4 
E $ $8 EY 


ON THE 


— — a. C * * 
= Ry. is . OT. 0; IBS, * g 
= _—_— 4 * a * * J 3 > s . 
— — —— — = : - . 
#5," 2 . =) Ly n K * WI. - — * 
U * r 4A 8 r TE nd w A N So b 


MOST EFFECTUAL MEANS OF PRESERVING 


_ _— 
— 


THE 


HEALTH OF SEAMEN 
IN THE ROYAL NAVY. 


— at A 
R 
— 22 
„ Loo, ON 


— n 3＋＋— — 


* 
—— — 


T 
; 
F 


8 AN D | 
A D-18.$E R-T ( 
ON 


FEVERS AND INFECTION. 


Together with 
Obſervations on the JAIL DISTEMPER, and ts 
proper Methods of preventing and ſtopping i its Infection. 
By JAMES LIND, M.D. Rs 


Phyfician to his Majeſty's Royal Hoſpital at HasL ar, near \ 
 PorTsMoUTH, and Fellow of the Royal Coos of 
Phyſicians in Edinburgh. | 


v4 . * —— 
7 — —— 2 3 
— * „5 * „„ % =” a 


I 


dons nm meme n n 


— 79 


A NEW EDITI ON, much enlarged and improved. 
| C L | O N D O Th h JS. | IS 
Printed for D. WII son and G. Nico, in the Strand. 3 n 
MDCCLXXIV. + | f 


E W 
* R E F A os uh 


H IS 3 contains two 

diſtinct Publications, an Eſay 

on the moſt effeftual Means of pre- 

 ferving the Health of Seamen, and 

a Diſſertation on Fevers and Infection; 

which, as they ſerve to illuſtrate each 
other, are now reprinted together. 


That particular parts of the work 
might more readily be conſulted, it 
is divided into Chapters and Sections; 
and the whole is rendered more dif- 


U 
i 
7 
{4 
y 
. o 
i o 
4 
* co 
8 
+ 
* 
x 
17 
3 
4 * 
* 
12 
. 
$19 
* 
* 
U 
* 
932 
I 
* 1 
* 
1 
: 
4 
1 U 
4 
1 # 
1 N 
z 
1 
op 
+ — 
5 5 
1 
F * 
. 
17 
ww 
! 
1 
8 
* ry 
1 
+ 
* * 
15 
* I 
— 
1 
2 
7 bad 
2 
* 
** 
7 N 
7 
i 
* 
t= 
A 
i 
H 
* 
9 
g 
& 


tinct by ſome alterations in the Ar- a 
rangement. g ; 

| W 

The Eſſay on preſerving the Health HY 
of Seamen is now, in a Third Edi- | 


tion, preſented to the Public with 
A 2 ſeve- 


. $4 W — a > 
* —— Ah 


— —Ä—E—œ — ... — —— — — 
. 


I PREFACE 
ſeveral Alterations, which, in Courſe 

of Time, have become neceſſary, and 

a new Chapter on the Means of ob. 


taining freſh Water at Sea, is added, 
in which the Author vindicates 
his Claim to the important Diſco- 


very of freſhening Sea-water by Diſ- 


tillation. 


The Diſſertation on Fevers and 


Infection has alſo been before pub- 


liſhed, but now appears with large 
Additions, and a plain and practical 


Application of the whole to the Fail 


Diftemper, the late alarming State 


of which in moſt- of the Jails i in 
England calls for Attention, th EDO 


„ 


5 — 


- 
3 . RS "Bb. 8 a * Ss 8 
. 9 — 
* 


CO N r 


EKF. 
Means of preventing Sickneſs from being introduced 
| into a Ship or Fleet. | 


SECT. E 
Of Impreſt Men. 


RESH Proviſions and greens neceſſary for ſeamen im- 
- preſt on their return from foreign Voyages. Precau- 
tions to be taken with impreſi landmen to avoid the . jail 
diſteniper. A ſhip to be ag ces for receiving per- 
ſons ſuſpected of infection. An uniform propoſed for the 
royal navy. On the appearance of ſickneſs, in veſſels with 
impreſi men; the ſic to be ſent on ſhore ; the remaining 
crew and veſſel purified. Firſt figns of an infection; its 
mildneſs often the reaſon of its being diſregarded ; Dan- 
ger of concealing it. General regulations neceſſary in 


crouded ſhips. P. 1 


4 


8. E 7. II. 
Of Dravghting. Men. 


Small ſhips proper to, intire landmen to @ ſea-liſe. Large 
ſhips on foreign voyages to be recruited from frigates, and 
with ſiaſoned ſeamen, | | : 11 


55 „ 55 „ | SECT. 


\.. 


x _ —_— _ e * 8 — 5 — wy . A <: . 
reer — ̃— —— 
De i = =, 2 po 
"_ „ av, 4 gt CO CIT 1 2 „KR. SAS ” > (hay 


OS 


om 


| | 
1 
j 
70 
9 
} 
fl. 
| 
| 
us 
p I 


recommen 


| Uſual Diet to be changed. Allowance of ſalt meat to be 


vi CONTENT 


8 E-C-F. HEL 


Diſeaſes in Northern Climates. | 7 


Of ſuppreſſed perſpiration. The uſe of eſchallot, garlic, and 


. onions, recommended, A mixture of brandy and beer 
fermented with melaſſes, preferable to iſſuing either beer 
or ſpirits alone. Flannel under. jackets neceſſary in win- 
ter. A conſtant ſupply of freſh proviſions and greens pro- 
poſed for 2 cruiſing in the Channel, Garlic brandy 


| " Þs.#$ 
STC T Iv - 


Unwholſomeneſs of new-built Ships. 


Dangerous vapour exhaling from new timbers ; its effefls ; 
methods of obviating them. New ſhips improper for long 
and ſictly voyages. N Impropriety of waſhing the decks af. 
ter ſun-ſet. BE EE. | 7 


SECT: V, 


Directions in Southern Voyages. 


diminiſhed, 26 
S.E.C TV 


Neceſſaries for the Sick. 


Portable ſoup, new baked bread, wine, rob, or juice of 


|| oranges and lemons; cream of tartar recemmended. 31 


S- CF. VIE 
Method of obtaining Vegetables at Sea. 
Means of preſerving greens, pot-herbs, & c. freſh far a 
Vl ood al time. Method of raiſing a felder fea. 39 


er. 


e 0 T 


SBE RÄ 


Accidents frequent in Ships. 


Treatment of perſons under extreme intoxication. Means of 


recovering ſuch as are ſuppoſed to be drowned ; ſuffocated / 


| by the noxious vapour from a Jhip's well; or firuck by 
lightning. | p- 42 
E T. 
Preſervatives of Health on board Ships. 
Ventilators, exerciſe, cleanlineſs, and the cold bath recom- 
mended, | | | 48 
8 E T. 
Diſeaſes in Southern Climates. 
Impropriety of indiſcriminate bleeding by way of prevention. 
Danger of crowding ſhips with men. Epidemic fever of 


bet climates, its care, and method of prevention. 51 
SEE 


Precautions neceſſary in Southern Climates. 


Ships during the unhealthy ſeaſon to be anchored at a diflance 
from ſwamps. The night air to be avoided. Means of 
defenaing ſbips from the noxious land-breezes. The men 
employed in wording and watering, not to fleep on ſhore. 
Rules for ſuch as are obliged to ſleep on ſhore ; a well- 
thatched hut, ſmoak, and a bark bitter recommended. Ac- 
count of an extraordinary and unwholſame vapour met with 
in Guinea, | | e 


F 


Means of removing the Land ſiekneſs. | 

Sickneſs from the land air removed by the ſhip putting te ſea. 

Articles of reſtorative diet, neceſſary for the fuck. Of 
„ 8 


2 2 "SECT. 


= 


contagion in a ſhip, 


* . 
Wo 


a 
vm 


e 
. \ >» = * „ hn, „ þ 6 


, * 
12 
3 
44 
F 
4 © 
4 
£ 
„* 
* 
1 o 
. » 
* 
oa; 
$ 1 
24:2 
#497 
£ > 
"4 
1 
1 
* 
: 
"1 
4 
+ 
4 
1 
2 
TUR 
* 
N 
7 : 
* 
0 
145 
3 480 
i 
q 
E +1; 
1 = 
bh 
N 
3 
5 
E 
A 
od * 
1 4 
„ 7 
"LA 
3:4 
* * 
1 
| 
1 
2 
SB 
* * 
5 ” 
„ 
. nl 
8 
* | 
By 
"Y 
T 
48 


Lo 
4 


_— RES 


e <R Ls 


8 CONTENT 8. 


SECT: AXNL 


Means of procuring wholeſome Water at Sea. 


Important diſcovery of rendering ſea-water freſh by diflilla- 


lation. Geveral benefits reſulting from this diſcovery. 
Various methods of purifying bad water. p. 88 


SECT. 20; 


4 Claim to the Diſcovery of freſhening Sea - water. 


The author's claim to the original diſcovery of freſhening 
ſea-· water by ſimple diſtillation. Account of Dr. Poiſon- 
niere's having received a penſion in France, and Mr. 
Irving a reward of Fool. in England from parkament, 
for the diſcovery, ſeveral years after it had been publiſhed 
by the author. State of the Ras when Ar. Irving 
began his experiments: his mode of diſtilling the water, 
by a large tin tube, wet with mops : his certificates and 
publications : a comment upan them: inutility of his pro- 
poſed alteration, | 97 


CHAP. 


Means of ſtopping the Progreſs of contagious Diſcaſes 
when introduced into a Ship, | 


rer 
Apartment for the Sick. : 
Ventilation, and a free circulation of air, beneficial. A 
place to be allotied for the fick under the fore-caſile, or in 
' the gun-rowm, in infectious diſeaſes. Regulations ne- 
ceſſary for keeping the ſic apartments clean. Patients on 


recovery to be ſeparated from the fick. Infected bedding 
to be deſiroyed. Arrangement of the ich, 131 


> SECT. 


CONTENT L 1 


SRCT. 
Preſervatives againſt Infections. 
Approved method of purifying the air in general during in- 


fettion. Neceſſary precautions for the ſecurity of the at- 
tendants on the ſich, p- 142 


OS 0 ©: 
Of Hoſpitals. 
In caſes of infection information of it to be ſent 10 the hoſ- 
2 before the ſick are landed. Caution neceſſary in re- 
ceiving men from haſpitals during a general infection. 
Separate wards to be allotted for different diſeaſes, Tents 


in the open fields recommended for the fick during a flrong 
contagion. Concluſion. | -- "00 


APFENDIE 


Cautions with reſpec? to bleeding in hot climates. 157 


Comparative degrees of heat and cold in different latitudes. 
| — 163 


Cafes of 574.3 feamen received in two years at Haſlar haf- 
pital. ä 170 


| Preſcriptions adapted to maſt of the diſeaſes incident to ſea- 


men, ; 173 


+3 © 5 ESSE 


0 


20 
* ＋ 
* # 
: ” 
1 
* 
& F 
5 
: 
a 
#3 
1 
K 
5. 
Wy 
$4 
8.97 
1 4 
* 
i at 
J, 
A 
: 
* 
' " 
+ + 
G4: 
v*., 
= 
N lk 
+ 
RY 
[ * 
5 
. 1 
1. 
8 
+231% 
. 
Ru, 
it 
F ; 
ls 85 
; t 
' W 
8 
. 
#4 1 
07-94 
ii " 
1. 
, i 
þ£' ; Pl 
wil 
FR 
1 
5 {T4 
6 
* 3 
. $ 76 
Mo + N 
[1 
5 1 
<4 
Eb 
1 an 
1 
13 
Nt 
3 
1 
= 
- 2 
' 
f 
1 
ig 
4 5 
T5 
"= 
: 75 
17 
1 
. 7 
‚ — 
7 
9 
' 
A 
| * 
1 
[4 4 
#1 
| 
ö 
} 
* * 


Gt... a — — 


i 
t 
4 

; 
: 
H 


— 


TATA 


— 2 


_ 


_— —— - 
5 


news 


x CONTENTS 


DISSERTATION on n FEVERS and INFECTION, 


CHAP. EL 


Caſes of InfeQion in 17 58, 1759, and 1760. General 
Meaas of purifying infected Places and Subſtances. 


State of TofeQion i in 1758, 1 1 1759. 


Sale of infection in the fleets at Spithead, in the years 
1758, and 1759. 5 P. 185 


SEC:T. . 
Fevers produced by Infection. 


Obſervations on the yellow and Spotted fra ; remarkable i in- 
Hances of inſection. | a 200 


S E IH. 
State of Infection in the year 1760. 


State of infection at Spithead in the year 1760. Eg aner 
of perſons labour iug under infettious diſeaſes on board of 
ſhip withaut communicating the infection. Remarkable 
long flate of health enjoyed by the grand fleet, under Sir 
Feet, e on the cogſi of France. 210 


s EC T. Iv. 
Properties of Infection. 


| Heal alas of the ſea-air. Difſerence in fevers ariſing 
_ from infection; the ſick themſerves leſs apt to communicate 

inſection than their apparel : ſubflances to which it moſt 
firongly adheres. Malignity of the fever proportionable 
to the virulence of the infeetion.. Ventilation not always 


ops to remove inſebtion. | 218 
| 8 ECT, 


eo r 


| S EEA Fe Ve 
Means of removing Infection. 


Means of removing infection. Infection deſtroyed by ſmoke. 
Means of purifying ſhips, when the men are removed, 
by burning tobacco, brimſlane, arſenic. Means of puri- 
Hing places, when the fick cannot. be removed, by bd. 
fires, ſmoke of gunpowder, ſcent of burnt caſcarilla, 
teams of camphorated vinegar, freſh air. Means of 


purifying infected tloaths, Ec. their immediate expoſition 


to the air improper, previous fumigation neceſſary. Cau- 


tion in waſhing them. | p- 226 


CHAP. Ii. 


Means of obviating Infection received into the Body. 
Treatment of infectious Fevers. 


8 E C T6 'L 
Of Infection. 


Infection difficult to be controverted by negative proofs. Ex- 
cretions of the ſick moſi liable to communicate the diſeaſe. 
Treatment of infected perſons. Degrees and ſymptoms of 
infection; its exciting cauſes, remedies. Means uſed to 


Preſerve the attendants at Haſlar hoſpital... 238 


S CT. : 
Of Fevers. | 


Of febrifuge medicines : antimony ; contrayerua aud Vir- 
giria ſnake-root ; opium; tranquil flate of bedy and 
mind. The common appellations of fever unſatisfattory: 
noxious vapgurs from the earth a frequent cauſe of fevers: 


fludy of d:fferent fevers recommended. ' 258 


SY SEG T- 


SEA YRS > RA 
- 24 v 8 — 


F 
9 wo — = 


— 


— IE 
55 2 


— 


. |; — 24 40% +6 . — p 
OO OY AT A r I ay oe tho 
= mts = = =_ = ry _ = — 


ear 6 
„ 
Of feen. 
| eſcription of Petechiæ in fevers. Prognoſtics in fevers. 
| 22 late of the body after a fever, Refloratives. p. 270 
LECT 
D iſſections.— Of the blood. 


Appearances after fevers on diſſection. Component parts of- 
the blood; its gluten. Various modes of morbid extrava- 
ſation. Conjecture on the purulent ſtate of the blood in 
fevers, VVT 


L 7. 7 aTOT V 
1 Of Infection. — 
Infeftion Frequent in families, boarding- ſchools, and places 


unſuſpected. Opinions concerning its exiſtence in different 
fevers, Fatal conſequences of too raſhly denying its exiſt- 


ence. Abſtruſe nature of infection. 289 
CHAP. IL | 
. Of Infection. 


Various ſymptoms proceeding from infiction of the malignant. 
ere throat, its prevention. Remedies againſt the plague. 
Bad ſymptoms in fevers.” „ 299 


CHAP. Iv. 


Ot the Jail Diſtemper, with the Means of putting a 
Stop to it, or any other contagious Diſeaſe. 


| SEC 1 
| Of the Jail Diſtemper. 
Univer ſaitty of the jail infection mſlates concerning it; 
it is not always attended with an highly malignant fever, 
7 > 55 


CONTENTS xii 


| is not always general in a priſon ; may be communicated by 
a perſon in health from tainted cloaths : does not reſide in 
Air, Þ- 306 


$SE-C-F-: e- | 
Of the Jail Diſtemper. . 
Origin of the Jail Infection unknown ; its ſource ; is dif- 
fuſed by air as a vehicle ; its properties in common with 
the plague and ſmall pox ; ſmall diſtance to which its in- 
fluence extends; its ſelf ertinction; method of deſiroying 
it in infected places and ſubſtances. 315 


—_ * — 2 
r 55 7 


- 
df 


— — — 1 7 — — — , - K — 
* ——ů— — > 2 * . , 4 2 * 4 - 
— 4 - 0 I” 4 — r * w 
——— — — . r 
ee pre — Sa ty EG — . 
ad oo. oe A — 7 735 l — > — 


<= v 


2 


— — 2 oe Bc 
2 


„ OMEN” 
— — 2 
- E owTads.” Vol ew 


4 _ - —— TT CT 
- o 4 


s * — 1 
— 


SEN HE 
Remarkable Inſtances of Infection. 
General influence of the jail diflemper : its ſimilarity to the 
eptdemic, purple, and ſcarlet fevers : frequent inſtances 
of it in the French fleet: a dreadful infection at Bręſi. 323 


22 
2. 2 


f 
© 

3 

j 


| 


. 


EC 319 
Of Priſons. 


Means to prevent infection, applied to priſons, to prevent 
its being generated; free air neceſſary, proper arrange- 
ment of doors and windows, wind-floves, wind ſail ; - 
plenty of water neceſſary ; no furniture to he kept which 
can imbibe infection: to prevent its being carried into pri- 
ſons, a large oven, a bathing-room neceſſary : to remove 
i from priſons; priſoners to be carried to another jail; 
fumigations. When priſoners cannot he carried out, ſe- 
paration to be made between the healthy and fick. Pri- 
ſoners occaſronally to be moved, and the evacuated cells 
fumigated, the infected cloaths to be purified ly fire, by 
fumigations; degree of heat neceſſary to deſtroy infection. 
330 


45 


wo - 


— 
rr 


SE S R | 

Of Courts of Judicature, 

Means of checking infection in its infancy, applied io courts 
of judi. ature : ta prevent infection being carried into 

| courts, 


— 


— — 


} 
| 
: 
| 


6 ————6ã0d CNN 


WW CONTESTS 


court, clean dreſſes propoſed for priſoners at the bar, a 
canvas frock inſufficient, court rooms to be well aired : 
precautions when priſaners are introduced in their infected 
«oaths - perſonal preſervatives againſi infection; diffe- 
rent modes by which infection can be received; means of ob- 
viating it when received into the body + recapitulation of the 
neceſſaries for priſons and courts to avoid infection. p. 341 


"Rex 
Method of ſtopping Contagious Diſeaſes, 


et bod of flopping an infection when univerſally diffuſed ; 


danger of indiſcriminately ſhutting up whole families; the 


healthy to be ſhut up; the diſperſed jick to be collected into 


one place; arrangement of infected patients; opinion of 
infected patients when collected together being prejudicial 
15 each other refuted : plan of regulations drawn up for 


fupprefſing an infection in a Ruſſian fleet, when at Spit- 


heal e difficulty of diflinguiſhing infectious fevers : bene- 
fit of pure air in fevers. ES | 349 


AN 


„ 


A N 
E S 88 = 
ON THE 
MOST EFFECTUAL MEANS 
OF PRESERVING THE 


HEALTH OF SEAMEN, 
| _ IN THE 
ROYAL NAT 


THE THIRD EDITION. 


Publiſhed by Aurhoritp of the Ffghr Ho⸗ 


nourable the Lords Commiſſioners for exe⸗ 


cuting the Office of Lord High Admiral of 


Great NE 5 Ireland, &c. 


* 


— — — — — res ————— — 
= 3 + £0 


— —U¼— oe — — noe 


1. 
is 
i 
\ 
75 
P 


— 2 IE 1 } 
, 8 — + » 
— r 
— II CIT. . 


re 


as 


4 * 917 PS. 
bs. + * 2 * — * 
2 ES E YO 


ot» _ 


1 
INES += -——_ 


KA 


* — ²˙—i 


Jn. 


* 4 IL — 
— 5 —ůů Sos — 


= 
. 
Fane ki 


EIT 


-— — 


— 2 ——— ( — 
: Sn — —— — 
2 Ad, TS 


ed 
8 


5 — es Co 36'$ <> : ma: £ | 
n — A Dc. to tw, te 6%. 
\ \ = = 5 — * 

e — 3 5 37 LED 


. — 5 
N e e 2 
= ow 7 
5 ET IS = EY 


=, 
— — 


* 
. 
of * 
, 
* 
wt 
o 
* 
- 
— 
7 
4 
1 
- 
* = 
* 
7 
* 
- 
0 
oy 
0 
= 
: 
7 
4 
. » 
- - 
ous 
* 
— 
9 = 
* 
- 
* 
— — — — r —uͤ—ͤ a 
— — 20 one arr mgmt 8 — — — ter oye r . — —— — — — 
7 Q a 2 2 — r * PPP = r — 1 — —— 
i 2 — Ec ” Bi 2 
— — 
— — with 9” 9 


To the Right Honourable 


GEORGE LORD EDGCUMBE. 


Mx Lok p, 

IJ Beg Leave to prefix your Lord- 
1 ſhip's Name, as the moſt proper 
Introduction to this ESSAY, by ex- 
hibiting a Pattern of that humane 
Diſpoſition, which is requiſite to put 
in Practice the Rules contained in 
the following Pages.— A Diſpoſition 
not leſs honourable to your Lordſhip, 
than beneficial to the Public; and 
which, added to many other amiable 
Qualities, rendered you eſteemed by 
your Officers, beloved by your Men, 
and reſpected by all, who felt the 
happy Influence of your Command. 

| 1 


* 8 IRE, 
ws boon — 2 —e 


"7 "AE, 


——— — 
R 


2 n 


— — 


— — - 

— — n 3 hc at pen 2 — ene 
En ra mn TTT | 6 $a 
N — ng 5) oy 

as ade... an AC a 


r 
. rs 


Pn —— > 


—ͤ—ä——U — — 


1 
1 Fi 
59 7 
. 
33 
80 
i 
1 
6 
7 1515 
{ k 1, * 
* Fj = 
+ 
pt 
bot 
* 155 
£ \ 
* 7 
\ 
2 = 
M36 
[ 5 7 
CE 
wu \ 
1 * 
; \ 
! 1 22 
1 
[ 
Wat 
i (+ 
Tt 
j 
.- 
| ! 
{ 
4 
1 
bf 
j 
I LI 
; ' 4,” 
6 
; 1 
bj 
{ { bo 
: { 
5 
1 e 
l x 
q, 
3 9 
* 
2 
A 
* 
5 
1 4 bo 
' 14 
4 
* 
1.7 
5 
1 


xvii DEDICATION. 


That, in the Royal Navy, fo laud- 
able an Example may become the 
Object of univerſal Imitation, is the 


| ſincere Wiſh of, 


My Lord, 


Tur Lordſhip's moſt obedient, 


ant moſt humble Servant, , 


JAMES LIND. 


. Os. 
. * 
* 
. . 
2 151 90 — 
1 = . * 
2 £3 N 


7 7 , 
— 22 Sie ee oe ted ee 


—ͤ—U—— 2 — . £ 
WEIS nie ep N 
— rr ON 


af OS, 
I "Cao 
RT 


(ax 


es BS JE 


— 8 "> 
— : — 
= — — 2 
* NTY 


n 


= 


— 


ADVERTISEMENT. 


— ny — 


— — 


"HIS book was firſt publiſhed in the 
year 1757, ſoon after the com- 
mencement of a war with France, as a 
lan of directions for preſerving the Bri- 
tiſh ſeamen from ſuch diſtempers as prove 
much more fatal to their Corps, than all 
the other calamities incident to them at 
. fea, For the number of ſeamen in time 
of war, who die by ſhipwreck, capture, 
famine, fire, or ſword, are but inconſider- 
able, in reſpect of ſuch as are deſtroyed by 
the ſhip diſeaſes, and by the uſual mala- 
dies of intemperate climates. 


P nation” = 2mm orwrns nn—— tins > 0 a09 99 20> <e EIr  R 
_—_— — — — - 1 


— 
1 


*Y 
„ 2c ——— 


nn 
ma on 


2 — 


n 


n 


5 e e 


2 
— = Sp 


4 


A 
1 
MF : 
Is 
4K 
i 5 
i q; 
* q - 
1 |. 
* 
, 1 25 
* 13 * 
FE 8. i 
[+ 4 
7 * i 
i "_> 
[i 
1 


In the year 1762, a band edition of it 

was publiſhed, by authority of the Lords 

Commitiioners of the Admiralty : an ho- 
nour which their lordſhips were pleaſed 

to confer upon account of the important 

diſcovery I had then made, of rendering 


ſea-water perfectly freſh and wholſome by 
a ſimple diſtillation. 


_ Sp. 
- * = I —d 
A 4tnsts e. — r wx 
—_ B*** * 


The Abbé Maſcas has tranſlated this 
Eſſay into French, and it appears there 
was an order given by the French king 

that 


2 * w_ wy 1 
g 
ä " 5: me. . 2 — — ——_— = r 3 
— ee rn net r R 


. —_ 
ͤ— CC SCC 


5 , 
— — I — 3 


xx ADVERTISEMENT. 
that it ſhould be diſtributed to both tlie 


Indies, and to all the maritime parts of 
his dominions; and a tranſlation of it into 


the German language was publiſhed at 


SPE agen: by Dr. Lange. 


Dr. Wind, an eminent phyſician in 
Middleburgh, has tranſlated it into Dutch, 


with the addition of ſome judicious notes. 


My pu ablic acknowledgments- are alſo 
due to Dr. Moncky, phyfician at Amſter- 
dam, for the honourable mention he has 
made of my name in his treatiſe, which 
obtained the Dutch premium as the beſt 


anſwer to the queſtion propoſed by the 
Society of Sciences in Holland, relative 

to the diſeaſes of ſeamen in voyages to the 
19 827 Indies. 


THE 


W 
ES „ YE 


ON THE 


(Moſt effectual Means of preſerving 


the Health of Seamen in the 


Royal Navy. 


— 


1 


CHAP. I. 


\ 


Means of preventing Sickneſs from being 


introduced into a Ship or Fleet, 


8. 
Of Impreſt Men. 


Freſh proviſions and greens neceſſary for ſeas 


men impreſt on their return from foreign 
' voyages.” Precautions to be taken with 
impreſt landmen to avoid the Fail diftem- 
per. A ſhip to be appropriated for re- 


cerving perſons ſuſpefted of ifection. An 


uniform propoſed for the royal navy. On 
| the appearance of fickneſs, in veſſels with 
impreſt men, the ſic to be ſent on ſhore ; 


the remaining crew and veſſel purified. 
— | 


Firſt 


' 
mm —ñ—ä—ͤ——1i —¾ — — 


— **. > Was — *. 
* ” 72» CL 3 


—— 


> WT ts i. wy wh * 
= — > 2 — to _ 
r Way hoon 8 3 
r eee 1 ——— - plas r 


r 
15 
j, 4 
15 
115 
174.5 
14 
by 
* 

* 

5 


— 


——— 


1 i 
5 
; ' 
4 
ti 
1 
xd * 
# 
q 
15 
1 
== 
4x 
> 
. 
2 
8 
_ 
* 
| + 
1 
F 
4 
I 
|. 
1 * 
1 
3 
i | 
[1 
vl 


- 


R 


— 
* 


AA 
* 
. _ n = i Ry 


—— 


— I 
o weil EINE web S trite 0 Het 
= ea ** - 
— Oe Oo ws 


2 Of Impreſi Men. 2 
Firſt figns of an infection; its mildneſs 
often the reaſon of its being diſregarded ; 
Danger of concealing it. General regu- 
lations * in crouded ſhips. 


only ſmaller ſhips of war are employed, 
and are manned with ſound and ſea- 
ſoned ſailors, when their voyages are ſhort, 
and ſufficient opportunity 1s allowed to 
refreſh in harbour, the ſeamen in his ma- 
jeſty's ſervice are, in general, healthy. A 
ſhip of fifty or ſixty guns commonly bu- 
ries fewer men, in three years, than moſt 
villages in England, containing a like num- 
ber of inhabitants; except in a few acci- 
dental caſes, as when a ſhip on the coaſt 
| of Guinea, or in the Weſt Indies, ſuffers 
i | by any extraordinary efforts of ſickneſs, | 5 
1 derived from cauſes hereafter ſpecified. 
|; But circumſtances widely differ in the 
i turbulent ſtate of war, or when any emer- 
| gency requires the immediate equipment 
i 


. times of public tranquillity, when 


of a large fleet, and renders the impreſſ- 
ing of men abſolutely neceſſary. 
In the equipment of a fleet there are 
two ſorts of men from whom ſickneſs 
may be apprehended, vis. Sailors impreſt 
5 after a long voyage from the Eaſt or Meſti- 
Indies, or the Coaſt of Guinea; and ſuch 
idle Fellows as are picked from the ſtreets 
or the priſons, OE 


7 The 


. — 


5 * * 
— . 
. = 
— — — 


— — 8 —— 
—— __ — Ss 
—. . — A TO < 


2 
— — 
x — — 


Of Inpreſt Men. 1 
The former are often deeply tainted 
with the ſcurvy and other diſorders, which 
uſually break out upon a long connne- 
ment and fatigue at ſea. The conſtitu- 
tion might, in this caſe, by proper care, 
be ſurprifingly ſoon reſtored, and the men 
duly prepared for another voyage. 
From the latter ſet of men, there 1s 
danger ef communicating infection to the 
whole fleet. That there is a diſeaſe of a 
contagious nature, the produce of filth, rags, 
poverty, and a polluted air, which ſubſiſts 
always in a greater or leſs degree in crowd- 


ed priſons, and in naſty, low, damp, un- 


ventilated habitations loaded with putrid 


animal ſteams, is now well known, and 


has been too often fatally experienced, by 


taking ſuch perſons into our ſhips. 


With deference then to better quali- 


fied judges, I would beg leave to ſuggeſt, 


what appears to be the proper method to 


be taken to ſecure the future health of 
the impreſt ſailors, and to obviate the miſ- 
chiefs which might accrue from diſeaſed 
landmen. 

In the uſual e of impreſt men 
taken by the regulating captains, it would 
be proper to inſert their former way of 
life, the place of their late reſidence, their 
preſent ſtate of health; and, with regard 
to ſailors, the length and bealchfulneſ of 
their 15 N If.. in conſequence of 


B 2 == -- 


og w— A's — ＋ "I 
=> — * 2 22 

— — — — FC 3 
1 — os 


mee 


. 


- - 3 — prog” 
* — * _ * 
lH eg a SER 
— 2 — 2 _ : 
— — * OPT N 


— — 2 
— X (—‚Ä— 
A, — = 


r 
2 


| 


j 

4 * 
{ 
lh 
1 
2 
5 
4 
7 


17 
7 
A 
i” 
E. 
1 

4 


1 


1 
1 
11 
\ 
7 
1 jt 
L U 
* bo 
1 
3 * 
7 r * 
1 
7 
9 7 
., \ 
* j 2 
5 
77 
j 
** 
vl 
Sf 
I. 
I. 
4, 
| # | 
* 
4 


Ce — — — 
„ rt. = x * => 


7 


[5 
18 
4 
vi 
i 
| 
5 
; 


= OO 3 815 


—— — — — % 4 


K 5 


— — 
n 


8 Of Impreſi Men. 


this report, thoſe who are juſt arrived from 


a long and ſickly voyage, were directly al- 


lowed freſh proviſions, and eſpecially a 
quantity of greens, a diet of this ſort con- 
tinued for at leaſt three weeks, would, in 
all probability, ſufficiently cleanſe and re- 


ſtore their conſtitution, and fit them for 


immediate ſervice *. 


A different method may be neceſſary to 
be taken with impreſt Landmen. A guard- 
ſhip is uſually ſtationed at the Nore, to re- 
ceive thoſe who are taken up in London. 
But experience has ſhewn how fatal ſhe 
has often proved to the health and lives of 
many ſeamen ; and that this ſhip has be- 


come a ſeminary of contagion to the whole 


fleet. One diſeaſed perſon from the ſtreet, 
or cloaths from a priſon, have often con- 
veyed infection on board, which it has 


been extremely difficult afterwards to re- 


move. For the confined and corrupted 
air in a large crowded ſhip, greatly favours 
the ſpreading of this contagion, and the 
exertion of its utmoſt malignity. From 

this ſource, the environs of- Portſmouth, 
Goſport and Plymouth, have more than once 
been annoyed with an almoſt peſtilential 
contagion, which certain regulations might, 


in all probality have effectually prevented. 


* When this book was firſt publiſhed, the fleet was 


not ſo plentifully ſupplied with freſh meat, as at preſent. 


This 


Of Impreſt Men. — 


This has hitherto been the moſt fatal 
and general cauſe of ſickneſs in the royal 
navy, eſpecially on the firſt fitting out of 
the ſhips. In the commencement of the 
late war, the ſeeds of infection were car- 
ried from the guardſhips into our ſqua- 
drons, to all quarters of the world, and 
particularly to North America, by the 


i large fleets which ſailed thither : and the 


mortality, thence occaſioned, was greater 
than by all other diſeaſes or means of 
death put together, extending itſelf to 
ſome thouſand ſeamen. 

After the receiving guard- thips were 
repeatedly. purified, by the moſt proper 
orders and methods for that purpoſe, freſh 
draughts of impreſt men ſtil] continued 
the infection, in oppoſition to all the care 
taken by the officers, and their utmoſt 


vigilance and attention to keep theſe ſhips | 


ſweet, well aired, and clean: nor could 
it be otherwiſe; for the pureſt air cannot 
cleanſe rags from contagion. I have 
known a thouſand men confined together 
in one guard-ſhip, ſame hund:eds of 
whom had neither a bed, nor ſo much as 
a change of linen; I have ſeen many of 


theſe brought into Haſlar hoſpital, in the 


ſame cloaths and ſhirts they had on, when' 
preſſed ſeveral months before. In this 
caſe, it was impoſſible to prevent. the ge- 
neration or progreſs of diſeaſe. The ta- 
B 3 - - 


— 


1 * 
A "Y a . * 2 

we, —— 1 —— — - — by 
* . 


— — 
we Fam LG. 


* 1 * 4 ores 
IE» TS 


an 


a Jo — * x 


ND ** 


a IS 
—ů — 7 
—— 


& Ia 


„ ty 


r ͤ˖ vt. tw Oe wr 1 t n 


A d 
mm. r. He. n 


— 
ME: 


— IH ER Les 
* 7 — — v. 


SPF 2 W w 2. —— 


* 


F end et 


— — _ "IS —— > ERS — 
— a — — 
13 : - 
r 3 
„„ eee 


Mars, or 3 — vw 0 


4 
— = XX . — D OE —_ 
OW owt — — 
P ˙.!— . ꝛ̃ͤO¹uaj . 
, „ „ ee , 
— = REIT RES n 222 
bebo RISES. 
ae” N oo l \ 
LES n 
7 „ ITE r 


—— ome 
————— — 


— — —ę—ę 
— mn —— — 
2332 — —— —— 
. 
„ 


— 


* 


3 
— 


— ——— 
- 


— — —— — — —— aff 
- 
— 


ä — 
E 66G 
(IDES — 


— 
— 


2 2 
.. : — —— 
——— — _ — — 
. — — m. jr.. 
—— — 
i 


6 / Impreſt Men. 
tal miſchief lurked in their tainted appa- 


rel, and rags; and by theſe was convey- 


ed into other ſhips. A late inſtance is 


ſufficiently known, where the polluted | 


cloaths of priſoners, brought from New- 
gate, and other unclean places, have in- 


| fected and deſtroyed the judges on the 


bench, and others, in an open court : and 


ſtill greater danger may be apprehended 


from ſuch ſources of infection in a ſhip. 
The moſt effectual preſervative againſt 
this infection, during a preſs, would, per- 
haps, be to appoint a ſhip for receiving 
all ragged. and ſuſpected perſons, before 
they are admitted into the receiving guard- 
ſhip. This ſhip ſhould be furniſhed with 
flops, ſhirts, bedding, and all the neceſ- 
fary articles of ſeamen's apparel; with 
ſoap, tubs, and proper conveniences - for 
bathing, and with a room upon. deck for 


fumigating of clothes. Every ſuſpected 


perſon, whether impreſt at ſea, or on 
ſhore, ſhould be firſt put on board of her; 
their ſtay in her, however, ſhould be ſhort, 
as ſoon as they are ſtripped of their rags, 
well waſhed and cleaned, they ſhould be 
ſupplied with new cloaths and bedding, 
and be ſent on board the receiving guard- 
ſhips. Such .of their apparel as appears 
tolerably good ought to be cleaned, or, if 
neceſſary, fumigated with brimſtone and 
feturtied to them; but it will be abſo- 
| my 


Of Impreſt Men. | 
lately neceſſary to deſtroy all filthy rags, 
and all ſuch clothes as are brought from 
Newgate or other priſons. | 


If the captains of the guard ſhips were 


to order a ſupply of bedding, and ſuch 


ſeamen's cloaths as are commonly called 


Shops, to all ſuch impreſt and transferred 


men as were in want of them, it is ſaid, 

they would encumber their ſhip-books ſo 
much with Sp articles, as to render it 
difficult for them to paſs their accounts. 
For obviating theſe difficulties, and avert- 
ing in future equipments, during a warm 
preſs, the danger that is to be apprehend- 
ed, I ſhall further ſuggeſt, that, if the 
ſeamen in his majeſty's ſervice were put 
into an uniform ſea-habit, with ſome lit- 
tle moveable badges, or variations, (if 
judged neceſſary) by which it might be 
known to what ſhip they belong ; each 


man would at firſt go clean and neatly. 


cloathed on board his majeſty's ſhips ; 

and by the proper care of the officers, in 
frequently inſpecting their apparel, be 
kept {a conſtantly : and all the inconve- 
niences of ſerving. S/ops, and the abuſe of 
ſome ſeamen. in ſelling and deſtroying 


them, might, 8 be effectually pre- 


vented. 
When a tender arrives, with impreſt 
men, at the Nore, from any part of Great 


Britain or Ireland, who, having been long 
B+ = ꝙ 


. - e 
"= — — — * * 


t 
3 
— moe 

— — hh 
EST 


— 


* Fs + ” 7 * * 
— — ——— ry — 


FF 
4 
1 
8] 
\ "v4 4 
1 
» Ft 
1 
* 
f 
15 
0 
A; 
"i 
* 


— — ” ** * 
2 —— — r 
ͤ—Eu—— 2 Mee — — 


3 
——ů— 


— — 
Ine Ia, + SDL 


nn oe ont 
1 


Toms BEE" Mb 


a 


RISES TO =e er 
6 


* 1 by 3 * — 2 By - — — 
rr EIT I IARC ND AE. 


* 
„ „ I 


— 
— — 


ay - Te# » — 
** r ET) = — 2 . 
eee ee ee eee e bee 
a 


n I be 
3 F.. A . Sr 


N 
1 
FEES — W-7 
— 


— 5 2 
— * —— - =S 4 0 _ 
J ee a Mt ES i 
— —— 1 
—_ —— —— — rr 
” _ — — — a 
mw EW K — 22 


3 . 
— 
2 — + —. - 
"LA =. — 


— 


8 Of Inpreſt Men. | 
confined. under cloſe-ſhut Hatchways &, 
during bad weather, or in ſummer, may 
be luppoled to have ſuffered by the rl 
Iced air, the ſick ought immediate! | 
be ſent to an hoſpital, and the reſt of "8 
men to the ſtore ſhip, in order to be 
cleaned and ſupplied with ſlops. If the 
veſſel is alſo infected it ought to be pu- 
rificd, as deſcribed in Chap. 1I. 
Two circumſtances tend greatly to en- 
creaſe the mortality of this infection, viz. 


an ignorance at firſt of its true nature, 
and the endeavours of the officers after- 
wards to conceal it. Many entertain a 


very falſe opinion of- the diſeaſe which 
this infection produces, and ſuppoſe there 
can be no infection unleſs attended by a 


raging malignant fever: but that is far 


from: being the caſe, the firſt ſymptoms 
of an infection are generally mild, and 


may be eaſily miſtaken for common chills, 
a cold, or the fit of an ague; among a 


number of impreſt man, many will be 
found to complain of ſhiverings, ſome 
with pains of the breaſt and cough, others 


with head-ach and ſevere pains of the 
limbs, attended with a low fever, 


great 
thirſt, and diſagreeble heat of the ſkin; 
in ſuch a caſe there is always reaſon 


* The openings or docks i which they deſcend 
(From 01 one Sock or FR a a hip to another, 


ſtron zly 


/ Tmpreſt Men. 9 


grongly to ſuſpect a beginning infection, 


which, in time, will be attended with 


more violent ſymptoms. 

The concealment of the infection, 
when it has already appeared in a ſhip, 
ſerves alſo greatly to encreaſe jits mortal- 
ity, not only by preventing the proper 
means for ſtopping it from being uſed, 
leſt they ſhould give ſuſpicion of its exiſt- 


ence, but alſo by permitting the new- 


draughts of healthy men, ſent on board 
to complete the complement, to become 
an additional prey to the diſeaſe. It pro- 
ceeds much from the blame too often 
thrown on the officers in caſes of infec- 
tion, on a ſuppoſition that it entirely pro- 
ceeds from not keeping the ſhip clean, 
than which nothing can be more abſurd, 
as an unknown perſon may bring an in- 


fection on board, which the utmoſt vigi- 


lance of the officer cannot remove. It 
will therefore be proper, immediately on 
diſcovering an infection, to uſe every me- 
thod to prevent its further progreſs, as 
from inattention to it, in an early ſtage, 


it may ſoon become ſo virulent as to elude 


the proper means of ſtopping it. 

In time of war, from the exigency of 
the ſervice, the guard-ſhips become of- 
ten exceſſively crowded with preſt and 

transferred men. At this ſeaſon, the of- 
ficers _ be particularly careful in the 


article | 


EY — ae — 3 . 


<= G 
Wa -<. 


_—_ 


ICE EI Bn 3 
» r „ͤ Eg 


N 0 r. * 
— — — — 
— Het IDS tt — 


— —ñ n 


2 
— 


3 


4 
| 
i 

qi. 

l. 
y 
* 
q 
71 


5 . — 


— 
n 


— S ——— > a - 
r 


. —— 


2 ——_— 
—o- 


2 — 


. 


> nb 
MI A 


B22 


e eee; 


Jon es 4 on” 
— — 


3 * Br . . — 


; Of Impreft Men. 
article of cleanlineſs in the ſhip. For 
this purpoſe, the cloaths of the men 
_ ought frequently to be inſpected, to pre- 
vent their ſelling of them; and there- 
by reducing themſelves to all the in- 
conveniencies attending the want of a 
ſufficient quantity of clean apparel : na- 
kedneſs, floth, and filth greatly contri- 
buting to the production of diſeaſes, 
The men and hammocks * ought every 
morning, in fair weather, to be ſent upon 
deck, when the gun-ports ſhould be 
þ opened, and the lower decks well ſcraped 
| and waſhed; mean while ſuch a number 


of hammocks ſhould be ſcrubbed and 
cleaned, that every hammock in the ſhip 


| may have undergone this operation at 

} | leaſt once a month. In bad or moiſt wea- 
4 ther, the lower decks muſt only be ſcrap- 
| '} ecd and ſwept. When the weather. will 
þ 5 permit, fires of dried wood muſt be uſed 
| if between decks, lighted in iron kettles, or 
| | large tubs, filled partly with ſhot and ſand. 
1 The burning wood may be occaſionally 
1 ſprinkled with ſome reſin, or pieces of 
| rope, dipt in pitch and tar. Theſe fires 
1 muſt be carried into all parts of the ſhip, 
| | | that ſafety will permit; I mean, the erths + 
| þ *The hanging beds of ſeamen. | 

15 + A term uſed at ſea for the place where the men 

| 9 | eat and ſleep. | | | 


15 527 | N 


Of Drauzhting Men. 11 
of the men. During the continuance of 


rainy, moiſt weather, the ſhip ought, 


twice a day to be fumigated with the ſteam 
of pitch or tar, raiſed by a hot iron; and, 
upon the return of good weather, be tho- 
roughly cleanſed, as above directed, with 


the addition of having the beams, &c. 


where the men lie, waſhed with warm 
vinegar. Nor muſt this important direc- 


tion be omitted, that the air, both by 


night and day, be renewed by the inceſ- 
ſant working of the ventilators.—By ſuch 


methods duly praiſed, not only guard- 


ſhips, crowded with men, but all other 


Hips, will e continue n 


8 E „ 
Of Draughting Men. 


Small 2 iþs proper to inure landmen to a ſea- 

lie. Large ſhips on foreign voyages to be 
recruited from r. gates, and with Jen 
LT _ 


S raw ſailors, and unſeaſoned marines, 
are often the occaſion of great ſick- 
neſs in fleets, during their long cruiſes 
and voyages, I muſt beg leave further to 
ſuggeſt— That the draughting of men for 
particular ſervices, if it can be done, could 
not fail of * a good effect in the ſer- 
vice. 


2 


12 Of Draughiting Men. 

vice. The rank of the captain, and the 
| preſent fitneſs of the thip, are not always 
the chicf things te be conſidered; as the 
condition of a ſhip's company, who are 
to be ſent upon a diſtant expedition, is a 
circumſtance which mult influence, in 
a * meaſure, the ſucceſs of the __ 


We obſerve a juſt diſtinction made in 
the army between veterans, and new- 
raiſed levies. But the change of life, from 
the civil to the military, is not ſo great, 
nor ſo affecting to the conſtitution, as a 
change to the ſea-life. If volunteer- land- 
men, and new-raiſed marines, were at 
firſt incorporated with ſeamen, on board 
armed veſſels, tenders, and ſmall ſhips of 
war only, they would both become good 
ſailors in a ſhorter time, and would gra- 

dually acquire a ſtronger conſtitution, 
fitted for the marine duty, without run- 
ning the riſk of ſickneſs at firſt, or of lazi- 
nels afterwards, from want of exerciſe ; 
theſe ſmall and well-aired ſhips being al 
ways the moſt healthy, and moſt employ- 
ed. Whereas, on the contrary, it is ob- 
ſervable, that large ſhips, on firſt fitting 
out, eſpecially the capital ones, are more 
liable to ſickneſs, even when lying at 
Sprthead, or in harbour; ſo that the 
draughts made into them, ſhould be of 


ſeaſoned healthy men from other ſhips, 
| and 


Of Draughtins Men. 13 

and of ſuch landmen as have been ſome- 
what inured to the ſea. 
If it be ſaid, that the large ſhips, when 
manned with a ſeaſoned crew, are obſerved 
to be very healthy; yet there is more 
caution ſeemingly requiſite to prevent 
ſickneſs being introduced among ſo great 
a number of men, than in ſhips of a ſmal- 
ler complement. 

When a ſquadron is fitted out for a long 
and unhealthy voyage, no method would, 


perhaps, promiſe greater ſecurity than to 


make draughts chiefly of ſuch men, from 
the ſmaller frigates, as had been for ſome 
time healthy and ſeaſoned to the ſea; in- 
cluding in theſe, as many as offer of ſuch 
failors as had been accuſtomed to the cli- 
mate. This I am obliged to take notice 
of, as a very different method is often fol- 
lowed. When there is choice of men, 
the captains generally prefer the moſt 
able-bodied raw young fellows. But it 


it has been evinced, by fatal experience, 


that ſuch vigorous conſtitutions are moſt 
liable to be cut off by violent fevers in 
hot climates; nothing is more common 
than for ſuch ſhips to loſe their beſt men. 
Whereas many hardened veteran ſailors 
are ſometimes to be met with, who enjoy 
a better ſtate of health in the J/e/t-Tndies 
than in Europe, having been long ſeaſon- 

: VVT 


— * ay moan o A _ — — 
8 3 ow " - — — — 
Br * * 
— — — * 
— ä II Oo 
>= —_— — n 
4 ag 


: | — 
—ů— ; 
"737 5-08: EZS.ag = 5 OW, Ir LE ITT. 

— —— 


4 " 
. 3 . 
F ͤ ter ri WO; IE << Loca 
—— 


P 


r OL RR 


— jl— 


1 
0 
Wal 
5 
2 
LY 
12 
0 


n 


3 n 
cs r 


— 


— — — 


Cen — 2 


3 
——_— 
* 


: 


5 
1 
i. 


— — — I. —-—P — — 
e 
— r Por Ii 2 A. 


— 
2 — 


— 
mou 2 

—— 

5 - - - n __ P 2 


14 Of Diraugliting Men. 
ed and inured tc) that climate, either in 
the king's, or in the merchant's ſervice. 

A crew of ſuch men not only carry out 
a conftitution ſuited to the climate, but, 
being prepoſſeſſed in its favour, are en- 
tirely void of thoſe apprehenſions, and 
that dread of ſickneſs, which prove hurt- 
ful to unſeaſoned Europeans. 

Large men of war ought to have as many 
as offer of theſe nzen: and, in the courſe 
of the voyage, it might be proper to have 
them recruited from the ſmaller ſhips, as 
all new failors will continue much heal- 
thier, and become ſooner ſeaſoned 1 in ſmall 
cruiſers. 5 
What I have thus far propoſed, though 
upon the whole uſeful, I am ſenſible may 
be often found incompatible with the 
immediate exigencies of the ſervice ; and 
is, with due deference, ſubmitted to the 
conſideration of ſuperior judges, and of 
thoſe who have the ſuperintendance of the 
medical marine department. — I now paſs 
on to what is more properly the ſubject 
of this Eſſay, viz. To propoſe the moſt 
effectual methods of preſerving the health 
of the men at ſea, and of preventing the 
various diiſeaſes incident to them in differ- 
ent climiites, and which proceed from 
their peculiar circumſtances and ſituation. 


SECT. 


E 
8 * III. 
Diſeaſes in Worth Climates, 
Of ſuppreſſed perſpiration. The uſe of eſchal- 


lot, garlic, and onions, recommended. A 
mixture of brandy and beer fermented 
with melaſſes, preferable to iſſuing either 
beer or ſpirits alone. Flannel under jack- 
ets neceſſary in winter. A conſtant ſup- 


ply of freſh proviſions and greens propoſed 


| for fleets cruiſing in the channel. Garlic 
 -brandy recommended. 


1 SHALL begin with ſuch diſeaſes as are 
uſual in northern climates, and among 
the channel cruiſers. 

Though an intenſe degree of cold, if 
the air is at the ſame time pure and dry, 

is productive of few diſeaſes, when ſeamen 
2 ſufficiently eloathed, and kept in due 
exerciſe, yet ſuch a ſtate of air is not often 
met with at ſea in northern latitudes, nor 
by our channel cruiſers in the winter.— 
The ſeaſon is then, for the moſt part, 
unſettled, cloudy, moiſt, and rainy, and 
the men muſt neceſſarily undergo an ex- 
traordinary fatigue, during the inconſtant 
and tempeſtuous weather which they are 


almoſt continually engaged with. The 


uſual conſequences, are colds, accompa- 
nied with feveriſh and inflammatory ſymp- 
toms, 


a 


n — 

2 Fu = 
—— — 2 
— — — , 
ns nr 9 
i > 2 — 


— 
N 
2 9 


— ett — ns . = pew FRED on 8 ed 
g 2 SIS IRE Bas 4 = a 2 1 - > > "Hah. It» 2 — = 
* 2 — 8 5 ” — 8 - — * 2 
. PO une —_ . — — = : : 
— — — et Ie — — = == - — — 22 
ul 9 8 r g = IF 0 2 - — —44 
A F Co 5 Sf Ia 2 


— et? Pi 
N I, ; 
4 | 7 
1 j 1 
z; * 
16 
. » at 
f i 
: © 
; & 0 
A 
/ bi 
* 


—— — 


1 I, 
'£ 

$ ! 3 
FEES 


> ite og oo iy om; = 


. may . , 
OTST WE e 
2 — 7 
. 


—ͤ—ĩ — — — — > 
7 e "x 
— — ao: — — — — 


16 Diſeaſes in Northern Climates. - 
toms, and eſpecially rheumatic, pleuriticy 
and peripneumonic complaints. Theſe lat- 


ter caſes require plentiful evacuations, 
_ chiefly blood- letting; by the early and 
free uſe of which, many conſumptions, 


as well as invcterate rheumatiſms, a fre- 
quent and diſtreſſing complaint with old 


| ſailors, may be prevented. 


As moſt diſorders, eſpecially catarrhal 
evers, uſual at this ſeaſon, are probably 
owing to a ſtoppage of perſpiration ; what- 
ever promotes that neceſſary evacuation, | 
ſeems to promiſe the moſt certain protec- 
tion againſt theſe evils. And, for this 
purpoſe, I would in the firſt place, by 
way of diet, recommend a very fimple 
preſervative; it is, the free uſe of eſchalot, 
garlic, or onions. The two former are 


put up with the ſurgeon's neceſſaries, but 


are ſo very cheap, that they may be af- 
forded by the purſer, in lieu of the ſav- 
ings of oatmeal. Inſtead of Burgou, wa- 
ter-gruel might be ſerved in a morning to 
the men, with a proper quantity of eſcha- 
lot, onions, leeks, or garlic, boiled in it. 
This will be found as wholetome a meſs as 
can well be contrived for feamen at that 
ſeaſon. It will ſerve as a preſervative from 
the ſcurvy, and is a warm diluting perſpi- 
rative; food poſſeſſed of theſe properties, is 
the proper antidote to the hurtful influ- 


.. ences of cold and damp weather at fea. 


Moſt | 


Of Draughting Men. 17 
Moſt of the Channel cruiſers have a 


quantity of brandy put on board, to be 


ſerved to the men, when the ſmall-beer 
is expended ; but there is often occaſion 
for it ſooner; during a violent ſtorm of 
wind, or in bad weather, when the peo- 


ple are kept conſtantly wet and chill, and 


undergo an uncommon degree of fatigue, 
ſmall-beer does not ſufficiently ſupport 


their ſtrength and ſpirits. Upon this oc- 


caſion, an allowance of half their quan- 


| ſmall=beer, add a quarter of a pint of 


tity of ſmall-beer, and a quantity of 
brandy, equal to the remainder, would be 
found very beneficial. It ſhould be mixed 
up in the following manner: to a pint of 


brandy ; let it be ſweetened with melaſſes, 


and acidulated with vinegar, ſo as to be 


made palatable. This 1s a celebrated 
beverage in the Ryan army, where it is 


called Aſoberten; no regiment marches 


without carrying a caſk of it along with 
them : and it is by this drink the men 


are ſupported, and enabled to undergo 


their long and fatiguing marches. They 
indeed uſe honey inſtead of molaſſes; and 


their phyſicians have lately made ſome 


"improvements in the compoſition, by an 
infuſion of Gentian, and other aromatic 


bitters, in the ſpirit, which would ſeem, 


however, to be of no great conſequence. 


This | 


0 
— — — — 
L p « 


= — — 


- — & - — — — EO” >. ano 
E vec aud — r 
4 — —.— — F . -£ = r - Jo 
— — e de =I 1 > 9, we <— — __ 
4 - 1 r 3 va, = 1 2 — — . pers 0 "A — 
1 * TELE ES — = , E — — 
6 . 8 ** | : . 5 — 


2 — 


4+ 


- Ds Ko — 
ern Cor —— 
„„ —— 2 
x N F 


14 


15 
f 
7 4 5. 
8 
1 
: 9 
7 
j * 
9 
rn 
| +! 
[2 AY 
11 * 


— — — ——— 
8 — — K—ÿ— 
* K TE 
Þ . A 22 * K 


— —ũ— 


” — — = — — a — — — 1 
++ 43% 42 > , — . . "Fs * 2 * 8 * 
a ————_ 1 4 2 — mt nt or * — _—— N N 9 —92 4 # 2 * N Wy — =—— 4 > «4 
r — — — * , AG are 8 


—— — 
— 
— 
— — 2 — eee ea — 
2 * r 


„ 


1 > 
2 r 2 
. F 2 - * — 
- << — a. *- ti, — — 


— — > — 


— — 
A 
— +4 
2 2 


18 Of n Men. 


— 3 2 —— <adhe Sv - 
3 : ws © * — _ 9 — p * . . a 
— ooo cc AG a G =& 2 IR” * "IP" aft. gms >: . —— — —_— _ —— 
, SF; . — 4 - : —— — — - — — ——_ — — — 
«Ta Pn a 4 2 — ms wa * — ” = — 7 — 2 - 4 
ü SD. n+ — y ——ů—— — — 
* 
* 


This mixture will be found much whole. 


ſomer than undiluted ſpirits ; the ſerving 


of which to the men, towards the end of 
long cruiſes has formerly often contri- 
buted to excite general and fatal ſcurvies 


in the fleet. The fermentation occaſioned 


by the molaſſes, or honey, and the addi- 


tion of vinegar, or, in its ſtead, Cream of 


Tartar, as ſhall hereafter be mentioned, 
will io ſome meaſure ſerve to obviate that, 


and ſome other diſorders uſual in theſe 
cruiſes. 


But, at the 3 time, it is neceſſary 
to obſerve That dry warm cloathing and 
bedding, are of the greateſt conſequence 
in winter, and without which, other 
means of preſerving health will have little 


effect. Every man ſhould be obliged to 


furniſh himſelf with at leaſt two flannel 
under-jackets, an article which ought to 
be added to. the purſer's flops. It is ge- 


nerally the moſt naked and ragged fellows 


who are attacked with the winter diſeaſes. 


When the Hammocks ate carried up to 


: Quarters, they ought always to be covered 


*with a painted canvas, kept for the pur- 


poſe ;, it ought to be particularly Femem- 


bered, that wet cloaths and bedding, are fre- 


oper a leading cauſe of ſickneſs in a ſhip. 
The ſcurvy is a diſeaſe common in the 


winter ng ha of and very fatal to ſea- 


- NCN 


x 


Of Draughiting Men. 19 


men in the Channel cruiſers. But ample 
directions have already been given for the 

prevention and effectual cure of this cala- 

mity *. 

I cannot, however, omit taking notice 

of one thing: when large ſquadrons of 

men of war are kept conſtantly employed 


in the Channel ſervice, the length of their 


cruiſes, generally from ten to thirteen 
weeks, often occaſions a great ficknels ; 
and of late a greater mortality has been ob- 
ſerved, than could well be expected in ſuch 
a healthy climate. When ſo long a con- 
tinuance at ſea is indiſpenſably requiſite, 


the following has been propoſed as a moſt 


excellent and effectual expedient, to Pr 
ſerve the health of a fleet. 

One of the preſs-tenders might be or- 
dered out once a fortnight from Plymouth, 


to repair to the rendezvous or ſtation of 


the ſquadron, loaded with live cattle and 
greens, to be ſerved to the men by the 
purſer, in lieu of their falted meats. The 
men on board of her ſhould have the pri- 


* In my Treatiſe on the Scurvy : where many di- 
rections concerning the preſervation of ſeamen, both 
in health and ſickneſs, are delivered, and which it is 
deemed unneceſſary here to repeat. See alſo ſome ex- 
cellent medical obſervations in the Appendix to Mr. 
Ives's Voyage to India, which we recommend to the 
attention, in particular, of ſurgeons in the royal navy. 


2 2 8 vilege 


* — = 2 
pe... — — 8 — n — — 239 1 
1 L266 = ” ri [Iz SA”. 7 n " * 73-9 XA RET 2 2 * 2 4 227 —, r £ 
1 ah > * 2 22 " - —_ 3 — — _ 2 * 
„575 . * — — — — — 
bias G * - 44 ” 4 * 4 SS 1 
5 1 nf . _ 


* 


* K. 3 DN HE 


* I — xc * — — — 
.... ͤ . ⁵⅛— A ⅛«⁵ZA“ſlg. K Lead 


rn 
2 —— þ — 
E. N he 8 
N. N 


— —— . 
— — — aw 
£ 


— cu ein 
A EL 


= 1 > 


-— 
— 


— —. I Bonn be 
2. % _ N i 
* =D; er wo. N 


n 
* 


Der Ne Ft 


— — 


—— — — * + — — 
—— * . — - I: > uM — 3 — 
I © — — SIE — 35 r 2 2 — —_ 
— — - — — —_— 2 7 * 2 — 
—— — — 23 - * * . — 3 —— 
> 


——__—_—_ 


— — ESSEtER.z v0. 
- — 


— 


15 
of 
*, 
4 
. 
. 
74 
4 
; | 
! 
5 
i 
j } 
| o 
4 +8 
vx 
: * þ 
| Fl WE 
114 
1 
[ o 
: 1 
'* 
N. 
31 
Py 
(7 
i 1 
11 
Cl 
* T1 47 
i 
: 
: 2 
' if 14 
18 14 
— 148 
oY \ 
alt 
A. 4 
+4} , 
2x H 
ot 79 
7 | 
* 5 
Y *2_ 28 
A N 
* 
11 
5 BM. 
4 
14 3 
. . 
„ 1 
4 
144 5 
'1 «6 A 
1 
4 
19 
{ 
. 16 
{il 
14 
. 


— 


— — 
_— 


2 hots 7 
Att — — — ñũ 4 
— <= E 


2 


—ͤ8—à6 — — ͤ UU p — q — — — — > 


3 


DP 


— ene ee. 


_— 
n. 
* 


— 


r 


———— 


> x. ER RES — — 
. — —— — 


— — det one 
— SETS 

_ Fn 

Ia CI! 


R233 . 


— — 22 


— Mah 
r ne an TAILS 


— IS 


| 
n 
F. 


20 Of Draughting Men. 

vilege of carrying out, for their private 
advantage, all manner of roots, fruits, 
and vegetables, to be fold at a reaſonable 
rate in the fleet : by ſuch means, a mar- 
ket of greens and truits might conſtantly 
be kept by ſuttlers, who ſhould be only 
prohibited the ſale of ſpirits. Onions, 
leeks, ſhallots, turneps, cabbage, carrots, 
apples, freſh ſoft bread, cyder, lemons 
and oranges; or even the moſt common 
herbs in their ſeaſon, which grow in great 
plenty wild in the fields about Plymouth ; 
ſuch as dandelion, water-creſſes, brook- 
lime, and the like ſovereign anti-ſcorbu- 
tics, would prove a high refreſhment to 
the men; and would ſoon be bought up 
by them either with money, or in ex- 
change with their ſavings of ſalt meat and 
biſcuit, which are commonly ſold to the 
purſer for ready money, which is ex- 
pended in pernicious drams. 

The run of the ſtoreſhip, or tender, from 
Plymouth or Ireland to a fleet cruiſing in the 
Channel, will ſeldom, with a fair wind, 
prove above forty-eight hours. Many ſorts 
of greens may be preſerved for any length 
of Sine, by a method” afterwards to be 
deſcribed. But there are fome articles 
which the ſuttlers ought to be obliged at 
all times to carry out, and be provided 
with, in proportion to the rate of the 


Kir, 


* 


Of Draughting Men. 21 
ſhip, upon pain of forfeiting their licence. 
Theſe are either the Rob of lemons, or 
Juice of oranges *; and the juices of the 
abovementioned common antiſcorbutic 
herbs, which being mixed with a fixth 
part of brandy, will remain Fon for 
many months. 

It is hardly to be ſuppoſed that any man, 
who has the leaſt tendency to the ſcurvy, 
would not willingly give a piece of falt 
beef, or a pound or twoof biſcuit, to pur- 
chaſe theſe obvious means of health, and 
a reprieve from dying of a moſt painful 


and loathſome diſeaſe. By a proper eſtab- 


liſhed regulation of this fort, not only 
ſome thouſand lives might be preſerved, 
but the ſhips would be enabled to keep 
the ſeas longer, and not be ſo often under 
the neceſſity of quitting their ſtation, on 
account of a fickly, dying, and NN Mars. 
crew . 

I ſhall conclude this part of ay ſubject, 

with ſome directions which may be of uſe 
to particular perions, 1n cold winter cruiſes. 


* See my Treatiſe on the Scurvy. 

+ Since the ſirſt publication of this propoſal, the 1 re- 
markable good effects of ſupplying the fleet with freſh 
proviſions and greens at fea, and in the Bay of Bi/cay, 
have been fully experienced in the grand fleet ynder. Sir 
Edward Hawke and others, Anno 1759, 1760, &c. 
by which means our ſailors were preſerved in the moſt 


perfect Rate of health, 


C4 | The 


— - f — — — — 

1 2 unde 2h; . * 3 a . 

i . e IE 1 =h 7 2 : 1 5 . 

, r . . ee eee at F 


A ** 
—— n 
e ee 


» %... . 
* - — — n 8 — 
e ee 


— 
Me cy 


2 3 
e SES 


— - 


— — — — — 


S 
22 


—— — 
<> . 
— = — 
e e 
—— — — we td 4+ 2 * 


— —— <> —— 


hens one, or ra = 
— <pcyd 3 =$- x > 
< n — 
= = == 


——— 


. 
— 
— — 


ö 
r 
bh 
* 

* 
v8 5 

bly 

bt Ws. 

Is ty 

f, 

F 1 £ 
. ; 

1 p 
3% 40 
1 
_ 

E 

by - 

T 44% 
i 
* K 
. N 
I 

11 

4: 
EY 
[ 
4 17 
74 
18 4 
13 
7 2 


2 2 2 A 
. — wor 
1 


= — == 


22 Of Draughting Men. 
The moſt proper ſpirit a man can uſe 
by way of a cordial dram, at this ſeaſon, 


is -garlic brandy, He will find a much 


leſs quantity of it, than of the pure ſpi- 
rit, warm his ſtomach ; and it will keep 


the breaſt, ſkin, and kidneys, free from 


obſtructions. But it may be worth while 
to ſubjoin a caution, that when a man is 


almoſt chilled to death by exceſſive cold, 


as I have known ſome by falling aſleep in 
their watch upon deck, a dram of any 
ſpirit often proves inſtantly fatal. In this 
ſtate he ought immediately ta be put to 
bed, and to take ſome warm thin drink, 
ſuch as warm water, water-gruel, ſage- 
tea, and the like; afterwards the diſtilled 

ſpirit will prove leſs dangerous, and more 
beneficial, in reſtoring warmth. Private 


Meſſes will reap benefit in cold rainy wea- 
ther, by the uſe of ſage, ſaſſafras, or a 


few toaſted juniper berries, infuſed as tea, 
with the *addition of a {mall quantity of 


garlic brandy. 


In this climate, it is not the degree of 
cold in the air which affects health ſo 
much, as the ſudden changes from heat 


to cold, or from cold to heat; 4% the 


dampneſs of the air A man will not be 
near ſo ſubject to take cold when he is wet 
upon deck, and uſing exerciſe, as after- 
wards when he goes below deck, and ſits 
| long 


Uusoſiolſomenęſs of new-built Ships. 23 


long at reſt in his wet cloaths ; and eſ- 


pecially when he fleeps in them, or in a 
damp bed. Nor will he at any time be 
ſo liable to be affected in his health by 
the weather, if, before going upon deck, 
he either eats ſomewhat, or drinks a little 
of the Aſpbetten, with a bit of biſcuit, as 
he would be if the ſtomach was quite 
empty. There is alſo much leſs danger 
from being wet with ſea water than with 


_ 


SECT 
2 Unwholſomeneſs of new built wipe. 


Dangerous vapour exhaling from new tim- 


bers; its effects; methods of obviating 


them. New ſhips improper for long and 
fuckly voyages. Impropriety 7 9 
the decks after un -ſet. 


HE freſhneſs of a ſhip 's Timbers is i 


ſometimes a general — of ſickneſs. 


A vapour conſtantly exhaling from the 


wood may be felt, and is often ſeen by 


candle- -light in a well illuminated ſhip. 


It appears ſometimes like a thin miſt, and 
at other times like a luminous ſtream. A 


prevalliog dampneſs is likewiſe evident in 
C4 the 


Boone 1 + 
— - E - 


— — — >? i any 
n 


| 
po 1 


Fl 
Tv 
14 
4 


— 


. 


8 * * 
Sb; 2 7 


— — — 2 
e 
= W * 8 aa 


AI 
3 * 


— 5 . ihe T o& 4 At . „ — Ae. aj 
: e os . EE PIE +. - gn 2 8 —— = - 
7 2 . — - , E — nt dire inund 4 A Ss Ee tao. 1 2 n 5 - — . 
2 — 4 2 - . - b 1 
. ore 3 * I 8 . —— : 
— >. "I" 6 * — 5 
. Bio iS EAA nh a * > 
22 , * W Bs * — SIT f 
* — — N K 


—— — — — — —— — — 
— a — 
— 
— —— 
— INE 
. 


r 
2 


— AIAN 
— —. — * . 


8 — ä2ͤK« ñ̃.¹tç1! — — 


——— 


* a — » 
— 2 n — 
*% * I — 
R Bono r 


e 


— 
— — 


— 
n 
— —————— 


your —— — ' — 1 
* — 
as. — 
ä 


24 Unwholſomeneſs of new-built Ships. 

the mould and ruſt with which every 
thing liable to either, is affected. It pro- 
duces irregular fevers, accompanied with a 
flux and dangerous ſymptoms. Theſe bad 
conſequences, it is much eaſier to prevent 
in the dock-yard, than after the ſhip is 
built : for, notwithſtanding repeated fires 
made to dry the timbers, this ſweating of 
the wood will continue for ſome months, 
in a cold country. Fumigating the ſhip 
frequently, when at ſea, with the ſteams 
of tar, or pitch, may, perhaps, in ſome 
meaſure, corre& this pernicious vapour. 
It is attended with fewer bad conſequences 
in ſmall well-aired veſſels, than in larger 
ſhips, and very large new- built damp men 


of war, are found not ſo proper for long 


and ſickly voyages, as thoſe which are dry 
and well ſeaſoned *. 


* This article, not ſufficiently attended to, well de- 
ſerves conſideration. Experience, the teſt of truth, con- 
firms the inconvenience which ſeamen ſuffer from the 
vapours which exhale in a recent built ſhip. 

Whether the exhalations from the ſappy wood ope- 
rate otherwiſe than as ſimple moiſture, may admit of 


ſome conjecture. In many inſtances where the ſmell 


cannot diſtinguiſh the preſence of any effluvia, they 
will, however, exert no inconſiderable influence. Thus, 
Turners, in working the wood of the Manchancel. tree, 
would be ſeverely affected, did they not ſecurely guard 


againſt its W A field of Poppies has been known 


8 


| When 


— ame erenmc-—W009 0c gn — 
> * 
— Sdn» Aa cas —— 
- 8 — 


— — — 


. gre "od 
* 2 — — — 
— 90 * L 


2 


Unwholſomeneſs of new-built Ships. 25 

When the ſervice demands any formid- 
able ſuccours to be ſent abroad, the Me- 
diterranean ſeems to enjoy that happy me- 
diocrity of climate to which ſuch damp 
ſhips might be, with the greateſt advan- 
tage, appropriated; for a climate ſubject 
to a moiſt air or atmoſphere, like our 
own, or that of the Channel, would pro- 
tract the ſeaſoning of the wood, and the 
extreme heat of the torrid zone would 

have its inconveniencies. 

It is further neceſſary to give a caution 
againſt the prepoſterous cuſtom of waſh- 
ing the decks after ſun-ſet, from being 
vulgarly ſuppoſed of ſervice to the tim- 
bers; as in whatever country or ſeaſon this 
method is purſued, it cannot fail of be- 


ing greatly detrimental to the ſeamen's 
health. 


to induce a ſleepy diſpoſition in the by-ſtander. The 
exhalations of Fraxinella, and ſome other plants, are 
ſaid to be luminous in the warmer countries in a very 
dry and calm ſeaſon: and the celebrated Jan Swieten, | 
in the early part of his life, ſuffered, repeatedly, a tem- 
porary loſs of memory, from the vicinity of a plant to 
him. Vapours from wood, eſpecially when incloſed as 
in a ſhip, may, beſides their common relaxing quality, 
_ convey indiſpoſition peculiar to their reſpective natures. 
'This by way of ſpeculation. - 
I have lately obſerved, that ſhips. built of dry ſeaſoned =_ ! 
wood, and eſpecially where wood fires are often burnt | KT 
betwixt decks, are thereby exempt from ſickneſs. b _ mY 


$5 1 


SECT. 


— SENED——=Igr—— 


— 


. et of ES 


= —C a T_ 
wo ——ů — 
. —. — = 
” % * 4 E 
79 2 
AF TY * +; 


1 
1 
* 
t 
* 
. 
7 
3h 
765 
l 
tf 
1 
1 


24 
7 
. 
145 
1 
1 
5 
1 
. 
2 
is 
& 
13 
5 
it 
17 
1 1 
. 
M$ 
1 
*: 4 
4 


wa 28 
n 


— 


— 2 


2 — 
— 3 4 . «if 
ER Hue omg uh 
„. 1 


LO TOY 


— - 0 


E r — 
E N . * 
IS DG: 


1 


> a ney If 


— 


— — TS 
—— 


32 — nts. 
9 —— 
err 


SS — — 
— — — = 
— GE RL 


— 


— TO ECTS jr — — — 


(26) f 
SECT. . 


* Directions 3 in Southern Voyages. 


Uſual Diet to be changed. Allowance of "_ 
meat to be diminiſhed. 


Fox the preſervation of the crew in a 

ſouthern voyage, methods very dif- 
ferent from what have been directed, will 
be found requiſite. And as in theſe voy- 
ages, on account of their length, variety 
of climates, and the unhealthy harbours 


ſhips often put into, they incur a greater 


fiſk of ſickneſs, and are with more diffi- 
culty recruited than in England, therefore 
I ſhall treat this part of my ſubject at 
greater length. But before I proceed to 
we diſeaſes incident in thoſe climates, it 

be proper to premiſe ſome general 


1 for their preſervation. 


In an intended voyage to the coaſt of 
Guinea, the Eaſt or Weſt Indies, the firſt 


point of conſequence to the future health 


of the men, ſeems to be to make ſuch a 
change in the diet or ſhip's proviſions, as 
may, prepare the body for the alteration it 
muſt neceſſarily undergo, by paſſing from 
a cold to a warm climate.—Every one's 
experience muſt convince him, that both 


the appetite and digeſtion are confiderably 


im- 


Directions in Southern Voyages. 27 
impaired in hot weather. It is the ſame in 
ſultry climates. 


Inſtinct has taught the natives between 
the tropics to live chiefly on a vegetable 


diet, on grains, roots, and fruits; with 


plenty of thin diluting liquors. Whereas 


a full animal diet, and malt liquors, are 


found to be better adapted to the conſti- 
tution in our own, and other northern 
countries. We obſerve the ſailors in win- 


ter, and eſpecially ſuch of them as viſit 
the Greenland ſeas *, to be remarkable for 


a voracious appetite, and a ſtrong digeſtion 


of hard ſalted meats, and the coarſeſt 


food. But the ſame men, when ſent to 


the Weſt Indies, become ſoon ſenſible of a 


decay of appetite, and find a full, groſs, 
ſalted diet, pernicious to health. —It is, 


indeed, a truth evinced by moſt fatal ex- 


perience, that their devouring of large 
quantities of fleſh meats, and uſing the 


ſame heavy food in the Weſt Indies, or 


upon the Coaſt of Guinea, and in other 
warm countries, as they were accuſtomed 
to at home, have proved the deſtruction 
of many thoutand Exgliſb in thoſe climates, 

The ficit ſtep then to be taken, with a 
view to preſerve the health of a ſquadron 


* See the biſhop of Bergen 5 Jy of Norway, 
Vol. II. p. 271. | 


« » 
* 1 * 33 hy lh : . = = " 
3 1 1 y S r . - N — 5 
2 2 * = FPY . » ET INTE no - we m on. 2 


— 


of 
* 
if 
$i 
þ . 
* 
175 
1 
? * 
* 44 
1 
4 
40 


28 Directions in Southern Voyages. 

of ſhips in ſuch voyages ſhould be to di- 
miniſh the quantity of ſalt fleſh proviſions. 
This becomes the more neceſſary in ſuch 
a voyage, as the men are, for the moſt 
part, put to ſhort allowance of water.— 
Now nothing can be more pernicious to 
a ſhip's company, than a full diet of ſalted 
beef and pork, and at the ſame time a 
ſmall quantity of water ; being productive 
of ſcorbutic and many other diſcaſes, fatal 
at ſea, which no other meaſure can avert, 
but a diminution of the government's al- 
lowance of beef and pork, in proportion 
to the ſcarcity of water. Another very 
material objection againſt a full diet of 
_ fleſh in hot climates is that no beef 

r pork can poſſibly be preſerved, by ſea- 
falt. free from a taint or a degree of pu- 
trefaction, as evidently appears by the 
greeniſh ſtreaks in the fat. This might 
poſſibly be prevented by the addition of a 
little nitre in ſalting, whoſe virtue is al- 
lowed to be proportionably enforced in the 
warmer latitudes. But ſuch conſiderations 
are foreign to my preſent purpoſe. 

There are not wanting inſtances of the 
good effects attending this method of 
putting the ſhip's company, in long voy- 
ages, upon a very ſhort allowance of falt 
meats. The following 1s too much to the 


9 955 to be omitted, as it ſeems to de- 
monſtrate 


N in Southern Voyages. 29 
monſtrate the utility of the meaſure, by a 


comparative trial, at different e of its 


effects. 
In the former war, the men belongin 


to the Sheer ne, bound to the Eaſt Indies, 


apprehenſive of fickneſs in ſo long a voy- 
age, petitioned the captain not to oblige 
them to take up their ſalt proviſions, but 
rather to permit them to live upon the 
other ſpecies of their allowance. Captain 


Palliſer ordered, that they ſhould be ſerved 


with falt meat only once a week, 072. 


beef one week, and pork the other. The 


conſequence was, that after a paſſage of 
five months and one day, the Sheerne/s ar- 


rived at the Cape , Good Hope, without 


having ſo much as one man ſick on board. 


As the uſe of Sutton's' pipes had been then 


newly introduced into the king's ſhips, the 


captain was willing to aſcribe part of ſuch 


an uncommon and remarkable healthful- 
| nels, in ſo long a run, to their beneficial 
effects: but it was ſoon diſcovered, that, 
by the neglect of the carpenter, the cock 
of the pipes had been all. this while kept 
ſhut. This ſhip remained in India ſome 
months, where none of .the men, except- 


ing the boats crews, had the benefit of 


going on ſhore; notwithſtanding which, 
the 'crew continued to enjoy the moſt 
perfect ſtate of health. ' They were, in- 

8 deed, 


! 


4 
1 
1 
0 
Fl 
} 
1 
A. 


— iS. 


> rs; 1 . 1 2 * — —— — 1 * 
— - : —— —. 2 — 7 \ r — Py 
. : u 1 * ome : a 2 


= 1 Aa” —_— 
I 2 * F 


= = Eng 
Ce Ee Le 2 


— 4 — 


3 — . ͤ— 
- — 


== <_— 
— rt gerr 


go Directions in Southern Voyages. 
deed, well ſupplivi mane: with freſh 
meat. 

On leaving that comin knowing they 
were to ſtop. at the Cape of Good Hope, and 
truſting to a quick paſſage, and to the 

' abundance of refreſhments to be had there, 
they eat their full allowance of ſalt meats, 
during a paſſage of only ten weeks; and it 
is to be remarked, the air-pipes were now 
open. The effect of this was, that when 
they arrived at the Cape, twenty of them 
were afflicted, in a moſt miſerable man- 
ner, with ſcorbutic and other diſorders. 
Theſe, however, were ſpeedily recovered 
on ſhore by the land refreſhments, 5 

Being now thoroughly ſenſible of the 
beneficial effects of eating, in thoſe ſouth- 

ern climates, as little ſalt meat as poſ- 
fible, when at ſea, they unanimouſly agreed, 
in their voyage home from the Cape, to 

refrain from their too plentiful allowance 
of falted fleſh. And thus the Sheerne/ſs 
arrived at Spithead, with her full com- 
lement of 160 men in perfect health, 
and with unbroken conſtitutions ; having, 

in this voyage of fourteen months and 
fifteen days, buried but one man, Who 
died in a mercurial, ſalivation. 


SECT. 


* 
8 RE T. VE. 
Neceſſaries for the Sick. 


Portable ſoup, new baked bread, wine, rob, | 


or juice of oranges and lemons ; cream of 
tartar recommended. 


Ccording to the regulations of the 
* * French ſervice, I am told that every 
ſquadron, conſiſting of a certain number 
of ſhips, is provided with a tender, to 
carry out neceſſaries for the fick. The 
principal articles are, live ſtock, flour for 
freſh bread, wine, &c. The freſh animal 
proviſions muſt needs be of great benefit 
though a larger quantity of them be more 


indiſpenſably neceſſary both in the French 


and Spaniſh fleets, than in ours, becauſe 
the Engliſh, in medical practice, do not 
permit the uſe of fleſh ſoups in fevers and 
in ſeveral other caſes, which the French 


and Spaniſh practioners do *, Theſe fleſh 


* The French allowarſde for their ſick, is ſaid to be 
eighteen ounces of foft new-baked bread, and three- 
fourths of a French pint of wine a day. They carry out 
fowls of ali ſorts, bullocks, ſheep. kids, eggs, &c. 
wich are diſtributed to the patients according to the di- 
rection of the ſurgeon. Their other necelfaries are 
pretty much the ſame with thoſe furniſhed to Eng/rh 
men of war, viz rice, barley, ſugar, tea, prunes, rai- 
fins, vinegar, ſpices of all forts; alſo butter, oil of 


1 loups, 


ww + Rai a Es — - 
—— T —— 

* — 2 r 

r p 


19 
6: 
1. 
k 7'K' 


_ 2 


3 Neceſſaries for the Sich. 
ſoups, when required at ſea, might occa- 
ſionally be prepared at any time out of a 
portable ſoup, which the fhins, the necks; 
hearts, and other offal of the cattle, killed 
at the victualling office, might ſupply. 
The portable ſoup of mutton, as leſs 
viſcid than that of beef, (which viſcidity, 
indeed, dilution will correct) or a mix- 
ture of both, might, occaſionally, give it 
an acceptable variety and reliſh to fick and 
delicate ſtomachs. 
Beſides the ſatisfaction which would 
ariſe in common, from conferring. benefits 
on the ſick, the moſt divine of charities, 
the advantages, which thoſe, in a conva- 
leſcent or recovering ſtate would derive 
from this eſtabliſhment, would abundantly 
recompence to the ſtate, the apparent ad- 
ditional . expence, as the preſervation of 
its naval ſubjects would, in the end, prove 
the molt frugal plan *. 
New baked and well fermented bread 
too, from its being ſooner ſubdued, and 


7 
+4 
2 
Fl 
Ms 
L 
bn” - 
:.%* 
a 
o 
wy 
8 
A 
1 
8 
by; i 
* 
ls 
x 


olives, &c.—We indeed have, perhaps, a better aſſort- 
ment of preſerved fruits, which are extremely uſeful, 
ſuch as tamarinds, currants, preſerved ginger, &c. 

* It gives me no ſmall ſatis faction to obſerve, that 
ſince the firſt edition of this eſſay was ſent to the preſs, 
the government has introduced into the royal navy, att 
allowance. of portable ſoup ; a regulation, on which the 
ſervice may be truly congratulated ; nor is it leſs laud- 
able than advantageous to the public, and deſerving 
from our ſeamen the warmeſt gratitude, 


4 N 

ron, 4 2 . 

COPY 8 7 A A EASE et at 
— — <> 6 —— 


K * 
* - 
* 


— — — — hw * — 


ru . 
— MH „ 1 
— — —— — n 


— 5+ = v7 being 
wer o 4 
NE —_— — 
1 . 


—_ 


cons 


— 
ow —w== 3-0 


— 


. er De 
— 222 — — X. 


Neceſſaries for the Sick, 33 
converted into nouriſhment by the weak- 
ened digeſtive powers, as well as on ac- 
count of the inability of ſcorbutic patients 
to chew a harder ſubſtance, might be very 
advantageouſly allowed the fick. Nor 
could the quantity conſumed by them, 


though daily made aboard, be any incon- 


venience to the neceſſary oeconomy and 
- buſineſs of the ſhip. An addition to the 
leaven of a little Caſtile ſoap diſſolved in 
water, makes a bread of the moſt eaſy 
digeſtion. | 
Wine has likewiſe its merits: it is found 


in many fevers, eſpecially towards their 


decline, to exceed, by far, the ſhop medi- 
Cinal cordials ; and when the fever is en- 


tirely gone, it proves the beſt and quickeſt 


reſtorative which a ſailsr can have at ſea. 
Rum, or other diſtilled ſpirits, in whatever 
manner diluted or acidulated, do not, in 
ſuch caſes, produce the like effects. It 
will alſo appear in the ſequel, that the uſe 
of wine becomes an excellent preſervative 
againſt the infection of contagious diſeaſes 
in a ſhip. To anſwer theſe ſalutary pur- 
poſes, I would adviſe, that, before the 
ſtock of Madeira, Canary, or other wine, 
is quite expended, ſome caſks ſhould be 
reſerved for the uſe of the fick in the voy- 
age, This may be iſſued to them at pro- 


per . as the ſurgeon may direct, in 


D ou 


———— $a I 2 4 : * 
* BS wa 22 — I n — 
2 2 == — — 
IF — , > * SY 2 
2 
. 


th 2 »; n . - — r — . 4 0 Px 4.663 NT; = 8 
C IS EO  - <- SET Er es 
\ 1 > oY pages = 


22 * 
1 . * _ = * , , % - 
ea r 
PP 


a 
CC RR SY 


. 


