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— ———— CES 
EV. AUC 
No neglet Bx6INNINGs, is the 
11 | fundamental error into which 
moſt N fall. 
14 Oe Dk an Gums receive their 
firſt notions from the moſt illiterate 
perſons: hence it is the buſineſs of 
; ſome. years - to make them unlean 
| 
i Phet Wi quired" in the —_— . 


88 Suk N is ats, 
gd. when we are taken under tuition, 
e Py 'A | What 


2 2 


Ps : 


i PREPACE. 


What we. neither underſtand, nor re- 


| gard ; to but I forbear ; ; ſuffice it 
to fay, that common ſenſe, unbiaſed by 


vanity, would teach us, that the know- 
ledge beſt ſuited to the inclinations or 


What are we taught? to repeat by rote 


capacities of children, i is the name and 5 


ature of © thoſe objects with which 


they are ſurrounded. ' Who but recol- 
15 lects the tender ſcene in Humer, where 


bh, recall the T0 of his childhood ? 


. While, yet a ede, thele kelds Lloyd.+ to trace, - 


-— "4 And trod thy footſteps. with unequal e Ee 
1665p | ev'ry plant in ordef as we came, -- „ 


-_ 


75 N * told its crane and ns name | 6,” | 


What employment. could be more. de- 55 


11 ightful to a mother, than > thus, | þ 


ie 


* * * : | : £ 5k 2 ; ve Diſpentg 


- a 2 * * N * 
* 


PREFACE: 
4 Diſpenſing knowledge from the lips of Iove? = 


Provipexce has implanted in chil- 
dren an inſatiable defire for information; 
talk to a child of an object which has 

caught bis attention, and fear not, but 


Na in, F * ; 1 iin! 
NE Wi : . . 


55 « With ny car: devour * your dſcegrle,!? 


\ N * 
8 . 5 ? 3 4] 4; 8 1 ; „ is 
E s | 1 
13 E „ 221 4 . 


Con! 1081TY is in 3 an appetite 
craving perpetually for food ; but alas! 
how often are its cravings. Aigen 
or, fill os WR with traſh. 1; 


A CHILD is generally inquiſitive i in 


A proportion to his vivacity; much diſ- 
cretion is required on the part of . 


A 8 mother, 


: 6 


— — 


„ PREFACE. 


mother, daily, hourly required, | 


gratifying the inceflant enquiries 5 a 
ew een, child. 


re 1 the conſtitution, diſpoſi- 


1 von, and habits of a child; conſtitutes _ 
the chief __ of a mother, 


| „ 
9 ee — the vehicle 
of inſtruction, confiſts the grand 
eren vr” — education. eee 
. _ is at as a gratifi- 
dation, being % received with, delight, 
will be ever retained. 


= 
3 3 * 


i F. 8 4. * 1 © 
D - 7 3 


"Eaxry impreſſions a are, perhaps, never 
aun . 1 8 the non- 
111 8 ſenſe 


NRHA = 
ſenſe of the nurſery ? 


therefore, cannot be unim tung 


Ax IMATED nature draws the atten- 


tion of even infants ; 2: but! it is our mis- 
fortune to be ſurrounded during infancy 
by folly, ignorance, and Projudicgs... 


_ ſome trouble to 


root the old woman | 


out of our minds.” | 


to them; 3 : 


: " om the firſt W of reaſon, nurſes h 
inſtil notions which are ſcarcely ever 
entirely laid aſide; z at leaſt it coſts us 


Hence in our ſex 
0 (among other follies) groundleſs fears 
of inſects, and innocent reptiles ; hence 
in. the rougher ſex, want of tenderneſs 5 
ariſing from an early ab- : 


| horrence excited by fooliſh perſons, 


T0 


| PERHAPS 


Prepoſſeſſions, 


* 2 , ' 
2-4 r 
"> — * 4. 2 


— een — cenyny 
— — " 
— — % 287 R 1 4 at - * yo : — x, 1 — 
2 8 32 2 7 x < * 
— * 2 — 


OS 


— 


* * 2 — — 
— * 5 
9922 S V 


— 


— 


2 LE * * rere 
7 - 4 — 
ay 9s Town I mY br 
a s 


. * 1 9 c 
# a - * " : TY” IDE af 
vi PREFACE 
: Ll 


-"PzxrA xys nothing could more effec- 
tually tend to infuſe 'benevolence than 
the teaching of little ones early to con- 
ider every part of animated nature as 
endued with feeling; as beings capable 
of enjoying pleaſure, or ſuffering pain: 
than to lead them gently and inſenſibly 
to a knowledge how much we are in- 
debted to the animal creation; ſo that 
to treat them with kindneſs is but 
Juſtice and gratitude. We ſhould in- 
culcate inceſſantly that man is the brd, 
- but wr" not to be the Ee of the 
Word. e = 


? * » o : . p 
dw 4 n F ; Pe 2 * Fd: 
of * of e *; 2 * 1 * * 8 7 1 4 —_— 4 Mt 9 4 * 


Eielrrb by the beauty, and vivacity 
=” the ec children r hardly 7 
OT! ARTS 3 A 1 <4 


33 


NEF AM W 


be reſtrained from handling inſects. 


Explain to them that the butterfly is a 
_ creature, formed by that hand which 
made themſelves; and formed to enjoy 


happineſs: relate to them the wonders 


of its transformation; teach them to 
rejoice in the ſatisfaction which it ap- 
pears to have as it flutters in the 
| garden; inform them that they have 
no right to interrupt its enjoyments; ; 


but invite them to admire the elegance 
of 1 its wings, &. Y 


J on Le ſage entend, ke. 


* DER, the inſpection of a judicious 


ha, much knowledge may be ac- 


quired whilſt little people are enjoying 
the recreation of a walk : queries ariſe 


x 
\ 
120 
bo 
{ 
Y 
: 
5 


—_— — 
—— —— = 


. - - — - - — — - 
hy ITS, 8 AVAST. — K IE: 8 — 
S — > r 8 


gail ge. en 


” . torres 
$M SE Wes l — - 
o - — D — . p * 


Wo —— . 
” — 


fn, 


R EF AE. 
A 4 a 2 » * CC 


ſpontancouſ]! y frotn the ſcene affection 
ſeizes the occaſion, and expatiates on 
the ſubject: of enqusry, ſo long as the 
#* eager deſire of information. ſubliſts 
which 1s commonly: till ſome new ob- 
ject attracts notice. Innumerable oc- 
caſions for information ariſe; to the 
child the world is new; the lovely | 
ſtranger looks around; - ſurveys each 
objet with ſmiling. wonder g and longs 
i be acquainted with every ching 
which he ſees... CC 


* 


1 


Ir anrs 3 3 elde uy 
peak; and would learn much more a 
than they do, were Ms Bot nurſed 8 

ine the ie id of ene er JOVI, 


» 


* * . 5 * ; f K 4 5 * 8 . i S FF. | 
3 E +3 I : Y : "CT & 1 5 
„„  Wovrn 
” 7 


P R'E FACE. WM 


Wovryp mothers be perſuaded to rear 
the being to which they have given 
birth; what might—what might not 
be done ? The watchful eye of maternal 
tenderneſs alone can deſcry, the mo- 
ment when attention awakens or flags; 

maternal affection alone can ſupply aſſi- 
duity, patience, and condeſcenſion for 
, infuſions of n ce 


LES 8 A know the right names of 
thin gs is a ſtep towards receiving far- 
ther information; and in fact know- | 

ledge of names forms a con ſiderable part 

of the education of an infant. For 
children a little farther advanced, 
he names and figures of plants, 


animals, 


our little e to "Oy v 


"+ R E FAC E. : 


; animals; Ke. will ſupply as good an ex- 
ereiſe as they can have for their ee 


Bot. 
4 


— 


c HILDREN ai avidity totoler” Z 


ales us give them none but rational 


information — relate to them the me- 


4 tamorphoſes of inſects — amuſe them 


with real wonders entertain them 


with - - agreeable. ſurpriſes * no de- 


ceit; tell them plain, ſimple trath— 


there is no need of invention; the 


World is full of wonders— baniſhing all 


fabulous narratives, let. us introduce 
On ders of the 
inſect world. e So e308 


*- 


wi] is my end to 1 25 my Imi 
volume be the: e companies” of 
Ry: . 20155 8 e 5 e 


ED E-Fx' Ct 


young mothers when they walk abroad 
with their children: it is my with to 
aſſiſt them in the delightful taſk of 
forming in thoſe children an habit of 
amuſing themſelves in a rational manner 
during their hours of leiſure—in teach- 
ing them e fit a 


2 Mrs vv — 
. <rw. rr bs — * 
PIR. Wn . %* 6:4 n 2 , 0 . JP”, * 
as 7 - 4 * £56 $ — Kate 7 
2 — K n 1 — = 


7265 'To Se Sram noe, up to nature's s God, 0 


5 Th MEAN x this little work as an intro 


4 


'' 
a t/ 
i 
t 
4 
- 
7 
ö 


duction for young children ol or occa- 


Honally for their attendants, to enable 
5 


them. to anſwer enquiries ; | but 1 repeat 


R 


* * — 
— — 
. 


< wat or * — 2 
_ "4 — # 


F'Y 


Iz {1 oO 


Jak alone come up to my Idea = 


? * a 7 1. 


* a 
wells! 3 SELF 3 


by +3 © 4 Rovtonas Day | 


"XS 


* 


zi PREFACE. 


EXTRACTS 


Fro am 2 perior wrt ters, whoſe ſentiments 
agree with theſe of the Compiler F, this 


lle volume, ON 


7 Tur Giſt 1 view * TOUR of ſenſe ; 
. excites curioſity.z a moſt powerful and N 
univerſal paſſion ; by. which children 
are firongly aQuated, and which will 
; ſpare an able inftrudtor the trouble of 
25 goadipg them on: 3 all his buſineſs is to 


dire& them, and to excite this paſſion 
on proper « occaſions.” 


1 F ( „ tys gr fn 
1 2 bp £56 * TVC 
4 oy 


\ 


© os LET us avail ourſelves of the cutio- 
fity of childrefi; let ul preſent to their 
5 minds ideas which are fmple and eaſy 

. 6 ; © "0 


- BRETACK: 


to be comprehended ; and in ſpeaking 


to them of God impreſs their minds 
| With the idea of a Father and BenefaClor - 


let us lead them from a view of the 


world to the contemplation of its 
Author; and repreſent God to them 
as the common Parent of mankind, who 
has created them with a deſign to 
render them happy.” 


« Err us a to lead them to 
reflect upon the wiſdom and goodneſs 
of God 1 IN the works or creation. 


* Tux faculty which it is the moſt 
difficult to induce children to exerciſe 


is that of reflection; this is an exertion 


:D i, . f 


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ere. 

of the mind which i is 1 even to 
men, unleſs they have been accuſtomed 
to it. Hence children ſeldom reflect; 
and whenever they do, it is only for a 
moment. It therefore requires by 
judicious management to lead them | 
into a train. of conſiſtent. and ſolid ; 


refleions,” SO 7 OS 2 wal 
| Extract in 2 Review. 


„Lr it be the conſtant aim of 
parents, to impreſs devotional feelings 
as early as poſſible on the infant mind: 
they cannot be impreſſed too ſoon ; a 
child, to feel the full force of the idea 
of God, ought never to remember the 

time when he had no ſuch idea; im- 
| VVV 


PREFACE. xv 


preſs them by connecting religion with 


a variety of ſenſible objects; with all 
that he ſees, all he hears, all that affects 
his young mind with wonder or de- 
light and thus by deep, ſtrong, and 


permanent aſſociations you lay the beſt 


foundation for practical devotion in 


future life. | 


= Fox he who has early been accuſ- 
tomed to ſee the Creator in the viſible 
appearances of all around him, to feel 


his continual preſence, and lean upon 


his daily protection, has made large 
advances towards that habitual piety, 


without which religion can ſcarcely re- 


gulate the conduct, and will never warm 


the heart. HEARD N 
Preface to Hymns in Proſe. 
1 « EVERY 


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„ 

Evxxxv thing that tends to make early 
impreſſions of tenderneſs on the minds 
of young children, ſhould be well re- 
ceived. Cruelty to any thing that God 
has endued with feeling, is the worft 
depravity of human nature; and it is 
always with inexpreſſible concern that 
we ſee the ſeeds of this vice thought- 
leſsly ſown by unfecling parents, nurſes, 
&c. and habits of barbarity rooted in 
the tempers of infants, by giving them 
little animals, birds and inſets to play 
with, and torment, by way of amuſe= 
ment. Thus they. are early taught to 
make ſlight account of the lives, or 
painful ſenſations, of ſuch poor dumb 
ſufferers as have the misfortune to fall 
into their hands: and hence we are not 

„ | _ 


— 


PN EF AC E. 
to wonder at the unconcern with which, 
when grown up, they rob the innocent 
feathered tribe of their callow pro- 
f geny, &c. &c.“ Us | 


* CHILDREN are certainly capable of 
receiving impreſſions of tenderneſs and 
compaſſion, as ſoon as they are capable 

of any thing at all; and therefore they 
ſhould be early taught to treat all. 
created beings which are capable of 
feeling pain, with mercy and compaſ- 
ſion: by which means a beneficent 
temper would become habitual to them, 
as having the advantage of prepoſſeſſion, 
and ſo not eafily eradicated from tender 
: minds.—Bcing thus trained up to take 


=y 


„ | 33 5 delight 


PREFACE. 


xviii 


delight in n mercy, they would 
by degrees acquire the god-like virtue 
of univerſal benevolence. Experience 
abundantly declares the fad effects of 
the contrary practice. While children 
are ſuffered at firſt to torment poor little 
5 inſects, and then learn the cuſtom of 
making miſerable every helpleſs crea 
tute that falls in their way, or that 
they can diligently ſeek out, they, by 
degrees, - get an babit of . 285 
m_— 1 


THE 


THE 


ANIMAL WORLD. 


HE animal world ſets before us the moſt eve 
dent appearances of the Divine Wiſdom, 
Power, and Goodneſs, 


As the government of all creatures is committed 
to man by the Creator, it muſt be conſidered as a 
trust, which we are ſeriouſly and faithfully to diſ- 


charge, 


A righteous | 


20 The RaTioftar, | Dane, 
A righteous man, who doeth good from a ſenſe © 

duty, regardeth the life of his beat: he abſtains from» 
all cruelty ; he rewards the labour of his brute ſer- 
vants and domeſtics, and delights to render their lives 
as eaſy and comfortable as he can ; knowing that he 

* muſt give an account of this traf. In their natural 
capacities, he uſes them for his benefit with thankful- 
neſs 10 their Maker; in their intellectaal appli- 
cation, he derives enjoyment to his mind from the 
contemplation of their natures *, | 


—— 


INSTINCT. 


