DUTYand OFF E 


LAND STEWARD: 


Repreſented under 


Several Plain and Diſtint AR TIL ES; 
wherein may be ſeen the INDIRECT 
PRACTICES of ſeveral STEWARDS, tending 
to LESSEN, and the ſeveral Methods likely 
to IMPROVE their Lords Eſtates. 


To which is added an 


APPENDIX, 


SHEWING 


The Way to Prawns 
Propoſed to the FARMERS: 


Vicrein are laid down General Rules and Directions for the 
Management and Improvement of a FAR M. 


The Second Edition, 


With ALTERATIONS and ADDITIONS. 


57 EDWARD LAURENCE, 
LAND SURVEYOR. 


LONDON: 


Printed for J. and J. KnaeTon, at the Crown, in St. Paul's Church 
yard; J. PEMBERTON, at the Buck, againſt St. Dunſtan's Church, in 
Fleet. ſireet; J. OsBoRN and T. LonGMAN, at the Ship, in Pater- 

noſter-Row; and J. SHUCKBURGH, at the Sun, near the Inner- 


Temple-Gate | in Het ſftreet. M. pc. xxxi. 


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To Her GRACE the 
Dutcheſs of Buckingham- 
| ſhire and Normanby. 


Madan, 


N Duty and Office of a 


=o 


: * Land- Steward, which I 
here humbly offer to Your Grace, 
are founded upon the Experience of 


A 2 many 


__ ., * 
—— — 
— — — — 
p— ͤHV— 


iy DEDICATION. 

many Years, and on ſuch Reaſon- 
ings as have had the Honour of Tour 
Grace's Approbation : Upon both 
theſe Accounts, Iam perſuaded, they 


will be readily entertain d by Per- 
ſons of the higheſt Rank, who are 


chiefly concern'd in them ; and by 


thoſe more eſpecially who have al- 


ready ſuffer d thro' the Knavery and 


Unfaithfulneſs of their Stewards. And 


as it was for the ſake of ſuch that I 


undertook this Work, it is a peculiar 
Satisfaction to me, that I have the 


Honour of ſending it into the World 
under the Patronage and Protection 


of a Perſon eminently diftinguiſh'd 
for a Superior Judgment and Good 


Senſe; for an uncommon Sagacity 


in finding out TR A, and an 
unweary d Application in the lay- 


3 | ing 


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DEDICATION. » 
ing open and mn: 2 
HOOD. 


W. xn E L able to attempt a 00 
imperfect Sketch of Your Grace's 
Character, I ſhould mention that 
ſingular Candour and Condeſcen- 
ſion, that Eaſineſs of Acceſs to Infe- 
Tiors, which I have fo often expe- 
rienc'd, and which ſo naturally at- 
tracts Love and Admiration: Iſhou'd 
mention the Tryals Your Grace has 
had of almoſt every Fortune, and 
under every Relative Duty, in Life; 
what Prudence in all of them ; what 
 Firmneſs and Courage under the 
greateſt Difficulties ; what Humani- 
ty and Generoſity have in their turns 
preſided in your Life, and produc'd 

the 


vi DEDICATION. 


the juſteſt Conduct under ſo various : 


Circumſtances. 


BI cannot omit what has fallen | 


more fully under my Obſervation, and 


ought in juſtice to be taken notice of, 


That with an unuſual Aſſiduity and 


Application to Buſineſs Your Grace 


has ſurmounted the greateſt, and 


ſeemingly inſuperable Dithculties, in 
the preſerving and retrieving an 


Eſtate read y to be ſwallow d up in 


Ruin; not ſo much by the Neglect, as 


the/illanyof a Set of unjuſt Stewards, 
who had made all manner of ill Uſes 
of the late Duke's Aſence from them. 


A Deſign truly worthy of a Pa- 
rent's Care ; which few Ladies with 
ſuch an ES Force and Reſo- 

lution 


DEDICATION. vi 
lution cou'd have purſued and exe- 
cuted ; Few wou'd have had an 
Inclination to undertake ; eſpecially 
at a time when Your Grace was Mi- 

ſtreſs of Your own Actions, and in 
a Seaſon of Life which might natu- 
rally have led you to paſs away the 
Hours in that proſperous Indolence 
and Eaſe you were left poſſeſſed of. 


THAT Your Grace may long 
Live, and have the Pleaſure of ſee- 
ing the wiſe and noble Uſe the Dube 
of Buckingham, your Son, will make 
of all the Advantages you have pro- 
cur'd him ; That he may daily add 
to thoſe great Improvements, which 
he already promiſes, and which can- 
not fail of flowing from the Prudent 


Care you have taken, and continue 
ä to 


[ vii DEDICATION. 
. to take, of his Education; as it is 
1 the greateſt Satisfaction Your Grace |: 
= propoſes 1 in Life, ſo is it the moſt mw” 

cere "__ of, 


MA DAM, 


Your Grace s . 
Moft Dutif, ut, and 1 { A 
Moft Obedient Servant. 


 EpwarpoLauktencsg, _ 


4 
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5 


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£ Eg Ws 

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THE 


PREFACE. 


EY HE We and Loſſes that 
55 8 have befallen ſeveral of the 
Bs Nobility and Gentry throughout | 


. 225) Ip Kingdom, on account of ei- 
ther the Ignorance or Knayery of bad 


| Stewards, will of themſelves be a ſufficient 


Apology for this Undertaking ; even tho 
the Subject itſelf is wholly new, and the 
Attempt of finding out a Remedy for a 


ſpreading an unhappy Diſeaſe be Raul 


and mn 


Tis now above Twenty Tears ſence 1 


firſt began to apply myſelf ro Survey No- 
blemens and Gentlemens Eſtates ; and at 


2 | the 


* P R E F A CE. 

the ſame time to make the moſt Exact 
Obſervations about the different Methods 
of Husbandry and Improvement, where- 
ever I went. This naturally led me into 
an Acquaintance with Stewards and Far- 
mers; and when I had made myſelf ato- 
lerable Maſter of what was both their 
Duty and their Intereſt to purſue, J ſoon 
found room to Complain (within myſelf) 
of great, of very great, Misfortunes which 
Lords and Gentlemen tos frequently lay un- 
der, from the Ignorance and Slothfulneſs 
of ſome, and the Knavery and Wickedneſs 
of others. 


The Conſideration of theſe things, Town,” 
made ſo deep an Impreſſion upon my Mind, 
that I quickly brought myſelf to theſe two 
following Reſolutions : Firſt, Not to en- 
gage myſelf in the Office and Buſmeſs of a 
Steward, let the Propoſals and Offers be 
ever ſo advantageous: And, ſecondly, To 
publiſh to the World, ſome time or other, 
my Thoughts about the Duty of a Steward, 
chiefly with a View of correcting Miſcar- 
riages, and removing the Scandal which 
10% often ſo juſtly attends the Office. 
NE; The 


PREFACE x 


A The firſt of theſe Reſolutions 1 have 
* bhitherto preſerv'd, under pretty ſtrong and 
repeated Temptations from ſeveral Quar- 
ters to break it: And the ſecond I am now 
performing, at a time when the whole 
Voice of the Kingdom hath ſounded with 
Indignation againſt a Foꝛgern and con- 
ſummate piece of Billann in 4 Steward, 
grown immenſely rich by a ſeries of other 
_ Unrighteous Deſigns contriv'd againſt 4 


And altho I am not ſo vain as to think 
this ſhort Eſſay will have any ſuch abi- 
ding Effect upon the Morals of Perſons con- 
'  cern'd, as quite to wear out the Diſprace 
uſually attending the Office, or tempt me to 
break my firſt Reſolution ; yet at leaſt this 
Pleaſure andSatisfattion I ſhall have in this 
Performance, that I ſhall honeſtly lay before 
the World what I have gather'd from la- 
bour'd Diligence and Obſervation, and what 
T take to be right in the Office and Duty of a 
Steward, with reſpect both to what he ought; 
and what he ought not to do. And if in 
performing this I aſe a Familiarity proper 
to make me underſtood, 1 * it will not 
A be 


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Di FART ? ACE. 
be imputed to ne ur # Tua, by theft of 
a politer Taſte, whilſt at the ſame time it 
may manifeſtly appear, that I aim to pro- 


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mote thoſe two valuable and much- wanted 
Things (the ſame in every Place, and re- 
Spefted in every Age) Truth and Honeſty. 


In direfting the Duty and Office of a 
Steward, I found myſelf alſo under a 
Neceſſity of ſaying ſomething to the Far⸗ 
mer, whoſe Duty in many Caſes is pretty 
ſtrongly connected with that of the Steward, 
and without whoſe Diligence and Skill the 
Steward himſelf labours under great Difh- 
culties and unjuſt Reproofs. I have there- 
fore added an APPENDIX, wherein are 


laid down (gather d from long Obſerva- 


tion and diſtant Parts) ſuch ſhozt Rules 
and Directions for the Management and 
Improvement of a Farm, as I purpoſe 
(Gop willing) ſome time or other much 70 


* upon. 


8 


THE 


[CONTENTS 
4 * 1785 eee e 
, 1 6 . 

TH E Method which Noblemen and Gentlemen 
* ſhould take when their Eſtates have been under 
G @ long Courſe of bad Government by former 
2 / Stewards, ſo as they may retrieve the Los. 
8 : P ag. 2 
4 Pyhe ill Conſequence of making ſmall Farms great ones 
2 All at once. — 4 
5 The proper Methods to be taken, when Tenants do 


not ſufficiently underſtand the beſt and late Arts 
of Husbandry. — 6 


The Evils and Inconveniencies which Gentlemen lie 
'8 under in employing Country-Attorneys (not 
* . SkilPd in Husbandry) for their Stewards. — 7 
> The Indirect Practices which ſome Stewards have 
made uſe of, to leſſen the Value of their Lord's 

Eſtates, in order 40 Eurich theme Ives, — 8 


a Z To 


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xiv CONTENTS. 


To prevent in ſome meaſure the *foregoing Evil, Gen- 


tlemen ſhould be perſuaded to allow their Stewards 


an bandſome Salarꝛv. D — 13 
If: Tenants are rack*d too bigh in their Rent, they 
will have no Encouragement to Improve their 
Farms ; but, on the contrary, will be tempted to 
impoveriſh em, eſpecially as their Leaſes ex- 
pire. — — . 
Old.rented Eſtates ought to be rais'd; as for many 
other Reaſons, ſo alſo on account of the conſtant 
ſinking of the Value of Money. — 15 


'T, be Me:thod too often taken to advance Eſtates by 
way of Poundage. is neither juſt nor regular, 


becauſe it often falls light on ſome Tenants, and 
heavy on others. — „ 


The moſt probable and ſucceſiful Method of treating 


with Tenants about the Value of their Farms, is 
by making exact Calculations. — 18 
The beſt Method io be taken when Tenants combine 
together, and will not ſuffer any Advance of 
Rent. — — 22 


The Method taken by a Perſon of Quality for the 
Government and Choice of his Stewards. 24 


An Addreſs to the Legiſlative Power, for an Inter- 


poſition to prevent the Abuſes and Miſchiefs occa- 
ſion'd by common Water-mills. — 30 


Articles 


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CONTENTS xy 


Articles relating to the Duty of 1 


Steward. 


Article I. A Steward ſhould not undertake more 
Buſineſs than he can well perform, 
and a Wrong is done for want of regular Surveys; 
it being the Loft part of the Buſineſs of a Steward 
to collect the Rents. — — — 33 


Art. II. A Steward ought to be weil vers d in Coun- 


try-Buſineſs, and in all the new Aris of Im- 
provement, before he undertake that Off . 34 


Art. III. The Steward's Buſineſs is to aſſign. what 


Parcels of Lands are proper for Paſture and 
Meadow, and what others for Tillage : That 
the Tillage laid dawn for Graſs be re-enrich'd 

doith proper Manure. | — 35 

Art. IV. The Steward ſhould, at leaſt once a Month, 
ride over the whole Eſtate, taking Memoran- 
dums of the Tenant's Methods of Improvements, 
and of his Stock of Cattle, c. — 37 

Art. V. No freſh Paſture or Meadow-Ground of 
the better fort to be plow'd up, without agreeing 
to further Covenants, w—— 38 

Art. VI. Ditches to be ſcowred up, and Trenches 
open' d, by Direction of the Steward. A Method 
given for draining Ground, —— — 40 

a 4 Art. 


| | Art. VII. Cow-dung not to be burnt for Fuel, Farms 
1 are impoveriſb d by it. — 45 


| Þ Art. VIII. The Steward's Care is 10 prevent pa- 
I ring and burning the Soil, which ſinks the Rents 


- * its e uy 
COPEL "ITE TAE r — — ZT 
EE ⁵]³153˙ðE0˙:ẽ o—_————_———_—_ 
5 e ee 2 £6, . 5.46 — 1 — 2— 1 1 
N — Foes e Se» Ooh * 2 N , 


| ; ſoon after. Rape, Hemp, Flax, and Woad not 

if ö to be ſuffer*d without further Covenants and 9 q- 
114 ſideralions. — — 4 4 
0 ' Art. IX. The Manure bred on. every Farm ſhould [ 
bb | (by the watchful Eye of the Steward) all be laid | 
is on the Lord's Lands, and not (as is too common) 3 
by on the Freebold-Lands adjacent, —— 49 1 
[ Art. X. The Steward to watch the Mole-catcher, 1 
| | that he perform his Duty. ——= — 50 . 
14 Art. XI. That the Lordſhip be not overſtock d with 


Rabbits, except on large Moors and Commons 
at a conſiderable diſtance from Inclofures. 51 


Art. XII. The Steward ſhould not ſuffer any part 

7 a Farm to be let to Under-Tenants, eſpecially 
: Freeholders : The Inconveniencies which attend 
bat Practice ſhewn. — "Wh 


Art. XIII. His Buſineſs to lay ſmall Farms into 
great ones : To be done diſcreetly as the Heads of 
Poor Families happen to fall. — — 54 

Art. XIV. To watch for all Purchaſes of Freehold 

Eſtates within his Lord's Manor: Not for him- 
ſelf, but bis Lord's Advantage. —— 56 . 

Art. XV. Some Methods propes'd to prevent a 
Steward's being impos'd upon in purchaſing E- 
ſtates. — — — 61 

Art. XVI. Farm-Heuſes to be kept up in good Ret 

pair by the Tenants; Some Methods propos'd to 


prevent 


CONTENTS wit 


1 prevent 4 conſtant Rent-ebarge upon Eftates by 
unknoun and endleſs Deductions. — 63 
Art, XVII. The Steward ſhould not ſuffer the Te- 
nants to over-ſtock their Farms by over-joyiting 
near the time of their leaving the Farm: The ill 
Seen of that en t Practici ym 


Art. XVIII. His B55 neſs not to 22 Mounds and 
Hedges to decay: The manner of plaſhing Hedges 
given, with Directions to weed the Quieſts. 70 


Art. XIX. Enquiry is be made by the Steward after 
Coal, Tin, and Lead-Mines within his Lord's 
Eflare; and to diſcover, i,. Poſſt ble, all Bribes 

10 ſtifle Enquiries, _ TONS, 

Art. XX. Before Inclofing, 8 Se. are 

enter d upon, an Eſtimate of the Charge ſhould be 
ſent to his Lord, that be oy fir fee the ot 

78 

Art, XXI. The Gegen of the Steward to. be a 
Cheque upon the Farmer, that he keep a fufficient 
Stock of Cattle: And his way to know the Va- 


Ine of the Farm, is for ſeveral Years to obſerve 
the Crops, ©» nm 8r 


Art. XXII. The Steward ſhould not ſuffer Poachers 

To deſtroy the Game, but ſhould proſecute * em, to 
prevent that Idleneſs which commonly ends in Pa- 
verty,” or ſomething worſe. — 89 


Art. XXIII. He fhould alſo make bimſelſ Maſter of 
All the ancient Cuſtoms within his Lord's Ma- 
nor. . "OB 
AR. XXIV. Where his Lord i is the Impropriator, 

© he Siemen faculd let the great T yu bes, with all 

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xvii CONTENTS. 


the Advantages attending them, to ſuch Tenants 
only as have the worſt Land. 95 


Art. XXV. The Steward is to watch the Park- 
keeper, that he perform his Duty in all the 
Parts mention d. White-thorn Pollards and 


true Cheſnuts are recommended to be planted in 


Parks, as great Supports to the Deer in the 
Winter. A Method of driving a Park laid 
down, and keeping a Book for that purpoſe re- 
commended. — — 97 
Art, XXVI. Managing Woods to the beſt advan- 
tage, and keeping an Account, by way of Table, 
of every ſingle Tree recommended. 103 
Art, XXVII. Improving wet and boggy Lands re- 
commended to the Care of Stewards, and the beſt 


Method of doing it given: As alſo the Uſe of the 


Spirit-Level, in order to float Meadows and let 
off the Water. — — 115 
Art. XXVIII. Method of improving large unin- 
clos'd Lands by moveable Hurdles, or Poſts and 
Rails, laid down. What Cattle are proper to 


ftock ſuch Lands, and the Advantages attending 


117 


ſhewn. — 


Art. XXIX. A Stzward's Care is to order the Te- 


nants Houſes to be cover'd with Slate or Tile, 
not only to prevent Accidents by Fire, but like- 
wiſe to preſerve the Straw for Manure. 120 


Art. XXX. His Care alſo *tis to prevent all Waſtes 


made by Tenants ; particularly nat to ſuffer the 
erecting of Brick-kilns without further Cove- 
nants. — }, —8—᷑ 121 


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CONTENTS xx 


Art. XXXI. Breeders of Horſes ſhould not rent the 


be Land : The 1 nconveniencies Wa ſhewn. 
I22 


Art. XXXII, 7 ” Steward's Care is, to order all 
the Bye-roads leading thro' the Eſtate to be made 
good. The Method of doing it. — 123 


Art. XXXIII. He ſhould not parcel out Lands to 
ſmall Freeholders, where there happen to be 
large Commons without Stints. The Inconve- 
niencies attending that Practice ſhewn. 124 


Art. XXXIV. He ſhould be well ſatisfied of a Te- 
" nant's Ability and Subſtance before he lets a 
Farm ; e many Inconveniencies follow, 

129 


Art. XXXV. *Tis the Stewards Buf neſs to eaſe 
the Tenants, and rid themof Vagrants and Stran- 
gers. Arrears of Rent occaſi ond thereby. Some 
Methods hinted at by way of. Prevention. 128 


Art. XXXVI. His Care in having mh Eſtale ex- 
actly ſurvey d and mapt, ſet forth... Errors com- 
mitted by Surveyors who 4 55 the plain Table: 4 
Deſcription of Mr. JoNATHAN S1580N's new- 
invented Theadolite, for Surveys in the moſt 
exact manner. — — 1 32 | 


—_— - 


A th of the Mine of K. in the County f H. 
with the Particulars of the ſeveral Rows im- 
proved by the ſaid Survey, and an Abſtract drawn 
from it. — —.— 1 48 


An 


xx CONTENTS. 2 

An Abſtra#t of general Covenants left with the Þ . 
Steward of the Court, to be inſerted in all the — 
Tenants Leaſes; of general uſe io moſt Eſtates. E 
J os ns 

A familiar Method of making up Accompts for the 1 
uſe of Stewards when they deliver them up to their 


Lord. — — — 181 


A particular Account of the Prices of the ſeveral 7 
ſorts of Artificers Works relating to ordinary  _ 
Buildings, and the Repairs of Farm-Houſes, 7 
Mills, Sc. Alſo the Prices of the ſeveral forts 9 
of Works relating to Husbandry : Of great uſe 1 
to All, and a Thing hitherto much wanted. 208 


A new and conciſe Table of Timber-meaſure ready 
caſt up, deſign'd for general Uſe. 219 


[f 
| 


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APPEN. 


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. ALSO 3 8 * Tas LN 
2 9 2 ͤ ͤ it ag 2 r 
ESRI, Ee roma nora nk 
b —.— Ps TRE — ons, e e E. = 


CONTENTS. xi 


5 0 8 228 
AP PEN D IX. 


Art. I. A N 97 pproved Method of deſtraying Wild | 
Oats, y—_ Pag-243 


Il. Four Fields in Ti lage better than three: The 


Reaſons given. Alſo the Advantage ſhewn of 
ſowing Beans and Peaſe n and tbe 
Method of doing it. — 245 

— Il. 4 Method to improve Land over-run with 
| Shrubs, Underwood, Moſs, and full of 

_ Bogs. — 247 

-— IV. Sea- coal Aſhes recommended as a great 


n, of Paſture and e Ground. 
| 248 


. A Method of improving poor Land without 


any Superimduction N r or other Ma- 
meas. 249 
— VI. Clover, Trefoil, c. are ſhewn to be vaſt 
Improvers of poor Land defi ien'd for Graſs 3 


with a view of burning i again for Tillage. 
251 


un. The Me Rakes of the North ſhewn, in ſow- 


ing both their Winter and Summer Corn too 
late. 7.57 0 Wk _— | 252 


Art. 


2 — — * 
— ———— .:T— — 


xxi CONTENTS 


Art. VIII. Great Improvements to be made by Lime 


and rolling the Land. — 255 


—— IX. Cantions againſt laying down Land in 
85 Ridges 3 the INCONVERIENCIES Wang, - 
1 


—X. 8 to be made by mixing Dung 


and Ditch-earth together, as — din Eſſex. 
257 


XI. A new Method of making Oxen fat in a 
cheap and expeditious way, when Hay is dear. 


258 


XII. The great Advantage of keeping the Fal- 
lows clean and free from . Tra the Me- 
thod of doing it. — 259 


— XIII. - Seed-Corn to be ſteer" d "TA than is com- 
_ praffifd: The Method of preparing it. 


260 
— XIV. A new and ts Method of ordering 


Calves and Lambs, ſo as to make them exceed- 
ing white and fat. H— — 261 
— XV. A new Way of ſowing upon poor Land, by 
way of Improvement. — 265 


XVI. A Lift of artificial Graſs-ſeeds + The 
Quantity of Seed to be ſown on an Acre; the 


Soil they lite; the Time of ſowing them, and 


the Price of the Seed in London, — 268 


— XVI. Turnips great Improvers of Land: The 


Methed of —— them, — 272 
Art. 


CONTENTS X11 


Art. XVIII. An Abftra# of the ſeveral Dungs, 
 ſhewing their Nature and Properties 279 
— XIX. An Abſtraf of the ſeveral ſorts of Soils, 
| with proper Dungs and Manures ſuitable to 
16 their ſeveral Nature. — 291 


XX. How ſome general Annoyances to a Farm 
yy be remov'd without any great Charge. 
295 


> b 


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Adder 


Advertiſement. 
A/Oblemens and Gentlemens Eſtates 
ſurvened, in order to their Improvement; 


and Books of Maps, with the Particulars 


drawn from the ſaid Surveys; ſhewing (un- 


der the proper Columns) the ſeveral — of 


Lands, whether Arable, Paſture, Meadow, 
or Woodland, in the poſſeſſion of each Te · 
nant: 
By EDWARD LAURENCE, 
And his AGENT S. 


Who may be heard of at Mr. Knapton's, 
' a Bookſeller, at the Crown in Jr. Paul's 
Church: yard; or at Richard's Coffee-Houſe 
near Temple-Bar, or at the Rev. Mr. Lau- 


rence's at Biſhops-Weremouth in the Biſhop- | 


rick of Durham. 


N. B. The ſaid Mr. Epwarp LAuxkxex 
having had long Experience in Country Bu ſi- 
neſs, and the Nature of Farms; and 139 
iven full Satisfaction to a conſiderable part 

of the Nobility and Gentry by his own Surveys, 
which have enabled him firſt to value, and 
then to let or ſell their Eſtates to the beſt Ad- 
vantage; and likewiſe by drawing up proper 
Covenants to oblige their Tenants to keep 


up their Farms in a due Courſe of Husban- 


dry : Gives Notice, That he is ready to 
ſerve the Nobility and Gentry farther, in 


Qaluing and Letting their Eſtates, not only 
from his own Surveys, but from thoſe alrea- 


dy done; and likewiſe gives Intelligence 


of Eſtates that are to be Bought and Sold. 


b 8 
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DUTY * OFFICE 


OF: A 


LAND STEWARD. 
are rtr knee rk Et 
The Introduction. 


HE following ARTICLES being ſent 
into the World in a plain, familiar 
Dreſs, and with a Freedom be- 
coming an Artleſs HonesTty and Simplicity, 


/ 


| 1 was willing, by way of Introduction, to 
3 advertiſe both Nobleman and Steward of 


lome Particulars, which I conceiye, may be 


3 fp Duty and Office 


of Uſe to both, and which I ſhall make aſe 
of with the ſame — Freedom. 


Tuar the Art of Hucbandry is of late 
Years greatly improv'd, is an undoubted 
Truth, confirm'd by every Day's Experience; 
and accordingly many Eſtates have already 


admitted their utmoſt Improvement; but | 
much the greater number ſtill remains of 41 


ſuch as are ſo far from being brought to 
that Perfection, that they have felt few, or 
none, of the Effects of Modern Arts and 


Experiments. 


r 
r 


8 . 
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7285 8 2 6 8 8 I 2 
F — niet, . INENNETIORN 
- Ne NP © Ws x IN 


When therefore a Lord of a Manor, ei- 
ther by his own Obſervation and Skill finds, 
or by the Advice and Experience of Others F 
is made to underſtand, that ſuch Eſtates, or 1 
ſuch Parts of his Eſtate, have been under a | 
tong Courſe of bad Government by former 7 
Stewards, or have otherwiſe ſuffer d by 
long Indolence and Neglect, altho' 'tis his 
great Wiſdom to loſe no Time in entring 

upon a Reformation; yet he ſhould not 

immediately think that All is to be ſet right 
on a ſudden; but Time and Patience muſt 


SF 


oye 


ar et, f d Io 


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of a LAND STEWARD. 3 


be allow'd, and then ſomething may be 
done to Satisfaction: Nay, ſomething more 
muſt alſo be allow'd to recover and recti- 
ſy great Diſorders; for if the Land hath 
been pared and burnt, or over-plough'd and 
moro d, or otherwiſe impoveriſh'd by ſel- 


ling the Hay and Straw off the Premiſes; 
or if the Fences have gone to ruin, by 


the Careleſſneſs of a Steward and Tenant ; 
or if 'tis over-run with Thorns, Whins, 


and other 'Trumpery : In all, or any of theſe 


caſes, a Sum of Money muſt be allow'd 


and expended to make good Deficiencies; | 


and this, before the Landlord can, or ought 
ſo much as to think of, any Advance of 


Rent: And therefore to anſwer his End 
moſt effectually, and to do Things to the 
beſt Purpoſe, a Reſolution ſhould be taken 


to keep ſuch Farms in hand, till they are 
a little reduced into Order; and after that, 
to let em to the beſt Advantage. If ſome 
ſuch Method is not taken, T am pretty well 
aſſur d, *twill be very difficult to find Te- 


nants that will anſwer either Rent or Ex- 


pectation, except a very long Leaſe be 


granted, to make the Farms in ſome mea- 


ſure their own. | 
B 2 TENANTS 


4 The Duty and Office | 


TENANTS in the North, who rent but 
{mall Farms, have, generally ſpeaking, but 
little Subſtance wherewith to make any ex- 


penſive Improvements. 'This indeed is a 
Misfortune, but tis ſuch a one as requires 


Time to mend and alter. To alter Farms, 
and to turn ſeveral little ones into great 
ones, is a Work of Difficulty and Time; 
for it would raiſe too great an Odium to 
turn poor Families into the wide World, 
by uniting Farms all at once, in order to 
make an Advance of Rents: Tis much 
more reaſonable and popular to be content 
to ſtay till ſuch Farms fall into Hand by 


Death, before the Tenant is either rais'd or 


turn'd ont. I remember an Inſtance, in my 


Surveys, of a Gentleman who was for mak- 
ing ſmall Farms into great ones, all at once, 


the Conſequence whereof ſoon after ap- 


peard to be this; That the Church and 


Poor's Aſſeſſments fell ſo heavy upon the 
remaining "Tenants, that the Lord of the 
Manor was ſoon brought to diſcover his 
Miſtake by re-admitting the poor Tenants, 
and diſpoſing the Farms partly in the ſame 


ſtate 


of a LAND STEWARD. 3 


fate they were in before, and to content 


| himſelf to allow Time to compleat his De- 


ſire of improving his Eſtate in that TY 
of making the Farms larger. 


Ta true Heels therefore for this Mis- 
fortune is not the violent one of forcing 


them beyond their Power, but the gentle 


and rational one of perſuading, and inſtrutt- 
ing them in all the thriving Arts of mak- 


ing the beſt of their Farms, that they may Y 


be able, not only to pay, but to advance 
their Rents. I have known ſeveral In- 
ſtances of Tenants that held their Lands at 
an Eaſy Old Rent, and yet, for want of 


being inſtructed in the New Methods of 


Lime, Turneps, Graſs-Seeds, XC. were ſtill 
poor, and hardly able to pay that Old 
Rent, much leſs could they bear any Ad- 


| 1 vance: But yet, as ſoon as they became 


better inſtructed by the Steward to practiſe 


all the beſt and lateſt Methods of Husban- 


dry, they preſently could bear an Advance 


of Rent; and not only ſ#ffer'd it, but 


grew richer upon it, and thriud better 
than they did before at the Old Rent. 
"= 4 | Bur 


6 The Duty and Offce 


Bor foraſmuch as it will appear, by what 
follows, that the Steward, if he acts as an 
Honeſt Steward ought to act, will have al- 
ways his Hands and his Head full of Bu- 
ſineſs of many kinds, ſo that he may be 
well excus d the Trouble of being a con- 


Rant Inſtructor to the Tenants; and foral- 


much as it is highly convenient to have a 


living Inſtructor amongſt many ignorant 
Farmers, to teach them, if poſſible, both by 


Example and Precept, the readieſt Way to 
improve their Farms, and to enrich them- 


ſelves, I would adviſe all Noblemen, and 


others, who cannot be at hand themſelves 
to fet forward Improvements, to get one 
or two Tenants out of the South, and moſt 
improy'd Countries, to ſhew others the Way 


by their Example. And if it ſhall be 


thought difficult to get Tenants to remoye 
into a ſtrange Country, a proper Perſon 
ſhould be Hired, who underſtands the New 
Methods of preparing the Ground, and ſent 
over, as well to manage a Farm in hand 


for his Lord, as to direct and inſtruct o- 


thers, till they ſee with their own Eyes 
| how 


<A * 
— 3 — 
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by eee 
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hed 
WW — 
8 


of a LanD STEWARD. 7 


how much better the Land gives her 
Encreaſe, order d and manag d with Wiſ⸗ 
dom and skill. 


I cannot forbear here to take notice, that 
Noblemen andGentlemen lie under great E vils 
and Inconveniencies, when they ſuffer them- 
ſelves to be perſuaded to employ Country At- 
torneys for their Stewards; becauſe it ſeldom 


happens that they are well qualified for 


that 'Truſt. And indeed, if the Office of 
a Steward be any whit rightly deſerib d 
in the following Articles, and his Duty 
fairly explain'd, it may at one View be 
eaſily diſcern'd, that this Caution is well 
founded. A Steward's Buſineſs is not ſuch 
as may be done as it were by the by : Tis 
his whole Employment, and a full one too; 


and therefore he muſt Hoc agere. The 


Attorney, if he has any Character, has Bu- 
ſineſs enough of his own, of the Law, and 
therefore ſhould not undertake the Office 
of a Steward, which in moſt Parts of it, he 
doth not underſtand; neither will his Em- 


ployment let him: But I would always have 


the Steward conſult the Attorney in mat- 
B 4 b ters 


3 The Duty and Office 


ters relating to the Law, and toattend him 


at his Court-keeping. 


I have known Inſtances where a Country 

Attorney has been Steward to ſeven or 
eight Noblemen, and others, and yet has 
done nothing elſe but attend the Court- 


keeping and collecting of Rents; by which 
means the Tenants have taken the Advan- 


tage of doing what they would with their 
Farms, quickly leſſening the Value of the 
Eſtates by Over-ploughing, &c. I have al- 
ſo obſery'd on my Surveys, that theſe ſort 


of indolent Stewards are commonly againſt 


the having their Lord's Eſtates ſuryey'd 


and mapt, for fear of opening a New Scene: 


And yet their very warmneſs againſt Sur- 


veys and Improvements (calling the one 


unneceſſary, and the other unpopular) has 
been the Occaſion of putting all Oecono- 
2n/ts upon them. 


From theſe, compar'd with the following 
Reaſons in the Articles, it will appear, what 
a great Truſt a Steward has repos'd in 
him ; and how much it is in his power to 

Improve, 


3 


of a LAND STEWARD. 9 


Improve, or make worſe, his Lord's Eftate. 
For which reaſon it behoves every Land- 
lord to uſe his utmoſt Caution and Wiſdom 
in the Choice of a Man of HoNESTY and 
UNDERSTANDING for a Steward : However, 
I ſee no reaſon why he ſhould not be un- 
der Covenants, and give Security to perform 
them as well as the Tenants. ; 


WHETHER the Hints I have here given, 
and ſhall hereafter have Occaſion to give, 


with reſpect to indirect Practices in many 


Stewards, be not well founded, I mult leave 
to Others to judge, who have had a feeling 
and thorow Senſe of that Matter: But I 
cannot forbear to take Notice of a particu- 
lar pleaſant Incident in my Travels, which 


(becauſe I was myſelf no Sufferer, nor had 
any hand in the Suffering of Others) hath 
. often made me mile. 


« As I was, ſome time ſince, employ'd 


“ in Surveying and Valuing a Lord's Eſtate 


in the North, Curioſity led the Noble- 
« man himſelf to go along with me one 
Pay, to look about him, to ſee how his 

&« Eſtate 


10 The Duty and Office 
« Eſtate lay, and to view the Extent and 
« Beauty of it. But before we enter'd up- 
« on Buſineſs, the Steward led us the way 
c into his Compting-houſe, or (as he rather 
choſe to call it) his Oratory, or Place 
ec of Devotion; where he preſently ſhew'd 
« us (as lying at his Right-Hand) Sourh's 
and Waterland's Sermons againſt the 
„growing HEREsSIEs of this Age; Which 


La 


0 


A 


A 


A 


c 


“ Sermons (faith he, with the godly Parts 

« of his Eyes lift up, and a devout Coun- 
« tenance) I read to my Family every Sun 
1 « day Night, leſt they alſo be tempted to 
I! « deny the Lord that bought them. And 
þ 1 thus, by ordering the matter ſo, as to 
F « appear to his Lord at other times with a 
| « Friday-Face for every Day in the Week, 

cc 


he anticipated all Suſpicion of Knavery 
or Wrong; inſomuch that ſometimes, with 
« a ſingular Pleaſure he would expreſs to 
e me, how happy he was in a Steward, 
© that had ſo good and orthodox a Senſe 
« of Religion! But, alas! before the Lord 
< left the Country, he was told, to his 
e forrow, that The Zeal of his Houſe had 
© even eaten him up: For, upon a ſtrict 
| « Enquiry 


* 


„ "8 7D 


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of 4 LAND STEWARD. 
Enquiry into his Affairs, the Lord was 
quickly made to underſtand, that his 
godly Steward had bought no leſs than 
Six hundred Pounds a Year, under his 
very Noſe, which he purchas'd by being 
Steward only Fifteen Years; and, by all 
Accounts, he was not worth Ten Pounds 
when he enter'd. And the method by 
which he acquir'd theſe Riches is no 
leſs remarkable; for it was by receiving 
of the Tenants what he was pleas'd to 
call Income-money ; telling them, It was 
an antient Perquiſite of a Steward: That 
is to ſay, every Year, when he enter'd 
the Tenant's Name anew into his Book, 
he receivd a BRIBE, for letting them 
hold their Farms at a /ow Old Rent, in- 
ſtead of an Improv d one. This was on- 
ly One Part of his unjuſt Gain; for he 
likewiſe, on pecuniary Conſiderations, 


11 


ſuffer d the Tenants to ſtock ſome of the 


beſt Land with Rabbits, conniv'd at their 
ploughing the beſt Paſtures and Mea- 
dows, and conſented to the paring, and 
burning, and ſowing Rape upon the beſt 
Land, the vile and beggaring Effets 

| „ whereof 


— —— — IE; 3. - 5 =7 1 2 


— — — 2 
— 
= = - = 
* 2 
= — — 


dities before tis due, but alſo at the Ste ward's 
own 


12 The Duty and Office 


„ whereof I have fully ſhewn in the fol- 


« lowing ARTICLES. 


MoREOVER, it may not be amiſs to take 
Notice here, that whenever a Steward en- 


gageth himſelf in the Buſineſs of Farming 


on his own- Account, it commonly proves 
a Loſs and a Diſappointment to his Lord; 


becauſe that Buſineſs, if it is minded, (and 


he ſeldom will forget or negle& his own) 
takes up ſo great a part of his Time, that 
ſome neceſſary Article of Duty muſt be 


negleted; and it will be impoſſible for 


him to be upon the watch, as he ought, to 


ſee that the Tenants perform their Coye- 


nants. It is alſo no leſs a Diſadvantage to 
a Lord, when his Steward (and ſuch a Caſe 
I haye known) turns Merchant, by trading 
in Corn, Malt, Butter, Cheeſe, &c. the 
Product of the Eſtate; for, to my certain 
Knowledge, this Practice hath apparently 
prov'd a great leſſening of the Tenant's Pro- 
fit, whilſt by the Authority of the ſaid 
Steward the Tenant is frequently oblig'd, 
not only to pay his Rent in ſuch Commo- 


' 
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CC Ee TE TIE Do EEEOr—Lat 3 ” — 


Fa LAND STEWARD. 13 
own price, and at under- rates. They held 
indeed their Farms at an eaſy Old Rent, 
but if the Steward, by theſe knavyſh, in- 
direct Practices, raiſes an Eftate, it is plain 
the Lord pays for it. And yet, when theſe 
vile Practices were put a ſtop to, and the 
Tenants were adyanc'd above a third Part, 
I have been aſſur'd, by the Tenants own 
Confeſſion, that they got more Money off 
their Farms, after their Rents were frais d, 
than they did before. 7 


IT is therefore, on all Accounts, much 


the Miſdom and Intereſt of all Noblemen, 


and others, to allow their Stewards a hand. 
ſome Salary, that they may be able, with- - 
out new. invented Perquiſites, to live with 

Reputation and Credit; by which they 
will preſerye an Authority over the Te- 
nants to keep Buſineſs in order. And if 
this is not done, the falſe Oeconomy of it 
will ſoon be paid dear for, in all the art- 
ful ways of ſqueezing and pinching both 
Landlord and Tenant; as may appear * 


what hath been ſaid aboye. 


As 


14 De Duty and Office 


As Prudence and Diſcretion ſhould govern 
every thing, ſo, in following the Example 
of Others, great regard is to be had to them. 


In my Surveys I have met with Inſtances 


of private Gentlemen of ſmall Eſtates liv- 
ing upon the ſpot, who, led perhaps by 
Neceſſity or Avarice, did rack their Te- 
nants higher than the Land, by the moſt 
laborious Induſtry, could make any profit- 
able Return; as hath appear'd by their 
conſtant change of "Tenants almoſt every 
two or three years: But if Stewards acting 


for Perſons of Quality at a diftance, ſhould 


be ſo rigid, ſhall I ſay, or imprudent, as 
to practiſe this Method, they would ſoon 
make their Lord, as well as themſelves, ve- 
ry uneaſy by the uncertainty of the Ren- 


tals, by conſtant Arrears, and by having 


the Lands often thrown into hand : But the 
greateſt diſadvantage of all is, the running 


a hazard of having the Eftate beggar'd 


and impoveriſp d. For, if Tenants are not 
at ſome Certainty, they will be greatly diſ- 
couragd from being good Husbands ; at 
leaſt, from laying out Money whereby to 


im- 


— 


— —5 


( ß 
eee 2 e 


3 TO LE * Gs F red. $4 
2643 PTT 


A ., : 
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— 


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of @ LanD STEWARD. FS 


' 22 their Farms. So that when a 
Steward i is once ſatisfied and convinc'd he 
hath let a Farm to an honeſt Advantage, 
| his beſt way then is, to let a Leaſe for 


15 or 21 years, at the ſame time taking 
care to inſert proper Covenant s, ſuch as in 
this Treatiſe he will be . inſtruct- 


ed in. 


Bur I would not have it be ſo under- 


ſtood, as if I thought the ſame Leaſe and 
Rent were to be a ſtanding Rule for ever. 
On the contrary it is certain, that the Va- 
lue of Money every day and year fluctuates, 


and, in the general, hath been continually 
decreaſing; and therefore the Rent of an 
Eſtate in reaſon ought to be adjuſted to that 
Rule, and to be rais d accordingly in pro- 
portion. Theſe (and the like) Arguments 
I have uſed with Tenants occaſionally, as 1 
found they would hear Reaſon. I told them 
it was unreaſonable to expect to rent a Farm 
now, when a fat Gooſe is fold for Two 
Shillings, at the ſame Rate as formerly, 


when the ſame Gooſe was ſold for a Groat. 


This familiar way of — to them, I 


L's © 
. 
. 
28 
2248 


often | 


16 De Duty and Office 


often found, made an Impreſſion on them 
with Succeſs, when other more reſolute and 
rougher Methods fail'd. In treating with 


Tenants they ſhould be talk d with in their | 


own Language, and by Arguments which 
they throughly underſtand, and have a feel- 
ing Senſe of. So that if a Steward would 
gain his Point, he muſt not hope to do it 
in the b/uſtering manner and method of 
ſome Agents, whom I have known {ent 
down from London, in order to make an 
Advance of Rents, who yet know little or 
nothing of Country Buſmeſs. One of theſe 
Agents, I remember, came down fully bent 
with a Reſolution to adyance his Lord's Te- 
nants Six ſhillings in the Pound, one with 
another; and told them in a haughty, ſhort 
manner, that they muſt turn out if they did 
not comply. Thoſe who rented ſmall Farms, 
and were themſelves poor, were forced to 
ſubmit, knowing not what to do, nor where 
to go; but the more diſcerning and ſub- 
ſtantial Farmers, finding the Agent to talk 


more knowingly about Aſſemblies and La- 


dies, and underſtood Dreſſing better than 
Farming, ſoon deſpiſed him, as ignorant of 
a their 


4 


5.23 
# J 
772 
725 
— 
* 1 

5 


1 of a LAND STEWARD. I7 
their Affairs, and would not ſubmit ;. and ſo 
hae was forcedto return to London juſt as wiſe 
as he came down, without having done any 

1 buſineſs to the purpoſe: for, indeed, he might 
have uſed the fame ridiculous method of 
he raiſing the Rents by Poundage, and have 
w | ſtay d at home. 


Wär RE As had this Eſtate been prudently | 
my manag'd by a Steward well vers'd in Country 
* Buſineſs, and the beſt methods of Husbandry ; 
1 had he had by him an accurate * Survey of 
the number of Acres of the ſeveral Parcels 
ol Lands, whether arable, paſture, or mea- 
doro, in the poſſeſſion of each Tenant; and 
had he throughly underſtood which Farms 
| would admit of 20/7, and which of the 4ſt 
7 Improvements, he might eaſily have ſettled 
8 each Tenant's Farm in a due proportion of 
Rent to their Satisfaction, without going in 
the ſummary and njuſt way of Poundage. 
I call it anjuſt, becauſe it falls heavy 
upon ſome, and perhaps light on others. 
And indeed it is not ſeldom chat I haye 


* vec the Survey at the end of the Waden | 
C known 


18 De Duty and Office 

known a Steward (to ſhew a pretended 
diligence) has rais'd ſome of the ſnall Farms, 
that did not bring Grift to his Mill, and 
let the more ſubſtantial ones, who were 
able, go free and unrais'd, for Reaſons not to 
be named. 