< 7 74 r r . = , 
8 *% 5 * 1 
- rn <8 RT FREE 2 


34 Neceſſaries for the Sick. 
lieu of rum, or whatever ſpirits are in uſe 
at the time. 

I am of opinion, het proper regulations 
for preventing the abuſe, and improving 
the benefit that may be derived from ſuch 
vinous and ſpirituous liquors as are allow- 
ed to the men, cannot fail, at all times, 
to have a very remarkable influence on 
the health of the crew. The abuſe of theſe 
liquors, more eſpecially the ſwallowin 
down large quantities of undiluted ſpirits, 
1s-of the moſt fatal conſequence in every 
climate, and has been the bane of many 
thouſand ſeamen; while, on the other 
hand, it is moſt certain, that by proper 
management, theſe noxious draughts might 
be converted into a ſovereign remedy in un- 
-wholſome climates. This, the officers, - 
who drink more of them than the com- 
mon men, daily experience, Obſervation 
has indeed ſufficiently inſtructed us, that 
diſtilled ſpirits, well diluted and acidu- 
lated, and uſed in a moderate quantity, 
are wholſome, and even proper for healthy 
labouring men in hot weather, Somewhat 
is requiſite to ſupport the ſtrength of ſuch 
people, and perhaps punch is the moſt 
ſalutary liquor that can be contrived to 
anſwer this purpoſe ; beſides its imme- 
diate cooling, refreſhing, and invigorat- 
ing quality, it is well adapted to * 

| the 


Necgſſurios for the Sick, 35 
the diſeaſes ariſing from hot and moiſt 


weather. 

As an eaſy method has been lately 
pointed out of making ſuch large quan- 
tities, at a time, of the rob, or extract of 
oranges, lemons, or limes &, as muſt reduce 
them to a low price, mariners, and all 
other inhabitants of the torrid zone, may 
now be ſupplied with an excellent preſerva- 


tive of health, in ſuch unhealthful climates. 


One of the greateſt phyſicians Þ of the In- 
dies makes the following remark : *The 
„ moſt knowing practitioners in India 
place greater confidence in lemons a- 
* oainſt the malignant diſeaſes, peſtilential 


« fevers, &c. of the country, than in coſtly 


« bezoar or theriac, For my own part, 
„ ſays he, I aftirm, that in my practice 
there, I found more benefit from them, 
* than from any one ſingle remedy.” 
Syrup of lemons ought always to be put 
in the ſurgeon's medicine cheſt, and be 
occaſionally prepared and renewed in a 


ſufficient quantity, at every port, where. 
theſe fruits are cheap and in ſeaſon. Orange 


Juice, an excellent ſuccedaneum for lemons, 
may be preſerved, during the courſe of the 
en voyage, in the following manner. 


* See my Treatiſe on the Scurvy, third edition, p. 
163 and 164. 
x Bontius de Medicina Ind. 


D 2 e 


1 
N 4 
1 
19 
4, q 
+} A 
7 
yi} 
1 
Ry 
15 
* 
+ 


36 Neceſſaries for the Sick. 
Care muſt firſt be taken to ſqueeze only 


found fruit, as a tainted orange will en- 


danger the ſpoiling of the whole; the ex- 


preſſed juice muſt be depurated by ſtand- 


ing a few days, or filtrated till it is pretty 


clear; then it is to be put into ſmall bot- 
tles, none of them containing more than 
a pint of juice; in the neck of the bottle, 


a little of the beſt oil of olives is to be 
poured, and the cork well ſealed over. 


For want of theſe fruits, or their juices, 
I would ſuggeſt another vegetable acid 


for the uſe of the navy, which is 


Cream of Tartar. A Drachm, or the 


eighth part of an ounce of this, will 


be ſufficient for each man. a day, and 
for half a pint of ſpirits, mixed with: a 
pint and a half of water. This Cream 
of Tartar is the eſſential ſalt of wine, and 


IS an agreeable acid. If the officers, and 


others in the ſhip, who make uſe of 


lemons or oranges, would reſerve the peels 


to be put into the ſpirits ſerved to the 
men, it would greatly improve the flavour 
of the punch, and make it little inferior 


to what is made with lemon-juice. I muſt 


add, that this is ſo innocent an acid, that 


it may be taken in the quantity of an 


ounce or two, without producing almoſt 
any ſenſible effect, © gently moving 
the Ops 

It 


Neceſſaries for the dic. 37 


It has hitherto been the aim of thoſe, 
who have made marine diſeaſes their ſtudy, 
to find out a proper agreeable acid, which 
ſailors might be induced to uſe, as the 
beſt preſervative againſt many of their 


diſeaſes. Vinegar, ſpirit of ſalt, Elixir of 


vitriol, and many others, have been ſe- 


verally recommended, and have been ex- 
perienced, under proper circumſtances, to 
have produced good effects: Cream of 


Tartar has the advantage not only of be- 
ing much more palatable than any of theſe 
acids, and, according to the ſentiments of 
doctor Boerhaave, and my own experience, 
beneficial, and well adapted to the conſti- 
tution of mariners; but is alſo the cheap- 
eſt acid that can be recommended for the 
purpoſe. An allowance of the eighth 
part of an ounce a day, will not coſt the 
government one ſhilling yearly, for each 
man in the Weſt-Indies. I judge the 


beſt method is to pour a quantity of boil- 


ing water over-night on the cream of tar- 
tar, and next morning a pure tranſparent 
liquor may be poured off from the tartar 
at the bottom. Bad water is even thus 
corrected and purified. About two pounds 
and a half of the cream, I think, will be 
ſufficient for making into punch a hogſ- 
head of water: or, as it is now a general 
practice to mix water with the ſpirits, be- 

Dy: fore 


* — " 
7 p p<" * ad, * — 
a tn ; _— 
1 x. Nn 8 ” 2 - 
& 


— — — 2 wy en AY — 24 
- R 


— — — 9 a _ 
nar 


”” 
—_—_—_— 
EE 


4 
4 . 
1 
* A 
dk 
i» 
. 
9 
i; 
| 
? 
3 
| ' 
- 4 
: 4 
: J 
F 
- 
| 4 
1 3 
: | 
: N 
1 
1 : 4 
i i: 
| | 
1 it 
l 
: - y 
g 7 
E ; 
1 
. 14 
_ 
e 1 
is 
| : 
1 9 
F 
: 7 
/ , 
1% * 
1 
Its 
AI 
N ny 
** 
* * 
$ { 
. A : 
1 is 
1 
19 
i a : 
- F 
4 
C og 
7 
ST 
pg 8 
i &- 
i 
1 1. 
5 
2 ? 
* 
: T + 
| 
, | y 
- 7, * 7 4 
7 
? 
17 
18 
* 
9 
3 
* 
* 4; 
= * 1 * 
; 1 ! 1 
i. | 
U 
it 6 
- 4 * 
we 
11 
1 ö 
. N 
e 
13 
.4 ' 
Ot 
* 4 
1 p 1 
if 
. 
185 
ih | 
* 
7 ; 
L 
CT 


38 Neceſſaries for the Sick. 


fore ſerving them to the men, a due pro- 


portion of this ſowering may be iſſued to 
each meſs. And each man having it in 
his power to exchange part of his falt 


| 1 (which are ſo detrimental to 


ealth in hot countries) with the purſer 
for ſugar, may then be daily ſupplied with 


a quart of excellent punch : nay, even an 


increaſe of the ordinary allowance of 
punch, provided it is ſerved out at different 


times of the day, may ſafely be indulged, 


in lieu of ſalted meats; the inflammatory 


quality of the ſpirit being greatly corrected 


by mixing it in this manner. 

The oppoſing quality of acids to the in- 
toxicating power of ſpirits, is obſervable 
on more occaſions, than that of the ana- 
M of wines. From a mixture of vine- 


gar and ſpirit of wine, will reſult ſuch a 


combination, as ſhall efface the different 


taſtes of both, and deſtroy, in a manner, 


thoſe properties by which they are uſually 
diſtinguiſhed. The fiery nature of the 
one becomes thus qualified and attempered 
"> the other. 


* 


SECT. 


„ 
SECT. vl 
Method of obtaining Vegetables at Sea. 
Means of preſerving greens, pot-herbs, &c. 


freſh for a confiderable time. Method of 


raiſing a ſallad at ſea. 


1 HAVE found by repeated experiments, 
that it is eaſy to preſerve greens, pot- 
| herbs, and proper vegetables, a ſufficient 
time at ſea. The method, however ſim- 
ple, is effectual; and although it may be 
deemed inconvenient to carry out a ſuffi- 
cient quantity for the daily uſe of the 
whole ſhip's company, yet particular Mz Her 
may reap great advantage from it. 


All have it in their power to enjoy the | 


green and freſh productions of nature; and 
ſurely men, the moſt regardleſs of their 
own health, muſt eſteem a diſh of greens 
with their ſalt meat as a delicacy, after 
having been ſome months at ſea. The 
laſt experiment I made, was this: on the 
5th of March, I took a parcel of common 
coleworts and lee, and, after waſhing 


them clean, ſhook the water well off, and 


cut the leeks into pieces of an inch or two 
in length, and ſtripped the coleworts from 


off the thick ſtalks; then having procured 


two wooden diſhes, well ſeaſoned with a 


D 4 > ſtrong 


i# 


"S >, . 2 24 "A 3 = 8 
= — — — . L — = ad — bn N 2 
< * . = — — 5 — 


4 
288 


| 


> 


N =” _#- $e® * l Js " 
2» * * 
Na- * * A 
— — = re won, Mr 
F RT 2 AST; — © enn "SY _ — 1 WM 

3 <I>" — * 8 = . ' 
KY — n — — * — 3 wed SE tos. 

* 1 ** * -_ — 


— 


— 
—— 


— Sp 

* = ws. 4 X bane oY * 7 a, 

4 2 — = * 
r 


<<; * 5 Y . 
* 9 4 Le a "* 4 \ 
2 rn. A * 1 2 AY 7 - 
* . 33 KW 2 2 * er. & 2 _ * Jude < EY —_ 
* _ — 42 8 .* s 4+ z% Nee — n — — 4 iy . — FE 
. 1 7D ; K B A Nag LEES To Ao WE. & a 7 53 9 . n 
: — $ RI IS HL 8 — 8 — r ”y 


. 


{oF 


— 1 fey emo ey 
—— 


40 Method of obtaining Vegetables at Sea. 
ſtrong boiled pickle of alt, I ſprinkled, 
when dry, a thin layer of pounded bay- 
ſalt on the bottom of each, upon which 
was ſpread a thin layer of the vegetable, 
covered with dry bay-falt, and ſo alter- 
nately, until the one was filled with cole- 
worts, and the other with leeks. A cloth, 
wrung out of boiled ſalt pickle, was aſter- 
wards put upon the mouth of the veſſel, 
and the whole preſſed down with a weight. 
On the 5th of June, after they had been 
kept three months, I took out a little of 
each, and obſerved the leeks to retain their 
ſtrong peculiar flavour. After opening 
the folds of the leeks, in order to waſh 
out the ſalt, the vegetables were put, for 
about ten minutes, into cold water to 
freſhen, then to be boiled; when, upon 
a compariſon, both of them were found, 
in every reſpect, equal to what had that 
morning been taken out of the garden. 
The entire verdure and tenderneſs of the 
coleworts, and the perſect flavour of the 
leeks, were preſerved, without the leaſt 
degree of ſaline impreſſion. 

I have kept greens for the pot, pre- 
pared as above, for upwards of ten or 
twelve months, when they ſtill retained 
their perfect verdure, ſucculency, and 
taſte. It is neceſſary to add this caution, 
that earthern veſſels are improper for pre- 

e 


—ů—— — — — — 


. Sr. 
yon” * 


Metſiod of preſerving Vegetables at Sea. 4t 
ſerving greens in this manner, becauſe 
the ſalt in a ſhort time will penetrate their 
ſubſtance, and the outſide of the veſſel 
become cruſted over with faline effloreſ- 
cencies. 

Further, 1 with the ſecde of cond 
Creſſes, which had even been kept for two 
years, raiſed a ſalad in the middle of winter, 
in a room when there was no vegetation 
abroad : and the ſame 1s practicable in all 
parts of a ſhip. Let wet cotton be ſpread 
thin on the ſurface of water, about two 
or three inches from the bottom of the 
veſſel, to give room for the roots to ſhoot 
down. The ſeeds being ſown upon the 
cotton, the creſſes will in a few days 
come up. 

The water. here uſed is not Jod. it be- 
comes ſtrongly impregnated, both with 
the flavour and taſte of creſſes; and may 
be uſed as a Fee againſt the 
ſcurvy. 


It is beautiful, in a glaſs veſſel, to be- 


hold daily the quick progreſs of vegetation, 
both above and below the ſurface of the 
cotton. 

When there is a plenty of water on 
board, or in a rainy ſeaſon, blankets may 
be converted into gardens; and the whole 
ſhip both above and below, as allo her 
ſides, be replete with verdure. Nothing 

| | | | more, 


rl - a = 8 5 
— 3. P roo 


ry * ma i > 
—— r 


— 

oy an 
"$7 CES 4 
— > . 1 


. 


—— — — — — 


Ws ere Ne ů ——— 


r ——— —ꝛ ——— E 
2 — == a. > 2 fx — 
— —ů— — $00 Inn — _ 
2 Pa: ” — * p — 
— ür. ot 2 1 os oe hes Eur: 
% 2 Y XS _—_ 
a * Ss * 4 
— — 


o * 

q Sg 6. 

2— 3 
8 


—_— . 
2 n 


— 


„ 
. 
"> 
* * 
* 
„ 
2 
« 
iy 
< 
*\F 
9 
1 
_ 
i 0) 
z 
* 
14 
, 
* il 
** 
0 
Ke 
4, 
* 


2 nn 
. — 


_——_ py 
= n pe > [Do — PIES —— 
22 * od * 2 NP : 


42 CArcidents frequent in & hips. 
more, as I find by experiments, being re- 


quiſite, in this climate, than watering the 
blanket on which the ſeeds are ſown, twice 


a day, and allowing two inches room for 
the roots to ſhoot. 


e 
Accidents frequent in Ships. 


Treatment of perſons under extreme mtoxi- | 


cation. Means of recovering ſuch as are 
Suppoſed to be drowned; ſuffocated pu 75 
noxious vapour from a ſhip's well; 
firuck by lightning. 


ONE piece of advice may not be un- 


acceptable, in an unpitied, but ſome- 


times dangerous condition: I mean, the 
voluntary diſeaſe of drunkenneſs; a ſtate 
from which numbers never wake, and 


many but return to memory, to fall the 


victims of the fever it produces, eſpecially 
in hot climates : a caution therefore may 


be the more needful, as it is a cafe too 


frequent on ſhip-board, and as 1 do not 
remember that its treatment has been often 


fpoke of. 


In the fit of Rupee it is but too 


uſual for the delinquent to lie in an ho- 


rizontal poſition, or, what is much worſe, 


a with his head hanging down. This ſitu- 


ation 


= Accidents frequent in Ships. 42 
ation ſhould be immediately altered to an 
erect, or gently-inclined fitting poſture. 
If in a bed, or Hammocb, his head ſhould 
be raiſed, and due care taken that his 
ſenſeleſs ſtate does not change it. Warm 
water, with vinegar ſhould be given him, 
and a ſpunge dipt in vinegar, applicd to 
his head, mouth and noſe. Inſtances of 
the good effects of this method have been 
frequently experienced. The propriety of 
giving an emetic, in this caſe, of gentle, 
but ſpeedy operation, is almoſt too ob- 
vious to be inculcated, as alſo the neceſſity 
ſometimes of blood- letting and giving ſo- 
lutive clyſters : theſe, I ſay, with plen- 
tiful perſpiration, (generally a ſalutary, 
but now a moſt needful evacuation) are 
the uſual methods when any extremity 
threatens. Thoſe who can walk in the air, 
or fit up with an over-doſe of liquor, will 
do well to avail themſelves of that ſecurity, 


till the kidneys, or ſome other ſtrainer, has 


abated the fullneſs of the veſſels; for go- 
ing ſuddenly to fleep in an inebriated ſtate, 
has, by ſuffocation, or apoplexy, put a 
period to many lives. This vice of drun- 
| kenneſs, one of the moſt deſtructive to our 
brave feamen, ought to be diſcouraged by 
all poſſible means, and N puniſhed 
. the others. 


/ Let 


* — 
E 


. — 
r 


8 
Ou. 


LSD: or he. _— r 
. K What He JE nee 22 


< > * > . © 4. * =y 2 


——— 


2 
— 


i 
. 
14 
1 
0 
il 
14 
. 
5 | 
N _ 
i] 
l „ 4 
| i 
f 
* 
» i 


0 


44 Accidents frequent in Ships. 


Let us next turn our eyes to thoſe in a 
ſtate more juſtly demanding the attention 
of- humanity ; ſuch as have been unfor- 
tunately drowned. As ſoon as a perſon 
ſuppoſed to be drowned is taken out of 
the water, he ought not, as uſual, to be 


held up long by the heels; the conti- 


' Nuance in ſuch a poſture is the moſt likely 


means to prevent him from coming to 
life. The head muſt be inclined in a po- 
fition favourable to empty the ſtomach z 


mean while the utmoſt diſpatch ſhould be 


uſed to remove all the cold, wet cloaths, 
by ſtripping the perſon quite naked, and 
immediately expoſing the body to the 
heat of the warm ſun, or a fire, to pre- 


vent ſtiffneſs and cold; or, to regenerate 


heat, he may be put in a bed well warmed, 


where the belly, breaſt, and eſpecially the 


pit of the ſtomach, muſt be well and con- 
ſtantly rubbed with warm clothes, or dry 
ſalt, keeping the head and face gently 
inclined forwards, - as in a perſon under 
the operation of an emetic. At the ſame 
time, the limbs muſt be well chafed 
with hard coarſe clothes, made very warm, 
and the whole body often ſhook or rolled 
about. All poſſible attempts mult be made 
from the beginning to bleed ;.and that, 


even, indifferent veins. The temporal artery 


may alſo be cut, Warm n, or bottles 
of 


Accilents frequent in Ships. 45 
of hot water muſt be applied to the feet; 


falt of hartſhorn or volatile falts and ſpi-. 


rits to the noſtrils; and air, moderately 
Heated by being near the fire, blown by 
means of a bellows into the lungs, or 
even into the anus. Or, a perſon that 
chews garlick may endeavour to blow into 
the mouth with his breath, keeping the 
_ noſtrils of the patient ſhut for a ſhort 


time, to prevent its eſcape: mean while, 


another perſon, by a gentle alternate preſ- 


ſure and dilatation of the ribs, with a 


| correſponding alternate compreſſion of the 
contents of the belly upwards, imitates as 
nearly as poſſible the act of reſpiration in 
a living body. A clyſter of tobacco ſmoke 
may alto be given, and tobacco moiſtened, 

or its juice, may be put into the mouth, 

from the irritation of which in the throat 


and ſtomach, a recovery and vomiting has 
ſometimes enſued. Sometimes alſo ſuch 


perſons have been again brought to life 
by being ſtripped and having their bodles 
covered with warm ſalt or dry pot-aſhes. 
Though theſe means ſhould not ſpeedily 
5 produce the deſired effect, yet the perſon 
is not to be relinquiſhed. They muſt be 


repeated and continued for ſome hours, 
keeping the body all the while warm, or 


in x hot place, perſevering in the con- 
culſions and rollings ; and . he may 
be 


b IS 2 ors yr EG ets Ga 8 r : - 1 
PEP IOEO ES TRIES Th OY ES 3s — 


. — A." "CI 
W 1 nl MTs 0 LAT, 7 2 "29 V8 — 
* * —_— * . — — - By * * Y . = 7 1 
n . NG ent 3 . 
— Tot > 4 Dow 3. us 8 
22 % — — - b nd i. ns. we * Mw ** * - * 


d 
8 


e 
dee oe, * 


%; 


« 
, 
: 


hy — - = - — a> * - 
—— ER EE EE nd 
. 


1 
„ 
- „ 5 
© gu * 3 
3 $94 +1 4.53 3 
L a — 20 


22 —ů——— ͤ—h— 


22 — 


. 


_ — —— 
— — 


and W + 
a — 
. f X 


— — —— ow * 499; 


- 22 . . 
OOO rent ines < 0 "= 
4 rr oe r= 9 

” 


ie —_—_—— Zw 


n 
: . 
17 15 
* 
A 4 
"ﬆ 
\ ; 
: Pe. - 
1 
| 
- of 
: 
i * 
1 
A £1 
=: 
: * 
'4 
T5 . 
| { 
! * 
\F wy 
J . 
{ 14 
4 
4 
| i 90 
4 1 
i 4 
i Wa: 8 
l 44 
\ 13 
: 
F 4 
: U * 
: 
1 164 
* * 
1 f 
\ 3 
4 
i 
8 1 
{2 $ 
S . 2 
19 
: F 
(Wi 
|= 
i Ws 
5 , 
H uy * 
17 
; | 
i i: 
9 
4 J 
$1 
l 
i WF; 
>. ; 
+ 
4 1 
+ 
4 
i 
4 = PF 
©. 
N 
4 
4 
2 
1 
8 
1 
1 
0 
E 
5 
2 
ct 
— 
*F 
bp 
ZE 
N 
175 


—— N ̃7˙ . ̃7˖ÜO-‚‚‚‚ el pe ů⸗——i˙ 


D 2 
7” I, — 
iS be o_ > = Px 


46 Accidents frequent in Ships. 


be immerſed up to the chin and kept for 
ſome time in a bath of luke-warm water, 
after which, the former means are to be 
again tried. The frequent opportunities 
] have bad at Ha//ar hoſpital of viiting 
men who had newly eſcaped being drown- 
ed, and remained Jong under water, led 
me to obſerve, that in general the conſti- 
tution ſuffers ſo much by the ſhock, that 


the perſon is ſickly for a confiderable time 


afterwards. He ſhould be treated in the 
ſame manner as if he had been much 
bruiſed. | 

When a perſon is ſuffocated by the 


noxious vapour of a ſhip's Well, (an acci- 


dent not uncommon) the ſame means are 


to be uſed for his recovery, as have been 
preſcribed for people drowned ; only there 
is here no occaſion to ſtrip him of his 
cloaths, till other methods have been uſed, 
eſpecially opening the veins, daſhing a 
bucket or two of cold water on his face, 
naked ſtomach, or thighs, by the ſhock. 
of which my have inſtantly reco- 


vered *, 


Directions publiſhed by the fociety in Holland, 
which have been ſucceſsfully uſed for the recovery E. 
perſons ſuppoſed to be drowned or ſuffocated, and by 


Which means in four years 150 perſons, who had no 


viſible appearance of life left, when taken out of the 
water, have been Cana ne e 


And 


Accidents frequent in Ships. 47 

And a like method may be practiſed 
with thoſe ſtruck with lightning. Acci- 
dents from lightning are trequent on ſhip- 
board, owing in a great meaſure to the 
height of the maſts, from which it is 


thrown upon the deck. Perhaps future 


experience may evince the utility of hav- 
Ing proper conductors fixed at the maſt- 
head, and in the ſhrouds; by which the 
lightning may be carried off from the ſhip 
into the ſea.—Mean while, it is adviſeable 


To forbear from rolling the body over a caſk, tying 
it by the legs with the head downwards, and every other 
ſpecies of rough uſage, intended to diſgorge the water, 
which is vulgarly /uppoed to be ſwallowed by drowned 
perſons, | | | 

They direct, in the firſt place, to force air into the 


body, either at the mouth, or up the inteſtines; and 


recommend the vapour of tobacco as more ſtimulating 

than common air. os | 
Secondly, to ſtrip off, as ſoon as poſſible, the wet 

cloaths, and to apply external heat to the body, by 

means of friction with flannel before a fire. | 

* Thirdly, to rub the body all over, eſpecially the back 

bone, with woollen or flannel cloths,” wetted with 

brandy, and ſtrewed over with falt. 

Fourthly, to chafe the temples with the volatile ſpirit 

of ſal ammoniac, holding the ſame to the noſe, 


Fifthly, to put the perſon into a bed, without ſheets, 


and covered with many blankets; and to have the ad- 
ditional natural warmth of two perſons in bed, putting 
at the ſame time a bottle of warm water to the ſole of 
each of his feet. And LE, 

Laſtly, they direct, that as ſoon as any pulſation, or 


breathing is perceptible, eight or ten ounces ef blood 


ſhofild be taken from the arm. ü 
for 


— 2 
n 
2 


14 — 4 — wor” nn 
. Vo od og ee vo fo 
ES 


e * 

: þ Ss 

* #4 

2 > * - 8 


1 
* 
a 
J 
121 
[i 
x 
. 
. 
1 
{ 
WAY 
5 0 
5 
1 
1. 
77 
3 
. 
* 
iy 
2 
is G 


1 
1 
i 
1 
T5 
i; 
” a 
4 33 
' 
1 
I — 
. } 
«| 1 N 
$i, 1 
* 37. 
"7 Ra 
: · 4 
* = 
© 4 
* 
4 


" 


ON 1 * 
beet by 


WW 


r NE 
7 ken 6 ee I er Ie 


— 


. 


— ory; ———— 
ES ns I EE 


8 Preſervatives 8 health on board Ships: 


for the preſervation of the men who are 
expoſed to it upon deck, that, during vio- 
lent thunder and lightning, the officer 
takes the firſt opportunity of a heavy rain 
falling, to employ them in ſome ſhip-duty, 
with a view that their cloaths may become 

| wet.—And all ſhould avoid ſtanding too 
cloſe to the foot of the maſt, or to the 
wet ſhrouds or ropes coming from thence. 
The principles upon which thoſe ad- 

| vices are founded, are too well known ta 
require my dwelling 8 on this ſub- 


Jeck. 
8 E c T. IX. 
Proſcrvatives of Health on board Ships. 


7 entilators, exerciſe, clan ana the cold - 
| bath recommended. 


Should he wanting in my duty to the 

public, if I ſhould omit, in theſe ge- 
neral directions for the preſervation of 
ſeamen, the uſe of doctor Hales's venti- 
lators . I muſt add, that the more the 
men are kept in exerciſe and action during 
fine and calm weather, the better will 
their health be preſerved: and it is each 
man ' intereſt to take care, that his cheſt, 


cloaths, 


19 
i 
[1 
4 
7 
N 
i 
* . 
f i 
1 
N 
%. 
* 
# N 
| 
. 
\ 
i 
1 
. a 
1 
7 
N 7 
: * 
i 
U 1 
7 
* * 
U 
& 
* + 1 
[ as. 
: 1 
ff 
/ 7 
i 
) 
n 
1 FS 
in 
1 3 
J , 
l . 
j 4 
% 
3 
1 4: 
| _ & 
\ 
i "_ 
| 5 
10 
$ - © A 
! t + : 
1 
be L 4 
- bh 4 7 
} 1 
i 
, 7 
1 — 
. i 
\ bh 
5 1 
1 « 
"1 
, 3 
: J U 
1 
7 t 
: « 
14 0 
| 
: — . 
. 
* 1 
: 
\ 
"Lp 
l 4 
* 
4 
3 
G Je 
: T 
Ti 
. 0 
1 
| { k 
! 
, i 
* 
ix n 
l LY 
= 
+ 
3 
= 
1 
4 
1 ; 
i} 
5 | 
57 » 
© i 
n 
* 
1 4 
. 
4 3 
_ 
" 
1 
2 
_ 
0 
4 
TY 
Do 
; 
i 
» 
a; nf 
be \ 5 
Ft 
OI 
: q 
— 1 
* © 
* 
7% 
»y 
* 
i 
9.00: d 
+4 - $ 
13 
1 
Cy 
« 
. 
FR 
4 
19 
* 
* * 
q =_ 
H 
* 


* See his Book c on Ventilators. | 


4, 


ys ar ———— 


e NY 
n 


D 


1 A 
= dT =o oe pon, —— 


POR: REY 
b Mr * 
8 44 


| Preſervatives of Health on board $ hips. 49 


cloaths, and bedding, be often aired, and 


kept as free as may be from damp and 
rottenneſs. Thoſe, who are remiſs in 
theſe articles, ſhould be compelled to bes 
come more cleanly, | 

The ordering as many of the men as 
can be prevailed upon to. ufe the cold 
bath, either in tubs under the Fore- caſtle, 
or to dip in the ſea, early in the morn- 


ing, has been found extremely beneficial 


ia warm weather, and in hot countries. 
The body is thereby cooled and refreſhed, 


the fibres braced and invigorated, fo that 


the men become afterwards better enabled 
to undergo the fatigues and heat of the 
day. This would prove not only an ex- 
cellent means of health, but of cleanli- 
neſs: and indeed it has been found ex- 
perimentally true, that the cold bath is of 
ſovereign uſe to the Europeans in the Tor- 


tid Zone; and that by cleanſing the ſkin, 
and invigorating the whole habit, it is ſo 


far from ſtopping the perſpiration in hot 
weather, that it promotes it. I can af- 
firm, from my own experience in hot clt- 


mates, that Fluxes and many other com- 
plaints, the ſole effect of an unuſual and 


great heat, (relaxing the ſolids) have not 

only been cured by cold bathing, but the 

return, and even the attack, of ſuch diſ- 

eaſes, effectually prevented by it. 
E | 


nets 
Je. 


— — _ 
N — * ". 
eG IS. 
Canin rr 71 


- — . 0 ' N . ED — 
. — 

. S 

.. ng A PIR 


1 
1 
= 
' 


: 
% 
at 
15 


I amy 


— 
— 
= — 


— 


22 — 2 


ho 
7a 


14 go Preſervatives of Health on board Ships. 
3 I am perſuaded that the remarkable 
1 healthfulneſs of the Yger ſhip of war, 
ut commanded by eaptain Latham, in her 
ao: late voyage to the Eaſi-Indies, was more 
3 owing to the uſe of the cold bath, than 
3 to any other circumſtance *. It is worthy 
| F# of obſervation, that, in this voyage, two 
[i {F ſhips kept together in company, and were 
[1 pretty much of the ſame rate; yet, at the 
1 end of it, one of them had above two 
| | hundred men fick on board, whilſt the 
[i other had not above nine or ten. This 
| l proves, I think to a demonſtration, that 
[| FA very minute circumſtances in a ſhip often 
1 occafion, or prevent, a general fickneſs, 
| | 6 and conſequently a Sent mortality in a 
1 8 
. Moſt people know, that the cold bath, 
[i | though very ſerviceable in ſultry weather, 
| 1 
if and at fuch a time often abſolutely ne- 
3 ceſſary, as I have experienced i in my o -w 
[| 0 -perſon in hot countries, yet may be in; 
1 il judiciouſly and prepoſterouſly uſed. The 
os: abuſes are, too long duration in the water, 
I in or when the ſailors are permitted to go 
|. ! 4 
1 into it over-heated. with. work or ms 
| ;þ 
3 4 ** iy Jetter 3 captain 1 rfl in hes 
5 i Gentleman's Magazine, in the month of April, 1755. It 
1 * is dated from St. Auguſtin's Bay, in the illand of Mada- 
11 N i g9fear, ws of N 7 54. 
1 when 
| i . | 
6. 10 
ſei þ 


Diſeaſes 22 Southern Chmates: [3 


when the ſtomach is full, or when a cri- 


tical eruption, called the Prickly Heat, ap- 


pears 980 the ſkKin. 


SE C F. XL. 


Diſeaſes in Southern Climates. # 


Taigropricey of indiferiminate Bleeding by way 
/ prevention. Danger of crowding ſhips 


with men. Epidemic fever of hot climates, 


its cure, and method of prevention. 
THESE general directions being pes 


| miſed, I now proceed to treat more 
particularly of ſuch diſeaſes as are uſual, 

in hot, ſultry, and unwholeſome climates; 
with a view to point out what promiſes 
the moſt certain protection 1990 their 
attacks. 

The firſt diſeaſes which occur in a voy- 

age to the ſouthward, are, for the moſt 
part, of an inflammatory nature, and 
owing to a ſudden tranſition from cold 
to hot weather. This occaſions a fulneſs 
and diſtenſion of the veſſels; hence, ſuch 
diſorders, and hence, all Europeaus, upon 
their firſt arrival under the Tropic, bear 

evacuations much better than afterwards. 

It has been a common practice at ſea, to 

bleed a number ef the ſhip's company, 
when firſt ney come into a warm latitude, 


E 2 by 


2 > RR 


g — — 


_ —— a, 


—_— 4 .y 
VI en ER 
—— * 


— 
. rt Series Canoe Ws 


4 
= a 4 
Fe 


8 > 


Wd gw 


a 
— 


. * * — — 
n * N F * — 
. n 2 4 WE 


— 
—.— 


* - — * 
1 1 a - 
n 
" . — —_— 


wh, * 


. 
— — -4 
„ a. 


8 
— 


5 
+ Hee 


2 


* 
{al 
f 3 
= 
1 
1 
oft y f 
Act 
- M7 o 
; 
} } 
* 
BY 


52 Dzfſeaſes in Southern Climate. 

by way of prevention : but experience does 
not ſhew, that this operation has any ſuch 
effect upon their future health; nor can 
the propriety of bleeding almoſt all the 
men, as it is often done in the merchant's 
ſervice, without diſtinction of age or 
conflitution be well juſtifed; though 
we allow bleeding, in ſome particular 
caſes, uſeful at this time. I ſhall endea- 
vour elſewhere * to particulariſe the caſes 
in which this operation is neceſſary ; let 
it ſuffice for. the preſent to obſerve, that 
previous blood-letting is not to be de- 
pended upon as a fecurity againſt the dif- 
eaſes of intemperate climates. ' 

It often, indeed, happens, that the men 
enjoy an uninterrupted ſtate of health in 
the Torrid Zone, when the ſhip meets 
with fine weather, and has a good paſſage, 5 
"eſpecially when ſhe leaves England in the 
autumn, and arrives at Jamaica, or other 
places to the northward of the æquator, 
when the ſun is pretty well advanced to- 
wards the ſouthern tropic: it being ge- 
nerally upon their arrival in harbour, and 
after anchoring in fickly places, that the 
men are attacked with the Ns: of the 
country. 


* In the Appendix. 


The 


Diſcaſes in Southern Chmates, 53 


The contrary, however, may ſometimes 
| Happen. It has been remarked, that when 
ſhips crouded with. men * have a tedious 
paſſage, or are long becalmed at fea +, 
during a continuance of hot, moiſt, and 
cloſe weather; or when they ſuffer by 
heavy rains, uſual at particular ſeaſons, 
within the tropics, diſeaſes different from 
the former, and much more fatal to the 


"*; 
Ll 


* Tt is a miſtake, deſtruQive tothe men, to croud too 
many of them together in a Southern voyage, or in-a 


| Hot climate, as the ſhip will be found, before the end 


of the voyage, in much more diſtreſs for want of men, 
than ſhe would have been, had ſhe at firſt carried out 
only her proper complement. An additional number is 
often made, in order to ſupply an expected mortality ; 


but they generally enereaſe that mortality to double or 


triple their own number. This fact has been often eon 
firmed by experience in foreign ſervices, and lately in 
the Pitt, an Eaſi India armed ſhip, and ſeveral others. 
Ships are alſo very apt to be harraſſed with low fevers 
and fluxes (the conſequence of the fever) when much 
crouded with ſtores and proviſions, from not having 
proper room and , conveniences for their men; and if 
any article become putrid, the danger will be greatly 
increaſed ; ſtock-faſh uſed in Baſt India voyages are par- 
ticularly. apt to become ſo. It will; therefore, be pro- 
per when any ſpecies of proviſions turns offenſive, im- 
mediately to throw it into the ſea. | 


r 4 


1 Calms are frequent near the e uator, and in hot 
weather; when they continue long, the ſea becomes 
offenſive, and is covered with a ſcum, ſo that men on 


going upcn deck, are frequently ſeized with a ſickneſs 
and vomiting from its ſmell. This ſcum is ſuppoſed 
by ſeamen to be the ſpawn of ſiſn, but is ſometimes ob- 
ſerved, during long calms, even in harbours. | 


= 3 men 


3 2 — 


— 


2 ras nn * — 
— . = 
= : — 2 — 
2 been 2 RE. — — ” 9 22 
N oe — — 
Fo v4 


Ka ERS. oc 
2 


n dt. ” * ,_- T +. * 7 r = 5 ——_— 2 - = 
PI - — 1 — ** b - * 2 = / 
— 1 - — . * * —— - . 1 : > — _ 4; 
= 4-444 * < 6 2 * * 0 . ew 
” n * — * e * ** — my — * 0 5 > 
E OAT <a A 0g, FOOTY r 22 OL. - 
- Where, ww In. '* ave FILL Lo 2 3.248% . 6. 1 ND = 


e — 7 
g * . 
8 8 


2 *.. ASI. 
3 54 et 


8 


— 


584 Diſeaſes in Southern Climates. 

men than thoſe of the inflammatory kind, 
begin to appear. Thos ; 
A few of the ſailors are ſometimes at 
firſt ſeized with fluxes, which. denote a 
bad diſpofition in the air, and its ten- 
dency to beget a malignant fever of the 
remitting, or intermitting, but moſt fre- 
quently of the Double Tertian kind. This 
fever, which is the genuine produce of 
heat and moiſture, is the epidemic be- 
tween the tropics, upon the Coaſt of Gui- 
nea, and in Jamaica; and is the autumnal 
fever of. all hot countries: it is perhaps 
different from what is called the Yul 
fever, or Black Vomit, which takes place 
among a few, on their firſt arrival in the 
Weſt-Inates *, 


Since the firſt edition was printed, I tranſmitted 
ſome queries relating to the diſeaſes in the HY/2/t- Indies, 
to Mr. Na/myth, an ingenious gentleman, ſurgeon to 
admiral Holmes at Jamaica, and received the following. 
anſwers from Port-Royal, dated April 15, 1761. 
2. ls it not the common fever of Jamaica of the 
* remitting kind, and nearly ſuch as has been deſcrib- 
« ed by Cleghorn, as the epidemic of Minorca? 5 
« A. The remitting fever is truly one of the fixed 
“regular epidemics of this ifland ; and is more or leſs 
5 prevalent in the months of Ofober, November, and 
% December. ] look upon it to be the ſame as that of 
HMinorca, of Sumatra, of Java, and of many other 
< places in the Eaſ and Ye/t- Indies, between the tra- 
% pics. Here, from the great extent of country, large 
$ tracts of uncultivated land, woods, marſhes, and a 
* conſiderable degree of heat and moiſture ; fiom theſe, 


H Teaſer s Southern Climates. = 


In this epidemic of the Torrid Zone; 
I have found, by manifold experience, in 


40 1 lay, and other cauſes, this fever is ſound to act with 
6 full vigour, and often proves very fatal. It termi- 
«© nates ſometimes as common fevers do, by the tkin, 
* kidneys, or inteſtines; though oftner, and with 
£ more ſafety, as a regular intermittent; when it 1s 
15 readily ſubdued by the bark, '&c. 
tl . Wherein does it differ from the Yellow Fever ? 
An inflammatory Diathefis, with denſe blood 
. eg obſtruction, very commonly introduces 
« the Remittiog Fever : the heat too, Except in the re- 
© miſſion is pretty equal; and ſeldom any figns of diſ- 
6 © lokution in the blood, or tendency to putrefaction, 
* appear, until the diſcaſe Þas been of ſome ſtanding. 
% —The Yellow Fever, in at leaſt ninety patients of a 
a hundred, exhibits immediate appearances of  colli- _ 
% quation, and approaching. putreſaction. The blood, 
in the beginning, is commonly loofe and diſſolved : 
the great heat ſoon ſubſides, when a clammy moiſ- 
ture ſucceeds. In this ſtate the heat is really under 
« the ſtandard of health; and then it is that putrefac- 
« tion becomes general and active. 
23 Are the patients in this laſt fever ſubject to 
ec profuſe hemorrhages, or other ſymptoms of remark- 
& able colliquation or putrefaction of the blood? * 
. « A, From the early and general diſſolution of the 
« blood, hzmorrhages are very frequent in this laſt fe- 
« ver; and theſe too from almoſt every part of the 
* body : the gums, the noſe, the corners of the eyes, 
« give early proofs of this. Sometimes. bloody exuda- 
6 tions from the fore-head, the arm - pits, from cica- 
& trized wounds, large black ſpots, and fcetid cadaver- 
© ous exctetions of every kind, confirm the general 
* ſtate of putrefaction. 
2, What diſeaſes do you imagine are produced at 
| «© ſea, by the great heat in the Meſt- Indies, where in- 
« fection and the land exhalation can be ſuppoſed to 


% have no influence? 
E 4 5 the 


56 Diſeaſes in Southern Chmates, 

the moſt unhealthy fivers. upon the Coaſt 
of Guinea, that the ſafety of the patient, 
in this diſeaſe, entirely depended upon the 
fever's. intermitting ; or, at leaſt, its re- 
mitting ſo favourably, as might afford an 
opportunity of throwing in an ounce, or 
two, of the Jeſuits Bark, The Bark is 


indeed, at this time, univerſally known, 
by practitioners. of all nations, to be the 
only ſovereign medicine for this moſt fre- 
quent and malignant fever, in thoſe ſickly 
ſouthern climates. e e 

In the courſe of my inquiries into this 
ſubject, I have had an opportunity of con- 


„ have remarked in the courſe of ſome voyages 
* to the Fa/t-Indies, (thele, you know, afford the 
< faireſt trial) that the inconveniencies and diſeaſes ariſ- 
« ing from mere heat, are far leſs conſiderable than is 
% commonly imagined. The immediate and moſt fre- 
$* quent effect of hot air, is rarefaction of the fluids, 
1 hence different degrees of fever, from the accelerated 
& pulſe, flight head-ach, &c, to a phrenſy and highly 
— AA ̃ ]⅛·v apvoteth 5 

„ Upon the ſubje&t of thermometers, about which 
80 2 ſeem to be inquiſitive; I muſt tell 1 
„have generally been provided with ſeveral; and, in 
8 this preſent voyage, have endeavoured, as much as 

ce poſſible, to diſcover the influence of heat in the pro- 
% duction and courſe of diſeaſes ;—for this purpoſe, 1 
c aſcertained with great exactneſs, the number of men 
& Jodged upon each deck; where lodged when taken ill, 
and of what diſtemper, My obſervations of the mer- 
ce cury were at ſtated times, and attended with general 
* remarks of the weather; notwithſtanding this exact- 
be neſs and attention, I cannot at preſent ſettle any thing 
& ſatisfatory or worthy of your notice? 


„ 


Diſeajes In Southern Climates. 57 


ſulting the journals, kept in thoſe voyages 
by many ingenious ſurgeons of ſhips of 
war; and, however uregular, or diver- 


ſified under different appearances, this fever 
might ſhew itſelf, I found the diſtemper 


was eſſentially the ſame, and that the 
bark alone, judiciouſly adminiſtered dur- 


ing a remiſſion, or intermiſſion, provech 


the moſt certain means of cure. Many 


inſtances might be produced, ſeveral hiſ- 


| tories of fevers might here be related, 
wherein the efficacy of the bark would 
be fully evinced. I ſhall only obſerve, that 
the fever of the Iſland of St. Thomas, is, 
to a proverb in that part of the world, 
deemed the moſt malignant and fatal ſpe- 
cies of any African or American fever; 
but by a very accurate: account of this fe- 


ver, which I have had occaſion to peruſe, | 


it would appear, that the bark is likewiſe 


the beſt remedy. 
It is again to be obſerved, that this re- 


— proves not only a ſpecific for this 


univerſal malignant, remitting, or inter- 


mitting fever, but the continued uſe of it 
is an effectual preſervative againſt a re- 
lapſe. Hence one would naturally infer, 
that the uſe of the bark would prevent 
the attack of this ſickneſs; and, accord- 
ingly, experience (the ſureſt guide and 


e of medical truths) teſtifies, that 


| the 
4 


CELLAR SET. IS als — —— — — = — 
— — — — — — — 
wo * - N . * * as 
8 a 
+. bv 2 


. 


rer 


— 


A* . S *, — 
* : — 8 


* 


— 


— 


* 


5 | 
— _ 3 
* 2 


i 

1 

l; 

13! 3 
[4 

| 

1 
4: | 
s: 
j 

*' & 
'" L 


. —— — Ä nat 5 


8 Di iſaſes i in Southern Climates. 


the bark proves a defence againſt the at- 
tack of this fever, and other malignant 
diſorders, which may be apprehended in 
unwholeſome climates, during a malig- 
nant diſpoſition of the air. — This hint, I 
firſt received when on the Coaſt of Guinea. 
1 was informed, that the factories were 
Furniſhed with proper quantities of the 
Bark, by the late African company, which 
was taken by way of prevention; during 
the rainy and ſickly ſeaſon; and that it 
Was attended with remarkable ſucceſs in 
ſuch as could be brought to ſubmit to a 
e courſe of life, and to refrain from 
eating ſuch quantities of animal food as 
they were wont to do in England, which 
yearly deſtroys many on that coaſt. I 
have ſince been confirmed in my opinion, 
of its ſucceſs as a preſervative, by many 
conſiderations and fads; [ _— produce 
only one. 
Hungary is acknowledged to be the moſt 
fickly climate in Europe, and indeed, as 
bad as any in the world. Here it was, 
where the Chriſtian armies, in marching 
only through the country, in the expe- 
ditions againſt the Sgracens, formerly called 
the Croi/adoes, often loſt half of their num- 
ber, by ficknels ; and where the Auſtrians, 
not long fince, buried, in a few years, 


above * of their belt troops, who 
, tell 


— 7 * * 
£ 2 jo. A * 
1 83 OY 2 


E * 
- * 1 


— 

. 1312 
4.x 2 — 

6—— * aw 


— 
£ 


— * 
1 
* * 


„ 
Li 


- 
—_ 


: VI 0 

4 24.44% 

1 5 i 

1 N 
o 
TAS ©: 

i Fi £Y$ , 
r 4 
i118 3% 

1.1 mt © 
* 

1 | 
* 1 : * 
n 
1 le 
X. * N 

1 f 4 - 
HY 5 
k n 
1 * | ; 
nnn 

— 7 , * 
. 1 
_ 

11 
1 : 4 
: o * 4 
435 L » ? * 
n 
* a & : 

? 

14 AE PE | 
1 PR, 

* . 

$; $ 

i CY, 

45 

1 

ov 

N q 

41 8 : 
15 * 5 
g * «Jy 1 
5 | | 
i4h | 

: , 9 

N F 
| { IF» 
4] 4 þ 
> | 

y x 
* KF: 8 i 
; 2 
b * 

1 

1 9 

1 1 
x 4 

% 
: ' 

; ! ; 

8 4 

; \ 

, * 9 

if 157 

* 
1 
L 7 
bd : 
* 
Li 

1 & 8 

i= wy : 

l i} ; 

: al. 

ba © : 

> | 

i 8 
4 j 
4 , 

* , 

* ; : 
** N 
* = 
« { : 

- "18 
* , 
, {bd : 
W 
6 46 | 
a, . 5 
1 . 
I) "0 

1 

by © 

: 6 &.) 

1 

3 f 
oy 
5 y 

: v 

. 

1 3 q 
» 

1 AS 
2 

4 


ws | 
7 . 
5 ; 
* 
Vs 
* i 
_—_ - 
4 
= 
„ 
" 
_— 
. 
= 
4 * "IE 
| 
1 
5 
I , 


—=iFv3 Sw 


————— ve — k — — 
Fe” — — 
A — by wy | 9 8 
Y K „„ ing Mt oo A OE rs : : 
Ss * - 1 _ 4 4142 o 


bo 


A 3 


„ = pvc 
1 ee 
1 2 DE DOSES Mes 8 


. 8 


= — 2 
<a 3 


DES 
- = 45 Ids, 


Diſeaſes in Southern Climates. 59 
fell a ſacrifice to the malignant diſpoſition 
of the Hungarian air. Now the ſame 
cauſes, which ſubſiſt in an eminent de- 
gree in Hungary, render ſome ſouthern 
countries injurious to the health and con- 
ſtitution of ſtrangers. Hungary abounds 
in rivers, which, by often overflowing, 
leave that low, flat country, overſpread 
with lakes and ponds of ſtagnating water, 
and with. large, unwholſome, marſhes. 
So great is the impurity of theſe ſtagnant 
waters, that by them the rivers, even the 
Danube, whoſe courſe is ſlow, becomes, 
in places, corrupted and offenſive. 

The air is moiſt, and, in ſummer, quite 
faeiy: In the nights of harveſt, it was ſo 
very damp, that we are told * the Auf 
trian ſoldiers could not ſhelter themſelves 
from the moiſture by a 80 1 tent · oo- 
vering. 

Epidemical diſtempers begin conſtantly 
to rage in the hotteſt months, which are 
Fuly. Auguſt, and September, Theſe com- 
plaints, according to the accurate obſerv- 
ations of a phyſician , who practiſed long 
in Hungary, are altogether the ſame with 
thoſe which are epidemic upon the Coaſt 
of Guinea, and in the fickly climates of 


* Vide Krameri Obſervationes de Climitate Hungg- 


Tiff. 
2 2 Dr. Kramer, — to the —— . 


th 


EE 


** „ r 
— eee — 8 Þ 


W a ER AE 


r 


_ 


— — — — — 2 
„ I _— EX © D — — 5 — ; — * 2 
* - . 4 ” . — * 8 „ „ re 3 r 18 a oof 22 
— 2 r. — 4 — — ' a — Th. _ "BY 
7 2 2 La 2 a 8 „ 5 
* — n * — WEE CNS a 1 3 5 — 2 


3 
— 


*% 
3 


—— WE ICS Soo AS. — — 


TICS 


. 51 


S .. 


88 2 e 2 


W ay 


I 
TE” ib 5 — 
. . 6 2 
* 5 2 we 
Es. RE. 


Ga LY 
_— 


ney SEL, ALL * ay, * — 
2 3 e oo” 2 5 
rr 


SES 


1 
— 


+ WS 


1 4 I 
22.9 222 


r 22 2 
3 


2 


— 2 
1 * 
n N 

. Pg. PT oy * 

— wm * 


. — up — —— — — 
* — *. 4 "7" — — 4 
Nr 4 wy - as. 2 


„ 
rr 


3 . 1 — 

rms — 

A Sat RS ri 
2 1 2 - I On 
” " 2 — 2 — p ” ot — -\ 2 


. 
* 4 * — — —— . — — os — ws — —— © _ . — - — fl = —— 
i q 8 N bh * 1 te ES FE * 1 4 5 1 4 y 4 > - - — ores rf — 7 — = — — 
5 _ gs Wh. won — INN TITLES ö ac ea 5 Wo *; 2 +, 2 1 — — Lo Se. g = - «wth _ G —_ \ >= 
1 a OB, TT d WW * e — — e * . " gp cy Ee — ” 0 mo Bd, AL 3 = EI DS. ab 
— — * 8 7 * 5 - PR”: „44 Cock — 
— * — „3 * K * Lal wb a OE n \ 4 , N 1 - ot he - _ = —_— 
> — - « * . ö 1 * * — 72 U 
— ; . — 1 2 FD ERNST . — — —— - — — — — —— 
pd % 6 5 Ix. od . kt 4 * e 2 * . — * A a7 5%, 2m, 2 n 5 
* by b 2 ä — 2, — 32 N oF — 4 5 2 2 PX: * M 5 b 
* — — DL. * A 2 N - r — . 2 2 
— — - _ > -& — a - — — — — 
$2 _ 
4 n Ra . = = 


— wt: 8 X* 
— 


— — 
br n 
* 2 
Ys 1 I 
- , — 


i, 
11 a 


— n 


— N 
pre = oy 9 
2 — 2 rr — 
- >. RT Fen, BHT of —— 
— a ow 


60 


mortality among the troeps. 


Difeaſes in Southern Climates.. 

the Eft and Weſt Indies, viz. malignant 
fevers of the remitting and intermitting 
kind, and fluxes. 

The heat of the ſun in ſummer is more 
intenſe. in Hungary (according to my au- 
thor) than in apy other part of Europe, 
and, in proportion to the heat, is the 
peſtiferous quality of the marſhy exha- 
Jations, It is conſtantly obſerved, that 
the nearer any city or fort is ſituated to 
a moraſs, or an ample river, with foul 
and oozy banks, the more unhealthy are 
the inhabitants. At ſuch ſeaſons, and 
places, the air ſwarms with numberleſs 


inſects and animalcules, a ſure ſign of its 


malignant diſpoſition, 

The hotter the ſummer, the more fre- 
quent and mortal are the diſeaſes. This 
was fatally experienced by the Auſtrians, 
in the unuſual ſultry ſummer-months of 
the year 1717, and 1718, when they 
found the climate of Hungary a much 
more dreadful and deſtructive em. than 
the aſtailing Turks. 1 SG; EGAN 

In the former of theſe years;-at the e r 
of Belgrade, the fever of the country,” and 
the flux, occaſioned. a very, extraordinary 
The dread 
of theſe diſeaſes cauſed every one (as may 
naturally be ſuppoſed), to hive recburſe to 


n precautions for * | 
| e 


Diſeaſes in Southern Chimates. 61 

The great prince Eugene, who commanded 
in chief, had water, and the proviſions 
for his table, ſent him twice a week from 
Vienna. The pure ſtream of the river 
Kahlenberg was regularly brought to him: 
he ane pu. all exceſſes, and lived regularly, 
or rather abſtemiouſly ; refreſhed himſelf 
often by eating a coo] melon, and mixed 
his uſual wine, which was Burgundy, with 
water. But, notwithſtanding his utmoſt 
care, this illuſtrious hero was ſeized with 


a dangerous dyſentery, which would have 


quickly terminated life, had not the ſpeedy 
concluſion of that campaign, permitted 
him a quick retreat ®, | 

At this unhealthy ſeaſon, when hardly 
one imperial officer, much leſs their ſe- 
veral domeſtics, eſcaped thoſe malignant 
diſeaſes, the renowned count Bonneval, 
and his numerous retinue, continued, 
amidſt this peſtilential contagion, in per- 


From what Kramer and others have advanced, con- 
cerning the pernicious conſtitution of the Hungarian air, 
we may account for the vaſt and almoſt uniform fata- 
lity of the ſmall pox, and other peſtilential diſeaſes, to 
which that country is unhappily ſubject. A living au- 


thor (Veſipremi, de Inoculanda Peſte, 1754) a native of 
Tockay, obſerves, that their extended deſarts and deſo- 


tated cities witneſs the dreadful devaſtations made by 
the malignant evils of this ſoil. A province, ſays he, 
which requires gieat and annual ſupplies of colonies 
from fruitful Swabra, to reinftate thoſe whom diſeaſe has 
facrificed. 1 . 


feck 


* — — — — * ä — — 
d thy,” #7 — 4 of a0. 7 4 pos 2 - 4 4 "E * 5 * T — — * 
Aer = oo EEE * > . ER K 
OY 6: * —— : <>. 
SE SENT = OST 
r 232 1 6. the TOW e . , - 
. L ** Ws NA r 


— : 
— 3 


Lo 


D 
5 ETFS 


EROS. 


6 PINE 8 FEED 
EX. 4 
a E ; 3 


— REPENS OTST INN 


n 


— A 2 


1 8 
— 2 


r — 
AS" de 2 


. * 
E 
n 


n 
NW. Op 
he SDS. 


r . _ ID 
EFF 


** 2 — — „n , 
pol Ter" — FF * ** no, 
n — — ok Kim TEES ws 

- 


— —— — eto — — an þ — — 


5: 
: # 


N yy 
> $3] 
j 44 
U 1 
7 / 
og - | 
1 * $i 
* Cay [7 $] 
' | þ * o f 
! 4 F-33578 
14 $7 4 
4 
_— x = 
by. k 
4144 
} T5. F 
; 1 v4 
1. © tis 
_ KL) 
þ £5 1 
t fu LS. | * 
7 1 
id” , 14 7 
L ” 4, + * I 
N 11 * 
ann 
_ . 

K 1.38 | 
TS ;; £1 5 
i, 7 

A #44 
© H : 
+ 5, Sl | 

'vS4 14 : 

4 0 

1 4 1 

157 by 3 : 
j 5 uk þ : 

* "Wi j 4 : 
* . t 

l HW 

72 110 , 

oF 3.13 

1. F 

1. * 

rf „ 4 ' 

1 * 11 

r 

q t 

{4 F 4 

. oy 15 
| 3 
| 1 Cs þ 

4 LE : 

1 
J. 90 

4 7 1 \ 1 

y 4 \ 

| $5 YN 

* | J 

1 4 

of « PAT 16 5 

E N 
s 

1.1 & i 

: nr 

t G } 

1 1 

4 Fu 8 

: N. 

Fl 

+ 4628 

r 

n 

% * 

$7 
1 
1 4 5 
1 7 i 
: i 1 } 
2 at 
t_ 9 
2 
8 2 9 
* CY 
> ja : 
by th / 

# d | 

v 1 
1 


— —— — — — 


— — — 


1 — 


Go e 0 
7 R O46 . 
— — 2 * 
— 


8 | : 2 . ” AN Ta "I" * 
8 _— a ab RR on i at WO | 
7 E . K ps * * INTEL — 
_ 1 _— "a =! RC 1 


„ LS. 
1 


3 PE 
* 


PO 
. « 


r 
2 


* 3 —— 
— — —— ve gry Pt = X 


* 
— — — 


2 


Lg * 
+ * 2 at bm” 
. a . > w » 
*s 
- A” —_ © v4 Long * — * 
= 33 bs at — Sq 
T 
2 I * 2 1 3 8 ws . 8. 
— Nr Ubi woes” 932 —_ * — — * - 


r —— — — - —— 
. 


— 


62 Diſeaſes in Southern Climates. 
fect health, to the ſurprize, or, to uſe my 
author's words, the envy of all who be- 
held him. The only precaution he uſed, 
was to take, two or three times a day, a 
ſmall quantity of brandy, in which the 
bark was infuſed ; and he obliged all his 
attendants and domeſtics to follow his 
example. 
It is no leſs . that the 3 
placing his certain preſervation in the uſe 
of this ſimple bitter, lived for many years 
afterwards in the moſt unhealthy ſpots of 
Hungary, without any attack, or appre- 
henſion of diſeaſe; and continued to en- 


Joy a perfect ſtate of health, during the 


hotteſt and moſt ſickly ſeaſons. And thus, 
with an unbroken and ſound conſtitution, 


| which i is ſeldom the caſe of thoſe who re- 


fide long in ſuch. climates, he lived to a 
great age. 

There is an inſtance produced bs the 
fame author *, of a whole regiment in 
Italy having been preſerved, by the uſe 
of the bark, from the attack of the ſame 
malignant diſeaſes, viz. the Flax and Bi- 
lious fever (as it is often called) when the 


reſt of the Auſtrian army, not purſuing 


that method, became greatly annoyed ws 8 
them. 


* = Kramer. 


Erom 


Diſeaſes in Southern Climates, 63 


From what has been already ſaid, there 
is reaſon to preſume, with a great degree 
of certainty, that, if his majeſty's ſhips, 
when bound on a voyage to any of the 
afore-mentioned unhealthy climates, were 
ſupplied with a due quantity of the Bark, 
it might prove effectual for preventing 
both the Fever, and Flux, the latter be- 
ing the ſame diſeaſe falling upon the in- 
teſtines. 

The Bark mi ight be made extremely pa- 
latable, by infuſing it in ſpirits, eſpecially 
if a little orange- peel be added. The 
orange- flavour renders it a bitter of an 
agreeable taſte, and conceals what is of- 
fenſive in the bark. Eight ounces of bark, 
and four ounces of dried W peel, in- 
fuſed in a gallon of -ſpirits *, will make 
a much more agreeable bitter dram, than 
what the ſailors often make up for them- 
ſelves at ſea, of Gentian, Snahe-root, and 
other diſagreeable aromatic ingredients.— 


The ſpirit may be impregnated with a much greater 
quantity of bark, if neceſſary, for a more effectual pre- 
ſervation. To which I know no other objection than 
that the taſte will not be ſo agreeable. Spirits will ex- 
tract the virtues of triple the quantity of bark here pro- 
poſed, and thence will become much more efficacious. 
It is uſual now in ſome of the Guinea faftories, when 
taking the bark, to keep the body gently lax by a draught 
of ſea water, occaſionally taken \in. a morning. Thoſe 
who diſlike ſpirits, may uſe the bark infuſed in wine, or 


5 _— in water, | 
Two 


BA 88 . 
AA 
n 


— 


$ j 
* 
of { 
155 4 
ta 


"<> 
———. A l 
F ag 8 


— "__ 
CES © wg * — 5 a _ —_ 
IEC 4 A IR 3" —% A . — — 3 * p 
we, * Co - Raby 8 2 Pg 4 3 by n 
= 8 2 2 by 
5 GS 1 


* 
= 


” 22 . 822 
— _—— - 
FOR” - * 
— * 8 1 
a0 _ 2 _ . 
ue 5 


TEE — 
1 e r 
n "3,7 


— 


4 


22 — 6 


— — 
— SR | DIE II IG re þ Coe — 
„ ˙ A > 29 DI — — — — = G 
qr Py \ Yo 1 — ” — — * — 
p 5 | 25255 „„ gy . ——— 
* * = 5 — — — ag — — _ : 
* Lo 1 HT >. 2; S Ee: P —————— 
4 E208 * h : — 
a 


— TY — — 
— 
1 3 . 
e 4” © 4 » "x" 
* me 2” 
< wa py IB 1 2 
* — ern py — 


— . — äʃʒĩ—ͤ— 


yy 
my 
* 


£ 


* 
L : 
— 8 > a 
— * — 
2—— — 


— 


8 
0 


ee au... 
4+ \ 


* 
Tz 


— — — phage. apts 
= way = + — * . 
A n 3 - Y 4 Ng * 
m_——— * 
_— R 


- * - 2 
* : : © — " 
— 6 
6 — — ——— — — — 
* = —— 
— of A 4 —r — 1 


* * 
. — — 


" „ - EIS" 
$3 neo CSS... 2 - 2 2 * S * 
4 — — 9 S. — > — 
" — —̃— — 


— 3 _— * 


ä 
SS 


— — 
©» x — SE Wn. — 


rr 
—— — — — 


— — 


—— 


T4249 mb n 9 * — > - * 4 — * — 3 
p A LIES . 
2 ů ů —² „ OS Sg. 1 
af a . RN „ „„ by . * — rn ET os 
5 NE —_— FI 2 27 
——— PF = Br» I I Ge OT pe FREY 5 2 TS PE HORA WII rg; 
* * 8 ä 2 
FFF "AM > —— 
8 r er Tm 2 
— = = . — 


— — — — —— 


— 5 —— 7 
* 1 * 


gentle vomit, ſhunning all great evacuations as h 


64 Diſeaſes in Southern Climates. 
Two ounces of this compoſition, which 
will be but a very moderate dram to a 


ſailor, may be allowed to each man a-day, 


upon the approach or apprehenſion of theſe 


malignant diſeaſes. | 


It, indeed, would be till better, if the 
men were to be ferved with only half of 
this quantity, to be taken upon an empty 


ſtomach in the morning, and the other 


half, when they were called out to their 
night-watch. | 8 

It does not appear, to me, neceſſary to 
ſubjoin any cautions * in the uſe of fo ex- 
cellent and harmleſs a ftomachic bitter, 
taken in ſo ſmall a quantity as is here di- 


rected. A whole ounce of bark has been 


taken, in leſs than two hours, upon an 
empty ſtomach, by perfons in health, 
without being able to perceive from it 
the leaſt ſenſible effect, much leſs any bad 


Where there is apprehenſion of ſickneſs, the beſt 
precepts are thoſe delivered by Celſus, viz. To avoid too 
great fatigue, indigeſtions in the ftomach, immoderate 
cold as well as great heat, and excefſes of every kind: 
more eſpectally, at ſuch a ſeaſon, the conſtitution is not 
to be weakened by bleeding and purging, for the ſake 
of prevention. If at this time the ſtomach, or inteſ- 


tines, are oppteſſed with indigeſtion, or ſharp bilious 


Humours, theſe may be gently carried off by a draught 
of 'falt-water, by a ſmall dofe of rhubarb, or —_— 2 
ful 


. 
© 


one. 


Diſeaſes in Southern Climates. i 5 


one *, Its long continued uſe is obſerved 
neither to offend the weakeſt hyſteric fe- 
male conſtitution, nor to ruffle the moſt 
ſenſible and feeble ſyſtem of nerves in 
men. | 


8 E N 


Precautions neceſſary in Southern Climates. 


Ships 2 the unhealthy ſeaſon to be an- 
chored at a diſtance from ſwamps. The 


night air to be avoided. Means of defend- 
ing ſhips from the noxious land-breezes. 


The men employed in wooding and water- 
ing not to ſleep on ſhore. Rules for ſuch 
as are obliged to ſleep on ſhore; a well- 
thatched hut, ſinoab, and 4 bark bitter re- 
commended. Account of an extraordinary 
and unwholſome vapour met with in Guinea. 


As the weather, remote from land in 
the Torrid Zone, is, for the greateſt 
part of the year, dry and ſerene, the ex- 


ceſſive heat being much moderated by a 


conſtant, refreſhing, and uniform breeze, 


the men often enjoy a better {tate of health 
at ſea, than when they arrive in harbour, 


or get within reach of the noxious va- 


„ Diſfert Medic. de Cortice Peruvian p-. 14. 
AuQtore, Cheney Hart, 


* pours, 


" « * 2 * De 

*. ere wa In. Top 
© 1, ng Lowe. ole od ae ny, 
* ——_—— — * £ 


dn 


* f wr 


— * r 


<= — 
*. ow: 


= 


x 
"4 
' 
4 * 
4 . 
7 
„ 
5 
4 
11 
F 
« 
ot 
: 
* 
o 
od 8 + 
4 
1 
f * 
1 
«+ Fil 
* 
+» 
"+ 
0 f : 
1 
7 
14 A 
JT ix 
x 
Ml 
A 
2 
* 2 
"pb 
: * * "1 
: 9 
W 
F 1 
© 
1147 
s 
5 4 
68 
1 
LM 
4 + 
7 
” 
4 
f 
: o be 
ef 
7 
13 
4 5 
$45 
9 


"—_ 
— 


ST EIS, 


5 — 


SD 


LY 
— 


8 


— 


y - _—_ * jo N 


— 


ar 


— 


8 - 
„ 
3 1 


* 
82 


8 
* 


— 
—— —— - xo _ > * 2 
— — EL A — * 
2— — — - — — 


— 


Se, 
. ——— 
—— 8 => 


— => 


a 


. — r > 
rr >” -e6 — * 
— — _—_ — 


1 
xd 


£ — * 22 I \ p 
1 8 * 2 of WE 1 
» PP 1 

— 2 2 G 
e eDot” G 
** s — - — TE — 4 

5 . hc 4 i 
* 


— oh 


* ——_ 
_ * 


65 Precautions nece gary 


pours, which ariſe from many parts of 


the land. | 
I have elſewhere + pointed out the par- 


t cular unhealthy ſeaſons of the year, and 


tue harbours and coaſts moſt fatal to Eu- 
ropeans. Such places, prudence directs to 
avoid; but this expedient for health can- 
not dbways be complied with. Neceſlity 
often obliges ſhips to put into parts, 
where ſickneſs may be juſtly apprehended ; 


in order to guard againſt which, as much 


O 
as the ſituation of things will permit, they 


ought to be furniſhed with ſome other ne- 


ceffary directions. 
It may, in general, be remarked, that, 


in ſultry climates, or during hot weather, 


in all places ſubject to great rains, where 


the country is not cleared and cultivated, 
but is over-run with thickets, ſhrubs, or 
woods, eſpecially if there are marſhes, or 


ſtagnating waters in the neighbourhood, 


ſickneſs may be dreaded, and ſuch a ma- 
Tignant fever of the remitting or inter- 


mitting kind, as has been often men— 
tioned. The tens, even in different coan- 
ties of England, are known to be very 


dangerous to the health of thoſe who live 
near them, and ſtill more ſo to ſtrangers; 


but the woody and marſhy lands in hot 


+ In my eſſay on diſeaſes incidental to Europeans in 
hot clunates. 


= iz : coun- 


5 
k 
5 
ki 
= 
: 
a 
- 
& 
8 
F 
3 


mn Southern Climates. | 67 


countries are far more pernicious to the 


health of Europeans. 
When ſhips are neceſſarily obliged to 


put into ſuch unhealthy parts, the firſt 


precaution to be taken, is, to anchor at as 
D 

well be done, and to prefer the open ſea, 
where the anchorage is ſafe, to running 
up into rivers or bays incloſed with the 


land, and eſpecially where there are high 


mountains, that may intercept the ſalutary 


current of ſea breezes. - The higher ſhips 


fail up the'rivers upon the coaſt of Guinea, 
the more ſickly they become: ſuch, how- 
ever, as keep two or three leagues at ſea, 
beyond the reach of the land breeze, are, 
for the moſt part, healthy. 


It is not to be expected, that we ſhould 


be able preciſely to determine the diſtance, 
to which the ſphere of unhealthy vapours, 
from ſuch woody ſwampy ground, ex- 


| tends itſelf; as it muſt, at all times, greatly 


depend upon the wind's blowing from that 


quarter, Thus, at Rome, the ſouth-eaſt 
wind, 'termed, by the Italians, Scirocco, 


which paſles over the adjacent marſhes, is 
moſt. unſalutary ; and yet the effects of 
this wind have been experienced to extend 


only to thoſe parts of the city, which lay 


neareſt the marſhes, occaſioning an epi- 


F 2 . 


great a diſtance from the ſhore as can 


Coat —_— * 
TELE 2 5 4 7 <7 
_ = 2.54 a 
n 3 8 5 


2 
3 


ME 
VF 
i. 
$7 
4.8 
1 
Slee? 
N. 
itt. 
x, 
i 


2 


— — -— 


—— — ——— — —- 


. 
ä . fn 7 BS 21+ — las 

Lo 2 OC ImTOO Ras TIT „K 
3 7-5 OOO np orc HEINE * — 5.4 - aw * 


— ———— k—kZ2ñ— 


— 


r 


2 
= 


ON I OOO 
2 - Poe IS 


*. 


q ' 
j — : 
1 
k a 
2 7 4 
=_— 
ET 
— ©! 
123% : 
. 4371 7 
ud 71 
i 
Mi 
SN 
Fh 
1 
N 
1 * i 
1 
N. 
_— 
. 
i 
__ 
RAY 
11 
4x FF 
_— ity 
1 
* oy 
Al 1 
16 1 ae 
5 x Ri 
1 7 
1 
74 
= ©. 
* V7 

WW * 

1 

4 4 

Th F 
40 8 4 
7 

1. 

\ uf » 

8 4 
4 a 
! 
ih s 

* 7 
3 7 
1 0 T 3 
* 4 
b 1 
At 
N 

1 4 

- Fey | 
« 11 

157 ö 

3 

* 

| 8 

J 

vt 

" ? 

10 1 
» 0 
* * 
> . 

i 
4k 
— . 

4 

> 
77 | 
oy * 
oF i 

1 

v4 4 
"4 4 j 

«| 4 r 1 

_ *M 
Y ' 7 
by e 
'F, * 

o had 

\ j 

* : 

2 
# . 2 
* : 

' 
[ 


- rr FERN TI a 
— — — 3 — -, 2 


— — * == -3 
—_ erg r Pro =» og —— —— I INS " 
r —— IO" * — RAT] 
A ——— — - — — r= > 
0 


— Wa 


S r — 


** 
— 


Ar 
* 2 ERS AE 
= — 


68 Precautions neceſſary 


demic fever, -whilſt the reſt of the city was 


Baby 4a 5 
That the malignity of air, does often not 


extend its influence to any conſiderable diſ- 


tance, is farther proved by experience. In 
e the year 1747, when ſome of the Britiſb 
& troops, partly in camp and cantonments 
% in Zealand, ſuffered an exceſſive ſick- 
« neſs from the marſhy bad air, inſomuch 


„ that not a ſeventh part of the corps, 


& ſtationed there, was fit for duty; com- 


„ modore Mz:#chel's ſquadron, which lay 


ie at that time at anchor, in the channel, 
ce between South Beveland, and the Iſland 
„ of Walcheren, in both which places the 


« diſtemper raged, was neither afflicted 
„ with fever nor flux, but, amidſt all 


« that ſickneſs, enjoyed perfect health.” 


A proof, ſays the learned author +, that 


the noxious air of the marſhes was diſ- 


ſipated, or corrected, before it could reach 


How far ſoever the noxious vapours, 


from unhealthy grounds, may ſpread them- 
ſelves, it is demonſtrable, that their ma- 
lgnity decreaſes in proportion to the diſ- 


„ Lancis, de nox. palud. Effluv. Lib. ii. Epid. 1. 


+ Sir John Pringle, in his Obſervations on the Dif- 
eaſes of the army. Part I. Chap. 7. 


tance 


PPP 


5 
2 
1 
F 
F 
. 
{ 


OI raeg. 


CREE ine 


- 
; 
F 
: 
4 
N 
þ 

U 


in Southern Climates. - 69 
tance to which they are diffuſed. Thus, 


when commodore Long's ſquadron, in the 


months of July and Auguſt, 1744, lay off 


the mouth of the Tiber, it was obſerved | 


that one or two of the ſhips, which lay 
cloſeft to the ſhore, began to be affected 


by the pernicious vapour from the land ; 
whilſt tome others, lying further out at 
ſea, at but a very ſmall diſtance from the 


former, had not a man ſick. At the ſame 


time, the Auſtrian army, under the com- 


mand of prince Lobcomitæ, ſuffered ſo 


great a ſickneſs, through the proximity 


of their ſituation to the marſhy country, 
that they were obliged to decamp. 

The facts which have been recited, will, 
T hope, engage due attention to one very 
important direction for preſerving the 
health of the men, when a ſhip puts into 
a harbour, where ſickneſs may be appre- 


hended from a low, marſhy, uncultivated 


country; which is, that the ſhip be an- 
chored in the beſt-aired ſtation, where ſhe 


may be well expoſed to the ſea breezes, 


and, as much as poſſible, to the wind- 
ward of the woods and marſhes: and 
the ſame precautions are to be taken, 
when a ſhip arrives in thoſe climates 
either during, or ſoon after the rainy 


F z _ The 


ſeaſon. 


— * 


. Ro Sen ene do 
. 


"1" 
5 
17 
3 
* 
is 
a) 
. 
. 
"4; 7% 
* 
1 
0 
1 
bt oF 
i 
. 17 
. Bi 
i 
77 „ 
wt: 
1 4 
©. 
= 
* \ 
* 1 
tx: 06 
£3 
#375 
Ko 7 
N 
D 
4 4 
5 
8 
if x} 
1 
y 
7 
BY 
ry 
» 2 bo 
# 
5 $4 
5 
EP 
T © 
3 
« 
i : 
N 
9 
— 4 
BK 
5 
TY 
's 77-28 
's 
* ; 
1 
2 
BY: © 
BY 
* 
4 
4 1 
2 
1 Ty 
: + 
I 
8 
Ki 
4 
IB 
F360 
. 
at 
ES 


15 
4 
1 


— 


rk ON a: — 25 * rs goes 5 
r 


— 
2 


© 1 £2 Den er ar Ns =o 
— — WP ng 


ares * — 
— — 


| \ a the - - YET 

: — . - 

© EEE 
= ky 45 6p} . B 


i 
[| 
: Bi 
12 
TY 
! MP] 
3 
27 
% 
— 
7 
4 
+ 
1 
* 
+ 
I 
+ 4 
4 


I 
OS. LET 
= * 7 * 


I IP) 
or Oe - — - 
— — — — TIT] 
F. 1 9 a 490 
Y 


A 22 —— — —— — 
ws * — 
= — n 7 = ' Þy 
= 2 LT \ _ 
Fs \ 


— — 


Mn. 


ugh ns ES 


— — V—• 
— 


rr 
1 


— 1; _—_ — 2 
— - = a r 
— ” >) TD 7 IT * * 
2 . 


ß — 2 


— — — — — 2 
——— 


0 « — - _— 5 - 
3 7 2 1 : — on - 
7 — x 4 3 6 8 — >, _ 8 A = — eo 
, 7 _— 1 5 7 * A * a FI. ; A 3 oor Br Re, — N. 
— 2 Eads Aw N : : - a — prog —— — eine don 
7 - oh . ub --4 8 — © 
_ 8 my iſ \f 2 322 4 — 
2 — SSSSFFECACT 5 — — h ' won: — "Pp — — — 22 ©; — he 
9 2 — as rr — IS — r — 

—— — — — — — = — 1 Jo” — 

— Z 5 — — - — 

— — — — 


70 Precautions neceſſary 


The ſucceſs of expeditions in the Eaſt 


or Weſt Indies, greatly depends upon their 


being executed in the moſt proper ſeaſon 


of the year; but it is alſo neceſſary that 


| ſhips upon their arrival ſhould, if poſſible, 


lie open to the wied; it will prove the 
molt effectual preſervative againſt the diſ- 
eaſes of the neighbouring fickly country; 
fatal experience having ſhewn, that riding 
ſheltered from the wind, in ſecure creeks, 


and ſtifling cloſe havens, furrounded with 


high mountains, has proved the deſtruction 


of whole fleets at anchor, while their 


cruiſers at ſea have enjoyed perfect health, 

If, in ſuch climates, it ſhould happen, 
that it is impoſſible to avoid anchoring 
cloſe to the land, and even in a harbour, 
where the ſhip is quite encompaſſed with 
woods, mountains, and ſwampy ground, 
to Reviere, as much as poſſible, this miſ- 
fortune, ſome other precautions may be 
taken. 

The firſt, that I ſhall mention, is that 
the crew be kept at work, upon deck, as 
little as the nature of the * will per- 


mit, before ſun-rifing, or after ſun-ſet- 


ting, and indeed, only when the ſea- 
breeze blows. This advice is founded 
upon an obſervation, that when the ſun is 


above the horizon, the noxious land-va- 


pours are more diſperſed; . are then 
much 


i ba) 
£ 
\ 
& 
5 
N 
1 
2 
* 
| 
(4 
N 


4 
1 
. 
# 
— 
ö 
F 


771 Sou: ern Climates. 71 


much rarer than in the night, or even in 
the evenings and mornings, when tney 


become denſer, and more hurtful. Add 
to this, that the land - wind conveys 


them in a greater quantity towards the 
ſhip. Now, the. night-air at land, in 
thoſe ſouthern climates, is always very 
moiſt, occaſioned by the exceſſive dews 
which are experienced to be extremely 
pernicious to ſuch perſons, as are expoſed 
to them*. Although we may ſuppoſe the 
falling dews to be impregnated with un- 
favourable exhalations, from the earth or 
land-air, it is nevertheleſs certain, that 


extreme moiſture greatly favours the ex- 


ertion of their unfriendly influences. 
That an impure air has an effect, in 


Proportion to its moiſture, upon the health 


of the men, and even upon the moſt 


hardy conſtitutions, would appear by the 
following curious experiment. 


* In des and ſome other Eaſtern countries, the 
Dews are experienced to have hone of thoſe bad quali- 
ties. But in Ghienea, and in many patts of the Ea and 
Weſt- Indies, the dews on {ſhore have been extremely fa- 


tal to many Euroteans; more eſpecially when, moleſted . 
with the heat within doors, and the plague of moſchi- 
toes, they have ventured to ſleep in the open night- air. 


The Negroes and Creole, fleeping without hurt in the 
dews, is a proot how far the conſtitution may be framed 
and accuſto:n:d to bear what other wiſe is fo highly pow 
judicial, | | „ 

In 


F 4 


. 
2 be” gen 
: 7 BE 4 
3 5 3 — 
3 
rs = th 4 


as 
— — 

-— r 
. EA -> can 

os — r 


n 


rA 


dw 
> 
2 


of _ 


ly I, 


4 Serge = 2 of Ser 


4 es. 
— 8 "x 


8 
3 bc) 

- of Ki 
TE ; — 
8 5 


4h 
bs 
17 1 
1 
5 
p 4 

of 


my 


n 
a eee 


2 
HAS 


en TSS 
3 


. 
AT SA 


=. 


3 


Th 
"He, 


* 
1 
. a 
2 
— 


A — 4” 3 W N 8 , 
2 : —. 
— rn 8 — 2 32 = — <. J ' l I — 2 aw 
= ER FR IS 2 ö * — _ 
—̃ DH• = : EE 
— . ̃ ——»— 


! 
L 
e d 
_ F 
* ? + 
4h; 3 
14 
5. 
9 
th 
J - fr. 2 
r 
34% 
| 
"4 ti? 
; { 
4 — 
1 
thats 
1 2 
* 
D 
_—_ 
3 4 1 
' 3 i 
4 


— — 


. ² 7 7˙ on 5 
— 


i; 
VF 
i, 
314 
n 
& 
1 
[i 
r 
ti 
'F 
4 
Ut, 
j 
« 
? 
t 
OL 
{8 
45 


* 
_ +. 
24 
b 
n d <4 
i114 
if 
; 
4 


—— —— 


— 


—— — 


— 


. Precautions neceſſary 

In the year 748, upon the breaking up 
of the Britiſh camp in Flanders, the ca- 
valry were cantoned in the unhealthy 
ground about Bois-le-duc, and ſoon aftcr 
were attacked: with a general ſickneſs, oc- 
caſioned by the late inundations of that 
part of the country. Dr. Home, then ſur- 
geon to Cope's dragoons, obſerves , that 


the troops ſuffered in proportion to their 


proximity to the marſhes, and that uni- 
verſally, the nearer to Bozs-le-duc, the 
more violent was the diſtemper : the num- 


ber of the ſick, by a very accurate obſerv- 


ation, being found exactly to correſpond 
with the dampneſs of their ſituation, and 


of the air. To put this matter beyond 


all doubt, this ingenious gentleman pro- 
vided himſelf with a good Hygreſcope, by 
which he carefully meaſured, every day, 
the degree of moiſture or dryneſs in the 
air; and, upon comparing his tables with 
the regiiter kept of the ſick, he found, 
that the progreſs of the diſeaſe kept an 
exact pace with the humidity of the air. 

On the 29th of June they left the camp, 
and from that day to the 12th of July, the 
air being dry, not one ſoldier was 9 


ill. On the evening of the 12th, the Hy- 


In an e t performance, entitled, Diſſertat. Me- 


dica i inaug. de Febre remittente, p. 14, c. 


grometer 


in Southern Climates. 73 


grometer indicated a great degree of moiſ- 
ture in the air, and that very night the 


epidemic ſickneſs (viz, the remitting fe- 
ver) began among the troops; three dra- 
goons of Cype's regiment being ſeized with 


it. During eight days afterwards, the air 


continued extremely moiſt, and the num- 
ber of the ſick was proportionally in- 
creaſed. The ten following days being 
drier, the number was viſibly diminiſhed. 
But two very moiſt days ſucceeding, the 


patients were again greatly encreaſed. In 


a word, the ſame quality of the air, which 
differently affected the Hygrometer did alſo 
every day, in like manner, affect the 
health of the men *. 0 | 

When a ſhip at anchor is near marſhy 
ground or ſwamps, eſpecially during ſum- 
mer or in hot weather, and the wind blows 
directly from thence, the gun- ports, which 
would admit ſuch a noxious land-breeze, 
ought to be kept ſhut, eſpecially at night. 


