) Kuporaud, lib; VIII. ( 40 


—yB Anat 


A Te. lid. + (+) ligen. in Aud. v. $31, (/ Plutarchnr Pelopide. 


c Gen. xxiv. 2. 


I 


Of ihe Mall Cao of Oe 276 


Several Inſtances mia be produced to the ſame Purpoſe, were not 


this Cuſtom too well known to need further Confirmation; only 


thus much muſt be obſerved, that when Civility and good Manners 


came to be eſtabliſhed if any Place, it was uſually laid afide ; for Ari- 
/otle makes it one Argument to prove that the ancient Grecians were 


an unciviliz'd People, becauſe they us'd to buy their Wives (a). No 


ſooner therefore do we find them beginning to lay aſide their barba- 


rous Manners, but this Practice was left off; inſomuch that Medea in 
Euripides complains that Women were the moſt miſerable of all ra- 
tional Creatures, 119 lying under a Neceſſity of purchaſing their 
own Maſters at a deat Rate (3). So frequent became the Cuſtom for 


9 


Women to bring Portions to their Huſbands, that ſome make the moſt. 
- > © 4.44. wi bot SURFACES $97 138. $44 91 12 | jp Sox 2 . PBs * 7 | 
eſſential iffet nee between Yun and TANNER, 1. . Wife and Con- 
ubint, to confi Fin this, that Wives had Dowries, whereas Concu- 
4 4 . 244 7 | 1 1 : "3 " k. g *. . ; 2 f : 
b uſually Without; whence one in Plautus, the Scene of | 


Th 


= 3 = . 
bines were 


| whoſe A jon is laid in Greece, ſpeaks thus 1 R 
Sed wut ine, | 


 Infamis ne fim, ne mihi hanc famam differant, ne 
Germanam mean ſororem in concubinatum tibi 
Sic fine dote dedifſe magis, quam in natrimonium. 
Tho' 1 am Tow i th? World, and am but mean, 
I'll offer ſome ſmall Matter for her Dowry, . | 
Leſt this Aſperſion ſhould be thrown abroad, 
That ſhe as Mi/re/5, not as Wie, is to you. 


Hence Men who were content to marry Wives who had no Fortune, 


commonly pave them epoxwa, an Inſtrument of Writing, whereby 
the Receipt of their Dowry was own'd, The reſt of ther DiſtinGion 
was Chiefly founded upon this; for ſhe that had a Dowry, thought it 
a juſt Title to a greater Freedom with her Huſband, and nioze Re- 
ſpect from him, than ſuch as ow'd their Maintenance to him. Hence 
ler miont in Euripides is entaged, that the Captive Andromache ſhould 
pretend to be her Rival in Pyrrhus's Affection. 5 

n 

Trodtabils poles rode or WA 

Os re Nd, AN Hino amo 

ohn dHfNι,A xu agu. 

A * Aa xen Taapria ride xe 8 

Mainz; n rar JwpsiTas walnp 

ToAAGs vr Mole, ws kN hep og opt, 

Yuay pay Bv Toior00 mpriborct Aloe 

Ev 9' Scan Neben, x; Jepixlile yorn- 


Apes zalaoxin, canto” ina, Wc beth 


(a) Politic. lib; II. cap. viii. (3) Euripidis Med, 2 0. a c) . 
(d Euripid. Andromach, 147. ( | mY 3 (c) | : 


S T 


. ˙ p A ⁵˙ Ee SITS 4s ms 


1 | | 27% Of the Miſcellany Cuſtoms of Greece. 


= 
4 


This rich Attire, theſe coſtly Ornaments, 
, My various Change of Clothes, and all my Jewels, 
„ Ne'er did Achilles or old Peleus give we 
N., they are only kind, indulgent Tokens. 
5 Of my dear Father's Blefling ; theſe I brought 
From Sparta, with a Fortune great and noble, 
To ſhew my Quality, and that I might 
_ .___ Sppak freely, without any flaviſh Awe; | 
— And doſt thou think, thou dirty, ſerwile Woman, 
To paramount, to caſt me out, and gain 
Th' Aſcendant o'er my Lord's Affections? 4. 


So ſenſible was Lycargus of this, and ſome other Inconveniencies at- 
tending this Cuſtom, that partly for fear Wives ſhould domineer over 
their Huſbands, and partly out of a Deſire that Men ſhould chuſe 
Wives more for the ſake of their Perſons than their Money, and that 


no Woman's Poverty ſhould hinder her of an Huſband, he quite ba- 


niſh*d it out of Sparta (a). Solon agreed herein with Lycurgus for all 


the Dowry he permitted the Athenian Wives to have, was a little 


inconſiderable Houſhold-ſtuff, and three Suits of Clothes: For 


( ſays Plutarch) he would not have Marriages for Gain, or an 


«« Eſtate, but for pure Love, kind Affection, and to get Children (5).” 


But ſome are of Opinion that this Qrdinance had no Relation to Dow- 
ries, but only to thoſe Gifts which the Bride brought with her, called 
inane, of which an Account will afterwards be given. And that 


Solon did not prohibit other Dowries, appears hence, that Men who 


had no Sons, were allowed to entail their Eſtates upon Daughters; 


and every Heireſs (the Athenians called them inixanpo.) was obliged 
to marry her neareſt Relation, left her Eſtate ſhould go out of the 
Family; but in Conſideration of her Dowry, ſhe had the Privi- 


lege, when her Huſband was impotent, to lie with his neareſt Kinſ- 
man; which Law was contrived againſt thoſe who, conſcious of 


their own Inability, would match with Heirefſes for the Portion's 
ſake, and make uſe of Law to put a Violence upon Nature; yet 
{ſaith my Author) *twas wiſely done to confine her to her Huſband's 
neareſt Kinſman, that the Children might be of the ſame Family. 

A farther Privilege Heireſſes had above other Women was, that 
their Huſbands were obliged to lie with them thrice. a Month (c). 

When there were any Orphan Virgins withoutInheritance, whom they 

term'd 9900%:(d), he that was next in Blood was oblig'd to marry her 

himſelf, or ſettle a Portion on her, according to his Quality; if he 

was mulaxoooidiuc, one of the firſt Rank, five mine, or goo Drachms; 
if Inv, of the ſecond Rank, 300; if Zvyirns, of the third Rank, 150: 

But if ſhe had many Relations equally allied, all of them ones 
| : 1 e eir 


— ——— — 1 N — * : 5 — 


() Juſtin, lib. III. Plutarch. Apophthegm. Lacenic. Elan. Var. Hiſt, lib. VI. 
ps Vis (35) Plutarchus Solone. (e) Idem loc. citato. Evftathivs in Iiiad. &. 
(d «x AriSopbene Grammatico. | | ; | 


N 1 n odds; FIDE G 
2 


Of the Mijeellany Cuſtoms of Greece: 275 


their Propartions to make up the Sum: If there were more than one 
Virgin, their neareſt Kinſman was only obliged to marry, or give a 
Portion to one of them; and upon his Refuſal to do this, any Per- 
{:n was allowed to indi@ him before the Archon, who was obliged 
to compel him to his Duty; and if he refuſed to put the Law in 
Exccution, was fined 1000 Drachms, which were conſecrated to 
Juno, the Goddeſs of Marriage (a). Terence has ſeveral Hints at 
theſe Cuſtoms ; for his Scenes being laid in Aubens, he frequently | 
deſcribes the Uſages of that City. Thus in Phormio (3) ; © 


Lex eft, ul orbe, qui font genere droxims, | 
Eis nubant, & illos ducere eadem bæc lex. jubet. 
"Tis an eftabliſh'd Form in Artic Laws, * 
That the next Male Kinſman without Demur, 
Muſt be tan Orphan Girl in Wedlock join'd. 


3 


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In the ſame Comedy (c) he expreſsly mentions the five Mine given 
by the Men of the firſt Qualty; _ 4.2 on | 
Etf mihi fafa injuria eft, verumiame 

Potius quam lites ſecter, aut quam te audiam, | 
Itidem ut cognata fi /it, id quod lex jubet « 
Dotem dare, abduce hanc, minas quinque accipe. 


Tho? I've been herein bubbled here's the Sum, 

Five Mine, as the Law enjoins, and take her 

As my Kinſwoman ; this PI rather do . 

Than facrifice my Patience to your Talk, . 
Or enter once the Clutches of the Law. | Fa 


It may be obſerved farther, that afterwards, when Money became 
more plentiful, the Relations of theſe Virgins increaſed their Dow» 
ries; for we are told by Euſtathius Cd, that the LIaiſa H 
gave ten Mine, and Men of inferior Quality without doubt rais'd 
their Contributions proportionably. When Virgins had no Relations 

to provide for them, and were deſcended from Men that had been 
ſerviceable to their Country, it was common for the State to take 
care of them; a remarkable Inſtance hereof we have in 4ri/tiaes's 
two Daughters, to each of which the City gave 300 Drachms for 
her Portion (e). Nor is it to be wonder'd (faith my Author) that 
the Athenians ſhould make Proviſion for thoſe that lived in their 
City, when hearing that the Grand-daughter of Arifogiton (a fa- 
mous Patriot that oppoſed Pi/ftratus's Sons) was in a low Condition 
in the Ifle of Lemnos, and like to want an Huſband, becauſe with- 
out a Portion, they ſent for her to Athens, married her to a "OA 

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lib, IV. cp, VIII. (d) Heſychius, Harpocration, Suidas, Pollux. 


6 Of the Miſcellany Ciſtim of Greece. 


of great Quality, and gave her a Farm belonging to the City for a 
Dowry. Indeed however generous the Love of the more ancient 

zians Was, their CEE as made Money the chief Tie 
of their Affections; and the later Spartans were of the ſame Hu- 
mour, even whilſt the Laws of Lycurgus were ſtill in being; for we 


find that whilſt Zy/ander was in a flouriſhing Condition, and paſs'd 
for a wealthy Man, ſeveral Perſons engaged themſelves to his Daugh- 


ters, who ſeeing afterwards how poor and honeſt he died, broke off 


their Contract. Tis true the Spartans puniſhed them ſeverely for their 


Perfidiouſneſs; but that ſeems rather done out of reſpe& to Ly/ar- 
der's Memory (a), than to their ancient Conſtitution, which, as ſoon 
asRiches began to be poſſeſſed and admired at Sparta, ſeems to have 
been laid aſleep. The Grecian, indeed, notwithſtanding the Prohibi. 
tion of ſome of their Laws, were generally Lovers of Money, and 


ſeem to have match'd rather for the ſake of that, than other more 


commendable Qualifications, Nor was this a late Corruption, but 
entertained even in the primitive Times; for we find Andromache 
called by Homer (b) Hob df e-, i. e. according to Zx/tathins, Tie - 
Fo, poſſeſſed of a large Dowry ; and before the Uſe of Money was 
common, Virgins increaſed their Huſbands Eſtates, by adding Sheep 
and Oxen to their Flocks and Herds, wherein the Riches of thoſe 


Ages chiefly conſiſted ; whence (as the ſame Author obſerves) they 
are ſometimes honour'd with the Epithet of zAGioicnu;, And from 


the Expence Fathers were at on this Account, came the Proverb, 
Llalg poor Tpilolarns ein, wn TpHloyana. 3 5 


Which is nothing but a Father's Wiſh, that his Children might ra- 
ther be Boys than Girls. As to the Quantity of Dowries, nothing 


can be determined, the Humours of Perſons, and their particular 


Exigences, being the Laws they were uſually directed by in ſuch 
Caſes ; only it may be obſerved, that in Crete Siſters were put off 


with half the Share of the Brothers (c). The Dowry was named 


pol, ſometimes prima, wa pea To WeNOOtw Toy Ada, or ita, ge 19G, 


werfe Ts Ide, as deſigned to procure the Favour and Good-avill of 
the Perſon they were given to; ſometimes ph, from Gipew, becauſe 
brought by the Wife to her Huſband. Some of the ſame Names 
are uſed for the Man's Dowry or Portion, as Z-/tathius has obſerved. 
When the Wife had a Dowry, it was commonly expected her Hu- 
band ſhould make her a Settlement, to be a Maintenance for her in 


daſe he ſhould bappen to be parted from her by Death or Divorce; 


this was uſually an Houſe or Land, and was anciently call'd n. 
wa (d), being a Return equivalent to the Dowry; atterwards it was 
. - termed au ον, i. e. a Recompence for her Dowry, or 
vro S from vmoGanar, becauſe it was vrooaunguam T1 Pry, given 
inftead of her Doaury. But where no ſuch Security was geen Hate 

| _ ands 


— 


(a) Plutarcbus Lyſjandro, (6) Lad "of NE (c) Alexander ab Alx. Gen. Dic. 


Of the Miſcellany Cuſtoms of Greece. 277 
bands that divorced their Wives were obliged to return their Dowry. 
Ihe ſame Obligation reacbed their Heirs, upon Refuſal to maintain 
the Wives of thoſe whoſe Eſtates they inherited: Hence Telemachus, 
in Homer, having. ſuffered many. Aﬀeonts, and ſuſtained great Loſſes 
by his Mother Penelope Gallants, yet thinks it not prudent to 
diſmiſs her to her Father Searivs, becauſe that could not be done 
without returning her Portion (a) ; l 0 


Kurd N ps 0M.) eM: 
6 Ixapiy, al arg iu ar willta ana, 


I could not now repay ſo great a Sum 
To the old Man, ſhould I diſmiſs her home, 
. Againſt her Will 


Which Words ſeem to intimate farther, that if the Woman departed 
of her own Accord, the forementioned Obligation became void. Yet, 
in caſe the Woman departed from her Huſband in the manner which 
was allowed by the Laws, her Dawry was reſtored to her. This we 
find to have been the Practice at Athens. | | a 
In the ſame City it was the Cuſtom, when any Man's Eftate was 
confiſcated, that the Wite's Dowry ſhould be aſſigned to her. 
In the ſame City it was decreed, that he who did not reſtore to his 
Wife when divorced, her Dowry, ſhould pay nine Obe{; every Month 
whilſt it was detained for Intereſt. If this was neglected, an Action 
termed oilis dien, was preferred againſt him in the Odeum by the 
Woman's (izi7por®-) Guardian (6). This is to be underſtood of the 
Dowries of thoſe of the loweſt Claſs of Citizens, to whom, as hath 
deen before abſerved, Solon allotted 150 Drachmæ; for it being the 
Cuſtom for one u, which is equivalent to 100 Drachme, to bring 
in an Intereſt of ſix Oꝶoli every Month, the Intereſt of 150 Drachme 
muft amount to nine Ol. „ | | 
Hence the Payment of the Dowry was alſo atteſted by ſufficient 
Witneſſes, and alſo by a written Inſtrument called apuryz. If theſe 
could not be produced, the Huſband was not obliged to allow his 
Wife a ſeparate Maintenance, If the Women deceas'd without Chil- 
dren, her Dowry was repaid to the Perſon by whom ſhe had been en- 
dow'd (c) ;, fer the Dowry was intended as a Maintenance to the 
Children, and therefore hen the Woman's Sons came to be of Age, 
they enjoy'd the Mother's Dowry whilſt ſhe was living, only allow- 
ng her a competent Maintenance (d). What other Things Wives 
brought to their Huſbands abhoye their Portions were called mefu- 
Debra. tminfounw, h, and by the latter Greeks ib z 
= Before Men manriced-!twas cuſtomary. to provide themſelves an 
Houle to ſettle in; to which Practice Heſau's Advice is an Alluſion. 
| | | 173 | Olxci 


9 — 


| {6} age. v. 132% (% Demgſtbenee it Meter. (0) Ogg, Less Orat, de 
95114, Fyrrhi. Ad] Demoſthents i Phanippun, & in Stephanum Tetera, 


278 Of the 22 Cuſtoms of Greece. 
| Olzey pat adv, Yule Y (a) j ——— 
9 Firſt ſee you have a Settlement, and Wit. 
The Woman! in Tbeocritus aſks her Lover wherher he was s making 
an Houſe for her, 
Tv xe {40% 4. ed, > Jh Ky aca; z 

. What? are you furniſhing an Houſe ! Have . 

1 Provided Beds ? bs 

1 To which he replies, 

| . Ted G0 Jorhd pes. — 

i Beds I procure, don't fear,- 

|; | | Provefilaus, i in Homer, being called to the 755 rojan War os after 
is [ his Marriage, is fad to have left * e, his Houſe half l- 
— 1 niſhed (8) ; 5 

1 | 

1 

1 T8 N DE FOR o Dino, 

10 | | Kai UE 1 pableats. 

it! At Phylace he left behind his Spee, 

4s T here to lament 1 in an Wire Houſe. ; 
1 Some indeed will have” Dany: to be meant of his Family, which is 
I | called a, becauſe he left it before he had any Children (c). 
1 'The ſame Ambiguity is found in Fate Flaccus, who has thus 


| Smitated Homer { ; 


{| Conjax miſeranda Caico 

1 Linguitur, & primo. domus ys cubili, 

0 
Lil Nigh where Caicus in clear Streams doth glide, | 

] His ſolitary Houſe and Wife abide, | 

1 Unbleft with th' Off- ſpring of the Bridal Night, 

1 | Who might powered the e _ # a Mind de- 
it e J. 4. 
1 ; OE 
1 Catullus has expreſs'd the ets Thought thus 02 ; 
1 
| j | 1 Conjugis . guondam ee advenit amore | 
31.088 Protefftazam Laodamia domum | 

IN | 1 | Iunceptan 
{149 7 3 
114% * 5 ee 
„ (a) Fry. c 23. vide Turmb. Adv, lib xxI. (b) Lad. G. v. 700, (6) $19 
! fi | | - Gage vetus — loc. cit, , ( 4) Liby VI, & —¼ At Malllum. 
1 
1 

1 


Of the Miſcellany Cuſtoms of Greece. 279 


Inceptam fruſtra, nondum cum ſanguine ſacro 
Hoſtia calle/ies pacificaſſet heros, 
As fair Laodamia once did come, . 
Inflam'd with Paſſion, to th' zxfini;/b'd Home 
Of her dear Lord, before the Sacrifice be 
Had e' er appeas'd the heav'nly Deities, 7 


But the former Senſe ſeems more agreeable to the Way of ſpeaking 
in thoſe Times, it being then the conſtant Cuſtom to build an Houſe 
before Marriage. Hence Women, whoſe Huſbands died ſoon after 
Marriage, are ſaid to be left Widows in à new-built Houſe ; as the 
Greet Scholiaſt obſerves upon that Verſe of Homer (a): 


XRypwoay N uf {Av * gt 5610, 


The Athenian Virgins were preſented to Diana before it was law- 


ful for them to marry. This Ceremony was performed at Brauron, 
an 4thenien Borough; it was called alia, the Virgins themſelves 
dello, and the Action aprliie, the Cuſtom being inſtituted to ap- 
peaſe the Goddeſs, who had been in cenſed againſt ſome of the Aufbe- 
„ans for killing a Bear; the Story whereof is deſcribed at large in 
one of the precedent Books (5), Another Cuſtom there was for Vir- 
gins, when they became marriageable, to preſent certain Baſkets fall 
of little Curioſities to Diana, to gain Leave to depart out of her 
Train (Virgins being looked on as that Goddets's Peculiar) and 
change their State of Life. To which Cuſtom Theocritus has this 
Alluſion (e); | | 1 . 
Hl * EvCzncio KavaPipog ammir M 

Aeg er AfA SL. 


Anaxo, EubuPs Daughter, full of Love, 
Came to me with a Baſket for Diana's Grove. 


The Action was called xaryFop:iv, and the Virgins xarnFgpes, from the 
Haſtet they carried. The Beotians and Locrians had a Cuſtom, for 
Perſons of both Sexes before their Nuptials, to offer Sacrifices to 
Euclia, who had an Image and Altar in their Market-place. This 
_ Euclia ſome will have to be the Daughter of Menatius, and Siſter 


i Patreclus ; others rather think her the ſame with Diana a; tis 


not improbable that Diana received this Sirname from Patroclus's 
Siſter, or that ſhe was worſhipped, by the Name of Diana Euclia 
tor Diana being the Goddeſs cf Virginity, 'tis not to be wonder'd 
that one honour'd for the Preſervation of her Virginity, ſhould be 
worlipped under her Name, ſince tis common to attribute to thoſe 

3 that 


3 


2 
ac - » 23 


a) Iliad. . v. 66. (8) Lib. II. cap. 20. in Rafi. (e) Idyll. C. v. 66. 
Plutarch u- Ariſtide. | 2s \ 


— 
"> 4951 . 


= 


— 
td 


en 
j — - 


———— ˖——— 3 ag 1, 269 * 


2 NEO ENT, I OE. A EL Abandon ons I Bo tt 


<6 T0047 *, GR 222 24 
I ren WIE 


ES 


20 Of the Miſcellany Cuſtoms af Greece. 
that were firſt eminent for any Sort, of Virtue or excellent Quality, 
the Actions of all that afterwards imitated them. Hence we have 
ſeveral Fupiters, Minervas, Bacchuſes, Herculeſes, &c. the famous 
Exploits cf many Perſons diſtant as well in Time as Place, being 
aſcribed to one Hero. To return, we find Diana concerned in the 

reparatory Solemaities before all Marriages; for a married Life 


1 beiag ber Averſion, twas thought neceſſary for all that enter'd upon 
1 it, to aſk her Pardon for diſſenting from her. This was done by 
| £11 Prayers and ſeveral Sorts of Sacrifices z whence Agamemnon in Euri. 
f ! | pides, pretending he was going to match /phigenia with Achilles, 
1 [| ſpeaks thus to Clytemneftra (a); | „ 


*Exmepurre wa q dhe molges Ara, 


| 1 Ne yeeuCee pe w 1UTpeTIC EIN, 

Tl TlpoxuTas Ts Pann ie xf 3X Xigas, 

| | | Moo x01 756, Wed hr ac deck rer Xfpe wv 

I [ 6 - "AgeTipuds, MAG: Hoe Puonudls. 

| 1 Send Ipbigenia quickly forth with me, 

Uh |  Hymen is now propitious ; all Things wait 

ih 4 _ 'To grace the ſolemn Gladneſs of this Day; 

| BY The holy Water's ready, with the Cates, 

{ 9 - 'To caſt upon the Fire ; the Calves are brought, 
Li! Whoſe Blood in grateful Vapours muſt ariſe, * 


— 


dre 
r 


IT“ atione the Breach of chaſte Diana's Rites. * 4 


2 2 


1 . 9 
e . e — 
4 — 


10 | 
* | | Theſe were called v EUY p., iN 40 , OT 
5 if T/1iua, for Tir and yew are Terms of the ſame Signkeation 
14 | (5), the former denoting Marriage, either as a general Name for all 
ij 1 Sorts of Rites and Ceremonies; or (as ſome ſay) becauſe the long- 
WW ing Expectations of married Perjons are thereby conſummated, and 
Wy b:ought to an End; or becauſe Perſons that are married become 
| 0 13 complete and perfect Men, and renounce all the Cuſtoms and De- 
[ | fires of Childhood - whence fta, to marry, is termed TH 97:2, 
1 | to be made perfect (c). Married Perſons are called Tia: (4), are 
1 ſeid to be % f. The fame Epithet is commonly given to the 
— | | Gods that had the Care of Marriage; whence we read of Jupiler 
1 TiO, Juno r, (e), We. Theſe Gods were likewiſe reader's 
WH propitious before their Nuptials, and the Sacrifices with other De- 


ewes 
— 
8 


votions offered them, were all known by the ſame Names with hol: 


— 


- Vo 2 
.. .. fon <a 
- —— WIR . 


(a) 1bigen, in Aulid, CCC 
(4) Byetus ad Are. Theſmapu.or, (2 Saidas, ali1que complures, . n 


1 offered to Piana; Fund's were called (beſides their general Name) 
1 | | Hearing, from her own Name, which in Greet. is Hes. Several 
1 9 2 © , . \ . b4 ö | 
i | other Deities had their Share in theſe Honours. Mineræa, ſirnamed 
1 cu he the Virgin, had a peculiar Title to them at Athens, upon 
# the ſame Account they were paid to Diana; and 'twas not per- 
10 (| mitted a Virgin to marry till the had, paid her Devation to this 
14 — 3 we | | 3 
n 
"# 
[ 


* 


. ˙ On 0 IEEE IIYy 
es 
Pro wor — — 


Of the, Mſcellam Cuſtems of Greece. 28s 


Goddefy's Temple ig the Citadel (a) V ges likeyiſe, and all gh 
reſt of mp/ Lat God, ſuperintending Marriage, were 8 


 YEpmAO 
vok'd (4). The Locesa nenn, bad a very ancient Statue of "Ager- 
Soy Hee, i. e. Jens Juno, to Which all Mothers kacrificed whe 
their Daughters were married (c) The moſt ancient Athenrans. paid 
the ſame Honour to Heaven and Earth, which were belicyed to have 
particular Concern in Mariages, the latter of theſe being rendied 
uittul by the henign Influence of the former, and therefore a f 
&nblem of Marriage (4%. The Fa 

to join, and then preſerve the Tis. of Loye, 1855 takers of the 
like Reſpect (e); and tis probable that ſeveral other Deities at dif- 
ferent Places, and for diff rent Reaſons, claimed a Share therein. 
'The Bay wherein this Ceremony was performed, was uſually that 
which immediately went before the Marriage (//; tis commonly 
called yapnnic xe2wry (g), from the Cuſtom they had: of ſhaving 
themſelves on this Occaſion (4), and preſenting their Hair to ſome 


of the fore- mentioned Deities, or other Gods, to whom they had 


particular Obligations. Pollux (i) mentions ſome, who offered their 
Hair to Diana, and the fatal Siſters. At Trazen the Virgins were 


obliged to con 'ecrate their Hair to Hippolytus, the Son of Thejeus, 


who gied for his Chaſtity, before they entered into Marriage-Bonds 
(4). ine Megarenfian Virgins offered their Hair, with Libations, at 
the Monument of Iphince, Daughter of Alcathous, who died a Vir- 
gin; the Delians to Hecaerge and Opis CI; the Arginians and u- 
#ians to trouble you with no more Inſtances) to Minerva. Statins has 
mentioned this Ceremony (n), ſpeaking of that Goddets's Temple. 


ic more parentum 
Iaſines, thalamis ubi caſta adoleſceret ætas, 
Virgineas livare comas, primoſque /olebant 
Excuſare toros, | 


When Maiden Bluſhes could make no Pretence, 

And vig*rous Age had ſully'd Innocence, 

As ancrenily the Argives hither came | | 

To vent their Paſſion, and their Love proclaim, 

They paid Diana then their Virgin Hair, Foy | 
T* excuſe the firſt Embraces of their Dear. eG - 


But theſe Names (van and xz;cor;) were at Athens peculiar to 


one Day of the Solemnity, called Apaluria, wherein Fathers had 


their Children entered into the public Regiſter, at which 'Fime 
they offered Sacrifices for their Proſperity, with a particular Reſpect 
ed rates bow e A be * 


5 


5 


2 _ 


(a) Suidas, &c. (% Ftymolegici Autor, &c, (e) Pauſorias Latonicit. 
(4 Proclus in Timaum Platonis Comment. V. (e) Pollux, lib. III. cap. iii. 
Etymolegici AuQtor. v. yapuntia, (] Helncbius. (g. Funolgict Autor, 
0 Follux loc. cit. c. (i) Onomaſt. lib. III. cap. iii. (A) Lucianas de Dea 


His. Y Pauſarigs Ai. ( Thehaid. II. 


The Fates and Graces 5 thought fir 3 
AT of: 


— Py 8 2 * 7 
re 
my 1 ——— ——— — me * 2 


rr 2 OED 
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Danger, and preſerved them to Manhood. 


the Deities of Rivers were commonly thought to 


* 


- 


282 Of the Miſcellany Cuſtoms of Greece. 
to their Marriages, and commonly ſhaved off ſome of their Hair to 
be dedicated to ſome of the Deities, eſpectally her to whoſe Ho- 
nour that Feſtival was celebrated. But tho” the Time of preſenting 
their Hair might not be conſtantly the ſame, yet the Cuſtom itſelf 
ſeems to have been univerſally obſerved, not only by Women, but 
Men, who rarely failed of performing this Ceremony upon their Ar. 
rival to Years of Maturity. Some of their Locks were carefully 
preſerved for this Uſe ; and therefore when Pentheus in Euripide: 
threatens Bacchus to ſhave his Hair, the young God tells him it 
would be an impious Action, becauſe he deſigned it for an Offering 
to ſome Deity (a); | | a 


Txeds ö wAdraper, 79 de N abr mpifu. 


This Lock is ſacred, this I do preſerve _ 
As ſome choice votive Off*ring for the God. 


The Hair was called wAinay; IpenTapios, becauſe preſented to a 
God, as an Acknowledgment of his Care in their Education. The 
Deity thus honour'd was commonly Apollo, as Plutarch reports, when 


he tells us, that The/eus, according to the Cuſtom of the Grecian 


Youth, took a Journey to Delphi, to offer the Firit- fruits of his Hair 
to the God of that Place (C). But this could not concern the poorer | 
Sort, to whom ſuch Journeys would have been too expenſive, Nor 
were thoſe of better Quality under any ſtrict Obligation to pay this 
Honour to Apollo, it being not unuſual to do it to other Gods, ſuch 
eſpecially as were thought to have protected their Infancy from 
Inſtances are needleſs 
in a Thing ſo well known, only it may be neceſtary to obſerve, that 

3 Title to this 
Reſpect; which Conceit ſeems to have proceeded from the Opinion 
of ſome Philoſophers, who thought all Things were firſt produced 
out of Water, and ſtill nouriſhed and rendered fruitful by it; whence 
the Poets took occaſion to give the Epithet xepolpsÞo5 to watery Dei- 
ties, as well as Apollo, theſe being no lefs inſtrumental in the Growth 


and Increaſe of living Creatures than the Sun, whoſe Influences, 


without Moiſture, can contribute nothing to the Production or Preſer- 
vation of Life ; hence both were looked on as deſerving their Returns 
of Gratitude for the firſt Gift, as well as Continuance of Life (c) 
I ſhall only trouble you with the following Example of Hair pre- 
ſented to Rivers, whereby what I have ſaid concerning the Reaſon 
of this Cuſtom, will be confirmed; for Achilles his preſerving his 
Hair as a Preſent to Sperchius, on condition he ſhould return home 
in Safety, and afterwards ſhaving it when he found the Fates had 
decreed that he ſhould be ſlain before Troy, plainly ſhews that they 
uſed to preſerve their Hair to the Gods, as a grateful Acknowledg- 

1 e ment 


" J 2 . 8 


— * * 


(4) Baccb. v. 594+ (5) Theſeo, (c) Euftaibius Ted. J. ubi banc tem fufys enarrat, 


Of the Miſcellany Cuſtoms of Greece. 283 
ment of their Care in preſerving them. Homer's Words run thus, 
when he ſpeaks of Patroclus's Funeral (a; . | 

Evil abr d inner Tooxerng 076» Axio = 

Era; drdeaubn wuens Zarhi d M hq vac, 

Tyr 6% EnTipxeiy wolapsy fie TINYQwr ur 

Oybjoat N aps tam, i ou Seri enonra mhiw. _ 

46 Emrep Xi, anus Tos Ye Talng npnoal Hue, 

% Lol vg Kopany Ned gige & iepny xl, 

ce Helix o HN, wa uro An iepyome | | 
4 Ne wide, oh Tor TED, Bwudg Ts Dune "* 
$* Ng veal 6 Mur, cu N os v6ov Bx irNοαοανπ t. 

«© N 0 zel & e⁰α. tyt ON 3g wa v 

we Ilolpixau pol x CTAT Hf Diproda, 
Then did Achilles, that brave Prince, prepare 

For other Rites, he ſhav'd his golden Hair, 

While at a Diſtance from the Pile he ſtood, | 
That Hair, he'd nouriſh'd, Sperchius, for thy Flood; 

Then, as be look'd upon the Stream, he ſaid, 

(While Grief and Anguiſh did his Soul invade) 1 
My loving Father made a Vow (in vain) f 

„That when I fee my native Soil again, | 
„ I ſhould my Hair in pious Duty pave 
„To thee, and thou an Hecatomb ſhould have; 

«© That fifty Rams I to thy Source ſhould bring, 

« And pay them at thy Shrine a thankfu! Offering : | 

Thus, thus old Peleus vow'd ; but fince I can't 1 

«Return, and you'll his Wiſh by no means grant, | 

« My dear Patroclus, I'm reſolv'd ſhall have _ 

«Theſe Locks, it is for him I do 'em Have. Fe 


And the Cuſtom of nouriſhing Hair on religious Accounts ſeems it 
to have prevailed in moſt Nations. The Fes had their Nazarizes. | 
Ofiris the Egyptian conſecrated his Hair to the Gods, as we learn it 
from Diodorus (b). And to mention no more, we find in Arrian's i 
Account of India, that it was a Cuſtom there x4» 73 geg, to pre- | 
ſerve their Hair for ſome God, which they firſt tearnt (as that Au- 
thor reports) from Bacchus. {| 

To return: Before the Marriage could be folemnized, the other — 

Gods were conſulted, and their Aſſiſtance implor'd by Prayers and [| 
Sacrifices, which were uſually offer'd to ſome of the Deities that 
ſuperintended theſe Affairs, by the Parents, or other Relations of 
tne Perion to be married, Nor can theſe Offerings be thought the | 
{ame with thoſe already mentioned, and called en, fince we i 
nnd chem plainly diſtinguiſhed by Euripides in a Dialogue between | 


| Agamemnon 


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284 Of the Miſcellany Cuſtoms of Greece" 


lgamemnon and Chytemneſtra, concerning the Marriage of thei: 
Daughter Iphigenia; e LES OA 


KAY. Tlpdliaua & dt maid; topaln; Y 
ATA. M y im Tavty x xabirapy TUXn, 

KAT. Knee oaioug Te, young ie] „ Koa 0 
ATA. Ovoas ys NH, awip w ixpm Yuozs Jo; (a), 


CLY. Well, have you kill'd the Victims for the Goddeſs, 
My Daughter's Wedding to initiate # | 
AGA. VI ſee that done, for that is my Deſign. TAs. 
CLY. And then the Wedding-dinner? 4G f. That we'll have, 
When to the Gods the Victims offer d arc. F. A. 


When the Victim was open'd, the Gall was taken out and thrown 
behind the Altar (5), as being the Seat of Anger and Malice, and 
therefore the Averſion of all the Deities who had the Care of Love, 
as well as of thoſe who became their Votaries, The Intrails were 
carefully inſpected by Soothſayers, and if any unlucky Omen pre- 
ſented itſelf, the former Contract was diſſolved, as diſpleaſing to 
the Gods, and the Nuptials prevented. The ſame happened _ 
the appearing of any ill-boding Omen without the Victim; thus 
we find in Achilles Tatius, that Clitophon's deſigned Marriage with 
Calligone was hindered by an Eagle, that ſnatch d a Piece of the Sa- 
crifice from the Altar (c). The moſt fortunate Omen which could 
appear, was a Pair of Turtles, becauſe of the inviolable Affection 
thoſe Birds are ſaid to have for each other. The ſame may be ob- 
ſerved of xopara;, which were thought to promiſe long Life or Hap- 
pineſs, by reaſon of the Length of their Lives, which is proverbi- 
ally remarkable, and the Pefpetuity of their Love; for when one of 
the Mates is dead, the other remains ſolitary ever after Cd,; for 
which Reaſon the Appearance of thoſe Birds ſingle, boded Separation 
or Sorrow to the married Couple; whence (as we are told by Hera- 
pollo) it was cuſtomary at Nuptials to ſing Koen inxope: rxopwrnr, where» 
by the Maids. were put in mind to watch, that none of theſe Birds 

coming ſingle ſhould diſturb the Solemnity; or perhaps it might be 
done to avert the pernicious Influences of that unlucky Omen, if it 
happen'd to appear. Another Remedy againſt evil Omens was this, 
they wrote over their Houſe-doors, MH N EIL TT KAKON, LET 
NO EVIL ENTER. To this Sentence they ſometimes joined 
the Maſter of the Houſe's Name, as appears from a new-married 
Ferſon, who wrote thus upon his Houfe ;. | | 


. © TOY AIOE Hair HPAKAHE KAAAINIKOE. _ 
| ENOAAE KATOIKEL MHAEN, EISITQ Kak Ox. 


- Pray” 95 FUBAP uy PORO>onr rErrs — ſ—ͤu— . 
ire 30h AO At As OAT eee 8 N > Fes 1 . W. 


(a) Euripid. big. in Aud. v. 718. () GæH˖NBadigin. ib; xxvii. cap, xxi, 
Platarchus de conjugal, præcept. (c) Lib, ii. (d) Alex, ab Alex, 


Of the Miſcellany Caſtoms of Greece: 283 
1. e. Here dwells Hercules the victorious Son of Jupiter, ler no Evil 
enter. 


of a vicious Fellow the fore- mentioned Prayer, then (ſaid he) let not 
the Maſter .of the Houſe enter (a). X 1 | | 

The Bridegroom's Garments were all dy'd, as Suidas (5) has 
obſerved out of Ariflophanes, However that be, both the married 
Perſons and their Attendants were richly adorned, and according to 


Eel N vd oder fr, ba xp} kad x, dur 
Eipuale muolai, To N Toios mapacyti, of xt 0 alwildy 
The Time was nigh compleated, when a Bride 
You was to be, and richly dreſt in Clothes, 

With your Attendants on that ſolemn Time. 


They were likewiſe deck'd with Garlands of various Herbs and 
Flowers; whence Clytemne/tra in Euripides Tpeaks thus to Achilles 
about her Daughter phigenza (c); 1 5 8 | 


A Ame, & Fra; wal, Th F ty Ivorcatin, = 

Ty Te MN Jawa on ary wi, GAN ds 

Eo: xdlaſhas iu w yy o; yapepirm. 

Thou darling Off- ſpring of a Goddeſs, help, 
Pity, redreſs, avenge my woeful Loſs 

In my dear Child, thy Wife; but oh! in vain, | 
Tho' I had crown'd her to be wedded to thee. F. 4, 


The Herbs were uſually ſuch as ſome way or other ſignified the Af- 


fairs of Marriage, as thoſe ſacred to Venus, or (which are mentioned 


by the Scholiaſt (4) upon Ariffophanes) riovuberom, winw, SH por, 
Sc. Cakes made of Se/ame were likewiſe given at Marriages, that 


Herb being woavyor&., remarkable for its Fruitfulneſt according to 


the ſame Author. The Bæotians uſed Garlands of wild Aſparagus, 
which is full of Prickles, bat bears excellent Fruit, and therefore 


was thought to reſemble the Bride, who had given her Lover ſome 
Trouble in courting her and gaining her Affections, which ſhe re- 


compenſed afterwards by the Pleaſantneſs of her Converſation, The 
Houſe where the Nuptials were celebrated was likewiſe deck'd 
with Garlands; a Peſtle was tied upon the Door, and a Maid carried 


a Sieve (e), the Bride herſelf bearing @gv{do, Siſelgo, uf (f), 
an earthen Veſſel, wherein Barley was parched to fignify her Ob- 


ligation to attend the Buſineſs of her Family. | 
| | 1 The 


n n — 


(a) Diogenes Laertius in Drogere, (6) v. Band, (c) Iphigen, in Aulid v. 903. 
4 ) Pace, (e) Pelluaæ lib. HI. cap. III. (F) dem lib. I, cap. xii. Heſychius. 


This gave Occaſion to Diagenes's Jeſt; for ſeeing upon the Door 


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286 Of the Miſcellany Cuſtoms of Greece. 
The Bride was uſually conducted in a Chariot from her Father's 

Houſe to her Huſband's in the Evening (a), that time being choſen 

to conceal her Blulhes. Thus we find in Calullus's Epirhalamzun ; 


Vesper ads, juwenes conſurgite, veſper Olympo 
Expectata diu viæ tandem lumina tollit : 5 
Surgere jam tempus, jam pingues linquere menſas: 
Jam weniet virgo, jam dicetur Hymenæus. 


She was placed in the Middle, her Huſband fitting on one Side, and 
one of his moſt intimate Friends on the other, % A for that Reaſon 
was called aajox®-. This Cuſtom was ſo frequent, that when 
the Bride went to her Huſband's Houſe on foot, the Perſon who 
accompanied her retained the ſame Name. The ſame was called 
wiwuPvT 5, W .., and 12%2ay0{ PO (3), tho? this is more com- 
monly ufed in the Feminine Gender, and ſignifies the Woman that 
waited upon the Bride, ſometimes called wupirps. When the 
Bridegroom had been married before, he was. not permitted to 
fetch the Bride from her Father's Houſe, but that Care was com- 
mitted to one of his Friends, who was termed wavy; (c), or 
„, which Words are likewiſe taken for the Perſons that 
aſhſted in makin up the Match, and managing the Concerns which 
related to the Märrlage, who, if Women, were called wpoypurrcoins, 
g,, Wc, One thing farther may be obſerved in the Bride's 
Paſſage to her Huſband's Houſe, viz. that Torches were carried 
before her, as appears from the Meſſenger in Euripides, who ſays he 
called to mind the Time when he bore Torches before Menelaus 
and Helga , So feng | 


| Nv A , THY 06v νάLb wa N. 
* N A ue Ne EN“ de, rip 
Irroig reo Cu, cg hep ou & iy pole 
Evv rcd „en Je s terig UN %%. 


| T call to mind as Yeſterday the Pomp 
Of your Proceſſion on the Wedding-day, 
How you was carried in a Coach and four, 
While I with Torches blazing in the Air 
Prove foremoſt on from your > Ho Parents Houſe, 
That happy Nurs'ry of your tender Years. . fs 


"Theſe Torches were uſually carried by Servants, as appears from 
the following Words of Heſod (e); | 
TM & an aibouirur dad g rinvPate 
Kepoiv k Ae | 


The 


——_—_ _ - as 13 
* ä — 


» ct 


(a) Suidas v. Ziil®- Euſtatbius Iliad NM. p. 765. 5) Heſychius v. Nele. 
{c) Heſychius, vide Pellucis Onomaſt. lib, III. item Suidam, Phavorinum, cæteroſauꝰ 
Lexicographos, {d) Helen v. 728. (e) Scut. Hercul. v. 275» 


Of the. Miſcellany Cuſtoms of Greece. 287 
The Servants then did flaming Torches bear, oe 
Which darted forth a quiv'ring Light from far. 


They were ſometimes attended with Singers and Dancers, vs Homer 
acquaints us in his Deſcription of Achilles's Shield (a;; 


E & dd aoinos wing peporur avbewnws 
Kaas" iv Ty fab g your T' ina, Nail 
NuuPa; & ix ,, 0a:0Wv UT ONQ AT YAEVA WY, 
"Hyivor av adv, wonus & U,: bewprs* | 
KSD / opynolnet; idivzor iy o apa Toigw 

Abe, 6 aſyic Te Bon t,0v, ai g yurales 

Ila en zr goοοονðẽH/Eẽ² d n. 


With nice and curious T ovches next appear 
Two ſtately Cities, in one Nuptials are 
Here poliſh'd Art with Nature doth agree 
In framing Figures of Feſtivity, | 
Feaſts, Revels, Balls, the Sculpture repreſents, 
With various Sorts of Muſic-Inſtruments, 
Lamps ſhine with Brightneſs on the ſolemn State, 
While the briſk Bridegroom leads his charming Mate; 
Meaſures young Men obſerve with active Feet, 
While the Pomp does advance along the Street ; 
The Muſic plays, Hymen, Hymen, they cry, 


While Aged Matrons ſtand admiring by. | „ 


The Song they were entertained with in their Paſſage was called 
agu THY fe-, from agua, the Coach they rode in, the Axle- 
tree whereof they burnt when arrived at their Journey's end, there- 

by ſignifying that the Bride was never to return to her Father's 
Houſe, The Rhodians had a peculiar Cuſtom of ſending for the 
Bride by a public Cryer. When the Bridegroom entered the 
Houſe with his Bride, it was cuſtomary to pour upon their Heads 
Figs, and divers other forts of Fruits, as an Omen of their future 
Plenty (6). The Day of the Bride's Departure from her Father 
was celebrated in manner of a Feſtival, and called IIpryaipringe 


(c. It ſeems to have been obſerved at her Father's Houſe before 


ihe departed, being diſtinct from the Nuptial Solemnity, which 
was kept at the Bridegroom's Houſe, and began at Evening, the 
uſual Time of the Bride's Arrival there. | | 


The Bride being come to the Bridegroom's Houſe, was enter- 


tained with a ſumptuous Banquet, called by the ſame Name with 


the Marge, viz. yapE-, as Pollux hath obſerved from the fol- 


lowing Verſe in Homer; 
| EA 


n 
oy K —— 


— 10 * 22 — * * * 


(4) Iliad &. v. 490. (6b) driftephanis Scholiaft, in Plutum, p. 78. e) Har- 
Cectatian, Suidas, | | 


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mote) tells us there here | 


Uppryuruy, Or chairs. Thus both Homer and Heffod. 


286 ": the Miley Gutams if Greece 


E- "am 12 1. zel BX « fh. 749 2 guy. 


— | Shot. free EDIT or a Marriage teat! 
Not ſach as is by Contribütton made. 


Whence 9zi:y val is to make 4 Nuptial Ekrerttiiment. Thus 
Homer (a) ; | 


Auiru 3 v ple hee 
To make a Martiage-Feaſf for the Mind. 


The ſame Poet has this Expretli on in other plates OE 


Azkelld Jab eee ing 42 
Making a Nuptial-Pantet fof his fiel. 


What was the Deſigii A this IN TY ve Rane! n Athe- 


nus, who (to paſs by the irth it was. intended to pro- 


0 eaſbns for it the firſt was, the 
Reſpec due dh the Gogs of Marliage, who ae Inveled beſore 
the Feaſt, and Räd nb 1. Share in it; and 'tis thooght by ſome 
that molt of tile G ge were firſt obſerved 6h this 3 
The ſecond End bf this Ente. rtainment was, that the Marriage 
be made puhlie (c), for all tha Relations of the macried 
Couple were invited as Witneſſes of their Marriage, and to rejoice 
with them; Heute the young Man in Terence concludes, the Mar- 
riage he there ſptaks of could not be preſently conſummated, be- 


cauie "Time was required to invite Friends, and to make neceſſary 


e 493 


Pacenda « oft 4 Abr, ut ais; 3 | conceds tt; - by 
Spatium quidem apparandis nuptiit, 
Vocandi fJacrificandi dabitur paululum. 


That he's oblig'd to marr her I 6 rant ; 1 
But chen forhe * Time before muſt be allow'd 
For the procurin of all >: ae pl. ; 
His Friends muſt be invited to the Wedding, 
And he addrefs the Gods with Sacrifice. | H. H. 


Durin ng, che Sclenivity the * ny diverted themſelves, and 
homoured the Gods of Marriage wi ufie and Dancing; we ſel- 
dofn read of a Marriage ih Re them. All the Songs were called 


7; \ 


* 12 N AS * ror. g : "WM 1 in * 1 p as , An 8 Na _—_—_ PEEP 28 4 — eee dt. 


a). Had. i, () df. v. 
4 Pberm. Act. IV. So. iv hear. 


(c) Atbengus, lib. v. cap. I. initio» 


1 


ile Miſcellany Cuftoms of Greece: 269 
Fad; T otros Gpeiprrs ! | 

Many Hymens (ung.——— 
The Romans uſed the ſame Term (a); 

Hymeneum, turbas, lampadas, tibicines, 5 

Vour Hymens, Hubbubs, Flambeaus, and Scrapers. | 


This Name was taken from the frequent Invocations of Mymen, or 
Hymeneeus, the God of Marriage always made in theſe Songs; as in 
this Verſe of Catullus, | | 


lo Hymen, Hymenæe Hymen ades, O Hymenee. 


This Hymen#us, we are told, was an Argian, whom (5) they received 
tato the Number of their Gods, and thus remembred for a generous 
Action, in delivering certain A:hexian Virgins from the Luft and 
Cruelty of ſame Pelaſgians. Others derive the Words an e 5d 
releu from the . Couple's inhabiting together; others, laſtly, | 
from vp, which ſignifies the membrana wirginalis, + lj 


About the Time of their Entertainment there were ſeveral ſignifi- - 
cant Ceremonies relating ſome way or other to the State of Marriage. id 
One at Athens was this: There came in a Boy cover'd with Thorn- 4 
boughs and Acorns, carrying a Baſket full of Bread, and finging il 
EDvyoy Ko x0v, cb po de, i. e. I haue left the worſe, and found the bet- $4 h | 
ter. Which Saying was uſed at one of their Feſtivals, when they com- 1 
memorated their Change of Diet, from Acorns to Corn; but ſeems 4 
at this Time to have ſignified all the Happineſs which the married | 
Perſons were entering upon, and that Marriage was preferable to a #1 
hngle Lite. The Laced&monians had a Cuſtom of carrying about a [ 


Sort of Cakes, made in various Figures, and called xvpiGarg, whilſt | 
they danced and commended the Bride in Songs (c). 
When the Dances were ended, the married Couple were con- 4 
ducted to the Marriage-Bed, called in Latin, lectus genialis, in Greek, | | | 
hien in, or yawey, Or (when the Perſons were firſt married, 
and in their Youth) xf NN. It was richly adorn'd, as the 
Quality of the Perſon would bear, the Covering was uſually Purple, 
waence the Poet (4), 8 „ 0 


Parpureumwe cath conſternens wvefte cubile. 
Spreading a Garment o'er ty purple Bed. 


Atollonius ſpeaks of the fame Colour, and Flowers wherewith they 
uſed to ſtro it ( 155 e 


E, 


1 


(a) Termitius Aab. (0) aer! Scholiaftes Thad &'. v. 593. (e) Abenaui, lib, X. 
( 4% Ds nuptiis Polti & Thetidis, v. 1402. (e] gen. IV. v. 11144. 


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299 cf the Miſcellany Cuſtoms of Greece? 


Esba Tor” iropeoay Nxlpor piyn, Tues" utepds 
Xpuoro avyAnty u,, BuNv, Sh minute 
Tipuni Tr yan» d. alice i of; 

| NupOai wprepybpircs νναẽ,,, i Woxina xoATMIG 
Ee pics. 93 


Then richly they adorn'd the Marriage-Bed. 

A coſtly purple Skin they o'er it ſpread; 

And that the Nuptials they might celebrate 

With more magnificent and pompous State, 
The beauteous Nymphs brought in their ſnowy Breaſts 
Flowers of various Colours. | | H. It. 


In the ſame Room there was commonly placed a Side- Bed, called 
XXiry mapuCure; (a), viip TE Tr mails H Gh, as Pollax ac- 


counts for the Cuſtom (4). But before they went to Bed, th* 


Bride bath'd her Feet, whence 7 rygeus in Aritophanes (c) intending 
to marry Opera, no ſooner brings her to his Houſe, but com- 


mands his Servants to provide a Veſſel of Water, then to make 
ready the Bed, 


Ahe T1 we TANG Tan, Accor, 
Kal To ever 8 x Vigpaw vows, 
b 


ETopul 160 5 T19s Aepigor Aix-. 


Bring home my Bride as ſoon as poſſible, 
Then waſh the Veſſel, and the Water warm, 
And next prepare fox us the Nuptial Bed. 


This Water the Athenians always fetch'd from the Fountain 
Callirrhoe, afterwards called Emaxparcs, from nine Ciſterns ſupplied 
by it with Water; the Perſon that brought it was a Boy nearly al- 
lied to one of the married Couple, whom they termed df 
from his Office (4). This being dont, the Bride was lighted to 


Bed with ſeveral Torches, for a ſingle Torch was not enough, as 


may be obſerved from the Miſer in Libanius (e), that complains he 
could not light the Bride to Bed with one Torch. Round ove of 
the 'Torches the married Perſon's Mother tied her Hair-lace, which 


ſhe took from her Head for this Uſe. Seneca alludes to thi: 


Cuſtom (%; 


en te duxit in thalamos parens 
Comitata primos, nec ſua feſtas manu 

| Drnavit des, nec ſua latus faces © 
Vitta revinxi, - 


Your 


„„ 


—_—— 
—_ . 


— 5 — * * * — 11 


(% b, () LW. Ii. cap, Bi. (e) Pace, ] Side, 


Pollux, loc, cit. (le) Declamat. xxxvii. Y Theb, v. 0 


Of the Miſcellany Custom of Greece, 


Your Mother did not at the Wedding wait, 
Nor you into your Chamber introduce 


Nor with her Hand the Bridal Houſe adorn'd, 
Nor with her Hair-lace ty'd the joyful Torch. - 


291 


A. H. 


he Relations of the married Perſons aſſiſted in the Solemnity, and 
't was looked on as no ſmall Misfortune to be abſent; the Mothers 
e(pecially were afſhduous in lighting Torches when their Sons Wives 


entered the Houſes. 


Jocaſta in Euripides ſeverely chides Polynices 


tor marrying in a foreign Country, becauſe ſhe, with the reſt of 


his Relations and Friends, were 
Nuptials (a); 


De d, w vx, * 


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But you, my Son, not without Grief, I hear, 


Are join'd in Wedlock in a foreign Land, 
There taſte the Pleaſures of a genial Bed, 
And on a Stranger propagate your Kind; 
This, this is Matter of moſt killing Grief 
To me, and your good Grandfire K | 
When we reflect upon thoſe coming Ills, 
That muſt undoubtedly attend the Match ; 
For neither I, as well becomes the Care 

Of happy Mothers, lighted up the Torch, 
And bleſs'd the Nuptials by that pious Act; 
Nor old 1/menus, rich in rowling Streams, 


Furniſh'd out Water for your Nuptial Waſhings, 

Nor was the Entrance of your Bride proclaim'd 
Through Theban Streets ; but all as unconcern'd 

As when no Native does bring home his Bride, 


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292 Of the Miſcellany Cuſtoms of Greece. 
The Bride's Mother had no leſs a Right to this Office, for we $n6 
Clytemneſtra, tho' proſeſſing all due Sabmiſion to Agamemnon, when 
defired by him to abſent herſelf from ag Marriage, ſtedfaſtly 
refuſing it, as a Thing againſt all Juftice, notwithſtanding his Pro. 
mile to perform her Part of the Ceremony (aj 


able (5). The Huſband then loos'd h 


KA. Hug N a3 xn r,, ra Toſyduuy ; 

AF. Xwpes 7po; Apy®-, wxfphau; Y T. 

KA. Aud wald ; Tic & Gb, t PXoya 3 

AT. EY wapizu Sag, 6 whois pr it.. 
KA. Ouy, 5 e dr., g ov 08 Pain” nyn Tak, 

CL. Whither mean time ſhall wretched I repair ? 

AG. To Argos, let thoſe Maids employ your Care. 

CL. And leave my Child? Who then the Torch will light? 
AG. That be my Care, I will perform that Rite. 

CL. And is that fit? let Agamemnon judge. II. Ji 


After a little diſputing they proceed thus: 


AT. IIS. KA. Ma rd, &racoam Apyilay de de 
EXbay S, rd o Taco, Ta 'v WITTE N 276, 
A xfU wapiias vwpPlocos waptiveg, = 


4G. Without more Reas'nings my Demands obey. 
CL. By Juno, that o'er Argos bears the Sway, 
Sooner would wretched Clytemneftra bleed, 
Than give Conſent to fo unjuſt a Deed'; 
Affairs abroad better my Lord become, 
*T'is fit that J ſhould manage Things at home. 
| 85 | . H. 


The married Couple being ſhut together in the Chamber, the 


Laws of Athens obliged them to eat a Quince, whereby was iati- 


mated, that their firft Converſation ought to be pleaſing and agree- 

55 Wife's Girdle, whence due 
drm 1s to deflower, and yur Abele,, a Woman who has loſt her 
Virginity. This Girdle was not Cee feem to fancy) worn by 


Maids only, but uſed as well after Marriage as before, being deſigned 


to ſecure the weaker Sex from the ſudden Attempts of Men inflamed 
with Luft, whence Nonnus calls it oai@pmr, and when he introduces 
the Satyrs endeavburing to embrace certain Virgins, we find their 
Honour ſecured by it (e). The ſame appears farther from the Men- 
tion which Authors make of untying Womens Gitdles in Child- 
birth, and from calling ſuch Girls only Andrei, 7. e. not having a 
Girdle, as were not arrived to Maturity. : 1 

9 | t 


th 2 m 8 


( Ipbiges, in Aulid, v. . (6) Plutarchus 6 ent 
Nr 07 nts Toon, ca Gong 


Of the Miſcellany Cufteins of Greece. 293 
At this Time the young Men and Maids ſtood without the Door, 
dancing, and ſinging Songs, called ia, from SA, the 
Bride-chamber, and making a great Noife by ſhouting and ſtampin 
with their Feet, which was termed vn, Or xivT.o (a), and defin'd 
to drown the Maid's Cries. Left the Women ſhould go to her Aﬀiſt- 
ance, one of the Bridegroom's Friends ood Centinel at the Cham- 
ber-door, and from his Office was called Jupups; (5). This Song, as 
likewiſe all the reſt, was termed Twaaus, and conſiſted of the Praiſes 
of the Bridegraom and Bride, with Wiſhes for their Happineſs, as 
may opens (to paſs by other Inſtances) from Thqecritas's Apithala · 
mium of Helena, which begins thus: e | 


E, wer apa Emafla, veg. wap Merz, 
Haha: N, xipar; ν 2 txoion, 
idols „Dv Jariuw “ ifdoulle, 
Addixa ral wpara ma®- jpiye NEM AANνν“ε, 
Avixee Tuydapiw ej Tar ayanalay 
Mvagnoa; ENU vr . Alte» vis 
Ast © apa oaoa i; ir D- iyrplinons 
Hoc cep, ep * ax: CTY v,. 


At Sparta 's Palace twenty heauteous Maids 
The Pride of Greece, freſh Garlands crown'd their Heads 
_ With Hyacinth and twining Parſly dreſt, 
Grac'd joyful Menelaus Marriage-Feaſt, 
When lovely Helen, great in conqu'ring Charms, 
Refign'd her willing Beauty to his Arms: 
They danc'd around, Joy flow'd from ev'ry Tongue, 
And the vaſt Palace ſounded with the Song. Mr. Creech, 


They return'd again in the Morning, ſaluted the married Couple, 
and ſung zu, fh, for that was the Name of the Mornin 
Songs, which were defign'd to awake and raiſe the Bridegroom 
Bride; as thoſe ſung the Night before were intended to diſpoſe 


them to Sleep, and are on that account termed sv, xuprluxd. 


This Cuſtom appears from T heocritus's Chorus of Virgins, who con- 
clude the forecited Epithalamium, with a Promiſe to return early in 
the Morning; | | | 2 {4 


Eber ts wAAdAwr Fic , Wriolcg 

Kal olan iyprole N wha; aw, wir Ah 
N+:usba xaipec is phpev, imeing par» dg 
EZ nas xihadyon ann νν TN Turn 
Thar g Tuian, YEuy dr. re Nfl. 


Sleep in each other's Arms, and raiſe Deſire, 
Let ardent Breathings fan your mutual Fire. 
RRR — | 

(a) Beſyching, ) Peda, lib. III. cap. III. | 


'? 


#94 Of the Miſcellany Cuſtoms of Greece. 
Baut riſe betimes, forget not, we'll return 
When firſt the crowing Cock ſhall wake the Morn, 


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[4 | When thro” his feather'd Throat he ſends his Voice: 

[| 0 O Hymen, Hymen, at this Feaſt rejoice: Mr. Creech, 
1 1 The Solemnity laſted ſeveral Days. The Day before the Marriage 
1 was termed wfavna, as preceding that whereon the Bride did a 
11 todas rd fai, lodge with the Bridegroom. The Marriage-day 
1 was called yapo; the Day following, according to Pindar, inci, 
14 which Word fignifies a Day added to any Solemnity; Heſpchins (a) 


calls it mania, which may perhaps be derived from wa, becauls 
the former Day's Marth was as it were repeated, whence the Romans 


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— je EPS 
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— PIR — 
Leo do eo re CRIED et nay 


band, and zrauaz to her Departure from her Father's Houle (4, 
Oa the Day called 2ravaz, (whenever that was) the Bride preſented 
her Bridezroom with a Garment called «nararlugle. Gifts were 
likewiſe made to the Bride and Bridegroom by the Bride's Father 
and Friends, called ſometimes anziMa, ſometimes inavaa; theie 
conſiſted of golden Veſſels, Beds, Couches, Plates, Ointment-boxes, 
Combs, Sandals, and all Sorts of Neceſſaries for Houſe-keeping, 
which were carried in great State to the Houſe by Women, who 


„ called it repotia ; unleſs for maniz we might be allowed to read 
1 i i; | manzia, and then it would be the ſame with Athenzus's Un uf 
5 16 155 (5), for z denotes any Thing that has ceaſed to be new, whence 
1 tit | Tully calls a Book l, when Mens firſt and eager Enquiry after it 
1 | BE is cooPd ; and Athenzus in another Place has oppoled Ta; c. 
1 VJapiou mutpes to the To iu Ty ouwrooias (c); Others call the ſecond 
| T8 Day inainiu, or inevnia. The third Day was termed area, or 
þ 1 | rather zza1%z, becauſe the Bride returning to her Father's Houie, 
1 5 did anvunitcda: T4 wie, lodge apart from the Bridegreom, tho? 
4 1h ſom? place this upon the ſeventh Day after Marriage; others will 
| i have it fo called, becauſe the Bridegroom lodg'd apart from his 
1 Bride at his Father in-Law's Houſe ; tis poſſible both may be in the 
f if 1 right, and that both Bridegroom and Bride might lie at her Father's 
1 | Houſe ; but indifferent Beds. Others make anaiau to be the ſame 
i . ; with wal, whence a ſeeming Difficulty ariſes, fince thoſe two 
Wit Worlds import Contraries, one ſeeming to denote the Bride's lodg- 
i | Wl ing apart from the Bridegroom, the other with him ; but this may 
110 be eafily ſolv'd by applying iraiaa to her lodging with her Hut- 

11 

14 

1. 


11 | f-llowed a Perſon called x«»nÞopo;, from carrying a Baſket in the 
I Wo manner uſual at Procefſions, before whom went a Boy in white Ap- 
"by parel with a Torch in his Hand, It was alſo cuſtomary for the Bride. 
| 1 groom and his F riends to give Preſents to the Bride, which they cal- 


led ArzXAAUTINpIOG (e) 3 and Heſychius wall have the third Day 0 be 


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Of the Miſcellany Cuſtoms of Greece. 295 
unveil'd. Suidas tells us the Gifts were ſo called, becauſe ſhe was 
then firſt ſhewn to her Bridegraom, ' For the ſame Reaſon they are 
ſometimes called den, inhjpa, a3grparax and mxophſvnfa, be- 
cauſe the Bridegroom had then Leave to converſe freely with her; 
for Virgins before Marriage were under trait Confinement, bei 
rarely permitted to appear in Publick, or converſe with Men ; 
when allowed that Liberty, wore a Veil over their Faces; this was 
termed xzAvreo, Or xarayrlez, and was not left off in the Preſence 


of Men till this Time; whence ſome think the Bride was called 
ru hn ano d de, i. e. pc rg p hνο , that being the firſt Time ſhe 


appeared in a publick Company unveil'd (a) : Hence the Poets ſpeak 
of Pluto's Gifts to Projerpina, when ſhe unveil'd herſelf, as we read in 


thoſe Verſes of Euphorion cited by the Scholiaft upon Euripides (o]; 


Tn 2a dle Keovions wee cop. TIsporPortin 

Eivi yapoic, oTe DfwT0Y (FWT0UT IE hid Ae 
Nye rf ro . N XanuTicas. 

Pluie to Proſerpine a Preſent gave, 

When firſt ſhe laid aſide her Maiden Veil, 
And at the Marriage ſhew'd herſelf uncover'd. 


There is a Story of the Sophiſter Hermocrates relating to this Cu- 


ſtom, that having a Woman not very agreeable impoſed upon him 


by Severus the Roman Emperor, and being aſked his waxanznlypa 
when ſhe took off her Veil, he replied, iſzaaznhipe wi & To] 
N, It would be more proper to make her a Preſent 10 keep ber 


Veil on, unleſs her Face was more agreeable. 


The Ceremonies of the Spartan Marriages being different from 
all others, I have reſerved them for this Place, and ſhall ſet them 
down in Plutarch's own Words (c); * When the Spartans had a 
** mind to marry, their Courtſhip was a ſort of Rape upon the 
«« Perſons they had a Fancy for, and thoſe they choſe not tender 
and half Children, but in the Flower of their Age, and full ri 


for an Huſband. Matters being agreed between them, 
_ *© NupDewlpia, or Woman that contrived or managed the Plot, 
„ ſhaved of the Bride's Hair cloſe to her Skin, dreſs'd her up in 


Man's Clothes, and left her upon a Mattreſs ; this done, in comes 


the Bridegroom in his every-day Clothes, ſober and compoſed, 


© as having ſupped at his Ordinary in the Common-Hall, and ſteals 
as privately as he can into the Room where the Bride lay, unties 
her Virgin-Girdle, and takes her into his Embraces; thus hav- 
© ing ſtayed a ſhort time with her, he returns to the reſt of his 
«« Comrades, with whom he continues to ſpend his Life, remain- 
„ing with them as well by Night as by Day, unleſs he ſteals a 
** ſhort Viſit to his Bride, and that could not be done without a 

ö | | U 4 | great 


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( Phurnutus de Natura Deorum in Neptune, (5) Phæaiſu. (6) Lycurge, . 


* 48. Edit. P aris. | 


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mall Grounds, but not without giving a Bill, wherein was con- 


vorced their Wives; for we read that Lyſander was fined by the Ma- 


whatever Liberty their Men took, their Wives were under a greater 


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without Hopes or Redteſs (c). 


