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REPORTS 
TAE SOCIETY 
FOR | 
BETTERING THE CONDITION 


INCREASING THE COMFORTS 


OF THE POOR. 


VOL. II. 


LONDON: 
8 — 
PRINTED FOR THE SOCIETY, 
BY W. BULMER AND co. RUSSEL-COURT, CLEVELAND-ROW 
| ST, JAMES'S 
AND SOLD BY J. HATCHARD, 173, PICCADILLY; * 

ALSO BY BECKET, PALL-MALL; ROBSON, BOND-STREET: © 
PAYNE, MEW'S CATE; RIVINGTON, ST. PAUL'S CHURCH. 
YARD; EGERTON, WHITEHALL; CADELL AND DAVIES, 


STRAND; AND VERNOR AND HOOD, POULTRY. ALSO BY - 


TODD, YORK; HAZARD, BATH; AKENHEAD AND $ONS, 
NEWCASTLE; BROWNE, HULL; EASTON, SALISBURY ; 
TREWMAN, EXETER; CLARKE, MANCHESTER 3, HOUGH, 
GLOCESTER; AND LEE, AT LEWES, 


1800, 


Those Subscribers who are nat Supplied regularly with 
the publications of the Society, are requested to send their 
directions to Hatchard, 173, Piccadilly, fixing the place in 


the metropolis where theyare ta be left. Imperfect directions 


have been left in same instances; and, in others, none at 
all; so that it has not been practicable for the publisher to 
send the Reports round ta all the & ubscribers, go exactly 
and regularly « as could be wished. 


23d April, 1800. 


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CONTENTS. 


PAG E 


Prefatory introduction to the ! Volume, tat- 


ing the views of the society, and the progress 
already made - - W 


No. XL. 


Extract from an account of the management of the 


e at Hamburgh. By the Bishop of Durham 


No. XLI 
Extract from an account of a cottager's family at 
| Hasketon. By John Way, Esq. - 
No. XLII. 


32 


54 


Extract from an account of a supply of flour to the 2 


poor by a friendly society at Rothley, in Leices- 


tershire. By Thomas Babington, Esq. - 
"Mov XEHI: 

Extract from an account of rewards given by a 
Society near Dublin, for encouraging industry 
and good habits among the poor. By T homas 
Bernard, Esq. - - - 


No. XLIV. 


Extract from an account of the asylum (or school 


of instruction) for the blind at Liverpool. By 
Thomas Bernard, Esq. - 233 is 


No. XLV. 
Extract from an account of the Samaritan Society, 


for convalescents from the London hospital, and 
for cases not within the provisions of public 


93 


n. By the Rev. Dr. Glasse — 


60 


68 


77 


— 
2 
CONTENTS; | 


— — — 
| * 

— 

— * 


far 
@RITIQ MT. No. XLVI. 


Extract from an account of a ey aka figs: 
Lymington in Hampshire, for the benefit of dis- 


N 
— 


No. XLVII. 
Extract from an account of a Sunday friendly so- 


ciety for the aged poor, at 8 By the Rev. 
Thomas — | - = 108 


No. XLVHL. 8 01 
Extract from an account of a — windmill, at 


at Chislehurst in Kent. * the Rev. Francis 


PPP 


No. XLIX. 


Extract from an account of the late improvements 
in the house of industry at Dublin. By Thomas 
Bernard, . a" Tos. io - - 135 
No. L. 


Extract from an account of a provision for chimney 
sweepers' boys, at Kingston upon Thames, with 
observations. By the Bishop of Durham 149 

| No. LI, 

be al an account of the rewards given bj 

the Sussex Agricultural Society to the industrious 


No. LI: 


Extract from an account of a charity for the relief 
of lying-in women and sick persons, at Totten- 


No. LIII. 


: Extract from an account of a proyision for cottagers 
keeping cows, at Humberston, in the county of 


"$1 No. LIV. F< . 
Extract from © an account of a society, 3 esta- 1 


blished at Cork in Ireland, for Eg the 


tressed females, By the Rev. William Gilpin | 104 | 


Wollaston , drt: - - > | 124 


and deserving poor, By Thomas Bernard, E894: 158 


ham Aer By Mrs. Wakefield — 179 


Lincoln. * Thomas Thompson, e 7 


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races 
condition of aan de 80 the Rt. Hon. Thomas 
Feng 129 R tog? 5. g OTC * 7 6 
| No. LV. Rl AAo, 


Extract foam an account of the: iriititurlon;: for 


applying science to the common purposes of life, 


so far as it may be expected to affect the Poor. "4 


By Thomas Bernard, Esq. HOG n 98 


No. LVI. 
Extract from a further account of apprenticing 


poor children. By the Rev. John Brewster 
No. LVII. 


1 


Extract from a further account of the improvements 


in the house of industry in Dublin. By the Rt. 
Hon, Thomas Pelham * fo 


No. LVII J. | 
Extract from a further account of the house of 


recovery at Manchester. By Thomas Bernard, 


Esq. — — * 
No. LIx. 
Extract from an account of a society at Wendover, 
for encouraging prudence and industry. By the 
Nan Joseph Smith 8 1 


No. LX. | 
Extract from a further account of the advantages 
of cottagers keeping cows. By Thomas Bernard, 
Esq. — . - 
No. LXI. : 


Extract from an account of the extension of the 


benefits of the charity-schools at Chester. By 
Thomas Bernard, Esq. - . 


No. LXII. 


for promoting the een of the poor. By Lord 
"CO. $9998. 3G - 


. 


219 


235 


24 


Extract from an account of the society at Dublin 


2860 | 


r 


CONTENTS 


No. LXIII. 
Extract from an account of the free church at ich. 


By Thomas Bernard, B8q.  -— 9 560393 


4 No. LXIV. 
Extract from an account of the Mendip 4-115)! 


By Thomas Bernard, Esq. - 
No. LXV. 


Extract PR an account of the Bath repository 


for the benefit of the poor. By Mrs. Bernard 
No. LXVI. 


Extract from an account of a friendly society at 


Cork. By Lord Teignmouth \- 327 
e 


Extract from an account of a provision of fuel made 
for the poor of Lower — By 2 


CI 
3 
uu 


Bernard, Esq. - - - 3 34 


No. LXVIII. 


Extract from an account of a society for bettering 
the condition of the poor at Clapham. By 
Thomas Bernard, Esq. — - 343 
Ne. LENIN. | 
Extract "I an account of Mr. Dale's cotton mills 
at New Lanerk, in Scotland. By Thomas Ber- 


* APPENDIX, 


Ns: I. 
The Bishop of Durham's circular letter to the 
Maglerdics of wa enen palatine of Durham 1 


No. II. ogg 
Dr. n — to prevent infection fevers Wo 


PAGE 


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CS REC rh a HRS eu S — e 
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CONTENTS. 
No. III. 
Mr. Millington's letter on a mode of Preserving 
potatoes 5 — — Pr 
No. 1 v. 
Advice to the poor. By Dr. Ferriar - 
No. v. 

Copy of a letter from Count Rumford to the Rev. 
Dr. Majendie of Windsor - ow 
No. VI. 

Twelve true old golden rules - 
No. VII. 
Directions as to the treatment of the dying. By 
Dr. Ferriar - a > 
No. VIII. 
Account of a cottage and garden near Tadcaster. 
By Thomas Bernard, Esq. - - 
No. IX. 
Extract from a sermon lately preached by the Bishop 
of London a - 
No. x. 
Extract from the Report of the establishment at 
Hamburgh, in 1799 - - 
No. XI. 


97 


Copy of the articles of ee of the «oth of 


March, 1800, between several Master Chimney 
8 within the liberties of Westminster and 
the Holborn division of the county of Middlesex, 
for forming a friendly society for the protection 
and instruction of their apprentices. — 
| No. XII. 
Extract from observations on the duty and influence 
of the middle classes of society, on the condition 
of the poor. By the Rev, John Hewlett 


* 


12 


17 


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29 
34 
42 


61 


70 


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CONTENTS. 


1 PACE 

No. XIII. 

Of the comforts of the poor. % 

| No. XIV. 

Notes and additional observations collected by a 
member of the committee - - 88 


No. XV. 


List of the General Committee - 102 


No. XVI. 
List of Subscribers - 5 104 


General Index to the Second Volume 127 


77 
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PREFATORY INTRODUCTION 
TO THE 


SECOND VOLUME. 


Urox the commencement of our second 
volume, I hope the reader will pardon me, 


if I intrude on his time for a few minutes, 
by a statement of the circumstances, which 
have called for the establishment of a“ so- 


« ciety for bettering the condition and in- 
* creasing the comforts of the poor,” by a 
recapitulation of the objects and views of 
the society, and by an account of the pro- 
gress already made, and of the hopes that 


are entertained that our inquiries and ex- 


ertions may prove useful to the community. 


The increase of the poor's-rate has been 


for some years a just subject of Increase of 
poor's- rate. 


Vol. II. B 


— a e 
— — ——— — — 
a 1 ——_— 
29 ; 
. 


2 PREFATORY INTRODUCTION. 


made, and with too much reason, of the 
prevalence and magnitude of the evil. Two 
millions and a half annually expended in 
parochial relief, and a larger sum in chari- 
ties and benefactions, producing no im- 
provement in the condition of the poor, but 
rather prejudicing their means of life by 
the general effects of the system,—this is 
a mystery in our internal polity, difficult, 
but very important to be explained. 


To some it has appeared the necessary 
consequence of national prospe- 

Ne rity. That, however, must be a 
very equivocal species of pros- 

perity, which is inimical to the comfort and 
happiness of the great mass of the people, 
and tends to diminish their means of life. 
—By others it has been deemed a symp- 
tom of national decline, common to all 
states which have passed their zenith ;— 
but this opinion is controverted by increase 
of trade and manufactures, by improve- 
ments in agriculture and every art and 
science, and by the unrivalled energy and 


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PREFATORY INTRODUCTION 3 


glory which attend the British arms in 
every quarter of the globe. Others have 
conceived that speculation in estates, a noxi- 
ous tribe of land-valuers and rent-raisers, 
and the consequent press on the farmer to 
make his present greatest profit with the least 
possible out-goings, have given birth to an 
improvident system with regard to the poor; 
hostile to any permanent improvement in 
their condition, and operating to discourage 
foresight and good habits among them. 


Efforts have not been wanting to check 
this growing evil. Laws have 
been made to compel industry 
and economy; and workhouses 
have been erected, and farmed to the best 
bidder, in order to deter the poor from 


Measures 
adopted to 
prevent it. 


_ wanting relief: but parishes and parish-ofh- 


cers have not as yet been aware that, in 


every instance, in which a poor family is 


driven by distress and depression of circum- 
stances to take refuge in a workhouse, an 
incumbrance has been entailed on the funds 


of the parish, never to be redeemed, even in 
| B 2 


4 PREFATORY INTRODUCTION. 

part, except by a change of system ;—by 
encouraging that industry and prudence, 
which no Act of Parliament can compel; and 
by assisting them with increased means and 
advantages of life, calculated to enable them 
to support themselves and their families in 
their own cottages, without parochial relief. 


The poor, in some parts of England, have 


-Bllkids vis: been deprived of many of their 


duced upon resources ;* and have been re- 
the poor. : . | 
XY duced, as their sole subsistence, 


to the purchase of daily bread with the daily 
stipend of their labour. This has gradually 
deprived them of forecast, and of every ef- 
fort that looks to futurity; and has left them 
to proceed in a spiritless continuation of 


* Whoever travels through the midland counties, 
and will take the trouble of inquiring, will generally 
receive for answer, that formerly there were a great 
«© many cottagers who kept cows, but that the land is 
now thrown to the farmers; and if he inquires still 
« further, he will find that, in those parishes, the poor's- 
rates have increased in an amazing degree.”—The 
Earl of Winchilsea on the advantages of cottagers rent- 
ing land. Sce No. 17. of the Society's Reports. 


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PREFATORY INTRODUCTION. 5 


daily labour, until sickness, misfortune, or 
increase of family, drives them into the 
workhouse; there to remain the life pension- 
ers of the public, and to leave their widows 
the nurses and drudges of the house, and 
their children to acquire idle and unprinci- 
pled habits, among the dregs of the parish. 


The land owner should be aware that this 


is waste committed upon his es- 
Injury to the 


tate, in the most destructive and landed inte- 
TEST. 


irreparable way. It is not the 


pulling down of an unnecessary hovel, the 


premature repetition of a crop of wheat 
corn, or the ploughing up a slip of pasture 


ground (the usual trivial objects of impeach- 


ment of waste) that is the —_ of consi- 
deration; but it is the relaxation of the nerve 
of the country, the destruction of the power 


of cultivating the land, the conversion of 


the strength and energy of a people into 
weakness ang debility, and the exchange 
of the means of wealth and prosperity 
for sources of enormous and increasing 


| expence. 


«4 


6 PREFATORY INTRODUCTION. 


It is an essential part of political wisdom 
Probable to givescope and increase to the 
effects of en- energy of individuals, by af- 
n fording to all the opportunity 
and hope of advancement in life. Where 
character, conduct, industry, and attention, 
receive their assured reward, candidates will 
not be wanting; and the example of a few 
will be reflected in the virtues of the many. 
If the child, in proportion to diligence and 
good conduct, be better fed, better clothed, 
more favoured, and have that pittance of 
reward laid up in store, which in their nar- 
row scale of life constitutes wealth, the 
number of industrious and well behaved 
children will increase :—if the young man 
finds that, by reserving out of his wages a 
little fund of wealth against his marriage,* 


* One of my earliest pleasures, in part of my youth 
spent in America, was to view the eagerness with 
which the young labourer laid up the greatest part of 
his earnings, confident that when he married and settled 
in life, it would secure him the property of a comfort- 
able house and a little land, and assist with his daily 
labour in the support of his family. The advanced state 


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PREFATORY INTRODUCTION. 7 


he can convert these early savings into the 


means of increased produce and comfort 
during life, and become the possessor of a 
cow, a garden, and his own cottage, he will 
acquire early habits of prudence and econo- 
my, and will enter into life with a better 


and more principled system of conduct :— 


and if the cottager who exerts himself in 
bringing up and placing out his ſamily, is 
encouraged and assisted in his honest en- 
deavours ; and, in case of any untoward 
and unfortunate interruption of his plan of 
economy, receives timely relief, and is pre- 
served from the apprehension of a work- 
house, the thrift and the success of a few 


of society may prevent the whole of this example from 
being imitable in England: this however, I trust, will 
not be questioned; that if young labouring men in Eng- 
land could be induced to lay up a little provision against 
marriage, to purchase a cow, and a leasehold interest in 
a cottage and a little pittance of ground, our youth 
would be more virtuous and industrious, the cottager 
and his family more happy and contented; the prospe- 
rity of the country would be increased, and the poor's- 
rate diminished. | 


8 PREFATORY INTRODUCTION. 


will produce many imitators ; and the pros- 
pect of improved circumstances will awaken 


the energy of the poor,* in every part of the 
kingdom. 


Many and various would be the advan- 
Additional tages, of giving to the poor a 
e pleasing and beneficial em ploy- 

ment for their leisure hours, 
and affording them the means of productive 
husbandry at home, and within their own 
cottage and ground ;—of supplying them 
to more advantage with the necessaries of 
life, and of relieving them from the burthen 
of their children, by placing them in a 
course of industry and occupation. Where 
measures of this kind can be brought to 
produce any effect at all on millions, the 
benefit must be of very great magnitude. 
We may calculate the number of little 


* I use the word “ poor” as a general and known 
term, and not as the subject of any odious or invidious 


distinction. There is no disgrace attached either to po- 


verty or wealth, whatever there is, and I trust ever will 


be, to vice and idleness, 


9 


tant a subject, zealand attention, 


PREFATORY INTRODUCTION. 9 


hands hitherto idle, and now by a proper 
system of employment to be brought into 


action; we may estimate, in part, the benefit 


of so numerous a class of men being pro- 
tected from petty extortion and imposition, 
and being fairly and honestly supplied with 
the necessaries of life; and we may reckon 
up, by long arithmetical deduction, the 
number of acres which might be advan- 
tageously cultivated, and the myriads of 
hours which would be added to the amount 
of national labour, if every cottager was per- 
mitted and encouraged to improve the slips 
of waste land, which still remain in every 
part of the country, a discredit to the Eng- 
lish nation :—but it is not within the com- 
pass of political arithmetic, to calculate the 
increase of prosperity and Security, which 
we might derive from the general introduc- 
tion of such a system. 


It is the endeavour of the xoclety (and 


whatever deficiency there may 3 
1e object 
be, we trust, that on so impor- > the Society 


tated, 


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10 PREFATORY INTRODUCTION. 


at least, will not be wanting) to search for 
and disseminate useful and practical know- 
ledge with regard to the poor ; to co-operate 
in every plan that tends to increase their 
economy and domestic comfort; to hold up 
the industrious and thriving cottager as an 
example of imitation ; and to promote his 
good habits, his industry, his welfare, and 
his happiness. At the same time, we are not 


unmindful of the danger of diminishing the 


inducements to exertion, by theoretical 
philanthropy, or by injudicious or misap- 
plied liberality ; which may habituate the 


mind to a reliance on regular and periodical 


assistance, and (making exertion and fore- 


sight of less moment) deprive the poor of 
that best and most honourable relief, which 
can only be derived from themselves. It is 
of the utmost consequence that charity be 


directed to her true end; that of elevating 
and benefiting the object of her attention, 
instead of rendering it helpless and without 
resource; and that she should operate by 
increasing the energy, the virtue, and the 


hopes of the poor; so as to attach them to 


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PREFATORY INTRODUCTION, 11 


5 their situation in life, and to give stability 
7 and principle to the moral and religious 
© character of $0 large and so valuable a part 
olf the community. 


Impressed with this idea, the society 
has proposed that the princi- 1 
ple, which has directed the re- made of the 

; desire of bet- 
searches of the present age, in teringour con- 
natural philosophy, in agricul- 5 
ture, in medicine, in every art and science in 
which the limits of human knowledge have 
been successfully extended, - that this prin- 
ciple should be adopted in the concerns of 
the poor; and actual existing facts be made 
the means of practical and systematic in- 
vestigation, into what has really augmented 
their virtue and happiness, and has been 
sanctioned by use and experience. After a 
variety of inefficacious attempts, during 
more than two centuries, fo enforce indus- 

try and prudence by penal laws and com- 
pulsory statutes, the society has ventured 
to submit to the consideration of the 


12 PREFATORY INTRODUCTION. 


public,“ whether the same object may not be 
attained by encouragement, by kindness, by 
management, —and by giving effect to that 
master-spring of action, * the desire im- 
* planted in the human breast of bettering 
« its condition.“ The influence of this in- 
vigorat ing spirit on commerce, on manufac- 
tures, and on agriculture, has been felt and 
acknowledged with pride and pleasure by 
every Englishman : and there can remain 


no doubt but that the same principle, which 


has produced such beneficial effects among 
the thriving and active members of the 
other classes of society, would, if properly 
encouraged, generate among the poor of 
the same nation, that degree of industry 

and prudence, which we have in vain en- 

deavoured to produce by compulsion. Fa 


J am very far from meaning to suggest 
Caution upon this subject, that nothing 
against eX- js at present done, or that all is 


pecting com- , 
plete suecess. practicable. Much, I am con- 


* See the preliminary address to the first volume of 
the society's reports, 


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PREFATORY INTRODUCTION. 13 


| vinced, has been recently done; and with 
4 such effect in exciting industry, as affords 
; incontrovertible evidence of its utility.— 
All, IJ am satisfied, cannot be completely 
effected; but that, until the corruption of 
dur nature is done away, there will ever be 
- unhappy persons of every rank and order, 
and in every class of society, suffering un- 


der the consequences of an erroneous course 
of life, and placed as landmarks to direct 
the conduct of others. In fact, in this, and 
in every important undertaking, there is 
danger from the expectation of too great, 


or of too rapid a progress. He, who ad- 


vances gently and gradually, and with cau- 
tion, may have the hope of proceeding surely 
and successfully; and if, in a work interest - 
ing to millions, only part of the object be 
attained, and every ill consequence avoided, 
the labour of the individuals employed will 
be well applied. 

It is not at all essential to my purpose, that 
I should write a panegyric on the virtues 
of the poor. The contagion of bad example 


- 


| 14 PREFATORY INTRODUCTION. 1 


| is generally caught by the lower from the | m 
| higher orders; and Isee nothing m 
2 faults of very exemplary in our own  « 

| e poor arise : 
E from a dis- conduct, to induce me to doubt « 
| nm" AER but that the poor are as good, 
| 8 and as prudent, and as indus- 0 
trious, as we should have been in the same 
circumstances, and under the same disad-. « 
| voantages. If this be conceded, the vices « 
i 0 and faults of the poor must be deemed the * 
| ' vices and faults of an unfayourable situ-  « 
ation, rather than of individual delinquency: : 
remove those disadvantages, and you add 
as much to moral character as to personal 

comfort. — : 


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In the reports of the society, the rich and 
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Use to which | . © 
the reports Of experiment, methods of pro- 
Ry . cedure, and accounts of ex- 
pence. In the various details 
they will meet with something or other, to 
put in action every valuable principle of the, 
human mind. They will only have to em- 
ploy their discretion, in proportioning the  - 


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PREFATORY INTRODUCTION. 


15 


mode and extent of their operations to their 


means and circumstances. Many bene- 
« yolent minds (says an eminent Prelate) 
« guffer their excellent dispositions for doing 
„good to remain unemployed in the great 
« gervice of christian charity, not for want of 
means, or of objects, but for want of know- 
« ing what good may be done within their 
«© own sphere, and hore.” —To remove this 
difficulty, to supply the public with details on 

every subject respecting the poor, to suggest 
the modeofactiveand useful charity, which in 
its effects shall not contribute to the increase 
of idleness and vice, - these are, and I trust 
will continue to be, theobjects of the society. 


Upon the. proposed subjects of inquiry 
some information has been EP Ts 
already collected; and the so- 8 
ciety is much gratified to find EO Tot 


* 'The Bishop of Durham, in his visitation charge in 
1797; of which it may be truly said, that it contains an 
exemplification of his own definition of genuine Chris- 
tianity ;—THE UNION OF PURE DEVOTION WITH 
UNIVERSAL BENEVOLENCE. | 

| + It may not be improper to repeat in this place, 


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16 PREFATORY INTRODUCTION. 


that it is producing immediate and bene- 
ficial effects, not only in this, but in a 


neighbouring kingdom. As to parisb re- 


lie, the fact is now pretty well ascertained, 


that the best and most economical application 


of the parochial funds, is that which tends 
to assist and encourage industry ꝙ and good 

management among the poor, in their own 
cottages, in the care and conduct of their 
own families, and in placing out their chil- 


dren I at an early age in a course of em- 


ploy ment; and that in those parishes, where 


that we do not presume that every statement in our 
reports is perfectly and minutely correct. The public, 
however, may be assured, that, so far from any thing 
being intentionally misrepresented, no pains have been 


spared to ascertain the truth and correctness of every 


thing contained in these reports, and to make them de- 


serving of general attention and confidence. 
* See the account of the proceedings of the acting 
Governors of the House of Industry in Dublin: page 


14; and also page 5 of the Appendix. 


+ See the society's reports, No. 7, and 27; and the 


charge to overseers of the poor, No. 4 in the Appendix. 


1 In Report No. 20 the reader will see how small is 
the expence, at which children may be apprenticed, or 
placed out in service. 


PREFATORY INTRODUCTION. 17 


the cottager has been supplied with a good 


cottage and garden, and the means of keep- 


ing his cow at a fair and moderate rent, the 
labourers are the steadiest and most orderly 
men, the poor's-rate* is greatly reduced, and 
the value of landed estates much improved. 


With regard to protecting the poor from 
imposition in the purchase of 400 ppiy of 
the necessary articles of life, it food, &c. at 

| 5 : prime cost 

appears that, with very little 

cost or trouble, great assistance may be given 
to them ; and that more may be done for 
their real benefit in this respect, at a very 
trivial expence, than by millions, either 
added to our poor's-rates, or dispensed in 
the present system of pecuniary charity :— 
that, in many parts of England, a weekly 
sale of coals in small quantities at prime 
cost, is a relief to the distress, and a pre- 
servative to the morals, of the poor; and 
that a supply of corn, potatoes, milk, 
cheese, bacon, and other necessary articles 

See Report, No. 17: see also No. 1. 

See Report, No, g. 

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18 PREFATORY. INTRODUCTION. 


of food, to. the labourer, at the wholesale 
price, whether by the farmer for whom he 
works, or from a village sbop set up by the 
land proprietor, produces a very great sav- 
ing to the labourer, encourages him in 
habits of thrift and economy, and attaches 
him to his situation in life. 


The poor have, in general, benefited by 

the means offered to them much 
As to village ; 
Kitchens and more rapidly and effectually, 
soup shops. 3 5 

258 than their most sanguine friends 
could have expected. All the prejudice 
against goups and novel cookery, has vanish- 
ed, wherever the experiment + has been 
fairly made. Upon this subject, and that of 


village kitchens, a variety of information is 


Submitted to the reader, respecting the 


village dinners prepared for children and 


others at Oakham I and Epping ; and the 
* See the Reports, No. 2, 23 and 34. | 
+ See the Reports, No. 10, 18, 28, 30, 33, and 39: 


see also No. 25, and a note at the end of No. 23, shew- 


ing the great benefit of rice to a cottager ; especially 


where he can get skim-milk. 


See the Reports, No. 4, and No. 33. 


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PREFATORY INTRODUCTION. 19 


Several charities recently established, for 
supplying the poor with soups and other 
different articles of food, in villages,—in 


London,—at country mansions,—and in 


manufacturing towns. It is no small re- 
commendation of these charities, that they 
tend to shew the poor their real interest, 
and to instruct them in preparing for them- 
selves a more nourishing and more econo- 
mical diet, than what they at present pos- 
sess. They also give a fourfold effect to 
the operation of charity. In villages, they 
send comfortable and necessary relief into 
the houses of many aged and forlorn per- 
sons. In London, they supply food to a 


variety of those objects, which the circum- 


Stances of such a city, the corruption of 
human nature, and the vicissitude of things, 
too abundantly produce in a great metro- 
polis. In country mansions,* at a very 
trifling expence, they extend relief to a 
and draw blessings 


See 2d note to Report, No. 18. 


C 2 


X. 


20 PREFATORY INTRODUCTION. 


ficial among manufactories ; in which the 
contests of nations, the mutability of fashion, 


and the ebb and flow of prosperity, do per- 


petually produce objects of distress, beyond 


any power of adequate parochial relief. 


The value of these charities can only be ap- 
preciated by those who have attended the 
conduct of them. During the preceding 
winter above five thousand manufacturers 
in London, and almost as many more at 
Birmingham, distressed by the pressure of 
the times, hjave gratefully received from 

these soup-shops, their daily supply of food“ 
for themselves and their families, at a fourth 
of what it must otherwise have cost them: 
and have been thereby preserved from want 
and despair. io 


It has been too clearly proved, that by the 

As to paris 

mills. into mills for manufactories, 

and by other circumstances, the cottager 
has been subjected to a grievous monopoly 

in respect of bread, which is now become 


See Reports, No. 30, and No. 39. 


n conversion of many corn mills 


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PREFATORY INTRODUCTION. 21 


his prime necessary of life. The injury 
to the poor by this alone (if we may esti- 
mate from the * facts which have come 
before us) is nearly equal to two-thirds of 
all the poor's-rates collected in England, 
and considerably exceeds A MILLION a year. 
There is no doubt but the establishment of 
parochial + mills, throughout the kingdom, 
would at once correct this monstrous and 
abominable evil, without any loss of income 


| to the proprietors of the mills; which will 


afford five per cent. on the expenditure, and 
leave an annual surplus for charity to dis- 
tribute, in the encouragement and support 
of the industrious poor. 


Of friendly societies the benefit is well 
known; and it is enough to 3, 10 e y 
state, what general experience Societies. _ 
gives testimony to, and what is confirmed by 
all the information which has been laid 
before the society, | that their effects, when 
legally and properly established, are sure 


* See Report, No. 34. + See Report, No. 8. 


＋ See Report, No. 1, and also No, 36. 


J 


22 PREFATORY INTRODUCTION. 


and unvaried in promoting industry, econo- 


my, philanthropy, and every virtue, among 


the poor. 


As to cottages, with exception of some 
favoured districts, it is too ob- 
As to cottages. | aq 
both in number and condition ;* the inha- 
bitants suffering in health and cleanliness, 
for want of that accommodation, which in 
this climate is necessary to life and well- 
being. It is due to the cottager, to our- 
selves, and to the general appearance of the 
country, that neatness and comfort in these 
habitations (by timely repairs, and by the 
very trivial expence of frequent white- 
washing +) should be allowed to have their 


* See No. 2. and 3. of the Appendix to the first vo- 
lume. 
* + In addition to tha observations on whitewashing 


poorhouses and cottages, in the Report No. 15. I men- 


tion, on the suggestion of my friend Count Rumford, 
the whitewashing with quzck lime, and frequently, the 


floors as well as. the sides and ceilings of rooms. "This, 


with a degree of expence too trivial to be any object of 


consideration, will keep the floors much longer clean, 


vious that they are deficient 


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full effect in inducing habits of cleanliness, 
and, in the consequence, of regularity and 
morality in the possessors. 


PREFATORY INTRODUCTION. 


Of parish workbouses it is not too much 
to say that, however well ma- A, to parich 
naged, yet if they are made the weben, 
common receptacle of all who apply for re- 
lief, they will, in their general effect, be the 


cause of injustice* and unkindness to many 


individuals, and of prejudice and injury to 
the parish. If none were placed there but 
the aged and infirm, who have no domestic 
retreat to recur to,—none, who could. do 
better out of them, (the disabled cottager 
receiving relief in his cottage, the sturdy 
idler being subjected to legal correction, 
and the child finding an asylum in a parish 


school ) the poor who, for want of domes- 


tic connection and the means of sustenance, 


and will be a complete preventative against vermin. The 
lime should be mixed with boiling water, and applied 
quite hot.—See Report, No. 13, as to the use of _ 
lime in fever wards. 


See 1 No. 3. f See Reports, No. 35 and 37- 


—— — —— — — — ——— — — 


24 PREFATORY INTRODUCTION. 


are compelled to take refuge in a poorhouse, 
would find it a decent and well regulated * 


asylum; while the cottager would preserve 


his little establishment at home, and not be 
compelled by temporary + distress, to be a 
permanent burthen to his parish ; the idle 
and thesturdy would receive merited punish- 
ment; the parish- child would be boarded and 
instructed at less expence by some cottager's 
widow, from whose care he would go, at an 
earlier age, and with more character and 
principle, into service. 


There are several other subjects of in- 
As to county duiry, upon which I must re- 
Jails. fer the reader to the Reports 


The detail of Boldre Workhouse (No. 32.), and of 


the Industry School at Lewisham (No. 29.), will leave 
no doubt on the reader's mind, that much may be done, 
and without difficulty, in the reduction of parish rates, 
and in the increase of the comfort, and of the moral and 
religious habits, of the poor. 

How much may be done for the poor, in prevention 
of temporary distress by sickness, and with how little 
trouble or expence, the reader will find a detail in the 


Reports, No. 13 and 38. 


tie 


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5 
34 
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1 
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4 


* 


PREFATORY NF IRS I TEEN 25 


: themselves. On one only I shall trouble him 


with any further remarks; and that is 


upon county jails and houses of correc- 


tion. The plan that has been successfully 


adopted at Dorchester, and in a very few 
other instances, that of encouragement 
and inducement to work, by a liberal share 


ol earnings, and by a distinction of food and 
treatment between the idle and the indus- 
trious, and between the profligate and the 


well disposed; the plan of sending them 


forth from the prison with character, and 
the means and habits of industry and live- 
lihood, is fully developed in the account“ 
of the Dorchester jail and house of cor- 


© rection. The detail of the effects produced 


there, is confirmed by experience in every 


other instance, to which it has been pro- 
9 perly applied. It is congenial to the nature 
of man, and to our own feelings. Let us 
5 not then despair, but that the example will 
be speedily followed in other counties, for 
the benefit of the inhabitants, and for the 
reform and restoration of many wretched 


* See Report, No. 5. 


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26 PREFATORY INTRODUCTION. 


and hopeless prisoners, now suffering under 


the servitude of vicious habits, without the 
means or prospect of release. 


In almost every establishment for the em- 
ployment and benefit of the 
poor, the finding and keeping 
for them regular and proper 
work and occupation, is one of the great- 
est embarrassments.“ This, more than any 
other cause, has checked the exertions of 
those, who have been at times very anxious 
to promote the welfare of their poor neigh- 
bours. But, before they give up their labour 
of love, I entreat them to reflect, that, if the 
obtaining for a few necessitous families, who 


Of finding em- 
ployment for 
the poor. 


dwell near them, a regular supply of useful 
occupation, is difficult for the rich, and for 
those who possess talents, and leisure, and 


influence, what must be the nature of the 
difficulties which will attend the industrious 


In the account of the school at Bamburgh (No. 37.) 
the reader will find some useful information with regard 
to the mode of supplying work for country schools. 


1der _ 


the 


N |  PREFATORY INTRODUCTION. 27 


efforts of the poor, the helpless, the igno- 


rant, and the uninstructed. 
posed upon, and placed in a situation of 
embarrassment, 
I 'of industry for them, what must be their 
distress and confusion, in the same attempt. 


If we are im- 


when we seek the means 


urely this consideration should rouze us 
to overcome, by activity and perseverance, 
that which to them may be insurmountable; 


and to provide chose means of industry and 
thrift, which, in the present state of this 


country, it is impossible for many of the 


: poor to obtain for themselves. 


1 by those, who are not aware 
that, while each does his duty 
in his station, each is, reciprocally, a sup- 
5 port and a blessing to the other. All are 
parts of one harmonious whole; 
pl part contributing to the general mass of 
9 happiness, if man would but endeavour to 


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The question whether the rich support 


the poor, or the poor the rich, 
has been frequently agitated 


General ques- 
tion between 
the rich and 

the poor. 


every 


repay his debt of gratitude to his Creator ; 


28 PREFATORY INTRODUCTION. 


and, by a willing habit of usefulness, to 9 
promote the happiness of himself and of his be 
fellow-creatures. In this way the higher Fox 
classes of society may, by superiority of an 
power and education, do more service to 45 
the other parts of the community, than o 
what they receive; the welfare of the poor 1 
being then, in truth, more promoted and wy 
assured by the gradations of wealth and 4 
rank, than it ever could have been by a 90 
perfect equality of condition; even if that 4 * 
equality had not been in its nature chime- © 1 
rical and impracticable ; or (if practicable) i. 
had not been hostile and fatal to the indus- = vy 
try and energy of mankind. —Rank, power, 
wealth, influence, constitute no exemption ET; 
from activity or attention to duty; but lay 0 
a weight of real accumulated“ responsibility 
on the possessor.— If the poor are idle and 
* Is heaven tremendous in its frowns ? most sure: | | 
And, in its favours, formidable too. : = 1 


Its favours here are trials, not rewards ; 
A call to duty, — no discharge from care; 
And should alarm us full as much as woes. 


YOUNG. 


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PREFATORY INTRODUCTION. 29 


vicious, they are reduced to subsist on the 


benevolence of the rich: and if the rich (I 


except those to whom health and ability, 
and not the will is wanting) are selfisb, in- 
dolent, and NEGLECTFUL OF THE CONDITIONS | 


ON WHICH THEY HOLD SUPERIORITY OF RANK 


* AND FORTUNE, they sink into a situation 
worse than thi of being gratuitously main- 


tained by the poor. They become PauPrtRs 


of an elevated and distinguisbed class; in no 


4 way personally contributing to the general 


stock, but subsisting upon the labour of the 


industrious cottager; - and whenever Pro- 


vidence thinks fit to remove such a charac- 
ter, whether in hig or in low life, whether 


rich or poor, the community is relieved from 


an useless burthen. 


If there should be among my readers, 
any one whose views are di- 
rected to himself only, I could Motives for 

; : 1 » Co-operation, 
easily satisfy him, that his 
means of self-indulgence would be increas- 
ed, his repose would be more tranquil, his 


\ waking hours less languid, his estate im- 


390 PREFATORY INTRODUCTION. 


proved, its advantages augmented, and the 
enjoyment permanently secured, by his ac- 


tivity in the melioration of the condition, 


the morals, the religion, and the attach- 

ment, of a numerous and very useful part of 
his fellow-subjects. To the patriot, who 
wishes to deserve well of his country, I 
could prove that, from the increase of the 
resources and virtues of the poor, the king- 


dom would derive prosperity, the different 


classes of society, union and the constitu- 


tion, stability. To the rich, who have lei- 


sure, and have unsuccessfully attempted to 
fill up their time with other objects, I could 
offer a permanent source of amusement ;— 
that of encouraging the virtues and industry 
of the poor, with whom by property, resi- 
dence, or occupation, they are connected; 
that of adorning the skirts of their parks 
and paddocks, of their farms and commons, 


with picturesque and habitable cottages, 


and fruitful gardens; so as to increase every 
— -. "W o 
Englishman's affection for an island replete 


with beauty and happiness ;—that of assist- 


ing the poor in the means of life, and in 


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PREFATORY INTRODUCTION. 31 


the placing out their children in the world; 80 


AC — 


on, 


ch- 


as to attach them by an indissoluble tie, 


and by a common interest, to their country, 
not only as the sanctuary of liberty, but as 
an asylum, where happiness and domestic 
, comforts are diffused, with a liberal and 
equal hand, through every class of society. 


Mr 
|; THOMAS BERNARD. 


2d Nov. 1798. 


— * - = 
a oo — 2 
- Pp — T_T — — - > 
222 p . 8 fab < — 
— — —_ * pa — r 7 I rr 
— — — —— — 2 — —_———— neem, — 


No. XL. 


Extract from an account of the management 


of the poor at Hamburgh. By the Bisnwoy 
oF DURHAM. | 


Ix the beginning of the year 1788, an in- 


Stitution was formed for the poor at Ham- 
burgh. Of 110,000* inhabitants in Ham- 
burgh there were above 7000 distressed 
persons in want of regular relief, besides 


* This account is extracted from an excellent publi- 


cation on the subject by Mr. Voght, published in 1796, 
by Kay, No 332, Strand; and from the twenty-third 


report of the directors, published in German at Ham- 


 burgh in January, 1798. The first is earnestly recom- 


mended to the attention of those, who interest themselves 


in the welfare of the poor : the latter, it is hoped, the 


society will be able to get translated, and published for the 
perusal of the English reader. 


7 
9 
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MANAGEMENT, &c. 33 


an average of 2500 in the hospitals. — There 
were peculiar circumstances attending this 


great and commercial city, which contri- 
buted to increase the number of poor, re- 


quiring assistance; severe winters, heavy 


taxes on the necessaries of life, fluctuation of 
trade, the attraction of the poor from neigh- 
bouring countries in expectation of employ- 
ment; and a preat number of female ser- 


vants at very low wages, of whom many 


must necessarily remain unprovided for, 


when age or sickness should unfit them for 


active service. 


As soon as the outline of the plan was 


agreed upon, an arrangement was formed, 
that such revenues as till then had been 
exbpended in alms by the several churchwar- 
dens, and those the administration whereof 
had been connected with the workhouse, 
Should be united under one administration 
with the monies to be collected from private 
benevolence. The most respectable inha- 
bitants went round personally to collect 


VOL. 11. N 


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34 MANAGEMENT OF THE POOR 


subscriptions; and the town was divided 
into 60 districts, each being. allotted to the 
care of g overseers; and the whole being 
under the direction of a board, or committee 
of 15 directors, elected from among the 
overseers. - 


The general object was to provide com- 
fort and subsistence for the aged, and for 
those afflicted with incurable disease, or 
labouring under temporary sickness ; to 
Supply the means of occupation for those 


who could work ; and, by giving education 
and employment to children, to afford the 


most beneficial relief to those burthened 
with large families. 


For the reception of the aged, a public 


building, or asylum, was provided ; but in 


cases where they had friends, who would 


receive them, they were allowed as much 


as their expence in the asylum would have 


amounted to. For the sick, and particu- 
larly for women at a period when they have 


0d 


| Cc. 


ded 
the 
ing 
ttee 
the 


dical assistance was provided. 


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AT HAMBURGH. 35 


the greatest need of charitable relief, me- 


For the 


different districts in the town there were 
appointed 5 physicians, 5 surgeons, and 5 
ö mid wives, who upon notice were to attend 
2 the lodging of the patient, if not capable of 
going abroad. Food and medicine were im- 
mediately supplied, with so much attention 


and economy, that, in the course of the 
three first years, 12969 poor persons had 


been attended in sickness, whose cure (in- 
; cluding broth and an occasional supply of 
other food) had not cost more, upon an ave- 
rage, than gs. 6d. each. 


For a provision for the children of the 


poor, where, from the vice or the decease of 
a parent, no suitable home remained for the 
child, they boarded them in the houses of the 
better sort of poor. In other cases they al- 
lowed the mother * a weekly sum for the 


* Mr. Voght's observations on the removal of chil. 


ö aren from their parents are feeling, and judicious.— 
We were averse (says he) to place the children in a 


D 2 


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36 MANAGEMENT OF THE PGOR 


younger children. T hey also prepared a 


warm room in every parish, and bread, milk, 


and potatoes in plenty; so that parents, who 
went out to work, might leave their young 
children there during the day, and thus pre- 


vent any obstacle to their own industry, or to 
that of their elder children. At the same time 


they came to a determination © that no 


family should be allowed any relief for any 


child above six years of age; but that such 


general hospital, and the poor mothers would have 


„been still more so. — May all the favourers of those 


houses, such as they are, seriously reflect whether the 


« advantages they offer, can compensate for the edu- 
cation of the heart, which nature yields in those huts 
« of poverty, where both parties become so necessary to 


each other; and where heroic exertions of parental and 


« filial piety are not seldom become habitual. Would 


« the humane and philosophical observer look through 
« the rags of pale misery; calculate the $acrifices daily 
«© made there in many families, and amongst neighbours; 
« and enjoy the rapture with which a mother embraces 
her son, whom she sees eagerly devour the crumb of 
« bread that she had refused to her own wants,—the an- 
„ nals of the poor might reconcile him to human nature, 
© when disgusted with the list of crimes which blacken 
« the page of history.“ | 


Ave 


LOSE 


the 
du- 
wts 
y to 


and 


uld 


ugh 
aily 
urs; 
aces 


b of 


an- 


ure, 


cken 


occupation as well as instruction: 
cond, evening schools for the education of 
children who worked with their parents dur- 
ing the day; — the third were Sunday schools, 
which continued alike open to all, as well 
to those who had gone into service in Ham- 


18 
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Ws 
LIN 
91 
+ * 
1 
* 


AT HAMBURGH. 37 


0 child, being sent to school“ should receive 


« not only pay ment for its work, but also 
« an allowance in the compound ratio of 
« attendance at school, good behaviour, and 


application to work.“ For the instruction 
of the children, three sorts of schools were 
opened : the first for those who had no 


other employment; these were schools of 


the se- 


burgh, as to children on the school list. 
The average number in these schools were 


600; the expence of them about G. 700 4 
Pear. 


It should be observed that this was in a foton, where 


children can attend school conveniently. In the country 


(I speak from observation) great prejudice, both to the 


health and to the morals of children, attends their being 


Sent to and returning from a distant school, or manu- 


2 factory, at early and late hours, and in all variety of 
weather and season. 


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38 MANAGEMENT OF THE POOR 


The most difficult part of the under- 
taking still remained: that of procuring 
regular and suitable employment for those 
who could work; and of ascertaihing who 
were, and who were not able. A resolution 


was adopted, not to permit any man to 
receive a shilling, which he would have 


been able to have earned for himself; and 


dat the same time to reduce the support of 


those, who required relief, below the scale 
„of what any industrious man or wo— 
man, in such circumstances, could earn.“ 
Printed queries were sent to the poor, the 


answers to which were written on the blank 


column of the page, verified by the evidence 


of their neighbburs, and by the personal at- 


tendance of the overseer, or (where the state 


of health was in question) of the physician. 


Many of the queries were calculated to 
ascertain the average earning of each mem- 
ber of the family: but in this respect the 
truth was, for some time, very difficult to 


be obtained ; it being the interest of the 
party, to make his "PNG for work appear | 


less than it really was. 


ler- 
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OSE 


who 


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Dear 


AT HAMBURGH. 39 


A manufactory for spinning flax existed 
at that time in Hamburgh. The proprietor _ 
gave it up to the institution, together with 
the stock, the teachers, and the experience of 
several years. As the poor who wanted relief, 


were chiefly women and children, this was 


adopted as their general work. The clean 
flax was sold to the women at a certain and 
low price; and the yarn, which they spun 
purchased of them, at (. go per cent. above 
the usual rate. To whatever fineness the 
yarn was spun the whole profit was received 
by the poor. Every poor woman brought 
with her work a book, in which the pieces 
delivered in by her were noted; so that she 
thereby received a certificate of industry, 
and the institution had a regular account 
always before them of the employment of the 
poor. In the mean time, the men and larger 
boys (who were not the numerous or ne- 
cessitous part of the poor) were employed 
in mending the roads, cleaning the streets, 
| making rope yarn, and other labour, at a 
; certain allowance per day. 


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40 MANAGEMENT OF THE POOR | 


After these general preparations were 
made, the committee conceived that they 
could now offer relief to all sorts of poor ; 
as they had the means of enforcing the only 
condition required ; that of their contribut- 
ing towards their own support, the degree 
of exertion which they were capable of. 
The overseers therefore went through the 
streets, and made inquiries if any inhabi- 
tants were in need of relief. Those who 
applied, if capable of work, were supplied 
with employment ; if prevented by want of 
skill, they were admitted into a school 
opened for that purpose; and in the course 
of three months were taught to spin; being 
allowed for the first week a gratuity of two 
shillings, every week after two pence less; 
and, in the twelfth week, dismissed with the 


donation of a pound of flax, and a spinning 
wheel. 


The quantity of work, which the disabled 
poor were capable of, was easily and ac- 
curately ascertained by a week's trial at the 
spinning school. The result was produced 


AT HAMBURGH, 41 


weekly before a sub- committee; and the 


sum that each poor person could earn, was 


entered in a book; from that time they were 
paid weekly, what their earnings fell short 
of 1s. 6d. a week, * whenever it appeared 


by their book, that they had earned to the 


known extent of their abilities. 


In the proportion of two shillings a week, 
an allowance was made for their lodging. 


But as this is paid every six months, and 


the pauper's allowance is weekly, it was 


thought proper (except in cases where the 
lodging was otherwise provided for) to re- 


tain four pence a week, for the purpose of 
paying the landlord's rent; thereby keep- 


ing the poor out of debt, and giving them 
a more comfortable habitation, than what 
otherwise they could have expected. 


Clothing and bedding were at first much 


wanted; but in order to prevent their being 
pawned or sold, it was thought proper to 


* It should be observed that the means of subsistence 


are much cheaper at Hamburgh than in London. 


N 1 W — — 2 — 1 - 
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2 . = n A — > - — A; K* — p : 
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— — . — e — * _ 8 " > 1 Ihe? — — 8 . 8 a - — = — 
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3 


42 MANAGEMENT OF THE POOR 


mark them as the property of the institu- 
tion, which the pauper was to keep while 
he behaved well. The committee purchased 
the materials by wholesale, and employed 
some of the poor in making them up. They 
were delivered to the pauper on the recom- 
mendation of the overseer, countersigned 
by the director of the district; or to chil- 
dren, upon the recommendation of the sub- 
committee of the schools. 


A complete list of the poor being at length 
obtained, public notice was given, in the 
month of October, 1788, that no deserving 
poor person could, or would, in future, re- 
main unnoticed. Instructions were very 
generally distributed among the poor, as to 
the mode of obtaining relief; and the pub- 
lic was intreated to inform the committee, 
if any pauper had not been duly attended 
to. No such case has hitherto occurred. 


It was established as a general rule, that 
three years residence in Hamburgh should 
entitle the party to relief; allowance being 


1895 
- * 
Sie 
Wo 
3 

PR ad 

EY 
75 
00 

1 

* 

Jen 
* 
1 J 
3.45 
PL 

— 
7 


2 


AT HAMBURGH. 43 


also made for accidents, illness, or child- 


bed; which, in all cases, were held to be 


proper objects of charity. A place of re- 
ception was opened for foreign poor, where 


they were taken care of for three days, and 
then discharged with the means of subsist- 
ence home. At the same time, in order to 
prevent the further influx of other poor, it 
was prohibited to receive any stranger, with- 
out informing the magistrate or overseer, 
under pain of bearing all the expence of sup- 
porting such stranger, if he should become 
an object of charity within three years. 


These general regulations have been 
strictly adhered to for ten years; except 
in the cases of poor persons being ill, when 
they have sick tickets given them, which 


exempt them from the general rules; and 


during the most severe winter weeks, when 
a regular increase of allowance is ordered 
by the committee. But no inequality of 
distribution is ever admitted, whatever may 


have been the prior situation of the party. 


Those who had formerly been in a more 


44 MANAGEMENT OF THE POOR 


respectable situation, continued to be the 
proper objects of private benevolence ; of 
which no public institution ought to super- 
sede the exertions. 


The conduct of the institution is in the 


general committee, consisting of 13 direc- 
tors. They appoint 4 sub- committees from 
among themselves; one for manufactures, 
another for the schools, a third for clothing, 
and a fourth for the police of the poor. The 
sub-committees have each their separate 
officers, and keep distinct accounts, which 


are given in every month to the treasurer 
and the board. 


Ten of the directors are selected; each 


one of them superintending six of the sixty 
districts, to receive from the overseers ac- 
counts of what is wanted in the respective 


districts for fixed support, for occasional 


relief, for accidents, and for discretionary 
assistance ; which, when certified by the 
director of the district, is sent for payment 
to the treasurer; Whose accounts are laid 


1 — 
__ 


AT HAMBURGH, 45 


; every month before the committee, and 


checked by the director's certificate. These 


n n N RS we 
THT 2 Lats, hk Bo AE An rs RE ms RR ke 
CR . A 0 


ten directors may be considered as“ the 
advocates for the institution,“ to prevent, 


in their several districts, excess of expence. 


From the inquiries made at the com- 
mencement of the institution, it appeared 


that there were more than 4000 women, 


2000 children, and 1000 men, then in Ham- 
burgh in the utmost want“ of immediate 
relief. The whole number consisted of 7391 
individuals, and composed 3909 families. 
The first clothing of so great a number of 


* The poor at Hamburgh had been habituated to live 
almost entirely on a miserable beverage, which was 
called coffee, and sold in messes, with about half a pound 
of indifferent bread. This wretched substitute for food 
they took twice a day. About two years ago the direc- 
tors introduced the use of Count Rumford's soups, with 
great benefit to the poor at Hamburgh. It has been a 
saving of g parts in 16, or rather more than half the for- 
mer expence of their food, Children in particular have 
derived great advantage in health and strength from the 
use of these soups.— The saving to the institution in 


1 
respect of fuel, by the introduction of Count Rumford's 


46 MANAGEMENT or THE POOR 

destitute persons, would have exceeded the 
powers of the institution, but for the quan- 
tity of ready-made shirts, and other appa- 


rel, which the ladies supplied with a liberal 


hand. Clothing and schools for instruction 
are now wanted only for the children. 


The purchase of spinning wheels, and of 
other instruments of employment, and the 
support of schools, where 300 grown per- 
sons were at the same time instructed in 
spinning, added to the allowance made to 
the poor for the loss of time while they were 
learning to spin, occasioned a very enor- 
mous expence at the commencement of the 
institution. But this was not of long con- 
tinuance. The schools for teaching spin- 
ning to grown persons soon became unne- 
cessary; 3354, spinning wheels had been 
given to those who had proved themselves 


boilers, is stated in the Report (which contains a great 
deal of minute and curious detail in respect of fuel as 
well as food) to have been rather more than 61 parts in 


# 1 


66; the cost of their fuel, which is very scarce at Ham- 


burgh, being at present not a tenth of what it was. 
Hamburgh Report of Jan. 1798. 


able 
spinr 
was 

the 

do n 
eigh 
time 
merl 
of a 
of t! 


cem 


sale 


1 6 


that 


a pa 


beel 


I 
tor 
SCAI 
But 
CIrC 
mis 


| tall 


bur 


AT HAMBURG. 47 


able to spin. These were employed in 
spinning, when more lucrative employment 
was not to be found. 2000 poor, who at 


the time they entered the school could 


do nothing at all, have since earned from 
eight pence to twenty pence a week, at 


times, and during hours, which were for- 


merly entirely lost to them. The average 
of all expences attending the employment 
of the poor during three years, up to De- 


cember, 1796, including the loss upon the 


sale of manufactured goods, has been only 
611. per annum; and, in the worst cases 
that have occurred, the expence of enabling 
a pauper to earn five guineas a year, has not 
been more than half a guinea. 


It will not be a small recommendation 
to many persons, that since the year 1788, 
Scarce a beggar has been seen at Hamburgh. 


But there is another much more important 


circumstance ; the decrease of sickness and 
misery among the poor. The average mor- 
tality of the medical institution at Ham- 


burgh, before 1788, had been above 1 in 10. 


48 MANAGEMENT OF THE POOR 


In the year 1789 it was greatly reduced, 
and has since by a gradual progress dimi- 
nished to less than 1 in 2c.—This and the 
extension of the schools, and of the benefit 
of the medical institution to persons not 
actually entitled to relief, has greatly dimi- 


nished, and must still have a much greater 


effect, in diminishing the list of distressed 
poor, and in increasing the number of indus- 
trious and thriving citizens at Hamburgh. 


OBSERVATIONS. 


The division of labour has not produced 
more extraordinary effects in a well con- 
ducted manufactory, than the division of 
attention in a well arranged institution. 
The giving to every acting member his pe- 
culiar and appropriate duty, not interfered 
in by any other person, as has been done 
with great effect at Hamburgh, is of the 
utmost importance in every establishment. 
Those who have attended much to the con- 
duct of charities, must have had frequent 


occasi 
best it 
power 
and c: 
sures, 
object 
tion. 
struct 
essen 
spect 
foun 
have 
cessf 


2 c 
25 ESI Lg HF, 
2 9 * Sa ere 
: 85 R Dt Yo 2 232 


AT HAMBURGH. 49 


occasion to regret, that, even among the 


best intentioned men, more time, and more 
| power, is often wasted in the counteraction 
and controversion of petty and trivial mea- 
sures, than in the furtherance of the real 
objects of the institution. This is the fric- 
tion. — the impediment of action, - the ob- 
| struction to progress,—which it is most 
essential to prevent; and it is in this re- 
spect, that the benevolent and enlightened 
founders of the institution at Hamburgh, 


have been peculiarly judicious and suc- 
cessful. In 


The maxims adopted at Hamburgh in 
the execution of their plan, are very de- 
Serving of attention :-——< That every al- 
* lowance, which supersedes the necessity 
* of working, becomes a premium to idle- 
* ness: that labour, not alms, should be 
„offered to all, who have any ability to 
** work, however small that ability may be: 
'* —that one shilling, which the poor man 


© earns, does him more real service than 


two which are given him :—that, if the 
VOL, II. „„ 


50 MANAGEMENT OF THE POOR 


“manner in which relief is given is not a 
spur to industry, it becomes in effect a 
„premium to sloth and profligacy :—and 
« that, if the mere support of a pauper 1s 


„above what any industrious person in the 


same circumstances could earn, idleness 
« will become more profitable than indus- 
« try, and beggary a better trade than the 
% workshop.” In proportion as the con- 
ductors of the institution at Hamburgh have 
rigidly adhered to these maxims, they have 
found the benefit extended and increased; 
whenever they have relaxed, the thermome- 
ter of industry has been lower, and less work 
has been done. | 


One great cause of the success of the 
institution at Hamburgh has been the pub- 


licity and regularity of the accounts. With- f 


out this all charities become jobs, the direc- 
tors grow indifferent to public approbation 
or censure, and the administration falls into 
the hands of under officers, who soon learn so 
to entangle the business, that no subsequent 
director is ever able to unravel the clue.— 


» „2 
. 
* 

* +, 
2 
* 
$2 

5 
— 
5 
FSR, 
25 
2 * 
9 
2 
* * A 
12 
$3] 
7 
ON 
. 
2.8 

v8" 4 
ay 
ny 

172 78. 
SID 
AN 
is 4 
+. 

4% 
7 
1 

9 
gt 
SIN 


AT HAMBURGH. 51 


That which has betet dene in Hamburgh, 
by the co-operation of its best and wisest 


citizens, has been effected at Munich by the 


abilities and perseverance of one indivi- 


dual.* The particulars of that establishment 


* Count Rumford, has had the satisfaction of being 


very useful to the institution at Hamburgh.—The fol- 


| lowing extract is translated from the Hamburgh Report, 


8 


3 


— * 
* ** 
4 
. 
W 
2 
2 
4 
LY 
ö — 
25 
* 
. * 
£Y*, 
* - 
2 
* 
8 
wo 
vs. 
5 5 
70 
8 11 
Ny 
. 
44% 
2 
239 
It 
Px, Me 
2. 
1 
5 
5 
* 
+ 


of January, 1798.—* The military workhouse. in Mu- 
„nich had the good fortune to remain several years 
under the immediate direction of its founder, COUNT 
© RUMFORD; better known to philosophers under his 
« former name, Sir Benjamin Thompson. He had 
« found means to derive the most important advantages 
« from the long known, and long neglected fact (of 


« which, however, every baker avails himself), that 


c meal exposed with water a certain time, in a certain 


degree of heat, attaches to itself a certain quantity of 


© the water, so firmly, that the water appears to be chan- 


« ged from a fluid to a solid state ; and will actually sup- 


«« port the heat of red hot iron without being separated 


e from the meal: he united this fact with the new che- 


„ mical discoveries, respecting the component parts of 


water; and applied the whole to the composition of 
* a kind of cheap food, of which barley is the basis ; 
*© which mixed with pease, potatoes, and some other in- 
e gredients, and boiled very sJowly, and for a long time, 


with a certain proportion of water, and then properly 


„ 


52 MANAGEMENT OF THE POOR 


are so well and so generally known, that it 
is unnecessary for me to enter into the de- 
tail of them. The institution has, in both 
instances, been wisely adapted to the cir- 
cumstances and condition of the respective 
places; at Munich with additional power, 
from the establishment being blended with 


the government of the state, and producing 


c $&easoned, and mixed with cut bread, to which may be 
cc occasionally added a small quantity of various cheap 
cc articles, which give it a variety of rich and agreeable 
ce tastes, wholesome and savoury food may be prepared 
cc at a very moderate expence.—The deputation made 
several experiments in preparing this kind of food, 
« which all succeeded; but they still found a want of 
« Count Rumford's boilers, in which the heat is so com- 
ce pletely confined, that a very small quantity of fuel is 


found to be sufficient for cooking a very large quantity 


« of food. The Count, to whom application was made 


on this occasion, very politely sent the deputation a 


« complete model of an oblong boiler, on his best prin- 
ce ciples, with its fire place, dampers, &c,; which being 
executed of the proper size, has been found to answer 
all that could be expected from it.” — No less than 
sixteen copies of this model have already been made, 
and sent from Hamburgh to different great towns and 


eities in Germany, Denmark, and Sweden. 


0 


AT HAMBURGH. 5g 


an influence on the country, of which that 


city is the capital; and from its being con- 
nected with a variety of useful, and extraor- 
dinary inventions and improvements, which 
Count Rumford has made, and is now ma? 
ing, for the benefit of mankind. 


29th Oct. 1798. 


0 


2— — —— — — 1 - 


| 
| 
| 
| 


54 ] 


No. XLI. 


Extract from an account of a cottager's family 
| at Hasketon. By JohN War, Esq. 
In the year 1779, a tenant of mine, at Has- 
keton in the county of Suffolk, died, leav- 
ing a widow and fourteen children, the 
eldest of which was a girl, under 14, years 
of age. He had held under me 14, acres of 
pasture land, in four inclosures, at a moderate 
rent of . 13. a year; and had kept two cows, 
which, with a very little furniture and cloth- 
ing, was all the property that devolved, 
upon his death, to his widow and children. 


The parish of Hasketon is within the 
district of one of the incorporated houses of 
industry ; one of the first that was erected 
in the kingdom. The rule of the house is 
to receive all proper objects within the walls, 
but not to allow any thing for the relief of 
the out poor. The directors of the house of 


ACCOUNT, &c. 55 


industry, upon being made acquainted with 


the situation of the family, immediately 


agreed to relieve the widow, by taking her 


seven youngest children into the house. 


This was proposed to her; but, with great 
agitation of mind, she refused to part with | 
any of her children. She said, she would 
rather die in working to maintain them, or 
4 go herself with all of them into the house, and 
there work for them; than either part with 
them all, or suffer any partiallty to be shewn 
to any of them. She then declared that if 

I. her landlord, would continue her in the 
farm, as she called it, she would undertake 
to maintain and bring up all her 14, chil- 

dren, without any parochial assistance. 


She persisted in her resolution; and being 


- ba Strong woman about 43 years old, I told 

her she should continue the tenant, and 
1 hold it the first year rent free. This she ac- 
cepted with much thankfulness; and assured 
me, that she would now manage for her 
family without any other assistance. At the 
l ame time, tho without her knowledge, I 


| +5 | 


. f 4 
2 * 
LEI 
be $4 N 
= . 
MES 1 rl 
we A 


56 ACCOUNT OF 
directed my receiver not to call upon her at 
all for her rent; conceiving that it would 
be a great thing, if she could support so 
large a family, even with that indulgence. 


The result, however, was that with the 

benefit of her two cows, and of the land, she 
exerted herself so as to bring up all her 
children; 12 of whom she placed out in ser- 
vice, continuing to pay her rent regularly of 
her own accord to my receiver every year 
after the first. She carried part of the milk 


of her two cows, together with cream and 
butter, every day to sell at Woodbridge, a 


market-town two miles off, and brought 
back bread and other necessaries; with 
which, and with her skim- milk, butter- milk, 


&c. she supported her family. The eldest 


girls took care of the rest while the mother 
was gone to Woodbridge ; and by degrees, 


as they grew up, the children went into the © 


service of the neighbouring farmers. 


.w» 


The widow at length came and informed 
me, that all her children, except the two 


13 
F 
I 


- 4 - 5 
— oe e 
e e STE 3 


wy 
'F 


A COTTAGER'S FAMILY. 57 


voungest, were now able to get their own 


living; and that she had taken up the em- 
ployment of a nurse; Which was a less la- 
borious situation, and at the same time 
would enable her to provide for the two 
remaining children, who indeed could now 
almost maintain themselves. She therefore 
gave up the land, expressing great gratitude 
for the enjoyment of it, which had afforded 
her the means of supporting her family, 
under a calamity which must otherwise 
have driven both her and her children into 
a workhouse. 


OBSERVATIONS. 
This is an extraordinary instance of what 
maternal affection, assisted by a little kind- 
ness and encouragement, will do. To sepa- 


rate the children of the poor from their 


parents, is equally impolitic* and unkind. 


F See the Society's Report, No. 3; see also note in 
the Report No. 32; and the Appendix, No. 4. 


On 
. 


— 
- 1 —— = % a & 
20h. ts gs. AV OCT . I. — 


— bs 
2 


„ 


— . — — * = — 
* = — = 2 * __ * — * — — a 
— ee n „„ „ . * — i . — — — — — — , 2 — 
r 4 FS, W 2 - * a = a — ns — 
ws 5 wk. . * 4 bt * * * 2 2 = T — — — — 
— —— — * I 7 ol. „ 


— —— 
"ok * 


— 


—— We — 
— one 
a Wie" <= — —ä—ä—— — 


428 
a * 
2 —— 


- — — 
7 + 4045 Ain. ax AS 
R 
Ent a. N 
— . ͤR——— of 


— rd cies 


. 
Wy ae Ou a tn * 
224725 = 2 7 — 22 
1 2 Pay 2 * pn * 
— — — — — 


— * 
636— aan 
a Hates 
* GET 8 


-_ ACCOUNT OF 


It destroys the energy of the parent, and 
the affections and principles of the child. 
Man is a creature of wants. From them 
are derived all our exertions. On the ne- 


cessity of the infant is founded the affection 


of the mother; and among the poor (I 
except those cases where parental affection 
may be chilled and enfeebled by extreme de- 
pression of circumstances)—but, generally, 
among the poor, where that necessity exists 
in the greatest force, natural affection is 
the strongest. Among the rich, children 
are too frequently the Subject either of pride, 
or of penitence. 