Or, if the ſhip rides with her head to the 


wind, a thick fail ought to be put upon 


* Though moiſture proceeding from the earth or 
ground is the moſt pernicious, yet every practitioner 
muſt have perceived very ſenſible effects on the conſti- 
tution, from a raw, moiit atmoſphere, and during rainy 
weather. Thus, even in this country, the being ex- 


N poſed to moiſt eaſterly winds is very apt to produce agues 


and intermitting fevers, and eſpecially to occaſion re- 
- lapſes into ſuch diſorders, = 
po the 


A 
93 
1 
10 * 
7 i 
75 7 
„„ 
170 
"1 
mee; 
1.29 
. 1 
12 
Per 
N 
B+ * 
1 1 
1 
uh 
"L028 
mT. 
1 + 
nw 
Ci 
* 43 
EY 
775 
by 4 
2 1 
197 
N 
2 
io 
+ 
2 
' Bag 
1K. £1 
1 
. 
45 
Es 
. „ 
Fs 
12 
18 
* 
* 
N 
A 
1 
ly 
+ * 
70 
ET; 
£4 
＋ 
. 
ders + 
1: 
at 
* 


— 


1 


4 
CE 
LS 
a 
— 


J A ĩͤ ate RE wg 
„ es OC et Pe IK 


„ Precautions neceſſary 
the fore-mait, along which, the ſmoke 
from the fire-place might be made conſtant- 
ly to play and aſcend, If the ſail ſhould 
occaſion a little ſalutary ſmoke between 
decks, this inconvenience will be. ſuffici- 
_ ently compenſated, by its keeping off the 
direct ſtream of the ſwampy ſhore efflu- 
via, which now being obliged to form a 
curve before they reach the more diſtant 
parts of the veſſel, muſt needs be greatly 
diverted and ſcattered. | 
At this ſeaſon much depends on keeping 
the ſhip perfectly dry below; therefore, 
if the common fire- place be ſo ſituated, that 
the air between decks cannot be occaſionally y 
purified by its ſmoke, it will be proper to 
light wood fires to ſupply that defect, or 
in lieu of wood unk may be uſed, and 
\ burnt in an iron pot. Both ſhould be firſt. 
| burnt a little in the open air, or previ- 
oally dried in an oven, fo that when car- 
ried below, the Hetchways may be ſuf- 
| tered to remain ſhut. for a conſiderable 
time. | In this manner, a ſmall fire in the 
great cabbin, or between decks, will 
prove the beſt ventilator that can be uſed 
at ſea ; it not only purifies the air, but, 
even in a hot country, renders it cooler 
and pleaſanter than before. Fumigations 
are allo of ſervice; the beſt is obtained 
from an equal mixture of pitch and tar. 


Dur- 


in Southern Climates. 75 


During the night it may be further neceſ- 


ſary to keep a, fire upon the Fore-caſtle, 

which would prove extremely beneficial 
to thoſe who are on watch. Theſe, toge- 
ther with the cold bath and bark, we re- 
commend as the greateſt preſervatives of 
health in an unhealthy country. 


The greateſt ſufferers in unhealthy har- 


bours are the boats crews, and ſuch, as 
being employed in the neceſſary buſineſs 
of wooding and watering the ſhip, are 
obliged to fleep on ſhore. That the men, 


on theſe duties, are ſo ſuddenly and uni- 


verſally ſeized with ſickneſs, is commonly 
aſcribed to their intemperance, or their 
being wet in the night with rain, from 


the inſufficiency of their tents. But 


the truth is, it depends on their nearer 
approach to the unwholeſome land- air, 
and eſpecially their ſleeping in it. This 
is demonſtrable from the nature of the 
diſeaſe which ſeizes them, and which is 
very different from the effects of drunk- 
enneſs, or of a common cold, and is con- 
ſtantly the peculiar epidemic diſeaſe of 
the country. One great means then of 
the ſafety of the men, which are employ- 
ed on ſhore, would be to relieve them of- 
ten, and to permit none to fleep in the 


tents. Centinels ſhould be placed with a 


Midſbipman at the watering place, and 
ROE 


— ET 8 


3 


RE 


mg 
„„ 


ws . - 


5 = 
a 


* pa * RAI — 
2 r Ax 4 


aL 
N 


* — ——ů — 
* 
* 4 


„ 
Ty 
* 
1 
1 D 
17. 
5 
452 
. 24 
Wes 
js 
[wt 
N 
E< <4 
. 4-4 


OO — / 4% 
0 F Ar 


. 
* 2 


. a 1 * ar FE = 6 „ , 1 R . —— e 
2 2 p K PIs PR * x. 2 OY 3 = — M 
L 7 F a * * * 2 —*S.> 2 8 R k — 1 7 
5 8 898 re x ay 8 ” +, her . bu 7 9 
1 < 2 TO wv” 4 h 2 0 . 2 = by * 
er DPF 2 E be 
oa Day — : 22 of ot Yr Ins — DE eg A er 2 1. 2 
# — — My 1 — * "> — — oe * + 8 = 2 
5 . > q ” - 7 4 
** K * a — Oo. 4 — — - , - 
"—_ n - * 8 —— EO 88 x" mas, . 


. iy >a 2a pee 5 


76 Precautions neceſſary 


ſtrictly charged to prohibit ſleep ; for in 
ſleep, (a ſtate of general relaxation) there 
is the greateſt danger from the un whole- 
ſome air. This is a thing ſo well known 
at Rome, that, of its many inhabitants, 
there is ſcarce to be found one of the bet- 
ter ſort, who, during ſummer or autumn, 
would venture to ſleep a night at Oia, or 
in the neighbourhood of the marſhes ad- 
joining to the city. Perſons often re- 
create in the day, and hunt in the un- 
healthy parts of the Campania, but they 
are ſure to return to the city before night; 
the fatal experience of many having ſuffi - 
ciently taught them the danger of . 
ing in thoſe nurſeries of diſeaſe *. 


* It has been an ancient received maxim, that to riſe 
early, was greatly conducive to health. This, in a 
qualified ſenſe, is true. The practice implies, regu- 
larity the preceding night; and, in dry and lofty ſitua- 
tions, the propriety of this adage will the beſt appear. 
But woody, marſhy, and low maritime places, with 
thoſe ſubject to inundations, are manifeſt exceptions to 
the rule. The inhabitants. of ſuch diſtricts, if they 
would ſecure themſelves from fevers and other bad < 
fects of their raw and uncorrected atmoſphere, ſhould 
wait the ſun's appearance in, if not his advance above, 
the horizon, before they attempt the bufineſs of the 
field. To ſelect a domeſtic inſtance, amidſt a variety 
producible on this occaſion, take that of a clergyman 
of long obſervation in ſuch matters, who has aſſured 
me, that few of the farmers, reputed early riſers in his 
pariſh, which is near the level coaſt of Holderneſſe, live 
to be old. Defluxions on the breaſt and lungs, cheu- 


In 


in Southern Climatess 77 
In the year 1739, when admiral Had- 


dick arrived with the fleet under his com- 


mand in Mahon harbour, a midſhipman 
and eight or ten men from each ſhip, were 
ordered to remain on ſhore, with the 
coopers at the watering-place, to refit and 
fill the water-caſks. This watering-place 
was in acreek of the harbour, well known 
by the name of Engliſb-Cove. Here the 
men found a very large artificial cave, 
dug out of a ſoft ſandy ſtone, ſufficient 
to contain their whole number. Their 
bedding was directly carried thither, and 
it being in the ſummer-months, the agree- 
able coolneſs of the retreat was deemed by 


them all highly refreſhing. But the con- 


ſequence was, every one who ſlept in this 
damp place, were ſeized with the tertian 
fever, then epidemic in Minorca; of which 
not one in eight recovered. Moſt of the 
coopers belonging to the fleet, were at 
this time cut off by it; whilſt at the 
ſame time, the men on board the ſhips, 


matiſms, agues, and the diſcaſes of a debilitated Tone of 
"Fibres, and ſlackened perſpiration, are the evils entailed 

on their miſtaken conduct. 
In Europe the colour of the inhabitants gives the true 


indications of the healthineſs of the foil. Thus in moſt 


places of the Ie of Wight the natives ſhew in their 
countenances the moſt vifible tokens of confirmed 


health, compared with thoſe who even inhabit the iſland. 


of Periſta, but eſpecially thoſe in the fenny countries. 
| | 'who 


3 2 
3 
e 


ll 
i 
| 
| 
il 
ih 


78 Precautions neceſſary 


who lay cloſe almoſt to the ſhore, were 


free from complaint. Others, who were 
ordered upon the ſame duty of water- 
ing the fleet, in the place of thoſe 


Who were taken ill, enjoyed likewiſe a 


perfect ſtate of health, by being obliged 
to ſleep every night in their reſpective 


ſhips. There are. numerous inſtances of 
boats crews having ſuffered greatly by 


ſleeping near the Mangroves, with which 
the ſides of the rivers are frequently planted 
in the Torrid Zone. I have known the 
whole boat's crew ſeized next mornin 


with bad fevers, and ſeen ſeveral men at 


Haſlar hoſpital, whom the fever, thus 
contracted, had left in a dropſical and i ir- 
recoverable bad ſtate of health. 


As for thoſe who muſt of neceſſity re- 
main on ſhore, and ſleep in dangerous de- 
ſarts and uninhabited places, ſome farther 
directions ſhould be added for their uſe.— 


They muſt take care not to ſleep upon the 
ground expoſed to the dews, but in hgaam- 


mocks in a cloſe tent, ſtanding upon a dry 


ſand, gravel, or chalk near the ſea-ſhore, 
and where there is no ſubterraneous water 
for at leaſt four feet below the ſurface of 


the ground. The door of this tent ſhould 


be made to open towards the ſea, and the 
back part of it, which receives the land- 


breeze, * be well ſecured by double 


Can- 


in Southern Climate. 79 
canvas, or covered with branches of 
trees. 

But in ſuch circumſtances a hut, W 
it can be procured, is preferable to a tent, 
eſpecially if it be well thatched, ſo as to 
prove a defence both againſt the exceſſive 
heat of the ſun by day, and the noxious 
dews which fall at night, Here the men 
may be enjoined to ſmoak tobacco. 
When the air is thick, moiſt and chill, 
the earth being overſpread with cold dew, 
a conſtant fire muſt be kept in and about 
the tent or hut, as the moſt excellent 
means of purifying ſuch unwholeſome air, 
and of preſerving the health of thoſe, 
who either ſleeping or waking, are ex- 


poſed to its influence. The centinels who 


guard the water-caſks, ought likewiſe at 
ſuch a time to have a fire burning near 
them. All old and forſaken habitations, 
convenient caves, and natural grottos in 
the earth, where the men may be in- 
duced to take up their abode, muſt, · be- 
fore their admiſſion, be perfectly dried and 
purified with ſufficient fires; every perſon 
fhould likewiſe be made to obſerve the ne- 
ceſſary caution of wearing warmer cloaths 
and coverings, as a defence from the chill - 
ing night air. 

Let all, who value their health, alſo 
have recourſe upon theſe occaſions, even- 


ing 


* 5 — 
— a5 oe" + 2508 


LES 


8 7 * 
r 
— 
rr ra 
1 r 


— 8 0 

— Ie — 

2 5 * x * * 4 4 = * 

r 8 2 W 
7 1 Þ _— 


* — 2 >; * _ * 3 > 
.. Wok gr, 


o 5 * 


* * 
5 
lx. = 


D 
5 28 <- —— 
e 


» war — — 


f* 
7 
o 
| 
Ls 
1 
4 
I 
" 


do Precautions neceſſary 
ing and morning, to a dram of the bitter 
infuſion of the bark : or, if this cannot 


be procured, they may uſe a moderate 
dram of garlic-brandy. Expoſure to the 


too great heat of the ſun is ahr to 
be avoided. | 


Thoſe ſeamen or officers who are em- 
ployed on ſhore in unhealthful countries, 


may be allowed to indulge themſelves in a 


more plentiful, though moderate uſe of 
vinous or ſpirituous liquors. In aguiſh, 


Hot, and intemperate climates, a light 


dinner, but a more hearty ſupper, with a 
olaſs in the evening, will not be amiſs, 
for ſuch as have been accuſtomed to free 
living. 

But fire and ſmoke being undoubtedly 


the great purifiers of all unwholeſome oc 


tainted air, and the moſt excellent pre- 
ſervatives againſt its noxious influence; I 
ſhall now endeavour to enforce . the in- 
ſtructions I have given relating to them by 


examples and facts, 


Here I muſt obſerve, it is the wo 


of the Negroes in Guinea, as alſo of ſome 


Indians (who both ſleep for the moſt 
part on the ground) to have a fire, pro- 
ducing a little ſmoak, conſtantly burning 
in their huts where they ſleep. This not 


only corrects the moiſture of the night, 


but alſo, by 2 more ſmoke than 
heat, 


an Southern Climates. 81 
heat, renders the damp from the earth 
leſs noxious. In all thoſe unhealthful 
places, particularly during foes or rains, 
a raw vapour, diſagreeable to the ſmell, 
ariſes from the earth, and eſpecially in 
the huts and houſes; of which, however, 
a little ſmoke is the beſt corretor; On 
this ſubject I was favoured by the ſurgeon 
of a Guinea ſhip with the following rela- 
tion. | | | 
The ſhip being up one of the rivers for 
the ſake of trade, it was found to be very 
dangerous to ſleep on ſhore; without 
which, their trade could not ſo conveni- 
ently be carried on. Firſt the captain, 
then the mate, and two or three of the 
ſeamen were taken ill; each of them the 
morning after they had lain on ſhore, By 
theſe accidents the men were greatly inti- 
midated from lying aſhore ; till the ſur- 
geon boldly offered to try the experiment 
on himſelf, which. he did: next morn- 
ing, when he waked, he found him- 
ſelf ſeized as the reſt, with a giddineſs 
and pain in the head, &c. He imme- 
diately acquainted one of the Negroes with 
his condition, -who carried him to his 
hut, and ſet him- down in the ſmoke of 
it; when his ſhiverings and giddineſs ſoon 
left him. He then took a dram of the 
bark bitter; and 8 himſelf greatly 

Ne IC= 


© . 


—— 


| 

, 
i 
. 


— — ͤ— 


— LIE. = =_ » 
— — — — = een 
f - — in Þ - * 


EEO SER — 


tt 
J. 43 
of 
1K 
| 


82 Precautions neceſſary 
_ relieved, eſpecially by breathing ſome time 


in the ſmoke. Thus inſtructed by the 5 


Negro, he ordered a large fire to dry the 


hut he ſlept in; and afterwards had every 


night a ſmall fire ſufficient to raiſe a gentle 


ſmoke, without occaſioning a troubleſome 
heat: and by theſe means, be, and ſe- 


veral others, uſing the ſame precautions, 


flept many nights on ſhore without ww 
inconvenience. The ſmoke was juſt ſu 
ficient to deſtroy the ſenſation of the raw 


damp vapour uſual in ſuch places. 


But of all vapours which infeſt the tor- 


rid zone, the moſt malignant and fatal 


are the Harmattans: and as I do not re- 
member to have ſeen them any where de- 
ſcribed, I ſhall in this place give an ac- 


count of them. They are ſaid to ariſe 


from the conflux of ſeveral rivers in-the 


king of Dormeo's country at Benin; (the 
moſt unwholeſome part of Guinea) where 
| travellers. are obliged to be carried on 


men's backs for ſeveral days journey, 
through fwampy grounds, and over 
marſhes, amidſt ſtinking ooze, and thick- 


_ ets of mangrove trees, which are annually 


overflown. Theſe vapours come up the 
coaſt as far as Cape Mount, a ſurpriſing 
extent of country, with the S. E. and 


N. E. winds: and it has been obſerved, 
that, in their. Progreſs, they have often 
changed = 


in Southern Climates. | 83 . 


changed both the courſe of the winds, 
and of the ſea- currents. The times of 
their appearance at Cape Coaſt ate, the 
months of December, fanuary, or February, 
The N. E. and S. E. winds are always un- 
healthy, but particularly ſo during the Har- 
mattan ſeaſon. Some years this vapour is 
ſcarcely perceptible, but in others it is 
thick, noxious, and deſtructive to blacks 
as well as white people. The mortality is 
in proportion to the denſity and duration 
of the fog. It has a raw putrid ſmell, 
and is ſometimes ſo thick, that a perſon 
or houſe cannot be diſcerned through it, 
at the diſtance of fifteen or twenty yards; 
and it continues ſo for ten or fourteen 
days; during which it opens the ſeams of 
ſhips, ſplits and, opens the crevices of 
wood, as if ſhrunk or dried by a great 
fire, and deſtroys both man and beaſt. 
This was the caſe in the year 1754 or 
1755, (I do not at preſent recolle& in 
which) when this noxious ſtinking fog 
_ occaſioned great mortality in Guinea. I 
have been told, that in ſeveral Negro 
towns, the living ſcarce ſufficed to remove 
or bury the dead. Twenty women brought 
over from Holland by a new governor, to 
the caſtle del Mina, periſhed, together 
with moſt of the men in the garriſon. 
The Coon of Cage Coaft caſtle were ſhut. 
* up 


84 Precautions neceſſary, &. 
up for want of centinels to do duty; the 


blacks dying at this time as well as the 
white people. The only means that eould 
be uſed during this calamity, were firing 


guns in the caſtle, and burning every 


where pitched ftaves, and the like; the 


ſmoak of fire always giving relief. Se- 


veral had recourſe to going on board the 
ſhips in the road, where the vapour was 
leſs denſe; and by the ſpreading of awn- 


ings, and kindling of fires, a ventilation 


was procured more eaſily on the water 
than on ſhore. It is lucky, that it is only 
in ſome years that Harmattans are ſo very 
thick and noxious, which would otherwiſe 
depopulate part of the country. It is ob- 
ſerved that all fogs are extremely un- 
healthy in thoſe parts, particularly before 


and after the rainy ſeaſon; and during 


_ thoſe times, the ſmoak of wood, pitched 
ſtaves, &c. are found to be the moſt 


proper correctors of ſuch an yaboalthy 


Air. 


s ECT. 


. 
SECT. XII. 
Means of removing the land ſickneſs. 


Sickneſs from the land air removed by the 
Ship putting to Sea. Articles of reſtora- 
tive diet, neceſſary for the fi ck. Of con- 
tag ion in @ ſhip. : 


HEN ſickneſs, by whe in an un- 
healthful harbour, begins to rage 
with great mortality amongſt the men; 
to avoid the pernicious influences of the 
land air, the ſhip muſt immediately 
ut to ſea ; there to ſeek and regain 
health, and the perfect recovery of the 
weak. This expedient has oft ten ſuc- 


ceeded. The moſt material point 1s, to 


take due care of the fick and weak 
that are brought on board. If they are 
immediately put on a groſs ſea-diet, they 


will ſoon either become bloated and drop- 


ſical, or die in the flux; the latter bein 
one of the moit uſual diſeaſes of hot cli- 
mates, as alſo the conſequence of moſt 


others which occur there. I have been 


ſurpriſed to ſee ſo many men arrive from 
the Wieſt Indies reduced almoſt to ſkeletons 
by this diſeaſe. When a ſhip puts to ſea 
with her men for the fake of health, a 


a Fog ſtock of the moſt light, nouriſh- 


83 . ing. 


4 5 EP — 0 (3 I 8 8 
a ae F * 1 7 4 3 . * 02 5 5 * 
3 1 PE Io 3 CS 3 8 9f„!„!· ]. . 9 = 9 2 W 

of o f 7 "»-; 3 . 5 , : L ** FW 4 7 ps % 
. 3 2 n . ont; +; pas OY 5 ; 
- 3 F ; = g — * A 4 > . þ 5 
- — oy — 5 A, "Cx" 4 
> 5 it * * ve - 5 N. * p - of 
eo * : - PR . 332 — * 
1 . A - . % '"Y 
nip —. — 2 
Kg bn. 2 gi. 6 2 


Nr — 9 — - — — — ES 2 2 i 64 
G w> "4 by a4 = — — — _—_ a 
— ” 1 EA; - r 


EE 
— x — 
. Bo by 13 ae 
2 SOON 


———— EEE 
8 


S 0 Arr wore 7 
oz = — 
. „ 
5 4 =” 3 
2 * 
. 


86 Means of remauing the Land Sickneſs, 
ing, and reſtorative food, ſhould always 
be carried out for thoſe who are ſick and 
weak; ſuch as Goats for food, and milk, 
portable Soup, Eggs preſerved, by ſtopping 
up their pores with greaſe ; ſago, and ſa- 
lop, Limes and other Fruits, as alſo Vine, 
which is at all times greatly preferable to 
ſpirits of any fort, but more eſpecially in 
the preſent caſe. By ſuch means the ſick 

will.recover faſter at ſea than at land, 
This is the ſum of what I have to of- 
fer, as moſt likely to preſerve the health 
of the men in his majeſty's navy. But as. 
it is proper to be provided againſt the 
worlſt that can befal, it is to. be obſerv- 
ed, that when malignant fevers, whe-. 
ther continued, remitting or intermit- 
ting, and fluxes make their appear- 
ance at ſea, in cloſe, hot weather, or are 
produced by the unhealthful air of a low, 
woody, marſhy country; they are almoſt 
always to be ſuſpected as infectious, more 
particularly the Bloody Flux, and then it 
is that the frequent mortality and the 
ſpeedy progreſs of ſuch diſtempers in a 
ſhip, are, for the moſt part, more owing 
to contagion, than to the influence of 
any other cauſe; the air being more vi- 
tiated from thence than it poſſibly can be 
by any other means. The cloaths, linen, 
beddings, and various utenſils of the fick, 
2 ; _ are 


Means of removing the Land Sickneſs. 87 


are apt to imbibe and propagate contagion. 
The air of the fick apartment, when 


in a cloſe unventilated place, becomes of- 


ten ſo highly tainted, that I have known 
ſix attendants infected by it in leſs than 
twenty-four hours. Hence often pro- 
ceeds the uncommon malignity and mor- 
tality occafioned by fevers, which we 
ſometimes hear of in ſhips, there being 
inſtances, where a ſhip's company have 
ſuffered as much in proportion to their 
number, by a fever having acquired a high 
degree of malignity and contagion from 
polluted air, as any well-aired city would 
probably ſuffer by a viſit from the plague, 
owing to a conſtant ſource of infection 
kept up in the ſhip, from the want of due 
precautions. e | 
Thus it becomes a matter of the utmoſt 
conſequence, to put in execution all pro- 
per methods for early ſtopping the infec- 


tion, and ſpreading of ſuch contagious 


diſeaſes when they unfortunately occur in 
a voyage. To deliver a few rules for that 
purpoſe, was the ſecond intended branch 
of this eſſay, to which I ſhall immediately 
roceed, after offering ſome means of re- 
lief in an unfortunate ſituation, which I 
have not yet mentioned. . 


8 SECT. 


-_ — — ę2m¾—ẽ—— — 
nal —_ — ——— —— —ä oi. n 


0 i — — 8 * 8 

* ” * — ; ; - . — ECON EEO TTY. 
Wee when gy . 3 * n — n 2 * 

8 Pr 1 . . ? g. 9 

7 — F. We — 5 pA oy 


„ + vat 5 
Wers x 4; 236 5 & - 5 - t, p. 
wal Wen. {Ip ap a 4 * . 
5 ITE 2 E . . hs hae, 2 tho a; 
2 apo; + os 2 V ns La — >= * b p 0 Fes 3 n 3 7 
T b . gy bs oe IS — Say pong — e 
7 => = : 
8 D Ko. TOE \ . A 
2 3 d - — — A 2 ˖ aces EC - 1 = , 2 
e nt ene EE Rs * 3 15 r 


3 


$5" 
7 — FI uo 


+1 — 9? 5 Þ — 


— aw ah ee 


. 
I Is. 


— 
os 5 ; 
r * 5 9s 


Ko 7 UH = — 
7 Yr r r 


8 8 
N 1 J 
r 


* 
75 
15 
F it 
15 
Is 


1 


. — Cr nn 
"XD * — — 


—— <M—_— 
. —— — — 


— 2 
— 


— — 


88 Means of procuring 


FLEET MM: 


Means of procuring wholeſome water at ſea, 


Important diſcovery of renderin g fa. water 


freſh by diſtillation. General benefits re- 
| Jultmg from this diſcovery. Various me- 
_ thods + & puri Hing bad water, g 


AD Water is, next to ball air, a fre- 
quent cauſe of ſickneſs, eſpecially of 
the flux, in places ſituated under the Tor- 
rid Zone. Where the water is bad, the 


caſks ſhould always be filled with rain, | 


when it can be done: or, where there is 
Ry of fuel on ſhore, the ſea water may 
e diſtilled, which will prove as Wholes | 
ſome as that of mag Names v. | 


* The n fy a paper 2oul before the Royal 80 
Le being a letter from Dr. Lind to Mr. Robertſon, 


maſter of the Royal Academy at Portſmouth, and F. R. S. 
In reviſing my Effay on preſerving Seamen, there 
t occurred to me a' diſtreſs uſual to mariners, which is 
** the want of good and wholſome water in many parts 
« of the world at which they are obliged to remain. 
« A calamity not indeed peculiar to ſeamen, but to 
c many of our colonies and faCtories abroad, who are 
6 deſtitute of all other but the rain water. Whilſt in 
* other places, eſpecially on the Guinea coaſt, the ba 
& waters of the ſoil are juſtly ſuſpected to occaſion 
54 fluxes, the Guinea warm, and various maladies which 
25 infelt thoſe countries. | 

If 


wholeſome Water at Sea. 89 
If the water, on digging a pit in ſearch 


ef it be found foul and impure, the pit 


« tas to fupply ſuch places with a pure whole- 


46 


46 


40 
cc 
5% 
cc 
ts 
420 
66 
ec 
cc 
cc 


86 


ſome water, and with the leaſt trouble, I have long 
meditated an application of the ſolar fire for diſtilling 
{ea-water, upon the principle, that though it was 


made greatly to exceed that of any culinary or fur- 


nace heat, yet it would not melt any metal fo long as 
water uncomprefſed was kept applied to its fide ; and 
that various contrivances might be made for retaining 


© and diffuſing it beyond the Focus of the Speculum. 
As both the glaſs and {till ſhould reſt upon ſtands, no 


farther trouble would perhaps be requiſite, than a 
perſon to attend to bring back the burning Focus to 
its proper line, when altered by the ſun's motion, 
and even to fave this trouble a proper apparatus 
might be thought of. 5 


But previous to making any trials by the ſun's heat, 


ic 
0 


C) 
* 


— 
” 


I began with diſtilling ſea-water, and various ingre- 


© dients, in order te fix upon ſuch as would be leaſt 


expenſive, the moſt. eaſy to be procured, and which 
would produce the pureſt elementary water. 
4 imagined that ſea water diſtilled in Mr. Appleby's 


way, had a ſoft taſte unnatural to water. And 1 


found upon diſtilling the ſea-water from ſoap-leye, 


| chalk, lime, aſhes, Cc. that each ingredient com- 


municated ſomewhat of its peculiar taſte and flavour 


but in no diſtillation did the fea ſalt aſcend in a 


greater quantity than I found by a diluted ſolution of 
ſilver in aqua fortis to be contained in the rain that 
uſually falls here, near the fea, when the wind comes 
from thence. | 5 | 
6 Being able to draw no certain concluſions from the 
diſtillations I had hitherto made concerning ingredi- 


ents to which the preference ſhould be given, for dif- 


7 


tilling ſalt water freſh, and not having the convenience 


of uling glaſs retorts, I ordered a ſmall tin till to be 


muſt 


E * n b 
* — —ͤ—ͤ N oro GI + as 


PIES 2 

„ 
* — 5 — 

. 


8 
135 
18. 
* 7 
e's 
74 
"FP, 
FAY 
1 
£414 


1# 
A 
* 
- 
\ 


L 
4 
YL 
* 
FJ 
FE > 
bs 
WES 
” 
3. 
Oy 
O 
14 
78 
27 
* 
* 
18 
Ks 1 
4 
13 
1 
* * 
1 
3 
1% 
FT] 
(4 hy 
ny 
i 
5 
oF 3 
" a 
$48 
wp 0 
* 
s 
b 
— 4 
d * 
. 
3 
7 
+ * 
56 
15 
1 
7 
45 
£54) 
. * 
” 
Me ES 
WV 49% 
IV 4 
1 
4 xx 
A 
þ- 26 
E's 
N 
* 
1 


Lene 
1 p — e 5 * - 055: 1 $ — 3 
3383 7 = N - wp — > " 2 * Cs + > . * < p 7 2 > 8 * TLC...” 
A n 3 7 => * 5 = 8 = . U MT... 
& © F — 38 3 N W E . Þ I. . * 5 — r 8 *. - * __— ” © x 
: > — — 0 - * — 2 — ic hart mane pe Is, yg — — > =_ . - 2 r = ” ” * 
1 . x 8 — * 8 r 6 1 81 aa 4 ys 2 Yer 1 3 4 "Da — F 7 12 1 
F rr Et SAT: Cory Rr 33 82 gs II — — ee —A IE OF 


— 


= „ SYS = 
8 * * 


P 
294 Fr 5 
e 


Ws 
oo at ot 


ag 
; + L208. hb 


53s 
* 
a 
S 


on EI LE EGS 
. 2 * J * WA * D er 


— 

— MX — 8 a SL 
+» So n K, 

2%; rs + "F- * PAY pa 4" : * 


3 £ n 
; 2 3 2 "mx 
es Oak Es. * 

CESS wake O'S on 


* 
"M 
e 
— 2 
ot 
> 


; 
e 


7 7 2 
—— K — ! ir 022” 


— —— 222 3 — 9 
2 —T— — äẽꝰ p p ᷣĩů — 2 
4 - 
” 


26 April, 1762, 


90 Mean. of procuring 
muſt be made pretty deep and large, and 


its bottom and ſides covered with large 


tc made, which ſhould contain about two quarts of wa- 


| © ter, to be worked without a worm-tub in my ſtudy. 


« After properly cleanſing this ſtill, I drew off ſome 
es of the 2 rain water, which I reſerved as the 
« ftandard teſt of a new diſtilled water; or of any 
cc flavour that might be 1mparted by the diſtilling vel. 
ec ſels. I then put ſome ſea- water by itſelf into the 
« ſtill, which, to my great ſurprize, paſſed into the 
« receiver, without having any mixture of Bitumen or 
« ſea falt, and, as I judged, equal in purity to rain 
water. E | 5 
4 tried it with a ſolution of ſalt of lead, but found 
& that neither it, nor indeed any diſtilled water, diſco- 
* vers impurities with this ſolution, which is only pro- 
« per to ſearch for a Selenites. 5 

I obſerved that when the ſtill run flow, the ſea- 
« water then boiling gently, the water came over freer 
cc from ſea falt than the rain water aforementioned. 


16 J hope this difcovery will prove uſeful, and I am, 
. 8 
Haſlar Hoſpital, Your moſt bumble Servant, 
| James Lind.” 


| Having found that when ſea-water boils, nothing aſ- 
cends but a pure vapour, which when condenſed by any 


ſimple means, is converted into an excellent pure and 


elementary water; no perſons at ſea, oc even when caſt 
away upon a defert iſland where there is fuel, will now 
ever periſh for want of freſh water, if either they carry 


a ſtill to ſea, or can on ſhore make a contrivance for 


diſtilling fimply the ſea-water. _ 9 
The common Aſhip+boilers, by being fitted with a 
pewter ſtill head, will anſwer, all the purpoſes of a ſtill 


at ſea. The worm inſtead of being placed in an open 


ſtones, 


wholeſome Water at Sea. 91 
ſtones, and then a conſiderable quantity 
of clean dry ſand and gravel may be 
tub may be contained in a cloſe caſk. ſo as not to be 
affected by the ſhip's motion. The cold ſea water 
ſhould be poured into this at the top; and when it be- 
comes hot, may either be conweyed into the ſtill, or al- 
lowed to run off by a pipe fitted with a ſtop · cock. In 
caſe of a ſcarcity of water at ſea, what ſatisfaction it 
muſt afford to be poſſeſſed of the certain means of ex- 
emption from inſufferable thirſt, miſery, and a cruel 
death ? | „„ 
One would indeed think that the ſhocking ſituation. 
and diſtreſs to which many ſeamem and paſſengers have 
been reduced for want of that in valuable bleſſing, good 
water, would induce all commanclers of ſhips to be at 
the trifling expence of ſo ſimple a machine as this Head 
for their Pot or Coppers, which wou Id enable them at all 
times to procure wholſome water Loth for themſelves, 
their officers, paſſengers, or ſick, in place of their uſual 
corrupt and ſtinking water at ſea. A daily ſupply of 
vue wy be alſo procured without a.ny additional waſte 
of fuel. | | 
Thus, if inſtead of bricks, the Fire- places of ſhips 
had iron pots fixed in ſuch a mann er, that when the 
fire was at any time lighted to dreſs the victuals, the. 
heat might be applied to the fide of t he iron pots con 
ſtituting the ſide of the grates, and conſequently th.e 
ſea-water contained in them being pi it into a boilvag 
heat, the vapour might be condenſed lay ſuch a ſimple 
head to the pots as has been deſcribed. By this me: ns, 
in the worſt weather at ſea when it is poſlible to «reſs 
victuals, a conſtant ſupply of freſh water for com mon 
drink may be obtained. | 
Having recollected that ſalt pork; in ſhips, is al- 
ways boiled in ſea-water; as alſo falt beef in long 
cruiſes or voyages; and imagining, i bat if the He ad of 
the Pots, in which thoſe proviſions are dreſſed, were 
cloſe and tight, thoſe ſalted hard mea ts might mac erate 


thrown. 


a 


— 


== = Js —— 


_ — = — = —. — ST "— 


—— — — 


CF ˙ . TT xxx 


— — 
. 


2 — — 2 1 
OTIS Arn > 


Ef a SY 6 
- a 

8 2292 — 2 = 2 

2 rr — 

— rg ———— 


— Io 2 2 


wv OY A re to adi ey 
. 


** 
——U— — 2 
—— — 


WL. 28 4 


92 


92 Aeant of procuring 


thrown into it; by which means the wa- 
ter will often become, in twenty- four 
hours, clear, ſoft, and wholeſome. 


| b Geer better, and there would be a (conſiderable 


faving of fuel (as I found that ſea-water boils with a leſs 
degree of heat than freſh, and water cloſely confined 
requires leſs heat and fuel to keep it at the boiling heat) 
I determined to make ſome experiments on this ſubject. 
For this purpoſe I took a piece of ſhip ſalt beef, an- 
other of ſalt pork, and boiled each of them ſeparately 
with ſalt- water, in a pot with ſuch a ſtill-head as hath 
been recommended at ſęea. I was much pleaſed to find, 
that when ſalt beef is boiled in ſea- water, the condenſed 
vapour from the Pot (for none of it was allowed to eſcape) 
affords an excellent ſvieet water, lightly tinctured with 


| the beef flavour. 


e water got from pork” boiled in ſea-water, had a 

ſtronger, though not diſagreeable flavour of pork. 

When the beef and pork were ſufficiently boiled and 
very freſh, the Pot was emptied, and ſome ſhip-peas put 
into it with that water only, which had been procured 
from the ſea water in boiling the former fleſh meats. This 
water was remarkably ſoft, and quickly ſoftened, broke, 
and boiled the peas. In like manner 1 boiled fome oat- 
meal with the ſame water which made excellent water- 

. J 

5 Now as both the peaſe and gruel were dreſſed in the 
fame Pot as the beef, with the condenſing Cover, there 
was a ſurplus of freſh water, which originally came 
from the fea, and upon ſtanding twenty-four hours, had 
neither taſte or ſrnell. but might ſerve either for a freſh 
boiling of peas, or for the uſe of the hogs, fowls, &c. 
in the ſhip... „„ eg 
The whole uſnal ſhip proviſions were thus dreſſed 
without the uſe of any other but the ſalt-water, and an 
overplus remained of wholeſome freſh water. | 

Jam apt to think, that ſalt beef will freſhen equally 
vell when boiled in ſalt- water as in the freſh, provided 


But 


| wholeſome Water at Sea. 93 
But if it ſtill continues impure, let a 
ſmall caſk, with both ends taken out, be 


the water is renewed by letting the brine occaſionally 
run off by the cock at the bottom of the copper, and 
ſupplying its place with warm ſea-water from the refti 
geratory or cooler. | 5 gt 
When the ſhip's proviſions are to be boiled, for ſav- 
ing water in this manner, the pewter Head before re- 
commended is to be uſed; and the cook muſt be care- 
ful in keeping his utenſils very clean, and eſpecially his 
coppers free from verdigreaſe. Diſtilled waters become 
much more palatable by keeping, and that got from the 
ſea water will keep for many months ſweet in clean veſſels 
or caſks. If all veſſels, commonly uſed at ſea for boiling 
on the fire, were furnifhed with ſuch a Head, the dou- 
ble advantage, not only of ſaving much ſuel, but a great 
quantity of water would be reaped. Thus, if the bar- 
ley water, gruels, &c. for the ſick, which are made 
with freſh water, be boiled in this manner, all the water 
which would otherwiſe be expended by boiling away, 
would then be ſaved; and nothing further is required, 
than that the Pots, or Saucepans be ſomewhat larger than 
at preſent uſed, becauſe they ought then never to be 
filled above one half or three quarters full ; and the 
cover muſt not be ſo tight, but that the cook may eaſily 
remove it at all times, either to inſpect what is cooking, 
or to ſtir about ſuch materials in the pot, as are apt to 
riſe up, or boil over, but Oatmeal J find to be the only 
article of ſhip's proviſions that does. The cook will ſoon 
learn what ſmall quantity of fuel is neceſſary to keep 
ſuch Pots boiling, and the trouble of a more conſtant at- 
tendance to prevent the boiling over will be fully reward- 
ed, by ſaving two of the moſt important articles at ſea, 
Fuel and Water, © „5 
As the evaporation from water is nearly as the ſquares 
of its ſurface, hence ſo much the wider the Iron Pots 
are made, which were before recommended for the ſides 
of the Grates, the more freſh water will be obtained. 


placed 


94 Means of procuring > 
placed within a larger caſk wanting only 
the head ; into both put ſome clean ſand 
and gravel, ſo that the level of the ſand 
in the inner caſk be higher than the 
bed of ſand in the intermediate ſpace be- 
twixt the caſks, leaving ſufficient room to 


pour in water: and in the outer caſk a 


cock muſt be fixed above the ſand in it, 


though beneath the level of the ſurface of 
the ſand contained in the inner caſk. 
Buy this contrivance, the water pour- 
ed into the inner or ſmall caſk, will fink 
through the whole body of ſand in it; 
and paſling alſo through the gravel and 
ſand in the outer caſk, will aſcend. and 
run off at the cock. As the ſurface of 
ſand in the inner caſk, becomes loaded 
with the groſs impurities of the water, it 
may be removed, and freſh ſand added. 


I have only to add on this ſubject, that it appears by . 


ſome thermometrical obſeryations publiſhed in the Ap» 
pendix, that ſea-water when at rel, free zes at ten de- 
grees below the freezing point of freſh water on Fa- 
renbeit's thermometer. Whoever then diſcovers a me- 


thod of producing an artificial and conſtant cold to that 


degree, will be able to freeze ſea- water, and conſe- 
quently render it pretty freſh in the cakes of ice when 
thawed : having found by repeated experiments that 
though the ice of the ſea-water is faltiſh, yet it contains 
much leſs ſalt than the water before it was frozen ; and 


that cakes of ice formed by the ſpray of the ſea upon 
the ſhore, on being diſſolved, form a water perfetly 


freſh and potable, 
For 


eoholeſome Water at Sea. 95 
For private uſe, the water may be 
ſtrained through a large funnel, having 
its narrow mouth filled with a bit of 
ſpunge, above which is to be a layer of 
ſand and gravel, covered with a piece of 
flannel, and over the whole another layer 
of ſand. Care muſt be taken to change 
the ſand, ſpunge, &c. as often as they 
are found to be loaded with the impuri- 
ties of the water. By ſuch means, pure 
and wholeſome water may frequently be 
procured from bad wells. 

Freſh water, tolerably good, has ſome⸗ 
times been obtained in he Weſt Indies, by 
boring a caſk full of ſmall holes, and 
burying it in a pit dug in the ſand or ſea- 
ſhore, about ten or fifteen yards diſtant 
from the ſea. 

Sand and gravel are known to be fit for 
the purpoſes above mentioned; when water 
is poured upon them in a veſſel, and after 
ſtirring with a ſtick, the ſame appearances 
follow as in moving the bed of a pure ri- 
vulet, viz. upon removing the ſtick, the 
particles of ſmall ſand inſtantly ſubſide, 
and the water ſtands on their ſurface with- 
out having received any tincture. 

Some toaſted biſcuits put into the water 
of the river St. Laurence, were found ſer- 

viceable in preventing the bad effects of it 
in occaſioning fluxes in Sir Charles Saun- 
| ders's 


969 Means of procuring . 
ders's fleet. About four pounds of burnf 
biſcuit were ufed to a hogſhead of water. 

I am informed that the troops in Canada, 
for the. ſame purpoſe, mixed powdered 
| ginger with the bad water, and found be- 
nefit thereby. 

At Senegal, where the water is extreme- 
ly unwholeſome, unſlacked lime has been 
E to purify it. But water cannot thus 
be purified in a ſhip, becauſe I find that is 
muſt be expoſed in a very wide mouthed 
veſſel for many days, and ſometimes weeks, 
before it loſes the taſte of the lime : much 
of it is alſo expended, by daily removing 
the ſcum; and it wal ſometimes 9 
boiling. 

The addition of a fraall quantity of 
vinegar is likewiſe very proper, as an ex- 
cellent corrector of unhealthy water; or 
Cream of Tartar, as before mentioned. 

I ſhall conclude this ſection with as 

ſerving, that if any of the directions hi- 
therto given, cannot be complied with by 
all the ſhip's company, on account of their 
number; they may notwithſtanding be 
uſeful to many of the officers, and others 
who have proper convenience to execute 
them, and are deſirous of preſerving 
health and a good conſtitution, during 
their reſidence in an unhealthy fituation, 


eſpecially under the Torrid Zone. 
' SECT, 


69 
1 * T. 


Claim to the diſcovery of freſhening ſea- 
water. 


: * 
The author's claim to the original diſcovery 
of freſhening ſea-water by fimple diſtilla- 
tion. Account of Dr. Poiſonmere's hau- 
ing received a Penſion in France, and Mr. 
Irving a reward of 5000l. in England 
from parliament, for the diſcovery, ſeve- 
ral years after it had been publiſhed by the 
author. State of the diſcovery when My. 
Irving began his experiments: has mode of 
diftilling the water, by a large tin tube, 
wet with mops: his certificates and pub- 
hitations : à comment upon them : inutility 
_of his propoſed alteration. . 


PHE general benefit that muſt reſult 
to navigation, from the invention of 
an eaſy method of freſhening ſea-water, 
will, I flatter myſelf, be an excuſe for 
urging a ſhore vindication of my claim to 
that important diſcovery. 80 | 
It may perhaps ſurpriſe the public to 
find, that four years after the diſcovery 
of rendering ſea-water perfectly ſweet and 
wholeſome by a ſimple diſtillation, had 
been made, as has been related in the pre- 
ceding ſection, Dr. Poiſonniere, a phyſician in 
France, had a very conſiderable penſion ſet- 

| EO tled 


5 
} 
4 
| 
i 
e 


98 Claim to the Diſcovery | 


_ tled upon him on account of it; and 


that in the year 1272, ten years after my 
firſt publication of it, Mr. 1rvng alſo, on 
the ſame account, received the ſum of 
5000 J. from the Britiſh parliament. 
Dr. Poiſonniere pretended to no other 
merit, than that ſea- water could be ren- 


dered perfectly freſh by a fimple diſtil- 
lation; and it was above two years after I 
had made this diſcovery, before the doc- 


tor went to Breſt and Toulon to make the 
proper experiments on the ſubje&t—but I 


believe the French themſelves now give 
up the honour of the diſcovery to England. 


In 1772 Mr. Irving obtained a grant of 
5000 l from the houſe of commons, for 
7 the diſcovery of an eaſy and practi- 
« cable method of making ſea- water freſh 
% and wholeſome.” Votes of the Houſe of 


Commons, p. 597. 11 March, 1772. 


As the foundation of Mr. Irving's claim 
may not be generally known, it will be 
proper to lay before the public the printed 
Certificates and Papers preſented to the 
houſe, from which he received the re- 
ward ; theſe compared with what I have 
ſaid in the preceding ſection, and ftill 
more fully in an Appendix to my Eſſay on 
the Diſeaſes of Hot Chmates, will give a 
full idea of all that is hitherto known 
relative to mene . lea · water Fay diſtil- 

4 2 K lation; 


of  Freſhening Sea Warer. 99 


lation; and perſons converſant in ſuch mat- 
ters, will from thence be enabled to judge 
_ of Mr. Irving's pretenſions to a reward; 
but as many may be altogether unac- 
quainted with the ſubject, we ſhall, for 
the benefit of theſe, give a ſhort ſtate of 
the diſcovery at the time of Mr. Irving's 
application to parliament ; and then more 
immediately conſider the merits of his 
propoſed alteration in the mode of diſtill- 
ing the water. 


It has long been pretty generally known 


that ſca-water, on being diſtilled, is de- 
prived of its Salt; but as the diſtilled wa- 
ter has always a Diſagrecable Flavor, many 
ingredients have been added to it in the 
ſtill, to prevent a Bitumen from riſing, 
which was ſuppoſed to have been con- 
tained in the water, and to have imparted 
the diſagreeable taſte: the conſideration of 
the reſpective advantages of each ingre- 
dient, led me firſt to enquire into the qua- 
lities of ſea-water when diſtilled alone; 
1 then found this diſagreeablè Taſte to 
be only that which is common to all 
newly diſtilled liquors, and that it quickly 
goes off on expoling it to the air. I 
repeated my experiments, and every repe- 
tition ſerved only the more ſtrongly. to 
rove the inutility of making any addition 
and to confirm my opinion of the pu- 
2 A 2 rity 


- 
+ = 
— 
3 
„ 
. 3 
£* 4 
** 4 
1 * 
> * 
# 2 
= 
4 : 
1 
> 
74 
\# 
45 
» 
3 
+ 
Py os | 
1 
* 
43£ ; 
= 
* 
oy i : 
4 A 
* ? 
v4 + 
3 
„ 
4 
* 
£4 A 
4 } 
xv 4 


8 


— Es ; BY Wye * „ 2 TOS. on OR Ir rr Ie 
It - wn! oF * A A rt 1 W 1 ” 2 we — 7. dog va — n X 4 } ._ 
a 4 ar. = n 3 8 2 n . ; g wr N enn ; 
a 3 L Ba”: © nd l ENT {4 * aw . 1 * * ki, * g 8 C\ 1 
8 0 (2-08 2 bone by” af * > . eagrory, - p Won, \ A „ q 
nnd oy; : wy b * * »%\ * 1 
— = — % Cy —— y 1 ** = 1 
= 6 Yom fo * . ——— Th. - 2 2 _— 
50 I N 1 r . 2 S 2 h v ads 


. 3 
RED 
N a 8 
+4 wo 


= 2 
* = 
* ; 

Is = 

— 


1 
j 
is 
i 
j [ 
+ 
[| 
; 
; [91 
£4 
bl 
. IU. 
bf 
4. 1 
"| 
a 4 
4 
5 
.. 
* 
i 
i 
t 
"Fu 4 
Fay 
# 
q \ 
f 
1 + 
i ] 
i" 
t y 
' 1; 
6 
l 
1 
n + 
i 
is 
1 
1 1 
El 
A j 
15 þ 
1 
oſt 
Ut | 
49 
\\ | 
iN 
i; 
4} 
. 
N 
III. } 
1 # 
8 7 
11 | 
| 
14 
0 *. 
1 
8 1} 
} | 
2 by 
14 
: 
"$34 
by: 
If 
j i 
'T. 


Hive » nnd 


mo 
1 
| 4 
bx 0 
16 
1 
br 
il! 
93's 
4 14 
85 
.. 
1%! i 
. 
4 


. 


— * 
— —— . — 
* 


—— 


— — 


100 Claim to the Di ay 5 
rity and wholeſomeneſs of the diſtilled 


Water. 


This point being at length fully aſcer- 


tained, I, in the year 1761, communi- 
cated the diſcovery to commiſſioner 


Hughes, reſident commiſſioner of the navy 
at Portſmouth, and to Mr. Robertſon, then 
maſter of the academy there, and made 
the experiments before them. 

I afterwards tranſmitted a full account 


of it in a letter to the Royal Society in 


London, which was read before a numerous 
meeting in May 1762. 
And, in the year 1763, in the ſe- 
cond edition of this treatiſe, laid before 
the public the reſult of theſe repeated 
experiments on. the means of obtain- 
ing good water at ſea, viz. that the va- 
pour or ſteam, ariſing from ſea-water 
on being expoſed to heat, was perfectly 
freſh, and, however collected, afforded a 
pure wholeſome water. I ſhewed the 
miſtake of former chemiſts to have ariſen 


from the burnt taſte acquired during diſ- 


tillation, which they ſuppoſed to depend 
on a volatile Bitumen in the water, to pre- 
ſerve which from the action of the fire 
many deleterious ingredients were added, 
with trouble and expence, and fre- 
quently imparted a diſagreeable flavour 
to the water. 1 2 a Still as the 

6 | moſt 


of freſhening Sea Water. 101 
moſt proper veſſel for collecting this va- 
tur; but, at the ſame time, ſhewed 

ow the coppers of a ſhip, fitted with 
proper Still- Heads, might anſwer all the 

urpoſes of a ſtill; and drew ſeveral in- 
ferences from the diſcovery with reſpect 
to the ſaving of fuel and boiling of pro- 
viſions in a ſhip: theſe, unaltered, are the 
ſubject of the preceding ſeftion. 

In another publication, printed 1767 *, 
after enumerating the ſeveral attempts that 
have been made to freſhen ſea-water, I 
further infiſted on the advantages of this 
diſcovery, more ſtrongly recommended 
Still- Heads to be fitted to the Coppers, 

and ſhewed that this diſtillation was at- 
| tended with little or no inconvenience in 
a ſhip: I endeavoured to render the pro- 
ceſs of diſtillation familiar to every ca- 

acity ; ſhewed that the little globules of 
water, which appear on the cover of a 

ot in which ſea water is boiled, and 
which ariſe from the ſteam being con- 
denſed, are perfectly freſh ; that when in 
want of a Still- Head theſe may be col- 
lected by inverting the mouth of a Tea- 
Kettle into a hole cut in the wooden cover 


of the Copper or Pot, and that the barrel 


* See Appendix to my Eſſay on the Diſeaſes of Hat 
Climates, firſt publiſhed 1767, and reprinted with ſome 


. {mall additions, 1771. | 
| H of 


3 


TS 


- SM 
ö 117 


— 2 = r — 
— — K = — 1 r —— — = — — — 
— . <2 RIES, 4 — — 5 N 2 A 2 wy > — — 
* , — res £3te/ , - 5 res — pe > £ — = -— 
o - 


- 7 —. — — 
— 2 —— — —. 
2 — 
< * — — 


= — — 7 — — 8 3 1 — 
— — ene Tone ag ts 4 a. _ — 
. ————— pets Pn — — 2 — 

4s = —_— — a 19> 2 4 


162 Claim to the Diſcovery 


of a muſquet, paſſing from the ſpout of 
the kettle through a caſk of cold water, 
would ſupply the place of what is called 


Aa Worm and Refrigeratory *; and that, 
even * a ſhip to be without a tea- 


kettle, the common Hand Pump might, be 
made to ſupply its place, by being cut 


through obliquely, and joined ſo as to 


form an acute angle, one end of the tube 
being then inverted into the cover of the 
pot, the other. faſtened as above to the 
gun barrel. I examined the quantity of 
freſh water that could be thus obtained 
from ſea- water by diſtillation, and found | 


that three parts out of Four could be in 


general drawn off freſh; and that by the 
improved methods of Leia, from a 
ſtill of thirty-two inches diameter, 200 
gallons of freſh water might be obtained 


in twelve hours, with the expence of only 
a buſhell and an half of coals; fo that 


three chaldron of coals would be ſuffi- 
cient to ſupply a ſixty- -gun ſhip, with a 


complement of 400 men, for two months, 


with half a gvllen © of water a day to each 


0” The IWorm of a ſtill is a ſmall lead pipe, of a con- 


Kderable length, running ſpirally through a caſk of 
cold water; it receives the ſteam collected by the ſtill- 


head, which in its paſſage through the numerous con- 


yolutions of the pipe is cooled or condenſed into wa- 


ter: The Worm- Tub or Krit na, is the caſk ae 


faining this pipe. 


T5 74 


man. I laſtly mentioned the ſuperior pu- 
rity * of this diſtilled water to that ob- 
tained from any river or ſpring; and in a 
ſcarcity of freſh water, recommended the 
dreſſing of victuals in the ſteam of ſea- 
water. 


* The purity of this diſtilled water may be further 
evinced by the opinion of Mr. Coorfworthy, an eminent 
chemiſt at Plymouth, received in anſwer to ſome queſ- 
tions I gave him in the year 1768, a little before my 
laſt publication on this ſubject. 

3 Diſtilled ſea- water is freer from impurities than 
% ſpring, river, or even rain water; in this opinion I 
am confirmed by experiments. 

« I think moſt river water, or even ſpring water, 
much more rain water, when diſtilled, muſt be ſome- 
% what purer than ſea-water diſtilled, as this contains a 
* ſmall (indeed, very ſmall) quantity of Spirit of Sea- 
Salt, of which I apprehend the others muſt be free.— 
Our water at Plymouth diſtilled is perfectly pure. 

& I could never diſcover any contents in diſtilled 
<« ſea-water, but Spirit of Sza-Salt ; and by the niceſt 
trial, its quantity appears to be only one grain and 
« a half in a gallon of the water. 

« The diſtilled ſea-water will keep ſor ever; I have 


* now ſome by me which never ſtunk in keeping, and 


is now an excellent well-flayoured water; having en- 
« tirely lolt the calcareous flavour. This water has been 
4 diftilled for ſeveral years. 

e formerly made ſome experiments on ſea- water at 
« the defire of Dr. Fothergill, and found that the con- 
« tents of ſea water, are the marine, or common ſalt, 
& and the Sal. Catharticum Amarum, or Epſem ſalt; and 
& that the ſuppoſed Bitumen in ſalt water, to which its 
e bitterneſs has heen ſometimes aſcribed, is a mere ima- 


“ gination, there being nothing bituminous diſcover- 


6 able iinmit. 


H 4 Such 


of freſbening Sea Water. 103 


—  EEECO LN — — 8 — = 

5 8 —— —— S — ene HY 3 ————— ů ——ů— — . — — — — 
2 "I >; * 5 IR” 1 2, Saks A — IEA a P 2 —= 2 . 2 2 5 

oy * N — * * I r 8 . 7 Le IE. N 1 — 2 "as 5 — DE 2 — 2 V . — — 7 — 2 - Y 

Bn » 1 1 = 2 r o * n 2 4 * $6 Tn > 7 * 3 * * TY 5 5 2 a K 

2 A * * . . — ne * — PR: 2 "80.7. ST 2 * . = Cas IE 28 — 
7 , - a EA oo + A 2 aa» 
1 5 22122 


6 2 eo . 3 
ee: Fas 


- $1.4 a — r 3 85 
2 3 n a7 G85) 4 


I — — — . 1 * 
. N : re A 
1 2 . 5 * - _ Se , As . 
5 A 2 'I A xy * ne A — Ag " We? wh * — - * 4 | : 4 
£224 2 F409 b Git iy: Ay * 2 _ * * 7 * 8 is 8 3”: pe * "_ —— — : #2 
7 5 ** * 8 2 5 — . r orga, * e ee 4 . — $44 2 ee * „iN * * 
_ Nr VR — — . B — — — — r — : ers _ 4 1 U = IP _ = rr n . 7 
= EPS ST; Ms, NS an ng WE rn — CEE Py deat 3 „ Oo Ent ; Was OO EEE, ee In 
7 2 Ac 4 N \ > * 4 * 4 1 > 7 as i) — » 75 8 * 2 


1 2 


1 
* 8 


= 


— > W 
S_ = . 4x > 
e . ag I 0 
Md > * _ r a 
W erer 


104 Claim to the Diſcovery 
Buch was the ſtate of the diſcovery till 
1771, when Mr. Irving, ſurgeon of the 
Arrogant man of war, then at Portſmouth, 
firſt entered on the diſtillation of ſea-wa- 
ter: I received an invitation to be preſent 
at his nrſt experiment in public, and 
found that inſtead of a Sill Head he made 
uſe of a Large Tin Tube about fix or 
eight inches in diameter. This was bent 
For about a foot at one end, fo as to enter 
into a hole cut in the cover of the ſhip's 
copper, exactly in the ſame manner as the 
head which I propoſed might occaſionally 
be made, by cutting the tube of a hand- 
pump through gude and joining it 
in an oppoſite direction; the other end 
of Mr. Irving's tube was about ſeven feet 
Jong, and being kept conſtantly wet with 
Mops, ſerved to condenſe the ſteam, in 
lieu of a Worm and Refrageratory ; in 
ſhape, the whole reſembled much the 
funnel of a ſtove, having the crooked end 
Inſerted in the cover of the copper. With 
this apparatus he diſtilled, at two different 
trials, about three gallons of water in a 
quarter of an hour, from the copper of a 
ſeventy-four gun ſhip, viz. at the rate of 
twelve. gallons an hour, and of 2 50 gal- 
lons in the courſe of twenty- four hours, 
| ER IS 


of freſhening Sea Water. 105 


or 500 gallons, provided both coppers are 
employed *. Es | 


* «« Copies of Certificates delivered to the Lords Com- 
4“ miſſioners of the Admiralty of Mr, {rving's method of 
ec rendering ſea- water freſh. 


« Purſuant to an order from rear-admiral Buckle, we 
$ whoſe names are hereunto ſubſcribed, have carefully 
4 examined Mr. [rving's method of rendering ſea-water 
& freſh by diſtillation, and do certify, that eighty gal- 

“ Jons of ſea-water, did, in twenty-five minutes after 
s being put into the Arrogant's copper, and a fire made, 
« diftil in the proportion ef twelve gallons per hour 
$6. into freſh water, perfectly well taſted, and of leſs 
5 ſpecific gravity than the beſt ſpring water in this 
« neighbourhood ; it completely diſſolves ſoap, and af- 
& fords no Precipttation by adding a ſolution of ſilver in 
& Aqua Portis. 5 
« Mr. Irving's apparatus eonſiſts of a ſingle tube, 
- © between ſeven and eight feet long, which may be 
6c eaſily made of tin, or thin iron plates, and the diſtil- 
cc lation carried on without inconvenience to the buſi- 
5 neſs of the ſhips. 
« We further declare to the beſt of our judgment, 
* that this method is founded upon principles in diſtil- 
lation, new and hitherto not practiſed, and which 
« we believe will afford great advantages to that art in 
« general, as well as fully anſwer the end propoſed of 
cc {upplying ſhips with a ſufficient quantity of ſweet 
« and wholeſome water. BE | 
Mr. Irving has communicated to us the whole of 
« his proceſs, which appears to depend on ſuch ſimple 
* and evident principles, that we apprehend the moſt 
ordinary capacity ſufficient to carry it into execution 
« on board of any fhip or veſſel whatever. 
„ Every ſhip's boiler or copper. though deemed as 


—— — — —— wer Are 
— 2 II * La 8 > 


DATED : — ' - 8 _ — — — — SP « 
11 8 2 5 — — — — — — — . EEE CER ERR _—_— I” IEC * — — a — — — = " n 
— — — — * 2 — 8 * — — 2 - _ — — 2 2 ne 4 a Ns . _ i . J : * 2 CY n « *. 
2 * I > : - _— — . = - „ LS et 2X C ow ap " p 4 dw + . £ . 5 a... (4 . 2 : 4 1 
* 8 r 2 De - I Rags We et . F yy SP . * ö . ate IT 4 Sf F 7 % « J e . 
& £ > We * FN. 8 en * . 8 . : 2 — 3 n * N : K 1 — 1 "Uh 0 
1 : "WT * yy * 4 122 E — — - e * 58 * — . aL N 8 2 _ r A oe R ans 
J 8 „ «ts. gon . 2 q . 7 8 ** N A. pgs, oe oy "4, 4, + hs p SS. ae; 3 0 * FI — — 
oO RY ag ATR” ” eh ca . 2 . _ * n - * BED © 
5 ä J K mien hs oo gps 4g 1 : 
. = - Y 0 An * * * >» "__ * n * . A 5 172 pe * 4 * * = 5 = 
ws ED + as 20000 at «260 LE” 4 ome; 28 — % IEC 2 
r f 8 : A Cath” Th 18 a 


—— — 
8 
5 — TIES I ** "> pm any 2 Ds 
AN — Fu 2 Wir 
. 


— 


* 7 


« two, is in fact, but one large veſſel, with a partition wt 
$6 nearly in the middle, and although only one part or 4 
« boiler is in uſe at the time when peaſe or oatmeal are 1 


; The 


106 Claim to the Diſcovery 


The advantages expected from this ap- 
paratus, we were told, were a large flow 


« dreſſing, yet water muſt be kept in the other, to pre- 
&« ſerve its bottom: Mr. Irving takes the advantage of 
« this latter circumſtance, and has actually drawn off 
4e ſixty gallons of freſh water, during the boiling of ei- 
« ther of the abovementioned proviſions ;:and by a 
ec ſtrick examination of the cook and his aſſiſtants, no 

s additional quantity of fuel was uſed. But in caſe of 
< ficknels, or where there is any abſolute neceſſity of a 
4 greater expence of water than uſual, Mr. Irving can, 
by employing both coppers, diſtil five hundred gal- 

* Jons of water in the ſpace of twenty-four hours, and 
44% that with the ſame quantity of fuel as is required in 
* the ordinary buſineſs of the ſhip for that given time. — 

c And we are clearly of opinion, that, by an inconſi- 
& derable alteration of ſetting the navy-coppers, at a 
4 very ſmall expence, according to a plan ſhewn us by 
« Mr. Irving, there will be a conſiderable ſaving of 
6e fuel Wien any inconvenience baten. 


s Signed, - 4120 e 0 
6 es Lind, M. D. Phyſician to Haller H. 1 pet 
„ David Ramſey Kerr, Surgeon to Plymonth-yard., . 
J. Leffory, Captain in the Royal Naß. 
1% J. Machiſon, Maffer of the Arrogant, 
40 * J bong held, Lieutenant of 1 the e 
48 


cc * By order of rear ird Ball. 


« We do hereby certify, that, we 11 — ſtrictiy 
& inſpeCted into Mr. Irving's method of rendering ſea- 
. « water freſh by diſtillation, and are well ſatisfied Mr. 
t Irving has made us acquainted with the whole of his 
& proceſs, which is eaſy, ſimple, and moſt effectual 
« for the purpoſe of ſupplying any ſhip. at ſea with a 
« ſufficient quantity of ſweet and wholſome water, 
% without any inconveuience Fhateyer. 8 

of 


of freſhening Sea- Mater. 107 


of ſteam, from its being leſs confined on 


account of the large ſize of the tube, 


« And we do further certify, that we have moſt care- 
fully examined the water diſtilled, and find it freed 
of all ſalts, or other impurities, and preferable to any 
water here in uſe. Dt 

« And we do further certify, that by Mr. Irving's 
method no waſte of water enſues in boiling provi- 
fions for the ſhip's company : that we have taſted 
the water drawn from peaſe while dreſſing, and find 


it agreeable and wholeſome. 
&« Given under our hands on board his majeſty's ſhip 


Northumberland, at Spithead, this 11th day of March, 1771. 


cc John Bogue, Surgeon of the Northumberland. 
& Fred, Thomſon, Surgeon 7 the Tartar. 
<< S. Brown, Surgeon of the Bellona. 


c J. Hooper, Surgeon of the Prince of Wales.” 


„We whoſe names are hereunto ſubſcribed, do cer- 
tify, that we have attended Doctor Charles Irving's 
proceſs for diſtilling ſea-water,-in order to render it 


freſh; and that upon a fair average, a gallon of freſh 


_ was repeatedly drawn in three minutes and a 
half. | „ 5 

„ This operation laſted two hours and a half, with 
one of the Centaur's coppers, during which time the 
other was conſtantly boiling with the ſame fire, but 
we did not make any uſe of it, for want of an ap- 
paratus for that purpoſe.— From what we have ſeen, 
we are convinced that (at the abovementioned rate) 
ſeventeen gallons and a half of good freſh water, 
may with eaſe be diſtilled from ſea- water every hour, 
till a ſufficient quantity is obtained. 


Given under our hands on board his majeſty's ſhip 


Centaur at Spithead, this 4th day of January, 1772, 
J. Bentinck, Captain of the Centaur. 


“ Dav. Maitland, OS | 
« Richard Fowler, } Lieutenants, 
& Ant. Stanley, Maſter. | 
t Simon Brown, Surgeon,” «+ 


—— — — — . ES — 


_ — — 2m 1 n . - 
RS — — 8 1 — 

. A es . 6 RR 
— — by Ba os "THIS 8 . 
2 A'S - . — 5 

. — e eee 
. 8 4 


"a 9 
— — * — 
7 * ho 
oo 1 9 — "ROS N - 
* 2 Y j 23 RE * 3 A 2 A * 4 4 % g 
1 1 e O 


K 


* 1 *% + . 1 . 
7 N — - IO I 


We 
— 4 


— — — — — — —— 
A EDI 2 TIO DAS Sr 5 8 0 
Y Wh n — n Si "RR * a: lax” 1 4 ws "ww me 0 
: N 8 . 2 005 ES pad p a : = > : "I" ＋ 4 F "3" * : 
4 I r „ 7 I .-.-» q "SEV r 8 D bv wy 
FI 24d 83 EE | 3 8 * — rr N GS 2 S . 
FT EO CO I 2 n 8 a. 5 a os = F nh W N . ; : K 
75 i * ® 2 r * Sr A 4 3 * —— gi e 2 
8 ® — n N * Ws rr r COTE 2 * ; 


9 =>" — — TR dr 2 r 
by a Fn AER hd Gt "a 4% YC n 
* # * þ 3 1 n — 
+ Pb "li Es SG > 8 
* 8 


e 


a> co - 0 
r 
r 


— — 
* 1 "If —_——_— 
— who As * — — 


r 1,27 * 9 


wi 
þ 
: 
g 
bh 
N 
00 


— er en i CONE IO 


— — — — 
—.— . — IE Ez a 1 — — i — - — = « —_ 
: 2 I ——  —_— - —— . 2 
E — 2 — — 2 1 22 © >» < r_— ” - 4 as 
5 x — ny 5 « 
- CST a 0 A * — 2 - — — 0 — * 
þ . — Derr ä - . - 
_-_ 7 - _ £ : - A 
g pt NSS 


„FF 


103 Claim to the Diſcovery 

and its more perfect Condenſation, from 
the evaporation on the outſide being ſup- 
poſed to produce a greater degree of cold 
than could be obtained by paſſing the tube 
through cold water: the water was alſo 
expected to be purer, as the ſuppoſed Bi- 


tumen was thought thus to have a more 


ready means of eſcape. © 

We were informed, Mr. Irving had 
drawn off fixty gallons of water from 
one copper in ebony bee hours, while the 
peaſe were boiling for the ſhip's company 
in the other, without any additional en- 


creaſe of fuel; a ſhip's copper being only 
one veſſel, with a partition near the 


middle, fo that it is always neceſſary when 


one part is in uſe, to put in water to pre- 


ſerve the bottom of the other; and were 
ſhewn that a conſiderable ſaving of fuel 
might be made, by moving the iron bars 
of the grate ſeveral inches higher up, 
nearer the bottom of the coppers, as, at 
preſent, great part of the heat of the fire 


is diſſipated before it reaches them, 


In the mean time, the company were 
amuſed with experiments, made on the 
diſtilled water by the Hyaroſtatic ballance, 
and ſolutions of lead and filver in ſpirits 
of Sea Salt and Agua Fortis; though I 
urged, that repeated experiments had long 
ſince fully aſcertained its purity. 

. 72 Soon 


of freſbening Sea Water. 109 
Soon afterwards, Mr. Irving waited on 
me with the undermentioned certificate, 
which he begged I would ſign. I at firſt 
refuſed ſigning it, objecting, among other 
things, to the words, has actually drawn 
off ſixty gallons of freſh water during the 
boiling of either the peaſe or oatmeal ; 'as 
the peaſe generally take up four hours in 
| boiling, whereas the oatmeal to make 
water gruel, ſeldom requires an hour. As 
I obſerved two gentlemen had already put 
their names to it, I at length conſented to 
ſign it, deſirous that in any form ſo im- 
portant a diſcovery as the freſhening of 


fea-water by diſtillation, might be intro- 


duced into general uſe; this, Mr. Irving 


| faid, he had reaſon to believe he could ef- 


fe, if he obtained the certificate; and 
to me, it appeared a matter of indifference 


whether the diſtillation was performed by 


means of a Still- Head and Refrigeratory, 


as | had propoſed, or by a /ong [in Tube 


wet with Mops, as ſet forth in the certi- 
ficate : in that particular alone Mr. Irv- 


ing's method having differed from what I 


had before pobliſhed.' 


. 
be 


I then gave Mr. [ting an account of 
moſt of the experiments I had made on 
the diſtillation of ſea- water, and ſhewed 
him all that J had publiſhed on the ſub- 
ject; together with a few manuſcript ad- 

3 | | ditions 


* 

5 

. 

*. 

. 

. 

2. 

Ci 

4 

4 

. 

*; + 

E + 

2 

} 

+ 

4 

0b 

* 

5 

55 

24 \ 
2 - 
bs ha 
= * 
4 * 

of, 1 
7 s 
1 4 
4 95 
3 « 
= 3 

7 * 

FE 7 
55 
11 th 
4 * 
. 5 
* * 
oy. 
T3LY 
! * f 
Fe 


* 2 — — X 6 
* 17 6 - Ao 2 4 * \ . 4 Ex "> NS SE ID 8 3 FF ER — — - - — eng = 
* . * a . bh N * — 2 n * * h . os — 4 * © — - — . WT 8 
eb Ear” * a. 3 a "0 22 Key _ WS. „ y q e how : 1 * . 5 - 2 — 2 _ _ _ 
: a | . 76a "or? 23 DS e — FA 3 — s * 2 PRs > "I L ' r "y = 1 % N bas Be 5 nr - x : ** * 
r ” of» : Pr - S > * = s I % 2 * " — > 7 N e. n 7 8 9 — 85 8 1 : ” — 1 6 » 1 . 5 q __ 
2 . >= 3 5 3 „ * 2 r N * 2 = _ - 3” — Poa. — __ * — . p „ 2 3 ag Fog ts £ «5 Be 0 1 — 
* 12 > 7x — 5 et LOI . þ de » 2 VA 1 l —— ax — — — - — — N "1 n = "2 nf oh 3 
" * 4 * 2 , — 1 4 — — h . — E 9 2 * = . 5 = = © RE 
0 "5" . r . —— — 8 2 2 2 = . fas g o H ” : * N 
— p 1 2 Se GS = 4 2 = wa». 2 x hs * 
4 7 . = . 8 > : ow 


32 1 
"$a". 
„„ 
* of 5 We 


3 
1 22 o _ 


2 * #4 gt - 
rr 


110 Claim to the Di ;ſcovery 


ditions upon it, which I intended making 


to the ſecond edition of my Eſſay on the 
Diſeaſes of Hot Climates, at that time in 
the preſs : and, in favour of the purity 


and wholeſomeneſs of the diſtilled ſea- 


water, I produced not only my own che- 
mica] trials of the water and the letter 
from Mr. Cookfworthy above given, but 
alſo. the experience of my family, who 
drank no other water at the table for ** 
wards of twelve months. 

At intervals Mr. Irving repeated his ex- 
periments, as will appear by the other 
certificates he laid before the houſe of 


commons; but, after having ſigned the 
firſt certificate, my attendance was never 


again aſked. 
The Remarks in the note fubjoined, 
publiſhed ſoon after the certificates were 


i 


* % Remarks on the methods propoſed for kay 
40 ſea- uater freſh, together with Mr. Irving's method, 
„ as now praCtiſed in the Royal Navy. 

% Previous to an account of Mr. Irving's method 
&« of rendering ſea- water freſh, and to the reports and 


certificates of the practice and its utility, it may 


* not be improper to give a ſhort detail of the expe- 


„ riments which had been formerly made by others, 
60 reſpecting this ſubject; pointing out, at the ſame 


« time, the ſeveral diſadvantages attending their pro- 


& ceſſes, and the general cauſes which obſtructed the 


« deſired ſucceſs. 
 «< Though various attempts 3 been made to render 


„ ſea- water freth and potable, they have remained hi. 


ob- 


Py C 


cc 
*%k 
4 


* 


cc 
50S 
cc 


: 
6 
* 
c 
. 
c 
c 
0 
40 


W 6G 2Þv 6 


M aA K _-A 


a X _ 


* 
c 
4 


=.) * LO 


* 
40 
6 


A 


A * 


4 
(0 
6 


* 


R * 


> 
6 
4 


XR * 


of freſhening Sea Water. 111 
obtained, begin with depreciating molt 
of the former methods propoſed for the 


therto entirely fruſtrated by the great ob ections againſt 
every method of diſtillation which had been propoſed 
to the public. 3 

* Without entering into an account of the earlier ex- 
periments, it will be ſufficient to take a view of ſuch 


as have been proſecuted with the greateſt attention, 


ſince nearly the middle of the preſent century 

« The firſt of theſe was the proceſs of Mr. Appleby, 
publiſhed by order of the lords of the admiralty, in 
the Gazette of June 22, 1754: by the account of 


that proceſs, it appears that Mr. Appleby mixed with 


the ſea-water to be diſtilled, a conſiderable quantity 
of Lapis Infernalis and calcined bones. The highly 
unpalatable taſte of the water, however, excluſive of 
the almoſt impoſſibility of reducing the proceſs into 
practice, prevented the further proſecution of this 
method. s | | 

Another proceſs of procuring freſh water at ſea, 
was afterwards publiſhed by Dr. Butler. Inſtead of 
the Lapis Infernalis, and the calcined bones, he pro- 
poſed the uſe of Soap Lees; but though the ingre- 
dients here were ſomewhat varied, the water was 
liable to the ſame objections with that which had 
been obtained by the preceding experiment, 7 
«« Dr. Stephen Hales, inſtead of Quick Lime, uſed . 
powdered Chalk; and introduced ventilation, by blow- 
ing ſhowers of air up through the diſtilling water, 
by means of a double pair of bellows. It was found, 


by this method, that the quantity of ſreſh water ob- 


tained in a given time, was conſiderably greater than 
what had been procured by the proceſs of Mr. Appleby. 
T his invention, however, was 1 to ſeveral diſ- 
advantages. The air-box which lay on the bottom 
of the ſtill, as well as the chalk, much obſtructed the 
action of the fire upon the water, at the fame time 
that the boiling heat of the latter was diminiſhed by 


diſ- 


— 3 8 
err - 3 << 
4 - 3 7 
: . . 
OC 2 


4 
7 
4 
1 + 
: 
; * 
* 7 
7 
0 Py - 
i. 
© bs 
-. = 
4 
4 
4. 
* 
Ag 
2 85 
0 
2 
vs E 
* 
74 
>| = 
= 
of £24 
"= == 
I” 
+ 2 
1 
1 q 
: — 
14 
« 
= -_ 
+ 
+ BY 
* 124 
. 
+ 
3 7 
7% 
9 
* 
21 
* * 
# 4 
„ 
44 
i, 
A 
ol 
Li 
* 
1 
14 
4 
. 
4 
{7 
5 
a8 
15Y 
1 
1 
4 
3 
4 
25 
7 
) 
* 
1 
1 
2 * 
14 
T; 
3 
\ 
+2 
* 
A 
' 
+4 
: 
N. 
3 
7 
8 
1 


— "4.94 


% y nbd . — 2 


Nr 


— 


3 


r e : — "MES + 7 g xs MEET Ts = ps. 
— * * * +» aa. a ar Aft 3 
P > 


þ * 1 


* PR 
7 ST a jo 


—— — 


* 


P * * Y ©» 
r ̃ OE og — 


. 
& -*3 — 2 8 
. ĩðͤi 2 ]⅛ Nc —˙ 1 
— 2. 83383 — 
— >» nat . 2 
— - « a 


—— 


S — 3 


—— Far — — — — 240 


C oi 2, nm 1 pert rok 


— — 


v — ͤͤTx— — TFOS r n 
8 PPP ³˙d re en CE ECTANSECOR 
x n * « 5-064... — 1 


— 


— . I 
— 
— — 


ä 


—— 


ue — 5 — 


> — * 
— GA 
— — as 


— — 23233 „„ „„ _— —— — Was WAS Ira bare wee - 


— 


. 
— TEITENIN 
— 


r 


. 
8 
3 


112 Claim to the Diſcovery 


diſtillation of ſea-water. On what I had 
publiſhed on the ſubject, Mr. Irving ob- 


*© the ventilation: ſo that more than double the uſual 
* quantity of fuel was neceſſary to produce the ſame 
effect. This method had likewiſe the difadvantage 
« of a very unpicaſant taſte in the water, and more 
6 liable to contain ſalt in it, than the preceding at- 
© tempts. h = 

„The next who attempted any improvement was 
* Dr. Lind, at Portſmouth: he imagined that diſtil- 
lation might be conducted by means of the ſolar rays, 
applied through the medium of glaſſes to a ſtill put 
„ upon the deck, and a perfon to attend, to bring back 
«« the burning focus to its proper line, when altered by 
ce the ſun's motion: He alſo diſtilled Sra-wattr without 
« the addition of any ingredients; but as this experiment 
« was performed in a veſſel containing only two 
e quarts, with a glaſs receiver, in his ſtudy, and it 


does not appear, by the experiment, that the water 


« was either freed of ſalt or marine acid, no conclu- 
« ſion whatever could be drawn from it. 

In the year 1765, Mr. Hoffman introduced a ſtill 
« of a new conftruQtion, with a ſecret ingredient ;- but 
„the large ſpace which this machine occupied, being 
&« ſeven feet five inches, by five feet eight inches, and 


* ſix feet ſeven inches in height, rendered it extremely 


« inconvenient ; at the ſame time that, on account of 
« the ſhallowneſs of its form, the uſe of it was im- 
c practicable during any conſiderable motion of the 
<« ſhip: the water likewiſe poſſeſſed all the diſadvan- 
tages common to the preceding methods. 

About the ſame time, experiments were made 
c with a ſtill of the common conſtruction, and Mr. 
« Dove's ingredient. This method was attended with 


no advantage over any that had been formerly uſed ; 


„the diſtilled water had likewiſe a moſt unpalatable 
&« taſte; and the enormous ſize of the apparatus, which 
% occupied a ſpace of thirteen feet ſeven inches, by ſix 


ſerves, 


0 


of freſhening Sea Water. 1 12 


ſerves, that he (Dr. Lind, at Portſ- 
mouth) “ diſtilled ſea water without the 


40 
40 
cc 
4 
cc 
cet 


A 


6 
o 


A * 


4 


* 


c 
6c 
cc 
cc 
« 


* 


60 
0 


* 


cc 


Lay 


c 
6 


* 


ec 
c 
"8 
E6 


ſix feet one ich, and fix feet five inches in height, 
rendered it impracticable on board ſhips. An expe- 
riment was immediately afterwards made with the 
ſame ſtill, but without any ingredient; the reſult, 
however, was uniformly a moſt unpalatable taſte of 


the water. 
It is evident, from! all the experiments above- 


mentioned, that no practicable method had yet been 


invented of rendering ſea-water frefh and potable. 
«© 'The defects of thete ſeveral methods may be re- 
duced to the ſollowing heads: h 


6 x, The expence and inefficacy of ingredients. 


«© 2, The not ſeparating the bituminous oily matter 
contained in ſea-water. | 

« 3. The not knowing when to ſtop the diſtillation; 
Hence the water diftilled until ſalt formed in the 
botler, contained the acid of fea-falt, and likewiſe 
ſome vitriolic, with a quantity of magneſia ſea-ſalt ; 
there was likewiſe a portion of the ſubſtance of the 
ſtill head and worm diffolved in it. 

64. The bottom of the veſſel was ſoon deſtroyed. 

e 5. The ſpace occupied by the ſtill, ſtill- head, and 
worm-tub, rendered the uſe of chern; in moſt N 


| impracticable on board ſhips. 


© 6, The quantity of fuel conſumed, and the ſmall 
quantit of water produced. 

. The expence of the apparatus, with the hazard 
of the ſtill- head being blown off, and the inconve- 


niencies ariſmg therefrom. 
In order to underſtand clearly from what cauſe 


ſweet and palatable water had not hitherto been ob- 
tained from ſea- water, it is neceſſary, to inveſtigate 
the principles of which the latter 1s compoſed. Sea- 


water contains a pure ſea⸗ ſalt, varying in ann 


1 us addi- 


— —p] — — — 

— — _ — 
„ . 
. a 


” 
_ 
_ — 
—— 


— 
e 


So. 


9 

. „ 
* 2 
r Lied 4 th 


114 Claim to the Dzſcovery - 


« addition of any ingredients; but as 
% this experiment was performed in a 


"I 
4 


* 


cc 
cc 


(c 
cc 


cc 
cc 
(c 
cc 
Cc 
cc 
cc 
c 


* 
* 


* 
* 


* 
* 


A 
4 


according to local circumſtances: diſtilled water is to 
that at the Nore, as 1. to 1.0246; while that at Spit- 
head is much ſtronger. It likewiſe contains a mag- 
neſia ſalt, a vitriol ſalt, called Epſom ſalt, a gypſeous 
earth ſuſpended in the water, chiefly by means of 
fixed air ; an oleagenous bituminous matter rendered 
volatile by | boiling ; and which aſcending with the 
vapour in diſtillation, greatly vitiates the water, cauſ- 
ing not only much thirſt and dryneſs on the palate 
and throat, but even exciting fever. Sea-water, 
when boiled down to a ſtrong brine, admits with 
diſhculty the evaporation of freſh water from it, con- 
ſuming more fuel and time than at firſt : the fluid 
being then ſtrongly impregnated with ſalts, acquires 


a very conſiderable degree of heat, which forces up 


ſome of the ſalt with, the vapour, at the ſame time 
the magneſia ſalt caking on the bottom of the boiler, 
a part of its acid is ſeparated, which uniting with 


the vapour, likewiſe contaminates the water, while 


the copper is doubly injured by the exceſſive heat and 
the corroſion of the ſalt. | | 
„The merits of Mr. /rving's method of rendering 
ſea - water freſh and palatable by diſtillation, are, 

& 1. In ſuperſeding the uſe of all ingredients, by 
means of a ſhort ſtraight tube, which having free 
communication with the air, the ſulphureous bitu- 
minous oil, being more volatile than the vapours ef 
water, paſſes off into the air, and leaves the water 
perfectly untainted with its noxious quality. 

% 2. In aſcertaining preciſely the proper limits of the 
diſtillation, ſo that the diſtilled water may not be 
contaminated by the acid of the ſalt, or the ſalt it - 
ſelf; and the veſſel may be intirely preſerved. 

« 3. In making the tube ſufficiently large to receive 
the columns of vapour, as ſaſt as they ariſe from the 
boiling fluid, ſo that there may be no compreſſion on 


„ - « veſſel | 


be 
c c 
cc 


cc 


ce 


, freſhening Sea Water. 115 
veſſel ch taining only two quarts, with 
a glaſs receiver, in his ſtudy, and it does 
not appear; by the experiment, that the 
water was either freed of falt, or ma- 
rine acid, no concluſion whatever could 
be drawn from it.“ |] never did make 


uſe of a glaſs receiver; but the diſinge- 
nuity of the whole aſſertion muſt be too 
obvious to require a comment, to thoſe 
who have peruſed, in the preceding part 


ce 
6 
0 


GH 


on its ſurface ; whence the diſtillation is conſiderably 


accelerated beyond what had been known in any ſor- 


mer proceſs. | 
« 4. In the common boiler of the ſhip being uſed, 
inſtead of the complicated apparatus of the til}, ſtill- 
head, and worm- tub. | 


« 5, In condenſing the vapours by the ſimple means 


of a mop wetted in water, and paſſed along the up- 
per ſurface of the tube, ſo that it is kept cool, and 


acquires no taint from the metal. 


« 6. In diſtilling as much water as is ever neceſſary, 
with a very inconſiderable addition of fuel to what 
is uſually employed for the common purpoſes on ſhip- 


board. | GT 
& 7, In the peculiar conſtruction of his hearths, 


which ſerve at once to bake bread for the whole ſhip's 


company, to diſtil water, and to do the ordinary of- 


fices of culinary fire-places, with one fire, and with 


no greater addition of fuel. than what may be ſtowed 
in leſs than a twentieth part of the ſpace now occu- 
pied by a ſhip's complement of freſh water; whence 


not only a great expence is faved in caſk, but room is 


made for either proviſion or merchandize. 


8. In the facility of conſtructing the tube, which 


may be made at ſea out of any iron plates, or the 
fannel of a ſtove, without any expence whatever.” 