QF ihe ellen atoms of Gree, = 


* great deal of Circumipectiqn and Fear of being diſcovered. No- 
„ was the Waming (as may be ſuppoſed) on hes part to uſe her 
2 Woman's Wit in watching the moſt favourable Opportunities ſor 
© their Meeting, and making Appointments when Company was 
* out of the Way. In this Manner they lived a long time, info. 
** much that they frequently had Children by their Wives before 
{they 0e their Faces by Day-light, The Interview being thu; 
* difficult and rare, ſerved not only for a continual Exerciſe of 
their Temperance, and furthered very much the Ends and Inten- 
« tions. of Marriage, hut was a Means to keep their Paſion fil 
# alive, which flags and decays, and dies at laſt, by too eafy Acceſs 
« and long Continuance with the beloved Object. 


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Of their Divorces, Adulteries, Conerbinat, and 
e 


"T*HE Grecian Laws concerning Divorces were different; ſome- 

permitted Men to put away their Wives on flight Occafions ; | 
the Cretan allowed it any Man that was afraid of having too great 
2 Number of Children; the Athenians likewiſe did it upon very 


tained the Reaſbn of their Divorce, to be approved (if the Party 
divorced made an Appeal) by the chief Magiſtrate (a). The SHar- 
tans, tha” marrying without much Nicety in Choice, ſeldom di- 


. called Epbori on that Account; and tho“ Arifo, one of their 
ings, put away his Wife with the Approbation of the City, yet 
that ſeems to have been done rather out of an earneſt Deſire to have 
Son to ſucceed in his Kingdom, which he could not expect by that 

oman, than according to the Cuſtom of his Country (4). But 


Reftraint, for it was extremely ſcandalous for a Woman to depart | 
from her Huſband: Hence we find Medea in Euripides complaining 
of the hard Fate of her Sex, who had no Remedy againſt the Mens 
Unkindnefs, but were firſt under a Neceffity of buying their Huf 
bands with karge Portions, and then te fubmit to their ill Ufage 


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(«) Genial. Dier, lib, IV. cap. 
fo) la, v. 2 et 
»; fv Wt; TS. 


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as 58 -O 3 mon" »&> ws wet ty 48 oh 2 ent Ht 


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Val Her adus, lib, VI. cap. iii. 
441 v7 : * N wo te Þ. "ay eo” 14 * IB Ls 3 N 


i 


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”"CV.; 7 Of) Wa... ED- EY. ED OD. IDÞ_ EF + 3 27 x _ Eos. ö 


Of tho Mifcellany Cuſtoms of Greeee, 
iy om, Renu Te oupar@- 

. ya oY * yo rand, 

Ka r dd ne, Y rant * od, + 


H xonrew's vg rhcnerr; A 
Furzifis, oF ody v ra e500. 


Of all thoſe Creatures to whom kinder Heay'sg 
Has Life and more exalted Reaſon given, 
We Women the moſt wretched Fate enduze ; 
Firſt Huſbands we at higheſt Rates procuge, 
Then yield ourſelves ſubmiſſive to their Pow'r : 
But oh ! the Curſe, the Hazard lies in this, 
If he's unkind I chuſe, there's no Redreſs, 
But good, or bad, I am for ever his; 
Divorces are too ſcandalous to name _ 
And no Law ſuffers us to throw off them, Anh 


The Arhenians were ſomewhat more favourable to Women, allow- | 
ing them to leave their Huſbands upon juſt Occaſions ; only they 
could not do it without making Appeal to the Archon, and . 


ing him a Bill of their Grievances with their own Hands. Plutarch 


(a) has a Story of Hipparate, Alcibiad:s's Wife, who (he tells us) 
e was a virtuous La , and fond of her Huſband, but at laſt grow- 
ing impatient of the Injuries, done to her Bed by his continual 
« entertaining of Courteſans, as well Strangers as Athenians, the 
60 it de arted from him, and retired to her Brother Callias s Houſe. 
cibiades ſeemed not at all concerned at it, living on ſtill in his 
& + lewd Courſe of Life; but the Law x equiring that ſhe 
„ ſhould deliver to the Archos in Perſon, and not * a ED oo 
« Inſtrument whereby ſhe ſued for a Divorce, when 4 8 to 
« jt the preſented herſelf before him, Alcibiades came in, took her 
66 away by Force, and carried her home thro? the Forum, no Man 
* daring to op ofe him, or take her from him, and ſhe continued 


« with him till her Death. Nor was this Violence to be thought 


<« a Crime; for the Law, in making her who deſires a Divorce, ap- 
© pear in Publick, ſeems to deſign her Huſband ſhould have an Op- 
6 portunity of diſcourſing with her, and endeayouring to retain her.“ 

Perſons that divorced their Wives, were obliged to return their 
Portions, as has been obſerved in the foregoing Chapter ; if they 


failed to do that, the Athenian Laws obliged them to pay her nine 


Obeli a Month for Alimony, which the Woman's Guardian was 
impowered to ſue for at the Court kept in the Odeum (b). It may 


be obſerved laſtly, that the Term exprefling Men and omens Se- 


paration from each other were different, Men were ſaid avoniumraus, 
aToNvuew, dimittere, 0 diſmiſs their Wives, Or looſe them from their | 
Obligation ; but Wives, K c,Em, fer, ai ſeeder e, ˖o to leave ar 
depart from their Huſbands, : 

It 


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1 (nit AY TUBULE $03 74 - 4) Arn ater 


298 Of the'Miſeelliny Cuftems of Greece. 


It was not unuſual to diſſolve the Marriage-Tie by Conſent of 


both Parties, and that done, they wete at Liberty to diſpoſe of them- 


ſelves how they pleaſed in a ſecond Match; an Inſtance. hereof we 
find in Plutarch, who reports, that when Pericles and his Wife could 
not agree, and became weary of one another's Company, he parted 
with her, willing and conſenting to it, to another Man (2). There 
is ſomewhat more remarkable in the Story of Antiochus the Son of 
Seleucus, who falling deſperately in love with Stratonice his Mother. 
in-law, married her with his Father's Conſent (6). The Roman: 
had the ſame Cuſtom, as appears from Cato's parting with his Wife 


Mertia o Hortenfins, which, as Strabo aſſures us, was a thing not 
- vnuſual, but agreeable to the Practice of the old Romans (c), and 


lome other Countries. 5 
What may appear more ſtrange, is, that it was frequent in ſome 
Parts of Greece to borrow one another's Wives. At Athens, Socr :tes 


tent his Wife Xantippe to Alcibiades (d), and the Laws of that City 


ermitted Heireſſes to make uſe of their Huſband's neareſt Kela- 
tion, when they found him deficient. And we have the following 
Account of the Practice of the Spartans from Plutarch (e) : ** Lycur- 
„ ous the Spartan Lawgiver, he tells us, thought the beſt Expedient 
, apainſt Jealouſy was to allow Men the Freedom of imparting 
the Uſe of their Wives to whom they ſhould think fit, that ſo 
ze they might have Children by them; this he made a very com- 
% mendable Piece of Liberality, laughing at thoſe who thought the 


Violation of their Bed ſuch an in{upportable Aﬀront, as to re- 
«« venge it by Murders and cruel Wars. He had a good Opinion 


«© of that Man, who being grown old, and having a young Wife, 
** ſhould recommend ſome virtaous, bandſome young Man, that 


«© ſhe might have a Child by him to inherit the good Qualities of 


e ſuch a Father, and ſhould love this Child as fenderly as if begot- 


«ten by himſelf, On the other fide, an honeſt Man, who had Love 
for a married Woman upon the Account of her Modeſty, and the 
*«« well-favouredneſs of her Children, might with good Grace beg 


4 of her Huſband his Wife's Converſation, that he might have a 
«© Cyon of ſo good a Tree to tranſplant into his own Gaiden ; for 


* Lycurgus was perſuaded that Children were not fo much the Pro- 
« pecty of their Parents as of the whole Commonwealth, and there- 


© fore would not have them begotten by the firſt Comers, but by 
„the beſt Men that could be fund. Thus much (proceeds my 

Author) is certain, that ſo long as theſe Ordinances were obſerved, 
« the Women were ſo far from that ſcandalous Liberty, which hath 
«© fince been objected to them, that they knew not * the Name 
of Adultery meant.” We are farther told by others, that Stran- 
gers, as well as Citizens of Sparta, were allowed the ſame Freecom 
with their Wives, provided they were handſome Men, and likely 
to beget tuſty and vigorous Children (//; yet we find their Kings 


were 


| (e) Pericle. (&) Plutarchus Demetrio, Valerius Maximus, Lib. V. cap, vii (e) Ges. 
graph. Lib VII. 8 1 Apolog. cap. Xxxix. (e] Lycurge. (H. Nicolaus 
de moribus apud Stoberrinn, | vas | * 


* 


gan FY iS wy 


5 | mm 5 aw ww CTY Þ 


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y the Miſcellany Cuſtoms of Greece. agg 
were exempt from this Law, that the Royal Blood might be preſerved 
unmixed, and the Government remain in the fame lineal Deſcent. 

Notwithſtanding this Liberty, which was founded upon mutual 
Conſent, they accounted all other Adulteries the moſt heinous 
Crimes in the World, and whilſt they kept to their ancient Laws, 
were wholly Strangers to them; for we are cold by Plutarch (a), 
That Geradas, a primitive Spartan, being aſked by a Stranger, 
has Puniſhment their Lav had appointed for Aduiterers ? re» 
„ plied, There avere no Adulterers in bis Country : But, returned 
«« the Stranger, /upps/e there æuere one, and the Crime were proved 


46 apainft him, how «would you puniſh bim; He anſwerd, That the 


(fender muſ? pay to the Plaintiff a Bull with @ Neck /o long ar 
„bat he might reach over the Mountain Taygetus, and drink of 
« the River Eurotas, that ruxs mn the other Side. The Man ſur- 
4 prized at this, ſaid, Why, tit impaſſible to find ſuch à Bull. Ge» 
„ radas ſmilingly replied, Ti, juft as poffible to find an Adulterer 
in Sparta.“ 15 kf 

The Puniſh ments inflited upon Adulterers in Greece were of divers 
ſorts, ſome of which are thefe that follow : 


To begin with the heroic Ages : If the Rapes of Women may 


be allowed room in this Place, we ſhall find they were revenged by 


many cruel and bloody Wars. Herodotus makes them to have given 
the firſt Occaſion to that conſtant Enmity that was kept up for many 
Ages between Greece and . and never allayed till the latter was 
conquered, and become ſubject to the former (5). Lycophron agrees 
with Herodatus, and makes the Rape of Je by the Phænicians to have 
incenſed the Greciant againſt the Inhabitants of 4/za, and after fre- 
quent Injuries committed, and Wars waged on both Sides, to have 
reduced the Afran Empire, under the Dominion of the Europeans, un- 
der Alexander of Macedon ; the Poet's Words run thus (c): 


OXouilo vavTas wfwra Kagira “,, 
Ol Tys Buwmriv TaEvpoTrufpIacy Koons 
Atprog arnpiiarlo, Sogn Auxony 
Daaru mopioo x44 Merlin fi 
ENO pag E wofc or I nel ng O. rA. 


May thoſe Phænician Sailors be accurſt 
That I did convey from Lerna firſt, | 
"Thoſe ſavage Mariners that forc'd the Maid 
Io be the 13 of Ofris' Bed, | 
And the two Empires thus embroil'd in W . H. H. 


Hle goes on to enumerate the continual Quarrels between the two 


Continents, till Alexander's Time. But however the Truth of this 
may be queſtioned,-there being in thoſe early Ages no Diſtinction 
of the World into Greets and Barbarians, nor any common Aſſoci- 

ation 


1 


* 


() Lococitato, () Lib. I. into. (e) Caſſandra, v. 129. 


300 Of the Miſcellany. Cuſtoms of Greece: 
ation of thoſe amongſt themſelves, or againk the others; yet we have 
a remarkable Inftance (to emit ſeveral] others) of a long and bloody 
War, occaſioned by Paris's Rape of Helen. But to bring ſome In 
ſtances, which may ſeem: more pertinent to our preſent Deſign ; what 


Sentences the heroic Ages pait upon Adultery may appear, as from 


the Revenge of 4treus upon his Brother Thyefes, who was entertained 


at a Banquet with the Fleſh of his own Son, for defiling Aerope, 


Atreuss Wiſe ; and other Examples of the Cruelty of the Men of 
thoſe Times, againſt ſuch as committed Adultery with their Wives, 
or other near Relations, appear more clearly from the Puniſhments 
inflicted by Laws or Magiſtrates upon ſuch Offenders, who were 
_ uſually ſtoned to Death; whence Hefor in Homer tells Paris, his 
Crimes in ſtealing another Man's Wife deſerves no lefs a Puniſhment 
than d- 547%, a Stone Coat, which, if he had received his De- 
merits, be ſhaald have put on, meaning that nothing but this Death 
could expiate io black an Action; ng 


| Aim foe mee ang bet ken agpas (b. 

For theſe your Crimes you had been fton'd to death, 

; h 1705 | | . ; $ 
The fame Puniſhment ſeems to have been frequent in more eaſtern 


Dountries; the Jeaus were particularly obliged to infli it both on 
Menu nd Women, as appears fr m the expreſs Wards of their Law 


(3). Rich Adulterers were ſametimes allowed to redeem themſelves 


with Money, which was called worye yen, and paid to the Adulte- 


refs's Huſband ; whence Mars being taken with Venus, Homer's Gods 


all agree that he muſt pay his Fine to Vulcan (c) 3 

0 oa Gels var i rive To Brac wenn, 
Ne *, vo» HO - tov Breeavs 83 Ay Apes, 

Qrxiræ ro =p toe Jed oi OAvurr Zur, 


XH d, T:XY108 T6 He GPHAA. 


An ill Event does ſtil! on Ills depend, 
Not Mar, his Swiftneſs cou'd the God defend 
From limping Vulcan's moſt unerring Snare, 
But in it he furpriz'd th'adult'rous Pair. 
Therefore a greater Fine Mars ought to pay. H. H. 


Nor would Vulcan conſent to ſet his Priſoner at Liberty till Nep- 
tune had engaged for the Veyment of it ;: _ e 
T, & ad. onpooteure Hlooudawr irooixgur, | 


Heir el typ 7 x:v An x654@- bra 
Of ymrics Proyw!, αi,s Tor tyw Tays vi 


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(a) Thad . () Deutere nom. cap. xxii. (e) ochſf F. v. 329. AT 
| Graon Schulchor conſulendus, (d) Ibid. 35. 


os + 


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Of the Miſcellany Cuſtoms of Greece. 30 | 
Then Neptune, who the well-fix'd Earth doth ſhake, 
In anſwer to diſtruſting Vulcan 7 ; Et ; 1 
f you're afraid that Mars will play the Cheat, | | 
„That he'll abſcond, and never pay the Debt, | 
ec Pl it diſcharge— | 


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man's Father to return all the Dowry he had received of her Huf- Lb! || 
band; whence Vulcan is introduced threatning to ſecure both Mare- LT! 
and Venus in Chains till that was done (a); 1 


t appears from the ſame Place to have been cuſtomary for the Wo- | 1 


LY 


—— Eos ND g 001405; tovEes | 

| Figs por polka wala walne rod tera 1 
Oc of iyſvantz e- tina xp = : 4 if 
Ourina of xann H, H, & rep BY i- 4 


I'll not releaſe them from the binding Chain, N 
Till I that Dowry have receiv'd again, | l 
Which I for Venus to her Father paid | 3 n 
Cauſe ſhe was handſome, tho” a Jilt.— „ l 


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Some think this Sum was refunded by the Adulterer, becauſe it was +4 0 ö 


reaſonable he ſhould bear the Woman's Father harmleſs, fince it 0 e 
appears not that Mars Mul& was a diſtinct Sum; for upon Nep- WH 
tunes becoming Security for it, Vulcan looſed him from his Bonds kd il | 
without farther Scruple. FE OTE EE „ 4 1 
Another Puniſhment was putting out the Eyes of Adulterers, 1 
which ſeem to have been no leſs antient than the former, and may {4 RR 
be thought juſt and reaſonable, as depriving the Offender. of that 1 
Member which firſt admits the Incentives of Luſt. Fabulous Wri- 11 
ters tell us, that Orion having defiled Candiope, or Merope, had his 1 
Eyes put out by Oenopion, whom ſome will have to be the Lady's 330 4008 
Huſband, others her Father (5). Phwnix, Acbilles's Guardian, ſuf- = 
_ tered the ſame Puniſhment for defiling Chibia, his Father's Concu- | I! ö 1 
Nne (c), which is thus expreſſed by Lycophron (d); . 
Tu af aire ifuynuaer Eger, OP) = | 1 1 
| Ownpor GG vi Vines vile s abs, 11 
dy ag 190 rig. nude v. 1 
2 1 
The Object of Hapntor's greateſt Hate, 114 
And whom, fince he his Chrbia had defil'd, | 


He moft inhumanly depriv'd of Sight. 


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derxs, Lib, III. by Caſſandre, 3 | | he * 


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301 Of the Miſcellany Caftoms of Greece. 
Homer indeed has no Mention of this Puniſhment, but only informs 
us, that his Father having ' diſcovered him, prayed that he might 
never have any Children (a), which Txzetzes (hb thinks is meant by 
loſing his Eyes, becauſe Children are dearer to Parents, and afford 
them greater Comfort than their moſt neceſſary Members; but this 


Interpretation is forced, and contrary to the Senf My:hologi/ts an- 


cient as well as modern, who relate the Story agreeably to the litera} 
Meaning of Lycophron's Words. The Locrians obſerved this Cuſtom 
in later Ages, being obliged thereto by Zaleucus their Lawgiver, 
whoſe Rigour in executing this Law is very remarkable; for having 
caught his Son in Adultery, he reſolved to deprive him of Sight, and 
remained a Jong time inexorable, notwithitanding the whole City 
was willing to remit the Puniſhment, and requeſted him to ſpare the 
Youth ; at length, unable to refiſt the People's Importunity, he mi- 
tigated the Sentence, and redeemed one of his Son's Eyes by ano. 
ther of his own (c), ſo at once becoming a memorable Example of 
Juſtice and Mercy, . 5 5 

At Gorzyn in Crete there was another Method of puniſhing Adul- 
terers; they were covered with Wool, an Emblem of the Softne:s 
and Effeminacy of their Tempers, and in that Dreſs carried thro' the 
City to the Magiſtrate's Houſe, who ſentenced them to Igneminy, 


whereby they were deprived in a manner of all their Privileges, and 


their Share in managing public Buſineſs (4). 


It would be endleſs to enumerate all the Penalties ordered for theſe | 


Offenders. I ſhall therefore paſs to the Athenian Laws, when J have 
_ firſt acquainted you, that if Credit may be given to Par/antar (e), the 
firſt who made a Law, and conſtituted Puniſhments again Adul- 
| terers, was Hyertus, an Inhabitant of Argos, who having caught Mo- 
lurus, the Son of Ariſbas, too familiar with his Wife, flew him, and 
_ fled to Orchomenus, the Son of Mixyas, then King of that City of 


Beotia, which bore his Name; the King receiv'd him kindly, and 


gave him part of his Territories, where he called his Village Aperrrs, 
after bis own Name, and eſtabliſhed ſevere Laws againſt Adultery. 
The Athenian Puniſhments ſeem to have been arbitrary, and left 
to their ſupreme Magiſtrate's Diſcretion ; whence we find Hippome- 
nes, one of Codrus's Poſterity, and Archon of Athens, pronouncing & 
very odd Sentence upon his own Daughter Limone, and the Man 
caught in Adultery with her ; he yoked them to a Chariot till the 


Man died, and afterwards ſhut up his Daughter with an Horſe, and 


ſo ſtarved her to Death . Some time after Draco being inveſted 

with Power to enact Laws, left Adulterers at the Mercy of any 

Man that caught them in; the. Act, who had free Licence to diſ- 

member, murder, or treat them in what other manner he pleaſed, 

without being called to account for it; which Puniſhment was the 

ſame that had been before appointed for this Crime by Hyettus ( 2% 
| | | | MB 


7a Dit v. 45 . (8) In Lycopbren. loc. itt. (c) Valerius — Lib. 
VI. cap. v. (d) calius Rhodiginus, Lib. XXI. cap. xv. (e) Bœolicis 597, 598, 
Ed. Hlonu. (, Her aclides de Polit, Aihen, (g) Pauſanias, loc. cit. Demoſthenes 


in Ari; ocratem. | 


FI" a 2 A... tes cuts tat © a 


Of the Miſcellany Cuſtoms of Gteece. 303 


and was continued afterwards by Solon (a). Several other Puniſh- 
ments were ordered by Solon againſt the ſame Crime, when proved 


by Evidence in lawful Judicature. A Man that raviſhed a free Wo- 


man was fined 100 Drachms, one that enticed her 20 (3), or (as 


ſome ſay 200, It m_ a =— Injury to a Woman's Huſband 3 
er orced 


her Family to corrupt ind than her Body z) but he that f 
a free Virgin, was to pay 1000, and whoever deflowered one, was 
obliged to marry her; whence Plautus introduces one who had cor- 


rupted a Man's Daughter, ſpeaking to her Father thus (c) ; 


Siquid ego erga te imprudens peccavi, aut gnatam tuam, 
Ut mihi igno/cas, eamque uxorem des, ut leges jubent. 


If, Sir, I have injur'd you, I crave your Pardon; 
And if Pye wrong'd your Daughter's Chaſtity, 
The Laws command it, and 111 marry her, 


But if the Virgin, or her Mother, had accepted any Preſent from her 
Gallant, he was not obliged to make her his Wife, but ſhe was looked 
on as a common Strumpet ; whence Seſrata in Terence has theſe 
Words, after her Daughter had been defiled d,; 


3 
Pejore res loco non potis oft efſe quam in hoc, quo nunc ſita eft ; 
Primum indotata eff ; tum praterea, quæ ſecunda ei dos erat, 
Periit, pro virgine dari nuptum nou poteſt + hoc reliquum eft, 

Si inficias ibit, teſtis mecum eft annulus, quem amiſerat > 

 Poſtremo, quando ego conſcia mi ſum, a me culpam efſe hanc procul, 

Neg; pretium, urg; rem ullam interceſſiſſe illa, aut me indignam, Geta, 
Experiar. | 


Matters were never worſe than now they are; 
For firſt ſhe has no Portion ; and for that, 
Which might have been inſtead of one, ſhe's loſt ; 
So that ſhe can't paſs for a Virgin now; 
I have but this one thing now that gives me Hopes, 
If he deny't, the Ring he loſt will prove it: 
And, Geta, ſince I know my Conſcience clear, 
Since I no By-ends had in this Miſhap, 
Nor took a Heide, that I might bluſh to own, 
I'd ſtand a Tryal with him at the Law. 
When a Man was clapt up on Suſpicion of Adultery, he was al- 
lowed to prefer his Appeal to the Magiſtrates called The/mothetw, 
who referred the Cauſe to proper Judges, and theſe, in caſe the 


Crime was proved againſt him, had Power to lay on him, Death 


only 


— — 


(a) Plutarchus Solenr, Lyfiat Orat, (5) Plutarchus, loc, cit. (c) Aulularia, 
(4) Adelph. Act III. Sc. II. ; | ; 


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Of the Miſcellany Cum of Greece. 


304 


only excepted, what Puniſhment they pleaſed (a). There wa: 
* remarkable Ponifhment for Adutterers, called wepzr12u;, * 


Sapa, the Part being put for the whole 3 for having plucked 
of the Hair from their Frivities, they threw hot Aſhes upon the 
Place, and thruit wp u Radifh, Mullet; or ſome ſoch Thing; into 
their Fundament, whence they were ever after termed e. 


at 


Irvebal mentions this Uſage (6) 3 


— Qdam cb & mugelis intrat. 
And ſome Adultererers a Mullet bores, 


But poor Men were only thus dealt with, the Rich being allowed 


to bring themſelves off with paying their F ine, as the Greek Scho- 
lia} hath obſerv'd from the following Paſſage of Ariſtophanes, 


wherein Chremylus upbraids Poverty for expoſing Men to this diſ- 
_ graceful Puniſhment. EE EA 


o 9" as ye jp0ix;a; d of v2 wapelintera (c). 


Women thus offending were treated with great Severity, Plus 
tarch tell us, that if any Perſon diſcovered his Siſter or Daughter, 
whilſt unmarried, in this Crime, he was allowed by Solan's Laws 

to ſell her for a Slave. Adultereſſes were never after permitted to 


adorn themfelves with fine Clothes; and in caſe they appeared to 


do ſo, were liable to have them torn off by any that met them, and 
likewiſe to be beaten, tho” not ſo as to be killed or diſabled ; the 


fame Liberty was permitted to any that found them an the Temples, 
which were thought polluted by the Admiſſion of Perſons fo in- 
famous and deteſtable. Laſtly, their Huſbands, tho' willing to do 


it, were forbidden to cohabit any longer with them, upon pain of 
Teneminy, ar (d) ; but Petfons that proſtituted Women, were 
_ adjudged to die (e). a 


We have ſeen wh 
appear to have had a more favourable Opinion of Concubinage, it 
being permitted every where, and that without Scandal, to keep 


as many Concubines as they pleaſed; theſe they ſtiled manmuxibe;, 
they were uſually Women taken Captives, or bought with Money, 
and always inferior to lawful Wives, whoſe Dowry, or noble Pa- 


rentage, or ſome other Excellency, gave them Pre-eminence. There 


- is continual Mention of them in Hemer; Achilles had his Briſeis, and 


in her Abſence Diomede, Patroclus his Iphis, Menelaus and Agamem- 


van, and to mention no more, the wiſeſt, graveſt, and eldeſt of them 


all, ſuch as Phenix and Nefor, hat their Women. Nor is it to be 


wondered that Heathens ſhould run out in fuch Exceſſes, when the 
Hebrews, and thoſe the moſt renowned for Piety, ſuch as Abrabam 
and David, allowed themſelves the ſame Liberty. Yet the Grecian 


Wives 


— 


i 64 Demoftbenes in Nearam. 659 Sat. X. 317. {<) Plat, AR I. Scen. II. 
(4) Demofibenes Orat. in Nearam. (e) Vide Leges Alticas fine Lib, I. p. 161,162, 


x the Greeks thought of Adultery ; but they 


Y 
$1 


Of the Miſcellany Cuſtoms of Greece, 3og 
Wives always envy d their Huſbands this Freedom, looking on it as 
an Encroachment upo.: their Privileges ; wherce we find in Homer, 
that Leertes, tho having a great Ref peat for his Slave Furyclea, r.ever 
took her to his Bed for fear of his Wife's pine (a); 


I-z % r ui N rler 27 lie napoiou. 
uf 0' drr be, lb 9" AM vs. 


Not his oon Wife he lov'd above the Maid, 
Vet never her admitted to his Bed, 
The better to prevent dometuck Strife. 


Phenix's Mother ge ſuaded him to deßle his Father's Concu- 
bine, to free her of ſo troubleſome a Rival, as himſelf relates the 
Story (4); 


Ala ENNACA RANA Y IIa, 
Pevywy reixex rale © poorrupes Ofpparic xo, - 
; 14694 MaMnxxidr; wins ywoale rue. 
755 aulcs Hideo c. arge. * aol, 
MWip tn 1 0" aity ig di vile % 
Hax El 1 ixipess Yiguiia. 
Ty, miYopury, ; Fpegn.- 


Hellas I left to ſhun my Father's Hate, 

Who for his violated Miſs contriv'd my Fate: 

For I, mov'd with my Mother's earneſt Pray'r, 

(Who griev'd to ſee a ſilt preferr'd to her) 

Debauch'd, to make him loathe, his C/ytia, HH. 


More Inſtances may be colleQed, but it will ſuffice to add that of 
C Ytemueſtra, who having flain her Huſband Agamemnen, wreak' d 
ner Malice upon Caſſandra, his Concubine; whence Seneca has i in- 
troduced her ſpeaking thele Words (c) 


At ita pœnas capite per/ol vat 2 
C Captiva conjux, regit pellex fort ; 
Trahite, ut ſequatur conßugem . mibi. 


My Rival too, his Concubine, ſhall hare 
The fad Effects of Rage for injur'd Love; 
Drag ont the captive Harlot, ſhe that dard 
Lewdly to violate the Royal Bed, 
1 Thar? ſhe may follow him to th Shades below. H. K 


Vor. Ir x | 1 Hatloty 


(ACH. à. v. 433. (6) Hicdst. v. 447. (c) Aram n,, v. 895» 


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306 Of the Miſcellany Cuſtoms of Greece. 


Harlots were no lefs common than Concubines, bein ag tolerated | 
in moſt of the ivy and other Commonwealths, No 


r was the 


Uſe of them tho repugnant to good Manners ; — che 


Latin Comedian, ſpeaking of Athens, ſaith; 


Non eft Aagitium ſeortari bominum adole eſcentulum. 


For Youth to wench and whore is not a Sin. 


The wiſeſt of the Heathen Sages were of the ſame Mind. Solen al- 
lowed common Whores to go publickly to thoſe that hired them (a), 
and encouraged the Athenian Youth to empty their Luſt upon theſe, 
to hinder them from making Attempts upon the Wives and Daugh- 

ters of his Citizens. Philemon has elegantly — that Lawgiver $ 
Deſign in the following Fragment (2); 


Et & ic aTavlac fre dunkeln, To 
Te yap N 8 ide fro Bpolov, 
| Anpolixcr, 4 Ze, fel glaa, of Twlnpior, 
5 ( 140k N THT" £549 HE, 1 

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Exc. vofal, 147 Camalubis, wail! ora” 

Ove 6 TEQUTE Tologaives © X; Exeg 
Tag » dug oo ira d cant la. 

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EN Hh’ 80: Ano, 80 dbrafrayn, 
A hu; ki Beau ov, 2 TUY Ov teres. 
EE nahes; iin Ay, Mee Fi Ow, 


4 


Cate, the Roman Cenſor, was of the ſame Opinion, as appears from 
the known Story, that meeting a young Nobleman of Rome coming 


out of tne common Stew, he commended him for diverting himſelf 
in that Place, as we read i in Horace (c); 


Qui dam nol us heme, cum exirer fornice, matte 
FVirtute eſto, inquit, ſententia dia Catonis, 
Nam fimul ac wenas inflawit tetra libido, 
Huc juvenes a&quum tft deſgendere. 


When ſrom the Stews a certain Noble came, 
This, ſays he, was the heav'nly Care's Theme, 

“Go on, brave Youth, and may you &er ſucceed, 
And never * abaſh'd to own the Deed ; 8 
When 


— Ons ** — 


"ay 


i — - 2 Won 


(#) Plutarcbus Solone. | (b) Delf bis. (e) Lib. J. Sat. ii. v. 31. 


2 £©A © r=, 2 „ 4 to, ea, Bs, ya 


A. 8 


O ib Miſcellany Cuſtoms of Greece. 30 


« When Luſt and burning Love ſwell'd ev'ry Vein, | 
« *Tis lawful to come here and quench the Flame. H. H. 


ä — — 00 2 —— 


— 


] forbear to mention other Inſtances, the Teſtimony of Cicero being 
ſufficient to confirm what I have ſaid, when He challenges all Per- 
| ſons to nume any Time wherein Men were either reproved for this 
Practice, or not countenanced in it (a). Nor can it be wonder'd that 
Heathens allow'd themſelves this Liberty, when the Jews look d oh. 
it as lawful ; they were indeed forbidden to commit Adultery, and. 
Fornication was alfo prohibited under ſevere Penalties, but theſe 
(as Grotius (b) obſerves) were thought to concern only Women of 
their own Nation, their Law not extending to Foreigners; and we 
find accordingly. that publick Stzws were openly tolerated amongſt 
them, and Women reliding there taken into the Protection of the 
Government, as appears from the two Harlots that contended about 
a Child, and were heard in open Court by King Slomon (c). But 
the Jewiſh Women were not permitted to proſtitute their Bodies; 
and therefore ſtrange and foreign Women are ſometimes taken for 
Harlots, as when Solomon adviſes his Son to embrace Wi/dom and Un- 
gerſtanding, that they may keep him from the ftrange Woman, from the 
Stranger, which flattereth with ber Words (qd) ; and to arm him a- 
gaiaſt the Allurements of Harlots, he tells him, 7% Lips 8f a flirangs 
Woman drop as 4 Honey-comb, and her Mouth is ſmoother than Oil, but 
her End is bitter as Wormawocd, ſharp as a two-edged Sword (e). The 
Athenians, as in many other Things, ſo here had the ſame Cuſtom 
with the Jews ; for tho? ſevere Penalties were laid on ſuch as defiled 
Women that were Citizens of Abens, yet Foreigners had the Liberty 
of keeping publick Stews, and their Harlots were for that Reaſon, 
like thoſe amongſt the Jews, called Ewa, frange Women, = 
The Harlots of the primitive Ages were not ſo wholly diveſted of 
Modeſty as afterwards, for they never went abroad bare-fac'd, but, 
as was the Cuſtom of other Women, cover'd themielyes with Veils 
or Maſks ; nor were they allow'd (as ſome think) to proſtitute them- 
ſelves within the Cities /); which Cuſtom ſeems to have been de- 
rved from the Eaſtern Nations, for we find Tamar in Genefis {g ), 
when ſhe had a mind to appear like a Harlot, covering herself with 
a Veil, and fitting in an open Place by the ay io Jiumath; bot it may 
be her Deſign in placing herſelf there, was only that the might meet 
with Judab, or his Son, whom ſhe defired to entice to her Embraces, 
We find however, that in After-ages, when Harlots were certainly 
permitted to reſide in Cities, they uſed to poſt themſelves in the 
tlighways as Places of Reſort, In Solomon's Reign they frequented 
the Cities; for ſpeaking of a Harlot, he faith, She it lud and 
faul born, her Feet abide not in her Houſe ; now is ſhe without, now 
'n the Strects, and lieth in avait in every Corner (5). Yet fone Ages 
| | | 2 | Atter, 
_ {aj Orat, pro M. Cælio. (4) In Mattbæi, cap. V. 27. (e) 1 Reg, III. 16. 
% Proverb VII. 4, 5. (e) Ploverb. V. 3, 4. . Cbryfitpus citanta rei in 
t, cap. V. 27. (ge) Cap. xxxviii, 15, (6) Provere, VU. 11 | 


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308 Of the Miſcellany Cuſtoms of Greece. 


OST TIT TRY 


after, when 'tis certain they were no more reſtrained from abidin 
in Cities than in Solomon's Days, they reſorted to Places of enn. 
Concourſe out of them, ſuch as Highways, eſpecially where ſeveral 
Ways met, and had Tents erected to wait in for Cuſtom; hence (to 
omit other Inſtances) theſe Words of Ezekiel, Then hajt built thy 
high-place at every Head of the Way, and haſt made thy Beauty to be 


| abhorred, and haſt opened thy Feet to every one that paſſed by, and mul. 
 tiplied thy Wheredoms (a). Again, T hou buildeft thine eminent Place in 


the Head of every Way, and makeſt thy High-place in every Street (C). 
At Athens the Hartots chiefly frequented the Ceramicus, Scires, and 
the old Forum, in which ſtood the Temple of Venus ads, where 
Solon permitted them to proſtitute themielves, They alio very much 
frequented a certain Ferum in that Part of the Haven Piræeus which 
was called {roa paxpe) the long Portico, the Parts whereof are thus 
deſcribed by Julius Pollux, S:ryua, ipmrofin' tymrop'a 3% wipn, namyneice, 


obe. Aud in other Ports there were commonly * Numbers 
of Stews, as hath been ob{erved in the precedent Book. 


In ſome Places Harlots were diſtinguiſhed from other Women by 
their Apparel, whence theſe Words cf Solomon (c), 1 here met him a 


Woman with the Attire of an Harlot, and ſubtil of Heart. What Sort 


of Habit this was is not certain; but if the Athenian Cuſtom was in 
this, as in many other Things, ta!;en from the Fewws, we may con- 
clude that their Whores wore flower'd Garments ; for the Athenio: 
Lawgiver thinking it neceſſary to diſtinguiſh Women of innccent 


_ Converſation from Harlots by ſome open and viſible Mark, order'd 


that thoſe ſhould never appear abroad but in grave and modeſt Ap- 
parel, and that the reſt ſhould always wear flower'd Garments. Hence 
Clemens of Alexaadria hath remark'd, that as fugitive Slaves are knows 
by their Stigmata, xr7w Try porxaide dhe: Ta w3npdiz, ſo flower 
Garments are an Indication of an Hlarlat (d). The ſame Law was 
enacted among the Locriant by Zaleucus, as we are told by Dicaoru 


the Sicilian, and was alſo obſerved at Syracuſe, as we learn from Pyy- 


larchus in Athengus (e) For tho' Harl:ts were tolerated in the Gree: on 
Commonwealth, yet they were generally infamous, and conſiſted 
chiefly of Captives and other Slaves. Hence it was forbidden by 
the Laws of Athens to derive the Name of an Harlot from any 91 
the ſacred Games, as Athenæus hath obſerved from Polemo's Deſcilp- 
tion of the Acreꝑpolis; whence that Author ſeems to wonder hon it 
came to pais that a certain Harlot was called Nemea from the - 
mean Games (Y. | | | 

- Corinth is remarkable for being a Nurſery of Harlots, there be'ng 
in that City a Temple of Venus, where the readieſt Method of gain- 
ing the Godde's's Favour, was to preſent her with beautifal Lam- 
ſels, who from that Time were maintained in the Temple, and p10- 
ſtituted themſelves for Hire. We are told by Strabe (g, chat 


there 


e eee 


* 


(a) Proverbs XVI. 25. (6) Ibid, com. 31. (e) Proverbs VII. 10. (d) Pad g. 
lib. III. cap. ii. by De pnoſopb. lib. XII, 7 Vide Acbæelog. hujus ub.“ 
cap de Seruii. (f) Lib. VIII. | h 


* 


Of the Miſcellany Cuſtoms of Greece. 309 


there were no leſs than a thouſand there at that time, Hence xf 
batwjto af the Corinthian, is ragen, 0 commit Fornication, aC- 
cording to Heſychius, Atorden, MoGay, and Pont Guy are uſed in 
the ſame Senſe, the Leſbians and Phenicians being infamous for 
this Vice. AzoGatey, alſo ſignifies an impure Way of kifling, 
whence it is interpreted by the ſame Author, obe did Sehlde, 
and xeoGiac, is expounded N,, an Harlot. The Corinthians 
were a genteeler fort of Harlots, and admitted none to their Em- 


braces but ſuch as were able to depoſit a conſiderable Sum, as we 


learn from Ariſlophanes (a); 
Kai Ta 0 itaipas Paci Kof ub as, 
Olay wiv abrag Tic Wiyne W) u xx, 
Obo TfoTEX t4v Tov voy. ta Ot PAST, 
Tov afwnxTcy aur; oho ws Ur If. 
This gave Occaſion to the Proverb, 
Ou warr3; ad rig To Kuba 230 ö Ng 
Which Horace has thus tranſlated, 5 
Non cui is hominum contingit adire Corinthum. 


To Corinth ev'ry Perſon cannot ſail, 


Some rather refer it to the famous Corinthion Strumpet Lait, and 


others aſſign other Reaſons. Their Occupation indeed was very 
gainful, infomech that thoſe whom Beauty and Parts recommended, 
frequently raiſed great Eitates, A remarkable Inſtance hereof we 
have in Phryne, who offered the 7 hebans to rebuild the Walls of 


their City, when demoliſhed by Aleæander, on condition they would 


engrave on them this Inſcription 
AAEZANAPIE ANESKAYAN AN ET THTE AE OPTNEH H ETAIPA, 


1. e. Theſe Walls were demoliſped by Alexander, but raiſed by 
Phryne the Harte. | 4s 


To render their Converſation more apreeable to Men of Parts and 
Quality, they frequently employed their vacant Hours in the Study 
ot Mathematics, and other Sciences, frequenting the Schools and 
Company of Philoſophers. A4/pafia, Pericles's beloved Miſtreſs, uſed 
to converſe with Socrates, and arrived to ſuch a Pitch in Learning, 
that many of the Athenians reſorted to her on account of her Rhe- 


torick and Abilities of Diſcourſe ; the moſt grave and ſerious a- 


mongſt them frequently went to viſit her, and carried their Wives 
| | X 3 | with 


(2) Put, AQ, 5 3. II, 


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310 Of the Miſcellany Cuſtoms of Greece. 


with them, as it were, to Lecture, to be inſtructed by her Converſa- 
tion. Pericles himſelf uſed her Advice in the Management of pub- 
tick Affairs; and after his Death, one Lyficles, a filly and obſcure 
Clown, by keeping her company, came. to be a chief Man at Athens 
(4). Several other Examples of this Sort occur in Authors, as of 
Archianaſſa the Colophonian, v. ho was Plato's Mittrets; Hepyllis, who 

converſed with Ariſtotle till his Death, and bore him a Son called 
Nicamachus ; laſtly (to mention no more) Leontium, who frequented 
Epicurus's Gardens, there proſtituting herſelt to the Philolophere, 

eſpecially to Epicurus ((). 


A. 5 
4 . 
* 
— ——— 


CHAP, A.,. 
Of the Confinement and Employment of their Women. 


HE barbarous Nations, and amongſt them the Per/fans eſpe- 

| cially, faith (c) Plularch, were naturally jealous, clowniſh, 
and moroſe towards their Women, not only their Wives, but their 
Slaves and Concubines, whom they kept fo ſtrictly, that never any 
one ſaw them beſide their own Family; when at home, they were 


cloyſter'd up; when they took a Journey, they were carried in 


Coaches or Waggons, cloſe cover'd at the Top, and on all Sides: 
Such a Carriage, my Author tells us, was prepared for Themi/ocles, 
when he fled into . 0 to keep him ſecret ; ſo that the Men who 
convey'd him, told all they met and diſcourſed with upon the Road, 
that they were carrying a young Grecian Lady out cf Tenia to a No- 
bleman at Court. =, | 

By the Manner of Plutarch's relating this Story, it may be per- 
ceived that neither he, nor his Countrymen the Greeks, approved of 
the Severity uſed by barbarous Nations towards their Women; yet 
themſelves, tho' remitting ſomething of the Perfian Rigor, kept their 
Women under ſtrict Diſcipline, and were no leſs excelled by the Ro- 


mars in their Behaviour to them, than themſelves ſurpaſſed the Bar- 


tariens ; for whereas the Roman Women were allowed to be preſent 
at public Entertainments, and to converſe with the Gueſts, and were 
complimented by their Huſbands with the beſt Rooms in their Houles; 
thoſe of Greece rarely or never appeared in ſtrange Company, but 
were confined to the moſt remote Parts of the Houſe C. 

To this End the Grecian Houles were uivally divided into two 


Parts, in which the Men and Women had diflin& Manſions aflign- 
ed, Ihe Part wherein the Men lodged was towards the Gate, ard 


called 


PO OE WY —_—_— 


ah * < * — 
2 * 74 = P , . 2 > Md. 


(a) Pl tar B. Perick. (5) Aiber@ns, lib. XIII. cap. v. ſub finem, (e) Themiftec® 
d Cornelzzs Nepss pra tat, in vitas excellent Imperat. 


called a, dds, or ddp rie. The Part aſſigned for the Women was 
termed yuraices, Ye, Or Yν⁰i¾¶t, it was the fartheſt Part 
of the Houſe, and behind the avan, before which there were alſo 
other Parts, called wJ%p©-, and wpoauaiw. The Sons of Priam in 
Homer were all placed by themſelves, and ſeparated from his Daugh- 
ters. who lived in more remote Places (a) ; 


av“ Gre In Iiatieie d EE Lr, 
Serne ailgogos ri, r ir awry _ 
Haarer bbc Jana Zipoio e, | 
TIanoios A Trdunyires' ive If wards 
Koro Tiprapere mapa Wyn enxass 
Kurd o d trie iravrios Woher, a, 

Aux? fam Tiyror YaAapes Ziroip νοννẽ 
Inet anaiiur d:0pnyuiros. 


At Priam's Royal Palace he arriv'd, 

In which were fifty beauteous Rooms contriv'd 

Of poliſh'd Stones, by one another join'd, 

And theſe were for his marry'd Sons defign'd ; 

Twelve gaudy Rooms were built with equal Art 

O'th' other Side, but theſe were ſet apart 7 
For Priam's Daughters R H. H. 


Where it may be obſerved that the Womens Chambers are called 
Tiy:21 adam, as being placed at the Top of the Houſe; for the 
Womens Lodgings were uſually in the uppermoſt Rooms, as Eu ſta- 
thius remarks upon this Paſſage (6), which was another Means to 


keep them from Company. Hence Helen is ſaid to have had her 


Chamber in the loftieſt Part of the Houſe (c); 
Hug v52000 Ianapuo xi: dia yak, 
Into the upper Chamber Helen went. 


Hentlope appears to have lodged in ſuch another Place, to which ſhe 
Aſcended by a xAipat ; whence the fame Poet, PS 


KNiuaxe νννν¾ xaltGroals oo Son. 
By a long Ladder came down from her Room. 


This Word fignifies a Stair-caſe, but in this Place may as well denote 

2 Ladder, which ſeems to have been uſed in thoſe Days, when Ar- 

chitecture was not much underſtood ; whence Antigone in Euripides 

calls out to her Guardian to help her up (4). 
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| {a) Liad. 1 V. 242. (6) E. 409. Ed. Baſil. f (e) Ihad. Ky v. 42 5 
(4) Pbæniſſ. v. 103. | Fr 


Of the Miſcellany Cuſtoms of Greece... 311 3 


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312 1 tht Miſcellany Cufoms f Greece,” 


Ofen vd, Epoye ven 4a 
New Ne cr aufen, 
Todes xe. ss 


Reach out your Hand, and help me up the Ladder. 
T heſe upper Rooms were e eſpecially at 1 cal d 


da, dia, or urige, which Words being diftinguiſh'd only by the 
Accent, (the Ute whereof ſeems not to have been know n by the an- 


cient Greczans) from we, Eggs, are thought by ſome to have mi- 
niſtred Occaſion to the Inventors of Fables to feign that Caffor, Pol. 


lax, Helene and Clytemneftra, were hatched out of: Eggs, when they 
were born in one of theſe Lofts, or upper Chambers, 

The Women were ſtraitly confin'd within their Lodgi ngs, ſuch 
eſpecially as had no Huſbands, whether Virgins or Widows (a), 
whereat the former were more ſeverely Hok'd to, as having lefs Ex- 


perience in the. World. Their Apartment, which was called awz;6w, 


was uſually well guarded wich Locks and Bolts, whence Agamemnor 
in Euripides defiring Cly;emneftra to go home, and look after the Vir- 
gins, which, he tells her, were by no means to be left in the Houſe 


alone, receives this Anſwer (6) ; 


| Oxvpoios waghuar: Sep xakns. JR > 


They're cloſe kept up in their well-guarded Lodgings 


Sometimes they a were e fo traitly confin'd, that they could not paſs 
from one Part of the Houſe to another without Leave; whence An- 
 rigone in Euripides obtains her Mother's Leave to go to the Top of 
the Houle to view the A, ian Army that beſieged 7] 


bebe: ; e 
ſtanding which her Guardian ſearches the Paſſage, for fear any Per- 
{on ſhould have a Sight of her, which, he ſays, would be a Reflection 
upon her Honour, and his own Fidelity. The old Man' s Words 
ate thus addreſſed to the young Princefs (c); 


N xXctv0s o{x015, Asher, Ne wall, 
Exel ot pnT12 wthibtiure: ixAmTE 
Mebnxe, pra Vews, J &; d. peg ©7537 0)100 

/ * 3N wv — e a 2 * 

; Tiga rut. 1965 * aten e 

L ix, we 5 Ty Feri ui Ciba 
My Tis webu ro 25 75e Pæila la, 
Kft. 445 0 2 — wy dude oy®-, 


Tol by ws ch T TN, 


But you, Antigone, my Royal Charge, | 
The blooming Glory of your Father's Houſe, 
Stir not, though ſuffer'd by your Mother” s Leave, 
: Some 


9 4 * 9 a — 9 


| (a) Har bocrat ion. &) Tphi, We in Aulid. v. 748. (e) Euriprd. 
Pbherif. eta (5) N 73 {s) | 


07 the Miſcellany Cuſtoms of Greece: 313 


Some time from your Apartment to withdraw, 

And to aſcend the Houle's lofty Top, 

From thence the 4rgiex Forces to furvey : 
But ſtay till firſt 1 ſee the Way be clear, 

'That by a Citizen you be not ſeen, 

For that would much reflect upon my Care, 

And from your Royal Honour Geog. | 


New marciad Wowen were almoſt nder as ſtrict a 3 PTY 
Vireins. Hermione is ſeverely reproved by the old Woman that 
waits on her ſor appearing out of Doors, winch was a Freedom, ſhe 
tells her, like to endanger her Reputation (); $8 


AN Aid tow, bende Pile Gs Foparoy "kak 5 bo 
Tizpoibe Twyor, por Tw ſexes Nn Ts» 14 
IIe pte Tor N ö pin, Tixvoy, — 19 
Go in, nor ſtand thus gazing at the Doors, : | VA 
Leſt you lament the Scandal you'll procure, | 9 
Should you be ſeen before che Hall t'appear. 


E * 7 


Menander, as cited by Stobæus (6), ſays expreily, that the Door of ng 
the avan was the fartheſt a marry'd Woman ought to 8% and re · ee 
proves one for exceeding thoſe Limits; | 1 


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- You go beyond the marry'd Womens Bounds, | D 4 F 
And and before the Hall, which is unfit ; 1 
The Laws do not permit a free- born Bride | | 1 


Farther than to the Doors el Houſe to go. | | 1 1 


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But when they had once brought a Child into the World, they were 
no longer under ſo lick a Contnement, whence wiTnp, A Mether, 

18 by me derived aro Tov [47] rupi c, for her being no longer 

under Keepers (c); yet what Freedom they then enjoy d was owing 

wholly to the Kindneſs of their Huſbands, for ſuch as were jealous 

kept their Wives in perpetual Impriſonment ; whence a Woman in 

Ariſtophanes makes this Complaint of the ſevere Treatment the 

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314 Of the Miſcelany Cuſtoms of Greeee:. 


But fſtriftly us poor Women they confine 
Within our Chambers, under Lock and Key, - 
Make uſe of Maſtiffs, Goblins, any Thing, | 
That may Adulterers affright.— | H. H. 


* 


However Huſbands might be of a better Temper, yet it was look' 


on as very indecent: for Women to gad abroad ; whence we find 


ſeveral proverbial Speeches and Alluſions, intimating the Duty of 
Wives to ſtay at home. Such is that cited by Euffalbius out of 
Euripides (a); | | | 


Ed, We S wag olxtrœig MyO-. | | 
Women ſhould keep within Doors, and there talk. 


To the ſame purpoſe was Phidias's Emblem, repreſenting Venus tread. 
ing 2 a Tortoiſe (6), which carries its Houſe upon its Back. 
When they went abroad, or appeared in- publick, they covered 
their Faces with Veils ; as we find of Penelope, when ſhe deſcended 
from her Apartment, to converſe with the young Gentlemen that 
courted her (c); Phy | 


H Gre on tung ngag eQixslo d YUaixa, 
Tr ex mage h Try:O. ouxa woinlow, 
Alla mapa S Map Ape. 


Then from her Lodgings went the beauteous Dame, 
And to her much expecting Courtiers came, 
There veil'd before the Door ſhe ſtood. 


The Veil was ſo thin, as that they might ſee through it, which ap- 
pears from theſe Words of [phigenia {d) ; " 


FE & AN, Au, 0% KANUPURTEY 
Exe7', 40:\Þor TETW tASpenv x, 
Os; voy NN. 


Seeing my Brother through my thinneſt Veil, 
I took him by the Hand, who now is dead. 


Io prevent all private Aſſignations, Solon enacted, that no Wife 


or Matron (for he took not ſo much Care of TOY -who were al- 
ways ſtrictly confin'd) ſhould go from home with more than three 
Garments, nor ſhould carry with her a larger Quantity of Meat 


and Drink than could be purchaſed for one Obolus, nor a Baſket 


of more than a Cubit in Length, He farther ordered, 1 Be 
| | 1 ou 


* * 9 
4. — 


(a) Thad, i. p. 429. Ed. Baſ. (5) Plutarchus de præcept. connub. (e) Ody/f. © 
Y, 2083, | (4) Euripid, Ipbigen, Taur. v. 372. ; 


r is Dc tos 2c fl. wa, 


Of the Miſcellany Cuſtoms of Greece. 31g 
ſhould not travel in the Night without a lighted Torch before her 
Chariot. Afterwards it was decreed, at the Inſtance of Ph:lippi- 
des, that no Women ſhould appear in Public undreſs'd, under the 
Penalty of paying 1000 Drachms, This Law was carefully put in 
Execution by the Officers called yuwaixe/;uo, and Y⁰αννν,ẽ] f, and 
a Tablet, containing an Account of the Mulcts thus incurr'd, was 
publickly expoſed in the Ceramicus (a), upon a Plane-tree (ra- 
„.) which ſtood there. | 

It was likewiſe cuſtomary 
nelope has two Maids with her (6) in Homer; 


Ne Sahm, x virepwin, ovyaniale, 

Oux d apa Ty Ye % appPiroes ov bo. 

She ſaid, and from her Chamber Rrait deſcends, 
Two Maids upon her Perſon wait. 


Theſe ſeem to have been Women of 
Flomer preſently ſubjoins, | 


Age and Gravity ; whence 


| ApPironos 0" apa of urn ind xifbe wafirp. 


A Maid, whoſe Years a riper Judgment hew'd, 
On either Side t attend the Lady Rood. | 


Nor did theſe Women attend their Ladies when they went abroad 


oaly, but kept them company at home, and had the Care of their 
Education when young, and are therefore called TpoÞot. Nor were 
Women only appointed to this Charge, for Antigone, in the forecited 
Tragedy of Euripides, has an old Man for her Governor. It was 
likewiſe frequent to commit Women to Eunuchs, who performed all 
the Offices of Maids, and were uſually entertain'd by Perſons of 
Quality; whence Phedria ſpeaks thus to his Miſtreſs (c)) 


— E unuchumn fporre dixti welle fe, 
Dun fole utuntur his regine. 

An Eunueh Boy was your peculiar Choice, 
Since on great Ladies they do chiefly wait. 


The firſt that made Eunuchs was Semiramis (4). The barbarous 
Nations were ordinarily much fonder of them than Greeks (e), who 
looked upon it as an inhuman Piece of Cruelty to uſe Men after that 
Manner. Phocylides has left a particular Caution again it 


N 4 


— 


% Aibengus, Lib, VI. cap. ix. Pollux. Lib. VIII. cap. ix. Heſychius voce 
belag. Eaffatbius in Iliad, x, (b) Odyſſ. loc. cit. (e) Terentis Eunuch, 
&. 1, Sc. II. {4) Ammianus Marcellinus, Hiſt. Lib. xiv, (e) Phileftratus 
vit Apellinii Tyanci, Lib. I, cap. xxi, ( V. 17 5. 


for Women to have Attendauts, Fe- 


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316 of the Miſcellaxy Cuſtoms of Greece. 


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1 waidvyiyor evo xiHνE⁸ pv * ; 
Nor ever caſtrate a briſk vig'rous Youth, 


The primitive Ages uſed their Women agreeably to the Simpli. 
city of their Manners, they accuſtomed them to draw Water, to 
keep Sheep, and feed Cows, or Horſes, 'The Rich and Noble were 
taken up with ſuch Employments as well as thoſe of inferior Qua- 
lity. Rebecca, the Daughter of Bethuel, Abrabam's Brother, carried 
a Pitcher, and drew Water (a). Rachel, the Daughter of Labay, 
kept her Father's Sheep (3). Zipporah, with her fix Siſters, had 
the Care of their Father Fethre's Flock, who was a Prince, or, which 
in thoſe Times was an Honour ſcarce inferior, Prieſt of Midian (c). 


The like may be obſerved of Andromache, Hedtor's Lady, in Homer 
Ta, where that Hero thus beſpeaks his Horſes; _» 


Fark vs © (v IHidpyt, x; Alden, Adu Tr Oh, 
Nd, por Thy Xopuudny anoTivelov, mv H WokAvv 
Ard pe n, gv ya vr {ryan Heli, 
Tai way mforeiparos wweAiPpoue wupor rOnxey, 
Olvoy 4 iyxepao nc gil oTs vupes aiwyu e). 


My mettled Steeds Xanthus, with yellow Main, 
. Pedargus, you, who fleetly beat the Plain, 
Artbon, who furiouſly ſuſtain'd the Fight, | 
And Lamps thou, whole Flanks are fleck and bright, 
Nou ſee my Corn you carefully repay, 
| With Courage bear the Labour of the Day, 
Since my dear Wife, when you inclin'd to eat, 
Hath mingled ſtrength'ning T1quor with your Meat, J. A. 


The moſt common Employments of Women were ſpinning, 
weaving, and making all Sorts of Embroidery or Needle-werk : In- 
ſtances of this Nature are too numerous to be recited in this Place, 


for ſo conſtantly were they taken up in theſe Buſineſſes, that moi 


Houſes, where there was any Number of Women, had Rooms tet 
apart for this End, which ſeem to have been near the Women's 
Apartments, if not the ſame ; for Pollux enumerating the different 
Rooms in Houſes, after he has mentioned yuariiy, preſently adds, 


9 e 
dre SNafs, TN X05, c. 


Women had likewiſe ſeveral other Employments, the Proviſion 


of all Neceſſaries within Doors being uſually committed to them. 


I ſhall not infiſt on Particulars, but only obſerve in the laſt Place, 
that their Utage was very different, according to the Temper of 
| * | ther 


— 


— „ 1 w * 


(a) Geneſ. weiv, 1. (8) Ibid. xxix. 6. (ee) Exed ii. 16. (7) 


Liad. &, v. 135. (e) Vide Comment. noſtrum in Lycepbron, v. 91. 


Of the Miſcellany Cuoms of Greece. 377 


weir Huſbands or Guardians, the Value of their Fortune, and the 
Humour of the Place or Age they lived in. ; | 

The Larædemonian Women obſerved Faſhions quite different from 

all their Neighbours, their Virgins went abroad barefaced, the mar- 

ried Women were covered with Veils, the former A N. (as 
1 


Charilus replied to one that required the Reaſon of that 


ſom) to 


get themſelves Huſbands, whereas the latter aimed at nothing more 
than keeping thoſe they already had (a). We have a large Ac- 
count of the Spartan Women's Behaviour in the following Words of 


Pluta ch (6). 


C6 
« 
410 
62 
46 
40 


46 


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In order to the good Education of their Youth, 
which 15 the moſt important Work of a Law-giver, Lycurgus went 
ſo far back as to take into Conſideration their very Conception 
and Birth, by regulating their Marnages ; for Ariſtotle wrongs 
the Memory of this excellent Perſon, by bearing us in hand, that 
after he had tried all manner of Ways to reduce the Women to 
more Modeſty, and Subjection to their Huſbands, he was at laſt 


forced to leave them as they were, becauſe that, in the Abſence 


of their Huſbands, who ſpent a great Part of their Lives in the 
Wars, their Wives made themſelves, abſolute Miſtreſſes at home, 
and would be treated with as much Reſpect as if they had been 


ſo many Queens; but by his good Leave it is a, Miſtake, for 


Lycurgus took for that Sex all the Care that was poſſible ; for an 


Inſtance of it, he ordered the Maidens to exerciſe themſelves with 


running, wreſtling, throwing Quoits, and caſting Darts, to the 


end that the Fruit they conceived might take deeper Root, grow 


ſtrong, and ſpread it.elf into healthy and vigorous Bodies, and 
withal that they might be more able to undergo the Pangs of 
Child-bearing; and to the end he might take away their over 


* great Tenderneſs and Nicety, he ordered they ſhould appear na- 
* ked as well as the Men, and dance too in that Condition at their 


lolemn Feaſts and Sacrifices, ſinging certain Songs, whilſt the 
young Men ſtood in a Ring about them, ſeeing and hearing them; 
in theſe Songs they now and then gave a fatncal Glance upon 
thoſe who had miſbehaved themſelves in the Wars, ſometimes 


* tung Encomiums upon thoſe who had done any gallant Action, 


and by theſe Means inflamed young Men with an Emulation of 
their Glory; for thoſe that were thus commended, went away 
brave and well ſatisfied with themſelves, and thofe that were 


rallied, were as ſenſibly touch'd with it as if they had been for- 


mally and ſeverely reprimanded, and ſo much the more, becauſe 
the Kings and the whole Senate ſaw and heard all that paſſed. Now, 
tho” it may ſeem ſtrange that Women ſhould appear thus naked 


in Public, yet was true Modeſty obſerved, and Wantonneſs ex- 


cluded, and 1t tended to render their Converſation free and unre- 
terved, and to beget in them a Deſire of being vigorous and active, 
and filled them with Courage and generous Thoughts, as being 
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Superintendents of Generation, as for the Name of Teilen rofes, 


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318 Of the Miſcellany Cuſtoms of Greece. 

„Hence came that Senſe of Honour and Nobleneſs of Spirit, of 
„ which we have an Inſtance in Gorgo, the Wife of King Leonidas, 
who being told in Diſcourſe with ſome foreign Ladies, that the 
% Women of Lacedamon were the only in the World who had an 


Empire over the Men, wy repartee'd, that there was good Rea- 


i on, for they ere the only Women the brought forth Men. Lat 
*« theſe public Proceſſions of the Maidens, and their appearing 
* naked in their Exerciſes and Dancings, were Provocations and 


% Baits to ſtir up and allure the young Men to Marriage, and that 
e not upon geometrical Reaſons, as Plato calls them (ſuch are In- 


«* tereſt and Equality of Fortune) but from the Engagements of 


3 true Love and Affection.“ 


Aſtæwards, when Lycurgus's Laws were neglected, and the Spar. 


tans had degenerated from the ſtrict Virtue of their Forefathers, 


their Women alſo were ill ſ poken of, and made uſe of the Freedom, 


which their Law-giver allowed them, to no good purpoſes ; inſo- 
much that they are cenſured of unlawful Pleaſures, and branded by 


Euripides, as cited by Plutarch (a), with the Epithet of font. 


7. e. poſſeſſed with furious Love of, and, as it were, running mad 


after Men. 


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Of 'the Cuſtoms in Child. bearing and managing IurAN Ts. 


1 HOSE who deſired to have Children were uſually very 


liberal in making Preſents and Offerings to the Gods, cipe- 
cially to ſuch as were thought to have the Care of Generation. I 
mall not trouble the Reader with a particular Account of the Names 
of theſe Deities, and the Manner they were worſhipped in; but it 
may be requiſite to obſerve, that the Athenians invoked on this Ac- 
count certain Gods called Tpilonarop, or Tpilowarpas. Who theſe 
were, or what the Origination of their Name, is not eaſy to de- 


termine; Orpheus, as cited by Phanodemus in Suidas, makes their 


roper Names to be Amaclides, Protocles, and Protocleon, and will 
on them to preſide over the Winds; Demo makes them to be 
Winds themſelves ; but what Buſineſs the Winds or their Gover - 
nors have in Generation, is difficult to imagine. Another Author 


in the ſame Lexicographer tells us their Names were Cottus, Briareus, 


and Gyges, and that they were the Sons of Ovuparcc and T, 1. e. 
Heaven ad Earth, Philochorus likewiſe makes Earth their Mother, 
but inſtead of Heaven ſubſtitutes the Sun or Apollo for their Father, 
whence he ſeems to account as well for their being accounted the 


for 


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Of the Miſcellany Cuſtoms of Greece. 319 
for being immediately deſcended from two immortal Gods, them- 
{elves ({aith he) were thought vrt ro ie, the third Fathers, and 
therefore might be well eſteemed the common. Parents of Mankind, 
and from that Opinion derive thoſe Hgnours, which the A, heni an, 
paid them as the Authors and Preſidents of human Generation (a). 
The Goddeſs who had the Care of Women in Child-bed was 
called Eia:i0ura, or Eh, ſometimes EN, as in the Epigram ; 
— - Mex0or EN 
ExPvyts 


You're paſt the Pangs, oe'r which Fleutho reigns. 


She is called in Latin Lucina. Both had the ſame ReſpeRts paid by 
Women, and the ſame Titles and Epithets. E/ithyia is called by 
Nonnus (6), 5 6 | OW” 


— Apnynr DnAlepolan. 
The ſuccouring Deity in Child-birth. 
Ovid ſpeaks in the ſame Manner of the Latin Goddeſs () 


— Gravidis facilis Lucina puellis. 
Lcina kind to teeming Ladies. 

The Woman in Theecritus invokes Elithiia {d) ; 
Er9z yap Einiduiay iCdcalo AugiGuyoy, 


For there thy Mother t' Eljthyia prays 
To eaſe her Throes. 


The Reman Women called for Lucina's Aſſiſtance; whence Ov, 


TY a parturientis audlis. 


Yon kindly Women in their Travail hear. 


Several other Things are common to both. As Elithyia was ſtiled 
h ergo, dn ev ( reipæ, Sc. ſo likewiſe Lucina was graced 
_ with various Appellations denoting her Care of Women. Their 
Names indeed appear to have diftint Originals, yet both have 


relation to the ſame Action; for Eiaid4@ is derived and rs 


even, from coming, either becauſe ſhe came to aſſiſt Women in 
| A Labour 


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(c) Faſt. Lib. II. Cd. Idyll. &. | 


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320 Of ne Miſtellow Cuftoms of Greece. 


— 


a " —_—  — —— 


Labour, or rather from her being invoked to help the Infant . 
Niet its rd , to come into the ight, or the World. Lucing 18 


taken from lax, Light, for the ſame Reaſon, according to Ovi, 


1 ri co Lolita i. 
Tucina, you firſt brought us into Light 


The Greek Name ©w59529- ſometimes attributed to this Goddeſ:, 
zs of the ſame Import with the Latin, Lucina, being derived ar; +, 


cd, Pipe, from bringing Light, becauſe twas by her Aſſiſtance that 


Infants were ſafely delivered out of their dark Manſions to enjoy the 
| Light of this World. In Alluſion to this, the Greck and Latin God- 


deſſes were both repreſented with lighted Torches in their Hands; 
which Reaſon ſeems far more natural than that which ſome aſſigu, 


Dix. cri ryurestly iy iow H Top tiow a woe, that the Pain of bearing 


Children is no leſi exquifite than that of burning (a). 