Thesupplying of cottagers with cows, and 
with the means of feeding them, will tend 
to diminish the calls for parochial relief ; 


and to render unnecessary that. barbarous 


system, of removing the child from its na- 
tural and most affectionate guardians.— The 
year's rent remitted, and the land confided 
to this poor widow, not only enabled her to 
support and educate her children at home, 
but was the means of saving the parish a 


, - 2 4 3 2 D. 1 1 ah K . * Vos) * Res . *s * 3 N * * © 4 2 «XY 
2 2 4 2 . x . r 8 E ( x PPP EE. RET 1 5 
y — c — . = MP 898 3 9 1 - N e So I Ca San. * SS v2 24+; 3 d 
A? en r ; © , r F 4 
77A 


EY 8 


5 
N A 
x 
1 


1 


1 
5 


(f 
3 


7s . 3 * er o PIG . 4 2 % "hy . — 82 2 
V Ts nt, FE IIS e Ip eee * . " 420 - 8 tant of. Teeny, RY IB As IRIS” EEE 0 
* r ee P 5 ws ; Re tad dn bn Fon; A > Pa es SH LH 2333 S 3 > * e er pre en 


A COTTAGER'S FAMILY. 59 


very considerable expence; as the recep- 


# z tion and ſeeding and clothing of the seven 
HO 
{x 


vyoungest children, at an expence of hardly 


less than seventy pounds a year, would pro- 
: bably have been followed by nearly an 


ae expence with the widow and the other 
children. Besides this, the encouragement 
olf industry and good management among 
the poor in their own cottages, and assisting 
| them in their endeavours to thrive, will 


contribute to the increase of a hardy and 


industrious race of people; and will afford 
a supply to our markets of eggs, butter, 
poultry, pigs, garden stuff, and almost 
every article of life; tending to lower the 
price of provisions, to prevent monopoly, to 
enrich the country, and to make it powerful 
both in people and produce, to a degree 


beyond all calculation. 


6th Nov. 1798. 


\ 


| 
N 
| 


ds. — _ 


6⁰ 7 


No. XLII. 


Extract from an account of a supply of flour to 


the poor by a friendly society at Rothley in 1 


| Leicestershire. By ThoMAS BABINGTON, 


Ix 1795, when the extreme dearness of 
bread made all persons anxiously attend 
to every circumstance which contributed 
to enhance its price, a friendly society at 
Rothley, in Leicestershire, determined to 
employ 30. of their capital in purchasing 
corn, and to dispose of the flour obtained 
from it at a low price. Their chief object 
was to supply the members of the society 
with flour at prime cost. They proposed 
also to sell it to their neighbours at a price, 
which, though considerably lower than that 


at which the article was retailed by the 


neighbouring millers and hucksters, might 
give them legal interest for their { 30. and 
indemnify them for contingent expences 


40 


in 


there. 
4 with the assistance of a respectable farmer; 

and found that they could sell the flour for, 
at least, sixpence a stone (of 14 lb.) less 


about / 20. per cent. 
de sold to the amount of J 10. or 12. 


SUPPLY OF FLOUR, &c. 61 


5, 
: * 
4g k 


Ind losses. 
Aistinction between members and other 


In a short time, however, this 


persons was thought invidious; and flour 


was sold by the stone to all who applied, 


on such terms as would barely reimburse 
"the price of the corn and the expences, 
and afford interest for the „ 50. 


Þ 


lt was their resolution to sell for ready 
money only; and they fixed on a part of 


every Monday, when two of their members 


were to attend at their club- room, and 
supply such purchasers as should apply 


They bought a quantity of corn 


than was charged for flour, apparently of 
the Same quality, by the neighbouring deal- 


ers. The saving to the purchasers was 
Flour continued to 


very week, until after some months had 


; elapsed, when the millers lowered the prices, 


nd the sales decreased. From that time 


62 SUPPLY OF FLOUR. 


to the present, from £4. to C 7. has been | 
the amount of the weekly sum received at 


the sales. 


cheaper, the poor returned by degrees to 
the use of wheat, to which most of them 
had been accustomed; and now the quan- 
tity of wheat flour disposed of is three- 
fourths or four-fifths of the whole quantity b | 
sold. The wheat is ground into a sort of 
flour called “ thirds,” without any of the 
finer part of the flour being taken from it; 
and thus all the nutritious qualities of the 
grain are preserved. The bread made of 
this flour is very wholesome and palatable, | 
and not so brown as that which is frequently | 4 
eaten in farmers' houses. There is a very | 


ready sale for the bran, which, in order to 
make the flour of the requisite quality, is 
Separated at the mill from the gross pro- 
duce of the wheat. The miller is not paid 
for grinding, by an allowance of toll, but 


1s 
\'' 0 


When the plan of the society was first 
set on foot, they sold much more barley flour 
than wheat flour; but, as corn became 


at 


bur 


o SPS HERS r 
r 3 . "I 
. : SOS ug 


EGS. 
as 


BY A FRIENDLY SOCIETY. 03 


en | 3 1 in money; which is found to be by far the 


most eligible method of satisfying his de- 


wands For some time flour has been sold 


1 on two days of the week, for the better 


rst accommodation of the poor. 


The foregoing plan has effectually an- 
swered the purpose of keeping the price of 
flour as lo as that of corn would admit; and, 
in some degree, of improving the quality of 


, the flour sold in the neighbourhood, by 
= affording the poor a certainty of buying it 
in its purest state, of the friendly society. 


OBSERVATIONS. 


Every thing that contributes to supply 


I the poor with genuine flour, at a fair price, 
| 1 is of very great importance; otherwise the 
3 | greater part of the poor will be compelled 
4 to apply to the mealman, the huckster, or 
N 1 the baker, for the chief article of their food; 
and, in general, to pay from 1 15. to . 25. 
per cent.; probably upon an average L 20. 


* 


nn „ 


- = — _ - ———— IAA = — — — — — 
: . _ . DT IE — — ̃ Ä—— 9 — NN — IE * oY — da 9 ———— — — — 
85 6 W. 4 : — a Pap ys - — Cats _ * . 1 8 * r _ 2 = = 
e 1 > a of * 8 = 7 =: — — 4 — — 2 — — Co IP 
- x 2 - 3 2 * ' nt x * * * n 1 "Ss 2 + I — 2 A 
* r DEI — 2 . 8 2 2% mers — £ 
t þ14 grein mr het — om Y N — — — OD 3 ——— — 
” x — — 8 —— 3 — - , » 2 4 © - 
; 1 — © mp + wy £ * 0 S=X — 2 een » * . K — 
- > - . 2 2 * - 2 — - - 2 * * - * * — * 


- FE 22 
E ²˙ 7 er or og 4g nt (OR I es re 


N 99 2 8 > 222 — 2 
un TY 2 n <> 7 
rn 
_w 2 

MS So —— 


l — —— EIT Ee IPOTE ATE 4 
- CEA > + * * E 
* 
4 ͤ 1 
a — 3 


— 2 * . * 
* = — 0 REO — PSY 3” 
—— 


— £ 2 


1 
=> — 


you 2 
SF 


— 


64 SUPPLY OF FLOUR 
per cent. more than the original cost of the 1 
flour. The mode adopted at Rothley, is | 
such as would be imitable in almost every ; 
part of the kingdom; and it has the merit 
of putting into the hands of the suffering 
individuals, their own remedy against the 
monopoly of the millers.—lt is to be observ- 
ed, that the power of purchasing corn is by 
no means so clear and decisive a benefit to 
the poor, as that of purchasing flour at 3 
prime cost. | | 


The benefit of the plan adopted at Roth- 
ley is so evident, the mode of process so sim- 


ple, and the amount of expence so easily as- 


certained, that arguments in its favour are 
unnecessary. It may however be of use to 


suggest some cautions, grounded on cir- 


cumstances which have happened at Roth- 
ley, as to the mode of executing such a plan 


ist. It is material that the price should be 
such as will allow, at least in some degree, 1 
for the risk of the speculation. An unex; 
pected loss has happened at Rothley by e 


sudden fall in the price of wheat, and by the 


1 
* 
Jen 
> . * 
£5 8. 
«OF 
* 
1 
I » o 
" * 


destruction of some corn in a windmill.— 


18 


ery 
2rit 8 
ing (their price of flour, bringing it nearly if 
not quite to a level with the price of the 


the 
IV- 
by 
E 10 


oth⸗ 
im- 


are xectly kept. If this is not done, every such 
te 1 ndertaking will in the end be a losing 
cir- 3 rade.—4thly, It is essential, that the reso- 
oth- lution of selling for ready money only, 
plan Should be punctiliously adhered to: other- 
Id be wise the society will hold out a most per- 
Free gicious temptation to the poor to run in 
ew , edt, and will involve itself in the risk of 
by * peing induced to give them still more cre- 
y the VOL. 15, -- Vf. 


— 


os 


addy. The society should be prepared for 


the effects of a competition, on the part of 


the neighbouring millers. A reduction in 


society, will assuredly take place. This, 
tho in fact one of the very beneficial con- 
sequences of such a measure, will lessen 


at "i the custom of the society for a time, while 


it affords incontrovertible evidence of the 


utility of the plan, and of the service which 
it has done the neighbourhood.—gdly. The 
accounts in this, and in all other matters 


as of buying and selling, should be very cor- 


BY A FRIENDLY SOCIETY. 05 - 


A —¾e 
. * 


2 — bo. * 
— 


r 
— — 


* 
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er ee OE y 
POR AX RD dt: 


66 SUPPLY OF FLOUR 


dit, in order to obtain payment of their 
existing debts. Besides, where a society is 
numerous, and consists of manufacturers, 
artizans, and day labourers, there is no pos- 


sibility of ascertaining the line to be ad- 


hered to, when the rule has been once 


broken. Each individual will vote that his 


neighbour should have the same, or a 


greater indulgence, than the person who 
preceded him. Thus all the distinctions, 


usually made by private shopkeepers in 


giving credit, will be disregarded, and ruin 


must ensue. In cases of private trade, cre- 
dit 1s given for the purpose of obtaining 
custom : but when public benefit is the sole 
object of a society, they may disregard the 
little arts of the shopkeeper; and pro- 


ceed inflexibly upon that plan, which is 
most beneficial to the individual, and to 
the public. 


Similar modes of procuring a regular 3 
supply of flour, at a moderate price, have 
been adopted at Quorndon, Sileby, Mount- 


4 * 
825 * * 2 wy, 7 * S 4 
8 28 
r 


* 


1 BY A FRIENDLY SOCIETY. 67 


| . orrell, and some other places in Leicester- 
4 Shire; recommended by the same benefits 
| as those attending the execution of the plan 
at Rothley. 


1 


33 15 DN 
n * * —. — 


k 5 
- : ; . - : . n x 277 : 
” . * 3 p 7 * i 4 * A : 228 L \ \ « — 1 
> * + — . 2. A =4 4 4 x. 1 3 — , X > * 3 | $1 8 5 7 

2 PSN c TT = vs "4 NET” 2 7 LS. = . ö \ q * : . D 2 5 Fs * 10 '£ 

* n . 1 EI bs bs. rr : NG St 2 50 = Fay", e n * 7 Ines 
ew r 222 ͤ v . e N TEE W OS AC 2 a ne N 4 NE,» hab; ACNE ISS — EE e e N. 

o * 7 * * - - 


25th Oct. 1798. 


| 
| 
| 
| 


wins.” I 


C 68 J 


Extract from an account of rewards given by 7 OX 
a Society near Dublin, for encouraging in- 8 
dustry and good habits among the poor. By _ *? 
THOMAS BERNARD, £E5q. 


„ 


Ar a quarterly meeting of the farmers“ 
Society * for the district of Castleknock, 
Blancherstown, and Porterstown, near Dub- ch 
lin, held in March, 1798, the following pre- 
miums were offered to labourers and their 
families within the district. 


This society was established by Mr. Secretary 2 
Pelham ; whose villa is within the district; the pre- 
miums were proposed at a meeting held at the house 7 I 
of the Reverend Dr. OcConnor, the minister of the ; : 
parish, and voted with great willingness and readi- 2 
ness on the part of gentlemen and the farmers.—T have 
altered the sums from Irish to English currency for the 
convenience of the English reader. 


3 
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2 * + _ Ca E209» $245 fo £9 Ry. PTY; -—_ * 
re 


; appear to have brought up the 

greatest number of legitimate 
children in the habits of industry 
b to the age of twelve years „. 


3 vo: 
* 5 Ts 
, 
; Beg i 
* 5 ITY 
* 


REWARDS, &c. 69 


Premiums proposed by the Farmers Society 
for the Union of Castleknock, for the year 


1798. 
1. To the best ploughman with L. s. d. 


oxen — — 2 e 
2.᷑. Toditto, with horses 2 20 


The qualifications necessary to gain the above 

premiums, to be settled by a committee 
appointed for that purpose. 

g. To the labourer who shall 


4. To the labourer, for the next 


1 greatest number. 1 11 6 


5. To the labourer, for the third 


6. To the labourer in farming, 


who shall have lived the greatest 
number of years (not less than 
7 five) in the same service, and be- 
: 0 haved with sobriety, honesty, and 


industry, during that time, and 


93 _ 
* 1 95 
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8 7 


| greatest number — — 1 


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70 REWARDS GIVEN 


who shall produce a satisfactory 

certificate from his master, of such 

continued good behaviour = 
7. To the Dairy-maid, who 


Shall have lived the greatest num- 


ber of years under the above 
conditions — — — 


8. To the wife or widow of a 
labourer or manufacturer, who 
Shall have done the greatest num- 
ber of days' work in husbandry 

9. To ditto, for the next great- 
est number = - — 


The above Premiums not to exceed 3d. a 
day for the first, nor 2d. a day for the 


Second, 

10. To six labourers, who shall 
obtain from their respective clergy- 
men and employers, certificates 
of their being most attentive to 
religious duties, the most sober, 
honest, and industrious, and in 
every respect the best conducted 
labourers within the union — 


11. To six boys and six girls, 


o 10 6 


8 8 


8 
ng 


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pd 
, a En 
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2 5 N 0 - _ * 
e 5 * * <8 5 *. > x 5 A 
E of © ry * ro 0 A + %x * * 1 =, — * 
eee r * eee 
* „ 38" gs Mas. n yk * 2 
$2 Bt TOE OH ͤ er A IDES RAI, & >the Y 


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8 $8 >. Th 2 
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91 


PR 


2 0 


1 0 


3 2 8 n - OS, 228 
c OS TITIE 


school of Castleknock, Blanchers- 
town, and Porterstown, as being 
the most attentive to learning, 
and the best behaved children of 


Said schools — — 
0 T he certificates to be gigned by the masters, 
and countersigned by their respective 
5 clergymen ; these premiums to be given in 
; books or clothes. 


12. Resolved, that we will 
5 every year glve the sum of one 


guinea, to purchase useful tracts 
for each of the three schools in 
the union — — 8 


The tracts ts be choven by a committee ap- 
pointed for the purpose: an examination 
to be held, and premiums given to such 
of the scholars as shall give the best ac- 


count of said tracts. 


1g. To three boys and three 


girls, under the age of twelve years, 
who shall appear to the society by 
= certificates from their employers, 


to have earned the most money 


in the year in country business 


BY A SOCIETY OF FARMERS. 


3 


71 


WhO shall be returned from the .es. 


30 


3 0 


44 
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72 REWARDS GIVEN 


14. To the same number of 
boys and girls, from twelve to 
sixteen years old, under the same 


conditions — — 


The first premium not to exceed 2d. nor the 
other 2d. per day. 


15. To three labourers, or wi- 
dows of labourers, who shall be 
returned, by inspectors appointed 


. for the purpose, as having kept 


their children, cabbins, and gar- 
dens, in the neatest, cleanliest, 
and most decent order (gentle- 


men's lodges excepted), one gui- 


nea for each division of the union 
16. To the wife or widow of a 


labourer, who shall (with the as- 


% 


sistance of her children, under the 
age of sixteen years) have spun the 
greatest quantity of linen or wool- 
len yarn, and prepared the same 
for the loom, within the year — 

17. To ditto, for the next great- 
est quantity — — 


18. To ditto, for the third great- 


est quantity 


3 30 


0 


4 
2 
1 


BY A SOCIETY OF FARMERS. 


19. To the wife or widow of a 


f labourer, who, with the assist- 


ance of her children under six- 
teen years of age, shall have knit 
the greatest number of pairs of 


stockings within the year — 


20. Toditto, for the next great- 
est number 


21. To ditto, for the third 


greatest number * — 


The quantity of yarn, and number of pairs 
of stockings to be certified on oath. 


22. To three labourers, who 
shall be returned by judges ap- 
pointed for the purpose, as being 
the most expert and handy in 

the different works of husbandry, 

viz. ditching, draining, thatching, 
: plashing hedges, &c. (ploughing 


excepted) = - 


* for that purpose. 


73 
L. S. d. 


3 3 h 


Total of premiums /. 40 7 o 


4 : The premiums for ploughing, ditching, draining, and for 


handy labourers, &c; ta be determined by a committee 


74 REWARDS GIVEN 


Premiums No. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, and 22, to be de- 
termined the last Monday in June, 1798 : all claims for 


said premiums to be sent in to the secretary, on or before 


the 11th of June, 1798. The other premiums require 


a year for their determination; which year begins the 


rst of April, 1798, and ends the rst of April, 1799. All 


claims for said premiums to be sent in to the secretary, 


on or before the ist of April, 1799, and to be determined 


at the quarterly meeting of the society, on the last Mon- 


day in June following. 


The ploughing match to be eld in a field of Mr. Troy's 


at Porterstown, on the 25th of Fune, 1798. All claim- © 
ants for the ploughing premiums, are requested to send 


their names, and number of ploughs they intend 1. 


Send, to the secretary, three days before the trial. 


Alexander Kirkpatrick, Esq. Treasurer. 


Matthew Weld, Esq. Secretary. 


OBSERVATIONS. 


The beneficial tendency of the measures 2 


adopted by this society, for encouraging the 


virtues of the poor, is so obvious, and the 7 
expediency and utility of them so apparent, : 
that it is difficult to suggest any observa- | 
tion on the subject, which the good sense Mm 


* 


— 
I! 
5 
85 
C 
U 


er. 


BY A SOCIETY OF FARMERS. 75 


and intelligence of the reader will not have 


already anticipated. It will have occurred 


to him, before I can claim the merit of. the 
: © remark, that no accumulation. of criminal 
|; law, no penalties. on imprudence and idle- 
ness, no repairs of the stocks and the cage, 


no additions to our jails and houses of cor- 
rection, —in short, no severity of punish- 
ment, tho it may in some degree deter 
1 from crimes, can ever produce among the 


great mass of the people, any increase of 


= energy and good habits, which will bear a 

Z comparison with that, which must neces- 
3 sarily spring from the judicious and be- | 

9 nevolent encouragement, afforded to their 
0 poor neighbours, in this instance, bye the 


Irish gentlemen and farmers. 


There is so little trouble, expence, or 
difficulty in the measure, that I do not 
intreat, but I venture to call upon the inha- 
bitants of our different parishes and districts, 


as they regard either their own interest 


or the welfare of others, to imitate this 
useful example; and generally to adopt a 


. REWARDS, &c. 


plan, the good effects of which must be un- : 
questionable. There are several societies | : 
in England, which have done very essentia! 
service to their neighbourhoods, by em- 5 
bracing part of these objects: but the Z 
framer of these resolutions has contrived, 4 
in this instance, to awaken at once all or- 3 Ea 
ders and all ages of the labouring poor in 3 45 
his neighbourhood ; and, by the kindest 8 

and most acceptable incitement to action, to 

stimulate them all to progress and perse- 5 Ix 
verance in those courses of life, which will bl 
prove most useful and most beneficial to in 
themselves and their country. IR 


> — p25 ae 


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1 ft. 
45 bs Py 


— 


19th Nov. 1798. W = KL 


SL 
4.9 
- 


BA 


No. XLIV. 


Extract from an account of the asylum (or 


School of instruction) for the blind at Liver- 
pool. By THOMAS BERNARD, E5q. 


3 ; Is December, 1790, an asylum was esta- 
: 3 blished at Liverpool, for the benefit of the 
; indigent blind. It was set on foot by the 
a Rev. Henry Dannet, the Rev. John Smyth, 
and others; not for the town merely, but 
open to every part of the world. To render 
; 1 the blind happy in themselves, and useful to 

4 society, is the benevolent and excellent plan 
3 of this institution; which may be more 
| | correctly termed, a SCHOOL OF INSTRUCTION 
ron THE BLIND : where they who have been 
: . taught a trade, withdraw after 2, 3, Or 4 
; years, to make way for others; and thus, 
2 1 by a continual succession, the benefit is very 
3 extensively ae. 


VOL. II. (3 


: 
1 
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—. —_— 2 — — =p 
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6 ä CST as bs. 
120075 07 r 
- 


— > — — 

— E — v7 

— — — SEE". 3 

— — — — — 
- = — 


— — 


78 ASYLUM FOR THE BLIND 


This charity does not separate the poor 
from their families, and destroy the dearest 
and most tender connections ; but (leaving 
those ties undissolved, which to persons 


deprived of sight are most essential, and 
without which, indeed, life is hardly worth 
retaining) affords to the indigent blind the 


means of instruction, the materials for in- 


dustry, and the wages of labour. They have 


comfortable working rooms provided for 
them, where they are instructed and em- 
ployed about 8 hours a day, and receive a 
pecuniary compensation according to their 
ability and industry. They continue to 
lodge and board with their friends, or at 
lodgings provided for them, and attend onl) 
as day scholars in the house. The number 
of blind persons instructed and employed % 
in the asylum during the 2 first years, end- ; | 
ing in January, 1793, was from 23 to 45: 
of these, some had already learnt their 3 


trades, and had returned home to enjoy Y 1 
the benefit of what they had been taught; . i 
a very few, already too much habituated 3 
to idleness, had returned to their former 


- 
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00 4 way of life; but the greater number still 
f remained on the establishment, in a course 
7 
1 of improvement and occupation. 
SONS * 0 
and ö 
| In January, 1794, the committee gave 
Ort 
10 Potice, that twenty more blind persons 
& 
woquld be admitted ; the circumstances of 
in- 
each case being first ascertained by answers 
nave 
0 to printed queries, which were to be had at 
or 
the asylum. As queries similar to these 
ein- 

2 would be very useful in almost all charities, 
4 $ 1 | . 
VL E: 1 have inserted them in a note.*—During 

heir 
; 
e WH 5 | | 
= oe * Queries, 1 be answered by a Medical Gentleman. 
only Wbt! is the nature and supposed cause of the applicant's 
aber 4 blindness ? | 
4 Is it total? 
5 Is it deemed incurable ? 
end- 0 
43 2 7 Ane To be answered 2. Clergyman. 
their | | | What i is the name of the blind person ? 
n) 4 What the age? 
gh t; How long has he or she been blind? 
| 1 ; What! is the place or parish where the party was born ? 
25 To what place or parish does the party now belong ? 
rmer 


5 AT LIVERPOOL. 79 


wat is the party s present place of residence? 


G 2 


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— os " * — 
— 22 
** 


2 
— 
2 — 415 Cd not — 
n OL nee 
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— _— — * A 


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ne = w & l — — — ns — — — — 9 - 
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— — — 
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<a 


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— as —̃ä ͤ— — Hors MIT Fi 
— — 2 < — 1 — — 
N 1 2 — RE 
9 


80 


their continuance in the school, each per- 


HERNE : 5 
* a ot Sid tr dogs 
4 DIED g 4 th 
rr SHEA” r 
. 


ASYLUM FOR THE BLIND 


son is allowed towards his or her support a 
sum not less then 18 pence, nor more than : 
Zs. weekly; except in some extraordinary > 
cases, or in those of married persons, who 


How long has he or she resided there? 


Has the person ever followed any trade, occupation, 


or employment, and what? 
How is the person at present supported? 
Is the party married ? 
If married, what is his or her family ? 


Hath the party any estate, annuity, salary, pension, 


or income, for life, or otherwise; and what is the amount 7 


thereof ? 
If any, how doth it arise ? 


Did the party ever receive alms or relief from ang 


parish as a pauper ; and if any, from what place or 


parish ? 


Are the blind person's parents living or dead ? 


If living, what are their names, residence, and con- : 3 
dition or circumstances, and also what family have they 5 l 

Has the blind person been a common beggar, wan. 
dering minstrel, or played upon any instrument at ale 
houses within two years before application for admission; 


such persons being entirely excluded ? 


Does the party bear a character of regularity, decencj | 


and sobriety? 


>; 


ion, 


un! 


| b AT LIVERPOOL« 81 
3 N receive an additional allowance of six pence 
7 a week. 


Of the blind in the asylum, six are in- 
2 ſtructed in music, to qualify them as or- 
3 ganists of parish churches. When any of 
the female musical pupils are also em- 
5 ployed in the other trades of the asylum, 
they have an extra weekly allowance on 
chat account. Blind persons, who have al- 
; ready made some progress on the harpsi- 
chord, are admissible, and allowed to con- 
tinue to perfect themselves; and, in case 
ol any one of the musical pupils having 
1 "behaved well in the asylum, and appearing 
1 . be properly qualified on quitting it, the 
a committee has the power to purchase and 
present such pupil with a musical instru- 
ment. The age of admission for males is 
1 from 14 years to 45, and for females from 
| 12 to 45 years; except in the case of the 


i * Tho only a few are regularly instructed in music, 
| yet all of them are taught to join in the hymns and songs 
A | for the blind at the asylum; and several are engaged 
I 10 sing at different churches in the town. One of their 


45 


| 
N 
| 
| 
| 
| 


8 


— 
ns" 8 
e 


— N - — — — — ̃ — 
— gr rr —— * * - — En p_ * 2 — = \ 

* 2 2 2 a : = * SE 1 * — 2 — 2 * WI —— — * — - — — — — — 
— — 2 N : 7 2 3x8 ; 2 — . . — — . 
9 * — ** — - — — * , 8 — — _ 

wy — 0 


* . 


4X 
bl 
4 
9 
OT 
1 
* 
4 


| 

BE: 
46 
7 oy | 


= - 
b þ N L- . 3 

= 1 + 2 $ 
a — * 1 , 


2 —— — nn nt 
N — 8 * 
3 2 - woo ets / 


ad —ͤ— 2 ” ** — — 
r SE D 8 TSS 
— p = ww ww rr Pars 
A P «XY an, ww = = 
N og” 


— 
2 
> £55 202 
2 
- ä "4 _— 


82 ASYLUM FOR THE BLIND 


musical pupils, who, if of promising genius, 
are admitted at as early an age as eight 


years; or, if already partly instructed, may 


be received after the age of 45. 


This charity, tho established for the in- 


hymns, by the Rev. Mr. John Smyth of Liverpool, is 


beautiful and interesting. 


Hark ! sisters, hark! that bursting sigh! 
It issued from some feeling heart; — 

Some pitying stranger sure is nigh ;— 
Tell us, oh! tell us who thou art. 


Sad is the lot the sightless know ; 
We feel, indeed, but ne'er complain ; 
Here gentle toils relieve our woe— 


Hark! hark! that piteous sigh again. 


If breath'd for us those heaving sighs, 
May heaven, kind stranger, pity thee ! 

If starting tears suffuse thine eyes, | 
Those tears, alas | we cannot see, 


But ev'ry sigh, and ev'ry tear, 
And ev'ry boon thy hand has giv'n, 
All in full lustre shall appear, 
Recorded in the book of heaven. 


: * ONT. e 
J S fo L 0 2 Was 27 SS ia os FOO 7 ä 
- de 3 * 4 F bet 8 2 *. JT bets itn, To Wd OO Wart ve PISS „rr * w 
7 7 n. 7 n . 2 3 PETITE: £29 6 . * W N S.H = 5 N * * * 
STING TY A \ AE Vi ET n n Dons” 88 bt 0's r e 9 8 S LIE 8 8 . 
2 r n 1 S * e I eG ee * 22 J ͤ ͤ Gn OF 22 SER FS on N N 
2 Nr FO TT OS r ee — V5" Ko VI OI 8 * N * : a 
. 


2 e Ry „ 
e | 
S N IP" 


aa 


Mi | 


is 


\ * 
- - P . 
N . »” 
* r * . 22 Cs 4 A by . RS Le. : bY = SAY 4 " IF Pn 5 
wat 5 1 AS 7 . 8 T e So I 8 3 - thor ack - e * 1 . 25 ed © 5 1 
N 8 Ne 1 7 5 fl I 1 "IC, "05 : BE + 8 4 Ed 
w [4 bl TN, F TN ang 3 n 8 SL IRS. W Md. Bot 33 
* N , 2 N . „ A * N 2 - 122 > ESD EE NS. N 4 » *. x * - a 6, 5 
we 2 2 " wer PSs „ = 2 ou 
Fo 


AT LIVERPOOL, 83 


© aigent, does not exclude those in better 
circumstances from receiving instruction, 
on terms extremely advantageous to them. 
Alt must not be expected that in any in- 
Stitution of this nature, the profits arising 
from the labours of the blind, can greatly 
contribute towards the expense of the es- 


tablishment. Allowance must be made for 
the unavoidable waste of materials at first, 
in every kind of article which the blind 
are taught to manufacture, as well as for 
the wages of teachers and attendants, and 
tor the unproductive employment of the 
musical pupils. Besides this, it is to be 


considered, that as soon as their labour comes 


into profit, they are, and very properly, 
desirous of returning to their homes, to en- 


joy the benefit of the instruction, which 
they have received. The great and proper 


object of such a charity, is not the magni- 
tude of the profit by work, but the num- 
ber of helpless- persons rendered capable 
of maintaining themselves, and of filling 
up their time with utility and satisfaction. 


84 ASYLUM FOR THE BLIND 


The women are employed in eee g 


yarn for window cords, for sail cloth, and 


for linen cloth. The men, in . 9 4 


baskets, lobby cloths (a coarse kind of car- 


peting for passages), bears (a species of door | | 4 


mat), whips, and clock and window cords. 
Of those manufactures, whips* appear to 
have been the most productive article. 
The making of baskets, tho ho perhaps less pro- 
fitable, i is more useful for the blind ; as they 
are easily taught, in the course of a short 


time, to make good baskets and hampers; 


and may then return to their friends, and 
nearly, if not entirely, maintain themselves 
by following their employment at home. 
Their average receipt from the sale of the 
different articles manufactured in the house, 


has been, for the 4 preceding years, rather 


more than Z zoo. a year. As a knowledge 
of the particulars of the different articles, 
may assist persons engaged in forming si- 


milar establichments, I have prepared a 


Statement of them for 4- years last past, 


* The matiofacture of whips is since dixontlnues. 


'5 Jan. 1739. 


AT LIVERPOOL. 


83 


; from the annual accounts of the asylum.— 
It is as follows: 


—— 


8 Whips <- - 
"XZ White rope bears 
Tarred bears - 
Baskets, Hampers, &c. 
pPäoints, Gaskets, &c. 
Sheeting 
"X Huckabac <- - 
Vntarred lobby cloths 
= Tarred do 
= Oakum  - - = 


W · ˙·» PIT 

Window sash and cur- 
tain line 

Worsted mats 


1794. 1795 1790. 1797. 
. d. . . d. . d. E. . d 
128 12 © j28: 1 10 | 63 10 492 16 10 
14 18 f 16 47 10 | 22 19 7 | 5 0 
64-4: | 56 4 -2 |} 6a '& 2 } os 46 114 
24 6 53/11 11 0 53 9 879 13 114 
6 14 BY 12 7 52] 32 17 64 13 9 
36 4 737 19 B85] 49 14 © | 77 15 23 
19 10 5 | 20 1 3/11 15 117] 27 18 81 
42 16 4 | 47 o 53] 55 5 8 | 29 10 10 
15 16 1] 23:19 1149 2 3] 79 14 2 
8.7 oY 9 15-1140 11 7425-6 
38 9 6 71151 9 3 % 0-0 
19.12. 228 1 243] 38 14 10 | 38 12 6 
” © 17 8 1 14 6 * 1 

— — — — — — ———— 
414 4 6584 5 487 7 ih 16 4 


Under so deplorable a calamity as the loss 
of sight, especially with the habitual idle- 


ness that attends a youth and middle age 
without instruction, and without the means 
or power of occupation, a great degree of 
successful industry and exertion can hardly 


be expected. The benefits of the institution 
have been received with eagerness and 
gratitude. Of those admitted into the asy- 


lum, there are very few who have not fully 
answered the benevolent wishes of the con- 
I 2 ductors. Only 3 have proved incapable 


nMÜ2O2828— ——— — ad 2 £2 „ 22 KI 2 ů Q Ä—— 4 _ -Y 


—— 


_— CN ——e'— 


86 ASYLUM FOR THE BLIND 


of learning; 2 have been dismissed for the c 
misconduct, and 1 has returned to his 1 worr 
trade of begging. There are 10, who had 1 ning 
been strolling fiddlers, and have since learnt b Bris 
a trade in the school; but who have 4 sent 
nevertheless resumed their former occu- 5 1 hon 
pation :—and who can wonder at their re- 2 
curring to an art, which habit and want } 1 
of sight must have made pleasant, and al- 3 
most necessary to them; when he considers 
how great is the blank in the mind of a 
blind person, and how much of that may 
be filled up by their own music; tho 
sometimes with less delight to their hear- 
ers, than to themselves? They have, how- 7 
ever, the benefit of having learnt a trade, l : an 
whereby in future they may add to their 4 an 
other means of support.—Of the rest there ; ye 
were, at the commencement of this year, © 
49 persons doing well in the house. There U 
is one who is gone out organist of the church | 
of Halsall near Ormskirk, who is also a = 
good basket-maker, and weaver of lobby ; : 
. cloths; three, who have qualified themselves | | ; 
in music; one of whom is now an organist, | C 


AT LIVERPOOL. 87 


the other two, teachers. There is one blind 
| 4 woman now maintaining herself by spin- 

| 2 ning, and five men (one at Bury, one at 

2 Bristol, and g at Liverpool) who areat pre- 

4 E sent supporting themselves comfortably, at 

home, by making baskets and hampers. 


The average fund of this charity arises 


from subscriptions and donations. The 
3 great disbursement consists in wages paid 
? the blind, and their teachers; to which are 
} to be added some trivial expences. The 
I difference between these and the net pro- 


duce of the goods manufactured by the 


blind, constitutes the expense of the charity: 
; and is supplied by voluntary subscriptions 


and donations, amounting to about /. 650 a 
year, and by the contributions of the friends 
or parishes of the blind persons employed. 
Upon my visiting the asylum to-day (gd 


One of these is employed as a teacher at the asy- 
lum, and is capable of quilling, stringing, and tuning 
instruments; those at the asylum being wholly under 
his care. He is now providing very comfortably for 
himself and bis family, by tuning instruments, and 
teaching music in the town of Liverpool. 5 Jan; 1799. 


88 ASYLUM FOR THE BLIND 


August, 1798), I found 43 blind persons | J 
at work; 16 of whom were females, and 27 5 
males. The allowance to them, for their A 
support, does not exceed zshillings a week; 5 
of which their parish is expected (or their J I 


friends, if able) to contribute a part. This 


has the effect of affording a bounty on 4 
work, and encourages very potently the 
acquisition and practice of habits of indus- 1 
try. If any persons refuse to apply, or are 


incapable of learning, they are dismissed the 
school, and their places supplied with more 
proper objects. 


OBSERVATIONS. 


The loss of sight is in itself a very se- 


vere calamity ; but it is a great aggravation 


* The blind employed in the asylum continue to live 
with their friends, or (if strangers) are lodged and 
' boarded in the town, A building is. now erecting for 
the accommodation of such as have no domestic connec- 
tions at Liverpool. I take the liberty of recommending 
to the governors, the establishing for such persons on the 
establishment, as wish to attend it, a cheap dinner ; such 
as those mentioned in the Society's Reports, No. 4. and 
No. 33. It would be a great saving to them, and 
would tend to promote regularity and good order. 


AT LIVERPOOL. 89 


or it, that the blind are impressed with 
f the humiliating idea, that they are use- 
f 3 less in themselves, and in many cases a 
1 burthen to others; — that their condition 
N I is considered as hopeless and irremedi- 
1 able; as if the loss of one faculty were 
; 2 a gufficient reason for neglecting the cul- 
3B tivation of all the rest. To remove this 
; prejudice, to call into action such other 
; powers of body and mind, as they may yet 
I be enabled to exercise,—to alleviate, as far 
as may be, one of the greatest afflictions 
4 incident to our nature, and to afford ac- 
; tive employment for those hours, which 
: would be otherwise spent in gloom and 
; ; despondency ;—to render the blind happy 
| 3 in themselves, and useful to society, is the 
| 3 noble and exemplary object of the asylum 


at Liverpool* 


Instead of offering gratuitous relief, 
which does not appear well calculated even- 


2 tually to diminish their misfortune, —in- 


stead of feeding and clothing them in a 


State of restraint and confinement, sepa- 


90 ASYLUM FOR THE BLIND 7 
rated from their friends and connections, lence 
and without occupation or exertion on their out L 
part,—the school for the blind instructs Y struc 
them to maintain themselves ; and while it ; ther: 
leaves them an option of conduct and Situa- 1 wou 
tion, affords them the power of benefiting I tain 
by the charity as far as they think proper; ; wan 
—1t preserves the ties of family, restores 
them to their friends, improved and ad- 0 
vantaged in the means of life; and, com- 4 Swe 
bining the best parts of the best charities, f 
it obtains all these great and important ob- 
jects with the utmost economy, and at a 
very trifling expence. 


Schools of instruction for the blind would 
be very useful as county charities; to which 
any parishes or individuals, who contributed 
to the fund, should have a power of recom- 
mending objects upon certain terms. He 5 
who enables a blind person, without any N 4 


painful excess of labour, to earn his own 3 = 
livelihood, does him more real service, than _ | an 
if he had pensioned him to a greater br 
amount: and if the sums, which benevo- _ 


- 


4 
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want relief in this country. 


AT LIVERPOOL. — 9 


Vence applies to support blind persons with- 
3 out their own labour, were employed in in- 
7 structing them“ to labour for themselves, 
there cannot be much doubt, but that they 
would be sufficient to the object of main- 


© taining all the well disposed blind, who 


7 


Of all their trades, basket- making has an- 
swered best for the poor persons themselves. 
In many other instances, the instruction of 


the blind requires a different process, and a 


* An establishment has been formed at Edinburgh, 


for the indigent blind, on the model, and from informa- 


4 tion derived from the committee, of the asylum at Liver- 
I pool. There were 22 blind persons receiving the benefit 
3 of it in May, 1796.—Another is now forming at Bris- 
0. —It is hopedthat other places will followthe example. 


—[ may be allowed to add, that there would be both 


2 economy and kindness in giving the same kind of assist- 
ance to poor persons, who have had the misfortune to 
lose a limb, and thereby to be deprived of the common 


advantages of labour. In such cases, a little attention, 


and a very little parochial assistance applied in time, would 


prevent the sufferer from continuing to be a burthen to 


himself and the e public 


92 ASYLUM FOR THE BLIND, &c. 


peculiar mode of education : but this art is 


soon learnt, and the business set up on a 


very small capital. In parishes the teaching 


the necessitous blind that, or some similar 1 


occupation, would be a blessing to them, 
and a great relief to the parish, on whom 
they must otherwise be pensioners for life. 


* 


I cannot avoid adding a wish that the 


blind, after they have learnt a trade, might 
all be gratified with a little instruction in 
music, as a relief to their vacant hours. The 
loss of sight is generally supplied by the 
increased acuteness of the other senses. 


There has been no instance of a blind 
person at the Foundling, who has not been 


instructed i in music, and to whom that in- 


struction has not proved a support and a 
blessing. 


3d Augusl, 1798. 


Dt 


re: 


E 


83 4 


No. XLV. 


— 
"Wa: 


Extract from an account of the Samaritan 
Society, for convalescents from the London 
hospital, and for cases not within the pro- 
visions of public hospitals. By the Rev. Dr. 
GLASSE. 


Is the year 1791, a society was established 


by some of the governors of the London 
hospital, for patients of that charity, whose 
relief was not within its general regula- 
tions. There had been many cases of ser- 
vants, artizans, and labourers, who had re- 
ceived the benefit of the hospital; but, 
upon being discharged, had no service or 
employment ready for them, or, if there 
had been such, were not sufficiently reco- 
vered, in point of health and strength, to 
resume their places or employment. There 
had been cases of amputation or of some 
chirurgical operation, where the parties 

VOL. II. H — 


94 3 SAMARITAN SOCIETY 


were disabled from exercising their former 


Occupations. 


ing, and were peculiarly exposed to tempta- 
tion ; of persons whose families had been 
suffering for want of support; of others be- 
longing to remote parts of the kingdom, or 
to Ireland, who when discharged from the 
hospital, were by lameness, or weakness, 
rendered incapable of getting home with- 
out charitable assistance. There were some 
instances where the means of a journey to 
the charitable establishment at Bath, or to 
the sea, or the immediate supply of linen, 
of clothes, or of a truss, might have saved a 
fellow-creature from distress, and restored 
him i in health to his family. 


: For the relief of these, and of other per- 
sons not within the provisions of hospitals, 
the SAMARITAN SOCIETY was established; 
and the following regulations were adopted, 
which I give at length, because they may 
be of use in forming similar societies.— 


Some instances had occurred 
of young female patients, who by distress 
had been driven to pawn or sell their cloth- 


Ac 
45 
F 
"91 
wy 
= 
22 
25 
2 
5 
We 
"I 
wy 
— 


"= K 4 N 4 $ 
he 7 N 25 . N 
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gn du e . PU” 7 Ray 2 s 
9 A U N yy q - oY 4 Wn 


66 18t 


a qu; 
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aa 


FOR CONVALESCENTS. = _ 


„ 1st. A donation of five guineas shall be 

a qualification for a member for life. —ed. 
A donation of one guinea shall be a quali- 
fication of an annual member,— gd. A ge- 
neral court shall be held half yearly, on the 
last Wednesdays in February and August, 
and shall consist of not less than five mem 
bers. — 4th. A treasurer, and a committee, 
to consist of not less than twelve members 
besides the treasurer, shall be annually 
elected at the general court in February: 


two of the committee shall go out annually, 


: 3 


7 
\ WA 
i * 
A 
1 
8 
* pH 
1 

8 
* 
Ra 

8 Me 
5 
ik 
: 3 
\ * 
3 
8 

8 L 
1 

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42 

5 

9 


and two other members be chosen in their 
place.— th. A committee shall be held 
every Tuesday at twelve o'clock ; and shall 
consist of not less than two members. — 6th. 
Qualified persons shall be proposed at one 
committee, and voted for at the next.—7th. 
The committee shall appoint one or more 
visitors; who shall make inquiries of the 
officers, or other persons in the hospital, 


concerning the distressful circumstances of 


the patients, and report to the next com- 

mittee accordingly.—8th. No recommen- 

dation from any person whatever, whether 
"a 


96 


a member of the society or not, shall be 


SAMARITAN SOCIETY 


regarded farther than as it may be expla- 
natory of the distress of the object under 


consideration, and as it may thence assist 
the committee in their proceedings. —gth. 
The proceedings of the society shall be ex- 


actly recorded; together with the names 
of all persons relieved, their age, place of | 


nativity, parish, occupation, whether they | 
are married or single, the state of their fa- 


mily, or any circumstance claiming the 
particular consideration of the society, as 
well as the relief granted. — 10th. The 
names of, at least, two members of the 


committee, by order of the committee, shall 


be subscribed to drafts upon the treasurer. 
—11th. An exact account of the receipts, 


disbursements, and fund, of the society, 
shall be laid before every committee; which | 


Shall audit and sign the same, and send an 
abstract thereof annually to every member. 
—12th. The treasurer, and two other mem- 
bers, appointed at a general court, shall be 
trustees for investments in the funds.— 
13th. All legacies and donations, above 


. cod dart oC 0 W- S 


r 


3 99 7 * 


one g 
fund, 
krhe e 
mean 
from 
those 


"a 
8 
» 4 
OY 
7 
'£ 
"4 
ws, 


guine 
SOAS | 


15 
SOCIC 
court 
mem 


= 
= 


* r 5 


py 23 * e 


FOR CONVALESCENTS. 97 ; 


j one guinea shall be added to the invested 
fund, which shall be inviolable. — 14th. 
The expenditure of each year shall by no 
means exceed the annual income arising 
N from the interest of the invested fund, and 
| 1 those donations which do not exceed one 
guinea; nor shall any debts be incurred, 
so as to anticipate the receipts of the society. 
| iF th. Rules for the government of the 
: society shall be approved by one general 


court, and confirmed by the next; the 


* 
7 N 
2 
* 
* 


members being informed of every approved 
regulation, at least six days before the ge- 


1 
85 
v1.6 


neral court, at which its confirmation will 
be considered. —16th. At general courts 


and committees, questions shall be deter” 


2 mined by a majority, the chairman having 
ga casting vote; and, if a ballot should be 
| demanded by two members, it shall be 
f ] _ Proceeded upon immediately. — 17th. The 


| freazurer, the assembled committee, or any 


| five members of the society, shall have 


1 | power to call extraordinary gener ralcourts.” 


a . 5 2 — — — "<5 - © 

* . ˙ . . bt © Ges ²˙ w̃ P el iD ea — 
= — — — — — _ 
, - Y »& ; > FOTTRIEY : _— 


The society consists of about 5o annual 


9 
ö 5 
1 
F 
| 
2 1 
N 
N 
| 
| 


= 


98 SAMARITAN SOCIETY 


; 1 
subscribers of one guinea each, and about 70 
members for life, who have given donations 


of 5 guineas each. From the first institu- 
tion of the society in 1791 to the 5th of 
September, 1798, as many as 221 distressed 
persons have been relieved, and put in a 
course of livelihood, who must otherwise 


have been driven to beggary, if not to cri- 


minal courses, for subsistence. 


In March, 1795, the society had the sa. 


tisfaction to find that the good effects of | 
this establishment had been experienced by 
many poor patients in the London hospi— 
tal; who, after they had been cured of their 
diseases, and were in a state of convales- 


cence, had been supplied with necessaries, 
and enabled to return home, and renew their 


occupations. The benefit had not been less 


to their wives and families; to whom 


occasional and seasonable relief had been 
administered, during the sickness and con- 
finement of the patient. The utility and 


propriety of the charity seemed to be now 


unequivocally established. The committee 


1 


” ev & «Ks. - 
n 2 
5 


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FOR CONVALESCENTS. | 99 


therefore determined to recommend it as 


an appendage not only to every hospital, 
but also to every county jail; in the latter 


instance, as the means, not only of pre- 
serving delinquents from distress, but of 
restoring them to character, and to habits 
of occupation; there being frequent in- . 
Stances that persons, tho not yet confirmed 


in vitious courses, might otherwise have 
been driven back to the commission of 


crimes, for the mere protraction of exis- 


tence. 


A circumstance which contributed very 
much to the establishment of this society 
deserves to be mentioned, as it exemplifies 
the cases which have been relieved by it. 
One of the members of this society passing 
along the Uxbridge road, observed a man 
of a very decent appearance, reclined on 
a bank by the way side, with a pair of 
crutches near him. His account of him- 
self was (and we have no reason whatsoever 
to question the truth of it) “that he was 


** a Gloucestershire manufacturer; that he 


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100 SAMARITAN SOCIETY. f 


« had been a short time in London, where 
che had the misfortune to break his leg, 
and had been admitted a patient into an 
hospital; that his leg had been very well 
* et, and all proper care had been taken of 
him; and, upon his discharge that morn- 
ing, some gentleman, he said, had kindly 


« given him a shilling, on part of which he 


Chad subsisted so far; that he was going 
to his parish in Gloucestershire, but had 
not the means of paying for his carriage 


* in the waggon.” This story was not re- 


lated in vain.—l leave it to the reader's 


consideration, what course of life remained 
to this poor man (had he not unexpectedly. 


met with friendly assistance) but to beg, — 
to steal, —or to perish. | 


- OBSERVATIONS. 


Amidst the great variety of charities, for 


which this age and kingdom are distin- 


guished, it is extraordinary, that the pro- 
vision, which is the subject of this paper, 


should have experienced so little attention: 


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FOR CONVALESCENTS. . 101 


and it is the more surprising, because upon 
the first institution of the charities, which 


were intended to provide for part of the in- 


conveniences from the abolition of monas- 
teries, the utility of such an establisghment - 


appears to have been strongly impressed on 
the minds of the original projectors. In the 
declaration made to the privy council, by 
the citizens of London, in the reign of Ed- 


ward the Sixth, concerning the uses to 


which Bridewell, and the two other great 


foundations of Christ's hospital and St. 
Thomas's hospital, were to be applied, one 
ol the three objects of Bride well is expressed 
to be, © for the sore and the sick when they 


1 be cured ;” in order that they may be 
protected and employed until their entire 
recovery: and “ not be suffered to wander 
* as vagabonds in the commonwealth. as 
they had been accustomed.“ 


i | ofa wy 

This part, however, of the original in- 
tentions of the projectors of that institution 
has not been yet carried into effect. As a 


committee of the goyernors of that hospital 


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necessitous persons, who, at the time of | 


without the power of labour, or the means 


nature, they who have thus discovered a 


102 SAMARITAN SOCIETY 


is now $itting for the purpose of inquiring 


does 
„whether, and by what means, the estates tres 
* and revenues of the house of Bridewell, the 


can be appropriated with greater effect the 
than at present to the benefit of its ori- Brie 
ginal and proper objects,” I shall conclude j;p, 
this paper by a short extract from three of | 
a series of propositions, made by one of the 1 to | 
members of the committee, and since print- for 
ed by their order, and entered as resolu- | : 
tions on their minutes. 2 anc 


That there are many deserving and mo 
their being discharged from hospitals, are 


of support; and who, for want of that es- 
tablishment which was one of the original 

objects of Bridewell, have been driven to | : 
Solicit the charity of the public, as street ; 
beggars. Such is the infirmity of human 4 


successful and easy trade, are not likely, of 
themselves to discontinue it, and to return 
to a course of labour; and, if the pauper 


5 £ 


FOR CONVALESCENTS. 103 


does not receive charitable relief in his dis- 
tress, he is sometimes induced to prey upon 
the public for his subsistence; and, to use 
the language of the rules of the house of 
Bridewell drawn up in 1557, being set at 
liberty in the highways, is made of a Sick 
beggar a whole thief. —These persons, it is 
to be observed, will require, and that only 
for a short time, an asylum, where, being 
many of them artizans instructed in a trade, 
and almost all them habituated to employ- 
ment, their earnings would in general be 
more than what the cost of their diet, if 
economically managed, would amount to: 
and there is reason to hope, that the num- 


ber of persons wanting this relief, would 
very soon be diminished by the proper ap- 


plication of it; and that the hospitals in the 
metropolis would be thereby greatly reliev- 
ed; as it is a known fact that many 


, patients, for want of the means of entire 
recovery of health and strength on quitting 


one hospital, have soon been obliged to 


apply for admission even into another.” 


10th Nov. 1798. 


L 104 ] 


No. XLVI. 


Extract from an account of a society estab- 
lished, at Lymington in Hampshire, for the 
benefit of distressed females. By the Rev. 
WILLIAM GILPIN. | 


A Mons the many friendly societies which 
have been instituted by day labourers in 


different parts of the country, an idea was 
adopted at Lymington, that something of 


this kind might be of great benefit to dis- 
tressed females; and especially in that place, 
which being a little sea-port, and frequented 


by the seamen of small coasting vessels, 


and boat men, their wives are often put to 


inconveniences by the misfortunes, and even 


by the absence of their husbands. 


Mrs. Pierce took an active part in the bu- 


siness. Her first step was to consult among 


her friends, what support an institution of 


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FEMALE SOCIETY. 105 


this kind was likely to receive; she soon 
found there was sufficient for the execution 
of her plan. Between thirty and forty inha- 
bitants of Lymington, and its neighbour- 
hood, were ready to subscribe each 14s. a 
year, or 3d. a week, which was all the as- 
sistance she desired. A committee of ladies 
was then appointed to arrange the busi- 
ness; but Mrs. Pierce continued to be the 
most active member, by taking on herself 


the most troublesome office - that of trea- 
surer. 


On the Sth of April, 1790, the society 
was established. The regulations of it were 
chiefly these: it was particularly intended 
for lying- in women, but was soon extended 


to the sick of every denomination. No one 


could enter as an object of this charity un- 
der the age of 15, nor above 50. It was 
required that she should be a parishioner, 
of good character, and in good health at 
the time of her entrance. On putting down 
her name she pays 6d.; and three-half- 
pence every week. Before she receives 


106 FEMALE SOCIETY © 


relief, her name must have been a year on 


the books; she is then intitled to g. a ] 


week during any ilIness with which she may 
be visited ; but she receives it only during 
the term of 13 weeks; if she is not then 
recovered, she receives 1s. a week on! y. 
while it is thought necessary. Once a year 


a charity sermon is preached, at which be- 


tween L£ 10. and £16. are generally col- 
lected. By this aid, and by great economy 
in the management of the fund, it has in- 
creased so much, that instead of 38. a week, 
it already affords 4s. After the sermon, 
which is generally preached on the second 
Sunday in August, all the poor members 


who are able to go to church, walk in pro- 
cession to the town-hall, with their patro- 


nesses at their head, who treat them with 


cake and wine. This is a pleasant day to 


them, and makes somereturn to thehealthy, 


for not having had occasion to draw upon 
the fund for sickness, The grand murmur 
Indeed against all those modes of relief, 1s, 


that they, who have had little occasion for 


them, think their money has been ill spent. 


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AT LYMINGTON, 107 


tho at the same time it is a fact, that most 


of the members of this society have at 
one time or other, received relief from 
ö J. 7 : N 

it; not fewer in the whole than 65; of 


these 33 were women in child-bed. Two 


*women have been on the books, with lame 
hands, at 18. a week, for some years; and a 
third has been long relieved in a deep de- 


cline. 


4 
4 
2 


' Indulgences are sometimes added, when 
f personal misfortune is not to be pleaded. 


In the late scarcity of bread- corn, each 


poor member received a half-gallon loaf 


N every Wednesday, for six weeks; and dur- 
} ing the last two winters, each had three 
| bushels of coals.— The society, at this time, 
consists of 55 poor members. 


23th June, 1798. 


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L 108 J 


No. XLVII. 


Extract from an account of a Sunday friend) 
society for the aged poor, at Winston. By | 


the Reverend THOMAS BURGESS. 


Is May, 1798, there was established at 


Winston, in the county of Durham, in con- 
Sequence of a suggestion of the Bishop of | 
Durham, a friendly society for the aged 4 
poor; the object of which is to promote | 


among them the due observance of the 


Sabbath, the study of the Scriptures, and | 


of other good books, and also Fogarty and 
good neighbourhood. 


a 


For this purpose, they make a point of 
attending church on Sundays, when not | 
prevented by sickness, infirmity, or some 
unavoidable impediment ; and also on other | 


days, whenever they have opportunity : 
they likewise agree not to countenance 


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FRIENDLY SOCIETY. 109 


any gamesand improper pastimes on a Sun- 
day, by looking on, or sitting near them ; 
and to use all the influence which they pos- 
42 sess, to dissuade others from profaning the 
Lord's day; they meet every Sunday even- 
ing at each other's houses, for religious im- 
; provement : and make it a general rule, 
to lay by every week something of their 


earnings, to accumulate till the end of 
1 the year; allotting however a tenth part 


thereof, and of the benefit they derive from 
the society, towards the relief of any of 
I their necessitous neighbours, who (tho not 
belonging to the society) should appear to 


merit their charitable assistance. They 


| j likewise agree to make it their business to 
1 do every thing, that in them lies, to promote 

f good will, good neiglibourhood, and Chris- 
3 N tian charity, one amongst another. 


The following are the rules of the society: 
1. Any person may be a member of the 


| society, who is sixty years of age or up- 


wards. 


2. Every subscriber of one penny per 
VOL, 11. OS 


110 FRIENDLY SOCIETY 


week, who is sixty years of age, or upwards, | 
and under seventy, to be entitled to receive 
double his subscription, at the end of the | 
year; that is, his own subscription, and a: | 


much more. 


g. Every subscriber of one penny per 7 
week, who is seventy years of age, or up. 
wards, and under fourscore, to be entitlel“ 
to receive treble his subscri ption at the end 
of the year ; that is, his own subscription, 


and twice as much more. 


4. Every subscriber of one penny per 
week, who is fourscore years of age, or 
upwards, and under ninety, to receive four- | 
times his subscription at the end of the year; | 
that is, his own subscription, and three 


times as much more. 


5. And so in proportion for every in- 


crease of ten years. 


6. Any blind person, of any age, may be i 
a member of the society; and, if unde! 
sixty years of age, will be entitled to the 
same benefit as subscribers who are sixty 


years of age, and under seventy. 


7. Every 1 who absents himsel | 


die 1 
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FOR THE AGED. 411 


from church on Sundays, except in case of 


sickness, or some unavoidable impediment, 
to forfeit his benefit upon the subscription 


of that week. 


8. If any member of this society should 
die in the course of the year, his friends 
will be entitled to receive his subscription, 
and so much benefit, as is proportioned to 
the time of subscribing. 

9. Any person desirous of promoting the 

purposes of the society, without partaking 
of the benefit, may be an honorary member, 
by subscribing annually a guinea, or half a 
guinea, or not less than two pence per 
week; for which they will be entitled to 
receive weekly one copy of such publica- 
tions, as may be purchased for the use of 
the society. 
10. The subscription to be paid at the 
time of the weekly meeting, to the member, 
at whose house the reading is held; to be 
delivered by him to the secretary, on the 
Monday following. 

11. The annual subscription to be paid 
at the time of commencing member. 

12 


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society. 


112 FRIENDLY SOCIETY 


12. No members to receive any publica- 
tion, whose subscription is in arrears. 
13. No benefit member, who is in ar- 


rears, to receive any benefit till his arrears 


are paid. 


This society consists of 4 honorary mem- 
bers (who subscribe an annual guinea each 
for the benefit of the fund), and g old men 
and women, one of the age of 101 years, 


one a poor blind woman, and the other 


seven of ages between 60 and 80. The 
honorary members have it in their power, 
by their weekly or annual subscriptions, not 
only to enlarge, and improve the means of 
assisting the poorer members of the society, 


but at the same time to contribute to the 
amusement and instruction of their chil- 
dren, and servants, and neighbours, by dis- 
tributing among them the tracts of the 
Cheap Repository, and those of the so- 
ciety for promoting Christian knowledge, 


which are purchased for the use of the 


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FOR THE AGED. 119 


The books which are selected for reading 


to them are, Orton's Discourses to the 


aged, — Bishop Wilson's Sermons, — Bishop 
Wilson on the Sacrament, — Bishop Beve- 


ridge's private Thoughts, —Flavell's Hus- 
| bandry spiritualized, adapted to present 
use, — Christian Husbandry,—Fawcett's re- 


ligious Weaver. Burder's Village Sermons, 
—and Peers's Companion for the Aged. 


The origin of this society was as fol- 
lows.—I spoke to one of the old men, who 
had some turn for reading, and offered 
to come and read to him on the Sunday 
evening. The old man thanked me for 
the offer, and afterwards appeared much 
gratified with what I had done. I then 
told him that I would visit him the next 
Sunday evening ; and that any other old 
persons among his neighbours, who wished 
it, might be present. A neighbour and 
his wife attended; and, on the Sunday 
after, other old persons came, in conse- 
quence of leave given them upon their ap- 
plication. Finding the Sunday readings 


114 FRIENDLY SOCIETY 


give pleasure to them, I made an offer of a 


forming a regular society, on the terms 
before mentioned. This they gladly ac- 
cepted, and have since expressed great 
satisfaction in this new employment of their 
Sunday evening. 


There is a a cheap but comfortable Sunday 


dinner provided, gratis, for all who attend 
church. It is prepared from one of the re- 


ceipts in the first volume of the Society's 


Reports, the expence of it not exceeding 3 
halfpence a head. They dine at the house 
of one of the members, which from its si- 
tuation is most convenient for the infirm 
members. The dinner is dressed at the 
Rectory, and sent on the Saturday evening 
to the house, where they dine. 


The oldest and most infirm members are 


now become very punctual in their attend- 


ance on church; and by their example and 


influence, have contributed very much to 
the better observance of the Sabbath at 
Winston. 


8 2 


FOR THE AGED, 115 


OBSERVATIONS, 


The Sunday readings were proposed, 
and the society which grew out of them, 
was established, in consequence of a sug- 
gestion in the Bishop of Durham's charge“ 
to the clergy of the diocese of Durham 


* The reader will find the whole passage in the 
Bishop's charge very deserving of his perusal. It fol- 
Jows. —“ In most country parishes, there is a consi- 
6 derable proportion of the poor, who, from want of 
« early education, cannot partake of the advantages to 
be derived from reading. An old man, who, from 
age and incapacity for labour, finds himself disengag- 
* cd from this world, and approaching every day nearer 
« to the next, and yet is shut out, in a great degree, from 
the light and consolations of the Gospel, by his ina- 
© bility to read the word of God, and good books, is 
* an object of real pity ; and to relieve such necessity 
* as this, is, indeed, one of the highest acts of Chris- 
« tian charity. The parish church, it is true, is ac- 
« cessible to him; and, if he be well disposed, he will 
ebe more diligent in frequenting it: but we all know, 
* how difficult it often is to confine the mind to the 


2. 
116 FRIENDLY SOCIETY 


in 1797, where the reader will find a strong 
recommendation of the establishment of 


« proper object of prayer, even with the assistance of 
e the written form. How much more difficult must 1t 
ce be for him, whose-vacant mind is open to the intru- 
ce sion of every yain and idle thought? And, with all 
<« the advantages of public worship, he will still have 
« many unoccupied, tedious, and solitary hours, which 
ce it would be happy for him, if he could convert to the 
ce service of eternity. Much, I conceive, might be done 
« by occasional conference with him at his own dwell- 
« ing, concerning the state of his faith, his hopes, and 
his views of futurity. And, if this conference were 
accompanied with the reading to him of some por- 
« tion of Scripture, or of some easy tract on the truth 
« and promises of the Gospel, his minißter would do 
him an act of inestimable kindness. If you could 
« advance one step beyond this, and induce the aged 
© poor to assist one another, and form little societies in 
% large, or one society in a small parish, at which 
e those who arc readers might read to those who are 
&© not, it would be bringing your poor to a most de- 
« girable and editying state of spiritual communion ; 


such as would contribute very greatly to their comfort 


« during the short period of remaining life, as well as 


« at the awful hour of death. The Bishop of Dur- 
ham's visitation charge in 1797 ; p. 25 of the quarto 
edition. 1 | 2 


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FOR THE AGED. 117 


societies of the poor, for their religious im- 


1 provement. 


The institution of such societies, appears 
to be susceptible of very extensive advan- 


tages. It supplies by very practicable means, 


what was before wanting in the religious 
instruction of the poor. Sunday schools 


provide for the instruction of the young; 


these societies will promote the edification 


and comfort of the old. The Sunday friend- 
ly society is founded on principles, very 


favourable to religious and moral improve- 
ment, and to the cultivation of benevolence 
and philanthropy among the poor. It con- 


nects the aged poor in a friendly, and Chris- 


tian-like manner with their minister, and 
with one another. It brings into exercise 
a virtue, which is too often considered as 
out of the poor man's sphere; as by it 
they not only receive charity, but become 
also the dispensers of it to others. 


The allotment of their charitable tithe 
to the benefit of neighbours, who are not 


118 FRIENDLY SOCIETY 


of their society, and the obliging of them- 
selves by their rules, to the observance 
of the duties of religion and benevolence, 
may be the means of gaining two great 
points in the cultivation of the heart * ONe, 
a correction of the selfish principle ; the 
other, a deliberate resolution of living and 
acting by rule and method. To the poor, 


who cannot read at all, to those who can- 


not afford to buy books, — to those who are 


desirous of spiritual improvement, and of 


employing their latter days in a way the 
most conducive to the comfort of their last 
hours, — to the frugal, the neighbourly, and 
the benevolent, such an institution cannot 
fail to be very acceptable. 


The value of religious societies, as helps 
to religious instruction and edification, has 
been long known to several sects of Chris- 
tians. With them they have been the 
source of much useful instruction, and the 
means of keeping up a spirit of social and 
vital religion; and they contribute to aid 

the force of example, and therefore operate 


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FOR THE AGED. 119 


would unite in following their example. 
Happy indeed would it be, if, at length, all 
contention between the different denomi- 
nations of Christians, were reduced to an 
amicable rivalry, in the great work of sav- 
ing souls; —in provoking one another to 
good works. In a word, if all our efforts, 
from however distant points they may ori- 
ginate, were to centre in a friendly com- 
petition in doing good. 