I 2 of 


- = T . . * hs — * * . — 1 
22 jw n I 1 x 2 #7 © Iv 1 N . : 2 _ 
OY 2 * po a 2 2 55 8 de 0750 oy” * 1 1 * wy a Ia a: N e's 4 — 

8 5 : pn. * 2 5 p * 

"4 Rm TOW 2 7 ++ 2 * — / SD Tons -- 
. ee | FR. e 
— — — — - — * "ey „ £1 —— CIPRO 8 r en Ms 

Ln v4, EX "y 2 b * OS f * by * r — hy 48 N Be "RW 3 — 
r — 2 1 NN E ; x. e 


rn . — 
S r 
r 7 2 3 n 
1 N r 


. ee, 


by” 
pf 
15 
K 

15 


I 
* 


= 


* 

44 
* ö J 
45 * 
© 7. 
3 
55 4 
1 
RY: 


K . 1 — — 
— SY REFS 53 — 


E 
—— 


— — —E—ä—ẽ hn 


POET TEES EEK ů ů IR — GS 


- —— 


- — — — * 
— —— ———— ͤ — — — — - ” 
5 — — Wn — 
- 2 — OD ET 2 3 F OTIS OE ns = 
<2; — 2 — ʒ Ä age — * —— 9 — 
— In be 


116 Claim to the Di FLING 


of this ſection, the ſtate of the diſcovery 
when Mr. Irving firſt began his experiments. 

My obſervations were not confined to 
ſpeculation alone ; I had not only tried 
every method there propoſed, on large 


| ſtills and coppers afhore, but many of 


them had been reduced to practice at ſea. 
The Dolphin ſhip of war, in the year 1768, 


on her voyage round the world, diſtilled 


the ſea-water according to the method I 
propoſed ; and though the people were 


but little converſant in diſtillation, and 
had no pecuniary intereſt in the ſucceſs of 


the experiment, yet they obtained a much 
larger quantity of water, in proportion to 
the ſize of the ſhip, than Mr. Irving has 
yet been able to procure by means of his 


tube, with the utmoſt force of fire, with 
addreſs in its management, and with the 


ſtrongeſt motives for urging its ſucceſs. 
The defects of the ſeveral methodswhich 
had been before propofed of freſhening 
ſea-water are there enumerated, they are the 
expence and inefficacy of the ingredients 
not ſeparating the bituminous oily mat- 
ter—not knowing when to ſtop the diſ- 
tillation—the bottom of the. veſſel being 
ſoon deſtroyed—the ſpace occupied by the 
ſtill, ſtill-head, and worm tub—the quan- 
tity of fuel conſumed - the expence of the 
. of theſe can 
b ow- 


of freſhening Sea Water. 117 


however be aſcribed to the method I pro- 
poſed, which differs from Mr. Irvimng's 
merely in the addition of a Still- Head 
and Worm-Tub to the common Coppers 
of the ſhip: I propoſed the addition 
of no ingredients; I have already ſhewn_ 
that no bituminous oily matter exiſts in 
ſea- water; I deſired the diitillation to be 
ſtopt when three fourths of the water had 
been drawn off; the bottom of the veſſel 
is thus no more injured than in common 
boiling ; the ſpace occupied by the ſtill- 
head and worm-tub is ſcarce larger than 
what Mr. Irving's tube would occupy 
when uſed; the quantity of fuel is not 
greater than in Mr. [rvimg's method; and 
the expence of the apparatus is trifling. 

The merits which are aſcribed as pe- 
culiar to Mr. Irving's new method, are 
alſo common to both : we ſhall examine 
each ſingly. 

« I. In ſuperſeding the uſe of all ingre- 
« dients, by means of a ſhort ſtraight tube, 
«© which having free communication with 
the air, the ſulphureous bituminous Oil 
„ being more volatile than the vapours of 
% water, paſſes off into the air, and leaves 
« the water perfectly untainted with its 
« noxious quality.“ 

In ſuperſeding the uſe of all ingre- 


dients, and ſhewing that the ſteam of 
£3 e ſea- 


118 Claim to the Diſcovery 


ſea water, however collected, is perfectly 5 
freſh and wholeſome, I placed the prin- 
cipal merit of my diſcovery ; this, how- 
ever, he allows me. The fulphureous bi- 
tuminous Oil, which it is ſuppoſed would 
eſcape from the uſe of a ſtraight tube, we 
have endeavoured to prove is no where 
contained in pure ſea-water. The burnt 
taſte which this water has, on being newly 
diſtilled, firſt gave riſe to the opinion of 
its exiſtence, but that taſte is common ta 
all newly diſtilled liquors; even pure rain 
water, on being diſtilled, acquires a diſ-— 
agreeable flavour ; it is alſo not permanent, 
but goes off quickly on expoſing the water 
to the air. The water which Mr. Irving 
diſtilled with his tube, when I was pre- 
ſent, had full as much of this burnt taſte 
as any procured by a ſtill-head. 

« II. In aſcertaining preciſely the pro- 
ce per limits of the diſtillation, ſo that 
« the diſtilled water may not be conta- 
“ minated by the acid of the ſalt, or the 
ce ſalt itſelf; and the veſſel my be entirely 
** preſerved, * 

I have, in the Appendix to my Eſſay on 
the Diſeaſes of Hot Climates, deſired the 
diſtillation to be carried no farther than 
to two thirds, or three fourths, of the 
water put into the ſtill; the diſtillation 
may be continued conſiderably lower ol 

ore 


of” freſhening Sea Water. 119 
fore any acid or ſalt will riſe, ſo as to af- 
fect the diſtilled water; but, as the ſea 
water, from being diminiſhed in quantity, 
becomes in proportion more ſtrongly im- 
pregnated with ſaline matter, it will both 
require a greater quantity of fuel to force 
it into vapour, and be more apt to cor- 
rode the veſſel. | 

on making the tube ſufficiently 
« large to receive the columns of vapour, 
« as faſt as they ariſe from the boiling 
« fluid, ſo that there may be no com- 
«« preſſion on its ſurface ; whence the diſ- 
«« tillation is conſiderably accelerated be- 
** yond what had been known in any for- 
* mer proceſs.” | 
The theory, which 116 the uſe 
of this tube, is applicable both to the 
freſhening of ſei-water, and to diſtillation 
in general; it is founded on an eſtabliſhed 
law in Chem ry, that the leſs the ſurface 
of a fluid is compreſſed, the more readily 
it will riſe into vapours; and the more 
the ſteam is confined, the greater com- 
preſſion it will make on the ſurface of the 
boiling fluid: to avoid this compreſſion, 
Mr. Irving makes uſe of a large tin tube, 
fix or eight inches in diameter, and ſeven 
feet in length, inſtead of the Still. Head 
and /ong flender Tube, in common ule. 
In diſtillation, however, two points are to 
be attended to, viz. to procure a ſufficient 
14 quan- 


- 
wy 2 DI DOE ME N 3 — — — = 4 De 
1 1 3 P r e 


e 


Rr „ 0 * Cs FT 2 RT 8 ? - ns _ — 

K e r c et WG a A . Nn 

. N 3 I — r es os” R * > $4 

i, Ah. — * FS oy 42 O85! SLIT * ag 8 ET 2 <a; by oh , _—_ 2 2 . 1 
Fr N Vu 


2 
34 


* 


* e 
n 
— -4 Fd” > 


"2 D 


n — 
BETS 8 3 
2 — Cy 

IR 


£ ; * Ts 5: 


4 
. 
* - 
I 
1 
1 
1 
£35 
a 
ui; 
: 
& 
* * 
i: 
” 
38 
3 
Kb 
8 
8 
x 
* 
* 
* 3 
7 
1 
2 
*” 

1 

** 

* KH) 
Xx 
a 

#1 5 
3 
% 4 
9 
32 
* 
. 
= * 
8 
. . 
12 
1 125 
. 
1 
1 » 

F 

1 
. 

: 
8 
. 
N 


2 n 2 7 
N * * 

F 

r 


n . 
* 8 8 
2 og 
—= es. 
* 


re — 


* b . 


— 4 1 = 
. —— BAW eye ore TÄ YÜ— ,. — Opener. 
— — r 2 » 


— 


— 
— 
— 


— 
2 


— — —-—ẽr¼;́ ́ —y— —ü- 
* — * — PR. — 9; 


—— — - - a —— — . 
P =" 
=? — —— 


— 6 K DD ——5— 


— >< ——_—_— —— 


> ne 
we _— 


— 


—̃ — — 2 — 
— — - 
8 IT Ste 


— — — 


—Z—ͤ ͤ — — . IRS. 


TTTETFF nies thre ny nt — — ; ——— = — — 
r Arn P 8 . AT rn = — — 
= - —— - — 1 — - — — — — — HAD Ss ah * — ——— — _ — — — 
2 — r N oy 2 ! 
* * 2 2 G - —y —— — 2 — 
— 2 — — » —— —— "om <2 5 2 ——ᷣ— — - * * * — . — — 1 - * _ * 3 
ee = oy 
= Ma * = my Sho 2 * 1 * * — * 


— 
— 


— —⏑—˙Ü oe rened —— — — 
—— — 1 — s 
7 — 


"XA, 


r 


OP on OR, of 
7. 7 
, 
-— —_ 
— - 
2 — 95 ons . 


120 Claim to the Diſcovery 
quantity of vapours, and to condenſe theſe 
vapours : Mr. Irving ſeems chiefly to have 


attended to the firſt ; when the large tube 


is uſed, the quantity of vapours arifing 
may, perhaps, be greater than with a 


Still- Head and Worm; but, it ſeems, they 


muſt be leſs perfectly condenſed, as the 
grand end of diſtillation, the procuring a 
greater quantity of freſh water, has not 


been proved to be in the leaſt promoted by 


this new methad, 5 
The Dolphin“, a ſhip of twenty guns, in her 


* An account of the water diſtilled on board the Dol. 
in ſnip of war, on her voyage round the world, received 
from the late Mr. Hutchinſon, ſurgeon of that ſhip ; the ori- 
en of which experiment is depoſited in the admiralty, 
« Feb. 19. 1768, The veſſel was charged with 56 
gallons of ſea-water, the fire was lighted under it at 
6 11 o'clock in the morning; the water began to drop 
< at 26 minutes after 8, and at 2 minutes after ꝙ o'clock 
F it ran in a ſmall ſtream. | 
<& It was received in tubs, each of which contained 
te three gallons and an half. | 


1 tub ran off in —— 31 minutes. 


2 — Mz 
SOS. - OG 
EIS 
8 — — OE: 
„1 
| — — 22 
JC 
18 S 
II — — 8 
12 — — JO 
3 
12 tubs, or 42 gallons, 313 or 5 hours and 13 min, 


voyage 


of freſhening Sea Water. 121 
voyage round the world, in the year 1768, 
(two years before Mr. Irving began his 
experiments at Portſmouth,) drew off in 
the common method of diſtillation, from 
only fifty-ſix gallons of ſea water more 
than eight gallons an hour, fer above five 
hours, and in part of the time at the rate 
of ten gallons an hour; ſo that, in the 


&© Remained in the {till after the above forty-two gal- 
“ lons were drawn off, thirteen gallons and an half of 


ſalt- water. | 
«© Fuel expended in the above diſtillation. 
Wood g pounds, 
Coals 69 pounds.“ 


Captain Wallis, in the account of this experiment in 
his voyage round the world, publiſhed by Dr. Hawkeſ- 
worth, obſerves, — We alſo procured freſh water by 
&« diſtillation, principally to {new the captains of the 
C [ndiamen, and their officers, that upon an emergency, 
c wholeſome water might be procured at ſea.— That 
cc which came off by diſtillation had no ill taſte, nor, 
dc as we had often experienced any hurtful quality. I 
„„ thought the ſhewing this experiment of the more 
& conſequence, as the being able to allow plenty of 
« water, not only for drink, but for boiling any kind 
& of proviſion, and for making tea and coffee, eſpeci- 
<« cially during long voyages and in hot climates, con- 
10 duces greatly to health, and is the means of ſaving 
% many lives. I never once put my people to an al- 
“ Jowance of water during the whole voyage, always 
«« uſing the ſtill when we were reduced to five and 

46 forty tons.” 3 | 
In the firit edition of theſe voyages, by an error of 
the preſs, 36 gallons only are faid to be drawn off 
from the 56 of ſea- water, inſtead of 42. | 
= courſe 


Fr rr 


2 
4 
2 
* 
1 
2 
2 
7 
. 
1 ic 
K 
, 
1 4 
* 
. F 
1. 
S : 
'#£. - 
J * a 
aint 
„5 = 
+ 
* 
* 3 
"54. OS 
[3 
= 
£5 - i 
Be 
+”. 
5 f 
$... 6 
„ 
x »g 
pd * 
7. f 
* 
tir « 
os 5 
IE 4 
= a 
» 3 
rx 9 
þ : 
Cs. 4 
# 
by 
'F 
=_ f 
3.09 
_ £4 
A 
. G 
1 
F 
68 > 
18” * 
N 
1 E 
© Fa - 
5 
44 5 
1 
oe | 
4 5 
s P 4 £ 
" = 
2 b 

4 * 

. 
£ 5 
1 
7 * 

oF 

”= : 
19 5 
„ 
Pt 
2 
7 $4 % 
+; 7 
1 
WE * 

x * * 
** 

2 5 * 
, N is 

q * 

g { N 

”% : 
is 

= 

5 
- ol 

= I 
. 1 

by 4 15. . 

* ; 
a \ 
. 

3 

Ts 
15 

* oh; 

K 
x * 

+ 
* 

> fs 
» 

V7 a 
2 

7 25 

1 * 

* 4 
$372 

8 

LW 

I 14 

IY 5 

11 
4 

＋ * 

1 5 

3 

. 

#1 


| . a — — 7 Dey" + - 2 

ä — 22 2 — — —ů p — ͤ ä—ä6—— 20 4 — 41 1 
—U—U— — 2 (9 28 "> * — ng - 75 PI — 2 

3 = ” - * 


122 Claim to the Diſcovery 


courſe af twenty-four hours, that one 
veſſel would have yielded 240 gallons, or 
a gallon and an half of water for every 
perſon' on board, the Complement of the 
ſhip being 160 men. Mr. Irving choſe, 
as the fubje& of his experiments, one of 


the largeſt ſhips in the royal navy at that 
time in commiſſion, the Arrogant (and 


afterwards the Centaur) each of whoſe 
coppers holds upwards of 200 gallons, 
and whoſe complement is 600 men: from 
this, in the experiment at which I was 
preſent, he drew off at the rate of twelve 
gallons an hour, ſo that none of her cop- 
pers would yield half a gallon of water, 
in twenty-four hours, to each man on 


board; though only a third in proportion 


of what was procured in the Dolphin. 
Indeed the certificates ſhew, that in a ſub- 
ſequent experiment, a gallon of water was 


_ repeatedly diſtilled from it in three mi- 


nutes and an half, which is 4.0 gallons 
in twenty-four hours, being about three 
quarts to each man, or nearly in the pro- 
portion of one half of what the Dolphin 
received. 

The common cho of diſtillation by 
the Worm-Tub will alſo even ſometimes 
yield a much larger quantity than what 
the Dolphin procured. In Mr. Appleby's 

| expe- 


of freſhening Sea-Water. 123 


experiments *, to prove that ſea- water 
might be rendered quite freſh on being 


diſtilled with the Addition of Ingredients, 


ſis gallons were obtained in an hour from 
a ſtill of only rwenty gallons, which may 
be ſuppoſed equal to the copper of our 
ſmalleſt man of war floops carrying /ixty 
men; whereas Mr. Irving, from the cop- 
per of a ſeventy-four gun ſhip, carrying 
600 men, could, when I was preſent, from 
cighty gallons of water draw off only 
twelve gallons an hour: from what quan- 
tity the ſeventeen gallons and an half were 
afterwards drawn off, is not mentioned, 
though the veſſel would hold upwards of 
three hogſheads. Theſe two experiments 
may ſerve to ſhew how much ſubſtituting 


a large open Tube, as Mr. Irving propoſes, 


_ inſtead of a Render Worm Tube, fails of 
being a real improvement in diſtillation, 
the quantity of water it yields bearing a 
great diſproportion to what is obtained by 
the methods at preſent in common ule, 
How far it might be proper in general 
to give the ſteam a more free vent, by 
_ enlarging the worm, or pipe, in which it 
is condenſed in common diſtillation, prac- 


* Publiſhed in the Gazette of Jan. 22, 1754, and ; 


atteſted by the College of Phyſicians, and commiſhoners 
for victualling his majelty's N 


tical 


Ir A 

2 * * % * Ka 2. S>. * * » 

24 8 $ N 2. 8 — 
* TN EI $4 6, 


bay 


+ 


E713 0 
i 
a 
* 
oh 
24 


A 
— 


Nr 


r 


a IVE.” — . : — 1 
2 Ny R . 3 Ren 3 ” 
; * r = . by + ny 2 Cn ny 
S 8 „E ²˙ , r 
IF 2 1 * 8 — — 


. 
Won 


re 9 
833 FLY 2 


e 
rern 


n —— — - In = — — — 
| 7 - — < — — . 86 — I « * 
. + 9 ä * — * 5 4 , J 2 9 1 * wo — — 
— 2 3 — ë—Wꝛzuvu—UAmP— . ——— — > . 8 2 — — — +> nya — — r - i — 
9 2 N 2 — > r — — 2 — D of 
— — — — — g h - - — — E * — W 
e 8 — — OT 
D 6 Fa ” 2 — Avnet — 
4 — —— — =_ . 0 — wad? — — 
8 2 <E - . Ty” IJ KI 2 — — Is n 
— +, — — n 


— 
— hs 


2 — 


—— ä 2ͤ»„»„»—ͤ —— 30 — 2 
- - 2 = 
— : 


- - = - _ > 1 
— = 7 - : SOLES * : = 
— — 2 — 1 Act 7 D —— py * — 
— — rnC Ig —. OR — 


2 2 —— — — — — 
a KR ST 5 
— —— ——ü—nũ.˖ 


— tres ey” 
== TX 


— . — 


— — hoc. 
SD 


— 
— z ᷑ͥ—ꝛ1Q— ——[—[ QX FOE ee af 


” > — _ — 
n Ip ws 4 
- — — 
— — & ˙ Am!!! 4 — — 


124 Claim to the Diſcovery 

tical chemiſts can beſt determine. Per- 
haps the condenſation might be rendered 
equally perfect, by making the pipe thin- 
ner, ſo as more readily to tranſmit the 
cold, and by frequently renewing the wa- 
ter in the worm-tub, or by cauſing a con- 


ſtant ſtream of cold water to paſs through 


* * may be eaſily done at ſea. 
IV. In the common boiler. of the 

ce ſhip being uſed, inſtead of the com- 

<< plicated apparatus of the ſtill, ſtill- 


„ head, and worm-tub.“ 


From my firſt publication of the diſ- 
covery, I always recommended the com- 
mon Boiler of the ſhip to be uſed, having 
it fitted with a Sz///- Head and Worm-Tub ; 
this method of diſtillation we alſo look 
upon to be as fimple and ſucceſsful, as the 
method propoſed to be ſubſtituted in place 
of it, vi. a large Tube wet with Mops; it 
is much more cleanly, takes up leſs room 
when uſed, and requires far leſs atten- 
dance, an object of conſequence in mer- 
chant ſhips, who cannot always ſpare two 


idle men to be employed in mopping the 


tube. 
« V. In condenſing the vapours by 


« the ſimple means of a mop wetted in 
* water, and paſſed along the upper ſur- 


face of the * ſo "hot it is kept 


6e cool 


of freſhening Sea Water. 125 
% cool, and acquires no taint from the 
* metal.” 

Mr. Irving having fa the length, 
and enlarged the diameter, of the tube in 
which the ſteam is condenſed, in order 
to give the vapours a more free vent, 
found himſelf in a great meaſure deprived 
of the benefit of the common Refrige- 
ratory, merely paſſing the tube through a 
tub of water, became inſufficient to con- 
denſe ſo large a body of ſteam in ſo ſhort 
a ſpace; he therefore had recourſe to the 


cold produced by evaporation, and kept 


the outer ſurface of the tin tube con- 


ſtantly wet with Mops ; it being found 


that fluids, when converted into vapour, 


produce a conſiderable degree of cold, 
which he ſuppoſed might be greater than 
would be obtained by paſſing the tube 
through cold water. This principle how- 
ever failed, a conſiderable part of the 


ſteam eſcaped without being condenſed, 


and it was afterward found by the in- 
genious Captain Bentinck of his majeſty's 
thip the Centaur, that a much larger quan- 
tity of ſteam might be condenſed, ſince 
near two gallons of water more ia an hour 
might be procured, by paſſing a conſtant 
fmall ſtream of cold water along the 
outer ſurface of the tube. This was ef- 
fected oy encloſing the tube within an- 

6 other 


pres, 


, 
1 
Wd 

- 
7 
Ly 
2 
it 
148 
* 475 
oy q 
AUS 
4 
5 
1 
Me 
275 £ 
44 
N 


2 


F 2 . 
' A Wu — mg MIS — — 
n 2 


126 Claim to the Diſcovery 

other of lead *, and throwing in by means 
of the fire-engine a conſtant ſtream of 
cold water at the upper end, while it ran 
off at a ſmall aperture made in the lower 
end, This kept the place much cleaner 
than the Mops, which always made it 
wet and diſagreeable, and, not only on ac- 
count of the water ſpilt in mopping, but 
on account of the ſteam from the ſur- _ 
face of the tube, required many attend- 
ants, and did not condenſe ſuch a quan- 
tity of water as might have been expect- 
ed in the common method of diſtillation, 
from a veſſel of that large ſize. 

In order more readily to communicate 
the heat, Mr. Irving makes uſe of a tin +, 
inſtead of a lead tube; but this is ex- 
tremely liable to ruſt, and, on account of 
its ſhape, is very difficult to clean 3. fo 
that it would be ſcarce practicable to uſe 
theſe tubes long at ſea, without their 
communicating to the water a nauſeous 
iron taſte; as occurred in one of the ex- 

eriments made at Sp ſiead, before com- 
modore Arbutlinot. 


Some have alſo propoſed encloſing the tube in a 
canvas hoſe or pipe, and throwing in the water by an 
hand- pump from the deck above, while the lower end 
carried it off into the ſea. 

I This tube has of late been made of plates of cop- 
per, tinned, inſtead of the common tin uſed at firſt. 


„ VI. In 


— — 2 — I — a - 2 N 
— — tay nn : . ——— . an, An = DE" "YN > Rr —— — = 8 — N 
———— — — — * 3 = — —— ＋ 2 == = = 
— = A EE — — — = — = - Lon 1 — — 2 
— — — — AE ————— > me — A Toon — — = 2 KEY 5 5 "= Wm? — 
— —— — — — - —_— — NN — — 3 — — — 5 n = * Me = 
* ew 06.6 get * 2 * —.— 8 7 2 N - - 
- - * > bn - — — — 2 — 2 2 ” 4 
* —— — — — — » — * * —— . — — — "7 5 - —— —— — Fd won os” \ 
* 2 * , * - 4 - A — = * * — — — 4 CORES 4 * — 10 8 — — _ 
- - — * = g "OE . — —_— . . * — * . = - - — ens pe 2 1 * 1 
— — * 2 = — £ 4 by — — — - — £ = rr rg — 0 £ * 2 OED BETS 192 RAC 
— — . p - - — 2 x a — ——_—_— * , — * * 7 * 
n ; 4 Kr: 1282 — o—_ 2 © P 2 ů N 2 — 0 Mos - 7 — 5 2 
by — 0 — * — — 2 * ge - oo — 2 5 5 4 — $6. <p i n LS 
8. — gar + * — — 4 * : — — — aw h * 22 2 — — 2” wes * * > Y > - — — 4 — 
g £ . — . 2 = 2 > 4 
. 


nd Jab - . == 
C ——— 


of freſhening Sea Water. 127 
„ VI. In diſtilling as much water as is 
e ever neceſſary, with a very inconſider- 


« able addition of fuel to what is uſually 
5: 4M employed for the common Purpoſes on 


ſhip board.“ 


This proceeds from there being a ne- 


ceſſity of putting water in one of the c 
pers, while the other is in uſe; Ji 
lation may therefore be carried on in one 
copper, while victuals are cooking in the 
other, without any extraordinary ſupply 
of fuel: it is an advantage common - to 
both methods, as both make uſe of the 
ſhip's boiler. 

„ Ml in the peculiar conſtruction of 

* his hearths, &c.“ 

We ſhall paſs over this, as being moſtly 
foreign to the ſubje& of diſtillation, and 


were to the. laſt article. 


VIII. In the facility of conſtructing 


ee 1 tube, which may be made at 70 
out of any iron plates, or the funnel 
*© of a ſtove, without any expence what- 
wy ever. 

The conſtruction of the tube out of any 
iron plates is perfectly eaſy to a workman, 
provided with Solder, but at fea it will 
be difficult either to meet with Solder, or 
a perſon capable of ufing it. In ſmall 
merchant ſhips, where a. want of water 
moſt frequently occurs, it will be found 


more 


7 
j 
5 
4 4 
1 
{21 
* 
> 
c . 
- | 
K. 
*Y 
'S 
; 
4 
B 
N * 
4 
* 
4 1 
5 
- 
= 
121 
0 * 
7 
3 5 
* 
- * 
yy 45 
7 8 
1A: 1 
* Bl 
+ 8 
ww 
1.9 x 
” = 
: z 
- In 
* 
5 5 
Fol ; 
* 
2 
7 1 
71 
8 
* B 


[ 


} 
©: 
+ 
1 
1 
1 
= i 
\ n 
ö k 
i 
h 
$} . 
i 
— . . 
1 197 
1 
4 4 
> 
* 
I js 4 
iz, il c 
'" . 
1 
I. | 
; : { 
6 
7 { 
bo; } 
. - 
\ BY 
jt 
iÞ 
1 6 
} | 
; 
7 
+: o 
i $ 
1 { 
11 
Ft ; 
. © 
14 
1 
us : : 
N 
7 
I 
jb þ 


PPP 


128 c to the Diſcovery 


more eaſy to receive the ſteam in an in- 


verted Tea Kettle applied to a hole cut in 
the cover of the pot; or by the hand 
pump cut through, and joined in an op- 
poſite direction, as I had before directed; 
and afterwards condenſing the ſteam by 


means of the barrel of a muſquet, paſſ- 
ing through a caſk of water. The tea 


kettle, or hand pump, and the gun bar- 


rel, being things which no ſhip can be 
without. 


I have thus, in the few preceding Pages, : 
attempted to vindicate to myſelf the ho- 
nour of a diſcovery, the moſt important 
that has of late been made in navigation; 
and to ſhew, that the alteration lately made 


on the method of diſtilling the water, is 


by no means ſuch a real improvement, as 


the large reward the parliament laſt year 


conferred on the propoſer of it, gave rea- 
ſon to expect; the principles on which it 
was founded are plauſible, but fallacious, 
and in the reſult ſeem to yield a leſs quan- 


tity of water than might be obtained by 


the methods of diſtillation which I for- 
merly propoſed; ſo that the generoſity of 
the parliament ſhews rather the importance 
of the diſcovery in general, than the me- 
rit of the alteration in particular. 

Jem afraid I may have been thought 


tedious in 1 my examination of Mr. Irving's 
te- 


of freſhening Sea Water. 129 
temarks, but the delicacy of an author's 
fame, the only reward of his paſt toil, 
made me wiſh to appear explicit, and 
frequently (to obviate miſrepreſentations 
rather illiberal) I found myſelf obliged 
to deſcend to particulars, which brevity 
would otherwiſe have led me to omit. 
The advantages of a method of freſn- 
ening ſea-watet are not to be confined to 
© thoſe only who live on that element ; the 
trader and the ſhip of war thay indeed be 
peculiarly beriefited by it; but very ex- 
tenſive advantages alſo reſult from it to 
many of our colonies; ſeveral of the 
Meſt India iflands, as Antigua, have no 
water but what is preſerved in Tanks, 
from the rains, and that, in a hot ſeaſon, 
is not only wholly dried up, but at all 
times quickly corrupts, and ſwarms with 
vermin ; through the whole extent of 
Guinea the water is extremely unwhole- 
ſome: to ſuch ſituations the diſtillation of 
ſea- water muſt afford the greateſt relief. 
At ſea, eſpecially in merchant ſhips, 
where a want of water moſt frequently 
occurs, we would recommend a ſmall 
Still- Head to be fitted to the copper or 
kettle, with a Worm to condenſe the 
ſteam, both made of the uſual metal, as 
being leaſt liable to ruſt, The Vorm 


Tub may be ſmall, as the ſea-water in it 
can 


vw — — 


—— 


i 
4 


— 
— 


K LW Es => 
2 E r 
5 — 2 — 
aa ; 6 
— 0 
2 2 * 
o — . _ 
2 


* FRO = = = TIE? Ew” _—_ — 
FF —˙f . amor gs 3 
— 2 25 . . EI nn . Whey. —roghes : — — — — 
3 = 2 — - _ — : — rr — — = _— — I = — — ONE 
— ee - —= = 2 = E rr 
— BTK —— ens = 2 2 I I _ _ — ll = == = = - _ 4 In & - 2s 
————— — - ad no Ree an - . — 2 00 _ — CENTISINS * > — — - 2 
> - _ —— D - — 2 2 1 5 - — — ICT . - — 
| , 2 * — 2 ws 4 bs * 
— — — —— — : = | - ==. = | l 
" . — * — 3 2 = —— — — b —ͤ— — . E . l N — In - 8 
. L Th 1 . — £ - - a Sv . 2 2 9 — — . 2 * 
N £ 8 ' ; * : 4 * ; . : 
8 - 1 - = — & , 2 - > io . no TIS" 
_—_ - P BC. a — * 5 : EN - 


— no enm> cod” nu 3 es 
2 8 
_- 
2 — >a — 
4 — « n 
1 + 
Pe” FR © 


—— — 
—— 


22m —_ wo, Tx 
— nome na 5 


130 Claim to the Diſcovery, &c. 


can eaſily be renewed, and the Still- Head 
ſhould be ſo ſlender as eaſily to admit of 


being put in the middle of the Morm— 


Tub, or it may be formed of a large tube, 
in two joints, for its more convenient 


ſtowage ; and thus the whole apparatus 


may be contained in a ſmall caſk, But at 


land, in places deſtitute of wholeſome - 
water, where there is plenty of fuel, Dr. 
Hales's invention of blowing a ſhower of 
air through the water while it is diſtilling, 


| ſhould alſo certainly be put in practice, 
as it adds, according to the doctor's ac- 


count, near one half to the produce. 
The beſt means of diſtilling it on ſhore 
will be by a large Still with a conſtant 
ſtream of cold water paſting through the 
Worm-Tub for the more perfect conden- 
ſation of the ſteam; and the diameter or 
bore of the Worm, a little larger than 
what is e uſed, for its more free 
exit. 


i 


CHAP. . 
Means of ſtopping the progreſs of 


contagions diſeaſes when intro- 
| duced into a ſhip. 
| 8 B T 
Apartment for the Sick. 
Ventilation, and a free circulation of air, be- 
neficial. A place to be allotted for the fick 
under the fore-caſtle, or in the gun-room, 
in infectious diſeaſes. Regulations neceſ= 
 Jary for keeping the fick apartments clean. 
Patients on recovery to be ſeparated from 


the Sick. Infected bedding to be de a: 
Arrangement of the Sick 


A Point of great importance, upon 


which the recovery of the fick, and 
the preſervation of the whole, witl in a 


great meaſure depend, is having a well- 
aired hoſpital or fick Berth, as it is com- 


monly called in ſhips, appropriated for 
the perfect ſeparation of the diſeaſed from 


the healthy ; between whom no common 
intercourſe ought to be permitted, Ven- 
tilation, by whatever means procured, or 
the free acceſs of freſh air into a ſhip, 

K 2 muſt 


— 3 2 
roo e 


ee ee ee et 


G —_— A 
E l 
— r 

r 


* 


by 
a * v 


132 Apartments for the Sick. 

muſt at all times greatly contribute to ge- 
neral health ; but on this occaſion becomes 
indiſpenſably neceſſary, by affording a con- 
ſtant ſupply of freſh air to the ſick, and a 
quick diſſipation of their morbid ſteams. 
It is true, when once a contagious or peſti- 
lential fever has invaded the crew, the 
freſheſt air will not remove it; but then 
proper ventilation may abate. its malignity,. 
leſſen the mortality, which would other- 
wiſe be occaſioned, and by carrying off 
and diſſipating the contagious Efluvia of 
the fick, become a great means of pre- 
venting its further progreſs. Another very 
material advantage, derived from a con- 
| ſtant renewal of the air, is, that in many 
inſtances, this will prevent common fe- 
vers, attended with no great degree of 
contagion, from becoming highly infec- 
tious. A danger which 1s always to be 
apprehended, when there is a great and 
general ſickneſs on board, as an infection 
may be quickly generated by the Ey. 
uvia of a number of fick people cloſely 

confined, and who are not kept properly 
clean in their linen, beds, and utenſils, 
eſpecially if they labour under fevers, fluxes, 
or other malignant diſeaſes. 

Let us reflect, that one man in health 
pollutes a gallon of air in a minute, and 
by * renders it unfit for the pur- 
| ons 


Apartments for the Sich. 133 
poſes of life. This is found to be the 
caſe, by thoſe who dive under water, as 
well as by various other experiments, and 
evinces the abſolute neceſſity of its con- 
ſtant renovation; but more eſpecially to 
patients confined in bed, as there is not 
any thing more refreſhing, than cool air 
to the parched lungs, or more eſſential to 
their recovery, in every ſpecies of diſ- 
enſe . 

The place commonly allotted for the 
fick, is either the fore part of the Gun- 
Deck, called the Bay, which is the moſt 
damp and unwholſome part of a ſhip; 
or, what is nearly as bad, and very incom- 
modious, the fore part of the Hold. Both 

theſe confined places have too often proved 
a ſeminary of infection to the whole com- 
pany. If the nature of the ſervice would 
permit, whenever the dyſentery, or other 
infectious diſeaſe, eſpecially a malignant 
and petechial, or what is called the Jail 
fever, are apprehended, the moſt proper 
place for the ſick in warm weather, or in 
a hot climate, is under the Forecaſtle. 
They might there be ſufficiently defended 


Animals, even the moſt tenacious of life, and thoſe 
| whoſe exiſtence is found to depend the leaſt on air, 
ſooner expire in air made foul, than in vacuo. Plants 
ſooner ſuffer and droop beneath the influence of noxious 
Us, than i in a want of this vivifying fluid, 


M4: from 


— — 


5 
\ , 5 
* [5 
7 
i M 
1 
* * 
2 U 
1 
. TD 
* 
. mw 
U 
RI L 1 
— 1 44 
n 
n 
{78}! } 
** 1 
: 4 
> 
| it 
im: 
= 
* l a 
| +; 
þ- 1 
1 ©} 
l 455 
ul 1 
_— 
1208 + 
j | 
4 s * 
F230 
3. i 
x „ 
Fi ' : 
1, 1. | 
. 
4 =o 
U 1 9 
Ss 
1 C'. 1: 
11 1 
11 
i 0 
A 1 
n 1 ity 
x * 
[1 + Tit 
w; 11 
47 i 
i FF 
" 130: 
+ ſt 
Ho I 
_; 
 _ 
4 | 
l i 
1 
inn 
e. 
— 
#7, | 
: 4 Þ| 
. 
4 
f. 
e 
1989 i 
1 
: 
y R i 
- [1 
| i bh 
in 
nf 
[ 
7 i 
ff i 1 
TR F = 
i 1 : 
1 ..K 
f Ll 
i. b my 
i * if 
{ 7 } y 
* 
9 ay * 
1 1 
{ N 
b 1 5 
* of fl 
it © 
_ 7 - 
| It hy 
| 
ii M. 
i © . 
IN 
R If : 
ls : | 
15 9 
- 1 ul. is 
14 
. 9 
in 
KN! , 4 
l £ 
7 4 4 
_— \ 
10 4 4 
„ {a 7 
— 3 
Y' ' oi; 
3 ſ 
t ©, f 
1 
. h 
by , 
b 0 
_ 
tf "4 
1 197 
* 
| | 
11 
> t. 14 
3 
! 
U * oy 
i i $ 
* 
it, | 
, 1 
f 


jp 

f it 
1 
"nl 


——— 


+ _ — = ne 


—_— + 
— IN no 


— TID, en — 
— —& _ 


— 


— . I ITY 
2 8 2 
STS 4ATSS Tanda _— 
9 2 — . = 


134 Apartments for the Sick. 

from the rain or damps, by having canvas 
hung round them, or a partition made 
with boards; and by this means all the 
parts of the ſhip below would be kept 
ſweet, clean and wholeſome. If that fitua- 
tion ſhould be apprehended too noiſy, or 
deemed improper, from being the kitchen 
of the ſhip, or ſhould be otherwiſe 
thought incommodious; it is to be recol- 
lected, that this advice is propoſed only to 
take place on prefling occaſions, in a hot 
and calm ſeaſon, when no other device 

can be practiſed, or opportunity had, 
for ſeparating the ſound from the te HWY | 

with equal advantage. That it is both 
practicable in ſome (hips, and has been of 
uſc, the following is brought as a proof. 

In the year 1751, a ſhip of twenty guns 
in the Mediterranean was: infected with a 
fever, which, in the courſe of four months, 
attacked ſeventy of her men; who were 
all, as is uſual, ſubject to frequent re- 
lapſes, whilſt they lay below: but upon 
removing the ſick under the Forecaſtle, the 
diſeaſe ſoon dilappeared, and in that place 
they did not loſe a man. 

But ſuppoſing this pl:ce 1+ at any time 
found to be inconvenient, from the num- 
ber of the fick, or their incommeding the 
working of the flip, &c. the patients 
ought then to be removed into the Gun _ 
Ram, 


Apartments for the, Sick. 123 


Room, for the benefit of that ſalutary 
draught of air, which may be conſtantly 
procured them, by keeping open the Gun- 
room- ports. The objection of the greateſt 
weight that can well be made againſt this 
ſtep, is, the inconvenience which may 
ariſe from it to the officers who eat and 
lleep in that part. But how trifling muſt 
this objection appear, when offered againſt 


the moſt proper means of preſerving their 


own, and many other lives ? It ought to 


be conſidered, that the neceſſity of taking 


this method, will but rarely occur. Many 
ſhips continue for years as healthy in the 


Weſt Indies, as they would in Por#t/mouth . 


harbour, eſpecially after being ſeaſoned a 
little to that climate. 

There is ſeldom occaſion to remove the 
fick in a ſhip, from their proper beds, 
into one place; and it is done only, when 
their number is encreaſed, ſo as to make 
it inconvenient for. other men to _— 
them when ſeparate. After this ſtep is 


firſt taken, and a proper Berth between 


decks, or in the hold, has been provided, 
where the ventilators and other means 
have been uſed, and yet, becauſe' of the 
daily encreaſe of the ſick, the progreſs of 
the mortality, and the plainly contagious 
nature of the diſeaſe, more air, and a 
ſpeedy removal from an infected Berth, 
V are 


— — — CEE 7 — SIS — — 
a * CR _ — — ä— Cr ge 

IL et — be 232 ies R 8 0 _ DIR nent = — ͤ = : 4 

* T a OA IO 0 ES "in LIP EE IN. AE GERI Sr WY _ 8 * ; . #4 f x 

- - _ a DA DOES WRT = - F.4 C * 7 — I Bee. 1x, . a TE 6 * het —_— » — _ 

8 2 N 2 5 n e be ops 6 5 TEA 75 © 9 8 _ . 1 

an —— 2 * I 22 ——— 1 des HAS > ab 4 —_ ' 

— 1101 rr 


| 


2 


82 . 2 — — 2 Y 
— — —— — — — — 
PR — of —4 —ͤ— k —— = 2 A 
— — 
* . 2 — 4 2 Tk 7%. p 


* 


= 1 - 


— RE ME I. r 8 3s Sh — 
> , On 6 I 
mo SEES z . 7 * 8 * 8 
—— ——ů TAS —'——ñ —— . ——Ä˖—r5—j—— —e— —ä—ä— es pl pooch ͤ—— — : hd 
- 
% 0 
— 


136 Apartments for the Sich, 
are found to be abſolutely requiſite ; I bes 


lieve, there are few officers in the Engl 72 
ſervice, who would not willingly quit their 


| habitation in the gun-rovm, for the be— 


nefit and preſervation of the men. And 
this is only to be done, until they arrive in 
port, and the ſick are landed. 

Loet it be remembered, that if an in- 
fection is in a ſhip, officers have no ſe- 
curity againſt it, by ſleeping in the Gun- 
Room; on the contrary, if they are per- 


mitted to have hammocks in the Steerage, 


they are there much ſafer. The abſolute 
ſecurity of all on board does indeed en- 
tirely depend on a ſtop being put, with- 
out delay, to the progreſs of the con- 
tagion. 
It is hancher to be recollected, that ſuch 
well-aired places as the gun-room, hy the 
methods hereafter mentioned, are much 
eaſier cleanſed from all infection, when 
the ſick are once removed, than the other 
more confined and conſtantly damp parts of 
the ſhip. 
I it be ſtill objeczedd, that the Effluviq 
from the ſick would, by means of the air 
entering at the gun- room Ports, be car- 
ried to other parts of the ſhip; I anſwer, 
there is no danger of this, if the place 
ang patients are kept ſufficiently clean and 
est But efFrQually to preyent the leaſt 
ſuſpi- 


Apartments as the Sick. 137 


ſuſpicion of this inconvenience, a perfect 


ſeparation may be made of the gun- room 


from the other parts of the ſhip, by a 
partition made with boards or painted can- 
vaſs, nailed up, If, after all that has been 
ſaid, the gun-room is not permitted for 


the uſe of the ſick; an hoſpital in the 


Bay is to be acquieſced in, which ought 


to have air-holes or Scuttles cut on each 
ſide, as alſo a pipe of the ventilator, to be 

layed when the weather will not permit 
the Air-Scuttles to be kept open. 


Too much cannot well be ſaid to con- 


quer the prejudices of the ignorant, who 
are unacquainted with the pernicious ef- 
fects of confining patients, labouring un- 
der a contagious diſeaſe, in a foul ſtag- 
nating air. In ſuch a caſe, the malignity 
of the fever hourly acquires ſtrength from 
the pent-up- ſteams of the diſeaſed; and 
thoſe morbid Effluvia are imbibed by all 


the ſurrounding materials, even the tim- - 
ber itſelf : from whence a ſtrong ſource. 


of infection is formed in ſuch apartments, 


conſtantly emitting poiſonous ſteams. In 


ſuch a polluted air, and tainted apartment, 
the moſt powerful antidotes, and febrifuge 
remedies, loſe their efficacy. 

'The attendants on the fick, the ſurgeon 
and his mates, cannot well eſcape, and are 
often, in their turn infected. Even thoſe, 

_ whe 


p r r — = - — 5 a 
6 [30 A - — 2 — EIT” 
—Ü——— —— — — — — iI ꝛ 
1 
* 


— i . 
* 6% 7 
— —— — 


1 38 == Apartments for the Sick, | 
who at firſt have had the good fortune to 


recover, have no ſecurity againſt a relapſe * 
their continuance in ſuch a tainted air 


will almoſt certainly produce it. — More 


danger is doubtleſs to be apprehended to 
the ſick, from breathing in an air pol- 


loted with their own and the EMuvia 


of others,, than from any degree of 
cold, which can well be admitted by freſh 
When a great number are crowded in 
the Gun-Koom, they will require the ports 
to be open day and night, only, it may be 
requiſite to have canvas ſhutters, to pres 


vent too much cold in bad weather. It 


is here taken for granted, that the pa- 
tients are duly ſupplied at this time, with 
ſufficient, clean, —_ if Fry; warm 
bedding. 

This apartment afligned to the 9. 
ought to be kept free from all incum- 
brances of cheſts and the like; as alſo 
from crowds of people. It muſt be 
waſhed 'every day with warm vinegar, 


ſprinkling the ſides of the ſhip, and the 
beams above the Hammocks, The utenfils 


of the fick ought alſo to be waſhed or 
ſprinkled with vinegar, eſpecially the ne- 


ceſſary-buckets, when the men are af- | 


flicted with the dyſentery. - In this caſe, 
by buckets, immediately after uſing, muſt. 
be 


Apartments for the Sick, 139 


be waſhed, and afterwards have warm vi- 
negar poured into them, 
For further ſecurity, frequent fumiga- 
tion is alſo requiſite, as a neceſſary means 
for the more certain purification of the * 
tainted air. The fumes of camphorated 
vinegar, of nitre, of pitch, tar, and the 
like, will be found ſerviceable. But what 
I would chiefly adviſe, is to burn two or 
three times a day, indifferent parts of the 


ſhip, a ſmall quantity of wetted gun-pow- | 
{ . 2 23 41 
der, ſecured in a proper veſſel. But more 8 
of this hereafter. | 25 Wy. 
5 | iti j 
What Dr. Huxham has recommended to \1\ 
ſeveral ſhips, and has been found very we 
beneficial, is a decoction of chamomile- 1 
flowers, roſemary, gum, myrrh, roſes, 11 
and camphire, in ſharp vinegar. It muſt 1 
be kept boiling in a proper veſſel over a 1 
ſtove made for the purpoſe, whence it dif- "wy 
* 1 1 
fuſes a very ſtrong and pleaſant fume. Such =! 
fumes or ſmoke ought every day to be re- 1 
newed, and their uſe continued as long as iN 
the ſickneſs ſubſiſts *. eie \ 
* I have lately obſerved again and again with plea- wh 
ſure, the excellent effects of ſtrong ſumigations, when 48 
repeated and perſiſted in for ſome time, to remove very 1 
bad infectious fevers from the priſon· ſhips in Port/meutb WH 
harbour, and the French priſon at Fortan. For it is not | " 
to be expected that once or twice fumigating will de- 1 
ſtroy an infection in a ſhip or priſon, where a number of | wh 

perſons are confined and ſickly. | „ ih 

| | 1 | 

| | With | 

| 1 
4 


— N . = 4 


240 "Apartments for the Sick. 
With regard to the ſick much will de- 
pend upon their being kept as clean as 
poſſible: filthineſs being a chief ſource 
of infection, and cleanlineſs an excellent 
preſervative. The leſs cleanly may have 
their hands and feet waſhed with a little 
warm water and ſoap, or with vinegar. 
When their linen becomes foul and ſtiff 
with ſweating, they ought directly to be 
ſhifted, and after fumigating ſuch foul 
linen with the fteams of brimſtone, they 
ſhould be ſoaked in vinegar, and waſhed. 
Dry freſh bedding 1s a great comfort to 
fick perſons. Every bed, as ſoon as the 
patient is recovered ſo far as to be able to 
et out of it, ſhould be carried upon deck, 
and there be well fumigated, aired, dried 
and beat by his meſs-mate. 

It is needful alſo that there be a reco- 
very-place or Berth, into which the con- 
valeſcents are to be ſoon removed, takin 
care that the cloaths and bedding be ſuffi- 
ciently cleaned and fumigated before their 
admiſſion into it. 

This . enjoined by the com- 
manding officer, ought to take place every 
day at noon, when the weather will per- 
mit, viz. That all empty beds in the hoſ- 
pital be carried upon deck and well-aired, 
and if needful, ſmoaked and dried. Some 
ailors, from a patural ſlovenly diſpoſition, 

8 and 
6 


* 
1 


E 


—— — ——— ͥ ͤ¶ [V— een —— = 
I- a En pe — — —ů ů 
— 


IS - — * 8 . Ty - 
S — -73 — 2 > — tem p bo 4 — 2X, 0 Ee 
—— — — 


— — 
. 1 


* — _ _ —_ 


a N y * 
. ˖ ——— — — 
——u— — ——— ́ĩ;ñ2̃2———— — 


Apartments for the Sick. 141 
and others, from weakneſs, are apt to be 
very remiſs in this point of cleanlineſs, 
which however ought not to be in their 
power to neglect. Such beds as are 
ſpoiled and rotten, muſt be deſtroyed, 


and ſupplied by iſſuing new ones to the 


men; as ought likewiſe the beds of 
all thoſe who have laboured under the 
Fail fever, becauſe the bedding in this 


and ſome other fevers, and, indeed, moſt 


ſubſtances of a looſe, ſpungy texture, ſuch 


as wool, feathers, &c. do ſtrongly retain, 


and are apt to communicate the anne 


| afreſh. 


The ſick are to be placed at a conveni- 


ent diſtance from each other, ſo as not to 
be too much crowded. Thoſe who have 
fluxes, putrid ſores, ſcorbutic ulcers, and 
the like offenſive complaints, are to be 
put in the beſt-aired .place of the apart- 
ment; or rather removed into a ſeparate 
place, under the Forecaſtle or Half-Degk. 
Such as are under a Salivation for Venereal 


diſeaſes, are not to be admitted into the 
ſick apartment. Nor is this place to be 


crowded with men, labouring under any 
flight complaint, or indeed any other dif- 
eaſe, than the reigning epidemic one. 
Dead bodies ought without delay to be 
removed upon deck, and the bedding and 
body-linen of the deceaſed to be thrown 

| into 


” n F ' . 2 E 
Cen ws We AS ITT IE FRA : es Bay em Fae 1 OTE" 


1 
ene 5 a 3g OS. * WT SR. — 8 88 * ED N er 
E . 1 Ix 


— — — 
—u— — . 
carr 


— — 2 R- S 
Dr — * — 2 


——— — £ ESTI 
e 


= © 8 22 = = — Rr wry r — — — ** 
— = = — — 7 
— —— — — — — — KA 1 = _ po = —_— — 
—— 2 1 4 es rn, — — 


* FC — r r — 
v - > p 
* — SER 
. — 
= 


deck. 


142 Preſerwations againſt Infections. 


into the ſea. The beſt and ſweeteſt water 


in the ſhip ſhould always be e for 


the uſe of the ſick. 


V 


Preſervations againſt infections. 


Approved method of purifying the air in ge- 


neral during infection. Neceſſary precau- 
tions for the feenrity of the attendants « on 
the ſick. | 


OR the thorough purification of the 

ſhip, fires made of dried wood ſprink- 
led with any retinous ſubſtance, ſuch as 
pitch, boiled turpentine, and the like, 
and moved ſucceſſively into all the dif- 
ferent parts below, have been found very 
beneficial. When theſe fires are brought 
near the ſick, the Ports muſt all be thrown 
open, as too much heat has always been 


ſuſpected of dangerous influence in in- 


fectious fevers; and therefore every me- 


thod is to be uſed, during this operation, 


of keeping the men agreeably cool in 
their beds, whilſt the reſt are ſent upon 


As wood 1 which I had formerly * 
recommended, have, by late experience 


* Treatiſe on the Scurvy, Ed, 3. p. 186. ; 
x 1 


Preſervatives againſt Infeftions. 147 
in the fleet, been found fo effectual in 
preſerving the health of the men, and in 
puritying a tainted air, it may be proper to 
relate their effects. The common obler- 


vation is, that after a ſhip has been for 


ſome time in bad weather with the hatch- 
ways ſhut, the air below, notwithſtanding 
all the means that can be uſed, is ſound 
to be cloſe and difagreeable ; doubtleſs 
from the damp Eyfluvia conſtantly emitted 
from the various contents : but after the 


purification by wood fires, or of burnt 


pitched ſtaves, the heat of which goes 
quickly off with proper ventilation by the 
Ports, Wind Sails, &c. the air becomes 
quickly much cooler than before, and con- 
tinues in all the lower and unventilated 
parts of the ſhip ſenſibly fine, cool, and 
pleaſant for ſome days afterwards. Thus 


it would ſeem that fire conſumes tainted 
air, and renders it cooler and freſher, af- 


ter the extinction of the heat, by the pu- 
Tification of all damp and polluted ſub- 
ſtances, 

This obſervation has been nene 
proved by repeated experience. 

The means, by which particular per- 


ſons may beſt defend themſelves againſt 


contagion, are next to be conſidered. 
A glaſs of the bark- bitter taken once or 
twice a day, wal be found an excellent 

pre- 


T bio Wye AR ITS mt ES 


RAG 


Page 


= _ hd Pw _ s- 7 =_ - x Ar — „ OLE . 7, = = 
- wi E: 5 SS. b — = I 
a _ = TI 2 o - — nee = LON. : F EE — — * 1 — 
£ = \ n * — A S - S F * = 5 of er = 
4 — — — v1 os ee AJ." = = 1 . _— 95 OE; Os e on 9 2 — * 3 
— — 4 _ _ 2 — — _—_ Me " 5 
_ — F — — * — — — — — 2 — — i a — - * 1 7 = _ = 8 * = 
8 x - > 2 * 9 8 OR — — . — — —— — — FI 4 = Po: get - Rn: 
x wo r — 2 4 TX TI > => * * — — 2 — N ” wy. — ̃ — o — uw wc "+ 
PR P . Wan __ — — —— 2 * — 8 
: — * r > I SIX £5 ee — of 25 Ea * * 8 8 <> WJ" Du . —— = * — = 
= dn EA ES Es Eee Et, > 2 Ez: .... ß rr = Oe ee os NEG a DIETS ä 
- — — — wb Ge = o : 
- £ - a 1 ery I 
—— W © —— oct — a * — . 
— > * Ba 1 r F 7 k Bat « 1 N 
4 & 2 
e 2 : 
* 


— 


—— — —-—-— — —— — — — —— — 


— = => 
r = — 4 
2 = 2 5 
"FE * 1ꝓꝛ—ẽq• 
* PPP. s ⁵˙ = ⅛˙²tdPwb OST Teo 
- +. N A A * 
* 


_ 44 Preſervatives againſt Infectionc. = 


preſervative againſt ſickneſs and infec⸗ 


tion. Or the bark itſelf may be taker? 


either in _ ſubſtance or in extract; it is 
now the principal medicine uſed by the 


| Franks or Europeans in Turkey, as a pre- 


ſervative againſt the infection of the plague. 
And I recommend it to all nurſes and at- 


tendants on the ſick at land, for their pro- 


per ſecurity againſt infection. We often 
obſerve a fever to run through a whole 
family, and even the next netghbours to 
become infected by it; the precautions 
here directed, together with the bark, are 


the beſt preſervatives I know dd. 

For perfect ſecurity in an affair of ſuck 
importance, where there is a ſtrong infec- 
tion, either at ſea or land, the attendants, 
for their own preſervation, muſt take care 
never to viſit the ſick when their tomachs 
are empty, the body being then in an ab- 
ſorbing ſtate. ' The moſt eligible ſeaſon is 
after a light breakfaſt of tea, or the like : 


a ſlice of toaſted bread dipt in vinegar, or 


rather the bark-bitter, may be taken a 


* At Ha/lar hoſpital I have experienced a decoction 
of the bark very efficacious in preventing relapſes into 


infectious fevers : but it will ſometimes fail, when the 


patient commits great irregularities, or is expoſed to 
ſtrong infectious cauſes. However, this detracts no 
more from its general efficacy in ſuch caſes, than its fail- 
ing ſometimes to cure obſtinate agues, as is well Known 
to practitioners. 


very 


— . . 


Preſervatives againſt Infection. 145 
very little time before entering into the 
ſick chamber; and the mouth afterwards 
waſhed with camphorated vinegar, ſwal- 
lowing a little of it with the ſpittle. The 
noſtrils may be ſtopped with a little lint 
dipped in the ſame vinegar, which I have 
often uſed in the hoſpital, in ſo ſmall a 
roll as not to be perceived by the fick. A 
ſuit of cloaths which is e Ser for the 
purpoſe ought then to be put on, And it 


s to be remembered that linen ſtuffs, eſ- 


pecially waxed ones, are preferable to 
woollen cloths, &c. If convenient, at 
this time the ſick chamber ſhould be fu- 
migated by ſome purifying ſmoke, The 
effect of which will be, that to remove 
this ſmoke, ſome inlet of air will be 
opened, by which the chamber will» be- 
come perfectly ventilated and refreſhed. 
Theſe precautions being premiſed (which 
need only be uſed in caſes of the moſt 
dangerous infection, either in a houſe, 
ſhip, or hoſpital) a perſon may freely, and 
with confidence enter any infected place, or 
chamber, at the ſame time he ſhould chew 
ſomewhat which may occaſion him to ſpit 
often, and a little warm camphorated vi-- 
negar may be held at times between him 
and the patient, of which he may receive 
the ſteam ; he ought allo to dip his finger in 
the vinegar before feeling the pulſe, and 

- L after- 


146 Preſervations againſt Infeftions. 
afterwards, if any diſagrecable ſenſation 


remains A ſpunge is not to be uſed on 


this occaſion for wetting the fingers, or 

other purpoſes, at leaſt not more than once 
in a place that is truly infected. After the 
neceſſary buſineſs is performed, upon go- 
ing into another chamber, or into the 
freſh air, the mouth is again to be waſhed 

with camphorated vinegar, the little Plage 
removed from the noſe, the cloaths ſhifted, 
and the hands waſhed. As I have often 


had opportunities of viſiting patients la- 


bouring under the moſt contagious diſeaſes 
at Hoſlar hoſpital, and never was in the 
leaſt affected; ſo I may venture to fay, 
that if the above precautions are ſeverally 
uſed, no great danger will ariſe from viſit- 

ing caſes of the moſt peſtilential nature: 
but to return to the ſubje& of infections 
in a ſhip. Vinegar, and garlic, no con- 
temptible preſeryatives, ſhould at this time 


be ſerved to the men, by way of ſauce for 


* 


their ſalt- meats. Furniſhing them alſo 
with pipes and tobacco, and making them 
ſmoke freely, has been a method often 
ractiſed with ſucceſs in different ſhips. 

It is obſervable, that the perſpiration 


and ſweat of the patient are infectious in 


many fevers, but above all the ſtools: the 
breath of a dying perſon is bad, and all 
fevers have been eſteemed to be moſt con- 


 tagious 


Preſervatives againſt 1 147 


tagious towards their latter end. Swal- 
lowing the ſpittle in infected places is 


juſtly deemed a means of ſooner acquiring 


the taint; upon which account, neither 
the nurſes, nor any one elle, ſhould be 
ſuffered to eat in the ſick apartments of 
the hoſpital, The wine, before directed 
to be reſerved for. the uſe of the ſick, 
will at ſuch a ſeaſon be found extremely 
beneficial, not only as the beſt medicine 
in certain ſtages of the fever, but as an 
excellent ſtrengthener and preſervative of 


O 
thoſe on recovery. All ſpirituous liquors 


mod ęrately uſed, as alſo lemons, are good 


preſervatives againſt contagion. Wine is 


perhaps 1 to none of theſe. If it 
is found inconvenient to ſerve the whole 


ſhip's company with wine, their allowance 
of punch (made as before directed) may 
be encreaſed. Or, if this cannot conve- 

niently be done, the nurſes ought at leaſt 


to be permitted ſuch a quantity more than 


their ordinary allowance, as may be judged 
reaſonable to prevent their ſickneſs, with- 
out endangering their abuſe of it. 

A glaſs of wine, with the juice of half 


a lemon, and ſugar, taken before viſiting 


or bleeding the fick, I alſq recommend as | 


an experienced efficacious preſervative 
againſt contagion in infected places. It 
8 > uſual with ſome, to prevent ſwallowing 

L 2 the 


* 
oy 
> 
* 
4 
1 
fas 
Wy 
£1 
55 
77 
LI 
1k 
E. 
e 
44 
LN 
Vv 
* 
1 
5 
Fs 
1 
"ay 
: 
85 
* 
2 
* 


cite for HL ode»; — TO CET IR 8 
. Oo TER 6» ̃7˙‚—ið , fl OS On 


r 
af — — 


148 Preſervativgs againſt Inſections. 

the ſpittle, to put Tobacco in their mouthg 
when attending the ſick; but thoſe She 
are in conſtant uſe of chewing that plant, 
are apt to let down part of its juice with 
their ſaliva. I would adviſe ſuch perſons to 
uſe alice of the root of Calamus Aromati- 
cus, dipt. in vinegar, and to ſpit often. 
It will conduce much io the health of 
all the attendants on the fick, that they 
keep both. themſelves and their patients 
perfectly clean, and free from filth and 
nuiſances ; a rule of great conſequence in 
a ſhip. If the attendants on the ſick wore 
painted canvas- Jackets, they would be leſs 
liable to carry: about infection, and the 
like method ſhould be taken with their 
linen, as has been directed for thoſe of- 
the ſick. I mult add, the moſt chearful 
and willing men ought always at ſuch 
times to be preferred as attendants on the 
diſeaſed; grief and fear, being experienced 
greatly to diſpoſe the body to receive im- 
preſſions, which mirth and gaiety might 
reſiſt. Univerſal chearfulnels, good hu- 
mour, and entertaining amuſements, with 
| moderate exerciſe, ſhould'be enjoined and 
promoted by the officers on board. Great 
fatigue of body, irregularities of ever 
ſort, eſpecially ſurfeits and drunkenneſs, 


as alſo Fr faſting, es eee to be. a 


voided. . 
k g 1 


= Preſervatives againſi Infections. 149 
It is a received opinion, that Fear is a 
bauſe of itſelf ſufficient to produce, in cer- 
tain diſpoſitions, a bad or malignant fever. 
There are at leaſt many inſtances in be- 
ſieged towns, where no other reaſon could 
be well aſſigned for the riſe-of malignant 
diſorders, than the dejection of ſpiriks, 
grief, and panic of the inhabitants, oc- 
caſioned by the bombardment, and the 
apprehenſions of a violent death from ſome 
ſudden aſſault of the enemy. This much 
is certain, that ſuch paſſions of the mind 
ſerve powerfully to propagate an infection, 
even the plague itſelf. So that on all ſuch 
occaſions, too much art cannot be uſed to 
animate, with hope and confidence, both 
the afflicted and the ſound. Spectacles 
of horror are never to be expoſed to the 
view of ſick perſons : thoſe, therefore, 
who die, ſhoulqg be removed filegtly and 
privately out of an hoſpital to a proper 
place, where no idle ſpectators ſhould be 
| Permitted to view. the ghaſtly appearance. 
It is always to be remembered, that every 
ceremony that is obſerved relating to a 
corple, makes a deep impreſſion on the 
mind, eſpecially of the afflicted and diſ- 
pirited; and by ſuch impreſſions the body 
15 ſurpriſingly affected. 5 
If any ſhould think that the many pre- 
cautions I have mentioned are trifling, it 


L 3 8 is 


—— 


— 22 Fl ES = = EE III 2) l - = TI 
o g Fx = — = => o n 
© ' l N 
by 1 8 1 5 N 14 —— 8 — _— — EY b Bd 
= \ \ = & 4 l l = 4s P „ om en ob —_—_ 2K — 
— — 8 — c my K ——_— . ——— 5 — 3 = — 
we 5 * — - * 5 — I; -X — 5 * - 2 
— — — — 2 — — — — 
8 N * to 209, I a4. . > . 2 — - — 


K 

_ . 

1 
3 * 
. 
i il 
# 
\ * 
FI Wo ly 
45 

53 
il i 1 
8 % It 

„ 
_— 
U re 

_ "1 
—_ 
} 

ft 

3 
1 "| el 
* V at 

19 

0 4 i 
1788 
3 i, 
Wo i 
| ; " 
"IH {8 

„ 

4 ,. BY p 
RE 
—_— 
nm 2 ? 
* 08 
* on R 

. 

* 

i 
_— 

7 
+ 1 


Ly 


roo , Hoſpitab. 


is for fear they may be thought ſo, that 


. they are ſo e en 


s E CT. HI. 
Of hoſpitals. 


In caſes of infeSion information of it to be 


fent to the hoſpital, before the fick are 
landed. Caution neceſſary in receiving 

men from hoſpitals during a general in- 
feftion. Separate wards to be allotted for 
different diſeaſes. Tents in the open fields 
recommended for the fick during a N 
Contagion. Conclufion. | 


Done the rage of coanigious diſeaſes, 


hoſpitals become grand objects of at- 
tention, as according to the different ma- 
nœuvres (if I may be allowed the ex- 
preſſion) practiſed in them, they will ſerve 
either effectually to extinguiſh the conta- 
gion, or greatly to diffuſe 1 it, and wh, nA 
its malignity. | 
Firſt, it ſhould be 0 by a regula- 
tion in the navy, that when a ſhip der 
from a cruize or voyage, having either a 


malignant, or ſpotted fever, the flux, or 


any other diſeaſe on board, which is 
plainly contagious, that, in this caſe, the 
* or ſurgeon ſhould acquaint the 

( phyſi- 


Of Hoſpitals. 1 4:46-1, 20; 


hyſician, or r ſurgeon. of the hoſpital, with 
their condition, previous to the landing 
of the ſick, that proper and diſtin& wards 
may be prepared for their reception. 
The ordinary method has been, that as 
ſoon as the ſhip is brought to an anchor, 
the ſick are often ſent on ſhore, in the 
firſt boats, to the hoſpital, and are diſ- 
perſed into the different wards, according | 
as the beds are found empty, without any 
information given to the ſurgeon of the 
nature of their diſeaſe, till he receives the 
ſick ticket, which is carried along with 
them. Rus 4A EL HO 

As TI have hitherto eideavourgd to up | 
port, by facts, what has been advanced, 
ſo I cannot but obſerve, that, for want of 
this propoſed. regulation, more than once 
it happened, during the late war, that a 
few men, put on ſhore from an infected 
ſhip, have introduced a contagion into an 
hoſpital, containing a thouſand failors — 
This was the cate both at Gibraltar and 
Mahon hoſpitals, where the fever diffuſed 
itſelf ſo, as to endanger the inhabitants, 
and eſpecially the garriſon of the former 
place. Nay more, theſe hoſpitals became 
a ſeminary of contagion to the whole fleet, 
as was experienced in a very healthy ſhip, 
the Kennington, where, by taking on board 
but one recovered man from the hoſpital, 


EF: the 


2 
i * £ 
[ 
[ 


— — — 4 — — 
we o 


e r — — IE 
- 2 


re — 
w 27 — 
= — +4 2 —— 
9-4 % — Wa een 2 FS 
42 ! * 


— . CANSIIOS 

3 Ls; — 
— anti ©, a EEE 
— % . 


— 


- 
mY — A 
— Taree > of 2 3 


— — n — 626541 » 2 en „ r 
2 I 


0 — 
$ 
A 
TR” 2 
1 
of * J 
$5 4 
1 x 
1 * 
133 
#1 ö 
7 
* a 4 
N 3 
Y* 
13 
* N 4 
* % 
- 1 4 
* b, Iv 
* 7 3 i 
A + 1 [ 
ke] 
#., . * 
N N 
1 | 
a 7 ; 
b FF \ 
1 1. : 
1 } $ „ 
WM! 4 
: But ö 
. 1 
21 [ 
MS + f 
= 9 
1 
1 + fb 
: +l 
. ' 
CS © 
75 o - 
75 t 8 
\ it 4 
#4 {+ ®{ [1 
pf þ 13 t 
4 30+ } 
43.5 Int 4 
n it 
5 Nin. 
* _— 4 
4 3 | "W 
bj a 
— 1 k 
i ih 
i „ þ 
i 1 0 
1 
be? 0.3 
Fl 
I Fi q 
_ ' 
a] J ” 1 4 
1 | 
Z 420 | 
* 1 
ei 1 
i 
fm $54 
* 1 
oy =— * 1] 
ow oft £ 
4 --H j 
=_ i Le 
& * 1 d 
4 1 
| k: 1 f 
1 _ } | 7 
i Lt 
0 {| j 
+. FF 
: 1 4 
> 
_ . 
KY e 
39 
4 * " <7 
| P 1 + 
q 15 : 
[he 8 
5 2 60 
* * 
8 N 
J 
y k-f : 
7 0 4 
» \ * 1 
111 
8 {4 4 
'W: 
f, 
{4 4 
k 
re 
- 


—̃ y i an hed 


—— Cnr —— — 


152 / Hoſpitals. 
the fever was introduced, and afterwards 
exerted its contagion for fix months. 

I muſt add, ſound healthy ſhips ought 
to be extremely cautious of what men 
they receive from infected hoſpitals, or 
ſickly ſhips. For want of this precaution 


many have ſuffered. To produce one from 


ſeveral inſtances—I remember in the time 


of the late war, upon the arrival of a 


Dutch man of war at Spithead, from the 
Weſt Indies, that two Engliſb men on board 


of her, petitioned that they might be 


taken out as being Britiſb ſubjects, and 
willing to ſerve in the Engliſb fleet. Their 
requeſt was preſently granted, and accord- 
ingly they came on board one of our ſhips, 

without having any appearance of fick- 
neſs ; but next morning one of them was 


found in a fever, and the other dead in ; 


his bed. This fever turned out to be 
highly contagious, and annoyed our fleet 
for ſome time after wards.— I have men- 


tioned this fact, to enforce the neceſlity of 


proper precaution, and to evince the im- 
portance of many directions which have 
been here delivered. 55 

The other regulation is a conſequence 


of the former, vi. — That, in all hoſpi- 


tals, there ſhould be ſeparate wards allot- 


ted for different diſeaſes. As no man 
| ought. to be received into the hoſpital, 


| | -wRh+ 
6 | 


Of Hoſpitals. 153 
without the previous inſpection of the 
ſurgeon, ſo it muſt be his buſineſs to ap- 
propriate places to each; and in caſe of 
the arrival of a ſhip, with a contagious 
fever on board, as above mentioned, he 
is then to prepare diſtin wards for the 
reception of the men; and to uſe all pro- 
per methods, for preventing the contagion 
from affecting the reſt of the ſicx.— Many 
precepts for this purpoſe have been already 
delivered, ſo that I ſhall only ſay, the fever- 
wards in an hoſpital ought always to be 
the beſt aired ; and, where the contagion 
is eminently malignant, ſpacious tents, or 
ſeparate huts with fire-places, built in the 
fields adjoining, are greatly preferable to any 
cloſe ward or apartment, for diſſipating 
infection, and for the recovery of the pa- 
tient. N 

When a malignant fever, in the late 
war, was brought from England into the 
| hoſpital at Mahon, the houſe being found 
inſufficient for the reception of ſo great a 
number of patients, tents were erected in 
the fields for many of the men. Theſe 
poor men were thought to be badly ac- 
commodated, but it was obſerved, that 
moſt of thoſe, who lay in the tents, re- 
covered; when the mortality in the houſe 
Was ſo great, that in ſome wards, not one 

| | in 


= Em be wn EEE OOO _ _—— 
Y rr r 2 — 5. Al 2 _—_ nn HS 
1 +9 - — — — 


= | 
7 -Ty-— Soy - 1457, 
— pp n 
— — 0 C 


WR — ů ⁵ n „ 


1 Or. Hoſpitals. 
in three eſcaped. This occurred i in a : hot 
. Climate, and in ſummer. 

Thus I have drawn a picture, at fall 
length, of the miſchiefs that may poſſibly 
flow from want of -due care and circum- 
1 with, a view to excite the atten- 
tion of ſuch as might be negligent in mat- 
ters of ſo ſerious a concern, The pro- 
vince has been mine to deliver precepts ; 
the power is in others to execute; and if 
the expedients propoſed, are thought by 
ſome; either too numerous or troubleſome, 
let it be remembered, that to oppoſe the 
various evils to which our fleets, and 
conſequently the ſafety of theſe kingdoms, 
ſtand expoſed, we ſhould, with united ef- 
forts, attempt to obviate every inconveni- 
ence which may tend to fpread contagion 
and ſtrengthen diſeaſe. For notwithſtand- 
ing every aſſiſtance which human art can 
afford, the unavoidable accidents of noiſe, 
motion, crowded numbers, and the com- 
parative want of accommodations, will 
ever render indiſpoſition aboard a much 
greater calamity than a-ſhore. Hence the 
neceſſity of giving theſe precautions, and of 
being fo circumſtantial and minute.—But 
it is full time to cloſe theſe (ſcenes, and 
turn to what may afford comfort and 
nn, 


The 


Hine, us5 
The ſeamen, on board his majeſty's 
| ſhips of war, have not only a fuller and 
more wholeſome diet allowed them, than 
in any other ſervice, but alſo an excellent 
proviſion of all the moſt proper neceſſaries 
for the ſick.— Their ſurgeons, in general, 
are now well qualified; and the ſick have 
at all times a ſufficient number of careful 
attendants, to adminiſter due aſſiſtance in 
their diſtreſs. They are likewiſe com- 
monly leſs crowded with men, than fo- 
reign ſhips of war; and in every reſpect 
better provided with aſſiſtance, and all the 
neceſſary comforts in ſickneſs, than mer- 
chants ſhips can poſſibly be. 

In the merchant's ſervice, the condition 
of the poor mariner, when at ſea, is often 
much to be pitied, where he is deſtitute 
of proper advice and aſſiſtance, and even 
of 8 neceſſaries as might afford a pre- 
ſent momentary relief, and render his af- 
fliction more tolerable.— In many caſes, 
when in harbour, the men are obliged 8 


expend a great TIS of TK wages for a 


cure; which, in his maje 5 {er vice, they 
might have completed by ſome of the 


moſt able phyſicians and ſurgeons without 
expence. This is an encouragement be- 
yond what ſome other nations give; for 
thoſe who are in the French king's ſhips 
(if I am 3 informed) have all their 

| pay 
7 | 


21 


pay ſtopped, de in the hoſpital, or un- 


der cure.— Nor is it a ſmall additional 
pleaſure to a ſeaman in the reyal navy, to 
reflect, that whatever misfortunes, inci- 
dent to his way of life, may befal him in 
the ſervice of his eountry, he will be ho- 
nourably rewarded, and, under many cir- 


cumſtances of but ſmall accident, obtany 


2 penſion for life. 


APPEND I X. 


Cautions with reſpec? to Bleeding g in hot cli- 
mates. — Comparative degrees of heat and 
cold in different latitudes, —Caſes of 574.3 
ſeamen received in two years at Haſlar 
hoſpital. Preſcriptions adapted to mos f 
the di eaſes i incident to ſeamen. 


AVING had occafion already to 

1 obſerve, that blood-letting, by way 
of prevention from diſeaſes, on paſſing the 
tropic of Cancer, was an uſual practice at 
ſea ®, it may not be altogether foreign 
to the purpoſe of this Eſſay, to ſubjoin a 
few general remarks on that operation, 
for the benefit of thoſe, who never prac- 
tiſed i in the torrid zone. The obſervations 
may perhaps be found the more neceſſary, 
as unexperienced practitioners are apt to 
imagine the principles they have been 
taught, relating to diſeaſes in Europe, may 


* In Chap. i. Sect. x. | 
5 N ſerve 


f 
| 
| 
| 
| 
f 


us APPEN:DLYS. 


ſerve for invariable rules of practice 1 in all 
other climates. 
It was before obſerved, that a tranſition, 


— —— 


eſpecially if quick, ee cold to extreme 


— — — 


hot weather, generally induces a plethoric 
diſpoſition. The ſigns are, a pain and 


giddineſs of the head, a heavineſs and 
dullneſs of the eyes, which ſometimes ap- 


pear ſlightly inflamed ; there is uſually a 


ſenſe of fullneſs and weight i in the breaſt, 
the pulſe being quick and oppreſſed. 


Some, at this ſeaſon, are ſeized with fe- 


vers; a few with fluxes. . In ſuch caſes, 


blood-letting is plainly indicated. 


But the caſe is quite different, after a 


longer continuance of ſultry weather, and 


when the conſtitution is in ſome. meaſure 
habituated to the hot climate. For it 1s 


then obſerved, that the ſymptoms of in- 
flammations in the bowels, even the moſt 


dangerous, are not near ſo ſeyere in ſuch. 
climates, as in cold countries; nor can e 


patients bear ſo large evacuations. The 
1 however, is not to be E e 

by the mildneſs of the ſymptoms ; ; for he 
will find, notwithſtanding ſuch deceitful _ 
appearances, that the inflammation makes 


a more rapid progreſs in hot countries, 


_ in cold; Suppurations and Mort ifica= 
ions being much more ſuddenly formed ; 
o_ that, in general, all acute diſtempers 

come 


— * 


APPENDIX. 159 


come ſooner to a cri iſis in the ſouthern than 


in colder regions. Hence it is an impor- 
tant rule of practice in thoſe climates, to, 
ſeize the moſt early opportunity in the 
commencement of all threatening inflam- 


mations, to make frequent, though not 


copious, evacuations by blood- -letting.,, 
For, by delay, the inflammation ſwiftly , 
paſſes from its firſt to its laſt or fatal ſtage; ,. 
at leaſt an imperfe& Cr; i/is in ſuch inflam-_ 


matory fevers enſues, which fixes an ob- 
ſtruction in the V; iſeera, <A difficult 
to remove. 


It i is indeed a general maxim with ſome : 


of our Engliſb phyſicians in the Weſt Indies, 


that, in moſt acute diſtempers, bleeding... 
in that country is prejudicial. This is - 


founded upon a ſuppoſition, that the Fs 
ſamentum of the blood is thinned, and 
-the ſolids greatly weakened by the heat of 
the climate. So, fay they, when a per- 
fon is ſeized with a fever bleeding in ſuch 
a habit of body, by weakening the powers 
of nature, withdraws that ſtrength which. 
is requiſite to ſupport the patient until the 
Cr e of the fever. The reaſon is partly 


juſt; yet, like a general maxim, will ad- 


mit of many exceptions. = 

Firſt, with regard to failors, it is to be 
remembered, that they are more expoſed 
to quick vicifſitudes of heat, cold, damps, 
and 


— —UUÜAJ—ͤ— — OE ADE I $5.99 EIT — 


rb wn — 1 


£ OS. "ne r — — - Sy 2 * - 
« a _— - — — pl — +a ” — — . Pl wr ys — — 1 1 * 
. 5 - *- — n p * 1 A 1 — 
1 * * * 4 he 
. p * Y » 4.x es th - — 8 - 7 . 2 4 * 4 * + . 1 * 4 - 44 
* „ — — — 2 ONE , — n 2 "OY er 4 Lab, . — n > . — 5 Fer © A " to IT 4 whe + al * 1 27 3 22 . 
8 22 os I 5 1 * £ > gy IL =P An « "gh * G * r 2 1 I 4H F 1 Ka 8 : — * * 
_ D 2 — V2 . 4 % . „ e 4 „5 N22 Jp 929 4 12 * C q n * * eine 4 PV : 8 1 — 2 7+ +, - wy Og r - wy * * -% wv 55 _— - > *% 4 n 32 1 29 
22 7 . * . * n 1 vo dh * — 5 — — 9 * 12 8 N 3 = ** TT K r She” * ee n JU * 4 * Y & &, * . \ A 8 * 1 Nas — 1 © . 0 ma * . — * 2 4 
4 * £ N * % F 1 * — >. * n - 8 0 8 0 . a —-< : 1.J#, OS q 4» we” 22 * . n * ww % ©. r oY > 
. — w «RI erer A328 vu II; * * > e ren: Tg 4 a 5% * 8 pat” — 1 n G 8 e N * J — — e . 2 LEZY * * þ 
n WM 2 * wr io ey. Bs . 835 * — 1 D 4 10 "ron e r to Eg er a SIE f 8 Ky 
8 3 * * * 2 1 As = 5 — 1 ak — 4s; pe 6 > > 4 . BY 22 — - - x hows — * * 7 X ey ar EN CO HIS — > . 
2 » — * * F " wh" U * 4 * Th, . PM 4 *- 1 wh - « & 6 
we 9 * 28 ! gt . _- 
* J - 8 * * 5 


A 
N 
1 * 


"mw 

Y is 
17 
4 

* 

| be 

3 


At > + „ . I nr 


APE N DBI. 


and to various changes of the air and wea- 
ther, than moſt of the other inhabitants in 
the torrid zone. Add to this, their in- 
temperance, and the exceſſes of every kind 
which they are prone to fall into, when- 
ever it is in their power to commit them; 


all which render them more liable to in- 


flammations, than any ſet of people. Hence 
their diſeaſes require more plentiful eva- 
cuations than the land inhabitants in thoſe 


parts of the world, and, generally, they 


bear them better. 
This rule alſo, as I be obſerved, 


does not take immediate place in thoſe, 
who are newly arrived in the torrid zone. 


The unuſual heat not only relaxes the 
fibres, eſpecially at the ſurface. of the 
body, but is found greatly to expand the 
blood, and the other fluids. A proof of 
which, is, that young perſons are often 
ſubject, upon their firſt arrival, to a bleed - 
ing from the noſe. _ 

But with regard to the natives, or thoſe 
who have remained long in the country, 


we grant the cuſtom of bleeding them but 


ſparingly to be extremely proper, making 
a ſmall allowance for the different ſeaſons 
of the year, the temperature of the air, 
and the fituation of the places where they 
refide. Thus, in ſome parts, even on the 
iſland of Jamaica, at particular __— 

WR tne 


= PR — — - 
— . ́— —r ae tt0l 


APPEND mn 
the weather is cool; wherefore, in theſe : | "ir 
places, and at ſuch ſeaſons, the inhabi- | 1 
tants (having their fibres more rigid, and Wi: 
a more compacted blood) bear much better 3H 
the loſs of that vital fluid. 

An oppoſite method to that of the Eng- 
liſb is purſued by the French, but more 
eſpecially by the Spaniſh and Portugueſe 
phyſicians in thoſe countries. The French 
bleed too freely, and have recourſe to the 
operation in almoſt every acute diſtemper 
from whence dropſies and great relaxation 
frequently enſue, the common and fatal 
conſequence of ſuch cuſtoms, and of pro- 
fuſe evacuations in thoſe climates. The 


latter not only follow indiſcriminately the \ WY 
exam ple of the former, in this particular, BY 
but are ſolicitous to contrive the moſt 1 


cooling remedies for all diſeaſes, whether 05 
acute, chronic, or what are commonly 14 
termed nervous. Whereas, in many caſes 1 
claſſed under the two latter denomina- 1 
tions, warm, aromatic, invigorating re- 
medies ought to take place, as much, if 1 
not mofe, in warm, than in colder regi- BY 
ons: and ſuch medicines are ſtill more in- 1 
diſpenſably requiſite in weakneſs after any 
acute diſorder. 
In cold countries, the ſtate of the air 
| vg: aſſiſts in reſtoring the impaired 
pring of the fibres; whereas every thing 
M almoſt 


— 


CCC ——— 8 


— — 
— — 
— — — 


— 
22 * — 


— 
RD 
* —— — 


I —. . — ng =p 5 * — 
— 


it as a principle, which obſervation docs 


a -. AP EN . 


almoſt in warm weather, ſuch as heat, 


moiſture, Sc. concur to relax and weaken 


the habit of body. Thus, we may daily 
ſee perſons in Brain, after having ſuffer- |. 


ed a moſt ſevere fit of ſickneſs, recover 


their ſtrength and ſpirits in a few days, 


and, in a very ſhort time, their natural 


conſtitut'on. But the caſe is very different 
in the ſultry regions of the torrid zone, or 
indeed in any part of the world whatever, 
where the heat of the ſeaſon cauſes the 
mercury to ſtand for a length of time, at 
the 77th degree and upwards, of Fahren- 
heit*s thermometer. During ſuch an ex- 


ceſs of heat, debility after fevers is apt to 
remain with European conſtitutions for 


ſeveral months. In Jamaica, the conva- 
leſcents are ſent to the cool ſummits of the 
mountains; but a retreat to a more north- 
ern climate is often abſolutely neceflary to 
recover their wonted tone and vigour of 
body. It is an acknowledged obſervation, 
that the Negrozs and. Aborigines in the tor- 
rid zone cannot bear too plentiful evacua- 
tions by the lancet.— They commonly mix 


the moſt ſtimulating, poignant ſpices with 


their ordinary light food, and this is found 
by experience ſuitable to their conſtitu- 


; tions. 


If indeed we may be allowed to aſſume 


in 


AP P E N D I X. 163 


in many inſtances verify, that in all coun- 


tries, Providence has wiſely ordered a pro- 


viſion of the moſt proper remedies for 
their peculiar diſeaſes, we cannot here but 
remark, that moſt part of the native me- 
dicinal productions of the Indies, are of 
the warm aromatic kind; ſuch as Ginger, 
Contrayerva, Guaiacum, Wi nters- Bark, Pep- 
per of many kinds, and ſpices almoſt of every 
ſort, together with Camp/ire, an excellent 


medicine in hot climates, and that grand 


febrifuge, the Peruvian bark, the moſt 
powerful ſtrengthener and reſtorative of 
enfeebled, languid conſtitutions, and the 
only ſpecific yet known for the 2 
diſeaſes 0 thoſe climates. 


Comparative degrace of heat and cold in d. if | 


ferent latitudes, 


Everal e have been made of 
the different degrees of heat in various 

latitudes, and the moſt accurate with Fal- 
_ renheit's thermometers. 