* The compiler of this little work pr eſumes, that every attentive 


parent peruſes a book before ſhe allows her child to look into it; 
but this will require ſomething further. Where the ſtyle is above 
the comprchenſion of the little one, on whoſe account it might ; 
be purchaſed ; (as being taken from works by no mean deſigned for 
chndren) a mother will doubtleſs have pleaſure in tranſlating it inte | 
eaſy, familiar language; fuch as is ſuited to the capacity and at- 

= tainmeats of her little companion. | | 


* 


The RATIONAL Danze 21 


INSTINCT. 


Fa obe the conſideration of thoſe 3 inſtincts 


which are found in living creatures, it ſhould be our 


earneſt defire, and our higheſt ambition to have God 
; for our teacher, 


Tas. ſpider ſpreads: and ſuſpends its web by the 
niceſt rules of art. The bird weaves a neſt of un- 
tractable materials, which it diſpoſes and adjuſts with- 
out any difficulty. The bee deſigns, with unerring 
{ill what no geometrician could wk, 4d meaſures 
its work 1n the dark, &c. LED. 5 


USEFULNESS 


1 
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24 9% RATIONAL DAM. 


USEFULNESS of CATTLE, 
Tut uſefulneſs of cattle to the ſupport, comfort, 
and convenience of man, is a topic that —_— wy 
us out to a great length. 


* 


Ta ſtate of man, as an inhabitant of this world, 
could not be e mainuained without them. „ 


Fan cattle we 5 didve food, and raiment, and aff | 
tance, and ä WW 


How witely and mereifatly is it ordained, that 
thoſe creatures which afford us wholeſome nouriſh« | 
ment, are diſpoſed to live with us, that we may live 
upon them. Their milk is ſo agreeable to the human 
conſtitution, and ſo pleaſant in itſelf, that it is cele- 
brated among the firſt bleflings of the promiſed 

land, | 


Tus wool of the ſheep gives us clothing, fuch as 
the m__ cannot "ow. 


Wuaar 


The RATIONAL Dans, 23 
_ Waar would the labour of man avail, without the 
 firength and patience of beaſts to aſſiſt him in the 
cultivation of the earth, and the neceſſary buſineſs of 
K's 1 85 "36g 


Even the fierceſt of creatures have their uſe, &c, ® 


- 


CHARACTER 


of: x 


7 If the curioſity of the little perſon who receives this information 
be judiciouſſy managed, he will here en zuire with ſome eagerneſs, 
« What is their uſe?” and I know not how to direct any ſolution 
of the difficulty ſo well as by referring the teacher to the Sermon 
whence theſe extracts were taken, | 


N — X 
ID og ery any. Aa 
1 — 
9 2 N = =y - * 


Z — — _ 
* — 
— — enay enero mc: 
ce — 
e e Wc EY b 


— 


"RO 
g — — — — eee —— 


24 The RATIONAL Dates 


CHARACTER of ANIMALS. 


Tat law of Moſes (Lev. ii.) divides the brute 


f creation into two grand parties, from the faſhion of 
their feet, and their manner of feeding; that is, from 


the parting of the hoof and the chewing of the cud ; which 
properties are indications of their general characters, z 
46 wild or tame. For the dividing of the hoof and 
the chewing of the cud are peculiar to thoſe cattle 
which are ſerviceable to main” s life, as Aeg, or n, 


goats, and deer. Ee | OT 


"Tunes s are ſhod by the Creator or: a peaceable and 


5 inoffenſive progreſs through life. They live tem- 


perately upon herbage; and, after the taking of their 


food, chew it deliberately over again for digeſtion; 


in which act they have all the appearance a brute can 


aſſume of penſiveneſs or meditation; which is meta- 


phorically called rumination, with reference to this pro- 
perty of certain animals. Os Ta 


Sven 


The RATIONAL Da us, en 


Sven are. the tame eattle: but OR we compare- 
7 the beaſts of the field and the foreſt, they, inſtead of the 
harmleſs hoof, have feet which are i 10 ſhed blood 3 


ſharp claws to ſeize upon their prey, and teeth to 
devour 1 it. 


Sven, in a ſtate of nature, is the dog; ſuch are the 
cat, fox, weazel, &c. 15 


Tis 


Sd 


WagRE one of the Moſaic 8 is found, and the 
other! is wanting, ſuch creatures are of a middle nature 


between the wild and the tame; as the  favine, the 
hare, and ſome others, 


\ Tross, that part the hoof afford us wholeſome nou- 
riſhment ;\\thoſe that are ſhod with any kind of hoof : 
may be made uſeful to man; as the horſe, the aſs, 


&c. all of which are fit to travel, and carry burdens. 


Bor when the foot is divided into many parts, and 
armed with claws, there is but ſmall hope of the 
manners ; ſuch creatures being in general murderers, 


or hunters, or thieves, 


6 Wus 


26 he | RETIO0AL Dau. 


ons 


WO can review the creatures of. God, as they ar- 
range themſelves under the two great denominations 
of wild and tame, without wondering at their dif- 

| ferent diſpoſitions and ways of life! &.. 


See Confiderations on the Nater e and Ozccon:my of 
Beaſts and Carthe. A Sermon printed for Robin- 


2 1 ſon, Paternoſier. cow, Loudon. PIETY FE 5 
HOO FED 
_— > © , 5 ; 


 * Need it be hinted to mothers, that a long Sade, berargue 
| is by no mean adapted to children, no—remarks offered i in Hort ſen- 
| te nces (as oceaſion requires) or anſwers, given to queſtions ar fully 
i introduced, are much more agreeable to 9 The Ox and 18 155 


may ar as Specimens,” 42 


——— —— — Ä—E— es ere — 
9 


— 3 — — — K _ 
— 37 . 
_ 2 . 
— — 2 ——ñͤ — 4 


— by 
Fi 
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> 


* The RATIONAL DamMt. - af 


HOOFED ANIMALS. 
Mos r of the hoofed animals are domeſtic; wild beaſts 
are provided with feet and claws ſuited to the forming 
of dens and retreats from the inclemency of the wea- 
„ "hoo j but the hoofed animals depend upon man for 


melter and winter proviſion. 


Ver even our tame animals endure ſome degree of 
rigor; and to prevent inconvenience from cold, 
their ſeet are protected by ſtrong hoofs of a horny ſab» 
| ſtance. The tail too is guarded with long buſhy hair 

that protects it from extremes of heat or cold; in ſum- i 
mer it ſerves to bruſh away the inſects, and in winter 
to guard them from the cle. 

Tat hoofed animals are very ſerviceable to us; 
thoſe with whole hopfs (as the horſe and afs) for car= 


Tying burthens; thoſe with divided hoofs, as the ox, 


ſheep, goat, and deer, ſupply us with food and 
cloathing. | | 


„„ „ HOLZ 


W The Rational Daus. 


WHOLE HOOFED. . 


1 0 R 8. FIT 


44 


Tus horſe is a noble creature 3 at of great 3 
to mankind ; he performs with * wc oe be 
very laborious to man. | „„ © FLLOE 


— 


F 
8 


A norss hw his own Rable'; he ſmells it at a 
-=_ 8 and diſcovers 4 Tons deũre oO mk 


g 0 
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of 155 nook a his companion, and /neighs to 

kim; remembers any place at which he has once 
lopped, and will find his way bome from a great 
diſtance; and that even by a road which be has never 

travelled- -A borſe is very tradtable, when he is 
taught: "bis: rider governs him by his ſenſe of feetings 
by figns - which he Wakes. doe: the i” bis foot, his 
Joes or his whip. 


* 
-% 


— 7 


Ta E 3 fleeps little ; ; not above three or "ow 


Hours in the twenty-four. EE OY 5 2 
JJV A _nonss x 


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Or ts a yt ee . —ͤ—Ä—Uę —̃ —— 


. VU — 


The RaTiOnal Dams. 


© A mnorst is leſs uſeful to us when dead than ſome 
other animals are, a | 

TRE chief uſe of his Kin i is for collars, t traces, and 
other parts of harneſs, 


Tas hair of the mane is of uſe in making wigs 3 
of the tail in making the bottoms of chairs, and 
foor-oloths, TIO en the IO with Sing: 
lines. 

ASS. Ee 

War ſhould an animal ſo good, fo patient, and fo - 

uſeful, be treated with contempt ? | 


"F-:= 00 


Taz horſe we e educate with great care; we dreſs, 


attend, and exerciſe him; 3 whilſt the Poor als is 
neglected. 


Tus aſs is humble, patient, and quiet, 


We are told that the aſs is remarkably attached to 
her young, and that they have a great affection _y 
their, mallers, 


Cz 5 We 


Ws think the aſs ſtupid ; but he knows the place | 
where his maſter ops, and the roads which he fre- 
4 quents. 

Tux afs 3 iel, than the A An 4 is the 
\ frron oh animal which we know for his ſize. 


Tas aſs is ib „ 1 is Win and 
Teſs delicate in the choice of his food than the-horſe, 
temperate as well with reſpe& to the quantity as the 
quality of his proviſions; a few neglected weeds ſa- 
tisfy his appetite; if he gives the preference to any 
vegetable, it ſeems to be the plantane, for which he 
is often obſerved to neglect other herbs. But the aſs, - 
though he ſeems to be ſo indifferent as to food, is : 
ſaid to be peculiarly delicate in his choice of water, 
danket only at the cleareſt brooks. 


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The RATIONAL Dauz. 31 
C LOYEN HOOFE D. 


Ox is the family name for all our horned catile, 


bed | || hail 


4 


YN 


eee 


Tax fleſh of an ox is beef. 


As ox Is a very uſeful animal, 
Oxzn can draw great weights; they are ſlow in 
their motion; but very ſtrong. | 


As ox is ſometimes uſed to draw the plow, or cart; 
thus he is of great uſe to us whilſt he is alive; and 
after his death every part of him is uſeful. 


His fleſh ſapplies us with food; the blood is uſed 
as manure; and to make a fine blue colour. 


Tur dung is a fine manure; and uſed in dying 
o POLE . 


Fux fat is made into candles. The hide into ſhoes 
And boots. The hair is mixed with mortar, The 


* 


32 | . The 6 e Dau. . 


horn is made into various things: combs, dae 


handles for knives ; it is made into drinking cups 3 ; 


beſñides being uſed, inſtead of glaſs, for ſtable lanterns, 


N 2 * s ' c * * — 
s * + * 8 . Pop » 
v \ 53 


185 0 . of the hoofs, 2d p parings nt the hide make 


dis. „ bd Ton pM.” 


Tx E bones are uſed to make little ſpoons, knives and 


| forks for children, buttons, we. which look like 
| Vun. and are . V | 


* f * 


Tas . are uſed in beating gold into thin leaf; 


and then applied to fot. wounds:;: we Fol it gold- 
5 bearer” 5 kin. 3 ' 1 1 228 5 1 ; 


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Tas i HA core: we eel cows. ' You "A ka 


excellent food milk i is; of milk we make cheeſe; from 


| milk we ſkim cream; of the cream. we make butter; 

| and variety of delicate kinds. of food. ww: calf. is the 

young one. The calf ſupplies us with food ; 5 is, 
5 ; fleſh is veal. Vellum i is made of his lein. The com- | 

125 mon people wear wailtcoats made o call Kin tanned 
. Wie _ Boy: an. . 


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Sn ſupply us with food; their fleſh is mutton. 


covers of books. The entrails are twiſted into firings 


| lamb. The ewe is | the W's mother, 


ber fide; the thinks nor then of herſelf; but will 


wigs. Cloth may be made of the goat's hair. The 
| kin * * ets 5 more uſefal than that of the ſneep-4 


* 


T5. Rational Daun. 83 


Saxer ſupply us with cloaths too; the wool is 
made into cloth, flannel, and worſted ſtockings, | 


The ſkin is leather, which i is of uſe to wear, and for 


* 
F 


* 


for fiddles. The dung is ſpread upon che earth, to 


enrich i it; we call it m manure. The young is called | 


he Ca 


"AP — 


— 
—— 


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1 £ af E 
„ 
FEY x — 


"A SHEEP is a timid (gi and runs away from + 
dog; yet an ewe will face a dog, when her lamb is by 


W 
Fi 


ſtamp with ber feet ; : and puſh with. her head; ſeem⸗ 
ing to have no fear, | Such i is we: love of makes! 133 


% O A T. 


4 Gel is like a ſheep; but the” goat has no 
wool; be bas Pair. The white hair is valuable fot 


ne GOAT 


HG 


1 ; 
* 


i 


14 The Rational Dans. | 


A Goar ſeems to have more ſenſe than a ſheep. 
"Coars love to feed upon hills: they are fond of 
browling upon vines, and delight, i in the 928 of 
Young trees. „ . 335 L” ory. 


10 


S 4 * 
Fe 5 E Ss 


r live. among mountains; YE limb the 
Acepeſ rocks; and g from lo to. EA: Bae: 


— 


29 

. N is ; called kid. [Ihe geht af kids is 
good food. Gloves are jk of hows Kin, The 
e of goats i is drunk dy weakly 2 EE 


. 


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| : 


. TY med Ua 10110 anoually i in at kay? WH: TY WL 


the old horns do not fall of without, "the animal rubs 


| them gently againſt the branches of. trees. The new - 
| horns are tender, and the deer Mn with their ads 
low, to prevent them from rubbing againſt. the 


branches; when they are full grown. and hard; the 


deer rub. them againſt the trees, to clear them of a 


. with POLY: they en The Kins of. deer | 


— 


The RATIONAL Dams.” 35. 


are of- uſe for leather. The horns make good handles 
for common knives, Ce. Spirit of hartſhorn is ex- 
tracted from them; and hartſhorn ſhavings are made. 
The fleſh of deer is highly eſteemed ; we eat it by 


the name of veniſon. Pawns are leſs commonly 


eaten, * 4 abs we EIS 5 4 7 : : C24 : z 
; FI: ; 8 * : ? 4 5 8 ö 7 $ a * 
s | . "DO 43, 


ae bog appears to have a divided hoof. Fre he 
peaceable animals which we call cattle : but he really 
has the bones of his feet like thoſe of a beaſt of prey; 
and a wild hog i is a very ode! x animal, | 


4 


— 


Swine. have always been eſteemed prove! bially 
uncraRtable, and ſtupid ; ; incapable of tuition ; but it 
: does appear that even a pig may be taught—what 
8 cavnot perſeverance effe& 7 | 
1 Hos is a diſguſling animal ; be is filthy, greedy, 
laben; but he is very uſeful at hw deaths. 7 © 


— * * Þ Ws 4 
* — 5 * ; 85 
8 Ne * . +. ' 1 
N 
. 1 3 4 1 ; * ; 4 - 3%, 
£4 YL 1 : *'% 5 £ 8 : 2 * 1 
| : To, | 13 
G : 7 
"+3 3 mo * 


- 1 — 
3 OS EIN, gee, _—_ 


| 
4 
y 
5 
x 
q 
1 
' 
' 
if 
1 


-36 Th Rariovar Dau. 