Who this Elithyia is, Authors are not well agreed: Some will 


have her to be an Hyperborean, who came from her own Country 
to Delos, and there aſſiſted Lutona in her Labour; they add, that 


this Name was firſt uſed at Delos, and thence derived to other 
Parts of the World (%. Olen, the fift Writer of divine Hymns 


in Greece, makes her the Mother of Cupid, whence it might be in- 


ferred ſhe was the ſame with Venus, were not Pauſanias, who cites 


this Paſſage of Olen, againſt it, when he brings this as a different 


Account of Capid's Deicent from that received one of his being Ve- 


nuts Son (c). The fame Poet, cited by the ſame Author (4, 
will have her to be more ancient than Satzru, and the ſelf fame 


with merowwn ; which is the Grecian Name for Fate, Others make 
her the ſame with Juno, Diana, the Moon, &c. What appear: 
moft probable, is, that all the eo y.r#{24c, i. e. thoſe Deities who 
were thought to have any Concern with Women in Chiid- bed, were 


called Elichyiz, and Lucina, for theſe are general Names, and ſome- 


times given to one Deity, ſometimes to another. 
Juno was one of theſe Goddeſſes, whence the Women thus invoke 
her ; 1 ; 


Juno Lucina, fer opem. 


Juno Lacina, help, aſſiſt the Labour. 


There are ſeveral remarkable Stories concernihg- Funs's Power ir 


this Affair, whereof I ſhall only mention that about Alemeua, who 
having incurr'd this Goddeſs's Diſpleaſure by being Jupiters Mi- 
ſtreſs, and being with Child by him, Sthenelus's Wite being likc- 
wiſe with Child at the ſame Time, but not ſo forward as the other, 


Fro 


— 


| (a) Pauſaniam Arcadicii, p. 443. Edit, Herev, (6) Idem. Aich. p. 31- 


(c) Birsticm, p. 281. {4) Acad, p. 487. 


2 


7 


Of the Miſcellany Cuſtoms of Greece: 321 


Juno firſt obtained that he who ſhould be firſt born ſhould rule over 
the other, then alter'd the Courſe of Nature, cauſed Eurz/theus to be 
born of Sthenelus's Wife, and afterwards Hercules of Alcmena, whence 
Hercules was always ſubje& to #ury/thens, and undertook his famous 
Labours in Obedience to his Commands. 

The Daughters of this Goddeſs were employ'd in the ſame Office, 
and dignify'd with the ſame Title, as we find in Homer (a); 


Qs P 22 wdirmoay t X Ha eU YWHIXA, b 
Ai T0 Te VG. eo og, L ixufuics, | | 
Heng Suyalepes CITED wdiva; Ni. 
Ne 3247” Jura guvor . Alfeld. 


Such racking Smart Airides felt, with Pain, 
As pregnant Waves in Labour do ſuſtain, 
Which Funr's Daughters th* Elithyiæ give, 
As both to Child and Mother a Relief, 4 


The Moon was another of theſe Deities; inſomuch that Cicero will 
have Luna, the Moon's Name in Latin, to be the {ame with Lacina; 
nor was it without Reaſon that the Moon was thought one of the 
Deities that had the Care of Child-bearing, fince, as ſeveral Philo- 
ſophers are of Opinion, her Influences were very eficacious 1 in car- 
rying on the Work of Generation (5). 

Diana being commonly reputed the ſame with the Moon, was | Mis 
wiſe thought to bear the ſame Office, as we find in Horace, who hav- 
ing invoked celeſtial Diana, proceeds thus (c); 


Rite maturos aperire partus 
Lenis Ilichyia, tuere matres, 
Sive tu Lucina probas vocart, 
Sen Genitalis: 

Diva, producas ſobolem, patrumgut 
Proſperes decreta ſuper jugandis 
Feminis, proliſpue nove feract 

Lege marita. 


Propitious Ilithyia, thou, whoſe Care 
Preſides o'er Child-birth, lend à pitying Ear; 
Prolifick Wombs defend and bleſs, 
May they conceive, and in their Iſſue have Succeſs; 
Let Laws and Statutes of the Wiſe 
Promote, enjoin, encourage Marriage - ties, 
And may our Senators agree 
T' enact good wholeſome Rules for Bridal Sympathy z 3 
Whether we thee Lucina name, 
Or whether Luna, ſtill the ſame, 
„ 


Vo L. II. W'invoke 


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222 Of the Miſcellany Cuſtoms of Greeee. 


W'invoke, we humbly crave thy Influence and Aid, 
Wich blooming Rites to crown the Rites of th' nuptial Bed. 
Ab þ = 7. 4 


The ſame Poet, in another Place, has attributed the Tame Care to 


this Goddeſs, not in her celefttal Capacity, and as bearing the ſame 


Character with the Moon, but as frequenting theſe lower Regions, 
and traverſing the Woods (a); ee BOS e, e 


Montium cuſtos, nemorumpue virgo, 
Dug laborantes utero puelins *© 
Ter wocata audis, adimi/que letho, 
Diva triformis, | 1575 
Goddeſs, to whom belongs this Hill, this Brake 
Where frighted Deer their Covert make, 
Triple Diana, who doſt hear, ES 
And help. Child-bearing Women after the third Pray'r. 


Hence ſhe is called in Theocritas joyorin&; the common Epithet 


of Elithyia, Gu 
AF oy \ 40 nf ky 3 k , | 4 Fe N N 
e ieee pores e in. 


7 


Orpheus gives her divers other Titles relating to this Affair (4) ; 
_ Taoifang, Jae, Yen difhuna, MM,, 
© QIws trapuyt, c U apr, 
Avoiguv, .. 5 


The Epithets ®aioÞ6poc, Oe, Fc. which denote the giving 0: 


Life and Light, 5 likewiſe. attributed to Praſerpina, make it 
ſeem that ſhe was alſo thought to be concerned for Women in La. 
bour ; which cannot appear ſtrange, if we conſider her as the fame 
Goddeſs with Diana, who being in three different Capacities, as 
converſant in Heaven, Earth, and Hell, has three diftin& Names; 
in Heaven ſhe is £:»", the Moon; upon the Earth Aﬀems, Diana; 
in Hell Il:p5 po, Pro/erpina; whence are thoſe Epithets, whereby 
the Poets denote her threefold Character, as piep, 7rifornis, ler- 
gemina, with ſeveral others. 85 | | 
One End of invoking theſe Goddeſſes was, that the Women might 
be delivered without Pain, which was thought an infallible Token | 
of the Divine Favour ; whence T beocritus, in his Encomium of Pro- 
lemy, reckons it as an extraordinary Bleſſing that his Mother Berenice 
brought him into the World without Pain (c); 

, yl. Te, 

 Aixprle ITG 2p Cnn@- Ber 8 

| | Ea. 


* — — „— ** 


am 


"(a Lib, II. Od. xxii, (3) Hymno ia Dianam. (c) Idyll. i&, v. 56 


* 


Of the Miſcellany Cuſtoms of Greece. 323 
Ka ot Kowe A (TT B2tOog v toll a a 
A. Cain cl palpo;, dt oaray Tt, au” 
Erb yas FIN je AvG' h 
Aylvwyoras vy ruf Beonpyutre winoow, 
H % e U- A, xx) 2 wi 
Nd uri xc Eve WING), een 


But Berenice hath theſe Births outdone, 

She brought great Prolemy as great a Son; 
| Firſt Coos danc'd thee, thee, Mankind's Delight, 

She took thee at tay firſt Approach to Light; 

For there thy Mother to Lucina pray'd 

To eaſe her Throws, and found a ſpeedy Aid; 

She came, ſtood by, and gently loos'd her Pain, 
Thy very Birth was eaſy as thy Reign, 


Nay, fo great an Opinion had they of this Favour, that the Gods 
were believed to vouchſaſe it to none but the Chaſte and Virtuous, 
whence it came to be looked on as a conviueing Proof of a Woman's 
Honeſty, Thus we find in Plautus (a), that when Amphytrion ex- 
preſſes his jealous Thoughts concerning Alemena, this Argument is 
offered to allay his Paſhon ; | 


R. IUxorem tuam | 
Neue gementem, neg ue plorantem noftrum qui/quam audi vimus, 
Ita profetto fine dilore peperit. | | 


Your Wife is brought to bed with Eaſe, fince none 
Hath heard ſo much as Groan or Sigh come from her. 


Another Token of Divine Favour was thought to be conferred 
when they brought forth Twins, which happening to Alcmena, was 
urged as another Proof of her Innocence (5) ; 85 


5K. Ego faciam, tu idem ut aliter predic, 

Amphitruo, pram & pudicam je tuam uxorem ut ſcias; 

De ea re fig na atque argumenta puucis verbis eloguar : 

Omnnium primum, Alcumena geminss peperit filtes. 
AM. Ain tu geminos? BR. Gceinos. AM. Dii me ferent ! 
| : | [BR. Sine me dicere, 


Ut fcias tibi, tuwgue uxori Deos effe omnes propittcs. 


BR. It wipe away Aſperſions, and declare 
By a ſure Token, Sir, my Lady's chaſte, 
You'll not then falſly in the leaſt ſuſpect 
That ſhe hath injur'd or defil'd your Bed: | 
Sir, e hath brought forth Tann. AM. Twins, 1 box ? 
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324 Of the Miſcellany Cuſtoms of Greece; | 
AM. Bleſs me! BR: I'll this proteſt to ſhew that you 
And my good Miſtreſs are the Care of Heav'n. J. A. 


They had likewiſe other Means to a an eaſy Delivery, one 
of which was, to hold in their Hands Palm-Branches, Tokens of 
Joy and Conqueſt, and uſed as Embiems of Perſons raiſed from great 
Afflictions to Proſperity, it being oblerved of that Tree, that the 
ha'.ging of heavy Weights upon it is a Means to cauſe it to branch 
out to a great Height. Lalena, when brought to bed with Apollo, 
made uſe of this Expedient to eaſe her Pain; whence T heognis thus 
beſpeaks that God (a); | 

TI Jia Tixe mira A, 
Oowvero; 06 eo tparapin, 


When handling Palm Latona brought you forth. 
Homer likewiſe mentions Latona's travelling near a Palm-Tree (5) ; 


Xeipe, preirne' w Anon, ime TItt; @YAGE THIS, 
Ar avakle x Ale, 0e. 

Tm he i Oflvyin, To & xparan, w . 

KexxtH,ibn po; pzxpor opus *; Kuvlior A 

Aſxotdtu Oolvixog, un Ivwnoio Leehpolg. 


What Joys do in eternal Circles run. 

Latona, who halt ſuch a Daughter, ſuch a Son? 
Diana, Queen of Woods, ſhe there bears Sway, 

Apollo's Reign great Empires do obey; 

Her Birth Ortygia boaſts, the God was born 

Under a Palm- Tree, Delos to adorn ; | 

[nopus nigh, peep'd up with ſwelling Tide, | 
And an curl'd Surges ſmilingly did glide. J. 4. 


What Tides of Bliſs do ſport about thy Throne; f 


It is obſervable, that the ancient Ai beni an, uſed none but Man- 
Midwaves, it being forbidden by one of their Laws that Women or 
Slaves ſhould have any Concer in the Study or Practice of Phyſick. 
This proving very fatal to many Women, whoſe Modeſty ſuffered 
them not to entruſt themſelves in the Hands of Men, one Apnodice 
diſguiſed herſelf in Man's Clothes, and ſtudied Phyſick under a 
certain Profeſſor called Herophilus, where having attained to a com- 
petent Skill in that Art, ſhe revealed herſelf to her own Sex, who 
agreed with one Conſent to employ none beſide her. Hereupon the 
reſt of the Phyficians, enraged at their Want of Buſineſs, indicted 
her before the Court of Areopagus, as one that corrupted Mens 
| | Wives. 


1 —— 
. , * 


WWE >:  - 8 : a N * 4 


{a} Gnom, v. 5. (“) Hymn, in Apollin, v. 14. 


# 


—— 


_—_— 


>a wn 


Of the Miſcellany Cuſtoms of Greece. 225 
Wives, To obviate this Accuſation, ſhe di covered what Sex ſhe 
was of; upon this the Phyſicians proſecuted her with great Eager- 
neſs, as violating the Laws, and encroaching upon the Mens Pre- 
rogative; when, to prevent her Ruin, the ane Matrons of the 
City came into Court, and addreſſed themſelves to the Judges, telling 
them, „That they were not Huſbands, but Enemies, who were go- 


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„ ing to condemn the Perſon to whom they ow'd their Lives.“ | Yi [ 
Upon this the 4henzans repealed the old Law, and permitted three 1 1 
Women to undertake this Employment (a). ; 1 1 
No ſooner was che Child brought into the World, but they 1 VIM 
waſhed it with Water; whence Callimacbus, ſpeaking of Fupiter*s i 11 | 
Nativity, has theſe Words (6) | . 11 
FE, o r prrimnp prot drebH¹,ꝭ]Ñlo xe 9 1 
Ablixa Nee d U, w x4 Thxoio 8 | | : — al, 
Aba xulwoaile, iy 0 vw} xpure NMioox. | | | fl 1 [ 

As ſoon as you was born, and ſaw the Light, | | 161 0 
Your Mother's grateful Burthen, and Delight, 1 

She ſought for ſome clear Brook to purity 11 

The Body of ſo dear a Progeny. "08 

| | e 

4 

Lycephron alſo deſigning to expreſs the Murder of Cilia and her Son 1 
Munitus, which was effected as ſoon as the Child was born, ſays they 17 1 


I. AN Warne, % Xanax op 
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Icli tx AN, yuic xuldwows 9pooy. 4. 
A ſtol'n Embrace ſent Cilla to the Fates, ilk. 

With her Munitus, the young Baſtard-brat, 11 

Who both were kill'd nigh unto Ilus' Tomb, i 

Her Grandfather, before the Child had been 11 

Cleans'd from the Iſſue of the ſpurious Birth, ln 
The Lacedæmonians bathed their new- born Infants, not in Water, as ; 4 1 
was the Cuſtom of all other Countries, (ſaith Plutarch in his Life of ii 
Lycurgus) but Wine, to prove the Temper and Complexion of their 1 
Bodies; for they had a Conceit that weakly Children would fall into 1 
Convulſions, or immediately faint upon their being taus bathed ; on 'I bf 4 
the contrary, thoſe who were of a ſtrong and vigorous Conſtitution, 411 
would acquire a greater de | 11 


gree of Firmneſs by it, and get a Temper 
in proportion like Steel in the quenching. | | 

the next Action obſervable is cutting the Child's*Navel, which 
was done by the Nurſes, and called 5y9ami:u;z (4), whence aroſe 


; | the 


. 1 
5 a ——_—— 
_— 


. * _— —_ 


ta) Hyginus, Fab. celxxiv. (5) Hymno in Jevem, v. 14. (e) Cafſandre, v. 319, - 
i conſulendus Meurſui Commentarius, (d Suidas, in ifta voce, 


* Ce _ 22 
— ns — e 
B docket, non — — 


326 Of rhe Miſcellany Cuſtoms of Greece. 


the proverbial Saying Par o8 & iV bu, 1. e. thy. Navel is net 
cut; which is as much as if we ſay, you are an Infant, and ſcarce 
ſeparated from your Mother. There was a Place in Crete called Om. 
phalium, from HD. a Navel, becauſe Jupiter's Navel-ſtring was 
cut there, whence Callimachus ſpeaks to him thus (a): 


Tglaxi Tor wide, dauer, an Pani;* Ihen zx 
| OuPaNecr pulitrtila tid νν,,ſmi Kydwws, | 


Then the Nurſe wrapped the Child in Swaddling-bands, left its 
Limbs being then tender and flexible, ſhould happen to be diſtorted ; 


only the Spartan Nurſes were ſo careful and experienced, that without 


ufin Swaddling-bands, their Chilaren were ſtrait and well pro- 
ortioned. Their Management of Children differed likewite from 
all the reſt of the Grecian; in ſeveral other Inſtances, for they uſcd 
them to any Sort of Meat, and ſometimes to bear the Want of it, 
« not to be afraid in the Dark, or to be alone, nor to be froward, 
« peeviſh, and crying, as they are generally in other Countries, 
„through the 1mpertinent Care and Fondneſs of thoſe who look to 
* them. Upon this Account Spartan Nurſes were frequenily hired 
« by People of other Countries; and it is reported that the who 
« ſuckled Alcibiades was a Spartan (6).“ | 
To return, new-born Infants were at Athens commonly wrapped 

in a Cloth, wherein was repreſented the Gorgon's Head, becauſe that 


was deſcribed in the Shield of Minerva, the Protectreſs of that City, 


whereby, it may be, Infants were committed to the Goddeſs's Care. 
Another End of it might be to put them in mind, when arrived 
at Mens Eſtate, that they were to imitate ſuch noble and generous 
Actions as were there repreſented ; or to be an happy Omen of 
their future Valour ; for which Reaſons it was likewite cuſtomary to 
lay them upon Bucklers ; thus Hercules, and his Brother Iphiclus were 
placed by Alcmena (c) ; N 


5 Hea xi dH orcy i,; wo,” & Mitiatig 
ANαννẽ—x 5 u ewTepor IOuxhna, 
ApPolipus AYTATR, K tTMCaTa ν /ννον , 

Naur xaltnxe er aTROK, Thy IL peꝰ. 
AuPilpoar xax o ον ATETHUAELD'E πẽ,̊I. 


Alcides ten Months old a vig'rous Child, 

Alcmena fed, and laid him on a Shield, 

(The Shield from Prerelus Anphytrio won, 

A creat auſpicious Cradle for his Son) 

With younger Iypbiclus of human Race, 

No Part of him was drawn from Jove's Embrace. | 
| | | ; Mr. Cree. 


The 
we | E | | 5 _ A - _ — "I 
(a) Hymno in Fowem, v. 44. (b) Plutarchus Lycurgo, (e) Tbeocrit 


Idyll. xT, initio. 1 


of the Miſcellany Cuſtoms of Greece. 327 
The Lacedemonians religiouſly obſerved this Ceremony, whence 
Nonnuus (a) 3 | | 


Axl o Y lg 
Tilag wiiryow in” ivxtrac Boing, 


On a round Buckler the Laconian Dames 
Lay down their Burthen of Ch Id- birth 


In other Places they placed their Infants on a Thing bearing ſome 


Reſemblance to whatever Sort of Life they deſigned them for. No- 
thing was more common than to put them in Vans, or Convenien- 
cies to winnow Corn, in Greek Nava, which were deſigned as Omens 


of their future Riches and Affluence (5). This was not always a 


real Van, but commonly an Inſtrument bearing the Figure of it, 
compoſed of Gold, or other Minerals. Thus, Callimachus tells us, 
Nemeſis placed young Jupiter in a golden Van (c); e 


F | 
De d x u Aoproia 
/ . 
Aixvy it XfvItws 


In a Gold Van Nemgſis laid you to ſleep. 


TS 4 a b . N N ' 
One Thing more is to be obſerved concerning the Athenians before 
we diſmiſs this Head, wiz. that it was a common Practice among 


them, eſpecially in Families of Quality, to place their Infants on 


Dragons of Gold; which Cuſtom was inſtituted by Minerva, in me- 
mory of Erichthonias, one of their Kings, who had Feet like thoſe of 


Serpents, and being expolec to the wide World when an Infant, was 


committed by that Goddeſs to the Cuſtody of two vigilant Dragons, 
Euripides has largely accounted for this Ceremony, when he ſpeaks 
of Creu/a's Son, whom the bore to Apollo (d: 


— c & 720 X£61D- 
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— — 


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328 Of the Miſcellany Cuſtoms of Greece. 
; The Time ſhe reckon'd being out, a Boy 
She was deliver'd of, the which ſhe expos'd 
In the ſame cloſe convenient Receſs, | 
Where the briſk God her Maiden-fruits had cropt ; 
In a round Box ſhe there the Infant left 
To periſh, as the ancient Cuſtom was, 
Experienc'd by old Erichthonins. 
Since him Minerva to Aglaurus gave, ; 
That ſhe might with her Siſters Fring him up, 
Two Dragons being Guards; the Cuſtom hence 
| Is by Erecbtbeus Daughters thus obſerv'd, 
Jo nurſe up carefully and Children tend 
Entwin'd within the Folds of golden Serpents. | F. 74, 


The Poet has likewiſe given us the ſame Account of this Cuſtom 
On the fifth Day after the Birth, the Midwives having firſt purified 
themſelves by waſhing their Hands, ran round the Fire- hearth with 
the Infant in their Arms, thereby, as it were, entering into the Fa- 
mily, and putting it under the Protection of the Houſhold Gods, to 
whom the Hearth ſerved inftead of an Altar; hence the Day was 
called apopui Pr ,t or (which was the more uſual Name) Aug;- 
0544% 3 it was celebrated as a Feſtival, with great Expreſſions of 
Joy; they received Gifts from their Friends, If the Child was a 
Male, their Doors were deck'd with an Olive Garland; if a Fe. 
male, with Wool, in Token of what the Workwomen were to be 


employ'd about. Ihe Cheer conſiſted of divers Sorts of Things, 


among which «zzp&n, Colewwort, was always one, which the 4the- 
nian Midwives uſed to adminiſter to Women in Child-bed, as con- 
ducing to create Milk, The whole Ceremony is deſcribed in the 
following Verſes of Nate, cited by 4thenzus (b), moſt of which, 
ſome Varieties in the reading excepted, the ſame Author cites in 
another Place out of Eubulus (c) ; | | 5 


era T WG | 

Ov e 30 ts; irs Tpools 7 Jo, 
Ov xvio ow fe L150 UTspP9X%5 e 
ApPiropopiuy dil, is dg vowiCeras 
Omar Tr fope Nepoorno ity Er, 

EC 7 kAdi2 eafpury vyAediopwiryy, 
Thiyzw Te ],. cu nb: . 

Ti re SHν,νν xiyAac 5s e, 
Kown Ts yay Teh,ow or ide, 2 
LIN re c, ννILag brio Dοge, 

Yiu Te WAG; Rν,⁊ca ip era; 5 


But 


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«« 


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9 »*— — 


MP (a) V. 1427, 8 88 (5) Lib, IX, cap. ii. p. 370, Edit. Caſaub, (c) Lib, I. 
tap, xxV. P 65. e Es 9 Br | 


\ 


Of the Miſcellany Cuſtoms of Greece, gag 


But what's the Reaſon that no Crown js plac'd 
Before the Doors, nor grateful Victim flain, 
Whole frying Fat delights the ſmelling Senſe, 
When th' joyful /nphidromia are kept, 
In which is. toaſted Cherſongſian Cheeſe, 
And Colewort ty'd in Bundles ſceth'd in Oil, 
And Linnets, Doves, Thruſhes, and Cuttle-filb, 
And Calamary dreſs'd, and cat in common, 

And Polypus s Claws with Care procur'd - 
To drink 'em down amidſt their leſs-mix'd Cups. 


The ſeventh Day was likewiſe honour'd with Feſtival Solemai- 
des, that being the Lime the Child was commonly named; to ce- 
lebrate this Day was called i-oourvie)as. The Reaſon why the 


Child's Name was 1mpoſed on this Day, WAS, ru i TH 7Wwlnfia, 


becauſe by this Time they began to conceive Hopes that it would 
wud for weakly Infants, T'% TIMES dage- 9 TG £C92pency COſu— 

only die before the ſeventh, as we are informed by Ariſtotle in 
| Ho Gin ration (a). 


nc bept the eighth Day after the Infant Birth, calling that 


ta, natalis, Birth- day, becaule ſolemnized in memory 
che Child's Nativity. The fame Day was kept every Year after 
Curing the Child's Lite. The ſame was alſo obſerved by the Jeaws 
for their Clicumcahon, as hath been remarked by the ancient Inter- 
preter upon the following Paſſage of Terence (6) ; 


Porro autem Geta 
PFerictur alio munere, ubi hera pepererit : 
 Purro alis autem, uti erit puero natalis dies. 


Others nam'd their Children upon the tenth Day afte their Birth, 
on which alfo they invited their Friends to an Entertainment, and 
offered Sacrifices to the Gods. Euripides mentions this Cuſtom (c); 

Tis ct [41TH i 0:71 TOKe) EN 
What Mother on the tenth Day named you? 
The ſame is alſo mentioned by Ariſtophanes (d; 


2-4 

Or Ti 0KATIY THUTHY 3YW 
\ 3. — Y N 

Ka. TEvoph WIT MRO Y vw ν. 


On the tenth Day I offer'd Sacrifice, 
And, as a Child's, her Name impos'd. 
| Some 


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320 Of the Miſcellany Cuſtoms of Greece. 
Some will have the tenth to be the ſame with AuÞsJrouin, but (how... 


ever ſome Perſons might join the two Solemnities) they were com. 
monly diſtin ; to celebrate this Day was called &:arm Wu, du 


cafe, Nh ifiacc (a). 


It may 'be obſerv'd, that when the Child received its Name, 
whether upon the tenth, or any other Day, a confiderable Number 
of Friends were preſent, This Cuſtom was not only obſerved by the 
Grecian, but at Rome, and in moſt other Parts of the World; the 
chief End whereof ſeems to have been to prevent Controverſies that 
might afterwards ariſe, when the Child came into Buſineſs, and was 


under ſeveral civil Relations, if his Name was not certainly known, 


The Child's Father uſually impoſed the Name. There was a Law 


at Athens whereby Fathers were authorized to give Names to their 


Children, and to alter them as often as they pleaſed (5). In impoſing 
Names they obſerved no conſtant Rule, yet it was common to chute 
ſome of their moſt eminent Anceſtors, whoſe Name they defired ſhould 
be continued to Poſterity, as an Honour to themſelves and their Fa- 


mily, and a perpetual Remembrance to ſtir up their Children to the 


Imitation of great Examples. Thus we find the Names of Pyrrbs, 
Philip, Piolomy, &c. arp in ſeveral of their Suceeſſors. Ulpinn 
cended from one Harmedius, and the Father of 


rived his Name from one of his Anceſtors 4. Arilophanes makes 
Callias both the Father and Son of Hipponicus (e). 


Ix xu Ka, Ane Inwwire K ν,œs½ 


Laſtly, (to trouble you with no more Inſtances) we are aſſured by 
Euftathius, that this was a Cuſtom of very great Antiquity Y. The 
{ame ſeems to have been frequent in moſt other Nations, Few of the 
Reman Families but what afford continual Inſtances of this Nature. 
Hannibal the Carthaginian bore his Grandfather's Name : And we 


nnd Zachary's Friends in St. Luke's Goſpel ſtrangely ſurprized when 


his Son the Baprift was called John, becauſe none of his Relations 
were known by that Name. | 
The Actions of Parents were frequently perpetuated by the Names 


| of their Children, as Eufathius obierves [p ). So Clecpatra, or rather 


Aarpiſſe (for Euſfathius and the old Scholraft are of different Opinions 
herein) was called Halcyone, becauſe when ſhe was raviſhed by .4- 
pollo, her Mother was no leſs afflicted than the Halcyon is wont 0 
be for the Loſs of her Young (+). Ra” 
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(a) De his diebus videndus Pollux, lib, I. cap. i. Ariſotelit Hiſt, Animal. lib. VII. 
rap. xii. Heſychiut, Suidos, Harpecration; E tymolbgici a uctor. Phavorinus in vv. 
Demefthenis Orat. adv. Bæorium epi iyijuarog, (e) Schol. in Demeſthenis Orat. de 
male obita legations. fd) Crmone, (e) Avibas, Had. l. p. 441. Edit. 
Baſil. (g Liad. i. p. 513 () Hiad. i. 557. Net 5 


Of the Miſcellany Cuſtoms of Greece. 331 


TI N Tor iy prydporns analy v pong 
Aue xaMeoxor intwvuprom D A, v7; 
Mir, Aru - morumobH- vive νν 


Kai, ors pur id aviewacs Hg A 

the Maid her Parents call'd, 
*Cauſe, Halcyon like, her Mother much bewail'd 
Her wretched Fate, when by Apollo raviſh'd. 


Hedtor's Son Scamandrins was named by the Trojans 4fiyanax, becauſe 
his Father was vd «re; avat, the Defender of the City Tray; for 
the Original Signification of a»a4 is no more than a Saviour or De- 
fender, whence the Gods are commonly call'd 4axl;. The Story 
is in Homer (a): . 


| Au &' cl xl avrh | 
Nac“ ini noawer 3x80 era Ppora, i Gy TG, 
Exiogidny ce, WAyK1cy arips , | 
Tor  Exiwp nN Exapacivopor, avrag o A 
Arvavarxt', o- yas cuil I Exlup. 
The Reyal Babe upon her Breaſt was laid, 

Who, like the Morning Star, his Beams difplay'd ; 
S$camandrius was his Name, which Hector gave, 
Prom that fair Flood which Iion's Walls did lave ; 
But him Afyanax the Trojans call, 15 


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Ulyſes was called OJuorw;, J v advacorrla; TY Arie, from the 
Anger of his Grandfather Autolycus, as Homer reports, when he intro- 
dnces Autelycas thus ſpeaking to Ces Parents (3); 


Tasse, Goyaryp Tr, Tie % 0th xe ima 

ThoXnaiouw ? eywye 99vor our Too" ixavy 

Arbpaoy 1d yurartiv ave xhove azhvooruras, 

Ti Oò vote Wop ira tj. 

Son, tis my Pleaſure that my Grandchild be 
And Daughter, you obſerve too what I ſay) 


Is call'd, tis that I'd have his Name, 
Becauſe when much enrag'd I hither came. 


Mens own Actions, ComplexÞbns, or Condition, frequently gave 

Occaſion to their Names. Thus Oedipus was named dia ro ed 
e Göde, whence Seneca introduces an old Man thus ſpeaking 
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331 Of the Miſcellgny Cuſtoms of Greece. 
Forata ferro geſſerat beſtigia, . | 
Tumore nactus nomen ac vitio pedum. 
Your Feet were bor'd with Iron, from which ſore 
And ſwelling Tumor you received your Name. 


Achilles's Son was firſt called Ilugzbe, from his ruddy Complexion, or 


the Colour of his Hair, afterwards Neonoauo;, from undertaking the 


Management of the Trojan War when very young. To mention the; 
Inſtances is needleſs, wherefore I ſhall conclude this Head with P/,. 
tarch's Words, wherein we have an Account of the Roman as well 1+ 
the Grecian Method in impoſing Names (4) © Hence gi. e, from 
the taking of Corioli, Ye chief City of the Yo{/tians) Coins Mar- 
*. cu had his third Name of Coriolanus, whence it is manite 4 that 


„ Caius was a perſonal proper Name; that the ſecond, , Surname 


«© of Marcius, was a Name in common to his Family; and that the 
% third Roman Appellative was a peculiar Note of Diſtinction drawn 
“ afterwards, and impoſed for ſome particular Action, Fortune, 
«© Shape, Feature, or Virtue of him that bore it. For thus allo the 
« Greciars in old Time were wont to fix an additional Character on 
ce their great Men for any famous Atchievement, ſuch as Lane, i. e. 


Saviour; and KwAxiuxos, renown'd for Victory or, to expreſs 


„ ſomething remarkable in their Shape or Features, as ou, 
„ Gorge-belly, and Tpuri;, Eagle-nos d; as likewiſe upon account 
* of their Virtue and Kindneſs, as Evepyirns, a Benefacor, and 
«© is i ο, a Lover of his Brethren ; or from their unuſual Feli- 
city and good Fortune, as EvIziuwr, Happy, a Name given to the 
«© ſecond Prince of Battus's Family, Several Kings had Names ap- 
«© propriated to them in Reproach and Mockery, as Antigonus that 


* of Awow:, i. e. one liberal only in the future, ſince he was always 


« promiſing, but never came to Performance; and Ptolemy, who 
„ was {tiled Aab, for the fond Opinion he had of his own Wit 
and Pleaſantneſs. 'This latter kind of Denomination by way of 
« Raillery the Romans did very much delight in; for one of the 
« Metelli was ſurnamed by them AladuνèL xo, becauſe he had for a 


long Time _ walked about with his Head bound up, by 
1 


6 reaſon of an U. 


cer in his Forehead, There are ſome who even at 


* this Day derive Names from certain caſual Incidents at their Na- 


«« tivity ; one, for Inſtance, who happens to be born when his Fa- 
ther is abroad in a foreign Country, they term Proculus ; another 
« born after his Father's e they ſtile Poſbumus; and when 
4 Twins come into the World, whereof one dies at the Birth, the 
«« Survivor is called Veſpicus. Nay, they uſe to denominate not anly 


their Syllas and Nipers, i. e. Men of a pimpled Viſage, or ſwarthy 


*« Complexion, but their Cæci and Claudii, i. e. the Blind and Lame, 
«© from {uch corporal Blemiſhes and Defects, thus wiſely accuſtom- 
sing their People not to reckon the Loſs of Sight, or any other 
* bodily Misfortune, as a Matter of Ignominy and Diſgrace, 25 
an ons wie © that 


Ws | . 5 — * os 
(a) Marcie Coriolano, | 


_ Of. the, Miſcellany Cuſtoms of Greece. 333 

« that they ſhould anſwer to ſuch Names without Shame or Confu- 
« ſion, no otherwiſe than to the moſt familiar Compellations.” 

Sometimes they took a more compendious Way to diſpoſe of their 
Children, either killing them outright, or expoſing them in ſome de- 
ſert Place, or elſewhere, - to the Mercy of Fortune. To do the latter 
of theſe they termed it, or anlifeolz; ; nor was it accounted a 
criminal or blame-worthy Action, but permitted by ſome Lawgivers, 
and expreſsly encouraged and commanded by others. The Lacedæmo- 
vians are remarkable for their Behaviour in this Matter, for the 
allowed not Fathers to nouriſh their Children, when inclined to do it, 

but obliged them to carry all their new-born Infants to certain 7r;- 
ert, who were ſome of the graveſt Men in their whole Tribe, and kept 
their Court in a Place called Alcxn, where they carefully view'd ſuch 
as were brought to them; if they found them luſty and well-fa- 
your'd, they gave Orders for their Education, and allotted a certain 
Proportion of Land for their Maintenance ; but if weakly or de- 
form'd, they order'd them to be caſt into a deep Cavern in the Earth 
near the Mountain Taygetus, as thinking it neither for the Good 
of the Children themſelves, nor for the publick Intereſt, that they 
ſhould be brought up, fince Nature had both denied them the means 
of Happineſs in their own Particular, and of Ong ſerviceable to the 
Publick, by not enduing them with a ſufficient Meaſure of Health 
and Strength. On this account it was that new-born Infants were 
bathed with Wine (a), as has been already obſerved. The Place 
into which the Lacedemonians caſt their Infants was called Amrobiras, 
whence duda is uſually taken for expoſing with a Deſign to 
deſtroy ; whereas i commonly bears a milder Senſe, for many 
Perſons expoſed their Children, when they were not willing they 
thould periſh, only becauſe they were unable to maintain them; 
Daughters eſpecially were thus treated, as requiring more Charges 
to educate and ſettle them in the World than Sons; whence the 
Saying cited out of Poſidippus, 


Yiov rler rig xd TIEVNG Tic d run, 
 Ovyalipa N ihne xav 1 whos. 
A Man, tho' poor will not expoſe his Son, 
But if he's rich, will ſcarce preſerve his Daughter, 


The T h:bans diſlik' d this barbarous Cuſtom, having a Law whereby 
the Practice of it was made capital; ſuch as were not of Ability to 
provide for their Children, were ordered to carry them as ſoon as 
born to the Magiſtrates, whe were obliged to take care for their 
Maintenance, and when they were grown up, uſed them as Slaves, 
2 their Service as a Recompence for the Charge and Trouble 
they had been put to (5). | . 
Children were uſually expoſed in their Swaddling-cloaths, and 
laid in a Veſſel; thus Ion was expoled by Creuſa (c); Rs 


Arz- 


(a) Plutarchus Lycurgo, (8) lian. Var. Hiſt, lib, II. cap. VII. (c) Kori 
bides Jane, v. 16. : Fong 


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334 of + the MEM Cuſtoms of Greece. 
"+ be rab She b Gy ve OE f 
Rfivos, xaxlifnow dg VarJpetvos 
KolAng is whwwye, tvlfoyu ανν, =. 
The Infant 6rit ſhe in a Veſſel put, 


Then in that Den, where with = God before 
Herſelf had lan, ſhe'1 is expos d to die. 


Hriftepbanes calls jt — ſpeaking of can. 00 * 


Add vrůhno, age 
K los ii bew e Tredy. 


Pie Hoetimas! termed Werse whence e. is the fam with 
neden, and xviropd; With ixbrorr (8). 


The Parents frequently tied Jewels and Rings to the Chitdren they 
e or any other Thing, whereby they might afterwards di- 
cover them, if Providence took care for their Safety. Another De- 
ſigu in thus adorning theſe Infants was, either to encourage ſuch as 
found them to nouriſh and educate them if alive, or to pive them 
human Burial if dead. The laſt of theſe Reaſons 1 — aſſigned by Fu- 


ade, ſpeaking of Crenfa (c); 


. — 405 weephera; dts 
| Texyw tpoanbac” ture, ws Sars. hs 


Her coſtly Robe ſhe o'er the Infant caſt, 
And left it to expire... 


Terence introduces Softrats agning another Reaſon for this Practice, 


when ſhe relates how the had cauſed her Daughter to be expoſe.!, 10 
fave her from her Huſband Chremes, who hay ſtrictly commanded 
that ſhe ſhould be put to Death (; 


| -Ut ftalte II miſere omnes Fg eo | 
Religie/ee ; cum exponendam do ili, de digits aunulum 
Detraho, & eum dico ut una cum puella exponeret, 
Si moreretur, ne expers partis t de noftris Bauis. 


We are all tender ſuperſtitious Fools: 
So when I firſt deliver'd up my Child 
To be expos'd, I ſtrait pull'd off my Ring, 
And bade the Man to leave it with the Girl; 
$0 had ſhe there deceas'd, ſhe ſtil] had kept 
Some Pledge that would denote my former Love. 


Before 
(a) Rams, () Erfpchia, EE Loc. cit. v. 26. Cd, Heautone 


Of the Miſcellany Cuſtoms of Greece, 335 
Refore the Concluſion of this Chapter, it will be neceſſary to add 
ſomething concerning the Purification of Women coming out of 


Childbed, for during their lying there they were looked on as pol- 


luted: whence the Athenians enacted a Law that no Woman ſhould 
bring forth in Delos, an Iſland conſecrated to Apollo, becauſe the Gods 
were believed to have an Averſion to all Sorts of Pollution. Iphige- 
via in Euripides tells us, that no Perſon who was guilty of Murder, 
or had touch'd a Woman in Childbed, or a dead Corpſe, could be 
24 mitted to Diana's Altar (a); | | | : 


g, A av Tic 17a Dorey 
H x) Moxchoe, i verſe Sin xepoir, 
Bo 4 en, MVTapey wy myuuiyn. 


They who by theſe Pollutions are defiPd, 

By Murder, Childbed, or but touch'd the Dead, 
Let them, as Things unhallowed, be deny'd 

T' approach Dianas Ala. | 


When the fortieth Day came, the Danger of Cbhild- birth being | 


then over, they kept a Feſtival, called from the Number of the Days 
riccapan g,; at this Time the Woman, having been before purified 
by waſhing, enter d into ſome of the Temples, moſt commonly Di- 
and s, which from her Labour till that Time ſhe was not allowed to 
do (b) ; here ſhe returned Thanks for her ſafe Delivery, and offered 
Sacrifices. It was likewiſe the Cuſtom to preſent her Garments to 
Diana, who acquired hence the Surname of Xin (c); and Women 
after their firſt Child did farther offer their Zone to the ſame God- 
dels, who was on that account called Avo:{wn, and had a Temple at 
Athens dedicated to her under that Title (4), 


* th. cd, . "Sq 
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CHAP. XV. 


Of their different Sorts of Children, Wills, Inheritances, 
the Duties of Chilaren to their Parents, &c. 


IHE Scholiaft on Homer makes four different Sorts of Children. 
1. Oi vie, Or lym, Children born in lawful Marriage. 

2. Ci hen, thoſe born of Concubines, or Harlots. 3. Oi oxer10, whoſe 
Fathers were not known, wherein they were diſtinguiſhed from the 
former. 4. Oi fer, ſuch as were born of Women, who, tho? vi- 


tated before Marriage, were ill taken for Virgins. This and other 


Diviſions 


— | — ie 
_ (4) Iphigen, Tar. v. 280. (5) e de Natal. Cap. XI. (c) Callimacht 
vevecaſies, Ny mn. I. (4) Atollunii Scholiaftes. 15 


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336 Of the Miſcellany Cuſtoms of Greece: 


t. Pn, lawfolly begotten. 
2. 148, born of Harlots, which Word in a large Senſe may com- 
prekend the three latter ſorts of Children before mentioned. 


\. 


3. Oz; adopted, | | 
It will be neceifary to add 5 more concerning every one 

ully begotten, who were be- 
ratten in lawful Marriage, which was meaſured by different Rules, as 
zue Affairs of every State required. In ſome Places whoever had aCi- 
tiaen for his Father, tho' his Mather was a Foreigner; in others, thoſe 
ata who were born of free Women, when their Fathers were Foreigu- 
ers, paſſed for legitimate, and inherited the Freedom of the City 
they were born in, aud all Privileges conſequent thereto. Moſt Com- 
monwealths at their firſt Conſtitution, and after great Loſſes of In- 
habitants by War, Plagues, or other Ways, ſeem to have taken this 
Cour to repleniſh and ſtrengthen their Country with People; but 
when that Exigence ceaſed, and it became neceſſary to reſtrain the 


too great Increaſe of free Citizens, they commonly enacted that none 


Hould be cltcemed legitimate but ſuch as were deſcended from Pa- 
rents both Citizens (a), which Order was diſpenſed with or abro- 
gated as oft as freſh Occaſions required. This may be obſerved at 
Atleut in Pericles's Time; for when Pericles was in a flouriſhing 
Condition, and had Sons lawfully begotten, he propoſed that So- 
uus old Law ſhould be revived, whereby it was order'd that they 


only ſhould be reputed true Citizens of Athens whoſe Parents were 


both Al eniang, whereupon almoſt co loſt their Freedom, and were 
fold for Slaves. But Pericles himſelf afterwards having loſt all his 


legitimate Sons, fo far rere with the Athenians, that they can- 


cell'd the Law, and yielded that he might enroll his natural Son in 


the Regiſter of his own Ward by his Paternal Name, which was a 


Thing the Ned, natural Children, were incapable of, as having no- 
thing to do with the Name, Family (6), or Eſtate of their Father, as 
neither were they allowed to intermeddle in Sacred or Civil Affairs. 


For fear any Perſon ſhould inſinuate ſuch Children into the City- 


Regiſter, wherein all the Citizens Names were kept, they made ſe- 
vere Scrutinies in every Borough, which was term'd $:aþn$ionc (c), 
whereby all Perſons not duly qualified were ejected from the City. 
There was alſo a Court of Juſtice in the Cyngſarges, a Place in the 
Suburbs of Athens, where Examination was made concerning ſuch 
Perſons. Nor were ſuch as had only one Parent an Athenian, though 


allowed the Freedom of 4:hens, reputed equal to ſuch as were Arhe- 


zians of the whole Blood; for. we find in Plutarch (4), that when 
theſe performed their Exerciſes at the Schools within the City, thoſe 
of the half Blood, with the Foreigners, were only allowed to exer- 
ciſe at Cyno/arges, where was a Gymnaſium dedicated to Bret 

| WhO 


e 


. 


| (a) Arifletcles Politic, lib, III. cap.v (5) Arifopbanis Sebolioſtes Ai hui. 
() Harpocratime d. Tberiiſtocle. 


1 


ſ 


. 


mortal Gods, but having a mortal Woman for his Mother. The- 


miftoclet, my Author tells us, offended at his Reproach, perſuaded 


divers of the young Noblemen to accompany him to anoint and ex- 


erciſe themſelves at Cynoſarges, whereby he ſeemed (faith he) with 
ſome Ingenuity to take away the Diſtinction between the truly Noble 


and the Stranger, and between thoſe of the whole and thoſe of the 


half Blood of Athens. But of this Practice I have treated more 


largely in one of the precedent Books (a). | 

There was never any time that I know of (whatever ſome may pre- 
tend to the contrary) when 1 rr was not reputed a Diſgrace, 
unleſs in thoſe Ages wherein Men lived without Laws and Govern- 


ment, allowing promiſcuous Mixtures, and all other Sorts of Un- 


cleanneſs, Euftathius will have Concubines and their Sons to have 
been as honourable as their Wives and Sons begotten in lawful 
Marriage about the Time of the Trojan War (5); but the whole. 

Courſe of Antiquity ſeems to be clearly againſt him, for I do not 


find one ſingle Inſtance in any ancient Author which can counte- 
nance this Opinion, Tis poſlible, indeed, that Concubines might 
ſometimes have greater ReſpeR than lawful Wives, Baſtards than le- 


gitimate Children, but that was owing to the partial Affections of 
Huſbands, which Women by their ſuperior Beauty and Arts of In- 


ſinuation might gain, but can by no means be attributed to the 
Practice of thoſe Times. The chief Reaſon Evfathius alledges is, 


that Agamemnon calls Teucer Ne d., when encouraging him to in 


at which Time it would have been very improper to have given hit 
opprobrious Language. The Hero's Words run (c)? | 


Tevxps, Qian xc, Teapot X0;pxvs New? 
Baan 8Twe aixey Ti owe Aro. erna, 
Lale. Tr o TrAapwn © & iTf6Þe ru , 
Kai ct voJov cep dil, Kopioovilo q i; o. 


Teucer, you much lov'd Grecian Chief, advance, 

If you's your Sire's or Country's Fame enhance ; 

Without delay let ſome exploit be done 

Worthy your Country, worthy Telamon. 

Who in your Nonage ſhew'd his gen'rous Care; 

For tho' of ſpurious Birth, he held you dear, 

At his own table brought you up,— H. H. 


In which Words Agamemnor excites Teucer, the natural Son of Te- 
emen, to behave himſelf with Courage, by two Reaſons ; firſt that 
Io doing he would be inftrumental in delivering the Grecians from 
their Enemies, who daily got Ground of them ; the other, that 
ſuck an Action would be a Credit to his Father, whoſe Honour he 

05 1 | _ ought 


(a) Lib. I. cap, ix,” (6) Mad. N. p. 599. Edit. Bal. (c) Thad. Y. v. 281. 
Vo . II. | 2 8 


6 the Miſcellany Cuſtoms of Greece. 337 
who himſelf was illegitimate, as not beirig deſcended from two im- 


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438 Of the Miſcellany Cuſtoms of Greece, 

ought to have.a more tender Concern for, ſince he had received ſuck 
extraordinary Benefits from bim, as having notwithſtanding his 1]. 
legitimacy, been carefully educated, and that not in any remote 
Place, where he might haye been neglected, but under Telamen's 
own Eye, and in his ewn Houſe. This is ſo far from eſtabliſhing 
an Equality between legitimate Children and Baſtards, that it eyi. 
dently ſhews the contrary, the Particle op after NIN plainly imply. 


ing that ſuch Care of Baſtards was ſomething more than common in 


thoſe Days. Nor can the Poet be blamed for making Agamemnon 
call him by ſuch a Name, fince the thing was no Secret, but known 
to all the Greciant, and which, no doubt, appeared every Day from 


| Teucer's ſubmiſſive Behaviour to 4jax, his Half-Brother, and the 


tawful Son of Telamen. As a Confirmation of what 1 have ſaid, I 
ſhall add the Words of Agamemnen in Sephocles, ſpoken likewiſe to 
Teucer, whence it will appear what Difference there was between the 
Sons of lawful Wives and thoſe of Concubines, and in Eee con. 
ceraing Teucer, how great a Niſgrace it was to him to be the Son of a 


' Captive and Concubine, tho his Mother was of the Race of Kings («); 


Vin vc Sg Ser See! wes 
Tze. tay nuwar gy ao xaring 
Di Fo Toy 6% T1; N MM + 
H ay fe pe uv Hö ivyns; d 
TIN derte, XAT dnp! WIT LI, 
| W M UE 2747 As e | 
Or 89% wv T8 not coves Ng rie, 
Kart realnyss rf uνν,— monel 
Hpzs A Nac, * o82 diwp30o 3 
A avTh &;yw!, we o Ong, Alas imke 
Tab 5x axyuy f T6; Sdhuv xaxd ; 


J am informed that with opprobrious Sp 
You, Vaſſal, you born of a Slave of War, 

Have dar'd beſpatter 4gamemnor's Fame, 

And yet thy heinous Crime is unreveng'd; 
How hadfſt thou ſwell'd if come of nobler Birth, 

W ho arrogantly now defend'ſt the Cauſe 0 
Of one that is no more; a lifeleſs Corpſe ; 
Dareſt to deny our dread Authority, 
Whilſt 4jax truly muſt be own'd a Chief ? | 

Gods! do ſuch Words become a ſeryile Mouth ? 


Some will haye only the natural Chitdren of Rings and Perſon: of 
Quality to have been equal to, thoie who were . fully begotten. 
It may be true that ſuch Children were aboye the legitimate one: 
of private ones, but that they were of the ſame Dignity wil the 
legitimate Children of Princes, does not appear; nay, the coatrary 

| | 15 


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(a) Jace Ve 72 50. 


Of tbe Miſcellany Cuſtoms of Greece. 339 


+. manifeſt from the ſore-mentioned Example of Tzucer, bath whoſe 
Parents were Princes, The ſame might be proved by other In- 
Kances, whereof I ſhall only mention one; tis that of Ion, who 
had Apollo for his Father, and Creufa, the Wife of an Athenian 


King, for his Mother, and yet is introduced by Euripides complains. 


ing of his hard Fortune, in being illegitimate (a); 


i 00 Tx; avroxYos; 

Kava, Alva, ax iS e,, 

Iv 8{@TeTg8pas duo vow x 

Halebc 2 ImarxTyY, XAUT% Ws vp þ 

Kal TeT ix wv TaviigO- a9 wn; (ai on, | 

Mad, x; G0 i929" wy KeKAT C0 plc. Bk | 

"Tis rumour'd that the famous Ather's Sons. 

Were thus produc'd, and there have ever liv'd : 

Then where ſhall wretched I intrude myſelf, 
Who am on two Accounts moſt deſperate, 

A Baſtard $0n, and of a Stranger too? 

And to 7 my moſt opprobrious Fate, 
Am moſt infirm; on theſe Accounts ſhall I 


Be there deſpis d, and made a publick Scom, H. H. 


It may indeed be objected, that (as Serwius obſerves) natural Chil- 
dren ſometimes ſucceeded in their Father's Kingdoms; but that only 
happened, as the ſame Author tells us, for want of legitimate Iſſue; 
nor was it always allowed in ſuch Caſes. In ſome Places the Baſtards 
of private Perſons likewiſe inherited the Eſtates of their Fathers, 
having no lawful Children or Relations, as appears irom an Aſenian 
Law cited by Demoſthenes (5), But where there were Relations, 
Baſtards had no Share, as is plain from a Dialogue between P;he- 
terus and Hercules in Ariſtophanes, where Hercules having been per- 
ſuaded by Neptune that he was Heir-apparent to Jupiter, is unde- 
ceived by Piftheteres, who tells him, that being illegitimate he had 
no Right of Inheritance; and to confirm a 4 


pertinent to this Place, and containing a true Account of the {thee 
nian Practice, mult not be omitted (c); 


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Atve ws bu" aroxwenou ive Th ror Poaow! 
Arabanmerai os” 's Hel. w worn pe ov, 
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t he ſaid, repeats 
Sclon's Law concerning this Affair. The Paſſage is long, but being 


Enix? ngos luce rh ANονν,j res, | 55 3 
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440 of the Miſcellany Cuſtoms of Greece: 


| OZoos doyalig; Been Ad j, U | a 
| HP. Ti 3 3, 6 ald 3 $1404 did Ta xf | | 
| Te vod amogvrioxu ; HE. O e aur d 15 
Oro. 5 Togu9wy ne., I; rape, os vos, 
"If  ArvSifflai os Tor sos XPnteitun, 
44 j x Oaoxwy a eur; 45 eic. 
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: 1 GY Eyſt PTATW TO ig; : 
1:38 | % Miltba Twy Xpnpe run. 
1 PI, Alas l how ſtrangely he comes over you { 
1. But hark you in your Ear; thus much Pl] ſay, 
| Your Uncle, tho? you know it not, would trick you : 
And truly, if the Tenour of the Laws 
14 Were now conſulted, you'd not have an Ace 
1 Of chat, Eſtate your Father leaves behind; 
A For you're a Baſtard, not legitimate. 
N HER. How's this you ſay ? Am I a Baſtard then 5 
Pl. 2 of a Stranger by a ſtol'n Embrace 
egot you; but why do you ſuſpect it, 
1 Since if but any of his Sons were born 
. 5 Of lawful Birth, Pallat were not an Heireſs ? 
| 31 HER. What if he leave all to his baſtard 8on? 
ES PI. The Law won't ſuffer that ; bat Neptune firſt, 
* Who now ſo much extols you, all will ſeize, 
„ Being his lawful Brother. But the Law © 
1 Which Solon made I'd willingly recite; 
1 | « Baſtards ſhall not be number'd in the Roll 
„ *« Of Kindred, whilſt the lawful Children live, 
| « And for defect of ſuch, the next a-kin | 
1:0: : „ Shall then maſoy the Goods of the Deceas'd. Ali. H. 


be 3 Where tho? Pifteteras tells Herenles that the Law would not per- 
WE mit him »03iz ycipalz, yet that muſt be interpreted of an equal 
N Portion of the Inheritance, which he could not have whilſt his 
1 | Father had Relations, who were Heirs b. Law ; for even Baſtards 
14 2 were allowed ſome Share i in their Father's Eſtate. Abraham is 
„ ſaid to have 22 Portions to the Sons of his Concubines, 
Il reſerving the Inheritance for his legitimate Son Jae (4) ; and 
the Athenian Lawgiver allowed them 500 Drachms, or 5 Attick 
Pounds, which were termed vo9:iz, a Baſtard- Portion (40 This 
was afterwards raiſed to 1000 wor Hy or 10 Attick Pounds. In 
ſome Places the Fortune of Bae W on their Fathers 


| _ Plealure, 
T3 | (4) cafe cap. xv. 6. () A. ep bantr Sehaliafter in locum eitat. Saidas, v. 


— 
wa — 
* — Sv. — — 7, 
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x * 1 N i > 
— — 
— — 


f the Miſcellany Cuftoms of Greece, 341 


pleaſure, who had Liberty to take them into their own Family, 


and make them equal Sharers with their legitimate Children, the 
Privilege of dividing the Eſtate only reſerved to the latter. An Ex- 
ample hereof we have in two Sons, one of which being begotten in 
lawful Marriage, the other of a Slave, the Diviſion of their com- 
mon Inheritance belonged to the former, who placed on one Side 
the whole Eſtate, on the other his half Brother's Mother, fo reducing 
him to a Neceſſity. of letting his Mother continue in Slavery, or de- 
priving himſelf of his whole Portion (a), v3 

Thoſe who had no legitimate Sons, where obliged by the Athenian 
Laws to leave their 'Eftates to their Daughters, who were confined 
to marry their neareſt Relations, otherwiſe to forfeit their Inheri- 
tance, as we find to have been practiſed likewiſe by the Fewer, 
many of whoſe Laws ſeem to have been | tranſcribed by Solon 


Theſe Virgins, whether ſole Heireſſes, or only Co-heireſſes, were 


called by Solos himſelf miu g, by others, wa. or (which 
is the moſt common Name of all) inixanpa, and ſometimes, as Eu- 
ftathius reports (5), Had. Theſe and their neareſt Relations were 


impowered to claim Marriage from one another, which if either 


Party refuſed, the other preferred an Action, which was termed 
ii as, which Word was applied to all ſorts of Law-fſuits ; 
whence Inheritances, about which they went to Law, were termed 


xn é FH; thoſe which they had a quiet Poſſeſſion of, averi- | 


ral. Others report, that whether there was any Diſpute or not, 
the neareſt Relation was obliged to claim his Wife with her Inheri- 


tance in the rebon's Court, if he was a Citizen; in the Palemarchas's, 
if only a Sojourner ; and that this was termed iri2ixaGto9a:, and 


might be done any Month in the Year, except Scirrophorion, the 
Magiſtrates being then buſy in making up and returning their Ac- 
counts (c). The forementioned Law concerning the Marriages of 
Heireſſes, gave Occaſion to one of Apollodorusis Comedies, entitled 
ET:oixaGope@-, or Enifixatouim, as Donatus reads, underſtanding it 
of the Virgin's ſuing for a Huſband. This was tranſlated into La- 
in by Terence, and called Phormio, wherein we have theſe Verſes, 
mentioning the Law we have been ſpeaking of; 


Lex oft, ut orbe, qui fint genere proximi, 
Tis nubant, & illos ducere eadem hac lex jubet. 


The Law commands, that Orphans marry thoſe 
That neareſt are ally'd, and that the Men 
Conſent to join with theſe, — 


Farther we find it ordered, that when Men had given a Daughter 
aw Marriage, and after that died without Sons to heir their Eſtates, 
their neareſt Relation had Power to claim the Inheritance, and to 


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342 Of the Miſtellam Cuſtoms of Greece. 


take the Woman from her Huſbhand, which Ia, (a)] reports to have 


been a common Practice. 


* 


Perſons who had no law ful Hſſue wer allowed to adopt whom thy 


pleaſed, whether their own natural Bons, or (by Conſent of their 


arents) the Sons of other Men. But ſuck as were not af Seu, 
ibeir own Maſters, were excepted; fuch were Slaves, Women, Mad. 
men, Infants, that is, all ſuch as were under 21 Years of Age; for 
theſe not being capable of making Wills, or m ging their own 
Eſtates, were not allowed to adopt Heirs to them. Foreigners being 
excluded from the Inheritance of Eſtates at Athen, if any ſuch was 
adopted, he v/as made free of the City. The Adoption being made, 
the adopted Perſon had his Name enrolled in the Tribe aud Ward 
of his new Father; this was not done at the ſame time in which the 
Children begotten of themſelves were regiſlered, but on the Feli- 
val called Oapyyaic, in the Month Thargelion. "The Lacadimonian- 
wete very cautious and wary in this Affair, and for the Prevention 
of raſh and inconſiderate Adoptions, had a Law that they ſhould 
be confirmed in the Preſence of their Kings. . Adopted Children 
were called ce I, or genus; and were inveſted in all the 
Privileges and Nights of, and obliged to perform all the Duties be- 
longing to, ſuch as were begotten - by their Fathers. And being 


thus provided for in another Family, they ceaſed to have any Claim 


of Inheritance or Kindred in the Family which they had left (/), 
unleſs they firſt renounced their Adoption, which the Laws of S 
allowed them not to do, except they had firſt begotten Children to 
bear the Name of the Perſon who had adopted them; thus pro- 
viding againſt the Ruin of Families, which would have been extin- 
guiſhed by the Deſertion of thoſe who were adopted to preferve 
them (c). If the agopted Perſons died without Children, the In- 
heritance ceuld not be alienated from the Family into which they 
were adopted, but returned to the Relations of the Perſon who had 
adopted them, The Athrniaus are by ſcnne thought to have for- 
bidden any Man to marry after he had adopted a Son, without 
Leave from the Magiſtrate, | And there is an Inſtance in T'ze!2e: Cd 
Chiliads of one Lesgoras, who being ill uſed by dAruorides the Ora- 
tor, who was his cond Son, defired Leave to marry. However, 
it is certain, that ſome Men married after they had adopted Sons, 
and if they begot legitimate Children, their Eftates were 2qually 
ſhared between thoſe begotten and adopted. It may be obſerve in 
this Place, that it was àn ancient Cuſtom for legitimate Sons to di. 
vide their Father's Eſtates by Lots, all having equal Sbares, with- 
out reſpect to Priority of Birth, but allowing a ſmall Pittaice to 
ſuch as were unlawfully begotten. Thus Ulyes in Homer tell Eu- 
mus, that the Sons of Caftor the Cretan, of whom he feigns him- 
ſelf one, divided what he left (e); ; COLES 


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Of tht Miſcellatly Cuſoms of Greece; 343 


Ex h Kprlaier yori ad fe ip 
Avep®- aÞveroio War, Wore; $3 5 4 

Vitts iy jperyApors ner Tape 10" tolo 
Tic ie UNE) 14 9 Gin Text unn np 
Tlanazxic, c e e Wayittzen ir'ue 
Karo Thaxidig, Tov i ya wroma da, 
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OMG Ti, W Te, 0 U ah ν]ονν. 
AW ire Ter Knpes coor $arnTHUI Pipuo as 

Ei; Aidze Joppeg, Tor 08 C t0a oak, 

Tails vi d uπρεεν * bl x iSi], 
Aurap ih tha Hi $356, N a Lei 


Crete claims my Birth is readily confeſt, 
My wealthy Father vaſt Eſtates poſſeſt; 

Many his Sons, and they legitimate 

But I his Baſtard far d ne'er worſe for that; 
 Cnftor Hylacides was his worthy Name, 
And for his Children by his lawful Dame, 


And Wealth in Crete, he had obtain'd great Fame: 
But when impartial Fate diſpatch'd his Doom, 

And ſent him down to his eternal home, 
The Lots were by my haughty Brothers thrown, 

All they divide, ſuppoſing all their o W n, 
And ſome ſmal! Legacy to me bequeath H. HF. 


Such as had neither legitimate nor adopted Children, were ſue- 


ceeded by their neareſt Relations, as appears from the forecited 
Dialogue between Hercules and Piſtbetærus. This Cuſtom was as 
ancient as the Trojan War, being mentioned in Homer, when he re- 
lates how Dzomedes flew the two only Sons of Phœncps (a); 


Eyg' 6 ye. TY; trapete, OI Y iZairlo YU 
 Apclipow, walegs & yoov xẽme Avypo 
Asi, ir d Guwalle paxns Fxvor no alt 
AiSdlo, xnpor ai N d Ane oaltale. 


Then both he flew, then both depriv'd of Li fe, 
And thus increas'd their ancient Father's Grief, 
Since he not ſaſe receiv'd them from the War, 
Thus childleſs, his next Friends his Goods did ſhare, 


Where indeed Eaffarbius with the old Scholiaſt will have xnporat 
do ügnify certain Magiſtrates, who had Right to the Eflates of ſuch 
as died Yneeverles n Ji N, without lawful Heirs; but it may 
as wel] be interpreted of Relations; for that theſe ſucceeding to 

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$44 Of the Miſcellany Cuſtoms of Greece: 
the Eſtates of Perſons without Children were called yyporel, is plain 


from ancient Grammarians (a). Hefiod has uſed the fame Word, but 


in which of theſe Senſes is equally ambiguous (5); 


Oc * Y Prrywr x) prtppuepes If YUYG kw; 
Mu ynpas ian 4 & ini nps xn, 
Xr, Ynpoxipoie 89', & Brdle d | 
Za, ano Npira N diet xrnoaw hie. 
Xngws oim | 
Averſe to all the Troubles of a Wife, 
Wedlock he loath'd, and led a ſingle Life. 
But now, when bowing Age his Limbs had ſeiz'd, 
| 1 he wants, whom "as, 6g deſpis dc 2 
e dies at length, and his remoter Friends 
Share his Poſſeſſions. 5 H. H. 


* 


Tis not worth diſputing whether J reo is more pertinent in 
theſe dey J ſince tis certain that both are agreeable enough to the 
Practice of Antiquity ; for as Perſons having Relations were uſually 


| ſucceeded in their Eſtates by them, ſo when any died without lawful 


Heirs, their Poſſeſſions belonged to the Prince, the Commonwealth, 
or the ſupreme Magiſtrates, as the Laws of every State directed. 

The Grecian Practice concerning Wills was not the ſame in all 
Places; ſome States permitted Men to diſpoſe of their Eſtates, othe:s 
wholly deprived them of that Privilege. We are told by Platarch 


(0), that Salon is much commended for his Law concerning Wills, 


for before his Time no Man was allowed to make any, but all the 
Wealth of deceaſed Perſons belonged to their Families; but he per- 
mitted them to beſtow it on whom they pleaſed, eſteeming Friend- 
ſhip a ſtronger Tie than Kindred, and Affection than Neceſſity, and 


thus put every Man's Eſtate in the Diſpoſal of the Poſſeſſor; yet he 


- 


allowed not all forts of Wills, bu 

in all Perſons that made them; 
1. That they muſt be Citizens of {tþens, not Slaves, or Foreign- 

ers; for then their Eſtates were confiicated for the Public Uſe. 