To those who look with an anxious eye 
on the progress of the poor's-rate, every 
institution that tends to encourage good 
conduct among the poor, must be the object 
of approbation; but those must be pecu- 
liarly so, which are calculated to afford relief 
ty the elder and more infirm poor, by an an- 
nual charity, as a benefit upon frugality 
and good behaviour. 


in forming a Sunday friendly society it 


120 FRIENDLY SOCIETY 


is immaterial with how small a number the 
commencement is made; except, indeed, 
that there may be rather more advantages 
in beginning only with a few, and letting 
others find out the benefits of being mem- 
bers from conversation with those who are. 
The utmost that seems necessary (after two 
or three have agreed to -meet together * 
for reading the Scriptures and other good 
books on Sunday evenings, and to bind 
themselves to a punctual observance of re- 
ligious duties) is to distribute the rules of 
such society at some, or all, of the cottages 
in the parish. 


It is a very desirable circumstance, that 
the meetings should be at the houses of the 


members by rotation; as it will not only be 
more satisfactory to them, but will conduce 
much to friendly intercourse and charitable 


* It is submitted to the reader's consideration, whe- 
ther the months of April or May, when the days are 


longer, and the weather is more favourable, will not be 
Q 


better for the commencement of one of these societies, 


than the winter months. 


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FOR THE AGED. 121 


communion. If the elderly poor in any 


town or village, should be too numerous 
to meet in one house, they may be divided 


into classes, and one or more of the mem- 
bers be employed as readers to the class, 
where the minister cannot attend regu- 
larly to more than one class. 


The weekly penny should not be con- 


sidered as a subscription, or condition of 


being admitted a member, but as a volun- 


tary act of frugality. If they lay by their 


penny, and are not so regular as their rules 
require, they will still receive their own 
again ; but it will be their own single 
talent unimproved. They may be mem- 
bers, if they please, without laying by their 


penny : a wish to partake of the Sunday 
readings, and to join in a religious obser- 


vance of the Sabbath, is a sufficient quali- 
fication. 


They may, possibly, be devout without 


being frugal ; and yet frugality is so great 


a virtue in the poor, that it might be worth 
e. 


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120 FRIENDLY SOCIETY 


is immaterial with how small a number the | 


commencement is made; except, indeed, 
that there may be rather more advantages 
in beginning only with a few, and letting 
others find out the benefits of being mem- 
bers from conversation with those who are. 
The utmost that seems necessary (after two 
or three have agreed to meet together“ 
for reading the Scriptures and other good 
books on Sunday evenings, and to bind 
themselves to a punctual observance of re- 


ligious duties) is to distribute the rules of 


such society at some, or all, of the cottages 
in the parish. 


It is a very desirable circumstance, that 


the meetings should be at the houses of the 


members by rotation; as it will not only be 
more satisfactory to them, but will conduce 
much to friendly intercourse and charitable 


* It is submitted to the reader's consideration, whe- 
ther the months of April or May, when the days are 
longer, and the weather is more favourable, will not be 
better for the commencement of one of these societies, 
than the winter months. 


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FOR THE AGED. 121 


communion. If the elderly poor in any 
town or village, should be too numerous 
to meet in one house, they may be divided 
into classes, and one or more of the mem- 
bers be employed as readers to the class, 
where the minister cannot attend regu- 


larly to more than one class. 


The weekly penny should not be con- 
sidered as a subscription, or condition of 


being admitted a member, but as a volun- 


tary act of frugality. If they lay by their 


penny, and are not so regular as their rules 
require, they will still receive their own 


again ; but it will be their own single 


talent unimproved. They may be mem- 
bers, if they please, without laying by their 


penny : a wish to partake of the Sunday 


readings, and to join in a religious obser- 
vance of the Sabbath, is a sufficient quali- 
fication. 


7 They may, possibly, be devout without 


being frugal ; and yet frugality is so great 
a virtue in the poor, that it might be worth 


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122 FRIENDLY SOCIETY 


while to encourage and recommend to them 
the weekly deposit,“ as a means of benefiting 
themselves by the charitable disposition 
of their richer neighbours : a circumstance, 
that will render-the charity not only more 
useful, than if it was merely gratuitous, but 
generally (it may be supposed) on that ac- 
count more acceptable to them. 
4 


In large families and populous towns, 
the benefit upon the weekly savings might 
be in a great degree, if not wholly, raised 
from the contributions of the honorary 
members. In small parishes the expence 
of the benefit will be inconsiderable ; but 
even there, will be generally found some 


honorary members, to share the expence 


with the land owner, and with the clergy- 
man of the parish. 


* The annual dividend has been just made. The old 
men all appear extremely pleased, and thankful for the 
benefit which they receive on their savings. They are 
become very punctual in their attendance on church; 
and the number of communicants at the Sacrament in 


Winston church is nearly doubled. 26th Dec. 1798. 


ng 


on 


re 
jut 


FOR THE AGED. 124 


A society of. a similar nature has been 
lately instituted at Bishops Auckland by 
the Bishop of Durham, who has the dinner 
provided for them, and Supplies the extra 
fund, without the contribution of any ho- 
norary members. It consists at present of 
20 members; all (as there is reason to be- 
lieve) gradually advancing to a more com- 
fortable state of mind, and happy in their 
preparation for eternity. In the formation 
of different societies, some difference in the 
detail may be occasioned by the circum- 
stances of the place or the parties, but the 
general idea and the object will probably 


be the same. 


25th Oct. 1798. 


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L 124 


No. XLVIII. 


Extract from an account of a parish Wind- 


mill at Chislehurst in Kent. By the 


Reverend FRANCIS WOLLASTON. 


Tux scarcity of wheat in the summer of 
1793, led many of the inhabitants of Chis- 
lehurst into a wish, that they might have 
a mill on their common, under such regu- 
lations that each person might be certain of 
having his own corn fairly ground, and 
returned to him in due measure, and of its 
being dressed to such a degree of fineness 
as he should choose ; or, that he might be 
able to purchase at a fair price, such kind 
of flour, mixed or unmixed, as he wished. 


The building of one at the expence of the 
parish was their first thought. But they 


were dissuaded from that, by its being 


5 
1 


PARISH WINDMILL. 125 


1 pointed out to them, that such an expense 
uould fall very heavy upon many persons, 
| who could already barely support the 
; weight of the present rates. For, whether 
the principal were to be raised upon the 
| J parish in the first instance, or the money 
| to be obtained by granting life annuities 
f out of the rates, which last requires a 
special authority, in either case it would 
be felt as a very great burthen. It was 
therefore proposed to the parishioners, that 
if they would give their consent to the 
granting of a part of the common for that 
purpose, a set of ladies and gentlemen (the 
| ! number of them being at last settled to be 
N | ten) would undertake the whole at their 
| own expense, and build a parish mill. 
Iwo particular days in each week, should 
; | be allotted to the working for the poor; or 
for such persons as should bring but small 
quantities of corn to be ground: the person 
| who brought it, should be allowed, if he 
chose, to stay and see it ground; and, after 
i | having it dressed just as he might choose, 
| | Should take it away with him, upon paying 


vol., it. K 


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126 PARISH WINDMILL | 
in ready money 4d. per bushel for the 
grinding, and 2d. for the dressing, where it 


should be dressed: but that on other days, 


or when there was no grist-work sent in, 


the mill might be worked for the benefit 
of the proprietors; or it might be let by 
them to a tenant, under the same restric- 
tions.—On these conditions the ground was 
granted : and on the failure of the con- 
ditions, it was agreed that it should be for- 
feited, and revert to the parish. 


The original idea of the proprietors, was 
to erect a mill, such as had been built a few 


years before on Dartford Brent. The base. | 


ment of brick, the mill itself of timber, 
with the head alone turning to the wind. 
The cost of that at Dartford was said to 
have been 800. The sum of { 200. more 


was intended to be added for a house for 
the miller; the shares being estimated at 


100. to each proprietor. Mr. John Hall 
of Dartford, who had been employed in the 


mill at that place, was consulted ; and at Þ 


last it was agreed that he should build that 


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127 


AT CHISLEHURST. 


at Chislehurst. No precise terms were 
drawn up in writing concerning it. He 
offered to undertake it for {. 1000 ; or to 
build it as should be directed, and to be 


paid by measure and value when it was 


completed. The last proposal was pre- 
ferred. 


Orders were given to him accordingly ; 


and he promised to lay the foundation 


early in the spring of 1796; and in the 
mean time to prepare every thing in for- 
wardness, so as for the mill to work by the 
Michaelmas following. 


The foundation was laid as had been 
proposed, and the outer frame was erected 
early in the summer of 1796: but the mill 
cannot be said to have worked till the end 
of April, 1797; nor was it completed till 
September in that year. 


In the mean time a neat miller's house 
was finished; and about 2 acres of land 
inclosed for his use. The work certainly 

K 2 


128 PARISH WINDMILL 


appears to be well executed. The mill 
carries g pair of stones. Two pair of French 
ones for wheat ; and one bed-stone, French, 
with a runner of Peak-stone, for barley, or 
hogs meat. There is also a machine for 
dressing the meal; in which the revolu— 


tion of the brushes is easily reversed, for | 


their preservation ; as also a bolting machine 


for cloths of any kind. The mill itself 


draws up the sacks, and sets them down on 
any of the floors. The wind-shaft, and the 
cross, are of cast iron. The head turns 
itself into the wind, by a fan-tail and rack 
work. The cap is a hemisphere very curi- 
ously formed, both for beauty, and for keep- 
ing out the weather, by means of bent 


planks. The weather boarding of the mill 


itself is also unusually good; every part 
being covered doubly. The joints at each 
angle (for the body of the mill is octagonal) 


are covered with sheet lead: which helps 


to form part of a metallic communication 
from the top to the earth, as a security 
against lightning. 


Ar CHISLEHURST. 129 


— ﬀ 
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- . 2 þ pw > $I 4 24 — 
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7 2 * 2 * — mT I E => — _ — 
* 811 — bo * = - = 


The mill carries g pair of stones. But 


iq the wind seldom serves for working them 1 
* © altogether; especially when the dressing 1 
ad 3 machines are at work too. Yet it is report- 4 
* ; that the proprietors of the Barham mill, Y 
20 ; which has but 2 pair of stones, wish their 
135 mill had been upon a larger scale. If that 
f be really the case, it may deserve considera- 


tion, whenever a parish mill is undertaken, 
whether a mill of an intermediate size may 
not upon the whole be more advisable. 


The design of the proprietors in erecting 
the mill, never was to undersell the fair 
dealer in any respect : or to let even the 
poor have their meal at a price below the 
market : .but to put it in the power of each 
person, in every station of life, to obtain 
such flour of any sort of grain as he might 
choose; and to obtain it of a good quality 


This it is imagined they have now 
done. Those who choose to send their own 
corn, may do it; and may see to its being 
fairly returned to them. On Mondays and 


—— — 


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190 PARISH WINDMILL 


Tuesdays, in every week, the smallest quan- 


tities are not to be refused to be ground for 


the poor : and each person may have his 
meal dressed in any manner he may desire. 


Those of any condition in life who choose 


to buy, may buy at the mill, of a good qua- 


lity and at a fair price. All the effect in- 


tended to be produced on other millers, or 


on the retail dealers of the shops, was to 


make it to their interest, to deal fairly by 
their customers. 


— 


OBSERVATIONS. 


The mill at Chislehurst, certainly, is a 
convenience to the neighbourhood. It is 
not apprehended that it has, in any de- 
gree, hurt the millers around the place; 
tho it has already almost as much work as 
it can perform. This seems to shew that 


a mill was really wanted: and it has put 


other millers, the shopkeepers, and bakers 
on their guard, at the same time that it has 


Injured nobody. 


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AT CHISLEHURST. 131 


One effect intended by it has answered: 
the certainty of obtaining meal of what 
quality, of what degree of mixture with 
other kinds of grain, or of what fineness you 


choose; and the having the produce of your 


own corn returned fairly to you. This last 
may sometimes be doubtful at other mills; 
and probably sometimes is doubted, where 
the return is fairly made. Here any one 
may assure himself that it is so, if he pleases. 


It is proper to caution the reader against 
an error, into which the proprietors have 
fallen, and from which those of the mill at 
Barham Downs“ have been exempt;—the 
want of sufficient care as to the expense 
of the undertaking. 


The mill at Chislehurst has certainly been 


not only more expensive than was intended, 


but more so than was necessary. The 


IM The mill at Barham Downs cost only C 336; the 
scales and utensils of different kinds L 17 ; in all 353; 
only £ 33. beyond the sum W FRO. See 
Report, No. 8. 


132 PARISH WINDMILL 


builder offered to undertake it for L 1000 ; 
or to build it as should be directed, and to 
be paid by measure and value, when it was 
completed ; which last proposal was pre- 
ferred. — The proprietors did not attend to 
the progress of the work, in the same man- 
ner as those would have done, who had their 


own profit in view ; so that when the bills 


were sent in, they contained a charge of 
above (470. for day work; all of it for 
articles, which the proprietors understood 
were to be charged by measure, In the 
whole, the millwright's bill has amounted to 
£,1765.; besides ( 214. the cost of the 
house, and L 44. for the fencing. | 


During the first 3 months, from April to 


September, 1797, while the miller was in- 
terrupted by the workmen completing the 
mill, he paid the proprietors at the rate of 
4 per cent. on { 1000. the money then ad- 
vanced. From Michaelmas, 1797, he under- 
took it at the rate of 35 pr cent. on { 1700. 
and from Ladyday last a, 73. 10s. a year, 
being 35 per cent. on {2100, the whole 


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money expended. He seems to have no 


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22d Dec. 1798. 


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L 134 ] 


No. XLIX. 


Extract from an account of the late improve- 


ments, in the house of industry, at Dublin. 
By Tromas BERNARD, Esq. 


Is the beginning of the year 1797, an act 
of parliament was passed in Ireland, for the 
regulation of the Dublin house of industry. 


It had been under the direction of the cor- 


poration for the relief of the poor in Dub- 
lin; consisting of the principal officers of 


state, the aldermen of the city, and others, 
in all about 200 governors; a number, 


which promised very little regular atten- 
tion, and afforded no personal responsi- 


bility. Count Rumford had, in May, 1796, 


visited Dublin, at the instance of Mr. Secre- 


tary Pelham ; and had concerted with him 


the necessary arrangements, for the im- 
provement of the establishment, and for the 
correction of the existing defects. By the 


n 


HOUSE OF INDUSTRY. 135 


new act (which was brought into the Irish 
house of commons by Mr. Pelham in the 


ensuing session) the conduct of the insti- 


tution was confided to seven acting gover- 
nors, * or directors, to be annually elected 
by, and out of, the members of the corpo- 
ration. 


The average number of the persons then 
in the house exceeded 1700. These were 
formed into classes, according to their ages, 
conduct, abilities, and other peculiar cir- 
cumstances; and from among them was 
selected a class of merit (lodged and fed 
apart from the others) consisting of those, 
who had distinguished themselves by supe- 


rior industry, by moral and regular con- 


duct, and by obedience to the rules of the 
house. 


Each class was placed under the imme- 
diate superintendance of one of the direc- 
tors; who engaged to pay daily attention 


* This extract is principally taken from the report 
of the acting governors, lately published at Dublin. 


to it, and to make his report regularly to 
the board: so that a register was obtained 


136 HOUSE OF INDUSTRY, 


of the circumstances and conduct of all the 


persons in the house; a line was drawn. 


between the idle vagrant and the distressed 
manufacturer ; their wants were accurately 
known, and immediately attended to.—For 
the religious duties of the poor, there were 
two chaplains on the establisghment ; one 2 
Protestant, the other a Roman Catholic. 


Many persons had originally entered the 


house with an expectation of receiving 


better and more food, without any labour, 


than what they could have obtained by their 


industry out of the house. In order to di- 
minish the effect of this potent encourage- 


ment to idleness (the inconvenience of 
which is not confined to the city of Dublin 
exclusively) the directors recurred to the 
principle, which had been acted upon at 


Hamburgh, and which has been stated in a 
preceding Report. They reduced the ordi- 


nary diet of the house below what any in- 
dustrious labourer, out of the house, could 


1 VET, ++ 4 . Fs KY 5 2 2 t. 3 
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Gb RE 
IT I 


IN DUBLIN, 3 


obtain by his earnings at the lowest rate of 


wages: at the same time, in order that the 
poor persons upon the establishment might 
enjoy the profits of their work, in the man- 
ner most pleasant and most advantageous 
to themselves, the directors opened a shop 
in the house; where every article of rea- 
sonable luxury, and innocent gratification, 
is sold at prime cost, upon a plan similar 
to that of the shop established at Monge- 
well by the Bishop of Durham; an account 
whereof is given in our first Report. 


The expense of the diet of the house had 
been very great. This had been occasioned, 
partly by the kind of food with which they 


had been supplied, and partly by the pecu- 
lation of the persons employed. In order 


to correct the latter, the following mode 
of distribution has been adopted: the head 


porter, every morning early, returns to the 


secretary the number to be provided with 
food for the day. The secretary then cal- 


culates the quantity necessary to be issued 


from the stores; and the several officers 


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138 HOUSE OF INDUSTRY, 


acknowledge the receipt in pass books, 
which being compared once a week with 
the steward's store book, the balance is 
ascertained. 05 


The directors also adopted a cheaper and 
more nutritive system of diet. The ox- 
head stew, the receipt for which is given in 
the Report, No. 10, and soups prepared upon 
Count Rumford's principle, have been dis- 
tributed to the poor: and the practice 
which existed among them, of exchanging 
their bread for whiskey, has been put an 
end to; the bread being now mixed with 
the soup, before the distribution.—The im- 
provement in the health of the poor, in con- 
Sequence of the new system, has been almost 
commensurate to the increased economy of 
the house : the expense of diet for the half 
year from Midsummer, 1797 (when the new 
regulations took place) being very little 
more than half, and the proportionate mor- 


tality in the house less than three-fifths, of 


what they had been in the preceding half 
year. 


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IN DUBLIN. 139 


In promoting the health and the eco- 
nomy of the house, the directors have also 
had the benefit of Count Rumford's assist- 
ance. His double boilers, with close covers, 
have been put up under his direction. He 


has invented, and constructed in one of 
their lumber rooms, a perpetual oven, * 


which would be very useful in all our pub- 
lic establishments. It occupies a circular 
Space, about 7 feet in diameter, in the cen- 
tre of the room ; and contains six cells for 
baking bread, or dressing food, all heated 


by one small fire, and ready in succession 


(or at the same time if wanted) for baking, 
or for any operation of cookery. 


What Count Rumford has done for warm- 
ing and ventilating their larger rooms, is 


very deserving of imitation. There are two 


fire - places, one in the office of the master 
of the work, the other in the hall of merit; 
with flues extending horizontally, at the 


* See the Dublin account, p- 16; and Count Rum- 
ford's sixth Essay, p. 171. 


ne OE $5 


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140 HOUSE or INDUSTRY, 
height of five feet from the floor, to a 
chimney in the centre. These commu- 
nicate a sufficient and equable degree of 


heat, through the two great dining halls. 
Two of Count Rumford's louvres * carry 


These louvres ought to be used, not only in houses 
of industry, manufactories, and jails, but in all crowded 
rooms, Where those, who have the misfortune to be 
confined in them, suffer extremely both in health and 
spirits, by exhausted and corrupted air. They are made 
on a very simple construction; and they not only ac: 
very powerfully, and are easily regulated, but their action 
may be totally suspended at pleasure. They are so 
constructed, that every wind that blows, acts at the 
same time, both by compression and by exhaustion, to 
ventilate the apartments with which they communicate. 
Part of those put up by Count Rumford at Dublin, 
were intended for a long garret over the hall. This 
garret, which was fitted up as a dormitory for some of 
their most industrious children, was $0 very low, that 
those who were destined to sleep in it, would certainly 
have felt the want of fresh air, had not some extraor- 
dinary means been used to procure a supply of it. The 
necessary ventilation is obtained by means of 3 six- 
sided vertical wooden tubes, which, passing through the 
roof of the building, project 3 or 4 feet above it, and 
communicate with the room below. By 2 of these 
tubes, placed at the two ends of the dormitory, and ter- 


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IN DUBLIN. 141 


off the vitiated air; and a fresh supply of 
atmospberic air is obtained by small aper- 
tures, which are made at the bottom of 
the side walls, and covered with perforated 
boxes. 


Difficulties have always existed with re- 
gard to the mode of supplying the necessi- 
tous poor with clothing. Where it is given 
gratuitously and indiscrimmately, it is neither 
sufficiently valued, nor properly preserved; 
it is offen commuted for spirituous liquors, 
and it always has a tendency to relax in- 
dustry. By the regulations adopted at 
Dublin, the clothing of all persons capable 
of labour, is to be supplied solely from their 


minating in 2 long wooden boxes, which are bored full 


of small holes, and rest on the floor of the room, fresh 


atmospheric air from without is forced into the room, 
while the foul air is carried off by means of the third 
tube, placed over the middle of the room, with its lower 
opening even with the ceiling. This tube is furnished 
with a register, or damper. The whole of this machi- 
nery is made of wood ; and as no part of it is moveable, 
except the register, it -is not expensive, nor liable to be 
put out of order. | 


. L 


142 HOUSE OF INDUSTRY, 
own-exertions. At the same time, instead | 
of one siæth, their former allowance, they 1 
have two thirds of all their earnings ; the tl 
remaining third being deemed nearly sul- f 
ficient to defray the expense of machinery 


- * ir 
and superintendance. As an additional en- 1 
couragement, they whose clothing is fur- 5 


nished by their own industry, are permitted b 
to have one day in the week to go out and b 
visit their friends; the indulgence being, | ; 
in their case, not liable to the general objec- ; 
tion, that, while they were out of the house, 


they often made away with part of their 
clothes. | = 
OBSERVATIONS. 


The labour of the directors of the house 
of industry at Dublin, has been extremely 
diminished by a proper distribution of atten- 
tion, of authority, and of responsibility; by 

5 the power being placed in very few hands, 
ll and by each director having the whole merit of 
"= bis own personal exertions. But, where there 


A N e - 5 f : ; 
* + ot 128 N LOS F c J - 
tit „ one TP 2 


7 


IN DUBLIN. "248 
is much misery * and depravity to correct, 
which appears to have been the case with 
the paupers on this establishment, it is 


* It is hardly possible to enter into a detail of the late 
improvements in the Dublin house of industry, without 
adverting to the general situation of the lower class of 
our fellow-subjects in Ireland. Much, indeed, has 
deen recently done by individuals, in particular distriets; 
by Mr. Pelham, in encouraging the industry and good 
habits of the poor in the vicinity of Dublin, and in in- 


troducing a friendly communication between them and 


their more opulent neighbours ; and by the Speaker, 
Mr. Foster, in the promotion of agriculture, manufac- 
tures, and commerce. These are of. the highest order 
of national improvement ; and afford a fair prospect, 
that what is so well begun, will be pursued with that 


energy and perseverance, which the importance of the 


subject demands. The disadvantages of many of the 
poor in Ireland originate in want of education, in a total 
ignorance of the comforts of life, and a consequent in- 
difference about them. With such persons, the spur 
that should impel them to action, and the bond that 
Should connect them with socieiy, are wanting. Having 


neither property, nor the means of preserving it con- 


fiding in the mildness of the climate, in the fertility of 
the soil, and in the facility of obtaining those mere 


necessaries of existence with which they are acquainted 


what sccurity can their country possess for conduct, 


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144 HOUSE OF INDUSTRY, 
requisite that prudence, activity, firmness, 
and perseverance, should all be employed, as 


they have been in this instance, much to 
the honour of the directors. 


It must give great satisfaction to every 
one, who is aware that religion, morality, 
industry, and prudence, have, like the arts, 
a common bond of union, and produce their 
full effects in those instances only where 
they act in concert, to observe, that in this 
establishment, where there are 80 many 
Roman Catholics, objects of its protection, 
there is a priest of their own persuasion, 


what impulse to industry and exertion ?—The necessary 

remedies the introduction of a proper system of educa- 
tion, of habits of cleanliness, and of a taste for the com- 
forts of life, as applied to food, habitation, and clothes; 
the extending of the power of acquiring property , and 


the means of preserving it; the promoting of more 


connection, and more intercourse of kindness and bene- 


yolence, between the different ranks of life ;—these are 


measures, which require superior talents and industry to 
arrange and conduct ;—measures, essential, not merely 
to the prosperity of Ireland, but, at the present crisis, ta 
the security of Great Britain. 


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IN DUBLIN. 145 


provided for their religious improvement. — 


No reform of the poor can be completely 
brought about, without the aid of RELIGION. 
This must be the foundation of every 
thing effectual, to be done for them :—the 
guperstructure should be aid, encourage- 


ment, and distinction. 


In respect also of that superstructure, the 
arrangement in the Dublin house of indus- 
try is wise and judicious. The aid and en- 
couragements * given to industry, in this 
instance, have exceeded those of any similar 


Our system has been rather to prevent crimes by 
punishments, than to encourage virtue and industry by 
rewards. If the latter were brought more into action, 
the former would be less necessary. Punishments and 
terror may deter from crimes, but rewards and in- 
citement should be added, as stimulants to virtue. 
The certainty, or the dread, of being hanged for it, 
may prevent a man from committing a robbery or a 


murder; but neither the gallows, nor any of the minor 


class of punishments, will ever promote industry, pru- 
dence, cleanliness, morality, or religion. Man de- 
# ters by fear of punishment; but the Deity likewise 


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146 HOUSE or INDUSTRY, 


establishment. But the peculiar feature of 
the institution, is the distinction of classes, 
particularly that of the separate and fa- 
voured CLASS OF MERIT ; — Which. must, 
gradually, become an object of ambition to 


every person in the house, to the amend- 


ment even of the most idle, and the most 
n 


The regulation which fixes (as at Ham- 


burgh) their standard of the common diet, 
below what may be obtained by the earn- 
ings of the industrious labourer out of the 
house, is deserving of observation, and of 
imitation in England. Much injury is done 
to the spirit and feelings of the English 


cottager, not merely by the wanton and 


ostentatious profuseness of the rich and 


vain, but also by the gross and offensive 


« invites by the hope of rewards.“ I copy these last 
words from a letter of my friend, Mr. Penn, of Stoke 
Park; who has discussed this subject very yr in his 


458 Timely Appeal,” p. 26—46. 


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IN DUBLIN. WES © 


waste, that is apparent in most of our work- 
houses and public charities. 


It is no small merit in the directors (I 
wish I could offer our public establish- 
ments in England the same tribute of com- 
mendation) that they have readily adopt- 
ed the improvements suggested by Count 
Rumford ; and, by attention and proper 
management, have given them their due 


success. They have taken the full benefit 


of his assistance in respect of the diet of 
the house — of the boilers and oven which 
he has constructed for them and of the 
economical mode which he has suggest 
ed of warming and purifying the air of 
their larger rooms. The introduction of 
his improvements into all our public esta- 


blishments, particularly those improvements 


which contribute to temper and sweeten 
the air in crowded buildings, would be an 
Important and national benefit. Indeed, I 


am unreasonable enough to wish, that the 
other classes of society in England, instead 


b, | 


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148 HOUSE OF INDUSTRY. 

of being kept from the habitations of the 
poor by their want of. cleanliness, and by 
the dread of offensive or contagious air, 
would exert themselves effectually in as- 


sisting and enabling them to correct the 
evil. 


181 Fan. 1799. 


No. L. 


Extract from an account of a provision for 
Chimney Sweepers Boys, at Kingston upon 
Thames, with observations. By the BisHoP 
of DURHAM. 


In August, 1798, a Sunday School, estab- 
lished at Kingston, was extended to the relief 
and instruction of the Chimney Sweepers' 
Boys in that place. They are indeed few 


in number, but they had been left (as in 


most parts of England those unfortunate 
boys are) without the means of cleanli- 
ness or of education, and without either 
example or instruction to induce religious 
or moral habits, at that age which, where- 
ever justice is done to the human charac- 
ter, ougi1t to be the season of preparation 


for life. 


They had been not only destitute of in- 
struction, but in some degree of clothing: 
VOL, II. M 


150 ACCOUNT OF A PROVISION 


and, when unemployed, were left to wander 
almost in a state of nature, excluded from 


the advantages of rational and Christian | 


beings.—In order that they might be in 
proper condition to appear in the school, a 
lady in the neighbourhood, distinguished 


as much by her benevolence as her rank, 


clothed each of these poor objects in the 
following manner. 


A jacket and pair of trowsers of 


coarse blue cloth = 0 6 
Two shirts - — 8 
A pair of shoes - 4 0 

9 


Besides this she sent to each chimney 
sweeper's house, 


S 0 8 


A straw paillassee „5 12 

A pair of blankets - - O 17 

A washing tub = = o 6 
£2 5 6 


and a weekly allowance of a quarter of : 
pound of soap. | 


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FOR CHIMNEY SWEEPERS' BOYS. 151 


The boys are already improving in their 
reading, and some of them arenow beginning 
to read in the New Testament. They are 
acquiring habits of cleanliness and atten- 
tion, and their manners and morals are 
already very greatly improved. 


This school, or rather the part that re- 
spects chimney sweepers' boys, is under the 
direction of a committee of eight persons, 
together with a master and mistress ap- 
pointed by them, in Brick-lane, Kingston. 


OBSERVATIONS. 


The above is stated for the consideration 
of the inhabitants of country towns; where 
a similar provision for these unfortunate 
objects might be very usefully and effec- 
tually made, with very little expence or 
trouble. The remedy is so simple, and so 
easily applied, that I flatter myself that the 
example need only be given, and that it 
M 2 


152 _ ACCOUNT or A PROVISION 


will gradually be adopted in most 7 
towns in England. 


To afford that degree of attention and 
relief, in London, which these boys are en- 
titled to in policy, as well as in justice, the 
provisions to be made for them will be ra- 
ther more complicated, and will require 
some consideration. But there is no great 
difficulty in what is to be done. Protection 
and education during the period of appren- 
ticeship, and the means of livelihood when 
that period expires at the age of sixteen, 
are all the essential parts of the plan. If 
these were attained, even in a qualified de- 


gree, the general condition of a chimney 


sweeper's boy would not be a situation of 
more suffering and disadvantage, than that 
of persons in many other situations in life; 
and (without any offensive comparison, I 
hope, I may add) not subject to more hard- 
ship or danger, than the initiation into that 


dignified and honourable profession, from 


which the British nation does now derive 


FOR CHIMNEY SWEEPERS' BOYS. 153 


so much security, and such distinguished 
glory; and in which, the first families in 
this country are desirous of inscribing their 
children. 


It would produce a material improvement 
in the condition of the chimney sweeper's 
boy, and in the character of the trade, if 
the practice of crying the streets“ was en- 

tirely discontinued; and if families could 
be induced, as in other trades, to employ 
those masters, whose characters are known 
in the neighbourhood. There is nearly as 
much reason for sending round the brick- 


If the practice of crying the Streets was disconti- 
nued, and the boys were properly inspected and pro- 
tected, masters would then take no more apprentices 
than they had employment for ; the boys would not live 
upon the charity of spectators in the streets, the prac- 
tice of letting them out would no longer prevail, and 
the masters would become respectable and comfortable, 
and take a regular and stationary place in society. The 
difficulty with regard to their getting apprentices would 
also be removed. Half of the climbing boys are now 
purchased from needy and illiterate parents.—This note 
is added upon the suggestion of Mr. Porter. 


154 ACCOUNT OF A PROVISION 


layer's lad, with his hod of mortar and à 
few bricks, screaming his master into that 
employment which neither his situation or 
character would otherwise give him any 
pretension to, as the loading with his bag 


and implements of trade, a little child al- 


ready suffering by dirt, hunger, cold, and 
the want of domestic comfort; and sending 
him to disturb the streets by his cries, till 
some unknown person calls him in, and em- 
ploys him in his trade. How much better 
would it be (not to notice the danger to 
personal and domestic security from such 
inmates) that respectable men, like Mr. 
Porter, should be settled in every neigh- 


bourhood ; their characters and conduct 


known ; and that any orders for employ- 
ment should be sent the day before, so that 
the master might arrange his boys' time 
for the ensuing day, in the same manner, 
and with the same regularity, as in other 
trades; instead of their being exhausted 


and destroyed, in the very act of applying 


for employment. If, indeed, it were in the 
power of every master to shew such boys as 


FOR CHIMNEY SWEEPERS' BOYS. 155 


Mr. Porter's, we should have a succession 
of hardy and intrepid lads formed for the 
navy, and for those situations, in which 


early habits of activity and enterprize are 
absolutely necessary. 


It has been a principal object of Mr. Por- 
ter's ® life, that boys apprenticed to his trade 
Should in future be protected and secured 
from those diseases, hardships, and dangers, 
from which he, by extraordinary energy of 
mind and body, and by the mercy of God, 
has been eminently preserved. With this 
view he has prepared, in concert with some 
others of his trade, a plan for its regulation; 
a brief detail of which will employ the re- 
mainder of this Paper. 


Mr. Porter commences his statement by 


* 'The following is a passage in a letter from a near 
relation of the lady alluded to in the beginning of this 
Paper, to General Conway, in November, 1784.1 


© have been these two years wishing to promote my 


excellent Mr. Porter's plan for alleviating the woes 
* of chimney sweepers; but never could make an im- 


pression on three people.” The Earl of Orford's 


Letters, Vol. V. page 234. 


156 ACCOUNT OF A PROVISION 


a general approbation of the act for the relief 
of climbing boys, as far as the provisions ex- 
end; but observes, that those provisions are 
1t complied with by a majority of the mas- 


ters in the trade, either as to the clothing, 


odging, or food, of their apprentices— That 
zuffering and hardship are not necessarily in- 
ident to the trade, but arise merely from the 
want of proper internal regulations, which 
would soon remedy the evil. Their distress, 
however, when they quit their masters, at 
the expiration of their apprenticeship, on at- 
taining the age of 16 years, requires some 
contributory assistance from the public ; 
they being then without money, without 
friends, and without the means or capacity 
of occupation. To provide a general system 
of relief, it is proposed, that the masters in 
the metropolis shall (with the contribution of 
an annual guinea from honorary members) 
form themselves into a friendly society for 


the protection of climbing boys during their 


apprenticeships; and for raising a fund to 
place out in occupations, at the age of six- 
teen, the boys of any of the members: the 


n 


FOR CHIMNEY SWEEPERS BOYS. 157 


business of the society to be conducted by 
a committee, which shall be elected by and 
out of the honorary and other members; 


and from which a sub-committee of masters 


shall be appointed to inspect the bedding, 
clothing, and accommodation, of the ap- 
prentices of all masters belonging to the 
society, and to report whether they are con- 
formable to their indentures of apprentice- 
ship, and to the regulations of the act; and 
to hear any complaints of the boys, to in- 
quire as to apprenticeships, and to apply to 
the magistrates in those cases where the act 
of Parliament remains unexecuted. 


Such is a short outline of a plan, which 
will soon be given more at length; and for 
the furtherance of which, by contributing 
as honorary members, the humanity, policy, 
and justice, of the public, will soon be ap- 
plied to. 


16th May, 1799. 


L 168 J 


No. LI. 


Extract from an account of the rewards giver 
by the Sussex Agricultural Society to the 
industrious and deserving poor. By Tho- 
MAS BERNARD, Esq, 


Ar a general meeting of the members ot 
the Sussex agricultural society, held at 
Lewes on the 15th of October, 1798,* a 
variety of liberal and useful premiums in 
agriculture were offered to the farmers in 
that neighbourhood. To give the detail 
of these, and to explain at length their be- 
neficial effect upon agricultural improve- 
ment, might appear to be an invasion of 
the province of the Board of Agriculture. 
The rewards given by the same society, for 


* At this meeting there were present the Earl of 
Egremont, Lord Viscount Gage, Lord Sheffield, the 
Right Honourable Mr. Pelham, Sir Godfrey Webster, 
and most of the principal gentlemen of the county. 


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PREMIUMS OF THE SUSSEX SOCIETY. 139 


encouraging the industry, virtue, and good 


habits of the poor, are so judiciously ar- 


ranged, and so well directed, that I venture 


to submit them to the reader; trusting 
that they will merit attention and imita- 
tion in every part of the kingdom. They 
are as foliows ; 


That fifteen guineas be given to five la- 
bourers,* who shall have brought up to the 
age of two years, the greatest number of | 


* The reader will find both advantage and pleasure, 
in perusing an account of the distribution of the rewards 


of the Sussex society, for the preceding year. He will 


find it in this and in the succeeding notes. Those 


given for labourers bringing up the greatest number of 
children with the least proportionate parish relief, were 
as follows: — Five guineas to William Funnell of 
Barcombe ; eleven children to the age of fourteen, 
ten of whom are now living, and never having received 
any relief from the parish.—Four guineas to Charles 
Banks of Little Horsted ; eleven children above two 
years, and one eighteen months old, and never having 
received any relief from the parish.—Three guineas 
to Richard Bartholmew of Kingston, near Lewes; 
eleven children; having received ( 5. relief from the 
parish in twenty-six years. — Two guineas to William 


160 PRE MIUMS OF THE 


children, in habits of industry, with the 
least proportionate relief from the parish, 
biz. 


To the most deserving - five guineas. 
9 — — four ditto. 


Oxley of Heathfield ; eleven children; having received 
£ 23. 55s. relief from the parish in ten years. And one 


guinea to William Barns of Laughton ; eight children; 


having received two pair of childrens shoes relief from 


the parish. 


It may not be unnecessary to observe, that in 
inquiring into the priority of claims of labourers, 
having brought up large families without parochial re- 


lief, it should be ascertained whether the party has not 


had the benefit of legacies, bequests, or property, de- 


rived from any other source, than the savings of their 
own industry. Some such cases were unintentionally 
admitted to an undue preference the first year of the 
distribution of the Sussex premiums ; and it is not to 
be wondered at, that friends and neighbours should be 


disposed to conceal a circumstance, which might pre- 


vent the party receiving the benefit of the premium, 


and the neighbourhood the credit of it, —Property ac- 


quired by industry and economy should rather be consi- 


dered as a recommendation, than as an exclusion, to 


premiums of this description, 


. 


SUSSEX SOCIETY. 161 


gd. = - - _- three guineas. 
4th - — — two ditto. 
FB. dne ditto. 


The certificates to be signed by tw9 or more of the prin- 
cipal inhabitants of the parish or parishes where the claim- 
ant has resided, during the bringing up »f his family; and 
if any claimants are possessed of property, such property, 
with the manner in which they obtained it, shall be Stated 


in the certificate. 


That ten guineas be given to four wives» 
or widows of labourers, who shall have 
done the greatest number of days' work in 
husbandry,* between the 2d day of Octo- 
ber, 1798, and the 2d day of October, 1799. 
Such number of days, and the different 
kinds of work in which the women shall 


* The following was the distribution of this pre- 
mum, to labourers' wives or widows, for the preceding 
year Four guineas to Mary Blunt, widow, of Lam- 
berhurst, 185 days.—Three guineas to Mary Carver, 
wife, of Tillington, 124 days. Two guineas to Mary 
Taylor, wife, of Chailey, 112 days. And one guinea 
to Mary May, wife, (aged 75 years) of Hatfield, 86 
days, 


162 PREMIUMS OF THE 


have been employed, to be stated in certi- 
ficates from their employers ; viz. 


To the most industrious - four guineas. 


2d - - — - three ditto. 
34 - — — two ditto. 
Ath — one ditto. 


That five guineas be given to two house- 
hold men* servants employed in husbandry, 
under the age of 25 years, who shall have 
received wages during the greatest num- 


same service, and shall produce satisfactory 
certificates from their masters of their con- 
tinued good behaviour; vig. 


To the first - three guineas. 
To the second - — two ditto. 


That five guineas be given to two hous- 


| * For this premium there was no claimant last 
year. | 


ber of years (not less than five) in the 


SUSSEX SOCIETY. 163 


hold men servants* employed in hus- 
bandry, above the age of 25 years, who 
shall have lived the greatest number of 
years (not less than seven) in the same 
service, and shall produce satisfactory cer- 
tificates from their masters of their conti- 
nued good behaviour : viz. 


To the first = three guineas, 
To the second — - two ditto. 


That ten guineas be given to three la- 
bourers, who shall, with the assistance of 
their wives, and children under ten years 
of age, in working by task, during the next 
harvest, earn the most money, in propor- 
tion to the prices at which they shall have 


* This premium was given in the preceding year, 


to the two following persons: — Three guineas to 


James Warley, servant to Mr. T. Richman of Bar- 
combe, 33 years.—And two guineas to James Tickner, 


Servant to Mr. John King, of Wisborough Green, 31 


year S. 


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164 PREMIUMS OF THE 


taken their work.“ Certificates to be sign- 
ed by their employers ; viz. 

To the firct - = five guineas. 

To the second — — three ditto. 

To the, third .-  _ - two ditto. 

* This premium was distributed, the preceding year, 
in the following manner: — Five guineas to Joshua 
Gommery, (labourer to Mr. William Bridger, of Til- 


lington) having earned, with the assistance of his wife, 


and four children under ten years of age, for 


IRS 


— 


— 


Reaping 22 acres, I rood, and 35 Peres 


— —— — — 3 — * - za 


| 
| of wheat, at 75s. 6d. per acre = £8: 8 53 
| - . . Mowing and cocking z acres and 1 rood of 
0 barley, at 28. per acre = — „ 
Cocking 2 acrès and 2 *roods of barley, at 
9 Nr Ter: To, 2 = 98 2 6 
9 
il Mowing and cocking 4 acres_of oats, at | 
25. N W > > $0 
a V. B. Fheis are Statute acres. : £9 4-54 


Three guineas to William Tompsett, (labourer to 
Mr. John Martin, of West Firl) having earned, with 
the assistance of his wife, for 


fy 

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N. 4 

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” Reaping 14 acres, 2 roods of f wheat, R 
3 Per are 5 FT 9-3 


- 


8 12 * i 


| Hats Petey, of West Firl) eee BR the” 
azzistance of his wife 41.04; 


— 


4 * . ol 
_ CO — — ut og rg eo meer — 8 
* — og. tm —— 
3 — — — . 


. 
. 4 
—— * a * 


„„ 


SUSSEX SOCIETY. 163 


That five guineas be given to two wo- 
men servants, in every kind of service, un- 
der the age of 25 years, who shall have 
received wages during the greatest number 
of years in the same service, and shall pro- 
duce satisfactory certificates from their 
masters or their mistresses, of their conti- 
nued good behaviour;“ vix. f 


To the first — 2 three guineas. 
To the second - = two ditto. 


That ten guineas be given to four la- 
bourers in husbandry, having been mar- 
ried, Who shall have lived the greatest 
number of years (not less than seven) in 
the same service, and who shall bring sa- 
tisfactory certificates from their employers 


of their continued good behaviour; viz. 


9 Distributed, the preceding year, as follows: 

Three guineas to Elizabeth Whitland, servant to 
Mr. John Wood, of Kingston—1o4 years. Two gui- 
neas to Elizabeth Woolgar, servant to Mrs. Mary 
Young, of Steyning— 10 years. 

Distributed, the preceding year, as follows: | 

Four guineas to Thomas Avis, labourer to Mr. 


VOL. 11, 1 | 


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166 PREMIUMS OF THE 
To the first — four guineas. 
To the second - — three ditto. 
To the third = - two ditto. 
To the fourth + — one ditto. 


No person wha has received any premium from the so- 
ciety, for bringing up a family with the least proportionate 
relief from the parish, or for long continuance in one ser 


vice, will be entitled to any premium on the same ground. 


It is requested that each claimant will observe, that 
every particular required by the society, in the foregoins 


resolutions, must be expressed in the certificate. 


The premiums are not arranged so much 
by past merit, as with a view to future be- 
nefit. In the case of servants, it has been 


cConceived that the rewards given to those 


under the age of 23, would have a more be- 


neficial tendency than those to elder ser- 


Mockett, of Firle—57 years. Three guineas to Wil⸗ 


liam Gorringe, labourer to Mr. T. Rickman, of Bar- 
combe—55 years. Two guineas to William Barnes, 
labourer to Mr. R. Sharp, of Laughton—43 years. 
One Guinea to James Chasmore, labourer to Mr. ]. 
Cripps, of Westmeson—4o years, 


susskx SOCIETY. 167 
vants; as a person who has conducted him- 
self steadily and regularly until five-and- 
twenty, has generally acquired, and felt 
the benefit of, regular and steady habits in 
life. The society wished also to put an 
end to the custom of servants changing 
their places every year; a custom very 
prevalent in all country services, and con- 
tributing much to irregular habits of life. 


OBSERVATIONS. 


lt cannot be too often repeated that, to 
promote virtue and good habits among our 
fellow-subjects, rewards and incitements 
must be made use of ;—that, tho punish- 
ment and terror may deter from criminal 
and atrocious actions; yet, to produce in 
the cottager a superior tone of conduct, to 
give existence to any degree of exertion 
and prudence beyond the common line of 
mediocrity,—and to impress in the mind, 
N 2 


168 PREMIUMS OF THE 


and fix indelibly in the heart, regular and 
principled habits of life, —reward, commen- 
dation, and encouragement, are necessary. 

Indeed, if we would preserve those bless- 
ings which Providence has bestowed on this 
favoured island, it is necessary that the 
higher classes of society should be imme- 
diately awakened to the duty of preserving, 
by every exertion in their power, the pre- 
valence of industry, prudence, morality, 
and religion, among the great mass of our 
fellow - subjects. To this desired effect, 
disinterested kindness, and well directed 
encouragement, are indispensable requi- 


sites. Without them, words and actions 


are but empty professions; and the poor 
and uneducated cottager will never pro- 
fitably receive that instruction, which is 


not enforced by the example of the teacher. 


—. 


bY is the mipfartans of this country, and 
it has been the calamity, and it may prove 
the destruction, of Ireland, that the diffe- 
rent classes of society have not a sufficient 


; " p 8 wy 12 a a FI 4 
- r W 
* "5 D N be. 9 LO Dons, © 4 
PS org RE ene . 


2 f . 56. 5 4 
. ᷣ⁵ . AWA ⁵ ᷣ og EIS 


sussEx SOCIETY... _ 


bond and connection of intercourse that 
they want that frequent communication of 
kindness and benefit, and that recipro- 
cal good will and esteem, which (except 
only in the case of the worst of beings) 
must always result from rational creatures 
possessing the means of knowing, and ap- 


preciating, each other's good qualities and 


utility. When that does not take place, 
the unfortunate consequence is, that neither 
of the parties does justice to the other. 
The rich do not sufficiently estimate the 
virtues of the poor; nor are the others 
aware, how much real and affectionate in- 
terest many of the higher classes, in Eng- 


land, feel for the distresses of the poor. 
But that is not all: The rich become less 


useful, because they undervalue their own 


influence and power of doing good: and | 
the poor are often degraded in their own 
opinion, and debased in character, by the 


persuasion, that they neither possess, or are 
entitled to, the esteem and commendation 
of the other ranks j in life. Fs 


170 PREMIUMS OF THE 


The scarcity of wheat corn in the two pre. 
ceding winters, contributed to remove, for a : 
time, those unjust and injurious prejudices, 
But that effect cannot be permanent, with- I 
out attention and exertion on the part of 3 
the rich: and in no way can they employ = 
that attention and exertion better, than by 
bestowing publicly, and in the face of the 
country, praise and reward to the good 
conduct of the poor; and by raising a spi- 


rit of virtuous and honourable emulation 
among them. gd - 
To these suggestions on the encourage 
ment to be given to the virtues of the poor, 


and on the intercourse of kindness which 3 
should take place between them and the | 5 
rich, I shall add, upon charity in general, a 133 
few observations which apply more pecu- 
liarly to the present subject. In the con⸗-⸗ | 
duct of every charitable fund, it is very es- 13 
sential, that we should have in view the 5 
rule adopted at Hamburgh,*—* that if the | 


* See the Seventh Report of the society. 


"SUSSEX SOCIETY. | 171 


manner, in which relief is given, is not a 
c $pur to industry, it becomes, in effect, a 
= premium to sloth and profligacy.” —All 
the evils that did attend the indiscriminate 
charity of our religious foundations before 
the Reformation, when the idle and the 
profligate had always a monastic gate to 
which they might apply for that food that 
they ought to have procured by their own 
industry,—a period, when the nerves and 
sinews of the country were relaxed and 
debilitated by the warmth of misapplied cha- 
rity, —all those evils must at this, and at 
every hour, attend the unwise and capri- 


cious administration of relief to the neces- 
sitous. And it is not merely that those 


who are relieved are thereby rendered in- 
dolent and helpless, but the spirit of the 
other poor is blighted by the sight of suc- 
cessful imposture, and their energy and 
vigour enervated by the tender of gratui- 
tous and unmerited relief. 


Some pious persons, in the distribution 
of charity, regard the motive and not 


172 PREMIUMS or THE 


the end; not being sufficiently aware that, 
in removing the incitement to industry, 
they are frequently doing much more in- 
Jury than benefit, to the objects of their 
bounty. But I forbear to enter into a detail 


of the evils that attend the 'encourage- 
ment of mendicity.. There is no beggar 


who is not really entitled to compassion ;— 
from the well-dressed asker who appeals to 
your benevolence. with confidence and fa- 
miliarity, - to the wretched object which 
trusts for its support to the display of filth 
and misery, - too disgusting and too offen- 
sive for the human eye to endure, And if 
this source of: public benevolence, however 
misdirected, were at any period to be has- 
tily checked, before there shall be opened 
in the metropolis, for their support and 
amendment, that public asylum, which 
both policy and charity require, and which 
I at. present can only anticipate in expecta- 
tion, numbers of these unhappy creatures 
must perish in the streets, or by the hands 
of the executioner. . 


1 A 


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SUSSEX" SOCIETY. * 173. 


Without enquiring what appropriations - 
of benevolence are in their effects destruc- 
tive of prudence and industry among the 
poor, I shall proceed to enumerate those 
charities, the good effects whereof are un- 
qualified and unquestionable.— These are, 
such as prepare and fit children for an use- 
ful situation in life; such as assist and pro- 
mote industry, prudence, and domestic 
economy in the cottages of the poor; or 
which, in cases of public or private mis- 
fortune, prevent their domestic plan of 
economy from being destroyed; — and 
lastly, such as openly and publiely offer 
rewards and encouragements to the virtues 
and good conduct of the poor. 


In the first rank may be placed those in- 
stitutions, which contribute to educate and“ 


improve the rising generation; and to fit 


them for their station in life, and for use- 
ful employment that instruet them in- 
the great and important duties of Chris- 


See Reports of che society, No. 4, 20, 29, 33. 395 N | 


| . NG 36, and 37. 


n $$, #97 2 "La "a 6 MIT N fe 2 TIS : _—_— \ - 
72. Ee Te EE ny SS 


N 


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— — e's 2593 x 2; RARE —_—_ I = PLAT 


* 
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* 4 " - p * _ 2 1 — 4 C —— 4 5 a pe I 3%. * . 
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e i177 . . ß ES FJ OR fr 4 RE A . PIX, rr — 1 - ö 
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174 PREMIUMS OF THE 
tianity, and form their minds at an early 
period to strict and principled habits of in- 
tegrity and prudence. While these cha- 


rities have their full effect, we need never 


despair of our country; but may look with 
confidence to a renewal of strength and 
virtue, in the succession of honest and in- 
dustrious youth. | 


In the second place are to be ranked 
those charities,* which promote the. indus- 
» Among these is to be included every thing which 
contributes to supply the poor with wholesome food at 
a fair and moderate price; every thing which increases 
their means of thriving, and affords the means of in- 


ducing them to practice economy and management in 


their own houses; — every thing which preserves the 


health of the poor, and prevents contagious and other 
diseases amongst them; whether in immediate] y Stopping 


the progress of infection by medical care, or prevent- 


ing its progress and continuance, by. white-washing and 
purifying the , patient's habitation, by the supply of 
physic and medical aid in sickness, or of clothing and 


fuel in the extreme severity of the season, or in miti- 


gating the severity of an epidemical complaint as by 
inoculation ;—in short, whatever promotes among them 
personal health or domestic happiness or comfort. See 


— 
— 
i? OE 


try, health, and well being, of the poor in 
their own cottages;—such as teach and af- 
ford them the means, and regular supply, 
of useful and salutary occupation; —such 


as improve and increase their means of life 
and their inducements to exertion, and as- 


sist them in habits of prudence and good 
management, so as to give them the full 


enjoyment of the fruits of their industry, 
and encourage and protect them in the care 


of their families, and in the education of 


their children. — To detail these objects, 


would be to recapitulate a considerable part 
of the eight preceding Reports. 


There is a third species of charity, which 
requires some attention and discretion in 
the exercise, but which in its effects is ex- 
tremely beneficial to the poor ;—the af- 
fording of occasional assistance“ for those 


the Reports of the society, No. 1, 2, 6, 8, 95 10, It, 
13, 15, 16, 1), 18, 21, 23, 24, 275 30, 34, 38, 39, 42, 


and 48. | | 
* See No. 7, 30, and 39, of the Reports of the 
society. 


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176 PREMIUMS OF THE 


contingencies, against which very few poor 
-persons have it in their power to provide. 
A severe winter, an occasional scarcity of 
corn, or a diminution of the demand for 
labour, or for a particular article of manu- 
facture, may sometimes operate as a gene- 
ral calamity, and sweep away all the sav- 
ings that have been hoarded up by economy 
and self-denial, during a period of several 
years. A broken limb, the visitation of 
sickness, or some unforeseen domestic mis- 
fortune, may produce the same effect on a 
single family, and reduce it from a state of 
respectable independence, to want and de- 
spair. In these cases, a small supply of 
relief, speedily, and kindly, and j udiciously 
applied, may be the means of saving the 


father and his family, and of restoring to 
them the power of nnn. on their own 


industry. 


The fourth ind last species of useful 
crit is that of encouraging by rewards, 
publicly offered, and impartially bestowed, 


See Society's Reports, No. 27 and 43. 


* 6 SEL 2 


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SUSSEX SOCIETY. 1 77 
the · virtue, industry, cleanliness, and good 
habits of the poor. Such are the objects of 
several associations, that have been noticed 
in the preceding Reports; and this, in an 
exemplary and honourable degree, is the ob- 
ject of the SUSSEX AG RICULTURAL SOCIETY. 
To obtain a similar benefit in their own 
neighbourhood, gentlemen have little more 
to do, than to copy the preceding resolutions. 
Similar societies, with very little variation, 
might be made very useful, not only in 


country districts, but in cities and in manu- 


facturing towns. They might be the means 
of creating more reciprocity of good will 
and friendship between the different classes 
of society ; of making the virtues and the 
distresses of the poor more known and res- 


pected ; of impressing on their own minds 


a greater desire for character and reputa- 
tion in life, and of teaching them the true 
value of those gradations of rank and con- 
dition, which our Creator has thought fit 


to establish. — In a word, the proffer of 


rewards, in every part of England, for the 


industry and good conduct of the poor, 


178 PREMIUMS or THE sussEx SOCIETY, 


upon a plan similar to that of the Sussex 
agricultural society, would have the effect 
of promoting union, and community of 
interest, between all ranks in the kingdom, 
and of increasing the industry, virtue, and 
good habits of the great mass of our ſel- 
low- subjects. 


5th April, 1799. 


Ex 


* 179 2 


No. LII. 


Extract from an account of a charity for the 
relief of lying-in women and Sick persons, 
at Tottenham High-Cross. By Mrs. 
WAKEFIELD. 5 


Is August, 1791, eight ladies of the parish 
of Tottenham High-Cross, in the county of 
Middlesex, united in a plan for the relief of 
their poor neighbours during the time of 
lying-in. They began their undertaking 
by subscribing three shillings and sixpence 
each, for the purchase of linen, and after- 
wards appointed one of their number trea- 
Surer and manager ; and in order to supply 


a fund for the purpose of allowing five shil- 


lings towards the payment of a midwife, and 
six shillings for a nurse for each patient, they 
agreed to contribute sixpence a- piece weekly. 


The plan being approved, met with encou- 


ragement, and the number of subscribers an- 
nually increased. The following statement 


9 
— — ei — "OI * FI wy * — * a 1 2 8 ae 
_ SIXTIES. E , 
. 4 — IE . 7 r 11. 2. 4 r ” UE” EEE , . « — 
2 \ & . 0 
9 « or” ITT TIS _ * 8 p< p a 2 TIRES. 
» < E — > x ae _—_ — —— * — 2 GEE ” 4 


180 ACCOUNT OF A CHARITY 


of the number of persons annually benefited 
by the charity, is a clear demonstration of 
its success and progress. There were re- 
lieved in 

1791 - - 14, persons. 

—_— 39 

—_—* 

m_ 

_ 

W 

1797 N — 8 


The society finding that the sick stood 
as much in need of assistance as lying-in 


women, and desirous of rendering the in- 


stitution as useful as possible, determined 
to extend the benefit to either, without dis- 
tinction ; and the funds having been since 
considerably increased, it has been resolved 
to provide a large number of bags of linen; 
and the manager is authorized to lend them, 


as long as the case requires, to all sick per- 
sons who are in want, throughout the pa- 


rish, where the disease is not of an infectious 
kind. 1 


T 


OR. LYING=IN WOMEN. 181 


The following are the regulations and 
. rules of the . 


That a a set of linen be lent to every lying- 
in woman, or sick person, that receives a 


ticket from any subscriber, for one month; 
such set containing one pair of sheets, twelve 


napkins, one bed-gown, and one shirt.— That 
eleven shillings be paid to such lying: in wo- 


man towards defraying the expences of a 


midwife and a nurse. — That the same sum 
be laid out for each sick person, according 


to their wants, either in procuring necessary 


food, coals, or medicines; or, at the discre- 
tion of the governess, to be paid them in a 
weekly allowance. And that one of the 
subscribers be appointed by the rest, to pre- 


side over, and manage the affairs of the 
charity, liable to the inspection of the an- 


nual e of subscribers. 


F 


ws ubgeriber to pay * three billing 

P This SUM cuffices for an n established hari, bot it 
is inadequate for the purpose of founding a new institu- 
tion, on account of the advanced price of linen. 


. | O 


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182 ACCOUNT OF A CHARITY | 


and sixpence at their entrance into the so- 
ciety, towards the purchase of linen ; and 
afterwards to continue to pay sixpence per 
week, to be collected annually. Every sub- 
scriber to receive a ticket inscribed with 
the name, every six months, from the go- 
verness, which they are at liberty to dispose 
of to any object residing in the parish, whe- 
ther lying-in or sick, whom they think de- 
serving of their bounty.—Every patient that 
receives a ticket shall present it to the go- 
verness, that the name may be set down 
for admission. — If the patient be a lying. in 
woman, the ticket to be returned to her; 


that when taken ill, she may send it to the 
governess for a bag of linen.— No linen to 


be delivered without a ticket, or previous 
to the woman's indisposition.— None, but 
married women, can receive a lying. in ticket. 
— No woman to keep the linen longer than 
a month, without leave from the governess: 
who shall have a discretionary power of 


prolonging the time, in case of unusual cir- 
cumstances.— Every woman to return the 


linen clean, and right in number. Any 


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F FOR LYING-IN WOMEN. 18g 


woman neglecting to observe these rules, 
to be incapable of receiving any future be- 
nefit from the charity.—The governess is 
empowered to lend bags of linen to persons 
of good character, who have been disap- 
pointed of obtaining tickets, if there be a 
sufficient quantity to supply the patients. 
This is a means of considerably extending 
the benefits of the institution. —None shall 
receive presentations to this charity but 
such as reside in the parish, without regard 
to their being a parishioner.— There shall 
be an annual meeting of the subscribers on 
” Þ the first of May; at which time the sub- 
} scriptions are to be collected. Those who 
are prevented from attending personally, 
are requested to send their subscriptions, 
in order to save trouble. It is earnestly 
requested, that the subscribers will be care- 
ful that the objects of their bounty do not 
suffer under any infectious disease. Sick 
; | persons whose disease is infectious, such as 
small pox, fevers, &c. can only receive the 
appointed sum, without being assisted with 
men. 


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184, ACCOUNT OF A CHARITY 


The utility of this plan has already re- 
commended it to the inhabitants of several 
other places. Charities similar in design, 
though varying in some particulars, have 
been established, among other places, at 
Cambridge, Ipswich, Colchester, Needham, 
Halstead, Stoke Newington, Edmonton, 
Cheshunt, Ware, Hertford, Woodford, 
Wanstead, and Walthamstow. 


OBSERVATIONS. 

The most obvious advantages of this 
mode of administering charity, are, that 
the relief is bestowed at a time when it is 
particularly wanted, and when the occasion 
of that necessity disables the sufferer from 


earning the means of procuring a supply :— 
that assistance is given to a great number 


of persons at a very small expence; for, ex- 
clusive of those who receive tickets, which 
entitle them to the whole benefit of the in- 
stitution, the comfort of change of linen in 
the time of sickness is enjoyed by numbers, 


FOR LYING-IN WOMEN. 185 


whose utmost frugality does not enable them 
to keep a sufficient stock for that purpose : 
and that it affords relief, but by no means 
precludes the necessity of industry and pro- 
vident care against a day of trouble. 


Nor let it be esteemed the least of its ex- 
cellencies, that it induces women of superior 


rank to become acquainted with the tempo- 


rary,as well as the habitual, distresses of their 
poor neighbours; that it invites them to visit 


those, to whom they have given their tickets; | 


and personally to inspect the abodes of po- 
verty. If the judgment of the poor may be 
thought worthy of consideration, there are 


but few plans, upon so small a scale of ex- 


pence, which afford them such an accept- 
able relief. 


A conviction, from seven years experi- 
ence, of its utility, that the adoption of si- 
milar institutions throughout the kingdom, 
would contribute to the comfort of the la- 
bourer and the mechanic, has been the 


113 - « 


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186 ACCOUNT OF A CHARITY, &c. 


motive of this communication, from a hope, 
that through the channel of the Reports of 
the Society for bettering the condition of 
the poor, the advantages of such an useful 
plan may be known and patronised. 


 15t Feb. 1799. 


GS: lad 30 e 


Sz ot 


L 187 ] 


No. LIII. 


/ 


Extract from an account of a provision for 
cottagers Reeping cows at Humberston, 
in the county of Lincoln. By Thomas 
Tnoursox, Esq. 


Ix the parish of Humberston, near Grims- 
by, there are thirteen cottagers, every one 
of whom has one cow with the means of 
keeping her, and some of them have more. 
The whole of the parish is the property of 
Lord Carrington. The land on which the 
cottages stand, with the little paddocks 
and gardens adjoining, contains in the 
whole about sixteen acres. Besides this, 
at the distance of a quarter of a mile from 
the village, there are about sixty acres of 
land appropriated to the use of the cot- 
tagers. This land is divided into two plats; 
one of which is pasture for the cows in 
summer, and the other is kept as meadow 


188 COTTAGERS 


land to provide hay for them in winter, 
Each cottager knows his own piece of 
meadow land, and he lays upon it all the 
manure which he can obtain, in order that 
he may have the more hay. When one of 
the two plats of ground has been mown for 
two or three years, it is then converted into 


the summer pasture, and the other is used 
as meadow land; by which means no part 


of the land, occupied by the cottagers, is 
injured by constant mowing. 


The cottagers are independent of the 


greater farmers; holding their cottages and 
lands directly of Lord Carrington, and not 
as undertenants. This gives them a degree 
of respectability, which they would not 
otherwise possess. The rent, which they 
pay for their land, is below the farmers' 
rent ; but it is certain that, in the greatest 
part of this kingdom, the cottager would 
rejoice at being permitted to pay the ut- 


most value given by the farmers, for as 


much land as would keep a cow, if he 
could obtain it at that price. 


—. my — 


AT HUMBERSTON. 189 


Lord Carrington is the patron of the 


living of Humberston ; and, upon the last 
vacancy he gave it to a respectable and 
conscientious clergyman, who has exerted 
himself very strenuously in the religious 
and moral improvement of his parishioners. 
He has laboured with great and good ef- 
fect. The cottagers are sober and indus- 
trious : and it is not known that any man 
in the parish lives in a course of habitual 
immorality. The clergyman, with Lord 
Carrington's assistance, has also succeeded 


in establishing, for the benefit of the youth 


at Humberston, a parish school ; which has 
been a very essential service to the parish. 


There is no public house“ at Humber- 
ston; nor do the parishioners desire one: 


The little alehouses, in many parts of the country, 


are great nuisances; as they are the haunts of idle and 


dissolute persons, and tend greatly to corrupt the morals 


and increase the miseries of the poor. Many of the 
little alehouse-keepers raise contributions among their 
neighbours; and under the pretence of giving a roasted 


sheep, or of some other entertainment, or perhaps of a 


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190 . COTTAGERS | 


and on this account there are no cock- 
fightings, or gaming, within the parish; 
nor any drunken meetings for the purpose 
of settling the parish rates. The poor- 
rates in the parish of Humberston, which 
include the charges for tlie families of the 


militia, do not amount to more than nine- 


pence or ten- pence in the pound on the 
rental, and generally are under six-pence. 


OBSERVATIONS. 