+ 
{4 


His fleſh is pork; the lard is chin medicine; kor 
plaiſters, and pomatums; tlie briſtles are uſed to 
e nt men bas 7 ip wor Dofiany 


— A " bl 4 2 F "Ko ® 5 12 4 ”- F 22 
"© 25.2% 7 - G 5 . . 4 t $a 4 , *. 5 N 4 + 


Hoes are voracious animals 3 devouring, with- 
out much diſtinQion, whatever they meet with. 
Pi6s ſcarcely know. their own mother; hogs will 
devour their own young; the habits and manners of 
ſwine are all diſguſting ; they wallow 3 in the mire o 


5 cool themſelves, and kill vermin. . 


** 


Tux parts of . anita] are » adapted to its way of 
life: as its method of feeding 1 18 by turning up the 
earth with its noſe for roots of different kinds; ; fo 6 
nature bas given it a more prone form than other | 
animals; z A ſtrong neck, eyes ſmall, and placed high 
in the head; a long ſnout, a noſe- callous, and 
tough, and a quick ſenſe of eee 6 to. trace yur. 
Us food. Bred: : 2 1 5 J 8 9 5 
Tus bog Wen to e a2 link kw the 
hoofed and dighared animals ; or rather to be an 


/Þ 0 e a 1: £ 


- 
I — yo yer — 
. a ao a ON 
r * 


r 


4, Do 


be Rartonat Daux. 37 


7 — > 
1 


| = 
n 


- 


n 
— — 
— „ 
EATS A* — n 


outcaſt from both. The fleſh of ſwine was for- 
bidden to be eaten by the people of God: theſe 
animals being remarkably gluttonous and filthy 
* e was to them af of e 


7 


* 4 4 * 
= — 


SwinE have Aifinguithing palates ; and, where Air 
find plenty of delicious food; are nice in their choice; 
bat the voraciouſnefs of their appetite overcomes their 

delicacy; and they greedily ſwallow whatever will 
' appeaſe their hunger: thus (ſee the ways of Provi- 
dence!) to the gluttony of the hog we are indebted 
for a very efleniial ſervice; that of removing ſuch 
| -Slth/ as would prove a nuiſance, were it ſuffered to | 
remain: and this animal; after devouring the refuſe 
of all others, himſelf ſupplics us with excellent food. 


n 


4a * 5 
i $ 
: w- 5 
PST "OE * 
* N *» 89 
5 * * z * F 4 
5 x 4 'S + XI r 
F 0 $5: 464 I EE TT gy EE + * N * | 
$ ; LIK Hu "IS * n 2 \ * FA: 7 8 8 2 
% ' 
: 0 * k 1 „ 
2 
5 B DIGI. 
1 E 85 1 
14 


38 The, Rational Dams. * 


. 


. cat ag Fe ares] 7555 ſhe FO them. 
back when you careſs her Fat 3 her foot is as Toft 


1225 velvet. „ . * Be. 7 6g 3 | ne 8 
2 2 we wet x 25 # 2 1 +. * * N * 2 2 . A 860 9 4 Ne. 
4 8 — —— 
. : s . 
* . ; a \ — "2 = F 
* e Sy . Ws * x 12 d Mon 2 ll UN 2 37'S 5 33388 
2. 2 £-49} . 41 i At. TKKG 6 


0 {Cann ace a leſs. "hue: "them: PEN, and D 
| jarachment; „che aſſeRion i 15 te to 92 houſe, go 


n 


— 


2 8 n 127 0 $5472 „ Ea | 2546 2 33 
7 Tue you 1g: are. kittens: theres of kene re 
main cloſed for fome 1 e e 


1 FEES: 
* £ « £ 
l „ 1 


— 


- 


85 N Be BE $A 4G 8 ES 2 
* W 


a. 


Tas 4 after ſuckling ler young bene time, 
; 98 them with mice, or young birds. 


3 n 


Care 5 by their 1 they n in wak ; and 
ſpring upon their prey, which they catch by ſurpriſe; 
then ſport with, and torment the N file animals 
© before they kin om.” 


\ 
4 p $. 4 a 2 . 4 
2 — 5 8. * — 1 1 % * 
3 . 5 1 ; a. 


* 0 | 1 6 __ Cars 


* ea 


— * 
0 
_ 1 
. 
ON 
LOR 
2 * 
Ke 
. 8p: * 
RX 
8 
2 
45 
3 
« & x 8 
& * 
1 $ 
Is * 


”= 


* 


— —— — 


* 


—— — —päũ—P— He 


a. 2d * 1 
e ? r FL 
F * — PRs 77 Mou 
LI 2 a” 
2 17 * 


m—z—— = mi 

| „ | NR 
Zu 14 RAYS Way 
, , | a," 


59 


i — 


7 


mM 7 
112 


0 


In 


8 . ee | 39 


*. 


Car- * belt! in the gloom.” | 13 2 firong light, 
the Pupil of the” cat's eye 3 is contracted to a were 


SP 


7 * into 4 large circle. bs 


* 3 a ; Ne 
: * * 2 «4 288. a e A 
. 3 . 


80 eee l prom : ip = 


ww” * 
ns 570g ©, 2 55 E Wb. 8 RP 
NR VR * 8 5 72 22 a * = * Wy y 3 

y 4 N \ oY . b 
. . 


4 


429 


fy 22 


A 


_— * s * * 


6: they a are: every 6755 25 marum 


S $1 i 


; Sh , ; 
$ + ae”. — N . v8.4 
*, 25 4 15 2 
= e 


# * LY n — . 
4 8 oy” - 5 7 0 a 5 4 * 
ET a. # "$5 x # 1 - c 
p 3 5 TY N 
: KEY. : * — = 
. W 2 5 b . oY 
2 oo e «2 - . 5 8 I 4 
7 1 bt * 
v8 ig e 8 o , 2 
2 0 6 "BY 42: LE + 8 . 
WW * ++ ; 5 5 4 
2 9 p L 7 ” , 3 F 
8 1 . 5 
* Fool bon R 
* — db 2 2 8 8 . 
32 
"Rates. : "$2 
4 by 


bi 
5 


* 


1 7 


"ws teet For eas are better formed for tearing 
. than for diewing food. d Cuts will cron A 

ſe, ane nd Nals it very ſpeediiy; they ſation 
ic 28 And "Yor; - "ve are "to 4 that it 15 Wheteſoms"* 
or them to 4 81467 4 "the fleſh- alone would be tec 


3 Cats eat graſs as medicine. - Cats are 
: [al pity ;*they are fond of ach, Whictf they never 


bh. Wi. 
a - 3 be: 50 13 & . 4 a * 2 Ain 


* 


* 


Yank.) 207 birs RE” ewoud 


5 | bg 2 455 


S 
N Ry, 1 SG 


n 


5 — — —— 


40 The eee DAu TL. 


* 0 8 
Tan dog 3 1s „ \gified: with that 8 895 e 
and fidelity, which qualify him to be the guard, the 
companion, the friend of man's and happy is he who. | 
| finds a friend as true and uncorrupt as this animal 
ho will rather die by the ſide of his maſter, than take: 
„ bribe oe a ewe to 1 Nn. 1 


. 4 
a 8 
* * 
; 'Þ- 4 at 


"Mas other WN is 60 mack. hat companion of may, 
as the dog: The dog underſtands his maſter by the 
tone of his voice ; "nay, even by his Jook 4, and is. 
"ys and even IE to "obey 22885 . 
n od kt 833 
Doss are very eier to mh. 55 * with 
1 a flock. of ſheep ; he will uſe no roughneſs, . 


er to thoſe which "_ and "OT MIME, 


pe "I 


” + ; „ 1 2 r 7 
5 , 4 2 — A BOTS. 2 7 f N - 18 L 
95 1 + 2 ** 8. T 233 4 > he 


Fe Pe kinds. of 1 are . e be. 
different kinds of ah 


— 


>. a ERS, ; gu omg 
"IM Fay is gad t to be the only agimal who ay | 
. knows 4 8 opanh and the fnends of the r! 1 ae 


. 1 PE. * 85 = 
The RATIONAL Dan. 41 
dillinguiſhes a ſtranger as ſoon as he arrives; who 
underſtands his own name and the voice of the 
domeſlics; and who calls on has loſt maſter by cries 


* 


and lamentations, 1 


_ * * * * * * 
* 


. a4 


4 vo! 1s the 5h ſagacious animal ve have; and 
the moſt capable of education. 2 


.In moſt dogs the ſenſe of ſmelling 1 nern. A dog 
| will hunt his game, by the ſcent which remains where 
"i has paſſed. A dog, in following his maſter, will 

ſtop where the roads croſs, and (with his noſe to the 
ground) try which way the ſcent is ſtrongeſt, then 
purſue chat. . he ſenſe whereby he is enabled to 


— JOGOS Dp 
— MA Teens oo on Vp He ů —̃ — — —— ä 
q N 
1 : WE 4 — wy * 
= ln tt 1 y 3 1 . 22 32 
+ * 2 £ 
* * _ 


Trace a fingle perſon through a croud of people, is & 
gift « of the Creator, which exceeds our comprehenſion. 


\ 


A Dos is q narucaly a beaſt of prey, and would eat 


- 
— — U 1 aha, 
l — _— e is ag As it, 


only. ew. - yer dogs learn to eat the refuſe of any. kind 
of food, on Ne? their e lee. 15 „ 


4 
.* 
P 


* \ ok ? 
a * . « 
* , "Y 10 : oy os 
o 1 


IIS 10285 


Does eat t the tops of PEP as a « vow. 2840 


G | -D 3 Tas 


PIs OI OO IF 


9 
oy 
* 
PINT Ow”; 
— —— 


_ 
3 


* * 


42 „ rener Daus: 


; Tus, young are puppies. The eyes of poppies — 
Hors Cloſed ue, 18 s birth. 


N * * \ 8 : i 
2 Lot _— 3 . wh a * . ? 11 ">, 
— 


5 1 
L v3 4 
7 * 1 - — 8 * . : 1 
44 8 ; 8 
* i; +# * : © - n A 7 F# 


. A ? > 5 ; 
% #4 . 3 © HE s PR N 
7 F 0 1 ee es 


A vox reſembles, and is ſomewhat of the fame” | 


| nature as a wild dog 3 but very Tifferent i in his n man- 
ners, from that faithful animal. FF 


A rox em et blk Reh of any Kind; but his 


Favourite food is lambs, rabbits, hares, pouttry, and 
feathered * 


A rox, when — — * hunger, will eat carrots, 
and inſects; and thoſe that live near the ſea-coalts, 


ill eat crabs, ſhrimps, o or well. fiſh, for want of other | 
\ ee 


ti Franc "and Lal Foxes . great dumge f in x he 
5 8 "vineyards, by feeding 0 on the grapes; of which bey 
_ ure very fond. A fox deſtroys 'many rats and field. 


mice; : and, like the cat, will Lav Sr with them { ſome | 
time before be puts them to a” PTE: 


0 
N 6 
. 
- 5 2 5 7 1 5 b 
0 f 
Ft * % * N K i 
A >. a — 0 *.. 
J 7 *** 5 


The R A IONAL x Dans, 43 


Wen the fox. has caught a larger” prey than) he 
can devour at once; he does not begin to feed till he | 
has ſecured à part; which he does with great addreſs ; 
in the following manner. He digs holes in different 
places; and returns to the ſpot where he left his 
booty ; and will carry off a whole flock of poultry, 
one by one, and thruſt them 1 in with his noſe ; and 
then conceal them (by ramming the looſe earth on 

N them) till hunger leads him to pay them a viſit, 
A yox has a very expreſſive eye; is remarkably 
. Playful, and ſports with his tail, | 


| Tus fox retreats under ground; his habitation 
conſiſts of ſeveral eren N many entrances 
| nn | | 


(2 


(3 * $$ 
* 1 


Tu fox quits his habitation in warm weather, to 


bak in the ſun; or enjoy the freſh air 3 but then he 


"rarely lies expoſed; but chooſes ſome thick buch. 


| generally of - furze, that he may 18 ſecure ow 
ſarpriſe. 


Lak 


| + Crows, 
4 | 


. 


{ 


F- SC 


mo 1 The nie Dans. 


* 


© Crows,” mag pies, od other birds, who confider 


the fox as their common enemy, will often point out 
his retreat, by their notes of anger. The Kin of "Y 
for is furniſhed with a ſoft A ee e 


#£ 4 ' rt le x 14 £3 


+. 

a 

j Vs" 
T% 

SI 


we * ks : * 4 
N * 
1 * % 2 J 4 p 60 x 8 > & ws. 7+ 1 
* £ + < * 7 7 * = 6 ©. "of * # y F * 2 
* 1 . 
— 
* 


ros MM ER LY ; there. were re many wolves, in England. 