2. That they muſt be Men who have arrived to 20 Years of Age; 


t required the following Conditions 


for Women and Men under that Age were not | ra to Ciſpote 


by Will of more than one Medium of Barley Cd 
3. That they muſt not be adopted; for when adopted Perſons died 
without Iſſue, the Eſtates they received by Adoption, returned 10 
the Relations of the Man who adopted them.  _ 
4. That they ſhould have no male Children of their own; for 
then their Eſtates belonged to theſe. If they had only Daughters, 
the Perſons to whom the Inheritance was bequeath'd, were obliged 
wading brat aol os enroute Wh aria ARR 


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de hæled. Ariftarchi. © 20h 00 . 0: 


| Of the Miſcellany Cuſtons of Greece. 345 


try them (a). Vet Men were allowed to appoint Heirs to 
e Cie : n, in caſe they happened to 1 twenty 
Vears of Age (6), „ or ̃ ͥ Vͤ M 0 ꝙ 
5. That they ſhould be in their! 85 Minds; becauſe Teſtaments 
eciorted through the Phrenzy of a Diſeaſe, or Dotage of old Age, 
were not in reality the Wills of the Perſon that made them. 
6. That they ſhould not be under Impriſonment, or other Con- 
ſtraint, their Conſent being then only forced, nor in Juſtice to be 
reputed voluntary. oo „„ 1 
. That they ſhould not be induced to it by the Charms and Infi- 
nuations of a Wife; for (ſays Plutarch) the wiſe Lawgiver with 
good Reaſon thought that no Difference was to be put between De- 
ceit and Neceſſity, Flattery and Compulſion, ſince both are equally 
powerful to perſuade a Man from Reaſo n 
Wills were uſually ſigned before ſeveral Witneſſes, who put Seals 
to them for Confirmation, then placed in the Hands of Truttees, cal- 
led i,, who were; obliged to ſee them performed. At Athens 
ſome of the Magiſtrates, particularly the A/ynomi, were very often 
preient at the making of Wills (c). Sometimes the Arc host were allo 
preſent ; hence we are told by Harpocration and Sui das, that when 
any thing was given in the Preſence. of the Archons, it was termed 
3: (4) ; for this Word, tho? commonly taken for any ſort of Gift 
or Preſent, yet was by the Athenian Orators pecuNarly applied to Le- 
gacies and Things diſpoſed of by Will. Hence deb is equiva- 


lent to dhe i. Jus (e) frequently puts them together, J. ab, 


1 Joan ; and to ſucceed, X4IE G00w t KATH Naben, by Gift and 
Will, is oppoſed to Succeſſion, xare yer, by natural Right. Some- 
times the Jeſtator declared his Will before ſufficient Witneſſes, with - 
out committing it to Writing, Thus Callias fearing to be cut off 
by a wicked Conſpiracy, is faid to have made an open Declaration 
was done in the nuncupative Wills at Kome. VV 

There are ſeveral Copies of Wills in Diogenes Laeriius, as thoſe of 
Ariſtotly, Lycon, and T heophraftus ; whence it appears they had a com- 
mon Form, beginning with a Wiſh for Life and Health; afterwards 


of his Will before the popular Aſſembly at Athens (. The ſame 


adding, that in caſe it happened otherwiſe, their Will was as follow- 


ed, in this Manner; Eras s i9, tay N r. vpn Trura Wafers. 
We have ſeen how Children enjoy d the Eſtates of their Parents, 
let us now paſs to their virtuous and noble Actions, the Rewards of 


which we find frequently inherited by their Poſterity; theſe con- 


ſiſted not only in fruitleſs Commendations and empty Titles of Ho- 
nour, or Exprefſions of Reſpect, which yet were liberally beftowed 
upon the whole Families of Perſons eminent for ſerving their Coun- 
try, but in more ſubſtantial Acknowledgments thought due to the 

| F 3, Memory 


n 2 A. ws 


c 10 — ws — eTs.c — nes — | 
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Mens Vices and diſhonourable Actions were likewiſe participated 


1 R 


BRAT 


346 Of the Miſcellany Cuſtoms of Greece: 

Memory and Relations of ſuch Men. Their Children were in wany 
Places provided for, and educated fuitably to their Birth at the pub- 
lick Expence, when left deſtitute of Eſtates. What Regard the 
Athenians had of thoſe Mens Children who loſt their Lives in fight- 
ing for their Country, has been ſhewed' in a former Book ; how 


they treated the Poſterity of others, who had deſerved well of their 


Commonwealth, ſhall now appear from one or two Inſtances ; the 
firſt is that of Aides; ws this poor, the Athenian People be- 
ſtowed upon his Son Ly/machus 100 Attict Pounds of Silver, with a 
Plantation of as matry Acres of Ground; and upon the Motion of 
Alcibiages, ordered farther, that four Draehms a Day ſhould be paid 
him; furtherniore, Lyfmachus leaving a Daughter named Polficrite, 

e Pri 4 Corn, with thoſe who 
obtain Victory in the Ohmpian Games; the ſame Ariftides's two 
Daughters had each of them 300 Drachms oat of the publick Trea- 
ſary for their Portions. Nor is it to be wonder'd (procerds iny 
Author) that the People of Athens ſhould take care of thoſe who re- 
fidet in their City, pg ce hearing the Grand-daughter of 4rifogiton 
was in ſolow à Condition in the Iſle of Lemnor, that ſhe was like 
to want a Huſtband, they fent for her to 4rhens, married her to a 
Perfon of great Quality,” and pave her a Farm for her Dowry ; cf 


which Bounty and Humanity ie City of Alben, (faith he) in this 


6ur Ape Has given divers'Demonſtrations, for which ſhe is deſerved- 


by their Children; for it was thought no more than reaſonable, that 
thofe who ſhare in the Proſperity and good Fortune of their Parents, 
ſhould partake likewiſe of their Loſſes an! Miſcarriages. Agamem- 
non in Homer could be prevailed'on by no Arguments to ſpare Ar- 
timachus's Sons, their Father having endeavour'd to procure Mene- 
laus and Ulyſſes to be murder'd, when they were ſent on an Em- 
batly to Tron (93g tt RET ERIE po 

Ei jury d AsfiH⁰Üu e dl ÞporO- lieg 280, 

Os wor” is T puwy ayopy Meri A 

AyytAiny iaborla ov arrtlig Ofvon | 

Avh xda, jnd" ifimer d ig Ax, 

Nor ge dn Tov call g G roll N”. 

If from the Loins of ſtout Autimachus 

Ye are deſcended, I'll beſpeak you thus: 

Since, when the Trojan, did in Council fit; 

He gravely gave Advice, he thought it fit, 

That my dear Brother, as an Enemy, 

With ſage Uly/es ſacrific'd ſhould be, 

Jo their invet'rate Malice, tho“ they were 

Envoys, whoſe Lives the worſt of Nations ſpare, pe 

—— — tn nts tn ta er nan — — 


98 (a) Plutarchus Ariſtide. (5 Nad. N. v. 138, " 


* 1 4» 


Of the Miſcellany Caftems of Greece. 345 
p' on the Sons avenye the Fathers Hate, a 
Theſe Hands halt you difpateh, and guſtice , 2 


There are many other Inſtanees t6 the ſame Purpoſe, Vence it ap- 
pears this Practice was not owing to the Paftion andP*ejufrces of pat- 
ricuiar Perſons, but thought agreeabh to Joftice ant d enſon. It may 

be ſufficient in this place to mention the famous Macedeaten Laws 

whereby it was order'd, that Men guilty. of conſpiring againſt their 

King, ſhould not only ſuffer Death, with their Chiliren, but all thoſe 

who were nearly allied to them ſhould ſhare in the fame Puniſhment; 

wheace we and | hat w. b 

of Treaſon againſf Alexander, of tlie Noblemen aud others related to 

him, ſome tzbb'd themſelves, others fled into W:iidemeſſes and De- 

farts, till the King iſſued out his Pardon for them. „ 

It remains that I add ſomething concerning the Returns of Grati- 

tude due from Children to their Parents, which appear from their 

aſſduous Attendaace on them in the loweſt Offices ; whence one in 
 Ariflephanes relates how his Daughter waſhed and anointed his Feet: 


Kal cf ply „ Nu 3 
Arrorien * r akiÞn x; wpoxtraca P. 
Firſt my dear Child did waſh her Father's Feet, 


Then ſhe anvinted 'em, and bending down 
Gave them a ſweet endearing Kiſs. —— 


They were zealous in vindicating the Honour, and revenging the 
_ Injuries of their Parents; whence Telemachus in Homer fays, Oreftes 
had gained the Applauſe of all Greece, and recommended his Name 
to jucceeding Ages, by taking Revenge on his Father's Mur- 
derers (þ) ; 33 5 


Kaim xen. ptr zr Sαν, 19 6 408 
Olen xXMO- ev, K WTO W d. 


He a brave noble Soul did then put forth, 
A Soul of Proweſs and heroick Worth, 

When. he his Father's bold Aſſaſſins killa, 

And both Ins Duty and the Law fulfill'd. 

This A for ever ſhall in Records live, | 
And to his ſacred Name Eternity ſhall give. J. A. 


Several other Inſtunees might be. produced arherein Children ſhew- 
ed their Gratitude to their Parents, whereof I fhall only mention 


their Care in providing a comforiable:$ubſiltence for their old Age, 


15 PINS n.. 8 J 
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"oy 


348 Of the Miſcellany Cuſtoms of Greece. 
to do which was termed xnpoCoomts, and performing their Funeral 
Rites when dead. Medea in Euripides expreſſes her earneſt Defire 
of (a) enjoying this Happineſs I 


H jy h 4 du ixor inning 
eg iy dh, ynpoboonnyov , 
Kal xallarsoas xipoiv 69 wfIN iR dᷣ. 


Ah! wretched me, ah, my unhappy Fate! 

What blooming Comforts did I once preſage 

In your young tender Years ? I thought, alas ! 
What bleſs'd Support I ſhould receive when old 

From you, the Prop of my declining Age, 

How you would give me Nr Obſequies, | 
When I ſhould leave the World, and be no more. 

| wy 5 ä . A. 


Aumetus, introduced by the ſame poet, tells his Father, that he be. 
ing delivered over to Death by him, there would be no Man to take 
care of him whilſt alive, or pay him due Reſpect after Death (5) ; 


To; yap Sl waicus ex ir av Obavos, 
Oi ympoboorntiouct, x, Jarnle oe 
IIe, wy wpobio wices fe, 
| Ov yap of iyuys T1)” tun Jaw xp, 
Tilvnxa p 0% THT . 


You with more Offspring never will be bleſt, 
'To give Refreſhment to your aged Limbs, 
'To keep you when diſabled, and when dead 
'To mourn four Loſs, and give you decent Burial ; 
For I, alas! am doom'd to loſe my Life, | 
As much as in you lies; I ne'er will ſee 
Your Body carry'd to the Grave, or be 
A ſad Attendant at the Funeral, . 


They were ſo concerned about theſe Things, that when they under- 


took any hazardous Enterprize, it was cuſtomary to engage ſome 
of their Friends to maintain and protect their aged Parents, Thus 
when the Thebaus, living in Exile at Athens, conſpired to free their 
native Country from the Tyrants which the Lacedemonians had im- 
poſed on it, they divided themſelves into two Companies, and agreed 


_ that one ſhould endeayour to get into the City, and ſurpriſe their 


Enemies, whilſt the other, remaining behind in Attica, ſhould ex- 
pect the Iſſue, and provide for the Parents and Children of their 
Aſſociates, if they periſhed in the Attempt (c). Curyalus in Virgil. 


„ - — 


— _ — — —_ 


, v. 2038+ (0) Aha, v. 662, e) Pivtorchua urid. 


one of the 


Of the Miſcellany Cuſtoms of Greece: 349 


ing to expoſe his Life to Danger, paſſionately intreats / 
_ — elegant Oration to comfort make Proviſion for his 
Mother (a); a e 


.d te ſuper omnia dona i 
Unum oro: Genitrix Priami de gente vetuſta 

Eft mibi, quam miſeram tenuit non Ilia telus 
Mecum excedentem, non mania regis Aceſtæ; 

Hanc ego nunc ignaram hujus quodcungue pericli oft, 
| Inque ſalutatam linguo; nox © tua teftis 

Dextera, quod nequeam "4 perferre parentis ; 
At tu, oro, ſolare inopem, © ſuccurre relite ; 


 Hanc fine me ſpem ferre tui; audentior ibo 


In caſus omne 6. 


This chiefly from your Goodneſs let me gain, 

(For this ungranted, all Rewards are vain) 

Of Priam's Royal Race my Mother came, 

And ſure the beſt that ever bore the Name ; 
Whom neither Troy nor S:zcrly could hold 

From me departing, but o'erſpent and old, 

My Fate ſhe follow'd ; ignorant of this 
Whatever Danger, neither parting Kiſs, 

Nor pious Bleffing taken, her I leave, 

And in this only Act of all my Life deceive ; | 
By this Right-hand and conſcious Night I ſwear, 
My Soul ſo ſad a Farewel could not bear: 

Be you her Comfort, fill my vacant Place, 
(Permit me to preſume ſo great a Grace) 

Support her Age, forſaken and diſtreſt, 

That Hope alone will fortify my Breaſt 


Againſt the worſt of Fortune and of Fears, Mr. Dryden. 


The Proviſion made by Children for their Parents was termed vo- 

eta, by the Poets Split, or Yfrinlpa, and ſometimes Spenla, as we 

find in Homer (4), To be negligent in this Matter was accounted 

greateſt Impieties, and moſt worthy of Divine Venge- 

_ ance; whence Heſoa, enumerating the Evils of the laſt and Iron 
Age, mentions the Diſobedience and diſreſpectful Behaviour of Chil- 
dren to their Parents, as one of the 
Heaven for Vengeance (c) ; 


4 


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30 Of ihe Miſcellany Cuſtome of Greece. 
When grooping Parents in a painful State 
Have tonl'd, appreis'd with Miferies and Fate, 
Then their young Debauchees ſhall them deſpiſe, - 
FTaunt at their Years, and give them baſe Replies, 
Call them the Dregs of Life, and not allow, , 
Nor ren to keep them will beſto w. 7.4, 


No Crime was thought to be followed with more certain and inevi- 
table Judgments than this 5 for che Furies and other inferpal Dei- 
ties were behev'd ahvays-zeady to execute the Curſes of Parents in- 
jur'd by their Chald ren. Hence T z/emachus in Homer refuſes. to force 
his Mother Penelope from his Houſe, for fear of being haunted by the 
Furies, and repreached by Men (@); _ LE WG 


— - AAA U daH⁰ | 
Awau, di fung poywes aphorr” E 
Olxs 4 xo, ver g N {405 ic uh 0 


ED. 


The Gods this Ac with Vengeance will repay, 
Furies will haunt this Houſe, and I no Day 
Shall live at Eaſe, but foouted and forlorn, 
To all my Neighhours 4 By-word and Scorn. 


Phanix was marie puniſhed, when bis Father invoked the Fu- 
r:cs Aſſiſtance againſt hi 3 eee | 


ess is 471 debe, 
IIS xalnta vo 22 reiner Eu, | 
Mind yerzow aw i rirdas Biker wich 
EZ bp Y, . $56 & iN Srαααν 
e 


My Father having me diſcover d, pray'd 
To all th* infernal Furies for their Aid; 


He wiſh*d I never might bege: a Boy, 
To dandle on my Knee, and give me Joy ; 


My Father's Pray'rs are heard, mine are deny'd, 
Boch Plus and his Queen are in the Curle ally'd. 


. 424 


Many other Inſtances occur in Authors, as thoſe of Oedipus, I hejear, 
and others produced by Plato (c), where he endeavours to make out 
that the Gods were always prepared to hear the Prayers, and re- 

venge the Injuries of Parents. Nor was the Puniſhinent of this 

Crime only left to be executed by the Gods, but frequently 3 


5 Pe 
rere — 


* K 
{ : th 


(O . v. 134. (5) Mad. I. v. 454+ 1%) De legibuyy lt. Xl, , 


Of the Miſcellany Cuſtoms of Greece, 351 


human Appointment, Solon ordered all Perſons who refuſed to 
oy due pfbeisen for their Parents, to be puniſhed with (arH⁰˙] 
Ignominy (a). The ſame Penalty was incurred by thoſe who beat 
their Parents. Neither was this confined to their immediate Pa- 
rents, but equally underſtood of their Grandfathers, Grandmothers, 
and other Pei. 4 fk 
When Perſons, admitted to appear for the Office of Archon, were 
examin'd concerning their Life and Behaviour, one of the firſt Que- 
ſtions examin'd was, whether they had honour'd their Parents > 
Herein if they were faund faulty, their Suit was rejected. 
Yet there wers ſome Caſes wherein the Lawgiver excuſed Chil- 
dren from maintaining their Parents, as when they had been bred 
up to no Calling or Profeſſion, whereby they might be enabled ta 
ſubſiſt in the World; for the Care and Trouble of Parents in edu- 
cating their Children being the main Ne of thoſe Duties they 
were to expect from them, their Default herein was thought to ab- 
ſolve their Children from their Allegiance,- In like manner, ſuch as 
were proſtituted by their Parents, were not compell'd to maintain 
them (4). The Sons of Harlots were alſo declar'd to lie under 
no Obligation of relieving their Fathers, Pau they who keep 
Company with Harlots are not ſuppoſed to deſign the Procreation of 
Children, but their own Pleaſure, and therefore have no Pretence to 
upbraid them with Ingratitude, whoſe very Birth they made a Scan- 
dal and Reproach to — Gn 1 | 
As the Unkindneſs of Parents was made a ſufficient Excuſe for 
Children to deny them Relief in their old Age, ſo the Diſobedience 
or Extravagance of Children, whether natural or adopted C4), fre- 
ently deprived them of the Care and Eſtate of their Parents; yet 
the 4thenian Lawgiver allowed not Fathers to diſinherit their Chil- 
dren out of Paſſion, or ſlight Prejudices, but required their Appear- 
ance before certain Judges appointed to have Cognizance of ſuch 
Matters, where, if the Children were found to deſerve ſo ſevere a 
Sentence, the publick Crier was ordered to. proclaim, that, ſuch a - 
Perſon rejected the Criminal, whoſe Name was then repeated, from 
being his Son ; whence to diſinherit a Son is called aTmoxnpuCcu 7% 
vic, ang the Perſon fq diſinherited avoxipvxr@e (e). To be difighe- 
rited was likewiſe called ixminlev rs %%; to be received again, 
s £65 79 . It May be farther obſerved, that Parents 
were allowed to be reconciled to their Children, but after that could 
never abdicate them again, leſt aniperrys. Tu wd af rieten, wu} 
oe ed. aldi, the Pupiſhments of Children ſhoald become endleſs, an 
cheir Fears perpetual, acccording to Lucian (H. | 
When any Man either through Dotage, or other Infirmities, be- 
came unfit to manage his Eſtate, his Son was allowed to impeach 
bim before the (Ppa reef) Men of his own Ward, who had Power 


to 


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ended, 


Of the Mii Veellay Cufoms of Greber; — 
to 72 bim with the preſeut Poſſeſſion of his Inheritance. There 


is an Alluſion to this Law in W Who has introduced the 


Son of Wee thus ſpeaking (a) : 


Of Not: v1 pd apa Poprerre 15 wall 
Uzi . adrò dioayayu!, Nw. 


: 


Ard there 1s a remarkable Story cotdirning Sepbocler, who being 


— by Jepbon, and his other Sons, of n ere g his Affairs thro? 
Dotage, read to the judges his Tragedy called Oedipus Coloneus, which 
he had then lately aro gs ant he was ee (0. 


* ma. IR 4 


* g * ed — I * 


c H A P. XVI. 
Of their Ti imes of Eating. 5 


HE following Account of the Grecian Entertainments may 
not anfitly be divided into JS Parts, wherein thall 27 de- 


Fo 15 ** * 3 


1 
| 


Firſt, The Times of Radu: | | 
$:condly, The ſeveral Sorts and Occaſions of Entertainments. 
Thirdly, The Materials whereof thoſe Entertainments conſiſted, 
Fourthly, The Ceremonies before Entertainments. 
_ Fifthly, The Ceremonies at Entertainments. 


As for the Times of ating, they; according to Athenæus (c), were 


four every Day. 1. AzpzTiopa, the Morning Meal, ſo termed be- 
cauſe it was cuſtomary at this Time to eat Pieces of Bread dipt in 
Wine unmix'd with Water, which 1 in Greek is called axpalo. This 
Meal is by Hemer called pro, which Name was either derived 
ard 0 atip, from its being firſt taken away; or rather ad m2 
«5a, becauſe the Heroes immediately went to the War from this 
Meal, and there valiantly behaved themſelves, as we are informed 


by the Scholiaft on that Author (4) ; - who likewiſe tells us, that the 


1'ime of this Meal was about the riſing of the Sun. Sometimes it 


was termed J i hοg, Jentaculum, Breakfaſt. 2. A:rvo, 10 named, 
as the ſame Scholiaſt was of Opinion, becauſe after this Meal 9:7 wo- 


74, it was uſual to return to the War, or other Labours, whence 
To api TUWr (hel, it ſometimes is ſynony mous to Gros, being taken 


for the Morning Meal, as Athenzus hath obſerved from the follow- 
ing Verſe of Homer, in which the Heroes are ſaid to have put on 
| their Armour after the d | 


0¹ 


wa 
— 


(a) Nub. Act. III. Scen. IT. (5) Gase de Senectute, Auctor vitze Sopboc li, 
n Scboliaſtes ad Ranas, (c) Lid, I, cap. ix. (@) Lad. — 


I 


a oa a fwo.  .O a . OA A a + c 


323 


" ® 


— * eee a. dis Ska Rok DO IC 


wen 


2 
Of - the Miſcellany Cuſtoms of Greece. 353 


O! 8 dou dime inwt”, and d' avry dog %s. 


3. Aridi, ſometimes alſo termed :-1{10ua, the Afternoon Meal. 4. 
Apr, the Supper, To #45 „ASD tf which afterwards amon 

the latter Grecians was termed g:77var, according to the Pa ee 
Scholiaſt, who Will have dn. to be ſo named from lau., that 


Meal being eaten bras eig rd tuen wog, the laſt before we go to 
Steep. Philemon, as he 18 cited by Athenaus, thus en umerates the 


Times of Eating. I. AxpuTiIoNne., 2. Af os. ind. Ecnipopa, 4» 


A:%r9, But the forementioned Scholiaſt, with whom moft other 


Authors agree as to this Particular, reports ⁊gied rpo@ai; rde mari; 


yr5-6a,, that the ancient Gree-4s had only three Meals a Day, and 
leaves out the third Meal, called 81%. And they who have made 


v.13;26, Or fomripiope, to be a diſtin Meal from the 9:75-, ſeem to 


have had no better Foundation for that Diſtinction than that Verſe 


of Homer, 


9 0 za X20 Feueno ag, 7 


Vhere the Word J:Mica;, by a miſtaken Interpretation, was un- 
derſtood of taking Meat, whereas it was only meant of abiding or 


remaining in a certain Place jn the Afternoon. And this Senſe of 
that Paſſage was, in the Opinion of Athenous, ſo certain, that in ano- 
ther Place (a) he pronounces thoſe Men to be yiaoigs, ef Gaoxoils as 


Ti0ap; nou Texas: ridiculous, who ſay that the ancient Greeks 
uſed to eat four Meals a Day, © | 


Others are of Opinion that the primitive Gree#s had only two 


Meals a Day, wiz. «pr and den, and that the reſt are only dif- 
ferent Names of theſe. - And Athenzus (5) himſelf affirms, that no 
Man can be produced a@xea Tv uxln Tf AapcarurrpoPas, eating thrice 


a Day in Homer. Neither is it to be doubted but that in thoſe early 


Ages the Way of Jiving was very frugal and temperate, and it was 


thought ſufficient if they had a moderate Breakfaſt, and after the 


Buſineſs and Labour. of the Day was over, retreſhed themſelves with 
2 plentiful Meal; whence Plato wonder'd that the Sicilians and Ita- 
/ians ſhould: eat two plentiful Meals every Day; and among the 
Greeians it was accounted Extravagance to breakſaſt or dine to the 
ſull; peither was it thought convenient by Cicero the Roman (c) bis 


in die ſaturum fieri, twice a Day to eat to the full; and fo tempe- 


rate were the ancient Romans, that wiles &ruſticos cibos ante ipſos fo- 
ces ſumpſerunt, egſgue ipſos capere niſi ad vejperam non licuit di, they 


lived upon very mean Food, and uſed not to allow themſelves that 
till the Evening; whence {/fidorus (e) explaining the Words cæna 


and erna, whereby the Supper or Evening Meal is ſignif: d, adds, 
that in uſu non erant prandiq, Dinners were not uſed. 
Vor. II. * A 4 CHAP, 


—— * . i Cats. _— * 


*** by 5 8 
2 


() Lib. V. cap. iv 6) Lice citats. (e). Taſcllan. Quſt. v. (6) Saks 
1-175, Lib. I. (e) Orig. bus. . 


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354 Of the Miſcellany Cuſtoms of Greece. 


Gods were preſent at their Tables on ſuch Occaſions ; 


. 


44 
1 


8 A P. XVII. 
Of the ſeveral Sorts of Entertainments. 


x FP the primitive Ages, if we may believe Athenexr (a), des 


Tuprodiy owayuyn H airiay ti; Sei appr, all Meetings at En- 
tertainments were occaſioned by their Devotion to the Gods; nei- 
ther was it uſual either to indulge themſelves with the free Uſe of 


Wine or. Dainties, i , Seh rene Toro Jpwvics, unleſs they did it on 
a religious Account, as the ſame Author affirms (3); for on feſtival 
Days they uſed to reſt from their Labours, and to live more plenti- 


fully than at other times, believing, in the Words of Ovid, that the 


3 meuſæ credere ade Deos (c). 


And out of this Opinion, Te; keglac ow@phru; x xorplug Niyw, they 


behaved themſelves with Sobriety and Decency at their feſtival En- 


tertainments; neither did they drink to Exceſs, but having mode- 


rately refreſhed themſelves, offered a Libation to the Gods, and then 


returned home, as we are informed by Atbenæus Cd). 


- 


_ Afterwards, when a more free way of Living was in uſe, we find 
mention of three Sorts of Entertainments, wiz. «Aviv, y4pE-, and 
ire, which are together enumerated in that Verſe of Homer, 


Elan wo e, ine d igarG Ta d ich. 


' Whence there are commonly ſaid to have been three diſtin& Sorts of 


Entertainments among the ancient Grecians ; but theſe may be re- 
duced to two, tiaanivy and it., under one of which e, the 
Marriage Entertainment, may be comprehended. The firſt of theſe 
(el dab) is ſometimes termed evayia, and aovucuny Jive, and was 
an Entertainment provided at the Expence of one Man. On the con- 
trary, iar, was an Entertainment made at the common Charge of 
all preſent, being ſo named dn xd ourgay x) ovuPrens inarw, becauſe 


every Man contributed his Proportion, as we learn from Atbenæus (e). 


who likewiſe reports that this Entertainment was ſometimes termed 
I-89@-; hence the Gueſts were called owfiaowrai, who are more 
commonly named ifansai, What each of the Gueſts contributed was 


_ termed ovpPoen, tiofoon, xa MH Wc. whence the Enter- 
| tai nment was named &:iwvoy cufipcęn du, Tvubaparey, ro ovuConns, Xa 


ra Sometimes it Was called To ix xe, 3 c. At Argos they 5 


4% Lib. v. (0) Lib- n. (e) Ne, Lib, v. - (4) bib. vn. 
cap. xvi. ſub "EOS, (e) Lib, VIII. 1 0 8 


O the Mi{cellany Cuſtoms of Greece, 333 
led the Contribution by a particular Name, ys. The Perſons who 
collected the Contributions were called by the ſame Name with the 
Gueſts, ipanirai. | | 

Hither may be referred Jin owaywypuor, mentioned in the 
Fragments of Alexis, which is by Menander termed owaySyr. Both 
Names are derived from gude, which by a peculiar Uſe fignified 
per? aMyaur iis, to drink together. But whether this Entertain- 
ment was the ſame with #avo;, Atheneus has profeſſed himſelf to be 
uncertain (a). | WF 

Here muſt alſo be mentioned 9% ir im1904yr, Or is inidopoaruy, En- 
tertainments, wherein ſome of the Gueſts contributed more than their 
exact Proportion; to do which is termed india. = | | 

To this Place alſo mutt be reduced v0 aro owvpives, in Latin called 
e ſportula carna ; oray Ti; a vro; chr THEVRTCE d vox, % cuibelg tig cru- 
pio, maps Twa N , in, when any Man having provided his own 


Supper, puts it into a Baſket, and goes to eat it at another's Houſe, 


as we learn from Atheneus (45). Different from this was the Roman 


Sportula, which was an Alms received by Clients from their rich Pa- 


trons, in a Baſket of that Name, whereof we have frequent Mention 
in Juvenal, Martial, and the Hiſtories of the Roman Emperors. This 
Cuſtom is alſo mentioned by Hefchins, who tells us, that amo owup- 
(dos Jane ſigniſies To avs; Tv duimuy ? dpi „ bu Auer, to receive 


in a Baſket a Piece of Silver, or Fragments of Meat inſtead of a Sup- 


per. Which Explication of that Exprefſion, tho” rather taken from 
the Writers of the Roman than Grecian Affairs, gave Occaſion to the 


_ Miſtake of Meurſius, who in his learned Commentary upon Lyco= 


pbron, confounds the Grecian onvpic with the Spertula of Rome. 


The kn being provided at leſs Expence than other Entertain- 


ments, wherein one Perſon ſuſtained the whole Charge, were gene- 


rally moſt frequented, and are recommended by the wife Men of 4 


thoſe Times, as moſt apt to promote Friendſhip and good Neigh- 
bourhood ; whence Hefed has left this Advice (c); 128855 


Muds W NSE dares dvoTiudiA9 Th 
Ex xowe wWAtirn Te Xafic, Saran T' ONYIS He 


They were alſo for the moſt part managed with more Order and 
Decenc , Cerdwhas no 0ov ws; TX WIM\a 66 EPavIS a we & toy to rofleg 
_ Maro;, becauſe the Gueſts, who only eat of their own Collation, 
were uſually more ſparing than when they were feaſted at another 
Man's Expence, as we are informed by Ez/athius (4); who has alſo 
in the ſame Place mentioned ſeveral other Cuſtoms at the Grecian 
Entertainments, which do not much differ from thoſe already de- 


ſcribed from other Authors. And fo different was the Behaviour at 


their publick Feaſts from that at private Entertainments, that Mi- 
| A2 N ner ua 


row. a 


A 8 _— — 


(a) Sub finem Lib. VIII. (b) Loco citato, (e) Oper, & Dier. lib, Il, Vs 340 
(8, Commentarie in Ochſſ. &. P. 50, Edit, Pal. | ET EA fa 


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W 


355 Of the Miſcellany A of Greece. 
 nerwa in Homer, having ſeen the Intemperance and unſeemly Addion- 
of Penelope' s Courtiers, concludes their Entertainment was not pau, 


provided at the common Charge, but «Aamir, or yap@-, and fur. 
CG at the Betponces, of a ſingle Perſon 1 (a); Y 


1 „1 yall I ene! U tpar@- rx & y iow, , 
Nes N vEpiQerles d jp M Joxtuos 
Azirvalai xaia Je VefpeT THG alle xiy emp 
Ne 9 » $70wn, or ic wives 71 PTR 


They who were preſent without contributing towards the Entertain. 
ment were termed xovuboau, in which Condition were Poets and 
Singers, and others who made Diverſion for the Com Pany ; ; Whenee 
that Saying of Hntipbanes 1 in Athen& us (2); ; 8 


Ara yap wt cords? 3 


We Singers alvays feaſt without Smoke. 


For axcwma e to feaſt or kill without Smoke, is a proverbial 
_ Phraſe for fuch as partake of Entertaiaments without the Charge 
and Trouble of providing them; whence in Leonidas's Epagram to 
. there was this Expreſion ; ; | 


Kab yap G@XETVOE Gt 958. | 
Calliope always kills without Smoke. 


W is meant, that the Mujes, and their F avourites, are always 
entertained at other Mens Expence: hence aovucon@- is ſometimes 
taken for an uſeleſs Perſon, who is- maintained by other Men, and 
contributes nothing towards the Charge. An Example whereof we 
find in Plutarch (c), where he relates the celebrated Fable of Menue 
nius Agrippa, in which the reſt of the Members are ſaid to accuſe 
the Bell „ WG tovng wpys x. Xa aovlo!dy xebeCopirns, that when they all nad 
ſome Uſe or Employment, ſhe alone remained idle, and contributed 
nothing to the common Service. 

Laſtly, it muſt not be omitted, that there were in many Places 
publick Entertainments, at which a whole City, or a Tribe, or any 
other Body or Fraternity of Men were preſent; theſe were termed 
by the general Names of ovocira, eld RING Sc. or ſometimes 
om dhe 5 Body of Men who were admitted, dj,, Siva Inicio, 
and NH. Qralrnxa, Sun,, Wc. according as thoſe of the ſame 
Borough (35. Fraternity (ef or Tribe ($02; met together. 
And the Proviſion was ſometimes furniſhed by Contribution, ſome- 


times by the Liberality of ſome of * richer Sort, and ſometimes 
Out 


6 


(a) Od. 4. v. 226. (6) Lib. I. cap.vii, (e) Coris/ans, | 


Of the Miſcellany Cuſtoms of Greece. 357 


*ut of the publick Revenue. The Deſign of theſe Entertainments, 
which were in ſome Places appointed by the Laws, was to accuſtom 
Men to Parſimony and Frugality, and to promote Peace and goed 


Neighbourhood. They were firit inſtituted in Italy, by King /talus, 


from whom that Country received its Name, as we are informed by 


Ariſtotle (a). The next to theſe in Order of Time were thoſe ap- 


pointed by King Minos in Crete, after whoſe Example Lycurgus inſti. 

tuted the publick Entertainments at Sparta, tho' the Name was va- 

| ried; for, as Plutarch reports in his Life of the een, Lawgiver, 
T 


vue K pi reg Ai, of AaxsIa pines 0; PridiTia wpogayoferuc iu, 


the Cretans term their Sy ia, or publick Entertainments, ae, 
and the Lacedæmonians Pudiria yet this Difference was not primi- 


tive, if we may believe Ariſtotle, who afhrms, that vo ys agxaico 


i of Adxuv; & Pe, akA% avderiz xabarie of Kpnreg, anciently. 


the Lacedæmonian did not uſe the Name of h,, but that of 
Jia, which was the Cretan Word, Theſe Entertainments were 
managed with the utmoſt Frugality, and Perſons of all Ages were 
admitted, the younger Sort being obliged by the Lawgiver to re- 
pair hither, as to 940noxania owPp ous, Schools of Temperance and 
Sobriety, where by the Examples and Diſcourſe of the elder Men, 
which was generally inſtructive, they were trained to good Manners 
and uſeful Knowledge. The Athenians had likewiſe their Syitia, 
as particularly that wherein the Senate of 500, together with ſuch 
Men, who, for the publick Services, or eminent Merit of themſelves 
or their Anceſtors, were thought worthy of this Honour, were en- 
tertain'd at the publick Expence; aud many others, both at As hene 
and in other Places, are mentioned by the Greek Authors; to enu- 
merate which would require a larger Compaſs than our preſent De- 
ſign will admit. ; . 


n 


3 — 22 


C HAP. XVII. 
Of the Materials whereof the Entertainments conſiſted. 


| the primitive Times Men lived upon ſuch Fruits as ſprung out 
of the Earth without Art or Cultivation, and defired no Sort of 


Drink beſides that. which the Fountains and Rivers afforded ; thus 


Lucretius has deſcribed the Food then uſed (5); | 


Due fol atque imbres dederant, quod terra crearat 
| Sponte ſua, ſatis id placabat pectora denum. 


lian deſcribing the maſt ancient Fo2d of ſeveral Nations, reports, 
that at Arges they fed chiefly upon Pears, at Athens upon Figs, in 
| | A a 3 Arcadia 


— . 
—— 


— AENIIIIEIES 


(a) De Repub, Lib. VII, cap. x. (6) Lib. v. 


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38 _ Of the Miſcellany Cuſtoms of Greece. 
Acadia upon Acorns (a) ; and fo celebrated were the Arcadtars for 
living upon that Sort of Diet, that they are diſtinguiſhed in Lycophyor 
(5) by the Name of fanarpuys, Acorn-eaters. Moſt other Nations 
in Greece made uſe alſo of Acorns, Hence it was cuſtomary at Athens, 
when they kept their Marriage Feſtivals, for a Boy to bring in 2 
Bough full of Acorns, and a Plate covered with Bread, proclaiming 
E@vyor Keexov, 80 por dH, baue eſcaped the avor/e, and Found the 
better; which was done in memory of their leaving the uſe of Acorn, 
for that of Bread, and hath been elſewhere related. At Rome alſo the 
corona civica was compoſed fronde puerna, guoniam cibus vicaſue an- 
tiquiſſimas guernus capi ſolitus fit (c), of Oak Leaves, becauſe that Tree 
alone the moſt ancient Food; for the ſame Reaſon ſome of the 
"Trees which bear Acorns were termed in Greet pay, from -, to 
eat, and in Latin Eſculi, from Eſca, which fignifics Food Cd); and 
as Macrobius (e) hath obſerved, Meminit wel fabulatur antiquitas gland: 
prius & baccis alitos, ſero de ſulcis 64504 alimoniam. Ancient Au- 
thors have either delivered upon their Knowledge, or feigned, that 

in the firſt Ages Men lived upon Acorns and Berries, and were for a 
long Time unacquainted with the Art of ploughing the Earth for 
Corn ; nevertheleſs they believed that in the Golden Age, when 
Men enjoy'd all Sorts of Plenty and Proſperity, the Earth produced 
Corn without Cultivation. Thus Hefiod reports in his Deſcription 
of thoſe happy Times (7); 


— d, wur 


Toiow In xapro's' Spe fe Cridwpog dH 5 
| AUT(p% T1) WOW Te 3, Ae —— 


But this Age Teng expired, the Earth (as they imagined) became un- 
fruitful, and Men falling into extreme Ignorance and Barbarity, lived, 
in Macrobiuss Language, non multum a ferarum aſperitate diffemiles(g ), 
not unlike to brute Beaſts, till Ceres taught them the Art of Sowing, 
and ſeveral other uſeful Inventions, the Memory whereof was many 
Ages after celebrated on their feſtival Days, as has been elſewhere ob- 
ſerved. 'The firſt whom Ceres taught to ſow and to till the Ground was 
T riftolemus, by whom that Knowledge was communicated to his Coun- 
trymen the 4/henians. Afterwards ſhe imparted the ſame Art to Zume- 
lus, a Citizen of Patræ in Achaia, by whom it was firſt introduced into 
that Country; asit was alſo by Arcas into Arcadia(h). Some fartherre- 
port, that the Invention of making and baking Bread is owing to Par. 
And we muſt not omit that Barley was uſed before any other Sort of 
| Corn, wp yo? ro rau r arlrwrrag Nola, Wu de N49 D- 
e, for it is reported that this was the firſt Fruit which the Gods 
ö De os | imparted 


6— 
6 2 


» 


(a) Var, Hiſt, Lib. III. cap. xxxix. (5) V. 482. ubi conf, commentarii. (e) A. 
Cellius lib. V. cap. vi. £ 4) Ifdorus orig. lib. XVII. cap. vii. (e) In ſomnium Scipi- 
eis lib. II, cap. x. (f) Oper. lib I. v. 116. (g) Loco citato. (b) Vid. Pau- 
Jawa, Atticis, Aclalcis, Arcadicis. | $- Sth | 225 


mparted to Mankind, as Artemidorus (a) hath obſerved ; and that 


it was antiguiſſimum in cibis, the moſt ancient fort of Victual, Aubem- 


enfium ritu, Mexandro auctore 5 nt , & gladiatorum cognamine, gui 
hordearii vocantur, appears both from the Cuſtom of the Arbenigns 
mentioned by Mezazder, which is elſewhere deſcribed, and from the 
Name of thoſe Gladiators, who are called Horalurti, from the Latin 
Name of Barley, as Pliny (5) hath related. But in more civil Ages, 
to uſe the ſame Author's Words, Pauem ex horato antiquis uſitutum 
vita damnavit, quadrupedum tradidit ræfectibus, Barley Bread came to 
be the Food 70 Beaſts only; nevertheleſs it was ſtil] uſed by the 

oorer Sort, who were not able to furniſh their Tables with better 
Prises ; and in the Roman Camp, as Vegetius (c) hath informed 
us, Soldiers, who had been guilty of any Offence, hordeum pro fru- 
mento cogebantur accipere, were fed with Barley inſtead of Bread- 
Corn. An Example whereof we find in the ſecond Punick War, 
wherein the Cohorts, which loſt their Standards, had an Allowance 

of Barley aſſign'd by Marcellus (4). And Auguſtus Cæſar, Cobor- 
zes, fi quee cefhifent loco, decimatas hordeo pavit, commonly puniſhed 


the Cohorts Which gave ground to the Enemy, by a Decimation, 


and allowing them no Proviſion but Barley, as Suetonius reports in 
the Life of that Emperor (e). 1 ; 
The firſt Ages of Men, as Plato ( reports, cagrdr amiixul, w; 
* {7400 oy keit, 89 Tous rw Jew Buns aud] picirny, wholly abftain- 
ed from Fleſh, out of an Opinion that it was unlawful to eat, or to 
_ pollnte the Altars of the Gods with the Blood of living Creatures, 


he ſame is affirmed by Dicæarcbus in Porphyry, who hath left us a 


Lract concerning Abſtinence from Animals, and by many others. 
Swine were uſed for-Food firft of all Animals, they being wholly un- 
ſerviceable to all other Purpoſes, and having, in 1 of 
Cicero (g) auimam rh ale ne putreſcant, their Souls only inſtead of 
Salt to keep them from putrifying. As on the contrary, for ſeveral 
Ages after Fleſh came to be eaten, it was thought unlawful to kill 
Oxen, becauſe they are very ſerviceable to Mankind, and Partners of 
their Labour in cultivating the Ground, as has been eHewhere obſerved 
(5). It was alſo unuſual to kill young Animals; whence, as Zthenezus 
is of opinion, Priamus is introduced by Homer reproving his Sons for 
feaſting upon young Lambs; the Reaſon whereof was, either that it 
favoured of Cruelty todeprive thoſe of Life which had ſcarce taſted the 
Joys of it, or that it tended to the Deſtruction of the Species; whence, 
dt a Time when Sheep were ſcarce at Athens, there was a Law enac- 

ted, to forbid anixle ag yiveolzs, ihe eating of Lambs which had 

| never been ſhorn, as hath been obſerved from Fhilochronus. Neither 


did the Ancients ſeek for Dainties or Rarities, but were content 
NY: Aa 4 with 


— 1 * 


* * I n W 
— — — - — a Þ —— 22 f — — 0 
* * * * ws 4.4 + = - - as 3 wes 0 R 7 2 


(a) Lib. I. cap. Ixxi. 05 Nat. Hiſt. lib, xviji. cap, vii. (c) De re militari, 
lib, I. cap. xiii. d) Plutarchus, Marcello, Livius, lib, xx vii. (e] Cap. xxiv. 
(f) Lib, vi. de Legibus. (g) Lib. II, de natura deorum, ( Acbæclngiæ 
bujus lib, iii, de Sacrificiis, 3 


9 
ö 
E | 
|. 
[| 


360 Of the Miſcellany Cuſtoms of Greece. 


with Sheep, Goats, Swine, Oxen, when it was become lawful to 
Fill them, what they caught in Hunting, what was moſt ea! 
be provided, and afforded the moſt healthtul Nouriſhment, H 
all the Greciant in Homer live upon a fimple Diet; Young and Old, 

. . Kings and private Men, are contented with the ſame Proviſion. Aa- 
_ memnon entertains Ajax after his Combat with Hector, with the Chine 
of an Ox, as a Reward of his Valour, Alcinous, King of Phaacia, 
who affected a more ſplendid and delicate Way of Living, feeds upon 
Beef. Menelaus ſets before Telemachus a Chine of Beef at the Marriage 


filaus diſtribute 
him by the Thafrans, amongſt the Slaves, ſaying, „ that the Ser- 
vants of Virtne cught not to indulpe themſelves with ſuch Delica- 


y to 


ence 


Feaſt of his Son. And the Courtiers of Penelope, tho' given to all Srts 
of Pleaſure, are never entertained either with Fiſh or Fowl, or any De- 


| licacies. This, with ſeveral other Things to the ſame Purpoſe, hath 
been obſerved by Atbenæus (a); who has likewiſe remarked, that A 
mer's Heroes neither boil their Meat, nor dreſs it with Sauces, 95 
only roaſt it. This was in moſt Places the ancient Way of drefliuy 


Meat; whence Serwjus (6) allo reports, thar hercicis temporibus d 
weſcebantur carne elixa, in the heroical Ages they did not eat boil. 4 


- Fleſh, and obſerves farther out of Varro, that among the Roman: the 


rimitive Diet was Roaſt, then Boil'd, and laſt of all Broths came into 


_ Uſe. Nevertheleſs, as 4:henzus hath elſewhere taken Notice, even 


in Homer's Time, boil'd Meat was ſometimes provided; which appears 


both from that Entertainment in the Oe, where an Ox's Foot is 
throw at Che, it being well known, that (in that Author's Words) 
, «nod BC Big ona, no Man ever roaſts an Ox's Foot; and alio 
_ from the expreſs Words of the 2 1ſt IJliad (c). 


Ne N enz Gel be i τνj¾g v2 πονν, 
Eric furndopreg a Nανν]i ⁰ & 0x. 


This was the Way of Living among the ancient Greeks ; neither 
were the Lacedæmonians of later Ages leſs temperate than their An- 


ceſtors, ſo long as they obſerved the Laws of Lycurgus. They had 
their conſtant Diet at the Zvgooiria, publick Entertainments, where- 
in the Food was extremely ſimple, whereof each Pe, fon had a cer- 
tain Proportion allotted. The chief Part of the Proviſion was 
bas Fupos, the black Broth peculiar to that Nation, which was {0 
unpleaſant, that a Citizen of Sybaris hap | 
tain'd at Sparta, cried out, ** that he no K 
VLacedæmonians were the valianteſt Soldiers in the World, when any 


ening once to be enter- 
onger wonder'd why the 


Man in his right Wits would rather chuſe to die a thouſand times 
„ than to hve 972 ſuch vile Food a).“ And ' tis reported that Age- 
certain Sweetmeats, which had been preſented to 


* cies, it being unworthy of Men of free Birth to ſhare thoſe Plca- 
*« ſures whereby Slaves are 2llored.” For which reaſon the Cooks 


of 


— 
* 


(a) Lib. I. p. g. (5). In Aueid. I. (e) Iliad, & v. 632. (d) Cont 
Abenaus lib. IV. cap. vi. p. 133. | 


1 


* 


Of the Miſtellany Cuſtoms of Greece. 361 
of Lared &mon were one xeivg jor, 5 Ot mem mir ru 
iEnnauvele EmogTvG, ws r Twy vooeley xa3=gorc, Only Dreſſers of Fleſh, 
and they who underſtood any thing farther in the Art of Cookery 


were caſt out from Sparta, as the Filth of Men infected with the 


Plague (a). Hence Mithecus, a very eminent Cook, deſigning to 
follow his Profeſſion in that City, was immediately commanded by 
the Magiſtrates to depart (5). This Cuſtom was not unlike that of 
the ancient Heroes, who kept no Cooks, but ſometimes dreſſed their 
own Proviſion, as we find done by Achilles in Homer (c); 


— Fav by Hem 37. A,. | | 
Kad d hr ed pry VA x; auß b £0842 


And ſometimes the xnpuxc;, Heralds, thoſe Servants Foals Hecht, of 
Gods and Men, as they are called by the Poet, who were not only 
employed in Civil and N Affairs, but alſo perſormed many of 
the holy Rites at Sacrifices, ſerved as Cooks; whence the ancient 
Cooks are by ſome Authors reported to have been dihxzg {urugpos, 
killed in the Art of divining by Sacrifices, and olg ail y=2puwy x} 
$949, had the Management of Marriage-Feaſts and Sacrifices Cd). 
But in other Cities of Greece, and in later Ages, the Art of 
_ Cookery was in better Eſteem, tho' even Heraclides, and Glaucus the 


Locrenſian, who wrote Books concerning it, affirm, &x apwerleuy Toig 


rx incv9:gw;, that it was unworthy of the meaneſt Perſon who 
was free-born, as we are informed by 4thenzxs (e). The Sicilian 
Cooks were prized above any others, as the ſame Author // has 
proved by Examples out of Cratinus and Antiphanes, Mithecus be- 
tore-mentioned, was of that Nation; and the S:c/ians were ſo re- 
markable for their luxurious way of living, that Emmurn vd ref, a 
Sicilian Table, was a proverbial Phraſe, as we are informed by Saz- 
das, ini Tw av wiklinav x r ,,, for one furniſhed very pro- 
fuſely and luxuriouſly. | 
Next to the Lacedæmonian Tables, thoſe of Athens are ſaid to have 
been furniſhed moſt frugally, the Athenian Soil being unfruitful, and 
ſuch as could ſupply no more Proviſion than was juſt neceſſary for the 
Support of its Inhabitants, Hence Lynceus the Samian is cited by 
Atheneus (g. for contemnipg the Athenian Entertainment; | 


Ma vel, 6 Juws NC T te, 
Po. tyw d 6 xexanuire», Tine, 
Odd ref. nw; e Tolg Ae 
At7arais* andic yas iow AE,. 


And the ſame Author goes on in his Deſcription of the Meanneſs 
of the Proviſions at Athens, which were ſo cxceedingly parſimoni- 
ous, that Dremeas, an Athenian Paraſite, being aſked whether the 


5 | Wh: | | Suppers 
(a) Alianus lib. XIV. cap, vii, (6) - Maximus Tyrius priscipis diſſert. VII. 


le) Liad. IX. v. 209. (d] Atheneeus hb, XIV. cap, xxiii, (e) Lib, XIV, cap. 
xXU, / Loco eitato. (pg) Lib. IV, cap. iii. | 


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362 Of the Miſcellany Cuſtoms of Greece: 


. at Athens or thoſe at Chalcis were more magnificent? re. 
plied, that the (ooipucy) firft-Courſe at Chalcis was preferable to 
the whole Entertainment at Athens. Hence to live Arhengds, like 
an Athenian, is to live penuriouſly. An Example of which Proverb 
we find cited by Athenæus out of Alexis, who has there alſo left us 
a large Deſcription of an Athenian Entertainment (a). 


From the Grecian Meat let us, in the next place, proceed to their 
Drink. And in the primitive Times, as hath been already obſerved, 


Water was the general Drink, which they were ſupplied with from 
the neareſt Fountain. Afterwards hot Fountains came into requeſt 


by the Example of Hercules, who being very much go with La- 


bour, refreſhed himſelf at a hot Fountain, which (as Fables tell us) 


was diſcovered to him by Mizerva, or Yulcan ; and this fort of Wa- 


ter was thought extremely beneficial on the like Occafions ; whence 


Plato () commends' his Atlantic Iſland, which he deſcribes to be the 


moſt delightful Country in the World, on account of its hot as wel! 
as cold Fountains ; and Homer, by whom we are furniſhed with Ex- 


amples of all ſorts of poetical Topicks, relates, that one of the 


Fountzins of the River Scamander was exquiſitely cold, and the other 
hot (c); yet, to uſe the Words of Julius Pollux (d), was Ounzy ty 
olov v wee Sig- Ude ndl, it will be difficult to infer from Homer, 
that hot Waters were drank in the Heroick Ages, but they feem only 


to be uſed for Pang, unleſs preſcribed by the Phyſicians, as was 
uſually done to old 
thor from the Example of Hippocrates produced by the fame Au- 


en, and others who had weak Stomachs, as 


or, who by ſeveral other Inſtances, yet all later than the Age of 
omer, has here proved, that this fort of Drink was uſed by the an- 


cient Grectans ; however, tis certain that, at leaſt in later Ages, hot 
WMaters were in requeſt amongſt the Grecians, and from them came to 
| be uſed at Rome; whence the Roman Authors mention the uſe of them 


as a Grecian Cuſtom, Thus Plautus (e) ſpeaking of the Grecians, 
Ubi quid ſarripuere, operio capitulo caldum bibunt. 


And Horace (Cf), 


Quo Chium pretio cadum 
Mercemur ? quis aquam temperet ignibus ? 
Where Acron explains temperet by tepefaciat, nam e aguis ſole- 
e) uſed to tem · 
per their Wine with warm Water (g). 
But there is more ſrequent mention of cold Water than of hot, 
both in the Grecian and Roman Authors; and in order to drink it ex- 
quiſitely cold, it was cuſtomary to temper it with Ice, which they 
| „ 1a 


h— 8 * ** * 1 2 _—_— 


(a) Lib. IV. cap. V. ( Critia. (e) Thad, X. v. 147. | d) Lib. IX. cap. vis 


Conf. Atbeneus lib. III. cap. xxxv, (le) Curox/ione, () Lib, III. Od, XIX, 


(gz) Conf, Atbeneaus lib. II, caps ii. 


Of the Miſcellany Cuſtoms of Greece. 363 
had ſeveral Methods to preſerve thro? all the Heat of dummer; there 


Wrap it in Clothes and Straw ; to which Cuſtom St. Aug uſtine alludes 
in the following Words: Qis dedit paliæ tam frigidam vim, ut ob- 
tas nives ſerwet ; vel tam fervidam, ut poma immaturamaturet M ho 
has endued the Straw with ſuch a Degree of Cold as to preſerve Ice; 
or with ſo much Heat as to bring unripe Fruit to Maturity? Chares 
the Mitylenæan, as he is cited by {:heneus(b), reports, that when Alex- 
ander the Great befieged Petra, a City of India, he filled 30 Ditches 
with Ice, which being covered with oaken Boughs, remained a io 

time entire. And in the ſame place there are deſcribed ſeveral other 
Arts cf making their Drink cool. The Cuſtom of preſerving Ice was 
ſo common amongſt the Romans, that they had Shops wherein it was 


publickly expoſed to Sale; whence Seneca thus inveighs againſt che 


Roman Luxury and Extravagance (c): Unguentarios Lacedemonii ex- 
pulere, & propere cedere finibus ſuis julſtr unt, quia oleum diſperderent : 


quid illi ſi vidiſſent nivis reponendæ officinas ? The Lacedæ monians ba- 
niſhed the Sellers of Ointment, and commanded them to be pans 


with the utmoſt Speed out of their Country; what would have 
done had they ſeen Shops to repoſite and preſerve Ice? 

The Invention of Wine was by the Egytians aicribed to Cris, 
by the Latins to Saturn, and by the Greeks to Bacchus, to whom di- 
vine Honours were paid on that Account, Tis reported by He. 
catæus the Milefean, that the Uſe of Wines was firſt diſcovered in 
LEtolia by Oreftheus the Son of Deucalion, who'e Grandſon Qeneus, 
the Father of tolus, from whom that part of Greece received its 
Name, was ſo called from «vai, which is the old Name of ines. 
Others derive e, the Name of Wine, from this Oencus, who {as 

they report) was the firſt who diſcovered the Art of preſſing Wine 
from Grapes. Thus Nicander : 


Oles J iy x d , Jetradæo 7w 
_ Ex Ange. — | 


And to the ſame Purpoſe Melanippides the Mileſian in Athenæus (4). 
Era, d dicnor, 05 Owiws. 


Others will have the Vine to have been firſt diſcovered in Olympia, 
near the River A/phexs ; of which Opinion was T heopompus of Chios. 
And Hellanicus reports that it was fri known at P/inthion, a Town 
of Egypt; hence the E2yptians are thought to derive their immode- 
rate Love and Uſe of this Liquor, which they thought ſo neceſſary 
to human Bodies, that they invented a ſort of Wine made of Barley 
for the poorer ſort, who wanted Money to purchaſe that which was 
preſſed from Grapes (e). : 

DET Ini 


„ 


* % 


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(A) Sympoſ. lib. VI. (3) Lib. III. cap. xxxvi, (e) Natur, IV. (d) Initig 
Ib. II. (e) Conf, Atbenæus ſub finem lib J. 3 ( ſ 


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uſed Wine without Water (J); whence A, is commonly term- 


$64 Of the Miſcellany Cuſtoms of Greece. 


In Greece the Matrons and Virgins drank Wine, as appears ſrom 


the Examples of Nauficar and her Companions in Homer (a). And 


becauſe the ſame Freedom was rarely allowed that Sex in other 
Countries, the Grecian Women were ill thought of on that account 


(). It was likewiſe cuſtomary to give it to Children, unleſs the 


Management of Achilles was different from that of other Infants ; 


for thus Homer has introduced Phamix ſpeaking to him (c); 


IIe, y dre de in” ioiow yy yaraco x, 
9... þ 2 
oÞ 8 T d, Wael ry xy ol im"0 0, 
II 7 | 4d » \ 70 | a 
CANGKS H XKEIEDEUT UG Eb FOVED TS Mu 
QO:v8 c ro &y vnrlen Gyan. | 


The Wine was generally mixed with Water, whence Drinking- 
cups were called xpalnpes, waz To xig4ouo9, from the Mixture 


made in them; which Derivation is mentioned both by the Gram- 


marians and Athenzus, and there are ſome Allufions to it in Homer; 
for the Cuſtom of drinking Wine tempered with Water obtained in 
the time of the Trojan War, and the moſt primitive Ages; hence 
the following Verſe C40, i 


D 1 5 0 
Of e dg oy k⁰,ẽỹn;o i lng „ Lowe. 


Some aſcribe the firſt Uſe of it to Melampus (e), others to Staphylus 


the Son of Silenus. Philochorus is (aid to report (Y, that Amphidtyen 
King of Athens, learned to mix Wine with Water from Bacchus him- 


ſelf, on which account he dedicated an Altar to that God under the 


Name of Op9iog, becauſe from that Time Men began to return from 


Entertainments ſober and spd, upright. The ſame King enacted a 
Law, that only Wine tempered with Water ſhould be drank at En- 
tertainments, which being afterwards diſuſed, was revived by Sole 


(fg). There was no certain Proportion obſerved in this Mixture; 


ſome to one Veſſel of Wine poured in two of Water; others to two 


of Wine mixed five of Water ; and others more, or leſs, as they 
pleaſed (5). The Lacedemenians tis 76 woe inc To vivo, is av To 
If an pic» afr}124, Y pela Too gd fr x2orrar, wed to boil their 


Wine upon the Fire till the fifth Part was conſumed, and then after 
four Years were expired, began to drink it, as we are informed by De- 


mocritus (1); and the ſame Cuſton is alſo mentioned by Palladius. 

. Nevertheleſs, moſt of the Grecians, and particularly the Lacedæ- 
monians, ſometimes did axtalirigo win, drink Wine with little or 
no Water, which they termed :niox»$iva,, to act like a Scythian (4) ; 
for the S:ythians were very much addicted to Drunkenneſs, and 


ed 


py * l — 


— 


(a) Odyſ. VI. (5) Conf. Atbenæus lib. X. (e) Lad. IX. v. 484. (d) Odyſſ. a. 
(e) Albenæis lip, VI. cap II. /) Plinius lib. VII. cap. lvi. (g) Atbeneus lib. II. 
cap. ii. (5) Idem lib. X. cap viii. (:) Idem lib. X. cap, vii. (*) Geoporic 
lib, vii, cap. ive (“) Lib, XI. tit. xiv, | 


2 


- 


Of the Miſcellany Cuſtoms of Greece. 365 
ed obig! Witiy, or (u and Hh 18 called (uh. 25 WSI 3 
which Expreſſions came into vogue at Sparta, from the Time that 
Cleomenes the Spartan, by living and converſing with the Scyrhians, 
learned to drink to Exceſs and Madneſs (a). The Thracian: alſo 
| drank their Wine unmixed with Water, and both they and the 
Scythians were generally ſuch Lovers of it, that yuaity Te x, wales 
allo nate Twy ipaliws (2xpalor) xalaxeopuicr, xxA0 £99 x4ph0v ET|ndruhes 
iniinevew vevoulxacs, the Women and all the Men thought it a moſt 
happy Life to fill themſelves with unmixed Wine, and to pour it up- 
on their Garments (5). Hence alſo by @©paxic wpomroor; the Thracians 
way of drinking, was meant «xpalowooia, drinking Wine not mixed 
with Water (c). 7» | | 
Some uſed to perfume their Wines, and Wine ſo uſed was termed 
chog wveewirr;, according to Alian(d), and ſometimes wvgzwng, for 
that Word, according to Hejychius's Explication, ſignifies aoow 5 
_ ITexe4To pvupor, a Potion fiir, with Odours. Different from this was 
the Murrhina of the Romans, as allo the Ea pricpuercs olyog, Wine 
mingled with Myrrh, mentioned in St. Mar#'s Goſpel, wherewith 
the Malefactors were commonly intoxicated before they ſuffered. 
Several other Ingredients were mixed with Wine, ſometimes a, 
Meal, whence ove; an1 wig, Wine thickened with Meal, which 
was very much uſed by the Perfans (e) They had alſo many Sorts 
of made Wines, as hes xeibwo;, Cerevifia, Wine made of Barley, 
and olvo; ; Clic, Palm-Wine, ſometimes termed sg , for fog 
was a general Name for all made Wines. 


U 


88 CS 1 a , 
N 2 . - — -_ : 2 — —— — 


HNA XI 
Of the Cuſtoms before Entertainments. 


HE Perſon by whom the Entertainment was provided was 
85 commonly named 5 ESIETWS, d, eric, Tc (oegias Ne- 
pew), (vmwnoois ApXw», (ovunroo: apy, by the Tragedians ex,, Oc. 
The Perſons entertained by him were termed 9iiri;, Jai, 
(upnitas, (uy3umrvn, Wc, allo very often x,, (u i, iM ν)ꝛ 
in which Names is expreſſed the immediate Cauſe of their meeting, 
which was xx, in Latin, vocatio, an Invitation or Calling by the 
Entertainer, 5 | #1 | 
The Perſons employed to invite the Gueſts were by the Roma, 
termed J. ocatores, and by the Greets * Tropeg, or Je He. The 
ſame Men were alſo, though not ſo frequently, called W 


—— — 1 —— 
a ——m—— 


— 6 Ls 


() Chamelecn Hiraclecta. Lib. de Temulentia apud Atheneum, Lib. X. cap. vii. 
(6) Altbeneus, Lib. X. ſub finem cap. ix. (e) Pollux, Lib. VI. cap: iti, (4) Vas; 
Fiſt, lib. XII cap, xxxi, (e) Arbergeus, Lib, X. initio cap. ix. 


366 Of the Miſcellany Cuſtoms of Greece. 


and ieee, from 324%, which is the Name of the Table, on which 
the Provihon was placed in the Kitchen. Thus ixiaſpu, according 
wPamphilius in Aibencens (a), are of im}, vy» Pacman xaAefl c pc, 
they who invite to the King's Table. Sometimes to invite was 
termed x to write down, from the Cuſtom of inſcribing 


the Names of the Perſons to be invited upon a Tablet. The Hour 


was ſignified at the Invitation, and becauſe they then numbered the 


Hours by the Motion of the Sun, there is frequent mention of (xi, 


the Shade of the Sun, and roxeiw, the Letter of the Dial, on theſe 
Qecghons, Thus in the following Paſſage of Arifephanes (50), 
| Cor by: pinot, | 
Ou» d? Forxtior x,u e xp int d . 


Relations often went without Invitstzen, a8 are been obſerved 
by Al benæus (c] and Euſtathius from that Verſe of Homer, where he 
deſeribes an Entertainment at Agamemnon's Tent (d) ; ö 


AuTopealog d os NN HD ỹ ayales Maia. 


Valiant Mene/aus came to him, aorcuale, that is, dviv_ T2 xh, 


Without being invited, as the Scholiaſt explains that Word. Such 


as without Invitation, is: Tor zitAnirur ini J:imvor aymero, were 


brought to the Entertainment by ſome of thoſe who had been in- 
vited (2), were termed (ai, Shades, from their following the prin- 
cipal Gueſts, as Shades do Bodies. The ſame Perſons were by the 


Romans called umbræ. Thus in Horace (f), 


| guos Macenas adduxerat umbras, 


And in another Place (gg, 


— bocu HA pluribus anbris. 


They who ſorced themſelves into other Men's Entertainments were 
in Greek called , in Latin, Muſcæ, Flies, which was a general 
Name of Reproach for ſuch as infinuated themſelves into any Com- 
pany where they were not welcome. Thus the Parafite is deſer' Ded 


| by Antiphanes, 


Avex; OY Ate Cernms;:* eiomnoxy ang 
asia axAviog, N he EH Pprags 


In Plaztus (5) an Entertainment free from unwelcome Gueſts is 


called hoſpirium fine muſcis, an Entertainment without Flies; and in 


another 


f K — >. 


aan 


(a) Lib, IV. cap. xxi. (6) Concionatricibus, p. 744+ Conf. ib, Scholiaſies, item 
Luidas V. Andres Cuia, & Heſychius V. Stxcirev Gorxtrov, (c) Lib. IV. cap. 
Xvi. (d] Iliad. G. v. 408. (e) Pluarchus Sympoſ, Lib. VII. Quaſt. vi- 
4 Lib. II. Sat, viii. Vs 22. 7 Lib. 1. Epiſt. Vs 28. (5 Pænul. Ac. III. 
Sc. zii. V, 76. A | oY 5 


Of the Miſcellany Cuſtoms of Greece, 367 
another place of the ſame Author (a), an inquiſitive and buſy Man, 
who prys and inſinuates himſelf into the Secrets of others, is termed 
Maſca. We are likewiſe informed by Horus Apollo (6), that in 
Egypt a Fly was the Hieroglyphic of an impudent Man, becauſe 


that Inſe& being beaten away, ſtill returns again; on which ac- 


count it is by Homer made an Emblem of Courage (c), 
Kai of pin; Dapo@- i Abe irnxer, FS 
H Ts g sipyopirn (az wee Xgoo; up 
Ioyavdc Taxi, Nh Fi oi alk aripure. 