IF then Perſons of Quality will ſuffer 
themſelves to be led into this method of 
advancing their Eſtates by Poundage, it 
may eaſily be imagin'd what Sorrows and 
Curſes they will draw. upon themſelves, 
and what ſad undeſirable Work will be 
made amongſt the ſmall Farms, when it 
ſhall be once underſtood, that they have 


been rais'd already. 


Irx it will not be thought too much antici- 
pating what is to follow in the Articles, I 
would here obſerve, that a Steward who 
is maſter of Country-Affairs, and hath made 
himſelf acquainted with every Parcel of 
Land in each Tenant's Poſſeſſion, when he 
comes to treat with a Tenant, in order to 
ſettle a Rent equal to the Value of the 


Farm, ſhould take his Pen in hand, and 
make 


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of a LAND STEWARD. 19 


make a Calculation with the Tenant, how 


1 many Head of Cattle his Paſture will keep, 


according to its Goodneſs; as alſo how ma- 
ny Quarters of the ſeveral ſorts of Grain 
his arable Land will produce one year with 
another, which may be judg'd of nearly 
by ſeeing the Crops in the ſeveral years: 
And again, how many Loads of Hay may 
be expected from the Meadows. From theſe 
and ſuch other DATA's, he may finiſh a 


Calculation of what may be ſold off the 
Farm, which ought to be (as I ſhall have 


further occaſion hereafter to obſerye) at leaſt 
zwo Rents, if it is intended a Farmer ſhould 
thrive; and thriuve he muſt, or elſe the 
Landlord will ſuffer fir/# or laſt. By theſe 
Methods and fair Calculations a Farmer is 
treated in a familiar, eaſy way, and you 


beat, or rather convict, him with his own. 


Weapons. But he will not be bullyd or 
Hector d into an adyanc'd Rent, by thoſe 
who know no reaſon for what they do 
and ſay: Whereas, by uſing him with Re- 


ſpect and Civility, and appealing to his 


own Judgment and Experience, you bring 
him to Reaſon and Conviction; you make 
C3 2 


- 4 


20 The Duty and Offce 


a Conqueſt by talking in his own way, and | 


ſo honourably gain your Point. 


I muſt confeſs, I have ſometimes met 


with ſuch as would not be perſuaded or 


beat out of their own way of thinking, and 


therefore would hear 20 Reaſons : In ſuch 


caſe a Steward, before he begins to make 
an Advance upon an o/d-rented Eſtate, 


ſhould have an over-rack'd Tenant or two 


in his Eye ready to put in, if any of the 


principal Tenants refuſe, after a fair Calcu- 
{ation of the Value of their Farms hath, 


been made to them. This Method I al- 


ways found to have a good Effect, and 
was a means of breaking the Neck of a 


Confederacy or Combination, which ſome- 
times will be obſery'd among the Tenants, 


when they agree together to make no Ad- 
Vance. The Frſt Example of a Tenant 


that will not liſten to Reaſon or Civil Treat- 
ment, ſhould be us'd in ſome ſuch manner 
as followeth: Get it under his own Hand, 
that he voluntarily leaves his Farm on the 
Terms offer'd, viz. Thus: 


'2 | Sept. 


| 


Fa LAND STEWARD. 21 


Sept. 20. 17 22. 
Do hereby declare, 4 I heed 
voluntarily left the Farm which 

T lately rented of his Grace the Duke 
of K--- and, that I freely conſent 
that the ſame ſhould be rented by any 


other Perſon that offers, intending to 
leave the ſame at L. Day next. 


Wiſs my Hand, 
| - A. B. 


I almoſt always found, that when ſuch a 


Certificate as this was offer d to be ſign d, the 


Tenant (ſtubborn as he was before) boggled 
at it, as thinking that gw in earneſt he 


muſt leave his Farm, if he ſets his Hand: g 


Inſomuch that he commonly choſe to conſi- 
der of it, and to have Time to ask his 
Wife leave, and to have her Conſent : The 
Conſequence of which was, that he ſeldom 
faild to come again in a few days, and 

C * with - 


ſaid Certificate, yet this Method was of 
ſingular Uſe in procuring a mew Tenant. 


Tenants readily enter'd into Articles. 


binations, and, as it were, Rebellions againſt 1 


of what they will do, and ſtand to) to be 


22 The Duty and Office 


without more ado, to ſtrike up a Bargain; | 9 
But if it ſo happen'd that the Tenant was 
unperſuadable, and would ſign the afore- 


They commonly make a ſort of Conſcience 
of taking a Farm over another's head, as 
they call it; tho', it may be, an abſolute 
Refuſal has been given; and ſo, for want 
of ſome ſuch Teſtimony under Hand, that 
Shyneſs would ſtill remain; but, upon pro- 
ducing it, all Difficulties vaniſh'd, and new 


THIS Method had alſo another good Ef. 1 
fect; for it put a ſtop to all further Con- 


their Lord, uſually carried on in a ſtupid, | 
tho” a ſort of ſacred manner: For it is uſual 
with them to aſſemble together round a great 
Stone, upon which they are to Sir, be- 
lieviog this Practice (join'd with a Promiſe 


as ſacred and binding as if they had taken 
a publick Oath. In this Contriyance I will 
| not 


\ 
\ 


of a LAND STEWARD. 22: 


not ſuppoſe that they can prevail upon the 


Vicar of the Place to preach againſt Im- 
proyements; but if they can prevail upon 
the Clark of the Pariſh (as ſometimes they 


i 3 have done) to ſet an appoſite Pſalm, and 
make the Congregation ſueer, they applaud 


themſelves for their Mit, and conclude their 


| Buſineſs done. 


I am ſorry to ſay theſe ſort of mean 
Contrivances have ſometimes been not a lit- 
tle encourag'd underhand, by the Envy of 
ſome of the Gentlemen of leſſer Eſtates, who 
tho' they themſelves fretch their Tenants | 


| Rents to the utmoſt, yet hate that a Per- 


ſon of Quality, living in the South, ſhould 
by his Steward ſet up for Oeconomy and 
Management, ſometimes not ſparing even 
Terms of Reproach, and popular Scandal, 
in order to cauſe a mutiny among the Te- 
nants : Which Misfortune cannot otherwiſe 
be better and more effeQtually remedied, 
than by proper and occaſional Reſidence, 
whereby Great Men (as I ſhall have occaſion 
in the Articles to obſerve) endear them- 
{clyes to their Country, and thereby pre- 

. vent 


FRM 
"2 
"== 
WP 


24 De Duty and Office 
vent the Odinm which uſually attends the 
making any Advancement in Rents ; whilſt 
it appears that they do not carry away all 
their Money and Treaſure, but are willing - 
to ſpend ſome of it amongſt them, by en- 
couraging Trade, and by Acts of Charity. 


Iam unwilling to detain the Reader too 
long from the Subſtance of my Deſign, or 
to tire him with too many Particulars in an 
Introduction; but yet there are two Heads 
ſtill remaining, which, when explain d, I 
ſhould think, cannot fail to be acceptable 
to the Public. And I ſhall lay down what 
I have to ſay by way of Addreſs, (1.) to 
all Noblemen, and others, for the choice 
and management of their Stewards: And 
(2.) to the Legiſlative Powers, that they 
would interpoſe, to prevent the Abuſes and 
Miſchiefs, occaſion d by common WATER= 
MILLS. | 


THE firſt Head leads me to mention a 


r 
EE. 


| N ſingular good Method, taken by a Perſon 
i of Quality, for the Government and Choice 
6 | 


— * 


- cm 
— —— 


of his Stewards, as an Example to others. 
| To This 


- — ——ͤ—̃ — 
* Vw — 


. Wax 
TS ah as ne MA oy LE 
3 W 


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— 


— — 


SE 
. ————— 


e 
— Big Porn 7 


1 r 2 
. 
* r 


A 


* 2 LanD STEWARD: "8g 


This good Oeconomiſt, whenever he comes 


down into the Country, (and come they muſt, 


y if they will have their Eſtates to thrive) 


in looking into his Afﬀairs, and the Diſpo- 


2X fition of his Eſtate, ever took care to have 
7 2ll his Agents and Stewards along with him, 
that they might /, be acquainted with one 
another Buſineſs, by knowing the ſeveral 

"X Tenants Methods of managing their Farms, 
and alſo the true Value of them, that in 
caſe of Mortality or Removes, there might 
be no difficulty of a Ste ward's being a Stran- 
ger to any part of the whole Eſtate. And 
to carry this rational Management a little 


further, I ſhould think it very proper, aſter 


as Steward hath liy'd five or fix years upon 


one Eſtate, that he be moy'd to live five 


or ſix years upon another; and ſo to conti- 
nue moving the whole Sett of them round 


as the Nobleman or Gentleman ſees occa- 
ſion: The reaſon of which is very plain 


and diſcernible, vi g. that hereby they will 
1 of conſequence prove a Checque * one 


another. 


MoRE- 


— — 


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the Kingdom are driven to Neceſſities and [ 
Straits. When ſome ſuch Methods as theſe 
arc 8 


26 The Duty and Offce 


MoREoveR;that Perſons of Quality 2 
never be at a loſs (in caſes of — 
and Removes) to have a proper Steward | 


to ſupply a Vacancy, it is very adviſeabe * 
and neceſſary, to have always one, or moe * 
4 


of the Farmer's Sons in their eye, wha 
are deem'd to be of a ſuitable Genius, and 
whoſe Education hath been ſuch, that they 
may be ſuppos'd not only to be expert ii 
Conntry-affairs, but to bear the Character 
of ſupporting and purſuing TRUTH and 
HoNESsrT. When once the Lord is pretty 
well aflur'd of this, 'twould very much con. 
tribute to the End in view, if a Preſent 
Ten or Fifteen Guineas apiece was made 
to the Parents, to have them well inſtruct. 
ed in Accompts, &c. and to let fall ſome - 


x . 2 . % * * 8 
B — — — 
r ns 
7 giv ah; . „ 
* 2 5 
2 "oe n 2 bs 


1. 
iN 
48 
4 


thing that may encourage their Hopes 9 


being provided for in a better manner than 
can reaſonably be expected from moſt Trade 


and Profeſſions, which are obſery'd of late 


Years to be ſo generally overſtock'd, cha 'Y | 
more than half of the Profeſſors throughout 3 


7 may | 


tality 


able 
more 
Who 


„ and 


they 
ert in 
race: 
| and" tt 


rettj 


con- 


ent of 


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5 and 
theſe 
alc 


of a LAND STEWARD. 27 
4 l are taken, whereby the brighter part of 
the Country Youth are made to hope for 


Wal Preferment in their Lord's Service, or to 


be recommended to others upon occaſion, 
it may cafily be concluded, that no {mall 


1 Ad vantage muſt accrue towards the Im- 


provement of Eſtates in general, from a 
# Nur/ery and (as it were) Seminary of 
young Men inſtructed, as they ought to be, 
in all the Honesr Arts of good Husban- 
7 dry and good Accompts. 


 PossS1IBLY the Freedom I have taken, 
and the Plainneſs I have us'd, may be thought 
by ſome to need an Apology, becauſe ſome 
of the Articles at firſt View may, by 
Stewards, be interpreted as 1/l-nature in 
me, as if I had had a Prejudice to, or ſet 
my ſelf againſt them in general; but, alas! 
I have neither Intereſt nor Inclination to 
ſerve in being ill-natur'd or ſatyrical: TI 
would diſcourage and dete& Knavery, and 
I would do allI can to convince Stewards 
that Honeſty and Truth are the beſt Poli- 
cy. Stewards indeed are, of all others, un- 
der the greateſt Temptation to be Knaves, 

becauſe 


28 The Duty and Offce 


becauſe they have it ſo much in their power F 
to be ſuch, with impunity, and without 
diſcoyery : They are born like other Men, 
and have not more Corruptions in their Na- 
ture; and, were I to give Inſtances, I could 
name many who are above all the little 
Arts of robbing their Lord to enrich them. 
ſelyes : And if there are others not true to ll 
their Truſt, their Faults ſhould be writ in 
their Foreheads ; and I am not aſham'd to 
fay, I have done, and will do all I can to 
make them known, and to prevent indire& 
Practices for the future, 1 


MoREOVER, if it be ſtill objected and 
ask'd, (as I foreſee ſome may ask) Who i 
would be a Lord's Steward, if they muſt haus 
ſo many Eyes, and ſo many Checques upon 
them? let ſuch conſider, that Loſers and the 8 

Cheated have not only a right to complain, 
but alſo to contrive the beſt Methods to ſecure 
and defend themſelves from future Injuries. 
Neither can I think that an honeſt and wiſe 
Steward will have any Reaſon to diſlike 8 
theſe Methods; and as for thoſe that arc 
E the World is generally juſt and 

equitable 


- of a LanD STEWARD. 29 
equitable enough not to * their Com- 
'J n 


To conclude this Head I cannot how- 


bleman, when he is perſuaded he hath a 
8 /airhful Steward, to ſtudy to make him 
Jas caly as poſlible by all fitting Encou- 
ragements, and not to liſten to, or enter- 
tain every officrons Story that will be told, 
except there be very good grounds; much 
leſs to diſcharge him on the account of 


is too often done) were the ſure way ne- 
yer to be ſery'd with Truth and Honeſty : 

For it may be a Temptation to ſome 
IF Stewards, when they find their Office is 
precarious, to make the beſt they can of it 
in a little time, by ways not altogether 
aſaiflable 3 E ncouragement goes a great 
way towards putting evi Thoughts out of 
their Minds. I remember an Inſtance of 
the GCeneroſity of a certain Lord, that when 


pro v d, 


ever avoid ſaying, that it is the Intereſt, 
and ſhould be the Reſolution, of every 2 0 


3 Suſpicion only. To do that (and yet that 


his Steward had balanc'da faithful Account, : 
and had obſery'd that the Eſtate was im- 


30 De Duty and Office 
prov'd, would make him a handſome Pre- 
ſent, beſides the Allowance of his ſettled 


. y. 


M UCH the ſame may be faid with reſpect | 4 
to Tenants; if they are bound down to WY 
hard Meaſurcs and Articles, regarding on. 
ly the Intereſt of the Lord, they will have LU 
no Encouragement to improve their Farms, 7 
but on the contrary will be tempted to 
contrive ways to evade the Force of their 
Leaſes to ſupply Deficiencies, eſpecially as 
they are near expiring, attended with ſuch 
Expoſtulations as theſe: hat Encourage- 
ment have we to improve, if we muſt 
pay for it when our Leaſes are out, upon i 
that very account? | 


f 

THE ſecond Head leads me to an Ad- 1 8 
dreſs to the Lec1SLaTive PowERs, that it 3 
they would interpoſe (for the Good of the | 
Publick, and their own ſakes) to prevent 
the A and Miſchiefs occaſion'd by 
WArER-MiLLS. For it is well known, 
that moſt of the loweſt Meadows and beſt 
Lands in England are more or leſs afſected 


— 
OO 
— 


: — = FF 
" P "Y Po 7 8 
— 


8 
3 
SE — 
1 


EF 
n 


8 
S 
a 


RD IRONY 
3 


3 


and 


of a LAND STEWARD. 31 


9 Me nd hurt by Water-Mills, which ſometimes 
wholly prevent the draining and drawing 
4 Woff ſuch ſtagnating Waters, as tend to ſpoil 
1 1 he very beſt Land ; and at other times 
i prevent the great Advantages which the 
Neadowis near Rivers might receive by be- 
ing flooded with Freſhes and Mhite- water. 
n ſhort, they cauſe the overflowings of 
large and brave Eſtates, to their utter 
Nauin; and they prevent the Improve- 
'Þ ments which might be made upon others; 
to fay nothing here of the dead Weight 
which they ever prove upon the good De- 
MF figns of making Rivers navigable. 


rr 

Cs EE an — AN 

50 5. . — 

Boy So, * — 7 
rr 2 * * 

5 £ . * 4 £ 2 8 

5 ä CAPERS) 2 
8 *. © (i p * 2 8 
— - de. x45, Rs 
Re eG I ns — —— 

POOR, - - 


* 
— 
N 
4 
— 


Lia 
o 

AQ. 
1 


ALL which Abuſes, I am well aſſur'd 
from a Perſon of undeniable Judgment and 
skill in ſuch Affairs, may be perfectly re- 
WT medicd, and the neceſſary Buſineſs of grind- 
ing Corn, Cc. as eſſectually perform'd, as 
ever was in the common Methods. 


—_— 
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a 


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rr — et 
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Pax Commiſſioners of Sewers have lit. 
4 | tle Encouragement to take pains, and per- 
ed IT form their Duty, whilſt they conſtantly 
find ear 9 prove abortive, on ac- 
count 


32 De Duty and Office 
count of the preſent Scituation of Mater. 
Mills; the ſettling of which Inconveniencies, 
I refer to the Conſideration of Perſons in 
Power, and others, whoſe Eſtates are hurt 
thereby. 


W 


. Y BAIN f 9 22 
> WC. bd WE) RIES 


WED, \ | 

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W CY ES, y 7 z y/ 2 ö | L 


| Article 


of @ Lind STEWARD. 33 


Article I. 


Begin with a MAxI1M which is highly to to 
be regarded, vis. That a Steward un- 
1 4 dertake not more Buſineſs than he can tru= _ 
ly and regularly and honeſtly perform. And 
this Caution is to be underftood, not only 
of ſuch variety of Buſineſs and Affairs of 
different Kinds, as tend to diſtract the Head, 
but even of a multiplicity of proper Buſi- 
neſs relating to a Steward; eſpecially if that 
0 Buſineſs happen to lie in many and diſtant 
Parts: For (as it will appear in the follow- 
ing Articles) it is the leaſt part of the Bu- 
ſineſs of a Steward to collect the Rents 
and he may as effeQtually wrong his Lord 
for want of proper and regular Surveys, as 
for a Neglect! in gathering his Rents. 


hw Hb S338 a 
. wo” 
F a gn ge 
2 A er Ne” . 
* 


D --- 


34 The * ans 2 


\ 
ö 


4244 esd $2646 | 


Article II. 


of a Steward till he is fully acquaint- 
ed with Count Affairs, ſo as to be able, 


upon 4 l occaſions, to direct and adviſe ſuch 
Tenants as do not underſtand the beſt and 
lateſi Improvements in Husbandry. And 
this Knowledge is the more neceſſary, be- 
cauſe ſometimes a Farm ill managed by a 
former Tenant, happens to fall into the 
Lord's hand; and then a regular and ew 
perienc'd Skill in the Steward will be ve- 
ry ſeaſonable, as well as of great Service ⁶ 
to his Lord, by ſhewing an Example of 
good Husbandry to the reft of the Te. 


nants, 


O one ſhould undertake the Buſineſs | 


1 


of a Land STEWARD, 33 


EEE 


Article III. 

Steward ſhould at the firſt entring in- 

1 | to his Service, make himſelf Maſter 

Y I tof the Quantity and Quality of every Parcel 

of Land occupied by the ſeveral Tenants ; 

- and this will enable him to conſider and 

And Jadviſe what Parcels are proper to be kept 

be- 8 | for Paſture and Meadow, and what other | 
"7 | Parcels for Tillage : An — whereof | 
is drawn out from an accurate Survey at 

en the end of this Treatiſe .. But it ſhould 

 ve- be added here, that great Care ought to 

vice be taken, that none of the Tenants be al- 

2 of ilow'd to have much above a third Part of 

Te. the Farm in Tillage in any one Year, (ex- 

cept tis ſuch poor Land as is ſubje& to be 

= over-run with Trumpery for want of plough- 

ing) obliging them alſo to lay the ſame 

down, after a reaſonable Term of years, 


* See the Survey. 


Arti: Ba: with 


6 Dag and 22 


= proper Graſs- Seeds; vig. after about 
four Crops taken, and two Summer Fal. 
lows given. And the ſame Care ſhould 
be had, that the Lands, when laid down, 
be ſupply'd, and re-enrich'd with a proper 


Quantity of Manure; Twenty Loads of 8 


Dung ſuppoſe upon an Acre, or Ninety 
Buſhels of Lime. A conſiderable Streſs 
ſhould be laid upon the due Performance 
of this Article; becauſe, from long Expe- 


rience and repeated Obſeryation, it hath e 
ver appear'd to me, that the laying down 
Lands poor, without proper Supplies, hath "i 


been the Ruin? of many Farms, and put a 


Stop to all ſuch reaſonable Advance of Rent 
as might have been made, by rendering it 
almoſt impoſſible (without an immenſe 
Charge) to reſtore its former Rzches and x 


Strength. 
* Sce the Appendix. 


et; | | 


of a LAND STEWARD. 37 
FEC 


Article IV. 


-Þ | E Steward ſhould endeayour to make 


himſelf Maſter of the Method that 
ſorry Tenant takes, to raiſe his Lord's Rent, 
as well as to provide for his Family: And 


1 | 1 i he finds a Tenant, either thro' Ignorance 


or Indolence, not likely to thrive, or does 


3 not proceed in a due Courſe of Husbandry, 


that then he firſt admoniſb and inſtruct 
bim; and if he proves ſtubborn and unper- 
L. Aale, afterwards to diſcharge him, and 
pa another in his room, before he run too 
far behindhand in his Rents, which is a 
ſure Fore· runner of an irretrievable Pover- 
. and a too ſevere Tryal of a good- natur d 
Landlord. To prevent therefore the worſt 


4 5 ae and that theſe and the 3 


ing Articles may be moſt efſectually 
form d, a Steward ſhould ride over * 


| 1 | whole E ſtate at leaſt once a Month, in 


order to view both the Lands and Stock of 
D 3 the | 


1 

1 

1 

2 IE 

Fe 

* 

2 1 

by | 1 

= fa 
— 
» "F 1. 


38 De Duty and Office 


the Tenants carefully and diſtinctly, taking 1 
MEMORANDUMs of the ſame from time to 
time; which will prove no ſmall Cheque 
upon the ſeveral Tenants, and will be of 
conſiderable Advantage to both Landlord | 

and Tenant. 


2 ee ee ee 4 


Article V. 
Steward, on his Survey round his 
Lord's Eſtate, ſhould be careful to Þ 
obſerve that the Tenants do not plough up |. 
any freſh Paſture or Meadow Ground, with 
out firſt giving Notice to the Lord of the 
Manor, or ſuch Agents as he ſhall appoint, 
According to the beſt of my Obſeryation 
and Judgment, I could never find but that 
it is the Intereſt of every Landlord to ſuf- 7 
fer the Tenant to grub up Whins, Thorns, © 
and Bpoom, that have over run ſome of the 7 
worſer ſort of Land, and then to uſe it for 
Four or Six Years in Tallage, without an 
Expectation of Adyance of Rent, proyided 
| the 


2 — 
—_ —— 
207% Tries ©, 


— 


— 


_ 


B 


his 


up 
71th- 


the 


oInt, 
tron 


n „ 
1 
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6 . 
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8 945 7 
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7 ED 
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for 
any 
ded 
the 


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PEG” 


of a Land STEWARD. 39 


| q the ſame be laid down with“ Graſs- Seeds 
. 4 (of which more hereafter) and a proper 
Quantity of Dung. But if the Land be of 
the better ſort, and (which is frequently 
5 1 the Caſe) by age ſubject to grow over with 
i 2 Moſs ; in ſuch caſe, altho' it is of real Ad- 
vantage to the Land to turn it up with 
9 the Plough, yet a conſiderable + Encreaſe 
of Rent ought to be made for the Advan- 
tage of ploughing ſuch freſh Ground, for 
three years only: And the Tenant ſhould 
be obligd to lay down the ſame with a- 
bout Twenty Loads of Dung, or Ninety 


Buſhels of Lime, upon an Acre, according 
to the Nature of the Land; which is fully 
ſhewn in the Appendix. 


* See wi Appendix. + See Steward's Accompts. 


"To. Arti- 


40 The Duty and Office 
Sb SES, 
Article VI. 


Steward, on his Surveys, ſhould ſtrict- 
ly obſerve and order, that the Lord's 


'Tenants, as well as thoſe of the Freehol- 


ders, do conſtantly, from time to time, as 
need requires, cleanſe and ſcowr up their 
Ditches, in order to carry off the Water in- 
to the Vales, Rivers, or Sewers, if any 


ſuch there be, within the ſaid Manors. For 


which purpoſe it is requiſite that the Steward 
be always oblig'd to attend the CourT- 
LxEr and CoURT-BaRoN, in order to PRE- 
SENT ſuch Tenants as have been guilty of 
Neglects in the aforemention d Particulars, 
that they may be fined according to Law. 
The Force of this Article, in making Stewards 
the Agents in this Affair, lieth here: That 
it is known by Experience and Obſervation, 
if they are not preſented by the Steward, 
the Tenants will not preſent one another; 
which occaſions great Delays and Diſap- 


pointments, to the manifeſt damage of 


| Eſtates. 


. — . * Ari — 5 ve, ar 
_ C — OS INS — Ro 
3 EIS LLP ad eB 0 
g 9 S r 5 : 23G 
Os ons SINN > Ts Foe ours 3 wr; ee 
Ot EE gs, 3 . P ee Fl DE > TOR eo 
— x act Boo oth 5 


e 


N 
1 2 
WIS a 2 
. 2, 8 3 


1 
oF 


Eſtates. It is alſo very proper, that a 


Steward ſhould be qualified to be one of 
the Commiſſioners of Sewers, that he may 


be an Inſtrument always at hand to puſh 


forward the Performance of this Article, 


and the executing the commendable Huſ- 
bandry of ſcowring and cleanſing the ſeve- 


ral Ditches and Trenches, which otherwiſe | 
would ſoon become of little or no uſe. 


N. B. For the better Direction of a Steward, 


it may not be amiſs in this place to mention 
an excellent part of good Husbandry much 


practisd in the Weſt of England, where 
they plough Trenches about two foot deep 
with a Plough made on purpoſe with a 


double Coulter : After that they dig the ſaid 
Trenches till they arc full four foot deep, 
and conſiderably wider at the top than at 
the bottom, into which they caſt all the 


green Bruſh-wood of Blac k-thorns, Withies, 


Il hite-thorns,&c. which they can muſter up 


together, laying flat Stones upon them, to 
keep them tight together; and then the Drain 


is finiſh'd by filling the Trenches up with 


the Rubbiſh plough'd and dug out of them. 
: | „ 


of 4 LAND STEWARD. 41 


g 
1 
4 
| 


42 The Duty and Ofjce 


This Method teaches the Farmer the Ad- 
vantage of having his over-moiſt Ground al- 
ways dry; and, for the future, he will 


have the Profit of loſing no part of the Her- | 


bage. Again, 


I hope it will not be thought too great a i 


Digreſſion, if for the Steward's Direction 


- 
- 2 7 
if ä *. — * % 
allo hae 8 1 
r " r 


and Information, I here tranſcribe Mr. Sαιεt. 


Sers recommended Method of draining Land 


by artificial Tubes or Trunks of Clay, 
which, he faith, hath prov'd one of the 


moſt uſeful Inventions that has been found 
out in any Age, and will do in paſture, 
arable, or wood-lands, provided you work 
deep enough. © Be provided then (faith 
&« he) of three or four narrow Spades about 


« eight inches wide, and fifteen inches long, 


« with a Handle put into a Socket and 


“Ring, with a Tread round it, to ſet the 1 
Foot upon to dig; and at every twenty 
« foot aſunder, if the Ground liè near a 
Level, dig a narrow Trench of about ten | 
« inches, or a foot wide at moſt, quite 


« through, at twenty foot aſunder, and a 
*“ full loot and half within the Clay: 


1 + 

? = 
3 
Ref | 

I L N 
1 hen Ft 
0 N N 3 
31 
5 | - p 


of a LAND Sriwand. 43 


Ad- c Then take a wooden Rowl of about five 
al- c inches diameter at one end, of four foot 
wil! ow “ long, and four inches diameter at the 
1 other; and placing this Rowl at the bot- 
tom of the Trench, take the Clay you 
had before dug out, and with a Ram- 
mer ram it in round the Rowl, which 
will form a perfect Tube: And the 
Rowler being bigger at one end than 
the other, you may, by the help of 
* a Chain faſten d to the bigger end, pull 
ce it out of the Tube; ſo that proceeding 
four foot at a time, you go through your 
Trenches from end to end, taking care 
to keep the Extremities of the Tube 
ſaith open. He ſaith, there ſhould be a Han- | 
bout dle of about four foot long, mortis'd into | 
ong, |. the great end of the Rowl, by which the 5 
and < Workmen ſhoggle about the Rowl, ſo 
t the “ as to looſen it in the Tube, by wha 
enty “ means the Rowl will be the eaſier drawn 
ar a out by the Chain. But before that is 
t ten © done, you are to punch a Hole about 
juite * three inches diameter through the ramm'd 
nd 2 1 Clay upon the top of your Row! , through 
ay : which Perforation all the Water is to pals 
hen | that 


eat a 
tion 
wits 
and 
lay, 
the 
bund 
ure, 
vork 


44 The Duty and Office 
cc that comes from the Ground above, down 
« into the underground Drain or Tube be. 


« low. But ſtill, to keep this perforated 

« Hole open, ſmall artificial Faggots of 
C green Wood ſhould be laid upon it, with © 
« broad Tile at top, to ſecure it from 


« any Impreſſion that may come from a- 
« boye: And thus (faith he) you have a 
« clayey Field as hollow and unfit to re- 
« tain ſtagnated Water as a Sieve. Theſe 
&« Tubes he has known perform their of- 


% 


la) 


A 6A 


« ſyppos'd to ſpoil the whole Scheme. It 


« coſts about Twenty Shillings an Acre, ? * 
« each Drain at about twenty foot diſtance. 1 


['Sec Switzer s F ruit=Garden. ] 


198 
$ 1 ” 4 
=_ 2 12 e 
* 8 75 1 
* ie 125 
\ 1 77 
187 "hy + 
"08 i! 
n 
e $49 $1 
FS; =>. 7 
5 8 8418 
. = 
* N. 4 
25 ' 
* * 


fice twelve years, even in plough'd Lands, 
« where the diſorder of Horſes might be 


of a LAND STEWARD. 45 


< * 1-333 : 9 by * 
x4u7? 
; 75 1 4 : 
T9 $24.5 
Os PAL 3 
0 4 4s * 
4 1 „Ä : 
, i wh a 
3 
8 
1 , 5 


Article VII. 


Steward on his Survey ſhould nar- 
rowly watch and obſerye, that the 


1 Tenants do not gather the Cow-dung toge- 
of # ther on heaps, in order firſt to dry it, and 


then to burn it; as is too frequently pra- 


ctis d, both in Tork-ſtire and Z7ncoln-ſbire, 
where Fuel is ſomething ſcarce, to the no 
ſmall damage and prejudice to the Farm, 
The uſing Hogs-dung, inſtead of Soap, to 
= waſh their Linnen, deſerves ſome notice, 


"8 and ſhould not be indulg d to excels. 


1 4 

* It oF : 0 8 
N . 2 
1 Ms 
1 72 
"+065 2 
1 x ; 
—— » * . 
- ons 5 4 1 
PR 22k P44 . 
1 r ; * 
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1 ES 34 
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is in 

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3 Ly 

[2 #2 

: oY 


— — — — 


| 
i 


46 The Duty and Office 
ELECTRO 


Article VIII 


/ Steward ſhould likewiſe on his Sur- 
veys diligently obſerve, whether any "i 
of the Tenants do pare and burn the Soil 
of any part of their Farms : For tho' this 
is a Practice of late years brought up, and 
encouragd by the Farmers, for their own 
immediate Adyantage, and by Art made to 
look plauſible, eſpecially where Avarice or 
Indigence are addreſsd to by preſent Re- 
wards; yet, led by long Experience, and 
certain Knowledge, I am ſure nothing hath 
more \ tended to the falling of Rents and 
the ruine of Eſtates than * Denſbiring, as 
it 


pu 14% Wh abs: en 
VPV 
* o A OC RT ne D = * * 
ins Xs * Sa e add 8 1 1 8 2 
1 , — [FE . 


wy 


*I have often met with Rebukes from ſeveral Far- 
mers, and others, who are fond of Denſbiring, or Bur- 
ning of good as well as bad Land: And they have won. 
der d that I ſhould be againſt this Noble Improvement 
{as they call it) ſince there are ſuch vaſt Quantities of poor 
Land in England, that they have by a long continuance 
in Paſture contracted ſuch a ſour Juice, that the 
Land would be worth nothing without paring and burn- 
ing the Soil: And they have told me, they have (by this 

6 8 Method) 


% 
— 
EY 


a 
e 
( 
F . 


A K 
2 - n 
— — — EK 


15 


8 


5 Fa LAND STEWARD. ; 47 


it is call'd from its firſt practice in Devon- 
ſhire; where they now own, by way of 


| i proverb, that tho it is good for the Father, 


it is bad for the Son. And what brings on 


the deſtruction of a Farm the ſooner, is the 
ſtill viler Practice of the Farmer, who too 
N often ſows Rape after burning; than which 

there cannot be a greater Beggarer, eſpecial- 


ly of good Land ; for it ſtrikes a deep Root 


into the Soil, and quickly fetches out all 


(or moſt) of the terreſtrial Matter fit for Ve- 
getation; inſomuch, that the Land ſo a- 
bus d ſeldom or never is known to come to 
itſelf again. And again; while the Steward 
is watching to prevent Abuſes, he ſhould 


not neglect to reſtrain the Tenanss from 


ſowing Hemp, Flax, Woad, Weldt, Madder; 


Method) receivd ſuch Crops as would purchaſe the In- 


| herirance of the Land. Suppoſing this to be true, yer [ 
would have them conſider, that all or moſt of the Ni- 


trous Particles, by this Method, muſt be draws from 
the Land, eſpecially when the Practice is continued, 
which is generally done; and ſo conſequently they can 


expect to receive but very little Advantage from the 


Land for the future. Therefore the ſureſ# way to im- 
prove ſuch poor Land, is to turn it 9 with the Plough, 
and to ſow ſuch Seeds upon it as the Nature of the 


Land requires, and to plough in the Crop at Midſummer. 


N. B. This Method is more fully treated of in the Ap- 
pendix. 
and 


0 
j 
\ 


4.8 The Duty and Office b 
and from planting Hops or Potatoes; (ex. 
cept in ſmall quantities for their own pi. 
vate uſe.) ALL which Vegetables are ven 
deſtructive to Land, becauſe they breed w 
Manure ; they take from, but give nothing 
back to the Earth: For which reaſon the 7 
Practice ſhould be diſcourag d, and indeed 
not ſufſer d, even on the beſt Land, withou © 
a very valuable * Conſideration made o 
the Landlord, not exceeding the 'Term of 7 
Three Years at moſt. And, after that, toe 
utmoſt Care muſt be taken that the Land 
be laid down not in too high Ridges, and 
with a ſufficient quantity of ſuch Dung ot 
Lime as can be got for breeding Graſs ang 
+ ſwarding the Land: Coal-aſbes and Horſe. 
dung for heavy Land, and Cow-dung, Lime, 
or Marle for light Land. | 


* See Steward's Accompts. 

. As the 'foremention'd Lands are deſign d to be con- 
tinu'd for Paſture, ſo it is adviſeable to ſow them with | 1 
the natural Hay-ſeed, allowing Ten or Fifteen Buſhel + 7 
to an Acre, where it can conveniently be got, near an 
conſiderable City or Market-Town. This hath been 
practis d with great Succeſs, becauſe theſe natural Gra 
ſes do not wear out, as the artificial ones do. "ot 


- Rb 
5 
5 
„ 
8 
. RES. 
* . 

15 1 * Ly h 
* „ 
r 

A :; WS 
f * 
, ; 3 
24 
F 
. 8 
8 
A 
1 9 7 j 
*+ 1 
* ＋ 


of a Land STEWARD. 49 


e eee 


Article 34 


| T is alſo the great Care and Duty of a 

1 Steward to ſee that whatſoever Ma- 
1 nure, or materials for Manure, his Lord's 
Ekſtate produces, ſuch as * Coal. aſbes, Kilp- 
Landl aſpes, Were, &c. be only uſed and diſ- 
1 pos d of to his Lord's Tenants, and not to 
the Frecholders, or their Tenants round a- 
El bout ; that hek Privileges may appear to 
be Th and valuable Advantages n 
9 their Farms. 


The diſpoſing of the *foremention'd Manute to the 
1 Freeholders round the Country, is practis'd very much 
by ſuch Stewards who make haſte to be rich by this 
Article, as well . as many others mention d in this 
8 ee 


a 


LS 
” l b 
2 4 1 
+ 5 
. * W145 5 
* 
4 > 5 
y 
o 
p + 
2 
25 
4 1 


. _ and Office 
eee ee Dee e ee ede 


Arti ole X. 


Steward ſhould have a watchful Eye, 
that the Mole-catcher perform his 
Duty in deftroying that noxious Animal, 
eſpecially in the Spring and Breeding-time, 
Lazy Tenants are apt to think Moles do 
little or no Harm, and ſo they are too of- 


is great Where they are numerous; for, in 
a dry Summer following, little Graſs will 


grow where the Soil is much burrow'd, and 


made hollow. Twelve-pence a dozen for 


what the Mole-catcher deſtroys, is a better |} 


Bargain than to give yearly Wages, becauſe 


it is a common Practice for ſuch Perſons to 


abuſe the Truſt repoſed in them, when they 
are paid by the Year. It is alſo the Care of 
the Steward to ſee that each Tenant do le- 
vel the Meadow and Paſture Ground, as 
near as poſſible in the Spring, and to ſpread 


the Mole-heaps and Ant- banks, to prevent 


the 


* > + x: * 


ten neglected: But ſure I am, the Miſchief [ 


and hinder'd from coming too neartheGround; 
it being an undeniable Truth, that one Inch 
at the bottom is worth four at top. 


: Article 4 


E Part of his Lord's Eſtate be ſtock d 
| | with Rabbits, except it be on very large 
Commons or Moors, at leaſt Three Miles 
x diſtant from Encloſures or Common-Fields. 
At two Miles diſtance they will often /ro/e 
ſor Food, to the great prejudice of the 
neighbouring Farmers, as well as to the 
FF Woods uſually kept in hand. The miſchief 
that has been done by Rabbits is very vi- 
ſible and remarkable, on his Grace the 
i Duke of Buckingham's Eſtate in Lincoln- 
ſpire; where the indolent Steward ſuffer'd 
the Tenants to ſtock their Farms with Rab- 
bits upon a light blowing Sand, which when 
. — burrow d 


— 


of @ LAND STEWARD, 31 
the Stroke of the Sythe's being interrupted, 


IT IEEE AIKEN 


1 Steward ſhould take care, that no 


= 4 2 —— — 
— 6— condo — —— 


v3 The 0 and Office 


burrow d by them, becomes caſily raj 
to the Violence of the Winds; and accord. 
ingly above One hundred and fifty Acre; 
of good Land, of a neighbouring Farm, | 
have been cover'd with a deep Sand in leß Fi 
than a Year: But, ſince that, proper Me. 32 
thods and due Care have been taken to * 
prevent the like damage, by Keeping the 1 
Rabbits on the outſide of the Eſtate; which 
may eaſily be continued with care and 
watchfulneſs; being well ſatisfied they if 
may be kept within Bounds by the con. 
mon Methods of Ferreting and Netting. 


dz 00 0; 03 0-005 e 05:06 ee eee eee "It a 


| Artic XII. 


Steward ſhould likewiſe be careful 
and vigilant, that none of the Tenants | 
do let any part of their Farms to Inder. ] 
Tenants; which I have known frequently | 
practis d, with much Hurt and Prejudict | i UN 
to the Land. For tho' the chief Tenants 4 


themſelves are apt to cry out before they 1 


of a LAND ber wanb 53 


* that the Farmers are not a little cruel 
9 „ one another, in racking up the Lands 
leſs i to twice the Value; at which exceſſive 
le. 3 4 Price they commonly ſe it to an Under- 
0 4 
i C Waid Under-Tenant upon uſing indirect means 
4 0 get the Heart out of the Land: And yet 
| that Loſs, in the end, of conſequence falls 
9 ard on the Landlord. But all pretences 


* prevented by the Steward's Care, in lay- 
3 5 ing the Farms as compact together as poſſi- 
3 that the Tenant may not be tempted 
to let any uſeleſs Part of his Farm to an 
WUnder-Tenant. Neither indeed ſhould a 


be let to the Freehold Tenants within or 
Wncar his Lord's Manor, becauſe | tis a natu- 
al Contrivance, or Piece of Cunning, in 


eſi 1 
unts | 
Jer- | L 
tly 4 


* 


upon their own Land, to the great Ju- 
Drovement of the one, and Beggary of the 


nts Jother: And, by virtue of this abominable 
Cy 8 CLOWN-CRAFT Practice, when they think 
arc E 3 proper, 


8 
are hurt, yet I have made it my frequent 
9 i Obſervation. (as I have been upon my Sur- 


enant ; which Extortion naturally puts the 


ſor doing this, may in great meaſure be 


| : Steward ſuffer any of his Lord's Lands to 


'Þ Wthem to lay all or moſt of their Manure 


99> — —— — 


54 The Duty and Office 
proper, and when their own turn is ſerv d, 
| they'll give it up, as having already got 


what they intended. 3 
| C 
VI, Vs, N. OC IS UASU AST AG WH) WH, WH, 2,17 , Fells 4 C( 
RR EEE SE EEE ESSE , 
g C 
0! 
. tk 
Article XIII. 

Fe Cc 
. * . 4 bt v 
Steward, as much as in him lieth, : 
f tc 
and without Oppreſſion, ſhould en- J 
deayour to lay all the ſmall Farms, let to | 
3 ; : on, n 

poor indigent People, to the great ones. 
P Sem Feople, S 5 


But this muſt be done with Diſcretion, as x 
1 - . "= © 
it may be with Reaſon and Juſtice, as the |! 


Heads of Families happen to fall, without * 
continuing the Farms to the poor Remains, | 
who may as well betake themſelves to o- G 
ther Employments; or if unable, had bet- _ 5 
ter be provided for otherwiſe : And this 0 b 
will be a means of keeping a multitude of Ui 15 
Poor out of the Pariſh, who generally care 1 
not to come where they muſt live by hard _ 
Labour. = = 

NEvER- 4 : 


"+ 8 


N 


rr n * * "5 P P e * 
. FF.. Ad. peer e TIA N 
. ae Or EN ts >. « — 8 — 2 — * * 

* — + ak wb, rs v7 U 


of a Land STEWARD. 55 


NEVERTHELESS, in ſome Inſtances, and 


near any populous trading Town, it may 


be very proper to let Lands in ſmall Par- 
cels to an inferiour working People, who 
can make great Adyantages by ſelling Milk; 
or to a trading People, who will give more 


than it could be let for otherwiſe, for their 


convenience ; chuſing rather to have Pro- 
viſions of their own at the beſt hand, than 
to go to Market to buy at a dearer rate. 
I have known very conſiderable Improve- 
ments made on Noblemen's Eſtates ſituated 
near the Sea, by granting Leaſes. of the 


Ground for building Houſes upon the Waſte, 


at an eaſy rate for the firſt Term of Ten 
or Twelve years, by way of encourage- 


ment; and afterwards they have readily 


ſubmitted to a conſiderable Advance of Rent 
fora ſecond 'Term; by which means the Place 


by degrees ſoon became very populous, ready 


for a Charter to be made a trading Market- 
Town, and at the ſame time able to fix 
adyanc'd Rents (even double to their for- 
mer Value) on all the neighbouring Eſtates. 