* SS . 
E} 


++ # 


A 8 is a "heres and DOE animal, ſomewhat 
reſembling 1 the 8 in | Appearance. - 


» » * R 
2 » * N 
— 71 * 2 5 3 2 . + wank 'y $ 4 & WW vt 2 - 
8 ** - 4 * * 


* 


Wa are e very 1 to have n none remaining in our 


country. | 
4 x 0 2 ; © Foe 
- 4 4 8 99 5 14.4% © LL . * P. vo + wo 
bac | ; | F ISTH DIC B LES! N B 12 A 
— . 2 
* 
1 - — * a 4 
A 4 *4 2 z 1 2 * 7 8 1 pe 5 6 * r 1 4 80 
* % 3 1 +3 2 3 54 ts 7 ” N 8 42 I 7 Fa 9 


Twp badger 3 is a 3 animal: | roots, 1 : 


oe inſoQte, and n are un food. 

oy” rar e is anda, PA 3 5 is very 
fat: he is not nimble, to eſcape! from anger x: 3 but 
_ to defend n when attacked. ob e 


3 
SY > 
0 48 5 
"_ : 
as 5 E 4 Bx 


* 


_— . 25 r nu 0 op 
y 


— Got Ceo es wt — . — nm, 


Gp L N — * . 9 
— . — — 


＋ 
* 
4 
, 
- | | 
: $ 
% kf | 
7 
| » 
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e- | | 
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— 
——— | , 
_* | | 
| — 
. = 
4 ] x | 
. 44 ; ; 
| ? * . I i 
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. | | 
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7 * 9 N ; f | | 
— * 
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— , : | | | | 
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bk ; | OW 8... vi Wl 
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2 


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4 


OE . 


t Uke iheſe of Wh 5 
Ja. t f great ſpeed ; 


* 
N 


and delle "= 


ML ASE MN 


a 


is rank and fiſhy. 1 ein 
tr it only for piſtol. furniture, 


*® DO — 

3 3 f 
FE i Fg > 

2 $ IS +3 A. TIO,” | bo Pg Oy Fu 2 9 E x is 2 "es 


1 

* \ S e 
a n 2 
WE. Y 2 
5 


7 5 - 
5 


8 > G 2 + wy s 
's . x - 2. 
0 3 4183 : 2 8 4 3 7 Be WR FLY Nee eng * 2 828 7 , 
F £44 4 „ 2 * 4 3 9 ; ; E ; a 
4 n 2 - 8 


C.-Y : R 4 8 24 * ; «+ FEED © * - 1 
Dee g N 8 e * 5 by 
fir 5 25 e 2 5 0 
* Is a ö 
: * 25 5 2 , 
b * 3 * * y \ N 4 8 CY N « 
ls 8 * D. } ; * - : 4 


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-< — » -_ 2 x . — 
, . VI PPP Ws TID vey 
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— 


pe . —_—_ 
UI ALLA NS AED or V.... ] ͤ 9 {Or + 


— 


— — 


— — 


PPP 
: 1 4 - i 


12 


46- The RATIONAL Dat, 77 
Tur otter; ſhews great ſagacity in forming his 


| habitation: he bur:ows under ground, on the banks 
of ſome river or lake; works r the ſut face 
of the earth, and there makes a ſmall opening pe 


the admiſſion of air; and it is obſerved that the 
animal makes even this little air-hole in the middle . 


of ſome thick walk 4 in order that it 1 880 eſcape. obſer- ; 


— 99 1 - 4 I 
U * 1 1 > J + x * 
+ 'F * * % "% % 2 4 N 3 1 422 9 ” 183 3 
£ 10 7 i e $0 * i 3 BOD Ve Fd SM Loc E. ai 
Pi ; 8 0 a : 2X BAY . a 1 
7 


- 
* 


F is the h Sed Et ER 


- ply Polecat, &c. all of which have a ſtrong ſcent. 


* 0 1 * 8. A 5 


4 2 - . N 8 a 


i 4. . 4 * # 5 a. 4 


1 1 is defrugiite to ; wlll 566 al. 


kinds; and to pouliry. They generally) reſide i in 
| woods, or thick buſhes; burrowing under ground; ; 


and for ming retreat, which commonly ends, for i its 
ſecurity, among the roots of ſome large trees: * 
will ſometimes lodge under hay-ricks, and i in barns 1 


in the winter * frequent houſes, and rod the dairies : 


CE 23 4 a a 
HE SW EW ot 2 = ' o N ; bi 
2 : , T * bs 2 8 < a $38 4 - : = 
” e $ P, * x 8 8 3 8 4 3 1 * 1 wh © ; * 
$ : . . N 5 8 : exe]? 0 
725 3 F Aw ar 1 - ; 
* 8 FF WOT. 4 0 < 5 * 
a 8 : : Fg : 1 wh 5 
no * Ix ME JF 44 I, : n v Ay * 
* 
2 . "+ 


The RaTtTionat Dau. 47 


of milk. They make great havock among rabbits in 
A Warren! N i 


Tux fur of the polecat js uſed for linings of muffs, 
Sc. | 


"4 * 
* 


r E R R E r. 
Tus ferret is like the polecat; but not weil in 
England „ 5 | 


ps b 
MA KT IN. 


T uIs is a beautiful little animal. It makes great 
havock among poultry, game, &c. ; and will eat mice, 


* 


Tue martin inhabits woods, and makes its lodge 
in the hollow of trees. All creatures of ihe weazel 
kind have, a firong, ſcent; that of the martin js 
muſky. 


” 4 " } : . 5 5 » 3 
0 * 


% 


r 8 5 | | Rs; 


* — . 


— 4 ct Sa 
CT 


— — 
— 


| 
il 

= 
| 


_ — . — 
e los 
. 
* 


— —-— — —ũ—ä7ä04ũ X — —— — 


— o — ——ů » — — 
n r 
- 
% 


— 7 I” EE a K — — 
— . 


OL éùN— A GE ooo — 
* « 
K , 


* 


98 


— 
— 


Tat ſkin of the martin is 4 valuable fur; mach 
uſed for linings to the gowns of magiſtrates, os 


Fo 
YsLLow BxeasTEd MARTI N. 


Tais little creature is ſcarce in England.” II builds | 
its neſt on the tops of trees; inhabiting the fir foreſts 
of Scocland. The fur is valuable. 


% 
N 


VVV | 
- : ; * 
JJC 5 
15 2 ; : * . : ; N a * A »} * ; * 8 bs, : g : io, * 
* 


* 
18 


Ter wenel defroys' young rde, poultry, and | 
young rabbits; and is beſides a great devourer of 


* . i 
888. a 
7 - * $ 2 b Y * - G 5 * * 84 92 N 
A \ — k R D s . =, A OE eb e 7 3. 
8 y 3 > 4 * 5 is - 3 N * 1 > # 5 f * % *. - " 


JJ ˙w- . ol ood a5 
Thx wearel does not eat its prey on the place; 
but, after killing it, by one bite near the head, carries 
it off to its young or its retreats - =» e 


| 5 : 1 ä ; c bt 
wt; 1 |  L UB 


The Rational Dany. 59 


Tur whazel is an active animal, and runs up walls 
with eaſe; his body i is ſo mall, that be will creep 
a almoſt any hole. 


Tre 2 * out-houſes; barns, and gra- 
Baries; where he atones for the miſchief which ke 
does among tame fowl; by doing us the hs to 
dams thoſs yes: has rats and mice. 


1 5 S | : 
3 1 . 


S T OA FT. 


 Txis little animal is called foat when It is brown; 


and Ermine when it js whites, 
F | 6 
Is cold countries, many animals change their 
colour in Ginter ; ; and become white; thus they re- 


ſemble the colour of the ground (which is then covered | 


with ſhow) and 6ſcape the fight of their enemies. 


5 5 ee 


- 


30 . Rarionar Dau . 


— e in England the ſtoat is e found 
White, the end of the tail only remaining black. 
Tus people then call it the white weazel; but 
they may be diſtinguiſhed by the tail; which in the 
| Weazel is of a light tawny brenn 
Tre oat haunts woods, hedges, and meadows z 
eſpecially where there are brooks, the ſides of which 
are covered - with ſmall buſhes ; ; and ſometimes he 
inhabits b barns and other buildin ngs. 


— 


+ FRE" of "© float 15 birds ; . ; mice, &c. 


— 


E 4 R k. 

Aus. hat, being + AQ * Ae Cm; is 
endued, in a remarkable degree, with fear: this 
makes it perpetually attentive | to 2556 _— and 
keeps i it you lean. | : 


The RaTionatl Dam, 51. 


7 Tas hare, to enable it to receive the moſt diſtant. 
notice of danger, is provided with very long ears 3 
which convey to it the remoteſt founds, 

Tux hare's eyes are. very large, and prominent, 
adapted to receive the rays of light on all des. 


*I rave been aſſured, that a hare can ſee quite 
behind. | RG 


* 


Tak hind legs of a hare are very long and firong; 
to aſſiſt it to eſcape its purſuers ; their length gives the 
hare adyantage-in running. up hill ; | fd the animal 
runs toward riſing ground when ſtarted, © © | +: 


5 Every ſportſman can. relate the Rratagems of the. 

©  harez but ſportſmen may omit calling upon young 
people to attend to the wiſdom of God, who. formed 
the creature with ſuch inftin& for its preſervation. 77. 


Tux hare very rarely leaves its ſeat (form) in the 
day; but in the night takes a circuit in ſeareh of 


* | 


1 N. RATIONAL Daus. 


, always returning through the ſame cn 
ere =” 

Tux colour of a hare is nearly that of the ground; ; 
| Which ſecures it from being ſo readily perceived ao its 


numerous enemies. : 


Tus 1 the hare is vegetable; hares do great 


iner to nurſeries of young trees, by eating the bark . 


off: they are e dend of Pinks, parſley, and 

birch, VVV 
"Tas 3 this creature forms . wiicle in 

| the manufaBtry of Hats, | 


e ens, * A BB 17. 


vas ln, thas thoſe animals incraſ the mod, : 
| ep acer : 


| Rappers will ſometimes have young ones fren 
aus in che gears eee 


| * $26 


2 Py 


ip, oo 05 HI RY 4 0 FERN £20645 LI 3Y wa 03: 


. 


17 0 0 


night! 1% 22 


666 VN. 5 7 


l 


— 


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Ke 


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- + 
# 4 
” 8 6 4 . . . . - 5 F740 * 1 * * 5 F a 
— 183 * 75 5 £5 - . : SA 
= * * 
| if | be.ove ſto ked with thoſe gl als, 
g f E LEI — — . 2 F + * My 
- RS 1 ( $ 8 8 N 5 8 A 38 
if they he not! enemies. e 
5 2 N * % 8, 3 ; . © 4 
PF, - - * + fo RY . > IIs ” 9 
4 IE os, ; 3 > Ay * I 4 ® 
CIV 72 fo ” * * 1 * 8 — . 
155 2 2 2 . 4 7 3 Ea — 
a F 


(7%, ans 
2 * 97 * * ; 


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* - * * * 7”. * N 5 4 „ Lo & * * - 
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Ts * FE 84 N — "© e e : e . OI 3 
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% 


9 = 
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— 


y * » - 
F 2 8 7 * * * 4 4 
99 - —_—— x 4 & 

— 1 ES * 


13 far 4 


2 far 80 Labbits forms a great article in the hat 
"pe, and ſuch part of the fur as is upſit for 
has been found to be a8 
2 8 beds and bolſters... ; Rabbits burrow. in 
e b. N 


Tus » ſquirrel has its name from the form of its 
This Hude and a tail ;) as ſerving the little animal 
u umbrella. That part is long er 0 vgh to cover 


45 
* 


"which are o diſpoſed- 45 0 give it great breadt. 
- theſe, ſerve a double purpofe; when erected, chey 
prove a ſecure protection from the injuries of heat or 

cold; when extended, they are very uſeful in pro- 


thoſe vat leaps, which the ſquirrel takes from, 


Ig 


* 


* 
3 3 
4 vo ; « 


ttee to nee. 


i 
—_ — 
- 


8 e e V 


Fon body ; 15 and i 1s. clothed with. long I 


4 — 4 * - 
1 2 . 1 \ 3 
her gu 8 C 8” Ye IF — H 1 8 
* * on — 
92 4 
” % = 
. bh * 8 5 
5 2 « 
* 
25 W r- _ — on 
3 3 err 5 7 * 3 ; 
2 * . 4 — 3 A + „8 * 41 2 — 
l . k 
FT 2 2 5 R RL Yep % * 
* 2 * * 8 5 * ni - . 1 a a, 8 Hs * 
„ * n 4 „ a+: Ain SF 2 ST 5 And * 2 1 * 2 5 8 7 * 
v Js + » »* as N. *% 7 2 * * =" 4 — * 3 7 _ 1 * 
S Chee Wiz ou oe 3 * 3 . wr 0 
: 7 : 


. 


nn , Rationat Dar, 
Tun rn is neat; vely, ative, and ok 


Mes. 


Tun ſquizrel never leaves its food to chance; but 
"8 985 in ſome hollow tree, a vaſt —_— of nuts 
1 for winter proviſion, „ 


Fg 1 IF WF. 
by 1 


2 * 


ES TE ihe ſummer, the ſquirrel feeds on buds and 
young ſhoots; and is particularly fond of thoſe of the 
| Ar 15 nes ; and 128 of the young cones, 


| Py 


Tas: ſquirrel makes i its neſt of vols. or dry leaves 3 
between the fork of two branches, f 


* 
8 
* 


Tur feet and nails of the ſquirrel are formed for 
© limbliy, or <linging to the ſmalleſt boughs; the 
fore feet have 80 ſour toes, with a oy. in the 
e of bong aud] 

Tut chene, whey it eats or Arefits ;efelf, fits 
rec; covering the body with its tail; and making 


* 


vſe of the hy feet as hands. | 5 e's | 
Tas 


The RaTionar Daus. 53 f 
Tus gullet of this animal is very narrow, to pre- 


vent it from diſgorging its food, in deſcending of 
trees, or in down leaps. 


DORMOU SE. 


Donmice inhabit woods, or very thick hedges; 
forming their neſts in the hollow of ſome low tree, or 
near the bottom of a _— ſhrub, 


TRI forks little magazines of nuts, &c. for win- 
ter proviſion; and take their food in the ſame manner, 
and ſame upright 88 as the ſquirrel. 


b Tay make their neſts of graſs, moſs, and dead 
leayes. 


. take but little food in winter; for they 
: Deep moſt part of the time; retiring into their holes 


2 early i in the winter, they roll themſelves up, and lie 


almoſt torpid ; only reviving ſometimes in a warm 


* 


day, when they take a little food, and relapſe into WY: 


their former tate. 
| R AT. 


i. 


. 


9. a 


| WE 8 5 
Common RAT. Es 


Ou meat, corn, paper, cloaths, furniture, in ſhort 
every convenience of life is a prey to this deſtructive 
creature ; nor does it confine itſelf to theſe; it will 
make equal havock among our poultry, rabbits, of 


; "Joung _ 


T HE rat tefides in Wai barns, or gtanaries. 
= Go „ 1 * 5 8 + 


Tas fore teeth of the rat are SR ſtrong that they 


| enable i it to force i its way through the hardeſt wood, or 
oldeſt mortar. ; | „ on, 


Tu E rat makes a lodge either for i its a reſidence, 
or a neſt for its young, near a chimney ; ; and 11 improves | 
the warmth of it, by forming there a magazine of 
wool, bits of cloth, ory: or kraw. 


4 F 
. | * £ a 
g ; * x 4 £ 


RarsSC 


The Rar1oNaL Daus. * 


Rars increaſe very alt; but are 0 unnatural as * 
devour one another. 


* *. 