The fame Perſons whom they termed Mu/ce at Entertainments, 


were alſo called Muz*0, Myconians, from the Poverty of that Na- 
tion, which — them upon frequenting other Men's Tables oftner 


than was-conſiftent with good Manners ; whence Pericles was reflec- 
ted upon by Archilochus, ws d xb irν e tis ra ( vfurbœia Moxe- 
Nor Ax, as one who intruded into other Men's Entertainments, af- 
ter the Manner of the Myconians (d. But the moſt common Appel- 
lation of ſuch Men, was that of wapscilo, Paraſites ; which Ward, 
as Lucian hath obſerved, in its primitive Senſe, ſignified only the 
Companion of Princes and Men of Quality; ſuch were Patroclus to 
Achilles, and Memmnon to Idomeneus, or thoſe who had their Diet at 


the Tables of the Gods, of whom mention has been made in ano- 


ther Place (e); but afterwards came to be a Name of Reproach 


for thoſe who by Flattery, and other mean Arts, uſed to infinuate 


themſelves to the Tables of other Men ; in which Senſe it was firſt 
uſed by Apicharmus, and afterwards by Alexis (; nevertheleſs it 


was common for Friends and Men of Credit to viſit one another's 


Houſes at the Times of Entertainment, without expecting a formal 
Invitation, as appears from that Saying cited by Eufathius (g), 


AxAnla xuꝶad GEO 535. OiAus DA. 
Aud that other in Plato (4), 


&, de Y dv i ar lac 
8 r i 
 AvuTopaloi ayabe, —— 


Which is ſometimes thus cited in one hexameter Verſe, 
Aurogualos ) d abe dyobir in Iatras lac. 


The Number of Guefts was unlimited; ſome choſe to invite three, 
er four, or five at the moſt ; thus Archeſtratus in Athena us (i), 


Ilpo; 


a 


4629's une 


(a) Mercat. Act ii. Sc. iii. v. 26. (3) Hierog cis. (c) Lliad. 9. V. 570. 
4) Conf. Atbenæus, Lib. I. cap. vii. (e) 145. li. cap. de Sacerdotibus. (f} 
Conf. Atheneeus, Lib. VI. cap. vii. Pollux, Lib. VI. cap. vii. (g] Commentar io 
an lied, , (>) Sympoſio. (i) Lib, I, fub finem cap. iv, 


* 8 - — * — — — — ” — — — — — 
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7 


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0 
* X. 
i 


368 of the Miſcellany Cuſtoms of Greece. 


Hess & pcs wane; d νο Ai ,e Tparity 
Erwoay 3 iᷓ Ti 1 Tiroape; o Ewamaill, 
H Tov wiv ys f Abu; 101 way d ft 
MioVodopur EC hid. 


And Ar benæus in another Place (a) reports, that among the Ancients 


pn (Corum Toy wile te Adin, ir di ye SeIg Naa ο¹ hops dg. 
it was not uſual for more than five to ſup together, but that in his 
Time the Numbers Ad infinite. Euftathius hath obſerved 


out of Jamblichus, that in the [vooiria, common Meals, not above 


ten were admitted; which in his Opinion was the ordinary Number 


of Guelts at Entertainments in the primitive Times ; and hence he 


thinks it is, that when Agamemaor in Homer (5) ſpeaks of diſtribu- 
ting the Greciaz Army at an Entertainment, he mentions only Sx#0;, 
Tens; V . 5 5 
Het & eie NA erg Hanoopmrleiuer Ay ac), 
Tea d dp. trevor ih, ) ⁰j,,t⁶ n, 
Lendl xtr Jexaidc; deve Ale e ο,tt © 


But this muſt only be underſtood of the Entertainments of private 


Men, Princes often invited greater Numbers; Agamemnon in Homer 


entertains all the Grecian Princes together; and Alexander the Ma- 


cedonian is reported, before his Expedition againſt Pera, (xm: 
K2)aoxw4gu%0a; ird\oviaexnvo whos wax tay, to have furniſned a Tent 
with 100 Beds for an Entertainment (c). And the fame Vaiity 


by degrees crept in amongſt private Men, inſomuch that in Ahe 
nuss Time, as hath been before obſerved, bapparicio, infinite 


Numbers, were invited. Hence it came to pafs, that partly to 
prevent Tumults and Sedition, and partly to reſtrain the Expenſive- 
neſs and Prodigality of their Citizens, ſome Lawgivers thought it 
neceſſary to limit the Number of Gueſts; in particular, no Perſon 
at Athens was allowed to entertain above thirty at once. In order ta 


put this Statute in Execution, certain Magiſtrates, called Towinopr, 


were obliged to po to Entertainments, and to expel thence ſuch as 


exceeded that Number; and the Cooks who were commonly em- 


loy'd to dreſs the Victuals at Entertainments, were obliged to give 


in their Names every time they were hired C4). 


This muſt farther be obſerved concerning the Gueſts, that Men 
and Women were never invited together, as we are informed by 
Cicero (e); wherein the Greeks differed from the Romans, amongit 


whom the Women were allow'd more Freedom: For which of 
the Romans, to uſe the Words of Cornelius Nepss, was ever aſham- 


« ed to bring his Wife to an Entertainment? And what Miftreſs 


£4 of 
- (a) Lib. XV. cap. ii, (0) Id C. v. 126. Conf, Euftathivs, p. 244. 
Edit, Baji/. (ee) Diodorus Siculus, p. 530. 4 Conf. Athengus, Lib. VI. 


. (e) Orat, III. in Vera, 


Of the Miſcellany Cuſtoms of Greece. 369 
« of a Family can be ſhewn, who does not inhabit the chief and 
« moſt frequented Part of the Houſe ? Whereas in Greece ſhe ne- 
ver appears at any Entertainments, beſides thoſe to which none 
« but Relations are invited, and conſtantly lives in the innermoſt 
0 Part of the Houſe, which is called ywaixurirs, the Womens A- 


«« partment, into which no Man, except near Relations, bad Ad- 


% miſhon (a | AT 

| Before they went to an Entertainment, they waſhed and anointed 
themſelves z an yup u nu tig Th ο ) IO CU irt TIOANG Ky N 
opt, for it was thought very indecent to $2 thither defiled with Sweat 
and Duſt, as Athineus (b) hath obſerved from Ariſtotle. They who 


came off a Journey, were waſhed and cloathed with Apparel ſuitable 


to the Occaſion in the Houſe of the Entertainer, before they were 


admitted to the Feaſt, Thus we find in Homer, where he deſcribes 
the Reception of Telemachus and Pifytratus by Menelaus (c); 
Eg z rode; Pail i fατο Mira. | | 
Tag d iu & d Noa, N xiva Daw, e Rr 
Audi & apa N pa; Bak 10s N-, 
Eg L N goreng EConlo wap &lpiiony Meuinaw. 


The ſame Perſons alſo waſhed their Hands before they fat down 


to Meat, as appears from the Verſes which follow in the fame 
Author C4); | 55 5 


XipnCx d AQ. moria ker Nν,˖ Pipuoa 

Kan, xpuoin, vip Hf, ̃ e,, 

| Nuaodait wape d' fir wm irawoor Tpirege* 
Tiro, d dein Te wipidnxe Oipeoa, 


And, to mention the Times of waſhing altogether, it was alſo eu- 
ſtomary to waſh between every Courſe, and after Supper; thus 
Homer introduces his Heroes Seer, ownnanlzys Tis amo apires colt 
h dee le, ſupping, converſing, then waſhing, and after that 
again ſupping. And Ariſtepha nes (e) ſpeaks of bringing ödp xara 
upòs pprre Tpamizas, Water to waſh the Hands after Courſes, By 
them who ſpoke accurately, to waſh the Hands before Supper was 
| termed „ache. 3 60 waſh aſter Supper d aca. Hither are to 
be referred the Words a@nmypateclai, int moAαfFa b a rοονετοα, and 
the like, which ſignify to wipe the Hands. The Towel was termed 
ixpayiun, xeuriuaxica, Tc. inftead whereof the ancient Greeks uſe l 
4 T04xyaniac, Which were 79 h To dflu paraxo x; fails, the ſoit 


and fine Part of the Bread, which afterwards they calt To; xvoi, t) 


the Dogs. obey 9 AaxiJzrpponc XUrd d T1 an UWYTANSCY K whence 


«rouayania is by the Lacedænonian called xd; ; and, as the ſame _ 


Vo. II. SY, -B b | e 


8 n OE TT FI TE TI" IE 


2 


* Dy ”_ OT PT X > ts. DAE. as „* ** „ tt * 


e 


(a) Cirrelivs Nepes prefat. in vitas Imperatorum, © (5) Lib. IV. cap. #xvii 
* Ch,. x. v.48. (4) 0h F. () Veli 


2 


- 


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LANE IE 7 A + Py 26 — 22 abit no 4 e 8 op . — un ä — * 3 2 „ — N _ 
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370 Of the Miſcellany Cuſtoms of Greece, 
Author there adds, this pearl is mentioned «Py Homer in the folloy- 
ing Verſes; 

Ng & tray app; Bale xv; halerbo ei 

Tape, ain vag re piii prdigualls Vopes. 


It is farther to be obſerved, that in the wathing after Sn per they 

{ed ſome Sort of opwnyue, Fun xdęi, Stuff to ſcour the Hands 
140; for which UK Ne tre and Hy/ſep are mentioned in the Holy 
Scriptures, | Laſtly, after waſhing, the Hands were perfumed with 
Odours, which Cuſtom is expreſſed in the following \ erſes of Anti. 
Phanes or E 7 genes in Athenæus (6) ; 


ore wifi lnou; gane 55 fi ro 
Dag Xfifass, r99/0n Meu 7 7 Y a. | 


It may not be improper in this Place to add ſomething farther, 


by way of Digreſſion, concerning the Cuſtom of waſhing and anoint- 


ing, which 1 in Greece and ether hot Countries was ſo frequent. 'To 
waſh, Is in the Words of Eu/tathius,. are, pi g u,, aM, 3 
T©- air, a Means both to cleanſe the Body from Filth, and re- 
freſh it; therefore whenever they ceaſed from Sorrow and Mourn- 
ing, it was uſual to bathe and anoint themſelves ; whence Harp nome 


in Homer adviſes Penelope to leave off lamenting (c), 


Kfer ane % imxfiouoa anat. 


Waſhin gher Body, and anointing her Face. And, : as we are e informed 15 


by Artemidorus ( 4), the ancient Greeks commonly bathed * wine 
x2T&fin, G29, 1 HEYANS. WET eros Wave, after the finiſhing of a 

ar, or any other great Fatigue, Thus in Homer, Telemachus and 
Pipferatus are bathed and anointed at Menelgus's Palace, after a long 
Journey; Diomader and Lluſſis, after their Return rom diſcovering 
the Manner « of their Enemies Encampment, 


A600 eppiyu 2 bar r N AN, 
0 Nan are 


5 having bathed and 0 ſat Foun: to Reyes 11 the heroical 


Ages, Men and Women, without Diſtinction, bathed themſelves in 
Rivers; this we find done by Nauficae, the Daughter of Alcinous, 


| rg of Pheacia (e), and Europa in Moſchus Cf). 


| ——=Saidfinle xf wpoxonomw Ange un 


cleanſeth her 1 the in the Mouth of 8 "Elma alſo and her 
ellows waſh in the River Aerea, according t to Theocritus . 
Aleks 


Welk 1 „* * n 


5 > 0 


- a» ME d 


4 Aubenæus lib. x. dap. AY 00 Fi £0, citato. 98 Odyfſe. . v. 170. 


(4) Lib. I. cup. Ixvi. (e) ) a. vi. ＋ * „v. 31. (21 
layll. i. v. 21. | 


Of the Miſcellany Cuftoms of Greece. 357 
A ugues vb IG cu Nnes, 55 Ne He 4% | | 
Xo aprons avepirt mag Evpwrac Noflpoir 
TiIpaxis , Eg, NHD ,. 


Tho? the Expreſſions in theſe Verſes are manifeſtly accommodated to 


the Inſtitutions of Lycurgus, whereb the Virgins were obliged o 


bathe and accuſtom themtelves to ſuch Exerciſes as in that Age were 
only practiſed by the Men; whence the Poet obſerves, that it was 
done «»Jpsi, after the Manner of Men; which would have been a 
very improper Expreſſion in the heroical Times, when it was cuſto- 
mary for both Sexes to ule this Diverſion ahke. But if the Sea was 
within a convenient Diſtance, they commonly bathed in it, rather 


than in the Rivers, the ſalt Water being thought, to uſe the Words 


of Athenaeys (a), DEMS Toic ve 5016 TpcoPopot, conducive to ftrengthen 
the Nerves, by drying up ſuperfluous Humours ; thus, to forbear 
the Mention of odert 

a very great Fatigue, | / 


pw ro 4 ie dada cn 


- +. 


EoCailes 


went into the Sea to cleanſe themſelves from Sweat; and they who 


lived at a greater Diſtance from the Sea, ſometimes removed thither 
for thear Health's fake. An Example whereof we find in Minutins 
Felix, by one of the Perſons, in whoſe Dialogue it is reſolved, 
Oftiam petere,. amæniſſimaum civitatem, quod efjet corpori mes ficcandis 
humoribus de marinis lavacris blanda & expedita curatio, to go to the 
molt pleaſant City O/ia, in order to enjoy the Benefit of bathing in 
the Sea, which is an eaſy and expeditious Method of drying up the 
ſuperfluous Humours of the Body, Hot Baths were alſo very an- 
cient, Hfaxae Ape, the hot Baths, ſhewed by Vulcan, or, as 
others ſay, by Minerva to Hercules, at a Time when he had under- 
went a very great Fatigue, are celebrated by the Poets. Pindar (b) 
ipeaks of Sec NupPar zips, the hot Baths of the Nymphs. Homer 


commends ane of the Fountains of Scamander for its hot Water, in 


the twenty-ſecond {/iad. In the ſame Iliad Audromache provides a 
hot Bath for Hector, againſt his Return from the Battle. Ngfor in 
the eleventh had orders Hecamedę to make ready geha Merp˙a, an 
hot Bath; and to mention but one Inſtance more, the Phearians 
are ſaid in Homer's Odyſſes to place their chief Deſign in 7 


EA? EEnpoice, Actlgx Ts Jeppac, x; £72}, 


Changes of Apparel, hot Baths and Beds ; yet hot Baths do not 


ſeem to have been then fo much uſed as in later Ages; and thoſe 


Words of Artemidorus FR that maAz xo; ,ẽ worn pcs 2 PRaravriia, 


B b 2 Baths 


— tat, 


dh = — 


* 5 3 "- * 2 "_ a — — . — —— ——— 
"3% y T _ p * 1 4 aa} . . * vS + 


(a) Lib, I. cap, xix. (b) Olymp, XII. (e) Lib. I, cap, Ixi. 


nftances, Diomedes and Ulyſſes in Homer, after 


— — - — — LOTS We um . * on "Ne 2.4 — 
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372 Of the Miſcellaty Cuſtoms of Greece. 


* 


Baths ſeem to have been thought hurtful by the Ancients, are pro- 
bably meant of hot Baths only; and then the following Words, 
which have been already cited, that Baths were anciently never uſed 
but after ſome very great, Fatigue, muſt be underſtood in the ſame 


Senſe ; however that be, it is plain from that Author, that the ancient 


. Greeks Baranie du 33ucar, had no Balneos like thoſe of latter Times, 
but & Ta aoapirM invorle, waſhed in certain Veſſels called doaw- 
bar which Word, as explained by Phaworinus (a), ſignifies Wytov, 
or Aya, a large Baſon or Veſſel to waſh in, being derived az; 
T6 r dem phe, from taking away the Filth of the Bod ; whence 
di’ / is mentioned by Pollux among the Veſſels which belong to 


_ » Balnees; and the aneient Romans had a Veſſel in their own Houles, 
wherein they waſhed, called Lavatrina, or Latrina, which was af- 
terwards termed Balzeum; and when two Baths came to be uſed, 


one hot and another cold, in the Plural Balnea (6). Publick Bajze:: 
were unknown till later Times; Athenæus tells us, that in his Age 


| wpooPDaTu; Tu Banavia wapnxiais Ty PTb 4s, 0e Jer re WoNw; ie, 
ard, they were but lately come into Uſe, and that formerly no ſuch 


Places were allowed to be within the City (c). The Balneos com- 
monly contained the following Rooms: SOT PE 


. Arrod bla pros, wherein are re id ria, they put off their 
Clos. | 1 


2. Trôxæxbgon, or wf tel pico, ſudatorium, a Room moſt commonly 


round, and provided with ave e4xar, Fire, ſo contrived that i: 


ſhould not ſmoke, fer the Benefit of thoſe who deſired to ſwear ; 


it was alſo termed Laconicum, from the frequent Uſe of this Way of 
ſweating in Laconia, | | 15 0 e 


3. Banhy4por, a hot Bath. 
4. Aglpor, a cold Bath. 


Aﬀeer bathing they always anointed, either ij@px7lolig re Hl 


' x85 wöfug, to cloſe the Pores of the Body, which was eſpecially ne- 
ceſſary after the Uſe of hot Baths, or wre ro por Enpartirr®- mo 19416: 
' EmooxAnPupira vine d ta gwgale, left the Skin ſhould become rough 
after the Water was dried off it Ca. If we may believe Pliny (ez. 
they had no better Ointment in the Time of the Trejan War, than 
Oil perfumed with odoriferous Herbs, eſpecially k 


oſes; whence 
Cooney 1x47, Oil mixed with Roſes, is mention'd in Homer's twenty. 


third Iliad (/, where Venus anoints Hecter's Body. 


| codeurs x? xi iA 


Aptgooiy— 
1 To 
(a) V. do dw i@- Conf. idem v, f. () Verte de L. L. Nennt 
Marcellus. (e) Lib. I. ſub finem cap. xi. (d Conf. Eufiathiss in Niad. ©. 
(e) Nat. Hi, lib. III. Cap. 2 N Cf) 186. y Jos 


Of the Miſcellany Cuſtoms of Greece. 373 


To the ſame Ointments he elſewhere gives the Epithers of 470% 
ier, i dard, and Trfvapurc (a) ſpeaking of Juno, | le 
Albi ub pd ro em xpoog ipeponr®- 
Avparta tara nay ανẽne re 0 Ain” id 
Aptpooiu id, T& ea oi TiHvwparor nw. 


But Arheneus is of Opinion, that Homer: olg v, Affe vd, , 


H d' avra xan pwr! ie,, was acquainted with the Uſe of more 
precious Ointments, but calls them Oil, with the Addition of an 

Epithet, to diſtinguiſh them from common Oil (5). The ſame Ob- 
ſervation is made by the Commentators upon that Poet, when they 
explain thoſe Words «99% ia, perfumed Oil; and 'tis well known 


that the Jeaus called all Sorts of Ointments by the Name of Oil, the 


Reaſon ſeems to have been, that Oil was the firſt O:ntment ; how- 
ever, the ancient Heroes never uſed pgs, coſtly Ointments, Athenæ- 
u: himſelf acknowledges, that Homer never introduces aa: 1Popuires v 


Hewes any of his Herocs anointed with any Ointment beſide Oil, 


except Paris, a ſoft and effeminate Perſon, In more delicate Ages, 
when very much of the primitive Plainneſs was laid aſide, it was ſtill 
by many thought indecent for Men to anoint themſelves with pre- 
cious Ointments. Chry/ippur would have the Name of u derived 


0:70 TY re ONS pops x, Wore warais vito, from the vain and un- 


profitable Labour of compounding it. And Socrates was of Opinion, 
that the Smell, as well as the Garments of Men and Women, ought 


to be different; that for Women it was decent enough to ſmell of 
_ perfumed Ointments ; but that Men ſhould rather ſmell of Oil, 


which was uſed in the Schools of Exerciſe. Solon prohibited Men from 
ſelling Ointments ; and the Laws of Sparta entirely forbad any Per- 
ſon to ſell them, as we are informed at large by Atbenæus (c); ne- 
vertheleſs, Women, and ſome effeminate M 


r. iX&5W r plaAes ig ii j,, What Sort ſuited beſt with each Mem- 
ber of the Body. An Example whereof we find in the following 
 Veiles of Aulipbaues, which are cited by Arhencus ; 


Ex Xpuooxonnty 08 xarmilO- hu 
AiYuTTI® H Toug 6925 Y ra THAT. 
Pawiing dt r ale; x Ta rb, 
Eiovpepirg & Thy £T«por HEN, 

| Ataa fu N rg a ebe 9 Iv K0nv, 
EpmuAing ot To you % vu GUxoa,. 


Laſtly, it muſt not be omitted, that the Feet being moſt expoſed 
t© Duſt ard Filth, were oftner waſhed and anointed than other 
| Bb 3 Parts 


Amo , 
——_ — 


— 


(a) Thad, 2, v. 170. (5) Lib. XV. cap. xi (e) LS. XV, cap. x. 


#52, 


— Ay 7 AY 6 


— — renagt rs ar I». eG > ˙——— IS 
10 * 
3 f n 
Ba N * 


en, were ſo curious in 
their Choice of Ointments, that they could tell very critically, aro 


— W999 Ee 
. un . 


—— — 


— DS = 
* 


— 
0 „ 


f 


- —3 — HR —— bw. _— — = 
A E 2 Vc 


F — 


— Se IL 


r 


374 07 the Miſcellany Cuſtonis of Greecs, 


Parts of the Body; on which actount they ate by ſome thonght to 
be called Arapo! wide; in Homer, Women were generally employed 


to waſh and anoint the Feet, both in the heroical and later Ages; 


firſt Ceremony, after 


it was cuſtomary for them to kiſs the Feet of thoſe to whom they 


| thou ht a more than common Reſpect was due; thus the Woman in 


the Goſpel kiſſes the Feet of our bieſſed Saviour, whilſt ſhe anointed 
them. The ſame Ceremony was performed towards Philoleon by his 
Daughter, as himſelf relates in Ariftophanes (a); 

& para pity Boyd ve ts 


Aro en g Tw i Ni g f, αα N 


. 8 


Let us from this 1 return to the Entertainment; and the 
| the Gueſts arrived at the Honſe of Entertain- 
ment, was the Salutation performed by the Maſter of the Houſe, or 


one appbinted in his Place: to do this was termed by the genera! 


Name of 2574f:o0ai, tho? this Word xp irs 73 eepinrAthtcla} wc, 
in its ſtrict Senſe, ſignifies to embrace one with Arms around, 
being derived a6 tz ayar omacbai di; Pally wh *7:poy, from forcib] 

drawing another to one's ſelf, as we are informed by the old Scho- 
liaſt upon Ariflophanes (b); but the moſt common Salutation was 


by the Conjunction of their Right-hands, the Right-hand being ac- 


counted a Pledge of Fidelity and Friendſhip ; whence Pythagoras ad- 
viſed, un 12, od Nu Tr, Jetta, that the Right- hand ſhould not 
be given to every Min, meaning, that all Perſons were not fit to 
be made dur Friends. This Ceremony was very ancient, and is 
mentioned in Homer (c)) 5 wh ET 

Oi & ds , else Nor, ple Ahoy dmrales, 

Xevoiy T yonratuln, x; Miαν,H Dai cwyor. 

| Hence Jesse 15 ſometimes joined with a πντ̃ αο , and is almoit 

ſynonymous to it. Thus in Arifophancs (4) ; 


— E nc Cul g 
Ay £ 7 4 1 % a. 
Eg: aravres; vero T3 D. 


Sometimes it is uſed figuratively for any Sort of Entertainment or 
Reception, 'Thus we find Jecis o Jr, Jeg raren, Je SG 
dug ole, Jet. S0 X12 N, gels, Ge, | | | 


Sometimes they kiſſed the Lips, Hands, Knees, or Feet, in Salu- 
tations, as the Perſon deſerved more or leſs Reſpet, There was 2 


particular Sort of Kiſs, which is called by Suidas xvrpir, by Pollux 


x fe, the Pot, dr ο auidic @ikoln Tu wrwv Aupoart mic, when 
they took the Perſon, like a Pot, by both his Ears, which was chicfly 
Practiſed by or towards Children, We find it mentioned by EA. 


| Hicus (%) 


Ax cg 


Lan 


7 


— 


(a) Peſpir P. 423. (6) In Plutum p. 77. (e) Od. y. v. 35. fd) H 


( In Anrtia, ap i0 Julfum Porlucem:. 


Ache thy ; n code 55 Norra. 
And by Tibullus (a) ; 


natuſp; partwti 
07 wy comprenſis auribus eripiet, 125 


As alſo by Theoeritus, from whom it appears to rave been ſometimes 
uſed by Men and Women (b) ; ; 


Oux bag Anzimwas, 57. K ep) tn treo 
To drr xalnoio', ore of r Oao7ay Wea, 


The Gueſts being admitted, did not immediately fit down at the 
Table, which was accounted ill Breeding, but ſpent ſome Time in 


viewing and intents k. Room an F urniture, Thus the Son 


in Ariftophanes (c) inſtructs his Father to do; 


Enur trie Ts Twy XaMewpdTwr, 
Oro@ny diac ai, xi c- Javunoo 3% 


Which Obſervation, with others of the ſame Nature, is taken Notice 
of by As benæus ( oh | 


— 


N : 8 I 2 7 1 
1 A a 4 i. * e D "2h 
p x f . — - * 9 * 7 * 


CHAP, XX. 
Of the Ceremonics at Entertainments, 


HE ata Grecians fat at Meat. There are three Sorts of 
Seats mentioned by Homer. 


1. Alge, which contained two Perſons, as the Name feems ta 
import, and was commonly placed for thoſe of the meaneſt Quality, 

2, Oper, on which they fat upright, having under their Feet a 
Footſtool, termed Opuvvg. 

3. KNeule, on which they ſat leaning a little backwards, as the 
Word ſignifies, Of theſe a more * and exact Account may be 
ſcen, in Athenæus (e). | 


Neither was it the FO Fe in Greece only, 3 in moſt other 


Countries, to fit at Entertainments ; it was practiſed by the primi- 
5 b 175 | | tive 


WA FUR \ . 2 1 1 Ch 4: x 2 


* o C 
R 4 * 974 „ ww. % 
* 
a 21 
17 


(a) Lib, JI. (8) 1yll, i b. v. 131 (e) Feſpis, d) Lib! . cap. zavit, 
4% Lib, V. A „ r e e 


„* 


- 
N — 3 
4 bo — Se gow — 


n 


Of the Mijtollany Oiftoms of Greets: * 37; 


\ 


— * 


— 
ene 2 ” 
F 


n 


— 


- 
l n 8 — * — 
* — — _ . ä — F YL 
gr P = — * — r Nr r 
= ee N 


— 


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a. r T Rags Re * N 


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e 
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yr . — , ans CA, of TRE = OE oC 
es rr . EE? 3 
2 Ky ana : . e Dn A - 2 
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! q ↄ B00 ç%—˙»»ètt§«ti Nos Te I Rn 


— 2 yrs 
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CET. . 
Ss 4 —— 
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7% Of the Miſellony Cuſtoms of Greece. 


tive Romans, as we are informed by T/doras (a), and. Serwius (5). 


And Philo hath obſerved, that Je/ep4 ordered his Brethren ara 


Ta; nn xa hig, piru To arlfurur iv rag ovundlxai ooeoin; 


_ nalaxNou xpupeyr, to fit according to their Ages, the Cuſtom of ly- 
ing at Entertainments not having then obtained (c). But afterwards | 


z TpvÞay ui / xalgiuroar arms Twi dige im TH; XN, Ws ue 
iu, whey Men began to be ſoft and effeminate, they exchanged 
their Seats for Beds, in order to drink with more Eaſe; yet then 
ol pete xabapers otro Tag, the Heroes who drank fitting, were ſtill 
thought Praiſe-worthy; and ſome who accuſtomed themſelves to a pri- 
mitive and ſevere Way of Living, retained the ancient Poſture, This 
was done by the Cynici Philoſophers, as we find in Plautus Cd); 
—Porius i ſubſellio 1 
Onice accipiemur, quam in lectis. 


* 


In Macedonia no Man was allowed to fit at Meals till he had killed 
a Boar without the Help of Nets, as we are informed by Hepe/ander, 


in Atbenæus (e). And Alexander the Great ſometimes kept to the an- 
cient Way, and once Texxooive nypna; ü gi, ixabow. ini IPpur ag- 


vga wy RN, amepyor; wipirpwon; inaliog, entertaining 400 Com- 
manders, he placed them upon Silver Seats, covered with Purple 


Cloth, as we learn from Duris in the ſame Author. And in the moſt 


luxurious and effeminate Ages, Children were ſometimes not per- 
mitted to lie down, but had Seats at the End of their Fathers Beds. 
It was the Cuſtom for the Children of Princes, and the reſt of the 
Nobility of that Age, to fit at their Meals, in the Sight of their Re- 
| lations, in the Time of Tacitus (. Whence Suctonins deſcribing 
the Behaviour of Augaſtus towards his Grandchildren, ſays, that 
neque cœnavit una, niſi in imo lecto adfiderent, they always fat at the 


End of the Bed when they ſupped with him (g/. And the ſame 
Author reports, that the Emperor Claudius always ſupped with his 
Children, and ſome of the noble Boys and Maids, who, according 


to ancient Cuſtam, ſat at the Bottom of the Bed (4). The ſame 


Place was commonly aſſigned to Men of meaner Condition, when 
they were entertained with others of better Quality. Whence in 


Plutarch (i) the reſt of the Gueſts lie down, only Aſep is placed 
upon a Seat next to Soloy, And Donatus (4) reports, that Terence 


being ordered to repeat ſome Part of his Comedies to Cæcilius, went 
to him at the Time of Supper, and being in mean Apparel, was 
pow upon a Seat near the Bed; but after he had recited a few 


erſes, was invited to lie down to Supper. 


The Manner of lying at Meat was thus; che Table was placed 
in the Middle, round which ſtood the Beds, covered with Cloth or 


Tapeſtry, 


th. 


wy 2 * 1 — 
r en. * K I 


4) Lib. Xx. cap, ii. (5) In ned viii. (e) Libro de Jeſepb. p. 358, Edit. 
mt ) Sticb. Act V. Sc. iv. v. 22. (e) Lib. I. Jud. F ua 


Lib. XIII. (g) Aufi cap. Ixiv, 16) Candi cap. xxxii, (i) Sympoſio 


L 


Of the Miſcellany Cuſtoms, of Greece. 377 
Tapeſtry, according to the Quality of the Maſter of the Houſe, 
upon theſe they lay, inclining the ſuperior Part of their Bodies up- 
on their Left-Arms, the lower Part being ſtretched out at length, 
or a little bent; their Heads were raiſed up, and their Back ſome- 
times ſupported with Pillows. If ſeveral Perſons lay upon the ſame 
Bed, then the firſt lay upon the uppermoſt Part, with his Legs 
ſtretched out behind the ſecond Perſon's Back; the ſecond's Head 
jay below the Navel, or Boſom of the former, his Feet bein 

Jaced behind the third's Back, and in like manner the third, fourth, 
| bath, and the reſt; for though it was accounted mean and ſordid at 
Rome to place more than three or four upon one Bed, yet, as we 

are informed by Cicero (a) Græci guingue ftipati in leftulis, ſepe 
lures fuere, the Greeks uſed to crowd five, and many times a greater 
Number, into the fame Bed. Perſons beloved commonly lay in the 
Boſoms of thoſe who loved them; thus the beloved Diſciple in the 
Goſpel lies in the Boſom of our bleſſed Saviour at the Celebration 
of the Paſtover (5). There is another Example of the like Prac- 
tice in Juvenal (c); 5 | | 

Cana ſedet, gremio jacuit nova nupta mariti, 

At the Beginning of the Entertainment it was cuſtomary to he flat 
upon their Bellies, that ſo their Right-hand might with more Eaſe 
reach to the Table; but afterwards, when their Appetites began 
to decreaſe, they reclined u their Sides; in which Senſe we are 
to underſtand the Words of Platarch {d), inaroy in apy wir ini Fojues 
epporever aTvobAtrola fe THY v p, v5epor N pilagyxnualicy tai Baby 
1X DAG T8; THv xalaxynow, Or, As it ſhould be read, Xx\dxM ow, that at 
the Beginning every one put his Mouth forward, looking towards 
the Table ; but afterwards changes the Poſture of his Inclination 


jrom Depth ta Breadth. And Horace alludes to the ſame Cuſtom in 
the following Verſes (e): | | | 


Nee ſatis eft cara piſces avertere menſa, 
Ignarum quibus eff jus aptius, & quibus ais 
Languidus in cubitum ſeſe conviva reponet. 

It was cuſtomary from the heroical Apes downwards for the 
Gueſts to be rank'd according to their Quality, It is evident, that 
in Homer, as Euftathius (/i hath obſerved, i, (vurooiog Axpo xu 
Ta ei ahi the chief Perſons had the uppermoſt Seats at Enter- 
tainments, And afterwards at public Entertainments there was 
oparnroe, Nomenclator, a Perſon appointed to call every Gueſt by 
Name to his poet Place. But to 3 in what er they 
fat, and which were accounted the chief Places, is more difficult. 
It ſeems probable that the Heroes ſat in long Ranks, and that the 
chief Perſons were placed at the Head of each Rank on both Si 


des 
of 


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Sympof, Lib. V. Quzſt, VI,” (le) Lib, II. Sat, IV. v. 37. (/ Ia Lad. 
Y J. 'V, 498, | | | | 


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378. Of che Miſcellany Cuſtoms of Greece: 


| of the Table, which is the Meaning of the Word Apo, uppermoſt, 
in the fore - mentioned Paſſage of Caan. Thus in the ninth Ilias 
(a), where Achilles entertains Agamemnen's Ambaſſadors, he places 


himſelf uppermoſt in one Rank, and Uly/es, as the principal Am- 


baſſador, in the other, 


— arte af n AxMats, 
Ab rds & avriog iti Odvodno; Slow, 
Toi Tg drift. 8 | 


_ N-ptzne, though coming laſt to an Entertainment of the Gods, yet 


Fker' wp is ploooot, 


- fat in the Middle, that Place being reſerved, as a Right belonging to 
him. Jupiter was at the Head of one Rank, next to him on the 

ſame Side fat Miner va, his Daughter, who on a certain Time gave 

place to Thetis, probably as being a Stranger (5), q PRE 


H apa welg Ati alle xchigels, Ee V Arn, 


Fans led the oppoſite Rank, and being Wife and Siſter to upiter, 


neither gave place to Theris, nor any other (c). The moſt honour. 


able Places in Beds at Entertainments were not the ſame in all Na- 


tions. In Perfia the middle Place was the chief, and always afligned 
to the King, or the chief Gueſt ; in Greece the firſt or neareſt to the 


Table; and amongſt the Heracleotæ, and the Greeks who lived about 
the Exxiae Sea, the firſt Place of the middle Bed was the moſt ho- 


nourable. On the contrary, at Rome the laſt, or uppermoſt Place 
of the Middle, was preferred before any other Cd). But they who 
affected a more free and eaſy Way of Living, were not ſolicitous 


about Places. An Example hereof we have in Timon (e), who hav- 


ing invited Men of all Qualities, Citizens, Strangers, Friends, and 


Relations, to a ſplendid Entertainment, deſired every Man to lie 
down in that Place which pleaſed him beſt; nevertheleſs Men of 
proud Tempers, even on ſuch Occaſions, like the Jeaus on that ac- 
count, reproved by our bleſſed Saviour, affected to have the chief 
Places; ſo it happened at 77mox's Entertainment, where many of 
the Gueſts having taken their Places, one in very fine Apparel, 
and attended with a numerous Retinue, came to the Door of the 
Room, viewed all the Company, then preſently retired; and be- 
ing followed by ſeveral of thoſe who were preſent, and deſired to 
return, replied, here was no fit Place keft for him. Some diſpoſed 

eir Gueſts in ſuch an Order as they thought moſt apt to promote 
good Fellowſhip, placing Men of the ſame Years, of the ſame Pro- 


feſſion, 

(a) V. 217. b) Iliad. 4. v. 100. (e) Conf. Plutarchus Sympoſ. Lib. 1. 
2.8 le 4) Conf, Plutarchus, Lib. cit. Queſt, III, (e) Idem cjuſdem 
„ ... 3 


Of the Miſcellany Cuſtoms of Greece. 379 
feſſion, or Temper, next one another; or tempering the Variety of 
Humours, by placing Men of angry Diſpoſitions neareft the Meek 
and Gentle, thoſe of filent Tempers neareſt the Talkative; but in 
things of this Nature there was no certain Rule, every Man fol- 
lowed his own Fancy; and 'tis propounged as a Problem in Pla- 
arch (a), whether was beſt, to aſſign every Man his Place, or 
leave the Gueſts to take the Places which happened to them ? I 
ſhall only add under this Head, that it is faid to have been a very 
ancient Cuſtom at Lacedemon for the eldeſt Perſon to go before the 
reſt to the Beds at the Commoen-hall, unleſs the King gave the Pre- 
cedence to another, by calling him firſt. Thus Zyftatihins (L). 

Let us, in the next place, proceed to the Table. Now the Table 
was accounted j:pby yon, 0 4 6 Jeng The TH Ofc Te Ein, A very 
ſacred Thing, by means of which Honour was paid to the God of 
Priendſhip and Hoſpitality (c). This God was Jupiter, who from 
the Protection of Gueſts and Friends, received the Titles of wig 
and Cine, Hercules alſo had ſome care of this Affair, whence he 
is called hani, and anger neither were the reſt of the 
Gods thought to be wholly unconcerned. It was cuſtomary to 
place the Statue of the Gods upon the Table; whence Arnobius (4) 
derides the Gentiles, quod ſacras faciant nenſas ſalinorum aptuſitu & 
fmulacris deorum, tor conſecrating their Tables, by placing on 
them Salts, and Images of their Gods. They alſo, as will farther 
appear afterwards, offered Libations to the Gads upon their Ta- 
bles ; whence Cleodemas in Plutarch calls it F1X-w Jewr Bu x; Exvicey 
the Altar of the Gods of Friendſhip aud Hoſpitality, And accord« 
ing to the Saying of Thales, As the Deſtruction of the Earth 
„ would occaſion Diſorder and Confuſion in all Parts of the Uni- 


« verſe, ſo the Table being taken away, the whole Houle would 


„ preſently be diſſolved, the holy Fire, and Hearth, and Enter- 


* tzinment, Which are the chief Endearments of Life, or rather 


Life itſelf, would all be deſtroyed.” Thus Plutarch (e). Hence 
we may learn why ſo much Veneration was paid to the Tables, 
that to diſhonour them by any diſhoneſt or indecent Behaviour, was 
thought a very great Crime. Hence that Saying of Juvenal e 


Hic verbis nullus pudor, aut remerentia men/@. 


And Complaints againſt ſuch as perfidiouſly violated the Regard due 
to the hoſpitable Tables are very frequent in the Poets, Thus Ca/- 
ſandra in Lycopron (g. complains of Paris, who ſtole away Helena, 
the Wife of Menelaus, by whom he had been courteoully entertained : 
Exe Je aNoT0; ion lum, | 
Adigas rr , Eawaxrnuocas ,: 
6 % | In 
(a) Libro citato. (6). Euſtathius in Mad. C. p. 186. 
LVII, d) Lib, II, contra gentes. 
i/4 Sat. II. v. 110. ( Ver, 136, 


(ch Heiter Ep. 


(e) Convivio ſeptem ſapientum. 


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380 Of the Miſcellany Cuſtoms of Greece. 

In the heroical Ages the Tables were made of Wood, poliſhed 
after the beſt Manner of*thoſe Times, and the Feet were ſometime; 
painted with Variety of Colours. Hence the following Epithets 
of Tables in Homer, Fiori, lug obe, xvarinrita, 5c, The Form was 
round, if we may believe Myrlaenus in Athenæus (a), who reports, 
that the ancient Gree4s made their Tables and ſeveral other Things 
ſpherical, in Imitation of the World, which they believed to be of 
that Figure. But Evfathius, who is rather to be followed, ob- 
ſerves, from ſeveral Paſſages in Homer, un xvxAolepeis a Ti; 
rare, A Tila; tis pymwow, that the Tables were not then 
round, but extended in Length ; which Figure is more agreeable to 
what hath been before obſerved concerning the Manner of their fit- 


ung in long Ranks. The Tables in choſe Days were not covered 
wit 


Linen, but only carefully cleanſed with wet Spunges. Of this 
Cuftom there are ſeveral Examples in Homer, as that in the firſt Book 
of his Ody/ea (5b) e eg Fe. n 

dt & adr ( riſ yvi wo hο. r 
Nigov polidevlo, ddt xpea mona %,j]l. 


The ſame Thing is done in the twentieth Rook of the fame Poem 
(e), to forbear the mention of other Inſtances. And later Authors 
ſpeak of the like Practice. Thus Arrian (di, apo Ta; rpamigas, 


Cxoſtieu, take away the Tables, cleanie them with Spunges. And 


Martial, 3 
Hæc tibi forte datur tergendis ſpongia menfis. 


In later Ages, the Tables of Men of inferior Quality were com- 
monly ſupported by three Feet, and made of plain and ordinary 
Wood ; but thoſe which belonged to Men of better Condition were 
compoſed of more coſtly Materials. 'The moſt curious Sorts of 
Wood were ſought, and many times fetched from foreign Countries 


for this Uſe. They were alſo adorned with Plates of Silver, or 


other Metals, and ſupported by one or more Feet curiouſly wrought, 


and called after the Name of ſome of the ancient Heroes, 4:lantes, 


Telamones, &c. The moſt common Support of theſe Tables was an 
Ivory Foot caſt in the Form of a Lion, a Leopard, or ſome other 
Animal. Some have thought that in Homer every Gueſt had a di- 


ftin& Table by himſelf; whence Athenæus (e) reports, rd h 


87 pn.. Tolc WõN¹mif tivas, that the Antients uſed to eat by them- 


ſelves ; but as that is not ſufficiently proved by the Inſtances which 
are produced for that End, fo, in the following Ages, it was cer- 


tainly accounted more unſociable and inhumane to eat in that man- 


ner, as we are informed by the ſame Author /; which was never- 


thelets 


—_— — 


—: A. ot 


(%) Lib. XI. cap. xii. (5) Ver. 312. (e) Ver. 150. (ad) Lib, VII. 


cap. vi. (e) Lib, I. cap, viii. (% Lib. I. cap, viii. & x, 


Of the Miſcellany Cuſtoms of Greece. 381 


theleſs practiſed by ſome of the barbarous Nations, and in particu- 
lar, as Tacitus reports, by the Germans. 

Trameta in Greek, and men/a in Latin, are ambiguous Words, and 
| ſignify not only the Tables, but alſo r (ſlia xa ir autor TH, 


the Meat placed upon them, to uſe the Words of Julius Pollux (a). 


Hence by mfarai, dT pai, Tpira: ra, and in Latin by prime, 
ſecundæ, tertie menſa, are underſtood the firſt, ſecond, and third 


Courſes of Meat; which Ambiguity of Signification is by ſome | 
thought to have been occaſioned by the Cuſtom then in uſe, of 


bringing in and taking away the Tables and the Meat upon them 
together ; which Opinion is confirmed by the following Paſſage of 
Alexis in Atheneus (6) | 

N; N r TpaTregar avlpumes; Ivo 

®ipoilas tiow, woininus mrpor/idws 

Kooges Hf 


There were therefore three diſtinct Parts of the Supper, which was 


their chief Meal. | 

I. Ac 7 @pooipuor antecenium, cene prefatio, ſometimes termed 
m;:Toa, Which, as the Names import, was rather a Preparation to, 
than any Part of the Supper, and conſiſted of Herbs of the ſharpeſt 
Tafte, in particular at Athens, of Coleworts, Eggs, Oyſters, oven, 
a Mixture of Honey, and as tis probable of the tharpeſt Wines, and 
other Things which were thought to create an Appetite. 


2. Arima, cana, the Supper, which was ſometimes called xe@x%1 


deim, in Latin, caput cane ; in this Senſe the following Paſſage of 
Martial is by ſome underſtood ; 


mullus tibi guatuor emptus 
Librarum cane pompa, caputgue fuit. 


This Courſe was always more plentifully furniſhed out than the 
former; whence was that Saying of Dromeas the Parafite, who be- 
ing aſced, Whether the Suppers at Chalcis or thoſe at Atbens were 
moſt ſplendid ? replied, ** that the Preface of the Supper at Chalcis 
© was to be preferred before the whole Entertainment at Athers ;" 
meaning by the Preface of the Supper, the ſeveral Sorts of Shell- 


fiſh, and other Proviſion, which was conſumed before the Supper, 


as we are informed by Atheneus (c). 

Jo Acvilipe T(aTeCu, the ſecond Courſe, which conſiſted of Sweat- 
meats of all Kinds, which they called Trayyuala, HE] 
atlas, Trwyana, imNpmriopa, ird, imiPopyudlc, dri rv, 
ala dg], c. Allo by the Dorians, who called Entertainments 
a, and (weaixrua, they were termed ivaixnia {d). This Courſe 
was furniſned with the utmoſt Splendor, eſpecially in Ages addicted 


to 
es (a) Lib. VI. cap. xii. % Lib. IX. principio cap. li. (e) Lib. IV. 
©2p.1v, d Conf. Atbenews Lib. IV. cap. viii. | | 


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382 Of the MEſcellany Cuftons of Greece. 


to Luxury; whence it was Wwe tine, by way of Eminence called 


rfemega, the Courſe, as we are informed by Atheneus (a), who hay 
left Deſcriptions of ſeveral of theſe Courſes. ' But in this Sort of 


Proviſion the Greciant were very much excelled by the  Perjians, who 
uſed to fay, Tous EMA wv ute. sul woatoVai, ors (pic G 


Emo t A Nye fv, ü N Ti mafafipoile tc hi oſſic & wars; 


that the Grecians leave off e de they were hungry, becauſe 


Sometimes the three fore: mentioned Proviſions were called far n, 


Site, rpirn fare, the firſt, ſecond, third Courſe, the mpuciu: 
Ams being reckoned a Part of the Supper, and making the firſt 


Courſe ; and where there was a great Variety of Diſhes, that every 
one of the Gueſts might he able 10 chuſe what pleaſed him beſt, — 


Sog ny dic Top xoloanlcl, fad cella, rfalitelli dio, Ti fx f. | 


On 7005 DASECKURTENWY, :0 @ 10% d, Th EAA 71 Joy Þepeiy 6 6 pus, 


a Paper was delivered to the Maſter of the Feaſt containing a Ca- 

talogue of all the Diſhes which the Cook had provided, and this 
was communicated by him to the Gueſts as Occaſion required; but 
it mult not be 1magined, that the, Gracian Suppers always conſiſted 
of ſuch a Variety of Diſhes. or Courſes ; whatever might be the 


Cuſtom at the Tables of Princes, and others of the firſt Quality, the 
reſt were content with meaner Proviſion for their ordinary Diet, on- 
ly upon the Feſtivals of the Gods, or upon other ſpecial Occaſions, 
they allowed themſelves more Freedom (c); and the heroical Age: 


rarely had more than one Courſe, 


The Ancients had ſo great a Senſe of the divine Providence, that 
they thought it unJawful to eat till they had firit offered a Part of 


their Proviſion, as a'Sort of Pirft-fruits, to the Gods ; which Cuſ- 


tom was ſo religioufly obſerved in the heroical Ages, that Achilles, 


cho“ diſturbed by. Jgamenron's . at Midnight, would rot 
eat till an Oblation was offered. 


% 


Olle of S ary yes f 
nas fn f 45 raten, 0 9 2 E auf. Pau: dale 


And Uly/es in another Place of Homer, reports, that in Polyphemnus's 
Dar himſelf and his F ellow- Soldiers were not e of this 
uty, 


Fila gs. 0 g . müdes e 725 — abr 
Tuer 4h⁰ν d. O ee L 


In the Entertzinments of Plato and 3 we find Oblations | 


made ; and to forbear the mention of more Examples, the Neglect 
ok this Duty was accounted a very great Impiety, which none bot 
| Eicuru. ; 


_— 


7757 Lib, XIV. cap. xi. 3 Herodotus, Lib. I. cap. cxxxiil, Alber gun 
Lib. IV. cap. x. 0 Conf. — Lib. XV. i initio cap. x. 


efore chem after Supper, and yet 


925 


Of the Miſcellany Cuſtoms of Greece! 383 
Epicurus, and others who worſhipped no Gods at all, would be 
guilty of; theſe, with ſeveral other Obſervations on the ſame Sub- J 
ject, we find in At benæus (a). be firſt of theſe Oblations was al- 
ways made ta Vea, the chief of the houſhold Gods; afterwards 
they worſhipped ſome of the other Gods, and laſt of all, offered a 
Libation to Yefa, as we are informed by Homer (6) . 


ue ere ( 
| Eiawumivcs Ivnloiow, Iv & wfurn wvparyls 
Erin apropures (roots winndic over. 


The Reaſon why this Goddeſs had this Honour paid her, was, ei- 
ther becauſe ſhe being Protectreſs of the Houſe, was in Crcero's Lan- 
guage (c), rerum cuſtos intimarum, Keeper of 'Things moſt concealed 
from common View; or, according to Phurnutius, becauſe ſhe be- 
ing the ſame with the Earth in the Eſteem of the People, was the 
common Principle out of which all Bodies are produced, and into 
which they are again reſolved ; or laſtly, according to the Account 
of Ariftocratus in the Scolia/? of Ariffophanes (di, this Privilege was 
conferred by Jupiter, for the Service done by V ifs in his War a- 
ainſt the Giants: Hence came the Proverb uſed by Plato (e) and 

others, 49" Eric; apyeotas, to begin with Vea; whereby was inti- 
mated, that our domeſtic Concernments ought to be our firſt and 
chief Care. 5 „ 

During the Entertainment, all the Gueſts were apparelled in 
White, or ſome other chearful Colour; and to uſe Ciceros Words 
V, Quis nunguam cœnavit atratus ? What Perſon ever was found 
to ſup in Black? That Colour was left to Times of Mourning, It 
was alſo cuſtomary to deck themſelves with Flowers, or Garlands 
compoſed of Flowers, which were provided by the Maſter of the 
Feaſt, and brought in before the ſecond Courſe, or, as ſome are of 
Opinion, at the beginning of the Entertainment (g). They not on- 
ly adorned their Heads, Necks, and Breaſts, but often beſtrew'd 
the Beds whereon they lay, and all Parts of the Room; but the 
Head was chiefly regarded, as appears from the following Verſes 


<<. 3 


of Ovid (5), wherein he celebrates this Cuſtom : 


Ebrius innexis philyra conviva capillis 
Salat, & imprudens uritur arte meri. 
| Ebrius ad durum forme/ee limen. amice 
Cantat, babent unctæ mollia ſerta coma, 
NMulla coronata peraguntur ſeria front, 
Nec liguidæ j unclo flare bibuntur aguæ. 
Donec eras 0 05 nullis, Acheloe, racemis, 
Cratia ſumendæ non erat ulla roſe, 


2 


Bacchus 


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Natura deorum. (d) Veſpis p. 490. (e) Euthyphrone, (/) In Vatinium, 
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ets Of the Miſcellany Cuſttns of Grecce. 


Bacchus amat flores, Baccho placuiſe corenam 


nee fun, woe poter, _ | 


Garlands are by ſome thought to have been an Invention of Prom. 


#heus, who firſt preſcribed the Uſe of them, that Men ſhould by 


that Emblem of his Bonds, commemorate the Puniſhment which he 
had ſuffered for his Kindneſs to them. To this Opinion the follow- 


ude: 


ing Verſes of E/chy/us, which are cited by Atheneus (a), ſeem to 


Tar d E&tw lp, apxaim gi 
Azopay apr is Tiprlliv Nye. 


In another Place (4) the ſame Author relates out of Draco the Cor- 
gzrean, that Janus invented Garlands, Ships, Boats, and the Art 
of coining Money ; and thence it was cuſtomary in ſeveral Cities of 
Greete, and alſo of /taly and Sicily, for the Coin to bear on one 
Side the Image of two-faced Janus, and on the reverſe a Boat, a 
Ship, or a Garland. P/zy will have the firſt Garlands to have 


been uſed by Bacchus, and compoſed of Ivy (c). And in later 


Ages they commonly made uſe of Ivy and Amerhy/tus, as Preſervatives 
apainſt Drunkenneſs, whence the latter of them has its Name 
from the privative Particle « and win (4). Feftus affirms, Anti- 

viſamum genus fuiſſe corenarum laneum, that the moſt ancient Gar- 
— were made of Wool; with one of this Sort the Enchantreſe 
in T heocritus'(e) adorns her Cup. . 


Tx rd x SDνν,Es oids Gro. 


Whether Garlands were commonly uſed at the Time of the Trojan 
War, is not certain. Atbenæus hath obſerved that they are uſed by 
none of Homer's Heroes, yet that the Poet himſelf has ſeveral Allo- 
fions to them, ſome of which are the following; 


Neo d wi Ni die · iripdialo. 


— — craiſn yap gigas; mwoMjnorn J. dds. 


Whence he concludes that Garlands were unknown in the keroica! 


Ages, but came into uſe before Homer's Time . OY 
The Flowers and Greens whereof Garlands were compoſed were 
various. In the primitive Times they made no Entertainments but 


upon the Feſtivals of the Gods, and then the Garlands, Hymns, and 


Songs, were ſuch as the Gods were thought to delight in, as we 
| | NN OT | learn 


—_ _—_— 8 


— — — „ _ * 9 _ 5 _ — 


(N Lib. XV. cap. v. (b) Ejuſdem lib, cap. Xill. 


(4) Plucarchus Sympol, Lib. III. Quai, I. 
nus, Lib. I, cap. xV. N 


(c) Lib. XVI. cap. i. 
(e) Idyll. II. v. 2. / tbe 


Of the Miſcellany Cuſtoms of Greece. 383 


Jearn from Athenzus (a). And in latter Ages, upon the pubiick 
Feſtival of any God, they ſeem to have uſed the particular Herb or 
Flower which was ſacred to him; but at other Times all Sorts were 
made uſe of, as the Seaſon would allow, or they were thought moſt 
conducive to Pleaſure, Refreſhment (3), or Health. Some were very 
curious in the Choice of their Garlands; thinking them to have a very 
great Influence upon Mens Bodies; whence Maęſtbeus and Gallima- 


chus, two Greek Phyſicians, wrote Books _—_— Garlands, as we 


are inform'd by Pliny (c). I ſhall add nothing farther upon this 
Head, only that the Roſe being dedicated by ＋ to KHarpocrates, 
the God of Silence, to engage him to conceal the lewd Actions of 


Venus, was an Emblem of Silence; whence to preſent or hold it up 


to any Perſon in Diſcourſe, ſerved inſtead of an Admonition, that 
it was Time for him to hold his Peace; and in Entertaining Rooms 
it was cuſtomary to place a Roſe above the Table, to ſignify that 
what was there ſpoken ſhould be kept private, This Pradice is dee 

ſeribed in the following Epigram;  _ To 

Eft roſa flos Veneris, cujus g9 fatta laterent, 

HFarpocrati, Matris dona, dicavit Amor. 

Inde rſam menſis haſpes ſuſpendit amicis ; 

Con ut ſub en flicta, tacenda ſciat. 


From the Garlands let us proceed to Ointments and Perfumes: 


The ancient Greeks, as Athenzus hath obſerved (4), anointed their 


Heads with ſome common and ordinary Sort of Ointment; thinking 
by that means to keep themſelves cool and temperate, and to pre- 


vent Fevers, and other miſchievous Conſequences of the too plentiful 


Uſe of Wine; but afterwards, as it is uſual for Men to improve the 


Things which are uſed out of mere Neceſſity, by the Addition of 
others which ſerve for Pleaſure and Luxury, they came to uſe pre- 


cious Ointments and Perfumes. Theſe, as alſo the Diſtribution of 


Garlands, and ſecond Courſes at Entertainments, with all the Arts 


of Luxury and Effeminacy, were firſt introduced into Greece by the 
{onians, who, by converfing with the Afaticis, were taught to lay 
aſide the primitive Plainneſs of their Manners ſooner than any of 
the Greets; whence Jonicus riſus and Jonicus motus became proverbial 
Expreſſions for profuſe Laughter and unſeemly Motions (e). The 
chief Part to which Qintments were applied; was the Head ; but 
other Parts of the Body had ſometimes their Share both of Oint- 


ments and Garlands, and particularly ir«parzro Te rib x) tuvper, ore 


aN zaptic, the Breaſt was adorned with Garlands, and anointed, 
as being the Seat of the Heart, which they thought was refreſhed 
by theſe Applications as well as the Brain: (/. And the Room 

8 o wherein 


* a. r aa FW 7 1 


(a) Lib. V. cap. iv. (5) Conf, Arbenæus lib. III. cap. xxi. lib. XV. cap. v. 
(e) Lib. XXI. cap, iii. (d) Lib. XV. cap. xiii. ex Myronidæ libro de coronis & 
unguentis. (e] Valeriui Maximus, lib, II. initio cap. vi, % Conf. 
Aebenæus, lib. XV. cap. v. | | 


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4 386 Of the Miſcellany Cuſtoms of Greece. 

Þ wherein the Entertainment was made, was ſometimes perfumed by | 
i burning Myrrh or Frankincenſe, or with other Odours. Theſe | 
'Y Cuſtoms are briefly deſcribed /in the following Verſes of Archeſtratus 
3 Alel gt gib, rage wf dai wu⁰tʃ & 
0 : Isler, oig cv Yems wider NEA arb f 
"i Kal yaxhios ps ayato; NM Sipamiuvr 

1 Kal oHENlh,, A;barty Tr ufoy panzrx'y i TIP ra s 
| vi | Ban mare, Evping r ut. 8 
12H The Officers and Attendants at Entertainments were theſe which 7 
Ul EE ET ee e eee 

„ 5 I n the firſt Place ovpurngiagyoc, ſometimes called ovurociy . 

1 | it Tons, TpameGoropos, Terrence, ö Em The Trentteng, aryipxnucg, and I 
1 alſo M, Nc. was chief Manager of the Entertainments. This i 
Wi. Office was ſometimes performed by the Perſon at whoſe Charge the 5 
1 Entertainment was provided; ſametimes by another named by him; 2 
4 ſometimes, eſpecially in Entertainments provided at the common Ex- £ 
1 pence, he was elected by Lots, or by the Suffrages of the Gueſts. t 
led by Lots, or by 
f U Next, and ſometimes the ſame with the former, was the Bachsdz, 22 
1 | otherwiſe termed ccanyꝭe, rat ax, Wc, and in Latin, Rex, Modim l 
mi perator, Ic. the King, whoſe Buſineſs it was to determine the Laws L 
1 of good Fellowſhip, and to obſerve whether every Man drank his 0 
1 Proportion, whence he was alſo called 338a>wr, ocuius, the Eye; 7 
4 | . he was commonly appointed by Lots; to which Cuſtom there are t 
3 ſeveral Alluſions in Horace ; | OY J 

il, n 
40 n— Venus arbitrum 0 
1 . ; | 
11 And again (c); 1 75 N 
ih Et domus exilis Plutonia; quo fimul mearis, Y 
þ U | Nec regna wvini ſortiere talis, | {: 
| i Nec tenerum Lycidam mirabere. t 
1 e | 1 
„ The Gueſts were obliged to be in all Things comformable to the 
1 Commands of the Bxowev; ; whence Cicero upbraids a certain Per- 
1 ſon, that gui nunguam populi Romani legibus paruiſſit, tis legibus qu * 
Kit in poculis ponebantur, obtemperabat ; he who had never ſubmitted to a 
Ut the Laws of the Roman People, ſhould yield Obedience to the Laws t. 
Fi of Drinking C4). And Arrian (e) reports, that the King, being = 
Fit created by Lots, commands in this Manner: Do you drink, do you P 
i fill the Glaſs, do you go, do you come. The chief Magiſtrates were * 
M not exempted from yielding Obedience, if the Lots gave another the © 
il Pre-eminence ; whence Age/i/aus, King of Lacedæmon, being preſent 

1 | MT : 5 | A — 
115 1 8 r 1 p 5 9 8 

| (a) Lib. III. cap. xxii. (5) Lib. II. Od. vii. v. 25. (e) Lib, I. Od, IV, v. 17: * 

1 (4) Orat, in Vertem. (e) In Fycfetum. | | 8 


ſ 


Of the Miſcellany Cuſtoms of Greece. 387 
at an Entertainment, was not declared Rex till the Lots had favoured 
him, as we are informed by Plutarch (a), who reports in the ſame 
Place, that being aſked by the Cup-bearer how much Wine every 
Gueſt ſhould drink, he made this Reply: If there is Plenty of 
% Wine, let every Man have what he calls for; if not, let every 
* Man have an equal Share.“ MY 

Aailpòs, Diribitor, was ſo termed amb vd 3zicadas, from dividing 
and diſtributing to every Gueſt his Portion; whence Entertainments 
were alſo called Jzirs;, In the primitive Tunes the Maſter of the 
Feaſts carved for all his Gueſts, Thus in Homer (Y), when Agamem- 
non's Ambaſſadors were entertained at Achil/cs's Table; : 


A creg xfia viiuey Aﬀnnvg. | | 
Which Verſe is repeated in the laſt Iiad (c). More Examples would 
be needleſs, it being the Practice of thoſe Ages for Men of the high- 
eſt Quality to deſcend to very mean Employments. And in later 
Times the ſame Office was executed by ſome of the chief Men at 
Sparta, as appears from the Example of Ly/ander, who was deputed 
to ut hy Ca. This Cuſtom of diſtributing to every Guelt 
his Portion, was by ſame derived from the Ages wherein the Greets 
left off their ancient Way of living upon Acorns, and learned the 


Vſe of Corn, which being at the firſt very ſcarce, gave Occaſion to 


continual Quarrels, whence 2raodexia, which originally ſignified 


T4; drag i rag danke, the Diſorders committed at Feaſts, came to 


be a general Name for all Sorts of Injuries and wicked Behaviour. 
To prevent theſe Diſorders, it was agreed, that a Perſon ſhould be 


named to diſtribute to every Man his Portion, whence, as ſome are 


of Opinion, the Phraſe of Ji; tion, equal Entertainment, ſo frequently 


occurs in Homer (e). Such to whom a particular Reſpett was due, 


were helped to the beft Parts, and very often to a larger Share than 
the reft of the Gueſts, Thus Exmeus, in Homer's Ody/ea, gives the 


res, Chine, which they efteemed the chief Part, to Ulyges. The 
ſame is given by Agamemnon to Ajax, as a Reward for Dis Service in 


the War (/ ). Sarpedon, one of the Lycian Kings, in the ſame Poet 
is honour'd, | Ss | Ya" 


E9fn Tr, #pigol/ls, iN anal; hunde vu. 


with the firſt Seat, the beſt Share of Meat, and full Cups. In 
another Place Diomedes, gta 15 Nn Jeraso os Sects rat, is enters 
tained with the beſt Share of Meat, and full Cups. It appears from 
Herodotus, that the Kings of Sparta had amriuoia mails, a double 
Portion of every Diſh. And in the Sacred Writings, the Meſs of 
Haꝛjaman, the beloved Brother of Zo/eph, was twice as large as any 
of the other Meſſes (g. They who received this Honour, i- 
| C 2 „ 1 Ceo 


e 
FOI EY 


(4) Conf, Plutarchus Sympoſ. Lib. II. Queſt. ut. (b) Jhad. i. v. 217, (c) 

Ver. 626. (d Alben id Mb. II. cap. x. (e) Jlied i ( Aliad. A. ver. 371. 

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3388 Of the Miſcellany Cuſtoms of Greece; 


eallo and Tor abr poipes oi; Iinoilo, dg Oboe,, wry xmmpdaps 3 


eury wagidnlo, 1 On, (a), had the Privilege of gratifying 
whomſoever they pleaſed with a Part of their Portion, as was done 


by Uly/es, who carved a Part of the Chine, which was ſet before 
him to Demodocus, Aﬀterwards when Greece learned the Arts of 


. reef the primitive Way of dividing to every Man his Portion was 
laid aſide, ws axounal®- x; arnvhepe-, as covetous and illiberal, and 


the Gueſts were allowed to carve for themſelves in the Manner which 

leaſed them beſt ; nevertheleſs the ancient Cuſtom was retained a 
ong Lime at the Entertainments after Sacrifices, and by ſome who 
preferred the primitive "Temperance and Frugality before the mo- 
dern profuſe Way of Living; and it is obſerved, that whilſt every 
Man bad his Portion allotted, the Entertainments were managed with 

reat Decency, and fewer Diſorders were committed, as we are in- 
1 81 by Plutarch, where he diſcourſes on this Queſtion, © Whe- 
*« ther the ancient Greets, who allotted every Man his Portion, or 
ic the modern, who ſet their Proviſion in common before all che 
„ Gueſts, were more to be commended (4).” 


From the Diſtribution of Meat, let us proceed to the Perſons _ 


| Pros to diſtribute Drink; theſe were commonly termed oi, 


and about the Helliſpont inryxvrai, (c). In the heroical Entertain- 


ments the xf, Heralds, commonly performed this Office, 'Thus 


in Homer (4) 3 


Kot F evroiow Jaw iινννꝰ cv xoivan, 


In Arlene (e) Mercury, the Herald of the Gods, ALY is bein. 
troduced by Alcæus and Sappbo, filling the Goblets at the celeſtial 


Entertainments; and to mention no more Examples, it is very well 


known, and hath been elſewhere obſerved, that the xyovx:; were de- 


puted myo; ne inn ,,, to all Sorts of Miniſtrations. 


It was cuſtomary for Boys or young Men ta fill the Cups. Thus we 


| K3pos N af ildpas inivhafle mob. | 
And to uſe the Words of Eu/ftathius (g, Qacir oi oxaaio wf 
alt tpyor Y oiexorir, ancient Authors affirm that the Wine uſed 


** to be killed about by Virgins.” Which is agreeable to the 
Manners of thoſe Times, wherein the Gueſts were attended by Vir- 


ins, without any Suſpicion of Luft or Immcdeſty; whence the 
| Banger of Cocalus, King of Sicily, is ſaid to have waſhed Minos, 


King of Crete ; and the ſame is done by other Virgins and Women, 
in ſeveral Parts of Homer, as hath been obſerved b 


* det - - a 8 , 2 — 


Ls 


| (a) Atbenzus loco cit, (6) Sympoſ. lib. II. Queſt. ult. (e) Atheneus lib. X. 
cap. vi. Cd Odyff. &. v. 142. (e)] Loco citaty, (F) Odyfſe &. v. 149. (4 
In Iliad. Y. p. 533+ (5) Lib, I. cap. viii. 