This noble Example of good Husbandry 


E 4 haying 


66 The Duty and Office 


15 „ 
7 = 


having been compleated by that great Oeco- 


nomiſt Sir Walter Caverly, near Leeds in 4 | 
Torkſhire, (whoſe beautiful Seat ſtands upon i 
the River Air) ſhould animate and encou -- 
rage Others to the like Improvements, wh. it h. 
by laying out conſiderable Sums of Money 
in building Fulling-Mills upon the River, * 
has tempted the Cloth- makers to come and tl 
ſettle there with their Families; inſomuch t! 
that his Eſtate and Lands round about 9 te 
quickly adyanc'd, and doubled the old K 
Rent. ' 


COL HGH eee, © ; 


23 


Article XIV. 


| 4 

Steward ſhould not forget to make f 

the beſt Enquiry into the Diſpoſi- 0 
tion of any of the Frecholders within or i | 
near any of his Lord's Manors, to fell their i 
Lands, that he may uſe his beſt Endea- 
yours to purchaſe them at as reaſonable a 1 
Price as may be for his Lord's Advantage 1 
5 and 


of a LAND STEWARD. 57 


and Convenience. Some Inſtances there 


e 
> 9 


n have been of Stewards, who, after they 
n have made haſte to be rich, have made 
1- * theſe Enquiries for their own ſakes, and 
2, have purchas d out the Freeholders, there- 
y by making an Eſtate for themſelves, even 
within their own Lord's Manors; infomuch 


| | 
| i] 4 that ſometimes I have known it ſo order'd | 
h J that the Lord's Tenants have been call'd 
undo do Suit and Service at his own Court. | 
4 But, for the fake of Honour and Honeſty, ; 
l hope theſe Inſtances are rare; and ſo I 
content myſelf to have given this Hint, 
ſtill perſuading the vigilant Steward to be 
i KF zcalous, for his Lord's ſake, in purchaſing 1 
all the. Freeholders out as ſoon as poſſible, | | 
7 clpecially in ſuch Manors where Improve- N 
ments are to be made by incloſing Com- 
mons and Common-Fields; which (as every TD” 
one, who is acquainted with the late Im- | 
provements in Agriculture, muſt know) is 
not a little adyantageous to the Nation in | 
general, as well as highly profitable to the q 
Undertaker. If the Freeholders cannot all 70 
be perſuaded to ſell, yet at leaſt an Agree- | 


ment for Hat mg mould be puſh'd for- 


ward 0 


58 The Duty and Office 
ward by the Steward, and a Scheme laid 
wherein it may appear, that an exact and 
proportional Share will be allotted to every 
Proprietor ; perſuading them firſt, if poſſi- 
ble, to ſign a Form of Agreement, and 
then to chuſe Commiſſioners on both ſides. 


Ir the Steward be a Man of good Senſe, 
he will find a neceſſity of making uſe of 
it all, in rooting out Superſtition from a- 
mongſt them, as what is ſo great a hin- 
drance to all noble Improyements. The 
Subſtance of what is proper for the Proprie- 
tors to ſign before an Incloſure is to be 
made, may be conceiv'd 1 in lome ſuch Form 
as followeth. 


© WHEREAS it is found, by long Expe- 
“ rience, that Common or Open Fields, 
« wherc-ever they are ſufferd or continu'd, 
« are great Hindrances to a publick Good, 
and the honeſt Improvement which every 


one might make of his own, by dili- 


* gence and a ſeaſonable charge: And 
* Whercas the common Objections hitherto 


“ raisd againſt Incloſures are founded on 


« Miſtakes, 


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of a LAND STEWARD. 59 
« Miſtakes, as if Incloſures contributed ei- 
« ther to hurt or ruine the Poor; whilft 
« it is plain that (when an Incloſure is 
« once refoly'd on) the Poor will be im- 
« ploy'd for many Years, in planting and 
« preſerving the Hedges, and afterwards 
« will be ſet to work both in the Tillage 
« and Paſture, wherein they may get an 
« honeſt Livelihood : And whereas all or 
« moſt of the Inconveniencies and Misfortunes 
« which uſually attend the open Waſtes 


« and common Fields have been fatally ex- 


&« perienc'd at , to the great Diſcou- 
« ragement of Induſtry and good Husban- 
dry in the Freeholders, viz. That the 
« Poor take their Advantage to pilfer, and 


ſeal, and treſpaſs; That the Corn is ſub- 


&« ject to be ſpoil'd by Cattle, that ſtray 
« out of the Commons and Highways ad- 
« jacent; That the Tenants or Owners, if 
« they would ſecure the Fruits of their 


Labours to themſelves, are obliged ei- 
d ther to keep exact Time in ſowing and 


« reaping, or elſe to be ſubject to the Da- 
« mage and Inconvenience that muſt at- 


* tend the lazy Practices of thoſe who low 
| - cc unſea- 


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bo The Duty and Office | 
& unſeaſonably, ſuffering their Corn to ſtand 
« to the beginning of Winter, thereby hin- 
« d'ring the whole Pariſh from eating the 
« Herbage of the common Field, till the 
4Froſts have ſpoil'd the moſt of it: For 
& theſe Reaſons, and for many more which 
« might be aſſign'd to encourage Induſtry, 
and to aſcertain a Security to every Man 
« of enjoying the quiet Poſſeſſion of his 
Labour and Care, we whoſe Names are 
underwritten, being Frecholders, do agree | 
* to the Incloſing, and to the immediate 
« ſetting about the Work of an Incloſure 
« in the common Fields of —, and to 
« bring it to perfection with all convenient 
« ſpeed. 


Lad 
* 


N. B. 1 have often lamented the Misfor- 
tune that attends Noblemen's and Gentle- 
men's Eſtates, where only a part of the 
Common Fields have been inclos'd, becauſe 
the Tenants carry a// or moſt of the Ma- 
nure bred upon the inclos'd part, to the 
Fallows in the Common Fields; which in- i! f 
deed want it, becauſe they are conſtantl ß 
kept in Tillage: Vet, neyertheleſs, this un- 

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of a LanD Law alth. 61 


equal Management impoveriſhes the 10 d 
part not a little; therefore the moſt ef- 
fectual way to prevent this growing Evil, 
is to endeavour (as ſoon as poſſible) to in- 
cloſe the Hole: Till this is perform'd, the 


Steward ſhould ſee that the Tenants ſpend 
the quantity of Manure bred on the 1n- 


clos'd Part, upon the Land which produced 
it, in order to reſtore (in ſome meaſure) the 


Riches that conſtant mowing may have ta- 
ken from the Meadows. 


SOS000000 4000093979791 


Article XV. 


T is another conſiderable Part of the 
Duty of a Steward, whenever an 
Offer is made of felling an Eſtate adjoyn- 
ing upon his Lord's other Manors, to go 
to every one of the Tenants, endeavour- 
ing to ſee all their Acquittances for as 
many years paſt as poſſible, that he may 
be able to acquaint his Lord if it is an old- 
rented 


62 The Duty and Office 
rented Eſtate ; and if any Advance hath 
been made, he will by that means ſee what 
it is. It hath been a Practice of late years, 
not much to be commended, to RACK up the 
Tenants beyond what the Eſtate will bear, 
in order to ſell it with advantage; which 
method is not ſtrictly honeſt. And I have 
likewiſe found it too frequently pradtis'd, 
before an Eſtate is to be ſold, provided the 
'Tenants will but agree to give an advancd 2 
Rent, the Landlord privately conſents to 
pay what the Tenant paid before, vg. the 
Poor's, the Church, and the Conſtable's Af. 
ſeſſments; and it is not ſeldom that, be- 
ſides theſe, a Sum of Money is given into 

the bargain : Whereas, if a Steward is Vigi- | 
lant and careful, theſe private Contracts 
tending to over-rate the value of the E- | 
ſtate, may. in great meaſure be diſcoyerd; | 
and that diſcovery will be of ſuch real ſer- 
vice to his Lord, that it will preyent his 
being impos d upon in a Purchaſe. 


Arti- 


BH www wa ol ry yo 


Artic VI. 


b Eye upon all the ſeveral Farm-Hou- 
ſes belonging to his Lord within the Ma- 


= nor, and under his Care, to ſee they are 
kept up in good repair. When an Im- 
"  provement is made upon an Eſtate, and 


new. Leaſes granted, it. is cuſtomary that 
the Lord of the Manor be at the expence 
of putting the Houſes, &c. in Tenantable 
Repair; but, after that, tis highly reaſo- 
JF} nable that they ſhould be kept ſo by the 
3 Tenants, eſpecially being allow'd rough 
Timber to do the ſame ; which yct ſhould 
be aſſign'd them by the Steward himſelf, 
and no leave given to the Tenant to hag- 


as hath been too frequently practis d under 
a pretended and miſtaken notion, that they 
caught to have an Allowance for Plough- 
15 boot, 


of a LanD STEWARD. 63 


Steward ſhould eyer have a watchful 


e' and cut where and what he pleaſes; _ 


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64 The Duty and Offce 

boot, Cart-boot, and Fire- boot, Kc. a Cy. 
ſtom formerly indeed allow'd to ſuch Te. 
nants who had Leaſes for Three Lives, and 
likewiſe to Copyhold Tenants npon Lives, 
but very ſeldom to Tenants at Mall, ard 
ſhort Leaſes for a Term of Years. Theſe 
Rules being duly obſervd by a Steward, 
will not only be a means to preſerve the 
Woods, but alſo prevent any Bills for re. 
pairs of Houſes for the future, which com- 
monly prove no inconſiderable Burthen, and 
has been indeed a fort of Tax upon No- 


blemen's Eſtates. 


Trax like Reaſoning ſhould take place, 
and be allow'd with reſpect to Water- 
Mills and Wind-Mills, which, - generally 
ſpeaking, are the worſt part of an Eſtate; 
eſpecially as the Matter is now order, 
when Cuſtom prevails to oblige the Land- 
lord to find Mill-itones, Wheels, and Coggs, 
with all other Utenſils proper and belong- 
ing to Mills, which continually wearing out, 
are conſtantly one or other of them want- 
ed. To prevent therefore this conſtant 


Demand and annual Rent-charge, as well 
„„ 


: + a 
'' - 


of a Land STEWARD. 65 


as the Repairs of the Mill and Out- Houſes, 


I have all along (where I have been con- 
cern d in the Valuing and ImBrRovING K- 
ſtates) agreed for the beſ# and moſt im- 
prov'd Rent I could get ; at the fame time 
obliging the Miller by Covenant to be at 
ALL the abovemention'd Charges, having 
firſt put the Mills and Appurtenances in 
ſufficient Repair; after which I ſuffer d 
them to take a long Leaſe of T went y- one 
years. And, to make Matters ſtill eaſier, 
in ſome Parts of the North, where the 
Land. Tax is not exceſſive, 1 have agreed 


with ALL the Tenants for a clear Rent, 


themſelves paying ALL Taxes and Aſſeſſ- 
ments whatſoever. Such Advice and Prac- 
tice I founded upon this reaſoning; That 
theſe and the aboyemention'd Disburſe- 
ments being left out of Accompts, would 

prove of great Eaſe to Noblemen and Gen- 
tlemen in the examining them, as well as 
of great Satisfaction to their Minds, when 
they ſee in one View what their real E- 
ſtates are, and what they can command up- 
on all Emergencies, without unknown and 


endleſs Deductions. Every Steward there- 
F ſore 


c 9 2 
. = 75 
1 
be; "4 2 
-- 12M 
- 
te. 


66 The Duty and Ofiie 
fore ſhould be perſuaded to govern himſelf FW ove: 
by theſe Rules, as of great Uſe and Eaſe | 

| to himſelf in making up his Accompts, e. 

Z cluſive of this Conſideration, that it will 

recommend his Diligence alſo, by making 

| it appear, that he ſtudies both his Lord's 

Eaſe and his Intereſt. | 


* 2 
— — — 
— >» 


a — - 4 
— 


c I eee Sete : 


Article XVII. 


XJ HEN a Tenant's Term or Leaſe | 
is out, or that he happens to leave | 
his Farm, tis the Steward's Buſineſs to ſee | 
that he doth not over/tock his Paſture and 
Meadows before the time of Expiration, 
whether it be Lady-day or May-day, by 
taking in more Cattle than his own, by way 
of JorsTING ; which is a Practice contrary 
to both Law and Juſtice. In moſt parts of 
the North of England, and in many others, 
 May-aay is the time of Entering and Leav- 
ing, which makes the Steward's Care to 
preyent Abuſes the more neceſſary, becauſe 

| over. 


2 ˙ ans Ee - 3 ee e 
» 3 ET 3 3 r 2 
8 3 n © 

* 2 , wake 5 Re 


CIT ere 


of a 5 STEWARD. 67 


T 1 | ave 10 cking the Meadows at a time when 


they ſhould be growing and getting head 
to defend themſelves from the Drought and 
ſcorching Summer's Sun, is a great Injury 
to a new Tenant. I have known Mea- 


7 dows fo manag'd and left, tho worth Thir- 
} f ty Shillings an Acre, have been 1o bare 
and ſcorch d, that they have not produc'd 
above half a Load of Hay from an Acre: 


A Loſs that bears no compariſon to the 
unjuſt Gain of the preceeding greedy Te- 


nant. It were indeed, on all Accounts, much 


to be wiſh'd that the Cuſtom and Practice 
of eating the Meadows till May-day, ſo hurt- 


ful and inconvenient in itſelf, and ſo ſub- 


jet to be abus d, were broken and alter'd_ 


for the better and more reaſonable Term 


of Lady-day but till that can be effected 
with Prudence, and without Clamour, the 
ſtronger will be the Argument fortheSteward's 
greater Vigilance and Care to prevent A- 
buſes. | 


UNDER this Article it may be proper 
to obſerve, that great Care ſhould be taken 
that the 1enaats ſell off their Farms as little 

F 2 Hay 


N 
1 
4 
| 
p 
e, 
NU 
4 
i 


Straw, but to ſpend the ſame upon the ; bart 


ing of Meadows is not only apt to weaken 


68 The Duty and Offce 1 
Hay and Straw as poſſible; on the contra- Gr: 
ry, that they be oblig'd to ſpend the ſame on Þ'F nar 
the Premiſes: But yet if it ſhould ſo happen, tim 
that in a ſcarce time a great Demand for inte 
Hay is made; or, that the Tenant lives the 
near London, or any other conſiderable | e. 


Market-Town, where the Price of Hay ang the 


Straw will make a good Advance in hs“ 
Rent, the Sale may be permitted; provi- Þ | D 


_ ded at the fame time the moſt diligent Care fore 


be taken, by ſcrict Articles and Covenants, Þ © ® fi 


that he ſupply the Loſs and Damage, by] t 
purchaſing at leaſt Three Loads of rotten Þ? wel 
Dung mix d with Earth, for every One like 
Load of Hay carried off the Premiſes, over! the 
and above what was made there. But ſtill, þ Sem 
notwithſtanding ſome of theſe Exceptions, Nin 
the general Rule ſhould in the main take Ron 
place, and be obſerv'd, (eſpecially where | = 
there's no Dung to be got but what the fom 
Premiſes afford) vis. To ſell no Hay or ic 


Premiſes. And becaule 'tis plain and cer- 
tain, from Experience, that conſtant mow- 


the Soil, but to produce ſowre and coarſe 
Grals; 


of a LAND STEWARD. 69 
Graſs ; the Steward ſhould oblige the Te- 
nant to alter the Property, turning ſome- 
times Paſture into Meadow, and Meadow 
into Paſture; but yet by no means to ſuffer 
the Tenant to encreaſe the Meadow and 
leſſen the Paſture, eſpecially at his leaving 
the Farm. N 8 


NEITER at ſuch a time ſhould it be 
forgot, that the Tenant be oblig d to leave 


a ſufficient quantity of Tillage (vig. about 


a third part) to the ſucceeding Tenant, 
well fallow'd in a ſeaſonable and Husband- 


1 like manner by four Tilts or Ploughings, 


the ſucceeding Tenant being by * Cuſtom 


generally willing to allow about Eight or 
Nine Shillings an Acre, where tis the Cu- 
ſtom to enter at T Mzichaelmas, for ſuch 


* In ſome Parts of the North, where tis the Cu- 
ſtom for new Tenants to enter at Lady-4ay, the de- 
parting Tenant requires his *way-going Crop of Corn; 


Parts it is more reaſonable, the departing Tenant requires 
but two Thirds of the Crop, for his Charge of Fallow- 
ing, Sowing, Gc. The former Cuſtom fhou'd by the 
Stewards be aboliſh'd, and the latter encourag d. | 


+ The beſt time of all others, both for Landlord 
and Tenant, becauſe it puts an End to all Diſputes a- 
bout the aging Crops. | 


13 Fal- 


which is a nr re] on the new Tenant ; but in other 


70 The Duty and Office 


Fallows; ſtill ever bearing in mind, that Þ Pra 

the departing Tenant be oblig'd alſo to B ly: 

| leave all the Straw and Dung bred and 1 all 
| made the preceding year to the new Te- all 
q nant, without any Conſideration or Reward | F lea 
| for the ſame, as agreeable to Reaſon, and  & ing 
. ought to be a General Cuſtom. 77 
| ful 
Art 

not 

e f e E I pt 

5 CET alſc 

„ : of 

Article XVIII. 1 WT 

hs = * wh 

ECAUSE it is a moſt fatal and to WS ma 

| general an Evil to ſuffer Mound WEE Ha 

and Hedges to decay, either tho' Negli- | anc 

gence or want of Skill, to the great hut {WY nic 

and finking of Eſtates, a Steward, in his {MW be 

Surveys ſhould have a conſtant Eye upon the WE hal 

Tenant's Method of cutting and plaſhing WI arc 

the Hedges, directing them not to chop WE of 


and haggle them in an unsKilful and un- 
ſightly manner, as the too common Practice 
(of the North  elpecially) is, but to lay the 


Bran 


Fa LAND STEWARD. 71 


Branches“ horizontally; which will quick- 
ly tend to thicken the Hedge, and fill up 
all Vacancies and Gaps: And alſo to cut out 
all the larger Wood that can be ſpar'd, 
leaving the Part ſmooth and {loping, twiſt- 
ing ſome Bryars on the Top, to keep eve- 
ry thing in its place. A diſcreet and skil- 
ful management of Hedges is a conſiderable 
Article of a Steward's Care, becauſe it tends 
not only to prevent Gaps, and uneaſy Treſ- 
| paſſes of one Tenant upon one another, but 
allo to the longer Continuance and Duration 
of the Stools and Thorns of the Hedge it 
ſelf. In cutting off all projecting Branches, 
which tend to ſowre the Graſs, the Work- 
man ſhould regard that the ſtroke of the 
Hatct et go UPWARDS and not DoWNWARDS; 
and that ſuch other Branches as lie conve- 
nient for thickening the Hedge, and muſt 
be bent downwards, be not cut mere than 
halt through ; wherein careleſs Workmen 
are apt to tranſgreſs, to the great Damage 
_of the Hedge. 


Ser Fig: It 


72 The Duty and Office 


WoORKMEN alſo, in the Management 


of Hedges, and plaſhing them, ſhould be 


adyertis'd to drive down * Stakes at about 


five or ſix Foot diſtance, in all thin Partsof | ; | 
the Hedge, which will much tend both to 


ſtrengthen and thicken it, till the Hori gon. 
tal Branches get Strength- and Fulneſs to 
do that Office themſelves. There ſhould 
be more than ordinary Care taken in the 


management of old Hedges; not to cut the 


Heads entirely off, and leave the Stools 
like ſo many Pollards, as the haſty way 
in the North is, but rather to cut out as 


It may not be amiſs to relate here the Method 
which a notable Farmer took to prevent his Hedge- 
ſtakes from being ſtolen; [and, in a ſcarce Cou:itry for 
Fuel, this is a Grievance which requires their utmoſt Care 
and Invention to prevent. ] His Way was; By the help of: 
large Nail-piercer, he bored Holes ſlantwiſe in ſeverd 
of the faireſt and moſt tempting Stakes, then filling the 
Holes with Gunpowder, and pegging them up very faſt; 
and, to prevent any Suſpicion of a Deſign, he dawb'd 
the Part over with Dirt, and then left them 2 
in a careleſs manner. The Deſign quickly took, an 
the Stakes were gone; ſo it may be gueſs d it was not 
long before the Rumour of a Porridge pot being like to 
be blown up was got about the Pariſh. And this Ef- 
fect was certain, that ever after his Hedges were pre- 
ſerv'd from Robbers. | 


A 1274 


to preſerve ALL the beſt of the young. 


Tunis is a proper Place to advertiſe the 
Steward, that he be always prepard and 
| furniſh'd with a Nurſery of Quicks, that 
he may not be oblig'd to go to Market 
when a Demand is made for Quantities up- 


on new Incloſures, or dividing others with- 


in his Lord's Manors. His Way is, to pro- 


vide in Autumn five or ſix Buſhels of Haus, 


letting them lie on a heap in ſome by-place 


out of Doors till the Autumn following, or 


rather to dig a Hole in the Earth, and co- 
ver them with Sand (for they will not grow 
till the ſecond Year) and then, in a Nurlſc- 


ry of mellow Ground, about a quarter of 


an Acre, (more or leſs as there is a Demand 


for em) they may be ſow'd, after the Land 


is dug up with the Spade, in ſmall Ridges, 
for the better conveniency of weeding ; and 


in two or three years time, according to the 


Goodneſs of the Soil, they will be fit for 
tranſplanting and ute, 


of a LAND STEWARD. 73 
much of the o/4 Wood as is poſſible, and 


. 


—— —— — 


'E po — 
—- :! Gs. ie WO, OI We. Ao rat ——_— RL. "0 wi EC rr 
— — M bh 2 1 1 — 2 os 1 — — — hs £ 2060" r 3 — 1 
, : * 5 n vo Ez If 5. ©: * — 3 
— 4 . 2 To * * N 6 I o r re 
— — — : — = — 4 = — 1 2 ** Ty 

gf . oy = * 3 45 9 — — 2 - a . E - 
8 — — —ů— — —— 

* - 2 — 


- 
——̃ — 


— — 
— — 


* . p 
12 * * —_—_—_ Gra EI 
- 2 - — 2 * — p 


” 8 —— 


nd — 
— — — - 
% eee — 2 — = r — 
W — — — . — _ — on = 
0 ———— " 2 * 2 


1 


* 

425; 3 5 ** 
5 0 

9 — — 


< $07 HOY 
CEE AE SLE 


——— . 


— 


5 — — 2 
. OR 


74 The Duty and Office 


THis frugal provident Method ſhould 
be encourag'd, not only as it ſaves his 
Lord's Money, but as it anſwers better than 
the common way of getting ſtunted, miſha- 
pen Plants out of the Woods. And it is to 

he remember'd alſo, that the Steward, ha- 


r Le CI AN ONS 
5 r D — A 


aide ab et 
1 — 4 - 


rake 


ving a full Stock and Quantity of his own Ml 
at home, will not ſuffer him to think much j 
to allow a ſufficient Number for all pur- j 
poſes. A miſtaken Frugality has been 
of ill Conſequence in the North, where i 


they plant only one Row of Quicks, be- 
_ cauſe where a Failure happens, there is 
ſure to be a Gap; whereas, where there | 
are two Rows, (as there ever ſhould be) 
if either of them hit, that Misfortune is pre- 
vented, and the Deficiency is ſupply'd ei- 
ther from the upper or the under Row. 


— _ 


WHEN the provident Steward has fur- 
niſh'd himſelf with a Nurſery of Quicks, 
as above, he ſhould endeavour and contrive 
to zncloſe, and thereby leſſen, all ſuch large 

| Paſtures and Meadows as contain thirty or 


forty Acres, or more; for by leſſening and 
diyiding 


— 2 — — * — - 
- - - .- as 4 4 — 2 WF 2 : 
£ 223 — — ùᷣY— ͤ K 


— 2 3 - 3 —— _ 
"1 * 


- N 
„ 9 


Own 
nuch 
pur- 
been 
hefe 
Be. 
re is 
there 
be) 
pre. 
d ei- 


fur. 
licks, 
trive 
large 
y of 
and 


ding 


. Lage CG 25 C 
P = 1 


— 


- Sn + + - = 6 289 <2 * 
—U—U—ꝰ— Ezf.᷑ <— --- — ls 
=> 
hy, 


Fig. 1 


CORY 


For. 777 = 2 — 2 £4 mi; F : 8 £23 . | 


- + - - —— ͥ —— — 


N 1 Uh WR of ' . 7 5 
. _ 90 bs 7 Me uh 100 e 105 0 bl | 7 177 
1 K 9 . 10 4. bo 
ty . \ 1 t 1 
wy = x 2 2 8 3 1 


15 . e 4 ** 

ee ve Bs n 

; 120 an err can, For 1 14.41 by N on „ 55 
e 1 91 7 UN : ns he poof — t —— e " 1 at * 4 90 10 85 2 1. . TY 4 WS — F 


10 
ll 


Between 2290-7 4.4 74 


oh 


ö 


C215 Gg. <6 . 
; | pi 


4 61% 


Th 


1 gu 
4 Maud 


— —U—U—U—Um71⁊ P.. ——— 2 22 


II. 


A L ae ee, l, , 255 
5 | 


6G ok WN i, 1 1 


105 5170 7 FIR» 


514 * 
tia 10 1 1 505 a 11 5 WR 1 
. We . 1 
, ee 25 55 ; eh bie, 1 ah 
» 1 1 1 5 * 1 NE at 4: 32 =" MW 229 5 it. 


Oh 9516701 


RE 


=. 
* 


N Aue 


N 


90 
i 4 9 0 
N 1 — 
1e ry = gl 
ball 115 


* 15 2265 1 


2 
1 
D \ 
N 
— 


—_- 


7 


TU \ | 
N 


1 


10 
I» 55 0 
| fl ly? a goth 111 "ij 15 5 50 0 jt: 1 


1 10 Wi 175 Gil 1 16 


oF 17% 70505 lacy, 10. 
1 1 


11 Deen 55 Tac 


N 6 1174 
Al 4 


A 


10 10 155 10 4 "ED 


of a LAND STEWARD. 75 
viding ſuch, they will be much improv'd 
rery way, eſpecially as they are made ca- 


deſend them from the Extremities of the 
old Winds, Storms, and driving Snows : 
or want of ſuch convenient Shelters, I have 
nown large Tracts of Land, only bound- 
d by diſtant and extended Hedges by the 
rent ſide, to ſuffer very much, becauſe 
e Tenants were forced to winter them at 


d carry the Hay along with 'em, the Pro- 
uce whereof was commonly forgot to be 
drought back in Manure, but rather too of- 
en carried and laid upon the 7z//age near- 


eriſnment of the Meadows and Paſtures. 


In Devonſhire they are very extraordi- 
nary Husbands in this way, as well as ma- 
ny others, wherein they ſhould be imita- 
ted; for it is rare and remarkable there to 
find a Paſture or Meadow Ground above 
eight or ten Acres: But then they are alſo 


laying and plaſhing their Hedges, in order 
he = to 


Able the better to inter their Cattle, and 


ome, which of conſequence obligd them 


er home, to the great Damage and Impo- 5 


very exemplary and diligent in their exact 


— — 
— ty by - 
*24W 0 ST — 
e — — 
"3 cc PER. 
— : 1 


8 


, 5 * FI 
. i 
mY 
EH I 
15 24 1 
1+ 1%: : 
bod $551 
* 
1 
1 | 
l 


76 De Duty and Office 

to make them thick and impenetrable, not 
ſuffering the large Branches to project and 
hang over, which would ſpoil and ſowre 
a good Part of the Ground, where the In-. 
cloſures are ſmall. IH 


To conclude this Head, I would adviſe 
the Steward, when an Incloſure is to be 
made, not to be too raſh in + planting 
Timber-Trees, of any ſort, eſpecially Aſhes, 
in the Hedge- rows; for all of them tend to 
impoveriſn the Land by their ſpreading 
Roots, and by their projecting Branches 
(the Wet dropping from them) do much 


hurt to the Hedges, as well as to the Soil, 


by ſowring the Graſs. 


+ I hope the latter part of this Article will not be 
ſo underſtood, as if I was for diſcouraging the robe 
Improvements of planting Timber-Trees. : 

THE hint I have given in this Article is only to 
ſhew the neceſſity of planting Timber-Trees by them- 
ſelves, becauſe it is Now pretty well known, that the 
ſpreading Branches do no ſmall Damage to large Under- 
woods, as well as Hedge-rows. | 


. B * 
P c m a a Nr CINE _ * 
—— — 26 e y rn 3 0 Ns mn ates rat 
5 . £ — 2 8 
. F ne LI EEE 


RE 


29558 y 


6. Fj 
F 
Fs 

Et 


i 
1 


15 + 


$4 
1X1 
. 
19 
"+; 


Fre 1 
8 — 1 ED 
38 


F 
F 
C 


of a LAND STEWARD. 77 


D ee ee e eee 


Article XIX. 


Steward, on his Survey, ſhould not 
be unmindful to enquire, and by pro- 
| per Marks and Tokens to obſerve, whether 
there be any Coal, Tin, or Lead-Mines 


5 Vithin his Lord's Manors, theſe being oſt- 
times greater Riches under Ground than the 
beſt Improvements above. Wherefore a 
| | timely and faithful Account of all (even 
the Probabilities of) theſe Treaſures ſhould 


be related, that Tryals may be made, firſt 
by boring, and then by ſinting Pits. Ho] 
ever, it may be neceſſary to add, that the 


= Borer be narrowly watch d, to prevent the 


Coal-Owners from all parts, and others, 


7; whoſe Intereſt it is to tie theſe Enquiries, | 


from tampering with him, and uſing ſuch 
indirect and unlawful Arts as tend to make 
abortive all ſuch honeſt Endeavours both 
for a publick and private Good. The ſame 
Diligence in the Steward ſhould be extended 

| tO 


18 The Duty and Offce 
to the Diſcovery of all Quarries that 
happen to lie within his Lord's Manors, 
for if they prove to be of a good and fine 
ſort of Free-ſtone, and eſpecially if near ; | 8 
the Sea-Coaſt or a navigable River, ſuch ti 
Quarry frequently tends to no inconſidera- ; j 0! 
ble Advancement of his Lord's Eſtate. 1 ar 


VVV 


Al ticle & © < F | 


T is not only neceſſary that a Steward | 1 0 

ſhould be a good Accomptant, but alſo gn 
that he ſhould have a tolerable Degree of Skill 
in Mathematicks, Surveying, Mechanicks, i * 
and Architecture; for in every one of thoſe 
Particulars his Ingenuity and Skill will be Buy 
upon many Occaſions call'd upon and made der 
uſe of. And he ſhould likewiſe endeavour Þ Þ 
to make himſelf Maſter of the true“ Prices 
of all forts of Work relating to Husbandry, Þ ? 
that he be not impos'd upon, or oblig d to 1 


See the latter End of Steward's Accompts. 1 
"I Watch! 


of a Land STEWARD. 79 


z watch the Day-workmen, which common- 


$ gageth in any Work of Conſequence, rela- 
ting either to Incloſures, or Architecture, 
or Draining, &c. ſhould firſt ſend as ms 
an Eſtimate as poſſible, what the ſame will 


52 ment, whether the Charge will anſwer his 
Expectations in the propos d Benefit. And 
©} becauſe upon every Eſtate lying at ſome 
diſtance one from another, it is on many 
Accounts very neceſſary that a villa or 

ard Country- Houſe ſhould be built, the Steward 

ae mould uſe his beſt Skill (or by the Aſſiſ- 


Kill tance of the beſt * Architect) in drawing out 

ck | 7 

le Fr} * The Example of the noted Architect Mr. Morris, 
and ſome few others, ſhould be a Pattern to the reſt, 
be to be purttual, to make their Calculations ſo, as to un- 

ade dertake the building of a Nobleman's or Gentleman's 


Scat according to the Deſign firſt made and calculated; 
our and not as too many have done, who have told No- 


ny co their Calculation, for Twenty thouſand Pounds; but be- 
ry, fore the Building was finiſh'd, they found, to their Sorrow, 
1 to that it coſt them near Fifty thoufand Pounds. N. B. I 
# have known a very neat Country-houſe, juſt fit for a 
Nobleman, 6c. when he comes down to look into his 
7 Affairs, built for leſs than Three thouſand Pounds. 


of ly proves the moſt chargeable Method. A 
1 Steward then thus qualified, before he en- 


1 amount to, that his Lord may ſit down and : 
connt the Coſt, and make a deliberate judg- 


blemen, c. the Charge of building a Scat, according 


ö 


* 
"= 
1.5 
2 4 
. — 
* 
uh 
"py 
3 
57 4 
19 
1 
. 
, 4 
1 
£ 
„ 
* 


3 ano wee a 


80 The Duty and Office ; 
the Particulars of the Charge of doing the 9 
fame, aiming not fo much at State as Con. 
venience; i. e. juſt ſo as to anſwer his Uf: 
and Diverſion in the Summer. 1 


I cannot but think every Contrivanc: Þ 
right, and every Convenience fit to be en. 
courag d, which tend to invite the Lordo 
the Manor himſelf ſometimes to come doyr 
and viſit his Eftate, that his Intereſt and 
his Diverſions may give a Reliſh to o 8 
another. His own Ingenuity and Conti 
vance added to his Steward's Care, vil : 
quickly introduce Politeneſs into his Coun 
try, and tend to fet ſuch Examples of In. 1 R 
provements and good Husbandry, as wil f. 
make him be/ov'd and popular, at the fame tr 
time when he is furniſhd with larger Abi WW? lz 
lities to ſupply his own and his Country; ar 
Wants. Þ 


25 — ern ts Ee > - poo = . 
3 DNN 8 EEE 22s F , 7 A 
8 A P K r 
: Ee CO mn i mens . — : CART LOL Sg 
; Te — — — 


9 n K 
— 2 8 
P ͤ . ̃]˙ A I Es 
2 Ses 
4 ”; * — 0 * 


Ii 


of a Land STEwaRD. BT 


I IC a fl gl 


Article X XI. 


Fter a Steward hath diligently ſur- 
vey'd his Lord's Eſtate, and hath 
mods himſelf maſter of the Method which 
every Tenant takes to raiſe his Rent, and 
to provide for his Family, he ſhould alſo 
carcfully obſerye the Crops and Stocks of 
Cattle that each Tenant hath upon the ſe- 
veral ſorts of Land, whether Arable, Pa- 
ſture or Meadow; by which means (always 
ſuppoſing him to be well vers'd in Coun- 


try Affairs) he'll be able to judge, not on- 


ly what Care hath been uſed to improve 
and advance, and what Neglects have been 


| ſuffer'd to diminiſh the Products, but alſo 
how many Quarters of the ſeyeral ſorts of 


Grain each Acre one with another on Til- 


lage produces; and how many Loads of 


Hay came from the Meadows. He ſhould | 
likewiſe conſider (and, if need be, direct) 


what Rock of 1 of all ſorts each Te- 
G _ nant's 


82 De Duty and Office 
nant's Farm will maintain, that he may be 
a conſtant Cheque upon them, that they 
do keep a ſufficient Stock ; for a deficiency 
in that kind is as fatal and hurtful to the 
Farmer's Intereſt as over/tocking : Accord- 
ingly I have known many a Farmer fink 
and fail in the World meerly for want of 
a ſufficient Stock, altho' they have had ve. 
ry cheap Bargains. And indeed a certain 
Truth it is, confirm'd by Experience, that 
an overcheap Bargain and Farm many 
times tends to indulge the Farmer in Lux 
ury and Idleneſs, and to make him vie 
with Gentlemen, and thoſe that have E- 
ſtates of their own, in their way of living, 
and the bringing up their Families: And 


when theſe Follies and abſurd ways of Liy- 


ing have reduced them to Poverty, the ne- 
ceſſary Conſequence is, that the Farm (cheap 
as it is) is made poor too, and the Farmer 


cannot raiſe his Rents, becauſe there is a 


Defect of Stock, both as to Number and 
Goodneſs. 


A careful provident Farmer, that keeps 
well his Accompts, and wiſely balanceth 
his 


wc © „ yl 


GG 8 


e e * OE REESE : = 
2 n 5 eee A Wimme ! ͥeq̃è dbl * 6 9 * 
— 9. 7 r c . . l n 85 8 . 2 2 N 5 as x * n 828 * e 


ones, WI REY 


8 BI Le — * FT ER g 
"IF" 8 eee tt Y : ; 1 R rr ee a T—K—õ ⏑⏑t EI Ii 8 1 
22: Ea I EEE ETHER 2) NEED II BIS EE Re ee nn — ] Ü¹—2 em 8 
— 7 Dy. - oy EONS ——— een — 85 2 — A . 9 N F WWW — TSS — R n r 
* 8 e. — 5 ry nes SY OS PI RI ISO I i eo RET PAed t Bans-a, Cor AM . Ce EIT ( en 2 —— — 
* K en day op ws, 3 ee 7 ä n 2 õ³· n½ù. 25 ter: En eG $Id.) Labs I 8 3 
A n 5 „ — * 2 2 it py * 


of a LAND STEWARD. 83 
his Gain and Loſs, if he would be aſſurd 


that he gets by his Farm, and thrives in 
the World, muſt fell * #wo Rents at the 


leaſt off the Premiſes one year with ano- 
ther. Indeed the Farmers in Kent, Eſſex, 


and other Southern Counties round London, 


us'd to make it a Maxim, that zhree Rents 
ſhould be fold; the Conſequence of which 
was, that if they rented Two or Three 
hundred Pounds a year, they quickly pur- 


chas'd Eſtates of their own, and let them 


to Tenants, who were forced to be content 
to ſell 7wo Rents off the Premiſes, 


BEFORE a Steward makes his laſt Judg. 


ment of the Value of a Farm, he ſhould 
be well and exactly inform'd what the 
neighbouring Gentlemen or Freeholders let 
their Lands for by the Acre, and then the 
noble Rule of ComeaRisow uſed diſcreetly, 


will give a Sanction to his Office and Duty, 


* *Tis ſuppos'd that the Tenant is to maintain his 
Family with ſuch Proviſions as his Farm produceth, 
and to ſell two Rents off the Premiſes, but not to ſpend 
in an extravagant manner. more than one Rent, as too 
many have done, to their ſudden Failure, altho' they 
have a good pennyworth. e | 


2 making 


cc 
3 . 
„ 5 _ 


— — q 

4 wow a. 

1 r 
3 
— 


2 £5 * 5 — ; . 
— Ss 


1 TS = 
<7 


—— 
. 
r 


— 
3 


— 2 — — 2 > wy 2 
* — h "= - 32 = 
— — EY 0 22S 
ER 


; $7 
I r "Ae 


LW 2 * — 
— — 2 


e 


— 74 


— 
— 
1 
Wo 


I bt 2 —— —— — — 2 * 2 = 
2 — — —— a 2 — — 8 1 — — 


. 


—— 


£ 
1 * 


J * 
"FJ 
. + 3:1 
« 6. % | 
Bi . 4 i 
n 
.* FI. 
4 4%. 
1 5 
M08 
1 
1 
* »iy 
\ 
; : 


84 The Duty and Office 
making Allowances on both ſides for better F 
and worſe, either on ſome, or on many ac. 
counts. 


A due Regard had to this and the fore. 
going Rules would, I am perſuaded, be a 
good Foundation for forming a Judgment \ 
of the true Value of Eſtates, in order to / 
their being let to the Satisfaction of both e 
Landlord and Tenant, which ſhould always {WE © 
be effected, if poſſible, that there may be ©! 
no juſt Foundation for Complaint on either $ t 
ſide: For altho the Lord's Eſtate ought to 
be let to the beſt advantage, yet it ſhould 


be let without racking the induſtrious Te. a 
nant; as hath been too frequently done with \ 
Art and Cunning enough in ſome Stewards, 1 

in order to hide and conceal other unrigh- W* © 
teous Practices: But ſuch racking, on what © 


pretence ſoever it be done, ever tends to 
the Dyſſervice, as well as to the Dijſcredit 
of Perſons of Quality, ſeveral of whom, to my 
knowledge, have repented of being led into 
that Miſtake, as having ſuſtain d great Trou- 
ble and Loſs in their Rents. Some Inſtances 
I hayc known (eſpecially in the North, where 

| the 


of a Land STEWARD. 85 


the Farms are ſmall) of poor Tenants, who, 
rather than be turn'd off to ſeek their Liy- 
ing, will promiſe more than they are * 
able to N 


tter 


| I have been the longer on this Head 
5 Facts, founded on Experience, take the 


Gentlemen, as of the laſt Conſequence to 
their real Intereſt, and the Improvernont of 
their Eſtates. 


| Mens VER, as it hath appear d to be 


| þ Methods be uſed by the Steward, in order 
to let his Lord's Lands to the beſt adyan- 
tage, ſo it is likewiſe proper to take no- 


a due Courſe of Husbandry, there will be 
no ſmall danger of the Rents ſinking again, 
eyen from an Advance made and founded 
; on modern Knowledge and rational Improve- 
5 ments. To prevent therefore this undeſira- 


with a view of making the Truth of theſe 


| deeper Impreſſion on all Noblemen and 


2 — 0 . F — 1 —— = — 
pre r ns, ap 1141 — He EE > = $5 * 
bk '= N ? — 


a 


a matter of great Conſequence, that proper 


"7 
1 
. 
4 
1 
ny 
ol 
; 
* 
1 
: 
a2 
5 
1 
1 
LO 
oF , 
. 
x 
, 


A tice here, that if the Steward doth not take 
care that the Tenants keep up the Farms in 


; ble Circumſtance, the Steward ſhould ſee 
1 & 3 un 


— 


—_ 


Py — — * 5 2 
CF” nab = L wa * 
- G 

— — — — - * = : ho " — 

— — - — — * — * 2 2 T — > 
— mu, 2 - - — " — 2 . 
. 4 = — 2 2 — = 

4 _— — — 1 — — — * — — 

- X — 2 > — — — x 2 — 

* - — — bo . — — — - = — 


— 


u "rar. 

I 7 3 
22 

2 2 


Leaſes where a 


86 The Duty and Office | 
and inſiſt upon it, that the Tenants do, eye- 
ry one of them, really and punQually per- 


form the Covenants which they themſelves 


have agreed to in their Leaſes. This is a 


matter of no inconſiderable conſequence ; 


for I have known Inſtances of Gentlemen's 


Eſtates ſinking very much by irregular and 


ancovenanted Practices, whilſt the Tenants 
(by neglect or overſight) have been ſuffer'd 
to plow up freſh Paſture and Meadow, to 
pare and burn and worry out the Strength 
of the Land by ſowing Rape, &c. the con- 
ſequence whereof hath been, that when 
they have throughly zupoveriſpd the Farm, 


and thus eat out the Life and Heart of it, 


they have thrown it back into the Lord's 
hand, where it commonly ſticłs. 


IN the * Covenants of their Leaſes there 
ſhould therefore be a Penalty laid to each 


Covenant, to be paid over and above their 


I have always found, where-ever I have been con- 
cern'd in agreeing with Tenants and drawing up Co- 
venants, that they have more readily agreed to ſign ſuch 

Penalty was laid to each Covenant, to 
be paid over and above the yearly Rent, for Non-per- 
formance, than to ſign ſuch Leaſes where they are ob- 


lig d to give Bond, and alſo to find Security. 
| yearly 


428 


& a # aw 


_ 
F 
125 
— B3 
* 
1 


"= 
| _, 
+4 
1 
4 


of a LAND STEWARD. 87 
gearly Rent, which being intended to pre- 


vent Abuſes, is recoverable by Law ; 


whereas the common way of inferting Co- 
venants into Leaſes (except a Bond is given, 


force and compel the Execution. 