Taz weazel is the greateſt n which the rats 


k have. | 


Tus * rat has alſo greatly leſſened theiy 
numbers; and in many places extirpated them, 
= hs 
Noawar RAT 
Taz large rat, which is called the Norway rat, bas 


extirpated the common kind wherever it has taken its 
reſidence ; bus we * no benefit from the c 755 


Tas ſpecies burrows, Hke the water rat, in the 
banks of rivers, ponds, and ditches; it takes ; the 


is water very readily ; and ſwims, and dives with great 


celerity ;; like the common (or black) rat, it preys on 
rabbits, poultry, and all kinds of | game; and like. 
wiſe on grains and fruits. It increaſes very a 
bringing from four to paging young ar & time, _ 

| Tarzss 


[ 5 , 

[ 53 The Rarionas Da ME. 

g 3 5 7 14. 

Tuxs rats are bold 3 and erb is ſevere. 


— — 
* 


A. —_— 


II. 


— 


N Wagon R AT. 


| Taz water rat never frequents e ; but i is al- 
ways found in the banks of rivers, ditches, and 8 3 


where i it burrows, Gs : 


\ Vas water rat feeds on ſmall 8, or the fry of 
greater; on frogs, inſefts, and ſometimes « on roots. 


— 


* 


— 


* FA _ a dives admirably well; . continued 
net under water ; yet it IT, not web-feet. 


— 
* * 


X 
| Tun LONG- TAILED. FI E LY M 0 vs E. : 


12 
r 


oP uss animals are found 621 in geld and 
e in ſome places they are called bean-mice,' | 
from the havock they won e whole ſeeds when 


| : POE 10 of 
ern fon, . 3 * _ de: 
IEA Tur 
2 £ 
% 2 
5 — 


* 


9 RATIoxAL Daus. / 59 


Tur feed alſo on nuts, acorns, and corn; form- 
Ing in their burrows yaſt oe of winter pro- 
viſion, | 


a. 


Tax hog - often türns TP tho DR in ſearch of 
the concealed hoards of the held mouſe. 


' FinLd mice generally make a neſt for their young 
very near the ſurface of the earth; and often in a 
thick tuft of graſs. | | 


— 


Snonr tailed F IE L M o v 8 E. 

- Tr1s animal makes its neſt in moiſt meadows ; it 
has a ſtrong affection for its young; one which was 
ſeduced into a wire trap by placing her brood theres 
was fo intent on foſtering them that ſhe appeared quite 
regardleſs of n ri. | 1 8 al | 


Tur 3 of this 4 much reſemble the 
laſt ſpecies: like it they reſide under ground; and 
9 8 N . | live 


_ The Ratronar Daur. 


tire on nuts, acorns, but — on cor; it 
biffers from the former in, de places which ft fres 
- quents z ron hy gardens. : 8 


1 : 
- Common MOUSE. 


; n ts timid, cautious, aQtivey liatle anim . al, is en⸗ 2 
titely domeſtic, being. never found in fields; 5 


1 HEDGE Ho 6. 
Tas hedge hog is a nofturial animal, keeping 


retired in the day; bur is in motion the whole Wan 
in ſearch of food. | — 


Q , ny 


5 I N 8 refdes ! in all aide in hdges; o 

in ditches covered with Re lying well wrapped 

en in moſs, grafs; or leaves, Its food: is roots, fruits; 
worms and inſets, „ ON 


"> * 


Tut l bog i 0 ald, en and i 
and; and would be liable to injury from every 
f enemy; 


* fp. 


The RATIONAL Dams. . 61 


enemy, had not Providence guarded it with a ſtrong 


by that mean ſecuring the Ger _ » hi 
fenceleſs. 


covering; and a power of rolling itſelf into a ball; 
. de- 


WEN rolled, it is a perfect ball covered with 
_ ſpines like ſtrong thorns; ſo that no creature can 
touch it without wounding itſelf, 


— 


„ 71 


Tas mole has broad, ſtrong, and ſhort fore feet, 
which are inclined ſideways 3 anſwering the purpoſe as 
well as form of hands; with theſe the mole ſcoops out 
the earth to form its habitation, or to purſue its prey. 


Tus mole flings the looſe earth behind her; her 
hind. Parts are taper and ſmall; enabling her to paſs' 
with eaſe through the earth which her fore feet have 
N behind. 


F | - Tur 


G2 | The RATIONAL. Dau. 


Tus ſmallneſs of the mole's eyes is a peeuliar 
happineſs to the animal; had they been larger, they 
| would have been liable ta injury, by the earth falling | 
into them; to prevent this; the eyes are not only ſmall, 
but cloſely covered with fur: we are likewiſe aſſured, 
chat the animal has the power of withdrawing 'or 
exerting them, agcording to its occaſions, 


Tur ſenſes of ſmelling and ba are very 1 ; 
the one to direct the animal to its food in its dark 
abode ; the other to give it notice of the moſt diſtant 
approach of . ; 

Tut noſe of the mble: is. long and lender; ; welk 
formed for. thruſting into ſmall holes in _ of the 
worms and inſc&s which: inhabit them. 


* Tos Aalen is vat 680 Ai that always 
7 under the ee hillock, a little Oy * ſurface 


Tu mole is obſerved to be more aftive, and to 
caſt up moſt earth immediately before rain; and in 
6 90 8 the 


v Ma 


ne 


| The RATTONAI Dau. 83 


the winter before a thaw; becauſe at thoſe times the 
worms and inſets begin to be in motion, and ap- 


proach the ſurface: on the contrary, in very dry 


Weather, this animal feldom forms any hillocks, as it 


penetrates deep after its prey, which retires far into 
the ground. The mole ſkins a worm before he 
eats it. : 


« MoLzs injure us by looſening the roots of plants, 


SHREW MOUSE. 


Tur teeth of the ſhrew mouſe point forward, ſo 


chat the head of the little creature reſembles that of 


a bird. 


Taz threw mouſe inhabits old walls, heaps of 
ſtones, or holes in the earth: is frequently found 
near out-buildings, n, dunghills, &c. 8 


# 


IT lies on inſects, corn, or any filth; and has 


been obſerved rooting like a hog in dunghills and ne- 
; KF houſes, | 


” 
. o 
- 
— , rs fr — “. 7—% . a depended * — 


—— 


1 
— = —ͤ— — we 


« | The RATIONAL Dams. 


1 has a ſtrong diſagreeable ſmell 3 cats wil kill 
but will not eat it. 


THERE . to be an annual mortality among 
theſe animals in Augaſt; numbers being then found 
dead in the paths. | | 


* 


ay 


De RATIONAL DAME | $3 


P T N N A 1 E 5. 
2. | 


LE AL 


Tux ſeal has bis fore feet ſcarcely to be ſeen be- 
yond the ſkin ; his toes are joined by a web. | 


Tur ſeal ſwims and dives well; and is very bold 
in the ſea ; ſwimming careleſsly about boats. 


Sexts have their dens in hollow rocks near the 
= | | 85 


«| Ix ſummer they will come out of the water, to baſk 
or ſleep in the ſun, on the top of large ſtones, or 
ſhivers of rocks; and that is the opportunity which 
our countrymen take of ſhooting them; if they eſcape 
_ they haſten towards the water, flinging ſtones and dirt 
behind them, as they ſcramble along; at the ſame 
time expreſſing their fears by pitious moans; but if 
they happen to be overtaken, they will defend them- 
1 Xlves whh their feet and teeth, | 


1 F 3 | Tas 


ye The RapiOnat Daus. 


Tus fat of the ſeal yields Gil. The ſkins are made 


into waiſtcoats, ſhot pouches, &C. and uſed for er. 
ing trunks, 


Tus ſeals rear their young at firſt in caverns; and 


their growth is very IE Jet they are ſeen ſuckling 


* 


them in the ſea. | 5 


* 
- 


Sars feed on fiſh, 


© They are ſometimes ſeen ſleeping on rocks, and 


if diſturbed by any things they tumble o over the rocks 
into the ſea. 


Tauer are very warchful, never ſleeping long with- 
out moving; ſeldom longer than a minute; then 


raiſing their heads, and if they hear or ſee nothing 


more than ordinary, lying down again; and fo on. 


This precaution ſeems to ſupply the want of outward | 
ears, which ſerve, in other creatures, to. catch. ſounds: | 


* 2 


9 X » n 
> $43 | | : Bo ; : 


*% 
a 


n FL ; — 
2 2 
7 » * b 
: £ . < + 4 * TS 5 Nv Ja E Ne” F bs 4 
* 4% 5 © E 4 ” 1 
= 3 - * * 0 
1 * 
1 8 | L a 
x * ; 


— 


* 


73. RATIONAL. Daur, 67 


B Z A *. 
J. 
Snonr earned B A T. 


Wu ar is called the wing is the four inner toes of 


tze fore feet (which are long) joined by a membrane; 


which extends alſo to the hind legs; and from thence- 
to the tail. The firſt toe is quite looſe, and ſerves as 
a heel, when the bat walksz or as-a hook, when it 


wonld adhere to any thing. T he hind feet are dif- 
engaged om this membrane. | 


'F 


- Tus bat A common. 


Ir makes its firſt appearance early in the ſummer, 
and begins its flight in the duſk of the evening. It 
principally frequents ſides of woods, glades, and ſhady 
walks; and is alſo frequently obſerved to ſkim along 


the ſurface of pieces of water, in qq .it of gnats and 


inſects: 


638- The een Dame. 


inſects: theſe are not its only food ; for it will eat 
meat. of any kind that! it happens to end hanging up 
Shar  —_ 


. J lt fuckles like the humam race. 


eas 5 latter end of ſummer, the bat retires 
into caves, ruined buildings, the roofs of houſes, or 
Hollow trees; where it remains the whole winter, in 

a ſtate of inaction; ſuſpended by the hind feet, and | 
| cloſely . up in che membrane of the fore feet, | 


H.,. 
Tus LONG FARED B &T: 
_ "Tris bat is ſmaller; it has an inner ear which 
— ſerve to cloſe the larger one in the ſleeping Tate 


r 


Dat 


*S 


eee %, N R - 70 % * 
—— — r xx 


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The Rational Dawn. 


REPTILES 


= WO ; R 2 G. ts 


Faces can live in water, or by land: they lay 
their ſpawn i in water, and it batches to little nimble 
creatures called tad-poles; which remain i in the water 


* they Wr Og. 


l are the beſt e of all four footed 
animals; and excellent; . 


— 


» 


| e 1 2s er yh a8 all i repies fred oy x 
ſmall part of the year. 


Tas food of the frog is flies, inſeQs, and ſnails, 


'DoninG winter frogs remain in ¶ torpid ſtate. 
: ; 22 . N F $444 15 1 x 3 


* 
* 


O AD. 


70 Nie Rart1onat Daus. 
1 kD. 

Tops are quite harmleſs ; a gentleman kept one 
many years, and fed it with inſeQs ; it was ſo tame 
that it always came to the candle, and looked up, as. 
if expecting to be taken, and brought to the table, 
to be fed. It was fond of fleſh mag gots; it would 

follow them, and when within a proper diſtance, 

would fix its eye and remain motionleſs for a mort 

time, as if preparing for the ftroke, then inſtanta- 

3 throw its tongue upon the inſect, which ſtuck 
to the tip by a glutinous v matter. | Sits 


„ 


Toa Ds are eaten by buzzards, owl, , _ plorers, 
ducks, and ſnakes. 5 


X* 


4 * #7 2m. = : * F $0 Roy : + 7 f 8 * * A 


I« of a pale oryyellowiſh green,. marked with. rows: 
of black ſpots from the head to the rump. | 


NATTER 


The RATIosA= Dan, Ip: 


NATTER JACK. 


l ſpecies of frog frequents dry and ſandy 
places. | 1 5 


Ir never leaps, neither does it crawl with the flow 
1 . 5 .. . - . 2 5 9 5 
pace of a toad; but its motion is more like running. 


Tur appear in the evenings. 


1 A N D. 
. 
n 


Tuis ſpecies is extremely nimble: in hot weather 
it baſks on the ſides of dry banks, or old trees; but 
on being obſerved immediately retreats to its hole. 


* HE food of this ſpecies, as of all the other Eng lib 
lizards, is inſets. Lizards are eaten by birds of prey. 


All our lizards are perfectly harmleſs, 


| | > II. Tae 


72 Tze RATIONAL Dawt- - 
5 „„ 
Inn enn, L 1 Z AR D, 


FR To called 8 thing nw. with pimples. - 
| Many lizards. are inhabitants of the water in their 
larva | ow and then have fins. | 


TS RKEELNST 6 


V 1ÞP x N. 
| Vries are found in many parts of this iſland; 
but the dry, ſtony, and in Pena... the e 


. 


countries abound with them. TS 
5 Rs Jo. not increaſe much. 


w. may the chankful. for the vieing we 7 
che viper is the only venomous animal we have. | 


ws De RATIONAL Dawg. 8 73 


ö are aſſured, that the viper receives her young 
into her mouth, when they are terrified ; and they 
run down her throat. 

| Frocs, toads, Saws mice, and moles, are 9 | 
Food of vipers'3 and ſometimes young birds. 


155 
s N 2 K k. 


Tur ſnake is the 3 Engl; 7 i being 
ſometimes four feet in length. 5 


— 


Tue ſnake is perfectly inoffenſive; it frequents, and 
lodges itſelf among buſhes, in moiſt places, an d wil 12 
readily take the water, ſwimming very well. 


Tr preys on frogs, inſe&s: worms, and mice; and 
conſidering the ſmallneſs of the neck, it is amazing 
| how large an animal it will ſwallow. 


2 * 


1 . The Rarionr Dae. 


| TTY E Make — eggs, I har in dunghills, ST in 


| hot beds, whoſe heat, with that of the ſun, harches 
them. 


7 winter it "lies corpid i in | banks of hedges, 
and under old m—_ 


| u. 


* 


BLIND WORM. 


— 
— 


Tre eyes of this creature afe very ſmall; hence 

its name. Its motion is ſlow; whence it is likewiſe 

called ſlow-worm. The ſlow-worm is eleven inches 

in length: it has a m_ tongue; and a «aps number 
of ſmall teeth. 


3 this genus, It it lies torpid in winter; 
| they are ſometimes found in vaſt” ee, twiſted 
iogerher. 15 


Lixz the black ſnake it is quite innocent. 


J 


The RATIONAL Dau. 0 75 


Tus viper has two fangs for piereing and convey- 
ing poiſon into the wound; and a bag for contain- 
ing the poiſon; thoſe fangs are placed in moveable 
bones, which ſlide backward and forward; the 
animal having the power to raiſe or let down thoſe 
fangs ; which have an opening like the flit of a pen, 
through which the venom paſſes from the bladders 
where they grow. 


Tu ſnake and blind worm have no fuch appara- 
tus; but are perfectly inoffenſive. | 


G 2 


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„ Ter THAT KNOW THE MOST, WILL PRAISE 
0D THE BEST;. BUT WHICH OF Us CAN 
NUMRER HALF HIS WORKS??? 