But I have been ſurpriſed to find how 
much. thoſe inſtruments, though made by 
good artiſts, differed from each other. 
For which reaſon I have often thought 
that the comparative degrees of heat and 
cold in different places, would be beſt aſ- 
"M2 certained 


164 FP EMH 
certained by obſervations made with the 
lame 19ſtrument.—I therefore ſent the 
ſame Thermometer abroad with careful per- 
ſons; and by it meaſured the degrees of 
heat and cold from within 10 degrees of 
the north pole to Jamaica. 

This inſtrument has been in my aſs 
ſeſſion 14 years; I was obliged to correct 
its erroneous printed ſcale, ſo as to fix 
the point 32, by many repeated experi- 
ments, preciſely at the degree of cold, in 
Which a tea-cup full of water begins in 
5 minutes to freeze when the wind is dry 
and northerly. And I then found that 
there were but 23 degrees of tube left be- 
fore the mercury ſunk quite into the ball: 
owing to a fault in the making. I after- 
wards adjuſted the degrees aſcending from 
5% as nearly as I could by the boiling _ 

ater heat of 212 degrees; when the 

mercury in the Barometer ſtood i in a mid. 
dle ation; 
: eee to this e ee of the 
ſcale, 1 found 61 degrees (that is 29 above 
the freezing point) to be the uſual and 
true mean of agreeable warm ſummer 
weather in England, during the months 
of May and June, and when a fire in the 
room was intolerable to people in health. 

54 was the uſual degree of heat within 
| doors, in the warmeſt days of winter; 
2 þ and 


ce 
bd 3 f 


— — . —— de 


A PPEN BF at 


and then I could either read or write in 


my ſtudy, without a fire: but when the 


temperature of the air was under 54, a 
fire became requiſite. | 

The loweſt, in fix years obſervations, 1 
found the mercury ever to fink at Edin- 


burgh, during the ſevereſt froſts, and when 


expoſed all night out of a north window, 


In the open air, was to 23 degrees, on 
the 3d February, 1757. But in moſt win- 
ters it ſeldom fell lower than 25 or 24 
degrees and it was then intenſely cold. 

The ſevereſt cold experienced in four 
winters at Haſlar hoſpital, was on the 14th 
January, 1760. On that day the mercury 
within doors fell to 29 degrees: water at 
this time freezing hard when oP” in the 
{ame room. 

The inſtrument e placed in the 
open air, that night at 12 o'clock, it ſtood 
at 22 degrees; which was the loweſt I* 
ever obſerved. And at this time the ſea- 


Water ſtagnating i in ponds, became covered 


with thin ice. 

During the years 1758, 1759 and 15615 
there was no ſuch extraordinary degree of 
cold at Haſlar, during the greateſt cold 
the mercury ſtood at 25 or 26 degrees. 

At Edinburgh, in the warmeſt weather 
in June, Fuly, and Auguſt, the mercury 
Was nene at 70 in the middle of the 


„„ day, 


— D— 


— 


— 
— h ny 
- "Ip 7 
2 — — — FS: - 
+ n P ” * 
_ r 6 . 
— n <7 0 *; at 
& * 4 * * = W 
by * 2 * rr. 
2 Ps... 5 * . 
- 2 — . Th. a, [ 
bo Fg wal © ond) a 8 


— 


— wy AO IS 9-1 09 
4 — 2 ———— - — 
„ 
— — AG 

* es ”w = we — 

— + "Ix - 


166 FFF 
day, and 64 in the night. But during un- 
common heats, it has riſen to 73 and 75, per- 
haps once or twice in a year, and ſome- 
times not in two years. The greateſt heat 
obſerved by the inſtrument there was on 
the 12th July, 1757, when in the mid- 
dle of the day, and well ſhaded, it mount- 
ed to 80 degrees. The heat was then 
quite ſtifling. 

At Haſlar I found in the uſual heats in 
ſummer the mercury was about 2 degrees 
higher than at Edinburgh. The hotteſt day 
Jever felt here was the 22d of July, 1759. 
when the mercury in the inſtrument at noon, 
in the open air, mounted to 31 degrees, and 
in my room, with all the windows and 
doors open till 10 o'clock at night to 75. 
Many Weſt Indians thought the heat this 

day as great as they had felt in the Weſt 
Indies. At noon there was no ſitting in a 
room without having all the windows 
open, and a ſhade from the ſun. 
The fame inſtrument, from which thoſe 
obſervations were taken, was ſent to Green- 
land with Mr. Rannie, now ſurgeon of a 
man of war; and in the latitude of 80, 
the mercury ſank quite into the ball, and ſo 
muſt have fallen to g. degrees, but how 
much below: that cannot be aſcertained. 
Now ſuppoſing it to have fallen only to g, 
then the cold in 1 latitude ſurpaſſed the 
moſt 


APPLE NIE 
moſt, ſevere froſt that I had obſerved at 
Edinburgh or Haſlar by 13 degrees. And 
as with the hardeſt froſt in Great Britain, 
I never ſaw the mercury fall lower than 
10 degrees under the point, at which 
water freezes ; there it fell 23 9 5 be- 
low it. 

When the n ſhip was in more 

ſouthern latitudes, but ſtill among the ice; 
the mercury in the inſtrument in the great 
cabbin ſtood at 31, and when brought upon 
deck fell to 25 or 22 degrees: which was 
the common temperature of the air during 
the ſummer in that icy ſea, when the ſun 
did not ſhine forth. 

The ſame thermometer, in he year 
1752, was ſent to Jamaice with a judi- 
cious perſon, who touched at Cork in Tre- 
/and, and made the following obſervations : 
the inſtrument being placed on the outſide 
of the cabbin window, and ſecured both 
from the direct and reflected rays of the 


| \gzl 3 [82 
20 Fan. from Cork Lat. 51: 24 

27. 2 to Lat. 41: 42 5846 34+ 
1 Feb. to Lat. 38:40 64] 54 | 59 
7 Feb. to Lat. 21: 40 72.1 bx | 63 
13 Feb. to Lat. 16: 40 77 167 | 72 
24 Feb Keeping in Lat. 16 : 40 OE | 

Nr at Jamaica F 74 1 277 


M4. + In 


PN 
In Port Royal harbour on the 24th of 
February, and for ſome days following, 
till the obſerver fell ſick, in the common 
heat of the day the weren ſtood at 79 
or 80 degrees. 
In the year 1761 this thermometer was 
ſent in the Sag man of war to the Streights 
of Gibraltar. | 
The loweſt the mercury fell there on 
board of the ſhip, during the months of June 
and 7zly, in which the obſervations were 
taken, was on the 2oth of Tune in Gib- 
raltar bay to 64; and the loweſt at land 
was on the 12th of June in Gibraltar to 73; 
The higheſt it ever roſe on the faireſt 
trials in the ſhade, was the ath of July, 
at Oran in Africa, to 86; and at Gibraltar 
on the 16th of the ſame month, to go. 
But the higheſt degree it ever reached on 
board the ſhip was 78 ; and by ſeveral 
accurate obſervations it appeared that the 
heat at land in Gibraltar exceeded that in 
the ſhip. upon the water, by 8 or 10 de- 
grees; and at Oran by 6; and that the 
common heat during ſummer in the gar- 
riſon of Gibraltar is from 79 to 87 de- 
Foes: 1.5% | 
From en it appears that the 
heat in Gibraltar, on the 16th of Fuß. 
exceeded the moſt extraordinary heat felt 
Dons Eagle for 14 years: Paſta 9 degrees» | 
m—IN 


11 
118 . 
- 


A P PE N D 1 X. 169 


and that the uſual ſummer heat there 
exceeds that of Britain 16 or 17 de- 
rees. 

But the higheſt the mercury ever roſe 
on the water in Gibraltar Bay, in June 
and July, was to 783 and the common 
heat on the water in Port Royal harbour 
in February being 79 or 80; hence the 
ſummer heat in Gibraltar bay was not 
quite ſo much as in the month of Fe- 
bruary in Port Royal harbour. Though 


perhaps the heat on ſhore at Jamaica, 


in the winter month of February, was 
nearly equal to the ſummer” s heat at G7b- 
raltar. 

By peruſing a very exact thermometrical 
diary, kept i in the Montague man of war, 
when in the Veſt Indies, and adjuſting the 
inſtrument to the corrected ſcale of my 
| thermometer, I found that from May 24, 
to Auguſt 25, Anno 1760, the heat in the 
open gallery of that ſhip had never been 
leſs than 75 degrees, nor exceeded 88; 
and if we allow 6 degrees of greater heat 
at land in Barbadoes, Antigua, Guadalupe, 


&c. where the ſhip was ſtationed, the 
greateſt ſummer heat in thoſe iſlands will 


be 94 degrees, which approaches to within 
2 degrees of the warmth of blood, which 
circulates through the heart of a man in 
health. —And to this: temperature, the 


water, 


; 
b ! 
= 
4 £ 
4 

k 


e omega >. 
— r 

_ 2c = 5 uf > "woe . 
* E F af 4 5 now > © 


3 


| 
| 
[ 
| 
| 
q | 
l 
: 


wo APPENDIX | 
water, as alſo all other fluids, together 
with the earth, and all the ſolids, in thoſe 
Weſt Indian iſlands, were then heated 


when in the ſhade, viz. 62 degrees above 
the cold with which water becomes a 


ſolid, or is converted into ice, and 118 


degrees below the heat of boiling water, 
exceeding the greateſt heat experienced by 
my thermometer in Britain, for 14 years 


85 by 13 degrees, 


Cafes f 5743 Semen received in tg 1 7 ears 


41 Haſſar Hoſpital. 


As ſome have imagined the diſeaſes of 
<> ſeamen to be different from thoſe 
who live at land, I have here ſubjoined 
an abſtract of the diſtempers of all ſuch 
ſeamen as were received into Haſlar hoſ- 

pital for two years, viz. from the firſt of 
July 1758, to the firſt of July 1760; the | 


number of ſuch patients being 5743. 


theſe, 2174 were afflicted with Fevers, 
1146 with the Scuruy, 260 with Con- 
air ang *, 350 with Rheumatiſms, 24 5 


* Of theſe 366)6onſuraptive patients, the diſeafe in 
ane fourth of them was owing to a cauſe well deſerving | 
attention. It proceeded from falls, bruiſes, ſtrains, or 
hurts affecting the trunk of the body, and which often 


1 ee uncalinels for one year, or perhaps two; 
with 


APP ENWBELS Mm 
with Fluxes. Theſe are by far the moſt 
frequent and fatal diſeaſes in the royal 
navy. Befides which, ſeafaring people are 
ſubject to other common dileaſes, Durin 

| thoſe two years, there were alſo received 
10 for the Angina, 3 for the Apoplexy, 
40 for the Aſthima, 67 for the Ague or In- 
lermitting Fever, &o for pains or old hurts, 
&c. 20 Chachectic, 5 for the Chincough, 10 
for Colics, 24 for the Dropſy, 6 for Deaf 
neſs, 30 for the Epilepſy, 30 for various 


and the cauſe lay coneealed till after death, when in the 
bruiſed or hurt part (either within or without the cavity 
of the breaſt) I often found large collections of Matter 
in bags, at other times the parts were chirrhous, and al- 
ways diſeaſed. For a cough, with other concomitant 

conſumptive ſymptoms, as I have diſcovered by diſſection, 

does not always argue the miſchief to lie in the breaſt, 
but are the ſigns of a weakened, drooping, and waſting 


habit. 


Daily viewing ſo many piteous conſumptive objects, 
I have often reflected on the barbarity of ſevere cudgel- 
playing, boxing and bruiſing among the vulgar ; as alſo 
beating on the trunk of the body with a heavy ftick ; 

where, though the ſmart of the blow ſoon ceaſes, a 
foundation is often laid for an inward complaint, be- 
coming mortal ſome years afterwards, of which I have 
ſeen many inſtances. ns 

The death of a prince of amiable memory, is ſaid to 
have been owing to the violent ſtroke of a tennis- ball; 
which gave no great uneaſineſs for ſome, time after re- 
ct ived. 9 - 

Let it be remembered, that the human machine is of 
too delicate a texture, to bear rude ſhocks or bruiſes ; 
and that the injuries of its inward ſolid parts are the moſt 
irreparable, 


— diſ- 
4 | | 


* © Wn — 


4 — 
r 


— — * _ * _ 
ICE 7 . 


rr 


* 
. 
: 
* 
1 
* 
4 
\ 
4 
} 
/ 
* 
$1 
1 
. 
„ 
! 
14 
1 
1 
FL 
14 
N 
3 
17 
+ 
3 
: 8 
i 


— 
. n n ö — — . * N —_ 
- - —— oAtbra* "oo Re TY — * — AR Wee AA... — * Tow — «M gl ol” * — —— te. 2 


172 APPENDIX. 


diſorders of the Eyes, 3 for the true Gout, 
20 for the Gravel, 17 for chronic Head- 


achs, 30 for Spitting of Blood, 10 Hypo- 


chondriac, 15 for the Jaundice, 25 for In- 
continency of Urme *, 8 tor the Lethargy, 
7 for the Lientary, 30 for the Leproſy, 


20 for the Lumbago, 14 for Madneſs, 5 


for Melancholy, 31 for the Meaſles, * 
for the Paß, 29 for the true Peripneu- 
mony, 11 for the true Pleuriſy, 73 for cu- 
taneous Diſeaſes, 7 for the Sciatica, 53 for 


the Small-pox, 5 for the Strangury, 15 
for the Sergfula, 20 for Scalled Heads. 


There remain 680 patients, whoſe caſes 


are not here mentioned, having been 
chiefly Chirurgical, Venereal, the Itch, or 
feigned complaints. | 


* This is often a complaint- feigned by ſeamen, at 
other times it proceeds from falls or bruiſes. 


1 2 * 
* . 7 : « F : L K x 
* + 4 þ J : p A 6 - 
ö „ 4 * 
"= a ; e & - : e 
? F + 1 + 
* * 
> 


„„ 
PRESCRIPTIONS 
Adapted to moſt of the 


DisEAsEs incident to SEAMEN. 


Formule medicamentotun facilium pa- 
ratu, atque in morbis nauticis apprimé 
utilium. 


EBRIS. K Sal. nitri unc. it. cremor. 
tartari, unc. iii. M. terantur in pulve- 
rem. Dos. drach. ſs. ſextd quaque hord. 
K. Teſt. ofereorum prep. (ſeu crete alb. prep.) 
unc. ii. cremor tartari, unc. i. M. fiat pul- 
wis. Dos. drach. ſs. ſextd quaque ford. 
R Sal. tartari, unc. i. Cremor. tartari. unc. 
21. Sacchari albi drachm. iii. diligenter fi- 
mul in pubverem terantur. - Dos drach. Js: 
Jepius in die. k Agquee horaeate, hb. ii. 
cui adde pro re nata ſal. nitri drach. i.—vel 
_ exymel. fimp. unc. i ſi. vel gum. arabici unc. 
[s.—vel elixir vitrioli acid. drach. 1.—vel 
Jpir. vitrioli fort. ſerup. ſs. Sit pro potu uft- 
tato. „ Agua hordeate lib. ii. Cremor. 
tartari drach. i. coque uſque ad ſolutionem 
tartari, et decocto ſubidentid depurato adde 
r. e ſucc. limonum unc. i. Sit pro pot u af- 
duo. k Aguæ pure lib. vii. ſpiriths vi- 
_ tenuioris "I. 7. facchari albi unc. tv. 
M. fiat julepum commune, R Fulepi com- 

ä N | mun. 


KAB 
mun. unc. vi. cui adde pro re nata tartari 
emetic. a gr. 1. ad gr. iii. vel vini antimon. 
a drach. i. ad drach. iii. vel ſpirit. nitri dul- 
cis drach. ii.—vel ſpirit. vitrioli dulcis drach. 
7,—vel vini cræxei unc. fs. vel fal. nitri 
ſcrap. ii. vel ſal. diuretici drach. i.—vel moſ- 


ci (cum faccharo triti a r ſcrup. 1. ad ſcrup. 


11. — vel. ſal. cornu cervi (omifſo Jpir. vinoſ. 
ten. } ſerup. i. Dos. unc 1. quartd vel ſextd 
guague ford. k. Camphore drach. i. mu- 


cilag. gum. arabici drach. v. probe Jubigan- 


tur Dos. gr. xxv. quartd vel ſextd gudgue 
herd. k. Reb. limonum ſal. tartari (vel 
abfrnthi ) aa drach, i. aque puræ unc. iu. 


 trnet. cinnamont drach. vi. ſyrup. fimp. unc. 


M. et adde pro re nata Mithridatn a 


. Js. ad drach. i. ſs.—vel elect. e ſcordio 


drach i fs. aut drach. ii. pel ſpirit. laven- 
qulæ comp. drac. it.—vel elixir. paregoric. 
drach. i. fs. Dos ab unc. i. ad unc. i. fs. 


R. Cortic Peruvian triti unc. i. vel unc. i. 


s. aquæ lib. iv. coquantur ad lib. 1. ſs, 


anjiciendo paulo ante finem cocturæ gum. ara- 


ici drach. i. Colature adde pro re nata 


tines. cort. Peruviani fimpl. lib. hi. — vel ſel. 
xitri drach. i. — vel elixir. vitriol. acid. drach. 
1. G. vel vini crocei aut tincturæ Tliebaicæ 
9. J. Des. ab unc. it. iii. ter quaterve die. 


Febris intermittens. R. Cort Peruviani 
gulu. unc. i. fyr. e cort. aurantiorum, 9. J. 


— 


APPENUEL% 
M. J. electarium. Adde pro re nata pulv. 
rhabarbari ſcrup. ii. vel pulv. cort. caſca- 
rille unc. fs. vel pulu. nucis moſchatæ, alu- 
minis rupei aa drach. ii. vel ſal. ammoniaci 
pur. drach. i - vel rubig. chalybis præp. 
drach. ii. R. Herd. abſinthii Roman. drach. 
2. cort. aurantiorum ficcat. drach. i. aque 
puræ unc. xvii. coque parum ad lib. i. Co- 
laturæ adde pro re nata ſal. tartari (vel 
ul. abfinthuu) ſerup. iv. vel tint. cort. Pe- 
ruviani fimp. unc. i.—vel ſal. ammoniaci 
pur. ſerup. it. Dos. unc. tv. ter die. 


Scorbutus. R Rob. Iimonum drach. ti. 
ſacchari unc. ii. optimè commiſtis adde vini 
albi Hiſpan. lib. i. Dos. ab unc. ſs. ad unc. 
71. quarid qudque hora, quo tempore agitet ur 
lagena ut lenis excitetur fermentatio. Fit 
quoque in vicem rob. JSubſiituendo ſuc. limo- 
um unc. v.—vel ſuc. aurantiorum unc. vi. 
R. Summit pini Anglic dictæ hemlock pine 
Callicè la Pruſſe, fue epinette blanche, ib. 
7, optim? contuſis in martario funde ag. te- 
pid. lib. viii. macera in vaſe clauſo, ſubinde 

agitans, per 12 horas in loco tepido, et cola. 
Dos. lib. fs. mane et hora decubitiis, vel ad 
lib. ii. per diem. R Conſerv. abfinthis ma- 
ritim. elect. lenitivi aa p. &. elixir. vitriol. 
acid. q. f. ad acerrimum ſaporem. Dos. 
drach. i. bis die. R Summit. abfinthii ma- 
ritim. manipul. i. cereviſiæ tenuis cong. i. 

macera 


— 8 4 
—— — — — 


AK AAA A wer 


rr 


17% APP END IX. 

macera per biduum pro potu afſiduo. R Puts; 
fubt. cort. Peruviani drach. ſs. Hr. e ſucco 
Jimonum. . J. f. bolus bis Per diem 5 | 


— — 


——— — 2. 


— 
—— 


— — ä —-— — 
c 
— 


Phthiſis. R Spermat. ceti {cum mucilug. 
gum. arabici ſubact.) drach. iii aque puræ 
unc. vii. tint. cinnamomi Jyrupt ſimp. aa unc. 

1. M. Adde pro re nata al. nitri drach. i. 
Re lac. ammoniaci unc. 1.—vel fyr. ſcilli- 
tict unc. ,. vel elixir. paregoric. unc. ſs.— 
wel ſal cornu cervi drach. ſs. Dos. unc. 7. 
fexta quaque hora, R Furfuris manipul. i. 

agu pur lib. iv. coguantur ad lib. ii. co- 
lature adde mellis deſpumat. unc. i. M. pro 
Potu affiduo. R Olei olivarum r. bal, 3 | 
' @a unc. i. mucilag. gum Arabict unc. ſs. M. 
F. lohoch, additis non nunquam ſpir. vi- 
trioli tenuis gutt. xii. Detur cochleare par- 
vulum ſubinde, vexante tuſſi. k Infuſi amar. 
Amp. lib. ſs. tinct. cort. Peruviani fimp. drach. 
vi. elixir. vitrioli drach. ſs. M. Dos. unc. 
11. ter in die. k Calomel. gr. v. pulv. rha= 
barbarbi ſcrup. ſs. confect. cardiac. .J. F. 
bolus matutinus. R Ag. puræ unc. 1. ſs. 
tinct. cardamomi fyr. e meconio aa drach. ii. 
tinct. thebaice a gutt. xx. ad xxx. lixiv. Tar- 


tart drach. Js. M. 7. hauſtus veſpertinus. 


_— I — 


— 14 
19 
I! 
3 
17 

4 
1 
11.54 

1 

11 
Ll 


ne * Chnddlcne, R Saponis 
H. Liſpan. unc in. mellis unc. ii. M. V. electa- 


rium. Adde pro re nata cinnabar. antimonii 
- UNc's 


APPENDIX 1797 


unc. i. fs.—vel. flor.  fulphuris unc. 1,—vel 
gum. guaiaci unc. i —vel gum. ammoniaci 
drach. ui. vel ol. efſential. e baccis juniperi 
. drack. 11. vel pulv. ſcille exficcat. drach. 


1. f. Hr. e corticib. aurantior. 4 interdum e 


meconio/ 9. ſ. f. elect. Dos. ſcrup. ii. bis in 


die. Medicamenta Varia. Tint. guaia- 
cina volatilis; à gutt. xx. ad drach. ii. ol. 


terebinthine ether. ad gutt. Ix. bis die. Sal 
prunelle, ad drach. ſs. bis die. Balſ. guaia- 


cinum ad gutt. xxx. bis die. Vin. antimoniale, 


4 gutt. xi. ad drach. i. ſs. tartarum eme- 


ticum ad gran. fs. ter in die. Antimonium 


prep. ad drach. ſs. bis die. Ol. effential. e 


Seminib. anifi, ad gutt. xl. ag. calcis imp. 
4d lib. i. per diem. Aqua picea, ad unc. iv. 
ter in die. Sem. finapi integra, ad cochleare 
unum five unc. ſs. bis de die. Pſychrolufia, 
ſeu PROTO + in agua marina. | 


RW Pulv. ipecacu- 
anhe, a gr. v. ad ſcrup. i. — Rad. rhabar- 
bari, a gr. x. ad drach. i.—Vitr. antimonii 
cerat. gr. v —Calomel, gr. v.—Pilulæ ſa- 
ponacec, a gr. v. ad ſcrup. fs. R Elect. e 
ſeordio drach. ſs. f. bolus addantur pro re 
nata pulv. rhabarbari drach. ſs.—vel rha- 
barb. torręfact. gr. xv.—vel pulv. ipecac. 
gr. i. M. R Spec. e. ſordio fine opio ſcrup. 
fs. Philon. Lond. gr. vn. r. e meconio, 9. . 
. Bolus pf Jingulas * repetendus. k Ca- 
pit. 


r - 
38" — < 


* — N 
2 1 2 


1 


— = IE ES 
1 A. jen”. I 

1 pos FO» 
— r 


2 * - * N _ * W * . re — 
2 1 3 
— n | 4 Rn Wh 8 2 A r 
IE”. 1 . Jo þ 3 ix 4 2 de po + n N. 
: S n , — 5 C r * ? r 
T- 5 Pet ens "2 bs . 75 2 2 „ Kern — . 6 3 
— 5 — * 5 a = oh" "x ” 1 „ I LHR 2 
S OE DS : - 4 2 ; : * : 
4 - — * 55 
! Fe Ie en D 
1 Wu , a> @ 3 5 1 


L 


n 
Jo. TREE 2 
— 


1 22 22 & =% 
mts - * my © . - 


Fen.” 2 


* — 
hey 
"PF, 


gu A 


3 


3 
- — 


s 2 3 
F at aro ar 75; dd os are 8 
* « - 7 * CY a 


— C 4 FA. +4 
r by De hs 
n 3 &2: x Wa. 2 at 
. ̃ —— 
9 * 3 Wy $ 


i. * 2 — Fi 


= I 4 n 
2%  ———e 1 * N 0 
2 n "22 = hen 2-7 op "yg. A TS. 
hed ek "Bo e e > Crack 
— ot 3 
me P 


— * 2 SY 8 . 8 
2 n 78 kar ni — C 
Foe - L — — Fas — * 
— 9 3 3 GAS” OS — 7 - 2 * 2 


2 


— 


2 
dy — ns! 
7 
_ £5, — 


338 


- 
* 
- —_— w 
OS 


— 

—— — — Y 
— * * 
DDr 


N S 2, 
— rr — 


5 9 4 - 8 MTS»; 
. LUBE AC "DEA 7 MEA es 


198 APPE N DI X. 
Pit. papaver. alb. contuſe unc. fs. cort. Pe- 


ruviant krit. unc. i. N. aque pure lib. iv. 
pue ad lib. i. 2 njiciends gum. aru- 
_— cinnamomi aa drach. i:. colaturæ for tirer | 

detur unc. i. omni bihorio;  additis 

7 res poſtulut elixir. paregor. guttis aliquot. 

R Ay. hordent. unc. vi. vel. tv. mucilag. 

gam arabic unc. fs. vel drat. i. M. f. ene 

ma. Adde pro re nate tinct. thebaic. gutt. 

. vel elect. e ſcordio drach. ii. vel vini 

rubri unc. ii. vel decoct. Peruvian. modo 

prqſcript. unc. ii. & Cort. querciir drach. 
vf. cog. ex ag. pur. lib. iii. ad lib. ii. injici- 
ciendo ſub finem coctionis flor. rofarum rubr. 
drach. ii. colature adde tinct. cinnamomi 
unc ii. tinct. Faponice unc. 1. detur lib. i. per 


diem. R Ag. calcis ſimp. lib. i. r. balſamic. 
/ vel e meconto D) unc. i. M. Des. unc. i. aut 
ii. ter . ä 


Colica Pictonum, Anglics dry belly-ach. 
K Pulv. ipecacuanſiæ gr. æii. tarrari emetic. 
gr. i. M. F. putois emeticus ſi opus fit, inter- 
dum exhibendus. R Rob. limonum, ſal. ahn- 
thi aa ſcrup. 1. aq. mentha ſpirit. unc. i. ſs. 
opii puri gr. i. vel gr. i. fs. Hr. e meconis 


drach. i. M. S. A. f. Hauſtus pro re nata 
- fumendus. R Extracti cathartici gr. xv. 


vel drach. ſs. calomel, gr. x. opt puri gr. 1. 
fi. ſaponis alb. gr. vi. ol. efſent. menthe vulg. 
gutt. ii. Hr. e e. n aurantior. 9. J. Co- 

6 gantur 


AP E N 51 * 179 


| gantur in maſſam pilularem S. A. in pilulas 
Er. vi. dividendam pro doſi una. R Infufi 

ſenæ commun. unc. itt. tint. ſene drach. iii. 
olei olivarum opt. unc. ſs. hr. e meconio 
drach. li. M. f. potio pur gan. Detur unc. 
i. quoque bihorio, poſt exhibitionem pilular. 
modo præſeript. utatur eager ſemicupio. k Ca- 
bit. papaveris alb. drach. iti. ag. pur lib. i. 


JS. cog. ad unc. x. injiciendo ſub finem coc- 
ture flor. chamemeli drach. it. Colaturæ for- 


titer expreſſe adde ol. olivarum unc. ii. ſapo- 
nis alb. unc. fs. M. . enema. R Calomel. 
gr. i. camphore g. vi. Balſ. Peruviani 7. 1 
F. pilulæ duæ brs in die en, 


N 2 A DIS 


&- oe IIS, 4 . k — * A 
” "A <a. » Ao og 2, — * - 1 


— 2 SE) 
4 dy - 
7 o 2 
1 ** * woke 
$5 bg. Ir: 22 — "IT 
* — 8 — 4 * 6 3 
* 8283 24 — 4 
R be 
* 2 L 


2 


22 ; yp 
7X * % 
7 4 * 
LAKES 
. » 
4 
* 
he l 
* 
fel __ 
i 
* * Us 
* 
* 4 4 # 
M 
* 
ern 
; " 
+33 
vc, 
3 2 Fi 
4 f 
> 
$85 39% 
* 
11 
1 
> '% : 
* 
p 4 "; 
L 2 
{ 
©" t 
-- 1 
"i * 
2 #3 
2 15 
3 3 
: I 
: 2231 
iS 7 
» &Þ 
41 
4 4 
: 56 
a 
. 
4 ia = 
: 'A 
Tx 
4 l 
* 
+ 28 
" ” 
N 
IN J 
4 = 
T8 
1. "7 2 >| 
g 7” * 
l 
2 * : 113 
N "x 
6 
x 7 4 
1 n £ 
\ 1 
7 1 
4 
5 1 
ie 
Net 
1 
, As f 
_ - 
5 0 2 Re. 
$8: 
4 , 
„ 
1914 N 
1 4 
"238 
W's. © 4 
"2 (4 
OT 
„„ 
© © 4% 
| . 
7148 
1 * +4 Fa 
3734 af 
2 1 
1. 1 
5 3 
2 4 1 
Pn 
5 1 
+ BY , 
L533 + 
. 
11 2 
{ * | 
; 4+ "36 
# = 
1 
EBT 
3 71 
1 1 
* 7.4 
* br) 
3 1 : 
* 
- 9 
44 1 
53. 
. 
n. 
> ix 0 
. 
14 
4 T4 
M. 
1 4 
1 5 
7 I $58 
« LEEY 
* 7 
3 
1 * A 
„ 
x 2 
We | 
. * 
1 A, 
* 4 
1 
4.4 | 
** — 
> 
* 
1 
„ 
8 
* = [3 
: 
5 
N. 
* 
"IF 


— 
_ 


rr or dE EW 


— 5 — — 


— 
—＋ 4 
Rs — ov 
63 wu 1 . — FOREX — It 2 5 © Y , K ig 2 
— N * + — 5 * * * 


— — 
—— = — SITY .* SER EN EINER — — — 3 
8 F ; 1 * 7 1 


— 
wy 


eee 


ion. 


ION 
ing its Infe& 


d ſtopp 


ting an 


* 1 


* 


» 


A 
ERTAT 
N 
FEVERS and INFECTION. 


With new Obſervations on the Jazr DisTEmMPER, and the 


THE SECOND EDITION Enlarged 
Methods of preven 


7 


proper 


51858 


a as . — — . X * — n — Fe * > - — — — 3 P_ ” — 1 .. il, 445.7 oats » fa > agaror ond oe, . * rr ee * - S r Ser 
— * 2. 718 HH” 


— — — — — — — — . — — ; - — _ 


— , , 2 —— 
— ——— —— ͥ — — 


— ICT ERR IT * * = 
— — ” - = K - - 9 — — — —— — — 2. 12 > — 
— — — — — —H— —— j co Ge = _ we T - 22 — = = 


—_ — — 3 — 2 22 7 * e * * - * * : 4 
ES D_—W——w—wuawd 2 ð V Tn . TERS Shs rr rr 
IV Fiat $9. 


T 163 J 


2 = k 1 * 
* rr 


ADVERTISEMENT. 


d HIS Diſſertation formerly ap- 
peared under the name of 

Two Papers on Fevers and Infection, 
which were read before the Philo- 
ſophical and Medical Society at 
_ Edinburgh, in 1761. When they 
were firſt laid before the public an 
additional chapter was given under 
the form of a Poſtſcript; and to 

the preſent edition numerous obſer- 
vations are added on the Jail Fever, 

and the means of ſtopping the in- 
"M4 fection. 


[ 
} 
we * 
4 
' 
: 
ſ 
| 
4 2H , 
i ' 
J 
[ 
i 
| F- 
| ! 
1 
a 1 
. 7 
i : 
» 2 
[1 
1 
2 
x? 
4 
RY 
bl * 
3 
3 — 
1h 
18 
KY 
ſ 
# 
N : 
I | 
[ 
0 : : 
1 
3! 
if 
4 1 . 
15 * 
11 i 
1 4 ; 
; 
1 ; 


184 ADVERTISEMENT. 


fection. Theſe large additions in- 


duced me to alter the original title, 


as the whole now tends to form one 


general ſyſtem of practice in con- 


tagious diſeaſes. 


e s. 


A | 


DISSERTATION 


. 0 N 
FE VERS and INFECTION. 


. 
3 8 hs OS > * 2 = 


CHAY. 1. 


| Caſes of Infection in 1758, 1759, 


and 1760. General means of 
purifying AT: Places and 


. Subſtances. 
afar Hoſpital, near Pint EM 1761. 
SECT. L | 
State of Infection in 17 58, and 1759. 


State of Infection in the fleets at Spithead, 
in the years 1758, and 1759. 


F the various diſeaſes which afflict 

mankind, few are more fatal, none 

more frequent, than the fever. A diſſerta- 

tion on this diſeaſe, therefore, but more par- 

ticularly on the means by which it is pro- 

Pagated, and conveyed from cauſes _— 
| | an 


— 
— 


* 
+: Z 
p + FS, 
"* 1:38 
* 1 * 
— 
3 , 
_—_ $4 
Wo bg 
j 4 
\ 
+ 2x 
1 »4 
= fy 
+4 
* + + 4 
T3. 7 
© 1 
- 
[TO 4 
44 a0} 
bs 1 
1 + 
* 
A £386 
. g 
. 
* 2 71 
4 4 
a : 
. * * 
1 int) 
,* 2658 
4} : * 
[ 7 - 1 
0 - 2 
1 
+ 
> 7% 
1 
þ / 
TI 12 
R. a2 
* 4 
* 
. 
1 
* £66 
i Wits 
4x 
os 1 * 
+ 1 N 
1 "rv 
PEE 8 
* 14s 
8 
Us 7 , 
N 
* 1 * 
- 4 4 4 > 
13 * 
1 x 
"$444 
7 1.586 
7 
+. 
1a þ 
E * i 
4 bs is 4 
1 
. 1 * 
N.. 
140 
7 
hack *3 
4, TU 
76: 24 
. 
£45 K] 
4 $*4 , 
4 11 
e. 
ITT... 
1 LETS 
\ + , 
+4 "3d N 
2 
+ 44 8% 
1 
Fr 4 i r 
< 8+ 
Cn, « „ 
2 13 
5 
1 
8 44 
1 
"v4 £4 
* 3 
a 20] 
-&'> Ee 
5 
> » — 
* Fe 
11 in 1 
1 
838 
3 
1 
_ 
5 TR 
o N 
a+ * +> 
4 4 1 
1 
7 4 
1 15 
+ 
_— 43+ 1 
e 7 
3 
i $5885 
145 
. Es Cc : 
*n 17 
5 * 
* 71 
N K, 
* Th 4 
1# 
7 ; 
1 WL. 
4 
v5 = 
45-4 
#7 Ne- 
a 4 * 
„ 
1 
> 68 + 
-"u# 
UF; ACE > 
1 
; 55% 
1 
33 
„ 
Rte E 
2 = 
Ei +FY 
by + 1 
. 
1 57 
7 „ 
K 


WT: 
* 


7 
2 L 
a 
4 * 4 
v — 

— — —E 
— . 

5 = 
— 3 > 

1 a 2 


d 2 
n n 
— * _ 
JW 2 
— 7 
by > * 1 


— — — 
— — Ac; 
2 - 

- —— 2 —— 


— 
— 
— 


—— ——— — 
r — ——— pr rr 
jo hin wane tx mine ph nee 2 GED me rt 4s — 


186 State Infection in 1758 and 1759. 
and too frequently unſuſpected, I propoſe 
as the ſubject of the following ſheets. 

A very extenſive practice in fevers dur- 
ing three years, in one of the firſt hoſpi- 
tals in Europe, enables me in ſome mea- 
ſure to make reſearches into the dark and 


abſtruſe ſubject of infection. The reading 


of what has hitherto been publiſhed, has 


induced me to write my own ſentiments 


upon it; and chiefly with an intention 


to ſelect from a Chaos of contradictory 
precepts, the moſt ſimple, and effectual 
means of protecting particular perſons, as 
well as guarding the community in gene- 


ral, from this contagion. 


On my firſt coming to this hoſpital in _ 
June 1758. I obſerved, that the men in 


the large ſhips of the fleet were generally 


healthy, but that ſeveral of the ſmaller 


veſſels were infected. The ſick who were 


ſent on ſhore, particularly from the Saltaſb 
Sloop, Richmond Frigate, and Infernal Bomb 
Yejjel, notwithſtanding the ſmall number 
of their complement, laboured under fevers 


.of the moſt malignant kind. 


The Revenge and Montague about this 
time arrived from the Mediterranean, the 
crew of the Revenge being in a very ſickly 


Condition. By ſmoking this ſhip well 
with tar, the infection had abated, about 


2 month before her engagement, on — 
. 1 28t 


State of Infection in 1758 and 1759. 187 
28th of February with the Orpheus. But 


ſome ſeeds of the contagion remaining un- 
deſtroyed, the crew were again attacked 
with fevers ; and ſome of them conveyed 
the diſtemper into the Foudroyant and 
Orpheus, prizes taken from the French. 
The people in the guardſhips at Spit- 
head were healthy, till the latter end of 
July, or the beginning of Auguſt, when 
a large draught of men, arrived in tainted 
veſſels from Treland, and communicated 
an infection to thoſe ſhips, by the cloaths, 
and other moveables received from their 


tenders. | 


Thoſe on board the Salraſb were ſeized. 


with a fever, which ſeemed nearly to re- 
ſemble that malignant jail diſtemper, of 
which Sir Fohn Pringle * has given an ac- 
count; and out of her ſmall complement 
of 120 perſons, above 80 were infected 
with a contagion, much more virulent and 


dangerous, than that in the guard- ſhips, 


or in any other veſſel then at Spithead. 
In the months of Juby and Auguſt 1758, 
when the ſhips which had lately arrived 
from the Mewiterranean, together with 
ſome ſmaller veſſels, were diſtreſſed with 
tevers; the ſcurvy prevailed in the grand 


* Obſervations on the Diſeaſes of the Army. Part 
„ . 


* 


. ä 1 
Ae that 7 ; + COW. 2 
S 


— 22 " 9 r — * n LETS a —— — 22 — . "a 
dB a, 5 44 | * " 8 * — 42 g a 
hag E r * : 3 5 5 
— © N — 298 . . , 2 . 2 ; — 
I — mo" = 3 * N EET. — - 1 . > — * ä — n . 9 . - 2 
5 —— — 2 1 2 2 += x g * _—_— N ne 
gol = -Y . - — V 2 * n — — — * pf FS hr — * > yp 3 - Es. 
_ = ll WP — —— 8." > — * _ * * * 7 * - * 9 - 5 r 2 pig 


2 . * 


* way 
0 — 
* Bay 


——— 


* 


fleet 


j 
4 


CRT © + 
ad 15 f 
15 14 4 
FL : 
1 8? 
54:3 
AS » # 
4.5 
» « i. 4 
"at? 7 
e 
"i 3 b 
$4) 
; 
P34 : : 
= : 4 


188 State of Infection in 1758 and 1 50. 
fleet under the command of Lord Anſon; 
and in the detachment from it under Lord 
Howe. It raged moſtly in the larger ſhips: 
From thoſe fleets upwards of 400 ſick 
were ſent to the hoſpital, the greater part 
of whom were highly fcorbutic ; none of 
mem had fevers, HTS, 5 
In the months of September and October, 
after the reduction of Louiſburg, the North 
American ſhips arrived at Spithead ; ſeve- 
ral of which were infected with a malig- 
nant fever. The ſcurvy was likewiſe ſuper- 
added to this diſtreſs; and thofe of a ſcor= 
butic habit being ſeized with the fever, 
was a proof of its proceeding. intirely from 
infection. For I have found, that the 
ſcurvy is a diſeaſe in its nature oppoſite to 
that of a fever; inſomuch that even an 
infection is long refiſted by a ſcorbutic 
* 3 by, ons 
It is remarkable, that fince the com- 
mencement of the preſent war *, the 
_ greateſt number of patients in this hoſpt- 
tal, and thoſe who were afflicted with fe- 
vers of the worſt kind, came from North 
America. The fever brought from thence 
this year went commonly under the de- 
nomination of the ye/low fever, from the 
fick often becoming yellow. In the 


| #* Declared againſt France, Anno 1756. | 
| months 


State of Infection in 1758, and 1759. 189 
months of September, October, and Novem- 
ber, about 3oo patients, with either this 
fever, or the ſcurvy, were received into 


this hoſpital from the North American 


fleet ; — of theſe 28 died. 

In the beginning of the year 17 50, 
os the infected veſſels ere properly 
purified, and. their men free from fevers, 


as was likewiſe, the fleet at home; the 


Conqueror and Edgar, two new ſhips of 
the line, and afterwards the Temple, ar- 
rived at Spithead. They had been manned 
partly with preſſed men from the Princeſs 
Royal at the Nore, and from Fails. By 
as from them an infection was com- 
municated to the Roya! Anne guardſhip, 
and to the Reſolution then fitting out at 
Port mouth, 


e fever, which raged in all theſe 


_ ſhips, greatly affected the breaſt. Some 

who were ſeized with it (as if they had 
been under a. falivation,) ſpit, up fix or 
eight pints of a thin phlegm in 48 hours ; 
and to prevent ſuffocation, were obliged 
to have their heads ſupported by pillows, 
Their blood was extremely, viſcid and glu- 


tinous. This I obſerved, even dyring the 


laſt ſtage, in a perſon from whom it was 
then neceſſary to take blood for a pain in 
the breaſt, greatly impeding reſpiration. 


The head was affected often with a hea- 
vineſs, 


22 * 9 8 8 FEATS, = 2 2 
r be % 8 7 Ip 4 2 2 2 5 : Cs EE 8 IG" — — — * — SE 8 
2 — . 1 2 — * Smt 4 ., * 2 2 2 
— hy 2 8 as” 8 ö 1 5 * CEL * Pr * _ * 2; p 
8 e 3 * * * 1 We ö * 


* 1 1 Pf 


__—_ 
* 422 


2 
. 


+ _ 7 — 4 + — 8 2 . + EL... ER” IRS = 4 . a Sw; 
— * 2 n ** * as N — => 2 A p 2. _ 
* ener PE 1088 2 9 2 nn — — — — 
* . . \ LITE * —— 8 2 * . 4 * 0 * Jeep 
* wm wa 50 4 — S * W 3 * ey a 1 Ae 
4” #4 8 . x. * ot > — apt iargaes.ng. —— 2 p : —_ 
2 D Nen , * Em nx, * 
«x - > 4 — — 5 2 * = 2 


—_ — 
— — 7 
— «as Bs 
— — 


I 4 
* 
EIS: 


8 


— 


— 


. — 
— A 


1 
8 - 23 = > 2 N —— 9 . — . 
= 1 7; wat 22 — . " 5 * 2 tO þ " 2 4 " P 3 

— ud ö - 4 4 "= Ik „KS — 4 s . 38 e r ö 3 6 - 

*: ' af fat 2 n a 25 r : „ 5 12 Nen 7 . 
— — p . „E tra . ot EIS." Ach tO 2 e 1 > a - C's" I ; 

— DIY Eee #7 IE or nw <p —_— A <4 Yo : 5 * — — 25 ROS 2 L 2 2:8 
— — IO ! R * 8 rn 8 > 1 1 — — 

3 * ———— _— * = + — — . — Q at W ü 
r = P „ 3 * r — I IEC non — — * r — ” 4 
. — * : 3 > li; 3 * 
N * 


— 


* 

N * 

„ 

* — 
* * ye 
8 4 


190 State of Infefin in 1758, and 1559. 
vineſs, and dull fenfe of pain, ſeldom with 
a delirium. Cough, fpitting, and pricking 
exe of the breaſt, were the moſt univer- 
al complaints, Some, to outward ap- 
pearance, as alſo by their own account; 
were quite well ; but their pulſe was found 
to be quickened, their tongue foul, and 
when raifed from the pillow, they com- 
plained that their heads were giddy. _ 
The attack of this 7nfe&#io7 began with 
ſhiverings, ſucceeded either by pain of the 
head or breaſt; ſeldom by an univerfal 
pain in the limbs, but moſt frequently by 
a tightneſs of the breaft, and cough ; 
which laſt raifed the acute pains in the 
 cheſt.—Several who recovered, were after- 
wards diſtreſſed with a dulnefs of hear- 
ing ;—many relapſed, <-—A midſhipman, 
after being able to fit up for ſome days, 
fell again into the fever, which was ac- 
companied with convulſjons, and expired 
in 30 hours after the laſt attack, when his 
body was found covered with Petechiæ . 
A few died conſumptive, being exhauſted 
by the vaſt diſcharge in ſpitting. In four 
or five perſons there were ſymptoms of 
. malignity; and out of above a hundred 
patients received into the hoſpital from 
thoſe ſhips, eight died of the fever. This 


* This term. as here uſed, is explained in chap. ii. 
leh. 3. | h | | o 5 
diſ- 


State of Infection in 1758, and 17 59. 191 
diſtemper, if it had occurred elſewhere 


than in the ſhips, might perhaps have been 
Judged ſolely inflammatory, and to have 


proceeded from cauſes very different from 


the real one. 

The Eagar failed ſoon after for the Me- 
diterranean, where the contagion in a few 
months acquiring great vigour, together 
with a ſuperadded ſcurvy, deſtroyed ſixty 
of her men. The manner in which the 
infection was removed from the ſhip, 
though not unuſual, is worth relating. 
In the engagement, which happened that 


year with the Prench fleet, on the coaſt of 


Portugal, twenty-five barrels of gun-pow- 
der were fired on board of her during the 
action; and to the ſurprize of the officers, 
none of her men were afterwards attacked 
with fevers. 


But to return to what paſſed i in the fleet 


at Spithead. In the ſame year, towards 
the latter end of April, the Melampe ar- 
rived there, having a diſtemper amongſt 
the men, of which the ſurgeon gave the 
following account.—Upon receiving two 
perſons from the Princeſs Royal, a guard- 
ſhip, many of the crew were feized with 
fevers, which appeared to be of the in- 
termittent kind; and, having adminiſtered 
to them the bark in large quantities, he 
— not loſe one nr 


On 


* 
— 
— 


2 
Er I 
ERS 
— ——— at — 
— — 


3 


Gy ES 
* 7 
2-2 ge 2:2 

RICE 


— 


* 
* 
8 * 


— 8 PLES” At 
as 3 * 
— 3 
n 

— 


1722 
44 

oy, 

1 0 

ate 

: + 1 + 

4 30 


«x 
mo 
_ 


. 


r r a * > : 
AR : ** 8 % — WP. = — — 
n r = * 
„8928 rr 32 

— 2 PIC 2 
Ye _ CO INTER — 
Es a Saas FE DS , — 8 


Ab 
R 


e £7 
8 2 Ed "$5 
— TG 


* ALS ry 7 2 I 3 = * — 2 4 
2 — — 8 — 5 2 8 it. 4 7 . 3 1X 
20000 ͤ reg eee pee 22 
ES TSS rr pou + OE IS ks 
Ly 


x 


2 
> + 


ua; 
— Re 


—— - —— 
4 
Ny, ren — 

© a 
— 

* J 

= _ 2 


wipe, 
_ 


3 


DE: 
LY 


— 
- ” 


2 — — 
* — 0176. THe 
* 3 
Y 
© 3 et? 


8 MO 
— 


— —— :D 
— 3 08 >, — ESE e 
B — 
1 — — — www — 
— 
wy * — a ll — * _ 4 * 0 2 — 
— — - — 
— — —.— — - — SIN > - — & 
— —— i — = — 
- 
X 


— — - 


— fo 6-eth — 


u : 
9 
13 
* *; 

4 . 

4 4 

5} 

+ &8 
1 
| 
11 
111 
1 
147 
; Bi 
3h 
Þ 
Bf 
. © 
1 
I! 
+43) 
1 
J 
1 
35 Fi 
ih 
* Ay 
5 
1 
1 


— — 
— = 


192 State Infection in 1758, and 1759. 
On April the 27th, twenty perſons in 
fevers were received from this ſhip, and 
more ſick were daily ſent, in all to the 
number of 42. N | 
They had been ſuddenly ſeized in a ſtate 
of perfect health, with a ſevere trembling, 
upon which enſued pains in the head; and 
often (to make uſe of their own expreſſion) 


In all their bones, Some had, two or three 
times in twenty-four hours, a return of 
the ſhivering, which reſembled the fit of 


an ague. A few were attacked with it 
once every day; others every other day, 
in the form of a regular ferizan. With 
many this cold fit continued for five or fix 


hours; the partial ſweats which ſucceeded 


it were of no benefit; and even a more 
profuſe evacuation in that way gave but 


ſmall relief. The ' pulſe commonly beat 


quick, and was low,—Moſt of theſe pa- 
tients had been bled on board their ſhip; 


but none of them after they came on ſhore. 


to this hoſpital, as their breaſt was alto- 
gether unaffected, and their fever much 
lower than that which formerly afflicted 
the people belonging to the Conqueror, 
and the other ſhips already mentioned. 
We obſerved the natural cis of this in- 
fection to be ſometimes by ſtool; and 


when a purging came/on, the patient was 
immediately reſtored to health. But the 


reco— 


4 


State of Inſctian 722 1758, and 1759. 193 


recovery of the greateſt part of them was 
owing to Bliſters, and the effect of theſe was 
both ſurpriſing and ſudden. I have more 
than once in an evening ordered eight or 
ten to be bliſtered, and have left them 
with a quick pulſe, great heat, immo- 
derate thirſt, a pain, confuſion and hea- 
vineſs of the head; and what to a phy- 
fician, converſant with ſuch fevers, com- 
municates a moſt certain knowledge of 
the condition of the patient, ſuch a lifeleſs 


ſunk ſtate of the eyes as denoted great dan- 


ger *. But next morning I found theſe pa- 
tients with a lively briſł eye, a calm pulſe, 
and with a deſire to get out of bed. Of 
thoſe 42 infected men, though many re- 
| lapſed, yet not one died. 
The Portman was the next ſhip that 
brought an infection to Spithead, among a 
draught of preſt men from Scotland. The 
; contagion was quickly conveyed by them 
into the Royal Anne guardſhip, notwith- 


ud When viſiting a ward, containing 20 patients in 
fevers, at Haſlar hoſpital, where no curtains are" ti 
about the beds, one may at firſt view diſcover the mol 
dangerous caſes. 


There is ſomewhat to be obſerved in the eyes, and 
their motions, which cannot be deſcribed, and yet indi- 
cates the preſent condition of the patient, (if he is not 
at that time juſt rouſed from ſleep) better perhaps than 
any one other ſymptom, fingly taken into conſideration. 


C0] ſtanding 


i 2 — = _ 
ET CIA; 


nn” 
bs 2 
2 


oY a * 
ED 


— 
5 Api . RY 
N & 


3 * 
— 
— —-— 3 


© Wan 

r + 
8 
— 2 


x = 

COn 

_—_ 
"47 


. N 
+ * 
2 &| 0 y 
if 17 
50 1 
tte Pap 
0 1 1 


MS r 1 - 8 * - a 
1 wy D * . — * DSA "6-4 — 
G r N * 3 ? 5 

my &” . — by — 22 4 = . „ I, . — 
eee — 2 % | ODT N ar. 7 * _ 146-1257 a4 * 
„ * n 5 8 Ry * 
n . A * 7 . A Lia. lk 

8 1 4 A. — 2 — 1 * 0 v 8 
3 8 * . -——— 4 ; - 


- » 8 \ 
5, ww.» Wc 7 
” 22 — — — 
Co LY "= + * 2 
2 
* N 
* 


* ä 2 
rr VL GR A 


$i 
— 


> 

— — 

8 
r 


—— Y 892 N A 
” o * e * == A 1 
— — 2 e > mx” 22 . 8 — / 
& > * PIT 3 5 — of — 
— 2 4 «A 4} 
— — os ng 4 — 
— — oo 3 * oz > "3 
> — — 0 t wo bed < 5 7 


. rae nl 
3 
wh - 

. , 


R * — 
* & * 
a mwah. — 
. RAC IE 
— — 


3 


— 


4 


= 
ny 
2 abt 
7 AS 2 
— 2 to PR 
: 1 — 1 


Rat 
2 
3 


Rb 
<2 — 


3 


194 State of Infection in 1758 and 1759. 
ſtanding all ſuch as appeared ſickly were 
ſent to the hoſpitals. 

In October we received 24 of theſe pa- 
tients, the reſt being ſent to the Hoppital. 
Ship. One of them died of the fever, an- 
other of a flux, and a third of a con- 
ſumption after his illneſs. Several were 

afflicted with a ſevere cough, on which 
account they were frequently bled, and 
their blood abounded with Gluten. In the 
3 of this fever, a profuſe bleed- 
from the noſe was uſual, and greatly 
* the head, which was always af- 
fected. 

Buy the uſe of bliſters the fever abated, 
on the ſecond, third, fourth, or any other 
day of the fever, reckoning from its firſt 
attack, In four patients, with whom the 
bliſters proved ineffetual, the head-ach 
and delirium were in a few hours removed 
by antimonial medicines. Relapſes were, 
as in fim:lar infections, frequent. Pe- 
techie appeared on ſome of thoſe men, 
who were ſent to the hoſpital-ſhip. This 
was judged, and with good reaſon, to be 
a fever of a bad and malignant kind ; 
and, what was very ſhocking, a great 
many of the patients from the Portmalion, 
whom J viſited, had never changed their 
cloaths from the time they were preſſed 
in June, to the 22d of October, when they 
| came 


3 


State of Infetion in 1758, and 1759. 195 
came to the hoſpital. The unſhifted linen 
and rags, which they had lain in for above 
four months, were ſufficient to have bred | 
an infection. 

During the month of October the qua- 
dron arrived from the We/t Indies, after the 
reduction of Guadalupe, ſo over-run with 
the ſcurvy, that, when in the Channel, ten 
or a dozen perſons uſually died of it every 
day, Out of three hundred and fifty ſcor- 
butic patients, who were ſent a-ſhore from 
thoſe ſhips, there was not one who had a 
fever. This I mention for the ſake of the 
following remark. 

The ſurgeon of the Panther told me, 
that forty of her men had died of the 
_ ſcurvy in their paſſage home; and, during 
that time, there were uſually ninety pa- 
tients in the ſick apartment. The place, 
appropriated for the ſick, was in the bay 
of the ſhip, and had no pipe from the 
ventilator, nor any ſcuttles cut through 
its ſides, for the admiſſion of the freſh air. 
A number of patients, thus cloſely crowded 
together, rendered the place ſo diſagree- 
able and ſuffocating, that the ſick were in 
a manner ſtifled for want of air. The ſur- 
geon, when viſiting, could ſcarcely breathe 
in it, or remain for any length of time, 
without being obliged to have recourſe 
often to the freſh air upon deck, and ſome- 

0 2 | times 


— — BC 6 
—— — — —— — — — a mm 
_ 
* 


— 


has or Wis = ES. 


FEES a2 


Peg rr Tr worry foot = mx 4nr <a; 


= 
od 2 — — —— — — 
— * - 
> — 


a _ — w_ 
- — — —— 


— 


AFP 


— 
— — — — 
22 i 


2 
- = ä —.— — — — 
— FA * my. * 


= * Cons — —— 
— ü — 
— 8 


— 2 
— — — 
— — I — N 
P— i... 


-_ = 
hg Ra 


EIS. 


- 


196 State of Infeetion in 1758, and 1759. 


times to the ſpirit of hart/horn, or to a 
glaſs of wine, for his immediate relief. 
He obſerved, that both the virulence and 
mortality of the ſcurvy were heightened 
by the unventilated air of the place, in 
which the ſick for ſeveral weeks had been 
confined; yet out of above an hundred 
patients ſent to the hoſpital by this ſur- 
geon, not one was remarked to have any 
ſymptom of contagion generated in that 
apartment. | 
The firſt ſhip, which arrived 3 
the latter end of this year from the fleet in 
| North America was the Loeſftoffe. On the 
18th of O&over fourteen of her men were 
ſent to the hoſpital, and thirteen more on 
the 21ſt of the ſame month. The ſcurvy, 
the flux, and fevers, were reported to be 
the prevailing diſeaſes in that ſhip. 
The account given of the fever was to 
this effect. The company of the Loe/toffe - 
were in perfect health during the eight 
months they were in America, and until a 
few days before their departure from 
Quebec. At that time fix recovered -ma- 


rines came on board from Point Levi hoſ- 


pital, and in forty-eight hours afterwards, 
among her company of two hundred peo- 
ple, fifty were ſeized with fevers and 
fluxes. In ſome, the ſickneſs began with 
a flux, in others with a fever, but _ 
| ux 


State of Infection in 1758 and 1759. 197 
flux was generally moderate and gentle, 
'The fever continued commonly trom five 
to ten days; two patients were diſtreſſed 
with it for a whole month. When the 
firſt attack was from the fever, a ſuper- 
vening flux proved ſalutary; but where 
the contagion made its firſt appearance 
with a flux, the acceflion of the fever car- 
ried off the patient. This ſhip was twenty=- 
| ſeven days in her paſſage to England from 
Quebec, and during chat time tix of her 
men died, 

A Spaniard, one of tho Loekofte screw, 
having relapſed, turned yellow on the 
ſixth day of the fever His chief com- 

laint at this time was an univerſal unea- 
ſineſs over his whole body, his head alone 
being unaffected. He earneſtly intreated to 
be bled ; though his pulte was low, I con- 
ſented to his repeated ſolicitations, and 
permitted a ſmall quantity to be taken 
from his arm. I had now the firſt oppor- 
tunity of inſpecting the condition of the 
blood in the yellow ſtate of this fever. 
The maſs was exceedingly viſcid and ay; 
and, after ſtanding ſome time, the grumons 
concretion became covered with a yellow. 
gluten half an inch in thickneis, impene- 
trable to the finger, unleis cut by the 
nail; the /erum being at the fame time of 
the conſiſtence of a thin ſyrup, and of a 
To : O41: - deep 


198 State of Infectian in 1758, and 1759. 
deep yellow tinge. A perſon, prompted 
by curioſity, taſted this ſerum, and found 
it bitter. Another, not knowing it to be 
the /erum of blood, judged it to be a com- 
poſition of foot.. 

This fever was plainly the ſame with 
that which was brought laſt year from 
North America, and commonly by us de- 
nominated the yellow fever. It was of- 
tener accompanied with a flux, than the 
fever of the preceding year; and of the 
fick ſent to this hoſpital a greater propor- 
tion died from this ſhip, than from any 
other; for of thirty- four which were ad- 
mitted, . ſome with the flux, and others 
with the ſcurvy, but the greateſt number - 
with fevers, we loſt nine patients. 

In November, after the important con- 
queſt of Quebec, the North American fleet 
returned to England with ſeveral of the 
ſhips companies in perfect health; while 
the crews of others were afflicted with an 
active and powerful contagion. 

In the number of the healthy ſhips 
were the Prince Frederick and Captain; allo 
the Somerſet and Stirling -Caſile, which ar- 
rived after the others. The infected were 
the Princeſs Amelia, the Orford, Shrewſbury, 
Medway, Dublin, and Neptune. The moit 
vigorous contagioa was in the two laſt. 


The Dublin had buried in the paſſage home 


1 nmine- 


State of Infection in 1758 and 1759. 199 


nineteen men; and, on its arrival at Spit- 
head, they reported to the hoſpital ninety 
ſick in fevers, fluxes, and the ſcurvy. On 
board the Neptune the mortality had been 
much greater, having loſt, it was ſaid, one 
hundred and ſixty of her men in a few 
months, and on her arrival the /e Lift 
contained one hundred and thirty-three 
ſick. The ſurgeon had been ſeized with 
the yellow fever, but was recovered. One 
of his mates had the fifth relapſe into it, 
when at Spithiead. 

Some attributed their ſickneſs to the 
French priſoners, whom they had received 
on board, Others to the New England 


volunteers, who were very ſickly ; and the 


fever was introduced into ſeveral ſhips by 
the marines from Point Levi hoſpital. - Of 
near four hundred patients, who were at- 
tacked during the months of November 
and December, with the contagion in thoſe 
ſhips, and were brought into this hoſpital, 
twenty-ſix only might be ſaid properly to 
have been deſtroyed by it. And of that 
number one third were nearly paſt all 
hopes of recovery before they were landed. 


O 4 SECT. 


FAX. -? 


adn AS Mane 3-2» bt * C = DI N Ws TY a ns 
r ies — - _ * 2 — F — wy 
. * — =) 8 2 - _ 


ens. 


. Wi 
i 
i} 
W 
[9 U 
1 
= 
+ bi: 
TR 
4 
| 
19 
1 
1 
; 14 


= r BF 


( 200 ) 


E *2 © 
Fevers produced by infection. 


Obſervations on the yellow and ſpotted fever ; 
\ remarkable inſtances of Heckion. 


TT may be now proper to give a few ob- 
ſervations on this infection, as they 
were written at different times in the wards 
of the hoſpital. 
„„ 20th November. The cri/is of this 
e fever happens at no fixed period, nor 
« on any certain day, that can be foretold, 
« The ſick recover chiefly by the diſcharge 
« from bliſters *, A few had ſpots; on 


e ſome they were petechial, molt of whom 


« are well; as alſo many who, in. the 
% courſe of the diſeaſe, became yellow. 
«© This yellowneſs is at preſent much more 
« frequent than the ſpots. The tincture 
«* over the ſkin is univerſal, of a deep 
2 yellow tinge, often painful, and diſ- 


wn Several foreigners, eſpecially the Spaniſh phyſicians, 

have entertained an unreaſonable prejudice againſt bliſ- 
ters, on account of the ſevere Hrangury ſometimes occa- 
ſioned by their application. But that it is for the moſt 
part quickly abated, by throwing up a ſpoonful or two 
of linſeed oil in a cher; or by taking a few grains of 
camphire and nitre, drinking plentifully of cooling and 
mucilaginous liquors; or even by anointing the os pubis 
with a liniment prepared with . 


a agree - 


£6 
Fc 
gc 
86 
cc 
ce 


6c 


40 
60 
cc 
6 


cc 


ME. 


cc 
© 
WL 
66 
cc 
66 
$c 
6c 
ce 
cc 
= 
96 
60 
cc 


66 


Fevers produced by Infection. 201 


agreeable to the ſight. One Aſbley has 
relapſed three times, and in each re- 
lapſe there appeared this jaundice, In 
ſome, the ſtools, urine, and diſcharges 
from the bliſters, are of a yellow hue ; 
but this is not obſerved in all. Vomit- 
ing an unuſual ſymptom. 

« 1ſt December. Few in this fever co- 
matoſe. In bad caſes a flight delirium at 
intervals uſual, The pulſe always quick, 
ſeldom full or ſtrong. The tongue, for 
the moſt part, foul. The urine vary- 
ing, but often yellowiſh —The blood 
taken from a marine, reſembles that of 
the Spaniard before-mentioned, is viſcid 
and glutinous ; both the gluten and the 
ſerum being yellow, as is the colour of 
the patient,—lIt having been remarked, 

that bliſters have produced not only the 
molt falutary effect in removing the fe- 
ver, but that ſuch as recovered, with- 
out their having been applied, were 
ſubject afterwards to a giddinels, and 
pain in the head ; it has lately become 
a general practice to bliſter all who have 
the leaſt ſymptom of this infection, and 
thoſe complaints are no more heard of. 
The diſcharge from the bliſters ſeems 


likewiſe to afſiſt in preventing a relapſe. 
« 10th December. The early application 
of a bliſter cauſes often a ſudden abate- 


4 «© ment 


+ 


* * 
SIO» 2 » * . . 1 . * 
* 
— ——— — PAN AAA I et — 


202 FTevers produced by Infection 5 

% ment of the head- ach and fever. In 
the more advanced ſtages of the diſeaſe, 
* bliſters produce no bad effects; on the 
* contrary, they often give the greateſt 


relief, though not ſo immediately as in 


„the firſt ſtage. During the courſe of 
e the fever, ſome have a tendency to looſe 
« ſtools, others to a ſevere purging *; 


* Jn this complicated ſtate of the fever, with a flux, 
an ounce and half of a ſtrong decoction of bark and 
ſnake-rart was given every four hours, with the addition 


of five drops of the Thebaic tincture. I have alſo given 


in the ſame circumſtances, antimonial medicines in ſmall 
doſes, with a view to abate the fever ; but ſo combined 
with op:ates, as to prevent their ruffling the ſtomach and 
inteſtines. Upon the decline of this fever, the danger 
from the flux became leſs ; and I have, with pleaſure, 
obſerved both methods ſometimes ſucceſsful in removing 
the fever and flux at once. The former practice hath 
already been recommended by my good friend Dr. 
Htytr, (ſee Obſervations on the Diſeaſes of the Army, by 
Sir Fobn Pringle, edit. 3. p. 245.) and I am informed, 


that in the autumnal fluxes of hot countries, the like 


method of treatment, after proper evacuations, has alſo 
been found ſucceſsful. Such fluxes as continued obſti- 
nate, aſter the receſs of the fever, we generally ſtopped 
by ſmall doſes of Ipecacoanha. 5 . 
Here it may not be improper to remark for the be- 


nefit of young practitioners, that in many fevers, where 


the complaint or pain is fixed and permanent, topical ap- 


plications will oftentimes afford more immediate relief, 
than medicines taken into the ſtomach, or applied at a 
diſtance from the part affected; in like manner as a 
vomiting and hiccough, that have reſiſted the effects of 
opium, muſk, and other powerful medicines, taken into 
the ſtomach, are often inſtantly ſtopped by a warm, ſpi- 


| (e but 


Fevers produced by Infection. 203 
c but, after the application of a bliſters 


* theſe complaints frequently become at 
5 leaſt milder. The ſtate of the belly is 


« carefully attended to, as a lax ſtate of 


“it is judged the moſt eligible in all in- 
« fectious diſorders. Internal medicines 
* have been duly adminiſtered, more par- 
„ ticularly Camphire * with vinegar whey, 


rituous, or camphorated application outwardly to the 


ſtomach. Thus opium in clyſters will ſometimes afford 
more immediate relief in fluxes, and other diſorders of 
the inteſtines, than when adminiſtered in any other 
manner; and in the fame form, I have often given /p:- 
ritus ætlereus, wine, bark, &c. | 
Cupping and —— ſhould be uſed upon the trunk 
of the body and limbs, on, or as near as poſſible to, the 
parts affected with a fixed pain; as alſo, in many cafes, 
blood ſhould be taken from the veſſels neareſt to the ſeat 
of the complaint. | | 
* In this hoſpital, as ſoon as a patient in a fever was 
admitted, and put to bed, when there was no immediate 
Indication for making evacuations, it was our general prac- 
tice, to give him four or five grains of Camphire every four 
hours, waſhed down with a draught of vinegar whey. 
The Camphire, being diſſolved in mucilage of gum Arabic, 
generally ſat eaſy upon the ſtomach ; and I eſteem it a 
roper medicine in ſuch cafes. Another medicine much 


uſed, together with camphire, eſpecially in fevers of a 


bad kind, was the following: 

R Rad. ſerpentar. virg. contuſ. dr. vi. aceli lib. ij. 
coque ut fy una libra colaturæ, cui adde ag. alexiter ſpir. fyr. 
e corticib. aurantior, ana unc. ij. Of this the patient took 


two ſpoonfuls every four hours. It was, however, ſel- 


dom preſcribed by itſelf, but generally with an addition 


to the above proportion) of /al cornu cervi dr. iij. vel ſpi- 


ritus ejuſdem unc. 1 i. and ſometimes the acid of the 


._* often 


. Ir In tn mn 
4 FG. 3 £65" Fong — 
5 rag 


2 —— 
2 r — "TATE — "34d 


.. io 2... 
_ Bas = Ae 
* * 


"2 — 1 rr > 1s + 2 
— — 2 
— a — og 
5 — 
nl My ey 


= A 1 ö 0 

+ ETSY 45 
TY ; 

— 5 " 


— — — — — 
— — £ 


— I 


— — r — — mp ir — W 1 
FR — 5 rr 
— — : _— — — 1 _ 
. — * 1 > — — — : 
- 2 
- —— 


occaſions elix. paregor. unc. J. 


204 Fevers produced by Infection. 
« often the bark, wine, &c. and, in the 
t yellow ſtate, the neutral ſaline draughts, 


e either with Hiebaic tincture, or r/ubarb, 
*& according to the ſtate of the body. But 


d we eſteem many of thole internal me- 


« dicines, as alſo bleeding, which I have 
« ſeldom preſcribed, as only temporary, 
% or but auxiliary means of relief, in re- 
e ſpect to bliſters. An emetic, given on 
te the firſt appearance of a relapſe, often 
produces the happy effect of preventing 
« a return of the diſtemper. 

December 12. Although the weather 
© be extremely cold with an intenſe hard 
« froſt, which has continued many days; 
e yet from the Neptune, Princeſs Amelia, 
* and other infected ſhips, they continue 
« daily to ſend patients in this fever; 
© ſome of them beſprinkled with nu- 
* merous perechie. Thus, the ſeverity of 


vinegar wag almoſt neutraliſed with crabs eyes or 


chalk. 
Having frequently obſerved the attack of an intermit- 


tent fever, to be prevented, on its approach, by a draught 
of Vegetable Acid and Alcali, (ſuch as Vinegar and powder 
of Crabs Eyes) taken in a ſtate of fermentation, I am apt 
to think, there is much greater febrifuge virtue in ſuch 


. draughts, exhibited when in a fermenting ſtate, than in 


a ſtate of perfect quiet and ſaturation. 
To a pound of this decoction of ſnake- root were added 


occaſionally, rinct. cort. Peruv. ſimp. unc. iv. vel pulv. ſubt. 
cort. Peruv. unc. ſs. vel vin. croc. unc. 1 fi. And on ſome 


c the 


Fevers produced by Infection. 205 


te the ſeaſon does not ſtop, nor even check, 
the contagion in thoſe ſhips.“ 
December the 14th, when viſiting i in a 
fever-ward, I was ſurpriſed to find three 
patients, from the Cambridge, whoſe com- 
pany I ſuppoſed to be healthy. Accord- 
ing to my uſual method, I began with 
aſking them concerning the ſtate of their 
ſhip, in point of health ; and what they 
might imagine. to have been the original 
cauſe of their own illneſs. Their anſwer 
implied, —that fix hundred and fifty men, 
who cempoſed the complement of the Cam- 
bridge, had enjoyed a good ſtate of health 
for a long time paſt ; until they, with ſome 
of their ſhipmates, were ordered on board 
the Neprune, to prepare that ſhip for the 
dock, which was then in great diſtreſs for 
want of men, molt of her people Sony at 
the hoſpital. 
Of thoſe three men belonging to the 
Cambridge, one, on the fifth day of the 
fever, became ſpotted, and died ; another 
narrowly eſcaped with life; and I have 
reaſon to believe, that their other ſhip- 
mates, who were employed in the Nep- 
tune, conveyed the diſtemper to the Cam- 
bridge, as ſhe ſoon after ſent to the hoſ- 
pital ſeveral afflicted with the ſame fever. 
I would have it here obſerved, - That 
when thoſe men from the Cambridge, (ons 8 
| O 


- 


.. en b 
5 T0 2 * At 5 e 
— — —— " <p —— — - _ — —_— — . ä 1 — = 
— — 


1 
U 
7 
I 


3 — r * 1 —— ä p — — 09 0.0. 29 b 
— — — AO 3 — — 2 NR - 7” Sr AIDS - - — * _ 
8 212 2 . —— — . bs — S 8 — 8 — r . rea EE BEES = 
w — Goo —— a —— * — — 1 eos © — goie 2 g — x — — 
. ——— — — - 
r 2 ; — 
ta 5 74 uf, * * 0 8 2 = * * 8 3 my x 3 FJ — * — . 8 — 2 n—_ — — — ** — 
-4 1 22 * T A 3 TY 4 1 — -& - : 8 = 2 — 2 — ear wi l bo — — ne —_ - = — — 
— 4 "+ — — — = 2 4 be 2 73 — 2 I Rs > — 1 E 5 - - _ lk Wo * me 2 . * — * * 
Lo _—_ > r 5 ? Ee. a -þ © 5 a 8 - . — - | 6 ” — os * v . 
A » bs 7 - . * I — p 7 2 2 2 - er 3 9 5 — — 2 . "A = =D * 
: ; : i Car dt, 2 CEP IT 7 A r rr - = — 22 2 
* 1 — — > 8 . - — — Jon "or — a+ nga — 8808 - 4 3 1 1 * * * hg * _ 
* mg 3 „ * = r 5 c DIE CEPT 4 * - > : — , 5 : — 
- — po - - 2 * We 2 ot CONE ITE... — 22 — — nerd o——l 2 — * - - * 222 - 2 7 — — n * 
* 3 
5 


20 Fever produced by Inſection. 
of the moſt healthy ſhips then in the fleet) 


became infected, their infection did not 


proceed from any perſon being fick in the 


Neptune. For upon the firſt complaint, 


or the appearance of any man being there 
taken ill, he was immediately ſent to the 
hoſpital. And the ſame is to be obſerved, 


with reſpe& to the numerous infected pa- 


tients, who were daily ſent for five or fix 
weeks, from the North American ſhips 3 


that is, from the time of their arrival at 


Spithead, till their purification in the dock. 
During this period, no ſick man was kept 
for an hour on board any of them, if the 
weather permitted to ſend him on ſhore. 

Thus, though the ſick with the fever 
were removed into the hoſpitals, yet ſtill 
the pernicious ſource of infection con- 
tinued to be as active as ever in the ſhips. 
It was alſo at this time very remark- 
able, that no ſeamen, but thoſe who had 
been on beard the North American ſhips, 
were ſeized in this hoſpital with that fever; 
notwithſtanding the utmoſt precaution did 
not prevent their too e commu= 
nication. - 

Beſides, in thoſe ſhips where there were 
no fick people on board, it was plain the 


infection could not proceed from a foul air, 


or want of attention in waſhing and keep- 


ing them clean, They were furniſhed 
: with 


* 


Fevers 1s produced by Infoltion; 207 


with ventilators ; and I have it from good 


authority, that the Neptune and Dublin, 
where the men were molt fickly, were 


kept uncommonly clean and neat. The 
former being a ſecond rate, a prodigious 
draught of air muſt have been admitted from 


her having three tier of ports; and when 


thoſe ports were open, (which was all the 
time ſhe lay at Spithead, and in Portſmouth 
Harbour, while the contagion was fo vio- 


Tent) the ventilation and renewal of the 


air exceeded what could be effected in 


moſt other places, in an hoſpital, or in 


any chamber, by open doors and windows. 
The diet of the people was, at that time, 
freſh beef and broth, with greens. 


I enquired particularly into the con- 


dition of the fick-apartment in the Nep- 
tune, while ſhe was at fea; and found it 


was on the lower gun- -deck, and was both 


ſpacious and neat. In it were cut two 
ſcuttles for the admiſſion of freſh air, and 
theſe were at all times kept open. The ad- 


joining ports were alſo thrown up, when 
it could ſafely be done, though the freth 


air, admitted by the two ſcuttles, was ſuf- 
fictent to keep the place at all times ſweet, 
and free from any bad ſmell. It was 


waſhed twice a week with warm vinegar, 


beſides oy duly n out n day. 
Sir 


Ds, N 
** 
& 
4 1 
YE 
þ x : 
7. 
FL 
: 
nes |. 
1 
1 
5 > 
. 
F 
—_ 
Fs 3 
£ 5 
8 
N. [ 
4% 
bt: 
. 
1 
"Vis 
oy” 5's 
(7 
IN 
TW 3! 
3; - 
Fs 
Ax? 
an 25 
4* 
2+ 
wt © 
j N 
8:4 
* 4 
6) 
7 
1 
£3 
1 1 
o 1 
164 
T. 
71 
120 3»: 
1.76 F'P 
75 15 
1 
1 
a 
* - 
34M 
3, 
in 2 
1 
ES 
I 
FR 
<< 
[4 
T9 
, 
1 * 
1 [ 
—_ '” 2 
1 
we 29,0 
42661 
1 
Ha 
= 
82 
745 
K 
1 
. 
- 4: 
* 
* 
1 
= 
N ” 
n 
. 
} n 
. 
* : * 
1 
Ss 4 
- 
4 be 
+ 
8 
_ - 
a <0. 
* 2 
37 
12. 
1 
ce 4 
: 5 
1 
Is 
* 3 
;% 
by E 
*T o 
bg” * 
. 
1 
1 
+ 
2 
. 
7 
U 
3 
5 
* 
1 
»* 
= 
; 


IO 
—b— © 6 wot. nr 
ky Nr : r 


. 2 
"Wn" . . 
n 


le 


Pa - ; i k 

bt q "Y 

Is Fl 

75 } 

1 } 

= 1 k 

. | 

114 

Fl 

_ 

It 

1 

11 
ti 

vl | 7 

11 
U 


3 —— 2 » 2 
=&= 3 EF 1-4 EEE —— — 5 
2 2 4 
- 0 - 
— — — — — 1 * 


| 
1 
1 4 
14 


4 . 
. — . ont 2 Dr. — — 6 
2 — <3 = Fe 2 ; 8 2 " > 
. C re ES, — Þ . RIP ASE 832 l = — I — — 1 - — 
MY r : ! IS. r — * Py 2 . 2% —E..7 - x —— — 
1 E ccc bb N er — - — 2 — 
os — n 5 5 rr — 
—— gs. oe * 8 2 = * => 
— - : - W 2 — — — ” 4 1 * 5 * - _—_: 2 
, = — * - : 8 x : Jo 
* * * — = — ba — n — , 2 


1 

0 4 

by 11 

1 

= 7 : 

3 

| « 
1 % 

2 a 

3 * 4 

p 

1 f 

MM > 

1 

* 31 
19 
%; Va 


208 Fewers produced by Infelliat: | 


Sir Charles Saunders, who commanded. 
the fleet, was on board this ſhip, and 
ſpared no method to have the apartment 
tor the ſick, the whole ſhip, together. 
with the men, kept wholeſome and clean. 

The practice of cleanlineſs, and the be- 
nefit of the freſheſt air, did not however 
avail to remove this contagion ; which 
continued till the ſhip was taken into dock, 
and properly purified by Fire and Smoke. 
After this operation, the ſhip and crew 
became perfectly healthy. This was the 


cCaſe likewiſe with all the infected North 


American ſhips. 

Towards the latter end of * "Loo Ia 
the Diana Frigate arrived from North Ame- 
rica. When ſhe left that part of the 
world, the company was in health ; but, 
a few weeks before ſhe reached the coaſt 
of England, meeting with very bad wea- 
ther, the men were attacked with fevers ; 
of which the Boa7ſwarn, ſurgeon's mate, 
and ſome others, died. The report of 
this ſhip, at her arrival, contained thirty- 
two ſick of a fever, ſaid to be malignant, 
with a ſmall degree of infection. One 
man expired ſoon after being landed. All 
the reſt recovered their health i in the hoſ< 

ital. 

Thus a Cond ſound crew ny ins 
feed, as it e appear, from the cloſe- 
neſs 


| ne: froduted 5 I nfeftion. 209 


heſs or damp below, occaſioned by the 
Hatchaway being kept ſhut. 

Another inſtance of the like kind o- 
curred in the Saint George, which failed 
from Spithead about February 1760, with a 
healthy company; and returned, after 
meeting with rough tempeſtuous weather, 
in a ſickly condition. The ſickneſs, in 
both theſe ſhips, made its firſt appearance 
during an intenſe cold ſeaſon, and was of 
a malignant nature. 

On board moſt other ſhips e of war, we 
were able to trace out the importation'of 
the contagion, . either from the Princeſs 
| Royal, or the other guardſhips ; from jails, 
unſeaſoned landmen, contaminated per- 
| ſons, or ſhips. The effects of it were 
diſcovered, for the moſt part, in a few 
days, and the importers of it ſufficiently 
known, 


(210-7 


SECT. HI. 
State of Infection in the year 1760. 


State of infection at Spithead in the yea 
1760, Inſtances of perſons labouring un- 
der infectious diſeaſes on board of ſhip with- 
out communicating the infection. Remark- 
able long flate of health enjoyed by the 
grand fleet, unden Sir Eqward Hawke, 
on the coaft of France. 


JN the beginning of the year 1760, ſe- 
veral frigates, viz. the Poſtilion, Liver- 
pool, Reprilſe, and Niger, brought an in- 
fection to Spithead, which they received 
from ſome draughts of newly impreft 
men. 

This infecion was very ſlight. In many, 
its preſence was known only by regular or 
irregular ſhiverings; which were often 
miſtaken, for a ſudden chill or cold, and 
at other times for an ague. Several were 

ſubject to a return, at intervals, of thoſe 
cold fits, even for three weeks after they 
came aſhore. 
In order to the ſeparation of theſe tainted 
perſons from the other patients in the 
houſe, which at that time was pretty full, 
ſome new. wards, not before . 
were. 


Hate of Infedion in the Yoor 17 760. 211 


were neceſſarily then opened. About 
twenty or twenty-five of thoſe wha ap- 


peared to be the moſt healthy, and on that 


account received into the new apartments, 
were ſeized with fluxes. In ſuch as died 
of this diſtemper, I found large collections 
of Pus in the cavity of the Abdomen; as 
alſo ulcerations along the external ſurface 
of the inteſtines, without any apparent 
ſign of a mortification in the parts. Their 

ſhip-mates, in the ſeaſoned wards, were 
ſeldom afflicted with the flux. Their com- 
plaints were an univerſal diſorder, pains in 
the limbs, ſometimes in the head; a cough 
and ſpitting, with recurring ſhiverings. 


Two of them in the fever became yellow, 


and both recovered. But in a ſeaſoned 
ward, containing twenty patients, it was 
uncommon to fee more than two or three 


of them, confined to their bed, as. this 


infection was far from being virulent, and 
produced but in few inſtances a fixed 
fever. = , 

However, from another quarter, we 
ſoon after received ſome infected patients. 


The Garland, a ſhip of twenty guns, ar- 
ay from Plymouth. Her men had been 


n perfe& health, till ſome of them were 
ſent to aſſiſt the Shrewſbury, whoſe crew 


was then moſtly fick at Plymouth in the 


Hoſpitals, On their return, they brought 
| 1 2 . 


r 


rr 


— — — - 3 — — 2 
22 : N 1 Bi BEEF ES _— 1 — — ꝗ—— 
eren . RY FI OE ID _ — 
7 - 4 == C — ** 7 2 - 83 2 js ASX; 8 8 Don N 
— Ce , a 2 — N " 1 1 * 4 _ = . —_— , =_ 5 . - > - T3 - _ = - — RL So rn — *** — ER A - 
2 4 N 2 I A her 16 5 3 2 x * n + * . 25 . * — —_— =_ ;— 53S M Ag . 939 
by - a] 43 * 5 «4 IS ORE — y A % * 4 C 1 1 r 5 „„ R Oy er — Y , x3 2 Tf — n n . 2 r — — 1 9 — 
be \ _— I — 1 4 be "A444 * r ad 144 - N — _ — * 7 * 3 41 2 k f 8 2 2 8 . THE n — _ 2 %* . — 5 
. fo N pg” . r * . a4 2 2 >> W | : * 3 CEE 7 : Y _ —_— ws ed . — ba — * — 
. 4 5 £ , b K 3 2 s 1 5 8 < * — 2. BY — . © ASE Wd 3 — 
e 8 IEF. qe = * ISA 4 * EE 2 8888 es a. 3, : i . — — —— . DYE age "i 


* 7 _ © * 7 
1 — R 
? CON Ow 
* Ce 4 U - — 


rr _ — 
, dy « "ne. a; ty. = — 


212 State of Infection in the Year 1760. 


along with them a ſpotted fever, which 
they communicated to their own com- 
pany. 

The patients received from this ſhip 1: la- 
boured under a fever of a more malignant 
nature, than any fever I ever had occaſion 


to obſerve at Haſlar; and their ſickneſs 


appeared to be the conſequence of a more 
violent contagion ; ſo that it became necef- 
ſary, without delay, to ſmoke and purify the 

whole ſhip. On the two following days 
after the operation, they ſent aſhore four 


fick; and from that time this peſtilential 


contagion was entirely removed from the 
Garland. 

In this hoſpital none of her peop le re- 
lapſed into the fever, which 1 . to 
moſt of them being ſeized with the 
ſcurvy *, while on recovery from the fe- 
ver; as at that time, an unuſual, epi- 
demic, and real ſcurvy, prevailed over the 
county of Sourhampton. 