As for the Farms of Eight or Ten pounds 


| 1] per Annum, I have always found it to be 


of little moment to /eaſe ſuch, becauſe the 
Tenants that rent them are generally poor 


and neceſſitous: Wherefore the beſt way 


to deal with them, when they do not per- 
form, or tranſgreſs their Duty, is, firſt to 
reprove them for aot obſerving good Rules, 
and when there is little hopes of their do- 


poſlible, always ſuppoſing that ſome Care 


derſtand. 


ALTHO' 1 have not yet laid before the 
Steward and his Lord every part of a 
Steward's Duty; yet, by what hath be-n 


and the Tenantsi nd Security) proves of 
little or no Uſe, for want of a Power to 


e 56S {= £48. 
an. 


ing better, to get rid of them as ſoon as 


be taken of their Families, in ſetting them 
to work in ſuch ways which they better un- 


SS ' andy 


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88 The Duty and Ofice 
already faid, it ſufficiently appears, that to 
perform theſe and all the following Articles 


as they ought to be perform'd, with Fide- 
lity and conſtant Care, will take up almoſt 


his whole Time, without much room for 
Diverſions. I could wiſh all Noblemen 


and Gentlemen, for their own Honour and 
Intereſt, would be perſuaded to make 
ſomething larger Allowances of Salary than 
are uſually given: I do not ſay that large 
Wages makes a Man honeſt ; but I amfa- 
tisſied that a too /irif?, and therefore mi- 
ftaken Notion of ſaving Oeconomy, with 
reſpect to a Steward's ſtanding Wages, hath 
oft-times been the Occaſion of corrupting 
the Steward, and putting him upon indi- 
rect means to get where and what he ought 
not ; which proves in the end the deareſt 
Bargain to thoſe who think themſelves w/e 
in er Generation. 


IN ſhort, there ſhould no one Circum- 


ſtance relating to the Office and Duty of a 


Steward be made a Gain to Him, but the 
whole ſhould accrue, and ought to be ac- 
counted to his Lord, whoſe Wiſdom it 

thould 


of a Land STEwarD. 89 


ſhould be to make the Salary an ample 
Reward for his JO Labours, 


CSE d BY ESZHES 


Article XXII. 


Steward ſhould make ſtrict Enquiry 
after all Poachers, that deſtroy the 
Game within his Lord's Manors ; and when 
they are found and known, to lay regular 
Complaints before the next Juſtice of the 
Peace, that they may be proſecuted and 
puniſh'd according to Law. 
there be any found not qualified to Keep 


Greyhounds, Guns, Setting dogs, Nets, &*c. 


he ſhould be diligent in informing againſt 
them, that their Dogs and Guns, &c. may 
be taken away from em; the purſuit of 
theſe ſorts of Games being obſery'd, in the 
lower ſort of People, to be the effect of Idle- 


neſs, the Conſequence whereof is neglect of 


their proper Buſineſs, which ends in Poyer- 
ty, and oftentimes ſomething worſe. How- 


eyer, on all accounts, the Game ought to 
| be 


And alſo if. 


> —— IE. 


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go The | Day and 22 


be preſerv'd by the Diligence and Care of 
the Steward and Game-keeper, for the ſake 
of their Lord's Diverſion and his Table, 
Indeed every Temptation ſhould be encou- 
rag'd that tends to invite Noblemen and 
others to viſit their Eſtates in Perſon every 
Summer ; for, without ſuch preſence, what- 
ever others may think who have not a ſenſe 
of it, I who know the Misfortunes and Loſ: 
ſes that have happen'd by continued Ab- 
ſence, muſt averr, That nothing has tend- 
ed more to the Abuſe and Ruin of braye 
Eſtates, than the Lord's Neglctt of looking 
himſelf ſometimes into his own Afﬀairs: 
whereas, on the contrary, I have always 
found his Preſence to have been a conſtani 
Cheque both upon Steward and Tenant, as 
to any unjuſtifiable Connivances or private 
Bargains. Where ever therefore I have been 
concern'd, I have, with pretty good ſucceſs, 
inculcated this Advice and Maxim ({upport- 
cd by the foregoing Reaſons) of 2 11 


Refs dence. 


Arti- 


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Article XXIII. 


GAIN: It is the Duty, and ſhould 
be the Care of a Steward, to make 
himſelf maſter of all the ancient * Cuſtoms 
belonging to his Lord's Manors; which 
Knowledge will enable him to keep them 


1 up, and to prevent their Oblivion. As for 
inſtance; (1. ) It is cuſtomary in moſt Ma- 


nors for the Tenants to ſend their Teams 
to lead home the Hay and Corn which 
comes off the Demeſne Lands commonly 


kept in hand for the uſe of the Lord of 


the Manor, when he comes in the Summer 


to live among his Tenants. (2.) It is alſo 


cuſtomary for the Tenants to ſend their 


Teams to lead Timber and Stone, &c. when- 
exyer there is occaſion for Building or Re- 


* The Steward, at his firſt entering upon his Office, 


2 ould get a Copy of the Cuſtoms from the Ancienteſt 
Court Rolls, in order to make himſelf maſter of the 


ancient Cuſtoms of the ſeveral Manors. 
pairs. 


— 1 1 1 . 2 I — _ _— — 
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92 The Duty and Offce 
pairs. (3.) It is alſo a good-natur'd Cu- 
ſtom for each Tenant to ſend every year, 
during their Lord's Reſidence, a Preſent of 
two fat Capons or Turkeys; or elſe any o- 


ther Preſent of Fiſh or Fowl, ſuch as the 


Country produceth, of the like value. (4.) It 
is common for each Tenant to keep a cou- 
ple of Hounds or Setting-Dogs for the uſe 


of the Lord when he comes down, for hi 
_ Diverſion. 


IT may not be amiſs here to advertiſe 
the Steward to take care, where the Free- 
hold-Tenants have a Townſhip entire to 
themſelves, that they do not encroach upon 


the Lord's Waſte, by digging Stone, Sand, 


&c. expoſing the ſame to ſale, when it is 
none of their right: And when there is 
any want of Submiſſion and Acknowledg- 
ment of the Offence, to make Examples of 
one or two by a Profecution, to deter 0- 
thers from offending in the like manner. 


I haye known Inſtances, where the Free- 
holders haye inclos'd the Lord's Waſte 


down to the Sea- ſide, inſomuch that in pro- 
ceſs 


of a LaxD STEWARD. TT... 


ceſs of time they have gain d conſiderable 
quantities of Land, and were beginning to 
diſpute even the Privileges of the Lord; 


nay, and have ſometimes claim d a Right 


to all the Advantages along the Sea-coaſt, 
ſo far as their encroach'd Incloſure reach'd, 
ſuch as H/recks and Strays. Herein alſo 


| appears the Neceſſity of an __ onal Re- 


Eb 
 /iaence 
J * 
1 

1 

4 Li fr 

7 18 


Fux like care ſhould be taken by every 
Steward with relation to ſuch Eſtates as 
are let out upon Lives, whether Leaſehold 
ö or Copyhold, (a Cuſtom much uſed in the 
* Weſt of England) that a ſtrict Enquiry be 
made at the Death of a Tenant, whether 
the beſt Goods, or the beſt Beaſt which is 


i due to the Lord of the Manor by way of 


| Harriotis not clandeſtinely convey'd away by 
. thoſe who think it no Sin to cheat either the 
Lord or the Parſon, but applaud themſelves 
ſor being witty in giving it a new Name, 
and cunning in keeping ſecret what will not 
bcar the Light. The Steward therefore 
7 ſhould be as watchful and circumſpect as 
may be, to prevent Frauds : Not but that, 
| | at 


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94 The Duty and Offce 

at the ſame time, if an honeſt and fair Diſ. 
covery of the Truth could be obtain'd, 1 
would adviſe every Lord of ſuch Manor 
as conſiſt of Copyholders of Inheritance, not 
to be too * rigid and exact on the account 
of Harriots, becauſe the Severity of it dif: 
courageth the Tenants in buying and felling 
thoſe Eſtates to one another, and ſo con. 
ſequently leſſens a conſiderable Income by 
Fines and Surrenders, which is no ſmall 
part of the Lord's caſual Profits ariſing from 
the ſeveral Manors, eſpecially where the 
Tenants are numerous, as it moſt common. 
Iy happens when Lands are held by the 
foremention'd Tenure. . | 


To conclude this Article about Cuſtom, 
I would adviſe all Noblemen and Gentle. 
men, whoſe 'Tenants hold their Lands by 
Copy of Court- Roll for three Lives, not to 
let them renew, except they will agree to 
deliver up their Copy, in order to alter the 


*I remember an Inſtance of a Lord of a Manor that 
would always take the Harriots in kind, ſuch as Jewels 
Plate, & c. but he found his Miſtake in a few years, by 
the leſſening of the caſual Profits by Surrenders, &c- 


 'Tenurs, 


on- 
the 


oms, 
atle- 
by 
t to 
e to 


the 


that 
wels 
s, by 


MC. 


ure, 


of a LAND STEWARD. 95 


Tenure, by converting it to Leaſehold on 
Lives. This Method will put a ſtop to 

that unreaſonable Cuſtom of the Winow's 
holding a Life by her Free- bench, which is 
a fourth Life, not covenanted for in the 


Copy, but only pretended to by Cuſtom; 


which deprives the Lord of an undoubted 
Right of making the beſt, and doing what | 


| he will with his own. 


—— 


Article XXIV. 


HERE the Lord of the Manor is 
the Impropriator of the Livings of 
the ſeveral Pariſhes, and conſequently has 


the great Tythes to diſpoſe of as he ſeeth 


fit, it is the Steward's Wiſdom and Care to 
let the ſeveral great Tythes, either in ole 
or in parcels, to ſuch Tenants as have the 
worſt Land, or are furtheſt remote from the 
Conveniency of Dung and proper Manure, 
never ſuffering them, on any Conſideration 
to be let to the Freeholders, tho Tenants; 

becauſe 


2 
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96 De Duty and Office 
becauſe they will be ſure to enrich their 
own Lands therewith, and let their Farms 
ſhift for themſelyes, eſpecially when thei 
Leaſes are near expiring, that then they in. 
tend to get the Heart out of the Land, and 
afterwards give it up into the hand of the 
Lord to make the beſt of it. If the Pa. 
riſhes or Townſhips from whence 'Tythe 
are due are of any extent, it is hardly to 
be imagin'd what Riches they will afford 
to the Impropriator's Farms, diſcreetly par. 
cel'd out, by means of the Hay, Straw, &. 
brought home from every quarter, and load 
ed out again in Dung, over and above th: 
uſual quantity made on a Farm. And 
prevent any future Loſs or Decay in thi lp: 
advantageous Article of 7 ythes, the Stewai 
ſhould ever be upon his watch, to prevent ſir 
(if poſſible) the Freeholders Aae an 
part of their Land in the common Fields 
which commonly ends in leſſening the 770 
lage and encreaſing the Paſture ; which i 
a conſtant Detriment to the Impropriato.. 
This partial Incloſure therefore ſhould re- 
ver be ſuffer d without a general Agreement 
to do the whole. 


Arti. 


of 2 LAND STEWARD. 97 


<= 3 — 
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. 


their 
farms 
their 


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ey in. | 1 M 

, Article XXV. þ 

of the 8 | þ | : i | 
e Pa. Ecauſe Parks are liable to great Abu- 
"ythes ſes and Loſſes for want of Honeſty 


br due Care, 4 Steward ſhould have a 
W watchful Eye, to ſee that the K eeper per- 
ſorms his Duty, by keeping the Pales or 
walls entire, that the Deer do not * tray, 
and fo give occaſion of Complaint, or elſe 
i ol Violence done them: And alſo, that he 
be diligent in foddering them in ſome dry 
| parts of the Park, not only in Froſt and 
Pow, but alſo in a wer Seaſon, at which 
ume they want it alinoft as much as in 
g any | harder Weather, chiefly to prevent the Rot; 
Fields bor a Neglect in this Article has been the 

e T ccaſion of the Ruin of many a Park. 


ly to 
afford 
par. 
1 
| load 
ve th: 
\nd t 
in thi 
e wald 
re vet 


me 


nich F lam ſorry to ſay that too many a (who are 
r1ator. WW fond of out-lying Deer) are careleſs in this Affair, and 


don't conſider the great Damage done to the induſtrious | 408 
$ Tenant, by not keeping the Deer from the Tenant's BAM 
Corn, Oc. and alſo the great Damage done to the young J 
6 Wood kept in hand. 


1d ne- 
emen 


Art. THE 


os The Duty and Office 


Tur Park-keeper ſhould alſo contriye, 
in hard Weather, to beat down the Hays, 


which are a great Delicacy and Nouriſh. 
ment to the Deer; for it is obſerv'd, tha 
they will eagerly follow the Perſon who 


beats em down, from one Thorn- pollard 


to another, in order to /ick them up and 
feed upon them. I have ſcen this practid 
with a great deal of Pleaſure, and have of. 
ten wonder'd it is ſo much omitted in moſ 
| Noblemen's Parks. Since therefore thi 
Method is found to anſwer both Pl/eaſar 
and Profit, it is very adviſable that th 
Steward ſhould preſerve and propagate the: 
IWhite-thorn Pollards. The ſame mightbe 
ſaid with reſpect to the planting the tme 
* Cheſuuts, which, after a few years, ar 
apt to bear great quantities of Fruit, which 
the Deer are ſtrangely fond of; and it i 
obſery'd, they will very readily ſbell the 
Fruit from its prickly Husk or out ward 
Coat. | 


* This Method of propagating White-thorn Pollard 
and Cheſnuts has been found to ſave not a little Fodder 

in the Winter. = 
MoRE 


£ 


: nl | 


— 


„% oa, ts 281 rw 


trie, 
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Iriſh. 
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Pollard 
| Fodde: 


[ORE 


of a LAND STEWARD. 99 


MoREOVER, in the Management of 
4 Park it ſhould not be forgot always 
to preſerve a ſufficient number of male 
Deer, gelt at about a year old, one under 
another ; by which means they will be fat 
at five years old the latter end of Septem- 
ber, in rutting time, when the other Bucks 


are out of ſeaſon. Theſe male Deer, to 


order d, are calld Haviors, and are ac- 
counted a great Rarity between Buck and 
Doe Seaſons. 
forget this ſeaſonable piece of Wiſdom, 


-. * nnn —— — 
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I ERIE tre 


2 
4 


Neither ſhould the Keeper 


(known to be right by all who are nice and 
curious) Vis. to order the Skin of the Deer 
to be got off the very minute, if it is poſſi- 


ble, after he's ſhot; which not only cau- 
ſes the Veniſon to have a r:cher taſte, but 
is a means to preſerve it and Keep it ſweet 


much the longer: A Circumſtance to be 
much regarded by thoſe who have frequent 
Occaſions to fend them at a diſtance in hot 
Weather. 


UNDER this Article it may not be a- 


© mils to adyertiſe the Steward to ſee (as much 


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roo The Duty and Office 

as in him lieth) that the Park-keepers do 
not abuſe the Truſt re pos d in them, by 
killing too many of the female Fawns at 
the time when the Does drop them ; for 
the number of theſe preſery'd ſhould be 
nearly the ſame with the number of Does 
intended to be killed inthe Winter Seaſon : 
And no leſs care ſhould be taken that the 
Keeper (for the lucre of Gain both in the 
Fawns and their Skins) do not ſuffer them 
to live too long ; for indeed the proper num- 
ber ſhould be kill'd as ſoon as poſſible af. 
ter the Does have dropt them, leſt by ſuck- 
ing too long, the Does have not time to ga- 
ther Fat againſt the Winter ſeaſon. 


Ir is alſo adviſable that the Stewaid 
ſhould be careful every Year to ſee that the 
Park be drove; i. e, that he take an exact 
Account of the number of male and ſemale 
Deer, entering them down in a Book kept 
for that purpoſe, expreſſing how many 
Fawns, Male and Female, there are rc- 
ſery'd, as well as the number of both kinds, 
from one year old to five, together with 


the number of Bucks and Does kill'd each 
| year, 


Fa LAND STEWARD. IOT 


year. The doing of this (and to a faithful 
diligent Servant it is not much work, eſpe- 
cially where the Parks are ſmall) will not 
a little recommend the Steward's Diligence, 
and will at the ſame time be a great Satiſ- 
faction to his Lord, to ſee whether, or how 
much, his Park every year encreaſes or de- 
creaſes: And this Knowledge will be a 
conſtant Cheque upon the Keepers, that 
they do not dare to abuſe their Truſt. 


3 „„ 


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ded, the Park ought to be d 


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Ir Order and Accuracy in this Affair be 


102 
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of a LAND 1 103 


two other Parts; the firſt of which ſhould 
ſerve to aride a ſmall Herd into, in order to 
be told over exactly; and the ſecond park, to 
keep thoſe told together till the whole is ta- 
ken an account of. -- 


N N -& 
Article XXVI. 


Ecauſe the Woops belonging to ſome 
Noblemen's Eſtates are ſo conſidera- 
ble and valuable a part of them, it would 
not be prudent to let the whole Care and 
Profit of them depend ſolely upon the Ho- 
neſty and Care of the /Yood-keeper ; and 
therefore here alſo will be expected a little 
Watchfulneſs and Diligence in a Steward, 
to ſee that the Keeper performs his Duty i in 
the following particulars : | 


(I.) T HAT he doth Lat i 


the Fences, whether Pales or Hedges, in 


ſuch a manner that no Cattle may be able 
to get into the Woods, whereby great and 
incredible Miſchief would quickly be done, 


' clpecially among the young Underwoods 


he 5 N 


rx04 The Duty and Office 


newly ſprung out, of which moſt ſorts of 
Cattle are very greedy: Wherefore a con- 
ſtant Care in this Article will be a great 
means to accelerate their Growth and En. 
creaſe ; whereas, on the contrary, the Time 
for the repeated Sale of ſuch Woods, by 
Indolence and Neglect, will be (according 
to conſtant Experience) poſtpon'd and re- 
tarded, to the great Loſs and Damage of 


the Lord. 


(2. ) Thar the Keeper do clear off all 
the Trumpery that grow and cleave to the 
Timber-Trces, eſpecially Ivy, which being 
a Robber and Sucker, much retards their 
Growth and Encrcalc. 


83. If by the Force of Winds any of 

the larger Branches happen to be broken 
off, that Care be taken to cut the remaining 
part within a few Inches of the Body of 
the Tree, ſlopewiſe and ſmooth, the better 
to caſt off the Wet, leſt it get into the Body 
of the Tree, which in time would corrupt 
it either in whole or in part. 


4) 


of a LAND STEWARD. 105 


(4.) GREAT care ſhould be alſo taken 
when Underwoods are to be cut for ſale, 
that the Workmen do not hagg/e them at 
the place of Amputation; neither ſhould they 
be cut too cloſe to the Ground, rather four 
or five inches from it, with a ſharp Tool 
ſlopewiſe, and the Stroke of the Hatchet up- 
| ward, fo as to leave the Surface {mooth, 
and not ſplit, the better to caſt off the Wet, 
and to preſerve them from rotting. 


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i Ir is the Cuſtom in many Parts of the 
| North, not to cut their Underwoods till they 

| haye grown Thirty or Forty Years ; but that 

| Cuſtom is by no means for the Ownet's 
| Intereſt ; becauſe, upon long Obſervation 
and Experience, I cannot find that the laſt 
Ten or Fifteen Years anſwers ſo well as a 
quicker return of only * Twenty or Twenty- 
five years growth, which yet, if care and 
diligence hath been us'd, ſufficiently an- 
fivers all the Ends and Purpoſes of thoſe 
who purchaſe 1 them. 


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* Underwoods above Twenty years growth in moſt 
places pay no Tythe. 


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{ plotted, and laid out into Acres paralle] to 


to preſerve the young Quicks, &. It is 


the beft, and brings moſt Profit, by reaſonof 


106 The Duty and Office 
AFTER Twenty or Twenty-five Years 
growth therefore, when a Sale of Wood is 


determin'd, the firſt thing a Steward hath 
to do, is to have the Lands exactly ſurvey, 


one another, taking care to view every Acre 
diſtinctly and throughly, in order to conſi- 
der the Uſes every part of the ſaid Acre 


may be apply'd to. For inſtance; if there 


be any fine, tall, ſtreight Aſh's, they will 
turn to the beſt account for Coopers uſe : 
The Hagles in the North, and where Coals 
are found, are profitably imploy'd to make 
Baskets for the Coal trade: The Oak is uſe- 
ful for Spars for ordinary Buildings, and alfo 
for Poſts and Rails, for Fences and Hedge 


obſervable, that the Underwoods in the North 
run moſtly upon Oak, which is by much 


the Bark, ſo uſeful to the Tanners; for tho 

there may be ſuppos'd to be about an eighth 

part of Aſh and other ſoft Wood intermix'd, 

yet the Bark of the Underwood that runs 

chiefly upon Oak, commonly ſells for half 

the Value of the Underwood. 
3 


THE 


Fa LAND STEWARD. 10) 
Tax beſt Method a Steward can take 
co guide himſelf in ſelling Timber and Un- 
derwood, and to know the Market-price, 1s 
| to be well inform'd how the neighbouring 
| Gentlemen fell theirs, always allowing for 
| difference in Goodneſs; as ſuch there will 
be, on account either of the Sort of the Wood, 
| or of the Nature of the Soil and Situation, 
| or of the accidental Misfortunes that have 
attended it during its time of Growth: The 
| Steward muſt therefore (as I ſaid before) uſe 
| that noble Rule of Comearison, which if 
rightly and diſcreetly apply d, will be of 
no ſmall Advantage to him, in this part, as 
well as moſt of his other Country Affairs. 
| MoREOVER, a Steward, at his firſt en- 
tring into Buſineſs, ſhould take an exact 
Account of every ſingle Timber-Tree, as 
| | 85 well 
The following Account and Table has given great- 
er Satisfaction than the common Method uſed by ſome 
Surveyors, who pretend to a Nicety by inſerting each 
Timber-tree in their Map; which is not practicable, ex- 
cept in very ſmall Farms, and where the Scale is very 
large. I would delire ſuch Surveyors to conſider how the 
Map will be defac'd by altering of it when ſuch Tim- 
ber- trees are cut down and fold. Therefore the follow- 
ing Table anſwers much the beſt, by reaſon the Dimen- 
ſions and Value are there given. This Method puts No- 


blemen and Gentlemen to leſs Expence, becauſe the 
| | OLiicr 


; % 
8 7 


108 The Duty and Office 


well as others likely to become Timber, in 
all the Woods within his Lord's Manors: 
And in doing this with advantage, and to 
purpoſe, he ſhould have a Book ruled with 
proper Columns, in order (1.) to inſert the 
fourth part of the Girt of each Tree in in- 
ches; (2.) the Length of each Tree in Feet; 
3.) the number of ſolid Feet in each Tree; 
(J.) the- value per Foot that each Tree is 
worth, according to its Dimenſions and Good. 
neſs; (5.) the Value of the Body of each 
Tree, in proportion to the aforeſaid Price; 
(6.) the Value of the Head of each Tree; 
(7.) the Value of the Bark of each Oak- 
tree, which generally holds to be about a 
third part of the Value of the Body and 
Head; and (laſtly) a Column for the Value 
of the Body, the Head, and Bark added to- 
gether; an Example whereof is exhibited 
in a following Page. | 


AN ĩb it may be obſerv'd, that a Book 
put into this Method will not fail to give 


other is very tedious, to put each Tree in its proper 
place; and I ſuppaſe the Cuſtom was brought up by 
ſuch as wanted to {pin out Time, and to be paid accord- 
ingly. 5 | 

3 great 


er, in 


nors : 


nd to 
with 
t the 
n in- 
Feet; 
Tree; 
ree 15 
I 
each 
rice; 
bree; 
Oak - 
ut 4 
and 
alue 
d to- 
ted 


00k 
give 


roper 
p by 


cord- | 


Treat 


certain Sum of Money. 
| ſuch Sale, the Book muſt be alter d, and 
= {ach Trees ſtruck out of it. 


of a LAND STEWARD. 109 
great Satisfaction to his Lord, who hath 
now ſomething to depend upon, whenever 


his Neceſſities or his Inclinations call for a 
However, after 


IT ſhould alſo be remembred that, when 


an Account is taken of the ſeveral Tim- 
| ber-trees, they be mark'd with Iron- ſtamps 
| made on purpoſe: Only before the Stamp 
' is apply d, the rough part of the Bark 
ſhould be taken off with a Hatchet, that 
che Impreſſion may be made eaſy and vi- 
E ſible: And, to make it /aſting, the Stamp 
© ſhould not go deeper than the Bark, becauſe 
in ſuch caſe the number will ſoon grow up; 
but otherwiſe it may laſt ſeveral years by 
| renewing, which is no undeſirable Circum- 
| ſtance. 0 | 


To treat of the beſt Methods of culti- 
rating and dreſſing all ſorts of Timber. trees, 
lo as beſt and ſooneſt to anſwer the End 
of the Planter, would carry me beyond the 
Limits of this intended ſhort Eſſay; and it 

| | may 


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Nh. — — 8 


110 The Duty and Office 


may better be deferred to a 'Treatiſe of 


Husbandry, as practis d in ſeveral parts of 
the Kingdom, of which I have already gi. 
yen the Publick notice, and which ] in. 
tend (Gop willing) to finiſh in due time 
However, before I leave this Article, ! 
would adviſe every Steward throughly to 
conſider the beſt Advantage that even the 


worſt of Land may be turn'd to. For in. 


ſtance; On my Surveys I have ſeen, to my 
great 3 a great number of Acres, 


(not capable of being drain'd, except by a 


Sum of Money, by no means equal to the 
Profit) lain quite waſte ; whereas Willou. 
and Oziers planted very thick would, ever 
in the moiſteſt Bogs, grow and bear good 
Lop, and by their encreaſe make a good 
return of Rent, by reaſon of the great and 
conſtant demand for them, chiefly on the 
account of Baskets for the Coal- trade, and 


for many other Ules. 


Ir may not be amiſs in this Article to 


ſhew the Uſe of the Table of Timber-mea- 


ſure (which is placed at the end of The 
Duty oe a — _ caſt up, from 3 


inches 


of a Land STEWARD. TIT. 
inches ſquare to 753 and from 1 foot to 45 
* 


F. IRST gird the Tree with a String about 


the middle, then double the String twice, 


which is call'd a fourth part of the Girt, 
| which you muſt exactly meaſure upon your 
| Rule; as, ſuppoſe it is 19 Inches, a Method 
that reduces round Timber to ſquare the cu- 
ſtomary way: but if the Tree is full grown 


with a thick Bark, it muſt be calld but 


18 inches, whercas in others half an inch is 
| ſufficient, as every Practitioner will eaſily 
judge: Then meaſure the height of the 


| Tree by the help of a Ladder and a long 


; Pole, and ſuppoſe it to be 36 foot high ; 
| look then in the Table for 18 inches at the 


| top, and caſt your Eye eee e 


| foot length, and at the angle of meeting 
| you'll find juſt 81 foot for the number of 


ſolid feet which the Tree contains: And ſo 


the ſame for any other number. N. B. The 
parts of a ſoot for the Content is given in 
tenths, which is nearer than the Dimenſions 
can be taken. 


"THERE 


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The Duty and Office 


THERE hath been great pains taken by 


ſeveral Authors upon this Subject, endea. 


vouring to ſet aſide this cuſtomary Way of 
meaſuring, which indeed (ſtrictly ſpeaking) 


is falſe, and gives the Content in feet aboye 


a fifth part too little; but ſince a cuſtomary 
Price is ſettled accordingly, it is but a vain 
and fruitleſs Attempt; becauſe if the one 


is alterd, the other muſt be alter'd alſo, 


which comes to the ſame thing. 


N.B. 1T may not be amiſs to obſerve 
under this Article, that it ſometimes hap- 
pens, in a ſale of Underwood, that the Per. 
ſons who buy it cannot lead the whole off 
the premiſes before the latter end of the 
Summer, when the new Shoots are got to 
a conſiderable height: But this, if poſſible, 
ſhould be avoided ; becauſe the treading of 
the Horſes, and the impreſſion of the Wag- 
gon-wheels, do a great deal of damage to 
the young Springs: However, to prevent as 
much miſchief as may be, the Steward 
ſhould ſee that the Wain Horſes and Oxen 


be muzzled, to preyent their cropping the 
3 — young 


| of a Land STEwaRD. 113 


young Springs, which they are very fond 
of, whereby the Underwood hath often ſu- 
ſtained incredible Damage. | 


IT hath been often the wonder of an A- 
gent, who hath been ſent down to view and 
value the Woods, why they were not ſo 


good as thoſe of the neighbouring Gentle- 
men reſiding in the Country, at the ſame 
number of years growth. The Anſwer to 

| which is obvious: The Gentlemen take care 
to prevent the Miſchief above, and the 
E Steward, either by Abſence or Indolence or 
ö Neglect, ſuffers it; and ſometimes alſo, for 


f 


a * valuable Conſideration, connives at the 
turning of the Woodward's and Tenants 
Cattle into the young Springs; which, to 
| my knowledge, in a few years has done at 
{ leaſt a Hundred pound Damage in a Wood 


of Eight or Nine hundred pound yalue. 


* know of ſeveral Inſtances where Woodwards have 
rais'd a great deal of Money in breeding up young Cat- 
tle in the Woods and young Springs; but when the No- 
bleman came down to look into his Affairs, he ſoon put 
2 ſtop to it, by diſcharging both Steward and Woodward. 


—— 


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a LAND STEWARD. 115 


＋ W/z2 WA N 4 NL WY, v/Z W/2 N 2 NIN. 4 
eee eee ; 


if Article XXVII. 

e N the foregoing Article I have hinted 

2 7 | how Lands that are ſubje& to Wet, 

13 rere boggy, and cannot eaſily be drain d 

4 1 without great Charge, may be improv'd ; 

2| ;| yet nevertheleſs, where Drains can be made 
0 at a tolerable Charge, it is adviſeable to ſet 


about it, eſpecially if it ſo happens that the 
ſame Paſſage that brings it in from Rivers and 
Brooks may alſo carry it off. The Improve- 


; ment of Land by floating with muddy Wa- 
- ter is now pretty well underſtood, and fre- 
WF quently practis d: But yet there are many 
0 Inſtances of low boggy Lands, that are ſuf- 
þ ſer d to lie under Water half the Year, by 
7 which means they are ſtary'd, and worth lit- 
4 5 ui : 

4 tle; which yet, with ſome Expence in ma- 
f king frequent and deep Drains, might be 


made to have communication with the neigh- 


bouring Brooks and Rivers, whereby they 
3 & will 


wt © 


| 
| 
| 
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1 
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| 


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116 De Duty and Office 


will receive va/# Improvements, even to 


three times the former Value: For as theſe 


Drains will occaſionally bring up the muddy 
Water to enrich the Land, ſo they will car. 


ry the Water back when it is clear. 


Bur before a Steward begins this Work, 
he mult by the help of a Spirit-Level find 
out whether the River or Brook is higher o 


lower than the Lands on each ſide, and hoy 


much. In the next place, he muſt level al 
the other Parts, in order to find where the 
Water can be carried off at pleaſure : Alte 
which, by the help of Sluices placed in th: 


| ſeveral parts of the ſeveral Trenches, ea 


part may eaſily be flooded, and ſo the mudd 


Water may be continued, and convey'd fron 


one part to another. I have known Inſtar 
ces of low Lands lying near a Market-Tow! 
frequented by Tanner, the very Liquor di 
whole 7ann-vats, being made to find it 
way into the low Grounds, hath ſtrangely 
cnrich'd them: And it hardly need be ſaid, 


that ii their Refuſe- Bark be alſo ſuperindu- 


ced, no greater Riches can well be defird. 


Arli- 


en to 
theſe 


uddy 


l car. 


Vork, 
find 
ler ol 
| how 
el al 
re thi 
Aſter 
n th; 

CaCl 
1uddy 
| fron 
1ſtar- 
Tow! 
or ol 
1d it 
ngely 
> ſaid), 
indu- 


d. 


Arti 


of a LAND STEWARD. 117 


Article XXVIIL 


Have known great Improvements made 
on large and extended Parcels of Land 


lying uninclos d, and on a warm Soil well 
ſhelter'd with Trees and Hills, by having 
1oveable Hurdles, or Poſts and Rails; by 
which means the Cattle were moy'd from 
one freſh Paſture to another, and by which 
| Management more Cattle were kept, and 
| thole better fed; for as a Succeſſion of freſh 
Food gave them better nouriſhment, fo they 
were conſtantly obſery'd to be fat much the 
| ſooner. This is taken notice of as an Ad- 
vertiſement to the Steward, that in caſe 


large Parks and Foreſts happen to be kept 
in hand for his Lord's uſe, he may haye 
regard to it, as a thing that will turn to good 
advantage with a little Charge : And by 
this means his Lord may have his Beef and 
Mutton ſent up alive to London, at a cheap- 
er Rate than to go to Market. And, to do 

1 this 


8 r W ” IS — 6 : 
— — 3 — —— — — —— _ * — 1 * — 


a” GC 


118 The Duty and Ofice 
this to the beſt adyantage, the Steward 
ſhould be advis d to ſtock the Ground with 
Scotch Keylys or Welch Runts at Midſum. 
mer half-fat, that they may be made ug 
and their Improyement compleated, before 
the hard Weather comes on; for if they ar 
bought in lean, or later, they will, in the 
Grazier's Phraſe, eat off their Heads with 
* Hay in the Winter. The Sheep prope 
to be bought in for ſuch Lands are thoſ: 
tetch'd from Norfolk, or ſome other diftan 
barren Country: But it is to be remember 
that Care be taken that they be not imme 


diately put into the beſt Park- Land, bu 


rather into ſome Fallows, or ordinary breed! 
ing Paſtures, for about a Week before the 


are put into the et, where they are to h 


made fat: Not forgetting alſo a piece d 
excellent and ſeaſonable Advice, given b 
a T skilful and experienc d Grazier, To bleed 
them in the Vein juſt under their Eye, aday 


* If Noblemen or Gentlemen are deſirous to hai! 
this curious ſort of Beef ſent up to London, &c. all tt: 
Year round, then Proviſions for Hay or Rye-flove' 
muſt be made in the Winter accordingly. | See t!s 
Appendix. | | 

3 The famous Merchant Morley, 

5 aftcr 


eward 
1 with 
dſum- 
de up, 
before 
ey ale 
in the 
5 With 
Propet 

thoſe 
diſtan 
aber d 
imme. 
d, bu 
breed 
e the 
to be 
ece d 
en by 
bleed 
, a day 
to har! 
all the 


flower 
Sec bee 


aſter 


* cc N 
* 


en un 
e 


ene, . c ET EINE 
2 9 N oo c I enn 
D AL oe i INDIE br 23-4 orgs To oor ad bee TTT ee * 
— ** e e eee r 


of a LAND STEWARD. 


119 
| after they come off their Journey. A neg- 
| lect of theſe two material points relating 
| to Sheep, has been obſery'd to be the 
| occaſion of ſeveral Diſtempers amongſt 
them, ſome of which have ended in their 
; Death ſoon alter. 


Uron the whole, it is very adviſable 


for all Noblemen and Gentlemen, whoſe E- 


ſtates are not too far from London, to keep 


Lands in hand to the value of Three or 


Four hundred a year, more or leſs; not on- 
ly to ſupply them with Neceſſaries whilſt 
they are in the Country, but in London al- 
ſo; which, if manag'd by the Steward a- 
broad, and by the Dairy-Woman at home, 
to the beſ# Ad vantage, may be made to an- 
iwer, and to turn to a very good account, 
by having. almoſt every thing ſent up to 
London in ſeaſon, and at the beſt hand. 
This is not a matter of Theory only ; but I 
have known ſeveral Inſtances of thoſe who. 
are reckon d the beſt Oeconomiſts, who have 
practis d it with great Satisfaction, and as 
they find it to anſwer their End, are refoly'd : 
to continue the Practice. 


8 Bur 


120 The Duty and Office 


Bo x as the Succeſs of this whole Affair 
is owing to the Steward's Si in Husban- 
dry, ſo that Knowledge is here taken for 
granted; and his Lord will have ſtill a more 
feeling Senſe of it, when he comes to find 
that the Steward is able to direct a Tenant, 
upon occaſion, to manage his Farm, or eyen 
his whole Eſtate, to the beſt advantage. 


% 0530p 8200-08 50005306 9 0% 08 0 C 0 050 0 


Article XXIX. 


N a Country where Slate and Tyle and 
Lime are not extreamly dear, a Steward 
ſhould uſe his beſt Endeavours to oblige 
all his Lord's Tenants to cover their Houle: 
with Slate or Tyle, not only as a better Se- 
curity againſt Accidents and the Misfortune 
of Fire, but alſo as it prevents that great 


* The dreadful Fires which happen'd at Thrapſtor, 
Mooburn and Graveſend, and ſeveral other Places, have 
chiefly been increas'd by the multitude of That's 
ouſcs. | 


conſump- 


2 
'Þ 
Y 
by 
ig 
| 
i 


i 
is 
4 
* 
17 


e and 
ward 
lige 
[oules 


r Se- 
rtune 


great 


rapſton, 
„ have 
hatebd 


ump- 


Fa LAND STEWARD. 121 


| conſumption of Straw, the conſtant Demand 
| for Thatch and Covering, too much uſed 
in moſt Country Villages, robbing the Land 


of ſuch quantities of Manure ; which is felt 


| yery ſeverely in ſuch places, and on ſuch 
| Farms, where little elſe is to be got but 
what the Premiſes afford. This Advice of 
| the Steward ſhould alſo extend itſelf to the 
Freehold Tenants round about, that they 
may be made ſenſible how much it is for 
their own, as well as their Country's Good. 


FF 


Article XXX. 


Steward, when he draws out proper 
| Covenants, to oblige Tenants to 


| keep up their Farms in a due Courſe of 


Husbandry, ſhould not forget this material 
one, viz. Not to commit Waſte in any 


ſort, and eſpecially by ere&ing Brick-kilns, 


and by digging Clay in order to make 
Bricks for ſale, without giving a valuable 
Conſideration for the ſame. This I have 
| found 


1 The Duty awd Office 


found practis d, to the great Injury of ſome 
of the beſt Land; and the whole has been 
kept a Secret from the Lord. Nay, for 
want of ſuch a Covenant, I have known 
that the Freehold Tenants have pared the 
Turf off from extraordinary good Land, and 
carried the rich Mould for eight or ten in- 
ches deep away, in order to improve their 
own Lands, laying the Turf down again: 
And when they have committed this Waſte, 
I have known the Land thrown up into the 
Lord's hand, to make the beſt of it. 


Nee en! 


Article XXXI. 


N letting Paſture- Lands to ſuch 'Tenants 

as breed or have a great ſtock of Hor 

ſes, ſome Caution ſhould be uſed, that the 
beſt Land be not allotted for ſuch purpoſes; 
foraſmuch as a conſtant feeding with ſuch 
Cattle only, is known to breed coarſe ſowre 
Graſs, and in time, greatly to hurt and much 


diminiſh 


$9 


ants 
Hor. 

the 
ſes; 
ſuch 
Wie 
uch 


niſh 


of a LAND STEWARD. I23 


| diminiſh the Value of ſuch Land. And in- 
| deed, where-ever Horſes feed, there ſhould 
be an allowance of conſiderable Superin- 
Auctions every year, of all ſuch Dungs and 
| Manures as the Country affords. 


— ris Bode hehrhe e 


Article XXXII. 


Steward, upon his Surveys, ſhould ob- 


hath been done by Travellers breaking the 
Hedges, and riding over good Land on cach 
ſide the way. It would be too much beſide 


my preſent Purpoſe to direct the beſt Me- 


thod for mending Roads ; and it may per- 
haps hereafter be done by one who has 
promis'd it: But it may not be amiſs here to 
obſerve, that the great Myſtery of making 
Jon good, is to lay and er them dry; 

: — 


ſerye whether the Tenants keep the 
Bye-roads leading thro' their Grounds in 
good Repair, eſpecially the Gate-ways and 
Bridges ; for want of which, great Damage 


F4 
fe HE. SEES CE AG es 


8 
— 
1 "IO > +, 


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— — — 
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124 The Duty and Office 


for which purpoſe they ſhould ever lie 


round and high in the middle ; which may 
be eaſily ſo order'd, by throwing on what 
comes out of the Ditches into the middle, 
and afterwards, when the Earth is well ſet 


tled, at Midſummer, the beſt Gravel, Stones 


or Rubbiſh which the Country affords ſhould 
be laid upon it. When this hath been done 
with Judgment and Skill, even thoſe Road 
which (by means of ſtagnating Water) haye 
been almoſt unpaſſable at Midſummer, have 
become fit for a galloping Horſe in the 


Winter. 


Article XXXIIL 


"HERE. is a great deal of Diſcretion, 
as well as Judgment, to be uſed by 


a Steward when he enters upon that 4% 


ficult Work of letting his Lord's Farms, 
eſpecially if he finds there is a good deal 
of reaſon for raiſing the Rents : But be- 
cauſe there is one Circumſtance which | 
I think may tend to miſlead him, I ſhall here 

adyer- 


of a Land STEWARD. 125 
| adyertiſe him never to parcel out Lands to 
| ſmall Freeholders in Townſhips where there 
| are large Commons without STINT, tho 
they would give (as ſometimes they will 
| offer) double the Value of what the Land 
| is really worth to a large Farm; which 
would prove in the end a manifeſt Prejudice 
to the Lord's Tenants, becauſe thoſe ſmall 
| Freeholders only make uſe of thoſe Lands 
| rented dear to put their Cattle into at ſuch 
times as the Commons are under Water, or 
| in the Winter, when *tis ſo cold and open 
| that the Cattle are ready to ſtarve. By 
| which it may appear, that a Frecholder 
who hath only an Houſe and Homeſted of 
Twenty ſhillings a year, may improve it 
to Ten pounds a year, or more: But then, 
by ſuch a Contrivance, the Commons Wr | 
be ſo full ſtock'd, that the Lord's Tenants, 
who rent large Farms, would not receive 
their proportion of Advantage, which was 
one Motive that put them upon taking their 
Farms: So that the Steward's well-intend- 
cd Aim of getting an advanced Rent, hath 
provd in the end a real Hindrance to the 
Improvement of the whole. 
"3m Tuvus 


126 The Duty ond Office 
Tuus again, in other Townſhips, where 
tis the Cuſtom to STINT the Commons and 
Common-Fields, the Steward ſhould take 
care that the Richer Tenants do not ſtack 
them beyond the Cuſtom of the Manor. 
This is what I have too often found abuſed 
to a very great degree, to the no ſmall 
Damage of the poorer Tenants, who are not 
always in a Condition to buy ſuch a Stock 
as is their due to put in. In ſuch Caſe 
the Steward ſhould oblige the Richer Te. 
nants not to put in beyond their Srixr, 
without making an Allowanee to the poorer 
ſort for the Sheep, &c. that they put in 
above their number in their ſtead ; and b 
no means to ſuffer the whole to be oye: 
ſtock d. Theſe Abuſes uſed formerly to be 
ſtriftly obſerv'd at the Court-BARON, but 
ol late years have been little regarded, ex. 

cept in ſome Manors, where the diligent 
Steward would exert himſelf, by preſentin 
them that had offended; and the more when 
he found the ſubſtantial Tenants had agreed 
together not to preſent one another, and to 
cruſh thoſe poorer Tenants that ſhould offc: 


to doit. 


eee 
Cr 

e oo 

ED Ye Ro Tr 


Arti- 


1 * 5 . 
7 — Rennen . 2 2 
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r COT PSI BE p ” CO OT EDGE nr er ee 
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vhere 
8 and 
take 


ſtock 


[anor, 
buſed 
{mall 
re not 
Stock 
Cales 


CIs. 