The reduction of the poor-rates, the in- 
crease of the comforts, and the improve- 
ment of the religious and moral habits of 
the poor, in the parish of Humberston, may 
be fairly ascribed to the circumstances 
above stated. The publication of the letter 


cock- fight, collect numbers of the common people to- 
gether, to the great prejudice of the true interests of the 
poor. These meetings are frequently held in harvest 
time, and are the cause of gaming, of drunkenness, and 
of those vices which are most injurious to industry and 
morality among the general class of our fellow subjects. 


die 
tit! 


es! 


% & 


AT HUMBERSTON. 191 


of the Earl of Winchilsea, on the expe- 
diency and benefit of letting small quan- 
tities of land to cottagers, to enable them 


to keep cows, will, I trust, be of the great- 


est use to the country. Exclusive of the 
benevolence and charity of thus adding to 
the comforts of the poor, advantages of the 
utmost importance must be derived from 
such a system, by the land owners and 
farmers themselves. It is essential to every 
farmer, that there should be a sufficient 
number of labourers in his neighbourhood, 
to enable him to occupy his land to the 
greatest advantage; otherwise he cannot 
afford to pay a fair and full rent for his 
land, and manage his farm in a manner 
beneficial to himself and to his landlord. 
Those labourers, who have no local advan- 
tage of situation, no tye of property, nor 
any appropriate benefit to attach them to a 


peculiar spot, are inclined to wander up 


and down a country, without any fixed 


- connexion ; and are always ready to change 


their employer for a trifling advance in 
their wages: whereas those cottagers, who 


192 COTTAGERS 


have the advantages of property, who pos- 
sess a cow, and rent a little ground, are the 
persons on whose assistance“ the farmer 
may depend in the time of necessity, and 
on whose honesty and ability he may im- 
plicitly rely. | 


I have no hesitation, however, in affirm- 


ing, that where cottagers occupy arable 
land, it is very rarely of advantage to them, 
and generally a prejudice to the estate. 
The expence of keeping a team, swallows 
up all the profit of a small quantity of 
arable land ; and if the cottager depends on 
hiring horses and farming utensils, in order 
to work his land, the expence of them, and 
the occasional loss from the uncertainty of 


* It is the observation of a very accurate and judi- 
cious land owner (the Earl of Winchilsea) that “ cot- 
e tagers, who have cows are, in general, hard working 
« industrious men; that they are more contented, and 
more attached to their situation, and are always con- 
ce sidered as most to be depended upon, and trusted.“ 
See the Earl of Winchilsea's letter on the advantages of 
cottagers' renting land, Third Report of the society. 


WI 


n. 
D 


n >  W9 Q: a = 


AT HUMBERSTON. — 1 


obtaining them when they are most wanted, 
will be more than the profits of his land 
will bear. . 


The cottager, who rents arable land, will 
seldom labour for other people; but will 
waste a great deal of his time to little be- 
nefit to himself. Much of his labour will 
be unproductive, because misapplied. From 
want of knowledge as a farmer, or from the 
press of necessity, he will cross-crop his 
ground ; or, in other words, repeat his 
crops, till it becomes exhausted and foul, 
and incapable of any produce at all ; and 
then he will complain that the land is bad 


and dear, and will find himself in a situa- 


tion inferior to that of the labourer, who 
has not the advantage of any land at all. 


The late Abel Smith, Esquire, from mo- 
tives of kindness to several cottagers on one 
of his estates in Nottinghamshire, let to 
each of them a small piece of arable land. 
I have rode over that estate with Lord 
Carrington several times since it descended 


7 


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194 corTACERS 


to him; and I have invariably observed, 
that the tenants upon it, who occupy only 
eight or ten acres of arable land, are poor, 
and their land in bad condition. They 
would thrive more, and enjoy greater com- 
fort, with the means of keeping two or 
three cows each, than with three times 
their present quantity of arable land ; but 
it would be a greater mortification to them 
to be deprived of it, than their landlord is 
disposed to inflict. If you give a cottager 
a garden, and grass land“ on which to keep 
two cows, and he has ability and prudence 


* Upon this subject, and on that of corn-mills, I 
have much pleasure in transcribing into a note, three 
of this years' premiums of the Society of Arts :—No. 
135. ImpROVING THE CONDITION OF THE LA- 
BOURING POOR. To the person who, in the year 
1799, shall build the greatest number of cottages to ac- 
commodate the labouring poor, and apportion two acres 
of land to each cottage; the gold medal. No. 136. 
To the person who, in the year 1799, shall apportior 


not less than two acres of land to each cottage already 
built upon the estate; the gold medal.—No. 215. Pa- 
RISH OR FAMILY MILL. For the best mill for grind- 
ing corn for private families or parish poor; the gold 


7th June, 1799. 


medal, or forty guineas. B. 


a Th 


YL? 


AT HUMBERSTON. 195 


to manage them, he will have comfort, and 
a considerable degree of affluence: but if 
you add a few acres of arable land, and 
make a little farmer of him, he will always 
be in poverty and distress. 


It may not be improper to mention here, 
that, on Lord Carrington's estate at Win- 
tingham in Lincolnshire, there is a friendly 
society, one great object of which is the 
assisting of the cottager, in case of the loss 
of his cow. Every member pays a penny a 
week, for the purpose of raising a fund for 
the assistance of any cottager of the society, 
who may lose his cow, and be unable to 
buy another, or for any similar relief. 
Lord Carrington is a member of this club. 
The subscription of the landlord gives cre- 
dit and support to the institution; and if, 


from particular circumstances, more money 


is wanted at times than the funds of the 
Society will produce, the landlord 1s looked 


up to, and not in vain, for extraordinary 


assistance. 
1st March, 1799. 


— 


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L 196 7 


No. LIV. 


Extract from an account of a society, lately 
es:ablished at Cork in Ireland, for bet- 
tering the condition of the poor. By the 
Right Hon. THoMas PELHAM. 


Ox the 22d of March, 1799, a meeting of 

some of the most respectable characters in 
Cork was held, for the purpose of forming 
a Society, in that city, for bettering the 
condition of the poor. It was preceded by 
an address to the inhabitants of the city 
and neighbourhood of Cork, dated the 
20th of February, referring to what has 
been done by the English society, to the 
effects produced at Hamburgh, and to the 
unwearied and successful labours of Count 
Rumford at Munich; and observing (what 
may be very general in its application) 
that the charities at Cork, by the mode 
of relief they have held out, have rather 


ACCOUNT OF A SOCIETY AT CORK. 197 


tended to encourage idleness and beg- 
gary, and have increased, instead of di- 


minishing, the number of distressed ob- 


jects in that place. Feeling the difficulties 
of the attempt, yet confiding in the axiom, 
that tho all may not be effected, yet no well 
directed effort of benevolence can be entirely 
lost, the author, the Reverend Thomas Dix 
Hincks, proposed the formation * of a so- 
« ciety, in imitation of that in London, but 
adapted to their own peculiar situation; 
„hoping that by procuring, and when ap- 
proved of recommending such plans as 
* have been found successful in England, 
they may contribute to their adoption in 
that city, and neighbourhood.” 


At the meeting, held on the 22d of 
March, it was resolved, that the society be 
immediately formed ; and that the general 
object of it should be to collect information 
respecting the circumstances and situation 
of the poor in that city and neighbourhood, 
and the most effectual means of meliorating 
their condition; and to communicate this 

VOL. II. * | 


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198 ACCOUNT OF A SOCIETY 


information to the public, in order that 
any comforts and advantages which the 
poor enjoy in other parts of the British 
empire, might be extended to that part in 
as great a degree as peculiar circumstances 
will admit. And as it had been found 
impossible, notwithstanding the large sums 
bestowed, to relieve all the distress that 
might occur in that large city, it appeared 
desirable that particular attention should 
be paid to all plans of economy, so as to 
extend the benefits of charitable institu- 
tions to as great a number as possible. 


It was further resolved, that „the so- 
* ciety do ever keep in view the principle, 
« that the best relief the poor can receive. 
„is that which comes from themselves; 
„ and that the most effectual method of 
„improving their condition is by the en- 
% couragement of industry and prudence. 
„That the business of the society be 
« trarisacted by a committee chosen an- 
* nually.— That this committee be im- 
« powered to correspond with any other 


AT CORK. 199 


« Society, having a similar object ; to pur- 
chase any books, which are calculated to 
« give them information on the subject; 
« and to print any plan, which they think 
« deserving of the public attention. That 
the committeeb e also impowered to offer 
„ guch rewards for good conduct, as the 
state of the funds will admit, so as to 
% awaken the attention of the poor, to what 
„will promote their best interests. — That 
« the committee consist of a president, five 
vice presidents, and twenty-six members, 
including the treasurer and secretary, to 
* be chosen at an annual meeting of the 
subscribers. — That no plan be printed, 
* or any expence incurred, without the 
„ approbation of at least five members of 
the committee assembled in a regular 


% manner. — That the committee meet once 
« each month for the transaction of busi- 


ness. That a sub- committee, chosen out 
* of the general committee, and consisting 
« of seven members of the general com- 
** mittee, do meet once a week (that week 
* excepted in which the general committee 

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200 ACCOUNT OF A SOCIETY 


by — . * ? a 


« assembles) for the purpose of examining 
ag reports, and preparing plans for the in- 


* spection of the general committee. That 


* every subseriber be entitled to attend the 
** meetings of the general or sub-commit- 
tee, and to give his opinion, but not to 
have a vote on the decision of any ques- 


tion. — And that every member subscribe 


half a guinea, annually, to defray the ex- 
* pences of the society. 


The number of members already exceeds 
120, and includes the most respectable in- 
habitants of the city of Cork. The Lord 


Bishop of Cork is the president. The 


vice presidents are, Dr. Moylan (the titu- 
lar bishop of Cork) the Honourable Dean 
St. Lawrence, Sir Samuel Rowland, Mr. 
Serjeant Chatterton, and Mr. Anderson. 


One of their first objects is to encourage 
the establisment of friendly societies, upon 
a general plan, and requiring very few, if 


any, meetings of the subscribers. For this 


purpose the increase of honorary members, 


AT CORK. 201 


4 and the holding out every possible advan- 
tage to the other members, have appeared 
to be necessary. 


OBSERVATIONS. 


Establishments of this nature merit, in 
the present situation of Ireland, every de- 
gree of attention and consideration from 
the friends of humanity and of civil order. 
The success and progress of endeavours to 
meliorate the condition of the great mass 
of our fellow-subjects in Ireland, appear to 
be essential not only to the peace and pros- 
perity of that part of the empire, but, at 
the present crisis, of the utmost importance 
to the welfare of Great Britain. It is most 
honourable to the city of Cork, that in a 
measure of this sort they have led the way, 
and set the example. 


It is essential to the permanent peace and 
welfare of Ireland (I am repeating what 


202 ACCOUNT OF A SOCIETY 


has been said before“ in another place) to 
introduce among the poor in that kingdom, 
a proper and useful system of education,— 
habits of cleanliness, —a taste for the com- 
forts of life as applied to food, habitation, 
and clothes; - and to promote the recipro- 
city of kindness and mutual good will 
among the different classes of life; so as to 
give the mass of the people more interest 
in the established order of society, and 
more incitement to industry and exertion, 
and to connect them by a closer and more 
Secure bond with the welfare and happi- 
ness of Ireland. 


This can only be effected by the co- 
operation of the other ranks of society in 
that kingdom: and such a co-operation 
would be very greatly promoted by the 
formation of institutions like that which 
reflects so much honour on the patriotism 
and public spirit of the city of Cork ;—a 
society, which does not endeavour to en- 
gage the affections of the poor by encou- 

* See Eighth Report, page 143. 


AT CORK. 20g 


raging their prejudices, or by feeding their 
vices, but by real and well directed exer- 
tions in promoting the welfare and in- 
dustry of the inhabitants, and in increas- 
ing the happiness and prosperity of the 
country. 


It must give infinite satisfaction to see a 
Protestant and a Roman Catholic bishop 
uniting in a friendly and benevolent co- 
operation, for the religious and moral im- 
provement, and for the temporal welfare 
and comforts, of their united flocks. If 
this example is followed throughout Ire- 
land, it may produce the best effects, not 
only in meliorating the character and con- 
dition of the poor, but in removing reli- 
gious prejudices, and in promoting Chris- 
tian charity between the Catholics and 
Protestants in that country.— I shall con- 
clude this paper by expressing my earnest 
wish, that other cities and districts in Ireland 


may be awake to their true interests and 


most important duties, and that there may 


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204 ACCOUNT OF A SOCIETY AT CORK. 


be speedily formed, in every part of that 
kingdom, establisghments similar to the 
SOCIETY FOR BETTERING THE CONDITION, 
AND INCREASING THE COMFORTS OF THE 
POOR, IN THE CITY OF CORK. 


- 15t June, 1799. 


L 205 J 


No. LV. 


Extract from an account of the institution, 
for applying science to the common pur- 
poses of life, so far as it may be expected 


to affect the poor. By ThouAs BER- 


NARD, Esq. 


In January, 1799, a committee was ap- 
pointed by the society for bettering the 
condition of the poor, to confer with Count 
Rumford on the formation of an institu- 
tion; which, besides having a general 
view to the benefit of arts and manufac- 
tures, and to the advancement of taste and 
science,* in this country, should specifically 


* A library is forming of books presented by some of 
the subscribers; and it is proposed to. procure a regular 
supply of the periodical publications of Europe, parti- 

cularly those of a scientific kind. These and the li- 
brary are intended for a common room for the use of 
the subscribers. 


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206 INSTITUTION. 


direct itself to the improvement of the 
MEANS OF INDUSTRY AND OF DOMESTIC 
COMFORT AMONG THE POOR. Though the 
society has had reason to flatter itself that 
considerable benefit had been diffused 
among the general inass of the people by 
its publications, yet dithculties have im- 


peded the progress of any considerable 


melioration in the diet and domestic habits 
of the poor; and there appears very little 
prospect of those dithculties being removed, 
until a centre of action can be fixed, to 
which persons may apply for examples,— 


for models, — and for engravings, accompa- 


nied by printed instructions ; without be- 
ing any longer compelled implicitly to rely 
on the talents, the docility, and the consci- 
entious moderation, of the different trades- 
men who may be employed to make and 
sell them. 


It appeared very evident, that an esta- 
blishment of this nature, if on a scale cal- 
culated to be extensively useful, must em- 
brace too great a variety of objects, and be 


INTITUTION. 207 


far too interesting and too important, to be 
annexed to the society for the poor, or to 
any other existing society. The com- 
mittee therefore was of opinion that, after 
they had obtained from Count Rumford 
the original sketch or outline of the plan, 
and had engaged him to take an active 
and leading part in the conduct and exe- 
cution of it (their own members giving 
their individual support to the measure) 
nothing further remained to be done on 
the part of the society. 


A convenient house“ was proposed to be 
engaged for the purpose of lectures, and 
experiments; and for a public exhibition 
of all such new and useful inventions and 
improvements, as are applicable to the 
common purposes of life; and especially 
those which tend to increase the conve- 
niences and comforts of mankind, and to 
promote domestic economy and useful 

* The managers have since purchased a large and 


roomy house, the late Mr. Mellish's, in Albemarle. 
Street, 


208 INSTITUTION. 


industry. In the priority of introduction 
it was proposed that regard should be had 
to the degree of public utility ; and parti- 
cularly as they might benefit the genera] 
mass of the people. 


Of the subjects of the lectures there are 


a few, which appear peculiarly to apply to 


the poor; such as those on heat, on the 
principles of the warmth of clothing, and 
on the effect of the different temperatures 
of the air on the human body ; but in fact 
there is not one of the subjects, in which 
the poor, as well as the rich, will not be 
interested ; either on account of their ef- 


fect in reducing the price, or in increasing 


the amount of the conveniences of life. 


The models and inventions, in which 
the poor are most immediately concerned, 
will be those which may promote economy 
in food and fuel, and tend to correct and 
purify the air in cottages; and also in 
workhouses, hospitals, manufactories, and 
in all public buildings; and which. may 


INSTITUTION. 209 


supply means and instruments of industry, 
on a cheap and simple construction; so as 
to afford the cottager and his family 
thriving and healthful occupation at home 
during bad weather, or at times when 
proper employment is not to be obtained 
abroad. The supply of such means and 
instruments of industry has been long and 
anxiously desired by the friends of the 
poor. Many heavy and solitary hours 
might then be occupied with pleasing em- 
ployment ; and the cottager would thereby 
be enabled to educate his children in those 
regular and even habits of industry and at- 
tention, which, when securely and perma- 
nently acquired, will afford them support 
and satisfaction through life. 


The dissemination of such improvements 
and inventions is extremely wanted by the 
poor. Nothing can be more comfortless 
than their present system of diet in many 
parts of England, nothing more wasteful 
than their application of fuel for warming 


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210 INSTITUTION. 


and tempering the air in their cottages; fue] 
being. an article, the too general want of 
which is the source of those petty pilfering 
habits among the poor, which often lead to 
atrocious crimes. The assisting and en- 
couraging the domestic economy and ma- 


nagement of the cottager, and the pro- 


moting his comfort, so as to give him more 
benefit and enjoyment from the means of 
life which his situation in society affords 
him, and the improvement of the general 
system of those public buildings with which 


the poor are concerned, will be among the 


most useful and important objects of the 
models to be exhibited at the institution. 
These will consist of improved fire-places 
and kitchens, and of flues and louvres for 


supplying rooms either with tepid or fresh 


air; so as to produce a considerable saving 
in the quantity of food and fuel consumed, 
either in cottages, or in public establish- 
ments; and materially to increase the 
health and well-being of those of our fellow- 
subjects, whose employment or situation 


E „ wad 


_— __ M7 


ay 


INSTITUTION. © 211 


obliges or induces them, to continue the 
greater part of their time in close and 
crowded rooms. 


In order to diffuse generally these im- 
provements with as much advantage, and 
at as small an expence, as may be, it is 
proposed that there shall be small models 
of these inventions at a very cheap price; 
with engravings, and explanatory descrip- 
tions of the mode of completing them. 
These will be sold at the institution; and 
will be very useful to those whose dis- 
tance, or situation, may make it impracti- 


cable, or inconvenient, to employ the per- 


sons recommended by the institution. To 
other persons the adoption of these im- 
provements will be made extremely easy; 
as they may be, at all times, examined in 
actual use; and the price, the means, and 


time of obtaining them, will be precisely 


fixed and ascertained. 


The business of the institution is con- 
ducted by a committee of managers; with 


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212 INSTITUTION. 


the assistance of a committee of visitors, a 
treasurer, a secretary, a law counsel, a soli- 
citor, and two surveyors; all of whom not 
only are contributors to the funds, but give 
their assistance gratuitously, and without 
any salary or emolument. 


The funds of the institution arise from 
annual subscriptions of two guineas a year, 
which entitle the subscriber to personal ad- 
mittance to the lectures and exhibition; 
subscriptions of ten guineas each, which 
give him the same admission for life; — 


and subscriptions of fifty guineas each, 
which give an hereditary property“ in the 
institution, and two perpetual transferrable 


tickets of admission. The lists of annual 
and life subscribers, are open indiscrimi- 
nately to all; and it is hoped that there 
will be few persons, of any mediocrity of 
fortune, who will not make a point of 


* The proprietors are admitted, or elected, by the 
managers; and consist of persons, who have deposited, 
or whose friends are responsible for, a subscription of 
fifty guineas. 


* 


LY 


INSTITUTION. 213 


contributing, in some way or other, to a 


national establishment so beneficial and 


important. Tho the charter is not yet ob- 
tained, and the institution may be consi- 
dered as only in its infancy, the subserip— 
tions already exceed ¶ Boco. 


OBSERVATIONS. 

It is not very easy to calculate what may 
be eventually the progress of the institu— 
tion, or what its influence on the condition 
of the poor. If it is followed up with an 


equal zeal and attention on the part of the 
conductors, and it receives the support it 


merits from the public, its effects must be 
extremely beneficial and important. For, 
without adverting to the general advan- 
tage of a new species of employment and 
amusement being offered to the higher 
classes of life, and science and useful occu- 
pation being brought into some degree of 
fashion, it must be apparent to every One, 


that, without some such means, the poor 


VOL. II. 2 


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214, INSTITUTION. 


can never receive all that benefit and assis- 
tance, which the efforts and co-operation 
of many are now directed to procure for 
them; and that the improvement of the 
domestic comforts and means of industry 
in the cottage, the promotion of the health, 
the economy, and the well-being of the in- 
habitants of poorhouses, hospitals, manu- 
factories, and other public establishments, 
will never be effectually obtained, without 
such an establishment as the institution. 


15st June, 1799. 


No. LVI. 


Extract from a further account of appren- 


ticing poor children. By the Rev. Joh 
BREWSTER. 


Ix addition to the Report, No. 20, which 
[ had the honour of communicating to the 
society last year, I send an account of the 
particular trades to which the children 
were apprenticed ; that the quantum of 
apprentice-fee may be better known, for 
different trades fit for poor children. I 
make no addition to the numbers of the 
former list, as that seems ful} enough for 
the purpose. 


216 


APPRENTICING CHILDREN. 


1 


5 


Sex Trade. Term. | Fee 
5 13 
No. 1. male |taylor — {6 yrs. 2 19 6 
2. \femaleſservice - year 2 19 6 
g. male comb. maker 7 yrs. 2 19 6 
4- |femaleſservice - II year 1 1 © 
5. male [farmer's serv.|till 2102 19 6 
6. {ditto ſhoemaker / yrs. 4 © © 
7. dito dito / yrs. 19 6 
8. ditto Fer s waa till 217 16 © 

mer's serv. 

' 9. {ditto |dittoclothed | — 1 10 
10. ditto fditto - {7 yrs. 3 3 0 
11. ditto ſbricklayer 6 yrs. 2 19 6 
12. ditto shoemaker 7 yrs. 1 14 6 
13. ditto sailor — 6 yrs. 2 19 6 
14. ditto stonemason / yrs. 2 19 6 
13. ditto sailor clothed] — o 10 6 
16. femalesservice — [till 2102 19 6 
17. male [taylor = 7 yrs.11 1 0 
18. ditto ffarmer's serv./7 yrs. 2 19 6 
19. ditto ſtaylor + till 2102 19 6 


The variation in the apprentice fee arises 


from different circumstances; either of 
health in the child, ability in the parent, or 


from the nature of the occupation to which 
the child is placed; and in some instances 


APPRENTICING CHILDREN, 217 


the child is boarded by the master, and 
sometimes by the parent. 


OBSERVATIONS. 


Since the publication of the former Re- 
port on this subject, the plan has been 
adopted by the trustees of the charity- 
school at Stockton- upon-Tees, and, I have 
a pleasure in adding, with good success. 
The school consists of about forty scholars 
of different sexes. Seven of these, two boys 
and five girls, have been discharged in the 
course of the last year, and placed either at 
trades or services at an expence of 40 shil- 
lings each : one boy as a writer to an at- 
torney, another as an apprentice to a wool- 
comber ; one girl as an apprentice to a 
glover, and four girls in service. 


The adoption of this plan has been at- 
tended with the best consequences to the 
school. It has occasioned a more regular 
attendance and better behaviour in the 


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218 APPREN TIC ING CHILDREN. 


children: as these are considered as indis- 
pensably necessary, if they expect this 
reward. The charity-school is in some 
measure supplied with scholars from the 
Sunday school; and the master informs me, 


that this new regulation has a considerable 
influence even upon that. 


In towns, where funds of this nature 
may be made sufficiently ample, it appears 
to me that the institution may have a fur- 
ther beneficial effect, by rescuing from a 
menial trade or occupation a child of par- 
ticular abilities. 


goth Nov. 1798. 


L 219 2 


No. LVII. 


Extract from a further account of the in- 
provements in the House of Industry in 
Dublin. By the Right Hon. THOMAS 


PELHAM. 


Tux acting governors of the house of indus- 
try in Dublin have made a second Report 
of their proceedings; by which it appears 
that, notwithstanding the confusion, which 
must necessarily have attended the rebellion 
in Ireland, during great part of last summer, 
the zeal, activity, and diligence of the go- 
vernors of this institution did not abate ; 
but that improvements, which they had com- 
menced and suggested in the preceding year, 
have been confirmed and realized in the last. 
They have stated to the Parliament of Ire- 
land the means by which they have encou- 
raged the industry, and increased the com- 
fort, of those who have been consigned to 
their care. 


220 HOUSE OF INDUSTRY 


They have augmented the former allow- 
ance of 2 d. in the shilling, earned by the 
poor in the house, to 84.; and the payment 
of this quota is in a coin, current only in the 
house ; which has effectually prevented the 
purchase of spirituous liquors, and is laid out 
in extra provisions and clothes, at a shop 
established within the house, upon the plan 
of the village shops recommended in a for- 
mer Report of this Society. The adult poor 
have no clothing, but such as they procure 
by their industry; and they are better clad 
than formerly. 


A Workshop with 12 stocking frames has 


been erected, in which a number of females 


have been employed; and it is well observed 
by the governors, that the employing fe- 
males in this manufacture, and in others 
« of a like kind, where an expert hand is 


more requisite than masculine strength, 


should be encouraged.“ 


_— x 


The children of both sexes are appren- 
ticed for seven years, to those who super- 


AT DUBLIN, 221 
intend their instruction, with a reservation 
to the Board of the power of assigning 
over their indentures, at the end of the two 
first years, to such manufacturers as shall 
propose to take them for the remaining 
five. 


The persons who instruct the children 
have at present a fixed salary. It is in- 
tended to give them one-third of the earn- 
ings; to lay out one-third in clothing the 


children; the remainder to be expended in 


premiums. 


The Hospital is open to all the poor of 
Dublin; and it appears, that in the year 


1798, out of 1659 patients admitted, 1443 
were restored to health and their families; 


and that of 66 lunatics, 47 have been 


cured, 


The walls of the sick wards are washed 
every month with lime, and it is proposed 
to have a detached house exclusively for 
fevers. - | 


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222 HOUSE OF INDUSTRY 


With a view to better the condition of 
the poor of Dublin in general, and to pre- 
vent the funds of the house of industry 
from being incumbered by unnecessary 
claims, the board of governors have deter- 
mined to open a public kitchen, or soup 

shop, detached from the house of industry. 


Their addresses to the public, and their 
| proceedings respecting this kitchen, are 
worthy of applause and imitation ; and 
their success is proved by the numbers that 
have been benefited by it. 6431 persons 
were supplied with food from this kitchen, 
between the 4th day of February, the day 
of opening, to the 28th of February, the 
date of their Report. 


OBSERVATIONS. 


It is to be observed, that this institution 


differs very materially from any poorhouse, 


or other institution, in Great Britain, both in 
its object, its government, and its resources. 


AT DUBLIN. 223 


In Ireland there are no poor laws, or local 
taxes, for the support of the poor. This in- 
stitution was intended for the purpose of 


providing employment, and for the main- 


tenance of the poor of Dublin, and for the 


punishment of the vagrants and beggars 


who infested the streets of that city. The 
government was vested by act of Parliament 
in a certain number of public ofticers ; the 
Mayor and Aldermen of Dublin, and many 
other individuals; some of whom were 
named in the act, and others elected : and 
considerable grants were made annually by 
Parliament for its support. The institution 
certainly did not at first answer the expec- 


tation of the public, and it fell into dis- 


credit. 


The statement of these circumstances 
will render the Report of the acting gover- 
nors more intelligible, and, by explaining 
their situation, enhance the merit of their 
exertions. | 


. 


, ets fonts 47; 


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No. LVIII. * 


m 


Extract from a further account of the House 
of Recovery at Manchester. By Taomas 


«oa _ A 


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BERNARD, E5q. 


Tux benefits attending the establishment of 
the House of Recovery at Manchester, are 
so important, and the measure itself so ex- 


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progress of that charity will probably be 
acceptable to the reader. The idea was ori- 
ginally suggested by Dr. Ferriar, in the 
first Volume of his valuable work,“ entitled 
« Medical Histories and Reflections;“ a 
work which, to much medical knowledge, 
adds some very interesting information for 
the friends of the poor. 


r 
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* The reader will find it well worth his 5 1 e to re- 
fer to Dr. Ferriar's work, for two Essays introductory 
to the proposal of the House of Recovery, and an Ad- 
dress to the Poor, which was written immediately after 
its establishment. 


HOUSE OF RECOVERY, &c. 225 


A very destructive fever had taken place 
near Manchester, at the latter end of the 
year 1795, the infection having originated 
with a single individual. This seemed to 
give an opportunity of proposing the im- 
mediate establishment of a house of reco- 
very; and Dr. Ferriar was applied to, to 
prepare a plan and proposals for that pur- 
pose. This he accordingly did, in the be- 
ginning of January 1796; shewing the 
impossibility of stopping the progress of 
infectious fevers in manufacturing towns, 
unless by removing the infected, and some- 
times the whole family, into a clean airy 
house, till their clothes can be purified, and 
their own habitations can be cleaned and 
white washed, and sweetened by slacking 
quick-lime on the floors. For the detail of 
the plan, and for many curious and satis- 
factory observations on the subject, I must 
refer the reader to the address“ itself, 
which I cannot venture to abridge or epi- 
_ tomize. . 


Medical Histories and Reflections, vol. iii. page 
"ak | | 1 Sate 


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226 HOUSE OF RECOVERY 


The first object was to check the preva- 
lence of infectious fevers. They engaged 
Four small adjoining houses in Portland- 
street, near the infirmary, and detached 
from other buildings. These were fitted 
up and furnished at the expence of about 
L 200, and opened in May, 1796, upon an 
estimated expenditure, including house 
rent, of nearly ¶ 400 a year. Dr. Ferriar, 
at the request of the committee, drew up 
the regulations ; which, with an account of 
the first cases admitted into the house, will 
be found in the first volume of the Reports 
of the society. A statement of some fur- 
ther circumstances, attending the progress 
of this useful charity, will occupy the re- 
mainder of this paper. 


I visited the house of recovery, on the ad 
of August, 1798, with very cordial satifac- 
tion. There were then 19 patients in the 
house. Their apartments appeared to be as 
airy, as clean, and as comfortable as could 
be wished. The upper floors are laid toge- 
ther, so as to form four large wards; and 


AT MANCHESTER. 227 


each of the front rooms below will contain 


two beds, so as to accommodate in the 


whole 28 patients conveniently. The rooms 
on the ground floor are appropriated to the 
convalescents ; and for the use of the ser- 
vants, who consist of a head nurse and 
three other nurses ; occasional assistance 
being hired, when necessary. The wards 
are furnished with iron bedsteads without 


curtains, and with ticks filled with straw, 


which is changed at proper periods. The 
mode of removing the sick into the house 
is in a Sedan chair, kept in an ning 
for that purpose. 


When patients are admitted into the 
house, a flannel dress is provided for them, 
and their own clothes are carried into the 
yard, to be washed, scoured, and venti- 


lated. During their convalescence they 


wear the dress of the house; which con- 
sists of a jacket and trowsers for the men, 
and of a wrapping gown and petticoat for 
the women. Part of a vacant piece of 
ground, adjoining to the houses, is inclosed 


—— — ES Ann — — — ˖˙·—n„‚Nl 


228 HOUSE OF RECOVERY 


with a wall, for the purpose of washing and 
airing the clothes of the patients. At the 
time of discharging them, their own clothes 
are returned to them perfectly clean, and 
they rejoin their families, and resume their 
occupations, without the hazard of com- 
municating infection to others. 


To so great a degree have contagious 
fevers been reduced, since the establish 
ment of the house of recovery, that the 


limits of the house are now extended to 


the whole of Manchester and its extensive 
suburbs, and to every part of the vicinage, 
for two miles round, from whence a fever 
patient can be safely removed. The num— 
ber of home patients of the infirmary at 
Manchester has also in consequence, been 
gradually diminished. There“ were ad- 


* In the former extract I stated the extraordinary 
_ diminution, that had taken place in the bills of mor- 
tality at Manchester, since the opening of the house of 
recovery. An additional proof, of a singular nature, 
appears in the last year's accounts of the overseers of the 


poor ; when the charge for deceased paupers' coffins is 


0 
. 
- L 
1 
2 
<q 
= 
"= 
5 
Ya 
7 
* 
* 


AT MANCHESTER. 229 


mitted on the physicians* books during the 


year, ending ist June, 1796, — 2880 
Ditto in the year ending June, 1797, 
being the first year of the house of 
recovery being opened - 1759 
Ditto in the year ending June, 1798, 1564, 


During the spring and summer of the 
preceding year, contagious fevers of an 


alarming nature had appeared in different 


parts of the town and neighbourhood. By 
removing, however, the patient into the 
house of recovery, the extension of the fever 
was completely prevented. The account of 
the house for one year, ending the gist of 
May, 1798, at which time 710 patients had 
been admitted, 1s as follows : 


be 


{ 100. 165. It used to be halt as much again. The 


accounts for four years stand thus: 


| IRE. | Charge. 
One year to May, 1795 538 - £149 10 0 
Ditto to May 1796 - 540 - 153 656 
Ditto to May - 1797 387 - 111 3 0 


Ditto to May - 1798 - 364 - 100 16 © 


VOL. II. R 


V8 
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55 


230 HOUSE OF RECOVERY 


Cured and discharged = 900 


Dead — — - - 168 
Remained then in the house — 2g 
339 


Account from 3 ist May, 1798, to g1st 
May, 1799: 
Cured and discharged 364 
V — — 224 
Remained in the house, 315t May, 1799 11 


To a poor creature who has been lan- 
guishing in a cold, damp cellar, or in a 
garret exposed to the injuries of the weather, 
(amidst the neglect and confusion of a 
wretched family) a clean bed, a quiet ward, 
an attentive nurse, and the frequent visits 
of the physician, are of most potent efficacy. 
To these causes it must be imputed that, 
upon a return of the epidemic fever of 1797, 
of 149 dangerous cases received from the 
beginning of May to the beginning of Oc- 
tober, only four patients died. 


Of the benefits of the house of recovery, 
it is one of no small consequence, that the 


AT MANCHESTER. 231 


owners of cotton mills are now induced to 
pay a more scrupulous attention to the 
health of their workpeople ; and that their 
buildings are, in general, kept cleaner and 
better ventilated. A salutary impression 
has also been made on the minds of the 
poor, respecting the utility of cleanliness in 
their houses. The idea of fever compre- 
hends, among them, that of ruin to their 
circumstances, and desertion by their neigh- 
bours. It may therefore be expected, that 
they will catch at every means within their 
reach to avoid so dreadful an evil: and 
when they find that a public charity ex- 
tends its care to them so far, as to white- 
wash their houses, when the physicians re- 
port it to be necessary, they must feel the 
propriety of attending more to this object. 


OBSERVATIONS. 


I shall conclude this extract by copying 
the concluding remarks of Dr. Ferriar's ac- 
count“ of the house of recovery; an account, 


* Medical Histories and Reflections, vol. ili. p. 43. 
Other readers beside medical men would find much 


232 HOUSE OF RECOVERY 


which I recommend to the reader's peru- 
sal, as the means of detecting the use I 
have made of it in this compilation.— 
« Institutions of this nature are particularly 
adapted to manufacturing towns; * but, 1 
believe, there is not a town in the king- 
dom, containing 4000 inhabitants, which 
would not be greatly benefited by similar 
establishments. Abuses and errors prevail 
every where among the lower classes of so- 
ciety, which require both instruction and 
assistance from the more enlightened. 
Much misery, much actual suffering are 
unavoidable in all states of society; yet, 


amusing and useful information in these three volumes. 
There is a very interesting paper in the third volume, 
of the treatment of the dying, p. 191. 

] have great satisfaction in being able to state to 
the reader, that the establishment of à house of recovery 
is now projecting and forming at Waterford in Ire— 
land; and that at Bolton, a large manufacturing town 
in Lancashire, they are adopting the plan mentioned by 
Dr. Ferriar in the first volume of his Medical Histories 


and Reflections, and are preparing to build public lodg- 


ing houses for the poor, to prevent the spreading of 


infectious disorders. 


wh 


arc 


ta] 


AT MANCHESTER. 233 


when the important interests of the poor 
are properly watched over, their calamities 
admit of great alleviation. The facts de- 
tailed in this paper have been collected, to 
shew by how simple a method, and with 
how slight an expence, one of the chief 
scourges of mankind may be disarmed of a 
great part of its terrors. Other towns, I 
trust, will perceive it to be their interest to 
adopt measures of the same kind. Reliance 


may be placed in our experience here; for 


have been less desirous to celebrate the 


triumph of art, than that of humanity.” 


-th June, 1799. 


Note to page 166, line 1 I. 


It is very essential, that what is. here required with 


regard to the certificate, should be strĩetly adhered to; 


and it may be sometimes necessary, merely on account 
of defects in the certificate, to reject the more deserv- 
ing candidate. The certificates will otherwise grow 
into a mere matter of form, and little or no attention 
will be paid to the truth or to the correctness of them. 
Some, which have been sent in to the Sussex society, 
have been drawn up with so little care or accuracy, as 


not even to distinguish the class of premiums, for which 


3 "FF, =: 
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2 

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8 
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1 2 OT ETD 
3 r Vx MM 
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k * vans — _ — 5 . 
P S 


234 Note to page 166, line 11. 


they were intended. — With regard to the premiums for 
household men servants employed in husbandry under 
the age of 25 years, it may appear extraordinary, when 
they apply to so numerous a class of men, that there 
Should have been no claimant in the preceding year; 
but experience has shewn, that upon the commence- 
ment of these societies, there is some difficulty in in- 
ducing candidates to come forward, even from among 
those who on account of merit are best intitled. This 
may arise in part from indolence ; but it is occasioned 
much more by diffidence. The common reasoning 
among the lower orders is, that there will be so many 
candidates with better pretensions, that it would be use- 
less for them to take the trouble of preferring their own 
claims. When, however, a neighbour with less real 
merit has obtained the premium, or when the premium 
has been withheld for want of claimants, a numerous 
list of applications may be expected in the ensuing 
year. Still, however, the channels of information are 
so little open to the lower classes, that the objects of 
these institutions can never be fully obtained, unless the 
gentlemen, clergy, principal farmers, and tradesmen, 
that is to say the most intelligent persons in the neigh- 
bourhood, will take the trouble of making known the 
premiums, and explaining the conditions of them, to 
those persons who are qualified to apply as claimants ; 
and will assist them in forwarding their claims, and 
particularly in making out a proper statement of the 
case, and a certificate of the truth of it, in a clear and 
satisfactory manner. 219% Fune, 1799. 


58 


As 


C 295 ] 


LIX. 


Extract from an account of a society at Wen- 
dover, for encouraging prudence and in- 
dustry. By the Reverend Josten SMITH. 


Urox perusing the account of the benevo- 
lent and excellent establishment of Sunday 
Societies for the aged poor at Winston and 
Bishops Auckland, I considered it as incum- 
bent on me, at least to endeavour to form 
Something of a similar nature in my own 
parish of Wendover : but at that time of 
the year (the latter end of autumn) I found 
it impossible to do any thing effectual and 


useful for that purpose in a country parish. 


therefore deferred it till a more favour- 
able season. Early in the spring, having 
first secured the co-operation and assist- 
ance of two very worthy and charitable 
families in the parish, I visited the cotta- 
gers, and pointed out to them, in as strong 
terms as I could, the benefit and comfort 
VOL, II. 1 


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2 36 ACCOUNT .OF. A, SUNDAY. SOCIETY 


which they would derive from such a so- 
ciety.; but I found, in my own parish, an 
insurmountable objection to a meeting of 
elderly persons, at each other's houses, on a 


Sunday evening; an objection arising from 


a circumstance, that the labourers are 
scarcely any of them resident within the 
town, but are dispersed in their habitations 
in all directions, over a very extensive pa- 
rish, containing a square of about 3 miles. 
From the different parts of such a district, 
it would be hardly practicable for the aged 
and infirm to attend alternately at each 
other's dwellings: and there seemed to me 
to be objections to any common room, in a 
central situation, being applied for that pur- 
pose; or indeed that any fixed place of 

meeting, except the church, should regu- 
larly be used, for reading 11 n 
the Holy Scriptures. 


'1 therefore very reluctantly gave up, for 
the present, the attempt to engage the old 
people to meet systematically on the Sun- 
day evening, at each other's houses, for 


- 


AT WENDO VER. 237 


their mutual comfort, and religious im- 
provement; and I have confined my en- 


deavours at the commencement, to induc- 


ing, in all my poorer neighbours, a habit 
of saving some part of their earnings, dur- 
ing that period of the year when they could 
best spare it, against a time when they 
would most want it. To the poor, there- 


fore, both male and female, and of all ages, 


proposed that part of the plan only; as 
the means of laying up, from the excess of 
the most productive part of the year, that 
which might procure them comfort and re- 
lief at the season the least productive, and 
the most expensive ;* and, in order to make 
it generally known, I employed the school- 
boys, at the writing school in the pa- 
rish, to copy out the following proposals, 
for a weekly contribution of money during 
the summer months, to be repgid them with 


It is pleasing to reflect how much the Wendover 


cottager has been benefited in this season, and the parich 

exonerated, by what has been done in this instance ; 

not by precluding his claim to relief, but by diminishing 

the call for it. B. ad Dec. 1799. an n 
| 82 


3 
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233 ACCOUNT/OF, A' SUNDAY .SOCIETY 


a considerable increase, the addition of one- 
third at least, at the end of the year. 
Friendly Society for the encouragement 
of the prudent and industrious labou- 
e rers of the parish of Wendover. 
Upon the first day of the week let every 
** one of you lay by bim in store, as God bath 
* prospered: him. Cor. ch. xvi. v. 2. 


AIln order to encourage the industrious 


poor of the parish of Wendover, during 
the summer months, in which they can 
< earn most, to lay up something against the 
time of need, T. Lovell, Esq. F. P. Bing- 
ham, Esq. and the Revd. Joseph Smith, 


Vicar, have agreed to add, as a gift, one- 


„third of whatever sum any such poor 
46. person shall lay up by weekly payments, 
dr otherwise, during the summer; the 
* whole of which, together with such ad- 
*© dition,” the person shall receive back 
* again at Christmas. Either of the above 
«gentlemen will receive at their houses all 
such weekly sums, whether 2d, gd, 6d, or 


5 more, and deposit the same in a box pro- 


vided for that purpose, and keep an exact 


Ar WNDOV FER. 239 
acebunt of the same in a book. It is pro- 
posed that Sunday morning be the time 
of making the payments; because among 


« the other duties of that day, the labourer 


« can then best spare time to look forward 
« for the future comfort of his family; and 
because they who have attended their 
« duty at church, after having paid in their 
« weekly sixpence, to accumulate for their 
families, will feel the less inclination. to 
spend another sixpence, idly at the ale- 
house. At Christmas the distribution will 
«be made; that is to say, for every three 
* Shillings paid in, not less than four shil- 


lings shall be returned; and so in pro- 


portion. Further attention and conside- 


„ ration will be paid to those who have 


* made their payments regularly, and 
who have been regular in their duties at 
„church. Any person may receive back 
his or her own money at any time before 
Christmas; but without any addition 
thereto. It is not intended that this act 
*of prudence in the poor should preclude 
them from parish relief, in case of sick- 


Dr Yd 
y 2 3 


K RT ELSE OO 2. Tots 
1 . — Iz ” at Ss 2-6. r N 2 
Ge Ee a ER Ee LE Pn 
wid tc +  —— x — : - — m 3 "a, - - 


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$257 
2 


PRINTS: vi. 


— Ha SAD Id SG Ht 26s 


2 2 8 e 'N «= 

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1 5 

7 FS 9 4s 4 P 4 Aa, os » 

= 7 * 8 — 

4 —— ———— =. "IPO 3 


240 ACCOUNT A SUNDAY SOCIETY 


© ness, or in case of want of, work, during 
«© Severe weather; but it is meant to enable 


„them to purchase a warm garment, half 
« a load of wood, or any other domestic 


„comfort they may want at the most 
« inclement season. The donations and 


£6 friendly communications of any of the 


“ parishioners to this undertaking, will be 
« thankfully received by Mr. Lovell, Mr. 


_ «Bingham, or Mr. Smith, and entered in a 


separate book.” 
I had copies of this paper placed on the 
church doors, and distributed in the parish. 


The boys also, who had received a trifling 


gratuity for making the copies, contributed 
very mach to make the terms known to 
their parents and connections. We gave 
notice of receiving contributions on the first 
Sunday in May.—The labourers have em- 


braced the offer held out to them, in a man- 
ner extremely gratifying ; the society al- 


ready consisting of near sixty subscribing 


labourers, who bring their subscriptions 
very. regularly after morning service; none 


tio 


eee 


— — 


F 4A WENDOVER,' I 241 


less than sic pence, "OP gs * them a 
oa 8 1 | 


OBSERVATIONS. 


Ihe above may be deserving of atten- 
r. tion in those country parishes, which, like 
a ® Wendover, are not capable of receiving the 

entire benefit of the plan, adopted in the 

bishoprick of Durham. It is certainly of 
e | great importance, to induce habits of fru- 
l. f gality and foresight, among the poor. 
Ss | | These good qualities are rarely unaccom- 
d panied by the other virtues; and when 
0 they are wanting, there can be little hope 
: of strict moral or religious character among 
t men, who are to subsist on the produce of 
their my labour.” 


- | E There is a peculiar advantage in the 
gs þ 1 Wendover society, that neither time, nor 
8 Ti money, is expended in alehouse meetings, 
e | | There are no incidental charges to exhaust 


24 ACCOUNT er A-SUNDAY SOCIETY 
the,commbn-purse.: There is a sure and 


certain benefit to the members; and there 
exists no expence to diminish the amount 
of it. Friendly societies, tho very deserv- 
ing of encouragement, are not always 
equal and certain in their effects. If noi 
conducted properly, tbey may degenerate into 
drun gen meetings: they may be disgraced by 
fraud, be directed hy a party, and become the 
instruments of sedition. From these incon- 
veniences the society at Wendover is ex- 
empt. Their one entertainment will be 
only an annual addition given to their fa- 
mily dinner at home, on Christmas day. 

A great advantage of this and of some 
other similar establishments (besides that 
important one of uniting persons together 
for a common and useful purpose) is, that 
they contribute to make the rich and the 
poor more known to, and more connected 
with, each other; and to give those who 
are desirous of making a proper use of their 
property, an opportunity of appreciating 


correotly the character and situation of 


. 
2 * _ = 


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ues 


A WENDOVER. 7 GG 2243 
most of the cottagers in their neighbour-' 
edt as e150 t gf7 05 Hen d d rt 


erte N er ”, AFL n LY Ge 


The establishment of this society will, I 
hope, be of much greater advantage to the 
members, than the mere amount of the ad- 
dition to their own savings; and will be 
the cause of their beginning the new. year 
not only happily, but wisely. If they are 
then as sensible, as I have a confidence they 


will be, of the good effects of: their own 


frugality and prudence, it will be my en- 
deavour to establish the society on a perma- 
nent footing, and with as much improve- 
ment and benefit to the members as I can. 
Ab Nor % e. 2 


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No. LX „ 

Extract from a further account of the advan- 

tages of cottagers keeping cows. By 
TuoMAs BERNARD, Esq. 


A Late visit into Rutlandshire has given 
me an opportunity of acquiring more mi- 
nute and correct information, respecting 
the circumstances and situation of the cot- 
tagers keeping cows, in the four parishes of 
Hambledon, Egleton, Greetham, and Bur- 
ley on the Hill. I give the result of my 
enquiries; and I give it with more preci- 
sion and detail than I otherwise should, as 


Tam very desirous of enabling land-owners 


to ascertain whether, in their own pecu- 
liar instances, it will not answer for them 
to follow the example of what has been 
done in that neighbourhood. At the same 


time I beg leave to anticipate the observa- 


tion, that in arable countries, where there 
is a '8Carcity. of grass land; and in those 


A © 


an 


FURTHER ACCOUNT, &c. 245 


districts where, from vicinage or a peculiar 
market, grass land bears a rent above its 
intrinsic value, it may not be practicable 
to supply cottagers with pasture for a 
cow, without some sacrifice on the part of 


the landlord. 


Among the tenants of this part of the 
estate, there are 80 cottagers who keep 
cows. Of those who possess cows, there 
are 22, each of whom has only one cow; 33 
who have each 2 cows, 19g who have 3, 7 
who have 4, and 3 who have z cows each; 
making in all 174 cows. Of these cottagers 


about a third part have all their land in 


severalty; the rest of them have the use of 


a cowpasture in common with others; most 


of them possessing a small homestead, ad- 
joining to their cottage ;. every one of them 
having a good garden, and keeping one pig 
at least, if not more. Without any excep- 

tion they pay for their land the same rent“ 
as a farmer would. 


*I add a note, on the suggestion of Mr. Kent of 
Fulham, who had the merit of laying the case of the 


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246 FURTHER 'ACCOUNT OF | 


The estate is tithe-free.—In Hamble- 
don there is a close of 114, acres; which is 
let in 108 cowgates, at one guinea each ; of 
these, 74; are let to cottagers, and the re- 
maining 44 (not having been as yet ap- 
plied for by cottagers) are for the present 
let to farmers. The tenants have the right 


of feeding, each four sheep, instead of a cow, 


for each cowgate; and the farmers gene- 
rally so use their holdings, which is more 
for their own convenience, as well as for the 
general benefit of the pasture. Each of the 


cottagers has also an acre or more of home- 


English cottager before the public several years ago, in 


a very useful publication, intitled Hints to Gentlemen 
of Landed Property. 1 obvious reason (Mr. Kent 


observes why the cottager sueceeds better with his cow 


upon Lord Winchilsea's estate, is, that he is not charged 
achigher rent for his land than a farmer would be. But 


that this is far from being the case in general : s0 far, 
indeed, that there 1 is not one instance in ten, of mose my 
which a cottager posseszes the means of keeping a cow, 
that - does not obtain the land from the — oo at 
Nond band, and at à rent at least double of what he 
gught en 5 24. Nor. 1799. 121 10! WO 1 


COTTFAGERS KEEPING COWS. 247 


$tead-near his cottage, for which he pays a 
farmer's rent. 


At Egleton there is a cow-pasture of only 
go acres, which, is let in 26 cowgates, each 
at goshillings. These are all occupied by 
cottagers, Who have also small homesteads 
near their houses, to supply them with hay. 
In the parish of Burley, the mode of pro- 
viding for some of the cottagers cows is 
different: a close of 11 acres and a half is 
divided into two equal parts, and the whole 
jointly occupied by four cottagers. One 
half is every alternate year held in four 


several parts, by a marked boundary, each 


mowing his own part for hay; the other 
half is a cowpasture for the four cottagers. 
They have each a right of putting in a cow 
and two sheep in the pasture part, during, 
the summer, and of feeding a cow and four: 


sheep upon the whole in the winter. The 


benefit of the sheep feeding they can let to 
a farmer at a guinea and a half a year. Be- 


sides this, they have grass and hay os 


one cow; for rent they pay (4. 108. a 


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248 FURTHER ACCOUNT OF 


year each, and in poors' rates and other 


levies, 3s. a year, making in the whole 
£ 4- 15s. ; from which, after deducting 
L 1. 118. 6d. (which their sheep feeding is 


worth) there remains £3. gs. 6d. rent and 


taxes, for the support of their cow. 


The accommodation that the cottager 
has for his cow in Greetham, is not so be- 
neficial to him. A pasture field of gz acres 
of indifferent land, worth about 10s. an 
acre, is held as a joint pasture by 14 cot- 
tagers; each of whom has a right to pasture 
a cow in it. For their winter provision 


they have each of them an arable field of 
SIX acres, in which they grow some clover 


and sainfoin. This is by no means so ad- 
vantageous to them as grass land: under 
these circumstances, however, they are very 
glad to have the land, and an pay their 
rent with great regularity. 


-4'said that the cottagers paid a farmer's 


fent for their land, and not more ;- but I 
ought te add, that the whole-of the- estate 


COTTAGERS KEEPING COWS. 249 


is let at moderate rents. The reader may 


find by calculation, that in Hambledon the 
land produces, per acre, nearly 20s. ; in 
Egleton about 2gs. ; and in Burley 318. per 
acre : the difference being occasioned partly 
by the difference of time, when the closes 
were respectively let at their present rents, 
and partly by some difference in the quali- 
ty of the land. 


The cottagers who keep cows are almost 
all of them labourers in husbandry : there 
are, however, among thein, some widows 
and daughters of deceased labourers, and 
Some men who-work as country carpenters, 
or in similar trades. I can add, that of all 


the rents of the estate, none are more punc- | 


tually paid, than those for the cottagers 
land. The steward informs me that there 


has.never been an instance of an arrear, or 
of a delay in payment, even for a few days. 


When I state that the land is let at, and 


not under, a fair, moderate rent, 1 do not 


mean to be understood to say, exactly the 


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250 FURTHER ACCOUNT OF 


same of the cottages ;* which are com- 
fortable and habitable buildings, in good 
repair, neatly kept, and regularly white- 
washed ; and yet pay no more rent, than 


the ruinous and miserable hovels in Eng- 


land usually do. 


*The increase of price in the materials for building, 
particularly in that country, makes it impracticable to 
supply the cottager with a proper and habitable dwel- 
ling, at a rent adapted to his circumstances, without 
some sacrifice on the part of the landlord, What reme- 
dy can be proposed for the evil I am not aware; unless 
I may hope, that the land- owner will some day set down 
and precisely calculate in how many ways the extra ex- 
pence would be made up to him ;—in the general bene- 
fit and credit of his estate ;—in the health and wel! 
being of the poor, and in the consequent reduction of 
the poor-rates ;—in the beauty and the pleasure of the 


country so adorned, and in self satisfaction, and real 


gratification. If he would enter dispassionately, and 


without prejudice, into this investigation, I trust he 

would soon discover his true interest; and that he might 

be induced to send a few of the materials, intended for his 

grottos, castles, and temples, to be applied for the repair 

of his cottages; for the credit and advantage of himself 

and his estates, and for the welfare and comfort of the 
poor connected with, and dependent on him. > 


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COTTAGERS KEEPING COWS. 251 


The reader may; perhaps, wish to know 
how the cottager is at first set up with a 
cow. As an example, I will give the his- 
tory. of one man, who had a wife and seve- 
ral children, and was last year likely to be 
burthensome to the parish. It was agreed 
that the one remedy that promised relief to 
the parish in this case, was the cottager's 


cow. His landlord supplied him with land 
at a fair rent, and made his cottage and out 


buildings comfortable. He asked assistance 


of his neighbours: in the mansion house 


he collected about two or three guineas; 


among the farmers, by gift or loan, he ob- 
tained some handsome additions; he pur- 


chased his cow, took possession of his land, 
and is now doing very well. About eight 
years ago, another labourer with a large fa- 


mily was supplied with a cow and land in 


the same manner. He has since bred up 


his large family without any parochial as- 
sistance, and is now possessed of two cows, 


the second purchased wholly from his sav- 
ings. Two others were provided with cows 
vol, Him; *. 


| 
1 
Ty 
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: + . 
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103 


232 . FURTHER ACCOUNT or 


and land in the like manner, about four years 
ago, and have gone on very well. 


- 
* 


The greater part of the cottagers have 
more than one cow. The fact is, that in 


every instance, as soon as the cottager has 


got a cow, all the efforts of the family are 
directed to the attainment of the means to 


some of them, who began very lately with 
only one, have now five cows. The only 
inconvenience to be apprehended from such 
an increase in their property, is, that they 
may be induced to look to the produce of 
their cows and gardens, for the sole sup- 
port of themselves and family, and cease to 
depend on their daily labour for their sup- 
port; being transformed into little starving 
farmers, from opulent thriving labourers. 
But the fact is directly the reverse. Such 
are the beneficial effects of early and stead) 


habits of industry, that these proprietors of 


cowsare the most steady and trusty labourers. 


As a proof of the effects of this system in 


purchase another, and another; so that 


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COTTAGERS KEEPING COWS, 233 
promoting industry and frugality, I give the 
history of one of them, Christopher Love,* 
of Hambledon ; who is now 73 years of age, 
and has for 33 years back kept three cows ; 
and nevertheless has gone regularly every 
summer, for 30 years past, to harvest-work 
in Cambridgeshire; because he is more in re- 
quest there, and receives better wages, than 
he would at home. He has bred up a fami- 
ly of nine children in great comfort, and is 
now well and in good health himself, and has 
been in Cambridgeshire this preceding har- 


* Since I was at Burley, one of these owners of cows, 


a shepherd of the name of Watkin, who lives within 


two or three doors of Christopher Love's cottage, had 


the misfortune to dislocate his hip. Upon his being 
visited, he has expressed regret at the expence of his 
surgeon's attendance, for which he is paying half-a-gui- 
nea a visit. However (he added) if it please God I 
recover my health and strength, I shall not grudge 
any expense attending my cure.” In a common pa- 
rish such a circumstance would have entailed a great and 
continuing charge on the parish. In this instance, the 
Sufferer has never thought of applying to the parish for 
any assistance; and in all probability (whether a perfect 
cure be effected or not, which is very doubtful) he will 
never have any occasion for it. 1oth Dec. 1799. 


T 2 


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1 


254 FURTHER ACCOUNT OF 


vest ; but thinks he shall go no more, as 
the family for whom he used to work are 
all dead, or removed. 


I saw one instance among them of a man 


who was bringing up and supporting nine 
children, all healthy, well fed, clean, and 
neatly dressed. A little child under four 
years of age was asked if she could spin? 
% No, she was too little, but she could 
* knit.” Her sister (said the mother, 
pointing to another girl, between five and 
six years of age) © spins very well; she got 


« a prize for spinning this year, and brought 
« home a premium of the value of six shil- 


lings in clothing.” 


The education of their children to hus- 


bandry, to the management of cattle and 


of a dairy, and to every occupation that can 
fit them for the service of the farmer, is a 
very important advantage of this system : 
and if there were no other benefit to be 
derived from it, but that of adapting, and 
habitually preparing, the rising generation 


re 


COTTAGERS KEEPING COWS. 255 


for the most useful and necessary employ- 
ment in the island ; this alone would pro- 


duce an abundant compensation for any 


effort, or attention, that has been, or may 
be, directed to the subject. They are not 
only stout, healthy, clean, well clothed, 
and educated in regular and principled 
habits of life, but they are used to almost 
every part of their business from the ear- 
liest period of life; every inhabitant of the 
cottage being, from infancy, so interested 
in their cow, their pig, their sheep, and 
their garden, as to imbibe, at a very early 
age, all the material information and habit 
in those subjects. 


The cottagers in that country eat barley 
or mixed bread; and they prefer it, for a 
reason which one of them gave me; that not 
only they can afford to have more of it, but 
can also add a little bit of meat to dress 


With the vegetables from the garden. This 


makes in the aggregate a very important 


amelioration of the condition of the cotta- 


ger :—bread, butter, cheese, plenty of milk, 


236 - FURTHER ACCOUNT OP 


and vegetables, and some meat to mix with 
their other food, compose, altogether, a 
table of diet unknown to many English 
cottagers, and extremely conducive to 
health, strength, and civilized habits of 
life. It is no inconsiderable convenience 
to the inhabitants of that neighbourhood, 
that these cottagers are enabled to supply 
them, at a very moderate price, with milk, 
cream, butter, poultry, pig-meat, and veal : 
articles which, in general, are not worth the 
farmer's attention, and which, therefore, 
are supplied by speculators, who greatly 
enhance the price on the public. 


OBSERVATIONS. 


In preparing this detail, I have endea- 
voured to give every circumstance as cold- 
ly and correctly as I could; being aware 
that, in practical information, precision is 
of the utmost importance. I will not, how- 
ever, presume to say, that in what I have 


COTTAGERS KEEPING COWS, 257 


written, I have been entirely uninfluenced 
by the pleasure of seeing the English cot- 
tager what, in a free, a prosperous, and en- 
lightened country, he ought to be ;—thriv- 
ing, industrious, and happy. _ 


What has been stated will probably sug- 
gest to the reader, that the welfare of the 
cottager depends more on the improved re- 


Sources and habits of life, than on any 


increase or superabundance of wages. In 
countries where the wages are the highest, 
without any improved system of manage- 
ment and economy among the poor, the 
condition of the cottager is very inferior 
to that of many, where the wages of labour 
are lower, but the means and habits of life 


superior. Mechanics, who earn from a gui- 
nea to two guineas a week, in London, in 


Manchester, and other places, and who de- 
pend upon the neighbouring shop for the 
necessaries of life, and (to use a common ex- 
pression) live from hand to mouth, do in ge- 
neral possess a less degree of domestic com- 


fort, and enjoy a less proportion of the 


258 FURTHER ACCOUNT OF 


advantages of civilized life, than many 
cottagers. The explication is obvious. The 

-mechanic, who with his family exists in a 

lodging, without any advantage or impulse 

tending to domestic economy, and who 

earns, by a species of slight of band in his 
trade, very high wages, applies what is 

barely necessary, in a weekly payment to 

the baker and some other tradesmen, for the 
support of the family; the rest goes to the 

club, or the alehouse, or is lost in intervals 

between labour; while the labourer and his 

family, who have the power and induce- 

ment to thrift and management, direct 

every effort to the improvement of their 

circumstances, and the increase of their 

comforts. | 


It will, to the latest period of my life, 
be a source of enviable satisfaction to me, if 
what is said in this and the other Reports of 
the society, should have the effect of awaken- 
ing the attention of the land- owner to anob- 
ject so interesting and essential to him, as the 
situation of his industrious labourers; whose 


COTTAGERS KEEPING Cows. 239 


comforts and means of life he may greatly 
increase, not only without any immediate 
loss, but with a real and accumulating be- 
nefit to himself and his property; as he 


would soon find that by improving the 


condition of his dependents, and by excit- 


ing industry among them, he did propor- 


tionally increase the value of his estate. It 
would, indeed, be an act not only of bene- 
volence and justice, but of wisdom and 
prudence, whether he directed his views 
to his own insulated property, or to the 
general welfare of the community. —View- 
ed in a political light, the labourer who has 
property, however small—a cow, a pig, or 
even the crop of his garden—has an inte- 
rest in the welfare and tranquillity of his 
country, and in the good order of society. 
He who has no property, is always ready 
for novelty and experiment ; and tho gib- 


bets and halters may for a time deter him 


from criminal and atrocious acts, yet no 


motive exists to fix him in virtuous habits, 
or to attach him to that national prosperity 
in which he has no part, and to that con- 


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260 © FURTHER ACCOUNT or 


stituted order of property, which excludes 
him from all possession. 


There is another consideration, suggested 
by the present high price of wheat corn. 
Those measures for the relief and subsist- 
ence of the poor, which are now essential 
to their existence in many other parts of 
the kingdom, are unnecessary in the neigh- 
bourhood of Burley. The cottager who is 
in the habit of using barley in bread, who 
keeps a pig, perhaps two, and has plenty of 
milk and vegetables, possesses within him- 
self almost all the means of life; and feels 
very little inconvenience from that which, 
in the present season, without the chari- 
table aid and attention of the opulent, would 
oppress and overwhelm the labourer, whose 
existence depends on a mere pecuniary sti- 
pend. With such means of life he is less at- 
fected by the present high price of bread, 
than almost any other individual: the 
dearness of provisions produces not much 
variation in his circumstances; except by 
delaying, for a very short time, the desired 


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 COTTAGERS KEEPING COWS. 261 


period of his purchasing another cow ; and 
by retarding his progressive thrift, and the 
improvement of his little property, for the 
benefit and hereditary succession of his wife 
and children. 


In the facility of execution, and in the 
permanence of effect, a very material ditte- 
rence exists between measures taken for 
the improvement of the cottager's means 
of life in his own cottage, and for the in- 
crease of his resources and excitements to 
thrift and industry, and those for the sup- 
port and conduct of all public charities and 
establishments for the relief of the poor. The 
latter require an unattainable continuance 
of exertion, and an unfailing succession of 
disinterested care and attention: the for- 
mer executes itself, The latter provide for 
the maintenance and relief of helpless and 
bopeless dependents: the former produce 
the restoration of health and strength.— 
When the cottager has acquired, and feels 
the benefit of, his new means and habits 
of life, his own exertions, his own attentions, 


: $1 £45 


Eb EI ES 
oli LITER 


8 
— —< 2 x REED 


# WT. An 
Ta 
1 
2. 


262 FURTHER ACCOUNT or 
will provide for the continuance of the 
blessings of his family, as long as his land- 
lord will protect him in the enjoyment of 
his cottage and ground. He requires, in 
this instance, no subsequent labour or atten- 
tion, on the part of his benefactor, to prevent 
the return of indigence and misery ; where- 
as it demands the continuance of unwearied 
exertions in all public establishments, to 
conduct them properly for the solace and 
relief of existing wretchedness. 