12 — 
. %z 


| 1 
% Lo! THESE ARE A PART OF RIS WORKS 
AND A LITTLE PORTION OF HIS WONDERS,” 


Oy my * 1 


3 5 . 3 „ ; 
% Come, LET US WALK ABROAD; LET US 
TALK OF THE WORKS OF God,” = 


Hymns in Profe, 


23: RATIORAT DAuz. 


„„ 


| InszcTs are curious little creatures; we meet 
with them every where; they enliven our walks 
abroad 3 and entertain us in our houſes, 


v few inſeQts can hurt us; and none ever do 
unprovoked. Some few have ſtings; very few ſuch 
as will penetrate our ſkins; and thoſe which have, 
are not at all diſpoſed to exert them, anleſs we hurt 
them. | 


T FT IN USE. 


I NSECTS ſupply food to o many ds They 4 


plant which would abound too 8 9 5 | their larvæ are 
14 the 


Ps 
of ** 


. $80 | eee Dante 


the toi of many fiſh ; exterpillars, &c, are the food of 
moſt neſtlings. 8 


| Bis ps are uſeful to us in various ways (and who 
does not cry out, they delight our eyes, and eheer us 
with their ſong ?) therefore | inſets, which ſupply ſo 
many birds with food, muſt be allowed to be uſeful, 
Ars (in every ſtate) are the food of many crea· 
tures; and Providence hath ordained that ants ſhould 
be. a moſt numerous tribe of * 2 Ng, 5 
Tas lewd Nah and various other infects ſopply 
abundance of food for fiſh, and water-fowl. But in- 
ſects are of more immediate and perceptible file, 
Bees collect honey and wax. The flk- worm ſpins 
ſilk. Cechineal ! is an in ſect. | Kermes 1 is an inſect. 
Galls are the neſts of inſects. Hog - lice are uſed as 
medicine, Bliſter-plaiſters are made with che wing⸗ 
caſes of a foreign beetle. The larvz of gnats purify 
ſinking water. The- larvæ of flies remove ſtinking 
fleſh. The larvz of many beetles conſuine the groſs 
parts of dung; 3 and ſo reduce it to a ftate i in which it 


N 


1s diſperſed, and i improyes the land, | | 
 HUR 7 FU L | 


The RATIONAL Dali *; 


HU 12 UL INSECTS. 


THERE are many inſets which do- us much injury, 
if they be very numerous : for then they conſume the 
fruits of the earth; deſtroy our furniture and cloaths, 
&c. &c. But it is more agreeable to conſider them as 
a beautiful and curious part of the creation; furniſn- 
ing an inexbauſlible ſource of rational entertainment; 
and proclaiming the wiſdom of the Creator as clearly 
0 his larger works. 5 


Tut boles f in old FRO tables, &c. are made by 


an inſet, $0 are the winding furrows under _ 
bark of trees which are felled. 


Roti Haves are ſometimes the work of the ca- 
terpillars, which form for themſelves a retreat; ; ſome- 
times from the leaf-lice ; ; which thruſt in n beak 
and e che; __ 

Ho! LLOW w foullings i in leaves ariſe tb from 
| the kermes laying their eggs under the ſurface; ö 
ſometimes from leaf-lice. | 


Cues 


8 


| ay are s of inſets. . 


32 The Riener 5 L Dante | 


an 4 


Tur young ihodes of box are often formed into 
cups ; n are neſts of * kermes. Lb 


Partiel Es of Hack duft, like 1 e bet 
under trees, (ha prey: elms) a are e ſmall insects. 


* 9 


94 
2 


YeLLow edges of the elm, the dead part appear- 
ing like A bladder, are the neſt, of a fer of inſects 4 


theſe are of the ſame family as the weevil which does 


ſo much harm to corn; others ſpoil the ſeedebeans, 
ſeed-peaſe, tee. | „%% » 


AIR 7 


Four apple | is . pet of A 5 PIR ; of os ve 
nature as thoſe galls of which we. ban. | 


£5.94 5 A 
3 18 


srors upon leaves, which . "YEE. like eine 


4 2 1 


> g ** 


* 2 : 
„ we. S 4 4 


Abner all tr trees are ſubject to. ending 3 


leaves; theſe ariſe from inſects which depoſit their 


eggs, there 5, ang, when... $ ae found. to 


ain lary; | „„ 
WWW“ [of 
: 1 13 — 4 Wy 4 S 14 g * 6.542: 4 8 
j _ Cocuninreart 

2 4 '$) * N e 5 . 
* : . a 


+ 
N Sy 


N RATTUNAL Dau. — WM 


CocgIx EAI is foreign; it is an inſect, which be- 
comes itſelf a neſt for the young ; we have ſome of 


the kind. 


— 


' Carmson' unge on the brier is the neſt of an 
aa. c 5 e 


* 


n iS 


— 


THE oak nouriſhes fifty in, and js the neſt of 


ſeveral. 


Tre ſmall huſk at the „ of 44 leaves, which 


looks like a ſplit pea, is the neſt of an infect. 


You often gad a nut with a hole through the tell ; 


and little in it but duſt; an egg was laid in chat 


when it was tender; the maggot conſumed the meat; j 


underwent its change, and eſcaped : ſometimes you 


meet with the white maggot. 


Mosr inſets change ; Ave 4 is, ms egg . not 


: produce a creature like the mother who laid it; but a 


little living thing which ms to ſuch a creature. 


1 : [5 . 
„ - _ 


I | | a 


34 The RATIONAL Daus. 


I. 
From that egg is produced the lar va, or a cater- 
pillar; which is moiſt, ſofter and larger than the egg; 
is without wings; and always voracious when it meets 
with the food which is ſuited to it. 


*.. > © 


* 


_ Many larvz have a great number of feet; others 
have none, a 


5 H. WE. TA 85 B 2971 
Tur pupe, or chry/alis, 1s drier and 13 chan the | 


larva; confined in a narrower com paſs and in bene 
inſects is naked; in | Others covered ney: a web; 2 it 
often bas no month. „ 


* * 8 15 I 


| In the third ſtate the inſed 5; 1s is; it is 1 
f lays its Eggs; | and in many caſes . for its 
L future progeny. „ 


L434 


Ixssers | [ 


The RATIONAL Dave. 1-6 
InszcTs have antennz in their perfect ſtate, 


Or the uſual changes which infects undergo, the 
| fleſb fy is a familiar inſtance: this fly lays its eggs 
in freſh ſlain meat; the naggot, which is produced, 
is its /arva, which feeds on the fleſh, this is the firſt 
ſlate of that inſet; LI have not ſeen it in the ſecond; 
for, (like moſt inſe&s) they conceal themſeives before 
they become chryſalids - In the third ſtate the creature 
is a perfect inſec like the parent-fly. | + 

Tn butterfly is likewiſe pretty well . *, The 
parent lays her eggs on-ſuch plants as fupply proper 
food for the larvæ; the butterfly" s egg hatches to a 
caterpillar; when the caterpillar is full grown, it 
| ſpins a covering, or wraps itſelf, &c. and becomes 


what we call the chry/alcs ; lies awhile ; 5 and comes 
e an e like its parent. 


H 1-7 nee 


* Mrs. Barbauld has impreſſed the metamorphoſis of the lepidop- 
terovs inſets on the winds of little people by her ſprightlyxle. 


EE Een” 
> ES „ 


* 
The RATIONAL Dans. bs 


T n 


1. Sous have horny caſes to their wings, 


3. Some have four tiled wings. | 
4. SOME have four net-work wings, and no ſtings, 


F.. Sous have four net-work wings and tings, 


6. Sor have two wings and two poiſers. . 
7. SOME have no wings. | e e 


Tu ESE are called ſeven l of infetts; 3 naturalifts 
having arranged them i in ſets, or families, for the con- 
venience of emen them with more eaſe than 
they could otherwiſe do. 1 . 


„n)n)n0dĩ·fl min 


The RATIONAL DAuE. $ 


1. BreTLEs have horny Caſes, to defend their 
- tender vo, > | 


2. 6 and crickets are of the ſecend 
. Kind, which have caſes like vellum, 


3. By ca have tited wings. 


4. Dxacon flies have long bodies, four long net 
work wings, and no ſtings. * 
5. Bees, waſps, and hornets have ſtings, and four 
net-work wings. 


6, FIEs have only two wings, and two poiſers. 


7. sribzxs, fleas, hog-lice, and forty feet are | 
among the inſeQs . known, . have no 
wings. : 


—_ 1 


Tus moſt common inſects are here choſen as ex- 
amples of the orders, to give our little pupil a clear 
idea of the diſtinctions: a few particulars ſhall now 
be added for his entertainment, 


5 „ „„ 


= 
| 
1 
$ 
! 


of the firſt order; called firefly. 


$5" Te RATIONAL Dans» 


1 
HORNY CASES. 


Tus Sing: beetle W round balls of excrement, 


in which it ! its eggs. 


Cocx-cnarek i is the brown beetle which devours | 


the leaves; it lays its eggs in the ground; and voy 


| produce the grubs which devour the roots of graſs, 


Sa- I has fine branching horns ; ; he feeds 


on the liquor that ouzes from oaks, * Which he ſucks : 


with bis jaws he ſtrips the bark from trees, and fes 


himſelf to them, whilſt he ſucks the liquor with his 


Arank- they are common in Kar and Suſſex. 


Taz wave | is the female of one af the inſet 


* 


Tax 1 ry non which, when lying : 


f upon its back, ſprings up and turns itſelf, 


4 £ * . 5 


8982 


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Tous 


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— ———— 


be RATIONAL Dart. 89 


Tus ground beetle lives in the ground, or decayed 


wood, and feeds chiefly on weak inſetts. 


* 
7 J 


Tas darkling is commonly met with in fields and 
gardens, amongſt rubbiſh 5 it has an offenſive ſmell, 


and is therefore called, the flinking beetle: one of the 


kind is called the flow legged beetle: ſome of theſe 


eat en meal, &c. 


Tus rove-beetles chiefly inhabit the dung of cows. 

1 | | | LY . 1 

Tue earwig creeps into flowers (and I am told, eats 
'the bottom of che flower leaves of pinks) and ſpoils 
them; but cannot enter the ears: ſo far as to injufe 
any perſon, | 


. 
Pg 
f » 
EB 


— , # * . * 5 
F 3 ; : IT 
F-.# a 8 4 * 8 * 0 5 
i 7; e 
Er * * 


C4828. LIKE PELLUM. 


23 e 


Cock roacyes are common in in baker” 8 * and 


in cellars ; they feed upon all kinds at food ; are nk.” 


of bread, Kt. 


Gar . CRICKET. . 


LH 


go The RATIONAL Dane. 


„ 1 K Tp 


Hovsz-cxicxers Hes"! near ovens and kitchen 
chimnier: : | they eat t bread, meal, Kc. 8 


Mor E-CRICKET has fore feet like thoſe of a mole, 


4 and uſes them as the mole does: It lives under ground, 


roots of plants, 


and does much harm to hot- beds; - 15 ang the 


„ 


3 5 
£ 


FigELD-CRICKET, or ce i is voracious, nod 


feeds upon herbs: it has ſeveral omachs; and ſome 


think it chews the cud: they are of various ſizes; 


= 


they leap well; walk heavily ; 2 5 len 


 Froc- HOPPER or flea-locuſt : of one kind the 
larvz diſcharge a kind of froth, under which they 


He conceal themſelves from ſuch inſects as prey upon 
them: of another the larve paſs a whole year under 


the ground; the la make a noiſe like crickets. 


7 1 a 
f 3 


— 5 2 EY; K 
-” * K * — : 5 * 9 4 
fy 4 
-_ = «2 „ IH y. 5 3 
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i 7 + g 


' FE SP. 
*. 
. * 
. \ 1 


The RaTiONAL Daus. 


* 

Tux bed- bug is of this ſecond AF ; but has no 
wings. 

LEAP-LICE: live on various plants : ſome of the 
complete inſects have four erect wings: ſome are 
without: they pierce the leaves to ſuck their j juice; 
this occaſions them to warp, &c. | 

Anrs, and the plant- louſe both eat them : leaf. lice 


Indica very faſt ; and injure fruit trees s very much. 


Tas kermes becomes the neſt ef her young. 
eme lay their eggs under the ſurface of leaves, 
and occaſion galls: that of the box has a different 
effect: the leaves bend into the form of a cup in 
whoch the larvæ firſt ſhelter, | 


: b 
* . * 


> 


Cocnintar inſect. The mother dies, after laying 


her eggs (and becomes the neſt of the young inſeQs) | 


Jofing the form and appearance of an inſect, 77 re- 


ſembling a gall. 


"Tus males have two ere&t winger: : the Zmales none. 


%. J ; 


Il. Tus 


8 8 wh ana in the . air. 


The RATIeNAL Danze 


III. 


. ED WINGS. 


Tue change — terpillar, pupa, winged 
inſect. 25 


Tur caterpillar eats greedily; 5 changes its fein 


often; and waits its great wr IO under a covering of 


$-< 


its own paged . 


"nb E [third 0 Ing. is divided! into o botterlies ſ hinges, 
and moths, | Batterfly flies by day. Sphinx flies 
morning and evening. Moth flies by night, 5 # 


© 


ry 5. 
* D\ 


Or butterflies the pupe are naked, firouded, 4 


o. hinges the Aran are elde in a a kind of 


covering or web; generally of coarſe materials: -þ moſt 


4 


of them undergo their change in the earth, 


The RATIONAL Dan. 1 299 


Or moths there are great numbers, and great 
variety: all ſpin a cod in which they are changed. 
The filk-worm i is a moth; a native of China; others 
make cods nearly. reſembling thoſe of the fitle-wortd, 
but of coarſer materials : ſome. Join to their thread 
pieces of wood, dry W &c. Some ſpin under 


. joining, by mean of their thread, particles 3 


x” O F the butterfly the wings are erect when fitting, 


14 
} 


Ox the ſphinx the wings are drooping ,when at 
reſt. | 


% 
: ; a 
7 


ths the moth they are in a general drooping, when 
at reſt, 15 


"Gon caterpillars of cms butterflies have two ee | 

I their necks, which eu can ſhoot out, or, draw 
in. 

5 Or 8 the e e are = mods ſmooth,” 8 
without hair ;. and they bare a horn near the tail end. 

8 1 e o 


» * 


"04 IT RATIONAL Dave. 


Or moths Hh caterpillars vary my much. 