TINT, 
ooo0ret 
ut in 
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d, er. 
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when 
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F ⁰ Pe PRA yo vena > re erm TOM 


of a LAND STEWARD, 27. 
11 gn gn gn an an an 124 
Article XXXIV. 


A Steward, before he lets any conſide- 
rable Farm to a ſeeming-good Ad- 


vantage of an adyanc'd Rent, ſhould be 
well ſatisfied of the Ability of the Tenant; 
for want of which he manifeſtly, and of 
| courſe, muſt run behind-hand, tho' he hath 
| no ill Bargain. A Farm of a Hundred 
| pounds a year requires at the leaſt Three 
hundred pounds Stock; and if tis a grazing 
Farm, above Four hundred pounds. The 
want of ſuch a Subſtance either forces them 
to be content to breed upon ſuch good Land 
as would make their Cattle fat, or elſe to 
4 take in Joiſts at any rate they can get, 
till they can raiſe a Stock of their own: 


Which is a Method that oſten proves the 


| Ruin of a Tenant, except he has the good 
E tortunc to rent a Farm at half the Value. 


THE 


— _ 
2 = 2 
82 , 2 


— 


—— 4 — 


. 


— 


. none tw tc 


— : 
S—— . 
> © Ix 
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— 
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— — 
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— 


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| 
$ ; 
i148 
; 4 
11.4 
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* 1 
71 
1 
. 
F 
we 


128 The Duty and Office 


Tur like may be ſaid when a Tenant 
firſt enters upon his Farm, that he flocks i 
with Cattle ſuitable to the nature of the 


Land: Paſture and Meadow Grounds in the 


Northern Parts of England, worth about 
Twenty or 'Twenty-five ſhillings an Acre, 


| ſhould be ſtock d with the beſt and largef 


Cattle ; the middling Paſture or Meadoy, 


worth about Ten or Twelve ſhillings ar 


Acre, with a leſſer ſize; and the more bar 
ren, with the ſmaller fort, chiefly for Breed. 


ing, in order to be ſold off to better Land 


to be made fat. 
2 oo 25 ho 2 to of of S FER ec ves 4255 


Article XXXV. 


\ Sit ought to be the conſtant Study 


and Endeavour of a Steward to pro 


mote the Eaſe and comfortable Subſiſtance 


of his Lord's Tenants, ſo in a particular 
manner he ſhould endeayour to prevent ul 


Loads and Incumbrances upon their hone! 
Endea 


— CITI y 
8 * 4 n 
5 N a * ** 9 
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enant 
cks it 
of the 
in the 
about 
Acre, 
largeſt 
ado, 
1 8 at 
e bar 
Greed: 
Land 


SL 


Study 
o pro 
iſtance 
ticular 
ent al 
hone! 
Enden. 


of a LAND STEWARD. 129 
Endeavours, ſuch eſpecially as are wont to 
ariſe from Strangers and Vagrants harbour- 
ing amongſt them, ſometimes ſo long till 
they or their Children obtain Settlements, 
and when they are diſabled or ſuperannua- 
ted, demand Relief. And this of conſequence 
| muſt be a means, time after time, of increa- - 
g ſing the Poor's Seſſes, and loading the Pa- 
| riſh with a more than ordinary Tax, nore 
| ſometimes than they are able to bear, which 
proves the occaſion of ARREars in Rent. 
Our Laws have well guarded againſt this 
Exil; but the Indolence of Pariſhes (where 
E Every-body's Buſineſs is No-body's) is com- 
1 monly ſo great, that little or no Care is ta- 
ken in this Affair: Wherefore the Steward 
4 Care and Vigilance are the more neceſſary 
to put the Laws in execution, and to have 
| recourſe to Juſtice, to prevent the Miſchief 
and Burthen which, in the end, would o- 
therwiſe fall upon the Lord of the Manor. 


UNDER this Article it is alſo proper to 


| obſerve, that a Steward, in order to prevent 
Law. ſuits, unneceſſary Expences, and loſs 
| of Time, ſhould endeavour (as much as in 


K him 


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— 


The Duty and Offce 

him lieth) to act as a Mediator between 
one Tenant and another, when they hay. 
pen to quarrel and diſpute about Triſes; or 
indeed in any other Affair, where any real 
Difficulty ariſes about Property. The Uſe. 
fulneſs of this Office of a Steward is fo ap- 
parent, that I need not paint it in any other 
or more words. 


Anp altho' poſſibly there might be o. 
ther and further Enlargements made on the 
Office and Duty of a Steward, yet foral- 
much as I apprehend I have touch'd upon 
the moſt neceſfary and moſt material Part 
of the Office; and as I intend to avoid Pro. 
lixity in repeating any Apology which th: 
Freedom I have uſed might be ſuppos'd v 
want ; I ſhall, in this and the next Article, 
conclude this Part of my "Treatiſe by perſua 
ding Stewards, and others, to obſerve and 
practiſe fome ſuch following rational Me- 
thod of ſurueying and drawing up the Par- 
ticulars of Eſtates, before they begin to 
make Improvements from the old Rents, 
that each Tenant's Farm may be ſettled in 


a due Proportion of Rent, and that they 
| may 


J ccc 
"= „* 9 


tween 
hap- 
eg; or 
Ly real 
> Uſe. 
ſo ap- 
other 


be o. 
Mn the 
foral- 
upon 
Parts 
d Pro. 
h the 
S'd t 
rticle, 
crſus- 
e and 
| Me- 
Par- 
in to 
ents, 
ed in 
they 
may 


of a LAND STEWARD. 131 


may keep their Accompts ſo, as to diſtin- 
| guiſh. the ſeveral kznds of Articles ſeparate- 


faction to their Lord. 


TAE following Accompts are intended 


| Steward i is to take notice, that 'tis his Duty 


rr 


. e. every thing which the Eſtate produ- 
; ceth) to Accompt, and to content himſelf 


. 
; 


ſuaded, both from their own Inclination, 


Noblemen will think it their 2 to 
allow. 


| ly made; which will prove no {mall Satiſ:. 
to be in great meaſure Examples; but the 
| to bring what was formerly a Perquiſite 


| with a handſome Salary ; which I am per- 


| and from what hath been here ſaid, oſs | 


E + 
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Arti. 


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232 The Duty and Offce 


GS Seb Ibo ICC eee 


Article XXXVI. 


A Sa Steward ſhould know the Quant. 
I A ty as well as Quality of every Parcel 
of Land occupied by the ſeyeral Tenants; 
ſo likewiſe he ſhould have a Map of the 
whole drawn out in the moſt perfect Me. 
thod ; which may ſerve to ſhew, not only 
the Quantity, but alſo the true Figure d 


the Parts as well as the Whole; wherein 


ought to be repreſented all the Bends in 
the Hedges or other Boundaries fo nearly, 
that any Fraud in alienating even the leaf 
part may quickly be detected: And by 
ſeeing in the Map the Poſition which every 
Parcel in the Eſtate hath with reſpe& to 
one another, he will be able to judge what 
Parcels are proper to lay to one Farm, and 
what to another, in caſe any Change of Te: 
nans ſhould happen hy Death, or other- 
wile, e 5 
It 


N85 


anti. 
Parcel 
nants; 
of the 
& Me- 
t only 
ure 0 
rheren 
ends 11 
nearly, 
e leaf 
nd by 
1 every 
dect to 
e what 
m, and 
of Te. 
other- 


It 


of a LAND STEWARD. 133 


I x will not therefore, J hope, be thought 
improper here to propoſe to the Surveyor 
the moſt perfect Method now uſed by my 
| ſelf and Agents to take ſuch a Survey, where- 
| by with care he may do his Work fo cor- 
rect, that it may anſwer the aboyemention'd 
| End, which the common Methods will 
not. 


For this purpoſe he ſhould provide him- 


{elf with a good THEO PDOLIT E well 
graduated, with a Teleſcope and a Spirits 
Level fixed thereto, the whole to be fo 
united and made ftedfaſt, that it may not 
be liable to ſhake on turning round the In- 
dex, when the. Angles are taken. 


For the more perfect underſtanding of 


what I would ſay on this head, it will be 
requiſite that I give a Deſcription of one 
of the beſt ſort of Theodolites ever yet in- 
| vented for the uſe of a Surveyor in mea- 
| luring and mapping, made and contrived 
by Mr. JoNaTHAN Sissox at the Corner of 
] Beaufort- Buildings in the Strand; (a Figure 


1 whereof 


. . 
n þ, bd 
2 — —8⅛—. ̃ — —— WG CET. n _— 
* 2 = = .—— — r Ss m—_— — 
5 — - 2 


= P ů — — rr -oanet” = 1 _ 
— IE ' —M, Rr - : - 3 — * _— = 


— 
— — 


as. — 2 be —_—_— 
5 * n Soni — — — 
— aan —— ide. „ r — — 2 


n 1 
* I? >. 


— —— 
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Th 


— — — — 8 0 
” how ST een AR. © . — 23 


134 The Dur and Office 


whereof is exhibited in the Map fronting 
the Title- Page of this Book.) 


THE Ball and Socket of this Inſtrument 
are ſo contrived, that by the help of four 
Screws placed at Right Angles to one ano- 
ther, below the Center, the whole is very 
readily fix d horizontal as well as ſteady; 
and thereby not liable to any Motion or 
Variation upon moving the Index. There 
is a double Sextant of Equal Radius to the 
Limb, (with a Spirit-Level fix'd in it, and 
a Teleſcope above it) that moves in a Cir- 
cle at Right Angles to the Index on the 
Limb; whereby the vertical Angles may 
be taken as readily as the horizontal, and 
at the ſame time; and ſo the hypotenujal 
Lines may be reduced to horizontal, which 
are thoſe that ſhould always be laid donn 
in plotting any Survey. 


Tur Head of the three-legg'd Staff is of 
Braſs, and not fo liable to ſhake as the 
wooden ones: The Needle in the Compaſs 
box hangs on a Pin of temper d Steel (tund 
and poliſh'd in a * on which it moves 


1 


| of a Land STEWARD. 135 
very freely; and the Limb is ſo curiouſly 


| divided, (by a new Method) that tho' there 
be three Indexes at 120” from each other, 
with Nonus's Diviſions on them, to ſhew 


| the decimal Parts of a Degree ; yet you 
| ſhall perceive no Inequality in the Diviſions 


on any part of the whole Circle. There is 
| alſo a Spring and Screw to the Index un- 
der the Teleſcope to fix it to any Degree of 
| the Limb. The whole is nicely framed, 
| very portable and well contrived for dif. 
patch of Buſineſs. 


By way of Direction therefore to one 


| who enters on a Survey with one of theſe 


7 heodolites, it may be proper to add, That 


his beſt way will be, at his firſt Station, 


| (after having fix'd it horizontal) to place 
| the Index at 3; 60 on the Limb, and the 
Needle allo at the ſame in the Compaſ5-box, 
| and then to take the Angle of the firſt 


Line on the Limb, which will be the ſame with 


the Needle. Having ſet this down in his 


Field. book, let him then do the ſame with 


his ſecond Line, and there fix the Index to 
the Lims : And then his T heodolite may 


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136 The Duty and Office 


be carried to a ſecond Station, where hay- 
ing fix d it horizontal, he muſt turn the 
whole Limb about, till the vertical Hair 
in the Teleſcope cuts. the Object, which he 
left at his firſt Station; then looſening the 
Tadex-ſcrew, he muſt turn the Index itſelf, 
till the fame Hair in his Teleſcope cuts the 
Object for his third Station, and then he 
muſt fix the Index as before : And if he 
thus proceeds on to never ſo many Stations, 
he will always find that either one end or 
the other of his Needle will correfpond with 
the Index, ſo nearly as even to detect all 
Errors that may happen in ſetting down 
the Angles taken on the Limb: By this Me. 
thod, when he comes to plot the Survey, 
he may ſet off as many Angles as he ple 
ſes at once, laying down and fixing his 
Protractor, (which by the way ſhould be 
that of a whole Circle, well graduatcd, and 
at leaſt ſix inches diameter) by which the 
ſtationary Lines may be much exader 
drawn than by the common way of ſetting 
off each ſucceſſiye Angle. 


Now 


e hay. 
urn the 
1 Hair 
uch he 
ing the 
itſell, 
uts the 
len he 
1 if he 
ations, 
end or 
d with 
ect all 
down 
lis Me. 
urvey, 
> plea- 
1g his 
11d be 
1, and 
h the 
xacter 
etting 


Now 


of a LAND STEWARD. 137 


Now if by this Method the Surveyor 
will go round the Plot to be ſurveyed, and 
will take all the Angles, as well as mea- 
ſure all the Starzonary Lines, if the Summe 


| of thoſe Lines doth not exceed four Miles, 
| then a Miſtake made of one Chain in any one 


of the Stationary Lines may be diſcoyered 
(eſpecially if he is careful in ſetting off the 


Angles, and the Lengths of his Szationary 
Lines) and a ſmaller Scale than 4 of Gun- 
ter's Chains to an Inch will not readily 
| do it. : 


THEREFORE by this way the careful 
{ Surveyor may be ſure of avoiding any ma- 


terial Error ; whereas by the common Me- 
thods hitherto uſed, the Surveyor is not ſure 


he comes within one Acre in forty, tho' he 


has been ſo fortunate as to make no Miſtake 


in his meaſured Lines; and if he hath made 


any ſuch, he doth not always know it ; by 


means whereof it may ſo happen that he 
may err more than after the rate of one in 


twenty, without ſuſpecting any Error at t all. 


138 De Duty and Office 


As for the common Theodolites with 
wooden Heads at the top of the three-legg4 
Staff and plain Sights only, without a Te. 
leſcope or Spirit-Level, they cannot be de. 
pended on in going round a large Survey; 
for with plain Sights, your Eye not being 
fix d, (as it muſt be allowed the Image of 
an Object is in a Teleſcope) whatever your 
Eye varies from the true Line cloſe by, is 
increaſed at a diſtance in. proportion to the 
Length thereof; ſo that an Angle cannot 
exattly be taken to a few Minutes, tho 
the Theodolite ſhould happen to be fixd 
horizontal : But without a Spzrit- Level the 
fixing it ſo can only be gueſs'd at; and 
where the Ground is Hilly, you can't be 
ſure of being right within two or three De- 
grees; by which I ſhall demonſtrate the 
Surveyor is liable to a very great Error, 
which ſhould ever be induſtrioufly avoided, 
by uſing ſuch Inſtruments as will not lead 
them into it. Large Surveys done by the 
plain Table cannot, ought not to be depend. 
ed on; for beſides all the Inconveniencis 
attending the common Theodolites, the plain 
Table is ſubject to many others: as for 


ne 


' with 
-legg'd 
"a To- 
be de. 
UrVey ; 
being 
lage of 
r your 
by, is 
to the 
cannot 
s, tho 
> fixd 
vel the 
5 and 
n't be 
ze De- 
te the 
Error, 
oided, 


t lead 


y the 
pend- 
encus 
plain 
$s for 

1n- 


of a LAND STEWARD, 139 


inftance, there is no remedy if the Table 
| alters by moving the Index, without draw- 


ing new Lines by the erroneous ones, which 


| will cauſe Confuſion. And beſides, the 

Paper will extend or ſhrink up, as the Wea- 
| ther alters to moiſt or dry; by which the 
| ſtationary Lines will be unavoidably en- 


creaſed or leſſened. Neither can you ſup- 


| poſe that a Surveyor will ſtrictly attend 
| the Exactneſs neceſſary in ſtationary Lines 
in the open Field, when his Aſſiſtants are 
| iy him, eſpecially if the Weather be ſharp 
| and cold, as he would with pleaſure do in 
a warm Room: by himſelf. And then, if on 
| coming round to the Place he began at, he 
finds his Work doth not cloſe on the Point 
it ſhould do, (which yet in a large quanti- 
| ty there is no reaſon to expect ſrom the 
| uſe of that Inſtrument) he muſt either alter 
the Angle or Length of the laſt Line, or 
| both, to make it c/oſe, i. e. the End of the 
| laſt Line to touch the beginning of the firſt, 
to conceal the Error: For if he diſcovers it, 
and no Error is ſound in the meaſured Lines, 
his Inſtrument or his Judgment muſt be con- 
| demned ; becauſe he can be liable to no 

material 


9 


140 The Duty and Office 
material Error in the Angles, but by a real 
Fault or Defect in the Inſtrument. 


NE1THER ſhould this Obſervation be 
omitted, That by the Method which Sur. 
veyors are wont to follow in caſting up the 
quantity of the Lands meaſured, they are 
alſo liable to ſeveral Errors, as they are 
obliged to form and caſt up as many Ti- 
angles as the Field has Sides, abating two, 
which in ſome irregular Fields are very 
many: and if halfing the Baſe, Perpendi- 
cular' or Pioduct of any of them ſhould be 
forgot, there might inſenſibly be a great 
Error committed, or one of the many little 
Triangles might be forgot. This, beſide 
the Errors in every one of thoſe Lines which 
form the Triangles, would make the whole 
Miſtakes very conſiderable. Whereas theſe 
Errors are prevented in the Method uſed by 
myſelf and Agents in reducing all irregular 
Figures to one Triangle, and in as little time 
as the Lines that form their Triangles can 
well be drawn, if they be done correctly; 
and in ſuch caſe, there is but one Triangle 


to be caſt up, equal to the whole Field. 
NOW 


a real 


on be 
1 Sur- 
Ip the 
ey are 
y are 
Tri- 
g two 
very 
pendi- 
uld be 

great 
y little 
zeſide 
which 
whole 
s theſe 
ſed by 
egular 
e time 
es can 
ectly; 
iangle 
5 


Now 


of a LanD STEWARD. 141 
Now therefore to prevent Errors, and 
to ſhew you the Neceſſity of the Theodo- 


 lite's being fix d horizontal, I ſhall give one 
| Example. 
| (in the following Figure) from A to B, which 
| is a ſtrait Line, but a Hill being between, 


Suppoſe you were to meaſure 


you could ſee no further than C near the 


Top of the Hill; at which place you fix 
| your Theodolite (of the common ſort) with 


the Addition of a Teleſcope, but no Spirit- 
Level; then C being on the Edge of the 
Hill (firſt declining to A and B, and then 
growing ſteep and higher even to D) it will 


then be very likely that the Plane of the _ 


Limb of the Theodolite would be nearer to 
the Plane of the Superficies of the Ground 


between C and D than two Degrees from 
| the horizontal Plane, when you ſhall haye 
fix d it as near as you can 70 it. . 


Bur allowing it to be juſt two Degrees, 


| then ſuppoſe you fix your Index at 360, 


and direct your Teleſcope down to A by 


depreſſing it 10 Degrees, then you turn 
it to look at B, where it is ſtill depreſſed 


10 Degrees, in this Caſe your Inder 


* 


142 De Duty and Offce 
will cut 179: 187: 387“ very nearly; for 
A by calculation is taken 20': 41” out of 
its true place on one ſide, and B the fame 

on the other ſide, which together (the whole 
being thrown upon B) puts B 41/: 22" out 
of its true Place, which is full twelve Links, 
if the length of the Line be 10 Chains from 
C to B; andif 20 Chains, it will bedouble, 
VS, 24 Links. | 


Now this is better and more to be de- 
pended on by the help of a Spirit-Level 
and Teleſcope than can poſſibly be imagin'd 
in any other way without them ; becauſe in 
that caſe you cannot know when any Ob. 
ject is cut nearer than to about 20': And 
therefore very conſiderable Errors may be 
committed by a plain Table, whoſe Plane 
on the like occaſion, if there ſhould be any 
Obſervation made at D, (the Surveyor not 
knowing better) would place the Plane of 

| his plain Table nearer to the Plane of the 
Superficies of the Ground between C and D 
4 than Zo or even ten Degrees from the hori- 
=. zontal Plane; which laſt Caſe would throw 
4 B out of its true place 3: 300: 27" ; which 
| | il 


ö 
i 


's for 
out of 
e ſame 
whole 
2" out 
Links, 
Is from 
ouble, 


be de- 
Level 
agin'd 
auſe in 
y Ob- 
: And 
1ay be 
Plane 
be any 
or not 
ane of 
of the 
and D 


> hott 


throw 
which 
11 


— 


of @ LanD STEWARD. 143 


x 


if B is but 10 Chains from C is near 614 
Links; and if 20 Chains, it will be 1225 


Links out of its true place. This, added to 


all other Errors which may be committed 
by that very incorrect Inſtrument, ſhould 


| diſcourage all Perſons, that know it, from 
| depending on the plain Table in any large 
| Survey. But to make ſtill a ſtronger Im- 


preſſion on the Mind, I have added an exact 
Calculation of Errors in the two aforemen- 


| man Caſes. 


6.) 
As Rad. to S. J 10% = Log. 9. 2396702 
So is Tang y 2*-= Log. — -8.5430838 


pe ————— 


To Tang. „ 41” nearly Log. 7. 7827540. 


then | 
As Rad. to 1000 Links Log. 3.0000000 


So is S. / 200. 41” nearly LS. 7 7.782742 


| t06,06382 Links — = Log. o. 7827462 


| 03+}: 
&s Rad. to S. Joe = Log. 9.2396702 
So is Tang, J 10% — = Log. 9.2463188 


o Tang /r. 45 13, es 84859890 


then | 


* — 09 — 1 
1 2 4 4+ — Y 


— wy 
— 
<= ee )—œP 


13) 
11% 
" 
A 
* 

5 ! 
LY: 
* 

L 
8 
Why ID 
14 
[ q 
: 
19 
7 
* 
N 
: 
, 
; { 
N. 
L 
k | 
3 
$ 
i 
i£ 
* 
* 
94 
„ 
£ 
* 
i 
| 
4 "I 


— — — WY 


* * — — - 
- - 4 
2 © — — _ _ 2 
2 2 = 7 — EO = * 5 
_ * — — — * 


144 De Duty and Office © 
then 


As Rad. to 1000 Links og. 3. OOOOOO0 
So is S. J 1. 45“. 13" $= Log. 8.4857856 


— 1 


to 30.6045 Links — Log. 1.48 57856 


(1) then 6.06382 being doubled 12. 12764 
Links being what B is put out of his place, 


' when the Limb of the Theadolite is inclined 
but 2 to the horizontal Plane, and the Te- 


leſcope depreſſed 10 below the Horizon, 
and that A and Bare at right Angles to the | 
greateſt Declination of the Plane of the 
Limb, 
| then ( 5 | 

30.60545 being doubled is 61. 209 Links 
being what Bis put out of his true place, 
when the Plain- Table is inclined to the ho- 
rizontal Plane in an Angle of 10*, and each 
Object at A and B depreſſed 10 below the 
Horizon, and are at right Angles to the 
greateſt Declination of the Plane of the 


Plain- Table. 
D 


©0000 
$7856 


57856 


12764 
place, 


1clined 
le Te- 


orizon, 
to the 


of the 


Links 
place, 
he ho- 
1 each 
W the 
to the 
f the 


of a LanD STEWARD. 145 


VB. AL THOo' I approve of the Nee- 
as being of great Uſe, and as it is a 


e Checque upon any Error that may be 


nmitted thro' miſtaking a number on the 
ab; yet it is by no means to be depend- 
n alone, as too many Surveyors do, by 
in of its great Diſpatch ; for we can't be 
nin it gives every particular Angle true 
tin a few Degrees. 


SURVEY. 


che Mano! of K, in the County of H 
CONTAINING 


The Particulars of the ſeveral Farms follow: 
ing, now in the poſſeſſion of his Grace the 
Duke of K , Lord of the ſaid Manor. 


Survey'd, Valued, and Improv'd by 
EpwarD LAuRENCE, Land-Surveyor. 


NB. The Deſign of drawing up theſe Particulars, is, 
o ſhew the neceſſity of every Steward or Agent's ha- 
ung a Survey drawn out in this manner following, be- 
fore he begins to make an Improvement from an old- 
rnted Eſtate, in order to ſettle each Tenant's Farm in a 
due Proportion of Rent; becauſe it plainly appears by 
the following Particulars, that the old Rents were not 
o: And had the common Method of Poundage been 
uſed, *rwould have been a means to have prevented ſo 
good an Improvement as has ow been made in this 
7 way, to the Tenants Satisfaction, i. e. being equal- 
ſeryvd all alike. 5 | 


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Total Improvement in this Manor- 174: : 


An ABSTRACT of 


GENERAL Covexants 
To be obſerved by 


ALL the *foreſaid Tenants in the aforeſaid 


Manor of X, which I left with the Steward 
of the Court, in order to be inſerted in all the 
aforemention'd Tenants Leaſes, 


N.B. Theſe CS will prove of eee Uſe to mf 
Eſtates. | 


_ 


* C * — 


HAT ALL the Tenants in the ſaid 
Manor ſhall be oblig d not to pare 

and burn any Part or Parcel of the 

Lands in their Farms; the practiſing of this 


laying been found by long Experince to be 
voy 


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160 The Duty and Office 
very prejudicial to Lands, becauſe it draws 
out moſt of the Nitrous Particles fit for 
Vegetation. Therefore any one of the Te. 
nants, that ſhall be Guilty of this Offence, 
| ſhall pay (over and above his yearly Rent) 
the Sum of Twenty pounds for every Acre 
pared and burnt as aforeſaid. 


eee ee 


Covenant II. 


HAT ALL the ſaid Tenants ſhall be 
oblig d not to ſow any Rape, Hemp, 

Flax, Woad, Weld, Madaer, &c. on any 
Part or Parcel of their Lands; nor to plant 
any Potatoes, or Hops, (except in ſmall 
quantities for their own uſe) on the Penalty 
of paying, over and above their yearly Rent 
the Sum of Ten pounds for eyery Acre of 
Land on which they ſhall -/ow or plant 
any of the aboyemention'd Vegetables, with- 


out further Coyenants, in order to pay a 
valuable 


of 2 LAND STEWARD. 161 
's valuable Conſideration for the ſame, and alſo 


or to lay down the Lands for Paſture in a good 
3 * Condition, | 


— ̃ EF EE FEE EEE. 


Covenant III. 


th HAT ALL the faid Tenants ſhall be 

oblig'd not to plow up, nor convert 
into Tillage, any Part or Parcels of any In- 
cloſure, as is ſpecified in the Particulars un- 
der the proper Columns of Paſture and Mea- 
dow, on Penalty of paying Ten pound for 
eyery Acre ſo plowd, to be paid over 
and above their yearly Rent. And if any 
part of the ſaid Tncloſures ſhall happen to 
grow over with Moſs, Prie, or other 
Coarſe Graſs, then the ſaid Tenants (Leave 


* As theſe Vegetables breed no Manure, ſo great 
Care (by a ſtrict Covenant) ſhould be taken that the 
Lands are laid down in a good condition, i. e. by re- 
enriching them with Twenty Load of Dung (over and 
wbove what the Farm produces) or a Hundred Buſhels 
of Lime, upon an Acre. If ſuch a Covenant is not du- 
; obſerv'd, *twill be the fame 4 to the Lands, 
% ſelling the Hay and Straw off the Premiſes. 


being 


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162 The Duty and Office 

being firſt granted) may plow up the ſame, 
or convert it into Tillage, in order to im- 
prove the ſame, for the ſpace of three years 
only: Provided always that the ſaid Tenants 
hall, the Spring following, be oblig'd to lay 
down the ſaid Lands with Clover, Rey-grafs, 
or other proper Graſs-Jeeds, as ſhall be 
thought moſt agreeable to the nature of 
the Land, But before the ſaid Tenants be- 
gin to plow up the ſaid Paſtures or Mea- 
dows, zimely Notice before-hand ſhall be 
given to the proper Agent or Steward ap- 
pointed by the Lord of the Manor, that they 
may be Judges whether the ſaid Paſtures or 
Meadows will not ſuffer Damage by a me 
derate plowing. And alſo the ſaid Je- 
nants (before they begin to plow the 2. 
foreſaid Paſture and Meadow) ſhall conſent 
to pay a valuable Conſideration (according 
to the Goodneſs of the Land) to be paid 
over and above their yearly Rent, for the 
adyantage of plowing up freſh Paſture or 
Meadow. ground, to be * on firſt by thc 
Steward and Tenänt. 


Cover 


e 2 
nſent 
rding 
paid 
r the 
Ire ot 


y the 


Cover 


OR eee 


Covenant IV. 


HAT ALL the ſaid Tenants ſhall 


be obligd not to cut down any 
Timber-trees, Saplins, Pollards, or Under- 


woods on any part of their Farms, on Pe- 


nalty of paying over and above their year- 
ly Rent ten times the Value of the ſame, 
except only what is neceſſary for Repairs 
of their Houſes ; and this to be aſſign d them 
by the proper Agent or Steward, 


M 2 Cove- 


of a Land STEWARD. 163 


CITE 


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164 The Duty and Office 


Covenant V. 


HAT ALL the ſaid "Tenants ſhall 


be oblig'd to obſerve and practiſe 


the following due Courſe of Husbandry in 
the inclos'd Lands, viz. the firſt year aſter 
the fallow, to ſow Wheat, Rye or Barley; 
the /econd, to ſow Beans or Peale, or rather 
Both Pnder-Furrow ; the third, to ſow 
Barley or Oats; and the fourth year, to 
let the Land lie for Fallow : which Cove- 
nant is calculated for the good both, of the 
Farms and the Farmer. And, that the ſaid 
Tenants ſhall be oblig'd to lay upon their 
Paſture and Meadow-ground at leaſt one 
half of the Dung which their Farms pro- 


duce, and the other half upon the Tillage- 


Land. And, to reſtore the Riches of the 
Tillage, each Tenant, every year, ſhall be 
obliged to l. Forty Buſhels of Lime upon 
every Acre of their Land lying fallow, 

which, 


FF 


w 


of a Land STEWARD, 165 
which, * according to the 'foregoing Courſe 
of Husbandry, muſt be a fourth part of 
what is allotted them for Tillage, ſpecified 
under the proper Columns of Arable Inclos d 
and Common Arable. And allo, that each 
Tenant ſhall be oblig'd, every year, to feed 
or Summer-paſture about one fourth part of 
their Meadows; ſo that the whole quantity 
of Meadowing may be Summer-caten once 
in four years: The due obſerving of this, 
will eftabliſh that known Maxim amongſt 
the moſt experienc'd Farmers, that 90wmng 
of Lands too often and too long, is as great 

a Prejudice to them, as too often and too 

long plowing them is to Tillage, except 
plenty of Sugerinductions of Dungs, Oc. 
can be had with eaſe. Any one of the 
Tenants not performing every part of this 
Fifth Covenant, ſhall be oblig'd to pay, 
over and above his yearly Rent, the Sum 
of Twenty pounds. 


10 


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'* Where 'tis the Cuſtom for new Tenants to enter 
at Michaelmas, then the old Tenant ſhould be oblig d 
to leave a fourth part of his Tillage well tallow'd (by 
diving the ſame four tilts or plowings) to the new Te- 
nant, he paying a reaſonable price for the ſame, accord- 
g to Cuſtom. 5 | 


29 Cove- 


166 The Duty and Office 
Sees 


Covenant VI: 


1 & HAT ALL the faid Tenants ſhall be 

oblig'd to ſpend all the Hay and 
Straw upon the Premiſes ; and at the end 
of their Leaſes or Term of years, to leaye 


all, both Dung and Straw, to the ſucceeding | 
Tenant, without any conſideration for the 


fame. And the better to perform this Ar- 
ticle, tho their Leaſes expire at Lady-day, 
yet neycrtheleſs the ſaid Tenants (if they 
leave their Farms) may have liberty till 
May-day following to make uſe of the Barns 
to thraſh out their Corn, and allo to make 
uſe of the Fold-yard. The ſaid 'Tenants 
not performing every part of this Article, 
Mall be oblig'd to pay, over and above their 
yearly Rent, the Sum of Twenty pounds. 


4 Cove- : 


IT | EY SR... | O_ 


VE- 


of a LAND STEWARD. 167 


PCC 


Covenant VII. 


HAT Arr the ſaid Tenants ſhall be 
oblig'd to cleanſe and ſcowre up 


their Ditches in a Husbandlike manner, in 


order to carry off the Water in ſuch man- 


ner, as (it poſſible) not to let the Water et. 
le or ſtagnate any where in the /ower part 
of the Grounds, on Penalty of paying Ten 


pounds for ſuch neglect. 


O 
9 


Covenant VIII. 


HAT ALL the ſaid Tenants ſhall be 
oblig'd, at their own proper Coſt and 
Charge, to keep up their Meſſuages or Dwel- 
ling-Houſes in good and tenantable Repair, 


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166 The Duty and Office 


IEP IPO IPL IPO IPE INE IPL PPE PE IPA IFEN 


Covenant VI 


"HAT ALL the ſaid 'Tenants ſhall be 
bblig'd to ſpend all the Hay and 
Straw upon the Premiſes ; and at the end 
of their Leaſes or Term of years, to leave 


all, both Dung and Straw, to the ſucceeding 


Tenant, without any conſideration for the 
fame. And the better to perform this Ar- 
ticle, tho their Leaſes expire at Lady-day, 
yet neycrtheleſs the ſaid Tenants (if they 
leave their Farms) .may have liberty till 
May-day following to make uſe of the Barns 
to thraſh out their Corn, and alſo to make 
uſe of the Fold-yard. The ſaid Tenant 
not performing every part of this Articie, 

Hall be oblig'd to pay, over and above their 
_ yearly Rent, the Sum of Twenty pounds. 


Cover 


bes — Dr Sa 


VE- 


of @a LAND STEWARD. 167 


a VII. 


HAT ALL the ſaid Tenants ſhall be 
oblig'd to cleanſe and ſcowre up 
their Ditches in a Husbandlike manner, in 


order to carry off the Water in ſich man- 


ner, as (if poſſible) not to let the Water ſer- 
tle or ſtagnatè any where in the lower part 
of the Grounds, on Penalty ol paying Ten 


pounds for ſuch neglect. 


CD IDEN DIDoQeg2d 2 


Covenant VIII. 


HAT ALL the aid T enants ſhall be 


oblig'd, at their own proper Coſt and 


Charge, to keep up their Meſſuages or Dwel- 
ling-Houſes in good and tenantable Repair, 
and to leave the ſame to the ſucceeding 


M 4 Tenant - 


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168 The Duty and Office 


Tenant without any Conſideration for the 
ſame, they being allow d rough Timber, 


and Stone from the Quarries, ſuch - as th 
Eſtate produces. 


Ebb III, 


Covenant + © 


HAT ALL the ſaid Tenants ſhall be 

oblig d to yoke and ring their Hogs, 
to prevent Damage to the Fences, and root- 
ing up the Paſture-Grounds, on the Penalty 
of paying Ten ſhillings, for each Hog tut 
ler d to be unrung or unyoked. 


Cove 


the 


of a LAND STEWARD. 169 


hp ip hip Ep hp ip Eels hehe ip hp 


Covenant X. 
HAT ALL the ſaid Tenants ſhall be 


oblig'd to ſow their Winter Corn (if 
poſſible) rather before than after Michael. 
mas, (which by Experience is found to be 


moſt ſuitable to the Northern parts.) In like 
manner the Summer Corn (if poſſible) to be 


| ſown beforeLady-day, in order to forward 


the Harveſt. Alſo the ſaid Tenants ſhall 
be oblig d to Hayn (i. e. clear their Mea- 


| dows of the Cattle) at Lady-day, on the 
| Penalty of paying Ten pounds for this and 


the foregoing Neglect. 


Cove- 


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170 De Duty and Office 


Covenant XI. 


HAT ALL the ſaid Tenants ſhall be 


oblig'd not to let out any part of their 
Farms to any Under-Tenant, the doing of 
which having been found to be very preju- 


 aicial to moſt Eftates, The faid Tenants 


therefore ſhalt pay over and above their 
yearly Rents, the Sum of Twenty pounds 
lor eyery part or parcel ſo let out as above 


mention d. 


Covenant XII. 


HAT ALL the ſaid 'Tenants ſhall be 
oblig d to cut and plaſh their Hedges 
in a Husband-like manner, at about twelve 
years growth from the time of their fir 


planting ; and alſo to nurſe up the ſame by 


weeding. 


— CO: Ü t! 


Na 


ls 


F @ LAND STEWARD. 171 


weeding. The neglect of doing theſe has 
been the Ruin of moſt Fences in the North 
of England; therefore any Tenant that neg- 
lets the doing of this great piece of ſer- 
vice to Himſel, as well as the Lord of the 
Manor, ſhall pay, over and above his year- 
y Rent, the Sum of Twenty pounds. 


Covenant XIII. 


T HAT ALL the faid Tenants ſhall be 
oblig'd not to ſtock any part of their 
| Farm with Rabbits, the doing of this hav- 
ing been found by long Experience to be 
very prejudicial to Eſtates, eſpecially upon 
a dry ſandy Soil; therefore any one of the 
Tenants, that ſhall be guilty of this, ſhall 
pay, over and above his yearly Rent, the 
Sum of Two hundred pounds for ſuch Oſ- 
lence, 


Cove- ; 


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172 The Duty and Office 


FCC 


Covenant XIV. 


HAT ALL the ſaid Tenants ſhall be 
oblig'd not to gather the Cow-dung 
together on Heaps, firſt to dry it, and then 
to burn it inſtead of Wood and Coal; the 
doing of this alſo having been found to be 
very prejudicial to Eſtates, becauſe it robs 


the Land of one of the beſt ſorts of Manures: 


Therefore any one of the Tenants that ſhall 
be guilty of this, ſhall pay, over and above 
his yearly Rent, the Sum of Ten pounds 
for ſuch Offence. 


OE OS AS IS DAS RUSS STS DAS ASA ASUASJUAS i N νỹM 
7 „ Ie gere r eee enen 2 > + STO DE SS SI ESE SI. BI» 


Covenant XV. | 


HAT ALL the ſaid Tenants ſhall be 
oblig d to pay the Mole-catcher after the 
rate of 1 2 d. a dozen for what he deſtroys; 
and, that each Tenant do pay in proportion 


of @ LAND STEWARD. 173 
to the bigneſs of his Farm, which is to be 
adjuſted by the Steward. If one of the Te- 
nants refuſes to pay his Dividend,then it ſhall 
be in the power of the Steward to charge i it 
to his yearly Rent. 


25 


eee eee 


Ng | 

en 

he Covenant X VI. 

HAT ALL the faid Tenants ſhall be 

- oblig'd (at their own proper coſt and 

" charge) to keep the Bye- roads leading 

= through their Grounds in good and ſufficient 

1; repair, by laying and Keeping them dry; 
and afterwards to make them lie round and 
high in the middle; and, when the Earth 
is well ſettled at Midſummer, to lay all the 

X Grayel-ſtones that can be got upon it : This 
will be a means to prevent Travellers from 
poaching on each ſide, to the no ſmall detri- 
ment of a Farm. Any one of the Tenants 

2 not performing this Article, hall pay, over 
and above his yearly Rent, the Sum of Ten 


pounds for ſach 3 TE 
Cove- 


174 The Duty and Office 


S K 


— * — 1 PE 


Covenant XVII. 


| #- HAT ALL the ſaid 'Tenants ſhall be 
oblig'd not to keep any Greyhounds, 
Guns, c. nor to ſet any Snares, Ginns, Oc. 
ſo as to deſtroy the Lord's Game in any ſort; 
nor to trace any Hares in the Snow. Any 
one of the Tenants that is guilty of this Of 
fence ſhall pay, over and above his yearly 1 
Rent, the Sum of Five pounds. 


e e 00500-0300 05 5080050005, - 2-05 O04) 


Covenant X VIII. ; 


HAT ALL the ſaid Tenants ſhall 
be oblig d not to commit waſte in 
any ſort upon any part of their Farms, 
eſpecially by erecting Brick-kilns, and by 
digging Clay in order to make Bricks for 


ſale, without ſurther Coycnants, in order 
I „„ 


6493 


of a LAND STEWARD. 175 
to pay a valuable Conſideration for the 
ſame. Any one of the "Tenants, not duly 
performing this Covenant, ſhall pay, over 


and above his yearly Rent, the Sum of Five 
hundred pounds. 


ieee eee 


Covenant XIX. 


HAT ALL the ſaid Tenants ſhall be 

oblig'd (wheneyer the Lord of the 
Manor or his Steward demands it) to ſend 
their Teams to lead home the Hay and Corn 
which comes off the Demeſne Lands only, 
kept in hand for the Lord's Uſe; and alſo 
to lead home Stone or Timber whenever he 
has occaſion for Building or Repairs. Any 
one of the Tenants not performing this Co- 
venant, ſhall pay, over and above his year- 
ly Rent, the Sum of Five * for ſuch 
Neglect, 


Cove- 


176 The Duty and Office : 


Covenant XX. 


8 the Lord of the Manor has becn at 
an extraordinary Charge in covering 


the Farm-houſe and Out-houſes with Slate 
and Tile, inſtead of thatching them with 


Straw; ſo ALL the ſaid Tenants ſhall be 
obligd, at their own coſt and charge for 


| the future, to keep them up in the like Re. 
pair; not only as a better Security againſt 


the Accidents and Misfortunes by Fire, but 


that it robs the Land of great quantities of 
Manure that the ſaid thatching with Straw 


would produce. Any one of the Tenants 
not duly performing this Covenant, ſhall pay 
over and above his yearly Rent, the Sum of 


Twenty pounds for ſuch Neglect. 


Cove- 


pa 


E 


of a Land STEWARD. 177 


Ea AE ob ob be 


Covenant XXI. 


HAT ALL the ſaid Tenants in the ſaid 

Manor ſhall be obligd to pay the 
Church, Poor, and Conſtable's Aſſeſſments, 
and all other Taxes and Aſſeſſments whatſo- 
eyer, except the Land-Tax. | 


| at 


EFF 


2 


Covenant XXII. 


THA T ALL the faid Tenants ſhall be 
oblig'd every Chriſtmas, or ſome o- 

ther time of the Year (as ſhall be adjudg'd 
moſt acceptable) to ſend a Preſent to his Wl. 
Lord of two fat Capons, or two fat Tur- Wi. 
ve. keys, or two fat Geeſe, or any other Fowl, ti 
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178 The Duty and Office 
or Fiſh of the like Value; on Penalty of 
paying Ten ſhillings over and above their 


yearly Rent for ſuch Neglect. 


. 


ͤ»„— 


N. B. It may be objected by many, that 
ſeveral of theſe Covenants might have been 
omitted, becauſe they are preſentable at the 
Court Baron; but let ſuch conſider how ii. 
tle theſe matters of conſequence have been 


regarded of late years at theſe Courts, be. 


cauſe too many Stewards are indolent, and 
the Tenants combine together, and will na 
preſent one another: Therefore the moſt e. 


fectual Remedy to have Covenants ſtricth 


obſerv d, is to have recourſe to Common 


Law. 


THE aſore- going Articles are only Head 


of Covenants ; and tho' the Reaſons of then 


are there aſſign'd, yet the putting them in 
proper Forms of Law, and wording them, 


is left to the Diſcretion of the Lawyer. 