In all that has been done by the Earl of , 
Winchilsea for his cottagers, tho there has 
been much attention paid, and much dispo- 
Sition on his part tomake a very considerable 
Sacrifice, if requisite, for their benefit, yet in 
fact, and with the single exception which I 
have stated as to his cottages, so far from 
any loss or expense being incurred by him, 
a considerable and permanent improvement 
has been made upon his estate, without any 
reduction in the immediate profit — While 
the land let to the cottager is set at the 
same rent, as that which the farmers occupy, 


4 
= 


COTTAGERS KEEPING COWS. 26g 


the country is enriched and improved by an 
industrious and thriving tenantry, and the 


poor-rates reduced almost to nothing.* 


* 


* In confirmation of what is here stated, I have 
much pleasure in adding an extract from a letter of Mr. 
Bassett, of Glentworth, in Lincolnshire, to Mr. Arthur 
Young, dated 6th Aug. 1799.—“ On this and on other 
estates belonging to Lord Scarborough, his Lordship has 
invariably directed me to accommodate the cottagers 
with a sufficient quantity of land to keep from one to 
two cows, and no more; allotting as much meadow to 
each of such cottagers, as will keep their cattle with 


hay in the winter season; and I am convinced, from 


the experience of thirty years, during which time J have 


been agent to the Scarborough family, that the result 
has been highly conducive to the happiness of my poor 
neighbours, and advantageous to the occupiers of farms, 


who have always a set of industrious labourers within 


their respective parishes, 20% % do not become chargeable in 


the time of sickness, or when, from age, manual labour 
cannot any longer be performed by them: at such pe- 
riods the produce of their cows and gardens affords them 
the means of a decent maintenance, and of the regular 
discharge of their rents.—I make out yearly the ac- 
counts of this parish ; and the rates and assessments on 


the occupiers of land, do not, on the average, amount to 


more than erght-pence in the pound, for the poor, church, 
constable, and highways.” 


a 
KA 
— 


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264 FURTHER ACCOUNT OF 


The labourers children are, at the same 
time, so bred up, and so accustomed to re- 
gular habits of employment, as to be very 


little burthen to their parents, and to be a 
great and improving benefit to the estate. 


— The land-owner should keep in mind, 
that if the labourer is reduced to indigence, 
his support, which had been derived from 
his own exertions, must, in future, be drawn 
from the land. The farmer, indeed, nominally 
pays the poor-rate ; but it is really and ulti- 


_ mately defrayed by the landlord ; whose es- 


tate, by the increase and accumulation of 
poor's-rate, is deteriorated in value, and 


diminished in rental: while, on the con- 


trary, by a different system by promoting 
the welfare, and encouraging the energy 
of the cottager, the land- owner might have 
lessened the poor's-rate, and augmented 
the value and rental of the land. 


I do not mean to assert that the English 
cottager, narrowed as he now is in the 
means and habits of life, may be imme- 


diately capable of taking that active and 


COTTAGERS KEEPING COWS. 265 


useful station in society, that is filled by 
those who are the subjects of this paper. 
To produce so great an improvement in 
character and circumstances of life, will 
require time and attention. The cottager, 
however, of this part of the county of Rut- 
land, is not of a different species from other 
English cottagers ; and if he had not been 
protected and encouraged by his landlord, 
he would have been the same helpless and 
comfortless creature that we see in some 
other parts of England. The farmer (with 
the assistance of the steward) would have 
taken his land; the creditor, his cow and 
pig; and the workhouse, his family. 


As I am disposed to flatter myself that 


some of my readers, who have landed pro- 
perty adapted to the experiment, may be 
induced to try this mode of improving their 
estates, I shall suggest what occurs to me 


as the method of proceeding ; premising 


that in this, and in every thing else which 
the landlord may think fit to do for the be- 
nefit of his cottagers, he should be extremely 


— 


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266 FURTHER ACCOUNT or 


careful not. to make them. the subjects of 
jealousy, or dislike, to either the farmer or 
shopkeeper; on whose good will to them, 


in spite of every attention of the landlord, 


much of their comfort and well-being will 
depend, particularly in winter, when the 
presence of a friend and protector is most 
wanted. I should therefore recommend 
him, at first, to follow the example of Mr. 
Burdon, and to begin with a close or two of 
the ground in his own occupation. Let him 
then select two or three of his most thriv- 
ing and industrious labourers, and inform 
each of them, that he is disposed to accom- 
modate him with a little ground, at a mo- 
derate rent, if he can contrive to get a 
cow, and his wife can manage her; add- 
ing the offer of a small loan or donation 
towards it. The introduction of so novel a 
system may possibly require some aid and 
attention at first; and it may be proper that 
che poor-rate on their ground should be 
kept down, as low as may fairly be; 
but as soon as two or three cottagers have 
succeeded, and it is known that upon land 


COT TAGERS KEEPING COWS, 267 


becoming vacant in future, the cottager 
will be considered as well as the farmer, 
tho not to his injury or inconvenience ; 
and that, upon the occupier of any little 
farm of 20 or go acres being obliged, as 


they frequently are, to abandon a losing 


concern, the landlord would, in some in- 
stances, be disposed to apply the ground 
for the accommodation of five or six of 
the most deserving and thriving labourers, 
the farmer would soon be reconciled to a 
system which must in its nature operate to 
lower the poor's-rate, and to diminish the 
burthen of the poor; — the character of the 


cottager would be invigorated ;—his spirit, 


his industry, his economy, would be all 
put in action; and a very essential im- 
provement would take place in the estate 
and neighbourhood. 


224d Oct. 1799. | 


VOL. 11. U 


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L 268 J 


No. LXI. 


Extract from an account of the extension = 
the benefits of the charity-schools at Ches- 
ter. By TyoMaAs BERNARD, Esq. 


Ts income of the blue-coat-school at t 
Chester had for several years been applied | t 
to the maintenance and education of go t 
boys, who were admitted at nine years of I 8 
age, and kept in the house for four years. | | x 
This provision had proved to be extremely 1 ) 
inadequate to its object ; the greater num- 1 
ber of the poor of that city being left en- f 
tirely destitute of instruction. In 1783, 
the trustees adopted a beneficial exten- f 
sion of the charity; and in the course of W 2 
that and of the ensuing year, they open- 1 
ed a day-school, in a wing of the hospital. 
for the instruction of 120 boys in reading. 
writing, and accounts. This they call the 


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ACCOUNT, &c. 269 


green School, from the circumstance of each 
of the boys wearing a green bonnet. TWO 
masters were engaged, one at J. 3, the 
other at G. go a year; and they have proved 
quite equal to the care of the 120 boys. 
The whole expence of teaching these boys, 
including their bonnets, &c. is not more 
than eighty guineas, or 148. a year, each. 


In order to provide for this expence, the 
trustees diminished the number of boys in 
the blue-coat-school from 30 to 25; and at 
the same time extended the benefit of that 
school to a great increase of objects, by 
reducing the time of continuance to two 
years, and by selecting the best behaved 
and most deserving boys of the green- school 
for all the vacancies in the Þblue-coat-school ; 
so that 12 or 14 of the best boys of the 
former school are annually placed upon 


the foundation : the consequence of which 


is, that there is hardly any poor boy in that 
city, but may obtain a place in the blue- 
coat-school, if he perseveresin a course of i in- 
_ and good behaviour. 

U 2 


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8 ACCOUNT OF THE 


This is of the greatest importance; as it 
extends the benefit, not only of instruction, 
but of (what is much more efficacious) 

emulation and example, to almost every lad 
in Chester. The boys are now admitted at F c 
nine years of age into the green-school, ; fc 
upon the nomination of the subscribers, 1 «<5 
who appoint scholars in rotation, according i v 


tained there for two years, and at the ex- } tic 
piration of that period, if they have madea WM is 
competent progress in reading, writing, and © 


to the amount of their contributions to the WE: 

charity. At the end of two years these boys 1 3 

þ are publickly examined for the blue-coat- | n 

| school: after which, if their merit does not n 

{ entitle them to one of the vacancies on 1 e 
| the foundation, they remain in the green- 
M school two years more; and are then dis- 

i missed at an age proper to be placed out in * 

# Service, But if their progress has been : J 

1x such as to entitle them to a vacancy in the i 

b blue-coat-school, they are clothed and main- ba 


* F. - - 
— —_ — _—— — — 
* - WR IDF. 
4 N " DEI CR i 
— - * — 
3 — 
— 


= do 
accounts, and (in case the sea is their ob- Ra 
ject) in navigation, they are placed out h 


with an apprentice fee of three pounds each, 


CHESTER CHARITY-SCHOOLSs. 271 


in husbandry, the sea-service, or in some 
useful trade or occupation. | 


Upon the former plan the funds of this 
charity provided, in ten years, an education 
for 75 children : in the present mode,* be- 


sides the increased motives for good beha- 


viour and attention, 362 poor children of 
Chester receive an education during the 
same period. This has been attended with 
no additional expence: the degree of be- 


nefit, however, far exceeds any thing that 


could have been attained upon the former 


* Dr. Haygarth, who was the proposer of the green- 
*chool, suggested, in 1797, a further improvement in it; 
that, in addition to their other learning, the greater part 
of the boys should alternately be instructed and employed 
in the needle manufacture, in a large unoccupied room 
which is over the school. There is a want of occupa- 
tion for boys at Chester, tho there is already an estab- 
lished needle manufactory there, which might furnish 
employment, and finish the work. As to the blue-coat- 
boys, it was proposed that part of their profits should 
be laid up for their use and advancement in life, and 
those of the boys of the green-school, paid over to their 
parents. | 


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272 ACCOUNT OF THE 


system; for the terms of sucoeeding to the 


blue-coat-school, offered equally to all, 


supplies that stimulating incentive to hu- 


man exertion, without which the best framed 


establishments lose their vital principle, 
and degenerate into visionary and noxious 


Similar attention has been paid to the 


female children in that town. It had been 


ascertained by Dr. Haygarth and some 
others who were in the habit of visiting the 
habitations of the poor of Chester, that the 
girls there, as in many other towns, were 
extremely destitute of useful employment; 
and that of those from 9g to 13 years of age, 
in one parish, three-fourths could not sew 
at all, and not one of them so well, as to 
make a single article of dress. They were 
equally ignorant of knitting and spinning; 


and so unskilful in the common occupations 


of life, as to be disqualified for domestic 
ser vants, and for most other offices in so- 


ciety, and to have very few means of earn- 


ing an honest livelihood. 


0 


J2ͤ d . ] 


4 _— 


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LY 


CHESTER CHARITY=SCHOOLS, 279g 


It was calculated that four schools of 40 
girls each, to be taught for four years, from 
the age of 9 to 13 years, in addition to a 
school already existing for maintaining and 
educating 8 girls, would nearly provide for 
all the poor girls in Chester, who were un- 
employed, of a proper age for instruction, 
and in want of charitable aid for their edu- 
cation. It was therefore proposed that the 
girls should change their school every year, 
and (besides their being taught to read in 
all the schools, and attending the parish 
church twice on Sunday) that they should 


learn in the first year to knit, in the second 


to spin, in the third to se w, and in the fourth 
to wash and get up linen; the four schools 
being placed near the centre of the city, SO 
that the scholars might, without inconve- 


nience, go each year to a different school. 


In this manner it was calculated that, in the 
whole, the education of 42 girls would be 
annually completed. 


The knitting, spinning, and sewing 
schools had, from the time of their esta- 


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274 AccouNr OF THE. 


blishment in 1787, been regularly attended; 
and no difficulty had occurred in supplying 
work for the knitters and spinners, tho there 
had some at first as to the sewing-school. 
In procuring employment for the school 
for washing and getting up linen, there has 
been very great difficulty; and in conse- 
quence this part of the plan was soon given 
up. The schools are now reduced to two,* 
one for knitting, the other for sewing; 
these are very well supplied with work, 


and the children continue there for two 


years. 


On their first appearance at school, the 
children come in but ill clothed, and not 
well behaved; but, in a short time, by their 
industry, and by the co-operating benevo- 


*The great improvement of spinning mills has very 
nearly deprived the poor of any profit by spinning. 


There are few cottagers who have not suffered in this 


respect; but i in some parishes the labourers' wives and 
children are now entirely precluded from this employ- 
ment, without any other means of occupation being 
opened to them. 7 | 


CHESTER: CHARITY-SCHOOLS. 275 


lence of the ladies who visit the school, they 
are not only improved in behaviour, but are 


supplied with uniform gowns and petti- 
coats, as well as with several other articles 
of dress; all their clothes, except shoes and 
stock ings, being made at the sewing-school. 


The subscriptions were at first limited to 
five shillings each; tho, among the more 
opulent, several persons of the same family 
were admitted as subscribers. They are 


at present not subject to limitation; and 


liberal donations have been made for sup- 
plying books, wheels, forms, and for other 
expences. A considerable benefit has ac- 
crued from connecting these girl-schools in 


some degree with the Sunday- schools of 


Chester: for, as an encouragement to good 
behaviour, the most deserving girls in the 
Sunday-schools are regularly elected into the 
working schools. This has a powerful and 
extensive effect in improving the morals 
and behaviour oſ all the girls in the Sunday- 


schools, and with them of almost all the ſe- 


male children in Chester. ee 


276 AccouNr OF TRE 


OBSERVATIONS. 
It is not an unreasonable or unfounded 


presumption, that the extension of the 
schools at Chester will operate to improve 


the rising generation, in skill, industry, ho- 


nesty, economy, sobriety, and in all those 
virtues, which result from a proper and re- 
ligious education, and which can contribute 
to an useful and happy life. There are 
very few of these virtues, that do not prin- 
cipally depend on education, and on the 
Seeds sown in the mind during the early 
period of life. A very able writer* has 
observed, that « drunkenness is the vice of 
an uncultivated mind :” and in truth, with 
very few exceptions, this vice, in all its 
beastly deformity, will be found to be most 
prevalent among the ignorant and unin- 
formed; among those who have had no 
means of improving or appreciating their 
faculties, and who in respect of mental and 
* The . Townsend in his Dissertation on 
the Poor Laws. see DES biss 


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CHESTER CHARITY=-SCHOOLS, 9277 


moral improvement can be placed but little 
above the brute creation. 


In all those moral virtues, which are of 


: such inestimable value through life—of 
industry and. skill I say nothing, for it is 


obvious that instruction and habit are their 
vital principle but in moral virtues, — in 
fidelity, truth, justice, and integrity, every 
attainment is casual and accidental, —all im- 
provement deceitful and uncertain, except 
that which originates in principle, and whose 
basis firmly rests on the sure ground of a 
religious education. N 


The absurd prejudices that have existed 


against extending the common and general 
benefits of education to the children of the 
poor, and the extraordinary supposition, 
that an uneducated and neglected boy will 
prove an honest and useful man, — that a 


youth of ignorance and idleness will pro- 
duce a mature age of industry and virtue, 


—are now in great measure exploded. 
Switzerland, and Scotland, and the northern 


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278 - ACCOUNT or THE 


counties of England, where the education 
and ocupation of youth are particularly at- 
tended to, afford very gratifying evidence 
of the contrary position. The individuals 
of those counties are not only more indus- 
trious and more thriving, but, of all parts 


of Europe, peculiarly exempt from crimi- 


nal habits*. 


lf the revenues of all our charity schools 
were applied as advantageously as those of 
the blue-coat-school, and the other schools 
at Chester, it is probable that the funds 
would be sufficient to give to every indi- 
vidual in England, the same advantages of 
early instruction and good habits, as are 
enjoyed «by. our northern neighbours, and 
by the inhabitants of Switzerland, In or- 
der to produce this effect, some existing 


prejudices against removing ancient abuses, 


and (I am sorry to be obliged to add) some 
degree of interest or patronage in the con- 


* See Howard on Prisons, p. 124; and on Lazarettos, 
P. 120. 


CIs, e ach Sw 


CCC 


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oHESTERCHARITY-scHools. 279 


tinuance of those abuses, must be given up; 
and the enquiry must be fairly and impar- 
tially entered into, how the good effects of 
every charity may be best attained, and most 
widely extended, without injustice to its 
original objects. There is hardly any cha- 
ritable fund in England to which the ex- 
ample of Chester may not in some degree 
apply, and by the application of which, 
children may not be enabled to acquire those 
early and principled habits of life, without 
which wealth and porver, and even liberty), 


are to the individuals themselves of but lit- 


tle value; and, to the state, are too fre- 


quently the source of ungoverned passions 


and criminal habits; pernicious at the same 


time to other members of society, and de- 


structive to the welfare and existence of 
the community. 


7th Oct. 1799. 


. ; 
. 


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U 280 ] 


No. LXII. 


Extract from an account of the society at 
Dublin for promoting the comforts of the 
poor, By Lord TEIGNMOUTH. 


Ir must be a subject of real satisfaction to 
every wellwisher to his country that, in the 
course of the preceding spring, a society 
has been formed at Dublin, for promoting the 
comforts f the poor; the President of which 
is the Marquis Cornwallis, the Lord Lieu- 
tenant of that kingdom ; the six Vice-pre- 
Sidents, the Chancellor, the Speaker, and 


four other persons of the first rank; and 


the 34 members of the committee, some of 
the most respectable characters in that 
country. 


In their account of the plan and regula- 
tions of the society, they state, that some 


at 
the 


| to 
the 
ety 
the 
1ch 
eu- 
re- 
and 


and 


> of 
hat 


la- 


me 


7 00S NE IS ON ee Ss Pots” £255 


r 


e 


ACCOUNT, &c. 281 


individuals having observed with pleasure 
the progress of a society, instituted in Eng- 
land in the year 1796, for bettering the 
« condition, and increasing the comforts of 
the poor, were encouraged by their suc- 
cess to form themselves into a society, 
founded upon similar principles, to be de- 
nominated fe society for promoting the 
« comforts of the poor.” —That the general 
object of the society (being the same as 


g the declared object of the English society) 


is to collect and circulate such useſul and 
practical information, derived from expe- 


rience, respecting the circumstances, and 


situation of the poor, and the most effec- 
tual means of meliorating their condition, 
as may induce and enable all well disposed 
persons, to unite in the promotion of mea- 
sures, so important to the happiness and 
welfare of the community at large. That 


they are determined ever to keep in view 
this principle, —“ that the best relief the 


poor can receive, is from themselves; 
*and that the most effectual method of 


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282 ACCOUNT or THE 


improving their condition, is by the en- 
* couragement of industry, prudence, and 
« cleanliness: and they trust that the 
local experience of humane individuals, 
whether employed for the encouragement 
of industry and increase of comfort, for the 
prevention and relief of distress,” or for the 
general improvement of the morals and 
condition of the lower. classes, being thus 
collected,. and afterwards diffused over the 
kingdom at large, will animate and instruct 
the nation in the pursuit of these impor- 
tant objects. 


Their regulations do not materially dif- 
fer from those of the English society. They 
are as follow: — ist. That the business of 
the society be conducted by their vice- pre- 
sidents and a committee of thirty- four 
members. 2d. That every person who 
shall subscribe one guinea, annually, shall 
become a member of this society, so long 


—— 


as 


* oi 
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; K 
1 wal 


as they shall think proper to continue such cc 


subscription; and any person who shall 


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en- 
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poses; and that all subscribers of one gui- 


SOCIETY AT DUBLIN. 283 


subscribe ten guineas in one donation, shall 
become a member for life. gd. That every 
annual subscription be for the whole, or the 
remaining part of the year, in which it is 
paid, computing to the gist of December; 


and that any person who shall become a 


subscriber before the 31st of December next, 
I 
shall be entitled to one copy of the first 


| ? 
K 


volume of the Reports of the English So- 
ciety, already instituted for similar pur- 


= nea annually, or of ten guineas in one 
| donation, shall be also entitled to two 
copies of every publication which shall 
i hereafter be made by order of this society, 
| and so in proportion upon any larger sub- 
1 4th. That every person hereaf- 


ter proposed for election, as a member of 


: line committee, be nominated one month, 


T lat least, previous to election, and the pro- 
| posal be entered on the minute-book, and 
| when the names of seven members of the 
committee shall be subscribed to the recom- 
: zpnendation, the committee shall proceed to 

election by ballot, when two black 252 
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284 ACCOUNT OF THE 


shall exclude ; the person proposing him 
being, in case of his election, to pay down 


his first annual subscription, or his donation, 


as the case may be. zth. That no election 


or ballot for publication take place, except 
at a general meeting, at which not less than 
nine members shall be present. 6th. That 
all questions relating to publication, and 
election, be decided by ballot; and that 
two black balls be sufficient to suspend the 


publication of any paper; and when the 


publication of any paper shall have been 
three times suspended, it shall be considered 
as finally rejected. 7th. That sub-commit- 
tees may be appointed by the committee 
(consisting of two or more of its members) 


for particular purposes, and with such powers 


as the committee may think fit to delegate 


to them. Sth. That no future regulations 


have effect, until approved by a subsequent 
meeting of the committee; and that no or- 
ders of any sub- committee (unless under a 


Special authority) be binding, until con- 


firmed at a general meeting of the commit- 
tee, consisting of not less than nine mem- 


- 


SOCIETY AT DUBLIN. 285 


bers. 9th. That the ordinary general meet- 
ings of the committee be holden at two 


o'clock precisely, on the first Monday in 
each month, or at such day and hour as 
the committee shall adjourn to. 10th. That 


a sub- committee, consisting of seven mem- 


bers, to be denominated the acting sub- 


committee, (of whom three shall constitute 


a quorum) be appointed every three months, 
on the following days of general meeting; 
that is to say, the first Monday in January, 
in April, in July, and in October; to whom 


the business of the general committee shall 


be specially deputed for the three months 
ensuing the days of appointment: and that 


the acting sub- committee shall meet at two. 
o clock on every Monday, at the committee- 
room, (and oftener if necessary, notice hav- 


ing been given to each member of such sub- 


| committee, of the time and place of attend- 
| ance) and be open to the vice-presidents, | 
and to all such 'members of the general 
committee as shall think proper to attend. 
11th. That the duty of the acting sub- 


commit tee be to examine all communica— 
X 2 


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286 ACCOUNT or THE 


tions given in to the society, and to carry 


on the necessary correspondence of the so- 
ciety: but that no publication be finally 
determined on, except at a general monthly 
meeting of the committee. 12th. That no 
person be appointed a member of a sub- 
committee, unless he be actually present at 
the time of his appointment, or unless he 
shall have signified to the secretary his in- 
tention to attend. 13th. That whenever 
any member of a sub- committee shall find 
it necessary to absent himself from attend- 
ance thereon, for the space of one month, 
he shall give notice of such intended ab- 
sence to the said sub- committee, who shall 
thereupon elect another member of the 


general committee in his place. 14th. That 


Societies formed in the country for  pur- 
poses similar to the objects of this society. 
be entitled to one copy of every publication 
made by order of this. 15th. That al! 
members of the committee of the English 


society, who shall at any time visit Dublin, 
shall, during the time of their abode here, 


be considered as honorary members of this 


Io 
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SOCIETY AT DUBLIN. 287 


committee, and as such shall be admissible, 
and are hereby invited to attend all general 
meetings of this committee, which shall be 
holden during their stay; and that the 


English committee be entitled to two co- 


pies of every publication made by order of 
this. 16th. That all plans for promoting 


the objects of this society shall (if approved 


of, as likely to be useful and practicable, by 
the general committee) be carefully pre- 
served, but never published as proceedings 
of the society on any account, until they 
shall have been successfully acted upon in, at 
least, a single instance. 17th. That all drafts 
on account of the society, on their banker, 


shall be made by order of the committee, 


and entered in the minutes of the day, and 


be signed by three, at least, of the commit- 


tee, of whom the chairman of the day shall 


be one, and countersigned by the secretary. 
18th. That a general meeting of the sub- 
scribers be holden on the first Monday in 
February, in every year, to receive a report 
on the finances of the society, and on the 
transactions of the preceding year, and to 


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288 ACCOUNT or THE 


consider the same. 19th. That no political 
discussion, nor any essay of a political na- 
ture, be on any account admissible. 2oth, 


That when the publication of any paper 


shall have been determined on, it shall be 
submitted to the final revision and correc- 
tion of some one member of the committee, 
who shall correct all mistakes in point of 
form, and shall be at liberty to introduce 


such alterations as shall appear essential to 


him, provided he shall have previously sub- 
mitted such proposed alterations to the act- 
ing sub- committee, and obtained their con- 
currence, and the approbation of the author. 
21st. That a sub- committee of control be 


appointed, and that no order shall be made 


to apply any part of the funds of the so- 
ciety to any particular object (except the 
ordinary business of the institution) until 
the proposal for so doing shall have been 
Arst referred to the said sub- committee for 


consideration. 22d. That no fundamental 
regulation of this society shall be at any 


time repealed, unless the person intending 


to move for such repeal shall have given 


SOCIETY Ar DUBLIN. 289 


one month's notice of his intention so to do; 


which notice shall be entered on the minutes, 


and contained in the summons served upon 
each member to attend the ensuing general 
meeting of the committee; and unless fifteen 
members of the committee shall be present, 
and two-thirds of the members present con- 
cur as to the propriety of such repeal. 


OBSERVATIONS. 


I have given the regulations at length, as 
they may be useful in assisting the forma- 
tion of other societies, for similar purposes. 
It cannot but be flattering to the London 
society, to see another institution, profes- 
xedly originating out of the success attend- 
ing its progress, founded in a neighbouring 
island, on the same principles, and under 


. the highest patronage. 


Nothing can be more honourable to 
this country, than the disposition so gene- 
rally prevalent amongst individuals in the 


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290 ACCOUNT - OF THE 


higher orders of society, to exert them- 


selves for the benefit of the poorer classes of 
their fellow-subjects; and nothing can be 


of greater importance, than to give this dis- 


position a proper direction, that the efforts 


of beneficence may not be defeated, by a 
misapplication of its assistance. 


The knowledge required for this purpose 
must be the result of experience, to which 
nothing can more certainly lead, than inves- 


tigations how the comforts of the poor may 
be best promoted ; not by relaxing their 


industry, or weakening their habits of fru- 


gality, but by strengthening and increasing 


the motives to both; for, to quote the words 


of our President, © if the manner in which 


* relief is given, is not a spur to industry, 
* it becomes in effect, a premium to sloth 
and profligacy.” * 


The reports of the London society prove, 


See the Seventh Report of the Society; the Account 


of the Management of the Poor at Hamburg. 


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* nn. * 


SOCIETY AT DUBLIN. 291 


that the object, tho difficult of attainment, 
is not impracticable, — that the means 
for this purpose may be so adapted, as to 


relieve the poor, and excite their industry; 


to increase their means of subsistence, and 
yet encourage economy, and render the ef- 
fects of liberality subservient to the best mo- 
ral uses, that of promoting good habits. 


Every new institution having the same 
objects in view, must in its progress aug- 
ment the general mass of experimental in- 
lormation; and whilst we anticipate with 
pleasure the prospect of our own gains in 
this respect, from the establishment of the 
Dublin Society, we cannot but participate 
the satisfaction which the poor of that coun- 
try must feel, from the public demonstration 
which this establishment affords, of a ge- 
neral attention to their interests, and an 
anxiety to promote their comforts; nor 


could any more effectual means be devised 


to conciliate their affections. 


The comparative experience, which will 


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292 ACCOUNT OF THE SOCIETY AT DUBLIN. 


be found in the reports of similar societies in 


different countries, must lead to important 


and beneficial conclusions. The same modes 
of relieving the industrious poor, are not 
adapted to all states and situations, altho 
the principle which should govern the ap- 
plication of them cannot be varied. Much 
has been done, and more may be successfully 
performed by the efforts of individuals in 
England, in correcting the prejudicial effects 
of the poor laws, wor khouses, mendicity, &c. 
and in Ireland the field appears to be equally 
extensive for the exertions of individual be- 
nevolence. 


19th Dec. 1799. 


L 293 J 


No. LXIII. 


Extract from an account of the free Church 
at Bath. By Thomas Bernard, Esg. 


Tun free church, in the parish of Walcot, 


at Bath, was opened in November, 1798, for 
the general and indiscriminate accommoda- 
tion of the poor. The idea was originally 


suggested by the Rev. Mr. Daubeny, in a 


sermon delivered at St. Margaret's chapel, at 
Bath, in April, 1792 ; and afterwards, with 
the concurrence and approbation of the Rev. 
Mr. Sibley, the Rector of the parish, pub- 
lished with an address to the inhabitants. 


In this discourse, Mr. Daubeny, after en- 
larging upon the great characteristic of the 
Christian religion, that © THE POOR HAVE 
« THE GOSPEL PREACHED TO THEM, and 
upon the expected benefits of the Sunday 


Schools then established at Bath, proceeded 


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294, ACCOUNT OF THE 


to ask © where are the children of that place, 
* whendischarged from the Sunday schools, 
« at a time of life the most dangerous. — 
« where are they to gain that instruction, 
« which is calculated to bring to perfection 
the education which they have receiv- 
« ed? If, in conformity to. the ideas with 


„which they have been brought up, they 


* come to places of worship belonging to 
* the establishment, they find, alas! the 
doors, for the most part, shut* against 


*-F Os parish of Walcot contains nearly 13,000 in- 
habitants; but though there are among them many opu- 
lent families, yet there is a considerable number of poor. 
The parish church has been within these few years en- 
larged and improved; but the interest money of the ex- 
penditure is defrayed by farming, and letting, as many 
private pews as can be practicably done. The poor by 


these means are, in a great measure, excluded from their 


own parish church ; an evil not remedied by there being, 
within the parish, four chapels, (all private property) 
where the seats are let by the month, quarter, or year, 
at very high prices.—T do not mean to suggest, that no 
accommodation is left for the poor. In Laura chapcl, 
at Bath, I observed 100 seats reserved for the poor, in 
the back of the south gallery; and 40 for charity chil- 
dren. Nor do I mean to make any objection to this ac- 


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1 EN Ee 32 


FREE CHURCH AT BATH. 295 


them. He then goes on to observe, that 


this is, in some degree, to exclude them from 
the established church, instead of inviting 


them, and providing places of worship for 


them; without which (he adds) © we can- 
not be surprised that they should no longer 
continue members of a church, which in a 
manner excommunicates them. In which 
case their infidelity, and consequent im- 
* morality, will not so much lay at their 
* own doors, as at the doors of those who 
* ought, in charity, to have taken their case 
into consideration, and to have provided 
means for their instruction.“ 


This discourse had its due effect on the 


audience, and several hundred pounds were 
immediately subscribed among them, before 
they quitted the church. With the example 


of some principal subscribers both among 


commodation of the rich, in such a place as Bath, where 


there is a continual influx of strangers; but only to sug- 
gest the propriety and justice, in this and many other 
similar instances, of more attention being paid to the 
religious duties of the poor, | | 


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296 ACCOUNT OF THE 


the clergy and laity, the subscriptions, in a 


Short time, amounted to L£ 2700. Any ob- 


jections which might have occurred todoubt- 
ing minds, were obviated by the publica- 
tion of the plan; which was that tho the 
church was to be free from all parochial 
duty and controul, yet it was to be conse- 
crated by the bishop of the diocese, and the 
officiating ministers licensed by the bishop, 
in confirmation of their appointment by the 
rector of the parish : that the whole area of 


the building should be appropriated to the 


free accommodation of the common people; 
and the seats in the galleries should be let 
out to tradesmen, and persons in a superior 
rank of life, at such prices, as might furnis| 
a sum sufficient for the service and repairs:— 
that there should be a full service both morn- 


ing and afternoon every Sunday, and a sa- 


crament once a month ;—and lastly, that 
the building itself should be vested in trus- 
tees, with powers and provisions adequate 
to the purpose of securing it to the public 
tor ever, in conformity to the design with 
which it was originally canstructed. 


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FREE CHURCH AT BATH, 297 


The conductors of this exemplary under- 
taking having purchased for {g00. a lease- 
hold piece of ground, in an airy situation, 
in the centre of the parish, as a site for the 
new church, Lord Rivers, in whom the fee 
simple of the ground was vested, made them 
a handsome offer of his remaining interest 

in it; 80 that it was made free ground in 
| perpetuity. This offer having been carried 


into effect, a plain but handsome Gothic 


edifice was then erected ; Mr, Daubeny 
taking upon himself the risk of any expence 
beyond the amount of the subscriptions. 
It is calculated to accommodate 1000 per- 
50ns in the area, which is the free part of 
the church ; and between three and four 
hundred persons in the galleries, the pro- 
duce of which is appropriated to. defray the 
annual outgoings. The church was conse- 
crated on the 7th of November, and opened 
for divine service on Sunday, November 18, 
1798; the Rev. Mr. Daubeny, and the Rev. 
Mr. Leigh, having previously received their 
nomination and licence, as the officiating 


ministers of it. The cost of the church 


298 Ac οοοN OF THE | 
= 


"Aa 7A TERS ITY 


rather exceeded / 9,500. ; not including 
those ornamental articles, which have been 
contributed as the donations of several per- 
sons, in addition to their original subscrip- 
tions; and an organ, which has been deemed 
necessary to lead so large a congregation to 
join in the singing part of the service, and 
to operate as some additional inducement to 
their attendance. 


In March, 1799, a meeting of the sub- 
scribers was held at the request of Mr. 
Daubeny (Who had acted as treasurer in the 
conduct of the business) to examine his ac- 
counts. Some little deficiency in the funds 
is still remaining; but not more than will, 
it is hoped, be soon supplied; and when that 
is done, I trust that the chapel will in future 


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pay its own expences. Ever since the open- 
ing, the church has been very fully, and regu- 
larly attended. I was at the evening service 
there, on the 24th instant. The gallery, 
indeed, was not above half filled, the seats 
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a degree of propriety and attention, that 
made the service extremely awful and im- 
pressive. It was a sight that must have 
given the greatest satisfaction to every zea- 


participating in this act of devotion ; whilst 
the gratitude that is expressed by the lower 
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liberally provided for them, and the eager- 
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pious and charitable nature. 


OBSERVATIONS. 


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* In the area there appeared to be several persons of a 
superior class of life, probably not aware that they were 
occupying seats intended for the poor ; who were thereby 
excluded from the accommodation peculiarly appropriated 10 
them, There were many poor persons attended at the 
door that evening, for whom there were no places. 


- VEL. tt; Y 


FREE CHURCH AT BATH. 299 


persons. decently and cleanly dressed, and 
receiving the benefit of divine worship, with 


lous Christian, who had an opportunity of 


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goo ACCOUNT. OF, THE 


provision made, in this instance, for the re- 
ligious duties and instruction of the poor at 
Bath, are so obvious and unquestionable, that 
it is difficult to state any reasons in their fa- 
vour, which will not have already occurred 
to the reader's mind, on the perusal of the 
preceding account. It is very apparent that 
the free church at Bath must greatly contri- 


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bute, in that place, to the improvement of 
moral and religious habits among the lower 
classes of society, to the prevalence of the 
established church, and to the permanence 
and stability of internal peace and civil or- 
der. It must be equally apparent to every 
one, who has turned his attention to the 
Situation of the poor in London, and to 
their means and opportunities of exercising 
their religious duties, that several such cha- 
pels,“ as the free church at Bath, are now 


While this Report is printing, 1 have very great sa- 
tisfaction in being able to announce to the public, that 
a neat and commodious chapel is already engaged, for a 
long term of years, in a central situation in St. Giles's ; 
and that there is every reason to hope that it may be 
opened for divine service, as a free church for the poor, 
in the course of next month. | 20th Fan. 1800. 


- & IE 


6 


22 


* 


FREE CHURCH AT BATH, 301 


wanted in our metropolis - and that, with- 
out such chapels, the poor, tho living in a 
Christian country, do not possess the com- 
mon benefits of that religion, which its divine 
Author addressed principally to them. If 
even with those who have had the blessing of 
areligious education,and have had the books 
of revelation opened and explained to them, 
if even in their instance * religion, the re- 
„% wards of which are distant, and which IS 
* animated only by faith and hope, will 
% glide: by degrees out of the mind, unless 
it be invigorated and re. impressed by ex- 
* ternal ordinances, by stated calls to wor- 
ship, and by the salutary influence of ex- 
% ample,” * what must we expect of the 
ignorant and uneducated? of those who are 
pressed down by necessity, and have no sup- 


port derived from the truths of revelation, 


or from the principles of morality ? 


It is mere mockery to give the name of 
accommodation, to the space that is left for 
the poor, in the aisles of our churches, in 


Johnson. 


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30 ACCOUNT OF THE FREE CHURCH AT BATH, 


London and Westminster. They are neither 


adapted to the performance of the duties of 
religious worship, nor would they contain a 
fiftteth part of those, who ought to be accom- 
modated there. While the rich are conveni- 
ently seated for their money, the poor should 
not be neglected. They should, as far as 
kindness and attention will go, be compelled 
to come in. They should have the advan- 
tage of their .residence in a Christian and 
Protestant country ; and inducement should 
be held out to them, such at least as decent 
and comfortable seats would aftord, toattend 
regularly at the established church, and to 
unite with the rest of their fellow- subjects, 
in the constant observance of the sabbath, 
and in religious worship. 


= & 


” 29th Nov. 1799. 


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o. LXIV. 


Extract from an Account of the Mendip 
Schools. By Thomas BERNARD, Esq. 


Taz Mendip schools are situate in the 
part of Somersetshire, between Wells, 
Bristol, and the channel which divides 
Wales from England. They extend over 
12 parishes, which are dispersed throughout 
a district of country, about 25 miles in 
diameter. They are intended not merely 
for the education of youth, but for the in- 


struction and reformation of mature life, and 


for the improvement and consolation of the 
aged ; and, according to the circumstances 


of each parish, are opened daily, or twice 


or thrice a week, or on Sundays only. 

The early part of the Sabbath is devoted to 

the instruction of the young, who after- 
VOL. II. J. 


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g04 ACCOUNT op THE 


wards proceed to church, ina body, to attend 
divine service. Towards the close of the 
day the room is frequented by others 
chiefly by the aged, who come to take the 
benefit of the evening readings and dis- 
course; and attend with great pleasure and 
eagerness, to derive from religious infor- 
mation and society that solid relief, which 
alone can give comfort to declining life, 
and smooth the path to the grave. Their 
stay in the school is for half an hour, an : 
hour, or more, as their convenience r + 
inclination directs. ' The number of those 
who frequent the schools, including chil- | of 
dren and 1 is about n thousand. 4 thi 


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1 en years ago that dd exhij- rel 
bitel a very different appearance. There 
are! few gentlemen's seats; scarcely any 
resident clergy; and there was little to be 
seen in that country which could distin- 
guish it as in civilized: society, or within 
the pale ; of Christianity. In the populous 
and extensive parish of Cheddar the Con- 
gregation at the parish church on an ave- 


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MENDIP SCHOOLS. 305 


rage did not exceed the number of twenty: 
the regular attendants at that church are 


now eight hundred; and sometimes more. 


The precepts of Christianity were almost 
unknown and disregarded in that district: 
they are now the comfort of the aged, and 
the guide of the young; and the contem- 
plation and observance of them have been 


attended by a rich and abundant harvest of 


moral virtues; — of honesty, e h dil. 


HOO” 1 ee 


£ E774 1 Pro <= - 
337191 3910 3 * 


All this has . effected 17 heut 


of two individ uals, 'W ho, fortunately for | 


this country, fixed their residence there 
about ten years ago. As the means of 
relieving and assisting their uninstructed 
neighbours;: they hired an house at Ched- 
dar, one of the 12 parishes, and in this they 
established a school; they engaged for ĩt an 
intelligent master and mistress and opened 


the doors, not only to uneducated chil- 
drenꝗ but tc all the poor of the paris. The 


young wereballowed to attend for instruc- 
tion durmg an hour or two, or such other 
oy 


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3008 ACCOUNT or THE 


time as their daily labour, or ordinary be- 
cupations of life permitted: On the Lord's 

day the house was opened as à Sunday 

school; and in the evening of that day, as 
a Sunday aged society, the ſirst example of 
the kind; where the two patronesses of the 
school were present, read a sermon, and 
conversed with the old people who attended. 


When such benefit and satisfaction were 
attainable, it is no wonder that, in despight 
of i ignorance and prejudice; and of every 
opposition which they could make, the 
scholars became more numerous, and the 
audience increased. The schools were e- 
tended to other places; and in the poorer 13 
parishes female societies, under the direc- 
tion of the two patronesses and of two fe- 
male stewards, were formed for the relief 
of poor women on the following plan :— 
that each member should pay one shilling 
Entrance, and three halfpende a week to be 
p paid on the second Monday in the month; 

bil vets forfeiture on neglect-of pay- 
Slice chres sueceeding months. In case 


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MENDIP SCHOOLS. 307 


of siokness, each member. to be allowed 
chree shillings and six pence a week for 
four weeks, and afterwards one chilling and 
six pence a week until they recover; in 
case of death, the fund to contribute one 
guihea, and each member six pence to the 
funeral: and in case of child-birth, every 
married woman to be allowed seven shil- 


lings and six pence at her lying: in, in case 
she has been married nine months. No 


member is admissible under the age of 14, 


or above the age of 4.5, or in an infirm state 
of health; or to be entitled to any contri- 


bution, until after they have been a mem- 


ber for 12 months. In case of a call for 


relief, application is to be made to one of 


the stewards, whose duty it is to visit the 


party, and examine, and report upon the 
Case. 

Akter Several regulations to \ prevent and 
punish, i impropriety « of conduct or discourse, 
and to. provide for the continuance. of the 


society, it is declared that the annual meet- 


ing shall be i in the beginning of J uly, \ when 


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308 ACCOUNT. OF THE - 


the patronesses, stewards, and members, 
shall attend divine service, and a sermon; 
and to save the club all expenses incident 
to such annual meetings, and to prevent the 
necessity of women being seen at a public 


house, the entertainment is at the ex- 


pense of the patronesses, who engage to 
treat the company with tea and cakes at 
their own private expense, so long as they 
continue to behave themselves well, and 
are punctual in sending their children to 
school. In order to encourage chastity and 
good morals in the single women, the pa- 


tronesses present every young woman of 
"good" character, who has been educated in 
their schools, and continues to attend re- 
ligious instruetion there, with five shillings, 
"a new Bible, and a pair of White stockings, 
on the day of marriage.“ 


This is abridged from the “, Articles of Agreement 
eee pacicty,of Womess held.in the pa 
*« xizhes of Shipham and Rowbonow, in Somersetshire ; 
ir MIR, JIDI 10 VOOSOSY. Oh, LIL Of a£ © 
„ commencing in September 1792.“ The reader would 


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MENDIP schools. 30g 


In the course of four years, from October 
178g; the time of the commencement. of 
the first of these schools, a very consider- 
able progress was made; the education of 
youth had been attended to, and the im- 
provement and religious habits of the poor 
of every period of life had been increased. 
The founders of these schools have not been 
unaware how essential and indispensible it 
is, that the basis of all amendment and re- 
formation in the poor (and the principle 
applies equally to the rich) should be laid 
in religion, and in christian knowledge. 
Until the scholar is impressed with a deep 


sense of the fallen state of man, and of the 


corruption of human nature, no effectual 
and permanent reform can be produced in 


the human heart; nor can any warning be 


profitably given against idleness, drunken- 


ness, or dishonesty, until the mind is sub- 


jected to the influence of Christianity, and 
supplied with religious motives of conduct, 
50 as to fill up the vacancy of idle and vi- 
cious amusements. Without it the best 
resolutions of man are fickle and uncertain; 


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AQGGOUNT * THE 


existing only tilka more <a 
shall he exerted against them: 
8510 qile oO is eue io Heil 
Ihe Cade . will: haue observed that, to 
promote sobriety and degeney of habit in 
these female societies, all the social meet- 
ings are held at the school-house, and the 
entertainments consisting of cakes and tea 
are at the expense of the patronesses; and 
that, in order to give a value to chastity, 
the basis of almost every other female vir- 
tue, rewards consisting of a small sum of 
money a large Bible, and à pair of stock- 
ings knit by one of the donors, are bestowed 
by, these two ladies upon the marriage of 


g10 


every scholar of good character. They are 


delivered, publicly, and with solemnity; 
and, tho of not much apparent value, are 
deemed Very. great whe of. Saint. 


ya19[9 gQ1iiyuod tolls 3! 


Ther anmiverrary. meeting ; of „ 


July. Of, chat held on the eee of 
laßt A ügust,! 1 am able to give a eorrect AC 
chunt, from. the relation of my sister, Mrs. 


MENDIP schools. 311 
White, who was one of the ladies then 
present. The day begins with à breakfast 
at Miss H. More's house, at Cowslip Green, 
which is attended by the neighbouring fa- 
milies. From thence they adjourned to Ship. 
ham, one of their school-houses; which Was 
decorated by the hands of the children with 
wreaths and chaplets of natural flowers; 
every room, and the outside of the cottage 
being white washed, and made a pattern 
of rural neatness. The company Was in- 
vited to partake of a collation above stairs, 
while the better sort of poor were collecting 
together below to walk to the church in a 
process ion, which was composed first of the 
school children of this and the adjoining 
parish, in number about 120, with their 
school mistresses; after them the clergy- 
man, Who was to preach, the vicar of the 
parish, and some of the neighbouring clergy, 
two and two. Then followed Miss Martha 
More; one of the patronesses, and her stster 
Mrs. More, of Bath, and the ladies Wo 
were members of the society; followed b 
the poor who were members, and theif the 


P — 
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3812 ACCOUNT or THE 


ladies and — never introduced 
by a E UGH {11 Sat! 

gl After divine service we had a discou rse, 
exhorting the audience to fulfil” all the 
duties of Christianity, in every rank and 
condition of society, and to set the example 
of a virtuous and religious liſe. The com- 


pany then returned to the school, where 


the children were called over; each being 
noticed in its turn, and receiving the pre- 
sent of a plumb cake, with a particular 
commendation of every one who had been 
distinguished for good behaviour. The chil- 
dren' were then dismissed; and the poor 
women, and some of the lesser farmers' wives 
and daughters, sat down to their entertain- 
ment of tea and cakes. The ladies assisted 
to make the tea, and butter the cakes; and 
in the course of an hour, in three rooms, 
about a hundred were served with great 
attention and satisfaction. The yearly ac- 
count of the society was then examined by 
Miss Martha More, with the assistance of 
the viear, and his wife; all the particulars 


* 


MENDIP SCHOOLS. 313 


were minutely explained to the members, 
and the balance in hand, amounting to ra- 
ther better than . o, was produced, as 
their fund for sickness or misfortune. It 
was stated that C. 30 more had, with con- 
sent, been lent in the preceding year on 
government security; which the poor ex- 
pressed a wish might be continued.— After 
the ladies and gentlemen present had ten- 
dered their benefactions to the society, and 
Some members had been admitted whose 
character and conduct had been previously 
inquired into, and others entered and their 
names referred for inquiry, the patronesses 
wedding present, with some profitable ad- 
vice, was given to a young woman, who 
had been married since the last meeting. 


0h Miss Martha More then addressed herself 
to her poorer friends with much energy 
and effect; — to mothers, on good order in 
their families; on decency of conduct, and 
theefficacy of example: to young wives, on 
industry, attention, neatness, gentleness of 
manners, and good temper ; to young wa- 


314 ACCOUNT OF. TRE | 


men, preparing for, or going into service, 
on, obedience, simplicity of dress, and mu- 
tual kindness and affection to each other. 
She concluded with an animated detail 
of the happy effects of à truly christian 
spirit; as supplying comfort during liſe, and 
at the hour of death, and affording the hope 
of eternal happiness hereafter. The poor 
then departed to their homes, hay ing ex- 
pressed their gratitude, for the comforts they 
had derived from the institution during the 
late severe winter, and having poured forth 
their earnest wishes and--prayers for the 
health of their absent patreness, Miss 
lannah More, who by severe illness was 
prevented attending this anniversary meet. 
ing, which she had originally founded: . 


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3D JN RS f 9 A, 


10 ring this chert and, [ four, imperſec 


a 


fit of the poor and the lnorant; 6 and for 
che promation of true Christianity. in the 


MEN DI SCHOOLS. 913 
county of Somerset, I do not presume to 
express an hope that individuals will come 
forward in other parts of England, who 
shall possess the abilities, and will equal the Yi 
active and persevering industry, of the =_ 
founders:of these schools. They have de- 4 
roted the: chief part of ten years to this 
single and desirable object; an object, 
which still continues to occupy almost all 
their attention and time. Such exertions, 
and so great sacrifices, are not to be ex- #0 
pected from others; nor are they neces- 
say. The example of what has been done 
in this instance may be adopted upon a 
lower scale of energy and labour; it may 
be applied to a single parish, or to a stall 
hamlet. It may (without labour. and witli- 
out a sacrifice of any of the rational plea- 
sures or appropriate duties of life) become 
an amusement, a gratification, and the 
means of improvement to every educated = 
and independent pork in Jha lh part of FA 
Eg >" £1989 ebfi 1669 10 t1819H 1 | 


118 181 2 f 1 4 1 7s * 10 * 2} OR +. 
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316 ACCOUNT or THE 


prove the morals, and increase the happi- 
ness of the cirole around us, to strengthen 
the bonds and insure the peace of society, 
Land to draw gratitude and blessings from 
a virtuous and thriving-neighbourhood;— 
these are not pleasures of an ordinary cast, 
or of inferior consideration. These en- 
joyments, however, and more than these, 
may be attained by those individuals who 
may be induced to adopt the example of 
what has been here detailed; and to form 
themselves into societies, for the protection 
and improvement of the poor. Great in- 
deed would be the benefit of such associ- 
ations, for the assistance of m iddle age, for 
the relief and consolation of declining 
years, and for that object, the importance 
of which cannot be too strongly or too fre- 
quently stated. the education of youth in 
steady babits: of industry and integrity, and 
in tbe —— principles of Cbristianity.· 


57 Oe dueation it may be truly said, that it 
linbe only earthly blessing, capable of be- 
ing universally diftused and enjoyed, with 


MEN DIP SCHOOLS. 317 


an exemption from all inconvenient con- 
sequences. I speak of that genuine and 
well directed education, which is calculated 
to fit persons to act a strenuous and useful 
part in their allotted station in life; of that 
education, which teaches and demonstrates 
the advantages of early and steady habits 
of attention and industry, and forms in the 
heart stable and permanent principles of 
conduct. It is this, and this only, which 
supplying the mind with competent funds 
of human knowledge, and with just con- 
ceptions of man's probationary state in this 
world, drawn from the sources of revelation, 
doth thereby preserve it from the danger 
and taint of infidelity; that never confi- 
dently attempts, and very rarely succeeds 
in debasing and corrupting the heart of 
man, unless where it has been left vacant 
and unoccupied, for the evil spirit to fix his 
abode in. 


In the present state of Ireland, and (to 
take a wider and more awful scope) amid 
the tremendous convulsions which have for 


318 ACCOUNT OF THE 


some time agitated Europe, let us reflect 
how much of the evil is to be attributed to 
an improvident neglect in the education of the 
poor; a neglect which has left them a de- 


fenceless prey to the sophistry and delusion 
of the teachers of infidelity, and of the 


disseminators of sedition. Ignorant, un- 
principled, incapable of giving a reason for 
their faith, or of explaining the benefits of 
civil order and society, to what miseries 
have not the poor, in many parts of Europe, 
been exposed? How have they been taught 
by sad and calamitous experience, that, 
without the sanctions of revealed religion, 
and the restrictions of civil polity, man is 
of all animals the most savage and noxious? 
and that reason, which is his boast and 
pride, (and justly so when properly directed) 


becomes, in a perverted state, the potent 


instrument of evil; and enables him to 
surpass the ferocious beast, and the venom- 
ous animal, in the magnitude and extent 
of the calamities, too often inflicted on his 


MEN DI SCHOOLS. | 319 


Every attainment of man carries in it 


the principle of decay and corruption; with 


exception only of that instruction and 
institution, which prepares him for the 
performance of duty here, and for the 
enjoyment of happiness hereafter. Of 
manufactures, of commerce, of both indi- 
vidual and national prosperity, nay even 
of science itself, the extended and abundant 
increase tends to complete the fatal circle; 
and, by decay, convulsion, anarchy, and 
misery, to produce a new and renovated 


order of things. In an advanced state of 


society, where the meridian is attained or 
bassed, nothing can prevent or even pro- 
tract the evil day, except the revivifying 
influence of education, operating to correct 
the vices which flow from affluence and 
prosperity. 


To England, in its present state, these 
considerations are of peculiar importance. 
While increasing streams of wealth pour 
into this country from every part of the 
globe, it behoves us, if we would guard 

. A 


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320 ACCOUNT, &c. 


against the pernicious effects of corrupt and 
luxurious habits, anxiously to attend to the 


education of the children of the poor. With. 


out that care, we may read our history, in 
that of the many rich and prosperous em- 
pires which have preceded us. On the 
contrary, while the religious education of 
the great mass of the people is duly and 
successfully attended to, and they are pre- 
pared in their turn to reap and enjoy the 
benefits of active industry and useful eco- 
nomy, we need never (to repeat the words 
of a former Report) < despair of our coun- 
« try ; but may look with confidence to a 
« renewal of strength and virtue, in the 


te guccession of honest and industrious 


T youth.“ 


loth December. 1799. 


9 * a 3 E "Y 3 N „ P * ha * » ch PETR , 
ks c 1 . Gay W CIT EIU OREN 


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L 321 J 


No. LXV. 


Extract from an account of the Bath Repo- 
Sitory for the benefit 4 the poor. By 
Mrs, BERNARD. 


Tl owarps the end of the year 1796, a 
Repository was opened at Bath by several 
ladies, for the reception of works of indus- 
try and ingenuity, to be sold for the benefit 
of the poor. It is supported by subscrip- 
tion, and is conducted by a committee of 
ladies chosen from among the subscribers; 
of whom one attends the sale every day 
from twelve to three, and three or four meet 
on Saturday, to look over the books, and 
to pay the poor people. During the two 
first years articles were sold for the benefit 
of 200 poor persons, and the receipts 
amounted to {.1193 11s. 4d. The last 
year's receipt was (700. 
Aa 2 


322 AccoNT OF THE 


There are at present sixty-three poor 
women, who regularly bring their work, 
and come every Saturday to be paid for 
such part as is sold; many of them are 
widows with large families, and some very 
infirm; particularly one poor woman, who 
employs herself in making stay-laces, and 
is paralytic - so much so, as to be unable 
even to lift her head from the pillow. Her 
work is remarkably neat, and well done; 
and she not only earns some addition to 
her means of subsistence, but relieves her- 
self from the weariness of many painful 
hours. The articles sold consist of sets of 
childbed linen for the poor, shifts, shirts, 
stockings, gloves, garters, laces, purses, 
rugs, and the like. These are chiefly the 
work of the poor; besides which there are 
all kinds of fancy works, contributed by the 
ladies, and sold for the benefit of particular 
poor persons, whose names are written on 


each article, and who attend to receive the 


money; it being a rule that the poor ob- 
ject, for whose benefit any charitable per- 
son may wish to employ her ingenulty, 


TRY" — — 3 rr ̃ͤ r . ] ⁰ͤTAuũ7˙² ² Ṽ ̃vLd̃ . — ũůùuiü I Et ee te a * * 8 ; * 
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9 9 N 4 7 $75 ä 7 2 * 
ry * YAH 83 2 * * e 


' BATH REPOSITORY. 923 
should be the bearer of the work, his or her 


name being ticketed upon it by the donor, 
and should in person receive the money. 


The plan is similar to that adopted in 
London; the substance of its regulations 
being the same, except where it has been 
deemed expedient to omit any part, or vary 
the form of them, from local circumstances, 
or the relative situation of the two cities. 
With it is connected a very useful charity, 
for lending out childbed linen to the poor. 
The School of Industry at Bath also receives 
assistance from it, by its affording a vent 
for the work of the children. 


K charity box is s placed at the door of 
the apartment ; into which, to prevent the 
inconvenience that might arise from idle 
visits of curiosity, sixpence is requested to 
be put by those, who do not purchase any 
thing. | 


n 


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324 Accu or THE 


OBSERVATIONS. 


The object of this Institution (to use the 
words of its conductors) is © the encourage- 


ment of industry, in all descriptions of 


persons reduced to distress; by affording 
« them a ready sale for the articles, which 
< are admitted into the Repository, at the 
< price. fixed by the owners; the value 
„ whereof is paid to them, without any 
“ deduction, as soon as they are sold.“ 


This charity is very beneficial; not only 
in the means of acceptable employment 
which it offers to the poor, but in the use- 
ful occupation that it affords to the rich; 
converting caprice and fashion into sources 
of relief, and making the amusements of the 
idle and the young, contributory to charity 
and benevolence. Amid the pleasures and 
dissipation of Bath, it must be no small 
satisfaction to those parents, whose health 
obliges their families to be occasionally 


a 5 8 "FIR 7 * FL * . FILE * * * W 1 * * R n. "I * 3 5 ; " ” 8 
p 7 VL * * 55 ö ; . * 7 5 * L . . OP a Mt, S 1 * 3 RR F * N 
: . . p N wy PE, — a, * 8 e OE Coe pas Ho * e W r 4 nd , r = * 
oh C F 8 FFC We FOI 3 . . AE ISL] ? £ 9 ee 3 : 

CC ³˙·—öA ͤ ⁵¾ rX»T——— ² a Ea — 


; 7 6 fl * > Ws "A 2 8 75 LG 


ti 


BATH REPOSITORY. 3255 


resident there, that a place of amusement 
of this kind should be opened for their chil- 
dren, and that it should be powerfully re- 
commended by fashion: —a place, where 
they may, at an early age, be instructed to 
employ the means, and enjoy the gratifica- 


tion of being useful to the poor, and of 


soothing and relieving their distresses. For 
it must occur to them, before it can be 


Z suggested, that habits of this kind, when, 


at an early and teachable age, they are 
acquired and enjoyed, will remain through 
life a blessing, and an ornament to the 
possessor. 


Particular circumstances, in Bath and 
London, may make this charity peculiarly 
proper and commendable; but there is no 
country town in England, where the rich 
may not derive pleasure, the poor receive be- 
nefit, and society in general be improved, by 


the imitation of this example. It is on this 


account, that I have ventured, during a short 


Stay at Bath, to prepare a statement of a 


few of the particulars of this charity, in the 


326 | ACGOUNT, &c. 


hope of making it more extensively known, 
and of recommending it for adoption in 
other places. | 


6th December, 1799. 


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No. LXVI. 


Extract from an account of a friendly society. 
at Cork. By Lord TRIGN MOUTH. 


Tur friendly society at Cork was formed 
in July, 1799, by the Cork society for bet- 
tering the condition of the poor. It is 
placed under the guardianship and direc- 
tion of the Cork society for the poor, and 
of such honorary members as make a cer- 
tain gratuitous contribution to its funds. 
In this manner all inconvenience and ex- 
pense of meetings of the members of the 
friendly society are avoided, and the other 
incidental expences are diminished ; the 
general stock is increased, and the members 
have that permanent security for the advan- 
tages held out to them, which the poor 
cannot confidently expect from the gene- 
rality of friendly societies. 


The objects of this friendly society are 
confined to a provisionary fund for the 


e 
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701 
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1 


328 _ ACCOUNT: OF A 


support of the subscribing members in 


sickness, and old age, and for their decent 
interment. Circumstances have prevented 
the extension of it to widows and children. 
Persons however, of all ranks and descrip- 
tions, and of both sexes, residing within the 
limits of the city of Cork, above the age of 
fifteen and under that of fifty, are admis- 
sible into this society. 


The subscriptions are to be paid upon 
admission, and during life to be continued 
monthly, by each member, as follows: 


Above thirty, and under forty, 


1 
Under thirty years of age, — 1 
1 
Above forty, and under ay, 1 


© = Aa 


Persons who by their age would come 
within one of the two last classes, are ad- 
missible into that immediately below it, on 


payment of one guinea and a half upon 


admission. 


The ſunds of the society are open to 


mm 5 2 oO 


FRIENDLY SOCIETY AT CORK. 329 


augmentation, by the contributions of the 
benevolent, and by prescribed forfeits in 
the members; viz. for neglect in payment 
of their monthly subscription, threepence 
for the first, and sixpence halfpenny for the 
second omission: for soliciting charity, 
two shillings and eightpence halfpenny :— 
and for intoxication, whilst receiving relief 


from the society, three shillings and three- 


pence. 


As the funds of the society are in the 
nature of shares, every member during 
sick ness is entitled to relief for each share, 
and proportionably for half a share, which 
he or she shall have in the fund by a weekly 
allowance; and members above sixty, pre- 
ferring an annuity to weekly payments in 
sickness or infirmity, are entitled to pro- 


gressive annuities during their natural lives, 
according to their ages. At sixty years of 


age, to an annuity of five pounds ;—at se- 
venty years of age, of seven pounds ten 


shillings ;—at eighty years, of ten pounds; 


and at the age of ninety years or upwards, 
to an annuity of twelve pounds a year for 


$39 © - ACCOUNT or A 


life. In case of death, each member is en- 


titled to a — sum for the expense of 


his or her funeral. 


The regulations of the society state 
exceptions to relief, and authorize eæclusion 
from the society. In the first case, among 
other specified instances, no members shall 
be entitled to relief for any disease, dis- 


temper, or infirmity, which he or she may 


have had, when admitted a member; nor 
for any distemper contracted by lewduess; 
nor for any lameness, misfortune, or acci- 


dent occasioned by quarrelling, rioting, 


drunkenness, or gaming; nor if imprisoned 
on à charge of treason, or felony ; until 
legally acquitted of the same. 


The penalty of exclusion is inflicted on 


members, who | shall attempt, to take any 


advantage, by dissembling any sickness or 
infirmity ; or by using any kind of fraud 
towards the society; or who shall neglect 


to pay his or her monthly payments for 


three successive months; or, in case of de- 
fault, the preseribed forfeits; or Who shall 


* — On eo an | 


FRIENDLY SOCIETY AT CORK. 31 


be a notorious drunkard or gambler ; or 
who shall be. criminally convicted. ; In any 


of which cases the person is to forfeit his or 
her title or claim to any part of the funds 
of the society. | 


Every person wishing to become a mem- 
ber of the society, must produce a certificate 
of his or her character, according to a pre- 
scribed rule : and every person admitted a 
member must, at the time of admission, 
subscribe an obligation, containing a pro- 
mise and declaration, in all things well and 
truly to fulfil, keep, and observe, the rules, 
orders, and regulations of the society, and 
to promote its interest to the utmost of his 


power. 


The funds of the society are vested in 
trustses, consisting of the president, vice- 
presidents, and committee, for the time be- 


ing, of the society established in the city of 


Cork, for bettering the condition and increasing 
the comforts of the poor. The direction of 


the society is vested in twenty-one persons, 
to be appointed annually” by the trustees, 


OO EO Is 


4% 


= 2 þ >= — — 22 — — 
> — — = — — 
— e > — 1 
— 2 — 4 T _-— 


> . — 
— — a 
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_—— 


TS ID PERS 


ITE 
S Tn ⁊̃ ˙²tÄXẽ es 
. —— LET 


— 
22 


— nfo 
2 


2 
— 1 


— — 
LESS 


332 AecouNr OF A 


from among the subscribing members of 
the society for bettering the condition of the 
poor, or from among any other public in- 
stitution for the benefit of the poor, who, 
together with the treasurer and honorary 
members of this friendly society, are con- 
stituted the directors thereof. 


OBSERVATIONS. 


The preceding brief account is princi- 
pally extracted from a late publication at 
Cork, intitled * the resolutions, rules, 
orders, and regulations, for the govern- 
0 ment of the Cork friendly society. They 
appear throughout so well adapted to pro- 
mote the useful and benevolent purposes 
of the institution, that I regret that the 
brevity of our reports will not permit them 
to be inserted at length. 


They are calculated effectually to guard 
against the inconveniencies to which asso- 
ciations of this nature are sometimes liable. 
There are no meetings of the existing 


tit 


FRIENDLY SOCIETY AT CORE, 333 


members ; nor can the dissolution of the 
society, or any distribution of its funds, 
fraudulent in itself, and contrary to the true 
meaning of the regulations, take place, but 
under such restrictions, as exclude the pos- 
sibility of any derangement of the society, 
or the misapplication of its funds. T here- 
gulations are equally calculated to provide 
for the health, and to secure and improve 
the morals and good conduct, of the mem- 
bers of the society. A certificate of character 
is a prescribed title for admission. The 
regular payment of the monthly contribu- 


tions is enforced by forfeits ; whilst the 


penalty of exclusion, applies equally to 
prevent successive failures in payment, and 
to check immoral conduct. In the respect- 
ability of the gentlemen who have volun- 
tarily undertaken the office of trustees and 
directors, the members of this friendly So- 
ciety have a solid security, that their in- 
terests will be well managed, and the laws 
of the association duly enforced for the 
benefit of all the members. 
3d January, 1800. 


L 334.0 


No. LXVII. 


Extract from an account of a. provision of 


fuel for the poor at Lower Winchendon. 
By Sckork BERNARD, Esg. 