I have now given a faithful account of 
all ſuch infectious fevers, as occurred in 
Haſlar Hoſpital from June 1758, to the 
beginning of the year 1760. Moſt of 
theſe particulars are known to the gen- 
tlemen who attended my viſits, many of 


„ Seen particular account of this i in 2 Treatiſe on the 
Scurvy, cls 3. P. 271. 


whom 


State of Infection in the Year 1760. 213 


whom are now alive; as likewiſe to the 

officers and ſurgeons of the reſpective 

ſhips. | 

Sometimes only one man in a ſhip may 
be ſeized with the perechial, or with the 
elbow fever, while all the reſt continue un- 

affected. 


Of this the Magnanime afforded an in- 


ſtance. She was ſeventeen weeks at ſea, 
and for a whole month of that time, dur- 


ing very bad and ſtormy weather, had on 


board the men wounded in the general en-- 

agement on the 2oth of November. Not- 
a withſtanding this long continuance at ſea, 
and the violent ſtorms that ſhe encoun- 


tered, yet of 700 men, five only were 


reported to us to be ſick, beſides the 
wounded ; and theſe chiefly in chronic 
diſorders. However, upon their landing, 
I found that one of them laboured under 
a ſpotted fever, of which he ſoon died, 
overſpread with perechiz. Another perſon 
was ſent from the Raven ſloop in the yellow 
fever, of which he alſo died ; and yet no 
other perſon on board of thoſe two ſhips 
were either before or afterwards taken ill 
of ſuch fevers, 

I do not recolle& many ſuch incidents, 
that have occurred in the hoſpital, although 
I have frequently viſited patients in fevers, 
fimilar to the above-mentioned, in fami- 


P 3 lies 


— 


2 


* 


3 

"x £4 vi get ” 2 » + + a0 

FT * . — 8 "6 
* — — 8 


ob BEST? Yor OE 


A 


CG. 
Fog tt Her © 
Vo ey 
2 * - * 


5 4 
1 TY . 1 246; e Sr = " — 2 - _ 1 — _ — — — s _ — — nd OE — gag» > MT re rp - * e — 
. — ' Ay R. * * * r SR 3 . 4 4 yaa = _—_— = WE be 7 £ 2 K : on rr — 2 vs Ls A 
p iy 0 N 5 L Ld 2 4 . „ 4 a 1 0 WED — 44-4 _— _ 2 ny » 8 3. + Row 4 N Fog . 
8 5 a * re > 2 EL — —ů— 8 ——— 2 — * — £ 2 5 2 5 9 3 WE OW Band > - * 
rs" * — J * 2 We * — 2 . * be . „ : Y - ——— b 8 288 b 
ner 1a WPI : - POETS PS — 1 : cc e 
bo l N o : 


. 
8 1 py vs 
KEW 
cal 2 


* 


pl * — arg ar > 3 — ID at. 3 Z < 
— N — 
Long + 8 -4. A 4 44 Ut Bs» — — r — - 


. ; 
_— by 
Er NERO ²˙ A — 
E ND * 2 , 5 


N rr 


. a = — 
rr nr name non nes . D 
o = — 2 — —— — * — 

— 
— 


7 
2 
bb 
F 
if 
$ 
7 


214 State of Hiſectin in the Year 1560. 
lies where an infection was not in the leaſt 
Rave. | 

But let us leave this part of the ſubje& 
for the preſent; and, turning our eyes to 
a more pleaſing ſcene, take a view of the 
general ſtate of the fleet, in point of health, 
during the courſe of the years 1759 and 

1760. | 

In the grand fleet of England,” com- 


manded by Sir Edward Hawke, who, on the 


20th of November, defeated the French 
under Monſ. Conflans, they enjoyed a moſt 
perfect and unparalleled ſtate of health. 
This fleet is ſuppoſed, at molt times, to 
have conſiſted of above twenty ſhips of 
the line, and ten or more frigates, in 
which were embarked about fourteen 
thouſand men. On the day of action, 
many of thoſe ſhips and men had been 
above ſix months from Spithead ; notwith- 
ſanding which, there was not then among 
them twenty ſick in all. Out of eight 
hundred and eighty men in the Royal 
George, (Sir Edward Hawke's ſhip) there 
was 800 one man who was incapable of 

duty. In the Union (Sir Charles Hardy's 
ſhip) of ſeven hundred and ſeventy, they 
had likewiſe but one unſit for ſervice; and 


on board the Mars, commanded. by com- 


 mogore Young, though a new ſhip of 
ſixty- 


State of Inſection in the Year 1760. 215 
fixty-four guns, there was not a ſick 


perſon. 
It was hardly ever known before, that 


ſhips could cruiſe in the Bay of Byſcay, 
much above three or four months at a 
time, without having their men afflicted 
with the ſcurvy. An exemption from 
which was entirely owing to this fleet 
having been well ſupplicd with freſh meat 
and greens. 

It is an obſervation, I think, worthy of 
record, —That fourteen thouſand perſons, 
pent up in ſhips, ſhould continue, for fix 
or feven months, to enjoy a better ſtate of 


health upon the watery element, than it 


can well be imagined ſo great a number 
of people would enjoy, on the moſt 
| healthful ſpot of ground in the world, 
How long the health of theſe men 
might have been preſerved, if their ſupply 
of the land productions had not been cut 
off, we cannot ſay. For, after this en- 
gagement, the victualling. tranſports hav- 
ing been detained by contrary winds, they 
ſuffered much for want of proviſions and 
water; and the commanding officers were 
at length reduced to circumſtances, in 
this reſpect, little better than the common 
men. Notwithſtanding which, it was 
more than ſix weeks after the commence- 


ment of thoſe hardſhips, before the ſcurvy 
| F'4+ made 


5 n „2 


* Pn atone a. 

9 - La * v 
* ; 
E 
renne 


ö 
{+ 
. 
143 
*. 
1 
$5: 
Fa 
5 
3.3 


ON We FI XA ee gs Ne 
n 


— 


1 


3 as 
a of) 2 3 oy ! 1 
*F 4 ESI IK MP nr „ — = + bt oo + $4 
q a PE) 


ARS Ct, Apt, 
3 


— I_ ot opts feng > —— ue 
"0 7 


oo of CP 


4X4. 70 ra " * * * 


„ nn 


D 7 
— — — ——d - 


— — coor Ren 8 - —— —— ” yo r 
Ä 7 ˙ AAA —— ⅛ vt» ¶ y — ůp—p—̃ ͤůu — T nk . 
7 N 2 Fae. EE 5 W.-* _—— 7: A ——— 7 a; . 
Gs - BB. — B — 3 — 


* r 


—— — —— 


F 
17 


— — —————— 
> 1 2 PERRY 
A _ 


„ "BLM ite, L 


+a. Ae 


216 State of Infettion in the Year 1760, 
made its appearance among them. And 
though moſt of the ſhips had been abroad, 
ſome ſeven, and others near eight months, 
yet they loſt very few men, and thoſe chiefly 
by the ſcurvy. 

The Royal George, the capital ſhip in 
that fleet, failed from Sp:thead the 17th of 
May, 1759, and did not return til the 
18th of January following. When ſhe 
left England, twenty of her men laboured 
under coughs, and other complaints, the 
uſual conſequences of the irregular beha- 
viour of ſeamen when on ſhore. A boy 
having brought with him the ſmall-pox 
on board, five of her people died of that 
diſeaſe ; which were the only perſons who 
died in this eight months cruiſe. Before 
her arrival at home, the crew in general 
became more or leſs afflicted with feorbutic 
ſymptoms. And, when they got into the 
port, twenty, afflicted. with the ſcurvy, 
were ſent to the hoſpitals; of whom only 
one man died, Having had 2 Sroply: lomy 


f time before. 


To the general ſtate of good health en- 
joyed, by the ſhip's com panies in this great 
fleet, chere were, however, two exceptions: 
Thele occurred in the Sandwich and Tor- 
Say. The former being a new ſhip, man- 


ned with people unaccuſtomed to the ſea, 
I with W from the London jails, re- 


e 5 turned 


127 "3 58. 


State of Infectinn in the Year 17 60. 
turned to Spithead towards the end of De- 
cember, 1759, with a ſickly crew, after 2 
long and ſeparate cruiſe from the reſt of 
the fleet. And in the month of Tune, 
1760, ſeveral patients, having a malignant 
ever, were ſent from the Torbay to the 


3 


hoſpitals at Plymoufh. 


But, excluſive of the companies of thoſe. 


two infected ſhips, I have reaſon to believe, 
that there were few or none of the men 


employed on the coaſt of France, and in 


the Bay of Biſcay for eighteen months, (viz. 
from May, 1959, to December 1760) whoſe 
number may be computed at fourteen 
thouſand at firſt, and ten thouſand after- 
wards, kept conſtantly in thoſe ſeas, com- 
monly from ſeven to eight months at a 


time, who were afflicted with any diſeaſe 
but the ſcurvy ; and with that only, when 


not ſupplied with freſh proviſions. 

| We muſt except ſuch chronic complaints 
as always occur among ſeamen ; ſuch as 
heumatic pains, old hurts, and bruiſes, 
with conſumptive caſes, and the like; 
moſt of them being the conſequence of 


c 
+ 


former diſorders, or of old age, and its 


zufirmities, 


RY 


Ea 


Ae 


— — 
W : ” 
2 n 
— 3 5 — 
hy 5 * 


—— — 8 = * — ma Wages , 
N 2 — — aur Wea: 8 2 GTA 2 _ . pn N 8 238 2 3 
. WY 2» 2 ” o& ,»# — - — — * = - > * 

">a 7.0 D Se — . — ＋ 2 % 
* * * . — — " Io t 
r 9 r 4 wars 8 * N e . * 

8 . ee ; 


F 
| 
{ 
| 
| 


— 


0 * — 4 EL 
r 
— > + 


- ——— a —— — 
2 — A b 


— — — 
ELITE” 207 * * 
W AE”. + 


— 0 22 — — — — N 
1 % I n 
r 


— - — — 
5 IT OS 
* 2 


= — — 
2 x 


7 * — - 4. . 4 7 8 n 5 4 bo: 
C 


Lee 
OY 


2 


KR, 


bal $4 to 
> — = 2 py 
*F 4 A; 
2 22 SS 


— —— I toe — — 


r 


PI 


- CFD IE ENEY 
3 r 1 m1 — = ag 7 = = — — — — — & Wb * 8 — 2 = 33 — 
y — * ———— — — N 0 ere „„ * a 
— — * Seer _y — l Beer ——— — — a r x — P * 
Wr ofa ers, c St po. 9 6. r _ — - — — — — een p = 
e — — — p — * * — - 22 — — 4 — — — bor ge ns Sx J - 2 * — - _ — — — — 
5 . 1 Ply 7 7 F 1 „ — —— — = 2 5 rr - 2 * — 5 2 - — 
* err e , - oo ISA 5 * * — 780 8 7 
5 8 nn : 3 r — 1 — - —— n : 2 2 ues - „ 
— e 3 r 2 Fay — — — - - —_— PT 
* 4 „ 7 — = - * — 0 * [ 
1 2 2 N — 5 — © 8 5 r — — a} -- oat 
1 — N 2 we EY an. a> Re wt n e 
A, ; N 4 * 


3 
8 


= — * 5 — —— 
© da 2 = - ' — — — - 
. ĩͤ d ²˙q . EL ng 
5% Iu - 1 -" 4 * dos . ' - 3 3 3 - 6 Loa 


X-u18 ) 
s E C T. Iv. 


Properties of infection. 


Healthfulneſ; of the ſea-air. Difference in 
Jevers ariſing from infection; the ſick 
themſeFves leſs apt to communicate infec- 
tion than their apparel: ſubſtances to 
which it moſt ſtrongly adheres. Malignity 
of the fever proportionable to the virulence 


of the infection. Ventilation not always 
fu ficient 7 to remove infection. 


Having given the ſtate of infection in 
h e fleet for upwards of two years, I 
now proceed to deduce. its more ee 


properties. | 
Firſt. It appears, that the ſea air is 


| whollome and falutary to people who have 
been for ſome time accuſtomed to breathe 


in it, and who are ſupplied with their pro- 
gs food or nouriſhment.—And experience 
as further ſhewn, that perſons at ſea, are 
leſs ſubject to fevers than thoſe at land. 
Obſtinate agues, and what is called the 


 dilious cholic from being accompanied with 


vomitings and a purging of ſuppoſed bile, 


but eſpecially the ue, are ſometimes epi- 


demic in the environs of Por#/mouth, dur- 


ing the autumnal ſeaſon, 1 have obſerved 
| | them 


Properties Infection. 219 


them raging among the inhabitants, ſtrang- 
ers, and troops, with an uncommon degree 


of violence; while, during this period of 


univerſal diſtreſs at land, ten thouſand 
men in the ſhips at Spithead, remained per- 
fectly free from them. 

From theſe accumulated proofs, this po- 
ſition ſeems evident. Indeed, ſo pure and 
untainted is the atmoſphere at ſea, from 
being duly ventilated by refreſhing winds, 
that it becomes the undoubted lum for 
health in ſickly climates, and during the 
rage of epidemical or peſtilential diſeaſes 
at land. 


Add to this, that the effects of a con- 
tagious diſeaſe are more clearly diſcovered 


in fleets, or in a number of different ſhips, 
than in towns or villages, as all the ſhips, 
which.compoſe a ſquadron, are under the 
ſame influence: of diet and of climate, the 
circumſtances of the men being likewiſe 
in other reſpects for the moſt part fimilar. 


Hence, an infection may often ſpread it- 
ſelf unſuſpected over a town or village, 


while in a fleet of ſhips its influence be- 
comes more apparent, from its coliine- 

7 ment to one or more ſhips. 
Slecondiy. It alſo appears, — That fy 
of various denominations, and of very dif- 
ferent kinds, may be occaſioned by a con- 
| tagion 

2 


|; 
t 


5 


N 


+ * 
55 
* 
8 2 
* 
; 
* 


3 —— — —— — — 
J bs . 


2 —— 


= 


— COUNT 


« Wh ot 


1 


= . W 7 — — — * Ws . — om — * 8 — 
1 — + Try” *% * — 5 «3 8 IT aa — Sa ed 4 . * EI N — - 
» 1 Ka «. 2 um ws — 9259 - * * Þ we 2 SY 4 A8 * VA. 
LA x Pp: $ y , 1 22 2 * , — » . . — o 
1 ; n y ys 3 wb Z en « 8 8 
- —— — * 4 * 9 - * 
2 8 * 2 3 Ly 


— NCI IE — 


. * — * | — pF mY 
r 


220 Properties of Infection. 
tagion ; and that an infection in a village, 
houſe, priſon, or any other place, be it ei- 
ther imported, or originating there, does 
not always produce a malignant, much 
leſs a mortal fever. 

To illuſtrate more fully the preſent point, 
let us apply to the fever what occurs in the 

ux. 

Every one knows, that the Camp-dyſen- 
tery, and indeed moſt dyſenteric fevers, 
are generally both infectious and malig- 
nant. But I had a Patient in a chronic 

wax of two years continuance, which ſel- 
dom confined him to his bed, and yet he 
infected with it almoſt all perſons who 
uſed the ſame privy. He had been at 
different times, in all 'Gftcen months, in 
the hoſpital at Hallifax, for this complaint, 
and he afterwards remain ned three months 
at Haſlar ; from whence he was diſcharged 
as incurable. This perſon was lodged in 
a ward with Rheumatic patients, ſeveral 
_of whom daily complained of a ſevere 
purging; which they imputed to thejr 
_ medicines. The nurſes of the ward be- 
came affected i in the like manner, who firſt 
diſcovered it to be owing to this patient's 
ſtools, which were ſlimy, and very of- 
fenſive. And, upon debarring him from 
the uſe of the common privy, this ge- 
perl 


Properties of Infechon. 22 f 
neral complaint among them ceaſed. Caſes 
of a like kind have free occurred in 
this hoſpital. 

I think I have further obſerved, that 
the propenſity of the Patients to frequent 
relapſes into a fever, is in a degree pro- 
portional to the contagious difpoſition of 
that fever; or, at leaſt, that patients re- 
lapſe more frequently into a fever received 


by infection, whether it be of a mild or 


virulent nature, than into other fevers. 
This circumſtance may, perhaps, fome- 
times aſſiſt us in judging of the nature and 
cauſe of a diftemper. 
Thirdly. By a fixed attention to this 
fubject for ſome years paſt, I am con- 
vinced, that the body of the diſeaſed, kept 
exactly neat and clean, is not ſo liable to 
iümprefs the ant, as his late wearing ap- 
parel, dirty linen, and uncleanlineſs of 
any ſort about him Tong retained in that 
impure ſtate.— l ſay, theſe laſt contain a 
more certain, a more concentrated, and 
contagious poiſon, than the newly emitted 
effluvia or excretions from the fick. 
What ſecretions do moſt readily convey 
the infection, and at what period of the 
diſeaſe, or under what circumſtances the 
greateſt danger may be apprehended, muſt 
be referred to a future diſcuſſion. I ſhall 
at preſent only relate, in confirmation of 


what 


lt =" <6 


/ 
1 , 
«- * «4 OY {Wes 1 2 a>} — * n — 2 —— _ oo 
CCC 
— 3 ; — Rk = 


r oh 8 
a n — 12 1 5 
r eto n 


1 * 
ors 
* 
+, 
* 
o 
" 
45 
7 
1 
. 
* 
7 
1 
77 
"244 
* 
hk 7 
1 2 
* 
70 q 
4 
* 
4 
5 
Nr 
7 
a: 
Br 
j 
4 


— 


VG n % 
— 4 Td: W 
r 1 


* 
as 


. 


cute 


* — * . 

. n 
i AW « vr 

Y W 


Fs — — 24 mp 


— — ” 
— — ͥ — — — — 


K ͤ 2 + 


EO oa - 
we 


Pn " Troy 29949 
— gs a” — — — 


Ln 


n+ 5 
* 


— 


DDr 


n 


CCC  — _———_— 
= 3 


an > _ - 
9.04. * Sol RES LE r 
D 00 hn 


7 BF «© 
> — - 


AS” 
— A - 
1 


j 
| 
g *. 

5 


E 4 D 
— 2 = 


— —— 


n $:3 
U 
! 
1 
\ . * 
; | 
4 
mt ' 
- 1 
| : 6 
11 w 
i" þ 1 
4 } 
) 1 1 
+ * iy 
: 1 (! 1 
1 
f ö FY 
1 * 
Iii \ U 
i}. ö ud 
4 1 7 3 i 
1 
6 1 
„ 
} $ i4 ! 7» 
\ : . 
| 7 { 
1 
15 s 
 & > , 
J uo 12 
B+ ; 
l 4 
1 * y 
? vi 
H | 
; ; 
4 
x 
7 i * 
Tz 8 3 
1 8 | 
N 
1 . 
i 1 1 
3 1h : 
. 74 
3 + } 
1 Þ 2 ? 
ic. 4 : 
4 1 1 
* 1 
* 1 
J 4 : 
7. 
* * 1 } : 
* 1 
5 3 4 f 
7 E 
N + | 
bk £3.98 
IE 5-44 
F > RF : 
i X 1% 
af G 4 of ' : 
* $ by . 
N. f! = . 
*y I 5 
a: 5: : 
4 ' ' 
i ! 
uy 1 
N 3 
2 x 
. * 8 
l 1 : 
. "+: : 
= + [3 
1 \ 
'S ”4 
1 : I 
1 * 
7 
1 
* 1 
1 
N Y þ 
* q ' 
* 1 
* 
Q + 
'T 
IM 
$4 6 ' 
14 
15 
33 ® 
4 
. 
| þ 1 
*- 'Y 2 
1 
. 1. 
F be | 
+ X 
N. $ I 
8 i 
4; 
: F ' 
1] 
7 4 
£1 


% —— — 88 2 


222 Properties of Inſeckion. 


what has already been advanced, the dif- 
ferent caſes of the labourers, and of the 
nurſes at Haſlar. 

The duty of the labourers was to carry 
up the ſick in their infected cloaths to the 
wards ; and afterwards to bundle up, and 
bring away, every article of their apparel. 
Theſe were repeatedly infected, and with 
the moſt obſtinate fevers. Whereas the 
nurſes, who undreſt the patients (near a 


good fire, which was always kept in the 


wards), and who conſtantly attended them 


after they were put in a clean bed, and in 


clean linen, were not only, in many re- 


ſpecs, leſs liable to the fever; but when 


they did receive an infection, it was ge- 
nerally much milder, and ſooner removed. 
Several, indeed, of the nurſes who ſuf- 
fered, owed much of it to their own in- 
diſcretion, by keeping the dirty linen, af- 
ter it had been taken from the ſick, for 
ſome days in the rooms where they ſlept, 


- contrary to the rules of the houſe. One 


nurſe was three times by that means in- 


feed. Theſe obſervations may ſerve to 


enforce to the ſick, and their attendants, 
the neceſſity of an exact neatneſs, and a 
conſtant cleanlineſs about both. | 

 Fourthly.., We are of opinion, That, 
beſides the materials of wool, cotton, linen, 


| and apparel of almoſt every ſort, the ſeeds 


2 0 


Properties of Inſectiun. 223 
of an infection are ſtrongly adheſive to 
many other ſubſtances in infected cham- 
bers, and other places. Beams of wood, 
as 1n ſhips, chairs, bedſteads, and other 
furniture, as alſo various utenſils uſed 
about the ſick, may, doubtleſs, become 
ſtrongly tainted. This has been ſuffi- 
ciently evinced by the foregoing relation 
of the courſe of the infection in the 
fleet. 

Fifthly. The degree and danger of the 
fever will in a great meaſure depend on 
the quality, or the ſpecific nature of the 


| ſource from whence it is derived. By the 


ſource of an infection I mean thoſe ſeeds 
of contagion expreſſed by the Greet ap- 
pellation Mizopare, wherever imbibed, or 
to whatſovever materials they may adhere, 
or, what is ſometimes underſtood among 
_ phyſicians by the Lat appellation Fomes. 
Sir John Pringle has given an account“, 
that of twenty-three perſons, who were 
employed in refitting the old tents in 
which ſome ſick had lain, ſeventeen died 
of the infection; ſo virulent muſt that 


ource of poiſon have been: whereas, on 


the other hand, we have ſeen the condition 


of the Melampe, and of many other ſhips, 


where there were undoubted proofs of an 


* Obſervations on the diſeaſes of the army, p. 27- 


TEL 
—— 


Dee 5 Me 
$i — 8 : + _ 4 " «A 4 * * a 
own IE. EE SEE e fs — 2 


2 


* 

* 
45 
yl 


— Lg” wy 
—_— - 
2 a 


* „ 

> RE” ©, 
gy E 
N. B 


1 « 2 A adds *. * T” * 2 —— * 8 ad b 
RN f : _ r ; e 
ITE ROI RIns. HT Gn TIES 


SR 


8 ws 


4 


T2 .- 
— FOR 2 2 «s at 
— 


8 


AN. . . 
ern 


* 
2 


. Ow — 
N A rn + 


: R 48S." 
N. 


_; 
A 


* 1 we ett. 
2 — 2 


224 Properties of I nfection. 
infection; and yet the fever produced by 
it was very mild, and in few inſtances 
proved fatal. 25 
To illuſtrate this poſition by other ex- 
amples, we maſt obſerve, that during the 
months of January, February, and March, 
Anno 1760, twenty-four patients were re- 
ceived from the Garland *; moſt of whom 
had petechial ſpots, accompanied with other 
malignant ſymptoms, and five of them 
died of the fever. During the ſame months, 
one hundred and five infected perſons were 
fent from the Pofti/hon, Liverpool, and 
ſome other frigates, of whom only eight 
died, and thoſe moſtly of a flux, proceed- 
ing from the damp in the wards, as before 
related. | 9, 5 
Hence it ſeems altogether certain, that 
fome ſhips are more ſtrongly infected than 
others, or that they retain a more concen- 
trated and poiſonous ſource of contagion. 
Il T cannot preciſely ſay, that the number 
of the infected will be in proportion to 
the energy, or ſtrength of this ſource ; be- 
cauſe I have known a greater proportional 
number infected from a very mild conta- 
gion, than were taken ill out of the ſmall 
complement of the ſhip Garland, where 
the infection Was of a very violent nature. 


| See Chap. 1. Sect. iii. 


This 


mh 


! 


Thus much I am certain, that the danger 
of mortality will always be proportional 
to the ſtrength of the infection. 

Sixiſly. Wherever this lurks, and in 
whatever materials it is harboured, the ad- 
miſſion of the pureſt air, or the moſt per- 
fect ventilation, will often not avail, either 
in removing or abating its activity. 

This poſition might be proved, by many 


N inſtances of a ſimilar kind to what has al- 


ready been mentioned, of the Neptune, 
Dublin, and other infected ſhips, which 


were kept remarkably clean, and well. 


| aired ; but I ſhall confine myſelf only to 
one proof more. 
When ſhips are to be put into the dock, 


it is uſual to remove their men out of them | 


into hulks in the harbour. Theſe hulks are 
old ſhips,, containing, as 'one would ima- 
gine, nothing but decayed timbers, capa- 
ble of receiving or retaining infection. 
They may be compared to ſuch old unin- 
habited houſes as have the windows broken, 
or at leaſt at all times Kept open, and 
where the wind, cold, and rain, have the 
freeſt acceſs. Not long ſince, a part of 
the company belonging to the America, hav- 
ing flept in one of thoſe hulks, I remarked 
ſeveral of them were afterwards ſeized with 


fevers of a low and bad kind; while the 
other part of the crew who dept on board 


their 


Ft vera produced by Iigeelun 22 5 


F 


3 * 


1 
- 


A 
bs + 
* 
N 
1 
« 
2 
* 
44 
+ 4 
J 
51 
89.7 
+9 
4 + 
3 
_ 
©; 
4} 
x 
© 
+#7 
"34 
"he 
* 
3. 
FA 
. 7 
*. 
$% 
4» 
| 12 
. 1 
* 
Fs 
R — 
$ y 
424 - 
: 
T2 
of 
| 5 
Þ+ 
+ Bf 
1 
iS + 
1 
45 
+) 
3: 
. 
1 
12 
33 
5 
Fiat 
N 
, $4 5 
1 £O 
2 
Eby! 
2 
Ns? 
* 
5 
1 
N 
> , 
* 


1 
> 
20 

we: 
8 
I 


ns 


_— 9 
8 
2 2 CESS 


12 
* 2 
2 — — 


—— — 
7 F 


2 —ů— 1 


* 2 „ * - — — — nA F = +» -w 
| _ . | = — — — —— e — — — — — r — * — — 
. 5 — — net =_ — it — i 2 7 — F ˙ A Oe 1 
— wi . "> 4 — . » 
2 2 K _ + — * — — — * > - - — 
EE _ — — * r n 2 — . Lge” * 2 5 we — —— : ; : . — = : h ; 
<5 — n — ou. N * 8 1 = = —— 22 23 — a 2 3 5 . — = f 
IÞ N IR I ps: Fg Fes r uy 3 " _ — 2 E _ — — 2 - — 
: = TON py . 2 2 — n 3 \ = 0 — — — 
5 ; vil. . 2 ry * g 2 r 5 5 282 = , - 
* * Ss N * 25 . „A3 to EY AT. 2 . - = — 
| 0 NY | 2 ; ; * 8 2 8 7 EE EDO SE [RX rr Re - aw a 
- - . 7 oh - 1 " - me, EIS 2 Of 1 4 5 . pe 
; 2x." Ws - 1 e > pe 1 TN 
_ - * *»> 9 i a 2 
5 8 > RET >. < — 72 7 
; Se ＋ f 


226 Means of removing Infection. 
their proper ſhip, were affected only witl 


flight colds. I have indeed frequently met 
with inſtances of bad fevers, which have 


been got from thoſe cold, raw hulks, It 


mult allo be remembered, that wholeſome 


air, and even the ſevereſt froſt, did not 
mitigate the force of the tanie in the 
Neptune. : | 


. 


Means of removing infection. 


Means of removing infection. Infection de- 


ſtroyed by ſmoke. Means of purifying 
Ships, when the men are removed, by burn- 
ing tobacco, brimſtone, arſenic. Means of 
purifying places, when the fick cannot be 
removea, by wood: fires, ſmoke of gun- 
powder, ſcent of burnt caſcarilla, fleams 
of camphorated vinegar, freſh air. Means 
of purifying infected cloaths, &c. their 
immediate expoſition to the air improper, 
Previous fumigation- neceſſary. Caution 
in waſhing them. 


NDER ſome circumſtances the ſource | 

of an infection in a fick chamber, or 

in any other place, may be removed or de- 
ſtroyed by accidental means, for which we 


cannot account, and which we often can- 
not even aſcertain, But it oftener hap- 


* | : | s : PENS 


Means of removing Infection. 227 
pens that it is very difficultly rooted out, 


that exact cleanlineſs with the benefit of a 
pure air, often prove inſufficient to remove 


the evil. The ſometimes unavailing effi- 
cacy of thoſe means muſt not, however, 


occaſion any relaxation of the attention to 
two articles fo highly conducive, during 
every ſuch calamity, to the preſervation of 


the healthy, arid to the recovery of the af- 


flicted. 

But if means 0 abſolutely neceſſary to 
prevent a contagion, as cleanlineſs and a 
pure air, do often fail in removing or an- 
nihilating its ſecret ſource; it now gives 
me the higeſt ſatisfaction to affirm that I 


ſeldom or never knew a proper application 


of fire and ſmoke to be unſucceſsful in 
prodiicing the happy conſequence of effec- 
tually purifying- all tainted places, mate- 
rials, and ſubſtances. 

It is not to be doubted, but that, ex- 


cepting the true plague, there has been 


an infection fully as peſtilential, and 
as mortal, in ſome ſhips, as in any other 
place whatever; yet I never heard of an! 

| ſhip, which, after having been carefully 
and properly /moked, did not immediately 
become healthy. And if afterwards they 
turned ſickly, it was eaſy to trace that ſick- 
neſs from other infected ſhips, jails, and 


the like places. | 
0 3 In 


=>; 


* 
. „ _—_ * 
_ 4 ” IEICE TS), ond ==, — wg IS 
> 2. — NIN X * 8 * = 
<= . 25 * 2 r 1.2 1 r : * 8 A — A 
5 * 6 ——_— . * 


c em 
Pp — — 


J 
* 
— r ed ik SEO 5 1 5 2 RAE: "hog = 
tee nA 


— 


hg 


* 3 20 „ 4 
„ 
SIE RW, 


r A 
MAY rs 


. 


— 
7 "Te" wor 7-44 
5 * * 7 + Ve RA 


7 


8 


22 2 
2 e Ox 
<2 4% x * 
2 8 2225 3 Wo TY 


228 Means of removing Infection. 

There are three methods commonfy 
practiſed for purifying ſhips or veſſels, 
after the men have been removed out of 
them. | 
The firſt is, by burning of Tabacts. A 
quantity of Tobacco is ſpread on ſeveral 
fires made with ſuch old pieces of rope, 
as are called junk. Theſe are diſperſed 
into different places of the ſhip, and their 
heat and ſmoke afterwards cloſely con- 
fined below for a conſiderable time. By 
this operation, the Neptune and Gar- 
land were rendered perfectly healthy. 

The ſecond method is, by Charcoal fires, 
ſtrewed with Brimſtone. The heat and 
ſteam of thoſe burning materials, for this 
purpoſe, muſt likewiſe be long and cloſe 
thut up. Although this fume, properly 
applied, hath been experienced to purify 
moſt effectually all tainted apartments, 
ſhips, cloaths, &c. yet 1 have obſerved, 
that it does not deſtroy ſome ſpecies of 
vermin, particularly Lice. From which 
we might be led to imagine, that conta- 

ion is not propagated from Animalcules. 

The third method of purification is per- 
formed by the addition of Arſenick- to 
the materials of the Second proceſs, in the 
following manner. After carefully ſtop- 
ping up all the openings, and every ſmall 


ere vice of the ſhip, (as was 4110 neceſſary 
+ - IS 


Means of removing Infection. 229 


* oY * DDr c — a 
888 22 1 * 8 = —— x * A. 2 * 8 hog 
A 2 in 4 N 1 * . E — © — 2 - F 
8 1 \ + : (OR 8 5 = 


in the preceding proceſſes) a number of 

iron pots, properly ſecured, are to be 

placed in the hold, orlope, gun-deck,” &c. 

Each of theſe are to contain a layer of 

Charcoal at the bottom, then a layer of | 
Brimſtone, and ſo alternately three or four 9 
layers of each; upon which the Arſenic l 
is to be ſprinkled, and on top of it, ſome dl 
Oakum, dipped. in Tar, is to be laid, to 15 
ſer ve as a match. The men, upon ſetting 1 
fire to the Oakum, muſt ſpeedily leave the F 
place, ſhutting cloſe the Hatchway by which 4 
they came up. 4 


pron 


From the known and experienced efficacy 
of theſe proceſſes, it appears, that fire and 
ſmoke are the moſt powerful agents for an- 
nihilating infection; and, it may be pre- 
ſumed, even the Plague itſelf. This is, 
in ſome meaſure, agreeable ro what we 
learn from the ancient records of phyſic. 
But the prepoſterous ule, or rather abuſe, 
of fire on ſuch occaſions, has cauſed its 
effects to be diſregarded by ſome, and to 
be ſuſpected of miſchief by others. 

The modern practice of burning large 


—— 


* Dre * 2 ps 35 * — 
nel. [ r 4 : wer +, 
* „ oe 


. R * ITS 
N mY he _ 
logo ro AS 


fires in the open air, in the ſtreets, and s 
about the walls of towns infected with 1 
the plague, or other contagion, is founded X 
on principles groundleſs and erroneons ; 1 


and hath therefore been experienced not 
only unſucceſsful, but hurtful. Might 


„ not 


4 —— 


— 


m ] ² ⁰ er ery ton”, 
- 1 7 a — os To. — 
———ů—ů— 


— 


—— — 


eee 


4 —— 
= — - 


8 4 DOIN — 


- wry — m * 9 9 * = as 
Sa RIDES LS —— — LN 22 


— 
— — 


* hays n 
„„ ay 25 ny 1 OSS OI a WR n—_ 
. — * _ s 2 Chop "bly. nuns > 
rr * 
—— — ——— — 


— $0. res = 
* — LE 2 * a 


© nm png ne mes ni \ 
n © £60 l 
"> * 3 


P 


F N 


——ů— * ac" U PDnn te Sb LN. ar Lan Gm « 
— ( a 


—— 3 ů ů — — ns —— —vyÜ . — 
— — - „ 


22 gs; hp 2 Pe aro 
"If W 3 


— 122 


K 
D FRO Er x x4 
* * a * 


144 


230 Means of removing Infe#ion. 


not this have proceeded from a conſump» 
tion and a deſtruction, (during the con- 
tinuance of ſuch large and univerſal fires 


in a populous city) of that principle in 


the air, which 1s equally the food of ani- 
mal life and of fire ? And would not the 
miſchief be ſtill greater, at a time when 
a copious and conſtant ſupply of freſh air, 
fully impregnated with that principle of 


life, was ſo abſolutely neceflary in the 


foul and confined chambers of the fick *? 
But even though we ſhould allow that 
fires in the ſtreets, and in the open air, 


may have proved hurtful during a prevail- 


ing contagion, it does not thence follow, 


that, when once a houſe hath been in- 


fected, and the patients removed from it, 
the doors and windows being ſhut, that 
ſuch fires will then prove hurtful ; or 
that, by this method of purification, all 
ſeeds of contagion will not effectually be 
deſtroyed. Experience, the ſureſt teſt of 
medical truth, has fully aſcertained the 
efficacy of the proceſſes which have been 
deſcribed. 

It is therefore much to be wiſhed, for 
the bene of the public, that this man- 


ner of purification might become a gene- 


ral and univerſal practice. Mankind need 


not be furniſhed with precautions againſt 
great and imminent dangers which they 
2 | ſee, 


a» 


Means of removing Injection. 231 


ſee, or poiſons which they know ; the love 


of lite naturally leads to ſhun them. But 

there is a neceſſity for guarding, by the 
molt effectual meaſures, againſt ſuch ſe- 
cret means of ſickneſs and of death, as are 


not pointed out by the watchful inſtinct 


of ſelf-· preſervation. 

Whenever therefore perſons die of a 
ſpotted fever, a malignant fore throat, the 
 ſmall-pox, or any diſtemper found to be 
communicable from the fick to others; 
for the preſervation of the reſt of the fa- 
mily, and of the neighbourhood, the 
corpſe * ought, quickly after death to be 
removed into another room ; the room in 


which they died ſhould be aired, by hav- 


ing the windows opened, till a charcoal 
fire be kindled, with ſome rolls of ſulphur 


upon it, after which both doors and win- 


dows ſhould. be kept ſhut for a conſider- 
able time, not leſs than eight or ten hours, 
till the room be thoroughly ſmoked. 

J have known in ſeveral ſhips, where 
there are the faireſt opportunities of trying 
and judging things of this nature, that the 
contagion of the Small-pox has been en- 


tirely ſtopped by means of wwood-fires, 


* judge a recent cold corpſe is not apt to communi- 
cate any taint, unleſs it befrom the diſcharge of humours, 
from any of the outlets of the body, from running ſores, 
or upon diſſection. 


24 ſprinkled 


rr 
212 REG CE” 
. — — e 


. . ˙ . A . 2, A 7” . — ern oo — — 2 * — $9 p 
— a — ern rey ane te—n . IDES =o np ——— 
AN ‚ Ä§—KÄ :“ · r RE Es. ĩðͤ r 
e >. Sf ene, A = E — 


n 


- ” — . = — — * 
; RE 4 _ : L = = r. - * >» 
4 mg re erg N — — — 1 — 1 — - 4 2 - 
— 8 — EC w * * 
. — - * * 0 * 


2 — 2 
— — 


FL 
= 
— 


—— — 


—— 


— + > Foe = - 

: — 
AIST | Jeon 
. 4 r — — — — 


* 
5 * 
: = 
_ 
1 
* 7 
4 ' 
1 38)" 
* 3 : 
; C - 
þ 
k C 
o f o 
I; 
' of 'Þ 
* +38 
* 4 
($4 
Fi $55 .Þ 
8: 
43x 
1 
© $8 
be 5 
2 * * 
54 +» 
. 1 
£ 
* 5 
143 "I 
118 
K 
is 4 
* 2 
1 
3 
* 4 
Pj 
r 
. 
. 
141 
0 
k 
1 
1 344 
py 
: x * 
3 KH 
+ 
4 
ad». 
7 
The * 
* 
bo i 
E 
* 
1 
1 
* 
1 
1 
3 p 
N | 
G * 
I Ft 
7 = 
7 
2 
© , 71 
5 
WA +! 
1 
? 4 
1 1 
K þ 
* k 
t 7 
m3 
Z 1 
; © 
8 
14 


- its te, tae. > _— +. 4 — 
1 S's 


* — — 


42 
r 
— — 
— — 


232 Means of removing Infection. 
ſprinkled with Brin;ione, kept burning, 
and cloſely confined, in the infected place: 


How viſctul then muſt this knowledge 
prove to the inland towns. of England, 


where the dread and havock of that diſ- 
eaſe, among grown perſons, exceed moſt 
calamities? In a word, a judicious and 
proper application of fire and ſmoke, is the 


true means appropriated for the deſtruction 


and utter extinction of the moſt malignant 


ſources of diſeaſe. They are beſides the 
greateſt pur; ifiers ( of all bad and tainted air; 


but of this I have W elſewhere given 
an account . : 


With regard to the neceſſary precautions 


| which are to be taken where there is in- 


fection, and while the ſick are ſtill i in their 
chambers, I would for this purpoſe re- 
commend chiefly the uſe of wood-fires in 
the apartments: for it hath. been expe- 
rimentally found, that the ſmoke of a wood- 


fire ſerves not only to leſſen the force or 


violence of: ſuch infection, but is alſo an 
excellent protection againſt its being fur- 
ther conveyed. Thus, when from the 
ſituation of the fire- place in a ſhip, ſome 
ſmoke is apt to be frequently occaſioned 
between decks, the men in her are ob- 
ſerved to be more healthy. | 


* In my Eſſay on Preſerving the Health of Bones, 
Chop: Il, 8 . | 


3 | 5 But 


$A 


Means of removing Infection. 233 
But to confirm this poſition; ſome 
years fince, when the infection was ſo 
mortal in the Royal Anne, a guardſhip at 
Spithead, that many died of it in forty- 
eight hours illneſs, with a fever, and with 
violent bleedings from the noſe, it was re- 
marked, that none who flept within the 
reach of the ſmoke from the cook-room 
were infected. Hence it would appear, 
that a cold, raw, damp air increaſes the 
power and vigour of contagion * ; which 
is further confirmed by the following re- 
lation given by Mr. Ramſay Kar, formerly 
| ſurgeon of the Torbay, and now of the 
dock-yard at Portſmouth. 
In the year 1755, when a peſtilential 
ſickneſs raged in the North- American fleet, 
the Torbay and Monarch, both in equal 
_ diftreſs, landed their ſick at Halifax. The 
men, belonging to each ſhip, were in 
common daily viſited by the ſurgeons of 
both ſhips ; and in every reſpect of diet, 
regimen, and medicines, were equally 
treated by their joint advice. The caſes 
and fevers appeared altogether ſimilar. 
Notwithſtanding which, there died of the 
men belonging to the Monarch, more 
every week, by one half, than of the Tor- 
Roy's people. This unequal mortality 


5 This wall further appear from Chap. i ii. Sect. 1. 
greatly 


1 29 In w — — * 


— 


3 2 2 7 — — I nn ED OS . 5 8 
—— — _ — : 8 r —— 8 2 22 _ = 
2 — 22 —ů —— — 2 — ͤA— 2 — — — utvn — — = x a — — . —— — ODE Se WIT IIS OI 22 I OAT. 
- — — 8 i af —— s — — —— : — 288 Pong os lg : . — * 6 
% 7 o * — - — — . * —— ” 074A 2. _— —— — — _ 8 * "SM"; 2 — — 4 . wa — 
+. «up BY ao X — n 4 = —— e — — * ct ct — — —— a * _ 0 - 
* 8 L 22 = mw 3 — ee 80 9 * — — » rf * 5 . * 5 CO — * — 4 _ <6 real 
8 — A C5 \— — 1 « * pe - 2 * 8 — — 22 3 —— — - - x — * — * a : o 
2 5 A 4 Ar pts IA if : i 2 4”, * - EW 8 r * * I — — — . — LD - — * — _ : I 8 habit 
** : Ts Ow 2 * x <IY r Ig . — _ C 2 E —— 
5 8 — X x e 8 -; — — 81 XI” 2 
o - — 5 — — . 8 2 5 25 * * "hy. 5 7 E V * 7 = — I 55 = 7 2 7 W py” - 's 1 2 '* 
: 2 * . Co * 2 — * - _—_ — * — i * "ba . E 2 = Mw" 7h 8 2 r S r „„ 8 = oo 
— — —— 5 4 — 2 — * — : : 1 7 2 * - 2 — — — r - _ x as . 5 E a . 
2 1 — — 2 1 3 . 1 * 1 * x A n n 2 
— * 4 £ wu ; — 5 F ad ah * W F . * 2 as 
= ( - -_- — — . , # - 94 4 Ft * i «ay 
— 0 . - 6 E 7 ” — Pa * 2 = = 1 
— — DELFT Lag 9 po wv pe * 6 3 — -- - ru. ” 
> Þ. = e - I TIES * oO 


— - —— ———Ä—U— 

” — 2 — — 

e 2 

2 — A * ba = 

$a - _ 
as — - 
o 
88 IE © oe. 2 — 2 

ws = ” 23 — — _ * — - ba 2 


— Ä— — ——— — — — 
> &S. v8 r NR 2 
— — — a 83 1 - 


We ee —ͤ —-—-— — nn 
Y 2 — — — — 
2 a — — 2 — — — —— ß — ＋— ä 
* — — 2 


234 Means of removing Infection. 

greatly aſtoniſhed them. And the ſur- 
geons, after duly conſidering every mi- 
nute circumſtanqe with reſpect to the ſick, 
found one point of difference only, to 


which the greater deſtruction among the 


Monarch's men could be aſcribed. The 
latter were lodged in a large mill, without 
a fire- place; while the former were in ſome 
old houſes, not nearly ſo well accommo- 
dated, but where they kept a conſtant fire 
of ſpruce wood. 
Next to the /moke of word, for purifying 
a tainted air, I eſteem that of gunpowder. 
This I often uſe, as being quite inoffen- 
five to the lungs. The Caſcarilla Bark, 
when burning, gives a moſt agreeable 
ſcent to the chamber of the ſick, ſo is at 
leaſt an elegant preſervative, and may pre- 
vent bad ſmells from taking effect. The 
ſteam of camphorated vinegar warmed is 
ſtill more powerful for this purpoſe; _ 
Beſides correcting the ill quality of the 
air, and purifying the. chamber, another . 
good effect is produced from ſuch ſteams 
and ſmoke, as are inoffenſive to the lungs, 
As ſoon as the vapour becomes denſe, the 
nurſes and patients become defirous of the 
admiſſion of the freſh air by the door or 
windows. Now it is certain, that the air 
in the chambers of the ſick cannot be too 


often changed, provided the patient be well 
| covered, 


Means of removing Infection. 23 5 


covered, and the curtains of his bed, if 


neceſſary, be drawn cloſe. No argument 
is ſo forcible to obviate the danger of foul. 


air in a room or ward, (occaſioned by the 
obſtinacy of nurſes or relations) as order- 
ing it to be frequently fumigated or ſmoked. 
A practice more frequent in other coun- 
tries than in this, and of great benefit to 
the ſick. 

I ſhall, laſtly, 4 my ſentiments 
with regard to the purification of goods, 
moveables, cloaths, &c. which are ſuſpect- 


ed to harbour infection. — And I cannot 


but take notice, that the uſual cuſtom of 
only unpacking and expoſing ſuch materials 
to the open air, is in many inſtances in- 
ſufficient to deſtroy the latent ſeeds of 
diſeaſe. 

It will appear from the next chapter, 
that the ſpreading abroad of contaminated 


cloaths to dry, or to be aired, without a 


previous fumigation of them, may be of 
dangerous and fatal conſequence. A damp 
air, we have already ſaid, gives ſtrength. to 
contagion, and a dry wind may ſpread the 


miſchief.— All ſuch ſuſpeted ſubſtances 


ought therefore to be firſt fumgated in a 
cloſe place, and in the ſame manner as an 
infected chamber ; afterwards they may be 
ſpread abcaad, and expoſed to the air. 


| 42 
Pa 
3 
ij 
a 
. 
* 
15 
[24 
# 


"Kaws * wn 0 * 7 
FT an by X ago BOG 


; The 


” 2 * 


rs = 
* = 
6 8 £ 


a- 


a 


1 5 
-& 
. 
#F 
* 
* 
4 
——_ 
#. 
4:30 
1 
Tm 
Las 
5 
* 


5 — 3 — 
Mere 


— 2 — . — 


A 2 et * a Vo 2 4 WW * pda V4, WP 2 — — 
8 5 — S oa M2. 2 * ha — 2 pe” 2 n= n r 2 "= —_— — 222 . 2 r = 5 * — 8 — 1 
5 . . : 3 * * —* * 3 . * 53S * F 1 M 
. * = ihr > * — — — — I — = . \ * * Ia Ke 2 — =" * 
l FIR . = - — — — — 3 * ; 4 : - - g 2 * . PS - - - an a — a 3 * r _—_ a Vee 3 5 8 — — — 2 a, 
* 3 3 - C : 2 "_ ; S 5 2 — Oo - > . 
TE. 9＋— — * Ss 4 N 7 5 — — 2.99 1 ·— N D > Py PP Sorter ro IVE * 2 7 #3 22 n - * -S: ” : 2 0 * 
7 1 — d . . * a 4 ä * —_ 8 1 s OY IE ED En — - * * —— J - — Fo ; 
n W _— = = ws 2 — 2 - . > 2 — —_ , <LLIE; ” > 2 A — —— _ * — 2 2 a THAT: r —— 2 £5. ” — 2"; — - — — 2252 : 
5 2 IG. — — —— 1 £ F, " . 1 — = ; . - nn th ny — — — — —— — — — — — ex — Hood hn . 2 
9 8 * _ 9 2 . n = . ho E 2 2 — 2-2 . — _ — * 4 2 —_ . - T "1 irs 2 2 Z n 6 y RAYA : 2 p 2 
. I * * . — - * 3 — yo . 5 me 
— — — 5 T — = * : E * * rad - = = * 3 - 1 — — " 2 2 * 
* — 5 bo n * — = ” 5x C255 * — - 5 — — — — =O = _ — r r PORT Do gs ne ee _ ww CESS 9 
—ͤ——.— — ——— u—-—̃ — — — — ——— — - — < — — —— _ —— FR — —— ow 5 — — 
— 
Fl 7 p . 
* 
» 


A 2 Y 
= — 
— 
— — 


2 

* . — — a * 4 * w 
eaten. — — 

LAY * E 2 * 288 Z —F 
nee : en 

—— —— 
. — — 


— II —— 
o 


2.36 Means of removing Lzſection. 

The following late incident ſerves to en- 
tees this precept. A common labourer 
having died * of the ſmall-pox at Port- 
cheſter, his wife carried his late wearing 


apparel, after airing them, as ſhe thought 


well, to the town of Havant, about nine 
miles diſtant. After permitting ſome weeks 
to elapſe, as a ſecurity againſt the infec- 
tion, ſhe made a preſent of her late huſ- 


| band's waiſtcoat to a Joiner's ſeryant, This 


ſervant, ſoon after putting-it on, took the 
ſmall-pox, and died. And before his diſ- | 
eaſe was dicovered in the family to be the 
ſmall-pox, (for which he was immediately 
removed from his maſter's houſe into a ſort 
of peſt-houſe) it was found that one of the 
children in the family, and two of her lit- 
tle companions who uſed daily to be car- 
ried to ſchool by that ſervant, were alſo 
infected. This occaſioned a general con- 
ſternation in the town. But by making a 
proper ſeparation of the fick from all 


others, and by taking other neceſſary pre- 


cautions, the contagion, without extend- 
ing itſelf further, was entirely ſtopt. 
In infectious diſeaſes, eſpecially fevers, 


the linen of the ſick, or ſuch cloaths e 


them as will admit of being waſhed, 


"opght never at firſt to he put in warm 


In A 1761, 


water, 


Means of remioving Efe 237 
water, as it is dangerous to receive the 
ſteam that may hence ariſe. It is neceſſary 
to ſteep them firſt either in cold water, or 
in cold ſoap- lees, for ſeveral hours, that 
the filth may be waſhed off. 

J have thus finiſhed what I intended to 
offer, with reſpect to the means of puri- 
fying infected places and ſubſtances and 
ſhall, in the next chapter, proceed to give 
the moſt effectual methods of removing an 
infection, when already received into the 


body. 


CHAP. 


— 2 — — jv 
rr 


— — FR R 
ITT OOO $3. _< 


y # N + i 
x 191 
i $1 
C 3 3 
. f 8 s 
1179 
| 
* 114 
? \ 
\ F oi 
x 7 a 
7 Ry 
a £4] 
3: 
15 1 * 
4 
* 1 x 
9 { 
1 W 
+ 
' 590 
© 
tt 9 
1 BW 
Y | 3; 
& „ 
} 
1 Fr * 
© ' 
198 
£ SY. 
1 el 
| A f 
3 | 
11. 4 
by +! 8 
0 1 4 
We. 5 * 
þ ; FR. 
} Py 
ber”, 
F 
1 * 
ml 1 
2 3 ef 
WY 
oY 4. , 
+ 
' ; 
[ 1 
= | i. IE 
G 1 } 
1 N 
g at 
0 © 
Vow 
LI 
. 2 
11190 
* 5 14 
4 * 
1 i Wi. 
1 $514 
4 7 
' b 177 
IT punts 
1 * 
l 
1 1 
7 5 
17 # . 
i © 16 
1198 
is j 2 N 
. 14 
} * F 
11 . 1 wb 
U. on 
0 No! 4 
5 , — 
7 7 [i 1 
19 + | had \ 
" l $ - 4 
* = 
\j US 2 . 
5 1441 
% 14 
1 
; «- 
j 85 3 
L I'S 
4 
+4 
1 24 ; 9 
; 5 * 
, 4 (5 T 1 
6 I 
1 1, 
1 & 
FF | 
= K Fy 
in N 
þ 
i "= f 
i j . 
1129989 
i [ WK 
in E ? 4 
z þ 
1 * MS 
+ WJ f " 
1 4 
_ 'F 6 1 
II 
f ? * «+ 
iP | 0 0 
5 1 
9 
1 I 
l 11 i 
o * „ 
ob *. f 
1 1 
y $ 7 \ 
"} * 7 * 
111 
111 
, T 
. 
199 
4 * 
J 9 8 
7 8 ! 
= © oF, 
8 
182 
1 
A 
i. 1 
05 
| $ 
11 
1 
I 3 ad 
N 4 
1 5 
1 
1 * 
1 . 
E b 
| x 
1 D 
WW. RJ, 
C U 
1 4 \ 
I 
i 
Ws 5 
7 1 
7 4 * 
114 
5 ! 
N } 
* } 
y * 
4 
| 4 i 
3 
+ 4 „* 
1 F ? 
g F. 
* 
1 
[1 
{ 


5 — * 

> Va, * 1 r . — IM. 

as — I 3 22 I 
5 3 — 

5 et Files 
wy — N = = — — 
8 r 
* ry DIE — 
$ - "y - — 
— — 
o 


either by a near approach to each other, 


t 238 ] 


CHAP. AL 
Means of obviating Infection received 
into the Body. Treatment of in- 
fectious Fevers. 


5 5 14 Auguſt, 1761. 


of Infection. 


Infection di 92 to be controverted by nega- 
tive proofs. Excretions of the fick moſi 
liable to communicate the diſeaſe. Treat- 
ment of infected perſons. Degrees and 

ſymptoms of infection; its exciting cauſes, 
remedies. Means uſed to preſerve the at- 
tendants at Haſſar hoſpital. 


(HE words Mfection and contagion are 
by too many thought to convey the 


| alarming idea of a plague, or highly ma- 
lignant fever; but theſe terms are here 


uſed in a more general ſenſe, to compre- 
hend all fevers, of whatſoever kind, that 
are imparted from one perſon to another, 


Or 


Of Infeftion. | 239 
or by the means of ſuth ſubſtances as have 
imbibed the latent ſecds of the diſeaſe. 

This infection is more general than has 
been commonly fuppoſed. Nothing is 
more common, than to hear a fever, or 


other diſtemper, pronounced to be free 


from an infectious diſpoſition ; and the at- 
tack of it upon a few attributed to very 
different cauſes, becauſe the perſon himſelf, 
who judges in this manner, has had the 
good fortune to eſcape, as ſome others may 
have done, who were equally expoſed to 
the infection. 

This falſe manner of reaſoning has done 
an infinite deal of miſchief to phyſic, in 
other inſtances as well as in this; when, 
from a few exceptions, an attempt is made 


to overthrow the eftabliſfhed maxims of 


the ſcience. As - for example ;- if the 
Bark ſhould fail of curing an ague, or 
Mercury of removing a venereal taint, are 
we thence raſhly to conclude, that either 
of thoſe medicines will prove, in all other 
caſes, ineffectual ? 

As there is no remedy, though the moſt 
fovereign in the world, which does not 
fometunes fail of ſucceſs, even in caſes 
where ſeemingly it is well adapted; fo 
there ſeems to be no contagion yet known, 
that does affect all mankind indiſcrimi- 
nately, Inoculation for the ſmall- pox ſome- 

times 


7 


$5. this n 1 
r 
N 


246 Infection. 
times fails to produce that diſeaſe, and yet 
no one queſtions its being contagious. | 
never found in myſelf the leaſt fymptom 
of an infection, although for ſeveral years 
I have daily attended people labouring 
under contagious diſeaſes. And the young 
gentleman who was moſt expoſed, by be- 
ing conſtantly employed-in bleeding, and 
fuperintending the other ſurgical affairs, 
in the fever wards of Haſlar, though he 
never uſed even the neceſfary precautions, 
but was greatly culpable in expoſing him- 
ſelf preſumptuouſly to danger, was alſo 
never in the leaſt affected. But it does not 

thence follow, that the Fevers, during 
thoſe times in the hoſpital, were not in- 
fectious, as there are the molt poſitive 
proofs of the contrary. 

An infectious diſeaſe is not therefore 
always ſuch as the vulgar imagine it to be, 
a calamity which ſpreads itlelf te every 
perſon who approaches the plague itſelf 
is not altogether of ſuch a nature. It 
comprehends only a diſeaſe which in cer- 
tain circumſtances may be communicated 
to others : there are certain conſtitutions 
or habits of body which are peculiarly 
ſuſceptible of infection, and each ſpecies 
of infection finds conſtitutions which 
more ſtrongly reſiſt it. A late incident 
will illuſtrate my meaning, and will, "a 

| 3 e 


1 
. 
: 
il 
: 
C bv 
: 
* 
te 
* 
Q 
18 . 
$698 7 
* i 
x 
x 
+ 
4 
* 
1 
1 f 
: 
os 
? N 
a 
[2 1 
5 
4 
1 
5 
bs 
1 
i 
1 
4 "BY 
1 
I 
a? 
. 
: EI» 
vo 
* 
8 
1 
14 
Wehe 
1 
P 
1 „ 
iY i 
oy 
. 
2 
. 
8 
00 
*. 
N 
. 
* 
{TIF 
4% 
. 
"q 
} 1 
*\ 
' 


— 
— 


2 * 3 * 

— - = — 253 Sa 

— — . 

* — — 2 — — * 
x * AT © 4 
= - — or” 
oy oct. 

> OW bx 2 < — 
-—— FF? * 


2228 4 2 
< pon « — - on 
DS : 
+0 . 8 — af aq 4 k 2 "4 1 
# 2 4 9 2 9 N 
« : , _ , 8 _—_ . — — 
* - * * * IM 
; 2 
5 > a a mw 4s im <6 5 —ů—ů * —— 
; : Der b 8 7 : - "4 5 
2 : . — Y — * 5 . - I IF — — 2 
* 2 . * . * — — — 
— 1 „-S e. Þ — a 
—— — — — — — — —— —— — - — — — "2G "EI TIN —- - 
F- [- " 25 „ * * * - n 
5 Ss 2 * Sr — 


Py EE 


* 


Of Liſectin. 241 
the ſame time, demonſtrate the impoſ- 
Hbility of proving, negatrvely, a diſeaſe not 
to be infectious from the number of thoſe 
who eſcape it. 

In a ward where there were eighteen 
marines, five of them were ſeized with a 
ſevere ux, being infected by two ſeamen, 
who were warded with them. Among 
five hundred and ninety-two patients, then 
in the houſe, none laboured under this 
complaint, but in that ward. The five 
marines became themſelves ſenfible how 
they got the diſtemper, though thirteen 
men, in a parallel ſituation, were never 
in the leaſt affected by it. 

Some Secretions are. more apt to convey 
infection than others: in acute diſorders 
the Szools, eſpecially if very fetid, are moſt 
communicative of a taint; next to theſe 
the Breath, and laſtly the Exfuvia from | 
the body. 

When a perſon has received an infection, 
the treatment of the fever ſhould be the 
ſame, whether the infection be acquired 
from a ſlighter or more virulent taint; or 
whether it be only a relapſe. 

The effect of contagion is often ſudden 
and ſenſible. Some years ago I viſited a 
lady in the Bilious Cholic, whole diſcharges 
upwards and downwards were intolerably 
_ offenſive. A gentlewoman, only in paſſ- 


ing 


242 = of Infeftion. 


ing the room, was immediately ſeized 
with a retching and ſickneſs, which conti- 
nued twenty-four hours. The nurſe, who 
attended, was ſuddenly ſeized with a gid- 
dineſs and vomiting from- the bad ſmell, 
which, as ſhe expreſſed it, reached into her 
flomach. The vomiting became more ſe- 
vere at night, accompanied with a purging 
and frequent ſhiverings. By means of an 
Emetic, both evacuations were ftopped. . 
Notwithſtanding which, for ſome days 
afterwards, ſhe continued to have frequent 
tremors, and a violent head-ach, with a 
low irregular pulſe; and did not recover 
fo ſoon as the patient. 

Sach ſlight degrees of infection I have 
often obſerved to be derived from patients 
of a groſs habit of body, when labouring 
under inflammatory diſtempers, and even 
other complaints. 

A man was ſent to this hoſpital, ſap- 
poſed to have a fever. He was furiouſly 
delirious, with a full quick pulſe. Not- 
withſtanding plentiful evacuations, this 
delirium continued for two months, with 
ſhort intervals; when, underſtanding he 
had formerly been ſubject to it, we found 
his caſe to be plainly moniacal. A nurſe, 
upon raiſing this perſon up in her arms, 
perceived an intolerable bad ſmell, and 
was s inſtantly ſeized with ſhiverings, - fick- 
nels, 


Of ILafection. 2 
neſs, and head-ach. Finding herſelf very 
11], ſhe took a voamzrt in fix hours afterwards, 
,and paſſed the following night in profuſe 
ſweats, by means of a /udorific draught. 
Next morning the violence of the head- 

ach was but little abated ; upon every at- 
tempt to move, ſhe complained of a burn- 
ing heat and pain in her forehead, and be- 
came giddy. Her inclination to drink was 
frequent, and her pulſe low and quick. 


A Glifter was immediately applied to the 


back; as ſoon as the bliſter took effect, 
the head-ach and thirſt entirely left her, 
and the pulſe was calm. Next day ſhe 
aroſe, and was well. 

I have met with many ſimilar caſes of 
infection, received from putting dead bo- 
dies into the coffins. In particular, one 
man who from performing that duty to 
his meſſmate, was ſo ill, even after the 
operation of the vomit, as to require a 
Bliſter. In the courſe of a week, I once 
had two nurſes infected by a perſon in the 
Small- pox. Both were ſeized, in like man- 

ner, with ſhiverings, ſickneſs, and head- 
ach; the one upon receiving the patient's 
breath, the other upon making his Sed. In 
one, a pain darted into her breaſt; in the 
other, into the breaſt, and ſmall of the 
back. The complaints of the former were 
ſpecdily removed by a vomit, though ſhe 
| K - con- 


r 


——ñ̃ —— —— hu —— 
— — — yy = p "ts Mr 


— 49 — — — 
— 1 
12 


} 
Y 
* 
F 
F 
1 
* 
4 
Fe 
. 
+4 
b 
7 
1 
# 
{ 
* 
* 


» - -./- ore a -< < 


— — 
n anne . ri 


_— 


_ 


= 1 
— - 4 ” ——— ——-02— — — roads Ee SEES — — 
2 8 EX 1 — ops K = - * 2 3 1＋ * CET — 
EF * 2 n 2 22 * r * 8 
ene : $30, , - 2 — 
WY — — eg * — . N — FO 
— 7 7 8 8 . 
5 D EW. 2 oe ea Z I > — 
” bt. T 2, > — 4 —— — == 
7 * . = ID 2 4 2 — — — — — wan” . 
- 1 8 - —— * —— | cg — . — — 
2 + ACRE © . 7 ; > r a 
— IE 2 — — or — 


—— r 


1 ** ' 
7 — og _ — — —ꝓͤ— ͤ—kõ — — . _ — © 
, 4 v _ — — oe — - - z 
r 8 . 
Ay; == — — r — —— 


244 / Infection. 


continued to have irregular returns of ſhi- 
verings for three days afterwards. But in the 
latter, though the head- ach, fickneſe, and 
r1gors, were greatly abated by the vomit, 
yet a conſtant heat and thirſt, with a low 
pulſe, and a violent pain in the breaſt, in- 


dicated the neceſſity of applying a bliſter 


to the affected part; which, next morn- 
ing, removed all her complaints. 

Thoſe infections I call the fighteft; in 
twenty ſuch inſtances, I have not met with 
one that proved mortal, where the patient 
was properly treated ; though, in many of 
them the taint proceeded from perſons in 


| the ſmall- -pox. 


A perſon is often 3 ſenſible of 
his having received an infection from its 
firſt attack: in diſcourſing with ſeveral, 
who have been infected by patients in 
contagious fevers, they generally compared 
the firſt impreſſion to an earthy, difagree- 
able ſmell, reaching down, as they expreſſed 
it, into their ſtomachi, as from a grave newly 
opened, but not quite ſo raw as the cada- 
verous ſtench; and the effects of it, ſhi- 
vering and fickneſs, were inſtantaneous. 


It is a ſmell difficult to mg * but is 


Some compare the ſmell to that of rotten 3 It 
often reſembles the diſagreeable ſmell of a perſon labour- 


ing under the . {mall-pox at their turn, though it 


is not ſo ſtron Ig. 
well 


Of Inſechion. 245 


well known to the nurſes and attendants. 


about the ſick, as it uſually accompanies 
fevers of extreme malignity, and, with 


the peculiar diſcharges from the bliſtered 


parts, may be reckoned among the moſt 
conſtant ſymptoms of a bad fever. 
But many are x07 ſenſible of any effect 
from an infection af ft; it appears, by 
the obſervations contained in the former 
chapter, that an infection from a fever 
will ſometimes continue about a perſon for 
many days, nay weeks, diſcovering itſelf 
chiefly by irregular /hiverimgs, ſometimes 
ſo ſevere, as to oblige the patients to have 
recourſe to their bed once or twice a day; 
ſometimes every other day. Among a 

number thus affected, it alſo appears, that 
ſuch as are put into unſeaſoned chambers, 
or have ſat down on the cold ground, lain 
in damp apartments, &c. are immediately 
ſeized with a ſickneſs at the ſtomach, 
ſometimes with a dangerous purging, and 
often with fevers accompanied with bad 
ſymptoms ; which the others have entirely 
eſcaped x. | 

In infectious fevers the patients are very 
ſubje& to relapſe. Now, in an infected 


lace, whether houſe, chamber, or ſhip, 


where the ſeeds of contagion are harbour- 


See chap. i, ſect. 3· 
R 3 ed, 


ji 
1 L 
3 
"nn; 
1 
15 
17 
* F 
s { | 
1 1 0 
"* 13 
1 
| 4H 
1 
& | 
*: i 1 
1 
a4 
8 14 
bl 4 * 
7 i . if 
: + 
2 4 ! 
I. | 
{ i 
14 
i 14 
* 
7 FW; 
3 
1 


246 Of Infection. 

ed, frequent relapſes into fevers, even to 
the ſixth or ſeventh time, are not unuſual, 
and may juſtly be aſcribed to the influence 
of the contagion. But in a clean hoſpital, 
as at Haſlar, where all the bedding, 
cloaths, Sc. of the ſick, are purified by 
ſuch methods, as we are certain do ef- 
fectually deſtroy the ſeeds of this evil, re- 
lapſes muſt be attributed to very different 
cauſes ; accordingly, thoſe perſons are 
found to be chiefly ſubje& to them, who 
are irregular, obſtinate, and unwilling to 
ſubmit to the proper confinement and re- 


ſtrictions of the houſe. 


This may ſerve to evince the neceſſity 
of taking the utmoſt care of patients who 
are recovering, as I have remarked, that 
the irregular conduct of infected perſons, 


and eſpecially their getting out of bed, or 


going abroad too ſoon, renders them ſubject 
to a return of the fever. 


The ſame cauſes which give riſe to re- 
lapſes, Jam inclined to think, do ſome- 


times excite, or render active, an infection, 


before received into the body, but ſo ſlight 
as of itſelf to produce no bad conſequences, 
Jam confirmed in this opinion by the 
quick and ſenſible effect of infection from 
bad fevers, when in ſuch a degree as of 
itſelf to communicate the diſeaſe. But if 
a perſon perceives no ſymptom of an in- 


fection, 


Of Infeftion. 247 
fection, till many days after having left 


the place of its abode, and is firſt taken ill 
of it immediately after having been wet with 


rain, expoſed to cold or damp, or having 
been guilty of intemperance and exceſſes, 
it is probable, that theſe cauſes * have ex- 
cited this dormant poiſon into action; and 
that, without their influence, it would 
never have affected the conſtitution, Be 
that as it will, and let this infection have 


remained inert for ſome time, either in the 


* T have remarked many ſeamen, who belonged to 
infected ſhips, after having been ſeveral days at land, to 
be ſeized with their ſhip-fever, by over-cating, getting 
drunk, quarrelling, or the like exceſſes ; and when they 
were ſent to the hoſpital, I have found them covered 
with petechiæ. 

The circumſtance of the . in the hoſpital, 


during the winter 17 50, (as related in chap. i. ſect. 2.) 
having been entirely confined to the men from North 


America, farther corroborates this opinion. There were 


in December, that year, ſeven hundred patients in the 


| houſe, two hundred came from infected ſhips, of whom 
above twenty were ſeized with the fever, after being 
ſome time in the hoſpital ; having been received into it 
on account of other diſorders. Thus for inſtance: a 
ſeaman, belonging to the Neptune, was placed, for a 
burt in one of his legs, in a clean ſurgery-ward. After 
continuing there ten days, without any other complaint, 
he, by ſtealth, procured ſome wine, ſo became drunk, 
riotous, and quarrelſome, and next day feveriſh. He 
was twice blooded for this fever, which was ſuppoſed 
to be inflammatory, and the effect of his debauch ; but 
the third day, when brought into the fever- ward, I found 


his body ſpotted, and his fever of the ſame malignant 


hand as that in his ſhip. 
R 4 body, 


Fx 
$ 

| j 
* 
x 
* 


FE i 
1 
* 
my 
[2 
1 
1 
4 


— 2 — — — 
— — * * 
— 


— — £m 
ES AP 5 


—ͤ—ũ——̃—j— — 


P * 


— » * 


— o- — "Sx | * = = * A 
gw - - ” - PR 2 2 - - — 2. 7 = E 4 9 
7 —— a wg ——ů— n m—_— adv a 2 r rp ane, ence = — wx nu — a — — —— 
= ä fy. Y - we 3 — - - — 1 — 3 1 * 
1 x mee :> mo 8388 8922 - * — — 4 — 


— 


—— 
— — Ee - 
fl — — — — 4 
> 
N ͤ—ę—— —Z—f— — — = 
Tt” . 
+ 


* 


— 


— — — — 
* * 1 2 W ns x 
- 7 p 2 — 
2 by.” * 


248 Of Infection. 

body, or in the cloaths, or other move- 
ables about the patient, we cannot be too 
careful in guarding againſt its deceitful 
appearances, when once rouſed into 


action. 


The coldneſs felt at firſt over the body, 
the ſhiverings, with flight ſickneſs at the 
ſtomach, tend to confirm the miſtaken 
opinion, that theſe are only the common 
ſymptoms of a cold, or ſudden chill, or 


what the vulgar term an ague. But as, 


from ſuch complaints, there is a juſt rea- 
ſon to apprehend an incipient fever, then 
is the time for the advice of the Phy/iczan, 
as improper treatment, or the delay of a 
few hours, may produce effects beyond 
the power of medicine to remove. 

To all who are ſuppoſed to be infected 
"2 fevers, during this ſtate of vigors, or 
chills, a gentle vomit is immediately to be 
adminiſtered, before the fever be formed, 
and before the fulneſs or hardneſs of the 

ulſe renders its operation dangerous. If 
the vomit be delayed too long, and eſpe- 
cially if bleeding muſt precede it, the 
moſt certain and favourable opportunity 
of procuring ſafety for the patient is paſt. 

The effects of this antidote are ſo well 


known in the hoſpital, and have been fo 


fully aſcertained by our repeated expe- 
rience, that ow who are employed 
| in 


Of Infection. 249 
in the fever-wards, as ſoon as taken 
ſick, have immediate recourſe to an eme- 
tic, and it ſeldom fails to prevent the diſ- 
eaſe. I have found it equally ſerviceable 
in preventing relapſes, when it is given 
immediately at the return of the ſhiver= 
ings. Let me add, that a looſe {fool or 
two ſhould at this time be procured, ei- 
ther by means of the emetic, or of cly- 
ſters. | 

The vomit adminiſtered was generally 
very gentle, and ſeldom exceeded from 
| fix to ten grains of Ipecacoanha. The pa- 
tient ſhould afterwards, when put to — 
take a ſweating and quieting draught, con- 
taining five grains of ſalt of hartſborn, and 


from fifteen to twenty drops of Thebaic 


tencture.— At other times we have given 
five grains of Camphire every four hours, 
with large draughtsof vinegar-whey. Eight 
_ perſons in ten got quite well by this treat- 
FRAME. 

But if the head next morning be not 
opens" free from pain, or the fever is 
ſtill to be apprehended, ſomething more 
1s to be done, which I ſhall mention, after 
premiſing, —That it muſt always be re- 
1 in caſes of infection, to purſue 
the moſt vigorous meaſures, as ſoon as 
poſſible; as in the firſt hours, as well as 

days, 


| 
N 
3 
5 
1 
, 


> + 
— 


a Brin 
— — 


22 — . I 4 
— —— ya >. — — — — 


— — — — — —— 


250 + Of Infection. 
days, of this fever, leſs muſt be truſted 
to nature, than in any other diſtemper. 
We think no confidence ſhould be put, 
at this period of the diſeaſe, in alexiphar- 
nic, or ſweating medicines; in the boaſted 
| ſpecific antidotes  mithidrate, treacle, and 
the like, which, Tam of opinion, in caſes- 
of imminent danger, ought not to be uſed, 
till after proper evacuations. 
If the ſymptoms of a fever remain af; 8 
ter the adminiſtration of the vit, clyſters, 
&c. or ſhould an emetic have been alto- 
gether neglected, or unluckily delayed too 
long; or the patient have been injudi- 
ciouſly treated with eating medicines, 
and bleeding, where the proof of infection 
is evident; recourſe mult ſpeedily be had 
to Bliſters; theſe are to be applied to the 
back, if the head or limbs are affected; 
and to the breaſt, ſhould the pain have 
ſeized that part. 
I do not know a more certain nrwef of 
a prevailing infectious fever, than that of 
twenty patients in fovers b/iftered at night, 
ſixteen will next morning be entirely free 
from- heat, head-ach, pain, and, fever : 
rovided the ſource of their infection be 
not ſo highly.virulent as it was in the ſhi 
Garland *, or in other ſuch violent con- 


* See chap. i. ſect. 3. 


tagions. 


Infection. 1 
tag ions. Indeed we do not affirm, that 


ſuch ſalutary effects would be produced 


while the patient continued in an infected 
place, or within the ſphere of its * action. 
1 have always, even in the worſt in- 
fections, found this method of treatment 
more ſucceſsful than any other recom- 
| mended by authors, or that I myſelf have 
had opportunities of trying. And in re- 
lapſes, where I have had the moſt fre- 
quent caſes for fair trial, as alſo in the 
| nurſes, and other ſeryants of the houſe, I 


* Agreeable to the inſtitutions of this hoſpital, all 
thoſe who laboured under fevers of whatever kind, 
were ſeparated from the other patients. They were kept 
remarkably neat and clean, having their linen often 


ſhifted, and even their beds once or twice a day, if re- 


guiſite. None but the neceſſary attendants were per- 
mitted to enter into any of the fever-wards, which were 
uſually fumigated every evening with gunpowder, When 
any perſon by having a flux, or otherwiſe, became of- 
fenſive, he was removed to the greateſt diſlance from 
others in the ward; and, near where he lay, the upper 
Part of the window was kept open, and a pan of coals 
laced at his bed, in which the caſcarilla bark was kept 
Haas None were permitted to uſe the bed-pan, or 
other utenſils, which that perſon uſed. 
When at any time the flux was prevalent, a ward 
was opened on purpoſe for the reception of men only in 
that diſeaſe. For the ſmall-pox and meaſles, diſtinct wards 
and nurſes were alſo ſet apart in the hoſpital ; and no 
linen from thoſe laſt wards were allowed to be waſhed in 
the common waſh- houſe. So ſoon as a perſon was free 
from a flux, or the fever, he was ſent into other wards 
appropriated to the reception of ſuch recovering patients, 


have 


— rn 


— PR > 
5 N n = - 
* bs W oor — — oy — 


AF 


WOE — Ig 


—— ——ů—·˙·˙q vj een — 


— 


— — 


= 


2 2 3 * 
* 2 * 5 - 
7 42 n 0 5 Re _ S 6 
a prank y _ Wort NW 9 2 
— - 3 > n 2 3 3 8 — 
Tx" | — — neno..ey— thr ANG — - a 
eh ft YL +, — * — — — — 5 8 2 2 5 — 93 - a ” : = A — 
— — TEC Sh —— — — . —— 4 l . , NN - — 7 a ; > om, y - 82 8 ; 
- — — — —̃ — ˙ö—i᷑ᷣ% O ů —[ͤ— 2 —4I;ʒ Z— — ͤ—— — — — 1 
* 2 
— — e — —_ — yt 2 para 4 2 — 8 — 
o 


— 2 — 
1 i Ws 5 . x * - _ 2 * 4 2 
2 — 9 ä — 9 — — 
= — yh wav 2 OR” = er e — WI 
- * — = p _— CO — — —— — 8 a Ain — 
7 _ 


— ———— — — oo 


252 Of Infection. 

have been fully ſatisfied of its beneficial 
as, 

Moſt of the men ſent from the Garland, 
and ſome other infected ſhips, were blooded 
before they came into the hoſpital ; but 
this operation is always dangerous, in 
proportion to the virulence of the taint. 
Fevers highly malignant will not bear 
bleeding; and though this operation be 
not ſo dangerous, nay ſometimes neceſſary, 
in flight infections, where there is a fixed 
pain in a part with a full or hard pulſe, 
yet it is to be remembered, that, after this 
evacuation, leſs benefit 1 is to be expected 
from the vomit. 

Much has been ſaid againſt the pro- 
miſcuous uſe of Blifters, and their early 
application in fevers. But I have been ſur- 
priſed to find that in thoſe ſhip-fevers 
there was ſeldom or never ſuch a ſtate of 
pulſe, as forbid their uſe. What ſome 
mechanical writers in phyſic have ad- 
vanced, concerning. the theory of 5% tering 
applications, or their acting as /fimul:, 
and hence always raiſing and encreaſing 
the fever, is not applicable to thoſe fevers 
of which we treat, where, according to 
the nurſes phraſe, the patient generally e- 
cerved a cool from the bliſter. 

When the infection by theſe means has 


been removed, in twenty- four or thirty-ſix | 
hours 


Of Infection. ä 


hours after the operation of the % fer, the 
inteſtinal canal ſhould a ſecond time be 
gently cleanſed, by giving rhubarb, with 
a ſmall quantity of vitriolated tartar. 
Theſe obſervations claim the more at- 
tention, as not being only a few remarks 
made in private, or on any one particular 


fever, which might prove an exception to 


a general eſtabliſhed principle in practice “. 


* I have often thought, that publiſhing only one or | 


two ſingular or particular cafes, does more harm than 
good. If the effects of the medicine, or method pre- 
ſcribed, are ſaid to be ſalutary, one or two trials of them 
cannot be thought ſufficient to convince us, that nature, 
and the conſtitution alone, could not have performed 
the cure without their aſſiſtance. But if the caſe is pub- 


liſhed with a view to repreſent the bad effects of any 


particular medicine, or of any eſtabliſhed method of 
practice, that may have proved evidently hurtful in this 
particular inſtance, what is the juſt inference from 
thence ? Only this certain truth, that all the maxims of 
phyſic are limited, and that there is in it no univerſal 
infallible method, or remedy. And for this, there is 
at leaſt one very obvious reaſon to be aſſigned, which is 
che peculiar zdrgfyncracy, or conſtitution of each indivi- 
dual perſon; in reſpect of which not only food, but me- 
dicines act relatively. Hence mercury, bark, opium, and 


all other remedies, operate differently in various habits. 


In ſome, rhubarb will produce intolerable gripes, and to 


others, a ſimple doſe of manna will become an emetic. 


Some are ſurpriſingly affected with the ſmell of a parti- 
cular flower, and cating the moſt innocent things hurts 
others; thus cheeſe, onions, and ſhell-fiſh, will pro- 
duce ſometimes nauſea, vomiting, and ſymptoms as if 
poiſon had been taken. But why thould I ſeek to mul- 
tiply proofs of a thing fo Ty known? Ihe juſt 


They 


" 
. 


bod © Of Injection. 
They are the reſult of an attention to ſome 
| thouſand patients, whoſe caſes are til} 
preſerved in the hoſpital. | 

But as the beſt proof of the efficacy of 
| any method, is the ſucceſs with which it 
is attended, I have here noted an account 
of all the nurſes and ſervants in the hoſ- 
pital, who died from June 1758, to Ja- 
nuary 17060, that from hence their general | 
healthineſs may appear. 
In the firſt ſix months only one nurſe 
died; of whoſe caſe I kept no particular 
account. In the year 1759, died two la- 
bourers, and two nurſes: With regard to 
the two former, how they were at firſt 
treated I know not. One of them, upon 
being taken ill, went to his own houſe, 
and there died of a fever. And the other 
I did not ſee till the eleventh day, when I 
found him covered with ſpots, even to the 
ends of his fingers; he had been a very 
Irregular, drunken man. Of the two 


concluſion then 1s, that approved methods and medi-- 
cines are not to be diſcarded from practice, becauſep in 
ſome few inſtances, we are told, they produced unfa- 
vourable effects; and in ſuch caſes the calumny is often 
molt unjuſtly heaped on the medicine, where part at 
| leaſt may be due to the temperament or zdroſyncracy of the 
patient, whote particular conſtitution it is the buſineſs of 
a judicious phyſician to ſtudy, as much as it is to acquire 

a perfect acquaintance with the materia medica; and, in 
his final reſult of een, to have taken both under 
due conſideration. 


7 nurſes, - 


07 Infechion. 1 255 


nurſes, the firſt was an old woman, who 


ſeemed to die merely of a decay of nature, 
without any juſt ſuſpicion of another cauſe. 
The ſecond died in the following manner, 


of an infection. 
In the month of April, three months 


after the yellow fever had entirely ceaſed, 


two nurſes, -lodging in the ſame chamber, 
were ſeized with fevers, and both became 


yellow; one died, the other recovered. 


From a ſtrict examination it was diſco- 
vered, that they had concealed ſome ſhirts 
and cloaths belonging to the infected 
men from North America, which were af- 


terwards taken from under their bed, and 


deſtroyed *. 

Thus, in cighteen months, there died 
only five Þ perſons out of more than an 
hundred who were conſtantly employed, 
during that time, in various offices about 
the ſick. 

This 5 preſervation of ſuch 
a number of attendants, reſident in ſo large 


* A ſimilar caſe to this occurred in three nurſes, that 
attended the chirurgical patients, who were ſucceſhvely 
infected by lying in the ſame bed; one of them, in 
whom an infection was not ſuſpec ted, had a very bad 
petechial fever for near en; days. From the other 
two the inſection was ſpeedily removed. 

+ There was another. nurie taken ill in November 
1759, but did not die till Fanuary following. The cir- 
cCumſtance of her having been infected was ſomewhat 
doubtful. | 


an 


4 
1 
k 
> by 
8 
tes 
740 
127 
in 1 — 
i 
5 1 
: 4 
1 
* RY. 
* 4 
8 þ 
9 
9 *. 
Fr 
3 
i 
x ke 
» Bn 
F q 
[4 4 
d + 
» 1 
- * Fs 
2 4 
! 1 
* 
a 
4 WM 
is © 
T 
7 =) 
| 
: N 
4 
1 
#4 
: o 
' 


236 Of Injection. 
an hoſpital, compared with the mortality 
which we have heard of in other hoſpitals, 
in ſhips, and at other places, can be aſ- 
cribed only to thefe two cauſes. 
The firſt was the ſpeedy removal, and 
immediate purification, of the cloaths, 
bedding, &c. of every patient at his firſt 
admiſſion ; the ſmalleſt article of apparel, 
belongin to a perſon in a fever, not be- 
ing permitted to remain with him in the 
ward, nor even in the hoſpital. For, as 
ſoon as received, he was directly ſtript, 
and all his cloaths, with their contagion, 
conveyed. to the ſinobe-houſe, where the in- 
fection was effectually deſtroyed. | 
Another cauſe of preſervation was the 
early uſe of. the proper means that have 
been preſcribed. There are now. ſeveral 
nurſes in the hoſpital, who have been five, 
ſix, or even ſeven times infected, and 
thus ſucceſsfully treated; and I have often 
known two or three of them taken ill in 
a week, 
I am apt to think, that an 1 
from whatever ſource it is derived, firſt 
diſcovers itſelf by affecting the omach and 
inteſtines. It is uncommon to find a caſe, | 
which does not begin with /bzverings, 
commonly with a flight nauſea, often a 
vomiting. This ſtate of ſhivering con- 
| tinues with ſome a ſhorter, with others a 
longer | 


& Inſectibn. 1 


longer t time; after which a pain 1s often 
felt to dart with viplence into ſome part of 
the body. 