Note alſo, Twou'd be very proper i 
have a Plan annex d to each Leaſe, with the 
P al- 


ws | Ln | — 1 N a”. W 4 0 


of a LAND STEwaRD. 179 


Particulars in the manner 'foregoing; and like- 


wiſe an ABSTRACT of the Covenants join'd 
with the ſaid Particulars, that they may be 
more readily look'd into upon occaſion. 


ANvp forthe greater Satisfaction of every 
Nobleman and Gentleman, tis adviſcable to 
have three parts of the Leaſes executed, 


each by the Leaſor and Leaſee, one to be 


kept by the Lord of the Manor, another 
by the Steward, and the third by the Te- 
nant. This will moſt certainly prevent ma- 
ny wilful Miſtakes, which otherwiſe in an 
il-diſpos'd Steward may impoſe upon the 
Lord of the Manor by ForGERr, Cc. 


Plain and Eaſy Method 
To be practisd by every 


STEWARD 


Keeping his * s in ſuch a 
manneras to be readily examin 94 


Firſt, By Entering down ALL the Articles 
of the ſeveral Kinds for Money Receiv'd 


diſtinctly by themſelves, with the * 


Total of each Kind. 


Secondlp, By Entering down ALL the Ar- 


ticles of the ſeveral Kinds of Disburſe- 
ments diſtinctly by e with the 
Sum Total of each Kind. 


Thirdly, and laſtly, By sing up an Ab- 
ſtract, or an Accompt- Current by way of 


Debtor and Creditor, from ALL the fore- 
mention d Particulars, in order to ſhew the 


"exact Balance. 


N 3 - 


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N.B. I publiſh theſe Accompts, not only for the Uſe of 
| ſuch Stewards who are better qualified in Coun- 
try Buſineſs than in Accompts, but alſo to ſhew an 
Example of what Articles ſhou'd be charg'd as Re- 
ceivd for the Lord's Uſe, which was formerly 
thought to be a Steward's Perquiſite. T0 


It may be very proper the Steward ſhou'd keep a 
Caſh-book and Journal, according to the Common 
Method, for his own private Uſe and Satisfaction; 
but ſome ſuch following Methods ſhould always 
be deliver'd to his Lord, in order to their more 
eaſy Examination by him. 


AN 


e of 
un- 


Of the ſeveral Sums of Money Recei« 


ved from the four ſeveral Manors 
„G, H, I, K, in the County of H, 


by A. B. Steward to his Grace the 


Dube of K. 


For One whole Year. 


From Lady-day 1725, to Lady-day 1726. 


N 4 


AN 


Fe 


184 The Duty and Office 


[ A Rental for the Manor of G. inthe 


County of H. Receiv'd by A. B. 
Steward to His Grace the Duke 
of K. 


eing One whole Year's Rent from Lady-day 1725. 
to Lady-day 1726. | | 
| 


No 


— 


Roger Cooper, for the Manor of K. — 
and Demeſnes — — 


S v> v» 


15 


6 


8 


William Rogers, for the IUMell⸗houſe Farm 
eorge Atkinſon, for Ridley's Farm — 
Robert Atkinſon, for Robottom's Farm 
Lawrence Davidſon, for Crowley's Farm 
Abraham fach ſon for B2oad Farm —— 


Abraham Cooling, for the Cold:Bath Farm 


Jonathan Caverly, for Blacklmith's Farm 
Gabriel Baacock, for the Gill Farm — 
ohn Reynolds, for the Bugky Farm — 
David Bigg, for the Park-pond Farm — 
Nathaniel Bigg, for Dovehouſe Farm — 
Mary Goodchild, for her Houſe in Crow- 
ley, and Lake's Lands 
Tho. North, fora Houſe and Cloſe in Crowley 


Tho.Caverly, for aHouſe and Cloſe inCrowley 
Jane Goodchila, for a Houſe and Cloſe a 
Crowley 


— —— » „„ 


Croxeley. — 
Fol Blachburn, for a Houſe and OTE 
in Crowley — — 
David Rebinſon, for a Houſe and — 
in Crowley | 


Inheritance their Quit-Rents, as ap- 
pears yearly in the Copy of Court- 
roll fur this Manor, 


— ——— 


Geo. Caverly, for a Houſe and Cloſe inCrowley] * 


Mar yCooper,foraHouſe andCloſe in Crowley] 
ohn Davidſon, for a Houſe and Cloſe * 


Receiv'd of the ſeveral Cofylolders of 8 | 


Tot il Amount of this Manor 


— et. 2 
by 


=| 


2 


66 
rere 


CI 


Co: CI. CI 


| [A Rental for the Manor of H. in the 
County of H. receivd by A. B. 
Steward to His Grace the Duke 
of K. | 


to Lady-day 1726. 


[Being one whole Year's Rent, from Lady-day 1725,| 


John Hill, for the Hall Farm and Demeſncs 
Roger Hill, for Bernard's Farm —— 
ohn Manners, for the Ridge: houſe Farm 
William Stonehouſe, for Paradiſe Farm 
Edvard Barlow, for the Fenn Farm — 
BenjaminButler, forthe Talbor-Jnn Farm 
Mary Johnſoa, tor the Wilderneſs Farm 
Mary Scott, for Fletcher's Farm —— 
Elizabeth Marygold, for the Pale Farm — 
Chriſtopher Thompſon, for Dldby's Farm 
Margery Rogers, for Rabiſe's Farm — 
Thomas Maſterman, for Gregozy's Farm 
Thomas Ball, for Nutt's farm 


John Gill, for the Low Farm — 
Jane Hanſel, tor Tauner's Lands 
Roger Maſon, for the Road- lands — 


in De Mon — — — 


William Bernard, for Blake's Farm — 


Margery Snell, for a Houſe and Cloſe 2 


3 
170 
65 


Yearly 
Rents. 


of a LAND STEWARD. 18g 


L—— 


Total Amount of this Manor 645 


—— A... 


A Ren- 


— — - 4 22 I 
2 >» "he: — 28 
3 D 2 


———= vv — 
— — + 
n 


1 — 


———— ——_— TER 
r 


P 


——— 


E 


| 
| 
' 


i a 
0 p n 
ii i 
, q i} 
Nun 
1 J 7 4 « 
FER af 
S 
WINS 
| 1 FT. 
_ * 7 
4 18 
: 194 0, 
I. 

N Ne 
15 1354 -, 
Fo MH 4903 - 

14 A 
10724 - 
4 : [ET | 
©! 444 g 
6 $3 C5 g 
q {4 £ 
397 : 

15 14 * 
i ib | 

zh . * 

1 ? * 
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"13234 B% 
u 14 ; 
£ #1 
Netter 
* We f a 
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by £ , 
-3* Bs nt 
433; *y 
13, 
1 
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13 JW 
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1117 
71 = 
: 4 
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1 f 
i © 
7 1 
. : 
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ti» i; 85 
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: 10 

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i v4 
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TH. 
238 2H : 
1 1 
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8 [ 

! 140 

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4 1 - 

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143-45 | 

. * j ps 

OATH 
0! 3% IF & £2 
: 14 U a 

S401 TT... 

: 5 
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1 111 
1 0 
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$21! e 
1 nn 
* OWL f i 
; £0 If : 
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* 11, 38 
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as 27 1 FL. » 4+ 
: 1 1 | ' 

” : 

i 85 
| gf! / v5 
\ + 4% 
7h g % 
i F 

* Wes 

: ; is 

4 ? * 

- 

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| 1 

13 

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149 : 

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LES © 

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Ie 


* 


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14. 


— > 3 Wwe — 


—— 
— 


— 


2 J C 


... 5 
a — — — K 


— 


— 


SG 8 7 by 
* 
1 ů er _ 2 — 
* — b — — . cb 
wn + 2 2 v - S 
_ — OY * * 
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1866 The Duty and Office 


A Rental for the Manor of J. in che 
County of H. Receiv'd by A. B. 
Steward to His Grace the Duke 
of K. - 


Bcing One whole Year's Rent from Lady 4s 1725 
to 1 1726. 


Ne 
i Zumes Wilſon, for Nous by Farm — 
2 Roger Laux, tor Skelton's farm 
John Turner, for Panwaring's Farm — 
4 William Meſs, tor Bog-houſe Farm —— | 
5 [Chomas Maſon, for Dove-houte Farm — 
6| Abraham Fohnſon, tor the Yall Farm —| 
ohn Forſter, tor the Fenn Farm. —— 
s [Zames Fyſp, for Math Farm  ——|. 
ohn Fyſ, tor Aſhome Farm | 
co | Edward Trotter, tor Lake's Farm —— 
„Eduard Taylor, for Gefferſon's Farm — 
2 William Milli ams, for Coverdale Farm 
15 John Yonrger, tor Laith Farm — — 
14 HMilliam Lawrence, for Grimsby Farm 
t5 Lhomas Keld, for the Tap- houſe Farm 
ohn Thompſon, for Angel Farm — — 
ams Badcock, for Binglep's Farm — 
Robert Fennens, tor the Dale Farm — 


19 Janes Noakes, for Fogg Farm — — 


— 


| Total of this Manor— 


[ 


of a LAND STEWARD. 


187 


A Rental for the Manor of K. in the 


No 


HD mw 


25 


O 9 — © w 


County of H. Receiy'd by A. B. 
Steward to His Grace the Duke 
of K. 


[Icing One whole Year's Rent from 2 1725, 
to Lady-day 1726. 


Robert Hunt, for the ziorp Farm „ 
Thomas Newton, for Blyth's Farm ——| 


John Scot, for Eccleſwal Farm —— —| 
Robert Ravens, for Bag Moo Farm — 
12 liam Vauæ, tor Thilo Farm — 
David Robinſon, tor Roſt-Pill Farm — 
Daniel Cole, tor Dale- Youſe Farm — 


Richard Bland, for Blake's Farm —— 


John Hill, for the Caſtle Farm — — 


John Cox, for UWeather- bill Farm 


Total ot this Manor 


D, 


S. 


r 
r 


o | 


0 


Manors, viz. 


1. The Mi Po 


An ABSTRACT of the Renne from theſe four 


733 


2. The Manor of H. — 645 


3. The Manor of Jl.— — ]. 
4. The Manor of K. | 


345 
199 


3525 


10 


i OG Ow 


} 


Total Amount of the certain Rents from theſe 4 Manors 


2 


— — 


3 


* 


— — i 


12 


1 
— Es 


o 
* 1 114 
1 * 
4 : 
I 
3:8 F 
4 147 f 
8 17 
ö e 
' * e 
{ 
- 1 
U + 
1 oe 
ö 1M Fa 
j 1 
1 * 
; / 
| 42% | 
| 12% "4 
g 
q + 3 4 
| i 1 y 
9 . 
A " 1 
d 
. e 
11% Bey 
11 6 
Ti 14745 BY 
[TEETH * 
1 f } 
TY 5 
. 14 k 
bi 1 
157 oi f 
15 
% 
$53 
{3%.4 FX WY 
14 K. 
+ Tp 
[$4435 £6 
1 ++ 1 
5 * 
1 17 
14419 
11. L 
4 1. 
* 4 
* 1 - : by 
1 
n 
: : W 
N + "ON 

; © is 

Aer 
1 ! 
1 
ren 
I | 77 N 
i 5 
N *\ 15 
3 F + 

11 1 
2 { a; 
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1 1 
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183% 
18 3 1 
- 1 
4 
14 
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. 
+ T 
4 # 
1 x4 [ 
4 i» 

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5 * 
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5 153. 54 

1 

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457 ; 44 
r Led * E, 
17 * 
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15 + & 7% 
fl 1 1 
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145 £7 "a 
an} 

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en 
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8 

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$ Mi 
+ 15 
3 *B : ty 

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1 

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76 

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ET; $4 
1 78 D N 

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+ $44 bY 

++ WM fy 7 i 

117 1 
MALES of 
* 


Ar 


ED 


— 


— 


— n 


— 
— 


n 
— 


— — ne — A 8 
_ — oat: . 2 1 . A = XS * 
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—— — — = : « — 2 
- 8 * — = * = a 7 — x — * 
* - "FE = g — 
— * bong » — 2 —— — — — — 
— — AZ; _—_— TEC >» — —— * 
* wy 2 
= * — A * . 
* _ o I 72 * N S 
2 A MIS be ts + Fr Z 8 
5 - — * * — — == — ——— 
: . - . s 2 5 — : 
- rg 0 
— ad > — — 4 — - - — * — * * - — 
— —— E CORTE TCO WTg T 
- = - The — A 
N 


SE 


— — 


188 The Duty and Offce 


An Account of Caſual Profits of Courts b 
Fines, Hariots, and Surrenders, Sc. from 


within the Manor of G. in the County of H. 
(At a Court- Baron held the 27th of March, 1725.) 


Fceiv'd of John Todd, a Compoſition for 
Five Hariots, inſtead of his Five beſt 

Beaſts or Goods, due to the Lord of 8 

Manor, at the Death of his Father , 


Eceiv'd of the aforeſaid John Todd, a" 

Pine for his being admitted Tenant to 
his Father's Eſtate Mr. Thomas Todd. The 
Fine formerly accepted by the Lord of the & 
Manor for this Eftate uſed to be but 80 
Pounds; but, in conſideration that the va- | 
lue of Money is decreas'd very much of late 


years, the ſaid Fob Todd agrees to pay — 


Ecciv'd of ꝓonathan Cooper, a Compo- 
ſition for a Hariot inſtead of his beſt ; 
Beait or Goods, due (as aforeſaid) at = 
Death of his Father Jonathan Cooper —— 
Fceiv'd of the ſaid Jonathan Cooper, a 
Fine for his being admitted "Tenant to 
his Father's Eſtate aforeſaid, The Fine 
formerly uſed to be but 15 Pounds ; but, 
for the reaſon aforemention'd, the ſaid 76- 
nathan Cooper agrees to pay — =— 


R 


REA of Robert Hunt, for an eſtray 
Gelding ſold to him, which was due to 
the Lord of the Manor, the ſaid Robert 
Hunt being at all Charges of keepinga Year 
and a Day, and alſo for crying at che ſeveral 
Market-Towns — — 


1 


the ſeveral Copybolders of Inheritance 


> 110 


6] < 


10 


72 
— 0 


Continued 


2 


ns. _— 


ae | 


— 
3 


* 


g 


- 
* 


1 of a LAND STEWARD. 


— 


z Profits of Court continued. 


(At aCourt-Baron held the 9th of Ofober, 172 5) 


— — —— 


Brought over 


of a Surrender made to him of an E- | 
tate of Mr. Tho. Hart. The Fine former- 
ly accepted by the Lord of the Manor uſed 
to be but 60 pounds, but on the Conſidera- 
non aforemention'd, the ſaid Tho. Giles 
agrees to pay —— — —— 


Eceiv'd of the aforeſaid T ho. Giles a Fine) 
for his being admitted Tenant to the 
aoreſaid Thomas Hart's Eſtate. The Fine 
formerly accepted by the Lord of the Manor > 
fr an admittance to the aforeſaid Eftate 
uſed to be but 15 Pounds ; but, for the rea- 
{on aforemention'd, the {aid T homas Giles 
iorees to p77 cm 


Eceiv'd of Robert Williams, a Fine on) 
account of a Surrender of an Eſtate C 

made to him by Villiam Rachel. The Eine 

formerly accepted by the Lord of the Ma- 

nor, for the aforeſaid Eſtate, uſed to be but 

;9 pounds, but for the reaſon aforemen- 

tion'd the ſaid Robert Milliams agrees to pay 


Eceiv'd of the aforeſaid Robert Wil-\ 
tiatas, a Fine for his being admitted 
Tenant to the aforeſaid William Rachel's | 
titate. The Fine formerly for admittance 8 
to this Eſtate uſed to be but 15 Pounds; 
but for the reaſon aforemention'd the ſaid 
Robert Williams agrees to pay — — 


' 


Eceiv'd of Tho, Giles, a Fine on account) | 


20 


40 


Total Amount of this Manor 


_ 


1 


— — 


- were. p ; 


E 
— — — 
— I a 

3 

ö PE 


— * 
£ - — * I 


* 
re 
F o 


N — a o 
9 C n < 
; » Þ. „ 
9 . ' 
a 11 0 
N 
1 
; 42 < 
y * 
($4 A * * 
" * * 
Neigen 
8 * 1 
7 FIT. . 
7 Te 5 
| : b 
» » 5 Y 
[ $4 | 
TA N 
11 
; 2 
r 
12 1 
; 7 k 
*; F919 
. 47 *. gs 
$177 
| 
5 3 131 . 
7 1.4 T8 
SLE BETS 
: 0 
1 4 * 
SS 1. 
4 
: : 
1 : 1 
. 6 1. 4 
nn 1 
r e 
4 1 
} LE 3 
= * 7 
1411 
14 
: in th 
e = 
iin 
11 7%» 7 
F | 
< 141 i 
1. op 
*6 14 14 LN? 
fi 41+ * 
4 2 
1 
1 115 
11 bad 
1 5 
11 19 
N - 
441 
1 
1 a 
1 * 
1 „ 1 
» l 
: 1 
2 1 : 
£31 B81 
iy p 
"$7 88 q 
14 1 
17 
"oP 
$a ' 
is 4 1 
o 4 , 
: 
its £4 12 
f * 
* 7 
1 12 
F q of 
1 
1 
1 * 1 
1 \ « 
44 
119 
1 ; 
10 af 
1 ty 1.3 
! 
: . 
i 
4 1 l 
Fe - 
166 Fn t 
1 
x 3 1 
i, / $3 1 
þ , 
: 4 f 
* L go 
1 15 1 
a 7 
17 79 
8 d 
4 e 
8 1 . 1 
3; 1237 £208 . 
1 MH 
- : n , 
; j 5 
4 
7 - : 
1 [4 
[5 4 * = 
2 x 4 
1 
1 4 I 
© : 1 : 
i 51; FER 
"7. 
' $1 (5 YT 
8; 5; 10 
i" i, a 
5 THT 349 4 
* 1 4 11 3» 
: , ; 
1 * 
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; 1:8 
= 7 mu 
4 1 4 
1 
1 . 
, '* * 
> | 
ths: 1% £ 
# *% LY 1 
"| ' 03H 
EE TY 
7 1 
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ABST #: 1 
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: ö 24 
1 7 * 
9 24 
4TH 
11 x + B43 
ne 
1 
1 . 
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b; L * * 9 
z he 4 * v 
& F 
4. [74 
8 " * 
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117 if 
RL BY SS 
BALI H p 
. 0 , 
4 2 
= Wii — = 
* 
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+1 "vo 
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$ $ _ 
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0 i 
9174, \ 5 
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— 


— 


— — 


190 The Duty and Office 


An Account of Caſual Profits receiv'd over and | 
above the Yearly Rents from the ſeveral Tenants 
following, by their entring into New Covenants 
for plowing up Fre Paſture-Grounds, in or. 
dier to ſow Woad, Weld, and plant Madder for 
the Dyers uſe, for three Years only, and then 
to lay down the ſaid Paſture for Graſs the fourth 
Year, by ſowing the natural Hay-/eeds, or Rye- 
graſs and Clover together. And, to reſtore the | 
Riches that the foreſaid Yoad, Weld, &c. may 
have taken from the ſaid Paſture, the ſaid Te- 
nants alſo are oblig'd by this New Covenant to 
lay on 100 Buſhels of Lime, or 20 Loads of 
Dung, upon every Acre, at the time of laying 
down the ſaid Grounds. | 
5 R Eccivd of Kobert Hunt, Tenant for the) | J. | 5.14. 
Duiozy Farm in the Manor of K. for | 
liberty of plowing up two Parcels of Pa- 
ſture- grounds in his Farm, call'd the Priory 


Cloſes, containing 8 * N for 3 years only, 
for ſowing Voad thereon, at the rate of 6l. tos. 
ßer Acre for the ſaid 3 years — J 
Rr of John Scot, Tenant for Ettlel-O 
wal Farm, in the aforeſaid Manor, _ | 
the like liberty of plowing up four parcels . 
of Paſture-grounds call'd 7 he Nuns Cloſes, 5156150 
containing , R. for 3 years only, for ſow- | 


63] 716 


a3 12: 
ing Weld thereon, at the rate of 5 l. 10 5. per 
Acre, for the ſaid 3 years — ——- 
R Eceiv'd of Daniel Cole, Tenant for Dale: 
Youſe Farm, in the aforeſaid Manor, | 


for the like liberty of plowing up two par-I|_ 
cels of Paſture-ground in his Farm call'd Th 7,172 
 [Sweer-heads, containing 30 Acres, for 3 years 
only, for planting Madder thereon, at the 
rate of 5 J. 155. per Acre for the ſaid 3 years | 


Toral of caſual Profits for plowing up freſh Paſture- 


- 


of 4 LAND STEWARD. 191 


NB. The *foremention'd Articles are not always by 


Stewards brought to Accompt, becauſe they look up- 


on them as Perquiſites to themſelves: Which is one way 


that anjuſt Stewards take to acquire large Eſtates. If 
Tenants break up Freſh Paſture for ſowing common 


Grain for Three Years, the like Covenants ought to 


be obſerv'd, and the Steward ſhould make the beſt 


Bargain he can with them: And if the Paſture is good, 
it may be worth about Five pounds an Acre for Three 
Years over and above their yearly Rent; and this the 


Steward ſhould bring to Accompt. In moſt Manors 
where there are large Commons and Waſtes, . the 
Waſtes are much ſubject to grow over with Fern, 
which if mow'd down and burnt in a dry ſeaſon, the 


Aſhes turn to a good account for the Soap-boilers uſe. 


This ought alſo ro be brought to Accompt, with every 
thing elſe that the Eſtate — | 


. * 7 E 
ALS 2 2 ms FUSE as 
N * . : = — ö = . — * 3 * 
— = — 5 _ 
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2 2 n — — . — e 4 bs - — * 1 — [1 * * 
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5 — ” I — - was 2 oy * — 
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X = - o — - 
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N : * Fn 
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— — —ͤͤ Ar 65 

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= as FI. of * p; 


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7 . 

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we * 2 * . TY — 2.4 3 
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—— — 


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. 
EE to 


3 


192 The Duty and Office 


| An Account of the Sale of the Underwood in the 


Wood call'd Pꝛioꝛ's TUo0D, in the Manor of 
K. in the County of H. containing in the whole 
22 Acres, the Underwood of which being 25 


Years growth. 


cyt \ 


[The Sale-day November 28th, 1924] 


eral 1I'imber-Trees fold ont 


Ny” oh 
Acres. J. | s. 
1 Sold to Robert Hunt — —— for—| 14| c 

288old to Ditto — — for— ric 

i 2 Sold to Themas Newton ———— for—| 111 

| 4 Sold to Ditto —ſor— 1461 G | 5 

5 Sold to Ditto — cs for 100 2 

N 6 Sold to John Hill | — {Of —| 10 50 2. 

| 7 Sold to Ditto —— — ſor 13 150 * 

: 8 Sold to John Scott — — for | 17 o 0 

gold to Robert Ravens —— for—| 18| c. 3 

10 Sold to Ditto — — for 161 RB 
II Sold to Dittokwꝛ — — for— 15.1 50 80 
12 {Sold to William Vaux—— — for— 13] al 

[4 3 Sold to David Robinſon — for—| 11115; 2 

14 Sold to Ditto — for 12 c 85 
15 Sold to Daniel Cole — — for 12 00 bo 
16Sold to ohn Cox — — for 12 00 + 

| 17{Sold to Richard Fohnſon —— for—| 1115 2 
18{Sold to Edward Fackſon for—| 19100 % 
19/Sold to Fames Wilſon for—| 26| o F 

20 Sold to Ditto * — for—| 2c|1c; by 

| 21,Sold to Mary Knowles — ſor— 2c | 
22 Sold to Ditto —— —. for— 18 150 


— 


| | Toralfor the Sale of this Underwood]; 39/1 5 


— — 
Anm 


N. B. Tis the Cuſtom in the North of England to ſell the Un- 
derwood by the Statute-Acre, Bark and all ſtanding, and 
the Perſon that buys it to be at all Charges of felling, &. 


Ar 


— — 


— — 


— — 
—— —— — - 
. ̃ I SA, Rt TS A rt. ti Ln IE 


QC) 
© 


Jo sog lle 32 922M T0. $192 208 noꝗ ar suo p. uon 


Fa LAND STEWARD. 


4 


- j- 
2 
— 


tn gurl 


| 


Jo ano PIOI S094 x,-qUu T. wn 212! 4 SAJNOGITT 212 Jo IUNo22\ TY, | 


— — 


U2Wa10zr L g N 
Is|8 Ne SSS II Ari 5701. ez 
96e ꝛ00 %%% d : 11 S981 [Burmezuod*'s4293997 *y0f, 03 proj | 18 
of o [|g11|[1003 %s: 1819 1 Jufufrwoo N · I 021 ppo3| 8 
918 | 191 | 1003 4949 : 112 oS1t |Zunnewornoſugod, 7 oppo | £Þ 
9] 186 aꝛcq ; e: 1s [BumrauoF mop on pio] 6 
olo fer 200% %%: 11 Or Jusufrzuoo 9 T 497077 02 ploy 81 
o| iso [looggoft: 12 Gor Jufufeuoo fat 07 o plo) L 
of 6 |gÞ 00 ονοe ie [Funeworxo7syrog oö po v 
o or [SÞ1 [[3003 4249: 13p| 0261 |Fuurewo) %% v4, on pjop| v 
$| 81 |Þg [[oog aft: 1e} g95br ufufezuod g % 0 7724100 proj 6 
O 6 |bz [[z003 420: e688 | Sumrzuo>472.429407 0 03 ploj 
55.4.6 4 OHNE AD OE KL 
*$2243*qW1.L JO | | 150. =] 
Saad fe 200 4d one A prop *0} ploj Same suo 55944 
Ie nps 10 N — 
L WIII 42gwancyy zo qzot ay3 Sulaꝗ {rp-arrs au. | | 
SHAI. a qu. io ons ur Fururezuo) *QUOTDR s,7017gFp123j2403r D172 


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* - — . — — 
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- * - 


The Duty and Office 


194 


[An Account of the Heads of the *foregoing 
Timber-Trees fold to the ſeveral Perſons 
following, for Faggoting only: Moſt of the 
laid Timber- Trees being tall and ſtrait, the 
Heads were not of great value. 


„„ 


— — 


N® of th: 
Heads 


45 
52 
28 
29 
31 
39 
13 
24 
18 
17 


| 274 


ox baun being December the 1ſt, 17 ws 
S . 


Sold to Dorothy Johnſon- at 
Sold to Fohr Ridley — at 5: 6each- 
Sold to Richard Alleley --at 8: o each- 
Sold to Robert Holmes at 7: 6 each- 
Sold to Mary Rogers — at 10: o each- 
Sold to Fane Hooper 
Sold to Eligabeth Market at 12: 6 each- 
Sold to Thomas Cox -- at 13: Oeach- 
Sold to MargeryGoodchild at it: o each- 
Sold to 7ohn Robinſon — at 9: o each- 


Total for the Heads ſold- 


at 11: Oeach- 


8. d. 
53 6each- 


N.B. The Bark is exce 


ſaid Trees, as wel 


[ 


ted out of the Sale of the Headsoftte 


as the Bodies. 


of a LAND STEwaD. 


I95 


(The Sale-Day being the 24th of April, 1725.) 


An Account of the Sale of the Bark from the 
*foreſaid Timber-Trees and Heads, to the ſeveral | 
Perſons following, by the yard, the ſaid Bark | 
being placed a yard wide at the bottom, and a 
yard high, meeting in a point at top in the form of 
a triangular Priſm, the better to caſt off the Wet. 


No of, 
yards; 


1970 yards ſold to Abraham Wills, at 134. per yard 
(0g yards ſold to Daniel Roper, at 13 d. per yard. 
1500 yards ſold to Tho. Fairchild, at 13 d. per yard 
1;72yards ſold to FohnWhimp, at 13 d. per yard 

(NB. Theſe Perſons were at all Charges of ſtripping, 


c.) 
6444 | 


2 Q 


W 


Total] 


— 


An Abſtract of the Sale of the Underwood, 
Timber, Heads and Barks, in ꝛioꝰsT Mood. 


8 

++ > 

ia. 
= > ti 


ds of the 


An 


Sold the Underwood to the ſeveral Perſons? 
mention'd. — 

dold the Timber- trees to the ſeveral Perſons 
mention'd — 
Sold the Heads of the Trees to the ſeveral 
Perſons mention'd . — 
Sold the Bark of the Trees to the ſeveral 
Perſons mention'd 5 


| Total Amount for Under wood, Timber, Heads and Bark-[j 


— . 


Oz 


An 


1 Se 
, 


1 i : f — ions — — — 
3 — * * — 2 1 
2 — —— ——————— w Nn = 
— — pp > , 
34 - —— - nun a ——— 2 
— — — —— . 
= A — — — — * i _ -— £2 - 
- . Sto l CIT — — 2 — a— — 2 
6 ˙ =... g _ n = N | : mw” 
Bj - 4 8 "We + n 2 T Ki An 
_ 3 - -- 


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— 
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— — — — ' 
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= —ͤ—ñ—œ—— — — —— — — 


An Accomer of 
Disburſements or Out-goings, 


From the Four ſeveral Manors of 


G, E, I, K, in the County of H, paid by 
A. B. Steward fo His Grace the Duke 


* K. 
(for one whole i 
From Lady-day 1725, to Lady-day 1726. 


N.B. Every Steward that is curious ſhou'd take par- 
ticular Care to have all his Bills and ad ke 
drawn out upon a ſheet or half-ſheet of Paper, 
according to the 2 of of the Bill, arid to fold 
them all up exattly of an equal Bigneſs, and to 
indorſe them on — dackefide, and Palle to num- 
ber em as to anſwer the Ne in the following 
Disburſements, i in the firſt Column. The — 


exact in this, will make eaſy the examining 
ſorts of Accompts. 


Oz 


—— a — —— — 
— — —— — *. — _ - — 1 r p 
1 — PER — 2 — : . — ww - "© > 
* — * 2 ——— — 5 — * - — 
= — * . * — — 2 P 
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— — — — - = . jr - A pom * „ * 3 AW * 
r TY = - — * — * * 42 —_ 1 „ 3 * 9 = 
2 os * 1 4 7 * — — = — r rn DS : erg 22 3 — 
8 — — —ð M a — 2% — ww BS x : 
2 — 8 * ——— "a p4 — 8 22 m 2 2 me — 1 J X | WS] 
— JE * £ — - y * . * — — Saf — r » 2 < 1 — — ry ry 
I + o * 


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} 


198 The Duty and Office 


| An Account of Disburſements for the Land-Tax, | 


Jo DAid Mr. John Collins, Collector, for the l. . a. 

| four Quarterly Payments of the Land- 
' 1<4Tax, from Lady day 1725, to Lady-aayy| 17] o 
1726, for the Manor of G; as appears by | 


his Receipts — | 

PAid Mr. John Collins, Collector, for the 

| four Quarterly Payments of the Land- 

2 Tax, from Lady-day 1725, to Lady-day >| 21] ©| © 

1726, for the Manor of H; as appears byy 

his Receipts — — 
Aid Mr ohn Collins, Collector, for the 

four Quarterly Payments of the Land- 5 

3 Tax, from Lady day 1725, to Lady-aayp| 51 9 

1726, for the Manor of J; as appears by 

his Receipts c 

Aid Mr. ohn Collins, Collector, for the 

four Quarterly Payments of the Land- 

4 Tax, from Lady-day 1725, to Lady day] 3 15 

1726, for the Manor of K; as appears by 

his Receipt? — — — 


Total for the Land-Tax— 13 g ol 9 


Disburſ-ments for the Church, Poor, and Con-| 
fables Aſſeſſments for Lands in hand. 


P Aid J7obn Trolop, Churchwarden, for 

four Quarterly Aſſeſſments for the 

Church from Lady-day 1125, to Lady: 
day 1726, for the Manor of K. Houſe, 
Park, and Gardens and Woods in hand 


Aid Robert Hunt, for four Quarterly 
6 3 Aſſeſſments for the Poor. from Lady- 8 
day 1725, to Lady day i) 26, ſor ditto Lands 


. 
CET = 
CH 


Aſſeſſments for the Corſtable from 
L2dy-any 1725, to Laay-day 1926, for 
Aiito Lands * 
Total for the Church, Poor, and Conſtable's Aſſeſſments- 


7 


f Aid Thomas Newton, for 4 ae omg 


o | 


ic 


10 


2 


7Etccletwall Farm, as appears by 


Fa Land STEWARD. 


199 


Disburſements for the Repairs of ſeveral Farm-Hou- 
ſes, by agreement ar the time an Improvement in 
the Manor of K. was made; but for the future 
there is to be no Allowance made on this account, 
all the Tenants being oblig*d to build and repair 
at their proper Coft and Charge, they being al- 
low'd rough Timber and Stone to do the fame. 


No 
5 3 done for Robert Hunt, 'Tenant for the 
P2iozy Farm, as appears by his Receipt 


; Aid Robert G:ferſon's Bill for Carpen- 
9 


Aid John Clark's Bill for Maſons Work ? 


ters Work done for Aitio Hunt for ditto 


Farm, as appears by his Receipt 


| PAid Thomas Clark's Bill for Maſons 
Work done for ohn Scot, Tenant for 
his Re- 


— 


( cei pt 


3 Work done for ditto Scot for ditto 
Farm-houſe, as appears by his Receipt 


3 Work done {for 7% Hill's Farm at 
the Caſtle, as appears by his Receipt 


Aid Robert Geffer ſors Bill for Car- 
53 penters Work done for ditto Hill at 
ditto Farm, as appears by his Receipt —- 


| Paid John Clark's Bill for Maſons Work | 
149 = done for Richard Bland, Tenant for £ 
Blake's Farm, as appears by his Receipt 


ters Work done tor ditto Bland tor 
ditto Farm, as appears by his Receipt -- 


Aid Juhn Gregory's Bill for Carpenters ? 


Aid ohn Scarth's Bill for arm rg 


P's Roterr Gregory's Bill for Carpen- 2 | 
l5 


L 


- 


19 


17 


Total for Repairs of Farm-Houſe. 


12 


5 


5 


10 


15 


| 


— — 


Q 


1 54] 


E 


N. B. The Glazier's, c. Bills were paid by the Tenants by agreement. | 


92 
re 


. — . — — 1 ma — — — — - - — 
— — 8 ome , —— = nn ESO 
" — — — — — 2 — _ wy — —y—-— . — — 8 Tt 
. — — ISIS on eo ⁵ Ü ĩð — — 8 N 
- L - : —_— — — — 0 — 
Þ « — 1 — — — 47a — dy — « "=D —— ——— 8 — - 
— > ie : p 22 - — - = . 1 — = 7 — ———— — — WL K — 
== + _ 2 = A . — — — — 1 S ping N 2 1 — * wg — — — — - wa 
a . — IDs waag ey - K 3 — — © * — . — — 
8 — — 9 — 5 — a > — 1 — — A 4 OCD. at — m — —-— - mu — I 
I by — . = bs * — — ——— 22 2 * — © \ — ws — A r —— . — N 
— r * =o = 2:5 - « > - K * ” IE — — hn — ores - 2 * 5 — oe god es — — * — 5 — 
> *. "os — — 25 * _ ——— - 1 — * — — — —_— — — - — - 1 - — * * — - 
— — — 22 _y = 2 — — ry 7 — * WV — — a 
. : D -- . - > 23 5 — ——— == * — 2 —— 3 . 1 
- þ- = 4 IF 5 5: — IDS — 8 * — 2 - = u I * © 2 — >: I * — 2 — - — 4 - — 
1 1 — > ” L 1 2 np 7 * [IL N — 's 1 — — 
** — £ — me 3 * t. L 8 1 8 7 ' 2 * — — 
5 _ . 8 2 — EC . 2 =- = = * - - 2 3 
I — As o _ 1 1 — 2 - — — $2; _ ln 8 
* * — — — — — Co d 23 — —_— 2 wars "3 "it * 11 — Ss" =_ — = - my 
l : _ C2: BC. — net —— = — = 46 : I — 8 2 — — - 
8 — 2 — 2 —＋ 1 CY 2 * - FL 2 — F. i = 
— — — 5 OM " \ a . 2x9 0 1 


* = — — ks mw 
— ů ———— 2 
1 - — . _—_ — ; 
— 
— — — 
232 * — a 
— — —_— . 
— — — q 7 
6 — 2. : 


1 5 
„% Am I” 
— _ 
_ 7 
— 


E:; 


— e 


200 


The Duty and Offce | 


to look into your Affairs. 
[Done by Your Grace's Order.] 


done by him in the ſeveral parts of 
the Houſe, as appears by his Bill and 
CT Receipt 


ters Work done by him in ſeveral parts 
of the Houſe, as —_— by his Bill Bill any 


PA ohn Gregory's Bill for Carpen- 
Ae 


0 P. work done by him in ſeveral parts of 
1**Jthe Houle, as appcars by his Bill and 
Receipt —— 

Pd John Blunt $ Bill for Bien 

P wor done by him in ſeveral parts ofC 
|? IJthe Houſe, as appears * his am and 
Receipt 


P4id Fonathai Cox" 8 Bill for G 
Work done by him in ſeveral —8 


% the Houle, as a 3 ifs * his Bill and 


Receipt 


Paid Jonathan Roberts: s Bi 

3 Work done by hi 
parts of the Houſe, as appears bo his Bill 
and Receipt 


6k! „„ . „„ 


P Jahn Commins' s Bill 10 2855 


or Plai- 
ey 


: 


¶Disburſements for repairing and fitting up the Nano 
houſe againſt the time Your Grace comes doyn 


14 


. ohm Clark's Bill for Maſons =} rl. | 


42 


19 


1510 


Total for Repairing the e Manor-houſt— 


187 


| 


5| 0 


—— 


N. B. The Bills for Furniture, and putting them up, were paid by 
the Groom of the Cnamvers, by your Grace's Order. 


E 4, 


UE 


200 


LI 


of a LAND STEWARD. 


" 20x. 


| Diburſements for the Repakn and fitting 
Gardens. 


[By your Grace s Order.] 


Work done by him, in building a 
South-Eaſt and South-Weſt Wall, in or- 
0 der to plant the choiceſt Fruit againſt the 
ſame, as appears by his Bil and Receipt 


FP Aid John Flunt's Bill for Bricklayers 


ſery-man, for ſeveral forts of Fruit- 
Trees * from Lonaom, as appears by 


Per Nicholas Parker's Bill the — 
(his Bill and Receipt — 


ters Work done by him in ſeveral 
E. of the Green-houſes, &c. and other 
Out-houſes belonging to the Garden, as 


PAid John Gregory's Bill for 50 
appears by his Bill and Receipt —— 


Work and Glaſs done by him,for Glaſs 
Frames for the Melon-ground, Ec. as whe 
pears by his Bill and Receipt 


Pi the uſe of the ſeveral parts of the 
')Kitchen-garden, as appears by his Bill 
and Receipft — 


t. PAid Jonathan Cox's Bill for 1 


PAid John WWyld's Bill for ES 
2 


Pd John Fletcher the Gardener's Bill 
for ſeveral Garden-Tools which he 


bought; alſo for ſeveral ſorts of Seeds he 


ra Labourers he employ'd in the Gar- 
dens, the Particulars'of which may be ſeen 
Un his Accompt, which I have examin'd / 


Total for the Garden 3 


F< bought in London, and alſo for the ſeve- > 1 


up the 


1.54 4 


590 


15H 


— — — 


Disburſe— 


202 The Duty and Office 


Disburſements for the ſeveral ſorts of Work done 
| in the Park. | 


0 P Aid ohn Gregory's Bill for Carpen- I I. .. 
ters Work done by him, in making | 
$Y Pales to divide the Park into 3 parts, inp 175 
E order to 477ve the Park once a year, as 
appears by his Bill and Receipt — 


oc 


. — a b — a 
* 3” * > r — —2 
ON -—_— 7 0 
— — _—— 


— — 


CDAid obn Lacy the Park-keeper's Billy | 
for the ſeveral Zabourers he employ'd 

in doing odd Jobbsin the Park, and alſo 
E for mowing and making Hay in the Park- | 49[t5, 
bottoms for the uſe of the Deer and Houſe; | 
all which Particulars appears by his Bill, 
Lwhich I have examin'd _ —— — 


* 

3 
. 

* 

F 
7 4 
F142 
7 

, ﬆ# $ 

f þ 
35% 4 
ft 
7 
. 

17 
. 
46 1 
1 
14 1 
{i 
# 
1,088 
. 
4 
14 
"49 
1 * 
4 is 
*,1 
L's 
| # 
p 4% 
+33 4 
; 
. 1 
1 
5 * 
1 


1 Work done by him, for making new 
50% Locks and Keys for the ſeveral Park- 
| Coates, as appears by his Bill and Receipt 


15 | 


a3 


Aid Robert Clay's Bill for e 


| p44 Fohn Gregory's Bill for Carpen- 
ters Work done by him, for making 
5145 new Swing-gates for the Park, he find 
Ving Nails and other Iron-work, as appears 
TC by his Bill and Receipt — 
PAid T ho. Bowman'”s Bill for Work done 

by him in painting the *foremention'd | 
32JGares and other Pales fronting the Ma- 611%} © 
gor houſe, as appears by his Bill and | | | 
| ERecejpr — 


— 


„ 


Wy S 
240 {| » 


N.B. I might have emer'd more variety of Disburſemen,— 
but theſe are ſufficient to ſhew the Method of being Pu- 
ticular in ſuch Accounts. As for Arrears, I have take 
no notice of, hoping the Induſtrious Steward will maxe 3 
his Study, for his Lord's Intereſt, to prevent them. 


Disburſ 


| Total for the Park Account 


of 4 LAN DB STEWARD. 203 


Disburſements and Allowances for Salary and | 
| Se-  Þ| 


S.] d. 


— 
* 
— 
— 


by Your Grace for collecting the 
Rents and riding over the whole Eſtate 
| | once a Month, to ſee that the Tenants 
5% perform their Covenants, and that they 
manage their Farms to the beſt advan- 
tage, for themſelves as well as the Lord 7 
Lot the Manor — — EF 


| f Aid Mrs. Mary Chambers, the Houſe- ? 
4 


IN r Aid myſelf my year's Salary allow'd\ | /. 


— — —— 


75] ©: 


150 © 9 


keeper, her year's Wages, according 

to agreement with my Lady Dutcheſs 
Aid Eliz. Cox, one of the Houſe- 

0 Maids, her yearly Wages, according 301 5 c 
to agreement with the Houſe-keeper — | : 
| PAid Fane Long,the other Houſe-Maid 
and Dairy-Maid, her yearly Wages, | 
jb according to agreement with the Houſe- | 35-51 ©} 
keeper — 


| Aid John Fletcher the Gardener his | | | 
57 b 15000 


15] of © 


. 
[ 
| 
= 
[5] + 


25 


early Wages, according to agreement 
with your Grace — — — 


PDAid ohn Lacy, the Park-keeper, his) 
yearly Wages according to agreement | 
with your Grace, beſides the Perquiſites 
80 of the Skins, Shoulders, Humbles, Fat, 1 
aud Ten Shillings Fees for every Buck, Y 
and Five Shillings for every Doe kill'd out 
of the Park, that are ſent as Preſents to 
(Country Gentlemen round — — J 


611%] -”_ 


CA 


Sy _— 


400 


— 


5 Total for Servants Wages— f 9 l of S 


urſemen, A — — | 
being Pa *. There are {ſeveral other Disburſements relating to Board- 
nave taken wages, Sc. that might have been entcr'd, but theſe are 


ſufficient to ſhew the Method of entering the ſeveral Kinds 
by themſelves. The Bills and Vouchers are ſuppos'd to 
ſhew more Particulars, which are to be peruſed at the 
time of examining theſe Accounts. | 
An 


ill make! 