6 


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Of. the Miſcellany Cuſtoins of Greece, 389 


and ſo common it was in the primitive Times for young Perſons of 
both Sexes to be employed in the fore-mentioned, and all other Mini- 
ſtrations, that as Hefychius (a) and Euftathius (6b) inform us, J., 
Servants, came to be termed by the Names of eai9:; m, 
Boys and Girls, N 73 e wading; ινj⁵e Uf becauſe Perſons 
of that Age were commonly employed to ſerve; neither was this 
done only by Children of mean Fortune or Birth, but dox6uy maze 
avi; apy ako of mrymireles waits, ws © Ts Mornze vibe, in the pri- 


mitive Times thoſe of the higheſt Quality filled out Wine, as we find 


done by Menelaus's Son in the following Verſe of Homer; 


Que xb * | vide 1 | XUJaNar4o ( c). 


The ſame Cuſtom was in later and more refined Ages ſtill retained: - 


at the Entertainments in the Temples, where many of the ancient 
Ways of Behaviour were kept up a long Time after they had been 
laid aſide in other Places; eſpecially at the publick Sacrifices of 
the olians it was obſerved, that ol EVYHEr ao Wald, the Boys of 
the chiefeſt Quality ſhould perform this Office; which was alto the 
Practice at Rome, where they uſed wav Tos Aleaig papricha, FE 2 
ard Toug Towss Tas S, in all T hin gs to imitate the /Zolians, even 
to the very Tone of their Voice, as we learn from Aiheneus (4) ; 
- whence, it may be, that Author came to be of Opinion, that the 
Cuſtom of employing young Perſons of liberal Birth and Education 
to fill the Wine, was derived from the Sacrifices of the Gods, at 
which dN. dels 17 Sr axoneow, no Slave Was permitted to miniſter 
(e); but it is rather to be aſcribed to the Plainneſs and Simplicity 
of the ancient Greets, and other Nations; whence it came that tue 
Sons and Daughters of Kings, and others of the firſt Quality, were 
employ'd in keeping Flocks, and almoſt all other Services, as hath 
been elſewhere obſerved. Anocher Reaſon why young Perſons 
ſervea at Entertainments rather than thoſe in Years, was, becavſe, 
by their Beauty and Sprightlineſs, they were thought more apt to 
exhilarate the Gueſts, whoſe Eyes were to be entertained as well as 


their other Senſes; on this account the moit comely Perſons were 


deputed to this Miniſtration even in the primitive Times. Amongil 
the Gods | | Fu 


— bu Her 

Nixlaę ie bal | | 

fair Hebe, the Goddeſs of Youth, and Daughter of Juno, filled about 
Nectar . And Ganymede, the moſt beautiful of mortal Race, was 
tranſlated by the Gods into Heaven, to ſerve at Jupiter's Table. 


C c 3 lib: 


— 


la) V. waldtg. I) Loco citato. : (e), Athenevs, Lib, X. cap, vii,” 2 } 
Loco Citato, b (e) Lib. V. esp. iv. , | Cf) Thad. . W 5 | 


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390 Of the Miſcellany Cuſtoms of Greece. 


— arTiO- rag, 5 
©; In dug io Iynlay up 

Tor «, aviptinaflo Neo Alt oog’, ] 

KA” tive odo, iv abarteroon Halen (a). 


1 Wyhence we may learn, that in the moſf remote Times, which were 
Witt thought the Age of the Gods, as thoſe which followed were the Age 
1 of Heroes, this Practice was obſerved. And hence by the Names of 


It. i | Places which are ſaid to be in uſe amongſt the Gods, are to be un- 
1 derſtood the firſt and moſt ancient Names, as we learn from the 


1187 | | my apon Homer, in whom there are ſeveral Examples to this 
1 Purpoſe ; but I ſhall mention only that which follows (5), where 

the Poet tells us, that a certain Place in Treas was by the Gods, that 
is, moſt anciently, called Myrina's Tomb, bat by Men, that is, in 
i later Times, Batiea, \ 


2 
I 


r 


5 3 E nnn 2 
ee c  er_ 
ES 2 — — - dogs > 

„ „ 4 — 339 — 


n 
„ Re oe EE ny eel ee ie ce 


Tay ral sg Bliss 8 ys 
Abra ro d Te onpez au\voxac3uemo Mugirng. 


— 


\ That at the Time of the Trojan War it was cuſtomary for young Per- 

i ſons of beautiful Countenances, and well dreſs'd, to ferve © Pater. 

0 tainments, is plain from the Anſwer of Exmwus to Lips, who then 
1? | appearing in the Habit and Form of an old Begpat, intended to ſerve 


the young Gentlemen who made their Addreſſes to Penelope (c): 


Ov tor reibt I del b ruògnengeg ire 
AMa „i N,, £0 1 BY Yilovacy 
Ali & Ainrago} rig akz; v D2owuHu, 
Of ow bfrodgd i. | 


Wii - And in modern Ages, when the Arts of Luxury had more Eſteem, 

1 | it was uſual to give vaſt Prices for beautiful Youths ; which Cuſtom 

uy is found fault with in the following Paſſage of Juvenal, where he 
; 


i Ii aks to an indigent Client, who is entertain'd at his Patron's 
1 able Ca- g | | | | | 


2 „ Gztuum Ganymedem 

f Keſpice, cum ſities; nefeit tot millibus emtus 
Pauperi bus ene puer; ſed forma, ſed ætas 
it Digna ſupercilio ; quando ad te pervenit alle ? 
I | | Dando pogatus adęſt, calidæ gelidægue miniſter ? 
.  Luippe inaignatur witeri purere clienti. | 


1 But the Cuſtoms which concert this Part of the Entertainment, are 


00 mat elegantly and fully deſeribed by PFh the Few (e), who tell. 
hs EE 7 - 
i —— n 


_—_— —— a * A 
27 9 * W. : 1 N rtr - + * th. a 


Ya) I. & v. 232. tO) Mad, F. v. 871. (e) be. ev. 229. (0 
2 V. v. 60. 600 Libro dx vita 33 (© uf 2 5 


Hat — 


3 


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2 


. — 
E rer 
5 r 


. 
mad — — — 2 * * * 
PU oo RE TY ³ rr 


- — 


Of the Miſeellany Cuſtoms of Greece. 391 


as, chat it was uſyal to procure moſt beautiful Slaves to attend at 
Entertainments, not ſo much for any Service they were to do, as to 


gratify the Eyes of the Beholders ; of theſe the young Boys ( 
+650:) fill the Wine, thoſe of riper Age (v3poPozor) ſerve up the 


Water, being waſhed, trimmed, and painted, with their Hair 


curled in various Forms, with ſeveral other remarkable Obſervations” 


relating to this Cuſtom. _ i 
The Cups and drinking Veſſels came next to be conſidered ; and 
in Homer every one of the Guells ſeemed to have a diſtin Cup, out 
of which he drank when he pleaſed ; hence the following Words of 
 Agamemnnoa to Tdomeneus (a), | EE 


oor N whsior Arg ai 
Ern denig ie, Witte GT Sued arwyes. 
On which account the heroical Cups were very capacious, as A. le- 


neus hath proved by ſeveral Examples, and particularly that of 


Neftor's Cup, which was ſo weighty, that a young Man had ſcarce 
Strength to carry it (5) ; nevertheleſs the ſame Author there obierves, 
that “ tho? Men of great Eſtates and Quality in his Time uſed large 
„Cups, yet that was not anciently the Practice cf Greece, but lately 
„learned from the barbarous Nations, who being ignorant of Arts 
„and Humanity, indulge themſelves in the immoderate IUſe of 
„Drink, and all Sorts of Dainties ; whereas it does not appear, 
* /azs he, from the Teſtimony of any of thoſe who lived before our 
«« Time, that a Cup of a very large Size was ever made in any Part 
f Greece, except thoſe which belonged to the Heroes,” How- 
ever, the Cups which they uſed after Supper were larger than thuſe 
they drank in at Supper; this appears from the following Pailage 
of Virgil (c): N | 


Poftguam prima quies epulis, men/eque remote, 
Crateras mAgnos ftatuunt, ina coronant, 


In the Houſes of wealthy Men there was commonly a large xv 
v Cupboard, . furniſhed with Cups of all Sorts and Sizes, rather 
for Oſtentation than Uſe. The Cups uſed by the ancient Greets 
were very plain, and agreeable to the reſt of their Furniture being 


uſually compoſed of Wood or Earth. Afterwards, when they began 


to imitate the Pride and Vanity of the Alaticls, their Cups, were 
made of Silver, Gold, and other coſtly Materials, curiouſly wrought, 
inlaid with precious Stones, and otherways adorned ; but the pri- 
mitive Cups ſeem to have been compoled of the Horns of Animals, 
which Perſons of Quality tipt with Gold or Silver; theſe are men- 
tioned by Pindar, E/chylus, Xenophon, and ſeveral other Authors; 
they were alſo uſed by ſome in later Ages, and particularly by Phi- 
lip the Macedonian; hence, as ſome are of Opinion, Bacchus had 

5 Oh . the 


n 


— 


(a) Tad. F. v, 262, ) Lib. XI. cap. ii. (e) reid. I. v. 725. 


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with the Enjoyment af this Honour (i); 


392 Of the Miſcellany Cuſtoms of Greece. 
the Surname of Taurus, as worſhipped by the Cyzicenians, In the 
Shape of a Bull, and painted with Horns in ſeveral other Countries ; 


and ſome think the Words enge, Cups, and zpzom, to mix Wine 
with Water, are derived from alp, Horns; theſe and many other 
Obſervations concerning this Argument, may be found in Athenæu, 
(a), and Euffatbius (5). | 7 ee : 

The Cups were compaſſed about with Garlands, and filled up to 
the Brim. Both theſe Cuſtoms are mentioned in the following Faſ- 
ſage of Virgil (c); | e e 


Tum pater Anchiſes magnum cratera corona 


And the latter in this Verſe of Homer, which occurs in the firſt Jad 
(4), and 1s repeated in other Places ; 5 . | 


K3pes dd gd fag dH“ ilo wilo. 


For dort ci allo, according to the old Seholiaft, ſignikes hαεο,ðům½ 
Ai 55Dewng, 5 dei hes, they filled up to the Brim ; and gig com- 
monly mAngwoir Twe ona, fignifies a Sort of Fulneſs; whence they 
always did gin xp, when Libations were offered to the Gods, 
ri 29k» xoMGor 220 Dr“ Wer; Tos Jivt, & TING , T0 & w- 
pig TiAeidy lg, becauſe we offer nothing imperfect to the Gods, but 
only Things whole and intire, and that which is full is intire, faith 


Atbenæus (e) from Ariftath ; and as we are informed by the ſame 


Author (, the Cups, iniri@oTrz, are crowned with Drink, that is, 
they are filled above the Brim, ſo as the Drink riſeth in the manner 
of a Crown, for good Luck's ſake,” 

In the heroical Times, as hath been obſerved concerning the 
unequal Portions of Meat,” 0¹ xp 01 0X v8ppevcs, Tok 64.7 Hl ro ot; 
& wege T0 wolngiar, Toi; I doi is lou dive, the young Men 
who miniſtred, always preſented full Cups to Men of great Quality, 
and diſtributed Wine to the reſt by equal Proportion, as we are in- 


formed by Atheneus (g), Thus Agamemnon entertains Idomgneus, 
King of Crete (8); | y | | 


Elte wap T' ao X&pyxupowsly Ava) ; 
Aileo wiwwaw, 0 N mhiior Ahe with 
Ern dewię ino, wien 3Te Sue a 


Hector in another Place reproacheth Diomedes, when he fled from him „ 


Tucdildn, | 


nn ” N N ä — 3 


— 
* * _ oe hh 4 x * 


(% Lib, XI, cap. vii. (5) Comment. in Iliad, v. p. $33. 


Thad. A 0 319. 
Hiad. N. p. 59 7. edit. Bal. (c) AEncid. li. v. 525. 'd AJ 


| ) v 470. (% Lib. 
V.eczp. vu Y Lib. I. cap. xt. (g Lib, V. cap. iv. (6) Thad. N. v. 261. 
(i) Nad. N, v. 151, ane eee ver : 2h; | 


\ 


Of the Miſcellany Cuſtoms of Greece. 393 
Todttôn was h- t Trion Ao T AXUMWNOG W 
Eden TE, xctao'%y Tt, bot wN olg dF 41076, 
No- a 0 &THALTEO! —— — | | 


This Reſpect is alſo ſaid to be paid by the Lycian to Sarpedon and Giau- 
cus, Kings of Lycia, in the ſame Words (a). Another Reſpect was paid 
to the moſt honourable Gueſts, by drinking firſt to them; for it was 
cuſtomary for the Maſter of the Feaſt to drink to his Gueſts in order, 
according to their Quality, as we learn from Plutarch (5). The 
manner of doing this was, by drinking part of the Cup, and ſend- 
ing the Remainder to the Perſon whom they nam'd, which they term'd 
fei but this was ony the modern way, for anciently they drank 
ug v oX9Por, the whole Cup, and not a Part of it, as was uſual 
in Atheneui's Time; to do which, as that Author thinks, ought ra- 
ther to be termed Wfo8%74tiy, than by the old Name WeoTiveiy (c). The 
Form of Salutation was various; ſometimes they who drank to ano- 


ther, uſed to ſay, xxie:, as in that Example xaiz Axio, I /end jou 


this Honey mingled with Milk ; as we learn from the Scholiaft upon 
Pindar Cd). Sometimes the Perſon who ſent the Cup ſaluted his 
Friend in this F Orm, TfoT vw 00s KANG: the other replied, Aapuborw 70 
cu Ng, and this pros, Teſtimony of Friendſhip, to drink in this 
manner to another was 
lian explains Oraclnoia to be digipor; ha Ths Pina, A Salutation on 
the account of Friendſhip ; and pine, mpomriyri to be mine vg i 
4g, amo Ty, Jodeln auTw Franng Winy UH, To Num aaa xy (Nw, 
x Ti Pann wmapgaxopnE, when any Perſon at Dinner drinks part 
of a Cup, and gives the reſt to his Friend. The Perſon who re- 
7 ceived the Cup was ſaid iH pi, Or ar ac it being 
required by the Rules of good Fellowſhip to drink off whatever re- 
mained in the Cup, or if the Cup was drank off, to take another of 
the ſame Bigneſs. An Example whereof we find in Athenæus (e), 
where Alexander having begun a very large Veſſel to Proteus a Mace- 
donian, he drank it off, and preſented his Service to Alexander in 
another of the ſame Dimenſions. . 
This Propination was carried about towards the Right-hand, 
where the ſuperior Quality of ſome of the Gueſts did not oblige 
them to alter that Method; hence it was termed detlocig, whence 
%10iox:0Ja in Homer is interpreted wporivur Eda. Thus in the 
firſt 7/jad at an Aſſembly of the Gods, | 


xpvoric; Y 
Augdixar em — 


That is, accordin g to Atben ul, iD wpoT ivorTig 322UT0G THE J. Fictg. 


The ſame Explication is given by him upon that Verſe of the ninth 


Iliad, where Ulyfes drinks to Achilles : 


TIanozpa®- 


| (a) Hind. ge" (8) Sympeſ. Lib. I. QueRt, is. (e) Lib. V. cap. iv, (4) Nemeetic- 
fo) Lib, X. cap. IX, | aa 


ometimes termed @porinu prneraoiar, Thus 


— —— — wire: <tr 2 er — 2 — 


* —— —Ihj·ͥ „ {CT 
— — 0 — — nes — ——— — 
— * — 1 


394 Of the Miſcellany Cuftems of Greer 


IDS. S* uns Nele AN. 5 


That 1 18, ſaith he, 10 Fre, 3 6 £56 e auTy 7 2 K To , 
he drank to Achilles, delivering the C up with his Right-hand. ＋ he 
fame 13 obſerved by Enuftathius (a), who is beholden ro Arhberern: fo; 
almoſt all the Obſervations which he has on this Argument, | But 
there is expreſs Mention of drinking towards the Right-hand, in th. 
following Paſſage of Homer (9), where Vulcan fills Wi ine to the Gods; ; 


* aa. Moot — 1 f at 


—— Droit df ao; 
Nuo xb 


That i is, he filled, as the old Scholia 7 x s in it, amd Toy Abc; 
lf, beginning from the Right-ban Another Example of cis 
Cuſtom is produced from Critia's Epigram upon dnacreon : a 25 


% 5 * A 5 ry ** ww ET 2 2 4 ” * 
97 — e A eo mb 1 SI er Som . * 3 Nr 1 
ee * e e 2 2 - 
— — a — —— — — — — — — 


e 


8 K a 
— — 362 


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og ANF Ie mathe oh + 4 — . * D N 4 he Vans ay © 
— . 4 Wt 4 > N 5 R * — — be 8 * * a P, -, K 
* * Iz * 5 Mee & 2 7 * — 7 * * p * = Os: ve _ 
< — . : 8 — 222 * +, > Lies — 2 
* * * — 4 — * - _— 
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* a 1 8 ” — — a — ——ůͤů ̃ ͤ x — 2 — _= — = 
PP by — n APP X K's 2 2 — 4 
8 * 7. "ww, 8 - 1 HR . b . 4 
— * 2 „ . — * < 2 5 
: * V 8 — 3 RES ERR 
* — — - 
i 


29-4 — 


eee 


** „ 


Haig i rofurii vn Wee eig ge EY w W400, 


And 4 third, to mention no more, is cited by Athens 9 out of the 
"Ayroutor Of Anaxandridas. The doing this therefore was commonly 4 
termed zH gi mivew 7 4); but it was ſometimes called  xUzaw irg, 
and the Action pant wn becauſe the Cup was conveyed roung 
about the Table, beginning from the uppermoſt Seat. To nich 
C tom we find the following Alluſion i in n Plautus * 


| | age, puer, As 
4 — feptenis belli e committe 1 ludos. 


Vet the Method of drinking was not the ſame in all Places The 
Chians and Jans drank out of large Cups towards the Right, 
the #therians out of ſmall Cups to the Left; the 7 hefſalian drinks 

large Cups to whom he pleaſeth, without obſerving any certain 

Method. At Lacedemon every Man hath a diſtinct Cup, which: a 
Servant fills up as ſoon as any Perſon has drank, as We are informed 
by Athenæus (. 

It was alſo cuſtomary to drink to Perſons abſent. Firſt the Gods 
311/188 were remembered, then their Friends, and at every Name one or 
BY | ore Co s of Wine, unmxed with Water, was drank off, This 
| 18 — by Cicero, Græco more bibers (g, to drink after the Greet 
Mane | ; which ſome interpret of drinking grandibus poculis & 
meracis potionibus, Draughts of unmixed Wine out of large Cups, as 
£ſconins Pedianus () obſerves ; ; whereas it was the Græcus mos, ut 
Græci dicunt, ovpmici x d Hbes, cum merum cyat his libant, ſalutan- 
res Trine Deos, atinde amicos nominatim, Greciau Method to drink 
Wine 


FFF ˙ * ˙ w PTTIENg” io 


* 3 rr 
2 1 PROF ge 


dE 


KA, OT STS, - io CNN 4 
r ee 


** . 8 ho * ade. teat. „ 4 * "EY ** 
* 


— . 


4a) Thad M. p. 5 me Nd. v. 897. (e) Lib. XI. cap. 1:1, (i) Conf, 
Pollux lib. II. cap, mY (e) Perſa Act VET l Lib, VI. cap. ili. Orat. 
III. in Num. () Comment. in locum Cicero, ; 


++ . 


Of the Miſcellany Cuſtoms of Greece. 395 
Wine out of ſmall Cups, ſaluting firſt the Gods, and then their 
Friends by Name; nam toties merum bibebant quoties devs & cares funs 
nominant, for it was their Cuſtom to drink unmixed Wine as often as 
they named the Gods or their Friends; they did alſo z. ry , 
pour forth ſome of the Wine upon the Earth as often as they men. 


tioned any Perſon's Name, as hath been obſerved by the Scholiaft 


upon the following Verſes of Theocritus (a): 


HJ, N Dr, Not iN Sal dxzcler 
Ma. 19:2" ixar®- U l Ae rim, 


Which being the Manner of offering Libations, as hath been elſe- 


where obſerved, it ſeems to have been a Form of Adoration when 
any of the Gods were named, and of Prayer for theit Friends, when 
they mentioned them; amongſt their Friends they moſt commonly 
named their Miſtrefles. Examples of this Cuſtom are very common. 
Thus in Tiballuzs © 


Sed bene Meſſalam ſua puiſue ad pocula dicat, 
NMemen & atjentis ſingula verba ſonent. 


And in Horace (8) 5 
nt Opuntie 
rater Megillæ, uo beatus 
Vulnere, qua pereat ſagitta. 


Sometimes the Number of Cups equalled that of the Letters in their 
Miſtreſſes Name. Thus we find in Martial (c) Es : 


Naevia ſex cyathis ſeptem Juſtina bibatur. 


There were alſo ſeveral other Ways of numbering the Cups to 
be drank off at once ; thus three were taken off, becauſe the Graces 
were of that Number, and nine, according to the Number of the 


Mues; the former of theſe Cuſtoms is mentioned by Petroxius, who 


relates, that a certain Perſon -xcu/are cpit moram, quod amica /e non 


dimififoty tri bus niſi potionibus e lege exficcatir, made this Excuſe for 


his Delay, that his Miſtreſs would not diſmiſs him till he had drank 


three Cups, as the Law requires ; both of them are contained in the 


following Riddle of Au/onius (d) : | 


Ter bibe, vel toties ternos e fic myſtica lex ef, 
Vel tria potanti, vel ter tria multiplicanti, 
Imparibus novies ternis eontexere cubam. 


r 


8 AN xiv. v. 18. (5) Lib, I. Od. xxvii, (c) Lib. I. Epigram lxxii. (d, 
Grip | | | 


o ternaru nugIeri v. 3! 


— 


——— onde i Ox” ape AP el EP —— — — — —_— . 
— — — — _ - — — —— — 
— — — 2 * — p fe. 
1 
on — 3 — — 


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2 1 ern — SOR — bw; 4s F rr err * 
4 8 hy Ty * * " * . we 0 N 75 * 8 2 1 1 "IS" — —_ oY 
* ous Some * : » FD = e e = NE 
» * — — 4 


FR / 1 
1 
. q 

13. 


% 


395 ; Of the Miſcellany Cuſtoms. off Greece. 


And more clearly of this Paſſage in Horace (a); 
72 | De Lune propere nove, | | 
Da noftis media, da puer, avguris 
| Murenæ. Tribus, aut nowem 
5 Miſcentur cyathis pocula commodis, 
Qui Muſas amat impares. 8 
Ternos ter cyathos attonitus petet 
Pates. Tres probi bet ſapra 
Rixarum metuens tangere Gratia, 
Nudis jundta feroribus, 


The Greeks thus expreſſed this Cuſtom H ele, v Tfig rd, either thees, 


or three times three, There was another Saying, which forbad the 


drinking of four Cups, that being no lawful Number, H pla wir, 5 


py ria. Yet they did not always obſerve the Number three, as 
appears from the following Epigram, which commands to fill ten 


Cups to Diradice's Health, as well as nine to Euphrante's (C); 


Ext. AtifoFixng xl Rc Num, TG 44 oder dg | 
| Ev@paring £2 6e o 0,98 xv Im, 


Sometimes they contended who ſhould drink moſt. Alexander the 
Macedonian is reported to have drank a Cup containing two Congii, 


which contained more than one Pottle, tho? leſs than our. Gallon, 


to Proteas, who commending the King's Ability, pledged him, then 


called for another Cup of the ſame Dimenſions, and drank it off to 


him. The King, as the Laws of good Fellowſhip required, pledged 


Proteas in the ſame Cup, but being immediately overcome, fell back 
upon his Pillow, letting the Cup tall out of his Hands, and by that 
means was brought into the Diteaſe whereof he ſhortly after died, 
as we are informed by At benæus (c). There is alſo mention in an- 
cient Authors of Prizes awarded to the Conquerors; which Cuſtom 
was ingenioufly inverted by Aracharſis the Seythbiax Philoſopher, 


who being entertained ” Periander, one of the ſeven Sages, aud 


King of Corinth,-demanded the Prize for being firſt drunk, that, as 
he ſaid, being the End which all aim at in drinking,. as Racers 
preſs forward toward the Goal, Tis reported by Timeus, that Die- 


nyſius the Sicilian, at an Entertainment, promiſed a Crown of Gold 
to the Perſon who ſhould firſt drink a Cup of Corgius, and that Ne- 


nocrates the Philoſopher obtained the Prize. And at the Funeral 
of Calanus, the Indian Philoſopher, there were net only Exerciſes, 
and muſical Contentions, but alſo drinking Matches, wherein the 
Prize which Alexander promiſed to the firſt Conqueror, was a Ta- 
lent; that to the ſecond, thirty wwe; that to the third, ten wi. 
One Promachus obtained the firſt Prize, having drank four Gogh 
es | 4 


- —— 


EC] 


f (a) Lib. III. Od. zix. (5) Antholog. Lib, VII. (ce) Lib. X. cap. 1. 


F J 


Of the Miſcellany Cuſtoms of | Greece, 397 


of unmixed Wine; thirty of the Combatants died on the Place, and 
in a ſhort Time after ſix more expired in their Tents, as Athenzus 
(a) and Elian (6) have informed us in the very ſame Words. When 
any Perſon drank off a large Cup «uvri, that is, ameori, avv r 
Avatradte da-, without Intermiſſion, or taking Breath, the Company 
uſed to applaud him in this Form, Zicuas, long may you live (c). 
At Athens there were three publick Officers who attended at Enter- 
tainments, > 1 11 K door ©1800 0 ovvorlec, and obſerved whe- 
ther every Perſon drank his Portion ; they were called from their 
Buſineſs oi], and ſometimes by a metaphorical Name, O@9z3uoi, 


Eyes, as hath been elſewhere obſerved C4). They who refuſed to 


drink, were in moſt Places obliged to-depart by that celebrated Law 


of good Fellowſhip, H aivs, & amv, Drink, or be gone. To which 


Cicero has this Alluſion (e), „To me, ſaith be, it ſeems but reaſon- 
sable in the Affairs of Life to obſerve the ſame Law which the 
©« Greeks keep at their Entertainments, Either let them drink, ſay they, 
or depart. Very right, for one ſhould either partake of the Plea- 
« ſure of drinking and being merry, or leave the Company.” 
Hence it appears how much the Greeks were addicted to drinking; 
neither were the Romans more free from that Vice; Seneca himſelt 
ge it allowable to drink, even to Drunkenneſs, to eaſe the 
Min 
and others, that Cate of, Urica ſometimes ſpent whole Nights in 
drinking. And concerning the elder Cato, as allo Corvinus the 
Stoical Philoſopher, to mention no more Examples, we have the fol- 
towing Teſtimony of Horace ;; Fa, 


Deſcende, Corvino, Jubente, 
Promere languidiora wina. 
Non ills quanquam Socraticis made? 
Sermonibus, te negliget horridus. 
 Narratur & priſci Catonis 
Sat mero caluiſſe wirtus. 


Yet others found Fault with the immoderate Uſe of Wine. Some 
Lawgivers enacted Laws againſt it, and others prohibited all Com- 
potations where more Wine was uſed than what was neceſſary for 
Health, Some of the Grecian Sages allowed no more than three 
Cups, one for Health, a ſecond for Chearfulneſs, and a third for 


Sleep. Thus in the following Verſes of Eubulus, which are cited 


by Atheneus (g); 

T pity vag pores xp Tg yu f 
To; 10 Por doi, Toy (hey uryiiag Ya, 
O, weaTewY ixri2T;' Tor of SroTE; ov 


r 


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2 


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(4) Lib. X. cap. x. (2 Var, Hiſt, lib. II. cap. xli. (c) Suidas voc. Awe 
ieh, & v. Zhoting, (d) Conf, Atbenæus lib IX. cap. vi, vii. (e) Tu/c. Quark. 
Ab. v. / Lib. III. Ode xxi. (g/ Initio lib, II. — 


of any great and tormenting Cares. We are told by Plutarch 


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399 -Of the Miſcellany Cuſtoms of Greece, 


Feol®, h wh. 4% vp 3 d 


Oy eiowiolg vi FoPÞo xexAnplics 
Olxad: Balif-o' 3 $i Tirapl®. d 
| HydTeg6; iu, A UCprag, Se. 4 e e 
Paavaſis allowed no more than the ſecond Cup, the firſt to the Greco, 
Hours, and Bacchus, the ſecond to Venus and Bacchus ; they who 
eded to a third Cup, according to that Author, dedicated it to 
uſt and Strife, Lycyrgus the Spartan Lawgiver, prohibited vg us 
Gr, Wang, 6) IOHANECL , oupala oDanauc: 3% vdkty, 6 it 
prove 947 H. minw, unneceſſary drinking, which debilitates both 
the Body and Mind, and ordered that no Man ſhould drink for any 
other Purpoſe than to ſatisfy his Thirſt, as we learn from Aenep hon 
(e). And to lay on the Spartan, a Neceſſity of keeping themſelves 
within the Bounds of Sobriety, the fame Law-giver enaQted farther, 
that all Men ſhould return from Entertainments without a Torch to 
ſhew them the Way ; whence the Propinations and Methods of 
drinking which other Nations obſerved, were unheard of at Sparta; 
hence the following Paſſage of Critas (G), wherein he commends the 
temperate way of living in that City. n 
XI 76 © 18. Drag, puniTapatc xiii 8. 
| Iii Toy ext' 71 o4v0P520 *] | 
| Mad crete Sas aw sg wore NH,, 
| Mad“ 271 Yipab we v Didou, 
Kat wpoTeTa ogtrytuy eilig ia, N Thoxanus Im 
EZoropaxaicn 4 W077 21v hs. * . 


* 


At Athens, an Archon convicted of being drunk, was put to Deach by 
the Laws of Solon (c), as hath been elſewhere remarked; and others 


addicted to Compotations, and Lovers of Company, were puniſhed 


by the Senate of Areopagus for conſuming the "Time in Idleneſs and 


Proſuſeneſs, which they ought rather to have employed in making 
themſelves uſeful to the Commonwealth, as we are told by Phano- 
demas and Philochorus in Athenzus, Laſtly, to mention only one 
Example more, the Iſland of Micyleus abounding with Wine, in or- 
der to reſtrain the Inhabitants from the immoderate Uſe of it, Pi- 
tacus, their Lawgiver, one of the {even Sages, vipus nA To pili ml, 
zar dn, Srv cc Tr Cnpiar, enacted, that whoever committed a 
Crime being drunk, ſhould fuffer double Puniſhment C. 
. There are ſome particular and ſolemn Cups mentioned in ancient 
Authors, which are next to be deſcribed ; ſuch were ' 
Aye AziporBde fang, the Cup of good Genius, by whom was 
underſtood Bacchus, the Inventor of Wine, in memory of which 
Benefit a Cup full of unmixed Wine was carried round the Table, 
which all the Gueſts taſted, at the ſame Time railing an Ejaculation 
, | | . to 


- . 0 8 A 
( . ; ad 
6 e - lth. Hs. Os 7 £ 1 +. * "WI ”" 8 


| * a) Libro de Repub, Laccde mn. 5 In elegi is, (<} La antics Solar? 
(4) Leaeriin Pittaco. | | | 
l 6 | 


Of abe Miſcellany Cuſtoms, of Greece. 399 


© the God, that he would preſerve them fem committing any In- 
24 thro the immoderate Uſe of that Liquor; hee . 
_ 159, Perſons who drink very little, are Hehchius termed d 
Hodewetton Fal. Whether this Cup was brought in before the Table on 
- which they ſupped was taken away, or aftenyards, is not agreed; 
that it was ſometimes brought in before the taking away of the 
Table, ſeenis probable from what is related of Diony/rus the Sicilian, 
who being entertained in the Temple of ÆAſculapius in Syracuſe at a 
Table of Gold, as ſoon as he had taſted the Cup of good Genius, 


* 


commanded the Table to be carried off. 


. 


Krellug Aids oulng®-, the Cup of Jupiter the Saviour, which was 


mixed with Water, and dedicated to Jupiter, Preſident of the Air, 
which is the moſt humid Element, in Memory of the Invention of 
tempering Wine with Water. „ 085 23 
8 Kpalug Toyneiceg, the Cup of Health, 1s by ſome added, which, as 
alſo that of Jupiter, is termed widanicrg; or wiawrrew, as being drank 


after the waſhing of their Hands, the Entertainment being ended; 


and the ſame Names are for the {ame Reaſon by ſome given to the 
Cap df good Genius (a).. 1 
Kos Ep, the Cup of Mercuty, to whom a Libation was offered 
before they went to bed, when they gave over drinking, as will be 
related afterwards (8). | + 
Others report the Order of the ſolemn Caps in a different manner. 
Suidas has numbered them thus (c) : Tech; xn pg ifacar ir TY Jimw, 
&. Een, &. xanoiv, y. Ai cwrnp:, three Caps were brought in at 
Supper, the firſt dedicated to Mercury, the ſecond to Chariſſus, which 
is a Surname given to Jupiter, from yod;ic, Favour and Grace, he 
being the God by whoſe Influence Men obtain the Favour and Af- 
fection of one another; wherein it is probable Reſpe& was had to 
the Invention of tempering Wine wich Water, as has been before 
obſerved ; the third to Jupiter the Saviour. 


Others mention one Cup of Wine mixed with Water dedicated 


to Olympian Fupiter, a lecond to the Heroes, a third and laſt to 
Jupiter the Saviour, fo called on this Occaſion, to intimate, that the 


third Cup might ſafely be taken, without any Diſorder of Mind, or 
B dy; this Cup was called H either becauſe it was the laſt, 


which is one Senſe of that Word, or from the Perfection of the 


Number Three, which having a Beginning, Middle, and End, was 
reputed the firſt compleat Number, whence it was commonly ap- 
plied to divine Things, and particularly to haman Souls, which, 


according to the Plaronick Philoſophy, conſiſted of this Number; 


neither muſt it be omitted, that the firſt and laſt Cups were ſacred 
to Jupiter, who is the Supreme Deity, the Beginning and the End 
of all Things; the middle Cup to the Heroes, who were thought 


to be of a middle Nature between Gods and Men. Theſe 8 | 


are alluded to by Pindar in 14 Verſes together, and more largeiy 


deſcribed 
| (a) Conf. Atheneus lib. IT. cap. ii. lib. XI. cap xi. Lib, XV. cap. v. 1 
Pulux, Suidas, tec. (6b) Vid. Pallux. (c) Vece wulng, Wa 


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geo Of the Miſcellany Cuſtoms of Greece. 


MW; deſcribed by the Greek Scholiaſt upon that Paſſage (a). This may 5 
WY be farther obſerved, that moſt Authors, however variouſly deſcribing 1 
1 them in other R „do agree in fixing the ſacred Cups to the 
1 Number Three; hence that Saying in the Myfti, of Autipbhanes, 9 
Us cited by Atheneus (b)z— eee 4 
1 MiIxf. yoo T ®Oz0; Titty Tous Ox, 5 | | J 
1 The Entertainment being ended, before they went to other Diver. - 
1 ſions uſed at ſuch Times, a Libation of Wine, with a Prayer, was 4 
304 | offered, and an Hymn ſung to the Gods. Thus we are told by Ae. | 
14 | #ophon, that when at the Entertainment by him deſcribed (c), the 
14 ; Tables were taken away, and they had offered a Libation, and ſung f 
Wk «© an Hymn to the Gods, a certain Man of Syracu/e brought in a ſkil- d 
WE | « ful Minſtrel, Ge.“ Virgil deſcribes the Libation in ſuch a man. t 
VN ner, as it ſhould ſeem to have been poured out of the Cup of good = 
lf 1 ö Genius, which is another Argument that this Cup was not filled till 
1 the Tables were taken away, which indeed ſeems to have been the F 
1 Time of drinking all the three ſolemn Cups. The Poet's Words 2 
1 contain a very particular Account of this whole Ceremony (4): 9 
. 5 | Poſtquam prima quits epulis, nienſerque remote, 5 7 
if | 8 Crateras magnos flatuunt, I vina coronant. 8 £ 
#4 4 | Fit flrepitus lectis, vocemque per ampla volutant N 
AY | Atria : dependent lychni laquearibus aureis 0 
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A Belo foliti. Tum facta /ilentia teais:;* _ 41 
« Jupiter ¶ Haſpitibus nam te dare jura loquuntur ) T: 
% Hunc lætum Tyriiſque, diem, 'Trojaque profedtis $6 
«« Effe velts, noſtroſgue hujus meminifſe minores : | bs 
« Adſit letitie Bacchus gator, & bona Juno, | : m 
« Ft wos, o Tyrii, cætum celebrate faventes.” We, — * 
Dixit : & in nenſa laticum libavit honorem Y ” 
Primague, libato, ſummo tenus attigit ore. | T 
Tum Bitiæ dedit increpitans : ille impiger hauſit, © | ” 


| Poſt alii proceres.— 


46 
| . | «c 
This Ceremony being ended, the Company was entertained with T 
other Diverſions, with Diſcourſes upon various Arguments, with 4s 
reading Authors ſuitable to the Tempers and Inclinations of thoſe e 
who were preſent, which was alſo very often done in time of Sup - | N 
per, with Muſick of all forts, with Jugglers, as we find in the De- = 
ſcription of Socrares's Entertainment by Plato and Xenophon, with 
Mimicks, Buffoons, or whatever beſide could, be thought of for th* — 
exciting of Mirth and Cheerfulneſs. . be 


From pt 


— 


{ c) Co N 75 


—_— 


(a Idbeiente..yrineipio Od. VI. ( I. X. cap: . 
p. 374 edit. Francf, (d) Sub finem /Eneid, L. 


| 
| | 1 
f 


Of the Miſcellany Cuſtoms of Greece. 4 
From the moſt ancient Times, Muſick and Dancing were the 
Diverſions at Entertainments, Thus Hemer (a), © 
Peu T Gognous Te, Ta yay Y GI dards. 


* 


Phemius and Demodocus, two celebrated Singers, are introduced at En. 
tertaiuments by the ſame Poet. And at an ntertainment of the Gods, 
Apollo was introduced playing upon the Harp, whilſt the Muſes ſing 

alternately (2). Dancing was alſo in uſe among the Gods; hence Ax 
hollo has the Title of 52x,»r0;, the Dauger, in Pindar ; the ſame God in 
{Jomer's Hymn plays upan his Harp, and at the ſame time dances ; 
Kane d d Bias. — 1 : | | 
And, to mention only one Inſtance more, Jupiter himſelf is ſaid ta 
dance in the following Verſe, which ſome aſcribe to Zumelus, others 
to Arne; e . ĩðùà Bo 6 ARE ty} 
 Mioowow & wextire warn? avdourrs Orarre, | 13 
Hence Athenæus concludes, that in thoſe Ages they accounted in- 
ow ivlotow x) cop, Dancing a thing becoming Perſons of Honour 
aud Wiſdom (c). At Rome the Cuſtom was quite otherwiſe, for 
there, to uſe the Words of Cicero (d), Nemo fere ſaltat ſabrius, niſi 
forte inſanit ; neque in folitudine, neque in convivio Hhoneſto. [ntempeſtivi 
condi vii, aint loci, multarum deliciarum comes eft extrema, Jaltatio. 
No Man dances unleſs he is either drunk or mad, either in private, 
or at a modeſt and decent Entertainment; Dancing is the very laſt 
Effect of Luxury and Wantonneſs. And Cornelius Nepos (e) having 
related that Epaminondag well underſtood the Art of Dancing, of 
playing upon the Harp and Flute, with other liberal Sciences, 
adds, Though in the Opinion of the Romans, theſe were trivial 
** things, and not worthy to be mentioned, yet in Greece they were 
* thought very commendable,” The ſame Obſervation is alio made 
by that Author in his Preface to the Lives of the illuſtrious Come 
manders. And theſe Arts had fo great Credit among the Greciqns, 
that, to uſe ſome of Creero's Words (V, they thought the Arts of 
* ſinging and playiug upon muſical Inſtruments a moſt conſiderable 
Part of Learning; whence tis told of Epaminondas, who in my 
Judgment was the chief of all the Greets, that he played very 
** well upon the Flute. And ſome Time before, 7 BHemiflocles, upog 
*f refaſing the Harp at an Entertainment, paſſed fox one unlearned 
and 1]|-bred, Hence Greece came to flouriſh with ſkilful Muſi- 


'* clans ; all Perſons learned the Art of Muſick, and they who were | 
_ * ipnorant of it, were thought ynagcompliſhed with Learning,” | 
Neverthelets wanton and effeminate Dances were thought to be 1 
adecent in Men of Wiſdom and C haracter, whence Hippoclides the Þ 


Athenian 


TR * — — — * — —— — OH | — — — 
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402 Of the Miſcellany. Cuſtoms f Greece. 
Athenian, having been deſigned by Clifhenes, King of Argor, for his 
Daughter's Huſbang, and preferred before all they * 
of Greece, was rejected for his light and unbecoming Dances and 
Geſtures, as we are informed by Herbdotus (a). The Tonians delighted 
in wanton Dances and Songs more than the reſt of the Greekr, their 
Manners being more corrupted than thoſe of any other Nation in 
| Greece ; their way of Soging was very different from the ancient, 

and their Harmony more looſe and wanton, as we are told by Theo. 
#hraſtus (6) ; and wanton Geſtures were proverbially termed Jonici 
motus, Tonian Motions. Thus Horace re proving the — of his 
own Age (c); „%% 57, an ek N 6 

Maut deceri gaudet lonicos 


TEST] 


4 


+8 


In the primitive Ages, the Entertainments were ſeldom made but 
on the Feſtivals of the, Gods, as hath elſewhere been obſerved, and 
the Sopgs were commonly Hymns in Praiſe of the Gods, the ſing- 
ing of which was accounted a Part of divine Worſhip ; ſoft and wan. 
ton Songs were then unknown; hence Athenzwus was of Opinion, that 
Muſick was not lows 2 into Uſe at Entertainments for the ſake of 
any mean andvulgar Pleaſure, but to compoſe the Paſſions of the Soul, 

and to better Mens Manners C4). And from the Deſcriptions ef En- 
tertainments which we find in Homer, it appears, that the Songs uſed 
about the Time of the Trojan War, conſiſted chiefly of Hymns, 
wherein the Actions of the Gods and Heroes were celebrated; but 

in later Ages it was ſo uncommon to ſing ſacred Hymns at Entertain- 
ments, that Ariſtetle was accuſed by Demophilus for ſinging a Pæar 

eyery Day at his Meals, as an Act of very great Impiety (e). 
The moſt remarkable Songs at Entertainments were thoſe termed 

u, with the Accent _ the. firſt Syllable, whereby it is di- 

ſtinguiſhed from the Adjective 7x, ' which is accented upon the 

laſt Syllable, as we are informed by Ex/ftaihius C; whence in the 

preſent Editions of Atheneus, which often call theſe Songs ox:»e, 
they who will acquieſce in the ſudgment of that Critick, muſt read 
oxiha, Theſe Scolia conſiſted for the moſt part of ſhvrt Verſes, 
whence ox is interpreted win®- v G, a certain Sonnet, 
3 of ſhort Verſes, and derived from 'ox:Aiiv, crooked, diff 
cult, and obſcure, which will be fade, zxr Men, caly, by the 
Figure Antiphrafs, as we are told by the Scheliaſt on Ariſtophanes 
. Others obſerve, that /co/za cannot be derived from cs, 
agnifying difficult or obſcure, becauſe theſe Songs were commonly 
light and cheerful ; but there being three forts of Songs at Enter- | 
tainments, of which the firſt was ſung by the whole Company join-, 
ing in a Choir, the ſecond by all the Company in their turns,” the 
third by fome few who were beſt {cilled in Muſick, this laſt was 


ge TT EET” 4001 x0 vr ie ne c 
termed 


- * 


— 


off) Lib. VI. cap. xvii. (5) Conf. Atheneevs, Lib. XIV. cap. v. (c) Lib. III. 
vi. (d) Conf, Abenæus. Lib. IV. cap. vi. (e) Atbenæus, Lib. XV. initio 
cap. xvi. A In Odyff. b p. 276. (g. In Ranas p. 273. Item in Feſtas p. 519+ 

6 | | 


zee NOS» att AAS 1 - Lk 
Of the Mhiſelloy Cue of Greece, 403 
termed, cr from the Adjective oxen, vgnifying crooked; as 
being ſung out of courſe, and not hy every Man in his own Place, 
like: the two former (a). The Cuſtom was thus: After the Com- 
pany. bad all ſung in a Chorus, or ane after another, à muſical In- 
rument, moſt commonly a Hatp or Lute, was carried round to ever 
Perſon, that ſuch as underſtood Muſick might. entertain the Com- 
pany. They who would not or could not play upon the Inſtrument, 
were preſented with a Branch of Laurel or Myrtle, to which, held 


5 4 1 


in their Hands, they ſung ; this was terined ps; Jam, or rpg 


* 
* 


dss & du, to fing towards the Laurel or the Myrtle; this Account 
is given by Hehchiut in the following Words, Mos r- 1 Ia Orn; 
Wagps TTY Weg d one do KAT WS Akv2G kx. MN Fc barg rd 
dow avri Ts Bapeiry, Which Paſſage ought rather to he read thus: 
, dna iT cy 
This Branch Was Alſo texmed a;oxx®-, of dονE—,t] wage v 40%; Ty 


E229, becaute the Perſon who received it was obliged to ſing, as 


we are informed by Pluzerch (b), who more agreeably to the former 
Account, and perhaps to the Truth, obſeryes, that the cri zyere 
not ſung of all who could' not 7 upon the mufical Inſtrument, 
which is Kagetza,; Notiod of $48 Songs! bit ea by thoſe who 
were Maſters of Muſick, whence he derives the Name from ox", 
difficult to fing, one of theſe Songs being what could not be done 
by any but good Proficients in the Art of Mulick. He farther adds, 
that ſome were of Opinion that the Braych of Myrtle was not de- 


livered to the Company in a direct Order, bat carried from Bed to 


Bed, fo as when the firſt Perſon in the uppermoſt Bed had done 
ſinging, he delivered it to the firſt in the ſecond Bed, from whom 
it was tranſmitted to the firſt in the third Bed ; that the ſeconds in 
each Bed delivered it to one another in the ſame Manner, and fo 
forward, till it had paſſed thro' the whole Company; and that on 
this account the Songs were termed cxiAa, from oxi, as it 


ſignifies crooked, by reaion of the ſeveral Windings in carrying 


about the Branch of Myrtle. Theſe Sceha were chiefly uſed by the 
Athenians, neither were they unknown in other Parts of Greece, 
where we find ſeveral celebrated Writers of Sco/za to have lived, 
ſuch were Anacreon of Teos, Alcerns of Leſbos, Praxilla of Sicyon, 
and others (c). Their Arguments were of various Kinds; ſome of 
them, to ule the Words of Euftathius ( 4%, were oxunlxae, 10 S ipulhixe, 
Tz 9 x01 owedaia, ludicrous and ſatirical, others amorous, and 
many of them ſerious ; thoſe upon ſerious Arguments ſometimes. 
contained wapaineris Twa « wp Xenoium tis rw Bi, a practi- 
cal Exhortation or Sentence, as we learn from Arhenzus (e); 
ſometimes they conſiſted of the Praiſes and illuſtrious Actions of 

Ws 7 2D .EP a is great 


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Kit: "GP 


XV, cap. xiv, Dicearchus. lib, de muſicis certarginibus apud, friftegbaris Scholiaſſey 


* N , 1 nn e 2 2 
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494 Of the Miſcellany Cuſtoms of Greece. 

great Men ; this latter ſort commonly bore the Perfon's Names whom 
they celebrated; thus © puodiz He-, the Song of Harmodius, accord- 
ing to Hefpchius, was 1d ins Appodiu winds oxime od Kal grave, 
the Scolium compoſed b ie nap f as Harmodius, the famed Pa- 


triot, who delivered Athent from the Tyranny of Hipparchus the Son 


of Pififtratus, whom he killed; the firſt Verie of this Scolium is pre- 
Aa N Are. Apmolis, Mg Nov —* / 
Ovdng ment” amp iy, AN. Dao? nin» BEER 


„ 


mentioned by the ſame Author; 


Ad fur o & T&ipt ua do, Tau; wyobss p, | 
Te ry v1 Zug oxedor n 


Adar MyO- was a Scolium upon Admetus King of Thefal 3 i 1 


Ts 


There are many 7 op of the ancient Scolia preſerved in the ; 


Greek Authors, of which I ſhall only ſet down that one which was 
compoſed by Ariſtotle 
Demophilus, ſuborned one Eurymedon, affirmed to be a ſacred 
Pan, in order to prove the Philoſopher, who daily uſed this Song, 
guilty of Impiety, as hath been before related, yet it is from the 
very Phraſe and Diction plainly demonſtrated to be nothing more 
than an ordinary Scolium, by Demecritus in Athenæus (SY; 
EY Agra amovphoxye e ha. 2 RH WA . 
Tin, Gels, 
 Onpapua xannrer Riv 
Date wp), magyin, ge _ 
Kal Jani gn ν EMαν ? 
Kal weg TANG: uf Te 


Emi Opinca Boy 
Kar Y d elmer, 
008 xptioow & Yyorto, 
Manaxavyitoo I vm” 
Ziv I Hir © Aids Hanne, 
Anda; Ti xigos wa aviTARTHAY, 
Egyoug Tay ayopeuorii; e 
Eo Js öde Aginnets, 
| Ala; r Alas Sopus nAvgor. 
Tac © n PiN popPas 
Kal ATaprius iigod@- 
H. xnewos avyzs. EN | wy | 
To ag aνοννẽ½ tg 016 e 2 5 
© AdavaTi Te july avtnoeo1 Mz oa, 1 
| Myunwootrng Jvyalepec, 
Aide Ewiz ib, avteou, 
SM Tt vis Proxiag. 


(a) Peſpis. (6) Lib. XV. p. 696. 


wy . 


2 


ms Hermias Tyrant of Atarnea, which, tho? 
* 


War LT RE ORR YE UE BE In yn AI IE GEE 5 7 RI ˙ onus Hs TH VR” _ 


v1 umn e yg 


aq £2 Wet +, ne 


— Py 


— 


| en 7 „„ ˙ a ² ↄ Rag Ta, * | 
Of the Miſcellany Cuſtoms of Greece, 405 
From the Songs let us paſs to the Sports and Paſtimes which fol- 


lowed Entertainments ; this was the ancient Method, as we learn 
from Homer's Deſcription of an Entertainment made by Alcinaus, 
King of Phæacia, wherein the Entertainment being taken away, 


and the Muſick ended, the Gueils are invited to wreſtle, leap, run 


Races, and to other bodily Exerciſes (a) : 


 Kindurs Oar nytrorrs n midollrg, 
Hon e Jr 0c dar-. 5 Ne ng, 

 ®oguuryyss N, ij devil νEj;s try daheln. 
Nov & LED Iw pe, 9 l NN en 
Hann, tn nn | 


Whence Euftathius obſerves, it: u 18. Toi npwow aranavioJa wile 
go xate Tous UF im n wines (6), that the Heroes did not reſt 
after Meals, for the better Concoction of their Meat, as. beeame . 
_ cuſtomary in later Ages; on wich Pretence the later Greeks laying 


aſide the violent Exerciſes which were anciently uſed, diverted them- 
ſe ves with ſuch Sports and Recreations as required Jeſs Toil and 
Labour, The ſeveral Sorts of Sports and Games which were prac- 


tiſed by the Greeks, have been accurately deſcribed by the learned 
Meurſſus, and from him again by Bulengerus ; they are too numerous 


to be recounted in this Place; however, the Ha., which was 
more peculiar to Entertainments, and 1s on that Account deſcribed 


by Pollux, and takes up ſeveral Pages in Aubenæus, muſt not be 
omitted. This Paſtime was firſt invented in Szcily, whence it was 


communicated to moſt other Parts of Greece, eſpecially to Athens, 


| where it obtained very Ju Repute. The Form was thus: A Piece 


of Wood being erected, another was placed upon the Top of it, 


with two Diſhes hanging down from each Extremity in the manner 


of Scales; beneath each Diſh- was placed a Veſlel full of Water, 
wherein ſtood a Statue compoſed for the moſt part of Braſs, and 
called pars. They who did z:71a% Gi, play at the Cortabus, ſtood 
at ſome diſtance, holding a Cup of Water or Wine, which they en- 
deavoured to throw into one ot the Diſhes, that the Diſhes by that 
Weight might be knocked againſt the Head of the Statue under it. 
The Perſon who threw in ſuch a manner as to ſpill leaſt of his Wa- 
ter, and to knock the Diſh with the greateſt Force upon the Statue, 
was Conqueror, and thought to reign in his Miſtreſs's Affections; 
which was the thing to be learnt by this Paſtime. The Sound made 
by the Projection, was by a. Ouomatopœia, termed azrat, the Wine 
projected az!ayn, and ſometimes x. The Action, as alſo the Cup 
out of which the Wine was projected, was called ayzvay, becauſe vn. 
det ic xi IYKUNS)Y, xi U ν We i w geh i, TELYUVOWevcs ws id 
54 re xa they turned round their Right-hand with a fort of Dex - 
terity or, Art, upon which they very much valued themſelves. 
Hence we find mention of xirla% a yxuilu in A/chylus, The 


* ; = 


7 


0s () Od. ü. v. 97. LES (3) Page 295. 


—_—— _t___ "A 


—— — ens 


ſ 


iD dis: 4 7 Yeſſels 


* <a rnday= CAS . ˙ 2 2 ⅛˙ V! ˙ — * 


2 PRs > 
— —V — — 


. —— * — 


thus it is uſed by Ari riſflophancs 8 


5 Of the Miſeeloy Cuſtaps of Greeee: 


Velitl were nam abuse, or norlaT] Ne; the Prizes vorlag; rela- 
Gita, and alſo"), Which were Sweetmeats, Kiſſes, or what elſe 


the Company * reed upon. The Play itſelf, to diſtin vith it from 


others of the e Nate, was termed HorlaGÞ 3 Xataxlv;. nd o 


much addicted they were to this Paſtime, that they had not only 
Veſfels made for it with the utmoſt Art and d Care, but round Houſes 


built in ſuch a Manner, that the Cortabur being placed exattly In the 


Middle, the Gameſters might ſtand at equal Diſtances on all Sides. 


There was another fort of Cottabus, wherein 4 Veſſel was placed 


full of Water, with empty Phials wimmiug upon it; into this they 
projected Wine out of Cups, and be that bad the Fortune to drown . 


the greateſt Number of the Phials, obtained the Prize. 
There was alſo another ſort of Cetrabus, wherein they projected 


* r Doane nn 
ice. 


termed o, br wupaps; 3 the latter ſeems to have been moſt 
cbm mon, whence 1 it is mentioned alone by Arten dorus, n N 6 mög- 


pats wafe This DaAzion ini ; the 5 Was anciently the Prize | 


(5, whence that Word became a general ame for any ocher Prize ; ; 


e 


Tg vag nad zaarego· 8 Pogajpss. | 


And in another place (4d): 


N, 2 er ald. in wagihd pz, npbrep®- > 6 1 
And theſe are the moſt uſua] Forms of this Paſtime (#). 


It was alſo held neceſſary to entertain the Gueſts with ſuitable Dif. 
courſes, as well as with Sports and Paſtimes. In the Opinion of the 


ancient Greeks, to uſe the Words of Athenexs (f), ** it was gow re- 
«« quiſite and becomin to gratify the Company by agreeable Con- 


« verſation, than with Variety of Diſhes.” And in the heroical Apes 
it was cuſtomary to conſult about Affairs of the greateſt Moment at 
Entertainments, 25 hath been obſerved by Plutarch(g); hence Neftor 
in Homer () perſuades Agamenon to invite the Grecian Commanders 


to an Entertainment, i in order to deliberate concerning the —_— 
ment of the War ; 


Andy ' fairs yiquon, 7 £05X6 d, ro. Zutz. 
5 Nei 


3 ** Ra —_ ** * 
— tant 


2 — 


4 ehe, ©) Lib. * cap. hexiv. © The Boy, . ite, 
Po 1 ; () Conf, Atbineevs, lib. X. XI. & r . Ait 8 
wx li 


b. VI. cap; xix. Ariflephanis Sthol. in Pacem. Fufttebins | in Iliad. . Jo- 
ham 's Tzetnes Chi lad. VI. hiſt. leaxxv., & Leritegrapbi Greet,” — tap. v. 


{g) Hy peſ. lib. VII. cap. ix. — ix. v. 455. 


"Laſtly, another ſort of Cottabus is mentioned, which was a Con- 
tention who. ſhould fit i u; 2 the longeſt; the Prize was com- 
monly a Cake made of Honey and Seſame, or Wheat, as we learn 
from Pollux and the Greek Scholialt (a) upon Ariftophanes, and thence 


; 8 | 


Of the Miſeelling Cuſtoms of Greece, 10) 


nN Anu, +6 THowd) Ut why Aff a 
Bean, Baawon, „ 


It was believed that at ſuch times Mens Invention was more quick 


and fruitful, according to the Saying in A;Rophancs (a) : 
| Ole vg Wpor ay Tr ogarlirarins 5 
where the Graiſ Scholiaſt diſcourſeth very largely on this Argyment. 
t was alſo the Cuſtom in Perſſa to conſult at Entertaid ments, as we 
find done at that of Agamemnon, as we learn from Abena (bY; and 
to uſe the Words of Ammianus Marcellinus (c), the 3 uled to de- 
| liberate inter epulas de apparatu bellico, & ſeriit rebus apud ſtem, 
Graiorum more w#erum, Concerning warlike Preparations, and other 
ſerious Affairs, at Banquets, after the Manner of the ancient Greeks 3; 
nay, if S/rabo may be believed (4), they uſed to conſult about Affairs 
of the higheſt Importance over their Wine, and what was there d& 
termined, was held more firm and inviolable than their ſober Reſolu- 
tions. But Herodotus's Account is more particular, that thoſe Things 
which they reſolved on Gies) when they were ſober, were can- 
vaſſed over again when they had drank freely; and the Things which 
ND they determined (pybuoxoparns) in their Drink, wers examined again 
in their ſober Hours (e). Not unlike this is what Tecits C reports 


of the Germans, that their Conſultations about the Reconciliation of 


Enemies, the contracting Affinities, Appointment of Princes, and all 
other Affairs, whether Military or Civil, were for the moſt part held 
at Entertainments. The way of the Syſtia in Crete was thus, ac- 
cording to Dœſfadas (g) : Supper being ended, they firſt 3 
about Civil Affairs; then the Diſcourſe is turned to War,” at whic 
time they repeat the Praifes of illuſtrĩious Perſons, appr hire Tov; vide 
tis dh ian. thereby to excite the young Men to Courage and Bra- 
very. The Lacedemonian Youth frequented the Sia, 5; I3acze- 
X74 owÞpoourns, as the Schools of Temperance and Prudence, where 
they heard Piſcourſes of Publick Affairs, and converſed with the 
mok liberal and beſt accompliſhed: Matters, as we are informed by 
Plutarch (H). The fame Author has elſewhere obſerved (i), that 
the Cretan eepiie, and the Spartan per, that is, their publick 
_ Places of Entertainment, BeXvinpiur awogayTwr x, our dfith & pf 
regni IN, were inſtead of Councils, where the chief Men of the 
Commonwealth met to conſult about the moſt ſecret Aﬀeirs ;*and 
he adds, def d Hat, g To ia wyvieriu x; Jicpchiotor, that the 
 Protaneum and T he/mothe, um, or publick Halls in this ny, 
that is, in Cherguea, which was Plutarch's native Town, feet 


to have been put ro the ſame Uſe, The ſame Cuſtom ſeems 


to have obtained in ſeveral other Cities, and particularly at 
Athens, where the ſupreme Council ſupped every Day t- 
b 550 e e NG IBS = e 


— — 


—— —— 


la) E uitibur 294" (8b) Lid. V. Abl. (e) Lib. XVIII. an ak * 4 
Tr lib. KV. 51 Conf. Plutarchus Synpeſ. lib. vii. quæſt. ix. Bl 4 
in ad: ; RY (en Lib I. cap ,in. off) De moribus Gernidhcthjs, 
le Rerum' Craicarum Hb. IV. (b) Lycorgo.* (i) Synipe). lib. VII. queſt, ix, 


„4 ͤ 2 
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46 Of the Miſcellany Cuſtomt of Gieete; 
wether in the Prytaneumz as hath been elſewhere related; and to d 
the Words of EAftatbius (a)) the chief Magiſtrates at Rhodes were 
t« obliged by an expreſs Law, every Day to entertain the principal 
„n Men of that City at a public Table; in order to deliberate wha 
ts ſhould be done the day following“ Hente, as Plutarch was cf 
Opinion (5), Bacchus had the Surname of EvGuang, prudent Coun- 
ſellor 5 and the Night was called Wen, as being the Time of wilt 
and prudent Counſels: And as the ſame Author obſerves, ** not un- 
bs litze theſe is that Aſſembly of moit wiſe and excellent Perſons in 
ii Plato, where things of the greateit Concern are diicuſſed“ As 
they who were concerned in publick Bulineſs uſed to diſcourſe of 
publiek Affairs, ſo the Converſation of Philoſophers was commonly | 
upon ſome Argument of Philoſophy ; Grammarians diſputed upon 
dritical Subjects, and others converſed in their ſeveral Ways, inſo- 
much that every Art and Science was cultivated and improved on 
| theſe Occaſions; whence &x/farbius had good Reaſon for his Remark, 
„ that the Greets did not drink to Exceſs at their publick.Enter- 
| #t t21nmerits, but only to keep up their Converſation about ſerious 
% Affairs.“ Examples of the Ditcourſe at Entertainments may be 
found in Plats and Xerophon, alſo (had they been yet extant) in 
efriftotle, Speufippus, Epicurus, Hieronymus, Dio the Academick, who 
wrote Xyes magx wo , Books of Table Diſcourſes, as we are 
informed by Plutarch (c), who imitaies the forementioned Authors 
in his Treatiſe upon the ſame Argument, e ee 
| _ Nevertheleſs it was allo cuſtomary by Turns io unbend their 
Minds, and divert them from ſerious Affairs, by Diſeourſes upon 
ludicrous Arguments; whence ovprioiw, the Greek Name cf an 
Entertainment, is defined by Plutarth (4), xoworia owe; «x, was 
Dicke, N20 7 wpeizewr, A Mixture of Seriouineſs and Mirth, of Diſ- 
courſes and Actions. At the fore- mentioned SyFtra of the Lace- 
demgniazs, where the moſt grave and important Sub,eas were 
treated on, they alſo wagte £91 Gov, A  OXWT (010 av Cuponoyxias, Ky 
er ᷣ ee fy dN, uſed to ſport, and to jeſt, tho? without 
any of that Scurrility and Reflection which is apt to give Offence 
le) And from the Table Diſcourſes of Platarch and others, it 
appears to have been the ancient Cuſtom to contrive their Diſ- 
_ Four:es in ſuch a Manner as. would both entertain and inſtruct the 
Company z nevertheleſs in the Time of Plutarch they rarely diſs 
tTquried upon any ſerious Argument at publ ck Entertainments; 
_ whence a Difcourie being begun at Niceftratus's Houſe concerning 
| Sub,eqt which was to be diſcuſſed in the popular Aſſembly at 
_ fthens, ſome of the Company, who had never heard of the ancient 
Greek Cuſtom, affirmed that it was an Imitation of the Perfar: C. 
Aad this Queſtzon is propounded in the ſame Author Jg, whether 
it were allowable to diſcourſe Philoſophy over their Cups? Some 
8 1 eee delighted 
ee ee e Oe 10 556 
| Hiad. J. p. 631. oco titato, (e) Syn rincipio, ) Sym 
10 vi queſt, 4 * (e) Conf. Plutarchus 7 5 & 95 Eb. II. 2 i. 
(if) Flutarcbus Symp. lib. VII. queſt, ij. ) Sympgfiac, principio. 