Tuxnr having been several prosecutions 
at the Aylesbury quarter sessions, for steal- 
ing fuel last winter, I was led to make some 
particular inquiries, respecting the means 
which the poor at Lower Winchendon had 
of providing fuel. I found that there was 
no fuel then to be sold within several miles 
of the place; and that, amid the distress 
occasioned by the long frost, a party of 
cottagers had joined in hiring a person to 
fetch a load of pit- coal from Oxford, for 


their supply. In order to encourage this 


disposition to acquire fuel in an honest 
manner, and to induce the poor to burn 
coal instead of wood, in a country very 
bare of the latter article, a present was 

made to all this party (eight families in 


&@ = © © 


i, é on ew Jo. af wy 2s 


ro — 


ACCOUNT, &c. 335 


number) of as much more coal as they had 
purchased, and the carriage of the like 


quantity was further allowed them free of 


expence.— Having no grates, they had em- 
ployed the village blacksmith to tack toge- 
her a few iron bars by an iron rim at each 
end, which when raised above the hearth 
by loose bricks, enabled them to keep up 


a good fire. I went to see one of those 


_ grates : it was a foot square, quite flat, and 
had been made out of an old scythe by the 


blacksmith, at the expence of one shilling. 


—[In this manner, some of the poorest fa- 
milies in the village got through the last 
hard winter. But they complained of the 
want of faggots to light their fires, which 
were not. to be obtained by honest means. 


To remedy this, against the next winter, I 


had three waggon loads of the small fag- 


gots called kindlers, made up from a fall 


of beechwood, in the Chiltern country, ten 


miles off, and brought to Winchendon in 


the summer season. And as, in September, 

from the state of the harvest, it was fore- 

seen that it would be a trying winter for 
Wu. 1 


360 ACCOUNT or A 


the poor, a vestry was called and it was 
proposed to them, as one mode of relief, that 
they should allow the poor the carriage of 


a limited portion of coal; which was then 


sold at 18. 4d. the hundred, at the Oxford 
wharf. At the same time they were in- 
formed that eleven hundred faggots were 
provided out of the Chiltern woods, as kin- 


dlers, to assist such a plan; which it was 


intended to sell, much under the real value, 
at a penny a piece. This plan was agreed 
to, and the necessary quantity ordered to 
be fetched at the charge of the parish. A 
few tons were fetched before the frost set 
in, and were distributed at 18. 4d. per hun- 
dred weight, with three kindlers to every 


hundred weight of coals, by a person residing 


apply ing took a moderate quantity, such as 


might be supposed to contribute to their 


comfort, without trenching on their means 


of ee 1 It had been ain mt _ 


147. 3.6 


„ 


59 , The p anice _— coals at Oxford lad-in 3 
risen beyond what is here stated: but no alteration was 
made in the retail price on that account ; the increase 


— . OP 


4 
FP ORE nn a 6 Cd Ca . — — pe * 2 ä 1 nnn v 4 * 
2 * * Aas * I. aide * 2 88 * 2 E R —— * r 4 9 2 * : F 
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8 . 1 * Fr Eo Ty "Fe. TER en a ile 3 — g ro PHT 9 * S N * ** nnn * 9 = "IE ; 
s 


GAG 


PROVISION of FUEL. 997 


poor would not find money to purchase 


them, when they were brought: instead of 


which; out of 35 poor families belonging to 
the parish, 29 ͤ came with ready money, 
husbanded out of their scanty means, to 
profit with eagerness of this attention to 


their wants; and among them a person 


who had been lately imprisoned by his mas- 
ter for stealing wood from his hedges. The 
six, who did not purchase, were, as | learnt 
upon inquiry, prevented by some particular 
circumstances, which rendered the biipply 
* 


% Y 2 
7 


In this manner 29 poor families, consist- 


ing of 110 poor persons, are supplied during 
the present season with fuel, at an expence 
to the parish, aided by voluntary charity, of 
about three guineas per month ; being the 


charge for carriage, distribution, and occa- 


0m excess * price: the Werne wharf | 


3 rey out r. a , donation, which had been ds 
at Christmas, applicable to this charity. The expence 
of distribution, at 10d. per ton, was 155 paid out of the 


same fund. 55 — - 2 9 


8 < — — - 
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— 


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——— 


338 ACCOUNT OF A - 


price of the article, which for-the same pe- 
riod was less than five guineas, being paid 


for the advantage which they derive from 


this mode of purchase. 


OBSERVATIONS. . 


J have been the more particular in this 
detail, because it exhibits, tho on a small 
scale, an instance of uniting parish relief 
with private subscription, so as to lighten 
the weight of both; and I think it may 
sometimes be convenient that they should 
go hand in hand. At Whitchurch, in this 
county, the same Kind of charity was: esta- 
blished last winter. It now continues by 
a private subscription, from (. 17 to . a0, 
for that object: but one or two of the most 
opulent declined contributing; and tho 
disburthened of a part of the expense of 
the poor, shrunk from the duty of aiding 
such a plan, because it was voluntary. — 14 
order thereſore to prevent the covetous 


8 


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* 


PROVISION OF FUEL. 339 


from entirely escaping, it seems to be better, 
where it can be adopted as the unanimous 
act of the parish, or where the manner of 
doing it can be made consistent with the 
poor laws, that the foundation should be 
laid by the parish in an allowance, as far 
as they think proper to go; and that the 
voluntary charity of individuals should be 
grafted on that stock, for the purpose of 
effecting a further reduction of the price. 


J have often wished to bring coal into 


general use at Winchendon ; the poor how- 


ever being jealous of any new schemes, 
under the impression that they are more 
calculated for the benefit of others, than of 
themselves, and the farmer not being very 
fond of new expenses, I had judged the at- 
tempt to be vain. But the circumstances 
above recited having led both parties to 
make a trial, I believe that the one finds a 
great addition of comfort, and the other 
no great increase of expense. 


The attempt to introduce proper chim- 


ACCOUNT OF A 


nies into cottages in this neighbourhood, 
instead of the present spacious and airy 
ones with seats in the corner, has met with 
constant resistance ; nor is it to be expected 
thatany impression will be made on the poor 
inhabitants, till they have had full oppor- 
tunity of ascertaining, by observation and 
experience, the comforts and adv 
chimnies on a different construction. In 
the hope of effecting which change in their 
opinions, two cottage chimnies, on Count 
Rumford's * principles, are now building in 
this village. 


It is rather unfortunate for the public that the pre- 
tended improvements of Count Rumford's grates, so pom- 
pously announced by different ironmongers, are chiefly 
calculated to increase the expense, and to diminish the 
effect, of his useful invention. When the reader visits 
the Royal Institution, he will see that the new grates 
put up there are very cheap, and have as little iron as 


possible about them, and that the fire akvays burns against 
fir, eb ric ks.: the back and sides ; of the grate being com- 


posed of brick, which throws out heat in greater quan- 
tity, and is not subject to the disagreeable smell and bad 
effects of heated iron. In those shops where these im- 
prove ments are carried to the greatest perfection, they will 


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PROVISION OF FUEL. 341 


If we wish effectually to prevent the 
poor from stealing wood, and from similar 
acts of theft, it should be our first aim to 
put it perfectly in their power, to obtain on 
fair terms the articles necessary to their 
existence. When the means of life and the 
acquisition of food and fuel are beyond the 


attainment of the industrious labourer, the 


inducement to guilt, and to invading the 
store of his neighbour becomes so powerful, 
as to put the religious and moral princi- 
ples of the poor man to a severe trial, — 
Persons enjoying the superior advantages 
of education, with minds formed to habits 
of honour and virtue, may feel confident in 
their own powers of forbearance, even un- 
der such circumstances: but it will not 


follow that it is either wise, or just, to ex- 
pose the cottager to so great a temptation. 


find nothing left of the benefit of Count Rumford's 
original invention, except the narrow throat to the 
chimney; and even that is not always preserved. The 
distinguishing features are an abundance of polished 
steel, —as much iron as can be used on every side of the 
fire, —and a very liberal accumulation of expense. B. 


3d March, 1800. 


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—_— - ACCOUNT, &c. 


Where the option is not given them of 
acquiring in an honest manner, and in 
exchange for the produce of their labour, 
the indispensable necessaries of existence, 
and such is fuel in this northern climate, 
however we may condemn any crime to 
which it leads, we have no great reason to 
be surprised at the commission of it; nor 
perhaps ought we to consider ourselves as 
entirely exempt from a share in the guilt. 


15t February, 1800. 


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No. LXVIII. 
Extract From an account of a Society For bet= 


By THomas BERNARD, Esq. 


Ir is with considerable satisfaction that 1 
state, that „a Society for bettering the 
Condition of the Poor at Clapham, was 
established in that opulent and respectable 
parish in February, 1799. It consists both 
of ladies and gentlemen, willing to take an 
active part, in promoting the welfare of the 
poor. The objects of this society (for which 
the public is indebted to the labour and phi- 
lanthropy of the Rev. Mr. Venn, the Rector of 
Clapham, Robert Barclay, Esq. and others) 
are the discovery and relief of cases of real 


8 distress, the assisting and rewarding of bonest 
industry, the detection of fraud and impos- 


ture, the discouragement of idleness and vice, 
YOU... Cc 


tering the condition of the poor at Clapham. 


344 ACCOUNT OF A 


and the employment of children at an early 
age, so as to improve both the condition 
and the morals of the poor. | 


The ems of the society meet at each 
other's houses, in winter, one evening In 
the month, and in the summer once in two 
months, for the purpose of conversation 
and communication on the preceding sub- 
jects. They have divided the parish of 
Clapham into eight districts, and have ap- 
pointed four or more ladies and gentlemen, 

as visitors for each district. The duty of 
the visitors is to inform themselves of the 
circumstances and cbaracter of every poor 
person within their district; ; and to meet 
for the purpose of acting in concert, and 


of becoming more acquainted with the real 
State of the poor; so as to report at the 


general meeting every peculiar case of dis- 
tress; with their opinion, as to the mean: 
of 1 improving the conduct, and bettering 
the condition, of the objects of their atten- 
tion. A journal was agreed to be kept of 


the observations of the society, and of the 


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SOCIETY AT CLAPHAM: 945 


effects produced by its labours ; and a 
correspondence has been opened with the 
officers of the parish, so as to form a 


channel for the mutual communication of 


intelligence. 


The first act of the society was to draw 
out an accurate list of all the poor in the 
parish. of Clapham ; distinguishing each 
individual s respective occupation, family, 
residence, and place of legal settlement.— 
F. rom this account, two distinct lists have 
been made out one in the order of resi- 
dence—the other i in an alphabetical order ; 3 
and a list of the allowances granted by the 
paris has been obtained of the overseers. 
It appeared by the returns, that there were 
in the whole 348 families in the parish, 
which were likely to become objects of 
charitgble assistance: vis. 


— 2 % — > tum 4 * * © % © F \ 5 « 
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2 — — N —— — . i ID 1 
— De 


346 ACCOUNT OF A 


In the 1st district 46 families. 
2d — — 71 
Gao 
4th — — 52 
1 
6th - 33 


Of these, 61 were single persons; 39 had 
wives, but no children ; and the remaining 
287 had wives and children; the number 
of their children being, upon an average, 
not more than two to each family. There 
were in all 372 children, and the total 
amount of poor was 1207 persons. 


Fot each district, a lady was appointed 
as sub- treasurer; whose office it was to 
keep the accounts of the district, and to call 
meetings of the visitors; no visitor having 
a power (except in cases of emergency) 
to give any material relief, but what shal! 


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SOCIETY AT CLAPHAM. 347 


be directed at a district meeting. Their 
accounts are passed at the general meeting. 
The measure of sub-dividing the districts 
among the visitors was soon after adopted, 
in some instances, with very good effect. 


The rector, with the concurrence of the 
churchwardens and vestry, added the sa- 
crament money, about . 100 a year, to 
the funds of the society. In case of appli- 
cation for relief, it was recommended to the 

vititors to take the opportunity of gaining 
information respecting the character of the 
person applying; as 10 regular attendance 
on public ꝛworsbip, the care and Schooling of 
_ their children, and the industry and earnings 
of every branch of the family. This infor- 
mation is useful to direct both the kind and 
the quantity of relief, so as to assist and 
encourage both virtue and industry. 


* * AO I TION * 2 e 
* . * * aaa Bid on att eds 4 4 
- — N 9 * « 4 N * 4 N 4 
by LEE "OR I” r r ö . . a 


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In case of any infectious disorder, the 
tteasurer is directed to consult with the 
medical gentlemen of the society, concern- 
ing the most effectual means of preventing 


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348 ++ ACCOUNT,OF 4 


the danger of communication; and, he has 
authority immediately to take the necessary 


in t 
steps, at the expense of the society. Of 6 
the benefit of this regulation several in- to 
stances have appeared: The small-pox had in 
attacked several poor families with much frie 
violence; some of the children, yet unin- pat 
fected, were successfully inoculated at the the 
expense of the society. A dangerous spe- wt 
cies of putrid and scarlet fever had broken de 
out at different periods, in some of the vis 
houses of the poor; it was prevented from 80 
spreading beyond the families in which it its 
originated. A putrid and scarlet fever, in 
a neighbouring parish, was at the game 
time extremely fatal to the children of the re 
poor; and three months had elapsed, before v 
its ravages ceased... uA h ; el 
There is hardly any thing for the im- V 
4 | provement and benefit of the poor, that | I fi 


may not be adopted and effected by such a e 
society as that of Clapham. They came i 
to very early resolutions to furnish the poor [| 
gratis, with unslacked lime to whitewash [I 1 


33 


2 55 " 2 — bs _—_— , . 
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, * * 1 E N * * " C 4 


SOCIETY AT CLAPHAM. 349 


their cottages ; to provide lists of the poor 
in the different districts ; to furnish grown 
up persons with suitable employment ; and 
to place children at school, and from thence 
in service ;—to establish in the village a 
friendly society, under their own care and 
patronage ;—to purchase blankets to lend 


the industrious poor in winter ;—and that, 


whenever a poor married woman should 


deposit a weekly sum in the hands of the 


visitor to provide for her confinement, the 
society would add as much more to it, upon 
its being repaid her for her lying in. 


In order to provide for the sick poor such 
refreshments, as might be ordered by the 
visitors or medical attendants, the society 
engaged an agent at three shillings a week. 


She is a middle-aged woman, not burthened 


with a family, not going out to washing 
for her livelihood ; and a person in whose 
cleanliness, assiduity, integrity, and skill 
in cookery, they and the poor can place 


a confidence. To her care are intrusted 


the stores for the relief of the sick; con- 


sisting of sago, wine, oatmeal, &c. and 
also the materials for work. She has been 
furnished with a book of receipts for pre- 
paring refreshments for the sick, to be sent 
by the order of any of the visitors, she keep- 
ing a regular account of the same. It is her 
duty to register the names of the nurses and 
charwomen in the parish, who are deserving 
of recommendation, in order that those, who 
want employment, may have an opportunity 
of stating that they are unoccupied; and 
that those, who want a nurse or helper in 
the house, may know who is disengaged. 
It is also her office, upon reference from the 


visitors, to make inquiries respecting the 


character of any person, when the visitors 
do not succeed in procuring satisfactory 


information upon the subjeat. Three ladies 


of the society undertook to purchase for 
her the necessary utensils and stores, to 


furnish her with sufficient information and 


instructions, and to superintend her in the 
execution of her office,” 


2 ES x * 1 0 * ,* 
4 1111 _ = * 2 1 WM... 4 Law Fa1 


For che decade objeceUf forming eat 


SOCIETY AT CLAPHAM. 95¹ 
habits of attention and industry, there bein g 
already at Clapham, schools for children of 
riper age) a knitting and reading school 
for boys and girls under six years of age was 
established under the care of one of the 
ladies, at the request and expense of the 
society. An industrious woman, who had 
a comfortable room adapted to the purpose, 
agreed to take any number of children, and 
at any hour that might be thought proper, 
to instruct them in knitting and reading; 


and, on Sunday, to open it as a Sunday 


school. For this, and her firing and all 
expenses, she was to be allowed five shil- 
lings a week. The school was opened in 
the beginning of December last with 13 
boys, whose number was soon increased 
to 21, and the monthly account of whose 
work already makes an article in the mi- 
nutes of the society. 


In the early part of the winter the so- 
ciety provided blankets, to be numbered, 
marked, and lent to the poor, under the 
following regulations. ist, That a note 


- 
r 


— 
— — - 


35² Accouxr o A 


should be given with them, expressing the 
day on which they were lent, and that on 
which they were to be returned. 2d, That 
an account should be kept by the society's 
agent, in her book, of the number of each 
blanket, the person to whom lent, and the 
time when lent, and when returned. ad, 
That the blankets lent to any poor family 
for the winter season, should be returned 
on the first of May, clean washed if re- 


quired. _ 4th, That in cases where any 


infectious disorder may have prevailed in 
the family to which they have been lent, a 
discretionary power be given to the visitor 
to permit them to be kept. And 3th, That 
all the blankets, upon being returned to 
the society, should be baked, in order to 


purify them, before they are laid up in the 


society's store. 


OBSERVATIONS. 


1 £2 | 
* - 


It is difficult to say what may not be 


done for the poor, or to what degree their 


E 
ir 


* 4 - 
tn 
bs 3 » 
25 11 
Kr 


SOCIETY AT CLAPHAM. 353 


religious and moral habits, and their do- 
mestio comforts and enjoyments, may not 
be increased, by the formation, in every 
large parish in England, of Societies like 
that at Clapham : societies which, without 
the incumbrance of an establishment, give 
to the rich all the power and effect of co- 
operation; which offer to the poor every 
incitement to virtue and industry ; and, 
while they relieve the distressed and unfor- 
tunate, while they educate the young and 
comfort the aged, impress on the minds of 
all a just sense of the value of character, 
and of moral and religious habits, and 
render them useful to themselves and to the 
community. 


It is no small merit in the society at 
Clapham, that it has afforded satisfactory 
evidence that the system of dividing the poor 
into districts, and of thereby diminishing 
labour by arrangement of attention, (a 
system recommended by the precepts of 
Count Rumford, and by the example of 
Hamburgh) is applicable and practicable in 


354 ACCOUNT OF A © 
every parish in England. However the 
mind may be intimidated by the difficulties 
which must embarrass the attempt of an 


individual, to improve the habits and in- 


crease the comforts of a whole parish, or 
of a larger district ; there are very few of 
our countrymen, and still fewer, I trust, 
of our fair countrywomen, who would, at 
any period, shrink from the duty of occa- 
sionally visiting their eight or ten adjoinin 9 
cottagers; and of attending a sociable 
monthly meeting of their friends and ac- 
quaintance, in order to consider how their 
poor neighbours might be made more happy 
and virtuous in themselves, and more use- 
Ful to the neighbourhood. 


This mode of keeping down the poor- 
rates, of preventing crimes, and of encou- 


raging honesty, industry, and economy, 


will never be very irksome in the detail, 
Vchile it only occasionally occupies a tedious 
hour, and promotes a pleasant and gatisfac- 
tory monthly meeting of the neighbourhood. 


ne directed * to the OPS and 


DI! 110 


„ e Ad 


. * + banda i. ” 9 * * oo * * * * "Ip 
a . 8 p * n ; 
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* N JEET Lats 2 oY 2 : r E PIO? * 83 x R R OT TONS * ; 


SOCIETY AT CLAPHAM. 955 


« relief of cases of real distress,—to the 
« assisting and rewarding of honest in- 
« dustry,—to the detection of fraud and 
* imposture,—to the discouragement of 
« jdleness and vice, to the employment of 


« children in early habits of industry,—and 


to whatever has a tendency to improve 
« the condition and morals of the poor,” 
(and these are the declared objects of the 
Society at Clapham) must, except in a very 
debased state indeed, afford satisfactory 
occupation to every human being ; to the 
miser, in the improvement of his property, 
to the anxious mind, in the security of 
it, —to the sensualist, in enjoyment, —and 
to the pious and benevolent, in the promo- 
tion of the virtue and happiness of their 
fellow creatures. 


This society is directed by principles 
different from those which too frequently 
actuate the overseers of the poor. The 


great object of the society is the improve- 
ment of the poor. They apply leisure, 
talents, information, and every power which 


they derive from instruction, situation, and 


do not possess the same Aid 7 not 
with the petty and unstable object of af̃- 
fording capricious or momentary relief 
but in the well founded hope of conferring 
permanent benefit, by increasing their re- 
sources, by improving their principles, and 
encouraging them in habits of industry, 
| RET and OR. | 


Chatity-of this kind has not only the 
advantage of increased effect by co-opera- 
tion, and of impartial benevolence in em- 
| bracing all objects within the district in 
proportion to their claims and necessities : 
but also of acting upon collective informa- 
tion, and of directing joint exertions sys- 
tematically, and to their proper end. The 
inquiry respecting the industry, economy, 
and character of the poor, must necessarily 
increase the value and prevalence of those 
virtues, at the same time that it enables the | 
individual to direct his relief most effectu- 
ally to the advantage of the sufferer If 
it is $ temporary distress occasioned by sick 


SOCIETY. AT.CLAPHAM. 337 


ness, provision is made for their immediate 
comfort and speedy recovery; and, while 
the ordinary parochial fund is resorted to 
in the usual way, the society adds the lesser 
comforts, and those aids to recovery, which 
parish relief can never completely afford ; 

Such is a nurse, whose employment may 
perhaps be as much charity to her, as to the 
sick on whom she attends; whose care, 
where quiet is peculiarly necessary, may 
remove some of the children during the day, 
and place them with a neighbour or friend; 

| and whose attention may prevent the pa- 
tient from returning to hard labour, before 


his strength is sufficiently rectuited and 
. eee 


In checking the progress of infectious 
disorders, a society like that at Clapham 
may | be of infinite Service. It is the duty. 
of the visitor in that case immediately to 
inform the treasurer, who is authorized to 
take 1 medical advice, as to the most effectual 
means of stopping the contagion. A very 
trifling sum, , seasonably,, expended, in the 


958 ACCOUNT OF A 


removal and care of the infected person, 
and in purifying and whitewashing his ha- 
bitation, may save thousands “ of useful 
lives, and prevent an irretrievable loss, and 
insupportable expence to the parish. 


For a period when the weaker and more 
helpless sex stand in great need of kindness 
and assistance, the society has made a very 
acceptable provision, by doubling the sum 
which may be deposited for the assistance 
of any poor woman at her lying in. Be- 
sides this, the placing at such a time some 
of their children at school, and providing 
a nurse, may be at times an act of very 
useful and necessary charity. 


The forming of children to early habits 
of industry, is another important object of 
* len ; which adopts the principle 


* Wi appears MP several publications at M anchenter, 
that all the infectious fevers, which have of late been 


prevalentin that neighbourhood, originated in individual 


infection; and might have been stopped by medical care 
at first, with very little trouble or expence. 


8 


—— 2 — 


SOCIETY AT CLAPHAM, 359 


that every child, above mere imbecility, 


should produce something towards its own 
Support. If what it can produce is only a 
penny a week, even that ought not to be 
neglected. The habit of saving small sums 
is the foundation of economy ; and constant 
occupation is one grand preservative from 
vice. For this purpose, it is of great mo- 
ment to find regular employment for the 
poor ; and it is much to be regretted that 
processes for the abridgment of labour have, 
in many parts of the kingdom, deprived 
the poor of the means of industry. 


The habit of cleanliness, producing as it 
does, many valuable moral virtues, is an 


important effect of this society. Another 


is, the institution of friendly societies under 
their immediate care and patronage ; and 
particularly such a one as may afford relief 
to women as well as to men ; and, with the 
contributory aid of the rich, secure liberal 
and certain advantages to the members. 
Besides this, the encouraging of the poor 
to buy for ready money, and the donation 

Wu. Wag 


. $60 AccouNr OF-A- 


of reward tb cottagers for the support of 
large families, and for the degree of indus- 
try and sobriety they may possess, and for 
other commendable points of character, 
may, with attention and discretion, be of 
the greatest use in improving the condition, 
not only of the poor, but of the neighbour- 
hood and of the tt at W 


= Whatever Have. been the ee 
the poor, the beneficial effects produced by 
such a society upon the rich, are likely to 
be equally great. Ladies Who have not been 
accustomed to inquire personally into the 
State of their necessitous neighbours, may 
thus be excited to be extremely active in 
Assisting them, and in devising the best 
methods of doing them good. When the 
rich are induced to visit the families of 
labourers, and to make the comparison 
between their own comforts and those of 
others, they receive from such occupation 
much mental improvement, and become 
Prœperly grateful for their own benefits and 


86a 


SOCIETY AT CLAPHAM. 


necessary to caution them against too warm 
and liberal an application of their charity, 
and against that degree and Species of bene- 
volence, which, instead of aiding and in- 

_ -8tyuctingithe poor to help themselves, tends 
to render them more helpless and hopeless. 
It is then very important to hold up to con- 


stant view the wise and excellent maxims 
adopted at Hamburgh ; THAT ir THE 


"© MANNER IN WHICH RELIEF is GIVEN BE 
% NOT A SPUR TO INDUSTRY, IT BECOMES IN 
„EFFECT A PREMIUM TO SLOTH AND PRO- 
"-*/FLIGACY ; and that, if the charitable or 
* parochial support of an idle personexceeds 
«© what any industrious person in the same 

* circumstances can earn, idleness will be- 
come more profitable than industry, and 
4 beggary a better trade than the woræsbop. 


Such is the account compiled from the 
minutes of the society, and such the ob- 
 ©geryations submitted to the consideration of 
tlie public; observations, whereof much is 
extracted from the proposal or introductory 
address of the treasurer, the Rev. Mr. Venn; 


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362 Accouxr, &c. 


to whose active zeal, and persevering in- 
dustry, much of the success and progress of 
the society at Clapham is to be imputed; 
a society, the example of which, I trust, 
will be soon followed in every part of the 
kingdom. 


15th February, 1800. 


OE ed We 2 


1 [| 7 ff 390 


J 91103960 


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L 863 


No. LXIX. 


Extract from an account of Mr. Dale's cotton 
mills at New Lanerk, in Scotland. By 
THoMas BERNARD, Esq. 


Tur cotton mills at New Lanerk in the 
county of Lanerk in Scotland, are situate 
in a beautiful and romantic amphitheatre 


near the high road between Carlisle and 
Glasgow. The rapid stream of the Clyde 


supplies that abundance of water, which is 


the powerful operator of the machinery. 


For the purpose of convey ing and directing 
its power, a subterraneous acqueduct is cut 


for many hundred yards through the solid 


rock. The first mill, in length 134 feet, 


was originally erected in 1785; and having 
been burnt down, was rebuilt in 1789. The 


second is exactly of the same dimensions; 


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364 A ceovNr or 


the third is 1 80 feet, and the fourth 156 
feet, in tz 


The ONT mills contain 12,000 spin- 
dles for spinning water twist; the other two 
are occupied by Fennys, for spinning mule 
yarn.—The village of New Lanerk' owes 
its existence to the erection of these mills. 
It consists of neat substantial houses; form- 
ing two streets about half a mile in length, 
and broad, regular, and clean. Near the 
centre of the village are the mills; and 
opposite to them, a neat mansion, the occa- 
sional residence of Mr. Dale, the proprietor, 
and of his principal manager. The village, 
consisting chiefly of Highlanders from the 
counties of Argyle, Caithness, and Inver- 
ness, contains about 1, 300 inhabitants; of 
whom all who are capable of work are em- 
ployed in and about the mills. Of these, 
there are goo children who are entirely fed, 
clothed, and educated by Mr. Dale. The 
others lodge with their parents in the vil- 
lage, and have a weekly allowance for tlieir 
Wr d eee 


MR. DAKE'S COTTON MILLS. 863 


The healthy and pleasurable appearance 
of these children has frequently attracted 
the attention of the traveller. Peculiar 
regulations, adopted by Mr. Dale for the 
preservation of the health and morals of Mt 
those under his protection, have made this | : 
striking difference between his manufac- 1 bl 
tory. and many other similar undertakings I 
in this kingdom; so that while some other 


mills must be regarded as seminaries of vice, = ö 
and sources of disease, those at Lanerk are fl 
so peculiarly exempt from these objections, þ 
that out of near g, ooo children employed # 


in these mills during a period of 12 years, | 1 | 
from 178353 to 1797, oxly fourteen have died; = 
adde one bas been the. object of. judicial iq 
a8 ) 22.91 

OR erg to 3 that first necessary of 
* pure and fresh air, the windows of the 
manufaetory are frequently opened; and in 
summer there are air holes left under every 
other window. —Cleanliness is another great 
; ohject} ef attention. The children wash 


I themselves before they go to work, and also 


after it before they appear in the schools. 


366 Accouxr or 


The floors and the machinery are washed 
once a week with hot water; and the ceil- 
ings and walls, twice a year, with unslacked 
lime. The children who reside in the house, 
and who have their maintenance in lieu of 
wages, are lodged in six large airy apart- 
ments. The boys and girls are kept dis- 
tinctly apart; not only in the hours of rest 
and refreshment, but during the time of 
occupation. They sleep on cast- iron bed- 
steads, on a bed-tick filled with straw, 
which is changed regularly every month. 
The bedrooms are swept, and the windows 
thrown open every morning, and kept open 
all the day. Many of the children have 
contrived to provide themselves with boxes 
with locks; in which they keep their books 
and their little property. Their upper 
clothing in summer is cotton, which is 
washed once a fortnight. In winter the boys 
are dressed in woollen; and, as well as the 
Pp have dress suits for _— | 


"For Glover they hn seven ounces g each 
of fresh. beef with barley broth, or, alter- 


MR. DALE'S COTTON” MILLS. 367 


nately five ounces of cheese; and a plenti- 
ful allowance of potatoes, or barley. bread. 
This part of the table diet 1s seldom varied ; 
except in winter by a dinner of fresh her- 
rings, as a change. Their breakfast and 
supper consist of oatmeal porridge, with the 
addition of milk in summer; and, during 
the winter, with a sauce made of molasses 
and beer. 


Seven o'clock is the hour of supper; soon 
after which ( for that pernicious practice, 
called night-work, is entirely excluded from 
these mills) the schools commence, and con- 
tinue till nine o'clock. Mr. Dale has engag- 
ed three regular masters, who instruct the 
lesser children during the day. In the 
evening they are assisted by seven others, 


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one of whom teaches writing. There is 


r -- wo Loh ay odor ns 130 
2 * — FR. TE. 


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likewise a woman to teach the girls sewing, 
and another person who occasionally gives 
lessons in church music. The masters pre- 


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FDF ing i ne Ge ts — 
to MENACE 
7 eras 1 17 


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side over the boys dinner table. On Sundays 
they conduct them to the place of divine 
worship; and, in the evening of Sunday, 


—— SC 

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— — 
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965 _ ACCOUNT or 


attend to assist and improve them, by reli- 
gious and moral information. 

In the year 1791, a vessel carrying emi- 
grants to America, from the isle of Skye, 
was driven by stress of weather into 
Greenock, and about 200 persons were put 
on shore in a very destitute situation. Mr. 
Dale offered them all immediate employ- 
ment; which the greater part accepted. 
Soon after he notified to the people of the 
Highlands and the Hebrides, the degree of 
encouragement which he would give to 
families at the cotton mills; and undertook 
to provide houses for 200 families. These 
were finished in 1793; in consequence of 
which considerable number of Highland- 
ers have taken up their residence at New 
Lanerk. Several families also, who were 
last year driven from Ireland, have found 
fiinddiate employment here.“ 


* *Fo or _ the i of this account "9 arp o indebted 
Mr, Professor Garnett of the Royal I nstitution. — . 


0 Hor Tie 


* FI 2 


- by 9 * * 
9 * * 
r WR 238} 5 
KIN W 
e 222 


MR. p ALRS core MILLS. 369 


8 , > & 


OBSERVATIONS. 


Amid the numerous variety of cotton 
ville that have been erected in this king- 
dom, I sincerely wish it were in my power 
to shew many examples like those of Mr. 
Dale's mills at Lanerk. Some few of these 
manufactories have been distinguished for 
attention to health and cleanliness, and 
many of them for very curious mechanism, 
and ingenious inventions, by which the 
operations are produced and facilitated ; 
but I have not had the good fortune to find 
in any (tho I doubt not but it may exist 
in some instances) that proper degree of 
attention, which ought to be paid to the 
morals and instruction of the children. 
Hhere boys and girls are indiscriminately 
employed at all bours, not only of the day, 
but of the night, and are mingled together 
without any advantage of education, with- 
out benefit of religious instruction or moral 
principle, and without any friend to advise 
or protect them, can we be astonished at 
their plunging in a very early age, and 


30 _ + ++ "ACCOUNT OF 


almost during childhood, in every wretched 
and disgusting species of debauchery? Can 
we | be surprised that our numerous and 
crowded: manufactories should be the nur- 
series of thieves and prostitutes ; sent out at 
an early age to their own ruin, and to the 
annoyance of the kingdom, and of every 
individual of which it is composed? 


| Such, however, is the present spirit and 
| speculation of this country, that wherever 
the demon of gain raises his banner, talents 
| and exertion are sure to follow it. Cotton 
[ mills are as yet but in their infancy. Whilst 
great profits and immense fortunes are to 
be made by them, we know they must 
rapidly increase; and it is too obvious that 
without public attention, they must be 
destructive of the moral and religious prin- 
ciples of the great mass of the people. The 
effect of this species of abridgment of la- 
bour is so great, that 100 persons in a cot- 
ton mill, will do more spinning, and of a 
superior quality, and of ten times the fine- 
ness than ean be produced by gooo of the 
very best spinners by hand. In consequence 


MR. DALE'S COTTON MILLS. 371 


of this, cotton mills have almost entirely 
deprived: the cottager's wife and children 
of these-means of domestic industry. The 
profit of spinning by hand is so reduced, 
that whole districts of cottagers' families 
have been obliged to give it up, and apply 
for relief to the parish. 


Our national and individual increase of 
wealth, from the manufacture of cotton; has 
been attended with so much injury to the 
health and morals of the poor, and is so 
utterly destructive of that which constitutes 
the essential and fundamental virtue of the 
female character, that if I am not permitted 
to suggest a doubt, whether it would not 
have-been better for us that cotton mills had 
never been erected in this island, I may at 
least express an anxious wish, that such re- 
gulations may be adopted and enforced, as 
shall diminish, if not entirely remove, the 
injurious and pernicious effects which must 
othervrige n them. e 


With this view I will lay before the rea- 


der an outline of some regulations, which 


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37522 | * |, ACCOUNT OF 
x * ® 


' impelled by zeal, but very little presuming 
on personal knowledge of the Subject, I 
venture to submit to the consideration of 
the public; meaning to apply my observa- 
tions, not merely to cotton mills, but to all 
ther manufactories under similar circum- 
stances; and particularly to those, in which 
children are engaged as apprentices. 


In the first place, I conceive that some 
Sener al, and public attention ought to be 
paid to the moral and religious improve- 
ment of so numerous a class of our [fellow 
subjects; and that the most essential parts 
of their education ought not entirely to 
depend on the caprice, or disposition, of 
their respective masters; especially as many 
of them have (beenia pprenticed by. lots from 
distant counties, and have been deserted by 
those, hose duty it was to have protected 
them. In addition to this, something 
should also be done for the benefit of these 
children, to instruet and prepare them to 
support themselves in life, without thievery 
and ꝑrostitution, hen che / period of their 
apprenticeship ex pires at the age of2x6:" 


MR. DALE'S COTTON MILLS. 3738 


It seems to me to be also expedient, that 
the age and conditions of apprenticeship be 
regulated: — that the hours of work be li- 
mited, and mght-work (so destructive to 
health and morals) entirely excluded ;— 
that a total separation take place between 
the boys and the girls; that the works be 

liable to the periodical inspection of the 

magistrates, who should have power to or- 
der the regular whitewashing and cleaning, 
and the warming and ventilating of the 
work- rooms; and who should receive quar- 
terly or monthly reports, from each manu- 

factory, of the number, the health, and 

the respective ages, of all the apprentices 
and other persons employed there. \ 


Such are the regulations, which, upon 
a cursory view of the suhject, appear to be 
proper, and to have a tendency to meliorate 

the condition, and to preserve the morals, 
of these unfortunate and neglected children. 
Other correctives and remedies may pro- 
bably occur to those who possess more 
practical knowledge of the subject. At 
present I have only to add that, as far as 


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374 12 ACCOUNT, &c. 


my inquiries have extended, I have reason 
to be satisfied, that almost all the owners 
of cotton mills will concur in thinking, 
that the preceding, or some similar regula- 
tions ought to be enforced by the legislature, 
for the protection of the children employed 
in those mills. In order therefore that 
something practicable and effectual may be 
done, without injury to the interest of the 
manufacturers, I would suggest that the 
outline of any regulations proposed to be 
adopted, should be first communicated to 
them, so that they might state any objec- 


tions, or amendments: and after a proper 


attention shall have been paid to their 


observations, I venture boldly to express my 


confidence, that the measures will have the 
support of every one, who desires to pro- 
mote the welfare and happiness of his fellow 
creatures, and the essential interests of vir- 
tue, morality, and religion, in this favoured 
U g 3 . 


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5 


APPENDIX. 


2 en Þ.- 48 


No. I. 


Copy of a circular Letter from the Bisyoe of 
DuRHam % the Magistrates of the County 
Palatine of Durham. 


* 


Oct. zoth, 1799. 
A LoxG series of wet and unseasonable weather 


has greatly affected the crops of corn this year, 


particularly in the northern counties, and in some 
other parts of England, where the coldness of the 
soil, and the humidity of the atmosphere, are un- 
favourable to the ripening of wheat. I therefore 


conceive it to be the duty of the other classes of 


society in this kingdom, to take speedy and effec- 
tual measures for diminishing and preventing, as far 
as lies in their power, the distress which the poor 
might otherwise be subjected to, in the course of 
the ensuing winter, from the scarcity, and conse- 
quent high price, of a very material article of liſe 
to all, but especially to them. — Far from appre- 
hending any alarm or inconvenience from the 


adoption of proper measures to alleviate this im 
pending evil, it appears to me that che best method 


— 2 — fo. io 


> AGE —„—„—i ARE nnd", 


') 
* 
23 


- © APPENDIX. 


of preventing anxiety, and of quieting the minds of 
the poor, will be for the rest of their fellow subjects 


to take immediate steps for their relief. When the 


cottager finds the charitable and christian care of 


his more opulent neighbours anticipating his wants, 


and providing for his comforts, it is impossible but 
his apprehensions must be lessened, at the same 


time that his good habits and orderly ks 
will be augmented. | 


In addressing you upon this subject, I think it 
necessary to mention a common error, with regard 
to the relief of the poor in times of scarcity; and 
to state to you, in strong and unqualified language, 


that whenever the produce of a country, and the 


quantity of food, are insufficient for all the inhabi- 


rants, nothing less than an additional supply of food 
from abroad, or an improved economy in the ust 
"and application of it, can give substantial relief. 


We deceive ourselves, and rather do prejudice than 


afford assistance to the general condition of the 
poor, by attempting to relieve them in any other 
way. — There is nothing more benevolent in inten 
tion, more plausible in theory, or more desirable in 


effect, than, upon a scarcity, that the contributions 


of the wealthy should supply a fund for purchasing 
. bread and meat to be given to all the poor of every 
description; and to be distributed with such bounty 


CIRCULAR LETTER, GCC. 29 


and impartiality, as to relieve all. their distresses. 


But, however abundant the funds of charity might 


be, the experience of a short time would prove that 
such a well meant, but unadvised, plan could only 
increase the scarcity, and enhance the price of pro- 
visions, to the essential injury of the poor, as well as 


of all the other inhabitants of the country; and that, 
while it was affording a momentary supply, it must 
operate to diminish prematurely the common stock; 
and with it the means and subsistence, not only of 


the other classes, but of the very persons, whose 


benefit and support was the great object in view. 

With respect to obtaining an increase of food by 
importation, so far as not prevented by the effects 
of the present season upon other countries, the 
visdom and attention of government have already 


made some provision; and it may be hoped, that 


the energy and enterprise of individuals will do the 
rest. The two great articles, most to be desired, 
are wheat and rice; the one as adapted to the pe- 
culiar habits of the English, and the other as calcu- 
lated, when properly prepared, to correct the bad 
consequences which attend the use of corn, grown 
in a wet season. n 


In the improved management of those means s of 
vubsistence which providence hath bestowed upon 


us, much is, to be done for the well-being and 


A 2 


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4 i APPENDIX. | 


increased comfort of the poor ; and; in this, as in 


every thing else, a large portion of the operative. 
effect of precept and exhortation will depend 
upon the efficacy of example. The indiscriminate 
praise of hospitality and generosity is frequently 
given to wasteful habits in the houses of the opu- 
lent. In plentiful seasons such-unmerited commen- 
dation may pass unnoticed, and uncensured; but 
during periods of scarcity, when the pressure of 
distress bears heavy on the needy. and the destitute, 
I would request all the other orders of society to 


consider, how much injury they may do to their ne- 


cessitous brethren, by actual waste, and by perni- 


cious example: I would request them to consider 


that, when the means of subsistence Are barely 
adequate to the demands of population, every por- 


tion of food, that is wasted within their houses, 


occasions the privation of the support of life to one 
at least of their fellow creatures. f | 
It is on this principle, that I eamestly recom- 
mend in private houses, and also in all public 
extablishments, the economy of food; particularly 
in the use of wheat, which the habits of the English 


cottager have now made s necessary an article of 


of. life. Other individuals, and those who are 
maintained m public establishments, do, in general, 
possess more variety, and a greater proportion of 


RIGS 


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CIRCULAR LETTER, &c. 5 


— .s' 


2 2 _—y TI y PET - 
© EST Se 
= ORCS Pon SI I EE III = 
— — — wy — 
Ss = — — 3 — 


nourishing food, than the cottager; and can there- 
fore with more facility, and less self denial, adopt 
the use of other zubstitutes for wheat flour; and 
their example will be of incalculable service, in . 
reconciling the cottager to that which is at present 
essemial to his own welfare. 


- A 
r 7 


The application of the true principles of relief, 
and the forming and arranging of the necessar x 
: measures for the support and comfort of the N | 
in the county palatine of Durham during the en- 
| Sting season, I vill not anticipate at present, but 
- KF leave as a subject of future consideration. I ought 1 
N not, however, to omit observing that in some V 
1 instances, in which the manufacturer has very . 
„ recently suffered by the pressure of the times, at = 
- Birmingham, "Spitalfields, Clerkenwell, and some = 
„ 1 other places, the supply of meat soups, thickened 


weich pease, Scotch barley, rice, or meal, and sold to 
dle housekeeper a little under prime cost, has had 
the advantage of giving them more real comfort, 
0 and more wholesome nourisbment, than could have 
Y | been afforded at four times the expenditure; and at , 
2 I the Same time has operated generally to diminish 
the prejudicial effects of scarcit xp. \ T9R8330! 
An account of some of these charities, and of 
che manner in-which they have been conducted, may 


befound in the First Volume of the Repor fs of 1 the | 


ren oo n 


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6 © APPENDIX, ©» 
Society for 'bettering the Condition and increasing 
the Comforts of the Poor, and in a cheap publica- 
tion of the same Society, intituled * Information 
for Overseers,” published with a view to general 
circulation. In the last of these are contained 
some experimental observations on rice; which is 
© The Bishop has since had it in his power to afford great 
relief to the cottagers in his neighbourhood, by dressing rice 
for them, and selling it at a penny for 21b. 6 0z. ; which is 
something under prime cost. The poor, to the amount of 
near 400, have from the first purchased it very thankfully ; 
and find that the penny, so applied, goes above twice as far 


as a pennyworth of bread, and affords them better and more 
acceptable food. The receipt is as follows, 


Rice - 4. 0 
Hog's fat - 1. 802. 
Allspice V 
Salt "I - 0 80 
Water, 17 gallons 
Produ ee = 195 lb. 


The rice is put into the boiler when the water is boil- 


ing. Then the water is skimmed, and the fat (being 
previously cut into very small thin strips) is added, and it 
.continues, boiling twenty minutes. The fire is then taken 
out of the grate, and the allspice and salt are added; the 
doors of the fire-place and ash hole being quite shut. The 
: whole then remains in the boiler an hour and a quarter, after 
. te fire is taken out; the cover is also kept very close. It 
is then put in an earthen pan, and covered up with a 
wooden cover, until it is sold. When prepared for eating, 
it should be gradually warmed and stirred.— It would be easy 
to make the produce greater, by adding more water; but the 
result of several experiments is in favour of the proportions 
above mentioned. Lard, or jelly and marrow from the di- 
Lester, may be used instead of hog? s fat. B. 16 Jan. 1800. 


2 

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CIRCULAR: LETTER, &c. 7 


a very useful and nutritive substitute for flour, and 
may be so prepared as to act as a preservative 
against those putrid and epidemical disorders, 
which are always to be apprehended from the infe- 


rior quality of corn and potatoes, in a wet and 
unfavourable season. Difficulties must ever be ex- 


pected to attend the introduction of new modes of 
diet among any set of men; but if those who have 
country residences, and possess liberality, infor- 
mation, and benevolence, (which J am persuaded are 
the characteristics of the gentlemen of the county 
palatine of Durham,) will do what a nobleman is 
doing in the county of Warwick, — dress these ar- 
ticles for their own table, supply their poor neigh- 
bours with a part of them, and then give them an 
account of the mode of preparation and expence, I 


am confident there will be little ents tis in the * | 
dual introduction of them. 


In order to bring forward the consideration of 


the subject, 1 conceive it will be proper that a 
meeting Should be had of those, who may find it 
not inconvenient to attend, “ for the purpose of 


% adopting such measures as may be most for the 


real benefit of che poor in general, and may tend 
1 to diminish the scarciiy, and keep down the price 
*of provisions.“ And chat a general committee 


ould. be elected for Ben . the” otra) 


3 Say 


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8 APPENDIX. 
objects; and subscriptions opened, and local com- 
mittees formed, for the different districts; leaving 
the mode of relief to he afterwards arranged, and 
applied, according to the nature and urgency of 
EMC oa or oo rt eg ta nai. on 
Having so far extended my observations upon 
this most interesting subject, I have only to add 


my firm conviction, that in this, as in every other 


dispensation « of Providence, if we are not unmind- 
ful and neglectful of our own duty, we shall find 
every ching working for our good; and that this 


temporary scarcity may eventually be the instru- 


ment of giving improved means of life, and in- 
creased comfort to a very numerous and deserving 
class of our fellow creatures, and fellow subjects; 
and of disseminating mutual good will and esteem, 


and pure and active christian * among all the 


members of society. WN dc 


© « '® T4 


I am, with much MI 


Your obedient humble Servant, 


174 Aera ! * CAT 7-1 * * 


85 _DUNELM. 


* N 
* Ret 


DR. HAYGARTH'S RULES TO PREVENT 
INFECTIOUS FEVERS. | 


It may | be froper Previous to = that the  foison 


of a contagious fever, in a small, close, and dirty 
room, in fecto a rery great proportion of mankind ; 

not less than 26 out of 27, or a slill higher pro- 
portion; but in a large, airy, clean apartment, 


even putrid fevers are seldom or never infections. 


nen this poixonous vapour is nach diluted with 


- fresh air, it is not noxious. — From a large collec- 

lion, and anattentive consideration, of facts relative 
to this distemper, have been JOU the following 
Rules. . x 


1 As safety from dangers entirely depends on 
cleanliness and fresh air, the room door of a pati- 


ent ill of an infectious fever, especially in the habi- 


tations of the poor, should never be shut; a window 
in it, during the day, ought to be frequently opened. 


Such regulations would be highly useful, both to the 


a 2 - » 
— w — rr — — 2 e ID IT RA 
ESD THESE . 


— Mr 


2 


10 APPENDIX. 


patient and nurses; but are particularly important, 
previous to the arrival of any visitor. 

2. The bed curtains should never be close drawn 
round the patient; but only on the side next the 
light, so as to shade the face. 

3- Dirty clothes, utensils, &c, should be frequently 
changed, immediately immersed in cold water, and 
washed clean when taken out of it. 

4. All discharges from the patient should be i in. 
stantly removed. The floor near the patient's bed 
Should be rubbed clean every day with a wet.mop, 
or cloth. 

5. The air in a sick room has, at the same time, 
a more infectious quality in some parts of it than in 
others. Visitors and attendants should avoid the cur- 
rent of the patient's breath,—the air which ascends 


from his body, especially if the bed curtains be 


closed,—and the vapour arising from all evacuati- 
ons. When medical or other duties require a visitor 
to be placed in these situations of danger, infection 
may be frequently prevented by a temporary sus- 
pension of respiration. . 

6. Visitors should not go into an übel cham- 
ber with an empty stomach ; and in doubtful cir- 
cumstances, on coming out, they Should blow from 
the nose, and spit from the mouth, any infectious 


RU LES TO PREVENT INFECTIOUS FEVERS. 11 


poison which may have been drawn in by the 
breath, and may adhere to those passages. 


23d Jan. 1800. 


N. B. The preceding Rules have been extracted from 
a manuscript of Dr. Haygarth's, with his permission. 

| They are intended to enable medical and clerical 
visitors of the sick to perform their important duties 
with safety to themselves, and are printed upon a 
separate sheet, by the Society, with a view to their 
being distributed, so that a printed copy may be put 
up in every house where there is an infectious fever. 


They may be had at Hatchard's, 173, Piccadilly. 


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No. III. 
Wer have added to the Appendix the following Letter, $ug. 
-gesting a Mode of preserving Potatoes ; in the hope that 
it may be of particular use in the present Season. It is 
published on a Separate: sheet by the Society, and may be 
. had at Hatthard's, 173, Piccadilly. 


My Dran SIR, Berners-street, 11th Jan. 1800. 


Is compliance with your request, expressed at the 
meeting of the Society for bettering the Condition 
of the Poor, I herewith send you my simple but 
effectual mode of preserving Potatoes without fire, 
sweet and good, for a great length of time. 

I have, as yet, only tried it upon small quantities 
of Potatoes in my own family ; and I had intended 
deferring the publication of any account of it, until 
I had ascertained, by an apparatus I have ordered 

to be made, the expense and effects of the operation 
on a great scale. But your request, and the pecu- 
liar circumstances of the present season, added to 
the existing apprehension that the last year's crop 
of Potatoes is not calculated for keeping, induce me 
to give some account of the experiments I have 
already made; and to express my hope that country 
gentlemen and] farmers may be persuaded- to try, 
whether, on a bad day, they cannot adyantageously 


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MODE OF PRESERV.ING POTATOES. 13 


employ their poor neighbours, in this mode of pre- 
serving from decay, so material an article of food. 


The first of the two processes which I have 
adopted is as follows. took three pounds and a 
half of Potatoes, and had them peeled and rasped, 
and put them in a coarse cloth between two clean 
boards in a napkin press, and pressed them into a 
dry cake, hardly so thick as a very thin cheese. I 
then placed the cake on a shelf, as I chould an oil 
cake, to dry. There was about a quart of juice 
expressed from the Potatoes. To this I added che 
ame quantity of cold water ; and in about an hour 
it deposited rather more than sixty grains of very 


white starch, or flour, fit to make fine pastry. .-. . 


The cake which I produced, at the meeting of 
the society, and which you observed to be per- 
fectly sweet, was prepared in the preceding manner, 


o long ago as the year 1797, In size it occupied 


a sixth .of the compass. of the Potatoes. In weight 


it lost about two-thirds, by the process, but upon 


being drest, either by steam or otherwise, the cake 
will produce very nearly the same weight and 


quantity of food, as three pounds and a half of. 
Potatoes, properly dressed for table, would do. I. 
uould observe, that I have, lately prepared in this. 
es, that Mere quite frozen, and chat 


9 Ti 


the cake is now. perſeatly sue t. Some of the sau 


+ 24.58 


14 : . APPENDISXs 


Potatoes that were left, and not pressed, were rotten 


and spoiled in a few days. 

The other mode of preparation is what I very 
lately tried in your presence. I took five pounds 
of Potatoes, and without peeling them, had them 
well cleaned, and pounded in a mortar; and put 
them into a small wine press, and pressed them into 
a thin cake; completing the process as before.— 
The cake produced in this way appears to be sweet 
and wholesome ; but it has not that clean white, 
which the other cakes have; nor has there been 
sufficient time to ascertain, whether it will keep“ as 
well as that made of the peeled potatoes. 

I have conceived that the first and most material 
thing, 1s to ascertain the mode of preparation, and 
its effect, in. preserving the vegetable. Processes 
for abridging labour are so speedily invented and 
completed in England, that there can be little appre- 
hension, but the mere mechanical process will very 
soon be made perfect, and adapted to general use. 
Upon the invention itself, I trust it will not be too 
much to say, that if its benefit was confined to sup- 
plying the Navy of Great Britain, in every station 

This cake has not kept well; probably on account of 
there being defective specks in the Potatoes which had suf- 
fered by the frost, rather than from the circumstance of their 
not having heen peeled. z0th Fan. 1800. | 


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MODE OF PRESERVING POTATOES. 15 


of the globe, with abundance of this wholesome-and 


nutritive vegetable, it would be an object of no small 
moment; but when it is considered, that it may be 
the means of saving, in an abundant season, for a 
time of scarcity, and of preserving for years, an ar- 
ticle of food so important, and so subject to decay; 


chat the Potatoe so prepared may be packed in one- 
sixth its former space, and supply not only our navy, 


but our manufacturers, and our soldiers at home and 
abroad; and that it may afford acceptable employ- 
ment, within doors, for the poor, during the severest 
part of the winter, it will appear to be deserving of 
great attention. 

With regard to the process, I have to observe, 
that tho the peeling of the Potatoes is not abso- 
lutely necessary, yet it greatly improves the cake; 


and that the clearing them from all discoloured 


and frost- bitten specks appears to be necessary. I 
have used the mode of rasping or pounding them; 
but, upon a large scale, grinding them would pro- 
bably be an easier operation; unless the instrument 
applied in the West Indies for rasping Cassada 
bread should be made use of, which is cheap and 
simple, and is likely to answer the purpose. With 
a very powerful machine, I conceive that the 
cakes might be made at once, by merely pressing 
the Potatoes, without any previous preparation. 


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16 APPENDIX, 
As to the means of pressing them, a common cyder 
press might be used; or a cheese press, with the ad. 
vantage of a lever to increase the power. 
With great esteem and regard, 
I am, Dear Sir, 


Your faithful and obedient Servant, 
LANGToRD MILLINGTOX, 


Tomas Bernard, Esq 


L271 


No. IV. 


ADVICE TO THE POOR. 


The following is extracted from a paper written 
by Dr. Ferriar, and addressed to the poor of 
Manchester. As it contains very useful infor- 
mation for the poor, and particularly for those 
in manufacturing and othe r populous towns, 
it is, with Dr. Ferriar's permission, inserted in 
the Appendix, 


Avory living in damp cellars : they destroy your 
constitutions, and shorten your lives. No tempta- 
tion of low rents can counterbalance their ill effects. 
You are apt to crowd into the cellars of new 
buildings, supposing them to be clean, This is a 
fatal mistake. A new house is always damp for 
two years, and the cellars, which you inhabit under 
them, are generally as moist as the bottom of a well. 
In such places, you are liable to bad fevers, which 
often throw the patient into a decline, and you are 
apt to get rheumatic complaints, that continue for 
a long time, and disable you from working. 

B 


1 18 | APPENDIX, 


If you cannot help taking a cellar, be attentive 
to have all the windows put in good repair before 
you venture into it; and, if possible, get it white- 
washed. If you attempt to live in a cellar with 
broken windows, colds and fevers will be the cer- 


tain consequences. 

In many parts of the town you sleep in back 
rooms, behind the front cellar ; rooms, which are 
dark, and have no proper circulation of air. It 
| | would be much more healthy to sleep in the front 
part: at least, when you have large families, which 
is often the case, you ought to divide them, and 
not crowd the whole together in the back cellar. 

Keep your persons and houses as clean as your 


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pied in attending to cleanliness. It is better to give 


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up a little time occasionally in order to keep your 


houses neat, than to sce your whole family lying 
sick, in consequence of working constantly, with- 
out cleaning. It would be of great service, if you 
could contrive to air your beds and bed-clothes out 
of doors, once or twice a week. 

Always wash your children from head to foot 


wich cold water, before you send them to work in 


the morning. Take care to keep them dry in their 
feet, and never allow them to go to work, without 


7s 
Wh 
E 
I 


re 
Co 


vo 


ADVICE TO THE POOR, 


19 


giving them their breakfast, tho you should have 


nothing for them but a crust of bread, and alittle 
water. Children who get wet feet, when they go out 
early, fasting, seldom escape fevers or severe colds. 

If you know that any of your neighbours are in 
a starving condition, apply to some opulent persons 
in the neighbourhood ; get them recommended to 
the overseer ; or, if they are sick, to the infirmary.* 
Want of necessary food produces bad fevers; and 


»I add a note upon a subject not wholly foreign to that 
of this paper.— In the debate on the dog tax in 1796, it was 
stated in the House of Commons, that forty cases of hydro- 
pbobia had occurred in the Manchester infirmary within a 
fortnight. This was not correct: but by a publication of 
Mr. Simmons, surgeon of the infirmary, it appears that 
there were, at that time, a considerable number, probably 
upwards of forty, who applied at the infirmary, having been 
bitten by mad dogs; nine such patients baving applied in 
the course of one morning; BUT THAT THEY ALL Es- 
CAPED THE DISEASE, simply by the application of the 
KALL PURUM to the wounded parts, Mr. Simmons ob- 
serves that, for twenty years, he has had experience of the 
success attending the application of this caustic, in wounds 
inflicted by the bite of mad animals, or of animals supposed 
to be mad; and in no one instance had bydrophobia followed, 
after the caustic had been applied. It is said to have been 
used in the Manchester infirmary for near 50 vears, with 
uniform success. It may be applied either alone, or jointly 
with other means ; and not only in superficial but in deep 
wounds; taking care to induce a slough proportioned to 
the depth and extent of the wound, so as to leave no doubt 


of having penetrated to the very bottom. This is extracted 


from Dr. Ferriar's Medical Histories and Reflections: vol. 
11, p. 220. ö 


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20 | APPENDIX, 


many of you may suffer from neglecting poor dis- 
tressed persons, whom timely relief would have 
preserved from the disease. 

Therefore when you know, or have reason to 
believe, that any of your neighbours are afflicted 
with fevers, and that they have not taken care to 
procure the assistance afforded by the infirmary, 
you ought, both from a regard to them, and to 
yourselves, to give immediate information. 

You ought to be very cautious in purchasing old 
clothes, or second-hand furniture; as they may be 
brought from houses infected with fever; and you 
may introduce the infection with them into your 
own dwellings. Every article of this kind ought 
to be stoved, or ventilated, before it is admitted 
into your houses. 

Your sick neighbours, when the fever gets into 
their houses, may often require assistance from you. 
It would be cruel to refuse them; yet it is hard that 
you should be obliged to expose your health, and 
that of your family. You ought never to visit 
them from idle curiosity. But when they require 

7 your help in making their beds, washing, or turning 
the sick, you may preserve yourselves from being 
infected,* by tying a handkerchief across your face, 


See Dr. Haygarth's Rules to prevent infectious Fevers: 
No, II, of this Appendix. 


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ADVICE TO THE POOR», 21 


just below the eyes; to prevent the exhalations, 
from the bodies of the sick, from entering your 
mouth and nostrils. As soon as you return to your 
own house, wash your hands and face in cold wa- 
ter; and avoid touching any of your family, for 
half, or three quarters of an hour. 

Your health will always be materially injured by 
the following circumstances ;—living in small back 
buildings, adjoining to the open vaults of privies ; 
—or in cellars, where the streets are not properly 
Soughed, or drained ;—or in narrow bye streets, 
where sheep are slaughtered, and where the blood 


and garbage are allowed to stagnate and corrupt; 


and perhaps, more than all, by living crowded i 


together, in dirty lodging houses, where you cannot 
have the common comforts of light and air. 
It should be unnecessary to remind you, that 


much sickness is occasioned among you, by passing 


your evenings at alehouses, or in strolling about the 


streets, or in the fields adjoining to the town. Per- 


haps those who are most apt to expose themselves 


in this manner, would pay little attention to dis- 
suasive arguments of any kind. However, those 


who feel an interest in your welfare, cannot omit 
making the remark. 


There is another subject of great importance to 


you, on which you seem to want information. A. 


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22 APPENDIX, 


great number of children die of the natural small. 
pox, almost every year. This mortality must be 
imputed in a great degree to your own negligence; 
for the faculty at the infirmary offer to inoculate 
your children, and give public notice of the proper 
time for making your application, twice a year. The 
next period for inoculation will be in March ; the 
Succeeding period in September. The chance of 
recovery, from the small-pox received by inocula- 
tion, is so much greater than the chance of recovery 
from the natural kind, that you ought to consider 
yourselves as performing a duty to your children, 
and to the public, in bringing those who have not 
yet had the small-pox, to be inoculated at the 
infirmary. 

You ought to be informed, that there is scarcely 
any thing more injurious to the health of children, 
than allowing them to work at night in the cotton 
mills. It may not always be in your power to pre- 
vent their being employed in this manner ; but you 
Should be made acquainted with the danger to which 
you expose them. There is no hazard incurred by 
their working during the day, in clean, well-managed 
cotton mills. Ks 

It is also proper to inform you, that you may 
be infected with fevers, by working in the samc 
place with persons who have just recovered from 


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ADVICE TO THE PO OR. 23 


fevers; or by people who come from infected 
houses, where they are at no pains to keep them- 
selves clean. It is a fact well known to this Board, 
that infectious fevers have been conveyed from 


Manchester to neighbouring towns, and cotton 


mills, by persons going from infected houses. You 
had better collect something among yourselves, to 
support such persons for a fortnight after their re- 
covery, than expose yourselves to the risk of catch- 
ing a fever, by their returning too early to work. 
People who are discharged from the fever ward, 
bring no infection out with them; their clothes be- 


ing aired and cleaned, during their stay in the house 


of recovery. 


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No. V. 


Copy a Letter from Count RuuroR v to the 
Rev. Dr. MaAIEN DIE, of Windsor. 


Rev. SIR, Brompton-row, Dec. 5th, 1799. 
Vince wn; who brought your's to me of 
yesterday's date, will be the bearer of this letter. 
He is a young man of good character, and consi- 
derable talents; and I believe you will find him 
intelligent, and well informed in the business in 
which you are desirous of employing him. 

In answer to the questions you have done me 
the honour to propose to me respecting the means 
hat can be used with the fairest prospect of suc- 
cess, for relieving the distresses to which the poor 
are exposed, in consequence of the present scarcity 
of provisions, I would take the liberty to say, that 
in my opinion the providing of food for them in 
public kitchens, and selling it to them at such low 
price as they can afford to pay for it, would be ihe 
best method that could be adopted for that pur- 
pose; for, besides being an effectual relief to the 


poor in the moment of difficulty and distress, if in 


COUNT RUMFORD TO DR. MAI EN DIE. 235 


preparing this food care be taken to economize 
costly and scarce ingredients (which with due at- 
tention may be done to a surprising degree) the 
establishment of these public kitchens would have 


a direct and very powerful tendency to diminish 


the consumption of those articles of food, the scar- 


city of which is most sensibly felt by society at large. 

To this we may add, that the habit which the 
poor will acquire, in being fed from a public kitchen, 
of using good and palatable, and very cheap food, 
such as may at any time be prepared by themselves, 
in their own dwellings, at a much less expense than 
the victuals to which they are accustomed can be 
provided, may lead to a very important improve- 
ment in their system of cookery. 

1 verily believe that the inhabitants of Great 
Britain might be well nourisbed their hunger per- 
fectly satisfied their health and strength preserved 
and the pleasure they enjoy in eating increased, 
with two thirds of che food they now consume, were 
the art of cookery better understood. 

1 would beg leave to observe, that I would by 
no means propos to furnish the victuals from the 
public kitchens to all poor persons grat:s,—The 
aged and infirm, and young children, cannot earn 


by their labour enough to defray the expenses of 
their subsistence; but those who are able to work 


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26 APPENDIX. 


Should not be maintained in idleness, at the public 
expense, and most certainly not in times of general 
distress. All that they can reasonably expect is, that 
they and their families be enabled to subsist for as 
small a sum of money, or for the same quantity of 
labour, in times of scarcity, as their subsistence 
usually costs them in times of plenty. To do more 
for them at any time would be unwise, and in a 
time of general alarm would be productive of the 
most fatal evils. It would have a tendency to make 
them careless, idle, and profligate : and instead of 
being grateful for the assistance received, they would 
soon learn to consider it as their right; and, if it 
were discontinued, would demand it with clamorous 
importunity. But if the assistance afforded to the 
poor be so applied, as to be felt by them as an ho- 
nourable reward for their good conduct, and as an 
encouragement to persevere in their industrious 
habits, in that case, their morals will rather be im- 
proved, than injured, by the benefits received. 