Or one ſet the 8 roll up and faften leaves 
together, living and e within. 
0 Or ER is 3 keep always under @ 
covering, where they live and feed in ſecurity: ſome 
roll vp leaves; others lodge themſelves under the 
- outer ſkin of leaves, feeding on the inner : others in 
woollen cloths, fins of beaſts and birds, &c. or ſome 
ſew live in ſociety under a web formed by their joint 


; 57 
3 "oi th 


Or moths the pupæ are either OO or have a 
kind of hook at their extremity 3 they are all incloſed 
in'a web or covering. Of thoſe ama paſs that ſtate | 
under the ground, the webs confiſt of coarſe materials. 
"Thoſ: which are "fixed to the under fides of branches 
of trees, Ke. have * more ſilk. 


Or . the ada. are angolous. Of moths 
generally oblong ovals. Some moths do not eat in 


the moth. Rate ; 3 the ſilk-worm does got.” ; 
3 | I nav. 


937 I „„ I anne” Wo 26D Po —— an Loy re Ee 


The RATIONAL Dam,” 95 


1 HAVE obſerved ſome butterflies to paſs the winter 
in the winged ſtate; zorpid, if ſuffered to remain 
fixed in a retired ſpot, but if brought into a room, re- 
viving when the ſun ſhone; ſinking again into a tor- 
pid ſtate, when the room became cool. 


Arx theſe inſects lay their eggs upon ſuch plants as 
the caterpillars (which ſpring from them) ſhould feed 
upon. Caterpillars eat a great deal, grow very faſt, 
and change their ſkin ſeveral times; when they are 

full grown they change to the chryſalis; which is at 


once the tomb of the N and the ce of the 
| e 


Taxy are various in their manner of waiting the 
great and laſt change. Some ſpin a covering; ſome 
ſuſpend themſelves by the tail; ſome mix ſand with 


their gluey ſubſtance, and incruſt themſelves; ſome, 


(that lie but a few days) diffuſe their glue on a 
tender leaf, which cloſes and withers, and enwraps 
them as a mantle ; ſome build in wood ; ſuch as feed 
on willow leaves, break the tender twigs, and pound 
chem, and with their glutinous ſilk make a paſte and 


wrap 


* 


N 
| 
| 


+ 7. 


—— — 2 


— o 


a . 1 
8 e 


| * 
wrap themſelves; los paſs that ſtate under ground.” 
raked differ much i in their time ar lying. a 


- Sour ae ten aps; IP : ome, | twenty days * 
ſome, ſeveral months: : moſt of thoſe which are in cone, ; 
but 3 rag 1 88 5 
18 is a caterpillar all the winter; 3 9 palt the, 
winter, a number rogether, ® : wrapped i in a web of their 
own ſpinning, lying in a torpid ſtate; but in general 
they paſs that gloomy ſeaſon in the egg or as chry- 
lids, coming forth in ſpring or ſummer as inha- | 
- bitants of the air, to feed on the dews of Heaven, and | 
the honeyed 8 which are Kies from every 


Mowers. Z . N . 
* Hymn in Prij page g1 . 


WO 


—— 


ts 4 
— * 
1 * * — 8 — 
K a i . 2 IF: . 
1 ; * 7 1 * 
* EA 
* 


1 ; 
Wo. «4 4 


* We are told, that theſe. FE a which art ſometimes ſeen i in- 


| hedges during winter, are the Joint werk of the caterpillars which 
ö they contain; and iþat the caterpillars a are the larvæ of the brown · tall | 
moth, which made ſuch depredation, and occaſioned ſo mpch conte. 5 


nation i in the ee * Londen a few Fro fince,. 


eat A ⁵˙ . a er A nn OY I OO I ET 
OOTY Pr PO YE 7 FS — * 8 
- 4 - - * 


7 2 


WR Lars, 


— — — 


: — 
-< 
on 
0 
# 
2 
7 
1 il 
* 
[ : 
| 


8 


— . dhe Kol Le 


e 
1 2 
——ũ—— — — 


be —— — — —— 
DDD — — U — — — — _ * — — : Lb 
COD nn r rr — — —.— — PRE - » —— — 


N ee and ws ere. 

" AGON flies are voracious inſets; - one ſet of them 
live chiefly upon moths ; and the other upon flies; 
they lay their eggs in ſtanding waters; both larva and 
chryſalis devour inſects voraciouſſy: dhe chryſalis of 
the largeſt wears a maſk upon its neck, which i it can 
nove; 3 and, which ſerves. to hold its pray whilſt the 


a | 
inſe& deyours i it. oath „„ at Pear EN 
* 5 
* 3 
-_ 89 1 
- MATTY FL I-85. 
1 5 T * AE a — i ARES * 1 7 FO 7 * 3 x 
9 TORT * 0 2 oY 3 * * 8 1 . 


M ay. flies are called ephemere, from their ſhort. : 
fre in the winged. fate; ſome continuing but an 
hour; I ſome even leſs: they lay their eggs in rivers 15 
and the lara ſcoop! themſelves out àpellings i in the 5 
banks: they . three years in that late: the rerſect 
inſe&® is; food | for allows and other "birds; "thoſe. 
which hae laid their eggs die, and, dropping into 
the water, fopply Wo for the ih. In x province r 
4 24 14 910 F S, 


— 
"—y 


92 _ for e . 


1 8 
3 ? - 


5 . * ; - 4 - 


9% The RaTI0nal Dau. 


: Germany, they are ſo very numerous, that the peaſants 
manure their land 1 | 


855 which the ſmaller kind ah reſemble ſome of 
the moths, lay their eggs in running waters: the 

4 hive” live in the water in tubes of fk, covered with | 

fmall pieces of wood, ſand, Ae. and are called by 

- Kſhermen cod-bait. The ff ying inſect ſettles in the 

fides of walls, branches of trees, &c. in the ſhade ; 


dom flying in the day; ſwallows feed upon them, 


/ 


* 
A . 
A. ab. 
* 


| NET-WORK FINGS and a 871NG.. 
LS 6. | > 


_ In the greater number of theſe inſeQs the ang only 


62 


CEE) L * * v. 


8 8 A 8 TTY 155 


aA As uRE are > ons which! have theis ne neſs Sig the 


dak What we call the oak-apple is one; and of the 
1 5 lame kind. with, thoſe which are uſed in waking i ink. 


5 5 1 4 


ny ten- 


„ 


The Rationat Dun. 998 
1CHNEUMON FLY. 


* Tor body and. tail ſeem to be ſeparate, 2 con- | 
netted by a thread ; ; their antenne are in almoſt con- 


ſtant motion; they, deſtroy caterpillars, plant: lice, 
and other inlets in abonbance. Some lay their eggs 
upon caterpillars; ſome in the eggs of caterpillars; 


i | others in plant-lice ; one lays in the gall of the oak ; 
4 the larva devours that of che gall-inſeQ, and comes forth 
4 to puzale and ſurpriſe the inexperienced naruralil. 
ie | 
1 % on: Hah 
© Sous wits live in ſociety; ſome 1 not. The com- 
mon waſps make combs in the ground: one large | 
waſp, which. has lived out the winter, builds a few . 
< . cells and lays ſome eggs: the waſps which are pro- 
duced from them go to work : they ſaw "wocd from 
aly . poſts and window frames; hew it in ſmall pieces, and 
cement it with glue from their bodies. The cells are 
for the reception of the young: in each the queen 
"Jas an egg, Which hatches into a worm; the worms | 
the are fed with great care by the firſt hatched waſps : each 
the 


ſpins itſelf a covering, and lies aa a rio tt 5 
OO . to a waſp. 


* 
＋ 


. W 


— 


| 
| 
| 1 5 


1 1 = 
_—_ 3 o ry = 7 29 93 

— * + 
a — e 

— Nets mn rr 
4 » 
f — 
* : 
1 * 


Tun! working bees roll Lester l in flowers 3 ; the 


. 5 „„ themſelves 


* The. RArionar Daun. 


Wass eat fruit. and meat; ſteal honey, and kin 


5 bees; 3 but, in return, they hunt the blue · bottle flies, 8 
- which foil meat, 2 int their esd in it. 


* 


arab in | the year the waſps fade and defroy ach | 


: other, ſo that. few are left, | 3 


= * by 2 5 2 « > Y 3% „ A f 8 2 I * : . Fg — > 4 * 1 
* Xt : — 5 > 4 5 * 6 f 
5 £ . < * wy 


er mall waſp, (which i. is blacker (hays the com- 


mon one) is called ihe ſolitary waſp. - The mother 


Jays one egg; depofites waa] worms to ferve for 1 . 
to her 7 and dies... 8 


4 + 
. 1 * 83 4 % * : * A 
K I. * 5 f S 8 14 > oh $4 oe ls 
3 22s 7% ) 4 b 51 5 8 
, al 


"Th » fanallef OP is the rial one: this makes a 
neſt of wood in the form of a large —_ roſe; it is 


+ fixed 0 on the branch of a tree. | 


p 1 * 7 


a iy f - 1 5 E 4 | 80 Z 1 4 7 - 5 
4 * . : $ - * 8 22 + & 5. 4 -+ Ipt 7 
$552 £ 2 HS do I NS 8 ties FT . ; _ i 
3 Fo. 1 1 8 8 8 7 ; ? 
. 5 : 1 
— 0 1 . 
2 5 5 ON E Y B E E. 
* . 4 75 þ , # 8 5 2% 00 4 A. I — & ; 3 
3 0 EN: : > 0 EY: : ; 2 
* 


Tu E queen n a- args bee, 168555 is the mother of ; 
the reſt, | -_ 3 e 
2 N ö 1 . : * „ Vs VVV 


guſt Ricks wp their hairy bodies 5 1 they” then bruch 5 


EE 


The RATIONAL Dauz. 10 
themſelves with their legs; and lodge this poder 
highs ; when they are loaded, they return 


Ln; : other bees meet them, ſwallow theſe pellets 3: 
and after a while, bring them up again turned into «| 


wax. The honey they collect and carry home in one 
of their ſtomachs, it is taken from the honey-cup of 
flowers by a ſort of trunk, The queen lays all the Th 
eggs; _ go through the ſame changes as the waſp : 
the bees feed the maggot with a mixture of honey 
and wax (from their ſtomachs) which is called bee- 
bread, When the hive i is too full, a young queen and 


5 'A number of bees remove; 5 this 18 called en 
1 Ar CUTTING B E b. 


-Tarse cut pieces of leaves and line rheve neſts with | 5 - 
them ; laying up food for. the future young ones: it 
is very common to lee the roſe tree leaf eut by them. 

Tus upbolſiteret-bee uſes the leaf of the corn-roſe, | 

The maſon-bees uſe a ſort of mortar made of earth, 

and place their cradle againſt a wall in the ſun, The 

wood- oo ſcoops rotten wood, and chere makes a 
2 © 4 RE. a net. 


- 1 


The Mete, Dou. : 


1 


OY The kom aer/ is" action; iſe 


Wm. 


thoſe bees making their-n 


N . 1 4 6M) £ i# > 2 3 r 
ae j%%ͤ;;ͤ́˙ͤ bird 1 
10 2 W . 7 , oi g 
2 8 * N 3 2 * g | 44 7 8 / a 75 
8 - * 
7 * | 0 2 5 N 7 IE - I ** . * . * : & 
I EY 
. * . 5 
*% * 
. : - 22 9 1 4 9 
* 5 2 5 dog f : Lg? Ws 


Tux og ants - TRY no wings: 28 vf hs 
Working ants live through the winter; but they paſs. 


„„ 1*dhiad ſeaſon in a torpid ſtate. \ The working ants take 
 greatcare of the eggs (which are laid by the winged > 


ones) and of the larvæ and chryfalids: the chryſalids 
are white, and look like grains of corn: the ant may A 
be feen through them. The common people call 

them ants eggs; but they are larger than the ant 
ſelf: many "bids. are very fond of them. Ants eat 
fleſh 5 they will devour 2 mouſe in a few hours ; ; they 

| carry corn, fruit, and dead inſeQs. to their neſt ; but 


they are for immediate uſe ; and particularly to feed = 


the larvæ with; in our country ants do not lay vp 
| proviſion. for winter. Ants. ate very fond of the 
honey - like liquor emitted by leaf. lice; and, I believe, | 


carry dome the en them(elyes : > ants eat cater- : 
KK. ER , l 5 TAC : { 5 8 £ | Pillar. 


*.x 


z 


. Rimionas: Din.” | 103% 


ae The Cow devours the ants ; : Und 0 do 


1 * 2 * * , 1 


min) birds. . * 5 1 N xFs 5 2 


* - 8 * — 
1 2 0 ? * * * CI 0 * o F 
. X Ws 5 g 2 , n 8 2 8 1 3 5 t 
2 22 $ Bo ER - oj £ Fs 5 7 82 * 533 55 3 
＋ 1 * 11 £ . 52 ö Ys 8 ; * ; : * , % £ * 
i % 4 „ F 
1 : % ? * % - 3& | 5 * A as y 5h 
. : 8 — | -'S s 
'TWO WINGS and POISERS. 
” i # fo 
% : * a 
. 4 y 75 
. ; 2 DP 
ww A DF: oY; 
— i yk 
| LE * OY * 72 4 ET » * * * K's 8 TW 


Tuts lay: 3 eggs W cattle: : fame nudes the. 


Kin of cows or oxen; which they pierce for that 


5 purpoſe; others enter ches inteſtines of horſes. to hay 


% 
p 
A 
þ 
i , 
1 
+ % 
2 
We 
* ww 
2 
* 


their eggs; and others the noſtrils of ſheep: in theſe 
habitations the larvz-remain till full grown; when 
they let themſelves fall to the earth, and generally ; 
pals the chryſalid ſtate under the firſt ſtone they meet 
with, Thoſe larvæ which are hatched j in the ſkins of 


| beaſts, feed on the matter of the wound. One ſort 
of gad. fly lays its eggs in The, throat of the > fag, 


; Fee in at the noſe. , „ 
* & 4. 2 C R AN E 
= | . f 
= = = : \ : 4. 


ad cattle, which feed i in meadows 3. their bite is ſo. 
painful, that the An animals run about. as if they 


were mad. 
2 PX ; 1 G NA A* 
<6. 7 
#7, EN CH 
1 3 ; 


\ =] 
* 
: , \ W 74 O40 . 
104. _ The RATIO Dann. 


Tus reſemble gnats ; but they do not bite, as 
guats do: they have not the trunk wich which gnats 


| GE PE Mine 6X. 