_—_— 


Of the Miſcellany Cuſtoms of Greece. 409 
delighted to tell Stories, and to repeat ancient Fables on theſe Oc- 
caſions: others choſe to read ſome diverting Diſcourſe, £57 aw, 
vor to hear a Poem repeated, which was A common amongſt Men 
of Letters; but no Diverlidn was more uſual than that of propound- 
ing and anſwering difficult Queſtions. Such of theſe as were wholly 
deſign'd for Amuſement, were termed aiviyuale, but thoſe which far- 
ther contained ſomethj"ig ſerious and inſtructive, were called ypiÞo, 
which Word, as we are inform'd by Pollux (a), in its primary Ac» 
reptation, ſignifes a Fiſhing- Net; hence ty uſe the Words of Clear- 
but (b), ** the Gripbi contained philoſoph;cal Diſquiſitions, wherein 
*« the Anaients uſed to give a Specimen of their Learning, inſomuch 
ve that this Paſtime prope yiro)»: rg indf2 T5 outer Ee l-, 
became a Proof of every Perſon's Proficiency in Learning.“ The 


Perſon who ſolved the Queſtion propounded, was honoured with a 
Reward.; he who was not ſo fortunate, underwent a certain Puniſh- 


ment; the Rewards were rip. O ip, a Garland, and the 


Applauſe of the Company, as we learn from the ſame Author z the 
Puniſhment was, to drink, without taking Breath, a C ip of 


Wine mixed with Salt, as Atheuæus (c) has proved out of the Ga- 
8 of Antiphanes : the Reward, according to Pollux Ca], was a 


iſh of Meat ; the Penalty, a Salt Cup. Others report, that a Cup 
of Wine was the Prize, which was adjudged to the Perſon who ſolved 
the Riddle; or in caſe no Man could ſolve it, to the Perſon by 
whom it was propounded (e). The Account of Heſchius differs ſome- 
what from all which have been hitherto mentioned ; he tell us, that 
fi. is cf guνZEis ali, Y Tperyur τ wn Tar Tor | 
fies, ie ruh To a uyxsi prey, jr apo, n s Jop, TE an enl matical 
„ Queſtion at Compotations, which whoever fails of ſolving, Is 


| „ obliged to drink chat which is ſet before him, whether it be un- 


% mix'd Wine or Water ;” and there is no doubt but the Rewards 
and Penalties were varied, according to the Diſpoſition of the Com- 
pany, The common Name of theſe, and all other Queſtions uſed on 

the like Occaſions, was xu Giliuale, TheodeFes, the Sophiſt 


| termed them pnponxc SE,, becauſe he had got a Set of them by 


heart, which was uſually done by ſuch as frequented publick Enter- 
tainments (//. That the Cuſtom of propounding Riddles was very 
ancient, and derived from the Eaſtern Nations into Greece, appears 
from the Story of Samſon in the Book of Judges, who propounded a 


Riddle to the Philiftines at his Nuptial Feaſt. Neither were theſe 


Queſtions confined to Entertainments, but in the primitive Times 


were propoſed on other Occaſions, by thoſe who deſired to make 


proof of one another's Wiſdom and Learning. Henee there is men- 
tion of the Queen of Ss (g ) Queſtion to King Solomon, of thoſe 
1 Gl 1 F e e e eee 


Jens, 


(2) Lib. VI. cap. xix. (5) Libro primo de paremiis apud Arberæim lib. X. 
Tap. uſt, (e) Loco citato. (d Onomaft. lib. VI. cap. xix. (e) Etyrol:gici Auc- 
tor. & Phawvorinus v. N Fuſlatbius Iliad x. p. 7 Fo Conf. Pollux. 
1g) Conf, Rey. lib. III. cap. x. Foſephus ad Apiunem Ii B. I. Heroditus, Scrip- 


wr Convivii ptem ſapientum inter opera Plurarchi, Auctor vitæ FM jopi, &e, 


410 Of the Miſcellany Cuſtoms of Greece, 
are too long to be recounted in this Place. | 
Sometimes the Entertainer made Preſents to all his Gueſts. 2 
dach of  Baby/on having entertained Himerus the Tyrant of the 
abylonitans and. Seleucians, with 300 other Gueſts, pave every Man a 
Silyer Cup of four Pounds Weight (a). When V Nats raade his 
Marfiage-Feaſt at Sa/a in Perſia, he paid the Debts of all his Sol- 
Alers ont of his "own Exchequer, and preſented every one of his 
| Gueſts, who were not fewer than 9ooo, with golden Cups (3). From 
theſe Inſtances it appears, that Cups were commonly preſented on 
iefe Occaſions. Ris was done becauſe it was cuſtomary for the 
ompany, before they parted, to pour forth Wine, as a Libation to 
Mercury, who was accounted the Preſident of the Night, and be- 


lieved to ſend Sleep and pleaſing Dreams, whence he is called by 


Homer (c) will bine, and 2e dig To the ſame God the 


alſo facrificed the Tongues of the Animals which had been killed for 


the Entertainment. Ihe Reaſon of which Rite was by ſome thought 
1 that Mercur being the Preſident of Eloquence, was chiefly de- 

Seed with that Member ; others rather think, that by this Sacri- 
fice he was invoked as a Witneſs of the Diſcourſe which had paſſed, 


Some are of Opinion that by burning the Tongues at the Concluſion 


of the Meeting, was intimated, that whatever had been there diſ- 
courſed, ſhould be kept ſecret. Several other Conjectures concerning 


the Original of this Cuſtom, which are too long to enumerate, have 


been made by learned Men C4. It was chiefly obſerved by the 
Ai beni ant, Ionians, and Megarenſians. And ſome will have it to have 


been begun by ane of the Kings of Megara, who having the Tongue 
of a Lion, which had waſted his Country, brought to him by >. 
aps, ſacrificed it at the End of an Entertainment. It was certainly 
very ancient; whence Apollonius makes it to be obſerved by the 
enen 5 
O d pulli ile KEPT i on Ne Cg, 
H Nie ig ring ink yAWTOno sio 
Aide, ume 0s d ariPay tuocolo, 
And it is practiſed by the Heroes in Homer: 
MS ODS T by wave} g, avyapec & deri. 
As che ancient Greeks offered Libatiens chiefly to Mercury, fo 
the Greeks of latter Times made theirs to Jupiter, ſurnamed rot, 
Peri 7f) 3; yet ſeveral other Gods often ſhared in theſe Offerings ; 


particularly at Entertainments which followed any ſolemn Sacri- 
fice, it was cuſtomary to remember the God to whom they had be- 


fore ſacrificed; hence at a Sacrifice offered to Neptune in Homer (g 
Minerva, who was preſent under the aſſumed Form of Mentor, — 
ene be . ce, ee, 


8 —_— 


—_ 


Mercurium. (4) Apol. Schal, in Argon. lib, I. v. 516. Euſtathius in Odyſl. V p. 131. 
(% Agen, lib, I. v. 516. 22 Atheneeus lib. I. principio cap. 14. (E) Odyſſe Y. 


(a. Atbendws Hb. X. cap. fü. (4) Plutarchus Alexandro p. 203. (c) -Hymao in 


\ 
| 


Of the Miſcelleny Cyboms Grecce- 411 
viſeth the Company to ſacrifice the Tongues, and to pour forth Li- 
bations of Wine io Malene, and the reſt of the” Gals before they 
departed. . A ly TP WO Hot OUT WOT CO RAIEeY 
' O@;a TTogoudu wn, *% 4. N¹ 4 3 
Exdloaſhs noiros pehugeda” reit gf dE 


o 
4 
. 

* 


hund T. 


4 : - : j . 4 


> . 


It was beld -unlawfyl to tay too long at Entertainments which 
followed Sacyifices, "as'Htbeneus hath obſerved from the following 
Words of Miner in he fame Poer (8); . 
" Han yag ade dad ond god, 8N iolxt 
And Sto iv Ji g οον, d tt 14 5 
The ſame Author reports, that till his Time the Company was obli- 


ged at {ome facrificial Entertainments to depert before Hun- ſet (6) z 
but at the common Entertainments, where more Liberty, was allowed, 


the Company very often ſtaid till che Morning approached ; this we = 


find done by Socrates and his Friengs in Pla- Entertainment, and 
before that, in the heroical Times, by Henelape's Suitors, and by the 
| Phenicians in Homer, as alſo by Dida and AEncas in Virgil. It was 
alſo cuſtomary to contend who ſhould keep awake longeſt, and the 
Prize aligned to the Victor was moſt commonly a ſort of Cakes cal- 
led mypays;, (e), which Word came hence to be 
the Prize of. any Victory, as hath. been already obſerved. 


th D 


ta. a — 


CHAP XXII. 
O the Manner of Emertaining Strangers. 
18 keeping of publick Inns for the Reception of Strangers, 


was aſſigned by Plato C] to Foreigners, or the meaneſt Sort 
of Citizens, as an illiberal and mean Employment. The ancient 


_ Greeks had no publick Inns, which were an Invention of later Apes. 


In the primitive Times Men lived at home, neither caring to culti- 
vate Friendſhip with Foreigners, nor to improve themſelves and 
their Eſtates by Commerce with them. Neither was it ſafe to travel 
without a ſtrong Guard, the Sea and Land being both cxceedingly 


felted with Robbers, who not only ſpoiled all whom they caught 


of their valuable Goods, but treated their Perſons with the utmoſt- 
Cruelty, as appears from the Stories of Procruſtes, Sines, Sciron, Pe- 
x FO | riphetes, 


S 


_—_— 


13 11 


»+ L r 


(a) Loco citato, b) Abenen lib, V. cap. iv. (e) Artemidgrus lib, I. ca 
Mriv. Aiflopha nis Scholiafter ad Exuitts. (d) De Leg. Hb. II. ith wh 


* K . 2 1 f ,n : — 4 — 
ra . 9117 4 2 vs ky 4 * 


ls maloogs, agg N sn 


a general Name for 


. W 
—— — 1 5 


— — re — — 2 pate; wh — wy 
— * e =O — by — OL, 
L N r — — 3 a= . . - 
2 . ̃ —r:¼?¾ ea A, . — . — gg — — — — 
* d — b * — fo ann Ah — 1 __ — — 
* — 


|! 

| S* 

1 F 
| | 
/ 1 
i 5 
141 


then by many thought a very honourable Way of qr, and 


- 


412 Of the Miſcellany Cuſtoms of Greece, 
ripbetet, and many others. To live upon the Plunder of others wa; 


they placed a Sort of Glory in overcoming and ſpoiling their Neigh. 
bours, believing the Rules of Humanity and Juftice to be obſerved 
by none but ſuch as were deſtitute of Power (a). Hence it ſeems 
to have come, that amongſt the ancient Greeks, Strangers and Ene- 


mies were both 'ſignified by the ſame Name k,, all Strangers be. 


ing then accounted: Enemies. And the Perfians, who for ſeveral 


Ages waged continual Wars with Greece, are particularly ſignified 


„ 


by that Word (2). The Lacedemonians are faid to have termed the 


barbarous Nations, whom the Greets took for their common Ene- 
mies by the name Z60 (ec). And amongſt the primitive Latin, 
the Name ho/tis, which was afterwards appropriated to Enemies, 
ſignified Strangers C). 3 1 

The Sta was freed from Pirates by Mines King of Crete, who 


with a Fleet, for a long Time maintained the Dominion of 


all the Seas thereabouts. The L and-Robbers were deſtroyed by Her. 
cules, Theſeus, and other primitive Heroes ; from which Times X.. 
hon (e) reports, that till his own A.e Fever Bd irs dr, no 
lan was injurious to Srangers. And in the earlieſt Ages, all who 
were not 4atirely void of Humanity, are ſaid to have entertained all 
Strangers with Reſpect; it was then the Cuſtom to ſupply them 


with Victuals, and other Neceſſaries before they enquired their 
Names, or aſked them any other Queſtions, Thus Telemachus ard 
his Company are treated by Menelaus, who thus beſpeaks them upon 


their Arrival at Sparta /; KY 


Zin &Thober, x; xai alay fe 
Ams @a00G ume, eine owe; fyou 
AvJpor 5 


In the ſame Manner 7elemachus is entertained by Neftor (g), Uly/r, 
by Eumevs (G), and Minerva, under the Form of Mentor, by Tele- 
machus (i). Menelaus entertained Paris the Trojan ten days before 


he enquired who he was, or whence he came; and it is ſaid to have 


been apy ai ie, an ancient Cuſtom, to forbear ſuch Enquiries till 


the tenth ** if the Stranger ſeem'd willing to ſtay till that Time, 
as we learn fro ; 
where the King of Lycia is introduced demanding of Bellerophen bis 


m Zuftathius's Comment on the Paſſage of Homer, 


recommendatory. Letter from Prætus, upon the tenth Day after he 
had come to his Houſe ((). Ee os, 


"_ 


— ll : —_—— * e W . ads. aud 4 — 1 — „ 


(a) Plutarchus Theſes, Thucydides Hiſtoriæ principio. (b) Hefychius voce Eivot. 
(e) Herodotus Calliope cap. x. Pollux lib. I. cap. x, (d) Parro principio lib. IV. 
de L. L. Cirero de Offic. lib, I. cap, xii. Anbroſius Offic. lib. I. xxix. Conf. Com- 
mentarius noſter in Lycophron Caſſandræ v. 464. (e) amoerye lib, II. V 045. 
T. v. 60. (E. Off. y. v. 69. (i) Odyff. b. v. 45. (i) Qdyf 4. v. 170. (6 
Miad. VI. v. 174. P. 491. Edit. Baſil, NT CONT e ' 


hate Mrs 


Of the Miſcellany Cuſtoms of Greece. 413 


EuNu⁰,g 6 nd Sg di we 5 
A are On Sina rn id gobogaxlun@ νε 
Kal vdr pay eters uy dr Sd deb, 
Ons C 6 var maps Tipiroo pipoilo. 


| In later Ages Cretan Hoſpitality was very much celebrated. In 


| the ovagimia, publick Halls, of Crete, there were conſtantly two 


Apartments, one was termed affe, wherein Strangers were 
lodg'd,. the. other was agen, being the Place of . where all 
the Cretans ſupped together; in the uppermoſt Part o 

there was a conſtant Table ſet apart for Strangers, called rpanitx 


toia, kenn, or Ae fwiv. Others will have two Tables appointed 
for this Uſe (a). And in the Diſtribution of Victuals, the Stran- 


gers were always ſerved before the King, or any of the Cretan Na- 
tion; and ſome of them were permitted to bear very conſiderable 
Om̃ces in the State ().. 1 1 7 

The reſt of the Greeks, and e the Athemians, were gene- 
rally courteous to Strangers, except the Lacedæmoni ans, who are 
ill ſpoken. of for Want of Hoſpitality ; hence they are deſcribed 


by Tæetxes (c), as moſt oppoſite to the Athenians in their Behavour 


to Strangers; 


Ten Admaiog ri» B; tio dix ola. robe Ls, 
Obey n e ovlo PrA3Ewos Toi; ae, 
Toi; Aue vo, Tov gives amiAaumur. a 


For the ſame Reaſon they are called by 4ri/tophanes (d) Jitieurltuoi. 
and by others F, from their impoſing upon Strangers, and 


driving them away; which is the more to be wonder'd, becauſe Ly- 
curgus Chiefly follow'd the Laws and Manners of Crete in the Regu- 


lations which he made at Sparta. Nevertheleſs it is very certain that 
very good Care was taken of Strangers at Sparta. It was one Part of 


the Royal Office to make Proviſion for them, as we learn from Hero- 
detus ; and M. Antoninus (e) affirms, that Strangers had a convenient 
Place aſſigned in the Shade, whereas the Lacedæmoniuns themſelves 
lay down without Diſtinction of Places, But the Opinion of their 
rough and uncivil Uſage of Strangers, ſeems to have prevailed chiefly 
on theſe Accounts: | 2 e 

Firſt, becauſe Foreigners, when they lived upon the Spartan Diet, 
hich was extremely coarſe, thought themſelves ill entertained; hence 


a Citizen of Sybaris happening to be treated after the Spartap Faſhion, 


profeſs'd, that he no longer wonder'd how it came to paſs that the 
Ypartars deſpiſed Dangers more than other Nations, fince they were 
allowed no Pleaſure for which they could deſire to live (FJ. 


Secondly, 
(a) Aibeneeus libs IV, cap. ix» (6) Heractides de Repub. | (e) Chilied, VI, 


hift, cxxx,. ( 4) Pace, (e] Lib, XI. ad ſeipſum, (f) lib, IV. cap. vi. - 


SS es 4 ee „ 1 — 6A 
' bt Y . 
es. . v — 2 — — 


this Room 


- 5 — — * . 
— _ 1 — — 
— — — — — — —— 
4 — — ————— - 


That theſr and the ke Ore 


414 Of ibe Miſcellany Cuſtoms of Greece. 

Secondly, Becauſe Strangers had Admittance into Sparta only on 
wpoptras nip, certain Days (a). This was Proviſion againſt the 
promiſcuous and frequent Concourſe ef other” Nations, which they 
avoided as much as poſhbly they could, either, as {rchidamas in Li- 
banius (b) reports, to prevent Foreigners from obſerving the Faults 
and Miſcartiapes'of Sparta, which Wel, in T hucydides ty ſeems alſo 
to reptoach tem with, er rather fearing that the Manners of their 
Citizeww would be cofrupted by a too free ant unlimited Converſa- 
tiom with other Nations; which Atrount of this Appofmtment is 
aſſigned by Neiße f, Plutateb (c), and others; for the ſane 
Reaſon art Edict was once put forth at Rome, whereby Strangers, % 
ur bis grubihui, were forbidden the Uſe of that City ). Ard the 
Lacedembmiam were nbt flowed tb travel into foreign Countries, 
leſt they ſhoulc introduce fofei 5 Cuſtoms and Vices into Sparta g,. 

18 weile not enacted without ſüfffcient 
Cauſe, appears from Lyſander and Ageſilaus, the former of which 
returning home from hen, ant the latter from Ala, coftilbuted 
very much to the general Corrtiption of Manking, which in a fhort 
Time after deſtroyed the ancient Bath leona Hitdipline and Way 

Td return to the Grecian Hoſpitality : In order to excite the People 
to treat Strangers with Kindneſs and Reſpect, the ancient Poets and 
Lawgivers poſſeſſed them with an Opinion, chat all Strangers were 
under the peculiar Care of certaig Gods, who revenged all the Inju- 
ries done to them; in the Number of theſe Gods were reckoned 
Minerva, Apullo, Venus; Caſtor, and Pollux, and chiefty Jupiter, who 
had hence the Surname of C., hoſpitable ; which was alſo ſome- 
times given to other Gods, Who were believed to protect Strangers; 


. 


hence Lachs endeavours to mitigate Polyphemas with this Reaſor, 


F 
* 


” 


that Jupiler was the Patron and Avenger of Strangers (5) ; 


a afdi7s;” bet, Orff” Diff Bf wor ti 
Zed &“ inrilepurivare inxeldir Te "Eee © © 
See, de Leben a eiob'6ow onmnder. = 1 


And Eunens is moved by the ſame Reaſon'to entertain the ſame 
Hero, as himſelf profeſſeth (i); e 
Eis Spur Helle it, d of dete oi Hen, 


Sie atopuho tc who; yep H e analy 70 
aber rt, ahold r.... | 


For 


WH = ad a1 naw ww % 


" 2 1 1 ＋ 
, 4 * \ # | 7 


" — 


— — — 
— —T . 


| (a). driſapbanis Schalight in. Pace Sudan. ( Declam. XXIV. .. (c) Lib. 1. 
in Orat, funebri. (d) De Repub, Lacedam. (e] Lycurge, Inſtitutis Laconicis. i ff: - 
Ciro de Offic; lb. II cap! xi, (g) Plutarth, locis citat. & Apophthegmat. Nicolaus 


de mori bus geatium apud Ntchum. Valerius Manfmm, lib. II. cap vi. Harper atto 


voce 40, Sc. (b) Homer, Odyſ. IX. v. 259. (i) Od. C. v. 55 


Of the Miſcellany Cuſtoms of Greece. 415 
Por the ſame End the Gods were feigned to travel in the Habit of 
Strangers. Thus Jupiter ſpeaks of himſelf in Ovid (a); 
Et Deus humana laſftro ſub imagine terras. 4 


In another Paſſage of that Author, the ſame God, accompanied by 


Mercury, is ſaid to have been denied 1 We by 1000 Houſes, 
which for that Offence he turned, with the adjoining Country, into 
a Lake (5), Lycaon was {aid to be transformed into a Wolf for his 
_ ipjurious Treatment of Jupiter. And to mention only one Example 
more, when Antinous in | 50 ere 

like a Stranger, injuriouſly, he is put in mind that the Gods uſed to 
viſit the Cities of Men in the Habit and Form of Strangers. 
Are & ah xa teas Our mer ante, | 
ON, ai On ay Thc imupan®- Ye; ig. 

Kai Ts: Oeol Edivorow i aMNoJaroios, 

Tlavloio: reo, emi pop wohne, 

Arb cara yep Te x) edv i pd Aeg 


The Rites of entertaining Strangers being the ſame with thoſe of 
receiving Gueſts at Entertainments, which have been defcribed in 
one of the preceding Chapters, need not be farther explained in this 
Place; only, this muſt be obſerved, that Salt was commonly ſet before 

Strangers, before they taſted the Victuals provided for them; 

whereby was intimated, that as Salt does conſiſt of aqueous and 

terrene Particles mixed and united together, or as it. is a Concrete 
of ſeveral aqueous Parts, ſo the Stranger and the Perſon by whom 
he was entertained, ſhould from the Time of their taſting Salt to- 


gether, maintain a conſtant Union of Love and Friendſhip; Others 


tell us, that Salt being apt to preſetve Fleſh from' Corruption, ſig- 
nied, that the Priend{hip which was then begun, thonld be firm 
_ and laſting. And ſome, to mention no more different Opinions 

concerning this Matter, think; that a Regard was had to the purify- 
ing Quality of Salt, which was commonly uſed in Luftratfons, and 
that it intimated that Friendthip ought to be free from aſl Deſign 
and Artifice, Jealouſy and Suſpicion (4). It may be the Ground of 


this Cuſtom was only this, that Salt was conftantly uſed at all Ra- 


tertainments both of the Gods and Men, whence a particular Sanctity 
was believed to be lodged in it; it 15 hence called $3 4, di- 
vine Salt, by Homer; and Tepog- ds, holy Salt, by others ; and 
Jalinorum appofitu, by the placing of Salt on the Table, a Sort of 
Flolineſs was thought to be dirived to them (e). Indeed all Things 

which any way conduced to promote Love and Concord, efpeci 
in thoſe early Times, when Men lived by Spoil and Rapine, my 
5 * Oo „ 1 8 «> e | 


* 
- * # r 
* 
7 b 


(a) Afar, Ib. I. v. 2713. (6) Atem, VIII. v. 626. (e) ef? v. 489 (4) 
Conf. Eupatbiunin Jhad.' 4 p. 100. Lycopbronis Sebolraftes in v. 1 35. 137. (e) Ar- 
n4b, 5 contra Gentes lib, II. IS | as os +4 


* | 


(e) treats Ulyſes, who there appears 


_- 0 l * > . -— *, 4% 2 
. —— —-„— — — —— 


416 Of the Miſcellany Cuſtoms of Greece. 
held to be ſacred ; hence the Table was thought to be endowed with 


an inherent Holineſs as well as the Salt. Ts &polpxwiG4, to have eaten 
at the ſame Table, was eſteemed an inviolable Obligation to Friend- 
ſhip ; and d «, rar mTapubaiuw, to tranſgreſs the Salt and the 
Table, that is, to break the Laws of Hoſpitality, and to injure one 


by whom any Perſon had been entertained, was accounted one of 


the blackeſt Crimes; hence that exaggerating Interrogation of De- 
moftbenes (a), IId a; ws Tpamigai; Taurz yap Tpaywd @apiuy, 


„ Where is the Salt? Where the hoſpitable Table? For in de- 


| © vight of theſe he has been the Author of theſe Troubles.” And 


-rime of Paris in ſtealing Helena is aggravated by Caſſargra (6) 
upon this Conſideration, that he had contemned the Salt, and over- 


turned the hoſpitable "Table ; 


— N Tor Zero ee 
ZurJoprov Alycivn® G ονντπτ] Way 

 Enang did dh dg ix NM, 
Ad F rg vg, XUAYUKUTWI GS Heger. 


And vd dudrryur , to converſe under the ſame Roof, was thought to 
be ſane ſort of Engagement to Love and Courteſy, as we learn from 
the Comment of Eufathius on that Paſſage of Homer, where Ajax 


endeavours to pacify Achilles by this Motive, that they were in the 
ſame Hauſe, and under the ſame Roof (c). , WT Re 


' Aitooas N pixalior, vrupdPÞrc: N ro top, 


The Alliance which was contrafted by Hoſpitality was termed epa 


erte, it was held very ſacred, and wo; vd ovyymns Sie xpiirlur roi; 
waz; 31, was rather more inviolably obſerved by the Ancients 
than the Ties of Kindred and Conſanguinity, Feucer in Homer en- 
deavoured to deprive Priamus of his Kingdom, tho? he was the Son 
of Heſone, the Siſter of Priamus; whereas Glaucus and Diomedes laid 
down their Arms in the Heat of Battle, out of a pious Regard to 
the hoſpitable Alliance, which had been entered into by their Pro- 


genitors Ozexs and Bellerophan, as E Rathins (4) obſerve;, Hence it 


appears farther, that the Alliances of Hoſpitality were derived by 


Parents to their Children; neither were they contracted only by pri- 
vate and ſingle Men; but by theſe with whole Families and Cities. 
Hence Megillus in Plato (e) affirmed himſelf to be ,., allied by 
Hoſpitality to the City of Athens, Nicias, the Athenian, is by Plu- 


tarch called ai rw AaxiJaipuanriuy, allied by Haſpitality to the 
Lacedæmonians. Cimon the Son of Miltiages, by means of the ſame 
Alliance, became inſtrumental towards eſtabliſhing a Peace between 


the Cities of Athens and Sparta („. 


= 2 * 


| (4) Orat. de falla Legat. () Lycopbron, v. 134. (c) Liad. IX. v. 635. 2» 
691. Edit, Baßl. d) In Had. VI. p. 496. (e) Lib. I. de legib, p. 780. 


EAit. Francfurt, Corn. Nepos, Cimone, 


And | 


07 the Miſcellany Cuſtoms of Greece. 417 


And, 40 mention only one Inſtance more, Halyattes, King cf Lydia, 


made a Covenant with the Myſans, i d Zr tz: aM na , Where 


by they were obliged to take one another for Guelts and Allies (4), 
Hence it was cuſtomary for Men thus allied to give one another 

_ ov ubrnz, certain Tokens, the producing whereof was a Recognition 
of the Covenant of Hoſpitality ; hence Jaſen in Euripides 4 pro- 


miſed Meda, when ſhe departed from him, to ſend the Symbols of 


Hoſpitality, which ſhould procure for her a kind Reception in fo- 
reign Countries. 9 


Ang Te Wines, g 0; deaous! o 10. 


"Theſe were mutual Preſents and Gifts, called hm, or dg Fund, 
which zuprylg Toi; manu; antlivuls i; arzpmoy axlewi; H ν,⁊ = Tis 
£74y6r04; were repoſited by the antient Greeks amongſt their Treaſures, 
to keep up the Memory of their Friendſhips to ſucceeding Genera- 
tions, as we are informed by the Comment of Eaffatbius on that 
Paſſage of Homer (c), where Diomedes recounts to Glaucus the Gifts 
which their Anceſtors Oexeus and Bellerapbon had preſented to one 
another ; . | 


.H 2a vw 4606 Ee alp. & do wax aid, 
Ones yap wal dog av 0% BiXArgoÞ3v1lny 
Seine i, WEYApLIT EELICOLY ART t 
Or & 5 anos ebpor f , 

Onde 45 Sunn . d% Porn ©246:0, 

BiMApoPering N xpuorer ira; api 
Kat pr iywr x21iheirar Zi is Span ipeolot. 


The latter Greeks uſed to break arayzM;, a Dye, in two Parts one 
of which the Gueſts carried away, the other remained with the En- 
tertainer C). The fame Cuſtom was uſed at Rome, where each 


Part of the Dye was termed reſſera he/pitalis ; this plainly appears 


from the following Paſſage of Plautus ('). 


AG. Sigridem Antidimarchi gueris adoptatitium, 
Ego ſum ipſus, quem tu queris. POE. Hem ! quid ego audio ! 
AG, Antidama gnatum me fe. POE. Si ita off, teſſeram 
Conferre fs vis heſpitalem, eccam, attuli. | 
AG. Agedum huc oftende : eft par probe nam habeo domum. 
POE. O mi hoſpes, ſabye mulium : nam mihi tuus pater, 
Pater tuus ergo N Antidamus fur ; | 


Hae nibi boſpitakis tefſera cum illo fruit. 
OR ANA OS OY OF Upon 
(a) Herodotus Cie. 3 Medea, v. G;. (e) Iliad VI. {4) Euripidis 
| 2 63 W v. 613, ex Helladio, & Eubuli Tutbo. (e) Pæral. Act V. 
To 9 Y, 55. . a , . 
Vo r. II. E e 


un A IE — Ware VI» 7 5p TO GREY q RY — — 
N A ARES 5 IDEN Dd So Bn LL IPD ne — Ss 


R＋§ꝓãlZ 24 
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K 
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109836, 70 PrP 1c AR ens 
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as — —ũꝗ—4—ͤ———ʒ ͤ —— — 
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& ——U— Ys AAA» 
44 ͥ 2 * OR" „ 


— — 


— Ore eo: 
— 


4 Of the Miſcellany Cuſtoms of Grecct. 
Upon theſe etre their Names, or ſome other Character of Diftin. 
ktion, as alſo the Image of Jupiter Hoſpitalis, were commonly en. 


ies to violate the Laws of Hoſpitality. Thus it'is 


they who received Ambaſſadors, an 
any publick Account, were called mg64+56:, but the ſame Name is often 


raven; hence the following Verſe of the fore-menitioned Come. 


* 


| Fan (a), whetein the ſame thing, viz, the ra, with Jupiter en- 


'graved upon it, feems to be expreſſed by two ſeparate Names, 


_ which is a Mode of Speech very common in the Poets, 


Deum boſpitalem ac teſcram mecum frro. 


When they renounced their hoſpitable Alliance, it was cuſtomary to 
break in pieces the hoſpitable 7 ra; be ls tier Hye get ſipni- 
by the {ame 
Author (5) : __ 
Abi, queere ubi tuo juſjurando ſatis fit 5 PIR 
Hic apud nos jam, Alceſimarche, confragiffi igſeram. 
They who entertained private RAG were termed umpstc. 
d other Foreigners who came on 


taken for Men who entertained their own private Friends of other 
Nations. If the Perſon who received the Foreigners who came under 
a publick Character, did it voluntarily, he was called 8. De- 
in which Senſe Pit hid, is called by Thutydidet ( NE Adnaiu, 
the voluntary Entertainer of the Ahtnians; but more commonly the 
<;Zer04 were appointed to that Office, either by the Suffrages of the 
People, which was the ufual way of chuſing them in popular Go- 
vernments, or by Deſignation of the King, Which was the Method 


in monarchical Countries; thus at Sparia'the s appointed Tu; d 


9 791 aro, Whaomſoever of the Citizens they pleaſed to be 


Proxeni, as we learn from Herodotus CA); neither did\the Office of 


Proxeni conſiſt only in providing nen Entertainment for the 
fore- mentioned Strangers, but it was alſo their Duty to conduct 
them to the King, or the popular Aſſembly, to provide for them 
convenient Places in the Theatre, and to ſerve and uſſiſt them on all 
other Occaſions; hence xa ., & raed 'wiri@, beer was the 
Procurer of any Good or Evil to another Perſon, was termed S 
The Author of another Man's Ruin 'and-Miſery was called cgi? S 
. TWMsVus, or . d οαάν“ the Author of is Safety and Felicity, 
65 :vO- oO lnelac; Or fer. vir ic (e). ee eee | 5 

| "Gperkr called ©: - 


The Office of Proxeni was by the more m 
2x, which Word is uſed in that Senſe in dn of- St. Bs Epi- 
ſtles. Hafea are by Hefyehius interpreted xapionala, 1 7 70 

|; | NN „E 4 — Preſents 


(a) Ibid. Sc. I. v. 22. () Ciſtellaria, (c) Lib. Il. cap. Nx. ubi Conf. 
Cracus Scholiaſtes. (d Lib. VI. Conf. Eiſtatbius in Thad . p. 307. Pollua 
lid, V. cap. iv, Sudas, (e) Fuftathins in quad N. p. 369. 


— . 


Of ihe Miſcellany Cuſtoms of Greece. 419 
Prefents or Gifts; and publick Entertainments are called by Cicero 
in one of his Epiſtles to Aticus (a), parochia "ang - unleſs inſtead 
of theſe Words. we read, as-ſome learned Men have done, parochus 
poblicus; for the Officers were called wa,ux. and fwondp.xw The 
ancient Romans called them Capiarii, 
Name of parochus, Which was current in his Age: 


Proxima Campano ponti queer villula, tectum 


Prebuit ; & parochi, gue debent, ligna, Jalempue, 
Where under the Names of Ligaa & Sal, Wood and Salt, all ne- 


ceſſary Proviſions are comprehended ; theſe were ſupphed in all the _ 


Roman Towns to ſuch as came thither upon any publick Affair by the 
Parochi, who were empowered to levy Taxes on the Inhabitants 
for this Uſe (c). In another Plate of the ſame Poet, Parochus ſig- 
nines the Maſter of a Feaſt, ; 35 


—— vertere pallor FE 
Tum parocht facitm nid fic metuentis ut acres 


Potores. 


_ Whoever undertook a Journey, firſt implored the Divine Protec- 
tion. Before their Departure into any foreign Country, it was cu- 


ſtomary to ſalute, and as it were take Leave of the Deities of their 


_ own Country, by kiſſing the Earth. Thus the Trejans in Ovid 
are ſaid to do (d), _ | 1 


— text oſcula terre Pf Ty | 
Troades, &patriæ fumantia tecta relinguunt. 
The ſame Rite of Salutation was commonly practiſed at their 
Arrival in any Country. Thus Ces in Pheacia (e), 
xtos N beidogos FIFTY 
And Cadmus in Beotia (/; 


Cadmus 7 grates peregrinæ que oſcula terræ 
Figit ; & ignotos montes agro/qut ſalutat, 


Hereby they paid Homage, and invoked the Affi ſtance and Pro- 
tection of ir Free, the | 

try. They worſhipped the ſame Gods during the Time of their 
Reſidence at that Place, This was done by the Samaritans, whom 


2 | the 


n ? 


% at td * Wu 


{a) Lib. XIII. Epiſt ii. (6) Lib. II. Sat. v. v. 4c, Livius lib. 
XLII. Cicero lib. I. piſt. xvi. ad Atticum. Acron in Horan Tac, ON To in lit, 
II. Sat. vii. v. 425. d) Metam. lib, XIII. v. 436. (e) Odyſſ. i. v. 400. 


s 
O Ovidii Meram, lib, III. v. 24. 


Horace (6), uſeth the 


Gods who were Patrons of that Conn. 


we 1 Pen _— 


— ner' 


— 9 2 > Oe vs A. 5 wn — 


—— 


— — 


2 — — — pe A —— — 
SEF 


Nr 


rr. 


; 
t 
-# 


„K ² 2. 


42 Of the Miſcellany Euſtoms of Greece. 


the King of Aria planted in the Country of 1/-ael, as we fearn 
from the ſacred Hiſtory ; and by Alexander the Great, whilſt he 
ſtaid in Troas, as the Writers of his Life and Actions report. 
_ Laſtly, when they returned home they ſaluted the Gods of their 


own Country in the ſame manner, and gave them Thanks for 


their ſafe Return. This was done by Uly/zs in Homer at his 
Return to Ithaca (a; | | | 
| Ti9notw & ae tcreiſa Sohns N. Olugo; 
Xaigo n paing xe Ot Cg agugar, 
Aurixa $3 NH a u², xiigas arac xr. 
The ſame Rite is praQtiſed by dgenemnen in A/chylus (5), when 
he returns to Mycene ; and by Hercules in Euripides (c), at his 
Return from the infernal Regions. SUR nate 1 


(a) Odyſſ. 5. 384. N (5) Agamemnon v. 819. (e) Hercul. Lurcat. 


The END of VOL. Il. 


* *H x 


Second Volume. 


"Pagan 
Bdication of Children 352 
Achaian Slings 48, 49 


Admiral 143, 144. Of the Lace- 


deamonian Fleet 


$4955 
| Adopted Children 


34% 
Adultery, how reputed of, and 


puniſhed _ 302 
Agaæon invented Ships of War 1 24 
Aginenfiaus invented Ships 121 
A eyptian Trumpet 82 
Aiolians uſed not to declare War 
65. Looked on as Robbers 21d. 


Agnus Caſtus, an A againſt 


Lore 201 
Alarms ſounded on various In- 
{truments 79, Ce. 
Altars inſtead of Trophics 114. 


Placed near Graves 237 
Anchors 131, 132 
Anointing of the Dead 180 


Antidotes againſt Love 259, &c. 


Apollo invented Bows 416. Ho- 


noured at Argos with Sacrifices 
after Mourning 232, With Of. 
terings of Hair 282. Reputed 
the Cauſe of ſudden beg. 


172, 173 
195, 199 
50, 51 


Apparel of Mourners 
Of Soldiers 


Armour of Horſemen aa Horſes 


Anchers 16 


Archers of Triumph T7 

Argian Bucklers 34 

Argians ſacrificed to Apello after 
lourning 232 


Aries the Conſtellation, N e | 
called 23 

Armies, how divided, 56, 645 
how marſhalled 76 


Arms, by whom invented, 19, 20 


Compoſed of Brafs, 2 20, 
21, 22, How adorned 22. Al- 
ways worn by the primitive 
Greeks, and barbarous Nations, 
22, 23. Of what ſorts 23, 24, 
25, Oc. 141. Turned down 
at Funerals 103. Dedicated in 


Temples 109, 110, Burned 
with Soldiers 209 


18 


Arrows NE 43, Ec. 
Aſnes caſt on the Heads of Mourn- 
ers 201 


Aſhes of the Dead carried home 


16 
Athenians Sovereigns of 8 | 
. Moſt tucceſsful at Sea 7bid, 
Their Cavalry 16, 17. Ar- 
chers 114d. Commanders oa.” 
Sc. Heralds 67. Marches 70, 
| E e 3 Enſignz 


rr 
n 


ae oe. 


_ 


_ am 4: 
9 54 ee 2 —— IRONS 
w— — *— A 6 88 — 


Enfigns 78. Treatments of the 


ment of Deſerters 115. Provi- 
ion for the Children of Soldiers 
lain in War 118, 119. For 


thaſe of other Patriots 346. So- 


yereignty of the Seas 142, 143. 


Their Fleet iH. Marriages 


263, Loveof Boys 241, 242. 
_ Divorces 297. Puniſtments for 
Adultery 302, Ge. Midwives 
324. Cuſtom in abdicaiing 


Children 351, Frugality 1% 


361 


Atlas vane) Ships 129, 124 


5 
Balerian Slingers 48 
Ballaſt of 'Ships 7 132 


Banks of Oars of Ships 124, 2 5 


'Banqyets: not frequented 


Mourners- 


Barley-bran uſed to excite 1252 | 


3 
Baſtards, how treated 337, 5; 


Nat obliged to waintain Pa- 
rents ä 1 


Baths | 270 71, Oe. 

Battalias of ſeveral Forms 5, Oe 

Batjering-rams 94, 95. How de- 
feated | 


i 1 
Rattles 74, Ic. AM Sea 54s 


Beaks of Ships 135, 136 
Bear-Star, the Guide to Mariners 
144, 145 

Beds at Meals * 377 
Belly of Sbips 126 


Betrayers of their Country 165. 
How treated after Deach 171 


Black worn by Mourners 196 


Blood offered to the Dead 236 
Blood of Doves Re. in Philtres 


| =O 
28 146 
Baotian Helmets 27 


Bones ot aße conſumed to 


1 N D E X. 


_ Slain ip Battle 102. Puniſh». 


Aſhes, bow diſtingulſhed 214. 
Waſhed and anointed 215. Re, 
poſited in Urns, &c, 7zbid. 
Bones of Snakes and Toads uſed 
to excite Love 250, 251 
Bones ſnatched from hungry 
Bitches uſed in Philtres 252 


- Booty in War ' 10, Oe. 
Boſſes of Bucklers 3 
Bows - | . 695 | 


Boys, how loved $41; Ee. 
Brains of Calves uſed to excite 
. 250 
Bran uſed to excite Love 233 
Braſs uſed inſtead of Iron, 20, Sc. 
Breakfaſt 352 


Breaſt- plates 1 | 29 : .. 
Brick, a Form of Battle 
Brides, how conducted to their 


Bridegrooms © 236 
Red * Fd 
Me rains $6453 Yes "5 


Bucklers 32, 33, Ge. Carefully 
reſerved'115, Uſed to place 
Jain Soldiers on 34, 115. To 
lay Infants om 326, 327 
Bunal, earneſtly defired 161, 2M 
Denied to ſome Perſons 165, 
Oc. Its Time 191, Ce. Place 
218, Oc. 

Burning dead Bodies, why, and 
when uſed 207, &c, How per- 


foi med ibid. 
Burſazs of Ships 148 
ce 

Cables of Ships | 135 
Cakes put into Corpſes Mouths | 

186, 187 

Calyes Bains excited Love 250 

Camels . 10 

Camps PR TTL Rae 70, Cc. 


Carians, the firſt Mercenaries 8. 
Invented Creſts for Helmets 25. 
Invented Handles of Bucklers 
32. Their Flutes uſed at Fu- 
 nerals e 206 
17 Cap 


Soldiers 3 
Caſtor, we, ſaid to be hatched 
_ "out of an E . 
Carvers at Feaſlts 3287 


Cavalry, how eſteemed 10. 1 i: 


numerous, 16, 17. Their Pro- 


bation ii. Different ſorts ibid. 


Armour ibid. 
 Cecropsfirſtinflituted Marriagez63, 
Cenotaphia 225 
Centaurs, whence {0 called 14 
Cerberus, how appeaſed 186, 187 
Chariots, whether uſed before 
ſingle Horſes 13. How com- 
poled ibid. How managed 14, 
15. Made with Scythes 16. 


Laid aſi ibid, 
Charms 2575 Oc. 
Charon's Wage 18 


Childbirth, with what . 
attended 5 18. A Pollution 35 


Children of Soldiers lain, how 
provided for 119. Thoſe of 
other Patriots 346 


Children, how buried 170. Of 
what Gods procured 318. How 
managed 326, Sc. Expoſed 
7 2 Of different ſorts 336, 
©c. Partook of their Parents 
F. and bad Actions, 3 455340, 


©. Concerned to > indicate 


their Parents 367; T 5 rovide 
„ 


for them. 348 en ex- 
cuſed from maintaining Parents 
381. How abdicated 1d. 

Cities antiently without Fortifca- 


tions 4 How beſieged 90, 91, 


Oc. How defended 96, 97. 
How treated when taken 1514. 
Citadel of Athens graced with 
Arms of the Valiant 
Clubs uſed inſtead of Arms 36 
Ciytemneſftray why hatched out 


of an Egg | 312 
Coats of Mail 29, 30, 31, &c, 
_ Coftins 215 

Colopronian Horſemen 10 


1138 * 


IN DEX. 
9 artbaginians entertained Greek. 


C ombats of a. few Perſons uſed to 
decide Wars 51, 88 
Commanders in the 4:heniau and 
Spartan Armies 51, 52, &c. 
Concubines, how differenced from 
Wives 273, 274. How reputed 
304, 305, Cc. 

Conduct of the ancient Greeks 2 
Conſecration of dead Men 240 
. 361 


Corinth, a Nurſery of Harſots, 


309, 310 
Corpſes, polluted things about 
them, 138, 189. How carried 
forth 289, tc. How burned 


207, &c. Interred 215 
Countermarches 63, 64 
Countermines 97 

_ Creditors had the Bodies of 

Debtors 169. 
Creſts of Helmet 25, He 
Cretan Countermarch 62. They 


ſounded Alarums on Flutes 83 
Crowns preſented to the Valiant 


118 
Crucified Perſons not buried 169 
Cryers of A:mies 56 
Cu | 395 8 Cs 
Calraſſer 5 18 


Curſes on the Rebuilders of de- 


moliſhed Cities 97. Of Pa- 

rents very fatal 150 
Cynoſarges 330 

D 

Dædalus's Fable e 134 
Daggers 39 
Danans invented Ships 120 
Dancing 401 
Darts 46 
Daughters expenſive 276. Ex- 


Parents Eitates 341 
Deud Enemies, how treated 97, 
, We. 1 12h 

Dead Men, how 8 renced 160, 
161, When admitted into the 


Fl:/zan Fields ibid. Under the 


Ee 4 Power 


en 333,334. Shared their 


f 
. r!!! ͤ ute ts 5" 23 Pu 
33 one rd ne foe 
n. ——＋—-— — _—_ + - rr ” 
* Ad Wi 


—_—y 


Te <I>" 6, Es! 


, s — ———— Srenc > 
eee 


r al 
—— * ; 3 - 


„ — 


r ith es 2 9k — —— — — X. — — nh wg =o 22 ad 
2 1 N 0: 2 . 
39 * — 


6 TRY: 199 
Declaration of War neceſſary 65. 


Drink 357, 363, 364. e. How 


Power of infernal Gods 174. Dying Men, how treated by their 


Firſt conſecrated to Pro/erprna 
ibid. Had their Eyes cloſed 178. 
Their Limbs compoled 172. 
T heir Bodies waſhed 180, A- 
nointed 181. Wrapt in Gar- 
ments 7674. Laid out 182, 183. 


Attended 185. Their Mouths 


filled with Money 186. With 
Cakes ,d. Their Hair hung 
on the Houſe-doors 187, Com- 
mended 227. Honoured with 
Sacrifices 235, 236, Ce. and 
other ways 239, 240, &c. Re- 
tained the Aflections they had 
when alive  7#bid. 241 
Death, when ſudden, cauſed by 
Apollo or Diana 172, 173. Ex- 


preſſed by ſoltening Terms176, 


| k WP 
Debtors Bodies delivered to Cre- 
editors 6 


Its Form : 169 
Defenſive Arms 23, More prized 

than offenſive ibid. 
Defenſive Stratagems againſt Be- 
Hears So o7 
Deſerters puniſhed 115, 159 
Daals - TIE 365 


Diana worſhipp'd before a wg 
279, 280. The Cauſe of ſud- 

den Death 272, 273. Concern- 

ed in Child-birta 321, Ce. 
Dinner e JIE $08 
Dirges at Funerals 205, 22 3 
Diſcourſes at Entertainments af- 


. 1 3 *. · 54% * 
ter Funerals 230, 231 


Diſcour;e at Feaſts 407, 408, 409 
 Divorees © 4965, 94. 


Dominion of the Seas, by whom 
| poſſeſſed = . 
Doves Blood uſed in Philtres 26 W 


Dowries 272, Ec. 
Dragoons „ 


diiſtributed 388, Je. Manner 
of Drinking 392, 393, Cc. 


' 


Friends 175, Prayed to Mer. 
cut ... 
Eating Times: 33532 
. N when firſt uſed in Bat- 

tles 19. When laid aſide 74:7, 
Elitbyiææ 319, Cc. 
Elyfian Fields, when open to de- 

186 
Embaſſadors 64. Their Sacred- 
| neſs 85 66. Their Injuries pu- 

niſhe ibid, 


Enemies, their Approach ſigni- 


fed by TR 96. How treat- 


eld after Death 97, 98, Ge, 
DENG 165, 171 
Engagement at Sea 155, £5c. 


__ in Sieges 91, 92, Ec. 
To caſt Stones 91, 141. How 
eluded n 


ae 97 
Erfign, an Officer 57 
Enſigns N N 8 


Entertainments, their ſevera! 5 
354, 386, Cc, Materials 357, 
c. Ceremonies befcre them 
365, Oc. Ceremonies at them 
. eee ee. 
Entertainments aſter Funerals 232 
Epicureans allowed Self- murder 


„ % 168 
Epithalaminm 2093 
Erato inſtituted Marriage Cerc- 
monies 403 


Erythrevs invented Ships 121 
Euclia worſhipped before Mar- 

rige 270 
Execrations againſt Rebuilders 
of Cities 97. Of Parents fatal 
55 e . 
Expoſition of Infants 333, 334 
Eyes of dead Men cloſed 178 
Fables of Triptolemus, Perſeur, 
Pegaſus, Europas Bull, Ic. ex. 
plained 122, 123. Of Dallalu. 


49 P 
155 


1 . 


134. Of Cafter, Pollux, Ge. 


8 


F aulchions _ 1. 
Feathers of Seritch-Owls uſed ; 


Philters 201 


5 Fights 75, Oe. At Sea 155» 156 


Fire uſed | in Purification 1 
Fire- balls 


Fim-meat 359, >: ho | 
Plags in Battles 18. n Ships 
128, 129 


Flowers laid on Tombs 232, 233, 


c. Uſed at Feaſts 383, 384, 


He. 
Flour of Meal uſed to excite 
Love 253 
Flutes uſed in ſounding Alarums 
83. At Funerals 206 
Food of the Ancients 3575 358, 
. 

Fore-deck 1 127 
Fortifications by Sea : 106 
F . of Meat laid on 
Tombs 


| 351 
Friends approaching fgnified by 
"Oren: © 105 
F uneral Rites invented by Pluto 
160, Their Manner 179, &c. 
Proceſſions 189, 190, Cc. Piles 
208, Sc. Orations 237. Games 
237, 238. Luſtrations 238, 
239» 240. 
230, 231, 232 


Funerals neceſſary to the Happi- 


neſs of the Dead 161, 162, Ce. 
Solemnized by Relations, 163, 
240. Denied to ſome Perſons, 
165. Who invited to them 192 
Full Moon favourable to Sparta 


_ 70. The Time of Marriage 


266 


Games at Feaſts 40 e. 
Games at Funerals 237, $30 
Garments at Feaſts 3 
Harlands at Feaſts 383, 5 


Entertainments. 


Garments of Mourners 195, 196, 
At Marriages . 23835 


Gault invented Trumpets 82 


Generals of the Athenian Army 
51, 52. 53. Of the Spartan 
Army, 54, 55. Harangued 
their Soldiers before Battle 70. 
Fought at the Head of their 
Armies 27. Diſpoſed of the 
Booty 107, 108 

Ghoſts propitiated by. Libations 
and Sacrifices 235, Oc. 

Gods had part of the Spoils ta- 


ken in War 108, 109, 158. 
Invoked before Voyages 149. 


Before Battles 76, 77. Curſed 
by Men in Afflictiens 203, 
204. Of Childbirth 319, 320, 
Sc. Of Marriage 279, &c. 


Of Heralds 67 
Granadoes 8 50 
Grappling- Irons 141 
Graves "RVs 219, Ge 
Greaves e 
Guards 24; 4 - 

H 


Hair of * Men cut off by 


Praſerpine 174, 175. Of dead 


Men hung on the Houſe-doors 


05 Laid on Tombs 234. 
Mourners, how diſpoſed 
197, 198, Sc. Offered before 
larriage 281, Sc. Cut off 


the Victims Heads 236 
Harbours 152, Oc. 
Harlots 304, 305 


Harneſs for Horſes, by whom 
invented 12. How compoſed 


ibid. 

Harp aſed in founding Alarums 
„ 

Hatches of Ships 1 5 


Heirs and Heireſſes 3 39, 340, 


Helena, why ſaid to 8 


out of an Egg 1 
Hell divided into two Manſions 
| 176 


Helmets 


* 


. . PPP wy era any >; N 0 


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* 
* 


Their Harneſs, 

| Whea firſt backed 1 3.14. 

How uſed in Chariots. M4, Ma 

How tried 17. How armed 
Hoſpitality 412, 41 2 6. 
Houſes polluted by by dead 

188, 199. Purified 189, 230. 

How divided into Rooms 310, 


IÞ 
Hurdles uſed i in Sieges a 


93 
Hymen . ns 


1 


Jann: invented whips. 
Jaſmin laid en Tombs 


Tac invented Ships 
Javelins 


"0 


121 


ignorauce of the ancient Grgehs 1,2 | 


Images uſed in Incantations 276 
Impaled Perſons not buried x69 


Incantations 253, &c 


Inceſts . 469, 270, Sen , 
| Infants, how managed 325, 326, 


Sc, Expoſed 333, 334, Cc. 
Infernal Gods inv in Love» 
Magick 261, Cc. . 


Inſcriptions on Monumenta 222 
une, how conveyed 119, 


329 


4 


werte averſe from 


232 


I N D E K., 
Helmets AS. 24s Ge. Iatenmęnts uſed in. Greece 207 
Helass 3 Jung honoured with Spoils of 
Heralds 66, 67. Of Athens "5 War 3 Worſhipged before 
Of Sgarta, ibid. Sacred 6 D W 280. Cangerned in 
Harculas invented yy 121 Child-birth 20, 321 
His . 335 Fuputer honoured with Spoils of 
Heroes, how hon 40 ar og. With Trophies 111, 
F 128 te With Statues after Vic. 
Hippocentaurs, Whence called 14 oy 114. Worſhipped by Sai- 
Hipgomanes uſed in e F KO Before Marriage 280 
8 G 2. uſed to exeite Vo 249, 
Honey offered to the Dead 257 * = * 
Rd eſteemed, 10, 11. 10 
Their Number 1, 16. How * 
uied 17. Of how mavy ſorts Keels of Ships 126 
13 Kings, Generals of Armies 51, 
- Horſemanthip by whom invent- 54s 5 5. Their Concern for 
11 theix Peo ** 
Horſe bow * 11, 12. Kings of Athens Mu 2 
Co 12, 13 i 


Figs 
. Velour aud . 
duct 3, 4, 5, 50, 51. They 
Trades 3. 
Commanders of the Grecian 
Armies 4, 5. More lucceſsful 
at Land than Sea 5. Degene- 
tate from their Anceſtors 6, 
Forbidden to meddle with Na- 
val Affairs 5. Their Caval- 
WS "Ew apparelled in 
Battles 50, 51. He affected 
With Victory 51. Taeir Com- 
mapders 54, 55. Diviſion of 
Armies 61. Countermarch 63. 
 Heralds 69,68. Never march- 
4 8 till full Moon 70. Their 
N. ibid. Manner of Life 
in Camps 72. Watch 73, 
ho They began Battles with 
Sound of Flutes 83. Purſued 
not flying Enemies 88. Un- 
Reilful 3 in managing Sieges go. 
How buried their Slain 103, 
194, Cc. Meddled not with 
Spoils 109, Maintained E- 
quality 1674. What they conſe- 
| crated to the Gods ibid. Whit 
Sacrifices 


IN 


| Kacrifces of offered after Victory 
111, How gone. Runa- 
| gates liz, 11 heir man- 
ner of 22 Intelligence 
119. Of honguring che! 
5 Os 243» 
| Their Law. again old 
Bachelors 263, 264. Againſt 
Dowiries 276. 9 in 
Marriage 294-29 Divorces 
298, Wwes lent "7 They 
had no Adulterers 299, HINT 
Women, how educated and 
employed 317, 318. In- 
ſants expoſed 333. Nurſes 
326. Frugality 360, 361. 


ot kind to Strangers hy * | 


Lacedæ moni un Matron' 8 88 


nund to ber Son 34, 105, 
192 
Ladders to ſcale Walls 91, 92 
Laurel fixed on ſick Mens Doors 

172, Uſed to excite Wy 


45 3 
Leagues, how made 69, Of 1.4 


many forts Rs A 


Lemnians invented Arms 20 


Levies of Soldiers | 6, 7 


n to the Dead 235,236, 
Cc 

Lybian Trumpet 3 8 3 
Lientenant — 7 
Li atning 168 
Lillies laid on Tombs — 896 
Lizard uſed to excite Love 250 
Lore, how ex 


ed 245 246. 
Diſcovered 75 Erclted 247, 
Se. Allayed 259, 260, c. 


Of Bays 241, 242, gc. 
Love- potions 2347, Ce. 
Lovers interred together 316, 


217 


8 319, 320, Sc. 344» 345% 


daher, at F unerals 228,229; 


| lde, F. lutes uſed at Fu nerals 206 


Mien al : "34 


Money 


M 
Mecedinians erected no Tr Wales | 
$333 3,114. Theis Helmet 27. 


58. Counterm#ich 63, 
Law : Treaſon 347 
Magi of Perſia, how e 


Marches, when made 69, 70. 
Made with Silence 835, $6, 
With Tamplte by Barbarians 


ibid. 
Mariners 138, WG 


min ingituted by Ceerops 


263. Strictly enjoined ibid. 


364. At what Time made 
11d. 265, Cc. Not made with 
Relations 267, Ws. Made by 
Conſent of Friends 170, Cc. 
Its Cexemonies 278, Sc. Songs 


287, 289 

Mars invented Armas 19. Ho- 

noured with Spoils 109 

Maſt 134 

Matter of a Ship 144, 145 

Meals 352, 353 

Meat of the ancient Grech 357, 
358 &c. 

Men, at what Age allowed to 
marry 264, Cc. 


Mar Troops, how eſteem- = 


7,8 
Marcos, God of Herald. 97, 


Why invoked by dying Per- 
ſons 175. Honoured with Sa- 


crifices after ann ended 


2232 
Meſſenian Cavalry 1 1 
Midwives 324, 325 


Military Glory of the Greeks 2; 


3, 4. Rewards and Puniſh- 
ments 114, 115, Fe. 158; 


i 

Milk offered to the Dead ah 

Minerva invented Trumpets 82. 
Honoured with Spoils taken 
in War log. Invented Ships 


121 


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Money put into Corpſes _ 
„ 4 18 
Monuments of the Dead, 211, 
ee „ 219% .. 
Moon when full, favourable to 
Sparta, 70. Guide to Mari- 
ners 145, Kind to married 
\ Perſons 266, Concerned in 
Child. birth 321, 322 
Moveable Towers 94. 
feated FA 2 
Mounts in Sieges 93, How de- 
featec | 97 


Mourning, with what Ceremonies + 


performed 194, 195, Fe. For 
dead Soldiers ſ02, 103 
Mufick in ſailing 146, 147. In 
- Mourning 204, 205, &c. At 


Fealts 401, Sc. 
Myconian Poverty : , 367 | 


Myrtle laid on Tombs © 233 


N | l 
and en what Ac- 
count impoſed 330, 331, Ec. 
Naval Officers 143, 144, Cc. 


Fights 155, Sc, 


Nav! gation, how and by whem 
invented 120, 121, fc, In- 
ſtruments uſed therein 131, 
132, Oc, 


| Neptune concerned in Horſeman- 


thip 11. Invented Ships 121 


Oars in different Banks 124, 133. 
How diſpoſed of when out of 


TS e 
Offenſive Arms moſt prized by 
barbarous Nations * 0USY 


Officers in the Athenian and & by = 


tan Armies 51, 52, Sc. In 


Ships 143, Cc. 
Ointments, whether uſed by an- 
cient Grecians 180, 372, Oc. 


Laid on Tombs 234 
Ornaments laid aſide by Mourn- 
os BF" PEP 


Owls in the Athenian Enſigns 78 


ow de-- 


. . 

Palm Branches uſed by Women 
V 324 

Pan, the Author of ſhouting be- 


fore Battles 84 
Panick Fear ibid, 
Paphlagonian Trumpet $2 
Paraſites © | 307 


Parents Conſent neceſtary betore 


Marriage 270, Cc. Their 
Curſes fatal _ „ 53 
Parſly laid on Tombs 232 
Paſſengers, where placed in Ship; 
prongs Ego 127 
Pay of Soldiers 7 65 
Peace, how made 5 
Pegaſus's Story interpreted 122, 


123 


Perſtus invented Bows 41. His 


Story interpreted 143 
Perſſan Defeat 2, 3. Counter- 
march 63, 70. Magi begotten 

of Inceſt 268. Women, how 

treated 310. Their Diſcourſe 


at Feaſts (ff, 497 
Phalany , 577 55 
Philtres 147. Ce. 


Phenicians invented Ships 131. 
Steered by the Aer Hear 145, 
5 146 


Phrygian Flutes at Funerals 24 
Phrynus's Story interpreted 123 
Piles at Funerals 208, e. 
Pillars erected by ViRtors 118, 
| Erected upon Graves 221, 
ee 223 
14 
Plenipotentiary Ambaſſadors 68 
Pluto invented Funeral Rites 
„ = 169 
Pole- axe 3 — 40 
Pollux's Story interpreted 312 
Pollution contracted from Corpic; 
188, 189, From Child-birth 

Natty 335 
Polygamy, . 


„ N. D R K. 


Polygamy, how eſteemed Er 
Portions in Marriage 272, 
Primitive Simplicity 
Priſoners of War, how treated 
| 97, 106 
| Proceſſions at Funerals 1 22 
190, 


prodigals wanted Burial 169 


Prometheus invented Ships 121 
hs Ag cut off a Lock of dy- 
ing Perſons Hair 174, 175- 


Concerned in Child-birth 322 
Prows of Ships 127 
Purification after F unerals ay 
Rags uſed in Philtres 1 
Ram to batter Walls 945 95. 

How defeated, | 


: 97 
| Relicks uſed in Philtres 251 


Remora uſed to excite Love 250 


Retreat, how ſounded :. 87 
Rewards of Valour 116, e. 
158, 159 

Rhamn fixed on ſick Perſons 
Doors 472 
Ribbands to adorn Tombs 234 
Ribs of Skips. +. 186 
Riddles 403 
Rivers honoured with Offerings 
of Hair 282, 283 


Romans erected Towers after Vic- 


tory, 114. Their triumphal 
Arches, 113. Addicted to 
drinking 397, 398 
Ropes of Ships 132, 135 
Roſe at Feaſts 385 


Roſes laid on Tombs 433 
Rowers, how placed 127, 128, 
Sc. Directed by Muſick 146, 


"Rudder 5 % | 
W how dil 115, 


156 


Sacred Bands of Lovers 244 


1785 21+ 


Shields 32, 33, Sc. 
Shell-Trumpets 


Sacrifices before Battles 76, 77. 
After Victory, 111. To the 

Dead 235, 236 
Sacrilegious Perſons, how treated 


after Death 168, 170 
Saddles not uſed "14,13 
Sails e © 
Sail-yards WI © - + 
Salt given to Strangers 315 

Sacred "Ag. 
Salutations 
Samyres invented Ships of War 

124 

Scaling-ladders 91, 92 
Scimeters 40 
Scritch-Owls Feathers uſed in 
Philters 251 


Scylla's wy . 130 
Scythians, 
Anfiructed the Greeks, in Athe te 


of Bows, 42. Their way of 
drinking 364, 365 
Sea-fights 154, &c. 
Seas, 1n whoſe Dominion 142 
Seats Ke | 375 
Seats of Rowers 134 
Solemnus's Waters cured Love 
262 
Self. Murder, | how ala of 
167, 168 
Semiramis invented Ships of War 
I 24 


Se ulchres 218, 219, Oc. How | 


onoured 232, 233, Oc. 


Turned 
downwards at Funerals 103 
5 78, 80, 81 
Ships how and by whom in- 
vented 121, 122, Cc. How 
firſt built, 123. Of ſeveral 
ſorts, 123, 124, fc, Their 
Parts, 125, 126, &c. Names 


Gods, 131. Their Inftry- 
ments of War 135, Oc. Offi- 


cers, 143, Sc. Adorned with | 
Garlands, 149. Pulled to 
Shore ; 148 


err Bows 42. 


129. Conlecrated to the 


ä — —̃ ᷣ —— — — . 


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2: ⁵ ↄ y ⁊ĩͤ neoptiarn> = proonnd 

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— — 


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N ee ee 
— 2 — 


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— 


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A; e 1 es n * 5 * F * 
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= 2 5 
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Shipwreck, why feared 162 
Shonring before Engagements 84 
Sides of Ships 126 


Sieges, how managed 89, Cr. 
mes 1 157 
Signals 77, &c. At Sea-fights ' 


e 
Simplicity of primitive Times, 


Skins of wild Beaſts worn by an- 


cient Heroes 27, 28 
Slain in War, how treated 25 
8, Oe. 


| '- 6 
Slaves carefully interred 164 


Sleep an Emblem of Death 177, 
| : "* 178 
Slings 4®, 49, 95 


Smoke to ſigniſy approaching 


Enemies 


Snakes Bones uſed to excite — 


. | 1 
Solemnity of Marriage ordered 
by Erata 0 
Songs of Trinmph 119 Of 


Miaärriage 288, 289. At Feaſts 


402, Cr. 


Sorrow, witlr what Ceremonies 


expreſſed 195, 196, Oc. 


Soldiers of Gyeece, how efteemed 


» 4. Paid and levied 6, 7, 8. 
When admitted to War 6. 
When diſcharged id. Their 

different Sorts, 9, 10. Appa- 
rel o. Treatment after Death 


97, 98, Sc. Puniſhments and 


Rewards 116, 117, Ce. 158, 
359, Cc. Children, how pro- 
vided for 119. Soldiers in 

_ ET. 


Souls puri ſied by Fire 208 


Spears 36, Se. At Sea, 141 
Turned down at Funerals 103 
Sphinx in Theban Enſigns 78 


' Spoils, how taken and difpoſed hi 
of Soldiers how beautified 


106, 107, Cc. 158 


Statues dedicated to Gods after 


Viftory 114. To Victors 118 
Sterns 128. Pulled to Shore 148 


Sreyrs toferated 796, Cc. Ny. 
5 merous in Harboors 53 
Stirrups, when firſt uſed 22, 13 
Stvicks allowed Self: murder 168 
Stones, anciently uſed for Wea. 
pons 35, 36, 46, 47. Caft out 
of ines 95, 96 


8 Strange omen for Harlor; 307 


Strangers, how entertained, 411, 
. 3 wag Oe. 
Sudden Death cauſed by Apollo 


dor Diana 472, 173 
Zun gone the firſt Sailors 145 
oe _ 15 465 
Suppe 1 
— ol uſed in philtrss wn 
Swipes | : 132 
Swords 2 8 Þ 
'Tabl 8 dee 
Tables 339, 380. Sacred 415, Oc. 
Tackling of Ships * 231 
Tarentine Horſemen 60 
Taurus the Conſtellation, whence 
called 1 


Temples adorned with Arms 109 
Made Burying- places 17 „278 
Tenders | 125 
Thebans Sovereigns of Gre cx 5. 

Their Enfigns 78. Lovers 
268. Care of Infant 244 
The/alitn Cavalry = 16 


Thracian way of drinking 366 


Three, 4 Number in all magical 
% 258 


Thunder- ſtruck Perſons arid Pla- 


ces, how treated 169, 1750 
Tale, a Form of Battle 19 
Time, how meafured 365 
Tan, King of Aibent, de- 


| 1 

'Toads uſed in Philtres , 250 

Tombs, how honoured and a- 
dorned 233, 233, Cc. Thoſe 


$04; 1044 c- 
Tomb-ſtones filled with Frag- 
ments of Meat _ 231. 

| | | Top-. 


I N. D E X. 


Topſail „ 
Torches inſtead of Signals 78. 
Signified the Approach of E- 
nemies or Friends 96, 154. 