In all cases where it is possible, I think that a 
school of industry for children, should be connected 
with a public kitchen ; and it 1s certainly necessary 
that measures should be taken, for giving constant 
employment to the poor of all descriptions, who are 
able to work. The full amount of their earnings 


Should always be given to them. This is proper. 


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COUNT RUMFORD TO DR. MAJENDIE., 27 


not only to encourage their industry, but also to 
keep alive in them a spirit of independence, with- 
out which they soon become disheartened, and ex- 
tremely helpless and miserable. Where the poor 
are paid for their labour, it is evidently just and 
proper that they should defray, as far at least as it is 
in their power, the expenses of their maintenance. 
It sometimes happens, though very rarely, that pro- 
fitable employment cannot be found for the poor: 
they should nevertheless be put to work; and even 
be kept to labour constantly and diligently, under 
the direction of those, who in such circumstances 
must provide for their subsistence. Were no pro- 
fitable employment to be found for them; and were 
there no other way of preventing their being idle, 
some public work might be undertaken for the sole 
purpose of employing them. 
But in the neighbourhood of Windsor, the poor 
can hardly be in want of useful employment. His 
MajzsTy has taken care to prevent that evil. It 


is much to be wished that his opulent subjects in 
Great Britain and Ireland, might be induced to 


follow his illustrious example! 

As industry and economy are the preventives 
and the only cure for indigence ; and as want is one 
of the strongest inducements to labour, it is evident 


that much caution is necessary in supplying the wants 


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28 APPENDIX. > 


of the poor; lest we destroy the effects of those in- 


citements which PRO VI DEN CE, in infinite wisdom, 
has contrived, to rouse mankind from a state of indo- 
tence and torpid indifference, and to stimulate them 
to that constant exertion of their bodily strength and 
mental faculties, which we know to be necessary to 
the health of the body and of the mind, and essen- 

tial to happiness and virtue. It seldom requires 
much ingenuity to make the assistance, that is given 
to the poor, operate as an incitement to industry; 
for rewards are as powerful motives as punish- 
ments, and the truly benevolent will always prefer 
them. But it should never be forgotten, that all 
that which 1s given to the poor, or done for them, 
that does not encourage their industry, never can 
fail to have a contrary tendency ; and consequently 
must do real harm to them, and to society. I must 


not, however, forget, that I am writing to a person 


well acquainted with human nature, and who has 
meditated too long on this subject, to stand in need 
of such observations as these. Wishing you all 
possible success in your laudable undertakings, I 
am, with much respect, Sir, 


Vour most obedient Servant, 


14112 
41121 


Run ron D. 
The Rev. H. MaIENXDIE, D. D. 5 | 


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[ 29] 


No. VI. 


TWELVE TRUE OLD GOLDEN RULES* 


For those who like to fare better than they now do, 
and at the same time to thrive and grow rich. 


1. I ready penny always fetches the best bar- 
gain. He who buys upon trust, must not complain 
if he is cheated. The shopkeeper suspects his cus- 
tomer who buys on trust, and thinks that he means 
to cheat, and never to pay; and therefore he takes 
good care to be beforehand, and charges high ac- 
cordingly. 4 

2. The best pennyworth 1s to be had where 
most sit together, in the open market ; and bargains 
are often cheaper in the latter end of the day. 
When honest men have done their work, it 1s better 
for them to go to market, than to the alehouse. 

3. When times are hard, why should we make 
them harder still? Is it not enough to be taxed 
once by government, without being taxed twice by 

* This is compiled partly from an anonymous paper 
lately inserted in the public papers, and intitled Friendly 
Advice to the Poor. 


30 APPENDIX. 


folly, thrice by drunkenness, four times by laziness, 
and so on ?—A good man, even in hard times, will 
do twice as well, as a bad man will in the best of 
times. Let us all then rise up against ourselves, 
who thus fa and injure ourselves; and we shall 
soon find that the times will mend. Let us do 
good to ourselves at bome, and we shall become 
happy in our own habitations; and learn that it is 


a true saying, that © God helps those who help 


themselves.“ 

4. T1ME 1s OUR ESTATE} it is our most va- 
luable property. If we lose it, or waste it, we can 
never never purchase it back again. We ought, 
therefore, not to have an idle hour, or throw away 
an idle penny. While we employ our time and 
our property (however small that property may 
be) to the best advantage, we shall find that a for- 

tune may be made in any Situation of life ; and that 
the poor man, who once wanted assistance himself, 
may become able to assist and relieve others. 
5. IxDusrzx will make a man a purse, and 
FRUGALITY will find him strings for it. Neither 
the purse nor the strings will cost him any thing. 


He who has it, should only draw the strings as fru- 


gality directs; and he will be sure always to find 


a useful penny at the bottom of it. The servants 
industry are known by their livery ; it is always 


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TWELVE GOLDEN RULES 31 


' whole and wholesome. Idleness travels very lei- 
surely, and poverty soon overtakes her. Look at 


the ragged slaves of idleness, and judge which is 
the best master to serve;—Industry, or Idleness. 

6. MARRIAGE IS HONOURABLE: and the mar- 
ried state, when entered into with prudence, and 
continued in with discretion, is of all conditions 
of life the most happy; but to bring a wife 
home, before we have made provision by our 
industry and prudence, for her and our children, 
or to choose a wife, who has not, by attention 
and economy on her part, proved herself fit to 
manage a family, is extremely imprudent and im- 
provident. Let, therefore, the young prepare them- 
selves for the married state, by treasuring up al 
the surplus of their youthful earnings, and they 
will marry with confidence, and live together in 
comfort. | 

7. Of all idolatry, that ever debased any savage 
and ignorant nation, the worship of the gin bottle 
is the most disgraceful. The worshipper of the gin 
bottle becomes unfit for any thing; he soon rots his 
liver, and ruins himself and his family. 

8. He who does not make his family comfort- 
able, will himself never be happy at home; and he 
who is not happy at home, will never be happy any 
where. Charity begins at home : the husband and 


—_ — — 7 
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— 

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32 | | APPE NDIX. 


wife, who can hardly keep themselves and their 


children, should not W a Jens; to rob the children 


of part of their food.” 

9. She who roasts or broils her meat, wastes half 
of it in the fire. She who boils it, loses half of it 
in the water. But when the good wife stews her 
meat gently, thickening the liquor with a little meal, 
ground rice, or pease and vegetables, and making 


it savoury with fried onions, herbs, and seasoning, 


her husband and she fare much better, their children 


' thrive and grow hearty and stout, and their money 


goes twice as far. 

o. When you stew or boil your meat, if you 
leave the vessel uncovered, a great deal of the best 
part goes off and is wasted in steam; and when 
you make the fire in a wide chimney, with a large 
open throat, there is at least twice as much of the 
heat that goes up the chimney, as ever comes into 
the room to warm the family. 

11. Sinning is a very expensive occupation. 
Ask those who have practised it; they can tell you 
what it has cost them. The man who attempts to 
make you laugh at Taz FEAR or Gop is your 
worst enemy. In $0 doing, he endeavours to teach 
you to be also your own bitter and irreconcileable 
enemy for ever, both in this world, and in the next. 


12, Sin 1s the greatest of all evils; the salvation 


— ͥ —— . . — My ny” Er" e 


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TWELVE GOLDEN RULES, 


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ETERNITY, 


Go our richest treasure. Let the poor man find 
ing 


place of divine worship on Sunday, and, like an 
honest man, go to his labour on Monday. Follow- 


his way to the cheapest 


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No. VII. 


EXTRACT FROM DR. FERRIAR'S' DI. 
RECTIONS AS TO THE TREATMENT 
OF THE DYING. 


The parting hour of the cottager is so frequently com. 
mitted to the sole care and conduct of his uninslruct- 
ed neighbours and friends, that, with Dr. Ferriar's 
Permission, I have inserted an extract from his 
directions, as to the TREATMENT OF THE DYING: 
© hoping that the lessons of sound sense and medical 
knowledge, whichit contains, may find therr way inis 
the collage, and assist the child, the wiſe, and the 
nerghbour, in their last offices to their dying friend. 
—The dispersion of the mere animal terrors of 
death, and the consideration that the close of an 
useful and religious life is the welcome repose of a 
wearied 5oul, resting in the joyful hope of awaking 
to glory and happiness, may tend to relieve the 


| | anxiety of weak Spirits, and to remove those doubts 


which will Sometimes molest even firmer minds. 


 Whaleweconsder the Pleare with which we' clo 


TREATMENT OF THE DYING. 35 


an active and well apent day in Sleep, and proceed 


From it to contemplate the Serene composure, with 
whack a good christian may receive his dis mission 
from mortal care, the mind is both Strengthened 
and improved. But these consolations ave pecu - 
tiar to the virtuous. T hey carry no relief to the 
Selfush voluptuary, or to the frivolous idler. The 
real and insupportable pangs of a owilty consci- 
ence, af the hour of death, must effectually prevent 
tlie slaves of sin, Sensuality, and self. indulgence, 
From decewing themselves, even with a momentary 
aße, that their last hours Hall be calm aud un- 

disturbed, and that they shall 5ink mio. peaceful 
and desired repose; when the soul must be la- 
rassed by a thousand anxious thoughts, —mest be 
aggravated by the memory of the past, by the con- 
 Stderation of the present, and by the dread of the 
future; and see nothang but horror and fearful in- 
| nn ere TH 


or THE TREATMENT of THE DYING. 


Wars the approach of death is ascertained, 
ether from the symptoms of che disease, or by the 
patient's own feelings, the friendly offices of the 
Physician are not less grateful to the sick, than 


Ca 


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36 Arp ENDIX. 


batisfactory to che surrdufding relations; He will 
not, like ignorant practitioriers,. torment his patient 


wich unavailing attempts to stimulate the dissolving 


system, from the idle vanity of prolonging the flut- 


ter of the pulse for a ſew more vibrations. If he 


cannot alleviate his situation, he will protect him 
against every suffering, which has not been attached 
to it by nature. CITES Ih 1 
While the senses remain perfect, the patient 
ought to direct his own conduct, both in his devo- 
tional exercises, and'in the last interchange of af- 
fection with his friends. The powers of the mind, 
after being forcibly exerted on those objects, com- 
monly sink into complete debility, and respiration 
becoming weaker every moment, the patient is ren- 
dered apparently insensible to every thing around 


him. But the circumstances of the disease occa- 
sion much variety in this progress. In fevers, when 


he brain suffers by suppuration, the interval be- 
tween oppression and death is hardly discernible. 
In the inflammation: of the lungs, the patient is 
generally collected previous to death. Indeed, in 
most cases in which the patient is destroyed by the 


rapidity of the circulation, there is a sort of lucid 
interval, immediately before dissolution; Because 
the action of the vessels is at length retarded, by 
the debility of the dying state. This may be per- 


7 


c 


TREATMENT OF THE DYING. 37 


eeived hy the looks and gestures, even when the 
patient is incapable of speaking. | 

In those who die of chronic disegses the grada- 
tion is more slow and distinct. Consumptive pa- 
tients are sometimes in a dying state, during several 
days; they appear at such times to suffer little; 
but they languish for complete dissolution; and I 
have known them express great uneasiness, when 
they have been recalled from the commencement 
of insensibility, by the cries of their friends, or the 
efforts of the attendants to produce pain. 

In observing persons in this situation, I have 


always been impressed with an idea, that the ap- 
proach of actual death, produces a sensation similar 


to that of falling asleep. The disturbance of re- 
spiration is the only apparent source of uneasiness 


to the dying, and sensibly seems to be impaired, in 


exact proportion to the decrease of that function. 
Besides, both the impressions of present objects, 
and those recalled, by memory, are influenced by 
the extreme debility of the patient, whose wish is 
for absolute rest. 

In some delicate and n person, a \ kind, of 
«truggle i is sometimes excited when respiration be- 
comes very difficult. I have known this effort 


proceed, $0 far, that the patient, a very few minutes 


before :death, has staried out of bed, and 800d 


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38 ent Menn, 


erect for a moment. But this 


effect of apprehension. , Those who resign them- 


elves quietly 'to their Welfbgt seem to fare best. 
The action of the arterial system 1s gradually 
destroyed, and not always in the same direction. 
This difference depends on the nature of the de- 
Stroying cause: when this is general debility, how- 
ever produced, the pulse ceases first in the extre- 
mities, which become entirely cold; and the larger 
vessels die successively, till the action of the heart 
is itself extinguished. In the nurses' phrase, the 
patient dies upward. But when the cause of death 
is a more partial affection, in apoplexy for example, 
the pulse continues in the wrists and feet, and those 


parts even feel to the hand uncommonly n JR 


before —_—_ 
One of the surest indications of the nearness of 


death, is the alternate tossing of the arms, from the 


breast backwards. This, perhaps, is an effort to 
assist the muscles, which dilate the chest. 
The length of the interval between insensibility 


and the absolute cessation of existence, which oc- 


curs in o many cases, has given rise to a multitude 
of superstitious notions, and mischievous' practices 
among the vulgar. The effects of these impressions 


still remain. It is a prevalent” opinion among 
nüfses and 56rvanits, "that a patient, Whose death is 


= Mm MT FF HS Wo —_=E 


ay my jos K 


TREATMENT OF THE DYING. 39 


lingering, cannot quit life while he remains on a 
common bed: and that it is necessary to drag the 
bed away, and to place him on the mattrass. This 
piece of cruelty is often practised, when the attend- 
ants are left to themselves. 

Another improper practice, is the den 
with which the attendants lay out the body, imme- 
diately after death appears to have taken place. I 
have known them strip the body, in very cold, 
stormy weather, and wrap it in cold linen, throwing 
a single sheet over it, and opening the doors and 
windows of the apartment, in little more than half 
an hour. after a patient had died suddenly. 

It is too certain, that the helpless patient often 
feels these cruelties, after he has become unable to 
express his sensations distinctly. The testimony 
of persons who have recovered from apparent death, 
leaves no doubt on this head. Perhaps a more 
deplorable condition can scarcely be conceived, 
chan that of the expiring master of a family, trans- 
ferred from the soothing care of his friends, to the 
officious folly, or rugged indifference of servants. 
This is a state of suffering to which we are all ex- 
posed, and, if it were unavoidable, I should be far 

from desiring to unveil so afflicting a prospect ; 
but the means of prevention are so easy, that J 
cannot ſorbear 0 solicit che public attention to them. 


. ͤ„-K—003——— ay "tt a ns 


40 nd APPENDIX, WAA ASE | 


When the tassitig of the arms, which. I have 


described, the rattling noise in respiration, and dif- 


ficulty ofswallowing have come on, all unnecessary 


noise and bustle about the dying person should be 


prohibited. The bed-curtains should be drawn 
nearby close, and unless the patient should place 
himself in a posture evidently uneasy, he should be 
left. undlisturbed. Exclamations of grief, and the 
.crouding - of OY" round the mp t serve 


40 harass iam. - 1 6410 | , 


The common practice of dying bim wy hg uors 


of different kinds, and of forcing them into his 


mouth when he cannot swallow, should be e 
abstained from. 
When he no longer e one person * 


chould remain in the room, who should take care 
that no alteration be made in the state of the bed. 
Every thing should be conducted, as if he were in 
a transitory sleep. If the weather be hot, the win- 
-dows of the room may be opened, and the bed- 
curtains undrawn, in the course of two or three 
hours. In winter it will be Sufficient to withdraw 


the curtains within that time. 


There can be no just reason for the haste, with 
Vjhichh it is usual to lay out the body. Several hours 
niay be properly suffered to elapse, before this is 


done; for the joints do not commonly become rigid 


LES PF. 1 I = 4.t „erben 
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we 


e a dre LY ee Bee 2 


41 


for a considerable time. At the end of that period, 
the body will be completely cold, and all remains 
of sensibility will have been extinguisbed. 

It is far from my intention to excite by these 


TREATMENT OF THE DYING. 


remarks, apprehensions respecting premature inter- 


ment, in those who may be led to peruse this paper, 
without much knovledge of medical subjects. The 
period to which I wish to direct attention, precedes 
the funeral by several days, according to the cus- 
tom of this country ; and it must require uncom- 


mon folly, to incur any hazard of such an event. 


Happily the usage of keeping the body unburied 
during several days, is 80 firmly established in this 


country, that it is unnecessary to speculate on the 


possibility of such abuses. The slightest appear- 


ance of putrefaction affords sufficient security 


against any revisiting of life; and marks of this na- 


ture are almost always visible, before the date of 


interment observed here. 


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No. VII. r 


a PIR wy a. ati pay een near 
Tadcaster.x By Thomas Bernard, ESG. 


T. o miles from Tadcaxer, on the leſi-hand ade 
General Fw of the road to York, stands a beautiful 


count of the little cottage, with a garden, that has 


ottage, &c. 
e long attracted the eye of the traveller. 


The slip of land is exactly a rood, inclosed by a cut 
quick hedge; and containing the cottage, fifteen 
apple: trees, one green gage, and three winesour 
plum-trees, two apricot: trees. several gooseberry 
and currant bushes, abundance of common vege- 
tables, and three hives of bees; being all the appa- 
rent wealth of the possessor. The Singular neat- 
ness and good order that marked every part of this 
little domain, and some circumstances respecting 
the owner, which had been mentioned to me by 
Dr. Burgh of York, made me anxious to obtain the 
history of the cottager and his family. In the end 
This account was originally published in July 1797; 
but, being nearly out of print, is inserted in the e 
by ens of the Society. 


© 


ACCOUNT OF A COTTAGE, &c. 43 


of May, 1797, I called there in my way from York; 
but found the house and the gate of the garden 
locked. In the road to Tadcaster, however, I met 
his wife, laden with a basket of provisions from the 
market; and engaged her to find her husband, who 
was at work about a mile off, and to send him to 
me at the inn at Tadcaster. When he arrived he 
very willingly gave me bis history, as follows.— 
His name is Britton Abbot; his age sixty-seven, 
and his wife's nearly the same. At OK 
| His history till 


nine years old he had gone to work the inclosure. 


with a farmer; and being a steady 

careful lad, and a good labourer, particularly in 
what is called task-work, he had managed so well, 
that before he was 22 years of age, he had accumu- 
lated near £.40. He then married and took a little 
farm at £. 30 a year; but before the end of the 
second year he found it prudent, or rather neces- 
Sary, to quit it; having already exhausted, in his 
attempt to thrive upon it, almost all the little pro- 
perty that he had heaped together. He then fixed 
in a cottage at Poppleton; where, vith two acres of 
land, and his common right, he kept two cows. 
Here he had resided very comfortably, as a labour. 


er, for nine years, and had six children living, and 
his wife preparing to lie in of a seventh, when an 


inclosure of Poppleton took place; and the arrange- 


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64 ASN DI. 


-mienfs made in consequencè of it, obliged him to 
seek ſor a new habitation, and other means of Sub- 
sistence for his family. 

He applied to Squire-Fairfax, and told him that, 
| if he would let him have a little bit 
He builds his 


cottage, and of ground by the road-side, © he 
plants his gar- 


Au. would shew him the fasbions on it. 


After inquiry into his character, he 


obtained of Mr. Fairfax the ground he now occu- 
pies; and with a little assistance from the neighbours, 
in the carriage of his materials, he built his present 


house; and planted the garden, and the hedge round 
it, which is a single row of quick, thirty-five years 
old, and without a flaw or defect. He says he cut it 


dovn six times successively when it was young. Mr. 


Fairfax was so much pleased with the progress of his 


work, and the extreme neatness of his place, that he 
told him he should be rent free. His answer de- 
serves to be remembered: * Now, Sir, you have 


* pleasure in seeing my cottage and garden neat : 


and why should not other squires have the same 
7 pleasure, in seeing the cottages and gardens as nice 


«about ther? The poor would then be happy; 


and would love them, and the place where they 
ived: but now every little nook of land is to be 
let to the great farmers; and nothing left for the 
poor, but to you to the parish.” 


ACCOUNT OF A'/COTTAGE, &c. 45 


He has hid: seven children; six of whom attained 
to man's estate; and five are now : 
EET 7 e Account of his 
Iiving,, and thriving in the world, family, earn- 
His son has a little farm ner Helms- ORF Wes 


ley Moor: one of his daughters is the wife. of 


a joiner at York; another, of the occupier. of a 
little farm at Kelfield; a third of a labouring man, 
who has a little land of his own, near Duffield; 
the fourth is the wife of a labourer, who has built 
a cottage for himself at Tadcaster, and wants no- 
thing (as the father observed) but a bit of ground 
for a garden, Britton Abbot says he now earns. 125. 
and sometimes 155. and 188. a week, by hoeing tur- 
nips by the piece; setting quick, and other task- 


work: © but to be sure, (he added) I have a grand 


« character in all this country.” He gets from his- 
garden, arinually, about 40 bushels of potatoes, be- 
sides other vegetables; and his fruit, in a good year, 


is worth from F. 3 to . 4 a year. His wife occa- 


sionally goes out to work; she also spins at home, 
and takes care of his house and his garden. He says, 
they have lived very happy together for forty-five 
years.—To the account that I have given, it may 
be needless to add, that neither he, nor any part of 
his family, has ever had occasion to "Py for 
e relief. 


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46 * AEN D ix; et & 


Fo my visit was unexpected; and he at the 
latter end of his Saturday's work, his 


His appear- 


ance, health, clothes were neat and sufficiently clean: 
his countenance was healthy and open; 


&c. &c. &c. 


he was a little lame in one leg, the consequence of 
exposure to wet and weather. He said he had al- 


ways worked hard and well; but he would not deny 


but that he had loved a mug of good ale when he 
could get it. When I told him my object in in- 


quiring after him, that it was in order that other poor 
persons might have cottages and gardens as neat as 
his, and that he must tell me all bis secret how it 


was to be done; he seemed extremely pleased, and 
very much affected; he said, nothing would make 


poor folks more happy, than finding that great 


es folks thought of them: that he wished every poor 
man had as comfortable a home as his on; not but 


chat he believed there might be a few. tbriftless fel- 


lows, who would not do good in it. 


I asked him whether he had not a cow. He 81 
he had had one, and she had died; 


Pc * about and having no other place but the lane 
to keep his cow; he had not attempted 

to get another. Could you get land, if you had 
4a cow?” He thought he could.“ Supposing 
« then (I added) a cow could be bought for C. 12 : 
and you could rent it on the terms of paying down 


in 


ACCOUNT OF A COTTAGE, &c. 47 


10. 3 10s. immediately; and then C. g 10s. at the 
* end of each year during three years; and that the 
* cow was to be yours at the end of the three years, 
«if she lived, and you paid your rent regularly :— 
Do you think such a bargain would answer for 
l:?“ - Ves, he said, he was sure it would very 
greatly; and there were few cottagers to whom it 
would not be a very great advantage ; especially 


where they had a family of children. I told him to 


inquire whether he could get a little land; and I 
would have some more talk with him about it, when 
I came down in August. 


OBSERVATIONS. 


The history of Britton Abbot appears to me to 
merit attention. At the time of the general view 
inclosure of Poppleton, when he had f his bistory. 
six young children living, and his wife preparing to 
lie in of a seventh, his whole little system of eco- 
nomy and arrangement was at once destroyed; his 
house, his garden, his little field taken from him, 
and all his sources of wealth dried up. With less 
success in his application for the rood of land, the 
spot in which his industry was to be exerted, and 
(in justice to him it must be added) with less energy 


than be - possesses, he might have gone with his 


— 2 
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48 D Ae e 


fatnuly into a workbouse; and, from that hour, have 

become a hurtben to the public, instead of being 

one of its most useful members. Observe for a 
moment the effects of bis well directed industry. 
Without any parochial aid, he has raised six of bis 
seven children, to a state of maturity; and has placed 
them out respectably and comfortably in the world. 
Five of them are now living, in the middle period 
of life; and he continues, at the age of sixty- seven, 
a good working labourer; happy in his own in- 
dustry and good management, in the beauty and 
comfort of his cottage, and in the extreme fertility 
of his garden. 


Britton Abbot t POSSESSES a degree of energy and 
spirit, that we must not expect to find 
The cottager _ 25 bo 
should be en- in every 'cottager. If, however, the 
couraged to 5 2 | 

thrive in his Poor do not exert themselves, and have 
cottage. not so much forethought and manage- 
ment as might be wished, the fault is less in them, 
than in the system of our poor laws, and in the 
manner in which they are executed. Were they 


properly and universally encouraged to industry 


and economy, we should soon find thriving and 
happy cottagers in every part of the kingdom. Let 


only a tenth of the money, now spent in workhouses, 


in what is usually called: © tbe relief of the poor,” 


he applied in assisting and encouraging them to 


t 
TL. 


di 
re 


ACCOUNT OF A COTTAGE, &c. 49 


thrive and be happy in their cottages, the poor's 
rate will be lessened, and a national saving made 
both in labour and food.“ The labourer is capable 
of more exertion, and is maintained for less than 
half the expense in his cottage, than in a work- 
house. In his cottage he has his family around 


him, he has something he can call his own, he has 


objects to look forward to, and is the maxter of his 
own actions. Domestic connections, property, li- 
berty, the hope of advancement, those master springs 
of human action, exist not in a workhouse. 
It is the misfortune of this country, that the well- 
$ 
di posed and industrious poor do not Delectslo-our 
receive sufficient aid or encourage- system of re- 
N lief. 
ment. They find no distinction made 


between them and the idle and profligate; except 


this—tbat the idle and profligate are maintained 


* This experiment would be easily tried. Suppose the 
poor's rate of a parish so applied to be (. 600 a year; and 
that L. 60 a year of the rate were to be annually employed 
in assisting the most industrious and deserving labourers, to 
become posses-ors of cottages and cows: I am confident the 
poor's rate of that parish would be greatly diminished in 


a few years; probably to half its present amount. The 


diFerence between a law that encourages the poor to exer- 
tion, and one that attempts to compel them to it, is, that in 
the first you have the co-operation of the millions of the 
people who are to be the objects of the law; in the second, 
all the labour is thrown on the unfortunate and unsucces 
persons who are to attempt to execute it. 


D 


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58 +. + +» APPENDIX, 


in part at their expense. As the law is too fre- 
quently executed, the cottager, tho poor bimself, 
is regularly assessed for the relief of the poor, but 
he receives no. benefit from the fund, no assistance 
towards the support of himself and bis family, un- 
less he is reduced to absolute want, and presents 
himself hopeless at the door of the workhouse. 


The evil has been greatly increased by the W 


Increased by Of George I. which authorizes the 


the act of Geo. 5 
Las t work. farming of the poor, and refuses re 
houses. lief to those who will not submit to 
reside in the workhouse.“ It is, in consequence, 


the interest of the farmer of the workhouse, to keep 


it in such a condition, that (to use Mr. Parry's 


vords t) © the honest and industrious labourer, Who 
| ' has brought up a large family with credit, and 
| 0 who from misfortune is poor, and from age past 
e his labour, will submit to be half starved, rather 
. * than take up his abode amid such wretchedness 


and profligacy.” By these means workhouses be- 


come objects of terror to the honest and industrious, 


An act has been lately passed (in December, . 1795), 
empowering the magistrates to order the cottager, under 
special circumstances, temporary relief at home. It has not, 
however, been attended to in some districts; and in others. 
the execution wot it is very unwillingly submitted to * n 

officars- To | | 
+ See the first Hen: of the Society. 


s o 4+ 3 8 


&. das ©; 


ACCOUNT OF'A'COTTAGE, &c. 51 


and at the same time the favourite resort of the 
dissolute and abandoned; the dirt, the waste, the 
disorder, the want of regulation, and the undis- 
tinguisbing treatment* of the worst and best cha- 
racters, being as gratifying to them, as they are irk- 
omè and disgusting to the well disposed poor. 

Let us consider what must be the effect of this 
| 5y stem on the cottager,—Tenant to the 


The situation 
farmer who has taken his cottage over of the cottager 


Stated, 
his head, he is aware that his new land- 


lord will require as much rent as he can contrive to 


pay. He has a young and increasing family ; and, 
when times are at the best, he often finds it as much 
as he can do to go on, from one day to another, in 
their support. He can hardly expect that during 
| the severity of the winter, the high price of bread, 
or the visitation of sickness, his earnings will always, 
| and at all seasons, continue equal to the necessities 
of his family. If the hour of adversity arrives, he 
knows the rule of his parish, that“ no assistance is 


* An English workhouse is the only place upon earth, 
where the idle have the same allowance of food, and the 
same accommodation, as the industrious. In the table of diet 
of the Rasphouse at Rotterdam, there is a great difference 
made between those who do full work, and those who only 
work Half task. In the establisùment at Munich, mere ne- 
cessaries are allowed for those who do not work for those 
who do, comforts and luxuries. 


D 2 


e — 


52 © © APPENDIX» 


& to be given to the labourer, while be possesses any 
thing of his own ;” and that what, with much 
labour and much self-denial, he shall have saved, 
must all be exhausted and spent, before his claim to 
parochial relief can be admitted. It may be well 
to consider what incitement be has to thrift and 
forethought. Can we confidently answer for our- 
selves that, so circumstanced, we should act even 
as well, and look as much to futurity, as he does; 
or that we should not be made mere sensualists by 
despondency ? Is it perfectly clear, that we should 
not spend every penny, that could be spared from 


the daily nourishment of our families, in self. indul- 
gence at an alehouse ? 

Happy should I be, if I could make use of the 
1 e pig history of Britton Abbot, to obtain for 
tages for the the labourer encouragement to imitate 
8 the energy of his industry. Of the dif- 
ferent modes of aiding and animating the poor, none 
would have more tendency to raise them above the 
Want of parochial aid, than that of enabling them 
Progress!vely 1 to follow his example, in such a man- 
ner, that the most deserving might in their turn be- 


come the owners of comfortable cottages and pro- 


ductive gardens; a measure which seems to be 


peculiarly called for by the present condition of the 


dwellings of the poor. Itis a melancholy fact that, 


OD © 85 „ „ 5» 


_— 


== - 


+ ww " Re” KR My” wee ww FT rm —_ 


— 


ACCOUNT OF A COTTAGE, &c. 53 


in most parts of England, * their habitations are not 
only comfortless and devoid of accommodation, but 
insufficient in number; and that honest and indus. 
trious families are frequently dri ven into the work- 
house, merely for the want of cottages in their parish. 
If the custom of setting apart ground for them to 
build upon, were to obtain generally, ; 

5 5 | Benefit of giv- 
and in a manner to induce and enable ing them sites 
them to take the benefit of it, it would ales hn 
assist in gradually correcting this national and in- 
creasing evil, and in supplying that useful class of 


men with proper habitations.— It would have other 


very important effects. It would diminish the calls 


for parochial relief; it would encourage and im- 
prove the good habits of the poor; it would attach 
them to their parishes, and give them an increased 
interest and Share in the property and prosperity of 


* There are some parts of England, particularly in the 
northern counties, where the habitations of the poor are very 
comfortable; and other parts, in which the public spirit 
and benevolence of individuals have done, and are doing, 
much to improve them in their own neighbourhood. Pic- 
turesque cottages might be so disposed around a park, as 
to ornament and enliven the scenery with much more effect, 
than those misplaced Gothic castles, and those pigmy mo- 
dels of Grecian temples, that perverted taste is so busy with: 
but it is the unfortunate principle of ornamental buildings 
in England, that they should be uninbabited and uninbabit- 


3 


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54 renne 


their country. The land required for each cottage 
and garden, need not be more than a rood; the 
value of which would bear no possible comparison 
to that of the industry to be employed upon it. 
The quarter of an acre that Britton Abbot inclosed, 
was not worth a shilling a year. It now contains a 
good house and a garden, abounding in fruit, veget- 
ables, and almost every thing that constitutes the 
wealth of the cottager. In such inclosures, the 
benefit to the country, and to the individuals of the 
parish, would far surpass any petty. sacrifice of land 
to be required. FIVE Un$1GHTLY, UNPROFIT- 
ABLE, ACRES OF WASTE GROUND WOULD" Ar- 
FORD HABITATION' AND COMFORT TO TWENTY 
such FAMILIES AS BRITTON ABBOT's, 

In order to encourage the exertions of the la- 
Exempt from rent bourer, I should hope that. this 
and taxes, white te would be conceded to me, that the 
and occupant. rood of land, inclosed for his cot- 
tage and garden (on condition of a house being 
erected) be held in fee simple; and that, so long 
as a parishioner, labouring generally within his pa- 
Tish, continued owner and occupier, such cottage 
and garden sbould, by parliamentary. authority, be 
exempt from rent, taxes, rates, tithes, and all bur- 


thens, whatsoeyer,, It would be an important ob- 


ject to keep these little frecholds in the hands of the 


>» Ht wie H —_—_— n 


ACCOUNT OF A COTTAGE, &c. 55 


= 
- SY 


labourers of the parish ; so that they might be trans- 
mitted from father to son, like those little estates, 
which we contemplate with so much pleasure in 


Burrodale. If, therefore, the exemption from rent, 


taxes, x &c. continued no longer than while the cot- 
tage was both the property and residence of a pa- 
rishioner, generally working within his parish, it 
would not be of half as much value to any other 
person, as to him for whom it was originally intend- 
ed; and if in some instances they got into other 
hands, they would soon return again into the pos- 
session of the labouring parishioner. 

As the means of promoting industry and good 
conduct among the poor, I should hope 


The kind of 
that a preference would be given to preference 


f and aid to be 


ec | | 
industrious parishioners, members 0 given. 


«* friendly societies;“ and that the cha- 


xacter of the man, the number of his children, and 


The exemption from land tax would create another 
exemption ; that of not having to attend county elections. 
It might be proper that no settlement should be affected, 
or varied, by any ownership, or occupation, of these cot- 
tages: and that the performance of the condition, by the 
erection of the cottage, should be certified and recorded at 
the quarter sessions — The rent to be paid by a stranger 
should not be less than a guinea a year; to be distributable 
in fuel among the poor of the parish at Christmas This 
would serve at once as a penalty on the intruder, ane as 2 
compensation to the parishioners. 1.72 


. 5 - 
IR - 1 8 2 — © — - : N 
2 "4 - — 4 2 — „ S— Pe, a. — * 
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£ | 111 4 
70 

1 70 wy - 


2 APPEN DI. 


other circumstances, would induce the farmers to 
give him the carriage of his materials, and his other 
neighbours to help. him“ with a pecuniary subscrip- 
tion. The annual sum of C. 10 or C. 20 so col - 
lected in a parish, and impartially and publicly 
given as a premium to the most deserving labourer 
in that parish (either to assist him in erecting his 
cottage, or to enable him to purchase his cow) 
would produce a great effect on the good habits of 
the poor; and, while it rewarded merit, would sti- 
mulate others to follow the example. 
It would have other important effects. —It ws 
greatly diminish parish rates ;F for he 
Its ad ef- | | | 
fects as to Who possesses a freehold cottage and 


other pa- | 8 
des, And to garden, or a cow, has seldom, if ever, 


the public. occasion to apply for parochial relief. 
By attaching the cottager to his own parisb, it would 
secure to the farmer a certain supply of labourers, 


When a young man in New England has saved a little 
money towards erecting his house, he applies to his towns- 
men for assistance: they fix the time, and all of them attend 
to get the building up. I have known one of those houses 
erected and covered in, in the course of a few days. 

7 Landlords and farmers, who wish their own poor's rates 
HECuced, would do well to inquire into the amount of the 
Poor's 8 rates in those pariskes, where labourers have gardens 
and e cows. One annual rate of sixpence in the pound has 
proyed fully adequate to the relief of the poor in such à pa- 
'rish. See the Earl of Winchilsea's letter, and some > dier 
reports, on the advantages of cottagers renting land. 


JE 


ACCOUNT OF A'COTTAGE, &c. 57. 


and would equalize, and keep down, the price of 


labour, now much enhanced by the disposition to 
wander about, in quest of the highest wages and the 


easiest work; a disposition which has occasioned 


a considerable waste in the produce of national 
labour. But this would not be all. Freehold cot- 
tages and gardens, do not only attach the owners to 


their country, but are also the surest pledges and se- 


curities for their conduct. The cottager, who has 
property, is habituated to set a higher value on him- 
self and on his character, and seems to be of a su- 
Besides this, the addition, 
which these little freeholds might make to the in- 


perior order of men. 


would 
be an object of consideration in this respect; that 


dustry, morals, and produce of a country,“ 


the cottager, who has a garden and a little pro- 
perty of his own, has always before him a pleasur- 
able object of industry for his leisure time: where- 
as, he who has none, is driven to the ale-house 
by the same unbappy necessily, that impels. idle 
young men to the gaming table, —the want of 
occupation, Ne 

| In the mode which I suggested to Britton * 


» Productive gardens to cottages would, by the increased 
| consumption of vegetables, make a considerable saving in 
bread corn; the same observation may be applied to cotta- 
gers' cows. Of butter, eggs, and poultry, our markets might 
have a regular and cheap supply from cottagers. 5 


; nn 


— — —— —————— > __—_— oy 


— 


P 


— — : — — — — — — 
2 * Fe 3 5 - ; — > gon 82 4 4 = - = 8 8 * 
"©: = a= — as Iu 2 1 DE E I = 8 * US _ * 2 8 
2 — ; — — — OE was 2 
"Rem — = — 24 * -- 
— ——— 


of cottagers 


1 cos. duire a gradually increasing interest 


iin her; so as to make him anxious 
for her preservation, but not such as to involve him 
deeply, in case of her death, or to give him a right 


to dispose of her. In this way, the sum of C. 15 


would be sufficient to constitute a perpetual fund, 
in any parish, for supplying the annual premium of 
a cow for some industrious and well disposed la- 
bourer, as long as the landlord will consult his own 
interest, and afford the means of feeding her. Whe- 
ther this object is to be attained by annexing ground 
to the cottages, or by letting to the cottager an ad- 
jistment for his cow, or by supplying him with pas- 
ture, and a certain quantity of hay, t at an annual 

* Upon supposition that the price of the cow were C. 12, 
the donor of such a fund would have to advance J. 8 los. 
the first year, C. 5 the second, and L. 1 10s. the third; after 


which the rent of C. 3 10s. paid for three years, for each 
cow, would produce, in future, J. 10 10s. a year; being 


(with the L. 3 10s. originally paid by the cottager) C. z more 


than would purchase a cottager's cow every year after. The 
additional C. 2 a year would, I presume, be sufficient to in- 
sure, for the year, the landlord's interest in the cows. 

+ Mr. Burdon's cowpastures are closes of sixteen acres, 
for twelve cows each: he allows each cottager two loads of 
hay; making the hay in small stacks of four loads each, so 
that one stack serves two cottagers. He finds the ystem 
answer, both as to the improvement of ground, and the 
amount of rent. I can only say that, when J was at Castle 


Eden, I thought his cottagers' hay stacks and cows the most 


pleasing ornaments of a very beautiful place. 


4 «4 * „5 4 : 2 
9 5 £ P IT an A * II” GW. <6 ä n 
c SS ON Oo oe REG Ea Rag 4 TIEPD 9 


ACCOUNT or A corr ACE, &c. 59 


rent or by making it one of the conditions on which 
the farmer takes his farm, that he sball keep his 
cottager's cow at a limited price, h atever mode 
is to be adopted, will depend much on the cir- 
cumstances of the country. — There is hardly any 
part of England, however, in which the cottager's 
cow. may not be provided for, by one or other of 
these means; or by another mode, which I should 
prefer, when practicable, as the right which it would 
give the poor man would be unalienable; and that 
is, inclosing and improving from the waste, cow pas- 
tures of ten or twelve acres each; the exclusive be- 
nefit whereof the cottagers of the parish should en- 
joy at a small rent; which (after providing for 
fences, &c.) might go as a fund for supplying the 
poor of the parish with fuel. Such inclosures would 
be extremely oratiſying and beneficial to that use- 
ful class of men, the labouring poor. The stock on 
them should be limited; and a preference given to 
{labourers working within the parish, in proportion 
to their families, their industry, and character. 

I have only to add, that my friend's history con- 
tains in it a strong proof, that, tho 3 
the cottager is benefited by the supply r e 
of a garden and of land for his cow, no - * 
while he continues a labourer; yet, if 
more land is added, just enough to constitute him 


N 
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- 1 . hy 


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— = ECAH — —— EE — — * 


60 | APPENDIX. 


alittle farmer, with a very small capital, and to 


make him forego his profit and advantage as a 
labourer, his means of life, instead of being im- 
proved by the acquisition of land, are prejudiced. 
No persons earn a harder or more precarious liv- 
ing, or do less good with their land, than very small 
farmers. The condition of a labourer, who has a 
well-stocked garden, a couple of cows, a pig, and 
just ground enough to keep them, is affluence com- 
pared with the lot of him, who attempts to live as a 
farmer, on a small quantity of ground, not sufficient 
to maintain him as a farmer, though abundantly 
adequate to its object, if divided among several 
labourers. 1 4 8 iv 


16th Fuly, 1797. 


61 | 88 


No. IX. 


Upon the subject of the present scarcity, we bave 
great pleasure in adding an extract from a Ser- 


mon lately preached by the BIs HO of LoN DON. 


8 the reasons for the practice of fell 


gious abstinence, which have here been stated, 


every man must, at this moment, feel himself under 

peculiar obligations, to observe a more than ordi- 
; nary degree of abstemiousness, both in the quantity 
and quality of his diet. It has pleased the Almighty, 
to afflict this land with an unusual scarcity of one 
of the most essential necessaries of life. Whether 
this scarcity may not have been exaggerated and 
increased, by the arts of unfeeling and avaricious 


men, I will not take upon me to say: but whether 


it be real or artificial, or (what is perhaps nearer the 
truth) a compound of both, the effect is the same; 
a real evil results from it. It has rendered the 
price of bread excessive, and placed it almost be- 


yord the reach of the poor. It is, therefore, a duty 


we ow: to them, and to the public at large, to exert 
our best endeavours, to lower this exorbitant price, 
as much as possible. 


- 


62 © 2 APPENDIX. 


these exertions, any needless alarm. The alarm 


has long since gone forth; and it is in vain to think 


of stifling it, by saying, there is no scarcity. This 
is, at the best, mere matter of opinion; and diffe- 
rent men will think differently concerning it. But 
there is one point, on which all men must think 
alike that bread is enormously dear, and hardly 
to be procured by the lower orders of the people. 
It is of no moment to them, whether the scarcity 
be real or artificial: they feel an actual calamity 
pressing upon them, and they care litile about the 
reasonings of speculative men. This being the case, 


it would be as preposterous for us to sit still with 


our arms folded, and suffer the mischief to advance 


upon us, without any effort to repress it, as it would 


be, to make no preparations of defence against an 
enemy landed on our coasts, for fear it should spread 
a false alarm over the country. The enemy, we 
have at present to encounter, is actually in the 
midst of us, is at every man's door; but assails, 
with peculiar violence, the cottage ok the poor. 
We are, therefore, loudly- and imperiously called 
upon to resist him with vigour ; and it behoves the 
higher classes, more especially, to give every assist- 
ance in their power to the lower orders; which in 

truth they seem perfectly well disposed to do. 20 


wal bay 49 OQ 


BISHOP OF LONDON'S SERMON. 63 


One mode of relief suggested has been that, of 
the highest and middle ranks of men limiting, to a 
very - moderate proportion, the quantity of -bread 
used in their respective families. This is, certainly, 
in every point of view, a very wise and benevolent 
expedient. The less bread is consumed by the rich, 
the more, of course, there will be left for the poor; 
and the less demand there is for this particular ar- 
ticle, the less temptation will there be to hoard it 
up, and the greater probability there is that the 
price will fall. Besides this, when the lower orders 
see that their superiors voluntarily deny themselves 
some of the comforts of life for their sakes, they 
will more readily and patiently submit to the priva- 
tions they must necessarily endure. 

It is to be hoped, thereſore, that this salutary re- 
gulation, this wise and humane act of abstemious- 
ness, will universally prevail, among those whom 
Providence has blessed with affluence, or with com- 
petence. 80 

But let us not stop here; let us go a little further 
still. Let us carry our hostilities into che head quar- 
ters of the enemy; let us extend our retrenchments 
to all the superfluities, and luxuries, and needless 
delicacies, of the table; not for the purposes of par- 
simon or avarice, but for the directly opposite pur- 
poses of generosity and beneficence; that we may 


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64 APPENDI x. 
apply the savings of these reforms, to the relief of 
our necessitous brethren ; and render our frugality 
the source of their plenty. This would be a species 
of abstinence, highly pleasing in the sight both of 
God and man; and would, at once, contribute most 
essentially to health, to virtue, to content of mind, 
and to the comfort of all around us, 


[ 6s J 


No. X. 


Extract from the Report of the Establisbment at 
Hamburgh, in 1799. 


Tur following paper is extracted from a late publi- 


cation at Hamburgh. It is submitted to consideration, 
how far the detail of Hamburgh in 1789, is descrip- 
tive of the present situation of London; and whether 
it might not be desirable, that the Hamburgh account 
of 1799, should be applicable to the improved state 
of our own metropolis, | | 


Comparative State of Hamburgh in the years 


1789 r ogy" 


1. The strects crowded 1. Scarcely a beggar to 


with beggars : many of them | be seen: every necessitous 


Strangers; all in great dis- inhabitant receiving, under 
tress ; the modest and desery- kind and regular care and 
ing perishing unheard and | inspection, sure and benefi- 
unknown, for want of a | cial relief, In ten years 3,081 
share in that relief, which | poor strangers relieved, and 
the street-beggar anticipated | returned to their places of 
by fraud and impertunity. | habitation. Not more, in 
446 persons in the house of | the whole, than 147 persons 
correction, bexides prisoners. | in the house of correction, 
2. It appeared upon en- | 2. It is known to all the 
| quiry, that, besides street | poor inhabitants, that if they 


. 


66 "APPENDIX. 


1789 


beggars, there were many 


poor persons, without bed- 


ding or clothes, perishing 
wretchedly and unknown; 
objects Who were ashamed 
to make their appearance in 
the day time, on account of 
the want of decent apparel. 
3. There were not less 
than 600 persons, without 
bed or bedding; and 2, ooo 
without linen: all of them 


dirty, ragged, and devoid of 


all domestic comfort. 

4. Not less than 2, 200 
poor neglected children, co- 
vered with rags and vermin : 


many of them from infancy 


taught by their parents to 


beg and steal, and growing 


up in vice and infamy. 
5. The distresses, and the 


conduct of the poor were al- | 


most unknown, except to a 


few clerical and medical! men. 


When the directors and in- 
spectors made their first en- 
quiries, they. visited some 


narrow courts inhabited en- 


tirely by beggars, lost to 
society, and scarcely pre- 


— 


1799 
| apply to the inspector of 


their district, they will re⸗ 
ceive immediate temporary 
relief; and that the neces- 


sary enquiries will forthwith 
be made as to their situation, 


and the means of assuring to 


them regular support. 
3. No poor person with- 


| out proper cloathing; none, 
who may not have linen and 
| a bed, 


If they are not able 
to earn them by labour, they 
receive them as a gift. 

4. In the preceding 10 


years, 2,699 children edu- 


cated in the schools of indus- 
try; and 4, 833 received since 
1793 into the other schools. 
Of these, 538 children have 
been apprenticet. 

5. There are now 180 in- 
spectors; 5 physicians, and 
5 surgeons, who regularly 
visit every part of Ham- 
burgh. Each house is num- 


bered, and there are 2, 200 
poor persons employed to 
bring the inspectors imme- 
diate information of any dis- 
tress or disorder in the eity. 


vit 


STATE OF 


1789 


serving the human form; 


courts, which benevolence 


approached with a e of 


alarm and horror. 

6. With a very few ex- 
ceptions, the poor man who 
was prevented by sickness 
from working at his trade, 
or afflicted by long and se- 
vere illness in his family, was 


thereby irretrievably ruined. 
His alternative was to apply 


to an ignorant empirick, to 
the destruction of his health; 
or, if he called in regular 
medical assistance, he was 
in consequence obliged to 
dispose of his furniture and 
implements of labour, to the 
ruin of his family. 

7. A poor family, consist- 
ing of more than 2 children, 
found it-impossible to -pro- 
cure subsistence merely by 
the labour of the father: and 
the mother - being without 
occupation, the children, 
however well disposed their 
parents might be, were ine- 


vitably--reduced- to hopeless 


beggary. 


HAMBURGH. 


„ 


structed, 


67 


1799 


Thus are misery and vice di- 
minished among the poor; 
and virtue and patriotism 
increased among the rich. 

6. Those who are too 
poor to pay for medical as- 
sistance, may have it of the 
establishment, together with 
pecuniary relief until they 
can resume their work. Du- 
ring a period of ten years, 
36, 803 sick persons have 
been thus relieved; of whom 
30, 978 have been recovered, 
and restored to the communi- 
ty. The mortality among the 
sick, in the early part of the 
preceding 10 years, was about 
8 in the hundred: it now bears 
only half that proportion. 

7. A large family became 
in 1792 an advantage to the 
honest and industrious, The 
parents receive an allow- 
ance for any child too young 
to attend the schools; where 
the other children are in- 
clothed, and fed; 
and have some surplus of 
their earnings, to carry home 


to their parents. 
E 2 


68 0 APPENDIX. 


1789 


8. The artisan who, for 


want of employment or of a 
a sale for his work, was be- 
hind. hand, found himself 
compelled to pawn his tools; 
and by extreme indigence 
was frequently reduced to a 
wretched state of inactivity ; 
in consequence of which, 
tho possessed of strength 
and skill to labour, he be- 
came a hopeless and helpless 
beggar. gs 
9. No establishment for 
the preservation: of natural 
children, and for the restora- 
tion of their unfortunate and 


I 


penitent mothers tothe paths 


of virtue and industry. 


10. There were 7,301 | 


paupers, (4,087 women, 
1,079 men, and 2, 225 chil- 
dren) besides persons in hos- 
pitals. 
ing like infection, and pa- 
ralysing the industry and 


energy of tlie poor, was be- 


come an epidemic disease 
among the lower classes of 
3 


Mendicity, spread- 


— 


* — 


1799 


8. Since 1795 a commit- 


tee has met regularly every 
Saturday, to discharge debts, 


redeem pawns, purghase. ma- 
terials and tools, or advance 


loans for distressed artisans, 


who can shew that their dis- 
tress is not orcasroned by vice 
or idleness, In four years, 
940 families have been so re- 


lieved ; and nearly one-third 
of the money so employed 


| has been already repaid. 


9. A foundling hospital Was 


opened in 1795; in which 
138. children have been al- 
ready preserved, and 153 
mothers maintained till they 
could be placed in service. 


10. There are at pre- 
sent 3,090 paupers, fed and 
clothed, and. obliged to do 
such work as they are ca- 


pable of. Of these 1,592 
are aged persons, from 60 


to too years of age; 1,097 
maimed or diseased persons 
of middle age; and 401 chil- 
dren, the greater part of 
whom are very young. 


Poo: 
Poo! 


In t 
Int 
In t 


STATE OF HAMBURCGH, 69 


GENERAL NUMERICAL STATEMENT. wn 


Pon bote Ido .d“ 
Poor children B TA" 


In the house of correction 12 
In the sick hospital 
In the orphan hospital about 


Reduction in the number of paupers 


If from 5026 be subtracted the persons receiving relief, 
the average number of which is 237, and children merely 
receiving education, which may be set at 1054, still there 
will remain a saving to the community of THREE THOU=- 
SAND SEVEN HUN DRED AND THIRTY-FIVE PERSONS. 


vor March, 1800. 


Receiving relief [73911|[3090 
— J 446147 


17891799 0 


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oo 600 1 0 
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No. * 


þy of the articles of agreement, 50 the 1055 of 

wh hg 1800, between several Master Chimney 

Sweepers within the liberties of Westminster and 

the Holborn Division of the county of Middlesez, 

— forming a Friendly Society for the' protec- 
tion and instruction of their apprentices. 


18t. I. is hereby 1 that the said Master 
Chimney Sweepers do form themselves into a 
Friendly Society, for the protection and instruction 
of climbing boys during their apprenticeships; and 
to raise a fund, with the assistance of the honorary 
members of the said Society, to give premiums 
vith them to other trades, when their terms as Chim- 
ney Sweepers shall expire; in order to enable them 
to become useful to themselves and the commu- 
; nity, and also to promote the general interest and 
D een of the trade. hy 
dad. That all Chimney Sweepers above 21 years 
of age, being housekeepers within the liberties of 
Westminster and county of Middlesex, and having 
one or more apprentices, be eligible as members of 


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CHIMNEY, $SWEEPERS' SOCIETY, 71 


this Society, and after election capable of being ad- 
mitted, when they shall have signed these articles; 
and that the said Society do consist of such mem- 


bers, so elected and admitted, and of such honorary 
members as are hereinafter mentioned. 
34d. That this Society do annually elect six mem- 
bers, masters in the trade, and six of the honorary 
members hereinafter mentioned, to be a committee, 


with the president, four vice-presidents, and trea- 
surer, to conduct the affairs thereof: and that they 
meet at such hour and place as they shall from time 
to time appoint; and that any three of them con- 
stitute a board for the dispatch of business. 
Ath. That a general meeting of this Society be 
held at 2 o'clock precisely, on the first Wednes- 
day in the months of January, April, July, and 
October, in every year, to consider and approve 
the measures of the committee, and for other 
purposes. | 
Sth. That this Society bs dect, by ballot, some 
2 thereof to be treasurer, to receive the sub- 
scriptions, &c. of the members; which treasurer do 
give a security to such amount as, the committee 
hall direct; and do pay all subscriptiops and other 
monies received, into the banking house of che So- 
Jiery, to be entered with the. names of the seyera 


72 AEN DI 


subscribers, so as it __ all pa en that 
account. 3830 5 10 
th. That the « committee beve full permission, 
at all reasonable times of the day, to inspect the 
bedding, clothing, &c. of all apprentices belonging to 
the members of this Society, to see whether they be 
according to the tenor of the indenture of such ap- 
prentices, and conformable to the regulations con- 
tained in the Act of Parliament, and also that they 
do make report thereof to the Society at their ge- 
neral meetings. + He 8 4 be 
. 7th, That it be the duty of every bee the 
committee, at all times, to hear the complaints of 
any [apprentice in the trade, within the liberties of 
Westminster and county of Middlesex, and to 
summon before a magistrate any master or mistress, 
who may violate the Act of Parliament made for 
the relief of climbing boys. 
\ 8th, That the Society do place out each u boy 
who shall complete the whole term of his appren- 
ticeship as a Chimney Sweeper, to some other trade, 
not a Chimney. Sweeper, from the period when he 
Shall be 16 years of age until he attain the age of 
213 provided he does not enter into an engagement 
to continue with his master, or some other master 
of the trade, being a member of this Society, during 


CHIMNEY SWEEPERS' SOCIETY. 73 


that time; and that the Society do give a nn 
not exceeding C. 10, for that purpose. mor 


gib. That this Society give a gratuity, not ex- 


ceeding C. io, to every person whose apprentice- 
ship, as a Chimney Sweeper, shall expire after the 
1st day of July, 1800, in case he shall from that 
time continue in the sea service, or as an articled 
Servant to a member or members of this Society, 
from the age of 16 to the age of 21; and that such 
gratuity be paid him within three months after his 
attaining the age of 21. 

10th. That this Society do take security from 
any person, to whom they may give a premium 
with an apprentice, that such apprentice shall not 
follow the trade or business of a Chimney n. 
before he be 21 years of age. 

11th. That this Society will countenance no per- 
son whatsoever who shall have been on his own 
hands, or out of employ, any six months, from 16 
to 21 years of age, except from such cause as the 
committee shall think reasonable. 


12th. That this Society give premiums to none 


but apprentices of the members of this Society; but 

that it do, in other cases, lend its — at to an 

Oy Sweepers! apprentices. 
igth. That at any time when the money in the 


74 88 APPENDIX. - 


hands of the treasurer shall amount to, £.20, he 
shall place the same, in the name of the Society, in 
the banking house of Messrs. Dorset, Johnson, and 
Co. bankers, in New Bond Street, or at such other 
banking house as the W or che committee, 
may appoint. 
Icq th. That all orders for the payment of money 
on account of the Society, be signed by the chair- 
man and two of the Rn at a ey quar- 
terly meeting. | 
15th. That every mender in the aku. on ad- 
mission into this Society, pay the sum of 108. 6d. 
and from the day of such admission pay the 
sum of 15. per month, for every apprentice: he or 
she may keep: such payment to be made once in 
| every three months; and in case he or she shall 
leave any arrears unpaid, for more than three 
months after the time such respective sum or sums 
chall become due, (he or she having had one 
calendar month's notice thereof) that then be or 
she shall be expelled the Society, and the money 
paid by them forſeited for the een the nous! 
-o@andje o uo 
16th. That al danone not in PR Sk. 
© e one guinea, or more, annually, or paying 
en guigeas at once to the funds of the Society, be 


CHIMNEY SWEEPERS' SOCIETY. 75 


| honorary meters; and have a "ow to vote at all 
meetings thereof. 
'» 17th, That this Society do 8 choose a 
president, four vice-presidents, a treasurer, and 
twelve other members of the committee, for con- 
ducting the affairs of the Society, at their general 
meeting, at 2 o'clock' precisely, on the first Wed- 
nesday of the month of April, in every year; and 
(her Royal Highness the Dutchess of Gloucester 
having been elected and declared the patroness of 
the Society, and Mrs. Montague the vice-patroness, 
and the Lord Bishop of Durham the president of 
the Society for the ensuing year) that the Society 
do meet on the first Wednesday in the month of 
April next, to elect four vice-presidents, a trea- 
surer, and six honorary members, and six members 
in the trade, to be, with the president, 2 a committee 
for the ensuing year. S Une! 
18th. That nothing be admitted as a law of this 
Society, unless it be proposed at one meeting of the 
committee, approved of by the next, and confirm- 
ed at a general quarterly meeting of the Society. 
19th, and lastly. That the amount of all fines 
awarded by a magistrate to any member of this So- 
2 un: for any transgression against the Act of Par- 
liament made for the relief of climbing boys, be paid 


2 —— 4 — T 2 > 2 ” - * 1 — 0 BY 5 . ” 4 
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16 APPENDIX. 

into the hands of the treasurer for the general pur- 
poses of the Society ; and that the. expenses of any 
complaint or proceedings before a magistrate, by 
order of the committee, be paid out of the funds of 
the Society. In witness whereof the said parties 
have hereunder signed their respective names, the 
y" and _ first IE written. 


N. B. These articles have been signed by four- 
teen of the principal masters in the trade, and 
forty-five chimney sweepers' boys have been thereby 
placed under the care and protection of the Society. 
The articles are left for signatures at No. 7, Wel- 
beck-street; and little doubt can be entertained, 
but that they will be speedily signed by every re- 
spectable master chimney sueeper, whose conduct 
will bear inspection and inquiry. This Committee 
was elected yesterday, and sit on * Ry" next | 
for ibe first time. 

"8d April, 1800. 


[77 J 


No. XII. 


Extract from Observations on the Duty and. Influ+. 
ence of the middle Classes of Society, on the 


Condition of the Poor. By the Reverend Joux 


HEWLETT, 


I. is principally to the middle classes of society 
that the poor look up for instruction, employ- 
ment, protection, and relief. Between the highest 
orders of the community and the lowest, unfortu- 
nately, there is seldom any intercourse. It is with 


those in middle life that the poor are connected, 


in the numerous and useful relations of servants, 
labourers, artisans, and manufacturers. And let the 


merchant, the husbandman, and the trader reflect, 


that it is chiefly from the labour of the poor, that they 
grow rich, and must in a great measure derive 
their ſuture comfort and support. This should 
teach them, at all times, to respect the usefulness 
of cheir humble station, and to be particularly kind 
to them, under their little hardships and misfor- 
tunes; considering that what are trifling losses and 


78 Arnd. 


calamities to some, may be attended vith almost kg 
Irretrievable ruin to others. 21 
Sickness, more especially, should aim a large 5 


portion of that © charity, which is the bond of per- 
4 fectness;” as should also those inclement seasons, | 
which preclude many kinds of labour, and those | 
long and dreary intervals, when, from a state of | 
war, the caprice of fashion, or other causes, the | 
artisan and manufacturer may solicit in vain for 2 
employment. On all occasions, indeed, those who | 
enjoy the privileges of masters should learn to be | 
& kind, knowing that they also have a master in 
c“ heaven. Even when no unusual circumstances 
call for particular attention, the other classes of so- 
ciety should, in their general behaviour to the poor, * 
« be pitiful and courteous ;” avoiding all unneces- 
sary harshness and asperity, they should be models 4 
of conduct to them in the humble circle, where they | | 
also act as masters of their own little houscholds, ; 
and fathers of helpless families ; models that would | 
be more generally imitated, if they were more gene- | | 
rally known. But, at present, such is the pressure ; 
of the times with respect to the poor, that all the 1 
authority which, can be derived from religion, al.. 
the prudent restraints of law, all the wisdom of ex- \ 


perience, and all the activity and energy of christian 0 


THE DUTY OP THE MIDDLE RANKS. 79 


and brotherly love, are necessary to relieve their 


wants, to correct their morals, to improve their con- | 
duct, and better their condition. | 


It is a misfortune, that the relation between the 


master and the servant, and between the employer and 
the employed, is often too distant and remote. There 
is frequently but little personal connection, little in- 
tercourse of kindness between them. Every thing 
that tends to raise or sink the poor man, every thing 


that may be kindly meant to increase his comforts, or 


that may have the effect of aggravating his distress, 


reaches him through the medium of under agents; 


sometimes with the disadvantage of the good being 
diminished, and the evil increased. This is produc. 


tive of much depravity among our poor brethren, 


while it increases their difficulties, It makes them, 
as it were, an insulated body in society; but more 


particularly in the metropolis, where circumstances 
increase their difficulties, and, in some degree, cut 
them off from almost all communication with their 
betters. If that communication were opened, they 
would learn to speak and act from some sense f 
shame and fear, like other men. Admitted to a 


knowledge of those who rank above them, they 
would value the advantages it afforded, and be stu- 


dious to improve them. They would learn 40 


80 APPENDIX. 


respect themselves. Their manners and their prin- 
ciples would insensibly grow better; they would 


become wiser and more provident in managing 


their little store, and more frugal and temperate in 
the use of it. Excited and encouraged by proper 
examples, they would more frequently attend the 
places of public worship; and not so shamefully pro- 


fane the sabbath, as many thousands do at present; 


spending the hallowed time in vice and idleness; 


exhibiting themselves in such forms of wretched- 


ness as disgrace humanity, and shocking the ears 
of decency almost as often as they speak. 


22d March, 1800. 


No. XIII. 


Of the Comforts of the Poor. 


Tas comforts of the poor lie within a small com- 
pass : they should therefore be respected. Mere 
animal existence is not sufficient for rational crea- 
tures. To sweeten the cup of life, to sooth pain, 
and to relieve labour, man must enjoy comfort Here, 
and his views must be directed to happiness here- 
after. 

One great source of comfort to the poor man 1s, 


H1S WIFE AND CHILDREN, if he can but earn the 


means of maintaining them. Humble and insigni- 
ficant as he may appear abroad, he is of consequence 
and authority at home. In bis own house he finds 
those who respect him, who obey him ; those, to. 
whom he may say, go, and they go, and come, and 


they come. He is not insensible to the charities 

of father, son, and husband. The parental affection 

of the poor is increased by imperious necessity, and 

by the helpless condition of their offspring. When 

sick and dispirited, it is to them the greatest of com - 
YOL, 11. F 


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82 00 141 APPENI DISs. ur 


forts to 17 attended by those who love and regard 
them ;—by those Who have an interest and anxiety 
in their existence. In times of sickness and distress, 
che stoutest heart may be overcome by ihe foreible 
separation c of husband and wife, of e and child; 

could . a moment be 8 on so mais a 
subject) it would be POLICY to encourage, as an 
incentive to virtue, and a surety for conduct, | 
g The poor man, poor as he is, loves to cherish 
the idea of eROorERTY. To talk of my house, my 
| garden, my furniture, is always a theme of delight 
and pleasure. When, therefore, his whole domestic 
establishment i is overwhelmed and destroyed by a 
removal i into the workhouse, can we wonder that he 
ould grieve for che loss of those things, which by 
use were become precious to bim.? The apartments 
of the workhouse may be better than his cottage; but 
he does not like to exist as a mere lodger, or a per- 


mitted guest, tho in a finer mansion than his sn. 
The diet of the workhouse may be more wastefully 
abundant, than any which he possesses or even de- 
sĩres at home; but his cottage diet, tho poor and 
scanty, is bis oun; he bas earned it by his labour; 


and it is sweeter to him than more cosily food. 
which he is taught to l as gratuitous. and 


OF THE COMFORTS OF THE POOR 83 
unmerited. His yauPtxs coat is warm; but it be- 
longs to the community, and not to Himself. — And 
are not these prejudices respectable ? Are they not 
consonant to the energy of a free country ? 