I have attended three, patients in the 
ſame ward, and from the ſame ſhip, during 
their ſtate of Shivering and Chills; in one 
the pain has attacked the head, in another 
it ſeized the breaſt, and in the third it has 
deſcended to the legs, ſo as to reſemble a 
violent R/heumatiym. 


We are of opinion that a ſpeedy and 


thorough cleanſing of the whole Alimentary 
tube, by the means of a Vomit and Ciyſters; 
or even, perhaps, by a gentle, natural, ſu- 
pervening Looſene/s, removes the infection. 
Whereas a ſevere F/ux indicates the miſ- 


chief at this time to be fixed, and as it 
were concentrated in that canal; notwith- 


ſtanding which it is ſtill often ſucceſsfully 
diſlodged by an immediate emetic, or, if 
that ſhould fail, by a bliſter, which, ap- 
plied without delay to the back, Sanetta 
ſtops this Log/ene/s as effectually, as at other 
times it removes the head- ach, pain of the 
limbs, or breaſt. 


8 ner. 


* 
— 


r 


r r F²̊²ůuù . RC * 3 - * 


= EIN IO 


. T or 
2 —_— n 


i NAA II I 


Dr = I 


1 


rr eee 
. * ** 4 , - 1 - * 
—— By 0 * 


rr 
2 0 / 


1 
[4 
$44 
* 3 
. 
. 
. 
1 
v * 
7 
* 13 
£5 
* 
a 
4 1 
1 
1 
* 
4 
4 » 
& 1 
* 
1 
2 
2 
= 
2 
37 
\ 
Ba 
. 1 
4 
ia 
RIES» 
1 
*. 
55 
4 


S : m— 
F _ , 
es. er 

WW a OS . 

| SET IN HO 
— P T's Wh 
To. _ es 2 


. ä — FS r S wy at RE Ez 5 2 
g 9%, 64 15 * ls — — I — 8 : A — * — : ave 
1 7 7 2 $I} ales. 44+ ++ by 1 PLC * 2 v bY * 5 * 1 T P Ye ACS * =. 3 „ 1 1 _ * oo. A. 5 + ” 
— 42 „ * — LY : bs . ES, LOT 8 n x . s — a 4 — e 
9 — . — * — N * _ E — 8 N : r N 3 3 S $463” * — — — 5 N - 
55 — — $5 + * l — - . P Dy 4 8 e rr k £ bien. - Ie 2 EXT PIs 1 * — — — ww" ” , s . 
gs Ry p * A — * ms a IT ay” 5, SE. * 4 . ˙ E 2 3 2 92 3 I” . ; 
3 Wir. 8 Z * Kh.” => —— 2 * ** * 5 8 4 2 - 3 2 7 — — 7 & pas 


OED 
' > r N — 5 Ak 8 
P 
2 22 4 6 — 


— — 
Nen 


5 
FM 
— 


—— 

2 
— 
e 


* 

RN 
8 
= S's 


— 

* 

. de of 

_—_ — 
2 


* * 
3 Mee, <7 
— * . 
n — bn l * 1 
" . — . 1 
24 N I [ 
ra” _ — 5 N 
. 
r 


— 
wer = 
8 

N ot) 


== Ar 


2 8 p *. 2 

— — 3 PT 

N %; * + — . GD Pw.” & 
* 8 1 ao 


7 as 

„„ Es 
4 os © oe IT. 

r 


— 
1 7 


( 258 ) 
SECS; It 
Of Fevers. 


Of febrifuge medicines : antimony ; contra- 
yerva and Virginia ſnake-root; opium; 
tranquil flate of body and mind. The 
common Appellations if Fever unſatisfac- 
tory : noxious vapours from the earth a 


Frequent cauſe of fevers : Auch of at ferent 


fevers recommended. 


Evers being of all diſeaſes the moſt 

deſtructive to mankind, it is at leaft 

to be wiſhed, that ſuch a ſpecific was found 
for Continual fevers, as the Bark is for In- 
fermittents. This is to be ſought for, per- 

haps, in Antimony. But even when ob- 

tained, much, as at preſent, would ſtill 
depend on timely and judicious evacu- 
ations, by bleeding, bliſtering, vomits, 
purges, &c. all which may do miſchief 
when unſkilfully adviſed, or when admi- 
niſtered at improper ſeaſon ; but with pru- 
dent care, become the mot certain means 
of relief hitherto known from this fatal 
diſtemper. | 
L have, in many hundred caſes of fevers, 
tried different Antimomal preparations, and 
am convinced, there is in ſome of them a 
| pows 


175 7 Fevers. 259 
powerful febrifuge virtue, even when they 
act as an Alterative. Many antimonial 
medicines are however entirely diveſted of 
ſuch a virtue, whilſt ſome poſſeſs it in a 
ſmaller degree, as Vinum Antimontale; and 
others iti a more eminent degree, as Tar-— 
tarum Emeticum, which is allo exceeded by 
other Antimonial preparations. _ | 

Antimonials ſhould be exhibited in ſmall 
doſes, frequently repeated. I often add 
four or five grains of Camphire to each 
doſe, at other times the like quantity of 
Nitre. Bit, when much dependence is 
placed in Nitre, it ſhould be given by way 
of Ciyſter, as well as by the mouth. When 
Antimony ruffles, or purges, Electarium 
e ſcordio, or even Plilonium Londinenſe 
ſhould he adminiſtered with it. The. Con- 
trayerva and Virginian ſnake-root have been 
much reputed for their Alexipharmic qua- 
lities. Both roots are apt to be ſandy. An 
infifion made of two drachms of each, 
for four or five hours, in a pint of boiling 
water, ſtrained and freed from the dregs 
by ſtanding, and taken to the quantity of 
two ounces every four or ſix hours may. be - 


———__ _ 5 IS a ” ey : 
4 b 4 . I — ae. x. FX on ; — 2 * 
1 4 . ES 8 4 > 0 ER: ——— CR = £ a 4 
* „ « F. m e £ _ Y hs "y 8 OM 
— 9 — * ? "= —- : * — a? — 1 ˙ A es Oe Sant £248: : 2 ory: 
of no ba tied * — pd 2 8 — <> Ra 2 N e 2 > < * : ” * 
— : — ? 4 BE - * "A ; - 5 


De 2 — 
v2 © x 


„ Sar} © 
7 — — 


4 
1 
4 
Tt 
5 
4 
t i” 
** 
65 
tz 
N 
1 
A 
. 
-4 * 
a 1 
Raf 
hid 
6, 
3.18 
i * 
„ 
* 
1 
1 


Ji; 
17 
A * 


- banks © 2 
rr — tn. 


added, either camphorated or diſtilled vine- 
gar, and ſometimes Rheni/h wine, But 
1 8 „„ nei⸗- 


U 447 * 
* | - * 
e 
* Q 
n F 
bd * 
iin 
« [1 TH 
% - * 
5 * 
3 EO 
z Te 
] 4! 3 
1 1 
1 
1191 
r £336 
89%} 7 I, 
1 
K. . 
14 ET - 
S849! 1 
4 W 
: . 7 
* : ig 
h Wy 
8" 2s 425) 
*K . 
5 1 , 
. 
an 
Y 1 
N " 5 
N 
4. 
„ 
L445" 
/ EE 
+ J $57 q of 
A 7 T2 ? 
b 1 
isi. 
: x 1 
MI 19 
inn 
aan 
4 1 4 
2 . 
* 15 q 
147 1 
— * 
1 
8 
A. 1 
.* : * 4 
3.05 Yd 
| l 
» Ki 7 1 
19 * | 
IF KF . 
11 
1 
* * 
2 $445 Bf; 
F 
ei 0 
240 4 
- * 
* 
* 19 
» ” 
3 N 
1. 
TM" | 
. 
+ * 
* 
\ : 
„ 5 
* "of 
Va be 
e 
Nin 
*% 
» 1 
1 
.* 
"Ae © 
1 
. 
1774 
1 
97 
{4 
b:4 7 
2 
* 
+. 
4. IF" 
z E 
1 
1 
* 
1 
* <1 
e 
9 
1479 
Lr 
* 1 
1 
7 
co, ly, 
* 
a + 
4 { 
. Th 
4 
- * 
2 
* 
5 
4% 
Fr 
oy 
5 
4 
4 5 
7 
4 
iy 
Vat 
At 
7 * 
- 
Fa. 
q * 
5 = 
pe 
X 
4 L 
ny 
Lo 
i 
. 


260 Of Fevers. 
neither of theſe roots are poſſeſſed of any 
ſpecific febrifuge virtues. | TE 
Opium, next to Antimony and the Bark, 
is one of the molt uſeful medicines that 
can be uſed in fevers, though it cannot 
perhaps be brought under the denomi- 
nation of a febrifuge, as being chiefly di- 
rected to remove ſcme of the ſymptoms 
of fever. In all violent evacuations, whe- 
ther by hemorrhage, vomiting, or purg- 
ing, Opium affords the moſt immediate re- 
lief. In a ſmall quantity it corrects the 
too violent operation of Antimony, the 
Bark and other febrifuge medecines, and 
frequently improves their virtues, eſpe- 
cially as /udorific, Opium being the moſt 
certain /udorific pharmacy yet knows. It 
is particularly uſeful in the decline of a 
fever, when the patient's ſtrength and ſpi- 
rits are almoſt exhauſted : as a perſon in 
perfect health, wearied by exceſſive la- 
bour, feels immediate compoſure of ſpi- 
rits, and a pleaſing refreſhment, from 
taking an opzaze; ſo a ſick perſon, almoſt 
ſpent by an harraſſing fever and long want 
of reſt, feels the greateſt ſatisfaction on 
taking Opium, which, at the ſame time, 
proves the belt refforatrve of his exhauſted 
ſtrength and fpirits. . 
Some entertain a prejudice that op:azes 
relax and weaken the conſtitution, but 
3% TD ſuch 


Of Frver. 28061 


ſoch muſt not have had much experience 
of them, in perſons reduced by long and 
ſevere fevers, when nature calls out for 


ſomething to compole and give reſt. Some 


few conſtitutions cannot bear Opium, yet, 
in general moſt, when reduced to ſo low 
a ſtate, are, even on firſt taking it, ſo ſen- 
fible of its good effects, that they earneſtly 
ſollicit a repetition of it every night, until 
they are able to riſe out of bed. There 
ſeems an analogy between Vine and Opium; 
the abuſe of either may relax and injure 
the conſtitution, but both, when judi- 
ciouſly adminiſtered, may be ranked among 
the beſt remedies for fevers. I have made 
repeated trials of Bark and Opium as re- 
ſtoratives, and am thence of opinion that 
the reſtorative virtues of the Opium exceed 
much thoſe of the Bark. 

In a former note * I obſerved, that me- 
dicines a& variouſly in different habits, 
and always with an effect relative to, or 
as directed by, the conſtitution. On this 
ſubject of adminiſtring proper remedies in 
fevers, I have further to add, that in the 


corporeal frame, there is a wonderful fa- 


cility, which diveſts ſome ſorts of poiſons 
of their virulent and noxious quality, by 


means of their long ufe. And, in the 


by * See the preceding ſection. 


3 ſame 


4 1 4d 4 
+ Ta * 
; 
2x We Þ! 
. 16 ; 
1 n 
N „ 
4 92 1 * 
7 1 
£ + : 
e 
. i } 
FF] * 
111 1; \ 
14 : z 
iin 
1175 att; l 
6280 
eie 
n 60 
12 
4, + 11 * 4 
., LO 3 : 
q j * 103 
Nan bk 
1 4 1 
inan 
; f 
. yy 
* * 7 
4 
> 4 ih 
* , 
1B] * 
Wo ; 
$2530 
* at: 
A ul £ 
T4 
177 
1 
$=4% 
* 
n 
1 
c $ ©: 
i © * 
7 11 
92 
3 
4 
KN. 
42 0 


— 5 2 — a 2 . _ 1 7 an - OY - 
2 dar yn. pe. Are ce * * — * p- * ISI —— Ie" 6:4 F Fs IE . Pg , 
- — bay — 2 x tad on 2p 1 a i -. IST SY 8 
* n 3 W 3 « WV : 93 — o * . 2 23 a 1 * „Le 8 * 1 0 "= by 
* — r - A * — = 2 5 2 2 — — 2. — 7 4 a” * 8 8 —— 22 
7 * 4 — 2, 0 * AF — of 2 - % as Re he of} N 4 Eq; "AJ : ts 2 — 
* 8 1 ho Q * 59 — oO = 5 * * W 1 — * > Es OOTY 4 ver T 
Is — xo . : pt — 44 . ee e 6 7 ! * 
% * — - * 4 3 >» C x 8K K . x J * „ > 7 . 5 . r {6,74 4 2 
— 2 CI — — d 0 - 3 2 8 RT a, an * a 10 8 
roomy #5 2 28 — * Wine : — — F py . 2 . a " K 8 — 1 — 2.8 1 v N — 22 
o — * EK. * F — * Py N 5 Ar 2225 * allo —_ — q a4 © = * * % 4 » CEN 4 4 . -2 — —x- - _ — — 
- can) : 2 22 Ne, . I 9 Hh - ; . . 2 - - - . YL C4 PR 0%" FF AT 
1 * 1 p — — MW . — E. p <Y 3 2 * i SI. 2 2 — 1 3 Er a — k _— 3 5 % 4 1 
2 0 > p — — 7 ny . — n | 2 ” - C — 5 * k 22 IT k Os 
„ r A «2 * 1 — — 8 2 ECT, = rc „3 AT ae” Þ * Te BO. 4 E 
: Y 2 4 1 2 5 — 2 — 1 8 - 8 l 2 


r 


r r 
+ Ir, . . 
— — room aa 
- 3% &: wy 
— 1 — 
+, 2 7* 


38.23 36K © - 


hn ES 50 | n 


— . 4 
Tar TU 
TR 


D 


4 
I 


* 
* 
* 


| 

3 

| 
| 


262 Of Pevers. 


ſame manner, many excellent medicines 
Jooſe their quick or effectual operation, 


when the body has once become habituated 


to them. And this is moſt frequently the 
caſe, when ſuch medicines paſs the ſto- 


mach {without occaſioning a ſickneſs. If 


a perſon takes as much Falap as will purge, 
and every day repeats the ſame doſe, he 
will, in all probability, find that quantity 

| ee D in * 
of Jalap will, at length, by conſtant uſe, 


- abate much of its purgative quality. Cream 


of Tartar has, with ſome, very ſingular 


F 3 . 3 ns ; 2 } 
effects; at firſt it is laxative, till the per- 
ſon has taken it for ſome days, and then 


it acts as an aſtringent ; the purgative qua- 
lity is again reſtored, by increaſing the 
doſe. In phyſic we are very ſenſible, that 
ſome of the beſt remedies may, in like 
manner, by f:equent ule, become much 
diminithed in their virtues, particularly 


; . itt a , 24 
Antimony, Opium, and the Bark, _ 


: $ 5g. 0 * 1h. » 1.3 „ YI e 
In acute diſeaſes, for heſe reaſons, all 


medicines of an important efficacy, when 


continued, ought gradually to be aug- 
10003: 4G, fo BOON OLE OO TAIDELET EY ot 7 
mented. in the doſe, ſo as not greatly to 


ruffle the ſtomach or bowels, As, in, diſ- 
eaſes of longer duration, preſcriptions 
ſhould, after a. proper, time, be changed = 
for others, new to the conſtitution of the 


$ 


| patients. | 5885 1255 


Fur- 


Of Pevers. 263 

Further, not only in hoſpitals, but in 
all private families, perſons in fevers ought 
to be kept ſeparate from others, and free 
from the idle viſits of over-officious friends, 
and from all diſturbance and noiſe. This 
ought to be done more particularly, with 
a view to the enjoyment of that tranquil 
ſtate of mind, which muſt co-operate with 
the mechanical ſalutary effects of medicines 
towards a recovery. I have known many 

atients, who may be ſaid properly to have 
been killed by the ſhock or ſurprize from 
an account of the death of a friend, or of 
| ſome perſon who had been in the ſame 
ſtate that they imagined themſelves to be 
in. Thoſe who negle& the Medicina 
| Mentis, or a due attention to the paſſions 
of the mind in ſickneſs, are inattentive to 
one of the moſt important aids towards 
the relief. of it. For if the moſt whole- 
ſome food does not nouriſh, when the 
deſponding mind is oppreſſed with grief 
and fear, neither can it be expected that 
with a perſon under the influence of thoſe 
deprefling paſſions, the moſt appropriated 
- medicines wall produce their ſalutary ef- 
fects. 

Some may ſuppoſe, that a medicine, 
ſalutary in one fever, may prove hurtful 
in another, or even in the ſame fever in 
a different climate or country; that Anti- 
| S 4 monials 


264 Of Pevers. 
monials may, perhaps, be ſerviceable in In- 
flammatory fevers, but hurtful in what are 


called pucrid. However, in every reputed 


ſpecies of fever, Antimonials have been 


given with ſucceſs, from a flight Cold to 


the ſevereit Plague. A late Eugliſi am- 
baſſador at Conſtantinople gave a quantity of 
Antimonial preparations to the prieſt of the 
Plague-Hoſpital in that city, in order to 
try their effects, They were adminiſtred 
to a great number of patients in the Plague, 
and, as the prieſt imagined, with benefit; 


but, unluckily, during the courſe of theſe 


experiments, the prieſt himſelf died of 4 
fit of the Stone, after having been vice 
infected with the plague, and having 
eſcaped. | 


The common names of fevers, as I have T 


elſewhere ſhewh, are too unſatisfactory ta 
be regarded in practice; being founded 
chiefly on vague and theoretical opinions 
of their cauſes and effects. Phyſicians, 
who have had the moſt frequent oppor- 
tunities of ſeeing numerous patients in 
fevers, have always found great difficulty 
in arranging their caſes under the common 
appellations. An attempt of this ſort has 
frequently led them into abſurdities, as it 
is certain, that almoſt all theſe fevers may 
procees from one and the ſame caule. 


Thus 


07 e | 26g 


Thus Dr. Merli, in his monthly deſcrip- 
tion of the contagious epidemic fever at 
Naples, in the year 1764, of which I have 
given a more particular account in my E/- 
jay on the Diſeaſes of Hot Climates, ob- 
ſerved, that “ in the month of May it 


put on the appearance of a Puirid Ver- 


© ninous fever: in the month of June it 
« was a Putrid Inflammatory Nervous fe- 
$ yer.” We ſhould have been at a loſs to 
have conjectured the meaning of theſe 


terms, did he not in another place ſay, 


« This milchicf, contagion, poiſon, or 
6 2 name you are pleaſed to call 
« it, produces in ſome a Malignant Con- 
ec - fever, in others a Malignant 
Double Tertian, of a Malignant Bloody 
« Flux. It ſometimes attacks the Head, at 
© other times ſeats itſelf in the Breaſt, in 
the Kigneys, or in ſome of the Bonwels, 
„and wherever ſeated it produces the 
* molt violent and malignant ſymptoms.” 


From one caule, from the ſame infec- 


tion, IJ have frequently known to proceed 
what may be termed, from outward ap- 


pearances, the Yellow, Petechial, and Mi- 


tary fevers, and, while 1n a few the con- 
tagion aflumed an Jutermitting form and 


Was mild, in others it raged with a conſtant 


and violent fever. Next to Infection, the 
moſt en cauſe of general and mental 
fevers, 


— 


— 
— 


ie Now - 5 L l 5 
2 2 5 4 23 8 
n 1 af > 
„ e = Y 
of Ir — . a h Pa, ow 
r n — — 
— Y A —— * 2 8 
> — og 8 per 
" : * ry — 
ner # 


* : 
1 a 
4 
1578 
* 
4 , 
+ Sq [ 
FT 5.4 
* 4 
4.4 [* ; 
7 
75 } 
1 7 15 
ö 74 
WT + 
SEW 33-4 
' '4 
of 4 
ie 
1 ih 
a i 4 / 
has 
© 3 * 
” 341% 
4 1 
\ 1 t 
12248 
207 
- 
44 £ l 
. 
wy . 
7 
1 4 
1 
1 
Le 
$3583 
4 1h 
FF | + 
Fa 41 p 
"M3208 
Ty 6 C 1 
. : 
ANTE 12'S 
Gd... 
„ t 
EN 
k {4 
Fs tt 
2.4 it 
3 297 
To” | [1 
11 
5 
» x” "Th 
7 
WW 
* 
f 
2 
=: 29 
, . 
1 
* 15 
* 1 
*4. 
0 * 
e 
My i 
1 
* 1 
* , 8 
8 4 
1 
* U 
«> A 
* 0 
; 
* Ri 
1 
3 ” 
2 
N 
FJ sf 
2 . 
A 4 
p ks 
, 
[ 
F N 
N 0 
y : 
. 
x l 
3; 
' FF Fi 
. 
1 0? 
1 9 
19 
4 FF: 
3 
. 
+ . 
11 
2 $6; * 
* * 4 
4 gh 
$4 6 
. 
p 1 
- JN : 
9 * 
2 I Goo 
n # . x 
1 5 
1 
3 
b 1 
* ; 1 
* "6 
I : * 
. 
PE - 
g ct 
+, © 
} 
i 
49 
1 
þ 
1 4 
: * 
($1 4 \ 
x4 
n 
2 e 
? Ed 
: 7 
4 
. + 
7 
1 * 
370 1 
1 
tt 0 1 
EY 
4 $ N 
Le. <> 
feat $5 
4 is N > 
* "WD 
i $I 
»Y :*h9 
N 
7 * 
* v 
. FX 
1 
$ 1 4 1 
* K 
2 
4 
ks do” 
0 * 0 
3 2 
5 12 
is 01 A 
bs 
"i 47 
+ " 
- 
© RV 
+ 3.005 
"8] o 
* 1 0 


N 


3 
ba. 


* 


. — 
4 


Fa 
* 
2 
n 
e 


266 - Off Fevers. 


fevers, is perhaps the noxious vapours ex- 
haling from the earth, and the offenſive 
polluted air in unhealthy or marſhy places. 
Does not this vapour act like an infection 
received into the body, and may it not be 
expelled by the ſame means? 

In England, and in other parts of Eu- 
rope, according to the temperature of the 
. ſeaſon, and the different pernicious quali- 
ties of the foil, the diſeaſes thence arifing 
are either Agues, Fluxes, or Pevers, the 
latter being, for the moſt part, of a %%% 
and malignant nature. And there are 
many diſtant unhealthy parts of the world, 
where ſtrangers are, from the very ſame 
cauſes, very liable to be attacked with diſ- 
tempers which prove often fatal. 

At Senegal, in the rivers Gambia and St. 
Domingo, on the coaſt of Guinea, at Car- 
penter's River, near the Maſquits ſhore in 
the Wel- Indies, and in many other places, 
almoſt all Europeans loſe their colour and 
appetite, vecoming yellow, and troubled 
with ſickneſs, or indigeſtion. - Gentle Vo- 
mits are found very ſuitable to the conſti- 
tution, and to the diſcaſes in thoſe cli- 
mates. 

The fever, with which they are ſeized, 
begins ſometimes with a Delirium, ofretier 
with” a vomiting ; it will not bear the loſs 
of much blood: _— LVomiils, Bl: _ 

| An. 


of Fever. | 267 


Antimony and Camphure, with the Bark, are 
the beſt remedies tor it, as well as conta- 
gious fevers. If the patient, after the ap- 
plication of Bliſters, ſtill continued very 
ill, and was delirious, with a low pulſe, 
ſome have empirically given from five to 
ten grains of Calomel joined with Camphire, 


which was ſaid to remove the Delirium &. 


This circumſtance would not have been 
mentioned {being a practice we cannot re- 
commend, if I had not been informed, by 
ſome judicious and authentic accounts 
lately ſent me from the Eaft-Indies, that 
Mercury hath been experienced a moſt uſe- 


ful medicine in the Hepatitis, after the 


inflammation had been ſomewhat abated 
by bleeding, and the neutral ſaline medi- 


cines. And to the uſe of the Mercurius 


Alcaliſatus, many of our troops in that 
part of the world have owed n preſer · 
vation in that diſcale. 


* Dr. Why: late profeſſor of Medicine at Edinburg b, 
having defired me to try at Hoſlar boſpital, in 8 
accompanied with Delirium, reſtleſſneſs, Tremors, con- 
vulſions, and great agitation of the nervous ſyſtem, 
with a ſunk, or at leaſt not full pulſe, the effects of a 
fomentation of hot water by itſelf, or with a very little 
vinegar, applied to the legs and feet, by means of flan- 


nel cloths, renewed every five or ten minutes, I have 


often put this method in practice-; and, when continued 


for ſome time, the patient commonly became calm. and 
fell into a ſleep. 


We 


> 
* bo. gr aw of < _ K 
7 . 1 — we - on — y 


a ___ >, ap. 
AN 0s A na — 


8 


pgs. HY . 0 2% 
F 


„ 1 4 — 
— » 4 2 SS 
& — A Roe © 
Re 4 


— E . MA I 7 = DES To. 
* * 4 * 2 3 * —— _ . S 2 — — — 
r es: 42 >. 20 * W- — oy + —_ EEE 3 was; — 
: — S E - Pa if . ore : n * - < 2 
Q 2 * © — — . 5 — 


* oF 3v x 
— 


Lg 
— 
”_ 
— a. — 
3 
- 1 
ONT 
= "> R * 
— . = 


—_— > 
n 
. 


— 
2 
. „„ : = 
6 v [27 — 
r 1 


n 
£4 


> 
4 Rs fd 32 
AS oY 

2 . 4 


* 
— — 7 - os a , 
_— r 2 - 5 — * w - ; 2 2 - 4 7 * — 
S A —· DALES 2 ——_ 0 . . 
1 W . . 24 — 5 fl. * A <p — r * ere 
7 1 3 Fm « < . — 0 —2 — — — £4 2 if bo \ 
= ＋6’i eee 7 5 — 2 . — 
af, g ON : — ? Tu * 2 — : 2 5 * 
2 2 1 S 4 - — - 
"—_— 8 2 — = 2 2 — — warn 


4 
"3X 
1 Wy 


; WE 2-1 
* 


acting 


"4 
— — + 
$3 REEL ox 
2 £ 
— - - 


— 
CO pants. i, bb. 
ri 


Fa, 
"i 
$1 
1 
4 
q a. 
"id > 
WW -#* K 
5 4 
4; 
* 
4 
I. 
9 5 
„* 
Y 
a7 
[4 4 
2 
al 
F 
: 


a n dp Vo 
A e 
N 5 47 N 

— 4 of * 
, 2 Sack 

"0 Wc". 


a 2 
- 
— 


268 07 Fevers. 


We would, indeed, adviſe all thoſe, 
who intend to purſue the ſtudy of phyſic, 
to peruſe the hiſtories of ſuch obſervations 
as have been made on the fevers of dif- 
ferent countries, and both the ancient re- 
lations of this diſtemper, and many excel- 
lent accounts of it publiſhed in our own 
times. For to the publication of ſuch 
writings, all Improvements in the healing 
art are entirely owing, notwithſtanding 
the contempt of the ignorant, the envy of 
the malevolent, and the criticiſms to which 


authors are expoſed. 


Knowledge in phyſic can only be at- 
tained by a ſeries © x obſervations; we muſt 

therefore add to our own experience, that 
of men who lived before us, or who prac- 


tiſe in different places, carefully ſeparating 


experienced truths from hypotheſes. By the 
help of this acquired knowledge of what 
has been diſcovered from age to age, or in 
different countries, by the inſpection of 
nature and diſeaſes, the mind becomes 
ſtored with experimental truths and o- 
ſervations. And a phyſfician, thus qua- 
lified, will be enabled to take a compre- 
henſive view of the operations of nature, 
and of diſeaſes under various ſhapes, as in- 
fluenced by climate, ſeaſon, weather, con- 
ſtitution, and medicines. 


5 „„ EW 


Of Fever. 269 

A judicious ynopſis of the writings on 
fevers, in a chronological ſeries, would be 

a valuable book. Treaſures. of uſeful 
knowledge might then be found in one 
volume, where, diſengaged from conjee- 
ture, ſuch naked truths ſhould only ap- 
pear, as are confirmed by experience and 
obſervation, We might there trace the 
gradual advances which have been made 


towards a more complete knowledge, and 


a more ſucceſsful method of treating this 
diſeaſe, from the time of Hippocrates. 
This book would perhaps not compriſe an 

abridgment of above two hundred authors, 
as there are ſcarcely above that number 
whoſe obſervations would deſerve a place 
in it. And although a very ſtriking con- 
traſt would appear in the Heoretical opi- 
nions of authors, yet a nearer reſemblance, 
than perhaps is expected, might be found 
in the fads they relate. A better judg- 
ment might-thence alſo be formed of the 
propriety of peculiar denominations given 
to different fevers. by the ancient writers; 
and of the reaſons why, in almoſt every 
age, the appellations of fevers have been 
changed; whether alſo fevers are eſſentially 


different in different countries, varying 


likewiſe: their nature at different periods 
of time. Concluſions drawn from partial 
facts, and an imperfect experience of 

AIDS things, 


rv} K — 2 "5 


* 


* 


** 


* 7 N 
Ke * 4 C 
» \ 8, 
. 
1 
17 . 
14 } 
"3, 
* * 
1 TH 
= . 
n 
{ #14 
127 2 
1 
1945 1 
"IF . 
* j Fi | 
4 7-4 
4 LEST 
"33 « {99,1 
Sf 2 * 
$77 : 
, 
4 1 
1 1 
* 7 is x 
* 1 * 7 
- \ 4 * 
* 7 * + 
46 Bt {18 
14 1. 
8 4 
bf © Pl 
* 7 
$36. PF 
1 a. 
11 7 4 
1 1 
0 * 
4 . 1 
ieee 
s 4 £33 3:4 
7 1-4 
4 1 4 1 4 
£ 4 br 
5 wad * 
4 AL 
J Vs 
x i 
* 12; 1» 
d A th 
>% W 
13 1 SA” 
9908 — - 
teen 
55 TAR 
e 7 by 1h 
8 Fe 
* 14 
Nr 
+ 1.4.8 
ö 19 '% 
1 
1 12 E f 
4 q > : 
Us - B l 
1 Wh t 
© Tas Pt 
LP Job ' 
A 4 0 
4 3 Y 
** 2 £540 
; HE 36549 Bb} 
1 4 7 Py 
od 7 * 
37 1 
4 p by . 
A - 
af 1 11. 
15 #5 
1 * 
1 * N 
1 1 1 : 
A2 4 A 
1 
} } & | 
, N f 14 
” * 
o 0 166 
oY FS, LS : 
„ 78 
4 1 
ie 
J > 
þ 9 
H * o 1 
. J 
e 
. „ 
ia ; 
PERL & $i 
4 * 
1 » I; 
VAS I 
* 4 . 
er 
4 Fall : 
. 1 
f 4 |. 
rr TE 5 
4 
3, v8 ö 
e 
4 * bo F 
4 7 14 
#4 A 17 
18 
39 
LF [ 
5 '# 
. "A Fz 
HO $I 
e 
: $i 5 
1 © 
* MP 
„ 
"+ 
N 3 
1 9 
TY & Þ 
$£; 73, 
* : "7 & 
bs - 4 
97 8 1 a 
„ F [3 
©% > "x 
„ q j 4, 
($8, > 
TE. 
14. 
# ' - u . 
*»» 5 <q 
> #4 1 
ES of; 
o * i * 5 
N 
Vi $21 bo 
- 
ns. -* 32h. 
1 
* . * 
"Ris 54 
1 4 
"25 "4 
»* ,FA39 - wi! 
i, HE ” 
+.2% A * 
2 x 3H 
$5.4 21 
1 = 
41 
1 
— 2 
TY 
27 1 
f & © ;% 
FAS 
IF. 
I AE EL 
e $ - 
WI Et 4 3 15 
"bk \ 
"> 17 3545 9 
1 4 
<4 a&/ v4 © 
7 1 OY 
- £3 
25 „ 
1 5 * 
0 * 9 
73 * 15S 
þ 1 
34 1 
14 18 
= i 
Pa * * 
I 4 , * 11 
* N ; 
43 LE 76 
n . 
Sq. 7 Sv, wy 1 
1 
* 9 < 
SF; TY Il 
, x K' 
4 ; 
a 
8 5 a * 1 
* Ly IF 
7 
A 
5 m5 £ 
: * 2» b 
73. i! 4 
LIL: 
Let wt * 
uf « is 
1 Za 4 
£5% B 
1 4. 
* * 49 
41 by 
. * 4 
A 
ol . 
* | a 
$4 
Pa 
An 
"px 0 
4, 


= Gar Wee 


22 jo i . — 
7 * 2 0 1 
r ; 
n 


270 9 Of Pevers. 


things, would there be diſtinguiſhed from 

more univerſal and better eſtabliſned truths. 
And ſymptoms merely accidental, or which 
are only the immediate forerunners of 
death, would be diſtinguiſhed from the 
conſtant and eſſential figns of the diſeaſe. 
Perhaps, alſo, the influence of a favourite 
opinion, or of a pre- conceived fancy, on 


the writings of ſome, even of our b'ſt in- 


ſtructors, ſuch as Sydenham and Morton, 
would be more clearly perceived. 


SECT. II. 
TIE Feren. 


Deſcription of 8 in fevers. Prog- 
noftics in fevers. Weak late. of the body 
* a yeni. Aa 


JAving 8 n mention 5 8 
chiæ, I ſhall now deſcribe the appear- 
ances on the ſkin, that were meant by 


this term. Thoſe Slack and purple ſpots, 


or Petechiæ, which ate obſerved at the fa- 
tal period of a malignant Small- pax, I 
have not commonly met with in other 
fevers, though ſometimes, where there 


was: a 4. overs 1 have ſeen black and 


= roundiſh 


Of Fevers. 271 
roundiſh ſmooth ſpots of blood, in the in- 
terſtices of a ſmall mz/ary eruption. But 
oftener the Petechiz, which we have re- 
marked, were of a pale red, reſembling a 
raſh, appearing ſometimes to the eye ele- 
vated, but commonly found to be flat by 
the touch. On the breaſt, back, loins, 
and thighs, they appeared often of an ir- 
_ regular figure, and ſo numerous ſome- 
times, that they ſeemed to freak the ſkin. 
In ſome patients, the Perechiz were viſi- 
ble, without once diſappearing, for five 
or ſix days: but their preſence is generally 
more inconſtant, and often not obſerved, 
unleſs carefully attended to, on account of 
their frequent vaniſhing, and of their faint 
appearance at times, under the ſkin. 

Theſe appearances in malignant fevers 
are generally ſuppoſed not to have been 
taken notice of by the ancients. But Hip- 
pocrates deſcribes ſpots ſimilar to them; 
and Aetius expreſly lays, that ſmooth ſpots, 
reſembling flea-bites, appear on the ſkin in 
malignant fevers... 

Some authors, from a fappoſition of the 
great Diſſolution of the blood in petechial 
fevers, and from another ſuppoſition, that 
Blifters enereaſe the Diſolution of that fluid 
ſtill more, have forbid their application in 
len fevers. But the experience of the 

| moſt 


— 


— 


WO — — 
3 . * — — 
1 *. inte th 


222 ——— 2 
— "IP — > ” 
8 3 
3 2 * — 5 | g 2 
S0 ood; * BO 
_— 7 2 — — 0 3 
3 yo FI ——_—— 2 — ö 
ki « : ee cond es 2 f 5 
25 — . ETD IE PU Roms — 
— T7 1 a * TO * 5 £ ** * 
A 4 5 8 LE 3 — — ws 6 — — — — — * 


hea hp wrt 
— 2 8 2 


* 8 
LY C3 


* 

+ 

1 

a ©? 

'4 
NS 
„ 
TY 
* 
3 
a 
Aike 
„ 
75 
13 


— 
5 


e. 


r 


E wi * "> — « 
— 2 2 8 
N "SS, - . 
0 * rn 
* e 
* ; FF 2 
— x 2 * _ A* — 1 — 
4 2 2 


* 


— 


* 5 
2 at 


l $57 _ Of Fevers, 
moſt eminent practitioners does not ſups 
port thoſe theoretical opinions *. 
No fever can be deemed malignant from 
the appearance of ſpots alone, it 'muſt be 
accompanied alſo by other bad ſymptoms :* 
a ſpotted fever is generally attended with a 
low ſunk pulſe; the patient is either co- | 
matoſe, delirious, or both, or at leaſt is 
flightly delirious at times; his countenance. 

is either bloated, or fluſhed with a pale 

red; and he frequently labours under an 

an oppreſſion of the breaſt with-peripneu- 
i monic ſymptoms. _ 5 
3 I have ſometimes not been able to form 
any Prognoſtics of the fever from thoſe 
= -- Spots, becauſe of their extreme mutabi- 
[i lity in form, colour, and ſize. When a 
_ perſon was firſt brought into the hoſpital, 
| there has often been obſerved a number 
of ſmooth, black, and purple ſpots . 


9 Reovrine treats of the petechial and peflilential 3 
in the ſame chapter, where he ſays, 

Ubi maxima eſt malignitas, unicum veſicatorium non 
ſufficit, ſed plura admovenda ſunt ; ſoleo ego in magna 
morbi ſcevitia, quingue locis admovere, cervici nimirum, 
utrique brachio, parti interiori inter cubitum et hume- 
rum, et utrique femori, parti etiam interiori inter in- 
| guina et genua, cum felici ſucceſſu. 

Riverit opera, p. 541. 
And Eimuller, treatin of the ſame. fevers, ſays, Si 
ulla eſt febris in qua ve/s bcatoria conveniunt eſt imprih ie 


N P. 36 LY 
8 ſurfaee 


Of Fever. 273 


ſurface of the body, eſpecially on the back 
and Joins. After he. was put to bed and 
refreſhed, the ſpots were ſometimes hardly 
_ diſcernible, and at other times they had 
turned red, and felt rough or fcaly. Nay, 
ſo mutable at times was the nature of ſome 
ſpots, that I have remarked a glaſs of wine 
given to the patient, or a ſudden altera- 
tion in the paſſions of his mind, had an 
effect to change their colour, and ſome- 
times to oceaſion their diſappearance, when 
a roughneſs was perceptible in their place. 
— This naturally leads me to ſay ſomewhat 
concerning the Prognoſtics in fevers. 
Experience only, joined to a natural 
medical ſagacity, can render a phyſician 
eminent for his Predictions in fevers; be- 
cauſe there is no conſtancy, or invariable 
uniformity, in any one febrile ſymptom, 
on which ſuch predictions can be grounded. 
The Puife, in which ſo great a confidence 
is placed in fevers, ſometimes points: out 
but a ſmall danger, even while the pa- 
tient approaches near death. When felt 
in different places, phyſicians ſometimes 
find it various, and in the ſame place 
often altered after an interval of an hour 
or two. 
A juſt pragnoſt ic can therefore only de 
formed from a general view of all the oc 
dutrentes and lymproms about the fick, 
S and 


% 
; ms : 


7 * 4 
3 4 
1 « 
La T 
"I 
4 4 
$2 v5 
1 4 
27 
af? 
2 
. 
11 
6 4.4 
1 1 
797 
* 
4 745 
in Wy 
Oo 
2 $45 
16 3 
i * 
1175 
2 4 
Thx 
5 [4 4! 
42 Ir. 
* i 
4 N 
4 
* 2 - 
1 * 
inn 
* 4 z] 
2 
Mer 
by. 
4 2.7 
75 44 
4. 99 
$90 
18 
x | 7 
1 3 
Fo. « 
7 9 
4 ing 
3+: 
* 38: 
: — A 
* 1 
THF: 
i Tas 774 
12 
27 
78 
G 11 
4%; 
11 
4 
* = - 
11 
1 
[5 
1 3.0 
, 
WAS. 
»; 4 
#1 4 
* 
V1] 1 i 
x5 
1 
2 4 
. 
17 
* 17 
> 0 
oy 
KS: k 
TEx 
$$ 
FIT. X 
« MS 
49 
5 ax 
+4 
TH. 
49 
4 
* 
pf 
* 
+, 
4 4 
1 
TY 8 
19 


— 


Dr 
- 


am; e 
227 Ke 


at. ** 7 AX. 3 AW 
icq — — 22 Ss * Y a' 4 * OS 
8 ier r 2 f 
3 "= G ” 2 r. pw 8 0 0 SSOP SR x =" _ — — eos 
2 22 rr >. as AB IH K n 4 - > = - 2 * E * * 0 6 2 1 4 <a DT es 1 —_— 4. _ Fx" . * WiRe = — — — * — NIE 2 
ES IE * = . — — * MS, 2 F Lk os x ** 2 —_ A Fa — bs ha — * 25 — * — F . 3 x 2 n * 5 Fn 2 — — 2 ON 
” * — . _—_ OD 2 — * > 4. — « I * S * — — — == Wo — — — I * * - - 2 = 2 E — 9 pg "I £ 
2 * — ole 2 . E : D — , 2 2 2 x -#z * 1 9 2 — ag — 3 "- S * > — = od P us 1 — — 2 5 


— 


r 


- 4 = - 
Ic. » 3 18 
> hah — ay 
. => Vihy - "ef 
6 -— i. — 9 
3 1 D 3 
229 1 TI; 
= "I Hf, 
— 1 — 
, 
* r o 


— 


3 1 


Y «„ 
* 4 * hs hl 
2 F — 
— — 
* "x nn 
hou 2 
2 T 


— — 


- "A . -. 
A = N — — 
3 A 
932 «ACS EH — — 


23 


5 
— — —— 
- —— — 
— — r — 


an 2 Eminent r in that city. 


| = Of Fevers: 
and by making a proper allowance for the 


greater degree of certainty and fallibility 
in each. Thus, the countenance of the 


patient, eſpecially the eyes, the poſture in 


which he lies, the manner in which he 
breathes, ſpeaks, eats, drinks, or ſwal- 


| lows; the ſtate of the pulſe, of the 
tongue, of the urine, and of all the other 


excretions, compared with a review of 


what has paſſed, at once ſtrikes the mind 


of an experienced phyſician with a ſenſe 


of danger or ſecurity. 
I never had an opportunity, at Haſlar 
hoſpital, of ſeeing fevers riſe to ſuch a 


degree of malignancy as to produce bu- 


Boes ®, livid blotches, or mortifications, 
except in dying perſons. We have ſome- 


times obſerved, in very violent infections, 
4 ſwelling of the parotid glands, which, 
for the moſt part, was unattended with a 


fever ; notwithſtanding that, ſuch as were 


ſeized in this manner commonly died. 
- Aphthe were unfrequent ſymptoms. A- 
mongſt the worſt ſigns and appearances of 


ſuch contagious fevers as I have had oc- 


cafion to treat, were a ſunk, lifeleſs ſtate | 


© ® In the begtining of this year, I had occaſion. to 


| fee, at Winche/ter, many of the French priſoners, who 


were infected with a fever of a very malignant kind, at- 


tended with zuboes in the arm-pits; and other peſtilential 


ſymptoms. They were put under the care of Du Lell. 


of 


Of Fevers. 1 


of the eyes, in ſome a moſt offenſive 


Nench from the breath, and from the 
whole body, a noiſome diſcharge from the 


bliſtered parts ; ſometimes ſpots on the 
body, at other times an univerſal yellow- 
neſs. 

I have remarked in ſeveral inſtance; 
that perſons, who have once been infected, 
though ſpeedily relieved by a vomit and 


bliſter, yet afterwards became, for ſome _ 


time, ſickly, and afflicted with irregular 
complaints. This happened chiefly in weak 
conſtitutions, to hyſterical women, and in 
very malignant taints. | 

This leads me to take a view of the 
fate in which the conſtitution is often left 
after a fever, when it has been violent, or 
of long continuance : a ſubject which 
ought to be well underſtood. 

Many, eſpecially women, and thoſe of 
a delicate habit, are reduced, by fevers, 
to an extreme degree of mbecility, ac- 
companied with a frequent purging, par- 
ticularly during hot weather. As this 
purging is merely the effect of weakneſs, 
too much care cannot be taken at firſt to 
check it, not by vomits or purges, which,. 
in ſuch circumſtances, prove hurtful, but 
by firengthners, by wine, by tinctura ja- 
Pomica, toaſted rhubars, and tincture of 

3 | bark, 


By 
pong 


py 


WEE 
= P I 
1 8 o 
he 
Ys; 4 
>; WT i 
4 
„ 
2 
A's ? 
4 a7 
+41 
| N 
N 
MY : 
KP 
U . 
MN. nl 
1% $#4% 
4}; * 
Y 5 45 1 
. 
Nn A 
Js e 
3 :| F 
HIRE p 
> BY +# 
9 123. 
+ KF ibs 
2 — 
£4 
45d 
by + 1 
1 
n 
re 1 . 
x 5 1 
Feen. 
+ 1 Ill Sa 
[ed 7; 1. 
? L * 4 
[4 0 1 
js 4 4 
* 1 4 
7 1 
ine 
T5 1 
— y! 
'T + "= 
W 1 
LY 
"1+ WY 
a 
4 1 5 
5] . "4 
: 1 
* I 1 
*z - 
'4 Wo 
1 
1 7 
1 4 
4 
FLY 7 
\ 
=; 4 4 
wh | 
>. pF 
4 : 14 
13 
174 
1 
199 9 
4 4 
1 
. 
1 
1 * 
742 
LE . 
4 4, 
: 3-445 
3+ 8 is 
„ 
465 | 
nA ow 
Fj dF 
58 
1 
4 
— 4 : 
$4 ; 
1 
* 54 
PL 
IJ * 3 
e 
1. 
* $4 
4 ay. + 
8 * 
1 1 
3 
1 18 
q j 
* * G3 
4 . 
d 7 
4 1 
[5 
1 
! * > 
143 
. 
7 I 
43h , 
2 +34 
e 
33 
23 A 
| 117 
* 244 p 
„ 1 
1 ko 
T3 
if EY 
+ 5 
1 
1 1 8 
* * 
1 
N 
1 
Hen 
oY. * *4 
34 11 
3 
BY bs 
r bg 
< * it 4 
nf 5 
© E. 2 
14 
an 
79 
11 
11 
4 ny 5 
* Þ; » 7 
"3x EET 
74 4 - U 
1 * 
. 5 ; 
1 
5 
. 2 17 
: — 8 
7 2 1 
11 
7 1 
5 9 
3 5 
Ny js 
- 14 8 * 
A 4; 3 W 
Ne 8 
; 4. KLE 
N 1} 2 
„ 5 
7 [4 4 
1 » 1 
F.4 f | a P 
> 1.28% TEL 
44. IP 
» ge 
3 þ 
: * 


— 


a * 
A $5 22 C 
e by — 
2898 1 #7 
XI Ps 
= T 4 '4- 8 
— * * 3 
* 9 * - » 
- 2—— 2 — — 
I-- - - q 
pom 47. Mp n 8 
= - © - 


= 


276 * Of Fart. TE 
bark, with the addition of a few drops of 
tinctura thebaica. 

Others are, at this period, ſubject to a 
conſtant teaſing cough, proceeding alto- 
gether from their weakneſs. I have opened 
ſeveral who died exhauſted in this con- 
dition, and who, from their inceſſant 
cough and ſpitting, great weakneſs, fre- 
quent purgings, difficulty of breathing, 
and other ſymptoms, were ſuppoſed to 
| have died of a conſumption of the lungs. 

But J found theſe ſymptoms (where the 
caſe had. not been peripneumonic or pleuri- 
tic generally proceeded from the ſerum of 
the blood extravaſated into the fela cellulgſa 
of the lower extremities, and into the ca- 
wItres of the breaſt and belly. 

The ædematous, or ſwelled legs, com- 
mon in ſuch caſes, are not, as the ancients 
ſuppoſed, diſtended with phlegm, nor are 
they inflated with air, but enlarged by 
water. When ſuch ſwellings diſappear, as 

is uſual by lying in bed, er in an hori- 
zontal poſture, this water is returned into 
the belly, and often into the brea/?, where 
it occaſions, if in great quantity, an in- 
ceſſant cough and /ittches.—k ſay, if in a 
great quantity, being perſuaded, that a 
ſmall quantity of water, eſpecially in the 
_ bell gives little or no uneaſineſs. But ge- 

| MY 


/ Fevers. „„ 


merally in thoſe perſons there was a great 
deal of water found in both thoſe cavities, 
and in the legs; ſo that ſuch patients ap- 
parently died of an univerſal dropfical or 
watery habit. 5 

It is an admirable obſervation made b 
the judicious Sydenham, that the beſt re- 
medy for a Cough, after a fever, is a rich 
nouriſhing Vine a cordial which, I think, 
ſhould never be omitted at that period; 
to which we may add, a bitter of the 
Bark, and every morning the uſe of warm 
Mz, with a ſpoonful of ſome agreeable 
fpirituous and diuretic water put into it. 
Where there was no flux, but a conſtant 


and waſting ſpitting, I have ſometimes 


given a few grains of Calomel and Rhubarb 


with a good effect, by way of a gentle 2 


dragogue purge. 


When this ſtate of weakneſs becomes 


inſuperable by milk of women, of aſſes, 
or of cows, with the reſtorative aid of 
Bark, wine, gentle exerciſe, and change 
of air, and by diuretic and hydragogue me- 


dicines; the ſcene of life is often cloſed ' 


with one of the moſt affecting ſpectacles 
of mortality. The habit and look of the 
patient beſpeak a quick approach of death ; 
while, from the water ſpit up in form of 
hlegm, to the quantity of a pint or two 


daily, (as J have frequently obſerved it,) 


1 | "a 


. * = oy 
* ) dd. ed ein [ = 85 ö . 
: >. ID. Lure . 25 L * * ; 8 
— of IH bond — . r KN mern p — _ — 8 „ „ 4 TA be ung * 93 D WA. _ * — . 8 E N rr 0 
8 2 - WV 8. £8 oe 6 got ir EIT OF A i. 5. Reed 1 3 * 2 n N ; - = 2 5 Ga nd A ids -0 * L. 3 . 
& * * „ . : m $5 wv U 1 « * 4 2 An 0 2 1 No * — " + Iver» 6» 1 po <a — S_—_ — 
* * — 5 N = = — __ * a a 1 — 2 — - 4 — 4 . — *. 22 
* Aa * ”y 1 . = — 5 — 2 7 4 » * 1 by _— = - 1 — * os Ws — 3 24 _— = 
* een = * Re = — : = 7 2 _— N ba 7 ney R 1 : 4 — AY. . 3 Li IC.” : — — 92 2 1 we MO + 
” _ . — 3 * % 4 gps + ef . A) 1 — * Js N — p 
** 3 ICT — N 8 8 — — 2 — e x Ge” 
= j __— et 3 1 2 * Ages ___ 
Pas — 


i 
r 
— '- "4 4 * 


— 7 
0 R r eee 
e 
- a . — x 2 
7 * 3 
* 0 d „ — 
n TY I 


Pe Diab ee 
- 


EY 


* Arima . HT. W 
* 
r 


SEE 


> 1 
"Y 1 * 
8 - 
wo honed Or * de 
— — 


22 — 2 


278 Of Fevers.. 
or evacuated by other unnatural drains, he 
becomes fo waſted, as to bear the reſem- 
blance of a mere animated ſkeleton ; 
though fully poſſeſſed of every faculty of 
the ſenſes, and of a ſound mind. Such a 
perſon is apt, at this time, to become 
fondly tenacious of life, and to conceive 
the moſt eager expectations of it from 
every change of weather, diet, or of me- 
dicine, or from any caſe, ſimilar to his 
own, favourably repreſented to him. One 
good and refreſhing fleep, obtained after a 
tedious. night of watching and anxiety ;— 
a ſhifting of the pain from one part of the 
body to another, where it is become more 
tolerable—a ſhort reſpite from the cough. 
—an abatement of the purging—the re- 
turn of a longing and falſe appetite, with 
more calm ſpirits—all of theſe conſpire to 
flatter him with pleaſing, but delufive 
hopes, until the ſcene is cloſed, and the 


curtain drops, which e this world | 
from his view. | 


SECT. 


279 J 


S ( 
Diſſections.— Of the blood. 


A pearances after fevers on di ietion. Com- 
ponent parts of the blood; its gluten. Va- 
rious modes of morbid extravaſation. Con- 

jecture on the en * of the blood in 


fevers, 


W E ſhall next examine the appearances 
on Dilſſection in ſuch as die of con- 
tagious fevers.— In the few I have opened, 
very large collections of Matter were gene- 
rally found in ſome of the cavities of the 
body.—In a man who died on the eleventh 
day of a yellow fever, whoſe body emitted 
no bad ſmell thirty-fix hours after death, 
and was itj!l yellow, I found all the Bowels 
of the Abdomen found; the Liver and 
Spleen were remarkably ſo, as alſo the Sto- 
mach and Inteſtines. There was no ſuffu- 
fion of the Bile either in the Inteſtines or 


Stomach. The Gall. bladder, of the natu- 


ral ſize, contained the uſual quantity of 
Bile, ſome what thicker thas common, and 
grumous *, 


* In others, who died in this oe ſtate, I have 
found the Bile in the Gall-bladder of a thick roapy con- 
ſiſtence, like Pitch, but never ſaw the Liver in the 


T 4: “ 


i 
þ 
4 * - 
. 
* Bs : 2 yo! „ r 
a = 8 8 — _ A _ 
+ — 4 1 - — 4 * 2 0 — 
di, 3 — 2 C — LI 4 7 r 4 * —— + _ 1 
> a *_ —— > — 2 = — 9 4 — v4 . g Hf A ” R W q D 4 Te . ——_— : . F 4 
= —"_ 8 . TTT : HE A. pc rr e * 5 a 22 F ² A * 
. : SIS —_— — 8 re N 1 „„ mm 2 3 „ yet ey 02 EIB Youth r C - es . ' 7 pt Le OT > 7 , 8 Tt * 
— 1 19 22 4 « 1 . e . =; ” bo "0 23.94 ow "bo be - T7 * —_—_— N . n 4 1 . <A” oh — * v „ IE ot ET OY IN” ＋. 8 * * 2+. 8 ad. 8 0 8 * >< 2 3 

, 2 - n „ Sith 0 * F kg N +» . at 1 e 1 JST: 2 by I 4 5 ” = * « 2 - — Ie : 4 ->0 VA - bad < 4 1 — - 4 n * 

4 * 2 x 2 oo IF 4 3 SEL 4 , 1 mo 5 . 8 41 8 1 3 N * e — * * ee — So r — en OO % ” 2 
4 - K 4 0 AM. * „ * 9 7 4 "3 o 8 2 N 8 n ? : « b : 4 , w__— acc - ut ; 
* © . J a br po 7 > 0 — Nn 3 —— . — — — 8 ” 7 8 * m — _ 8 - 2 e 5 4s 4 2 UV; * 
— . x Ip LY » - 3, _— "4 rs p IS a. 8 my 5 8 5 h \ + . by ® 1 ' x 8 A « —— ” V % Me. 9h "v4 : ; 1 0 - 
— 2 a . 5 PLS 8 ky — . * v : So — _—_ - 8 . 22 WS 4 70 — * Fo | " "x — * * n 2 2 * 2 3 — 8 p . A Ay» 4 
1 1 by * . . — * ot - * 2 2 n — — * — 5 2 — * 8 8 Wren = — 3 Die 3 4 „n * — CA 2 8 + 6. a 
2 * | 6 . 8 3 — „ wh 222 n 227 wi . gore? : — * * * 2 nn : = 4 + c IPs IO ST 
a * — — Q - - . SY OS. & — * % ” $2 I a " 7 1 8 * = — wee >. Bo . * a #3 EY * CT g-- * — — 
. : . 2 L . 5 * 8 * — — 2 2 2 4 * N > 
1 OS. T — _ * — — — — 
N 2 88 
— 4 


* * ＋ 


280 Dllſſections.— Of the Blood. 

Upon examining further, his diſeaſd 
was found to have lain wholly on the left 
fide, where, within the Breaſt, was found 
near a quart of yellowiſh Water, in which 
were many large flakes of yellowiſh Gluten, 
appearing, by comparifon, preciſely the 
ſame with the*thick Pe//icle, which had 
covered the blood taken from his arm. 
Theſe flakes bore in ſeveral places a reſem- 
blance to a membranous ſubſtance begin- 
ning to be converted into a purulent jelly. 
The Pleura, both on its infide and out- 
fide, as allo its continuation, the inveſting 
Membrane of the Lungs (which, in ſome 
parts, was greatly thickened) were covered 
with cakes of this Gluten, hanging in 
ſome places looſely, in others adhering 
more ſtrongly ; and all in different ſtates 
of yellow or purulent corruption. The 
right cavity of the Bregſt, and all the 
other parts of bis body, were found! in- 

intirely free from diſeaſe, 

His complaints bad been chiefly in his 
Breaſt ;, and a ſmall quantity of Blood, 
taken from him two days before his death, 
was covered with an impenetrable, yellow, 
thick gluten ; ; the red PRs ow it ch 
ing quite looſe. 


Jeaſt affected. I at firſt, in ſeveral bodies, opened the 
"Head only, but afterwards judged, that all the Cavities 
poght to de infpected. 

In 


Diſſectiont.— Of the Blood. 281 


In thoſe fevers I have alſo ſeen the diſ- 
eaſe entirely confined to the Heart and Pe- 
 *#icardium. In one, who died the tenth 


day of the fever, without having been 


yellow, a quantity of pus, and purulent 
cruſts, were found mixed with the water 
of the Pericardium. The Heart, in dif- 
ferent places, was excorjated, and, toge- 
ther with the inſide of the Parner 


was lined with a thick Membranous Cake, 
ſimilar to that already mentioned on the 


Lungs and Pleura. In ſome places, this 


cake had 2 purulent, in others a gelatinous : 


2 exactly reſembling the coagu- 
lum of the blood. His complaints had 
been a great oppreſſion on the breaſt, and 
an extreme difficulty of breathing. In a 


third perſon, who died on the thirteenth. 


day of the fever, above two quarts of pus 
and purulent jelly were found in the ca- 
vity of the Belly. The ſource of ſuch an 


extraordinary quantity of Matter, was not 


from any preceding inflammation, nor 
any Impoſthume, that we could diſcover; 
but from innumerable ulcerations on the 
ſurface of the Inteſtines, Omentum, Me- 


Sentery, and Peritanæum, Neither did 


thoſe ulcerations (or excoriations, as they 
rather appeared in ſeveral places) ſeem tq 
be the primary fountains of the Matter, 


but 


nn 


Ne 
"4 — — * 
_ IRE 


: 
7 
13 
o 
a, 
4 
1 
* 
4 
0 
LY 
: 
” 
, 
A 
* 
St 
+ 
„ 
1 
Z 
N 4 
- 
wx 
.” 
4 
T 
, 
#4- 
SY * 
2 
4, 
U 
1 
1 
” 
. 
*% LF 
þ 4 * 
5 
215 
I 
4 
C be 
4 
1 
* 
1 
* 
_ 
"YL 
* 
2 
2 
5 
6 
\ 
Þ 
TSF, 
. 
+ 
$5 
[4 
5 
WE 
X 
"1 4 
c 
i 
5". 
' z 
is 
1 
% - 
WEI 
= 
T4 
29 
'4 N 
89. 5 
* &+ - 
3 
4 
4 
© * * 
: N * 
1 
i 
. 
: | 
"oF; 
: . 
[bes 
* 
} 
3 
3 
" 
17 
2 
. 
0 #. N 
Md 
f 


; 
% 4 
"If 6 
. 
1 
* 5 
22 7. 
* 
1 2 


— 7 
— o GN. 


— — —— _ — — 
—— — — — ome — 
— — — — —— —— — 
- yo 7 NG re —_ —_ — — — 


— — 
— — —— — — 
IG — 


— — — . — 
— — —— 4 


—— 


282 Diſſections.— O the Blood. 


but to have been wen by its acti- 
mony. 

This purulent appearance ſeerns to ariſe 
merely from an extravaſation of one of 
the component parts of the blood, the 


Gluten or Coagulable Lymph, blood taken 


from perſons in a fever, and frequently 
even from petfons in perfect health, after 
ſtanding in a clean veſſel for a ſhort time, 
commonly ſeparates into three diſtinct 
portions ; vg. the Serum, or water of the 
blood, the red concreted mals, and a viſcid 
pellicle, termed the Sire, which ſpreads 


Itſelf on the top of the red concretion. 


Some time ago, when making experiments 


with the blood taken from perſons in the 


Scurvy, I was ſurpriſed to find it often co- 
vered with that % cruſt, This induced 
me to extend my experiments to large 
- nantities of blood from different ſubjects, 

hich I had opportunities of inſpecting 
at once in fo large an hoſpital. For this 
purpoſe one morning ordered ten patients 
in the Scurvy to be bled, taking two 
ounces from each. A larger quantity was 
taken, for its inſpection, from two men in 
Health. That day I had occaſion to pre- 
feribe bleeding to a woman in Labour, 
two hours befote her delivery, to a girl of 
fixteen years of age afflicted with a Lunacy 


proceeding from the Chirrofis, to three 
pati- 


Diſſections.— O the Blood. 283 


atients in the Pheumati/m, and to a per- 
ſon labouring under an obſtruction of the 
Liver, 

From a nice compariſon, and an exa- 
mination of the different blood, I found 
in general, that the more /ize. there was on 
the top, and the thicker and more viſcid 


this white Pellicle ſhewed itſelf, the Con- 


cretion below it was of a more looſe co- 
herence. This was not ſo obſervable, 
when only ſome ſlight white ſtreaks ap- 
| peared on the top. But when much ze 
had ſeparated itſelf, the red maſs became 
very ſoft at the bottom of the veſſel ; and 
leſs compact in its different parts, in pro- 
portion to their diſtance from the ſurface, 
towards which this. whitiſh portion had 
_ aſcended. 

From this, and from ates experiments®, . 
it appears, that this cruſt or pellicle is the 
natural G/uten, or cement of the blood 
(calied by ſome the coogulable lymph), 
Which becomes ſtrongly diſpoſed, in cer- 
tain circumſtances and diſeaſes, to ſeparate 
itſelf, And whereas the Serum and red 
concretion are eaſily incorporated together, 
it will be found, that this glue, after its 
ſeparation, becomes immiſcible with ei- 
ther. We have, by gentle drying, con- 


1 Ses the analyſis of the blood, by Dr. Davies. 


verted 


2 2 
St, . 


5 
> 
7 
T 
— 
** 4 
1 | 
165 1 
. 
ö - 
1 
+ 
* 
. 7 
> x 
I 
FS 
w T5 
: ”7Y 
7 
Es. 
* 
% "Fs 
1 1 
1 
£5 
F572 #1 
. 
33 
1 
© - 
TY 4 
2 * 
2 1 
2 1 
£4 
= ; 1 
4 
3 Ci 
1 
. „ 
FS \ 
EY * 
* 
1 
5H 
1 1 
+ t 
* 
3 
1 
1 * 
1 
40; 
4 © 3 
o . I 
19% 
7 
. 
* 
13 
1 — - 
7 
1. 
1 2 
4 
1 
3 
1 
1 1 
be. 
' 
7g 
, YEW 
FN: 
+ 
* 
715 b 
by \ 
- a ; 
np 
4 IT'S 
> © 
SE. 
1 » 
y 7 4 14 
7 1 
D > 
1 
&* 5 
. 
} 21 
* 4 
7 ** 
* 
7 7 


— 


. 


— — 
wo 
0 wh, "wo A 
a — * 2 5 
"TR, e022 
" 1 * 

— 

9 


LY 


po Wt a - 


— a " Y — — = 1 — 
W 50 Bias renee 
r 2 _— I 
7 __ 1 > 
n 


— . — "= 
— —  —— — — A en nn emma mes = - — —— 
— 7 5 STS = : —_— -7 . —— — — a _ — — — — 
— 22. — — : 5 2 — = = — — P.. © 
PITS — — ” 
a os — 
5 * * 5 — 


— — — — — 
- — — — 


284 Diſitions.—Of the Bud. 
verted it into a perfectly tough, elaitic 


membrane; and by the means of a ſmall 


portion of the red maſs, being left adher- 
ing to it, into a ſubſtance reſembling mu/- 
cular fleſh; and it is capable of under- 
going various'changes into corruption, in 


the ſame manner as either of theſe. 


Now, I can ſee no reaſon why this Gla- 
Fen, in its morbid ſtate, may not ſeparate 
itſelf from the circulating blood, and be 
depoſited in the cavities of the body, as 
readily as the Serum does in dropſies; the 


former having always a leſs diſpoſition 
than the latter to incorporate with the 


mals. | | | 

In diſſc&ing perfons who died of Fevers 
in London and Minorca, and where no in- 
fection was ſuſpected, appearances ſimilar 
to theſe have alſo fallen under the inſpec- 
tion of thoſe accurate anatomiſts Drs. 


Hunter and Cleghorn *.-, Hence it may be 


preſumed very difficult to diſtinguith fe- 
vers that are produced by infection, from 
ſome others. I cannot however be induced 


to think, as thoſe gentlemen ſeem to do, 


that theſe preternatural ſubſtances, which 
were found in the cavities of the body, are 


the Conſequence, but rather that they are 


the Cauſe, of the inflammation and exco- 


See Clzghorn on the diſeaſes of Minorca, p. 248. 
_ riations, 


Difſetions.—Of the Blood. 289 
riations, I believe theſe ſubſtances to be 
at firſt diſeaſed, extravaſated G/uten, and 
conjecture their different ſtates greatly to 
depend upon the different times at which 
they were depoſited. 

I have remarked, in a variety of dead 
bodies, three different kinds of Extrava- 
ation; theſe occurred in ſuch as had died 
of the Scurvy, the. Conſumption, and of 
Fevers. In the former of thoſe diſeaſes, 
red, coagulated blood is found extravaſated 
in almoſt all parts of the body, not only 
into the Tela Cellulaſa, but into the Belles 
of the muſcles, particularly of the legs 
and thighs, which often become quite 
ſtuffed, band even diſtorted, with large 
grumous maſſes. The inteſtines and me- 
ſentery are often ſpotted alſo with extra- 
vaſated blood; and J have ſeen large Ec- 
chhymaſes on the ſtomach. Thoſe appear- 
ances, at firſt ſight, reſembled ſo many 
diſtinct Mortifications, and by this appear= 
ance ſome anatomiſts have been deceived ; 
but, upon a nice examination, the texture 
of the parts is found to be ſound and firm. 
There is likewiſe, in that diſeaſe, ſome- 
times an extravaſation of Vater, chiefly 
| collected in, and always, when in the legs, 

confined to the Tela Celluloſa. 

But whereas in the limbs of Scorbutie 
perſons, it is extremely difficult to make 


a good 


— — — 1 — 
— — — 


118. 
* 14 
2 
94 4 
: * 
* 
172 5 
WT. 1 
hy 
£ 
TY 5 - 
1 8.7 
S015. 
He 
» 7h is 
4 3 3+ 
£53 < 2 
Kahn 
£34 ue 
1 1 
i 
4 4 
13 
* 
5 — 
IE : 
0 
1% £b+ 
: - 
. 
e 
1 
. i 
* 1 
. 1487 
U 
1 
oO * 
17 nes — 
1 
L4 
*# \ 
* 41 
» + 3s 
N 5 1 
i 
Ty 
> + 
7 4 
* 
7 
i 
£2 7 
I | 
* f 
. 
- K 
* 
» if 
A. i 
E * 
> £ 
1 
, 75 
Va 9 
4 
1 
a> of 
a0 
: : 
1 J 
* 24 
* 2 
* - 
* 
1 
4 
KR 


o 
o 
of, > 
1 
JF 
* n 


ty 
1 
4 
1 * 
«8 * 
iy 
T4 
v4 
: 
* 
BY 
£ 
1% 
4 
q 
* 
& 
* 
« bh 
1 
! = 
= 
: of 
1 
Go 
Dy. 
" 
* 
Fra 
ks: 
* 
A 
; 17 
1 
1 
q 
{ * 
$57 
1 
1 


3 


3 
* — g 1 


— — 


* _ — oe _—_— 
= - — N 
2 n = 2 
A I 02, 
* 8-3 2 1 
* n 


286 Diiſections.— Of the Blood. 

a good diſſection, by reaſon of ſuch quafi- 
tities of extravaſated Blood, that every- 
where obſtruct the operator z ſo, on the 
contrary, the lower extremities. of thoſe 
who have died Conſumptive, with ſwelled 
legs, are, of all other ſubjects, in the 
beſt ſtate to afford a ſatisfactory view of 
the Muſcles. The Water encloſed in their 
legs having infinuated itſelf, by paſling in 
the Tela Cellulsſa, into the ſpaces betwixt 
the muſcles, the muſcles are eaſily ſepa- 
rated from each other ; and their ſeveral 
origins and inſertions may be diſtinctly 
traced, by means of their having been 
cleanſed and waſhed by the water in the 
inveſting Cellular Membrane. Thus there 
are extravaſations of three ſorts ; vix. firſt 
the grumous mals in the Scurvy z and this 
I have often remarked where no Serum 
was obſerved. Secondly, the Serum alone 
in @naſarcous ſwellings. The third and 
laſt is what was taken notice of in thoſe 
who died of Fevers,' being the Gluten of 
the blood, accompanied for the moſt part 
with ſome Serum, both of them alto- 
gether confined in the large Cavities of the 

I conjecture, that in thoſe fevers there 

is always an Ulcerous or Purulent diſpoſition 
in the blood, and that this Gluten, or 


- Coogulabic Lymph is greatly diſeaſed. 1 


have 


Diſſections.— Of the Blood. 287 
have frequently ſeen it have a true puru- 
leat appearance ſoon after it was drawn 
off, when the patient ſeemed not very ill. 

And I further conjecture, that the miſ- 
chief often lies within the Breaſt; as allo 
that the great benefit derived from the very 
early application of Bliſters, in a great mea- 
ſure flows from ſo many Ulcerations and 
Vents being timely provided for the free 
| diſcharge cf thoſe purulent and tainted 
particles from the body. 

It an Infection depends, as many have 
1magined, on the Admiſſion of certain fo- 
reign Particles into the Blood, this Gluten 
Game to be its more immediate ſeat, to be 
primarily affected by it; and a diſcharge 
of this, as though by waſhing thoſe pagti- 
cles out of the body, tends in a great mr 
ſure to remove the diſcaſe. 

It is an obſervation of the beſt practical 
writers, that Iſues and Setant are molt ex- 
cellent preſervatives againſt receiving an 
Infection, nay, even that of the plague it- 
ſelf. And indeed a Suppuration and plen- 


tiful diſcharge from a proper Ulcer, he- 


ther produced by nature or by art, ſeems 
to open a channel the beſt appropriated for 
an exit out of the body, to ſome of the 
moſt malignant poiſons. Thus, the moſt 
favourable Criſis in the plague, and in moſt 
peſtilential fevers, happens when nature 


excites 


4 
. 
1 

pl 
1 

5 
393 
4 

- 
y» 
cc *_"* 

2.7 

* 
» 
. 
= 
. 2K 
4 BE. 
[1 
x * 58 
- PÞ 
7 
* 
4 P 
1 
+ 


_— 


3-41 
2 
. ' 

f 

bo 57 
A iS 
71 2 

Y 4 
Th 
1 
18 

l 
as 

Fx 

44s * 

ve g 

£28) CY 
i 3 

19.4 

- (52+ 

* 24 

1 

. 

* v1 

7 — El 

By 

„ 8 * 

1 i 

7&2 

i * 

Li of * 
5 
2 ; 
WA" 4} 

* „ 
1 

. 

35 
H 

a 

* 1 

ö 2 BE 

4 
5 F 

.# 

FER 7 

. 

. 

{ 

iT 

# 

" 17 

. 

D 

1 13 £ 

3. 

r 
x 

FA. 
£3 

: * 

py 7 

' * 

. 

IF i 

* 44 

| 4 

Fa * 

an 

. 7 

Fe 

» * 5 

* ; 

4 

1 4 

i 4 +7 

1 

A - 

ne 

* 1 

1% 

* 

1671 

oe 

2 

on” 

105 
ty 

TE 

* 

* 
5 
4 

* 

4 

* 
9 
"MI 
A- 
* 
4. 
2 * 
2 
% 

i # 1 

15 

* 

9” 7 

=" 

1 1 

15 1 

bY. 

a” 


wot 


——— 4 


a 
n 3 
: — . r — — — 3 
. A j ED . of : Porch 4 3 
— = hs 7 % k / wo 
—Y CAN 2 1 © 2/4 we eo 2 
3 Y 6» 5 — 2283 
— £ W 25 ” 
2 CE IS 


my 


** — A. 
we > ae ag —— — —— 
—_— r 
Red ed * Ae 
- * * * 4 
et, e 3 5 
a 2 


—.— 


288 Dilſections.— Of the Blood. 
excites Tumors kindly ſuppurating in the 


groin, or arm-pits, by whoſe beneficial | 


and plentiful diſcharges, the deadly poiſon 
is expelled from the conſtitution *. 

I have obſerved it to be among the moſt 
certain characteriſtics of the worſt fevers, 
that the Bliſters either don't riſe and fill, 
or diſcharge ſuch yellow, greeniſh, fœtid, 
and highly offenſive ſtuff, that even expe- 
rienced nurſes could give a pretty certain 

conjecture from the bliſters of the differ- 


ent degrees of malignity in the fever. We 
have more than once endeavoured to con- 


ceal the bad ſtate of ſome patients in the 
hoſpital; but a diſcovery was always made 
of their condition in the waſh-houſe, from 
the linen ſent there ſtained with the Di/+ 
charges from the bliſtered parts. And, in- 
deed, a careful inſpection of the ſtate and 


diſcharge from the Bliſtero, together with 


their effects, furniſhes us, in thoſe diſeaſes, 


Let us take the definition of the pofilential fever 
from a very great phyſician : 
Febris pe/ientialis eſt acutiſſima, a miaſmate venenato 


orta, ac niſi vigore motuum vitalium venenam per bubones 


et carbunculos cito propellatur, lethalis. Hoffman. med. 
rat. ſyſtem. tom. iv. ſect. i. cap. 12. De tebre peſti- 
lentiali. 

There is a deset paſſage in Galen to this purpoſe : 

Ex febre peſtilenti omnes evaſiſſe quibus exulcerationes 
in variis corporis partibus contigerant, evacuata nimirum 
per ea ulcera materia a mor l fa. Lid 5. meth. med. p. 
12. 


with 


a an fa #®@% mc > 


( 


Of Iifection. 289 


with ſome of the moſt certain diagnoſtics 
of their nature, and * of their 
event. 


g E C T. VF 
Of Infection. 


 Infodtion frequent in families, boarding- 


Hehools, and places unſuſpetted. Opinions 
concerning its exiſtence in different fevers. 
Fatal conſequences of too raſhly denying 
its exiſtence. . nature of in- 
te ection. | h 


N infection, that dreadful ſource of 
ſickneſs, upon which we have la- 


boured to throw ſome uſeful light in de- 


fence of mankind, againſt mortal and con- 
ſuming difeaſes, is not confined to armies 


or fleets, in ſhips or priſons ; but it elſe- 


where, in places often unſuſpected, exerts 
its malignant influences. 
When a nurſe, attending a patient in a 


fever, or when two or three perſons in 


the ſame family, are ſeized with a ſimilar 
fever, it is attributed to cold, fatigue, and 


grief, or the like cauſes, which ſtrongly 


diſpoſe the conſtitution to receive, and 
which animate, the taint. When ſuch 


. diſeaſes attack (as I have known) a board- 


ing- 


— ou 8 


© © 
ol _ 
1 
* 
F : 
5 
M4, 
* 
* - * 
— 8 
4 i 
. 
..&] 
84 ; 
N. 
Ins 
by - 
1 
y 4 
> 
#34 4 
* 
* 
25 
+ 
Na 
1 * 
9% 
. 4 
* 
* 4 
. 
. pen 
14S g 
[i \ 
es Ys 
iT 4 . 
12-7 * F 
_—— ty 
n 
7 _—_ by 
"8 * G 
& : < 
iS. 
4 1 
- ” ” 
"+ SE. 
; Ka 
. 
412 9 
. 
4 4 
. y 
A 1 
iy * iy 4 
45 
719 ; 
x 
+57 © 
y 
- J . + 
+ L 
LS, — 
* 6% 

— i 1 4 .. 
? 8 j 
q ! 4 

7 
iy 
5 10 
+ 
* 1, 
» 
La 1 A 
19 
1 
x * 0 
8 
? l 
i * 
4 * A 
. 1 
MH 1 
+ 4 
7 * | 
326 b 
£345 
44 * . 
5 5 
1 
1 
10 
N 
1 
8 4239 
x WU 
44 { 
— 
4 E 
1 7%. 28S 
a N 
123 ;1 
4 1 
: 3 * 15 
1 
1 
3 
£ q 
1 a 
1 
. 
4 7 a 
af * 
. \ 
F 


290 0 Igfection. 
ing-ſchool of boys or girls, the fatal dif- 


treſs is often aſcribed to cauſes. which were 
not in the leaſt acceſſory, Of this there 


was a late inſtance in a large neighbouring 
town, where a fever, in one of thoſe 
ſchools, was judged not to proceed from 


infection, but from another cauſe, becauſe 


it attacked young ladies of a certain age 


only. The truth was, it ſeized many of 


the young ladies in that houſe alan, and 
feveral died. | 


A more recent inſtance of this —— 


alfo in a large ſchool near one of our prin- 
cipal ſeminaries of learning; a fever lately 


prevailed among the young gentlemen, - 
which, though of ſo mild a nature as not 
to prove fatal to above one or two, yet 


was evidently infectious, and affected only 


thoſe who were confined in the ſame 


ſchool, but did not extend its influence 
among the inhabitants of the town. 
Fevers have often no peculiar or charac- 


teriſtic ſymptom by which they are known 


to be infectious ; in general, however, a 


fever may be deemed ſo when in large fa- 


milies, colleges, or boarding - ſchools 
(where numbers live in the ſame houſe) 
ſeveral are ſeized with it; the ſkin in 


ſome becoming variegated with ſpots, or 
yellow, the head being much affected, and 


the thief "_ In ſome this fever will 
be 


Ly 
1 0 "hw th. 1 1 al + 


Of Infection. 1 
be more ſevere, in others more mild, and 
often moſt of the ſick will be able to ſit 
up through great part of the day, which 
cannot be urged as an argument againſt 
the infection, but ny as a proof of its 
mildneſs. | 

If this fever be ſolely condi to the 
houſe, and the neighbourhood be entirely 

free, it is an additional proof of a local in- 

fection, as it ſhews the diſeaſe mult pro- 
ceed from a cauſe inherent in that houſe 
alone. 

When ſpots are ere to riſe above 
the ſurface of the ſkin, the fever by ſome 
may be ſuppoſed Mary, and free from 
any danger of being communicated. But, 
in contagious fevers, thoſe raiſed ſpots are 
very common. In the malignant fever be- 
fore-mentioned, that prevailed among the 
French priſoners in Wincheſter Caſtle, and 
where the contagion was very mortal in 
the beginning of the, year 1761, I re- 
marked the ſpots were on moſt of the pa- 
tients elevated, and of the miliary kind. 

I have thus offered a few thoughts on a 
ſubje&, which it is to be wiſhed was more 
univerſally ſtudied. The particles of con- 
tagion are of ſo ſubtile a nature, as ſeldom 
to fall under the inſpection of our ſenſes ; 
hence in this, as in other abſtruſe ſubjects, 
there is a large field open for diſſenſions. 

2 | Men 


292 Of Infection. 
Men indeed of the greateſt learning have 
frequently diſagreed in their opinions con- 
cerning the real or poſſible exiſtence of 
an infection from many diſtempers: of 
which the yellow fever in the Weſt Indies 
furniſhes a very ſtriking inſtance. — _ 

Not long ſince, this fever became an 
obje& of conſideration before the Right 
Honourable the Lords Commiſſioners of 
Trade and Plantations, where it was urg- | 
ed (among other reaſons for not removing. 
the ſeat of the government and juſtice in 
the iſland of Jamaica, from Spaniſh-T own 
to Kingſton), that there was danger from 
Greenwich hoſpital, ſituated near Ming ſton, 
of an infection from the yellow fever being 
frequently communicated to that ftown. 
On this affair a phyſician was conſulted 
who had Tong practifed in that iſland, who 
gave it as his opinion, that, from the e- 
/ow fever in that iſland, there was 70 in- 
fection. This was not only the opinion 
of that gentleman in the court, but is the 
the belisf, as TI am informed, of the beſt 

ractioners in that iſland ; as alſo of Dr. 
John Eliot, a ſkilful phyſician in London, 
ot Mr. Neajinyth *, and many others, who 


* See his letter relating to the fevers of Jamaica, in 
the Eſſay on the Means of Preſerving Seamen, Chap. I. 
+ DEER. x. | „„ 
"> ave © 


Of ufection. 293 
have had opportunities of being well ac- 
quainted with the diſeaſes of Jamaica. | 
On the other hand, our American colo- 
nies are under great apprehenſions of the 
importation of the ye//ow fever, in goods 
and ſhips, from the Ze/t-Tnates, by which 
they have often ſuffered. Dr. Linnen, in 
his account of the ye7/ow fever in the Edin- 
burgh Medical Eſſays, ſuppoſes it to be in- 

Jefiinus; others kave allo been of the like 
opinion. A few years age a gentleman 
dying at Barbadoes of a yeilow fever, his 
wearing apparel and linen, packed up in 
a cheſt, were ſent to his friends at Phi/a- 
delphia ; where, upon opening the cheſt 
the family was taken 11]; and the cloaths 
being unluckily hung abroad to be aired, 
they preſently diffuſed the contagion of us 
ellow fever over the whole town; by 
"which the gentleman, who furniſhes me 
with this telation, was an unhappy ſuf- 
ferer, and of which fever 200 hen 
died. 
Me can only reconcile the facts that. 
may be produced on both fides of the 
queſtion, in ſupport of thoſe oppoſite opi- 
nions, by ſuppoling, that the yellow fever 
in the Weſt 1 is ſometimes of a mild 
nature, and altogether free from infec- 
tion, while at other times it is more vio- 


lent, and highly infectious. 
U 15 Nor- 


294 Of Infection. 


Notwithſtanding the difficulties that 
muſt always attend an inquiry into the 
nature and properties of infection, and the 


influence of various cauſes on its ope- 


rations, yet there are, perhaps, but few 
ſubjects on which the vulgar and inex- 
perienced fo freely give a decifive judg- 
ment. But in no point ought we to be 
more cautioys in admitting a deciſion, 
eſpecially a negative one, than in this, 


which is often ſo highly intereſting both 
to the public and private ſafety. 


Many countries and cities, in all human 
probability, might have eſcaped the dread- 
ful ſcourge of the peſtilence, by taking 
the proper meaſures * on its firſt appear- 
ance ; if, on ſuch occaſions the incredu- 


 lity of a few had not generally been ſo 


great, as at its firſt breaking forth to deem 
it merely a fever void of infection. Their 

reaſons were, becauſe no marks of conta- 
gion were found on the dead bodies, be- 
cauſe its progreſs was flow, . becauſe it 


raged at firſt chiefly among the poorer ſort, 
and might be owing to poverty, to cor- 


* Separating the ſick from the ſuſpected, though in 
ealth; ſhutting both of them ſeparately up with their 
nr officers andthe neceſſary attendants ; and care- 
fully tracing out the ſeeds of the infection, where lodg- 
ed, that they may be effectually deſtroyed, by the ap- 
plication of fire and ſmoke, are the moſt probable meang 
of Topping a plague, or any other mortal contagion. 


ä 


Of Infeftion. | „„ 


rupted food, unwholſome drink, or to 
many other conjectural cauſes. That this 
proved their fatal miſtake, is well known 
to ſuch as are converſant with the hiſto- 
ries of the different plagues in Europe. 
And the like arguments are frequently 
uſed againſt the exiſtence of any in- 
fection. 

The phœnomena, even in the moſt 
manifeſt contagion, are often altogether 
unaccountable. Thus the Small- pon has 
been for ſome ages paſt, and continues 
ſtill to be, the terror and deſtroyer of a 
great part of mankind. But from what 
origin, or how, was this infection firſt ge- 


nerated? Many opinions have been given, 


on this matter, equally incapable of proof 
or refutation. And the original cauſes of 
this, as well as of ſeveral other contagions, 


continue ſtill among the hidden ſecrets of 


nature, notwithſtanding the many plauſible 
conjectures. concerning them. The rea] 
exiſtence of an infection can only be aſcer- 
tained by its viſible effects, many of which 
are alſo inexplicable, 


Thus the Europeans have carried the 


Small. pox to almoſt all parts of the world, 
where their ſhips have opened a trade; 
though the ſeamen in thoſe ſhips might 
not have been afflicted with it in that voy- 
age. This venom has been conveyed, in 
| U 4 f an 


EI 


3 


bo ii; - Y 


” 
3 * 
$70 pee 
* 
1% 


+ 
*. 
$4 
. 