Uſed in Philters, 256. At 

Marriages 286, 290, Oc. 
'Tortoiſes in Sieges 93 
Towers in Sieges 94 


Inſtead of Trophies 114 
Traitors, how uted after Death 
1 46 471 
Treaſon, how puniſhed in Mace- 


dona . 347 


Trinket | 134 


Tripiolemus s Story interpreted 


122 

Triumphs 1 111 
Triumphal Arches 113 
Trophies ill, 112, Oc. 
Trumpets 81, 82, 83 
Trumpeter 


7 
Twins, a Token of Chaſtity = 


Tyrants, how treated after Death 


166, 167, 171 


Jyrrbenian Trumpet 82 
Tyrrhezus invented 'Trumpets 


ibid. 


Hyriæub's Story 3 


Vans uſed to lay Infants on 327 
Veils uſed by Women 295, 314 
Venus s Temple, a Nurſery of 

Harlots 308 
Vesta, how honoured at Feaſts 


85 28 
Vice-Admiral 2 
Voice, very ſtrong required in 


Warriors 86, 87 
Vows before Battles 69, 76 
Voyages how begun 148, Ce. 


3 
Walls, not anciently uſed 89 
War, by what occaſioned 1, 2. 
How maintained „ 8, 9. 


Ended by ſingle Gel „ 


88. How declared 65, 66 
Warlike Conduct of the ancient 


Greeks 2 
Waſhing the Dead 180 
Waſhing at Supper 369, &c. 


Watches, how ordered 73, 74 
Water placed before Houſes 


where Corpſes lay 188 

Offered to the Dead 236 
How drank ' 361, 362 
Wax uſed to excite Love 250, 
255 


Weapons. See Arms, 
White Garments uſed to wrap 


the Dead in 1 
Wills, how and by whom made 


wut 344» 34 
Wine offered to the Dead 236 


How drank 
Winter ſeaſonable for Marriage 


266 


Wives, how diſtinguiſhed from 
Concubines Oy 
When allowed to divorce Hut- 


bands 297, Ce. 
Lent to Friends 298 
Women, when preſent at Fune- 
rals 102 


When ripe ſor Marriage 265 


How confined and employed 


310, 311, Cc. 
Not allowed to ſtudy Phyſick 

3 nn 
Polluted in Child-birth 333 
ool uſed to excite Love 25 1 
Word in Battles EE 


INDE x. 


xg = — 1 99 — e ee Fes ro nr Ob 0 peer 0. or A ERC ALES of, Ag: I YL TO FULLY at Ts tos parte» a * 2 


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a Page 17. 
J retta | | 
deits | obliqua 158 
Mtnæ didiæ naves 125 
Apgeator remigum | 7 146 
Amentum jaculi 46 
Amethyſtus 384 
Anchonis 135 
Ancora ſucra * 
Ancoralia vel ancorarii ibid. 
Anguinæ 135 
Antecamium 3 
Antennæ 134 
Apertæ naves : 136 
Aræ — 
Ardturus ibid. 
Arcus aur © 42 
e 94 
Arietaria teſtudo 5 95 
B | 
F 95 
Balneum, Halnea | 372 
Vor. II. | 


Cone caput 


C : - 
Cæci & Claudii cur dicłi 332 


Caius Coriolanus cur didtus 


artius ibid. 
Caput cænꝶæ of 
Carina © 44 
Catapirates 912 
Geleres _. | . 46 
Cenotaphia Io 
Ceruchut, *anchonts, & rudens 
DT 135 
Cefhites | 90 
Crrcumpotatio 230 
Citharæ . 83 
Claſſis præfectus 143 
Claudius 0 
Clauſtra 182 


Clhpei orbis — 
Cœcus 


Cena 


Came proefatio ibid. 
Cobortes, mani puli, ordi nes 91 
Colophonum impenere 16 
Collocare cadaver 184 
Conti 1 5 -- 
Conus be 25 
Coriolanus 4 2" 
FF Cornu 


332 
+ 
ibid. 


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— 134, 152 © Frutilla” 240 
Corona cingere urbem go Fuit 177 
Corona civica | 358 Fulmen trifidum 257 
Corona navium © 128 * fun if 133 
Corymbya navium ibid. 1 
Corymbi ibid. G 
Ceſlæ navium 3 | 5 
 Cortabus 405, 406 oi _ "ny 289 
Cuneus 59s 1 ee nere 393 
507 155 Gubernaculum 33 
Currus falcatus NB Lords H | 
_ Cuſtodes navis 147 0 
CO, vel Ætna difte na- 83 141 
ves 125 Haſtæ loge ibid. 
Cynoſura 145 ns, principe & Triaru 75 
Hauſtrum 132 
"$3 BR > F | [ow 1460 
. ga. ne 149 
Decurſin "ent IH. "I 
D, ie e 12 
Denaſci | 176 Iþpomanes 247 248, 249 
Dentes pro ancora 5 735 2 mig um 140 
Dimittere uxorem 297 ih 1 ali , ada 
Divortere, diſcedere bi oſprtalts efera 7 
3 
1 
Egerre, exportare cadaver 189 lh | 
£latto iT averis ibid. fe 3 15 
1 10 fh, 62 
 Equites Romani 1 
"Mule © h 258 Inbibere remus 150 
xportare cadaver 189 0 N 3 
Bxpor tatio oy ibid. yx 240 
Falcati currus | 160 * 
Falcatus enſis = "£0 ae 180 
„ 382 + Jari 37² 
Ferrea manus 141 Latera navis 126 
 Foras ferre cadaver | 189 Laterculus 59 
Forceps 155 Latrina 874 
Forfex | 59 Lavatrina ibid. 
Tori & n 127 Lectus genialis 289 
Fræna lupata 1 Lepiones 7; on 
| | T4247) 


1 ** Sr. a 
Longæ hate | 5 N 141 i Phalans 1 58 
„ 29, 221 Phalrre 18 
Leina vt 319, 32, 211 | erf Terentii Fabula 34 
Lupata rana Pidura navis - 129 

| Lobi 7 5 | ibid. - Pleatiles ſcale _ 92 
Lyra | * Plutei 1 4 
1 : 3 146 
M Peoſtumus und: 332 
1 4 „ Prefedtus claſſs.. 143 
2 „ 1 Tas 204 
„ ne LF ORTDRS 5 
Meer i eee, O33 
1 120 a 137 
Murrhina 8 by N l 
˙L dane... 
18 VV 
N TS eg 133. 
——_ 206 Remora 1115 
Nauem ſulducere 154 Remo inhibere | 150 
Naves apertæ & teclæ 136 Remulcs "Ts 
Naucraris 18, 5 Repotia Ws 
Niger 332 Retinacula 132 
OO Rex convivii 386 
0 FN Roftrum vel cunens 155, 12 
33 „%  navis 1 
22 e : 1 5 Nudentes 
Oculus convivit 11 8 
Opiſera 135 Gaburra 132 
Orbis clypei 35 Sacra ancora ibid. 
Ordineß 1 Sacram ancoram ſolvere pro- 
Oftium 0 ibid. 

5 p Scalmi | 133 

- '  Solvere funes ibid. 
Pallium 180 Seal feats : 92 
Palmula vel tonſa 133 Sportula 355, e ſportula cœ- 

Fe . ibid. 

arechus 18 Stapia 2 
Parolcones : 32 8 5 | 1 3 
Paſſerculus 249 Stellio & Stincus 250 
Pedaneus ſubex 12 Strophi vel Struppi 133 
Vedes | 135 Subducere naves 154 


F f 2 Sabres 


” * oe hay 833 
—— ——— ———— — — 


— — — 


— — - — —— 
< 
K 


— — 5 — 

w Crna wet we — 
2 ů — — - 
"4 © an. — . 


e 
2 Pan oy 


r — 2 —— . 


e 


N e — 
RR eee eee 
* — 2 — 


3 
A 
—— — [DOD 


Aren 
3 


ee ee 
ad 2 * 4 * * hy * N 


e 


Pod ow 


r 


. 
a 


— —— — 
n 


— 


— — ww 
2 IO ny ls _— EI INT 
2 er Soy 


_ 


— — — — — 2 — — — 4 — — m — 
— oh — tas — — 


— — - 
— _ — > os — uns — — « - . 

—— _ < * — — — — . — 
o 4 — £ ZE © P * 22 7 —— — 5 2 r 


PA 
. gd 1 


1x E K 


Fuber Padaneus "TX. 
Saia 42 
Supparum 134 
15 om: 332 


8 8 ; 
Hats naves 
7. mperare vinum 
grebre 


ton 322 


Neude militaris 9 2 arictaria 


95 
Theſmothetæ, . magiftratus A- 
„ 328, 33 


thenienſes 


Noraces bilices, trilices, 29 31 


Tibie 


"of 


Tergemina, Proferine . 


Torpui lla 
Tantra 
Thar © 


. 249 
117, 134 


a 75 
Trih um fulmn yore. : 257 
* Triformis Proſerpina 522 
71 


Tuvres 94, 35 
Tutela naUis "OS 129 


Vile „ e 
Venus genitrix 77 


Venus Juno _ 281 


Vigiliæ nocti: 74 
Vinee wo 93 
Vixit & frat 1 
Vocatio i 305 
Vocatores be abid. 


Unbo | 42 


Umnbre - 350 
* unde 22 3 


IN PF X. 


Vocum, Locutionum, & Proverbiorum 


Grecorum, que in hac Archeologis 
cxPUCAINN' 


FP 


Tale! Bone 


Toon ena 1 


vin in” ' ayzupey 
ayxvhos | 
S | 

| ruh 


_ EyRUAYTY; elflaGe. 


a YEUNG aha 
cf 

dd fog nue ur 
AdurnTy XD 

Py gv | 
edna 

EYED 

i xigug 
EIK 


aun 

c due 

d ren ug 
a 

erna xcg 

pal 18 vi. 
ue faſicefor ire 
GX ST TAG 


173 
154 
152 
| 364 
35278353 


; * 


aue 
e xfe cad al 


arpobl ua 


dapoxi p y 

| aufe, vel Yew» ee e 

5 8 
Exprine. 128, 1 58 
aufruf LEY 
Aube h g e 
diefe ruft deri Gudalyc ; 58 
A Y , 152 
N Kw Faves oc FP 0 riipagos 17. 73 

R 

"RY ibid. 
KN es 372 


rita, (vera gi pia, S. 


Fu, & α˖a⅛̃ 3 $ 


GAME RAKO; 2d panes 272 
AN Ii, iefrcs 228 
&Mvordulol Iepaaxtes ö 
aD as, er did, * 
aire: * 253 
ab die pedale l 
e ur vel [uae 2 134 
tc T Na 373 
Sore virgines 292 
a t | 397 
ajpPrprÞrc pff 45 


lupe cht, vel ene, a YKUp A 


122 


Ale. 


—— . ——— ——— — — p p ——f— IH3} TAP, gt — 
Ar. 
7 


e 


a 4 ö ESL... 1 ON EY 
Pos Aron atone." HR AR G 
— —_— — — — — 
2 . - beliefs” Aru $254 
aw we = 2 
— — ng - os 
A — ' 22 


— — 2 — 
7 2 1 


— —— = 
PPP 
* 3 — „ FEY Sm ” 7. * 
” * _ — — 


— — 
— ñ . . 2 — — — — 
3 py N 


h e 
2 — * 


8 


2. | 
afp f vf 


erepuo ba. vel rie xa. ri nps 

xd, Th, vel Wr 240 
ANN %˖—“j] . 
ruh "FS 
eaxTiTforivnny 393, price ibid. 
ge Pakaye 58, Na 


vie 50 
pig 1 -BP 

NE 126 
Ae, e, Lat. den tol- 


leno, vel tollenn 132 
Ae, drug, vo Pipua - c ο 
11905 5 | 32 
N Eiyn 40 
| ade, ff | 205 
enaxai 236, arafmcba· ibid. 
e& wen npice | 294 
&TavNia, vel rah ibid. 
τπνν οννË - o 365 
f, ifa, vel u- 
pax; 132 


a clp 


Ev ooalip®- Jupiter ibid. 
e&Toyua, kr, FRED - 


vol retinaculaa . 132 
@Toyweo Jeu, denaſci 4 176 
1 Gov | | 62 
ami 372 
Aeg r. 3 33 
b ud T5 . ö 30 
arerallar vo in oed 62 
| amoα pu- 351 


1 N » thu 0}. 
Wi - «woxn? U3as Tor d, 


: ATlunpus 


alu af 


a&A@- TprvPanna ] MM 

2 Ya 9 9. 1 axobþuova "7 

enaxarurtyna _ 294, 295 a Tom3urr ts YuoreTea 

everaubavicdas wig rye 351 avooanveur 

Saf 331 andhvdes 333 

Ag e | | 2h 62 a Trolipumpuce 26 Tr et Ac 
ra ; 159 vel du e ibid. 

e $57, 413 are, 90 

enaant mulieres dictæ 318 endow ai ae · 1 | 57 

p eos 985 & ropgie nes 238 

2 vel andren xl 311 5 * e ooroxy PaM 

reid R ονẽ 341 8 


„ 


agen, & fù ala, yaſfa e 


A ibid. 
for Paper SON 191 
„„ % 352, 353 
« plea SR 1 


aprulcs, die v virgines | ibid. 


AH 20 WoTUKMUE ies | 2 14 
* 4. — 1 7 
6 034+ 140 


6 fun . proverb. 69 


Hf 5 141 
f Hfuipac g. 

a eto 134 
apx;y dit ParuyyE. 58 
af | 144 
epyurpixan@- 386 

of oa pa Jor | 372 
ui l 
i 15 3 17 


Conia. vel aomidiony. ; E258: - 


aoWwids; Gösta 32, tür, Tat: 
lot, ap; OD wodvnantis 35 


&omis | 32 
agel Io tis 
Aru a 331 
de ve 1 56 
au Jh © 354 
EO PaMNopa They 13- 
araor Iona 387 


au een 
FT), Ny $2, 1 
al riei ra. e 
| 2 5 ok 86 
c rexpa reſte Je 1 $3 
av  ToxfaTopts fle , ” mY $ 
4 Eri SpxroJvas e 383 
abi n | ps. 
| Aera, 1 0 Na, ales 1 2 8 
Aale yas | 7 136 
Aﬀpedirn, xa 245, _ 281 
, Be : 49 
Bey; $4 
Ba dog, aut 4 x0 dad in- 
terdum ro 58 
Bax ; 372 
Parandaye | 358 
Bari npior 372 
ace 386 
h Helau, Lat. vixit 2 ſuit did, 
Bin 38, ara ee 
Bios Axe | | 49 
Brorooms ; 96 
| Sepafa xa dai | 178 
Boe TF 43 
Boucs aowides 32 
ſon 86 
Fon % „pie. 
Baie 82 


| Bo2;, dicta auler ji, & cata- 
pirats 132 


rama 281, dick xh ibid, 


15 afl Yeol, 28, 281, , 


gehn, gel Rν exe, vel 


| piν,ẽ½ | | . "od. 
Jane, | 266 
aal xu | 49 
\ ya da | 218 
vais ibid. 289. 264, 280, 354) 


3 
act 1 26, 115 


35» 93. 
erooy » 25, 241. 
IN Nee Mp 329 
youu: Neo ö 320 
— - 
ynpobooxeir 9 348 
ces, vel Tie, 3355 336 
„ 
vfb cs, 46, apud Homerum at- 
"aka G, pat e . ibid. | 
Toure; | N 332 
via daga xog 5 29 
roauxis IS 
yuMor | 1010. 
ane a Move, drei , 
207 
yuaα⁰˙ | 8 316 
YUYG4R 010 jh0k & yornuien wes 315, : | 
3 
ura inv, ore 7x vel yν,Qv 
rte 369, 311 
] & H | 273 
yon AvTitors 292 
| A * 
Aale zan, 288 
Jale 387, iiou „ bis. 
dil: 9 85 
Jailvpores | ibid. 
daiſgòe | 387 
Jau 132 
Jad, Jad xn, dad 186 
Dave | FRO ibid. 
JuSoxio Ja | 393 
Sau | 353 
Jes Nö 115 | 


irres ard owvgidec. 


_ 381, 352, 353. 


2. 


N 354. 2 
5 tat, ans Tu ix — 
Tora ywyiuor, To Ka  owvelde, 
i. öh, it ile 35 . 
pe, Pęgallpuxdv, Onjolixer 
8 | 3 56 
Knee 


355 
Jain 2004440 281. xi ibid. 
ie ga: c proverb. 2 

3 


1 
* - —— "oy . 4 — — — — 
—— — — I; Rn RE 1 or 7 art > ge ee — — 


N 
1 
1 

PG 'S 
I : 
BE 
11 
3 F | l 
We | 
. 
I 18 
1 
"we. 4th 
| 1 
. N 1 
1 
if. 'V 


- 2 


— 
— 


— 
2 


— — —— 
— —— — . — 23 
Ne I R ane 
eee : 3 — 


b 6, be ett wes 


—— 4 — — — 
. ² A II GINA 4 
* 4%. wy * 34 


f . — _ I . . — 
e OI hy TT: Ss 
: 464 S” cm 0 > er 2 1 

e 8 — — : 


— 


— — — _ 0 
— - — - — — — 
—_— —— — EE „ r TT 
p „ 2 > * 


Fi en” 


* vacayoys 
| rreing 5 


>. rn Fnpolrzo Ne 
| AradFiuatles, cujuſdam Merellorum 


Ic, vel Jill whore 122 
e. bombpes |, 


N DE X 


55 16 


=. 151. 
u, Sven, are haun, ifidoas "we 


dei vag 
KA 1197 


drr 6 . 393 


 Sipprdirva wie F 122 


Nile 1 | 
Rulipc room(s e hOÞ 


* cognomen 332 
$12d9oJat ad | * 
Mende, ſolutiles ſcalæ 92 


dla ta, HNA, vo 
FSi 23 * 
Nx ue H¹ν 186 
i ad | 18 


Neo gie, vel e ä 55 


rern, vel OT ALLY 
Moros, rauPvrcric 147 


Hog owlype; xpatlna 299 
6 


dura as 4 
dir A p08 ? ibid. 
duda Ard gd, a Goya vel 
æ r Anroc, ibid. 
NN vel xa r BH, ibid. 
Toms ra ra yd vel xc ri brd. 
ibid. Toy xc r XoX85 vel vr 
Ba dos ibid. 
e e . 62 
Nh & D ax | 30, 3 I 
$Panayyic, xi A — pipes 


37 
Garde = pete 59% ante. 


mm id. I, ibid. iregoro- 
W 9M. 


15,378 


vp KATH - 


266 


Yxdloplcs Paiheryyes 58 
pH © W | 3 4 
fes fur 278 
gelle vavuuy, 5 ab - 

TopecioPopor 16, EvroP%goi, dna. 
bia, kreten, os © Oy. 
agg ed ibid. 18 
353 


degv 36, tale... 35 
dg vd bi revo 141 
bor 345 
da 3675 „ii. 


dago dbx 37 


| Sriraror, dictum Pepodpirans, 6 


oprrannÞopo;, xipaice PLE 
Jer avoPipor dp falcati currus 16 
bag Prov AAP, ſeu apPripcpuc 328 
duce, Antigoni nomen 332 


* * : 204 


PE WO e 


dye flix a Ir anda 293 
iyxaurin—— 127 
Iyanops x e 
z rolua, coſtæ navis 126 
yαονπνννν⁹π¾Ʒũà⁊ ae 394 


yar 127 


yx] ibid. 
IIe IS 
iy x0 & dh 30 
e f | 238 
ve A, 275 
40 | 355 
id, ehuala, 2 tranſtra & 


juga 14 


Wa 161 
ler, n, 33750 
RING, Jol, vel ENU ND, interdum 
Exe N, Lat, Lucina 319 
kap 67 
bp | 5 68 
beofden, | „ eat 89 
6 of Vou anna, vel in eber 
, Smrotallaginas | --.- > 
8 | 24. 
ecru, 


IN D E X. 


kewydog, ic | ibid. 
{G07 T0 woide; | 8 342 
2Pope 3 5 2 

| bealolapyia 1 5 56 
inallapyor | ibid, 
0 ixaxlovlopos vnig 124 


txdl®-, TotoP5pOr, iονν e-, ixa rn · 


en e. r 2 K it p1 ? Yor * e 
P yr 31 Rr ries oa AID 0-7 AO * 


bofaclla ibid. 

££apx08 de 205 

ede, EY uke 62. xa- 
ra NM & xata yo 03. Ad- 


& KOT ue, ibid. Maxeduy 


KATH X, ibid. [lepoixus Kpy- 
Taxco; & of x&T& Mx, ibid. 


C re, xp H- apyupititOn, iti pio fux ad 175 
rPapirpnc, Apollinis epitheta 41 N xpans 27 
ixx0,410n v 189 bEWTTrorxes 277 
EH . ibid. i ede xalagnoa — 82 
Hider 365 ET aywyn 62. N NeuvpO@-, dinkvO, 
A*, wp, cf rfrduufo Tiannvte ibid, 
| 194. af oc di, Lucina 3 
mga Tao pls 62 bnaixhuc | - WEE: 
irn 18 yes ' 35 . ETHYAXAC 66 62 
*xT&Xx10 | 56 ETGAVNG 274, 294 
2Klelveiv, vel 998 vx 179 i NUT 1 388 
ivd. gat, vel an alt ge Jus 333 inixaw T1 vouy , 
xe, ei, R vex cov 189 ri dic raw i 
N, code, 372. tar, , CA Sp PIES | 132 
re Nu 37 3 . ,t 140 
iN ; 365, 366, 285 16% 5 i 294 
tA:yo 204 ir | 132 
i 84 ivy, vel bnriypayujuns ora iu 
Ne 350 112 
* % ?, Cos ile 381 
Ee N 319 #49600a4 355 
5 0 2f der T1 dN TY Els, Pro- ir hανν,H 9a - 341 
verb | | | FOI Emid04aGoprrn, vel T0 H, 
iabalnp®- ia 70 Apollonii fabula 341 
toon * D | C4 tnidixer XMnpwopercehs ibid. 
h, roſtrum $9, 135, dictum ES de 3 355% To it Ar- 
N ee v6 01 ibid. e- | ibid. 
BW XUXAD e 393 sri 381 
£92494 run . 235, 240 ride. | | 134 
M t νννν | 365 iN 293. inthe, ibid. 
el 394 reifen 15 ibid. 
„ Ne "= 123 ETVAXCATTS, pad, 5 539. W f- 
EmeaxpesO- | 290 ie by 155 
opa | 4435 x Nn. | 274. 285 
| Begg, wafliſatꝶis, vel wpootileti NNO. | 30 o 
| 61-- eine., * 39,124 crits ibid. 
| wvlepareia, vel gerte 126 r afl. 60 
es i, Proverb. 70 ini Ty £200 18 Big, Prov. 191 
hen, Lat. ſubducere 1 54 if xa 68 
dl N 5 5 zwi , ιν½a oN 386 
wouldgxn, vel t Hναεαν e . G1 inijranias 345 
| G 8 NH 


— 222 


e de 


on boy Fe CIARA uh. 
— — 


SIR. + 
$3207 4 


1 
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2D 5 
1 
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7 
16. 
5 
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1 
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11 
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123 
1 
- 8 
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, P 
4 
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£0 
th 
7 
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— — — EET aa? . 


= a * N 
82 — —— Q— 
0. 


Won oo dos. 2 2.9 — — — — 
— bc —— „ ne 


wr A — * * 
— IS woe Os F * 
e 2 * 4 — — — — « 
— — 4 )- - a Kon > 
- — — : — — x _— 
Wan —— — 


— — — — 
———— 4 


nr 
— 
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ä {PEI 222 


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— — — - 
1 * - — —— 4 ich 


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* 1804 ; 
1 
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1 1 
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: 


nn rr ————ů—ů ů — 3 


- - — — —— 
K 2 * * tg. 


EN D 


H 277 
rige watt | | 76 
rag 8 | "OP 
ic ibid. 
$747 pots nde 27 
$4 fv parc xpgros * 150 
ETLUELWY I 35 * 28 
rex vd. | 304 
ir, 6 | 56 
irie | 153 
i riroνον ' 144 
$745 0A Pogos ibid. 
fie 150 
irg 9 4 
ETLT OY (40 57 
dmiTagic 61 
10 | I 3 5 
irg Haw, 379 
imiTguros 271 
ETPognphoaTa | 381 
$70 14 Atoy | 143" 
5 rl dg 1 36 


pero, ig, 354 3555 356 
iert, dicti K@TYNGT c. 0. UTap- 
Xe, & r fla 138 
pie 132 
tua, JeſuNos, bee, ſaburra 
ibid. 


Fours ægaſv p 


Epwleg | 234 
ieuuα H“. 01e. 305 
roma, Da N 59 
ee 3353 
190 Erla ade. 323 
$402, 305. ical rag jübid. 
$0 aus | 148 
e xaloc Gvyos &fe 56 
Trefefen ung Punays 38 
rep oli ayupa 131 
ref gefaos, S. νάννYνα 59 
zvarIng MPng 25 
Ec, Bacchus 408 
Evdaipuy 1 332 


vd 177 
Elegyirus, Prelemei cognomen 332 
$6500; vf ng 380 
Joxurkos. Ems 


zurn dicta /epulchra 


— 
W — woe win 


35 
178 


FU pw vo 90 
um lego 05505 


io pa fir Apollo 


10 pfenn 40 
£9% 24 vfb, 280 . 
180 NybO8 17 76 
v mapayuy} | 
$09: A PRC. 373 
worl _ 3 $4 
EOUTT IN 4% | > "0 
£79710 | - mY 
nt ba XU%Y, Au po &i 289, 
„ 
Nun, remora 2 50 


los of 06Y0G | 9 305 
ele Eo „ „Abid. 
> | 

S Aov . | 204 | 


£WAog nut2% ibid. 

Za = 1 167 
Zebe, bie os, mar, & GwTHE 77. 

| TT 42,06 | 111,114 
cvyya 127, 134,135 
Coyrias xomas 133 
FU 14127 
vir. & 3 2 38 
Zuyirns 274 


Coy, f rg, 56, 58. tex 4105 ibid. 
fog, TfbT05 ibid. 


Ch | 28 
Cuprtpalc 126 
wyn | 29 
wry νν | 29. 20 
ve da 
ng 1b, 
| WOHGES, Coprapale 126 
Hypo) Ziv | | 77 
vi fiat XP „„ 
Hard ru | 135 
Ia Apopuc pir | 32 
7 jatf as prcpas | . 238 
Hſeitac ap 191 
njspavork Pura, 73 
itt pop 3 
r N pc xio 29 
| NAOX 1G 


INDEX 


iH . 59 
NAINONITNG ibid. 
dee, vel 5a. | 125 
iu νν Nef, 276 
np r. | 16 
nnoxos 15 
Hpa x,, N f | 370 
Ha redet | | 280 
fuld rl THe 240 
H Tay, 1 #7; r 349 305, 192 
. 
© pro Savorles 106 
Band pores 5 
dadaiſiiai, vel d αατπαi j r Tr 
133 
a0: 4 ra 127, 138 
dedahira. & Yaraparis 138 
JaAapo; 1275 138, 293. i 316. 
Yaaryo TEy£96 311 
| dec lpi gt | 111 
E *AXTMP306 N 2237 
: Dip N * cu, Jene, YETO!, 
cep punis, & HET 
2 x 221 
Seu WAGLY | 132 
OyH pic 266 
Somorice | 240 
RAT: CK g 336, 242% 
did pipe, enlnpiae, avpnpals, myo - 


eu, 2595 
Sn ale pœ, Lucina 319 
dic | 274 
Jiao * 3 5 4 
Opaxixy gb 36 5 
Sarina! vel Spariridis x 

133 
Sarl re. 127, 138 
Sedo. | | — 177 
Sec yog | 1 38 

| DpemIngzos Winer | 282 
He left, Sinha, vel Nei qe 349 

Y 205 
Nr Zappa præficæ ibid. 

x MI | 221 
Vpaveg | 375 


Duty 240. dera T 


350, 357 


Irxieg, InTae qe, Irnylvns, I- 


TX8f505, Neptunti epitheta 11 


K. Ka- 


[i 


Go 2 


gu | 258 
Vupitg 35 
JupeoP6pos | 18 
upwfo; | 
dpa eg, Nee 30 Xenmidulos 
ibid. OoAdule; ibid, 
Seo; LAH 13g 
daa 29 
1 
Ia N 105 
70s / 83 
d 5 ibid. 
tous e 
5e gel @yevpau 132. Oanayt 244 
Ja yeve 5 | 335 
f „og 137 
D | 135, 226 
bxIeden opus 23 
An 60 
bus, 7leppers 45. refaũ rue | ibid, | 
M | 18 
inTaYywyol vhth 123 
INT ay ws a, 60 
I Nνο 54 
(FTE : 43 
imei; 10 
imd 5 274 
rape, 9 a αννναπνν yas 123 
d neg 5 5 


I ννν d 28 
iTTogacua xigy; bid 
rler. 

r pig 5 Fa 
di, vel dh. Tow? 71 
Jeux αε. 240 
brave, TRoT Gor . 113 
dg Ovoour, Epprva, vela 1 34 

iredexn 1 id, 
tees, malus ibid. 
1 N 3 16. ra m vixoe 

dictus ibid. 
dre 32 
trus | 32, 35 
1075 240, 250 


— — —⅛ . —ñ—2üEä — 


= 

4 

F : 

„ 

7 

* 

$ 

| 
: 

E : 


— ——ͤ ͤ —ñfÿ—6.ß 441 


r 


reer 


—— — 


—— SD 


— 


CY 8 - — 
e eee ee 


N 


as 
- SF. IS or” 


2 * 
— 


3 


. ET Ie ey nt. 
* — ” 0 


r Egan: 


* 
5 „* 


3 


5 — — 
el 
1 Ar” ag 


Ap mes 


s 


e 
— 


q 
n 
H 
1 
1 
* 7 b 
4 +! 
5 
* Ly 
"+ £ 
$ 
TE 
, 
4 
13 
93 
9 
v1 
4 7 
1 , 
C5 
12 
\ 
15 
5 
1 + k 
5 
1 
1.9 
9 
18 7 
5 
1 
13 
1 
At 
184 
"Xt 
yo 
$ 
43; 
3 
TE ? 
* 
$7 
#5 
- 
9 + 
4 
5 
7 
1 
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- £3» 
1 
Ag * ; 
„ 
5 
? fl 
* 
3 
1 
5 3 
173 
1 
114 
2 
* 
x 
+34 
$44 
n 
1 
1 
138 
18 
129 
* * - 
LEE 
" 
7 
4 ** 
. 
* 
7 
5 
4 
2 
ms 
5 
Na 
4+. 
13 
= 
13 
1 
$4 
4 
431 
1 
1 
4 


— 


= 5 - — — — — —ä—— ꝛ— — - > — * — — 
ö err 
— — 2 by — —— - aft = * on >= 
** * * « * _ = - 
* * 2 — 


— 


— 


OE I I eas 
r : — n 
* 


+ Rn FN 


„ 
* 3 


3 — — - 


Nr 
pg 


r 
— ———— U Uu—UI—ꝛ— 4 — 
ates a —ö WIL 


— — 


8 
r — 


FENDEY 


K 
5, _ @weppd Ten, cep. 
uv Tov; Nn, vel ra _ 


Pata 78 


r & kahle, amaſiorum ph. 
—_ "248 
Remime e 3 32 
_ X&AT Uh, NI, Kewooo, fe 
Xr, 870 Ne, d edoxiia, co, 
urnæ | 215 
rab ge, vel EA 295 
dh, ceruchus anchoris, & ru- 
den- 


| 133 

 #&puRot, vel xapnnc 132 
* ααiſeg 177 
rarnpogeũ 2 0 
KarnÞogos ibid. 
Kavwy 5 33 
Kazes | 8 
Xapnxopuoanies 198 
Kapixy {638I% 2c6 
vfl & XXpifporfes 9 
Keepuxos APO» 25 
Keapiva | 205 
xeprxndoek 139 
xi ru 82 
KaApxnoio 135 
Karopior H 84 
xalabonn 354 
vlc | 35 5 
wdlayga@n, xxl, non 
galacrus 26 
xl Nαι“¹ᷓ 165 


ral vel xalayea Py Woo 


Jay 


7 wellapori pro dne e 178 


x&laruonncin, catapirates 132 


nellamivlas 95. nan & e No- 


Tao ibid. 
nellaygorrs | 183 
xalarasy 8 


xalarewpuols, canddudia, ſeu x- 
TafPeyuale 136 
#XxaPpaxin ES 18 


ea ρανε „es 1 36 
xl egi „g tis & 149 
xa vol u 27 


rinlenav & "x6 ppovleg 5 77 
PETE 146, 147 
xiMiles, minorum navium genus 
O | 124 
x 226 
xa 01a ibid. 
xi 134, 141 
Keparice Iperarn PO. 14 
arg 1 57 


xlzas, 26, 43. 57. irchelto, & ct, 
$2160, rep Mews angorifia, 


deb 4g &c. 58 

xc fal ccc. 0:y0y | 392 
xi g 56, 144 
xifalo. andy 57 
xaÞPann, vel een xai 94. Ca- 
N. e. 58. de 381 
xi p 2. xeDancy ibid. 
K 16436 * hp 245 
xnpoyrabia | 127 
Xn puns 66, 67, 361, 388 
Xnpuxior 5 67 
46d Thy E 149 
xAzivo; Amati 3 
XXELoeic 152 
x No- | 126 
XAnporopices, t & even . 
340 

A N 5 365 
* XA7106 ibid. 
N αν f ibid. 
x 91,132 
x | JEL 
KNivn, wpPdin, vel Yori f- 
Cuvo®- 2 9, 290 
xxl 7055 ppaliulny | 62 
Mei, E776 Jofv, ibid, £71. (097400 
| | ibid. 

xaos „ 37 
xrnfald g, ocreæ 31 
xv¹νö¹ | - 42 
X01) tubonov, forfex 59 
xc Panays ibid. 


Koln rg v. dicta xvrO- & ycig te 


Latine teſtudo 120 
rolf Na- Pro Ione | 177 
r ſepulchra dri, 

1 7 8, 4 13 7 
en 1 


"+ K&D: EB. 3s 

wore lere dad 293. 70 bs 
_ Je . 355 
xc 39 


KeonoPwre . Colaphonemam- 
ponere proverbium 16 


i r vp . 283 
xopen TIS bog 45 
u, ſeu N „nde I Þ2 
x&|oPopos | 18 

remis, enſis falcatus 40 
x6pn ie Xopwruy | 284 
uafu dia den 309 
nofupoa 51 128, I ” 
KopurN 

e | il. 
Xofvs | 23 
x6pu; kme d,,ĩ Ing 26 

| ref | 284 
Xofwvn 1 
nor ire, | R ibid. 

5 Xopwvides vewy | | 128 
xvid | 281 
xp Nx O- Is 289 
xv 283 
xoTIab@- 246, 405, 406 
xo al | 405 
Hel, rovlaC, . 406 
rp 328 

| fa 4 

| #paTnp 392 


gar dc er dd 024i por®- 398. Side 
oH ibid. Tyiia; ibid. Epps 
ibid. xapioi ibid. TIN ibid. 


xf 221 
xfivaG- es- ONE: 365 
xls. aries | | 94 
fe | 
fe wn T, & Nana) 92 
Xfwaou | 215 

| ces da. ry pla | © 7 © 
lx ola, vel Aurrios | 293 | 
XUavorpwpcr 8 Hvavigpcincs vary 127 

A x t f rl oa 380 

| ref . 144 

| XUoepilixy rin | ibid. 
XUXAGey lei 1865 
AVXAD- x0: IQ» 5 32 
* NR Fil Hale | 409 


xv 5 395 
æuxin | 24 
Cie 289 
xh 1, 342 
xufln, Oday * 4 12 
xyTO- | 
xd w91apuO- | po 
Xw9wv | * 
E pro 5 17, 73, & 
FwroPopels | ibid. 
r 133 
KWTYAG TH | 133 
| A 
Ac iy. Xia. 309 
NM H 35 
daf 332 
A@fvraxt; #18---* 
AuPvpa 106 
Ara, la vn 406 
AciTovaura 159 
,d xla. e 115 
Nr e 14184 
Azortin xb pug | 23, 2 
XeT30w)ot dafants 30 
Actlvows Oanayy® c$ 
Acobiay, AzrGiatew 3 309 | 
Azobiag ibid. 
Mee, 8 126 
| TX 333 
Atzuxo; wW59O- · " | 232 
Ay ay 372 
AX ©- ruf hier n 28 
Aututa dN 20. Ania Xeip ibid, 
A⁴tʒ Paemew « ibid, 
u wel poco, wi po og= 
Vt | 95 
N. Hol wo po 1 af 50 
Alva 327 
Awas, Awe, vel rp 134 
du garn, acts epith. 29 
Xivos 205 
Awe dafas 1 
Aura fob des 37 
Noir nGy vel yoewpaled; 14 
NEN gadagt, obliqua acies 58 
As Jas amo * 188 
rp 


r * 


— — gr 7 ge — 


A — WE. a; 


— — 


— — — — —— 7 — ny roms 
""# * — 


2 — ——ů ——— 


* 
8 
F 
8 


„ 
- 


On 
— 


P 
* A <a ps — ets - x: p 


Den Warr, WT 1 Ee; 4G 


— 


... ⁵² wü «?êͤ «3¹ß5 e ̃⁵²— IE ae 5 A TEE es 
r ee ng h a nas 
—— © 


Pet 


© Irs pee, 
(ET 
— Hor 


— — — . — © ——— — 
———— e S — * 


e 
* — 


——— 
* 


—ͤ— 


FFPFPFPFP er, anne ye; 


yy — 
I 22 7 
— — — — 


a "Ree — — — — 
* . — . — — 
FCE 8 * _ 8 
wo og pr nts ee 2 . . Gen?) be. io ˙¼ 0K 
* . - — 
e > END BE - 


— —— — 


— 


— 
— 


——ů 
S mare 1 
a K * * — > — — » ＋ _— 


— — 
r 


ORG - 
« — ID” or th, — Ct 
Es de dt nt a A ER 


* 


N B E K 


werbe Hake 370. deff ibid. 
AzTpoY Oo Mslpan, a 237 


alpoPopOr þ "290 


Alper 372 


r 740- 


MO 26. Kahle ibid. 


lac og yo a 1 43 
fach PAN of | 23 
ic c. | 140 
e | 5.44 35 
pla oan 62. in” £49, vel rb Ta 


zirng 16. ivarIng & var N- wo Refile ibid. ax epa, vel in} 
Eo ibid. trod sfαt wy Ng ibid. 
v, xiNapxo, . indlolefxor, Hela fa 387 
CL LAI Tepraoapy,00 54 ulla pig „ 309 
Xoyey0G 56. tac lupo |  1Did: 
NN 61. Wvlnxornpe; dne Hlla p- fe Tνπνðτπν 127. euros Coyle, &c. 


N 5 5 
N 57 55, 58, dictus N. 
ibid. JKD ibid. 


Abe Tx,v Can | | 29, 24.2 
Agro: lupi fremorum © 116 
Avoigumn Diana 335 
Avortwre- Yun 292 
N 29 
Waadt | 83 
[ery arc | OL” oh 91, 95 
[RY YUNKGE de, vel &Pelnpice 5 of- 
a 95 
MaigTy, D. 7 
beef Nopal | 141 
ff victs . 
gu 4 341 
lu 381 
af 39 
be 276 
Ee YA lr | 237 
fd, Dii inferi ibid. 
{AG 1104 pris 139 
Ni Wy, 1 56 
[EATTHS 237 
N : 126 


ADs, Kab fror 84. ha T0 287. 


T fin pixcay 147 


fee pclę Ng, interdum agxs, 


erde 57 
Hep N a quibuſdam rie-, % 

aliis ETSEEVA YG dicta C7 
AY ibid. 
1:7 ay HUNG? 26 
ae,, modius 134 


dictum 
13 kd ε˙Nlf⅛ 
Mad yeueo ves 47] ay irrog vga. 
vogue vallami oi | 221 
pang clolTw Kax0v 284 
{IK Og Pa yos, idem quod u- 


51,55 


TWwTOV, eb , fue, wafa- 
rats, mewlnxia, WfWTF AT, 
wf@70 g | 5 N 
uunανο 285 
panvorrdng gg 1557 
r | 313 
fn | 91 
g nun = 238 
Nordend. & Porwrowa f „leg 
127 
Hirn „ 
uA 22). Ay {ht oc 227 
{EOF 0X35 Dizna 33 
prixayeu | 301 
uαιννοαν ty. any woes o O ira 
| 49 
poyifeig & KihnTE, naves minores 
7 / ES 
HLWSEUAG WA cs 121 
e r νννν, ve] 7% ay 
) 
2 ibid. 
8TH Kafurd 206 
νν 148 
u | | 366, 367 
Mo | 357 
außer 180, 373 
(632.076, bg uuf evo; 305 
leugg lens „ 


152 


KN NH- 
e N Nav- 


al, 


* 

volt. præfectus claſh 143 
| vai 1 7 baf , 153 
va * 99pualc 141. & long 
85 Livio ibid. 
#0» os ev | | 150 
vu - 153 
va la. 140 
vavOunnxis 147 
urgb beurer | | 230 

„KU | | 2 3 


VpLET ICE wenica, & vu ic ibid. 
| NeonTop®:, unde dictus 332 


| edc, eig baia, Kc. 153 


was aligi eu 219 d NE 149 
vnog 6 ile | 123 
vmidſos 
moficio dat | ibid. 
ape, vel 18 Tpmpdy ..- 
"Ip 
Aa ο | 365 
ro del xu | 340 
voYou 335, 336 
70e 1 neben coſtæ navis 126 
ro παεα, yopu4 H | 161 
22 OuAaxes | 73 
| rouPeayuryoc, vel ruPoroN@. 236 
vw Perle c ave a ; ibid. 
fe peu . | ibid. 
wn 295 
rpupidin xn 1eftus genialis 
289 
| 45 
ev TED 
Serc ag 5 ibfl. 
Ebay didæ 6v9X8 , 307 
Evi, wn, Cerixij rgarega 413 
Ewing . Zws 379, 413 alli di 
| l 
Eo: 8 | he, | 
Faulen | 365 
teen fame g 380 
Ee50 rape 221 
eg drt p 222 
E£r040%4oy e % 39 
E1P0:40n; O * 60 


2 0. e 
evιν 55 40 
4 ih & vici _ ibid, 
vg vavmafa, & lx 141 
Zvscopbęoi 9 | 18 
Omron vel vi 00% 15 po 220 
80s, dentes ancora 131 
Oòvœœebe 331 
s orgy; ibid. 8 
of xodemw 365 
A- NN 278. 288 
4 316 
oi 1 381 
obe pwoganira; 365. left 


ibid. an nppAloH ibid. xgi- 


due ibid. 17% ibid. 
oM | 388 b 
Ss clepbeig, Gepenliput, tx lepog 

45 

i xie dci i 77 
ore ibid. 


, PofInyss, x; w 123 


GAX0% 132 
pfl, N & ννννð 205 
ohe S Nννννν ; 59 
ef phie. | 325 
duOan; & pioouPaNcy, umbo 33 
buÞunc; Panayyos = 58 
Oe Cretæ locus 326 
eG o8 8 ihn, Prov. 

326 
dial cuj rag 377 
Less 365. ure. ibid. 
ast, 2 SN tg, dictæ xala- 
iN 95 
dw do | 56 
orATas 10 
dnrAleywyor wy. n TY 
| 123 
oFT pic 295 
dare S 77 
bpycerc, ba, ili pia, - 
1 . 59 

z pex r d 3 
dis ao dc. | = 


-. __ 


nn, oi 


— — ̃ — 
i 


>) Yn. mam 2 


— — * . 
— — . 2 — 


— — — 2 — 
ͤ»„œHgQ!—t ey ——— — gs, 
* 


—— ͤ — K · ·Zò 
— 


—— 2 —E—EU— 


—ͤD— — ¶ pᷓ— 
"ey 


——— — —_ 
—— — Ü 2 —— 


——— 


—— — — 


— : 2 


⁵— k —— — — rag 2 


" 


— 


2 ͥ¶ —-„— . ůÿ—— 
* . e 


- alt — 


** 


1 NI OR SI ION 


* 


„ 
: Kola mi xt SAY = re ne ho es er OB a are 
- 2444 * 2 2 * at - - 1s 7 4 


WAR: * 


he? 
S 


"1 36 Ee We EASE 920, 04D KN LIES Ha, . 
- ry = 
= ” - 1 2 


EI 


— 


. 


— 


—— — —2— — > 
* r 2 
r — 


IN DIT N 


178 irifofegeye, aut ff, 
@anayst, acies recta 58 
Ogg. os Bacchus 364 
erden vexpor 179 
z pu idem quod ewroounuur · 165, 
136 

FTA vPoppos, EVOL ee vr, N 


| Aga pou ibid. 
pve cd | 93 
Ofxus 16 Apollo 401 
606 161 
eroFoyaia 215 
| droduxes yh 35'S 205 
Crpacxoy | 1 88, 134 


39 6 6 muvpP3pog i n, Proverb. 78 
un irauntviing 9" © OW 
Proverb. 


432 

vpe cfecidc, 56, 62. „nos 128 
2peryocy vel rie dope | 5 6 
i voog 127, 130 
$0YJaaud; ovuroria | 386 

| i puis „ -- 
Tx ane, vel & dy aun 3 5 
ais | 24 
Ila, ipcalnpng 76. inwinicg 

| ibid. 

| wide Yi]at, vel gow) 336, 
342 

wa pol T ein, wa TfHloye- 
wma, Proverb. 276 
N 294 
aN, 1 
,x. "I 

a MN 

MAATH Bean 151. 
aria 355 
%% e 1 118 
| ve Nu fa. 137 


wegalbv go xAirn 290 


WHaRxywy!) 62.4 EUV Oy dee E ibid. 


| D324. Jpavc; 127 

| wf Y 15 
w pc 118 

| Wagorropigey | 189 
dare ve | 8 


waffen He Pdnayt aw 
e 18, 39. 5 wapdjun. 
or EiÞo5 dictum wa pn pio, vel 
w ibid. 
eagaziQido, iyxupiror, vel fd. 
xc ibid. 
@apurpPiog, wa pa Gh 286 


waßa mim tis 194 
en e uv, U a | 137 
e eb | 18 
Tapdorpos ros, & wapHoο- 15 
WAf AT r_guov | 128, 129 
apa oils 16 | 307 
w ara tay 56 
@apacuynta 7,78 
ewapurat; 173 58. xvpry Ice, 

CL | ibid. 


waffe re, vel ga paidoe ie 304 
wg Prpve il p0bx0v, iH lx i, 4 
recentioribus i&Trpoxa 277 


wa OH fel, ef ³ñ may 


tant rn 137, wara nai, 
mpoxz pupala, Lat. plutei, in- 
ter dum propugnacula 137 


. afl, rw | © 

wagte 62 
wage rc. po 61 
Wage, fe 128 
waf nta | 18 
wafnopia 18 
warf nofos inT9% ibid. 
wf de a. 335,335 
Ile fees, Minerue cognomen 280 
apy 312 
Wu jr vies 123 
wo., wf 127 
Wapoxos | 186 
weapon 418 
wa pa v 18 
WaTPEX 0 341 
w% X05; Oanayyor 8 


© wtiopala, ancoralia, ancorar!!, 


ri, vel xdwnau 132 
WEA Kö 40 
. a; 10 
THAT) 10, 385 

| Wipr Ia fx05 3 51 


We 


1 N D E X. 


, | 6 
8 . 
H . | 57 

1 $ ; 
Lerne. vel Gogh) Hl 
@iY)axoTrjpioyures 274, 275 
vuilnuvilaꝶxia 5 6, dicta are a 
IDIG, 


_ enluntlagx®- & rilfaęxu⸗ ibid. 


til nrorr NS, wiſlmearra rag, vel w- 


ruroruf 1 85 61 
| WET KOT Of0 v1 124 
1 ]' x- 144 
WT IROSTFES. | 8 
| cu 61 
wr Tui 516 | BT} 
werden bare 50 
werfonbn 320 
ce ayers ves 1 36 
e. fd, vip N rape 230 
wefid po decurſio „ 


ff DN 23. dicta tad 

1 ef 1, ahrExT u, AzerTin, - 
VJeln, xu 23, 24. 

erepixePanaia vi”s 2, 123 

Nn a nonnullis war- 
x, vulgo ii hfo, aliquando 
d 


| Bs 
Wiprorrodown | 221 
Wer TAE | | 73 
WET ASE | 11 
.f FAO ao; Lt 62 
WET X30 pacg OO 90 
weil a 128 
ffir e 32 
eff ia 137 


Tlipororn, Praſerpina 322, dicta 
| © TfiopPD-, triform:s tergemina 

ibid. tria ill ius nomina ibid. 
wir po- E500 222 


oN, Wer N opyare 95 


dada, gubernaculum 131 
ral, plicatiles ſeala 92 
e1xris 83, interdum dicta pa- 
vadis | i. 
wir up | | 2 5 : 
W PANGEYE & 
. | | 0 


bar, Lat. palmula, vel tonſa 


133 
ufa, latera navis 126 
herpa paneyye | 58 
ff 90G 132 
mAnſwpalc 128 
mig & annie 59, 60 
mie 123, porozure 121, d- 
defug, vel dap 122 
mAvie aoÞDamoua 132 
. Serxlif 282 
- Maturng 42 
codes, pedes 24h: 135 
Todyrixet actor; NG. 
O-. Azure; 232 
40M orpy,D- $2, 52, 55, 61 
eT0\ipurcs Ppuxt 5 
Haueddt, Demetrii cognomen 


95 
moMvlwp;, Andromache quare 27 6 
wog & & frei 1 23, 8 | 


yuryoi & cadre ibid. 


Fol enn & hippagines 


ibid. 
eie wy, 33 
7401 Exv9ixy | 365 
api wiTorfaTfS c8 
n TEND 8 
apoathce 294 
fe dale 35 
d de | "TS 
, vel e 311 
poedpics 119 
| per 393 
poepaCoAis | 130 
fox | 273z 277 
fol, dicta (alc 601%, Oeęvu 
276 
ferahifHle „ 
iD : 19 
SUN, fax 87 
file Ida - 18 
fefnig fia, qaopoZunrpa;s 286 
fette | 97 
eoporwTti; | 1 85 
o 0p > 8 ibid. 
fit u. weofeia 416, 417 


32 ad 6. Ha 


— 


— 4 — 


— — — — 
„e OP CG ne * 


11 
* 8} © 
15 1 
* * 
11 
27 18 
FE 74 
1 WV 
p 1 : 
J i] 
\ vt; 
: y 
1 
18 
1 
1 
* = 
WT. | 
2 . | 
4 2 1 
1 
N + : G 
t 4 TY 
 \ 
5 
i 5 
[924 : 
5 
* * 
* 
 * 
7 . 
2 
K 
be” | 
1 
* 
© 
. 


e 


ter) — 


- — 
„ 
90 * 
e = bats > 
** of, 
2 


— 


„1 * 
— 


— 
— . 
— — — rue Wa Acne — — —— — 
* ws 237 —»- EE A a elit 
% 


— — 


— — — - — — 4 ——— —— 3a > 
—— — — I 1 — 1 —— 19a 3 - 5 " A 
* * * Wu — 7 a ws 0 
3 : e . ö 2 
3 2 p 2 Eels. oP nn rr of 


— 
—_— an 
FFFTCCCCCCCC 1 NAG Oa GS 

* * 0 — * 


—— —— 
— 
rr 
— — — 


2 — 


— 
+ 


- — «he 
— ——ä — 
CAS 004 19 hb 
3 SIT) 


* — 4 7 
— — b . 0 
07 4 IAG. Aa ed * * — — —— — —— — 
eee 5 »4 n * CEE B45 % —— 
; 2 4 r 


2 s 5 — a — — ” — rere wy" 
on. at FT WES Pe r 4 A : 7 
- 2 N y <-> % — 2 — 4 Bus a By - & 3 * ee Sb, dt rr 4 
_ — — —— 2 — — — A OE: 4 ey 9 — — — 6 a . = SL m ww - > . —— 2 — 
* 26% 
* 8 1 e won 3 1 —— * — — ab te — —— — hes ts — 


- — — 
(Zo 


— OSECET 
rr er n : 
Av 


. 


— . — — —— - — ———̃ — .Vuñn . er TIEN er AI; N 8 5 $3 * 264648 an ag. . en / 
= wa 1 & « ann HAS LG ae — — PA — — — Q — * ” ' : ; 5* —— 
363 2K*ͤ w ů —— —— — — 0 - — —— - —— hes - — — a — — 
e W R OY We — — N — — — — — — 2 — — . f — 
— — nag — ͤ ev Wobg Og; os 2 * — Napa a — "Bad => 34 — ” h * F 5 a . 
— Lat - — — + xe — — — 7 N A 2 5 ** * . — — ” ws ho 
7 — — 
- © Ll ** n 


INDE x. 
286 


eepolarſrpicn | 


D dai 381 
fo riſum ei 815 9 | 
por“ 393, badete ibid. 
eopirods 135 
pe oH 381 
tpb moo Ocaxiny 365 
r 61 | 
oc; Ja, 25 18 
cpo DIM 295 
p ονοσ ipnlnpies 287 
e 205 
055 owner Oe "REP 58 
pos ug glu cl dei 403 
efoTxZ1; 61, . ibid. 


p vel węd lid 8 3a 280, 
283 


feli die dan, collocare 184 


| cpò roroi 135 
| eopoPunanide; v7 ne 154 
fefvas x 148, EY 150 
fu | 128 
of, retinacula 132 


| fee 127, interdum ubrowo ibid, 
| efwgevs, vel wpwpura; 3 146 


fi rn p 381, 382 
er peſleh,,j 1. NS 
ros CG 56 
| . 575 $8 


e 134 
Wlefötig wy 45 
iu daraus | 29 
x 130 
 epveRcg 372 
epUxrwoig PaNAYY OG 60 
aTvpa 4 208 
up? 406, 411 
up d xνναν V7 
wy | 59, 94 
| popes Popnres 984 
opel pi 372 
feed. No 0 
wopopbpos | 78 
Tiugzoc, unde dictus 332 
1 vel avpoepigns 154 
e fos 78 


6 


on 
PaPoriduorg 1 jos 
TVET; 1-108 

gopoCorrdng, vel — chan 


Hips, 223d; vel omiifeu, 2 5 


Tones, remulci 


9135 
2 

0 Tay midi b, corona cingere 
urbem 4 90 
Gj 153 
ganmryetrys SEELEY 
Ta diy, Minerva 82 
 O@ATryYE Togg IA ibid, 
cas Jogala 1 36 
T%0Ffwy Lan 292 
capie | | 38 

; Cavfwrnp | 36 


ce pc dos, orgaPoger, e ir- 
Tog 15 


ch dete dae, Proverb. 232 
TiNpalle 134 
| o xlei 220 
ea, price, whale 223 
of 78, pen 155 
enfauopbfe⸗ = Ops 56 

N 385 
oidnea xu 14 
Texten TA 361 
Ling, Lemmos © ZI 
Tlywieg, Lemnii dicti ibid. 

ef- 285 

ire Jinn 277 
| xh 133 
oxuPy 122 
orrracifia 5 OY 35 
S xiry 241 
cla 365 
c 492, 403, Kc. 
E wald 335 
TxuNoTl Tr 1815 
cu ,j | ibi. 
ou wars ibid. 
Re v0 
ORUTAMNY 219 
ExpraMe, aut orb Dy 50 
o πιντνετ 


AGG 


= 
YE 


* 


INDEX 


215 

132 

221 

evo, cud irn, eig | 68 
355 

— 4 ravdòs Wat 50 
rag 126 

| raſa 27 
rien wpariga 392 
ING 222 
„ 7 
Ia 58 

| 64, Ve 1 1 
2 vel — 56 
roxo Twy ipeTwy | 17% 
FRapy@-, ze cfellnyde, præ- 


fectus cl 


Y os laut: dn 
Sian, oſtium, fauces 


Lopes pv i 
fa xi | | "oP 
EfaTHY 0 : 53 
Sf | $7, 143 
far nyos vH - 389 
PATE _ 
SPRTIHNT Wy xoAen 93 
| FeaoRfuG | F 6 
 TpaTodoyic | 6 
v feyxihau. S8 123 
N Ne I 39 


los & *DinTic 


@v/xAticw rug SP Janus, vel Ta . 


2% 186 
exudes 366 
2 180 
cu ſrojiQe : ibid. 
TuMoxopes 56. dictus odgaci; 

übid. 


| wee 68, 9 5 | Pann, + 
| bpafa Db 

upto 354, To ano. 1 
deve 355% eirha ddr 


or ibid. 
ue R 0 68 
oe R Zrve 77 
utalefla 142 


370 oyunoois iH, crab, ra · 


Af, Racers W | 
nee alu ovpreriagx® 55 
386 
ouproras 365 
oupPoge 354 
oUPognrON "TIER | | 355 
ovuPopry; | Gt 
h, _ Z 
bra Aver ibid. | 
G] NIE 4 381 
νπν lei ros aM vel Ta 
ep | 178 
EWZTT10 (605 | 60, 93 
oowYnua | '. 4.708 
ub 68 
cui. | 335 
owxn Paaeyſe: 1 ; 
*  ourtalua, wæga ratig, lara, | 
quibus Enayia 1 57 
Evilayualdgxn; | ibid. 
c νονα s Egxan 365 | 
1 83 
uo ia 356 
causa e 
Ep fh FT, 
cer papel app ns ibid. 
. (oNvedinas . 
od 48, 77 
S Nt dba 4.2008 
NH . 140 
greife baude, Elithya 319 
__ 337. A 77 
2 p pro rener 5 106 
%% 64 
rah % das · | 316 


TxN Ks 5 Proverb. 0s | 
ra r fd | - . ds 
rah 35 44 ibid. 

Fapics 147. dictus — ibid. 


rata fo. $3, 56 
rute 56 

rabiay®- ah 3 6 

rt 56 

a mot ia A e 231 
Hh 2 rale 


„ 
ad 


[| | . 
4 
[| 
1 
| MF . X | 7 
1 IND 
1 chte UND } = 1% r polen & Texan 361, 
rpm f Nj, 60 LO, xvavometo 
Tocgailive, vel! imwayunya) 60 rm * Ewa, Lern 
Tevupein enefuriPanala 24 mies  HyaxAng 
14 Ergo . | 221 fan ox0pe; PROP 
rap 44 30 v ow 0405 | | 
ra po vunuo dai, oyXuwohiy aq rap 
: 220 Tpaynog | 
rie daes | 311 ate erika os 127. 0 
ridveſubo⸗ Hau | 373 ibid. | 
Teague | 3 Tp6% Pros. — 244 
TEXGpX76 | nn, | * 149 
1 reel Juno 280 Tpinpuic veces | 124. 
1 11 N10 | Rn, fr | 139 
1/18 rde. Jupiter ibid. Nfl. 225 
(th 4. | rh. xfaluf 399. © fi reh rponpnd Ne 147 
145 | 280 . triformĩs tergemina 
14 D. 57, 69, 280. ene, 6 _Tleporormn 5 122 
11 f vpe d 60 TpimNavpos inage xd, wel n 
1 ro oοφεαN 8 . 339 5 
5 =: ruled y Bam GS rel vad 176 2233: 
11 ro pax i ran 62 mTgirn Tpamea 381, 382 
100 rapaf xn | : 56 TpilorasTopus, vel Tpilonarpus 318 
1 We! | Teipnpxia _ 1 319 
019} ripapanayydome 57 reixv en, vel ae. 26 
"MR: | | . Av OA nd | ibid. T2anaia 111. recentiorihus reb- 
11 | vilpa pa xo — æ 266 | wais | ibid. 
0 115 relpigeis 4 3 1864, 1 Tera, Junonis cognomen ibid. 
1 rilęuc hg 8 rTpowaue rana | 113 
i | | | cha. 8.8. Proverb. | ibid. Tf. vel Tforawx®-, Jovis 
"MJ! | rin xe 144 cognomen 111, 112, 114 
11 ral c, Semis | 205 rpms, Carina 126, riipy ibid, 
1! f * TW Spices ibid. No rita 7 | .<..- bid. 
C It | 4 1H Tewixwn, lo dic, (r0Avpeorrionn = TfoT06, * firophi, vel 
N | | l rie x | 440 ſtrup 133 
wy 1 ref | 147 * 2 Nel ple, deix- | 
7 | ] | Toix9% & % Lat. fori £& traf- Ta, vel fen 349 
. . 1 fra, FIX 08 TW Eferwn 1275 147 TpoPoi 315 
1 | veixes Ganuyys 58 px | 17 
1 | r Boun 83 43 TPUT Av tetebrz = 92 
11 Tito 41 Tfumnpadla 127 
ö | | 5 ToZoPogor, Apollo | ibid. vfvoſ in xio Me , 6 BG . 
11 N eee - 44 -4iBY TpvPdAcuce . 
11 . hen He ibid. Tpwyana | 381 
1 red jury, Owlipe, Tpiry, Ted. - "82k 
j l {8 381, 382. :.005 1 Tugemxn cares $2 
Ti: | ky T.“ Tau 


INDEX: | 
ofwouNls ibid. Sede, Go- 


benen 2 WT "+ _—_ kriege, vel — 
vibes xpolnp | 0 399) | 
T 0 205, 2 e bah, Thaler 5 25 
Tau- m | 1426 
Hiss | 5 
dran,, THY Zperav 43 
una | 3 
3 ; 18 Opry & 194 
aj vT#pxfs 138 Sees Uu Grd 4c 
vripa Lat. opifera 13 Pep C405 Preſerpina 32 
| vTupripao i; 59. uTepPayyorc 1 ibid. Oeprn Ko 276 
d red a 312 eke. vel gige re 184 
| vrnpio nc, interdum Cnaſucna, vel (IT-4TY EO yy 21. 5 
| Toric Twy ir r 133, 1 = Od oapes Prolemei . 
| i rufi rus 5 | 332 
u rial vis | * QrAtTopsc . 242 
übe 2276 Qin Zeus 379 
UToY acc 219 @iolnoin | 393 
vregopcala, bores Cw pen perre, 126 gies _ i 
T3311 134 Pomnniterr . | 309 
LEY 61 @owmnona reg | 127 
boss | 46 Ne Ife 30 
vforerhl, vel Noreen oper 229 Qopddw aire :"* ms 
LN RS 153 Qofhryu ate 123 
rhaou «how 220 Opalnprxa dic 356 
2 ute fue 285 
8 9 | Opvx] ol, & of fl 96. DAE | 
er | 358 wo ibid. Ons ibid. 
S ονοοοντε., Cepio GO, Proſerpina, @puxlwpeis = | 4 
| Elithyia' | | 3 dana Ifaeęlval, & „ £64924 by 73 
pc d dicta 40. r QuAzxn | | 74 
xi al., 7198, a veteribus pe- i d N | 35 
es ibid. 57 oba 54 
O2hayiapns & 5 . 30 755 58 Quadine dhe 356 
Panayles, pa 36. poems, abr, B. 386 
h | 148 oben | | 332 
| Paray'E. t. 8486. cl xc. Ownxe Tvpciha e 77 
& ros, N vehg, . ches. pdοοο e 1 
pep, ape, u 53 Owapipe 320 
Sunne. 60 | . 
1 77. ure 244. N : „ | 
58. Hl Hos ibid. avriro- XaR̃οο rat 136 
pos ibid. err)ywon ibid. v. yarzn; 3 
paprxng ibid. as vel obli- Nj, ibid. 
qua acies ibid. ic 59. xannmn ol 126 
eTix2 yarns ibid. bnd & Yoanrtwun viwv "2236 a 


— 


= A roy 


— — 


7 : _————— — — — * 
Re oo gt — * N — — 
* 2 r 


2 


—— — 
o 


1% * 


3 


——— 
"oe | I RA 


—— 
10th rey 
MT oO 


— — 
. 0 wn PEI 


„cr 


—— rom 


Mer — 

. 
80 

— N. 


— 


ap 2 — Wn 
be e ee e r 
b- 7 a — EY one. as. 


8 
n woe” — 


r 


* * * « 3 
rigs on tt ones, r N 
2 9E. — 5 5 5 penny Ha” * — 


————— —— 


r 
— — 
— 


£ — ä — — 0 eto — 
— 28 vg 5 — — 


p 8 
3283 4 I {+ A — 
3 — 8 2 
pi CT. TE xt > 2 ons 
— 
— 


== — 0 5 = g 
- 292 2 — es es —— — — 
4 2 $ £6" wu a 8 — . 9 2 
r — Ca II ED nels 
SUE ra = — — - — 
4 — —— —_ — — — — 
1 - —— — n — 1 „ 2 * 4 
J P Z * 1 * 
5 1 e HA : a 


—— e e N * 4 
K K——228 
a 8 — — — a 

2 — 2 * [ 


— 
— 


xlem o 


: x#ip . manus s ferres. 141 i 


dyeipers a 32 


NfS Hufe: 365 


wrevopalae, Lat OY = 
xen, teſtado 93. redlwrds, 
teſtudo militaris, inter dum o 


Sofi ibid. xi ibid. Gout, 
ibid. 


v 152. dera 18 e vel 


ibid. 


; 3 | 128 
XnpruorTes 70 Nad 323 
ufo ral SRD 


Novo wergbe, | Io 7 


Nofxa, eee vel Phd 


xda | | 4. 4 
Nolaęros, x,, vel curpih- 


Era e 57 


| ro, N 300 
Kira, Dianæ cognomen 335 
8 


Xoin. : 
Nea Saad, vel Jaws 237 


| Namo as ra oy 


BRITA N; 
NIVIC 


Oy 
43 
bret · Apollo 41 
, 374 
22 idem quod 2 ik 

ibid. 


xApouls, idem quod Otis, ibid. 
xxo 374 
ha, gaser 93. tumulus 220 
ibid. 
Achte e Os „ 


rusn⸗ VF 

T = | 10 
i wgorakis 61 
Ugayuyic | 225 

Veggie: ran, Proverb. 205 


ae . WE 312 
da, Gia, urg, ibid. 
45 1 iragexde Elithia dicta, 

de 
opera 239 