* 
r » * 
* ' 4.3 | 
bs FR £ » - 
8 - $3. 
4 % P * 
E . A 
: S : * 
2 12 1 . "| 5 / 5 3 8 
3 2 £ 3 8 ME 


* 


Turaz are great variety of es.” The larvæ of 


: fome devour the leaf-lice ; others live in and conſume 


al! kinds of putrid fleſh; others are found in new - 
cheeſe ; others i in the excrement 'of different animals ; 
many five 155 water, and prefer i the = moſt FOG and 
= 50,588 8 5 


by 


* ps: ESE nouriſh chemfetves wich 82 blood of korfes 


The RATIONAL Dane ” 105 


) 


6 * 4 755 2 


Van Suat lays f its eggs in fanding:1 water; every 
body may have an opportunity of abſerving its 
changes, which are very curious. In the ſummer, if 
water be expoſed a ſew days in a tub, and ſome. 
taken into a glaſs, the Jarvz may be ſeen with the | 
naked eye; they continually riſe to the ſurface of the 4 
water to breathe ; as ſoon as they become chryſalids, '- | 
they keep at the ſurface of the water to draw breath; | 
they do not then eat any thing; but if the water be 
moved, they unroll themſelves and plunge to the 
bottorn : : after three or four days they become gnats. ” 
The covering which they burſt becomes a ſort of ſhi p. 
on which the inſeck Hoats till it can riſe into the air : 
when the gnat ſpreads his wings for that purpoſe,” a 
breath of wind would overſet him; and he would 
' periſh : he can no longer live in water ; but is fitted 
to be an Inhabitant of air. The glaſs muſt be open 
at the top; if they be in a phial, it is difficult for 
them to. eſcape, and many will be drowned. 1 5 
on ny knows that cava hve Sg Stan 


- 1 5 — 


F BUZZ. 


ng. themſelyes. Z 


i 


166 Yhe Rarronar Dans, 


B U 2 ZELY. | 
Fl 

FO KAL 1. are very common abode March and 
April; they are generally found upon flowers, in 


woods and. marſhy grounds: one kind ſometimes 
| hovers about the flowers in gardens, and fips the 


e withour > ng, —_ 4 continual 


» 
\ * 4 = Ot 95 
* * . 4 6-1 i ? 0 . 4 "++ 1 
N e 85 
* 


* Ll wy — 
* 2 y 8 + 7 n « 
- 4 * — . 1 
F "Bia. 5 $ ->S2 
23 
. * 


1 


"One called b. 1s ; hard. thas- it is. very | 


N difficult. to cruſh Us: and ticks ſo cloſe to the 


horſes or cows. with its 5 Rn that. the poor 
animals cannot rub or bits it of without. wound | 


* 8 * 21 2 * 
** | £24 : =; Wo © © RE or 8 
Ly * 8 3 * 14-434 * 14 3.3 * # * 
* * 5 *. , x 6 1 $ 
* ” 
» + 2 
12.5 1 . 17 25 3 » w Hs 1 
: *. 7 
LY A 


5 WITHOUT WINGS. 
oK. W O RN. 


A NIMBLE lutle, creature, which. appears 1 
and ac fe ; has fix ther; ; three brifiles as a tatls and 


* * 


Q 4 ” F; : two 
os; * 
- * : 


F 


The RaTional Daus. 10 


two long and two ſhort horns; has no Engliſh name 


(though called by: the common people book worm) 


but is very commonly met with ; they are ſuppoſed- 
to live upon wood lice, or by fucking the moiſture of 
the wood under which they live: they are found 
in gardens, under boxes, and in the crevices! f 
| Wen 1 | 


* 


4 


8 


Fo „ 


'A curious naturaliſt nurſed a 2 | Jouſe in A forks | 
ing which he wore z | and found, by computation, that 


deſcendants. 


and only increaſe in fie. 


in 


in eight weeks, : a louſe might f. ſee five thouſand, of its 


Tu EY are W . an r abs 4nſeQts, | 


+ 


+ 


* 


Au the bett of the dach fer are Hkeviſ produced 
eir e n SE e e 


* 4 


LE A. 


1 e 


: 108 The RATIONAL Daun. 


5 ö : REL SIS, 4 7 gg . 1 NN 
2 5 - 7 . $120. = eb Oh 1 a 8 
— : 4% * by y x * 83 £ A = SHE * : £7 x 3 8 x > * 1 
* i 
F 7 a 7 
4 1 ps . 4 * ” «4 <> 1 1 
+ * * 5 - * a y 4 * ; I 1 £77 
5 Es Wee. of EM # FIGS $3 $03 £24 
4 * * — % * 
2 » " 


4225 5 


| FAS. IG, ess at ds; os nnd i ei: of 
SP 4 and on blankets:, i in four or ſive days, the 
egg. being hatched, produces Aa little nimble larva, 
that feeds on greaſy down. When touched, it rolls 
itſelf up into 4 ball. Aſter it has crept for ſome 
time, with great ſwiftneſß, it ſpins, a ſmall downy 
| covering, which 1 it is careful to keep I in concealment. 
A fortnight alter it iſſues from its tomb, under the 
form of a flea, The lara may be nowiſhed | in a 
5 box, and fed with flies, of which they are very fond. 1 
A flea leaps to a height equal to two bundred times 

that of its own body. 308 penn 


3 8 FEE 7 3 45. IEC WP 
N 8 11 57 8 "i — & : F o 9 5 5 
LEE C AD MGLY ta . 
— M 6 + 5 bay > 
a bb rm 
” 
7 —_ 


ering June 10 
one under water; one under ones 3 but the greater 
part live upon other creatures 3 dogs, birds, eve 
Cs and inſeQs of the firſt kind, 55500 


5 n 
. 


| Ly 835 . A FILTHY | 


The RATIONAL, Dams >< oy 


A FILTHY diſeaſe, called the lch, is ſuppoſed tõ : 
be nothing elſe but ſmall ticks, which work chemſelves 
under the ſkin. - 


HARVEST MAN, 


Mos v of theſe ſhun the light; many devour ticks, 1 
wood-lice, ſpiders, &c. The abundance of webs | 
which are ſeen in autumn in the fields, are ſuppoled _ 
to be che work of this ſpider ; or of a ſort of tick 


* 
called autumnal weaver. _ | 4 


r + D RE R. 


Fares is great variety of ſpiders: all have 
eight eyes. At the end of the ſpider's feet are 
ſponges full of clammy liquor, by which it is enabled 

| (like Ales) to climb up "claſs, Kc. The ſpier has fix 
0 openings, from which proceed Hh threads, each 


thread confifts of a thouſand; ſo that the thread 


which we. clicem ſo fine, is really fix thouſand. threads, 
Garden o ſpiders v Wrap e e885 in a ball of filk which 
. C they 


> 
— 8 8 22 7 
* 7 1 


i 


: 14 5 + 5 
110 Die RATIONAL aun) 


| 'they bear about with them: ſome kinds fix the bag 3 in 
Wick the eggs are contained i in a corner. A pair of 


ſtockings and a pair of gloves have been made of 

i ſpider” s bags. Birds are very fond of ſpiders, and of 
young ones particularly ; often robbing the mothers of 
their bag. One kind of ſpider flies in. the air, as 

with a balloon, which occaſions the looſe threads 
that abound in the lanes in autumn. . 3 


srib zs prey upon all 8 inſets 3 even thoſe 
of their own ſ] pecies. 


. 4: 4D, 


5 
„ Ta. ERE are ſeveral kinds beſides PEE ae, are 
8 cht to able, and lobſters. | 


x nail crabs, whoſe ſhells are tender, are di- 
rected by inſtin& to ſhelter in muſcles, others in 
oyſters, and the like ſhells. The pea crab inhabits 

/ the muſcle: the ſurfeit which ſomerimes proceeds 
from eating thoſe fiſh, is by fiſhermen imputed to the 


crab, which they imagine is paces; ; but naturaliſts 
wy : 


a0 


he RATIONAL Daus. Wo 


deny it: lobſters change their ſhell every year, and 
grow only whilſt their ſhell is ſoft; they ſeek ſome 
lonely place for fear of being devoured by ſuch of 
their brethren as are not in the ſame weak ſituation. 
Lobſters and erabs renew their claws if they be torn 
off by accident : they are very voracious, and feed on 
fea-weeds, garbage, and on all ſorts of dead bodies. 


Tus HERMIT CRAB. 


Tas has a naked tail, with a hook at the end of 
it, by which it ſecures itſelf in its lodging, which is 
an empty ſhell, (often of the whelk.) It is ſometimes 
called the ſoldier crab. - 


ö 
One kind of theſe inſects is very commonly found 
(rolled up and appearing like a black pea) under 


ſtones. One which we often meet with in houſes rolls 
up when touched. - 


7” „ 


- x p 
- 4 
4 Y 1 f 
K+ 
« - : 1 k 4 
51 : ; 
_ 
\ I 
. —̃ ⁵⅛ i IC ——— Penn mnt re —— - 


8 e 4 3 , ; 
!!?! RATIONAL DAY; 


— 


e ere abe Oy 
| A COMMON inſect under tones,” or blocks, be. in 
gardens: it has a flat body and a great many feet: 
hence ralled by the. common. people forty feet ; it is 
very nimble : : there is one of the kind which lives i in 


ſea · water, nbd builds a little cell, 


x 
: 


Fx 
„ 


5 2 L 
* ** * > ; 
5 „ * a . . 
i 4 be ; S 
U 5 8 - * f 2 


Tuis is called (L believe) centipedes from its uu- 
merous feet: one, which is often met with under 
. ftones z has really one- hundred: feet on each fide; they : 
75 ere very mort, and cloſe ſet. There i is à larger found . 7 

in the ſame places, which has one hundred and twenty 


8 on each kde: this rolls itſelf when touched. 


THE -2-N:D 


ANTMALS.. 
 Z7:R@O FED: 
WHOLE HOOFED. 
J 
HokskE V 
Ass . 25880 5 5 29 
CLOVEN HO OE D. 
Ox : D a 5 £ RY 34 
SHEEP 5 „ 33 
„%% 21, $3 
Das 


, 


THO 2 id 0 


| DIGITATED. 


Page 


[Car = 8 LE 38 | 
«508 


* 
D 


38 
WoLF ( 
BADG ER . „ 44 
ß M8 
Po LEC AT X * 88 46 


| Ferrer F 
Marin S471 
vVellow. bre aſted MARTIN 48 
Ill.. <0. 
„„ » +5 EY 49 


G. = 3 
. — 
. 
* 


r 


F 


5 HAR E 


J as CE de a es SPA eine 
* o 


— 
8 RABRBIT . 5 * 7% s 5 2 
SQUIRREL. « 53 


Common Rar . . 56 
Norway RaT . . 57 
WarEX Rar . 58 

FiEID Movuse . . 58 
Douxsrie Movsz . 60 

Hape Hos . . 60 
LEES +a > 4x. Of 


2 SAB. Mousz —2 63 


PINNATE D. 


. 
- - 


gar . '. » 


oy 


6 65 


WINGED. 


Bar 6 . 67 


REPTILES. 


[Cocxkoacen „ 


144 N M 0.» x. 


Dormovst «. 55 
[SNAKE 273 


* 


n 71 
Selirr DIzanD 71 
War rar 72 


= 


TIER 


BTI xD Worm . 74 


4 


: Fros6, 0 . 5 . | 1 69 


Grunovs Foo. 70 


; Toapr . 70 


NarrEN Jack. 51 


E 0 1 ys J. | 

Dvnc BenTLE +» 88 
STaG BeeTLE , . 88 
Cocx-cyareRr . . +88 


{GLow Worm . . 88 


Nie 88 
Ground BEETLE . 89 
DarxxLIiNG . 89 


IRovs BeuTLE . . 89 


— 


EAXwWͤIo 2 . © 6 89 
II. 


* 


Houszx CRICKET . 90 
MoLz Caick zr 90 
GaAss-HO EX. . 90 
Fr0G-HOPPER . . 90 


— 


| 8 « 


B- 


5 f 


''Buv-Buo 91 
_ Lrav-LOven is 92 
KIM *« Hf 
CocHINEAL » + + 91 


III. 


BUTTERFLY  . . 92 
SPHINGE 7.8 's « & 92 
Mer n 923 


.* 


IV. 815 5 


W 


Dracon 8 97 
Mar- FT 97 
SrRING- FIT. . 98 


„ 
Gr! 8 98 


Inn zUuON-FLIT. 99 
"WASE = #/'s 


Solitary Wasyp 100 
AtRIar WasPp '. 100 


Honszy Bez .: 100 
i ' [SCOLOPENDRA «+ 


Lear CUTTING BRE 101 


14 Pg as 


TCEAB <- » 3 
. 5 


— 


| 


| 


VII. 


5 2 WY 8 : £ 
{[Book-WoRm . . 
eee ©** 


FLEA 3 Q . « 
Tick . * 5 0 


HERMIT CRAB . 
LoBsTER . . . 
Hoe-Lovss . » 


ANT 2 * 3 „8 


* 
F. 


Jorvs $08 4 


\ 


HarvesT Max 
FC 


Gay VK 
Sint, 
FL „ 3 
JBuzntL oo» 
TONAL. nts 
Buzz-FLY . . » 
Horxn-FLY F/ 


* 


4 
* 
* 
7 
va 
* 
f 


and. 
2 
* 


read and. Page g1 


* 


E — A 
> * 5 
* 
— 4 
* 
4 
* 
Ln 
* 
' 
Ll 
* 
4 
* 
* 


for 
; 


plant-louſe-lion 
or, 


% 


far or, 


* 
$7 
* 
** 
* 


* 
_ 


- 


+ 94,4. 8 


4 


For plant-louſe read 


Kd 
. 
* 
? 
* 


* * LY bd 
A 2 * 35 Ll „ A B 
. 3 2 * 
; ; a as , 
* * 
. 
dy © 6 
i 1 4 { 


* 
— 


* 
- 
- 
* 
— 


i 


Preface page ii, 1 


** 


* * 
© 
* 

- 


find,- 
* 4 
* 
* 
* 
90 


* 
* 
1 
a 
+ 
* 
« 
. 
® 


* 
8 

* 

. 


ſt read 
7 


7» 
4 3 
G 
« * 
— 
1 
2 
— 
38 . 
* * 
% . 
, * 
Ke” 2B 
* ” 
4. * 
$74 
* 
4 
y 
* 
4 
$ 4 
14 


. 
2 * 
& 


- 
- 7 = 3 1 * „ . ; : 89 25 + 
} Fe % 2 : : « ; ; BAY N by 3 Bol OLE a RET was 
£508 k 0 — 42 8 > 4 8 1 - A 88 FI * has 2 4 
k LIED ATE > AIRS e * Nr * bo You! * 4 N —_—— LES RX vey 
„ Et Ne I ꝛð⅛ . . RE Re 2a came iis | — Ty n 
J ES det J n 8 = —ä—— I 
ah 8 . ——„—T — — 7 
2 — — — — — — 1 # 


: — 
Sg erty — II * 


—— 


— . —·˙ ˙* ˙ CLI 


F 