7 
Disburlc: 


| 
f 
i * 
Fr [7 
i! 
F 
4 
+ 
+ ms 
2 14 
9 4 
5 
1 
in 
" 
i. 
1 . 
i 
't 
19 N 
1 
1 
1 
| *8 
434 
425% 0 
1 34 
15 
10 


— w_ * 


5 four ſeveral Manors of G, H, 1, K; as ap- 


by that Accompt p. 192, 193, 194,193. 


204 The Duty and Office 


An Abſtract ; or, an Accompt-Currey 
| 23ioing Particular, 
From Lad 


K. B. Steward to His Grace the Duke of K——, Debt 


D Eceiv'd the whole certai - Rents from = 
ars by the Rentals, Page 187. — — 


Fines, Hariots, and Surrenders, as appears 
y that Accompt, P. 188, 189. 


Eceiv'd the Three Years Caſual Profits 
by the Tenants plowing up freſh Paſture- 
and, as appears by that Accompt, Pp. 190.— 


Timber-Trees, Heads and Bark in 


Eceiv'd for the Sale of the Underwood, 
2102's UWLood in the Manor of K. as — 


Eceiv'd the Caſual Profits of Courts 2 | 


35 


I. js, 


365| 


4920 


2500 
| 


— 


Total of what I have receiv'd Lbs riley) 


"my 


3650 


4921 


of a LAND STEwarD. 


thtor and Creditor 2 all the fore- 
exact Balance. 
1726. 


„„ 


per CONN done nam red —Crenvitoz, 


Aid the four Quarterly Payments of 50 
Land-Tax for the Manors of G, H, I, 5 
appears by that Accompt, Page 1 OE. = 


Aid the four Quarterly Aſſeſſments for the 


K. Houſe, Park, and Gardens, and Woods 
ptin hand ; as appears by that Accompt 
198, 


ad the ſeveral Bills for the Repairs of ar 


Church, Poor, and 2 for the = : 


— — — — — 


ſeveral Farm-houſes by agreement, as ap- 
sby that Accompt, p. 199. 


ting up the Manor. Houſe againſt the time 
Grace comes down to look into your Af 
's; done by your Grace's Order, . 200. 


Aid the ſeveral Bills for the Repairs and 


fitting up the Gardens, b 17 your Grace's Or- ; 
2 201. . 


did the ſeveral Bills for the Can ſorts of } 


lid the ſeveral Bills for repairing and 15 | 


Work done in the Park, as appears by thoſe 
compts, P. 202. 


Aid the ſeveral Servants- wages, as appears 
by that Accompt and Vouchers, p. 203. 2? 


Total Disburſements— 


Eturn'd and paid to Francis Child Eſq; 
your Grace's Banker, by ſeveral Bills, as 

l ** by his Accompt, to balance this 
ear's Accompt from Lady- 7: 725) 


Lach- day 1726. 


10 


154 


187 


10 


Total of what 1 have paid L. 


199 © 


16121114 OF. 


Mo RS 


Wi a True Accompt, (Errors excepted) witneſs my Han 


d, 


A. 3B. 


— — —— 


-— 2 r 


Sor ld lite ir 
A Particular Account of the 
Prices of the ſeveral Artificers Works, 


Which relate to 


Ordinary Buildings, and the Repairs 
of Farm-Houſes, Mills, &c. 
| ALSO _ 


The Prices of the ſeyeral ſorts of Worts re- 
lating to Husbandry, computed according 
to Labourers Wages in moſt Parts of the 
North, at Twelve- pence a Day in Summer, 
and Nine-pence in the Winter. 


DADE Na 


NB. As Labourers Wages are ſomething more in the 
South of England, and ſomething leſs in the more 
Northern Parts, fo *tis eaſy for every Steward to 
adjuſt a Price in proportion to Labourers Wages in 
the ſeveral Parts. | | 


Alſo if any new ſort of Work is to be done; not mention'd 
in the following Particulars, the Steward's beſt way 
is to . Labourer, and to ſtand by him the 
whole Day, to ſee that he does a good Day's-Work, 
and then to meaſure the ſame, in order to know what 
it is worth. | | 


= 
_ . 
ut 


208 The Duty and Office i 


. — 


. ps 


= 
3 

1 

1 
- 
= 
- {4 
5 . 
4 
„ 
. 


4 = _ 

1 * 

— — 
———— ; 8 


The Prices of Ordinary Buildings, 
and Repairs of F arm-Houſes in the 
Morthern Parts of England. 


N. B. A Rod is ſuppos d to contain 21 foot in length, which 
is the Dimenſions in moſt parts of the North; but if 
in other parts of England the cuſtomary Rod ſhou'd 
be more or leſs, then the Rule of Proportion muſt be 
uicd. | : 


Tis alſo ſuppos'd that all Materials are found, and laid at 
hand for the Workmen, (except the Glazier's) which 
is much the beſt way, becauſe the Workmen ſomc- 
times are apt to impoſe, and uſe bad Materials. 


Maſons Work. 


Ammer'd Double-walling 22 Inches 

thick, of middling Freeſtone, con- 
taining a Rod in length, and 3 Foot high, 
which is called a Rod of Maſons Wart, 
may be done for 5 5. dl. 


Coarſe Flagging of the ſorementiond 
Stone, being rough hammer'd, may be done 
for 1 5. 4 d. a ſuperficial Yaid, 


3 _ Door- 


of a LAND STEWARD. 209 


299,05 Door- Jaumes and Window-Jaumes, of 
Hewn-work of the 'foremention'd Stone, 
ings, may be done for 3 4. a ſuperficial Foot. 


2 the 


The Price for carrying up Chimneys is 
conformable to the height of the Building; 
which, if of a middling height, may be 
done for about 5 s. a Story for each Chim- 
ney, and 3 d. a Foot for the Chimney- * 
of hewn Stone. 


k, which 
; but if 
ſhou'd 
muſt be 


d laid at 
which 
n ſounc- 


Paving-work of Flint or Pebble-ſtones 
for Stables or Court-yards, &c. may be 
| done for 2 d. half-penny a ſuperficial Yard, 


CAE Et Eat 061 rn 
Bricklayers Work. 


Alls of a Brick in length may be 
done for 25. a Rod. 


Walls of a Brick and half may be done 
ſor 2.8. 10 4. a Rod. 


P 


N 


— — 
2 5 
— 


5 * * 
4 - * Fe 
0 g f [5 
— — — — ” —— e — "WI 2 1 3 "oY k __ . 
hc. 5 _ AY " 1 N — . - - — — 8 — ———ů— — _ * ws " * PEI — FRONT 3 8 1 
. ² A 2. e — — _ — 8 — — _ F 
— - _ n - . — — —— "— — * 2 - —— r - * — = por rare: — 2 3233 —— — — —— — I "0 g - 2 — — 2 
— — — 2 2 a a — — —— — — — 63 1 0 : — Q * — - — — - 
— 2 — — — — _ - —— — — 8 * 4 — 4 9 ; : 2 r — 
— — —=xL = — — — — — — —— — — — — — . - — — : — f 8 : . 
C . 2 ; . — — 2 - — ” 4, 1. . — — * * — 2 Oy > _— '2 _——— 
— — 2 . 0 - 0 8 — — ſ— — — — — Dog FX 7 —_— D — 2 5 - 2 - — _— — ” — 
; Y = 2 — — - = — - = "Y = o > — F — þ 2 — — — a - 2 9 4 - - S 7 — = 2 ” — * = 4 * * r — = — 8 - - re _— "La . wal 
. ” = - N — * at he — eo 1 —_ Fx FI 1 — I IE BETTE A — = i he = — 5 — - — x > SCORE 
. - * _ - = — — 8 1 0 2 2 — "IE os * — — . 1 8 N * 1 0 aL — 7 2 5 — Log bg * — - 22 * 2 — 


210 The Duty and Office 


Partition-Walls a Brick in breadth, which 
often are uſed in low Houſes, my be done 
for 15. 6 4 A Rod. 


Lathing, Tyling, and pointing the : Tyles, 
may be ane for 6 d. a Rod. | 


Plaificiing cho infides of Brick or Stone- 
walls with Lime and Hair, two Coats, the 
one coarle, the other fine, may be done 
| for 29. a Yard; but if plaiſterd with three 
Coats, the Price | is 3 d. a Yard. 


Larkin and Plaiſtering for Ceiling-Stair- 
caſes may be done for 4 4. a Yard. 
N. B. Seven hundred Bricks will make a Rod of Walling 


of a Brick thick; and ſo in proportion for wy 
Thickneſs, 


In digging Foundations, the Price is ac- 
cording to the nature of the Earth : If upon 
a Rock, it will coſt 6 d. a ſolid Yard ; but 
if upon a Clay or other light Soil, it ans 
be done for 4 d. a ſolid Yard. 


„ the 
done 
three 


Stair- 


Walling 


Ir every 


is ac- 
f upon 
z but 
may 


Car- 


Carpenters Work. 


| Oofing for plain Tyling, may be done 


for 6 thillings a Square, 7. e. One 
hundred ſquare Feet. 


Flooring with Joyce and Dorments ; and 


laying the Floors, which is call'd Double 


Meaſure, may be done for 12 — a2 
ee. 


Single Poſts and Rails for ſecuring Quick - 


wood, may be done for 4 d. a Rod running 
meaſure, 


Plain Wainſcotting, and making Doors 


and Windows, may be done for 15. 6 d. a 


ſuperficial Yard. 


Park-paling eight foot high, with Poſts | | 


and three Rails, may be done for 124. a 
Yard running meaſure, or 7 s. a Rod. 
P 2 : | Gla- 


of aLAanD STEWARD. 211 


— — — 
— aog — — 
——— — — 
_— mn Fe 
_ þ L 


8 bo w__ SP 222 — 2 
- ” A— — ws. — 
- - EEC —— — 
8 W r Fe as 
8 WW 
— — ws HL... . 


— 


— 

a _ 
= 
— 


— 


75 
2 
1 
+ 
= 
i4 — ! 
£4 g 
** 
i: 
T 1%. 
* 44 
ol” 
$21 1 
1. 
£3311 8 
Ti 
| 
: 


212 The Duty and Office 


ASSASASGEAISIASISISISS 


Glaziers Work. 


Ommon Windows (with Newcaſtle or 

Sunderland Glaſs) the Glazier finding 

Glaſs, Lead, and a// other n. may 
be done for 5 d. a Foot. 


| 2222292222222224 9492 222222220 


— Work. 


Ecauſe over-ſhot Water-Mills are be. 

come moſt general, (eſpecially in the 
Northern parts of England) and indeed do 
che leaſt hurt to the Publick, (as they are 
generally placed) I ſhall in the firſt place 
give the Prices as perform'd by Mr. Ralph 
Fowler, Millwright to the Right Honoura- 


ble the Earl of Carliſle, at ne) Howard 
in 


of a LAND STEWARD. 213 


| in 7orkſhire. If other Noblemen or Gentle- | 
SS men are pleas'd to employ him, I am fatis- | | 4 
hed they will be faithfully ſerv d at — 18 

ble n | il 
le Or For making a Water-wheel, 4 pounds. 105 
ding For making a Cogg-wheel, 2 pounds. 1 
may For making the Axletree, x pound. 19 
For Flooring a pair of new Mill. "8 
2 * 
| 1 
n eee | 
An over-ſhot Water-Mill and NYT all f q 
the Utenſils belonging) which takes water 1 

ahout the Centre of the Axletree, may be 


e be. built for about 25 pounds, for the Mill- 


in the wright's Work only : As for the Rooſing, | 

d do | 1 
; c. which comes under the head of Car- Wo 
2 penters and Maſons work, 'tis s already given 9 
Rab in the foregoing Pages. il 


A Mindmill (with all the Utenſils be- 
aging) for grinding Corn may be madc 0 
5 for | 1 


_- «1 \ 
1 , - 
r I 
__ 


"V.. 5 ol 
— — n 
* SEAS. — ere 


PM 
* 
m wrt = 


"4 
of 8g 
& 
75A 
51 
- 
i 


$5 
14 
4 
itt 
” t 


4 
4 
1 
n 

F 
* 
i U | 


_ 


_ — 


> 2 TY — — 
nn 
7 "OE I 


214 The Duty and Office 


for about 30 pounds, for the W 
Work only. 


An Horſe-Mill for grinding Malt and 
ſhelling Oats may be made for about 3 
pounds for the Millwright's work only. 


Becauſe the b/ue Stones from Holland are 
become moſt general, they being cheaper, 
on the account of laſting 40 or 50 years, 1 


ſhall give the Prices as they are commonly 
. fold at the Sea- ſide upon the Northern 


Coaſts, according to the ſeyeral Dimenſions 
following. 


Inches diameter. Inches thick. ' 1. 
54— 1—15—— at 20: o: oa pair. 
48 — 7 —14— gat 15: O: oa pair. 
46 and 13 — gat 11: 10: oa pair. 
— — at 10: 10: Oa pair. 
40 — 9 —12——at 8:10: 0a pair. 


For the ſake of ſuch as are not willing to 
go to the Price of the abovemention d blue 
Stones, it may not be amiſs to give the Pri- 
ces of the grey Stones, as they are fold at 

Bautry 


ght's 


ut 8 


dare 
aper, 


rs, 1 


only 
Hern 


Iſions 


pair. 
pair. 
pair, 
pair. 
pair. 


ng to 
| blue 


e Pri- 


Id at 
autry 


of a Laxd STRwARD. 


Bantry in Tork- ſhire, according to the feye- 
ral Dimenſions following. 


. 


20 hands diameter at 11: 10:0 a pair. 


215 


19 ditto — Cat 10: 0:0 a pair. 
18 ditto —at 9: 0:0 a pair. 
17 ditto — — at 8: 0:0 a pair. 
16 ditto — — at 7: 0:0 a pair. 
x5 ditto — — at. 6: Q:0 a pair. 
14 ditto — — — at 5: O apair. 
N.B. The Hand is 35 Inches. 


. E So Sole he he he lee e 


Works relatingtoHurhandry- 


Edging, Ditching, and planting dou- 


ble Rows of white- Thorn Quickferts, 
may be done for 3 pence a Rod running 


meaſure. 


N.B. 150 Plants will plant a Rod, which will coſt about 
4 Shillings a Thouſand, it rais d from "Ron, which 


are much the beſt. 


P 4 


For 


— eg — * 
— 
2 — _ 
"A af? 


— 8 — 
C4 ——_ 
—— 
— 2 — 


A —— 


— — — — 
= — = 
—_— — * — - - - —— pr — — - 2 — — * = — — 
—— 8 — — 4p — - —- — — — 1 - * — — * 7 2 - — — —ę— — — 
rugs” © S * — apr: - » 1 — - - — "= — = = 
Ws > y SES p : 5 3 & 8 > 5 2 7 — —— 5 & IL 4 
2 — I — — 8 —— 7 p — - - 2 — 5 
— 


— 
— 
— — 
— 
— 2 


> 2 
— ZAC 


216 The Duty and Office 


For plaſhing a Hedge in the beſt manner, 
and alfo ditching along the ſame, may be 
done for 7 d. a Rod. 


For digging a Ditch ten foot wide at top, 
and fix foot wide at the bottom, and four 
ſoot deep, (which Dimenſions is commonly 
practisd in the Marſhes and F ens) 3 $8.4 7 
Rod. 


Plowing the firſt time on a ſtiff Clay 
Stubble, may be done for; 5s. 6 d. an Acre. 
Plowing the ſecond time the *foreſaid 
Land at 2 s. 9 d. an Acre. | 
Plowing, harrowing, and ſowing the 
third time the ſore ſaid Land, at 3 5. 9 d. a 
Acre. | 


| Plowing the firſt time on a light gra- 
yelly Soil, at 25. 9 d. per Acre. 

ein the ſecond time of the 'forelaid 
Land, at 2 s. 4 d. an Acre. 

Plowing, harrowing, and ſowing the 
third time on the aforeſaid Lands, at 3s, 

per Acre. 


Plow- 


anner, 
ay be 


at top, 
d four 
monly 

4. 


Clay 
1 Acre, 
oreſaid 
1g the 
94.a 
ht gra- 
fore ſadd 


ng the 
at 35 


Plow 


a Land STEwarD. 217 


Plowing the firſt time on a Tight ſandy 
Soil at 2:5. an Ae. -- | 


Plowing the ſecond time on the afore- 


faid Lands, at 1 s. 10 d. an Acre. 


Plowing, harrowing, and ſowing the 
third time on artto Lands, at 2 s. 6 4 1 


Acre. 


Reaping and binding of Wheat and Rye, 


may be done for 4 s. an Acre. 


Mowing of Barley, Oates, and cocking, 


and raking with a Sweath-rake, at 3 s. per 


Acre. 


Mowing, raking, and cocking of Hay in 


Meadows where 'tis pretty rank, at 3s. an 


Acre, 


- Monti, raking, and cocking of Hay in 
Uplands, where tis pretty thin, at 2 5. 6 d. 
an Acre. 


Thraſn- 


28 


A. 
. [ 
5 
* 
8 2 1 
— = 8 8 * . - - — — * 4 2 
— — by: = — — 72 8 — — — L 
— 1 
— — A ——ED - = — — ona 8 = — — — — — — 
— — —— - 2 = — — 
— — - jw = 4 = " _ 2 — 2 
— a oy - - - — 2 TY 2x: — 2 — — — — - 
== = — ͤ --· oo — 5 — — — — YT $4 2 : — 5 : 
DIST > 4.4 $26: 4 _ —_ — - — = 7 . >—A-—=—= — A - 8 
- . +. . = - — = — — Iz — — — » p wy 2 = n ix. = 2; = 


3 NI. 


= 2 
—— — 


— — 


— — 


— 


: == 2 __ 


218 The Duty and Office, &c. 


Thraſhing and winnowing of II heat or 
Rye may be done for 2 5. 8 d. a quarter. 

Thraſhing and winnowing of Barley, a 
I 5. 10d. a quarter. 

Thraſhing and winnowing of Oates, at 
15. 6 d. aquarter. 

Thraſhing and winnowing of Beans and 
Peaſe, at 2 5. a quarter. | 


be f gf 


6 
N ew and Concile Table 
OF 


solid Meaſure of Timber, Stone, &c. 
ready caſt up in Feet and Tenths of a Foot, 


to the greateſt exactneſs poſſible in the firſt 
place of DecIMaLs, anſwering to every 
half- Inch from; Inches to 75, for the fourth 


part of the Girt, (which in Round Timber 


is cuſtomarily takenas a Side of the Square) 
and from 1 Foot to 40 in length; withan 


Explanation of its Uſe in ſeveral Caſes, 


ſhe wing how to take readily the Quantity 


anſwering to any length of Feet, and 


Tenths of a Foot, under 41 Foot long: 
Very eaſy to be underſtood by any Perſon 
the leaſt converſant in Numbers. 


ELL F e 


- — EEE 
WT AM CCS. COPE Tg wy I o—___ 
* — — — + Bus 

I 24 


* 
— — — — —— \ 
— = 3 5 6 9 
r.. ̃˙ Q.... . A or — 
— = 5 ow - >> . --— 4 
- — _ 2 * 3 


4 
* 
* 1 
4 £0 
\ y 
8 
$ i 
: * 
471 2 
1 
i 
wy 
" [ 
448 
3728 
* * 
Pas * 
* 4 on 5 
* 5 q 
i *F 
1 
it | 
2.47 
| 
; 
4 
. 
15% 
bee 
* 
il 
5 
4 . + 
K 5 
+ 
> *z 
. 
1 
AN 
* 
y 10 ; iy 
1% 
4 3 
» > A 
. N 
158 
i 1 i 
n 
4 
Ati af 
'; > 
1 
It 
LY 
1 „ 
I 
1. uf 
f 1 
ba * 
V6 
8 : 
bs, : 
\ = : 
» Mo . 
n % 
1 : . 
* iS, 
Ly I 
* 0 
"223, 
* #7 
\ Þ 4H 
| 4 
o 1 * 
p . 1 
3 
o : 
- 1 
$ 1 
. 
; 
= : , 
"I. | 
4 
1 * 
4.4 
- 24 
K. 
. 
a 
= 
Ly 
x 


v ac. y * 
r * 


* A 
: *! 
# 


220 The Duty and Offce 


The Explanation and Uſe of the fil. 


lowing Table. 


CASE I. Here is a piece of round Tim. 

ber, whoſe 4" part of the 
Girt is 18 Inches, and length 32 Feet : Look 
for 18 inthe top Column, under which, e- 
ven with 32 in the left-hand Column, i; 


72 Feet for the ſolid Content. 


N.B. If it had been ſquared Timber of 18 Inches exch 
ſide, the Solution would be the Geometrical Truth. 
Note alſo, This firſt Cale is agreeable to the Cuſtom of 
general Uſe in meaſuring Timber, wiz. to reckon the 
Length only to even Feet, and to half an Inch in tt: 
4th part of the Girt, and the Quantiry but to a quart 
of a Foot; therefore to have this Table anſwer thereto, 
1 or 2 in the Tenths place may be neglected, 3 or; 
may be expreſs'd x; 5,6, or 7,5; and 8 org, } of 1 
Foot: But for ſuch as would be more exact, I proceed. 


Cask II. There is a piece of Timber 
whoſe fourth part of the Girt is 18 Inches 
and length 32.4 Feet; then look, as above, 
for the quantity anſwering 3 2 Foot long, but 
ſor the .4 equal to of a Foot look down 
in the ſame 18 inches Column for the quan- 
tity even with 4 in the left-hand Column, 


which you will find to be 9 feet, but mult 


be 


ches each 
cal Truth 
Cuſtom of 
reckon the 
ich in th 
) A quarter 
er thereto, 
d, 304 
9, 3 of 1 
I proceed. 


Timber 
Inches 
above, 


5ng, but 
K down 


e quan- 
"olumn, 


ut mult 
be 


of a LAND STEWARD. 221 
be made .9 equal to n of a ſolid foot, 
which in this Caſe may be placed thus: 


32.0 Feet in length is — —72.0 
.4 equal to r of a Foot is .9 lid Feet 


— — 72 0 
32. 4 equal to 32 ff Feet is—7 2. 9 2 9 
3 ee ; 9 
630 1 

44 © 


N.B. That thoſe who do not underſtand Decimal Frafions pes 6-4 


in general, may underſtand thoſe in this Table, I think 236 py 
oper not only to mention, that any Figure placed on 92 7 
the right hand of a Point denotes it ro be Tenths of 8 


an Integer, as . 1 is 2 3, <2 is 5, Ec. therefore ꝙ added 20g ; 9 


to 72 Feet, will be 72.9, equal to 724 Feet; but alſo 
to place in the Margin the Solutions of theſe ſeveral 
Cafes, with their Sum-Total, as a Specimen to ſhew 
the manner of their Addition, which is the ſame as 
whole Numbers. 7 5 


Casx III. There is a piece of Timber to 
be meaſur d of 37 foot long, which is taper, 
i. e. bigger at one end than the other) the 
Cuſtom is to take the Girt at the middle; 
then look as before in the top Column for 


; of the Girt, which ſuppoſe 234 inches, 
and below, even with 37, is 141.9 folid 
ſect for the quantity. 


N.B. This Table is continued to ſo great a ſpace for one 
fourth of the Girt, that the quantity of Stone or Marble- 
blocks (which are often very large) may be taken out 
at once, they being generally hewn out in the rough 
not much differing in form trom a piece of ſquared Tim- 

| ber ; 


222 The Duty and Offce 
ber; and ifa Stone or Marble-block ſhould be in form o 
a Parallelopipedon, tis cuſtomary to take a Mean between 
the Dimenſion of the two Sides, as a Side of the Square, 


| whereby the quantity is given near enough, unle 
two Sides are much different from one = bon {5 the 


CasE IV. There is a Stone or Marble. 
block in form of a Parallelopipedon, whoſe 
one ſide is 69, t other 73 inches, and 15 
foot long ; to find the mean ſide add 69 
and 73 together, the ſum is 142, half where 

of is the mean ſide, vg. 71, which look 
for in the top Column, and below even with 
18 the length in feet is 630.1 feet for the 
quantity, which differs little from the truth, 


Cask V. There is a Stone or Marble- 
block in form of a Parallelopipedon, whole 
one fide is 24, t'other 72 inches, and 1 2 fot 
long ; here the mean fide would be 48, un- 
der which even with 12 1s 192 feet for the 
quantity, which is a deal too much. 

N.B. In this Caſe it is neceſſary to enquire how many 
times 24 is in 72, which being 3 times, it may be 
ſuppos'd three Stones of 24 inches for a Side of the Square, 
and 12 foot long; or elſs one Stone of z times thu! 


length, (i.e. 36 toot long) whoſe quantity is but 144 


CasE 


in form of 
an between 


the Square, 
unleſs the 
er, 


Marble. 
„ Whoſe 
and 18 
add 6 9 
f where 
ch look 
ren with 
for the 
ie truth, 


Marble- 
, Whoſe 
I 2 foot 
48, un- 
for the 


ow many 
it may be 
the Square, 
times tha! 
s but 144 


CasE 


of a LAND STEWARD. 223 


CASE VI. There is a Stone or Marble- 
block in form of a Parallelopipedon, whoſe 
one fide is 23, tother 75 inches, and length 
17 feet; here a third part of 75 is 25, and 
the mean between 23 and 25 Is 24, which 
muſt be taken, and the Stone counted 3 
Stones; then under 24, even with 17, is 
68 feet for quantity of each, which ulti- 
plied by 3, make 204 for the whole. 


CASE VII. There is a Stone or Marble- 
block in form of a Para/lelopipedon, whoſe 
one fide is 36, t'other 60 inches, and 15 


| foot long; here half 60 is 30, and a Mean 
| between 3o and 36 1s 33, which may be 
| taken, and the length ſuppos'd double, vis. 
zo feet; then under 33, even with 30, is 


226.9 feet for quantity. 


N.B. The beſt way in this Caſe would be to ſuppoſe ir 
one Stone of 60 inches for a ſide of the Square, and 
thrice 36 inches long, viz. 9 feet, becauſe 60 inches mea- 
ſures at thrice exactly 15 feet; thus the quantity would 

be but 225 feet, which is the Geometrical Truth. 


CASE VIII. There is a Stone whoſe eve- 
ry fide is unequal, or it may be near to 
round; the Cuſtom is to gird it as Timber, 

"7 and 


224 The Duty and Office 
and take a 4" of it, which ſuppoſe 5; 
inches, and length 16 feet; under 73, eyen 
with the length, is 592.1 feet the quan- 
tity. | 


N.B. In meaſuring Timber, Stone, &c. 'tis convenient to 
have a ten-foor Rod in 2 parts, which can ſlide into 5 

Feet, divided into Feet and Tenths throughout; but in 
meaſuring Timber ſtanding, *tis ſufficient to have a very 
long Pole divided into Feet only (beſide a pocket Foot- 
Rule divided into Inches) and a Ladder to get up with 
readily, to meaſure the Girt of the Tree at the middle 
height to which it runs Timber; and if the Tree to be 
meaſur'd is an old thick-bark'd Tree, ſomething con- 
fiderable muſt be abated in a fourth part of the Girt 
for the Bark ; but in young growing Timber half an 
Inch may be ſufficient, 


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238 The Duty and Office 


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12 1270 81275 5 
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L-n.g The Fourth = of the Girt in Inches. | 1 
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6 135 41378140 242 6 143 0147 55 001525 | 5 
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4 1999." 0101.7 4 


of a LAND STEWARD. 239 


— | i=) The Fourth part of the Girt in Inches, | 
0-1 WW — | | | E 
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242 The Duty and Office, &e. 
"The Fourth part of che Girt in Inches, © 


IIA 72 | 72+ |_73 | 733 


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( 243) 


Al ä 9 


855 AN | : 
T APPENDIX 
% SHEWING 

* | The Way to Prey : 

ST Propos'd tothe FARMERS; 


AAGSEAVAAGIAGESGGRELS 


Wherein are laid down 


General Rules and Directions for 


the Management and 1 mprovement of a 


FARM. 


I 


eſt Annoyances to the Farmer, no 
Cate and Pains can be too much to deſtroy 
them. And altho' their Encreaſe be chiefly 
owing to a long continuance of Plowing and 
Tillage, yet the following Method purſued, 


(even in a regular Courſe of Husbandry) is 


found the beſt and moſt effettual way to de- 
ſtroy them, vi. 
K 2 Arren 


ld Dats being one of the greats 


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244 The Way to PI ENV v. 


AFTER the „rſt time of Summer-fallow- 


ing the Land, (in March or April ſuppoſe) 


in a month's time, and after a Shower, let 
the Harrow be drawn over the Fallow, and 
then you will quickly find the wild Oats 


to ſpring and appear: Let them continue 


to grow till the time of their earing, and 
with a Scythe mow 'em down,and ina dry 
Day, as ſoon after as may be, plow them 
all in; which will be a means not only to 


mellow and enrich the Ground, but to kill 


and deſtroy that pernicious Weed, with the 
help of the after-turnings of the Land. "Tis 
poſſible this firſt Experiment may not effec- 
tually and totally accompliſh the deſtruction 
of this Need, on the account of wet Seaſons, 
or {ome other accidental Cauſes, but it is 
known to be an Excellent Remedy, and 


therefore a reſolute repetition of it will not 


fail to compleat the Cure. 'The only Ob- 
jection to this Method is, that the Midſum- 
mer Fallow is loſt, and the Land will not 
have had ſufficient tillage for heat at Mi- 
chaelmas But the Anſwer is, that it will 
do for Barley (which is not ſown till Spring) 


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The Way to PI. ENTY. 246 


by the help of an Autumn or Winter-fal- 


lowing ; and ſo the trial is to be made ſuc- 
ceſſiyely only on the Land intended for 
Barley. 21 | 


II. Inſtead of three Fields for Tillage, 


(as the common practice is) l late Expe- 


rience teacheth * four are better for the 


Farm and the Farmer; vg. (1.) Wheat or 


Barley after the Fallows. (2.) Peaſe or 


Beans, or rather both. (;.) Oats; and then 
(4.) the Summer Fallows. The reaſon of 
which is founded thus; 'That a Crop of 
Beans and Peaſe do not (as moſt other Grain) 


take from, but give Riches 70 the Land, 


mellowing and diſpoſing it for an Aſter- crop: 
That the Straw of a mixt Crop of Beans and 


Peaſe is a great Relief to Cattle in the Win- 


ter, and excellently ſupplieth the want of 
Hay ; and, That a Crop of Beans is as good, 


In ſuch places where the Soil is a rich Loame, this 
courſe of Husbandry has anſwer'd to a wonder: But in 
others, where the Soil is light, and not ſtrong enough 
tor Wheat and Beans, the common method of thrce 
Fields, or rather to take but one Crop, and then a Fal- 
low, and ſo alternately, as is practis'd upon the light 
Lands in Eſſex, anſwers much the beſt. | | 


R 3 ; and 


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TI 


246 The Way to PLENTY, 


and ſometimes better than a Crop of Wheat. | 
Only becauſe it cannot be expected that the | 


Land ſhould never be weary, and becauſe 
tis deſirable to improve poor Land as much 


as may be, therefore a ſmall quantity of 


ſuch Dung as can be got ſhould be laid up- 
on the Bean-ſtubbles, as well as the uſual 
Proportion upon the Fallows. 


Ir ſhould alſo be here remember d, that 


Beans and Peaſe (let the Soil be never ſo 


ſtrong) ſhould be ſown Pnder-furrow, 
1. e. upon the Stubbles, and plow'd in; the 
Furrow to be thin, and laid flat upon the 
Beans: And this, if poſſible, ſhould be per- 


form'd the latter end of January, or be. 


fore the end of February, for no Froſt will 
hurt em after that: But as ſoon as they 
begin to peep, in March, and after a Shower, 
a Harrow ſhould be drawn over 'em ( fear 
not the tread of the Horſes) to mellow and 
looſen the Earth, and make it fit to receive 
the fatning Dews. This Method beſt ſe- 
cures the Seed from Crows and Pigeons, 
and at the ſame time gives a proper depth 


of Earth as a Defence and Security againſt } 
the 


. 


1 
3 
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7 


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r 
I AF EDITS 


The Way to PLexTy. 247 


the Droughts at Midſummer, when they are 
in bloſſom, and when (for want of it) they 
are apt to ſhrink and Sither away. 

III. When Land is over - run with Shrubs, 
Underwood, Whins, Brakes, and by Age 


becomes moſſy, and for want of trenching 
is poachy and full of Boggs, the firſt and 


only Remedy is, to clear the Ground of 
all the Trumpery, and then to ſet in the 
Plough for three years, ſowing only Oats 
thereon ſucceſſively, except it be good and 


proper enough to ſow Barley the third year; 


ſtill always remembring to keep a ſufficient 


nuchber of Trenches open to drain the Land; 


and with the third and laſt Crop to ſow 
Graſs-ſeeds * ſuited to the nature of the 
Soil, ſuch as Clover, Trefoil, Rye-graſe, 
&c. with a View to continue it in Paſture 
for three or four years, and then to ſet in the 
Plough again; and, if the Land is not ot. 
the beſt fort, to continue it ſo ſucceſſively. 
But it ſhould not be forgot, that before every 


third Crop i is ſown, a convenient quantity of. 


x dee che Particulars at the end of this Appendix. 


* Coal. 


248 TheWWay to PLENT v. 
Coal-afhes, if poſſible, or ſuch other Ma- 


nure as the place will afford, ſhould be laid 


on, the better to make it ſward over: ten 


Wain-loads on an Acre will do pretty well. 


IV. Altho it be needleſs to ſay, that all 
Dungs are Improvers of Land, both Paſture 
and Tillage, ſuch as the Dung of Horſes, 
Cows, Sheep, Hogs; as alſo Fiſh, * Sea-ſand 
and Shells, Rags, Leather, Tanners-Bark, 
Kilp-aſhes, &c. yet becauſe it is not through- 
ly underſtood, and therefore too oft neg- 
lected, a ſtreſs is to be laid upon the pe- 
culiar Excellency and Goodneſs of Coal- 
aſhes, (but eſpecially the + Aſhes of Sea- 


* The great Neglect of the Tenants along the Nor- 


thern Coaſts, in not laying Sea-Sand upon their Tillage, 
which chiefly contiſts of a ſtiff Clay, and would (of all 
other Soils) be moſt Improv'd by it. 


+ I was not a little ſwrpriz'd when I firſt went down 


to turvey and let His Grace the Duke of BUCKINGHAM's 
Eſtates in Yorkſhire, to find the Tenants had ſuffer d Mil- 
lions of Loads of Sea-coal-aſhes (made from the vaſt 
quantities of Coal uſed in the Allom- works at Sandfend) 
to be wafh'd into the Sea for above 100 yon laſt paſt, 
without ever laying them upon their Paſture and Mea- 
dow Grounds. Had the Tenants known the Vertue of 


theſe Coal-aſhes from the beginning of rhe Allom-works, 
the Eſtate might have been conſiderably Improvid; but 
\ ſince, care has been taken to oblige all the Tenants to 
follow the Example of the Tenants round Sunderland 
and Newcaſtle, who have made great Improvements very 
lately, by virtue of this Noble Manure of Sea-coal- aſhes. 


Coal 


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Coal burnt) for all Paſture and Meadow 


Ground, provided they be well freed from 
the Cynders; the Nature and Vertue where- 


ol is ſuch, that it immediately diſpoſeth the 


Land to produce wild Trefoil, and all the 
beſt and ſweeteſt Graſſes; and in ſuch a- 
bundance alſo, that it will ſoon keep a dou- 
ble number of Stock, and produce double 
the Loads of Hay. As was ſaid before, ten 
Loads on an Acre will do, but more is bet- 
ter, where it can eaſily be had. 


V. Experience hath ſhewn, that even 


the worſt Land may be ſo order'd that it 


ſhall in ſome meaſure improve it ſelf, with- 
out any Super⸗inductions of Dung. Tur- 


nips for inſtance (which are too much neg- 


lected in the North) ſown at Midſummer, 
and kept regularly * houghed, will not only 


ſupport, but f fatten Sheep in the Winter in 


* See the Method of 1 Turnips in the follow - 
ing pages, where tis fully deſcrib'd. | 8 

+ When Sheep are made fat with Turnips, tis ad- 
viſeable to turn em into a Paſture for about a fortnight 
before they are kill'd, (eſpecially if they are to be drove). 
by which means the niceſt Palate cannot diſcover the 


Taſte of Turnip-fed Mutton from the fineſt Graſs 
Mutton. | 7 


great | : 


250 De Way to PL ENTv. 


great numbers, and conſequently enrich che 
Soil by their Dung and Urine. And the 
very Refuſe of the Turnips, after the Sheep 
have ſcoop'd 'em, and are become rotten, 
do ſtrangely mellow and fatten the Soil, rich- 
ly diſpoſing it for a Crop of Oats, Barley, 
or Spring-Wheat, without any Super-induc- 
tion of Dung. But in this proceſs it is to 
be remember'd, that the Sheep are to be 


confined to one Acre at a time, by proper 


Hurdles, not ſuffering them to ramble oyer 
the whole at once. 


Again, Clover ſown on indifferent Land, 
or Land worn out with plowing, if at Mid- 
ſummer (when 'tis in its full bloſſom and 
pride) it be plow'd in, will quickly ſink and 
die away, and by its Salts give an uncom- 

mon fertility to the Soil, mellowing and 
enriching it for two or three Crops ſucceſ- 
ſively, beginning with a Crop of Wheat in 
Autumn, after another Fallow. Much the 
ſame (tho' not in ſo good a degree) is to be 
ſaid with reſpect to Peaſe, Vetches, Len- 


tits, and Buck-wheat. However, it ſhould 
not 


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The Way to PLEN Ty. 251 


not be diſſembled that the hazard of ſowing 


Turnip son very poor Land is great, without 
ſome additional help ; and therefore a ſprink- 
ling of any rotten Dung, Hen or Pigeon- 


dung, Malt-duſt, Coal or Kilp or Turf- 
aſhes, may be proper to be thrown on be- 
fore the Sowing at Midſummer or Lammas 
after the Ground 13 made fine with the 


Buſh- Harrow. 


VI. Clover, Trefoil, Saintfoin, Lipe- | 


- graſs, &c. (of which ſee more in this Ap- 


pendix) are vaſt Improvements to Lands, 


eſpecially the worſt fort, and thoſe that are 
deſignd to be laid down for Paſture, and 
_ aſter a reaſonable time to be plow'd up a- 


gain, by bringing them ſuddenly to Turf, 
and by the richneſs of the Feed, cauſing 


them to keep near three times the number 


of Cattle which otherwiſe they could do. 
But there is a Caution here to be obſery'd, 
eſpecially with reſpect to large Cattle, vig. 
that for the fir/# Mee when they are turn'd 


Into it, you do not ſuffer them to continue in 
it above an Hour at a time, (an Hour at each 
Noon is ſufficient) for otherwiſe they will be 


apt 


Pp 


252 The Way toPLenty, 
apt to ſurfeit, to ſwell and die. But the 
Improvement here ſpoken of, manag'd with 
diſcretion, is ſurprizing to them who have 
not ſeen it, and is one of the late means 
whereby Farmers have gain d great Riches 
to themſelves. Thus the known Maxim 
here takes place, That an Encreaſe of the 
Stock is always a double Encreaſe of the 
Profit ; return d to the Farmer theſe two 
ways, both in the Profit of fat Cattle, and 
in the Improvement of his Land for another 
Year. 


VII. Altho' the nature of Seed-Corn, and 


the time of ſowing it, is thought to be pret- 
ty well underſtood, yet there are great Miſ- 


takes oſten committed by Farmers (of the 


North eſpecially) in this Affair. All Win- 
ter· corn ſhould be ſown rather before than 
after Michaelmas, eſpecially Rye on the 


lighteſt Land; and therefore the fir? fair | 
and ſettled Weather that offers after Se- 


tember ſets in, ſhould be choſen, and the 


Fallows ſnou'd be diſpos d and prepar'd ac- 


cordingly : Not but that, if the Scaſon ſuit 
not in September, or even Ofober, he may 


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De Way toPienTy. 253 
with a great deal of reaſon hope for Suc- 
ceſs any time in November, and ſometimes 


later; but yet, I repeat it again, if Choice 
may be had, at or before Michaelmas is 


| beſt for moſt Land, eſpecially in the North. 
In the management of his allows, the Far- 


mer ſhould on no account go out with his 
Team in a weft Day, ſuch practice con- 
ſtantly tending to ſett the Weeds, and to 
make the Land lie fou at Seed-time. 


Big is a Grain known only in the North, 
and deſerves to be baniſh'd thence ; for the 
Drink made of it is very difagreeable to 
Strangers, and affords not a proportionable 


Strength equal to the ſame quantity of Bar- 


ley, which yet always exceeds it in price 
about two-pence in the Buſhel. Tis alſo 
a Miſtake to think it will grow and thrive 
where Barley will not; for it requires both 


the ſame Management and the ſame Soil: 


Neither will it afford a greater Encreaſe ; 
for tho' it hath a ſquare Ear, and four Rows 
of Corn, yet that advantage is more than 
counterbalanc'd by the Leanneſs of the Grain, 
and the Thickneſs of the Skin. | 


Barley 


254 The Way to PLENTv. 


Barley is a hardier Grain th an is com- 
monly imagin d, and therefore ſhould be 
ſown (if poſſible) in February, the ſucceed- 
ing Froſts never hurting it. The common 
and uſual way is, to Harrow it in aſter 
plowing; which doth well enough with ©? 
early ſowing, or a wet Spring: But late Ex- 4 
perience ſhews, that except the Land be 
very ſtrong indeed, ſowing it Pnder ur- 
row (like Beans) is the ſureſt way with all 
accidents to obtain a great Encreaſe. Some 
take the middle way, ſowing half ander, 
and half above furrow, and have ſucceed- | 
ed very well. A very light Soil, that runs | 
much to Weeds, is an Exception to an 
early ſowing, but not to a late one Vnder⸗ 
furrow. Great Care ought to be taken to 
weed both Wheat and Barley in May and 
June, for Experience ſheweth that the 
higheſt Expence in doing it is always re- 
paid. Carlock is an harmleſs Weed, but 
no Grain ſuffers ſo much as //heat and 
Barley by Thiſtles, Docks, &c. If after 
weeding, the Crop appears thin, tis very 
adviſeable to ſtrow Pigeon or Hen- dung, or 
8 Klp- 


De Way to PLENTVY. 2355 
KEilp-aſhes, or Malt- duſt over it, by which i 
- | means it will ſtrangely encreaſe and gather; th! 
© but this Work is moſt proper to be done in 1 


rainy Weather. . N 


VIII. Becauſe Lime is found by all late 
Experience to be an excellent Improver of 
Tillage-Land, the Uſe of it is ſtrongly re- | 
commended, where-ever it can be had at 100 
any tolerable rate. It agrees with all forts 1 
of Soils, except the two Extreams, of a Wl | 
duſty blowing Sand, and the ſtrongeſt Clays: i 

Where there is any good degree of the mix- 
ture of both, it never faileth to make vaſe | 
Improvements; for by its holding nature, 140. 
when throughly dead and fallen, it adds | 
Tenacity to light Soils, thereby hindring 15 
the Rains from falling too ſoon away; and 10 
by its Salts, opens and relaxes the ſtronger | 
Soils, that they are not chill'd and ftary'd | 
by /tagnating Wets: For which reaſon all 1 
Heaths, and Moors, and Grounds over-run 
with WWhins, Brakes, Broom, or other 
bruſhy Underwood, when turn'd up with 
the Plough, are ſurprizingly benefited by it; 
inſomuch that many Lands, ſuppos'd before 
| to 


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256 The Way to PL ENV. 
to be not worth above 'Two ſhillings an 


Acre, are in the North of ENGLAND made 


to be worth Twenty ſhillings an Acre, by 
virtue of this noble Manure of Lime, Eigh- 
ty or Ninety Buſhels whereof being laid on 
an Acrein Tillage, will lat Four or Five 
Years. But it ſhould always be remem- 
ber'd, that all looſe, heathy, or mooriſh 
light Soils, after ſowing for three or four 
years, or ſo long as the Soil continues hol- 


low or ſpongy, ſhould (as ſoon as the Spring. 