The poor man is reconciled to poverty, by the 


possession of LIBERTY. However pressed by nar. 
rowness of circumstances; — however impelled by 


necessity to labour, yet still it is one of his comforts 


and pleasures, that he is free; — that he may go out 
or come in, work or play, at his own option. He 
likes to be the judge of his own wants, and to pro- 
vide for them after his own manner. He even 
chuses to have the free and unmolested determina- 
tion, whether he shall boil or bake his Sunday's 
dinner. Under confinement he can enjoy no com- 
fort; the very thought of being under lock and hey 
is hateful to him: no man, in his opinion, deserves 
a prison, who has not committed a crime. To be 
of litile consequence in the community, to have 


no authority beyond the narrow limits of his own. 


cottage and garden, he is reconciled to. Habit, a 
second nature, has made him easy under it. But he 
has an unconquerable aversion to arbitrary rule 


being exercised over all his actions. And is it in 
England W one would wish to extinguich these 


ſeelings 7 


= 


| — — — — 
4 —_— — 2 
— be — = — — — 
- — —— | Gar —— — „ „1 p — —— — T- 
- — 2 — 1: 2 * 42 2 = 
” n 4 — K =; . 2 
— —— — — —— - — — — 


— 24 
— —ñ— — 2 — — — 


„ b eld 


Some part of the poor man's comfort, (often it 
must be acknowledged, more than his true friends 
would wish) is placed in sociALl ENJOYMENT. 
When, however, the labourer does not carry 
this indulgence to an excess prejudicial to his own 
happiness, or to that of his family, who will not 
Say, © much good may it do him.” If, after his 
week's labour, he should love to relax a little in 
that place which affords * an hour's importance to 
the poor man's heart,“ the gratification cannot 
be very blameable, while it does not pass the bounds 
discretion. The evening chat at a neighbour's door, 
the Sunday's church-yard politics, the holiday festivi- 
ties, the rustic games, and athletic exercises, are as 
welcome to the cottager, and afford as much relief 
after care and labour, as the more costly and fashion- 
able amusements of the rich.“ To get drunk, to 
squander at an alehouse what ought to maintain 


Much of the preceding part of this paper is taken, tho 
with variation and addition, from Observations on the Rights 
and Comforts of the Poor, inserted in the Gentleman's Ma- 
gazine of the year 1787. It is Submitted to the reader, with 
a view of Suggesting to his mind, how greatly the present 
mode of (what is called) zer1ee, viz. the removal of the 
cottager's family, from his own dwelling into a parish work - 
house,; is inimical to the comfort of the poor, and destructive 
.ofithose feelings, and of that energy, among them, which it 
is our duty and interest to preserve in full force. 


OF THE COMFORTS OF THE POOR» 85 


his family, is worse than wrong or imprudent :— 
11 is UnNJust AND wicked. Tn this world, it 
causes the ruin of those who depend upon him, and 
look up to him for subsistence ; of that wife, and of 


those children, to whom he should be attached by 


Ip 7 Fo 7 * 4 | Tis $1985 
every tender tie :—and, as to the next world, we 


read in holy Scripture (and © Gov is not a man, 


* that he should lie”) THE DRUNKARD SHALL NOT 
INHERIT THE KINGDOM OF Gop.—lf, however, 
you wish the cottager to be more domestic, and 
thereby to become more happy, aid and encourage 
him in the comfort and cleanliness of his little man- 
sion; — give him pleasurable occupation at home, 
in the care of his pigs and cow, and in the cultiva- 
tion of his garden assist him in the education of 
his children, and in the habits and resources of life. 
When more interesting objects present themselves 
at home, the alehouse will soon be forgotten and 
neglected. Many in all ranks of life take refuge in 
a public house, for want of satisfactory occupation 
at home. | 3 

Laslly, the great and essential comfort of the 


poor, and particularly in old age and in sickness, is 
RELIGION. In labour and fatigue, in sorrow and 


anxiety, it is most con soling to the afflicted mind 


| 
| ( 
| 
i 
I 
iir 
. 
; 1% 
my 
: 
pF | 
17 
ft 
1 


86 1993 Ap PEN DTX. 

to look up with habitual hope and gratitude to 
THAT BEIN, whose tender mercy is over all his 
works. It is by confidence in his wisdom and 


goodness, and by the hope of unfailing happiness 
bereafter,. by these consolations delivered to us 


in his revealed will, —and by these only, that the 
rugged path of life can be smoothed, the crooked 


— — — 


ways of man be made straight, and the rough places 


plain. It is, therefore, of infinite consequence that 


the poor should have the full benefit of x: L1G10N ; 


that they should be taught, in the sanctuary of Go p, 
the use of those gradations of rank and wealth, which 
in infinite wisdom he has thought fit to establish in 
this transitory life, as stimulants to the industry and 
energy of man ;—and that he should be instructed 
to look forward to that blessed state, where“ they 
« $hall hunger no more, neither thirst any more; 


e neither shall the sun light on them, nor any heat. 
« For the Lamb which is in the midst of the throne 


ce shall feed them, and shall lead them unto living 
& fountains of waters: and Gop SHALL WIE 
© AWAY ALL TEARS FROM THEIR EYES.“ - To 
the aged this comfort 1s of peculiar importance. At. 


a time, when the power of labour and activity is 
enfeebled, and the gratification of the senses dimi- 


an___— a Ana... . Mc 


OF THE COMFORTS or THE POOR. 87 


nished and exhaused, it is, indeed, true charity to 
give the poor the advantage and comfort. of reli- 
gious meditation; and to open their eyes, and raise 
their hopes, to those scenes of bliss, which become 
brighter, and more enchanting, as we approach the 
confines of the grave. 


24th March, 1800. 


No. XIV. 


NOTES 
| AND | 
ADDITIONAL OBSERVATIONS, 


COLLECTED BY A MEMBER OF 
THE COMMITTEE. 


Rewards by Farmers Society, p. 72, I. 2. 


Ix the premiums of the Manchester Agricultural 


Premiums of Society, which are liberal and, well ar- 
the Manches- | 


ter Society. ranged, there are rewards of three gui- 


neas each offered to parish apprentices of farmers, 


for diligence and good behaviour; and (that being 
a dairy country) of five guineas to the dairy woman, 
who makes the greatest quantity of cheese in one 
year, in proportion to the number of cows, not 
less than twenty. There is also a silver medal given 
to the master or mistress of any servant obtaining a 
premium for the longest servitude. 
28th March, 1800. 


„ 


NOTES AND ADDITIONAL OBSERVATIONS, 89 


Rewards by Farmers Society, p. 74, I. 8. 


The annual distribution was made in the end of 
April last, to go claimants, all gratified Distribution 
| of rewards in 
and honoured by the reward; and yet April, 1799. 
the whole annual expense of that, which produces so 
much virtuous and useful emulation among the poor 
of that neighbourhood, has been only £16. 14s. 9d. 
Irish currency. WI 


28th March, 1800. 


Dublin House of Industry, p. 137, J. 17. 


To the conductors of hospitals and all public in- 


stitutions, there is no more essential Caution as to 
tradesmen em. 


caution can be given, than what re- pioyed by pub. 
spects the tradesmen employed. With- licinstantſons. 
out great attention their employments will grow into 
sinecures, and their duties degenerate into jobs. It 
is material frequently to recall them, and all other 
acting powers, to first principles; and for every 
trustee to be able to lay his hand on his heart, and 
to say, he has taken at least as much care of the 


— 


— * 5 * — — 
— _ . —————7 ̃ — — 3 — 
- — — — — 


. 22 
9 


„% re en I oe 
—— —— es — wage. 


* Boiler £4 7 ”_ i * 4 
* > — — 3 — bs am a — 
3 ans $a — n r . 
—— — wr — — — won * — ä —— roctog tg 
— — —— — —— 


—— 


v ⁵˙ 4 ˙ 


by — . — — 
- — 
- — — d 8 
— — . — 
PPP 5% 
Pr, EC. —L[— u 


+ 
c 
? 
* . * 
\ 8 
11 8 
9 7 
1 P 
1 
i 
, * 
iy 654 IM 
. i Lo 


99 + , NOTES AND 


public interest entrusted to him, as he would have 


done, had it been his own private concern. 
28th March, 1800. 4:5 


Dublin House of Industry, p. 139, I. 4. 
On the subject of Count Rumford's boilers and 


Caution as to roasters, I repeat part of what I have 
use of fuel in | 


Count Rum- inserted, as a note to the account of the 


ford's kitch- g 7 # 4 
ens. Foundling kitchen, in our first volume; 


—that © in every instance that has come within 
my knowledge of their not having succeeded, the 
ce failure has been occasioned by the improper waste 
« of fuel.” The daily allowance of fuel for the 


roaster of the Foundling, where dinner is drest for 


250 persons, is one peck of coal-dust, miæt with 
one peck of cinders, The same quantity of fuel is 


allowed for the great. boiler there, which contains. 


123: gallons, and also supplies a steam-box, that 


dresses 200 lb. of potatoes. More fuel, or better 


coal, would injure the iron-work and flues, by in- 


tenseness of heat, and defeat the object, as to eco- 


nomy both of food and fuel. Care is taken that 
the apertures into the flues are perfectly closed, 


1 


ADDITIONAL OBSERVATIONS, gr 


that of the fire-place shut, and the cover of the 


boiler, and the door of the roaster 50 close, that 
neither steam or heat will pass. 
25th March, 1800. 


Charity for Lying-in Women, p. 179, J. g. 


In the Manchester Infirmary, upon the sugges- 


tion of Mr. Simmons, a plan has been r 


poor women 
adopted for the assistance of poor we- cer lying- 


men during child-birth. It may de- in. 

serve the attention of other medical hospitals.— 
Upon notice from a regular midwife, of a difficult 
case of delivery, the surgeon of the district, or, in 


his absence, the one next in rotation, immediately 
attends gratis, and assists the poor woman at home. 


This occasions no additional expense to the Infir- 
mary, except that of the medicines where wanted. 


The cases that have occurred, have been few, but 
they were all cases of difficulty, and would have 
been attended with extreme danger without such 


medical aid. 
24th March, 1800, 


” Za WP 
— — —  — — — — 


22 Awe ww. = + 
7 =. 


* 
2 —_— * 2 
— — — — — 9 - - 


— 8 — 


— 


—— — — — — — — 
= 


92 2» wores AUB 
© Charity for Lying-in Women, p. 181, J. 4. 


Enie 


It seems to be much better that poor women 
ON Tae Should be attended at home, and re- 


n ceive a little pecuniary or other assist- 


ance at their lying- in, than that they should be 
received into a lying-in hospital. The relief is 
given them at home at a tenth part of the expense, 
and they are capable in a very few days of manag- 
ing and assisting in their families: whereas in the 
other case, the woman is usually absent a month, 
her family neglected during her absence, some pa- 
rochial charge incurred, and she returns home with 
habits of life unsuited to her situation, and this with 
a tenfold expense to the charity. 
24th March, 1800. 


Cork Society, p. 200, l. 14. 


It must give infinite satisfaction to those, who' are 
Christian spirit anxious for the promotion of true 
or cle Cork S0. Christianity, and reject the exclusive 
ciety. bigotry of sects, appreciating the va- 
rious denominations of christians © by their fruits,“ 


ADDITIONAL OBSERVATIONS. 93 


to see how honourable for pure and genuine charity, 
has been the co-operation of christians of different 


persuasions in the formation of the Society at Cork. 


Ihe president is the worthy bishop of the dio- 
cese; the first vice-president, a very respectable 
man, Dr. Moylan, the titular (or Roman Catholic) 
bishop. of Cork; and the secretary, the reverend 
Mr. Hincks, a dissenting clergyman, of high cha- 


racter and estimation in that town. How happy 


for mankind, if there were many such examples of 
the true christian temper ; and if (to use the words 


of the reverend Mr. Burgess, in a former Report) 


all the efforts“ of the different denominations of 
christians, © from however distant points they may 
<« originate, were to centre in a friendly competition 
ein doing good.” 


16th Nov. 1799. 


Moanchbester House of Recovery, p. 225, J. 6. 


. By che desire of Dr. Percival, one of the original 
promoters of the House of Recovery Origin of the 


at Manchester, J add a note, to state et —_— 3 
that fever wards were established by Dr. Haygarth, 


in che Chester Infirmary, in 1 783, thirteen years 


7 : - OY N — >; — \ TC nn 
— EE NC Pr * a * 
* 
0 * 


94 7655 NOTES An? 


before the adoption of the measure at Manchester. 
The regulations which Dr. Haygarth prepared for 


the establishment at Chester, are stated at length, 


with much approbation, by Mr. Howard, in his ac- 
count of Lazarettos, p. 209. — In 1790 the Rev. 
Sir Wm. Clarke established various regulations at 
Bury, not only for the cure, but for the general 
prevention of fevers; and, in 1795, similar regula- 
tions were adopted at Ashton-under-line.—-I trust 
the example will soon be adopted for the benefit of 
other populous places in England. 5 
- 4th Oct. 1799. 


Manchester House of Recovery, p. 226, l. 2. 


It will give the reader much pleasure to hear 
On the subject that Dr. Haygarth, who first suggested- 


of infectious 


fevers. and carried into effect, the idea of 


houses of recovery for preventing the spreading of 
the contagious fever, and who has, during the 
course of the last 30 years, kept a journal of those 


cases, with a view to form a system of experimental 
and practical knowledge on the subject, is pre- 


paring to publish, for the benefit of the public, the 


result of bis inquiries; a work which, I am per- 


ADDITIONAL OBSERVATIONS. 95 


suaded, will be of infinite use in checking the ra- 
vages of that dreadful disorder, the typhus fever; 
known by the various names of the jail, the Ship, 
the camp, and the hospital fever; and also of the 
low, the nervous, putrid, malignant, and pestilen- 
tial fever. With his permission, I have inserted 
in the Appendix to this volume, an extract from 


the directions he has given as to visiting persons in 
infectious fevers; hoping that at the same time as 


they prevent the wretched sufferer from being de- 
serted by his neighbours, they may have the effect 
of preserving the charitable visitor, and the affec- 
tionate attendant, from the calamity which they are 
endeavouring to relieve. 


25th March, 1800. 


Mane bester House of Recovery, p. 230, l. 21. 


It is a subject of satisfactory congratulation that 


the Manchester House of Recovery is Progrens of 
2. . , the House of 
proceeding: with e still greater effect and Recovery. + 


benefit to the poor. of that place and neighbour- 
hood. The preceding severe winter has been as 
unfavourable to the health of the poor, as that of 
1794; yet the prevalence of fevers. in this last 


1 2 


winter b bene no proportion to it of the former 
he!" In the winter of 1794, the fever patients 
entered on the home list of the 1 nfirmary, from. the 
streets immediately around it, amounted to 409; 
* number exceeding the whole that have applied 
from every part of the town, and its neighbourhood, 


during che last year. There is another very grati- 
bing circumstance, the diminution of the propor- 


ny rs os ww 


tion of mortality among the patients of the House 
of Recovery. In 1796, it was nearly one in ele- 


oo 


ven: in 1797, one in thirteen; and in 1798, not 


— · 


quite one in eighteen. The list is as follows: 


Patients admitted from 19th of - Ih 
1796, to 1st January 1797 
Died 1 
Admitted in the year 1797 - 349 
Died : 3 — 1 
Admitted in the year 17998 381 mm” 
= Died 5 . e | t 
| Another very important circumstance deserves 
attention; the check to infectious ſevers, in that 


. 44. 


Place and neighbourhood. Tho the house is 


r 


not merely! to the town, but to any distance of the 
neighbourhood that cap benefit 5 it, and the poor 


eo „ o _» 


ADDITIONAL OBSERVATIONS. 97 


the house. In the course of the preceding year, 
360 fever patients have been cured jn the House of 
Recovery, their habitations purified, and the pro- 
gress of infection stopped in their respective neigh- 


| bourhoods; and with so great a benefit conferred, 


not only on that town and neighbourhood, but on 
the human species in general, the total expense this 
year is under C. 700. I heartily wish its prosperity 
and continuance, and I very confidently recommend 
the support of it to all those who interest themselves 
in the welfare of the human species. 

3d October, 1799. 


Society at Wendover, p. 241, I. 2. 


The Christmas distribution has been made this 
day. It has been accepted with great The distribu- 
tion at Christ- 

thankfulness by 38 men and 13 wo- mas, 1799. 


men; who, in the period between the 28th of April 


and the 22d of December, had contributed in dif- 


ferent sums, from 1 shilling to £.1. 188. the sum of 
41.65. gd; and who received, including some extra 
gifts, the sum of J. 56. 75. 4d. 

a2 Dec. 179g. 


vol. 11. 8 


f LIE D , 
T 
2 
2 2 


I. 
1117 T8 
7 ? | 
: 1-8 
1 
117 
LY 
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1 3 
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1.11178 
: 4 +; 
1 2 
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' + 1 
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: is 
i 19 
4 
19 
1 4 
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* £& 9 a 
1 2 
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23% 
» 
hi 
1 
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1 g 
1 
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1 
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1 
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10 = 
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19 
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14 12 
161 $ 
1 1 Ex 
= 3 - vw 
+ BT Y I - 
wilt 
Hog i 3 
— 
4 14 f 
, * 


„ DSI 1 * er | „ 
98 2LOITAVANOTES AND T1174. 


= 


bak og Sins . bo. well gm indie 

Clan Charity Scbooks . wa 7 „. 24. 

i n 

The want of suitable e for the wives 
Of employing and daughters. of cottagers, and the 
3 withdrawing the husbandman from the 
plough, are increasing evils, that merit attention. 
In the parish of Pewsey, Wilts (of which che 
Rev. Mr. Townsend, who has favoured me with 
this note, is the Rector) no male is employed in 
manufacture. They have hired" a manufacturer, 
Who supplies the wool on his own account; and 
this the women and girls both spin and weave, 
hilst the men are thrashing, and the boys go to 
plough. This has been followed in some other 
- neighbouring parisbes.—Clothiers are beginning to 
retire from large towns into villages, where they 
Can rent or purchase water-mills. If, therefore, 
10 _ country gentlemen are upon their guard, they have 
it in their power to make such terms with the ma- 
3 as may effectuall/ unite the manufac- 
uring and the landed interests; by employing all 
os in-agriculture, and sending females only 
ic the loom. This purpose has no where” been 
80 \-effectually Sang,” 4s? about "Leeds in 


. r 


ice, GIG 
3 * 


* 4 


ADDITIONAL OBSERVATIONS, 99 70 


Vorkshire, where tillage and manufacture go hand 

in hand Nee ec al 

wry 

th Dec. a 1 
F "Ml 

Hi 

5 lt 

0008 Church at Bath, 2 Wei! . 5. 8 0 

5 Fe ab in opening the free n in S. Giles 8 bil 
p the increased demand of the poor upon St. Giless. 1 


the soup house of that district, adjoining to, and in fl 
some degree connected with, that church. On this 0 
account it has been deemed proper to fit up the soup 
kitchen there, with twice the accommodation origi- 30 
nally intended; and until that could be completed, _ j 
the necessary repairs and preparation of the church 
could not well be proceeded in. That part of the 1. 
_ work is, however, now completed ; and. the repairs j 
of the chapel are proceeding in; with the hope of 
its being opened, not as d Solitary free church in 
the metropolis, but as one, prior only in time, but 


inferior in size and accommodation, to many free 0 
churches, which the active and persevering bene- ij 
volence of the inhabitants of the metropolis will | 
establish and open for the benefit of the poor. 90 
4b April, 1800. il 


- | g G2 1 


„ 
1 7 * 5 2 — 
S =>. — 


6 d 
1 88 — - 
— — 
D br ey * — * 


. — * 
mag — 


LEOATEAAMOTARD Aerea 


93 4 ky N — 1 1 : by 1 f 
10 . +. 0 „ NE * „ '} 0 57 A . On * 1 
cf * 2 
5 


- * , — ow 


cu Society, 266. Sed <ul n 


* — 


wo is 1 meeting of the 0ciety, Mr. 1 
Further e read an address, in which he endea- 
Society. voured to direct the views of the mem- 
bers to the promotion of industry, rather than to 
mere almsgiving, and temporary relief. It has been 
generally approved; and the visitors are very active 
in endeavouring to teach the poor to do for them- 
selves. One lady has bought spinning wheels for 
flax, and sets both women and children to work; 
another has opened a second school for little chil- 
dren, to teach them to knit; a third has set up a 
netting establishment; a fourth has been making in- 
quiries concerning basket-work; a fiſth proposes to 
get a room in her district, in which the children 
may be employed while the mothers go to work; 
or be taught to read while the parents are thereby 


enabled to attend church. At a district meeting, 
on Saturday the 8th of March, it was agreed to 
obtain, through the visitors, an accurate account of 
every person in each subdivision; specifying their 
wants, faults, employment, wages, moral character, 
and children; and distinguishing their ages, and the 
work that each of them can do. They are then to 


ADDITIONAL OBSERVATIONS. 101 


proceed to determine the important question, in what 
way the best and most effectual relief can be af- 
forded them. The full account of every poor 
person in the parish will be a basis, upon which to 
build a structure of real utility. A collection of 
useful tracts is ordered to be provided, for the visi- 
tors to give to the poor, according to their respec- 
tive situations and a collection of the rules has 
been ordered to be printed, for the purpose of cir- 
culation through the parish. It is hoped an entire 
stop will soon be put to begging, or occasional 
alms; as work will be provided for all who are wil- 
ling to be employed, and a repository N foe 
the work of the poor. | 
tb March, 1800. 


; a 1 4 * 

Pts" HF * * 8 1 n 8 1 

1 — G LL. is. Ma A" by atk Al. i... tis. i. ad . —— #4 * 
: 


At a meeting. of the: Society on the 4th of April, 
1800, it was resolved unanimously, that. in consi- 
deration of the great services rendered to the 
Society by their late Secretary, Matthew Martin, 
Esq. be be elected a Member of the Society, and of 


| the General. Committee, for life. _ . 


— w— —— — ny en ones — 


— 


N . 3 8 * F 
eee — J 7 
_ bk " , 


102 


4/5 enen 


- — * - - - — — . - * ' 
. „ P b 1 A 5 * « * 4 * * 
44 . — - . in # A * * , - 
No XV r ob Lo T7 e 
* * 9 g 
0 * 
n <4 - P , 
« . k * 0 


a 


THE GENERAL, COMMITTEE. . 


"FRESIDENT 07 S197 TE 
THE LORD BISHOP OF DURHAM... 


'VICE-PRESIDENTS. 
LORD. TEIGNMOUTH, __ 
THOMAS BERNARD, ESQ». 
JOHN SULLIVAN, ESQ. 
THE REV. DR. CLASSE. 


The other Members of the 
GENERAI COMMITTEE. 


RIGHT HON. HENRY ADDINGTON, Speater 
of the House of Commons. 

JOHN JULIUS ANGERSTEIN, ESQ. 

GEORGE ARNOLD ARNOLD, ESQ. 

LORD VISCOUNT BELGRAVE, M. P. 


THOMSON BON AR, ESQ. 


SAMUEL BOSANQUET, ESQ. 


ISAAC HAWKINS BROWNE, ESQ. M. 22. 
THE MARQUIS OF BUCKINGHAM. 


ROWLAND BURDON, ESQ. 


THE MARQUIS OF BUT E. 


LORD CARKINGTON J Ill.. 
PATRICK COLQUHON, ES. * 
RT. HON, SVLVESTER EET WERE M. P. 
THE EARL OF EGREMON T. 
THE EARL OF EXETER. 

DR. GARTHSHORE.  - 


— 


THE GENERAL COMMITTEE, 


SIR ROBERT HARVEY, BART. 

DR. HEBERDEN., | 

THE MARQUIS OF HERTFORD. 
THOMAS HIBBERT, £80, 

SIR JOHN COX HIPPISLEY, BART. 
HENRY HOARE, ESQ. 

CHARLES HOARE, ESQ. 

GEORGE JEFFERY, ESQ. 

LORD KINNAERD. 

MAJOR-GENERAL LEWIS. 

THE LORD BISHOP OF LINcOIL x. 

THE LORD BISHOP OF LONDON. 

JOHN MAITLAND, ESQ. | 
WILLIAM MANNING, ESD. M. P. 
MATTHEW MARTIN, ESQ. 

JOHN MAY, ESQ. 

LANGFORD MILLINGTON, ESQ. 
EDWARD PARRY, ESQ. 

JOHN PENN, ESQ. 

"WILLIAM MORTON PITT, ESQ. u. P. 
JOSIAS DU PRE PORCHER), ESS. 

REV. DR. ROBERT PRICE, 

WILLIAM PRICE, ESQ. 

COUNT RUMFORD. 

THE LORD BISHOP OF ST. DAVID'S. 
JOHN SARGENT, ESQ. u. p. 

THE EARL SPENCER. 

SIR GEORGE STAUNTON, BART, | 
JAMES STEPHENS, ESQ. VrOx 
RICHARD JOSEPH SULLIVAN, ESO. 
THOMAS SUTTON, ESQ. _ 
GEORGE VANSITTART. ESQ, u. Po iq 
JOHN. WARBURTON, EGS 
WILLIAM WILBERFORCEg BS Ms Py 12 + 
THE EARL OF WINCHILSEA. 1 44117 
SIR WILLIAM YOUNG, BART. N. 5 40 


ee 


Oos t I C077 1 1 
D hai ebe 


' . 
1 
1 


The Earl of Ailesbury, Sea- 

- mour-place _ 

Rt. Hon. Henry Addington, 

Speaker of the House of 

Commons 

Miss Adair, Langdown-place 

Steph, Aisley, wy Kensington 

Mr. W. Allen, Plough- court, 

Lombard-street — 

J. Allen, Esq. Lincoln's- inn 

J. P. Anderson, Esq. Billiter- 

CG square 3 

Rev. Gerrard Anflrewes, Great 
Russel-street 

1. J. Angerstein, Esq. Pall-mall 
ichard Arkwright, Esq. , 

J. Arnold Arnold, Esq. No. I2, 
Queen-street, May: fair 


A. Askew, Eg. * 
Miss Austin 1e r 1 > 

he Marquis of Buckin, ham,. 
7 Pl 1 5 f 


1 Marquis of Bute, Hill str. 
Be Mis. yer? Pr. 5 1 8 


ev. A. "Baker N 
W. Baker, Esq. M. P „Hill-street 


rags Esq. Winstanley:hall 


t y, Esq. Walthamstow 
Raberz Yay eng. . 


err {ig 1 BY 
Babe ang r 


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6 +34 
— 

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No. XVI. 


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1797. | 1798. 
4. of 


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LIST OF desen 5 


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LIST OF 'SUBSCRIBERS. 


1797. 1798. 799. 1900. 
bogs © 1% oahebr £- . d. 
Mr. Robert Barclay, Clapham _ 78 | 
T. Baring, 1 Lee, Kent — — 1 1 
T. B. Bayley, Esq. Hope, near | 
Manchester - t LG 1 Loh 2:6 2 
Rev. J. Beadon * „ ( 36 
A. Bennet, Es. Magdalen- fe! 
hospital — 1 10 
Tho. Bernard, Esq. Foundling 52 10 0 for lit life. | 
Mrs. Bernard | 2:30 2:20/2: 20os 2209 [| 
Scrope Bernard, Esq. M. P. | | 
Abingdon-street 1 9 2 {| 
Mrs. Scrope Bernard - 1 10 1 
Mr. R. Best, jun. Greenwich — 12 | 


Rev. Thomas Burgess, Pre- 
bendary of Durham — — 
Rev. Dr. Benj. Blayney, Christ 
Church, Oxford — 
H. Boase, Esq. No. 56, pall- mall — 
Thomson Bonar, Esq. New 
HBroad-street Buildings — 
E. Boodle, Esq. L. Brook-str. 1 1 
William Boscawen, Es. — 
Sam. Bosanquet, Esq. Forest- 
house, Layton, Essex 3 
. Barth, Bouverie 1 
Thomas Bowdler, Esq. New 
Norfolk-street 2 #1 
Rev. Thomas Bowen, Bridewell 
precinct - — . — 
Hon. George Bowes 1 
W. Bowes, jun. Esq. „„ 
r e Bowles, Esq. 2 
Mrs. Bradney, Clapham- comm. 10 10 
W. Bray, Nn Great 2 oor 
street — 
H. Broadhead, Exq. + — — 
on. W. Brodrick — 1 
Brown, Esq. Stoke Newington 10 10 
enry Brooks bank, Esq. — — 
1 


Capt. R. Browne, Royal Bucks 
Miiliti 

Mrs. B bare. ast Barnet: 

Mrs. B 
Isaac H. — Esq. M. P. 


105 "1.7 ABBENDIX+, 57 5. 
4481 42% f — 1797 1798. 
HATS - 1 Le Tile 7 
T. 8. D. Bucknell, Exq. - — — 
Rowland: Burdon, Esq. M. P. * Oo 
Grosvenor-square - 5 O5 5 o 
James Burton, Esq. r | 5 
ton- terrace — A- 0 
C. Butler, Esq. Lincoln- s- inn — 1 
J. B. 3 | - - _— "wn 
J. B. | — 1 — — 
The Countess of Cardigan — — 
The Earl of Chesterfield 101 1 1 © 
The Earl Cowper — — — 
Lord Cathcart 1041 
Lord Carrington 8 50] 5 5 of 
The Lord Bishop:of Chester — 1 1 
George Carter, Esq. Canterbury — — 
Colonel „ N . 10 1 1 0 
J. Chalie, Esq. Bedford-square — 2e 
G. J. Jene, „Esq. 1061 1 0 
Charles Cholmondeley, Esq. | 
Huntsford, Cheshire — | 1 1 
A. Clarke, Esq. Caroline- * — 12 2 
Mrs. Clark - — [1 1 
A friend of Mrs. Clarke's — 11 1 
J- G. Clarke, Esq. King! 5 Bench | 
Walk — 11 1 
Thomas Clarke, Esg. FE — — 
A. Cochran, Bags No. 3, Cors- | 
street — — 
4 Colpoys, K. B. — [1 1 
oſquhoun, Esq. - — [5 5 
L. Conyers, Esq. Mount- street — 11 
Rev. Edward Conyers — — 
Major 1 New Ormond- 2 
Street | — I 
Cork Society 1 — 1 — 
J. Cotton Esq. - 101.1 I 
Sir Stephen Cottrell - — * 1 
Rev. S8. Corbett | — — 4 
Rev. Charles Crawley , - — 18 
Rev. C. Cracherode, Queen- , Rede. 
square: Westminster "TEM — 110 10 © 
Robert Craufurd, Egg. — 4 — 
Robert Grew, E5q, Claphat — , Sh 


| 1799. | 18co, 
. $.4}L: 3d 
1 *. © TY 124%, 
| of 4 7 37 1 
* 8.55 5 © 
5 P14 4 5 50 
1% 1,0. 
1 1 
18 ED 
ö . 17 
1 1 0 
Dank 
5.. 5 ofdeceased 
. 10 I. 1k..D 
5 5 5,5 © 
2 2 01 1 o 
1 IOI 10 
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2 2 © 
1 19 
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Ast 
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91 10 
95 5 0 
© 110 
35,5 
-Dj:1:;I1x: 1.0 
1011... 0 
Sr ld 
AI 
for life. 101 
110 10.0 
10 1080 


LIST OF sussegiIBERS. 


fy 
1 
F 
— 


—— 


Gen Ceyle, Plymouth, 
Hospital 

Richard Croft, Esq. Old Bur- 
lington- street 

W Crompton, Esq. Clapham 


Rev. J. Cumming, Dorchester 
G. Cumming, Esq. Berner's- 
street 


J. C. a friend of Mr. Bernard 


The Lord Bishop of Durham, 
Cavendish-square - 
The Lord Bishop of St. David's 
Rt. Hon. S. Douglass, M. P. 
Bruton- street 
Lord De Dunstanville - 
Hon. Lionel Damer, M. P. 
SGeorge-street, Hanover-sq. 
Lady Dolben _ - - 
Mrs. Dalton - - 
Rev. Mr. Davidson - 
Major Desbrow = d 
Hon. Baron Dimsdale - 
. Miss Dolben - 
P. Duncan, Esq. - 
T. Dunn, Esq. Lincoln's-inn 
Jer. Dyson, Esq. Palace-yard 


The Earl of Exeter 5 
The Earl of Egremont - 
The Earl of kuston -—- 


The Lord Bishop of Ely 
Hon. Edward J. Eliot, M. P. 
Downing street - 
Hon. Willtam Elphinstone 

G Erving, Esq. George-street 
George Eyre, ES dd. 


Mr. Salnuel Farmer 


Nath. Fenn, Esq. Botolph-lane 


Mrs. Finch, Cavendish-square 
Rev. Dr. Fisker Windsor 


Rev. IH Flindley, Manchester 


Rev. W Floyer, Dorchester 


107 
1797. | 1798; A 1799. | 1800. 
. S. d. 4 S. d 9 L. 8. d 8. C. a 
i. 5e 
— 11 | 1 0 RIES | 
— 1. 1 O a 4 IT 
—__ 7" 7 0 ons 
* a 1 1 of 
— — 4 1 O 
N + 
I 
2 10 ol for life. | | 
ma? 3 E 
133 595 5 +: 5 
** „ll 3 8 
1 10 i Tor 1 a 0 
— 1 9 1 10 
— ine e 
— — fi can TO 
— — * dt $15 * 0 
— 1 1 O * 1 er 6 
— [Ii 1011010 
— 7 — — 10 
c—_ I 1 O | ; Þ 2 4 8 
Ii be. . 0 Wy 
3 Las ik 5 Oo 5 5 0 
8 „ö 
1 10 ; OTIS? r 5 . FX 
i 1o 1 101i :yrofy to 
fi 1 
5 p oldeceased | 
1 1 O | . & 
re 
— | 1 1 o'r 101 10 
1 1 oa 1 


Miss Sarah Grier, ditto 
| ”@-1 


% 


108 © © APPENDIX, 1» 1 
og er:! 1797. 4224 25 = 
ow, Aa A K S. d 8. S. d .S. d. 
Rev. john Foley Is I 1,0} 1 1 Cc Ay Sich s. 
John Ford, Esq. — 11 1 oÞ @6i52 5; 
Mrs. Ford, Upper .ook-ttteet — "| a 4 9165 © = * els 
S. Forman, Esq.Mortimer-street — [1 I 
Edward Forster, Esq. Thread- |. eibarngh19 
needle+street | 1 IOI IGI 1.014 L060 
Benjamin Meggott Forster, Esq. 1 10]1-1 1. 101 1 0 
Edward Forster. jun. Esq. 1 10 [I IOI IOI 1 0 
Thomas F. Forster, jun. E5q, ow {6751 
Hackney - — [1 10110110 
John Forster, Esq. Lincoln s- inn — [2 2 0, 2 20 2 20 
= Frampton, Esq. -  — | 3 1:9} I 4:14 4:6 
ev. Dr, Frank, Abderton, 4 blangibeH bc; 
Suffolk - — — {j1 10} 10 
Mrs. Frank - - — — 11 1 O1 10 
John Fullerton, Esq. — — — 11 10 
8 ; nnr 412 8. 
Han ROYAL HICHNESS THE | 4 0B Lung, fi 
Doourenkzss of GLOUCESTER — — 14 40] 4 40 
The Earl of Grandisn 1 1c|1 10of1-1oþt4 1 0 
Lord Grenville - ebenen 
Rear Admiral Gambier 1 1 oha 1:6E 41241 37500 
General Garth = 1 10 1 n M Io 
Dr. Garthshore, St. Martin's. lanes f 0 5 5 of 5 5 O 
S. Gazellee | - Pf — — 2 20 
Sir William Geary, Bart, — | — [| 1:aþ.2: 
Rev. William Gilpin, Boldre, Hants 1 23 of 4-850 
Rey. Thomas Gisborne, Voxall ne! Fair ed. 
Lodge, near Lichfield 10 10 of for lia: 5:4 g bv: 
Rev. Dr. Glasse, Wanstead 5 5 O5 5 of 5-55: 51 5566 
General Goldsworthy, M. P. 1 1 U i inen 
G. Godwin, Esq, 'Olaphan- oo my HM cvs 
common — 2 2 2 2 0 
James Gon, Bag. jun. Moor- N ,25432-90? 
© place, Herts ' © . * — 10 
R. H. Gordon, Esq. Albemarle- H erna ve 
street — 10 
H. Grant, Esg. 5 — 21 H be. 
W. Gray, Es g. — ms; I Mee of: 
J. Gregby *  - - — Sv $2820 © 
General Grenville! - -- - | — 1 1 1 * c melt, 
Miss Grier, Bucklersbury 10 10 c A b 
f 10 1020 4 . bt; bis /b 


6 TL." 8B TY 19 
„ 2olbbilM dener! 


10 


963929 


LIST o SUBSCRIBERS, 


. 


Rev. G. e A; M. Fellow 
of Caius College 

Henry Grimston, Esq. Sunder- 
land Wick, Yorkshire' 

Rev. Dr. Grindlay -- 

Rev. Charles De Guiffardiere, 
Cleveland-row © ' - 

Miss C. Gurney, Dawlish, Devon. 1 

General Gwynn _ - 

A nene unknown Te 

The Marquis of Hertford 

Lord Heathfield _—_— 

Hon. General Harcourt 

The Rev. Mr. Haggitt - 

Thomas Hall, Esq. Preston, 
Candover, Hants - 

Rev. Dr. Hamilton, Bruton- 
Street iS --: 

T. Hammersley, Exq. Pall-mall 

A. Hammond, Esq. Southampton 

Robert Harper, 129. British- 


Museum - 

Vier, G. Harper - 

Sir R. He, Bart. Langley 
Park, Bucks —- 

Rev. Mr. Harvey — 


James Hawkins, Esq. Honiton 
Rev, George Ha yard 
Rey. H. Hayes 
Dr. Haygarth, Batgn 
Rev. Mr. Haywood | 
M. Heathcote, Esq. Southamp- 
ton-street, e e 
Dr. Heberden Io 1 
Rev. Thomas 33 | 
Rev. W. Herringham, Ongar 
Lady Hezketh El * 
Tho. Hihbert, Eqq. _ 
5 Lodge: Bucks at 


William Higgins, Er. 
Sir Richard Hill, Bart. 


Edward illiard, Esq, 15 4 y 
House, Middlesdz * y 


Lo 


N 


D 


1 


„ 


- © "APPENDIX... 


COS LO Reer 1797. „ 1798. 
F L. 4. . 3.4. 
Mz. Hindby YE * — 
Sir John Ws ippis ey, S$t. —_ — oa 4 
Henry Hoare, Eq. Mitcham, Ind 


Surry » | 52 10 of for life. 
Charles Hoare, Es Fleet-street _ 213 


Robert Holford, Esq. Lincoln' „ 
Inn Fields b 
J. Hosier, Esq. Son George: 
Street. ' 2 
General chin = I 
William Houlston, Esq. - 
Miss Howard, e eee 
GQuilford street 
Ham, Esq. Ang! S- road 2 


Lady Jones, Bolton-street I 

Mrs. Jackson, F 
row - 

Mr. James, beck 
Covent Garden 1 

Jeremiah James, Es g. 

George Jeffery, Esq. T hrvg- 
morton- street 

Rev. L. Iremonger, Vicarage, 
near Andover - 

Mrs. Iremongerk =« 1 

Miss Iremonger - 


Lord Kinnaird, Lower Gros- 
venor-street 

Hon. Mrs. Keppel, Pall- all 

Rev. W. J. Kerrich, New: Col- 
lege, Oxford 

Rev. R. King, Worthen, Salop 1 

Mrs. King - MR 

Henry Kine, Esq. | - 

George Knowsley, Esq. : - 


The * Bishop of Lincoln, , mn hg 
Deanery, St. Pauls 
The Lord Bishop of London, 
St. James's- square 8244 
Lancelot Lee, Es q. — 
George Lee, Es. ens | 


— 


— mw ou. un 


— „ 


22. 


2 


EA 


* 
1 __— 1 


2 


* 1 
* * 
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— ” . 
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Q 
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— bs ws 


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LIST OF SUBSCRIBERS. | Xrr 


„ a - 2 =. a #. ® "FA VL 
* 1 5 \ < 7 1 


1798. | 1799. 


. * . , | 25 
v.12. > AP. 5 s. dJ C. 5. d. S. d £. 8. d. 
Edward 1 Ng es 5 10 0 2 e 1 3 
Rev. Tho. Le Mesurier, Oxford — [I IOI 16 
Major Gen. William Lewis — [5s 5 o | 
Edward Beeston Long, 3j Jun. Esq. 3 3 
Wimpole-street — I 10 i | 
| William Lowndes, Esq. Terwick- TY 20% A ig 
6: house, Bucks r-1:0.1::1 0] 1 "Fo ty o 
= Mrs. Lloyd, Kensington Palace — 3 30 2 20 
5 Mrs. Llo ye — — 11 898 ; 
* Rev. William Lloyd — | — FS Fro 
William Lucas, Esq. Bromfield, | | 7 As 
75 Chelmsford | — 1 1 of j hs 
Alexander Luders, E“. — — 1 101 10 
5 D. Lyons, M. D. Bath, | — — [I 1 Ofdeceased 
15 Rev. D. Lysons, Putney, Surry — rior 10 
85 R. Warburton Lytton, Esq. 2 ( 
75 Knebworth Place, Herts F 
2 The Duke of Montrose, Gros- 33 | 
# venor- square — [10 | 
bj The Earl of Morton - 1 | r 
+ Lord Ry pring Gar- 9 | 85 
Wc. | 7 $7 — | 1 1-0 | 
Rev. and Rt. Hon. Lord George 2 | 
Murray — Tr ra rr 
Col. Maclachlan, Gower-btreet — 11 10'r.x& 
W. R. Maddock, Esq. Reading — — 1 10 
Town Malling Society = _ Ts hg © 
Mrs. Maltby, Bath ' - 3 bs i. at | 
Miss Maltby, ditto = 1 1 10 3 
Williant Manig, Esg. M. PF 5 ER GE gs 9 "Us: fr 
Matthew Martin, Esq. =... -$. $$} $0 8 2 
Ditto, for person unknown —_ Ry 0, e. 
© Rev. 8, Master — — — e 
Mrs. Martin 1 | ; 
James Martin, Esq. M. p. 
_ Downing-street - — 11 1 0 
Rev. T. Martyn, Frith-street of OY ip 4 | 
Mrs. May (© =? 12 — 1 101 e 
John May, Esq CSF. OO: POTS * TANCE 1 0 5 8 
Rer. John Mayo, St. John' A ö 8 
College, Oxford — Ire 
Rev. Giles Meech, Dorchester — 1 fre e 


118, 4 ST ATZPENDIX- > 7142 


| 8 7 age © K LA 


Pail Be Rrsurzer! ESG m. 
Mrs. Middleton, Kensivgton * 

Palacde 1 
Sir C. Middleton, Bart. X 
L. Millington, Esq. Berners- str. 
Miss Miller, Bloo sbury-5quare I 
Francis Minet, Esg. 
Mrs. Mitchell, Upper Harley-st. 
Mr. m—_ „K 

mes Mo Sq. 
Wlan . — + Bsq. M. P. 2 
Francis Morland, Eg. 
E Mokely, Esq; Cambridge 

rf. J. Moser, Frith-str. Soho 
Arthur Mowbray, Esq. Durham 1 
J. D. Moxon, Esa. anchester 


Lady Neale, Walhampton, near | 
Lymington =—: 1 
— N ettleson, Esq- Clapham | 


Hon. Thonjas Onslaw, M.P. 1 
Rev. Rich. Kensington 


The Earl 4 Pembroke, Privy 
Garden — I 
The Earl Poulett | - I 
Right Hon; Sir William Pitt I 
Rt. Hon. Tho. Pelham, M. P. 
Right Hon. Lady Maria Price 1 
Sir William Pepperell, Bart 1 
| Rev. Archdeacon Paley + 1 
William Palmer, my 1 
morton street 
T. N. Parker, IS * &1 


Fe Erb | LF Elie 


o [ | | 


. A. Parke, Eg... 
Parry, Esq. -street 4 
John Paul Paul, Bag. 
George Pearson, BY Durham 1 
— Penn, IS 
Pennant, Eg · — 
* H. Petitt, Esq. 7 PP" * 


Richard Phillips, Esg. — 
Rev. . — T 


E 2 


. 


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LIST OF SUBSCRIBERS. 


4 1 8 = 4 | 
Miss Pearce, Milbank-street 
William Morton Pitt, Esq. M. P. 5 5 o 


Tho. Pitt, Esq. Wimpol 
Mrs. John Pitt, Charles-street, 
Berkley- square 
The Rev. Archdeacon plymley 
Mrs. Pollock, Downing-street 
Josias Du Pre Porcher, Esq. 
Devonshire- place - 
R. Precious, Esq. Coleman-str. 
Rev. Dr. Price, ad. ©: ann 
Mrs. Price 
William Price, E59. Pall Mall 
Barrington Price, Ksq.Beckett, 


near Fatirigdon 
Rev. Dr. Prosser, Gatezhead, 
Newcastle 
John Pugh, Esq. Lamb's Con- 
duit-street - 
Rev. Mr. Pyms - 


Lord Rivers, Hertford-vtreet 
Lord Rodney - 

The Dean of Rochester - 
Sir John Russell, Bart. - 


Pas; 


I 


WU. wt Wh 


William Rathbone, Esq. Green 


Bank, Liverpool - 


Mrs. Read, 0 4 


Piccadilly - 
Thomas Gould Read; Esq. 
H. Reynard, Es g. 
Wilen R 

brook Dale, Salop 7 
K Roberts, _ 

1 Ralf, b 


1 K Roa 
* 


VOL. 11. 


eynolds, Esg. oa : 
Rev. W. Roberts, Eton xy 


e- street — 


d. 


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114 


& L WM. BYTE 

.» Af. \ bk 
Lord Saffietd EG 
Bady St. John, Clarges-street - 
Bord Sheffield %» 43 3 
Lady Sheffield Lo 


Hoh. Richard Lumley Saville | 


Hady Stanley 
John Sargent, Esq. M. p. 
Robert Saunders, Esq. 
William Seward, Esq. 


s < as / 


R. Shaw, ESq. New Bridge-str. 


Miss Louisa Shipley - 


Samuel Shore, ESg. Meersbrook, 


» Yorkshire-- 


nd 
* 


Samuel Shore, Esq. Jun. Nor- 


ton Hall, Derbyshire 
J. J. Short, Esq. Exeter 
Rev. Henry Sissmore 
Rev. Join Skynning, Sussex 


Leonard Smelt, Esq. 


Rey. ].Smith, Wendaver, Bucks 1 


"1030797: 
L. S. d. 
He 
BSD = 
1 4 

I 


Charles Smith, Es. 8 


street West 


oY 


r. Woodrife Smith, Es. Stock- 


well Park 


Robert Smith, Esq. - 
George Smith, Esq. - 
Mr. Saunrade, jun, - 


T. F. Smith, Esq. 


Mrs. Stainsforth, Queen? House 


Richard Stainforth, Esq. 
Mr. Staniforth 


Sir George Staunton, Bart, 
James Stephens, Esq. - 
Francis Stephens, Esq. - 
John Stockwelh Esq. - 


Ely Stott, Esq. Bloomsbury <q. 


Miss Strong, Lympton, Devon 


Anth. Butler St, Leger, Esq.. 


J. Sullivan, Esg. Chesterfield str. 5 
. Grafton-str. 5 
umner, ESqe. 


R. J. Sulivan, Es 
George Holme 
Great George: street 


Ys 


Thomas Sutton, Esq. Moulsey ... 


Christopher Sweedland, a 
Rev. J. — 1 ee 


33 


iii 


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__— 


"— 


2+ APPENDIX,” 


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1799. | 1800, 
L. S. d. I. s. Ws 
74 Hoſe 


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LIST OF SUBSCRIBERS. 


| CE 1-86 42797. 
4 * . . 
Lord non: 14 
Hon. Mrs. 'Tracey — | | 
Samuel Thornton, Esq. M. .. 2 
Robert Thornton, Esq. M. P. 2 
Henry Thornton, Esd. M. P. 2 
R. R. Tighe, Esq. Si 
R. Till, Peg 1 
1 Todd, Esq. - 
R. Toke, Esq. - 
Rev. John 'Fooley = 
J. Townsend, Esq. Cannon-str. 
Thomas N. Trollope, Esq. _ 
College, Oxtord- 


— 


000. 
wm ww HI ND 


bless 


Rt. Hon. Lady Gertrude Villiers, 
Park- lane ks I 
Dr. Vaughan, Clarges-street 
Rev. Peter Vaughan > 
Willian Vaughan, Esq. - 
George Vansittart, Esq. M. P. 5 
NicholasVansittart, Esq. M. P. 
The Rev. Mr. Venn, Clapham 
The Rev. R. W ETFs 


114111 


Herts — 
The Earl of Westmorland, | 
Berkeley-$quare 1 1.0 
The Earl of Winchilsea 5 © 
The Rt, Hon, Lady Caroline 
Wrottesley - — 
Sir William Watson, Daulih, 2 
Devon F240 
Sie Godfrey Webster, Bart. 
Tenterden- street 83 


Sir Robert Wilmot, Bart. — 
B. Waddington, Esq. Lanover- 

House, Abergaveny - — 
Mrs. Wall, 1 New Bioad- 


street 8 
J. Walker, Esq. Upper o eher, "if 
street — 
Mr. Wallace, Wen — 
J. Warburton, Esq: Parliament- TC 
Street ns - 1 
James Ware, Esq. Le {ns ꝓ — 


N 2 


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116 $: APPENDIX. - 


1797. | 1798. | 1799. page | o 
Ra — 4 45 5. d. L. S. d 45 S d . 
George Watt, Esq. * | — I © © 1 
Rev. Richard Webster . : 
Miss Webster, Clapton — — 
Mrs. Weddell, Upper Brook-str. — 0 
M. W Bec, Harley-street 1 — * 


Charles White, Esq. Lincoln 1 
Mrs. White, Ditto 


Rev. J. Symons Whitburne 1 
o 
| 1 

W. Wilde orce, Exq. M. P. 


I 
10 
1 


% 

„ 
0 — 
> : 
* 


Palace Yard C071 1007 $756 1 2 == 
Randle Wilbraham, Es: — 4 — lte. 
| Rev. Dr. T. Willis, Bloomsbury 1:2 of 


Willis, Esq. e =, | 


borough "OM | — 4 A 
John Wilmot, Esq. lohn. et. eln n 41 | 
Bedford · row — 3 2-0 
W. Wiltsbire, Esq. jun, 6 a 
Townsend's, * 81501 * B. 
Henry C. Wise, Eg. — 1 1 0 B. 
Daniel Wilson, Es g. 1 85 72 
N Wilson, Esq. 5 — | 
Rev.. Wollaston,Chislehurst 3 785 10 
George Wood, Esq. Durham 1 Neceas ed 
Henry Woodcock, Esq. — 10 MW =: 
Mrs. : Woodefietd ' NT 185 0 : 
Mr. Woodhall, at Mr. Paynie's | 5 8 #4 Br 
Mews Gate Prof 269 17995: 
Rev. Thomas Woodroffe — — 3 0 | 
Rev. Mr. Wotts — 10 T.400- 2-1. 
G.Wright, Esq. Ray Lodge crit it aw hro BM = 8 
GT AE BB VII | ] 
Hon. Mrs. Yorke, Deer ret 1 515 10 = 
Rev. Philip Yorke, ditto — | 10 
Sir W. 5 art. Harley. | IS HO: 
Street ore ue Heibi tonr2Þ 5 
Rev. Duke Younge, Cornwood, | . 
> - — - if 0 
1 * viimado lot 10: chats - 190k off 1 8 
NB. The prong: ict” bas been ruręfully examined with A 
the entries in the bankers” books? any vrror in it mill be thank- Aru 
fully acknowledged; and corvette in the heat pi Bit 7 C 
Subseftibers. + [61409229 v auen 


ESE) te We” 833 


: Ap vic to te 5 poor | xe: 5 App. 17 
> - 3 injury to the poor from them rig 189 | 
; "AMERICA; ; the labourer”s 8 Rope, for 1 2 
= marriage 1 - 7 3 ings 8. 
APPRENTICES ; further account 0 oe” 215 
= I cotton mills, their Situation 2 369 18 


| 


$ ang | REPOSITORY for the benefit of the poor DE p- 


A Their telle of manufacture 84 


d  BRINEWELL 3 one of its original objects, a charity S 
a * N for convalescents from hospitals 101 * 
; BokIEY ON THE Hill ; further account of the * 


; _ Þ 4 
2 : * 8 


b The four kinds of ack "x - 173 


\ CnanrLRs; ; che publicity and a . 


- CAsSTLEKNOCK. SOCIETY ; premiums of 68 


Ine donim For lying -in women and sick en 9 179 
Caution as to the exercise of it _ * 


accounts very essential „ s td 


Their suffering from want of a By 705 


©” | cottagers keeping cows there 2 44 


| CHaniry ; ; its true end and object - 10 
: „ If it supersedes the necesslty of labour, 3 155 
it encourages idlenese * & ' 1 

Danger of indiscriminate and ll directed . 
charity „ Dd ; 


NEO ce mem—— 


"= — 
0 — — — 
* 


— 


Ä ů —— Tr.. *: 23 * 
e * 
ung 
4d — 


118 INDEX. 


raf 
Cyrsren Sensors the benefits bow n 

5 | ' tended be” 61. #1 22 | . 2 268 
CuirDREN; ; Mr. Voght's observations on re- 

: . moving. them from their parents 35 
CU SWEEPERs: Boys; provision for them 
RIS at Kingston - 1 

Plan for their relief and protection 152. 
5 Friendly society; ; their articles = App. 70 
CnrsLEHURsT ; ; parish windmill EMS 124 
Cnuunch; ne of the free church at 829 293 
8 Want of free churches i in London 300 
CLAPHAM Society for the poor, their objects 343 
\ ._ Good effects of their plan - 356 
5 80 Its further progress — App. 100 
Crassts or Mir useful in public esta- 

1 blishments 2 - 146 

Couroxrs of the poor | : . > 2 App. 8r 


.Convalrscents from hospitals; provision for 93 

Cork Socikxx for bettering the condition of the ö 

poor — 196 

Christian charity of the Cork society 5 92 

Cork FRIENDLY SOCIETY ; account of - 327 
Corracs; account of a cottage and garden near 


ie — — App. 42 
Corraekxs KEEPING Cows; the most indus- 
Vo ned. trious and steady labourers = 192 
3 What situations are unfavourable to their | 
keeping cows T 224 
3 Different modes in which "they: are sup- 
: plied with ground = — 246 
| Why they succeed best in keeping cows 
wit On, Lord \ Winchilsea's S estate | "246 
Jos Tolle keeping cows are puacit" m 


payment of rent - 449 


n 


. * 


Y Js 


3 


INDEX. . 
. PACE 
CorTAGERS KEEPING Cows are the best and 


935 most trusty labourers and workmen 2855 252 


Their advantage in bringing, 15 their 
_ =» children _ — 254 
Cor TAGERS; their welfare depends more on re- 
Sources and habits of life, than on any. 


; amount of wages n 257 
| Advantage of their having property 259 
, How the system of their keeping © com” 
| may be introduced + = 265 
8 Should be encouraged to thrive in ths 1 
8 cottages A. 48 
by Their situation stated - App. 51 
Benefit of giving: them domestic occu- 
D, Pn 4. 
\ Plan for their renting cows App. 58 


Cortacs; ; the present condition of tem App. I 


* © 7 


SIO. 


oy 


Corrox MIIIS; their effect | in abridgemerit of 
labour A — * ns 


Injurious to the health and morals of the 

pete - 2-554 1471 
Plan for regulating hein?! 32 
Cows; Provision in Lincolnshire for cottagers! *' 


keeping-cows TO SY 187 
Further account of cottagers' IN | 
e * e neee 


Plan for letting cows Ness ; Py 46 
A widow Supported, and fourteen chil- 
children brought p. 1 the J of 

two Cows 3 . R. Wn 


Drarn; cause of i its pangs and terrors 78 450. 35 


5 RUNKENNESS, most prevalent among the i Igno- 


rant — uneducated ? rr 276 


J RL) 
E 


, — —__ 


. __ - 


— . r dP — ] ͤ 


— 225 o 
PC + ac * 5 
*., 
— rates 


PERIOD — —e— 


VAT: PAGE 


DovtunHows or na A's inproremeatsin 4.34 
o# 45 Further account of ijt 209 
Dorin SOqUnEY for protnoting tbe conifons of ©: 217 
M. the poor . „ 402 2 SO : - 20 
de IQ Bonefits to be expected from it - 291 
Durv Aun INFLUENCE of the middle classes {pp.y7 
'Drt1xs ; of the treatment of the dying App. 34 


EDUCATION ;/its importance to the poor 316 
5 Sho has gre: bras: of a \upecie of 


8 *; * ; $173. 5 — a_ 
e kae in n finding 3 it: for the 
\ * - poor - _ ws) - 26 


- FEMALE FRIENDLY SOCIETY ; account of one 104 
FE VER WAR DS; their origin - 405. 93 
FE VvxRS InvecTIOUS ; how checked 2326 

Froux ; supply of it by a friendly societ / 60 


Caution as to expense by 
Foon Ar PRIME Cost; benefit of e 3 

to the poor 6 £ FE 17 

| 0 SOCIETIES ; ne as ie hem 242 

#05 - In Somersetchir Gi tale 1120 Lo 306 

AA Cork 1012222207577 Y 7 
. for the poor; provision for ale of i it 334 

vv eee ou nns 337 


G4. * Hoc bob {4 mon £0 23% 

Sins; plan for their aims cn 272 

: GraTEs of Count Rumford ; caution „ 
pretended improvernents of them 340 

20 40k. 22014917 11 11540098 10 92200H X2T23 244M 

+ JJAMBURGH ; account of the management the 

505 poor at Hamburg 32 


n wok kRHOuskEs; objections to it App. 50 


4 AY . 4% is 


N 


847 PAGE 
— of it in 2789. and in 2 A 
Hosrir als; caution as to tradesmen med App. 89 
Hovusz-@F Ixpusrgx at Dublin 29 
-Hovss or REcCoVERY ; Further account of i . 236 
2 - Its progress edge App. 95 
-HumtBERSTON ; eines "hs cottagers' cows. 187 


:HyproPHOBIA + preventive againati it”, 499. 19 


pr Persons should not live as well by charity, 
'- -»/-a5 the industrious can by labour 38 
:TmpusTRY ; our unsuccessful attempts to compel it 3 


innen D1$0RDERS:;'plan for preventing 


IS" + them at Clonham - ogg, - 347 

InrzcT10vs FE VERS; rules to prevent them App. 9 
- INSTITUTION; account of the Royal Institution 205 
Ax xraun; situation of the poor there 1 


Kincs ron; ; provision for e euerer, J 
50 | boys there - 9. * Nigg 1149 
8 non 

LAND RED INTEREST. injured at ; rent by the 
Wo poor laws 1 St a) - 
LANERK Corron Mills; account of they  - — 
Go f Their regulationnnss?sʒ?n 5 = 265 
-J1BeRtY ; ; its. Possession, one of the comforts of 
Sy 2 the poor iel ve 1101 App. 83 

"ErvereooL School for the blind OH » 77 

Lou vnxs; use of them in PR . 140 


LVINCG-IN Wouxx ; charity for ns! 12225 2 


Ly1NG-1nN CHARITIES ;: obnarta gay endhem AS 
ORS non io 210 SMDVOLGNTL dense 
en House of Recovery; its progress App. 95 
Further accaunt of it 4 224. 


Mrxnir SCHOOLS; 3 account of. them 303 


12 MEX. 


SOA PAGE 
Mippkz Cr Ass ES of society; their e and”, 4 
(9 a4 influence - 1 het 72110 77 
M1Lrxs rox Corn ; wanted in'parishes 14 7 af 


MoRTALITY among the poor; singular proof of 
its reduction at Manchester, by the 


8 House of Recovery ON — 228 
Mousic ; a — to the bling 92 
PARISH RELIEF; how best directed = 186 
Result of our enquiries, respecting it 16 
© __= Defects in the system App. 49 
PARISH WINDMILL at Chislehurst © 124 

Caution against expene «© 13¹ 
PauPex : difference between a rich pauper and a 

1 poor one Mr POLLY ag 
Poors' RATE; supposed causes of its increase, 

a measures for preventing it 2 

How trifling, where cottagers have cows 263 
Paid nominally by the tenant, wut really 

by the landlord - - 264 

Poox ; advantage of sies industry, &c. | 

among them - WAY - = 6 

Ir Should be encouraged to better. their 
1 condition SO GO tt OA = 12 

Rewards for encouraging industry and 

„% good habits, at Castlekno ck 68 
5 Management of them at Hamburgh 32 
Management of them in Dublin” - 134 
\,* _ Rewardsfor the industrious 200 4 8 
poor in Sussex 1 - 158 

—— virtue and good habits may be Lag 
+ © _- _ moted among them 167 
Mode of improving their diet, and means 


Ye of employment, at home . - _ 209 


INDEX, 123 
| PAGE 
Poon; ; Dr: Ferriat's advice to tem 49 
Instructions for them, as to the treatment 


— * 


of the dying 4p. 34 


12 Gritified by-the attentions of the rich _ 44 
Cannot always have a regular Supply of 


work '* = i ood bn 26 

do Instance of great maternal affection i in a 
poor woman en OS 
Division of them into divtricts: 244 
Utility of so dividing them 352 
Of Hamburgh in 1789, and in 1799 App. 69 
Their comforts = 4p. BY 

PooR ANDRICH ; benefitof i intercourse bet ween 
« Wiſs ee e anc 1 169 
his wo mode of preserving them © — App. 12 
PREMIUMS for industry and good habits 68 
| Of society at Manchester = App. 88 


Their distribution at Castleknock - App. 89 
PROPERTY 3 one of the comforts of the * hp 92 


. | LO C4 IEG NT 5.4 45 
REGULATIONS of the Samaritan society 94 
Of a female friendly soit, — 104 
Of a Sunday friendly society — 108 


Of a charity for lying-in women 2 179 
Of the Cork society for . the 


condition of the poor 198 
Of the Dublin society for promoting the 
- . comforts of the poop 2280 
Of some female societies in Somerset. lit 306 
Of a friendly society at Cox 2328 
ReLiGiovs INSTRUCTION ; its peculiar benefit 
wg to the aged poor WEI 116 


, ReLIGtoN; the essential comfar?'of the poor App.” 85 


124 INDEX. 
2089 FACE 
REroRxs OF THE: SOC1ETy:3./the a to 
they may be applied l- 4 
Race; the Bishop ef Durban eee bee 1¹ 
2732 it for the por 475. 6 
mn | pauper and poor one ; their difference - 29 
And poor; benefit of their — 
more of each other - 16 
How benefited by their exertions foo 
208" the improvement of the por its 
ones. for those who would ine . fare 
better than they do Asp. 29 
By 17O3D 3 Count Rumford's improvements a 
Munich and Hamburg 2 144072417 
JETTY Bis i — in the Dublin house 40 
13 Z .of industr7 Elbe Off vie; 222 UGH AS 139 
Benefit of 1 bis improvements 
into our public establichments - 147 
Caution as to the use of fuel - App. go 


9) <5 
2 


SAMARITAN' SOCIETY ; account of - 93 
vCARCITY ; the Bishop of Durham's letter nx 
the measures to be taken for relief f 
the poor in times of scarcity App. 1 
Count Rumford's letter on relieving the 
distresses of the poor - App. 24 
Observations on the present scarcity App. 61 
Duty of the higher and middle ranks App. 62 
SCOTLAND; advantages of the general prevalence 
of education there 3 7 277 
Socizry FOR THE POOR at Clapham 343 
Its good effects - 4 356 
Its further progres = App. 100 
Sovy Sgors ; 3 their Progress 3 and benefit — 18 


9 WS” I F e - 8 
* 6 . e 


INDEX. 128 


' LIAY PAGE 


SPINNING: the poor almost We the bes 5434 


i nme of it 0511996 gr: 153 


Su N DAY ACG ED SOCTETY at Winston Lan 
Susskx; rewards for ee __ 01 71 I 58 


. 


S8 5 — — 


Tasca account of acottag e ndganten app 42 


oat 


WexnoveR SoCIETY for encouraging prodince 


55 and industry — 
| Distribution of the funds  * App. 15 
Wire And CHILDREN j how a source pg 


fort to the poor Fs (Lf App. Br 
Wierer ; society for the aged poor on Ander 08 


Women; of employing them in manufactures App. 98 
WoRKHoUSES; who should be placed there — 23 


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