Corn begins to appear) be rolled with a long 
heavy wooden Roll, the better to faſten 
the Ground, and to c/oſe the Corn to it; 
which Practice is not yet underſtood in all 
parts of the North, and therefore their 
Crops oſten fail in a dry Summer for want 
of it : Or they weakly content themſelves 
to loſe the firſt year's Crop, and ſo are at 
the charge of two or three Fallows, only 


to obtain an End Wluch 1 is much better 


obtain d by ROLLING. | 


IX. In laping down the Land after 


Tillage (always ſuppos'd to have been done 
with ſowing Clover; &c.) great care ſhould 


3 


ne 


8 


17 


The Way to Plenty. 257 
be taken that the Ridges be not laid 700 
high; which always proves a damage to 
either Paſture or Meadow; for in high 
Ridges the good Soil is throwh up deeper 
than neceſſary at the top, and the Furrows 
laid bare to the hungry bottom, which bears 


nothing but coarſe Graſs or Ruſhes. But 


vet it ſhould ever be remember'd, that pro- 


per Drains ſhould be made from the highe/F 


to the /oweſt places, that the Water may 
not /tagnate any where, but be carried into 


the Water-courſes: For tho' a due quanti- 


ty of Moiſture be neceſſary for vegetation, 
yet Water (where-ever there is 700 much, ſo 
as to ſtagnate) always impoveriſpes the 

Land: And therefore, in this neceſſary 
IVork of draining, let the Trench open d 
be conveniently wide and deep enough: 
and what is taken out with the Spade ſhould 
not be laid too near the fide of the Drain, 
leſt it be poach'd in _— uh the Feet of 
5 Cattle. 


* Grtat Impꝛavemente are made in 
many parts of Eſſex, by laying on their 
Land the Earth and Mud which cometh 

” 8 out 


"£58 The Way to Plenty. 
out of the Ditches when ſcour'd and clean- 


ſed. That which much contributes to the 


richneſs of ſuch Mud and Earth, is the 


' goodneſs of the Hedges, which are tall and 
thick, and therefore ſhed their Leaves plen- 
tifully in Autumn, which mixing and rot- 


ting with the Earth, makes it ſo fat and 
ſerviceable in Vegetation. It is moreover a 


good way to mix this Ditch-Earth with, 
| Tome Dung, which much improves and mol- 


lifies it, eſpecially after it hath lain ſome 
time in heaps. And yet if a ſufficient quanti- 


ty of this Ditch-Earth enrich d with Leaves 
cannot be got, tis a good way to mix any | 


ſort of Earth with Dung, that it may be 
fit for uſe and rot much the ſooner, by 
laying 1 it on heaps to ferment. 


XI. When Nye is th and — 


. e. at Two Shillings a Buſhel, or under) 
it has been ſound richly to anſwer the Inte- 
reſt of the Farmer, to fat his Oxen with it 
aſter it is ground, tho' not too ſmall. The 
beſt time for this practice is in Winter and 
Spring, when Beef ſells dear; and the Uſe 
of it is confirm d with more: reaſon ſtill, it 
1 | Hay 


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The Way ts "WY 259 


Hay happens to be ſcarce; This, with ma- 
ny other Curioſities in Husbandry, I learnt 
from Mr. John Allen, that ingenious and 
faithful Steward to his Grace the Duke of 
Kent, who hath practis'd it with good Suc- 
ces, and ſent the Oxen to London for the | 
King's Table, where the Beef was not a 
little admir'd for its delicious Taſte. 


To what has been ſaid before; it may be 
very proper to add, that foraſmuch as & 
Teams are found beſt and moſt profitable, 
and that a conſtant ſucceſſion of fat and lean 


Cattle is abſolutely neceſſary, every Far- 


mer that keeps Ox- Teams (eſpecially if he 
buys the long-Legg'd nimble ſort out of 
Huntington-ſhire) ſhould rear two Oxen 
and two Cow-Calves every year, to uphold 
and preſerve his Stock; it being a known 
Maxim in good Husbandry, That every 
Farmer, who intends to thrive; ſhould al- 


wages be a Seller rather than a Buyer. 


XII. Good Þusbandry requires every 
Farmer to keep his Fallows regular, and in 
good * not ſuffering the Plough to 

8 2 enter 


260 The Way to PEN Tv. 


enter (eſpecially the firſt time) too deep; 
and not to let the Land want the due num- 
ber of Tilths, viz. four times for Meat, 
and five for Barley: But, above all, that he 
talce care to keep his Fallows as clean as 
poſſible from Feeds, which ſpoil and eat 
out the ſtrength of his Land and Labour. 
A great means of preventing this Damage 


is, (as hath been before hinted) ever to ſtir 
the Land in dry Weather, and upon no 


account to ſuffer his Team to go out on that 
Work in a rainy Day, it being a certain 
Truth, that z? zs better to do nothing, than 
nothing to the purpoſe. The Cuſtom prac- 


tis d in moſt of the Southern Parts, of con- 


fining and folding the Sheep by proper 
Hurdles on the Fallows, ſhould every where 
be encourag'd, becauſe nothing is more pro- 


per and natural to all hard Corn than the 


Dung and Urine of Heep; and the ſooner 
ſuch Lands are plow'd after folding, the | 
better, that the Sun exhale not too much 
of its Vertue and Riches. 


XIII. Moſt Hans are now con- 
vinc d, that . their Seed- corn (I heat 
eſpecially) 


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The Way ro PilenTy. 261 


eſpecially) in a ſtrong Brine or Sea- water, 


and taking away the light Corn, that ſwims 


at the top, is neceſſary to prevent the Smut : 


but becauſe this is often done ſo imperſect- | 


ly, either ſometimes by only ſprinkling it, 


or only juſt putting it in, and taking it pre- 
ſently out again, I think it proper to ad-. 


viſe the letting the Corn be fteep'd therein 


at the leaſt 12 hours, not forgetting (after 


the Corn is taken out) to ſprinkle unſlaked 


Lime upon it, the better to ſeparate the 
Corn; for nothing leſs will entirely prevent. 


the Diſeaſe ſo fatal to ſome Grounds. and 
ſome Farmers. Neither ſhould they forget 


to change their Seed, and to chuſe ſuch as 
grew on a Soil as different as poſſible from 
that intended to be ſown: However a 


Change is neceſſary, it being a Maxim in 
Husbandry, That all Grain degenerates by 


being ſown too long on the ſame Land, or 


on the ſame ſort of Land. 


XIV. Becauſe tis greatly the Farmer's 
Buſineſs and Intereſt to contrive all honeſt 


ways of zmproving every Article, ſo as to 
anſwer his Labour and Care, it may not 
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262 The Way 10 PEN Ty. 
be amiſs to put the induſtrious in mind and 
method of making the beſt of his Stock in 


ſort a vaſt concourſe. of N obility, Gentry, 


to make ſuch places more frequented by 8 


South) the Contrivances of Plays, Aſſemblies, 


two particular Articles, much neglected in 
the North Parts of England, and thoſe are 
Jeal and Lamb. Tork, Durham, and Neu- 


caſtle are places known to be not only rich, 


but exceeding populous ; to which alſo re- 


and others, at all public times of 1 
Seſſions, Elections, Horſe- races, Oc. 


Gay Part of Mankind, they have (as in the 


and Muſic-m meetings: All which call for a 
conſtant Demand of every thing eatable 
which i 15 good in its kind; and an enconra- 
ging price would be given by thoſe who love 
to live elegantly. Accordingly tho late 
years haye ſhewn a conſiderable Improve- 
ment in the two Articles above, yet an in- 
ſtructive Method of managing theſe two 
Particulars muſt needs be acceptable to the 
Farmer. As to the firſt, It ny be obſerv d, 


Tu HAT the M 5 ER of having good Leal 
licth in making it 22 White, and well- 
| taſted. 


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The May to PLENTY, 263 


taſted. The laſt Quality is often wanted, 


even when the two former prevail; which 
is plainly owing to a too frequent and over- 


bleeding. To obtain therefore all of them, 
no better nor more certain Method can be 


had, than what I obtain'd from. a near Re- 


lation, who, for the good of the Public, 
has given me leave to inſert it: Let the 


Calf be laid dry, on clean Straw. every day 


laid upon the old, and coop'd up in a little 


room, but not too ſtifling where the Sun 


comes: His Bed ſhould be rais'd a Foot from 
the Ground, hollow'd with Hurdles, ſo that 
the Urine may quickly paſs away, at the 


ſame time taking care that the Calf may not 
come at the Wall or Ground, to lick it, as 
he greedily will if not prevented; inſtead 
of which, a Chalk-ſtone ſhould be hung up 
in a String, to encourage his licking that, 
ſor it will add to the Beauty of the Veal. 
Thus far the Practice is pretty well know ; 
what follows is not ſo: For it is a great 


miſtake to let the Calf for the firſt. fort- 
night /uck as much as he will; juſt to keep 


him a/zve and well, 1s enough ; and after 


that, let him blood, and encreaſe his quantum 


S. 4 Ne till 


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264 The 22 to Plenty, : 


| till he is three Weeks old, when you are 


to doſe him with a Pill Night and Mor- 
ning, made up only of Aniſeed-water and 
the powder of Chalk; the Pill ſhould be 
about as big and as long as a Man's Thumb, 
made up to the conſiſtency of Paſte, at 
the ſame time tis uſed, for otherwiſe *twill 
be dry and hard. The reaſon of the Pre- 
ſcription is founded on this; That if the 


Calf is laxative, he never will thrive or be 


fat, and therefore all Art ſhould be uſed to 


make him coſtive; and this End is effec- 
tually obtain'd by this Compoſition. And 


tho' it ſomething abates his appetite to the 


Milk, yet he will notwithſtanding grow ve- 


ry fat the laſt fortnight, during the time of 
his Pills; for it is not profit to keep a Calf 
above five or ſix Weeks at moſt, altho' the 
practice about London extends further; yet 
neither is their Veal ſo 4e/zcate or well-taſted 


as that which is thus manag'd, the Fat of 


which is obſerv'd to be hard and firm, and 
the Fleſh exquiſitely white and fine hy on- 
ly two bleedings, once as before, and the 


 lecond a Week before he dies. 
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The Way to Plenty. 265 


| Tas Method of having fat Lamb du- 


ring the Winter, is more known, and leſs 


difficult: The chief of what I would ſay up- 


on this Head is, to perſuade the Farmers in 


the North to get more into the *Dorſetſhire 


and IWilt ſhire Breed of Sheep, and to pro- 
vide al] Conveniencies for houſing them, and 
keeping them clean and ſweet; becauſe, as 


I haye obſery'd before, there will be a con- 


tant Demand for ſuch Rarities, and an en- 
couraging price will not be deny'd. Oats, 
Turnips, and Bran ſhou'd be the chief Foods 


of the Ewes during the time of their giving 
Milk; of which if the Lambs have but e- 
nough, and are kept clean and warm, in 
little Pens, they will ſoon be very fat, and 
turn to great Profit ; as may be eneſſd by 


the ordinary Price given; 15 5. for a fat 
Lamb at Five Weeks old, and 20 f. for a 


Calf of the ſame age; but near London the 


Prices are greater. 


XV. Where Dungs, Compoſts, and moſt 
_ of the ſeveral forts of Manures are ſcarce or 
wanting, there is an Art to be learnt of 


improving 


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266 The Way to Peres 


improving poor Land, or rather of mali 
poor Land improve itſelf, without S. rex. 
inductions: And this is an Art that ſhould 
be highly regarded and minded by thoſe 
who want theſe Helps, and would deſire to 
grow wiſer and richer. Of this, ſeveral 
Hints have been already given; but the 
whole Myſtery, in ſhort, lieth in ſowing 
ſuch Seeds upon poor or worn-out Land, 
that by plowing in the Crop at Midſummer, 
or by eating it with a number of Sheep, it 
will receive Rzches ſufficient to anſwer the 
Husbandman's Hopes in Tillage, without 
the Charge and Trouble of fetching Dung 
from diſtant places. a 


Clover, Vetches, Peaſe, Lintcls, Buck: 
wheat, and Turnips, are all known to 
anſwer the purpoſe here ſpoken of; and 
therefore the ſowing of them according to 
the zmprov'd Practice of the South Parts, 
ſhould be more encourag d and practis d. 


I am well aware that this Method of in. 
proving the poorer ſort of Land, hath been 


the Occaſion of the Complaints of ſome, 
Es and 


The Way 0 Plenty. 267 


and of lowering the price of the richeſt 


and beſt Land, as it muſt in reaſon and of 


conſequence be expected to do. But this 


is no ju/t or real Objection to the Practice, 


as it relates either to the public or private; 


for if the whole Iſland was all made rich 
by Induſtry and Improvements, the Nation 


in general would be richer too by the quan- 


tity of its Products, and their Conſumption | 


in Trade: And as to private Perſons, tis 


ſeldom known but that the poorer Land 


has its ſhare in moſt conſiderable Eſtates, 


and then the Advantages made will more 
than over-Balance the ſinking Rent of the 
beſt Land. 


To encourage therefore the great Improve- 
ments which are to be made by the ſeveral 


ſorts of artificial Graſs-ſeeds, I have thought 


fit to ſubjoin a ſhort (but particular) Account 
of them, ſhewing the Quantity to be ſow'd 


on an Acre; the Soil they like; the Time 


of ſowing ; the uſual Produce, 205 the Price 
of Seed in Loon. 


XVI. 


268 The Way to PLENTY. 
* Clover: 
This is the richeſt and beſ of Graſſes, 11 


pounds will ſow an Acre. 
Delights in a Soil that is rather ary ue 


warm, than moiſt and cold. 
To be fow'd ® alone at Michaelmas, but 


moſt uſually with Oats or Barley in the 


Spring. 


The Hay to be mow'd the middle of 


May, when it begins to knor. 
The Produce of Sced from an Acre, two 


Buſhels. 


The Price about 5 d. per pound in 


| LoNDON. 
Will laſt about three years, 


Three Buſhels and an half ſow an Acre; 


but, if mixt with Clover, (which is gene- 


* The moſt experient's Farmers of late years find, 
that ſowing theſe artificial Grats-{eeds alone ar Michael. 
mas, anſwers much the beſt, becauſe the dropping of 
the Wet from Oats, Barley, &c. doth not a little leſſen 
the Crop of theſe artilicial Graſſes when they are ſoun 


a | 
rally 


534 
. 


* 


Y 


an 


with one Buſhel of Rye-graſs. 

It will grow on any cold, lowre, clayey, 
weeping Land. 

It will laſt about Seven Years. 


'The common Produce of Seed from an | 
Acre is about 30 Buſhels. And of Hay two 


or three Loads. 


The middle Price of the Seed i is 2 5. 6 FP 
a Buſhel. 


Saint⸗fonn. 


Four Buſhels ſow an Acre. 
Delights chiefly in a ſhallow Ground, or 
Soil upon a Lime-ſtone, Rock, or Chalk. 


It will laſt about twenty Years; and if 


Soot 1s ſpread upon the Land at the end of 
twenty Years, twill laſt twenty Years more, 


or longer. 


The greateſt Inprover af barren Land of | 
all others. 


To be ſown alone about Michaclmas. | 
To be mow'd for Hay about the mid- 


dle 


This Graſs in W Sud be mow'd the firſt 
and ſecond year, becauſe the treading of it with large 
Cattle, and their being provok'd by the ſweetnefs of it 


to 


De May to PLENTY. : 269 | 
rally thought beſt) eight Pounds of Clover 


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270 The Way 7⁰ Boone 


dle of May following, when it begins to 


flower. 

The beſt Hay for hard-working Horſes, 
and commonly PRs about 3 or 4 Load 
from an Acre. 

Its Produce of Seed, when ſuffer'd to ſtand 
till Midſummer, is 20 or 25 Buſnels from 
an Acre. 

The Price about Three Shilling per 
Buſhel. 


La | Lucerne. 


Fourtcen pounds ſows an Acre on warm 
Land, in the Spring. 

'To be mow'd twice a year, 43S. the be- 
ginning of May, and again at Midſummer. 
It is excellent Hay for Horſes, but will 
not make any Cattle fat in ten or twelye 
days, as Mortimer ſaith. 

One Acre will keep three Horſes all the 
Year. 


It will laſt Twenty Years at leaſt. 


to bite too near the Ground, whilſt the Roots are young 
and tender, is a Injury to it, eſpecially. in wet 
weather. Note, The Ground whereon this raſs-ſeed 
is ſown, Ts the leaſt of any by conſtant mowing. 


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De Way to PLEN TV. 271 
Verches, Lentils , Tarts, and Duck 


wheat. 


Theſe are all profitable Grains, and great 
Improvers of Land, even after the Crop is 


reapd ; but much more fo, if plowd in 


when they are in 4loſſom. 
They require but an ordinary Ground, 


light Sand, or mellow. 


Je wakes are of two ſorts ; one will bear 


the Winter, and ſhould be ſown in Novem- 


ber, and the other in the W 


Lentils and Tares are vaſt a 
the Straw of which is one of the ſweeteſt 


Fodders, eſpecially for young Cattle, and 


the Seed peculiarly good for Pigeons. 

One Buſhel of the *foregoing Grains ſows 
an Acre. 

The Produce of which is nne ſix 
Buſhels. 

The middle Price about 45. a Buſhel. 


Buck-wheat, one Buſhel ſows an Acre; . 
the Encreaſe is very great, yielding com- 


4 | | monly 


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272 The Way to PrENT. 


monly about 30 Buſhels upon an Acre: 


'Tis an excellent Feed for Hogs, Poultry, 


&c. and will grow upon any * dry barren 


The time of ſowing it is, the latter end 
of February, or beginning of May. 


Buſhel. 


XVII. Turnips. 
Becauſe the Turnip hath of late years 


been found to be a very conſiderable Im- 


prover of Land, and brings great Profit to 
the Farmer, ſown in large quantities, I rank 


it among the improving Graſs-ſeeds, and 


recommend the Uſe of it to all ſuch as are 
not aſham'd to grow wiſer than their Fore- 
fathers, and will not be diſcourag d from 
Experiments, the Succeſs whereof have been 


ſounded on Reaſon and long Experience. 


There are three ſorts of Turnips, the round, 


A Buſhel of Buck-whear being ſow'd upon an Acre 
of dry barren Land, that has been worn out by over- 


plowing, the Crop of which being plow'd in about Mid- 

ſummer, when tis in its full pride and bloſſom, will prove as 

good a Manuring as Twenty Load of Dung upon an 
cre. 5 | 


the. 


The common Price is about 1 s. 6 d. per 


: 
V 


The Way to Pl ENTY. 253 


the yellow, and the long, which req uires 


the deeper Soil: They may be fown from 
Midſummer to Lammas, or later; and the 


Land where they are ſown ſhou'd be fal- 


low'd twice, and made as fine as may be 
with the Harrow: And when the Seed is 


ſown; it ſhould be harrow'd in with Thorns. 


on the back of the Harrow. After they 
appear with four Leaves, there will be a 
neceſſity of making uſe of the * Hough, 
which muſt not be neglected, though it be 
too often” thought unneceſſary : for without 


T3 thinning and ſorting them, they will never 


bottom well; and yet the bottoms are more 
profitable to Cattle than the tops. TH 


Ir the Land be over-poor, the Pits 


are ſubje& to be caten by a black Fly; a 
ſprinkling therefore of rotten Dung (or 
Soot rather, where it can be got convenĩent- 
ly) on the top before they are harrow'd, is 
very adviſeable. Before or aſter a Shower, 


* Turnips, when hougtsd, ought to be I2 Or 13 * N 


ches alunger. 


. 6 
- 
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274 The IWay to PLENTY. 


is the beſt time for Sowing; but if the firs 
or ſecond Sowing miſcarry, (for miſcarry 
they often will) be not diſcourag'd, the 


| Seed is very cheap, and the Labour not 


much, (being but 4 4. a pound, and two 


pounds ſows an Acre.) The Practice of 


giving the Turnzps to Cattle in the Houſe, 


ſhou'd not be encourag d, for that is rob- 


bing the Land inſtead of improving it. 'The 
moſt approv'd Method is, to reſerve them 


| for M inter Feed, and then the Sheep (for 


they are the propereſt Cattle to eat them) 


ſhou'd be confin'd by Hurdles to an Acre 


at a time, till the whole be well eaten over; 


and then "twill be quickly obſery'd that the 


Dung and Urine of the Sheep, together 


with the rotted Remains of the Turnips, 


will have ſo mellowd and enrich'd the 


Land, as to make it a fit Recipient for 


Barley in the Spring, and for a Crop of 
Beans or Peaſe the following Year, alſo 
for a Crop of J/heat the third, after a Sum- 
mer-fallow, without other Helps. Theſe 
Crops are wonderfully uſeful to the per- 
fecting the Winter-Lamb, by n 
the Ewes with plenty of Milk. 

Ir 


— 


. e Fo pd, 8 n » ** 
„ e nn — r * SSS ng RE AOwmas 8 
e 3 — — ooo ee n S 
« r n r c 
ad n 7 uf LOA reg Ws oF: 
8 


Farmer, that a dextrous Artiſt ſhould pro- 


determine nearly the diſtance. of the Plants 


his way. Four Men, at 12 d. a Day each, 
will in one Day finiſh an Acre. 


reſpect to artificial Graſs-ſeeds aboyemen- 


Trumpery, ſuch as Stones, Bryars, &c. The 
the Lands after ſowing, have been the oc- 


great Diſcouragement of an improvable 


not bound cloſe to them, they will ſpend 


The Way to Prxxrv. 258 
Tr may not be amiſs hare to inſtruct the 
vide a Hough fix or ſeven Inches wide, to 
after they have gotten four Leaves; for by 


fixing his Eye upon One only at a time, 
he procceds in a regular method, and clears - 


Tu E ſame Care that a Farmer takes 
to make his Land as fine as poſlible for. 
Turnips, ſhould alſo be obſeryd with 


tion'd; endeavouring to free the Land 
as much as poſſible from all manner of 


want of this Care, and a neglect in Bolling 
caſion of great Failures in the Crops, to the 


Practice: For tis to be confider d, that 
theſe Seeds are ſmall, and if the Mould is 


themſclyes, without being eyer able to 
ö come 


276 TheWay toPLtnty. 


lie. 


'T1s to be obſery'd, that the Farmers 
in ſome parts of the North are not yet 
become ſo dextrous in ſowing theſe “ Tur. 
nip-feeds and Grafs-ſeeds, as they are in 
the South, where conſtant Practice makes 
It more familiar, they taking a little be- 

twixt their two Fingers and the Thumb. 
Till therefore this Dexterity can be obtain d, 
tis adviſable to mix the Seeds with a conve- 
nient quantity of fine Sand or Duff, the 
better to fill the Hand, in order to ſow it 
with Exactneſs. But it ſhou'd be remem- 
ber'd alfo, that it is not Wiſdom to ſow 


come forth out of the Cavitios where they 


theſe ſmall Seeds, except in a till Day. 


* A pound of Turnip-ſced ſown (after Harveſt) upon 
an Acre of lights ſandy, or gravelly Land, that has 

cen worn our by over-plowing, the Crop of which 
(i.e. the Leaves as well as Roots) being plow'd in, will 
(mu about uo Months after) die away and rot, and 
ſtrangely enrich the Land, and prove as good a Manu- 
ring a3 25 load of Dung upon an Acre. This Method 
of Husbandry has been practis'd with great Succeſs by 
that ingenious Gentleman Mr. Tho. Smith, at Eaſbing 


in the Parith of Godalmin in Surry. 


Tur 


2 
1 
7 
y Fab 


iy 
+479 


Gy << fs 4 = np we Wo PI 


=,” Way to PizxTy. 477 


Tax Farmers in the North have got 
a Notion that theſe artificial Graſs-ſeeds 


very much 7mpoveriſh the Land, and there- 
fore are diſcourag'd from ſowing them in 


any great quantities: But this Diſcourage- 
ment ariſes from a m/#aken Practice of con- 
ſtant and over- much mowing the Crop, 
which is indeed the ready way to beggar 
the Land; as indeed the very ſame Practice 
of over-mowmg beggars the Meadows and 


Uplands where theſe Seeds are not fown: 


it being now a known Maxim among good 
Husbandmen, and founded on Experience, 


That too often and too long mowing, is 
& as great a prejudice to them, as too of- 
« ten and too long plowing is to Til- 
lage. | 


I would therefore perſuade every Far- 
mer, for the ſake of his own Intereſt, to 
propagate theſe Graſs-ſeeds in a regular 
Method, by ſometimes Summer-eating, as 


well as mowing the ſame; not forgetting 


ſometimes allo to p/ow in a full Crop, when 
"tis in its full pride and bloſſom; and he 
i | T 4 will 


278 The Way to PL ENT v. 


will quickly find the great Advantage 


thereof in the richneſs of the Land, nay, in 
ſeeing the Land Enrich itſelf. And this 
Method (as I have already obſerv'd) is ſin- 
gularly profitable and uſeful, where Dung 
and Compoſts are not eaſily obtain d, or 
are to be fetch d at a great diſtance. 


22 


1 _ 


2. 


6279 


00 . 5 
end - £0 


ABS T R AC T; 
Or, a ſhort Collection of the ſeveral Sorts of. 


Dun gs and Compoſts: 


Together with 


All other Manures for the F 
ment of the ſeveral ſorts of Land, as 
prattis'd in moſt Counties in England; 
_ of ready Uſe to every Farmer, by 

ceing in à little compaſs their ſeveral 
Natures and Properties. 


225 


S & 


d oed do de ID Reale E de elde eo dd d Koch 


Ole and Cow- Dung, &c. 
being mixt with Dztch-Earth 
where the Leaves of thick Hedges rot, or 
being mixt with the Mud of Prod or 
| (for want of the ſaid rich Dztch-earth 
or Mud) you may mix any fort of Earth 
with the ſaid Dungs, and it will cauſe it to 


rot much ſooner, and will prove an admi- 
* 4 rable 


; 
| 


280 The Way to PLENTY. 
rable Manure for moſt ſorts of Arable or 


Paſture Land. This Method is pradtis'd 


very much in Eſſex, where they lay it in 
great heaps, in a waſte place nigh where tis 
intended to be ſpent. The quantity of this 
Compoſt for Clay-land is about 20 Loads 
upon an Acre; but the red Hagely Brick- 
earth, or light Sands, will not require above 


10 or I5 Loads upon an Acre, becauſe it 


muſt be renew'd oftner than the Clay- 


- . 


Shreps-Dung for cold- tillage Clay- 


lands is the be/? of all Dungs; and becauſe 


it cannot ſo conveniently be gather'd toge- 
ther as other Dungs, 'tis commonly con- 
vey'd upon the ſaid Lands by folding the 
Sheep upon it, penn'd up together a-Nights 
by proper Hurdles, by which means both 


Dung and Urine are ſpent upon the Land. 
I have ſeen good Improvements in Lfſex 


by this Dung, where they fold the Sheep 
in cover d Folds, and mix their Dung with 


Diteh-Earth, Mud, &c. as aloremention'd, 


which cauſes the Dung to ſpread much 


further. Likewiſe in the //z/ern parts of 


England 


The Way to Pr ENTY. 28x 
England (becauſe of the Excellency of this 


Dung above all others) they houſe their 
Sheep a-Nights, and litter them with clean 
Straw. This is found by late Experience 
the beſt Manuting, and well anf Wers the 
trouble. 


Hogs⸗Dung (next to Sheeps-Dung) is 


the richeſt and fatteſt of any, both for Tz/- 
lage and Paſture, eſpecially the latter: One 


Load of this will go as far as two of others. 
It may likewiſe be mixt as above, t to make 


it 8⁰ the further. 


Humane Oꝛdure, for hot, dry, burn- 


ing Lands, makes a great Improvement. 


To make it commodious for Carriage, tis 


often mixt with other Dungs or Ditch. 
earth, &c. as aforemention'd, and is us'd 


very much in Kent, &c. with good ſuc- 
cels, eſpecially for Paſture Land. 


Pigtons⸗Dung being of a very hot 


nature, and full of Salts, agrees beſt when 
laid on cold Lands, either Tillage, Paſture, 
or Meadow. When uſed for Tillage, it 

| . | ſhou'd 


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282 The Way to PIEN Tv. 

ſhou'd be ſown by hand after the Grain is 
ſow'd, and in the ſame manner: About 30 
Buſhels will ſow an Acre. It anſwers for 


one Year only, but produces a great Crop, 
even on the moſt harren Land, if the Year 


prove any thing dripping. 


Hens-Dung, and the Dungs of other 
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tre, tho none of them ſo rich as Pigeons- 
dung. Becauſe of its hanging together, 'tis 
more difficult to ſow than Pigeons-dung; 
therefore 'tis beſt mixing it with other Dungs, 
or with Aſhes, Earth, or Sand. 


Sta- coal⸗Alhes, for cold Meadow and 
Paſture Land, is an admirable Improver, 
cauſing the Soil to run much to wild Tre- 
foil and wild Clover, (which of all others 
is the ſweeteſt and richeſt Feed for Cattle) 
and in ſuch abundance too, that it will 
keep a double number of Stock. *Tis al- 
ſo a very laſting Manure, eſpecially if you 
have the opportunity to lay 20 or 25 Loads 
upon an Acre; tho much leſs will anſwer 

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The Way 70 PLENTY, 283 


very well. This Manure is not ſo proper 
| for Tillage as for Paſture. 


Soap-Aſhes (after the Soap=boilers have 
done with them) is an excellent Manure 
for both Tillage and Paſture; about 8 or 
9 Loads will manure an Acre, and tends 
to the deſtroying of Furze, Broom, and 
Fern, if apply'd after grubbing at Midſum- 
mer. This Manure will laſt four or five 
Crops. 


Pot-Aſhes is a very good Manure for 
moſt ſorts of Paſture Grounds ; but be- 
cauſe the Wet is left in them by the Pot. 
zuen, Which has cauſed the Lee to draw 
out good part of the Salts, therefore a great. 
er quantity muſt be laid on the Land than 
the aforeſaid Soap-aſhes. 


| Soot is an Extraordinary Manure fe 
both Tillage and Paſture-Land, eſpecially | 
if it be Soot from Sea-Coal, becauſe tis 
much the ſtrongeſt, and fulleſt of Nitre, 
and anſwers beſt upon cold Clays, when 
about Forty Buſhels is laid 1 an Acre; 
which 


284 The Way to PL ENT v. | 


which will likewiſe be a means of de- 
ſtroying Weeds and other Trumpery. II 
once in four or five years you ſow your 
Land whereon Saint-foyn has been ſown 
with this Manure, twill very much en- 
creaſe the Crop, and make it laſt ſeyeral 
Years longer. 


 Malt-dut is another conſiderable In- 
prover of Land, which muſt be ſow'd by 
hand, as they do the Seed: It will give a 
{ſtrange Life and Encreaſe to a Crop of 
Barley, eſpecially after a Shower of Rain: 
"Tis near as ſtrong as Pigeons-dung, and 
ſhoud be uſed in the ſame manner, by 
ſowing about Forty Buſhels upon an Acre; 
but you are not to expect more from it 
than the Advantage of one Crop. 


Kags of all ſorts, both Linnen, Wool- 
len, and Leather, make a very great Im- 
provement on chalky binding tillage Land, 
vaſt quantities of them being fetch'd from 
London to Dunſtable and other Parts 
where chalky Hills are, only to lay on 


their Lands, where they chop them very 
{mall; 


9 


2 


3 


The Way to Plenty. 285 
ſmall, and ſtrew them juſt after the fow- 
ing of the Corn, allowing 24 Buſhels to 
an Acre. Shreads of Leather, old Shoes, 
Hats, or Stockings, as they are longer rot- 
ting and decaying, ſo they /a/? the longer. 


Wear, a Sea-weed growing chiefly on 


ſuch Rocks as are cover d only at High- 


water, is good to be laid on Tillage for 
one Crop, the drying and burning of which 
makes Kilp, uſed in making Glaſs. This 
Kilp alſo being ſteep d in Water, is uſed to 
dilute the Allom Liquor. Aſter the Allom- 
makers have done with it, tis laid upon 
the Land; and altho' a great quantity of 
the Nitrous Particles are drawn from it, 
yet neyertheleſs tis an admirable Manure 


both for Tillage and Paſture Lands, and 


has made great Improvements round Sands- 
end in Torkſhire, where the chief Allom- 


works of His Grace the Duke of BuckinG- 
nau are. The common Allowance for ei- 
ther Meadow or Paſture is about ſix Loads 
upon an Acre. Theſe Aſhes foon diſſolve, 


ſo will not laſt above four or flye Crops of 
Tillage ; but much longer, and are accounted 
5 I L much 


2866 The Way to Pl EN TT. 
ERS better, for Paſture and —— than 
Tillage. | 


Lime, of all other Manures, has (of late 

years) made the greateſt Improvement, 
both of Tillage and Paſture, ſo that the 
Induſtrious Farmer thinks almoſt no Pains 
or Coſt too much to procure it. It agrees 
with al] ſorts of Soils, except the two Ex- 
treams of a duſty Sand and the ſtrongeſt 
Clays. It zmproves all light Soils, by ad- 
ding Tenacity to them: Likewiſe all hea- 
thy and moory Grounds over-run with 
Furze, Brakes, Broom, &c. when turn'd 
up by the Plough, are ſurprizingly bene- 
fited by it, infomuch -that many Lands, 
ſuppos d not worth above Two ſhillings 
an Acre, are in the North of England 
made worth above Fiſteen Shillings an 
Acre, by virtue of this Noble Manure of 
Lime; about Eighty or Ninety Buſhels 
of which being laid upon an Acre in Til- 
lage, will laſt five c or ſix years. 


Chalk, one Load of which mould be 


mixt with two Loads of * or other 
rich 


De Way to PIRNTVYV. 287 


rich Earth: According to this proportion, 
if you lay a good quantity in a heap to 
ferment and incorporate, tis an admirable 
Manure for all cold ſowre, and alſo gra- 


velly Land, and will produce incredible 


Crops of Corn ſor ſeveral years together, 
by laying about Twenty Loads upon an 
Acre. And when the time of Tillage is 
expir d, in order to lay down the ſame for 
Graſs, lay on Twenty Loads of Chalk a- 
lone upon an Acre, and it will per form 
wonders. 


Warle is of ſeveral ſorts; the beſ# is 
pure and unmixt, and will diſſolve in Wa- 
ter: "Tis an excellent Manure to fix light 


Sands, but it has been diſputed whether it 


has any fertiliging Quality of itſelf, be- 
cauſe it doth not ſend forth the jir/# Tear. 


The common quantity in Staffordſhire is 


Three hundred Loads upon an Acre, which 
will laſt without marling again above 


Twenty Years, if kept in Tillage and Pa- 


ſture interchangeably, which is moſt adviſe- 
able: And you ought to give the Land a 


ſprinkling of Dung for eyery Crop of 


Meat 


288 The Way PLenTy. 
Wheat you reap; for this will keep the 
Land in a perfect /tate of Health, and 
help to looſen the binding __— of the 
Marte. 


Tt ſhould not be Mid that the Bot- 
roms and Jcourings of Ponds (eſpecially 
ſuch as are ſurrounded with Hedges and 
Trees) are excellent for all ſorts of Soils, 
to be laid npon the Surface of Meadows 
and Paſtures in Autumn, Winter, or Spring; 
but the two firſt Seaſons are the beſt. The 
Leaves of 'Trees in proceſs of time do much 
zmpregnate the Mud with Ja/ts, and there- 
fore the older the Ponds are before they 
are ſcoured, the bctter. If the Meadow 

or Paſture be coverd over pretty thick 


with it, as they ought, it will laſt many I 


Years, and produce abundance of Trefoil. 


So uk late Experience hath diſcoyer'd, 
that even the black mooriſh Soil taken off 
the Fells, which would not be perſuaded 
to bear or produce any thing but an un- 
profitable Ling, if tis laid together with 


Lie, © and Litter or long Dung from the 
Stable, 


En EE Ad EEE 


make vaſt Improvements on Meadow-ground 
laid on in the Spring: The Lime and 


Dung both tend to ferment and rot the 
Soil, and at the ſame time give ſuch Te- 


nacity to it, that it ſoon becomes mellow 


and rich, and fit to anſwer the Expecta- 
tions of a diligent Lover of Improve- 


ments. 


Sta land th; ole WhO Bye within a 


mile or two of the Sea, And Have any ſtiff 
clayey Land to lay it on, i a moſt ex- 


cellent Manure, eſpecially if it be taken 


wet, juſt aſter the Tide has left it; and the 
more of it, the better. The reaſon of its 


giving ſuch Fertility to Land of a clayey 


nature is two-fold ; firff, becauſe it tends 
to ſeparate the Parts of Clay, which other- 


wiſe would retain ſtagnating Water, and 


thereby Starve and Chill all infant Plants: 


And, ſecondly, becauſe being mixt with 
Salt, it gives much the ſame Riches as 
are expected from Dung fill'd with Ni- 


tre and Salt. The ſame is to be ſaid 


| with 


The Way to Puenty. 289 


Stable, in equal quantities, for a Year, 'twill 


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290 The Way to PlEN Tv. 

with reſpect to Sea-ſhells and the Bones 

and Refuſe of Fiſh, all which are afſord- | 
ed in great quantities near the Fiſhing- 

Towns on His Grace the Duke of Bucking= N 

hams Eſtates in Torkſhere. - 


1 4 
{ 


NL Py EE 
Of the ſeveral Sorts of 


| Earths and Soils: 


On which the proper Dungs and 
Manures are directed to be laid, agree. 
able to their ſeveral Natures. 


a 


AND, which of all others 
wants generally moſt Help and 
Improvement, and is in its nature looſe and 
porous, quickly loſing the fattening Moi- 
ſture that falls from the Heavens, is beſt 
and moſt rationally mended by all ſuch 
Dungs as give Tenacity and a holding Na- 
ture to it : And ſuch are the Dungs taken 
from Cows and Hogs, which are cold and 
binding. There is indeed much difference 
in the Nature of Sands; ſome are cold, 
4 1 . and 


XIX. 


292 The Way in Pl ENT v. 
and others Hot; ſome are rich, and others 
poor : but all of them want ſomething to 
hold their Parts together, which is beſt done, 
as is before ſaid, by the Nel — n 
Oxen, or Hogs. 7 


Muc the fame is to be ſaid of Gravel, 
eſpecially when it is not mixt with Clay, 
Chalk, or Loam ; there all holding and 


binding Dungs are moſt. proper, Humane 
Ordure not (GG and Keg? n 


THERE are alſo other light Soils, that 
are not properly either Sand or Gravel, 
which muſt be mcnded with the aforeſaid 
Dungs, and theſe are light chiſelly Soils, 
lying on the top of ſcaley Rocks of Free 
or Lime-Stone, and are of conſequence 
mixt with many ſmall Stones, which tum 
up with the Plow. Beſides the aforeſaid 
Holding Dungs, theſe Soils are alſo proper- 
ly mended with Chalk, Clay, Marle, or 
the Bottoms of Ponds : But if theſe Soils (as 
commonly they do) prove ſhallow upon the 
Rock, the beſt way to improve and enrich 
them is, to lay them down with Saint-foyn. 

Clan, 


cp_, ww 


—_— * 


The Way to PL ENT v. 293 | 


Hl Clay, when tis pretty much unmixt, is 


the other Extream to what went before, and 
muſt have different Manures for its Tillage, 
ſuch as Horſe-dung, Sea-coal Aſhes, Sa- 
ſand, Drift-ſand, Pigeon and Hen-dung, 
and the Bottoms of Wood-yards, and all lit- 
tle enough to mellow and looſen the Parts 
of ſome untractable Clays. 


Chalk has moſt of the Properties of Clay, 


_ eſpecially that of holding the Water, and 


wanting ſomething to looſen its Parts, tho 


1t is generally of a warmer nature : Accord- 
ingly all the Dungs named under the laft 


Article (as alſo Rags) improve and mend it. 
And when ſo mended, tis obſervd to bear 
the beſt and the fineſt Wheat. 


Loam, properly fo call'd, is that Soil 
which partakes of a due mixture of both 
Clay and Sand, having all the good Proper- 
ties of both, and none of the bad ones; and 
is generally of ſuch a ſufficient depth, that it 


bears all forts of Vegetables to perſection, 

both Trees, Plants, and Grain. According- | 
ly tis to be remark d, that juſt fo far as the 
ö Clay 


— 8 


294 We Way 10 Pravvy. 


Clay on the one hand, or the Sand on the 
other, are obſery'd to prevail and to exceed 
their Proportion in theſe ſorts of mixt Earth, 
ſo far they are proportionably worſe, and 
leſs uſeful for Vegetation, in their own Na- 
ture: And therefore of conſequence the pro- 


per and diſcreet Application of Dungs muſt 


be made accordingly, as directed above. But 
yet ſuch happy Soils and mixt Earths, as we 


call Loam, are frequently to be met with; 


which therefore muſt rationally be ſuppos d 
to be mended, enrich'd, and improv'd (when 
worn out) by a mixture of all ſorts of Ma- 


nures and Dungs both of a holding and 


. nature. 


og F 


The Way to PI E Ny. 295 


1 1 C eng on. 


XX. 


| but to make this Treatiſe as uſeful as may 
be, I think it not improper to let the Fax- 
MER know how ſome general Annoyances 


to a Fa ARM may be remov'd without any | 


8 great Charge. 


Whins or 3 may caſily be de- 
ſtroy'd when they return or come up again, 


as ſoon as the Land is laid down for Graſs 


after Tillage ; for tis obſery d, that they 
are by Hand eaſily pluck d up by the Roots 
after a Froſt, when the Ground is looſe and 


tender: This in the JY2ft of England is cal- 


led Weeding the Land, Conſtant mowing 


them down while young, will do the fame 


thing 
Boom 


Schaut entring upon wen at- 
tempting) a general Syſtem, 


« a 
— > ore 


« . 4 _- = 6 
n 
* =P 2 3 ** 


296 The Way to PI ENT v. 


| Boom i is eaſily deſtroy d by cutting, 
chopping, and afterwards. mawing it down 
at Midſlummer, within two or three In- 
ches of the Ground : After which if it ſhould 
have a reftrreftion, yet the ſecond Tryal 
will ectually compleat the Cure. 


Aulhes are alſo eaſily deſtroy d by now- 
ing them down near the Ground at Spring 
and Midſummer, not forgetting to lay a good 
ſprinkling of Lime, or a good quantity of 
Horſe, Pigeon, or Hen-dung at the Roots, 


and you'll ſee no more of them. 


Fern i is more difficult to deſtroy than any 
of the *foremention'd, becauſe they ſtrike 
ſuch a deep root into the Earth; but ne- 

vertheleſs conſtant mowing in Spring, and 
at Midſummer, and afterwards laying Dung 
or Limeat the Roots, will anſwer the End 
in deſtroying them in a great meaſure. 


5 