7 

18 
* 
25 

N 
1 
* 
: £ 
: . 
: 
> 
4 
* 
4.4% 
1954 
+; 

4+ * 
F 
$ 
' 4 

44 
1 2 
* 
125 
* | 
"1%; 

4 
1 
3 
{ 
4 
11 
is 
: 92 
1 
X 4 

x 

: Fi 
181 
' 1 
© 7< * 
7 T 
1 
1 I * 

8 . 
4 7 
D. al 
> 
+ 

3 . 

'A Et 
8 
= 4 

4 

. 
44 
„ H 
. 
1 
45 
. 

> 

N 
> 
& TP 
2 
N 
** 
* 

25 
*- 
* 4 

[ 

[3s » 
ho 7. 
bf 

1 © 
1 
- 

; 5 
"6 

1 

5 

HE 
FEA 

/ 

4 * p, 
T 
«4 

a 

5 1 

£3 
* 

4 4 
& = 

[40 
. 
1 
1 
: 

2 

þ + 
N 

N 
34 

1 
EL - 


— ee 
— 


mms 
1 


— 
1 
"= 

by 
1 
44 
2 
4 
g 


— 


„ 5 
LETS” $4 
— — 
© * 1 


— 


5 > "»; « * 
— oa + , - ** 2 * 
5 83 2 8 = ” 
5 2 8 do \ A 2 * . * 
I = T6 > OI P 


<> — 
5 ** 
1 


2» 3 ” 
22 —— 
3 * > > 


— * 


— 
— 


— 


— 
— I 


* * © on 
* n 2 1 - 
PPA re 
4 *: He 3 
: 2 V. 


296 | of Infection. 
an old blanket, to nations of Indians; 
ſome of whom it has almoſt extirpated. 

It win lie concealed for a long time in 
cloaths, ſo as to be carried in them from 
England to the Cape of Good Hype, and 
even to China. Now, in moſt countries 
into which it hath been once introduced, 
it ſeldom fails to make its appearance at an 
interval of ſome years, or oftener ; except 
in thoſe places where the ſame precautions 
are uſed. againſt-it, as againſt the plague. 
By theſe precautions it has often been ef- 
fectually prevented, for many years, from 
coming, both in ſeveral inland towns of 
England, and in many colonies of Britiſb 
America. Although there are the moſt 
convincing proofs, that this diſeaſe is nei- 
ther hereditary nor innate, and the higheſt 
degree of probability, that it can be pro- 
agated in no other manner at preſent, 
than by an infection; yet, during the ut- 
moſt exertion of its force, endeavours uſed 
to give it to ſome perſons, by lying in the 
ſame apartment with the infected, and 
other methods of a free communication 

with them, do often prove ineffectual: 
and ſome of the conſtant attendants about 
the ſick in this diſeaſe have never been in- 
fected. 
What is ſtill more extraordinary not 
only the * and the plague, but 
other 


/ Infection. 297 
other contagions, which I have known to 
rage in ſhips and priſons, after exerting 
their utmoſt violence, will ſometimes 
abate by degrees in malignity, and at length 
ſtop. Have they exhauſted themſelves, or 
the /ubjef? ? That they do not always ex- 

hauſt the /ubje# is plain from facts, and 
our experience. Thus, although the in- 
fection of the ſmall- pox was pent up en- 
tirely in the Royal George (as mentioned 
in Chap. I. Sect. iii.) among eight hun- 
dred and eighty men ; yet this contagion 
diſappeared altogether at ſea, ſeveral 
months before the ſhip put into any har- 
bour, after having deſtroyed four or five 
erſons, and left near one hundred unat- 
tacked. It had unfortunately been intro- 
- duced into that ſhip by a boy, who 
lodged in a houſe where the ſmall-pox 
Was. ; 

The ſuppoſition, that contagion b 
ztſelf, may be perhaps admitted in ſome 
| plagues; though at beſt it is an hypotheſes 

attended with inſuperable difficulties. 
Further, the ſpecific nature and quali- 
ties of contagions ditter from each other, 
and are in many reſpects inſcrutable. How 
far does each extend its proper ſphere of 
activity? Who can explain why the ſmall- 
pox will infect perſons but once during 
their life; while the plague and other 
in- 


298 _ Of Infittin. 
infections attack again and again? There 
are unqueſtionably certain limits preſcribed 


to human reſearches, beyond which, tho 
fancy may take its ſlight, and theory make 
wide excurſions, all is conjecture, obſcu- 
rity, or profound darkneſs, 


CHAP, 


1 299 ] 
CHAP. IIIF; 
Of Infection. 


Farious Symptoms proceeding from infeAion 
of the malignant ſore- throat, its preven- 


tion. Remedies againſt the Plague. Bag. 


ſymptoms i in He, Zh 
Haſlar Hoſpital, 4 Nec. 1763. 
AN un 3 attention to the ſubject 


of fevers and infection, for three 


years, ſince the preceding chapters were 
originally drawn up, have abundantly con- 


firmed their contents: facts of the moſ 


public nature till continue to enforce the 


truth of the doctrines contained in them. 
Thus in the Royal Sovereign, a guard- 


ſhip at Spitliead, there has been an infec- 


tion for two months paſt ; and, ſince the 
23d of Oober laſt, ninety-ſeven of her 
cople have been admited into this hoſ- 


pital, of whom eighty-three were afflict- 
ed with the Ship-fever. Of thoſe four 


gre dead, and if the reſt are reco- 
vered, except ſuch as were lately ad- 


mitted, none of whom are at preſent in 


* In the former edition this was added as a a Poſtcrip 
fo t! the other two chapters. To 


a dan- 


#9 44 
a $4 
4 £4 
F 7 
f. 
* 2 
Bis q © 
LY 
844% } 
N 
n 
1 


mY —_ 
— — 8 1 2 8 
— r coal 
2. —— * — 
— — > wy g 


— — 
—— 


as 


300 Of In fettion. 

a dangerous condition. This fever hack 
been accompanied with no ſymptom that 
can be called malignant, unleſs a greeniſh 
or bloody diſcharge from the bliſtered 
parts,. and that only in a few. With five 
perſons the fever continued beyond the 
ſeventh day. The attack of it was gene- 
rally very ſudden, and, in ſome, with fri ght- 
ful dreams during ſleep. 

Although this fever always proceeded 
from the ſame infection, which was con- 
fined to that ſhip alone, yet after the diſeaſe 
had paſſed its firſt ſtage, accompanied with 
chills, ſickneſs, head- ach, &c. the ſymp- 
toms become ſo much diverſified in differ- 
ent patients, that a phyſician, unexperi- 
enced in ſuch matters, might be apt to 

jndge ſome of them to labour under a 
nervous fever, others under a Peripneumony, 
or baſtard Pleurify, Some are Coſtive, 
others have a conſtant Purging. Symp- 
toms, almoſt common to them all, are a 
low, quick pulſe, a conſtant heat and thirſt, 
and a perceptible alteration in the eyes. 
It is more than probable, that was any 
perſon, after having left this ſhip for ſome 
days, to be taken ill with this fever in a 
country - town, the true nature of his ill- 
neſs might not be ſuſpected, and there- 
fore the proper means of relief might un- 


fortunately be neglected. Of nine nurſes, 
Con- 


Of Infection. 30? 
conſtantly attending thoſe patients, only 
one has been infected, who immediately 
recovered upon taking a vomit. 

For ſome years paſt, neither in this hof- 
pital, nor in this part of England, have 


fevers, altogether inflammatory, been very 


frequent. Some praqitioners give the 
name of the 4:hous fever to that which in 
theſe parts has moſtly prevailed. Now 


and then the malignant Sore-Throat has 


made its appearance. Is not this laſt diſ- 
eaſe a plague, /uz generis, imported, like 
ſome others, from the Levant, and which 
has now ſpread itlelf over different parts 
of Europe, and of the North American co- 
lonies *? Dr. Tournefort, in his voyage to 
the Levant, obſerved it above ſixty years 
| in the iſland of Milo Where (he ſays) 
there then raged a terrible diſtemper, 
4 not uncommon in the Levant; it car- 
« ries off children in twice twenty-four 


« hours. It is a Carbuncle or Pligue-Sore 


% in the throat, attended with a violent 
« fever. This diſeaſe, which may be 
„ called the Child's-Plague, is epidemical, 
though it ſpares adult people. The beſt 
7 wo to check the progreſs of it, is to 


* See Extract of a letter from Cadwallader Colon, eſq. 
concerning the throat diſtemper. Medical obſervations 
and inquiries, by a — of * in Landon. Vol. 
. 

« vom: 


— — 


2 — n 

. 3 3 K 
5 + 2 2 9 8 2 LU 
mu _ — — -4 „ * 

at —_— «av 
. nals 4 

"x E - T 9 
> - F 
— — 


— 
CR. — 


— — — 4 


Ws 


4 1 

AG 
A's 
* 
1 
1 


302 Of Infe&ion. 

« vomit the child the moment he com- 
« plains of a ſore- throat, or that he is 

&« perceived to grow heavy-headed.“ An 

excellent advice, which cannot be made 

too public, or too warmly inculcated. 

In the only two caſes, of a fair trial, 
which have occurred to me, a vomit, given 
on the firſt attack of a malignant ulcerous 

pre tlhiroat by infection, effectually removed 
the diſeaſe. 

A captain of a man of war at Goſport 

was ſeized with this diſtemper, then his 
ſon, his fiſter-in-law who attended him, 
and laſtly his daughter, all in the ſame fa- 
mily. One afternoon, when viſiting theſe 
patients, I was told the ſervant maid in 
the houſe was alſo taken ill; her* throat 
was already affected, ſhe was feveriſh, and 
confined to bed. I immediately ordered 
her a vomit, which ſhe took without de- 
lay; ſhe ſweated much in the night, by 
means of an opiate given afterwards, and 
next morning was in perfect health. 

A ſimilar inſtance occurred in another 
. where a nurſe was infected by at- 
tending a perſon in the ſame diſeaſe, and 
was immediately relieved of the ſickneſs, 
fever, and beginning ſore throat, by a vo- 
mit and plentiful ſiveat. | 

The celebrated French botaniſt and phy- 

fician, 1 in his firſt Lecter Jum Conſtantinople- 
to 


07 Infeftion — ew 
to the count de Pontchartrain, relates, in 
a few words, what appears to be the 
beſt remedies, againſt the plague.— A 
_* vomit (lays he) muſt precede other re- 
« medies, which is to be repeated, ac- 
© cording to occaſion, without delay, 
“ the moment the head is affected, or 
the leaſt loathing is felt. If the ſmalleſt 
« ſpot appears on the body, it muſt im- 
*© mediately be ſcarified, and an ue 
* made with /apis infernalis, as ſoon as 
« poſſible, in that part, where the 
© ſtrength of the poiſon chietly diſcharges 
« Ita 
I have little further to add, in reſpect 
to the ſymptoms common to ſuch fevers, 
as are eminently contagious, The ſpots 
have been already deſcribed. The ye/low 
colour of the ſkin, which is now and 
then obſerved, continues ſometimes but 
twenty-four hours, often for three or four 
days. When the  4/jtered parts are co- 
vered with a tough jelly, like leather, 
about an inch in thickneſs, and ſeparable 
from the parts underneath, by means 
only of a gentle moiſture, oozing out 
from below it, this is a proof of a ma- 
lignant, and highly dangerous fever. After 
the ſeparation of that detached ſkin, a 


ſmaller, tough jelly is apt to riſe. If in 
the 


304 * 1 


the fleſh, under thoſe ſubſtances, there are 
obſerved white or ruddy ſpecks, it is a fa- 
vourable appearance; but if thoſe ſpecks 
appear of a pale or dark colour, all hopes 
of life are vaniſhed. The ofen/ive ſmell, 
| peculiar to patients labouring under ſuch 
fevers, continues with ſome after death. 
A bleeding from the noſe ſometimes hap- 
pens in the beginning of the diſeaſe, and 
is, for the moſt part ſalutary, but we have 
ſeldom or never remarked it towards the 
cloſe of life. A degree of deafneſs is 
moſt uſual towards the end of the diſ- 
eaſe. The firſt obſervation I made on 
this ſymptom, was in a ward containing 
twenty patients labouring under a ma- 
lignant fever, of whom ſix became deaf 
to a great degree; and of thoſe, three 
recovered, and three died. But, upon a 
review of the caſes of above fone hundred 
patients who had this ſymptom, I find it 
cannot be reckoned to portend death; on 
the contrary, it hath been moſt uſually 
remarked in recovering patients. | 
In thoſe fevers the pulſe ſeldom indi- 
cates a general inflammatory ſtate of the 
blood, and there is very ſeldom any rea- 
ſon to ſuſpect any particular inflammation. 
There ſeems likewiſe no great reaſon to 
ſuppoſe any * tendency to a mortifi= 
| cation; 3 


Of Infection. 305 


cation; at leaſt in ſome thouſand patients, 
labouring under ſuch fevers, to whom 
bliſters were applied, I never remarked a 
mortification to enſue, but from the neglect 
of a proper care and treatment of the 
bliſtered parts, as would have happened 
in any other diſeaſe. 


8 * CHAP. 


ix ..4- FN anda! 
- © . PP” 4 oe nl 
— — — «õ — = 1 af N 64 
"mot a 9 CE, 
— . u — > — 
1 - » — —22 * 


a, 71.4 
Fe +7 
Yue or? 
1 
. 


j 
"Ip 
N71 

i e 

a, 1 


— 


8 306 ] 


CHAP. 1v. 


1 


of the! Tail Diſtemper, with Ne 
means of putting a ſtop to it or 
any other contagious diſeaſe. 


— Hoſpital, 2gth December, 177 3. 


$ E © T.-:4. 
Of the Jail Diſtemper. 


Univerſality of the Jail Infection m gabe, 
concerning it; it not always attended with 
an highly malignant fever ; is not always 
general in a priſon ; may be communicated 
by a perſon in health from tainted cloaths ; ; 
_ does not reſide in air. | 


E ſhall here re- aſſume the ſubject 

of infection by a particular appli- 

cation of it to the jail diſtemper, a diſeaſe 
which in London has of late proved very 
alarming to the judges and court at the 
Ol Bailey, from its frequency in New- 
gate, and in the other jails, and which 
even in the country has often cauſed the 
country aſſizes to be put off for ſome time. 
The influence of this infection is very ex- 
tenſive, 


Of the Jail Diftemper. 307 


tenſi ve, and my fituation has afforded me 


great opportunities of knowing it. 
The ſource of infection to our armies 
and fleets are undoubtedly the jails ; we 


can often trace the importers of it di- 


rectly from them; I have had many pa- 
tients under my care at Haſlar hoſpital, 
particularly deſerters from the Marines, 


Who were very ill of the diſtemper, and 
brought it immediately from thence: it is 


frequent in pariſh Poor-houſes, an inſtance 


of which 1 formerly gave in the poor- 
houſe at Go/port *. I have feen it among 
the Engliſh felons in tranſport ſhips; in 


ſeveral Dutch ſhips carrying ſoldiers to 


Batavia, and during the late war among 
the French and Spaniſh priſoners; in their 
ſhips, in their priſons; and in their hoſ- 
pitals. In the year 1769 I had allo an 
opportunity of viewing it on board the 
| Ruffian fleet, then at Spithead. 


In every ſituation, and among all theſe 


different nations, I found it to have the 
| ſame appearance, to be preciſely the ſame 
infection, as that deſcribed in the pre- 
deding chapters, which proves ſo often 


fatal 16 impreſfing men on the haſty equip- 


ment of a fleet 3 and by which the firſt 


* In my | Effay on the Diſeaſes incidental to Europeans 


in Hot Climates, 2d edit p. 181. 


X 2 ' Engliſh 


4 
: 


10 | of the Fail D- er, 
Engliſh fleet ſent, laſt war to America, loſt 
above two thouſand men. 

Very erroneous opinions are ramgeived 
of the nature of the diſtemper ; I ſhall 
point out ſeveral of them, as miſtakes in a 
matter of ſuch importance to the health 
and preſervation of many individuals, 
may be attended with fatal confequences. 
The r I ſhalt mention is an opinion 
that there can be no infection in a jail, 
unleſs where there is ſuch an highly ma- 
lignant fever as has been particularly de- 
ſcribed by ſeveral medical authors under 
the name of the jail or hoſpital fever. 
This may prove a very dangerous miſtake. 
I may venture to ſay, that I have viſited 
five thouſand perſons in fevers, - which 


were evidently and indiſputably produced 


by infection, yet I do not recollect above 
five hundred of that number who had the 
malignant ſymptoms there deſcribed. I 
do not advance that ſuch a fever, or one 
equally malignant, is not ſometimes to be 
met with ia jails; I have already ſaid I 
may have ſeen about five hundred ſuch 
caſes, and ſhall. hereafter give an account 
of an infectious fever in the French fleet 
at Breſt, which proved much more ma- 
lignant and fatal. But theſe are uncom- 
mon a Caſes, and many die of this W 
wrt _- 


/ tlie Fail Diſtemper. 309 
without having any malignant ſymptoms, 


as in the following caſe. 
In November 1770, when a ſtrict qua- 


rantine was enjoined to all ſhips coming 
from the Baltic, on account of the plague 
being in Ruſia, a report was ſpread that 


the plague had broke out at Porzt/mouth : 
J was employed by the government to ſu- 
perintend the affair, and daily to tranſmit 
a particular account of what paſſed. The 
alarm was occaſioned by the Y/elmonde, a 


Dutch ſhip from Holland, bound to Ba- 


tavia, which anchored at Sprithead, and 
was very ſickly, burying a number of men 
every day; two Engliſh cuſtom-houſe of- 
ficers were ſent on board, as uſual, to pre- 
vent ſmuggling, and were both taken ill: 
one M them died in a few days after leav- 


P 3 
attended during his illneſs; and fix hours 


before he died, found him fitting up on 
the bed, dreſſed in his cloaths : his coun- 


tenance was highly fluſhed, and he talked - 


coherently, though there was a ſmall de- 


gree of /tupor on the brain; his lymptoms | 


were chiefly peripneumonic. 
To prevent the infection from ſpreading 


further, the dead bodies were buried in 


the night, in a deep pit, together with all 
their cloaths, bedding, and houſhold fur- 
niture. One or two of the attendants 

wal X 3 were 


ing the ſhip ; the other, who alſo died, I 


recovered. | 


316 Of the Jail Diftemper, 

were however taken ill, but they happily 
There is indeed no particular ſymptom 
by which the jail diſtemper can be diſtin- 
guiſhed and characteriſed but its general 
ſymptoms, as frequently mentioned in the 


foregoing ſheets, are a /ow fever, attended 


with a violent thirſt and heat in the ſkin, 


often with c///s at the beginning, and al- 


ways with a diſorder in the head, which 
may riſe to a delirium or ffupor. In com- 


mon caſes its ſymptoms reſemble neareſt 
what has been deſcribed by ſome authors 


under the name of the .zeryous fever; 
though frequently unattended with malig- 
nant ſymptoms, yet it is of a dangerous 
nature ; it not only often proves fatal, but 
greatly injnres the conſtitution of Mſe 


who recover, and perſons once attacked 


With it are ſubject to frequent relapſes. 
A ſecond miſtake is to ſuppoſe there can 


be no infection, unleſs the diſtemper be 
univerſal among the priſoners, But 1 


would judge it a very general infection, 
when one fourth of the priſoners were 
taken ill of the diſtemper. Among two 
hundred . priſoners in a jail, twenty or 
thirty are a great number to be ſeized, at 
leaſt it we may judge from the effects of 
this infection in ſhips: 1 had lately under 
my care the men belonging to two in- 

8 | „ Jeced 


= 


DS ee dio ns 


y, the Fail Diſtemper. 311 
fected ſhips, the Flora and the Pearl, of 
which the following was the ſtate. 

The Flora frigate took on board three 
_ Engliſhmen out of 'a ' Dutch ſhip in the 
Downs, bound to Batavia ; two of them 
were in perfect health, the other com- 


plained of an Ague, which returned every 


day: theſe men had been on board only 
a few days before the crew of the Flora, 
who had been r healthy, began 
to be taken ill. 

The ſhip ſoon after came to Spit head. 


and ſent to the hoſpital thirteen patients 
in fevers, including two of the men taken 


from the Dutch ſhip, one of whom after- 
wards died, covered with Petechiæ. 

This Dutch ſhip had 260 men on board, 
when it left Holland; of theſe it had bu- 
ried twenty-two, and had fifty ill when the 
Engliſb men, were taken out inthe Downs. 

The Pearl, another Engliſh frigate, juſt 
arrived from Newfoundland, perfectly 
healthy, at the ſame time took three Eng- 
liſb ſubjects from another Dutch ſhip lying 
at Spithead, alſo bound to Batavia; one 
of them was quite well, a ſecond was 
recovered from a fever, the third looked 

ſickly, but had no complaint. 

In a week after theſe three men came 
into the Pearl, three of their meſſmates 


were taken ill of fevers, and ſeveral of the 


X4 _ ſhips 


—— 
222 > 

— 
a. = 


Po 
er. 


82 2 
— 9 1 * 1 
- —— 6 + 
OY 4 a 


. 
2 


— 
. 


— — 
— — = ” 


312 Of the Jail Diftemper. 
| ſhip's company began to complain. From 
the 7th of December, 1772, that is, ten 


days after the men had been taken from 


the Dutch ſhip, to the 12th of January 
following, we received ſixteen patients in 
| fevers from the Pearl, ten of whom were 


dangerouſly ill, two became yellow, and 


| three were ſpotted, Both theſe frigates 


were ſoon afterwards paid off, and their 
men diſcharged, ſo that in neither of 
them could it be known how far the in- 
fection would have ſpread ; but the pro- 
greſs of it, for above a month, in each 
ſhip, was very flow. 

In the laſt war, among 4000 French or 
or Spaniſh. priſoners, we reckoned 5 or 
600 a great number at one time to have 
the diſtemper of the priſon ; but the ſma// 


number taken ill does not diminiſh the 


danger of the. infection. 


In November 1768, the Guernſey ſhip of - 


war, of 50 guns, arrived at Spithead from 
Newfoundland, and ſent twelve men to 
Haſlar hoſpital ; they had got a malignant 
fever, ſeveral had ſpots, one man had a 
ſwelling of the parotid gland, ſome were 


inſenſible and comatoſe, and lay in that 


ſtate for ſeveral days covered with Petechic. 


It was remarkable, that ſo few men were 
infected out of the great number on board; 
| though the infection was ſo virulent, 


that 


Of the Jail Diftemper. 313 


that a young gentleman ſlightly indiſpoſed, 


who went from this ſhip to his ſiſter's 
houſe at Fareham, gave this fever to his 


ſiſter and to. the maid ſervant, all three 
of whom, being the whole family, died 
of it. This infection was brought into 
the ſhip from Sr. John's in Newfoundland. 

The third miſtake, which I have fre- 
quently ſeen aſſerted in the public news 
papers, is, that a perſon cannot commu- 


nicate a diſeaſe which he has not got, and 
therefore that there can be no infection 


from a felon or perſon in health brought 
from a priſon into the open air, or into a 
court of judicature. But this is far from 
being the caſe, as the danger of an in- 
fection from a perſon really labouring un- 


der the jail diſtemper when kept perfectly 


clean, is found to be much leſs than from 
the contaminated coaths and rags often 
carried about by a healthy perſon. 

The /aft miſfaks: which [ ſhall mention 
is, that this infection reſides in the air, 
and may be removed by ventilation, or a 
change of air. | | 

Ventilators, ſome years ſince, when firſt 


introduced, it was thought, would prove 


an effeQtual remedy for, and preſervative 


againſt, this infection in jails : great ex- 
ys were formed of their benefit, 
ut ſeveral years experience muſt now 
| | ” have 


Ms Bo 


> AWTINs y 


„ 
LEE IS” -+2 
3 
3 
= 
— 


_ 
EE; Br pie as 
2 done MEISE ERS 
—_ A 2 5D — 


1 . 
9 * 


=; 
8 er _— 


TSS TE: 
EY I 22 3 27 

. 

— 


Ta 
3 
FT Da 


oy: es. =" ay ES "7" 
5 r += - £ Fo OR 
= — SS 


1:4 38 
++. 
La 
# 


314 Of the Jail Diſtemper. 
have fully ſhewn, that ventilators will not 
remove infection from a jail. The miſ- 
chief is indeed ſometimes confined to a 
very narrow ſpot, as a bed, where ven- 
tilation cannot reach. _ 1 

Thus I had lately under my care, two 
Marines in Haſlar hoſpital, who had got a 
petechial fever by lying, one after another, 
in the ſame bed at Goſport, and, upon 
further enquiry, we found a third perſon 
had been infected with the ſame fever 
from the ſame cauſe. But ventilation, 
even in the pureſt air, and where it may 
be ſuppoſed to have its full effect, yields 
no perfect ſecurity againſt infection. 

In the beginning of the laſt war, when 
the North American fleet arrived at Spit- 
head, with an infectious fever in ſeveral 
ſhips, three maſters of a boat, employed 
to bring the ſick on ſhore to the hoſpital, 
were ſucceſſively taken ill of the fever, 
though two of them had uſed the pre- 
caution of not going on board any ſhip, 
and though the ventilation in an open boat 
at ſea, in which place only they were ex- 
poſed to the infection, was as perfect as 
could any where be obtained on ſhore. 


( 
8 I 
of the Jail Diſtemper. 
Origin of the Tail Infection unknown ; ts 


Jource.; is diffuſed by air as a vehicle ; its 
Properties in common with the plague and 


Jmall-pox ; ſmall diſtance to which its in- 


Auencè extends; its ſelfrextinction; method 
of deſtroying it in infected places and ſub- 


ſances. 


HE origin of the jail infection is Pl 
point at preſent entirely unknown. 


No perſon has given us the leaſt ſatisfac- 
tory account how, or where, it is gene- 
rated. It does not ſeem to originate in 


air, and there are many priſons aboundin 
with filth and impurities, perfectly free 
from it;...._ ps | 
In ſhips alſo an infection is generally 
imported from the land, and many, that 
have been long in a very dirty condition 
at ſea, bring their men quite healthy into 
the harbours. Indeed I have always ob- 
ſerved, that the moſt healthy ſhips were 


ſuch as arrived from a long foreign voyage, 


the ſcurvy being the chief, and almoſt the 


only complaint among them: whereas, 


ſhips of war, eſpecially when Men 


— » 


— 


m_—— — * 


Re © | 

2 + ES; $04 

3 ri 

— — the 1 r 
So, ES = — — 


ä 


2 


—— 
0 MEL. - — „„ 


Di 
2 
— — 


" 
4 
+* 
* 
% 


A 
2 


2 5 

ts 
40 

* 
ni 
2 0 » 
4 

i 
1 
1 
y 

© Ki 

} 

1 ? 
| 
4 
4 
3:1 
i, 
10 

11 

#4 

4 j- 

; 7 A 

43+: i 
| 

; * 

1 
| 
1 


— _ = x” 
Ee 


—— — * 
PR = a; 6 — 


N r 
— * N 
7” 4: >. 
1 , 4 


— — 
1 > 


1 : ” 
a * Wo . , — — an nn "x 1 hs c — — —— * 4 . * * L — * : P24 — — 
* of * x84 he 1 . 2 A . * * & * . - o 12 a} » < bs 2 Fe 

* 2 8 1 * 2 — 3 1 r 4 v % 4 N — 2 . * x *#. . 7 3 #7 - 5 - * — oP — 
— _— = N Ip LL — 2 wo ay + . E 1 ä : —_ s . COR. 3 _ 3 

ro Lhe ö R * — io ho SS 2 : : wal rs + - - TY - VE = a2. 

— 52 I 1 2 — ** - 6 Eh EFT I'% E — — — — & Oy : "Ohh EC Eo... — < bk 
P 33 . 2 © LC ES 8 _ 2 TT S = . 


is 
. 
50 


— — | 
= DIS — 2 = 7 — 
* CY N - . - * - 
6 — ern fs the 


2 - 2 Py 
* . 
2 4 . 
* 
= A * — 2 - 
— om roar . ood were 5 22 —A—[— 
* * * — i _—_— 42 — 
m — —— 2 — RY 


— 
2 — 


316 Of the Jail Diſtemper. 


the Thames, even in times of peace. very 


often received this infection from London. 


The cleareſt idea we can conceive of the 
manner in which this infection is commu- 


nicated, is to ſuppoſe there is in all infected 
places, adhering to certain ſubſtances, an 


en venomed idus, or ſource of effluvia, 


corpuſcules, or of whatſoever infection 


may be ſuppoſed to conſiſt; and that the 


air, according as it is more or leſs con- 
fined, becomes more or leſs ſtrongly im- 


pregnated with them. In this reſpect, 
the jail diſtemper, the plague, and ſmall- 

ox are ſimilar; though the air be the 
vehicle of the infection, by which they are 
ſeverally communicated, yet none of theſe 
infections can be ſaid properly to re/ide in 


air, but are occaſionally ſent into it, from 
ſubſtances in which they reſide; ſuch be- 
coming always more highly infectious in 


a cloſe confined place: by confinement in 
infected cloaths, the infection is ultiplied, 
and acts with far greater virulence than 
when immediately tranſmitted from the 
naked body. Let us view, in proof of 
this, the different conditions of ſhips 
loaded with men and women, where the 
paſſengers are covered with tainted rags, 
and where they are almoſt entirely naked. 


An example of the former we have in the 


great mortality from the jail diſtemper, 
a | aulſual 


Of the Jail Diſtemper. 317 


uſual in ſhips carrying Felons to America, 


a circumſtance univerſally known, and 
from whence our colonies have frequently 
_ ſuffered by infection: alſo in the Dutch, 


who are ſaid to ſend annually 2000 ſol- 
diers to Batavia, and to loſe three fourths 
of them by the ſhip fever before they ar- 


rive. 


Io theſe let us oppole the condition of 
the poor Negroes, Who, in amazing num- 


bers, are yearly ſhipped from Guinea to all 


the European ſettlements in America. The 


* 
Mari * 


Guinea ſhips frequently carry double, or 
triple the number of either our tranſport, 


or the Dutch Eaſt-India ſhips, and the poor 
wretches are crowded together, below the 


deck, as cloſe as they poſſibly can lie, 
with only a ſmall ſeparation between the 
men and women; every night they are 
ſhut up. under cloſe hatches, in a ſultry 
climate, barred down with iron to prevent 
"uo inſurrection. 
upon, and, ſcarce. any cloaths to cover 


They have no bed to lie 


them; the children, both boys and girls, 
until a certain age, go quite naked, and 


even the grown negroes have, for the moſt 
part, only a wrapper about their middle. 
They thus wear nothing capable of im- 
 bibing or retaining infection; and, though 
ſome have been ſuffocated by the cloſe 


confinement, or foul air, though they are 


1 1 : | : ſub- 


— D gen, av ns mmmh — — * 
- - Dm — S r W —4 1 
e N 9 "A N — IE er * — 5 by — - -- 3 
— > "Ss — SIE 2 n r N Ns 5 2 —_ - a "= 
— ax: - — » I * — * © - 21 "= — * 4 - — = = "Fe ; © > 4 <= 2 — 
: . = - * 5 — * : . . n * — = 
ho mo AS Mgt + 12 ” . e . 


rr 2 SY 2 A 2 
— TE COAT N S — a 8 N Lo 
. — —— — - n * * 
- * ** 3 k \ Gt 5 7 RN — * — * . 
* — — 24 * N 0 2 * Ro — _ 
—— E ">; 6 8 2 J : - 2 
2 . 28 Ub. 2 — a” 1 8 a 
5 is e Ap.” Re 72 8 ; : A 0 * * 
R — — Ry — _ « 2 *&.. &.* 0 : * * 
— AY 5 ; rn er . = > 2 7 
£ 8 = xt 8 


[IS 
LPS 


— Feng” a = ho args 


= [” 
k 5 2" ans > 
. m 


* 
* Sar CER OG OE 
IR - ” 
. . 
e 


318 tlie Jail Diſtemper. 
ſubject to the flux, and ſuffer from a 
change of climate, yet an infection is 
ſcarce known among them, or, if an ac- 
cidental fever, occurring from the change 
of climate, ſhould become infectious, it is 
generally much more mild than in the op- 
poſite ſituation, where polluted rags afford 
it a prompt * receptacle, and prove a con- 


* A whole Indian Nation in Nova Scotia was not 
long ſince almoſt entirely deſtroyed by ſome infected 
; blankets and cloaths. In the year 1 78% while the French 
| ſquadron, under the command of the Duc d' Anville, 
' Paſſed the ſummer at Chebucto, now Hallifax, an infec- 
tious fever prevailed among them, and cut off a great 
number of their men. On the return of the ſquadron 
to Europe, ſeveral blankets and old cloaths, which had 

been uſed in their tents and hoſpitals, were unfortu- 
nately left behind. Theſe fatal receptacles of diſeaſe 
were ſoon after [eagerly picked up by a party of Mimacſ 
Indians, who accidentally came to viſit the place, and 
who cloathed themſelves with ſome of them; others they 
carried home, and diſtributed among their tribe. The 
unhappy conſequence” of which was the almoſt total 

extinction of the Mimack nation; ſcarce any of them 
ſurvived. The Engliſ, upon traverſing the countr 
next ſummer from Anapolis Royal, were ſurpriſed wit 


finding the dead bodies and ſkeletons of whole families 


of that nation lying unburied in their huts, until the 


neutrals, who alſo inhabited that country, and the 


neighbouring Indians informed them, that the Mimacks 
had been cut off by the French blankets. In ſeveral 
of their buts theſe blankets were found, where not one 
of the family remained. . 
This account was given me by a gentleman of vera - 
city, who, from being upon the ſpot, had an opportu- 
nity of knowing all the circumſtances. 


ſtant 


/ the Fail Diſtemper. 319 
ſtant ſource of freſh infection. In ſeveral 
other reſpects alſo, beſides: that of being 

conveyed by rags and tainted ſubſtances, 
the infection of the jail diſtemper agrees 
with that of the plague; in common with 
it, this infection extends to no great diſ- 
. tance from its ſource, and is often extin- 
guiſhed without any evident cauſe... 
_ Firſt. This infection extends itſelf at no 
great diſtance; the houſes in the neigh- 
bourhood of an infected priſon, are in no 
danger of infection from it, provided all 
communication be cut off. 7.022 
In the open free air, this infection does 
not appear to diffuſe itſelf above fifty or 
ſixty feet from its Nidus; though even at 
that diſtance, a perſon might run ſome 
riſque from being expoſed to a current of 
air highly impregnated with_the contagion 
- which iſſued immediately from a door or 
window, where it had been long pent up. 
Secondly. This infection, after every 
method uſed to deſtroy it has proved inef- 
fectual, will often of itſelf gradually abate, 
and at length entirely vaniſb; this circum- 
ſtance I often obſerved in our priſons 


1 during the laſt war, where, after commit- 


_ ting great ravages among the French pri- 
ſoners, the infection often ſtopped: of a 
ſudden; and they were ſometimes ſo en- 
| ticely free from it, that in the month of 


12 | 1 


- 
. 1 — — ? Y —B 7 mi. 
— OT OO 2 


= — 
* — 


* „ 
- — — 2 — EY 


420 Of the Jail Diſtemper. 
September, 1762,. when I was employed 
by the government to muſter the priſon- 
ers of war in the caſtles of Portchefter and 
Winchefter, which in the preceding year 
had ſuffered much by the jail diſtemper, I 
did not find one perſon labouring under that 
diſtemper among 7000 priſoners, many 
of whom had been confined for ſeveral 
years. But, as this infection often proves 
highly deſtructive before the period of 
ſelf- extinction, it is a ſatisfaction to know, 


that in whatever ſubſtance, chamber, or 


priſon it is lodged, it may at any time be 
effectually defiroyed by the force of fire. 


Here two things preſent themſelves Oey 
of attention. 


„II. That a great heat, like that of an 


oven, ſuch as would prove deſtructive to 
all animal life, effetuall ly deſtroys: this in- 
fection in all ſubſtances which can be Soc 
ſome time expoſed to it. 


Pes That an inferior degree of dont, in 
which a man can 'brontHios: will often fail 


of deſtroying it. 


Hence the in fection may l certainty 


fo be deſtroyed. in any) ſhip, priſon, or ſitu- 
ation where. the people can be removed, fo 


that fires may be lighted, and the -ſmoak 


confined with ſafety. But in priſons, 
ſhips, or places, where the people can- 


not be removed, and conſequently a i 72 
cient 


Of the Fail Diſtemper. 321 
cient degree of heat cannot be raiſed, the 
application of fire and ſmoke to remove 
infection, may prove ineſectual. I am 


confirmed in this afſertion by repeated in- 
ſtances of infection in ſhips both at ſea, 


and when lying at Spithead, where every 
method failed of putting a ſtop to it as 
long as the men remained on board, A 
certain method therefore of deſtroying in- 
fection, in places from whence perſons 
cannot be removed, is a Defideratum not 
yet obtained in phyſic. I have propoſed 
and tried many things for this purpoſe 
without ſucceſs. However, there have 
been inſtances of large fires made in ſhips 
_ proving highly ſerviceable on ſuch occa- 
| tions, both ar. ſea and in harbour, even 
while the men continued on board. 

In March laſt, when a Rendezvous was 


opened at London for entering ſeamen for 


the guardſhips, one Ca//aghan, a ragged 
dirty fellow, was ſent to Porr/mouth, and 
entered on board the Terrible, a ſhip of 
74 guns: ſoon afterwards, ſeveral men in 
that ſhip were taken ill, and at length 


_ Callaghan himſelf. All of them were lent 


to the hoſpital, and perceiving, upon exa- 
mining them, that they had got an infec- 
tious fever, I immediately confined them in 
a ward feparate from the other patients. 


Captain Arbuthinot, an officer not leſs diſ-— 
| d tinguiſned 


322 Of the Jail Diſtemper. 
tinguiſhed by his naval abilities, than by 
his care for the health of the men, com- 
manded the Terrible, and having formerly 
experienced the dreadful conſequences of 
infection in ſhips, exerted his [\utmoſt en- 
deavours on the preſent occaſion to trace 
its ſource; until at length he diſcovered 
the very man who had brought it on 
board; being then in Portſmouth harbour, 
he Hh his ſhip, ordered all the bed- 
ding to be taken out, and waſhed every 
hammock thoroughly in the ſea ; ſpread 
out every article of bedding in the higheſt 
parts of the ſhip, where it was moſt ex- 
poſed to the wind, and could leaſt affect 
the men below, and deſtroyed all ſpoiled 
and decayed articles. The ſhip being 
cleared, large fires were lighted in the 
Hold, and on all the decks below, the 
| bedding was dried and ſmoaked, and 
every part of the ſhip between Decks was 
waſhed with boiling vinegar ; by which 
means an entire hop: was pat to the in- 
tection. 

At the hoſpital we had received twenty 
infected patients from that ſhip. They 
complained at firſt of violent pains in their 
limbs and a cough, but in a few days be- 
came, at times, delirious; and ſeven of 
them were covered with Petechiz. One 
man only dicd, but the ſhock of this in- 
fection 


Remarkable Inſtances of Infection. 323 


fection was ſo violent on the conſtitution, 
that ſeveral did not perfectly recover their 
ſenſes for twelve or fourteen days after 
the fever had . left them. 


8 E EFF 
Remarkable 1 of Infection. . 


General influence of the Fail Dina a its 
fimary to the epidemic, purple, and ſcar- 
let fevers : frequent inſtances of it in the 
70 en Aeet : 4 dreadful infection at Breſt. 


"HE. influence of the jail infection is 
much more extenſive than generally 
e of a ſimilar nature is the diſeaſe 
we frequently read of in the publie newſ- 


papers, under the names of ſcarlet, purple, 
and ſported. fevers, which often depopulate 


Cities, and ſometimes. even whole coun- 
tries. The countenance being fluſhed with 
a /carlet, or deep purple, eſpecially at the 
approach of death, and the ſpots appear- 
ing ſometimes of the fame colour, which 
are looked upon as peculiar figns of ma- 
lignity in ſuch. epidemic; fevers, I have 
alſo frequently ſeen in the jail diſtemper. 


It was this contagion which deſtroyed 
two-thirds of the men in the Duc q An- 


villes fleet at Chebucto, now Hallifax, in 


I-02 the 


— A * * 3 


ä _ 


3 — ""j 
„ 
_—— —_— 


XI, T7 OD © _—_ 8 an — 
= Ep n SZ == 


* 


2 © © wp - of 
— e 
* 2 cz * 3 
- : * 2 2 
— * 
— 


** 1 
* K = ws 

* +Y 
— 4. 


SEE 


— 2 —2 


— * us. 


9 


— 
— - — 7 a 
— — —z 2 
— = x — 


PE] 2 why = — — — > 


__ 


— ng * 
AMT : 1 

— 1 1 — 
S 2 


ma—_ — 
* 


Fa 
* 


s 
4 
4 
. 
P1449 
1 
* 's o 
We 
«tt 
4% 
! 'vt 
it 
1 9 1 
19 N 1 
8 
\ 8; 
. 
” 4 
_ 
WH. 2 
11 5 
. 
bo 4 
i 1.5.5 
wr 24 7 
* * 
'T {4} 
Fi. 
bl 
x * 
2 
{3 $1 
by 45 4 
a,, 
2 
& 4 4 
* " 
7 
. . ” 1 
194 
. 1 
ry — 
1 
— x 
* 
„ : 
13 « 
8 
$73 7775 
N t 
T4 
13 ng 
384 - 
1 
= »4 
X : 
* 
þ 
;4 7 
. 
1 
Ws Pl 
A © 
5 .'Y 
1 9 
$ 
oy 
4. 4 
A 
Hor... 
4 
at 4 
: * 4.4 
>] : 
i da: of 
_ Fils 
7 "Wi a 
; "3-4 
14 Jt 
= 4 
+ Lis 
. * 1 
— # 
! "i. 
1 * 
1 
1 9 » 
+8 1 
1 1 
; ö 
11 4 
7 
is: 


« 
— ESE 


324 Remarkable Inſtances of Infection. 
the year 1746: the complete deſtruction 
of which was afterwards accompliſhed by 
the ſcurvy. 

It was this contagion which ravaged the 
marquis D' Antin's ſquadron in 1741, the 
count de Roqueſeuil's in 1744, and the 
Toulon ſquadron in 1747. which laſt 
brought the infection into Rochefort. 
But a more recent inſtance of it occurred 
at Breſt, in the year 1757, when the fleet 
commanded by Monſieur Dubois de la 
Mothe, arrived there from Lourburgh. 
The particulars are worth relating, as they 
afford a ftriking inſtance how from a ſmall 
ſpark of contagion (if I may be allowed 
the expreſſion) brought from Rocheforr, a 
devouring plague was kindled, which not 
only totally diſabled a large fleet, but 
proved fatal to many thouſands, in' the 
town and neighbouthood of. Bret *. 
Before La Mothe's fleet failed to Loni /- 
Burgi, they were joined at Breſt by two 
er of the line, the Glorieux and Duc de 
Bourgoyme, which having taken on board 
'fome men from the hoſpital at Rochefort, 
were very fickly : the ſickneſs after wards 
encreaſed in them to ſuch a height, that 
even during their ſhort fray at Breſt, they 


* "08 a arcane account of this fexer, with Gena 
curious oblervations and conjectures upon it, by Dr. 


eee Trait de Maladies des Gens de Her. 
we re 


— 


- Remarkable Inſtances of Infection. 32 5 
were obliged to ſend 400 of their ſick on 
ſhore, | 

On the 3d of May, 1757, the flect 
failed from Breſt, and arrived at Louy- 
bourgh on the 28th of June. During the 
| paſſage, theſe two ſhips loſt many of their 
men, and the ſickneſs drily increaſed, 
while the reſt of the fleet continued to- 


lerably healthy, even for ſome time after 


their arrival, At length, however, the 
infection communicated itſelf to all the 
other ſhips in the fleet, not only from the 
mutual intercourſe of the ſeamen, but 
more immediately from the fent-hoſpitals 


of the infected ſhips being placed too near 
the other tents. During their ſtay at 
 Louiſbourgh, the fever became general, 


and was attended with a conſiderable mor- 

tality. 
On the 2oth of October the fleet failed 
from Louiſburgh, after having buried a 
number of their men, and took on board 
weer them a thouſand of their ſick, who 
were lo far recovered as to be able to em- 
bark, leaving 400 more ſuppoſed ro be in 
an irrecoverable and dying ſtate. But on 
going to ſea, the contagion acquired new 
vigour ; in leſs than ſix days moſt of the 
thouſand convaleſcents were dead, many 
others were taken' ill, and in the courſe 
of a few weeks the ſquadron was entirely 
| * 4 diſ- 


4 
hi L 
5 t 2 
1 , t 
7 
18 
4 i 
* = 
1 
} 
770 
$ U 
$ 4.44.4 
F 2 
ty "1 
* 
1 1 
5 
t i! 
g 
% Ez; 
4 1 , 
| 1834s 
rey 
t 4 
Fi Ft 
{ ne 
4 > 
t 
4 
* 
1 
4.24401 
*. 
7 1 
5 
1 I 
! 
1 
1 
1 
* 
an 
: 
"7 
4 
b4 
U 
11 
Li 
* 
3 
5 
* 
4 
« 
{4 
1 
» : 
. 
x 4t 
0 H 
+. . 4K 
N ' 
iy - 
* 
W 
1 
a 
t 4 
N 4 
"2 
4 
ö : 
1 FY 
1 * 
a: 
: + 
: o 
} 4 
4 
bs 6 
4 
1 1 
i &. 
r 
to - is 
BEE i 
n 
p 1 
E> 3”; 
5 2t 
6 7 
js 1 
- 1 
4 
8 4 . 
n ; 
0 
» J - 
2 * 
13 
* 
1 
* 
» 1 
9 
— K 4 
5 
2 
Y » 


2 
. 2 

— 2 
— — 22 * 


es. — IES. 
— 


„ 


— 
— 
— — — 


— 


. 


5 
- FETs 


*y - 
2 2 
— 


E 232 
* . 


= — —ABᷣ̈— 


1 


326 Remarhable Inſtances of Infection. 
diſabled; ſo that, on the 22d of Novem 
ber, when they arrived at Breſt, the few 
ſeamen who remained in health were 
ſcarce ſufficient to navigate the ſhips, 
much leſs to give the neceſſary aſſiſtance 
to the ſick. Four thouſand men were ill, 
the holds, decks, and every part of the 
ſhips were crouded with the ſick; to add 
alſo to their misfortunes, e of 
every kind were wanting, and all the ſur- 
eons. and almoners either ſick or dead. 
Their continuance but a few days longer 
at ſea would, in all probability, have 
| yielded them a ſacrifice to a few Engl. 2% 
privateers, or rendered them a prey to the 
winds, and ſeas. In this deplorable con- 
dition the French fleet, which had 
that, year ſaved Louiſbourgh, arrived at 
Breſt, totally diſabled. On their arriyal, 
ſeamen were, immediately ſent from other 
ſhips to bring them to an anchor, and ſur- 
geons from the marine hoſpital. to aſſiſt 
the ick. But unfortunately the Bizarre 
and. Celebre, two ſhips of. war, had lately 
arrived from Quebec with a ſimilar fever, 
and had. ſent, a few days before, about a 
thouſand men to the hoſp! ital. Four thou- 
ſand additional, unexpefied ſick were now 
to be landed, or whom no accommo- 
gations or neceſſarics were prepared. At 
firit, 3 the confuſion, they 
„ 


Remarkable Inſtances of Infeaion. 227 


were for a few days promiſcuouſly crowded 


together into every place they could gain 


«dition; where death hourly thinned 
their numbers. But at length fifteen hoſ- 
pitals were fitted up for their reception, 
and phyſicians and ſurgeons voluntarily 
came from all parts to their aſſiſtance, be- 
ſides thoſe immediately ſent by the court 
from Paris. Even that number of hoſ- 

itals, however, was ſcarce ſufficient to 
contain the ſick, they were yet too crowd- 
ed, and the mortality from thence pro- 


digious. The contagion was for a hort 


time entirely concentrated within the hoſ- 
pitals, and the mortality confined to thoſe 
landed from the fleet, but it ſoon ſpread 
to the attendants, Five phyſicians, one 
hundred and fifty ſurgeons, and two hun- 


dred almoners and nurſes fell victims to its 


rage, with many ſlaves, who, by a pro- 
mile of their liberty, were engaged to affiſt 
the fick. 


From the attendants it paſſed to the 


lower claſs of people in the town, among 
whom it quickly diffuſed itſelf. The de- 
vaſtation then became general, whole 


houſes were billed with the dying and the 


dead. 
An ordinance 'was publiſhed bm the 


pulpits, and in all quarters of the city, 


proclaiming, that every fick perſon might 


4 have 


328 Remarkable Inflances of Infection. 


have a phyſician gratis to attend him, and 
upon his certificate would be ſupplied at 
the public. expence, with all neceſſaries, 
food, and medicine, But it was ſoon 
found, that in many houſes there was not 
one left! in health to call a phyſician, and 
in ſeveral, the dead bodies had remained 
on the ſame account many days without 
burial. 

This produced a frond: ondigence-; en- 
Joining the prieſts to examine every houſe, 
and a phyſician and commiſſary to attend 
wherever they found any fick. 

The ſymptoms of the fever were the 
ſame as we have already given in the de- 
| ſcription of the jail diſtemper, On diſſec- 
tion, the Brain of thoſe who died was 
found perfectly ſound, though during their 
ſickneſs the head had ſeemed always greatly 
affected; in two caſes only, out of twenty 
which were inſpected, the blood - veſſels of 
it appeared a little enlarged. The Lungs 
were generally found gorged with blood, 
and ſeemed to have a gangrenous diſpoſi- 
tion. The Abdomen more immediately 
ſuffered by the diſeaſe, particularly the 
Liver, Stomach, and 1nteſtines ; in the Ja- 
| reſtines there was often found a green of- 

fenſive liquor, ſometimes worms. . 

The diſeaſe afterwards began to appear 
in Lee parts of the neighbouring pro- 

vinces, 


Remarkable Inſtances of Inſection. 329 
vinces, being carried thither by people 
who fled from Breſt. But the alarm there 
was ſhort, as in March the fever began to 
abate, and in April it intirely ceaſed, hav- 
ing carried off, in leſs than five months, 
__ upwards of ten thouſand people in the 
| hoſpitals alone, beſides a great number 
who died in the city of Breſt. 

This great mortality may eafily be ac 
counted for, if we conſider the crowded 
ſtate of their hoſpitals. The number of 
ſick, as Dr. Poiſſonnier obſerves, was ſo 
great, that it was impoſſible to keep them 
clean, and their ſtench was ſo intolerable, 
that it might be compared to that of a 
hot bagnio full of corrupted bodies: the 
morbid emanations from the dead, alſo, 
hourly encreaſed the ſtrength of the con- 
tagion. No perſon in health could enter 
the hoſpitals, without being immediately 
ſeized with a head-ach ; and indiſpoſition 
of every kind quickly became fatal. The 
ſlighteſt infection, which in a pure air 
would have proved of no conſequence, in 
an air ſo highly contaminated ſoon acquired 
the utmoſt degree of virulence; and thoſe 
who ſurvived the firſt attack of the fever, 
were ſure to ſuffer 'a relapſe. Confine- 
ment in ſuch a place was almoſt certain 
death, and ſuch as had no fever when ſent 
thither, ſoon ſerved, equally with the in- 
| fected, 


330 | Of Priſons, 
feed, as additional fuel to the devouring 
flame. : 


SECT. IV. 
Of Priſons. 


Means to prevent infection, applied 70 . 
fone, to prevent its being generated; free 
air neceſſary, proper arrangement of doors 
and win doro, wind ſtoves, wwind-ſatl ; 
plenty of water neceſſary; no furniture 
o be kept which can imbibe infection : to 
prevent its being carried into pri Ps. 
large oven, a bathing-room neceſſary : 
remove it from priſons ; priſoners to 45 
carried to anather jail ; fumigations. When 
. Preſoners cannot be carried out, ſeparafion 

to be made between the healthy and fick. 
Priſoners occafionally to be moved, and the 

_ evacuated cells 3 ' the infected 
cloaths to be purified by fire, by fumiga- 
tions ; degree of heat neceſſary to deſtroy 
infection. i 


Hing endeavoured to explain in the 

preceding ſections the general nature 
and properties of infection, and having 
ſhewn the fatal conſequence of inattention 
to a ſubject of ſuch importance, we ſhal] 
now enter upon the methods of prevent- 


ing an infection from being generated, of i 
check; 


Of Priſons. 331 
checking it in its znfancy, and of ſup- 
preſſing it, where it univerſally occurs. 
As priſons are the chief ſource of con- 
tagion, theſe firſt claim our attention: 
with reſpe& to them I will, in the firſt 
place, endeavour to point out the princi- 
pal objects of attention in their conſtruc- 
tion, ſo as to prevent an infection from 
being generated. The ſame will be appli- 


cable to any other houſe, where a number 
of people are crowded and confined to- 


gether. 

A free air 1s the firſt article of import- 
ance. This, next to the tuation of the 
houſe, will moſt depend on a proper ar- 
rangement of the doors and windows. A 
| priſon ſhould have windows in every di- 

rection, that it may embrace the advan- 
tage of the wind from whatſoever quarter 
it blows. . A free circulation may indeed 
at all times be procured, by opening a 
ſmall chink at the lower part of one win- 


dow for the admiſſion of freſh air, and at 


the upper part of another for the exit of 
the lighter and fouler air. If the window 
opened face the quarter from whence the 
wind blows, and the foul air is permitted 


to eſcape by the top of another window 
in an oppoſite direction, the circulation 


will be ſtill more perfect. So effectual is 


this method, even in calm weather, that, 


if 


1 Of Priſons. 
if the room be otherwiſe cloſe, the flame 
of a candle applied to the lower chink of 
the window, will be blown inwards to- 
wards the room by a current of cool air, 
and, applying the candle to the upper 
art even of the ſame window, the flame 
will be carried outwards by a ſtream of 
heated air. To promote alſo the general 
circulation of air, every apartment ſhould 
have a hole cut in the /ower part of the | 
door for its admiſſion. 
* Thoſe cells which cannot 3 ventilated 
by windows, ſhould be furniſhed with wind 
ſtoves and narrow chimneys. Fires lighted 
in ſuch places, will cauſe a very conſider» 


| i circulation of air; while, at the ſame | 
time, the heat contributes to remove the 


dampneſs of their ſituation. | | 
But the moſt effectual means of pro- 
. curing a general circulation of air through- 
out the whole priſon, is by what is called 
a wind.- ſail ; 2 contrivance, which for its 
ſimplicity, caſe, and effect, far exceeds 
any method of ventilation yet diſcovered. 
It conſiſts of a ſail fixed on the top of the 
houſe, the lower end of which is con- 
: acted like a funnel, and ſupported in 
hat ſhape by ſmall hoops ; to this a large 
25 pipe is added, whereby the air may 
© be conveyed to the amen receſſes of the 
priſon. It ſhould be ſpread even in the 


valmeſt 


Of Priſons. 333 


calmeſt weather, as very flight winds will 


be found to have a ſenfible effect on it; 


in windy weather it may be contracted, 
and in ſtormy, entirely removed. Beſides 
which, it requires no further attendance 
than to place it every morning in-a proper 
direction to the wind, a circumſtance 
which the vane on the top of the priſon 
will always point out; exactneſs is by no 
means requiſite, as flight variations of 
wind ſcarce affect it. Its effect, when 


there is a little wind, is prodigious, it 


pours down ſuch a current of air, as will 
be felt through every part of the priſon; 
and to promote this, the end of the can— 


vas pipe ſhould be carried into the lower 


apartments, and the windows of the upper 
be opened. 

1 am fenfible the inclemency of the 
weather may be urged as an argument 


againſt this practice. During ſevere froſts 


and raw damp weather, eſpecially at night, 
it may therefore be ſometimes proper to 
diminiſh the ventilation, but it hbuld 
never be entirely ſuppreſſed. It is not the 


common degrees of heat or cold, or the | 
long continuance of either, which affect 


health, but the frequent and ſudden 
changes from one extreme to the other; 
and the priſoners will ſoon become fo ha- 


bituated to a free air, as even to perceive 


7 the 


2 


© 46677 


2 


FFF! 


— 
— 
— 


e — IE 
* © es * Oe 
2 IE >» 22 IF 
> — — — : 


— 
3 


— — 


3. 34 J Priſons. 


the changes of weather leſs by thus regu- 
lating the circulation of it, than when 
accuſtomed to cloſe confined ſituations. 
The ventilation, however regulated ac- 
cording to the weather, ſhould be con/tant, 
ſcarce any weather can be pleaded as a 
ſufficient excuſe for ſhutting all the inlets 
of air, as it will afterwards render the 
Priſoners more ſuſceptible of cold, when 
again expoſed to it. We often find, that 
if in calm weather a company enter a 
room, where part of a window is open, 
unobſerved, or covered perhaps with a 
curtain, they will not perceive the leaſt 
 Inconvenience from it; but, if it be open- 
ed after the company have been ſome time 
in the room, the effects of the cold air 
will be immediate and ſenſible. . In our 
Small-Pox and Fever wards in the hoſpital, 
where windows are kept open both night 
: and day, even during the ſevereſt froſts of 
winter, the patients ſeldom complain of 
cold, provided they have warm bedding 
and good fires; but on my going into the 
Recovery wards, where the patients cannot 
be prevailed upon to keep a window con- 
ſtantly open, no ſooner are the doors and 
windows ordered to be opened for the be- 
nefit of a little freſh air, than the men are 
ann chilled, and complain of the 
cold, 


Of Priſons. " * 
cold, even in moderate n, 1 in- 
tolerable. | 

It may be further neceſſary to obſerve, 
that to prevent any inconvenience from a 
5 Draught of air, every aperture for admit- 
ting it ſhould be /arge, as the more a cur- 
rent of air is confined, the more rapid it 
becomes; through ſmall crevices it al- 
ways ruſhes with impetuolity, whereas, 
through larger openings, it generally 
comes in gently and almoſt imperceptibly. 
This may be illuſtrated by a familiar in- 
ſtance of what daily occurs in one's ſtudy, 
when there is no fire in it, and a good 
deal of wind abroad ; if a chimney- - board 
be applied, which is not altogether tight, 
the air ruthes t through the crevices in many 
ſmall ſtreams, ſo as to render the room 
cold and diſagreeable; but when the chim- 
ney- board is removed, and the opening 
enlarged, 'ſo that the external air mixes 
cafily with that in the room, it does not 
create the leaſt inconvenience. 

The next object is plenty of water: the 
greateſt attention ſhould be given to the 
conſtruction of what the French call /es 
parties honteuſes. The advantage of a river 
as the Thames, or even of the ſea flowing. 
Under theſe, to carry off all filth and 
nuiſances, will be found to conduce more 
to 


336 Of Priſons. 
to their cleanlineſs, than the ſtricteſt care 
could effect in a more inland ſituation. 

Cleanlineſs ſhould alſo be regarded in 
every article, and nothing be retained in 
a jail which can harbour iufectian. The 
walls ſhould only be plaiſtered, and there 
ſhould be little or no furniture. The 
| bedſtead ſhould be made of iron, and have 
no curtains; and the ſtraw on which thoſe 
lie who cannot afford, or are not allowed, 
a clean bed, ſhould be daily ſhifted and 
renewed. Theſe means promiſe an almoſt 
certain ſecurity againſt the generation of 
fickneſs in a jail. 

Our attention ſhall next t be directed to- 
wards preventing an infection from being 
carried into a jail ; for this purpoſe every 
priſon ſhould be provided with a large 
oven ; as the effectual means of preventing 
the importation of a diſeaſe would: be to 
trip every priſoner of his rags immediately 
on his admiſſion, and to ſend his c/oaths to 
be baked in an oven. This will anſwer 
two good purpoſes, in both removing in- 
fefion, and deſtroying all forts of vermin. 
The only precaution here requifite, is to 
ſweep out all aſhes clean from the bottom 
of the oven, and to fpread the cloaths on 
a few ſticks, to prevent their 3 finged | 


or burnt. 


At 


% Prijne. 337 


f At the ſame time, all priſons ſhould 
have a bathing room, furniſhed with bath- 
ing tubs, and proper conveniencies for 
waſhing and cleaning any filthy perſons who 
may be admitted. 

Laſtly, we ſhall proceed to deliver the 
moſt proper means of removing this in- 
fection, when it has a/ready made its a 
pearance in the jail. The chief obſtacle 
that occurs in this caſe, ariſes from the 
difficulty of emptying the priſon, fo as to 
admit of the neceſſary fumigations. 
When the priſoners can be removed, 

the infection will moſt effectually be ex- 


tinguiſhed by their removal to another pri- 


ſon, and after thoroughly cleaning the 
infected out, to /umigate it with the 
ſmoke of tobacco; All /muggled tobacco, 
that is ſeized, is directed by law to be 
burnt, and inſtead of burning it, as at pre- 
ſent, in the open air, a grant might be 


obtained from government of a conſtant 


ſupply of condemned tobacco from the 
Cuſtom-Houſe to be burnt in the Savoy, 
Newgate, and other priſons, under the 

inſpection of the proper revenue officers. 
Large fires. of tobacco, when cloſely con- 
fined, with proper conduct, would totally 
deſtroy the infection, but, it does not ap- 
pear that burning of tobacco in the open 


. 0 or courts of priſons, would be of 


the 


— 2 


— — 
9 


7 2 42-5 
n 2 

S 

r 


— — 
* 


— 


— : 


oy Re A. ae _ 
— - 222 —_— —_ Tape” — = 
= — 73 8 
— 8 . py 

gy — S 


1 . Of Priſons. 

the leaſt benefit; it ſhould rather be burnt 

in the cells, and: moſt damp unventilated 
laces. 

When the priſoners cannot be removed 
from an infected jail, a ſeparate apart- 
ment, under the name of an Infirmary, 
ſhould. be allotted for the fick. A proper 
divifion ſhould there be made of ſuch as 
have fevers, of ſuch as are on recovery, 
and of ſuch as labour under different diſ- 
eaſes. During an infection, in a crowded 
priſon, among two or three hundred pri- 
ſoners, it will ſometimes be ſurpriſing to: 
find, not only how few really labour un- 
der the jail diftemper, or have the fever 
in a high degree, but allo how /oon their 
number will be diminiſhed by cleanlineſs, 
and a regular ſeparation of the recovering, 
and ſick. I have ſeen, that, out of ſeven: 

hundred infected patients, the number of 
thoſe who were really confined to bed after 
eight or ten days, by properly ſeparating 
and claſhng them, did not amount to- 
thirty or forty. 

In the infirmary, the NE ſhould be 
kept open night and day; in the winter, 
fires ſhould be allowed, and proper co- 
verings, together with clean dreſſes, kept, 
at pollible, for the ſole uſe of the ſick; 
clean diy beds, or ſtraw, would alſo in a 
particular manner contribute to their re- 

covery. 


/ Priſons. 430 
covery. All the fick being thus moved 
into one place, the priſon ſhould be tho- 
roughly cleaned out, the walls new plai- 
ſtered, the floors and bed/t:ads waſhed with 
boiling vinegar, and repeated fires of to- 
bacco made in all the apartments; the 
priſoners being occa/ionally moved, while 
the fire is cloſely ſhut up in their own 
apartments. At ſuch a time there ſhould 
be a /mote-houſe adjoining to each priſon, 
built entirely of brick, without any win- 
dow, or any other inlet of air but the 
door; having iron hooks on the ſides of 
the walls for ſuſpending of cloaths. As, 
during a vigorous infection, an oven may 
not be ſufficient to purity all the infected 
rags or cloaths ſent from the infirmary, 
they ſhould be here ſpread upon the iron 
hooks, and fumigated for ſome hours 
with the ſmoke of Brimſtone ſprinkled on 
Charcoal fires, which muſt be previouſly 
well lighted in the open air. 

am perfectiy convinced, from long 
experience, that no infection whatever can 
reſiſt the force of a cloſe confined fire, or 
the heat of an oven; a degree of heat, 
even leſs than that which bakes bread, is 
ſufficient to extinguiſh it, and will, at the 
ſame time, neither injure ſubſtances of 
linen or wollen. Strong fumigations with 
Charcoal and Sulphur, 1 and cloſely 
2 2 con- 


340 / Priſons. 
confined, will alſo deſtroy the infection. 
wherever it is lodged, if the infected ſub- 
ſtances be well opened and expoſed to 
them. 
By thus cutting off alt communication 
between the ſick and the healthy, fum:- 
gating the apartments and cells with to- 
bacco, and purifying all tainted cloaths, 
either by expoſing them to the hear of an 
oven, or the /feams of brimſtone and 
charcoal, the moſt violent infection will 
effectually be ſubdued ; an object of the 
utmoſt conſequence in all crowded jails, 
and which humanity muſt recommend to 
the attention of thoſe in direction over 
them. | : 


SECT. 


6341) 


5 E '© 2 . 
Of Courts of Judicature. 


Means of . infection in its infancy, 
applied to courts of judicature: to prevent 


infection bein g carried ito court, clean 


dreſſes propoſed for priſoners at the bar, 
a canvas frock inſuſſicient, court rooms to 
be well aired ; precautions when priſoners 
are introduced in their infected chaths : 
perſonal preſervatives againſt infection; 
different modes by which infection can be 
received; means of obviating it when re- 
ceived into the body : recapitulation of 
neceſſaries for priſons and courts to avoid. 


infecti. ts 


> [ HE method of has an infection 
in its infancy, and of preventing its 
being further communicated, next demands 


our attention. This may be looked upon 


as an intermediate ſtage between the firſt 
riſe of infection, and its being univerſally 
diffuſed. We ſhall give it, by way of 
example, as more immediately applied to 
the preſervation of the judges, and thoſe 
who attend courts of judicature, into which 


riſoners may be brought from infected 


wu though it is oY applicable to 


4 all 


—— Sunn. 5 ae 


SAL 


_— 


IR 

— 227 
— + Ts 
1 ＋ - = 


_ 
— 


— — — 
— 1 
2 * 


PX 


EOS. 


7 3 


. 


342 Of Courts of Judicature. 
all perſons expoſed to infection. It thus 
regards, firſt, the method of preventing 
an infection from being brought by pri- 
ſoners into court: ſecondly, perſonal pre- 
ſervatives againſt infection: and thirdly, 
means of obviating an infection when firſt 
a" into the body. 

. During a prevailing infection in the 
Jail, the ſecurity of the judges, and at- 
tendants on the court, will, in a great 
meaſure depend upon every priſoner, be- 
fore his admiſſion at the bar, being ſtript, 
well waſhed and cleaned, and atterwards 
having a complete ſuit of clean cloaths put 
upon him. A canvas frock, as of late 
wore by the priſoners over their infected 
cloaths at the bar of the Cd Baily, ſerves 
only to cover the tainted rags, and affords 
no ſecurity againſt the infection. All pri- 
ſoners, on being brought into court from 
any ſuſpected jail, ſhould be allowed clean 
waſhing dreſſes, conſiſting of waiſt coat and 
breeches, a ſhirt, and a pair of ſtockings, 
they may be either made of linen or on- 
len, the laſt of which, indeed, may be 
thought improper, as retaining infection, 
but for this reaſon ought perhaps to be 


uſed, as it is better that an infected per- 


ſon ſhould wear an abſorbent, than a re- 
pellent. of his own effluvia. The cloaths 
thould TOO” be waſhed with ap and 

| Water 


Of Courts of Fudicature. 343 
water every time they are uſed, and the 
linen ſhirt be afterwards dipt in vmegar 
and well dried; they ſhould alſo occa- 
tionally be 7umigated in the ſmoke-houſe. 
This would prove the molt effectual 
method of preventing any diſeaſe from 
being communicated, as a perſon thus 
drefſed carries about with him no in- 
fection; even upon a ſuppoſition the pri- 
ſoner has really the jail diſtemper, he will 
thus be leſs apt to communicate it in 
the open air of the court with clean 
cloaths, than a perſon who, n health, 


brings mfeced cloaths to the bar, ee | 


covered with canvas. 

If the priſoner at the time really e 
under the jail fever, (as I am perſuaded 
many in that diſeaſe are able to walk about 
and take their trial,) his whole body 
ſhould be waſhed in warm water mixed 
with a little vinegar, and the ſuit of clean 
linen which he puts on may be ſprinkled 
with vinegar, his mouth and noſtrils be- 
ing rubbed with a little camphire diſ- 
ſolved in oil. By theſe means the priſoner 
will be in a manner diveſted of infection, 
and neither from his appearance nor 


ſmell, unleſs, perhaps, from the ſcent of 


the vinegar, can give the leaſt alarm to 
the court, a thing which ought, on all 
fuch occaſions, cautiouſly to be avoided. 


£4 | — 


SE IE dt ah dS I BE en ens 
- — 


— 
P 


_ 
* — — 
5 4 * 


n 
4 
4 
77 
25 
2 
1 
11 it 
5 
V's 
j 14 
1 


n 


33 


- 
7 
4 N 
— * 
r —— " S 
XL * => 2 — 
- . r = 
* — — = 
I — 2 2 


— — — 
- — - 


a wc L 
Py - oo an ne War . 


— 2 
— 
— 


— S 
r=" ns 0 2 I = * 
* ns 
LE 8 
— a — 


_—_ 
— f — — — — > ow 
* Wy, hen} 2 VE a ITO ACS of; 


— 
— — 


— 


* * 

* OY 
- 4 85 7 * 2 
— : n 


F 344 Of Courts of Fudicature. 


Every court- room ſhould alſo be conſtantly 
kept well aired, perfectiy dry, and free 
from damps, by the occaſional burning 
of tobacco or wood fires. | 

When theſe precautions cannot be taken, 
and a perſon is of neceſſity brought with 
his znfefed rags into court, or before 4 
Juſtice of peace, he ſhould be kept in a 
Free or almoſt open air, and in a ſituation 
where no dravght of air can convey the 

infection from him to the judge: thus, 
if the priſoner be examined in a room, it 
will be proper to open a window, and the 
judge with his attendants to be placed on 
one ſide of the open window, while the 
priſoner ſtands by himſelf on the oppoſite 
fide, ſo that a current of freſh air my 
conſtantly pals between them. 

2. Relative to perſonal preſervatives, it 
is to be conſidered that infection can only 
be received by 11.mediate contact, that is 
by touching the infected perſon or ſub- 
ſtance, or by means of the air as a vehicle. 
The firſt way may in general be effectually 
prevented, by avoiding a too near ap- 
proach to the priſoner; and even the ſe- 
cond way of receiving an infection may 
be guarded againſt, by properly defending 
the two principal inless, by which the air, 
its vehicle, is admitted into the body: 

Th "eſe are * n. n noſtrils, to defend 
5 =. „„ 


. 
- ——— —B —— — 2 p 


927 Courts of Fudicature. 345 


which, I have uſed with ſucceſs for many 
years, a roll or dofful of lint, dipt in * 
camplorated vinegar, put up each noſtril, 
ſo ſmall as not to be perceptible even to 
a byſtander. Such rolls, about the fize 
and form of a ſmall pea, may be kept oc- 
calionally i in a box for this purpoſe. Per- 
ſons who have an averſion to putting ſuch 
doſſils up their noſe, or to whom the 
ſmell of the camphire may prove diſ- 
agreeable, ſhould mix the camphorated 
vinegur with /þiri7 of roſemary, or, as it 
is called, Hungary water, when it will 
prove an elegant and agreeable perfume. 
A little of this ſprinkled on a handker- 
chief, and held at the noſe, will anſwer 
all the intention of the doſſils, while, at 
the ſame time, its grateful ſcent will re- 
lieve from the nauſeous idea of conſtantly 
making uſe of a medicine. 

The mouth may allo be waſhed with 
this before going into court, and ſmall 
pieces of lemon- peel, dried in the ſun, or 
by a Sean fire, 15 chewed during the 


# The camphorated vinegar is made by rubbing in a 
mortar a quarter of an ounce of camphire, moiſtened 
with a little /p/747 of wine, with two ounces of fine ſugar, 
and when reduced to powder adding gradually to it a 
quart of hot vinegar, If neceſſary, the liquor, when 
cold, may be ſtrained. The camphire thus takes off 

the ſharpneſs of the W ſo that 1 it does not irritate 
| we noſtrils, | 


whole 


1 
2 
5 #s 
n 
wil 


LE 
2 
4 4 
1 
by 
1 
* 
* 
* 2 
* 
4 
I E 
=o 
2 


— - 
= <——_ 


246 Of Courts of Tudicature. 


| whole ſtay in it; this has an agreeable 


flavor, procures a diſcharge of ſalida, and 
J am inclined to believe, impregnates the 
ſaliva wich particles that reſiſt the infectious 


luvia. 
Many place confidence in a quill, filled 


with quicgſilver, and corked at each end, 


carried in a pocket near the groin. It is 
ſo penetrating, that I have known it af- 
fe& gold in the other pockets. Such as 
Have faith in amulets, may make uſe of 


this, all that I can ſay in its recommen- 


dation is, that ſeveral ſurgeons in our 
hoſpitals, who had, recourſe to it, ima- 
gined it attended with ſucceſs. 

. If, for want of proper precautions, 


2 perſon be ſeized with chills or fickneſs, 


after examining a priſoner, viſiting a pri- 
ſon, or being in a crowded court of ju- 
dicature, where priſoners ſuſpected of in- 
fection have been tried, he ſhould im- 
mediately take a vomit, a remedy which 
ſeldom, or never, fails to prevent the fu- 


ture miſchief ; principiis obſta, is an axiom 


no where more applicable than on the 
preſent occaſion. Should this remedy be 
adminiſtered too late, and the fever till 
continue, the proper method of treating 
it may be ſeen in the foregoing chap- 


ters ©. 
Jails 


/ Courts of Judicature. 347 

Jails being the frequent ſeminaries of 
contagion, not only to courts of juſtice 
and great cities, ſuch as London, but alſo 
to our fleets and armies, their ſtate, and 
the condition in which they are kept, be- 
comes a national and important concern : 
I ſhall therefore give a ſhort recapitulatian 


of the neceſſuries recommended to every 


priſon for perfectly removing infection, 
that an eſtimate may more eatily be madg 
of their ſmall expence : 


1. A wind-ſail fixed on the top of the 


houſe, to ventilate the priſon. 

2. A bathing room, with bathing tubs, 
and a copper for heating the water, to 
which a ſmall quantity of vinegar is oc- 
cafionally to be added. Here all unclean 


erſons, when firſt received into priſon, 


| LS before going into court, ſhould be 
waſhed and cleaned. 

3. An oven for deſtroying vermin, and 
removing infection from tainted rags and 
apparel, 


4. A ſmoak hou for purifying larger 


quantities of infected cloaths and bedding | 


than the oven can receive. 

5. Twenty or thirty complete ſuits of 
waſhing dreſſes, in which the priſoners are 
to be cloathed when in court, or under 
examination; as alſo ſeveral dreſſes for 


the infirmary, 7 ſolely to the | 


uſe 


7 pho 
Ge 


r — o Oe ” - — Ao — = I. * * ek. _ ＋— PRA p 2 1 9 I —- 
S Cnr I uae Sons 2 * 2 TD ends Done = TEE WI . 25 — — 
— = % an —— —ů —— — — — — ꝙ— — SEG - "Eor® wow — — — > — _ ” — * 
— 2 EK 2 T> — YZ 2 — — 2 > Bw Pm, Y — WV - r- 7 8 — — — — — ” 5 > — 
: - 2 — . + Abo : . hs * = = Far 25 — — dh. —-t = 3 2 th T — . fects, 3 —— ” 
1 4 a "In a — 2x - — — ——— — — — — — rm - — a N 


= 


„ 


IIS — fo. FS - 
by 8 3 
= 2 > 
- - . * 1. 
— » = 


of rn ns a ns 
2 4; vg. x 
3 — 


= : 


od Ds cnt — 


348 Of Courts of Fudicature. 

uſe of the ſick. Theſe dreſſes, with 
care, may be made to laſt for ſeveral 
years. 

The expence of fed for the oven, and 
of vinegar, charcoal, and brimſtone for the 
ſmoke houſe, &c. is too trifling to be 
mentioned. Tobacco alſo, that uſeful 


article for purifying the infected apart- 


ments, would coſt nothing, if the plan 


- propatet were admitted. 


7 


SECT, 


E 
s R „ uh 
Method of ſtopping Contagious Diſeaſes. 


Nerſod of flopping an infection when uni- 
 werſally diffuſed; danger of indiſcrimi- 
nately ſhutting up whole families; the 
healthy to be ſhut up; the diſperſed ſicꝶ 
to be collected into one place; arrange- 
ment of infected patients; opinion of in- 
fected patients when collected together be- 
ins prejudicial to each other refuted : 

plan of regulations drawn up for ſup- 

' preſſing an infection in a Ruſſian fleet, 


when at Spithead : difficulty of d. Ninguiſb- 


ing infectious Jevers: 5 _—_ of pure air 


in JOS, 


i ſhall, laſtly, offer ſome general di- 


rections for putting a ſtop to an in- 


fection when univerſally diffuſed. As we 
have already endeavoured to prove in- 
fection does not re/ide in air, the princi- 
pal objects of attention are, it, to cut 
off all communication between the healthy 
and ſick; and, ſecondly, to collect the 
diſperſed ſick, ſo as to confine the in- 
fection to a narrow ſpot, where, by pro- 
per arrangements, it may be totally ex- 
tinguiſhed. 


The 


* 
i 
4 
* 
1 
4 
i 
; 
i 
* 
i 
; 
.*' 
it f 
7 +; 
AMY 
T 
7 
* 
10 
* 
MA, 1 
i 
. 
ty 
2 
. 
1 
74 
1 
tl 
47 
4 
, 1 
N. 
ix 
[4 * 
OT > | 
* 7 
a, * 
ts 
nl 
if 


7 _ * — 
. It — —ñœ4—ê—. CO 
— 
3 „ — » 
2 — nA I _ — 


459 Method of flopping 
The method of indiſeriminately ſhutting 
up whole families in their houſes, where- 
ever a e perſon is found, as is com- 
monly practiſed in Europe during the rage 
of the plague, or any general infection, is 
attended with the moſt dangerous conſe- 
quences. Sollicitude at firit to conceal 
the progreſs of the diſeaſe, and continual 
endeavours afterwards to fly from its at- 
tack, are the immediate conſequences: 
the confined look upon themſelves as thus 
doomed to certain death, and neither the 
ſtricteſt vigilance, nor ſevereſt puniſh- 
ments, can prevent their eſcape; which 
ſtill further diffuſes the infection. The 
very reverſe method ſhould on ſuch oc- 
caſions be put in practice, whereby ſelf- 
intereſt may be led to ſtrengthen every 
regulation that is enjoined. On the firſt 
alarm, families that are 72 health thould 
immediately ſhut themſelves up, and ſtop 
all communication with the infected; af- 
ter which, an entire ſeparation ſhould be 
made between thoſe who remain 1n health 
in the infected houles, and thoſe who are 
ſick, the diſperſed ſick ſhould be carefully 
collected into one place, and the houſes be 
purified on their removal; as others are 
taken ill, they ſhould alſo be immediately 
put with the lick, and, in a ſhort * 
the 


Contagious Diſeaſes. 351 
the infection will be wholely confined to 
one ſpot. 

When the fick are collected together, 
they ſhould be arranged into two claſſes, 
into ſuch as are only ſlightly infected, and 
into fuch as have a conſtant fever. In all 
infections this diſtinction may be ob- 


. ſerved : the plague itſelf attacks with dif- 


ferent degrees of violence, and often ap- 
pears only in the form of an intermitting 
fever. The Jail diſtemper alſo ſome- 
times attacks in a flight, ſometimes in a 
more ſevere degree; and it ſeldom hap- 

ens, that one ird of the patients in- 
fected, are ſo ill as to be confined the 
whole day to bed, eſpecially after having 
been bliſtered. By making therefore a 
perfect ſeparation between theſe two claſſes 
of patients, due attention can more eaſily 
be paid to caſes which moſt require it, 
and the ſphere of contagion will be greatly 
contracted; ſince long obſervation has led 
me to believe, that patients with a ſliglit 
infection, when kept perfectly clean, and 
in well-aired apartments, do not commu-— 
nicate the diſeaſe. Conſtantly as the pa- 
tients recover, zew arrangments ſhould 
alſo be made, and the convaleſcents be 


See Dr, Ryfſel on the Diſeaſes of Aleppo. 
expoſed 


— — — — — —— — 
2 Fore ow * - 
— * - = — 
- — —— — >. — 


352 Method of Popping 
expoſed, as ſhort time as poſlible, to the 


influence of the infection, whereby the 


diſeaſe will be daily contracted within nar- 


rower bounds, until at length the infection 
be totally extinguiſhed. 


I am ſenſible an objection may, at fir | 


ſight, be made, to thus collecting together 


the wor ſt patients, and as it were. concen- 


trating the infection in a ſmall ſpot, 
where, from the morbid emanations, it 
may be ſuppoſed to acquire the utmoſt 
degree of virulence. But we by no means 


recommend crowding together infected 
patients, on the contrary, they ſhould al- 


ways be put in large and well-aired apart- 
ments, where they can have every con- 
venience that conduces to cleanlineſs. 
The wards in Haſlar hoſvital are about 


ſixty feet long, twenty-three broad, and 


twelve high; each of theſe we find can 
contain twenty infected patients with eaſe ; 
and if proper attention be paid to clean- 
lineſs, and keeping up a conſtane circu- 
lation of air, not the leaſt inconvenience 


ariſes from their number. Noz/ome ſmells, 


mortifications, and general putrefaction ate 
Jooked upon by many as the certain con- 
ſequences of an infectious fever; but ſuch 


muſt have received this idea from crowded | 


hoſpitals, ' - where foul air and want of 
clean- 


* 


r Ii: oe ado ae nie 


| Contagious Diſeaſes. 353 
bleanlineſs, rendered it impoſſible to judge 
either of the effect of medicines, or of 
the true ſymptoms of the diſeaſe. The 
peculiar nell of ſuch patients does not 
diffuſe itſelf far, and, even in the moſt 
malignant fevers, I never perceived any 
offenſive ſmell from our wards, unleſs 
there had been ſome neglect with reſpe& 
to cleanlineſs, or confining the air. The 
ſuppoſed mortifications * are only rare oc- 
currences, and are not more frequent 
in the jail diſtemper, than in other fe- 
. 3 | 
In order to reduce this general plan fo 

ractice, it may be proper to add the re- 
gulations I made for ſupprefling an in- 
fection, ſome years ago, in a Ruan fleet, 
which wintered at Spithead, They are 
here given as applied to the Ruffians, 


2 The jail diſtemper Itſelf never produces any diſ- 


poſition to mortification : the ſpots or Petechiæ, how- 
ever livid they may ſometimes appear, never mortify; 
nor did I ever obſerve even the ſtrongeſt bliſters to have 
that tendency, - unleſs juſt at the approach of death, ac- 
companied with hiccup, convulſions, ſubſultus ten- 


dinum, &c. when it appeared to be rather the effect of 


exhauſted nature, than any genuine ſymptom of the 
diſeaſe. Mortifications may alſo ſometimes happen, in 
ſuch fevers, to weak patients, from lying long on their 
backs; or, in winter, from having their toes froſt- 
bitten, both which caſes I have known ſometimes to 


occur. 


A a though - 


354 Method of ſtoppiug 

though they have been repeatedly con- 
firmed by inſtances of infection from our 
own fleet. 

Towards the end of the year. 1769, a 
Ruſſian fleet, bound to the ” = 950 
ſtopt at Sprthead. Being very ſickly, I was 
ordered by the admiralty to examine into 
the condition of their fick, and was of 
opinion they had got an infectious fever. 
But before my report. was received, the 
Ruflian ambaſſador had obtained an order 
for ſending them to Haſlar hoſpital. I 
immediately acquainted the Ruffian ad- 
miral with the danger to be apprehended, 
from premiſcuouſly crowding together a 
great number of ſick in an hoſpital, by 
which it might become one general ſe- 
minary of contagion ; and preſented him 
with the following propoſed plan of re- 
gulations for landing and managing the 
fick. In the execution of theſe, the ad- 
miral, on his part, was pleaſed to pro- 
miſe every aſſiſtance in his power, and or- 
dered them immediately to be anleted 
into the Ruſſian language. 

I, The hoſpital can receive a { thouſand 
ſick in fevers, and three or four hundred 
| ſurgery patients from the Ruſſian fleet, be- 

ſides the Engliſb patients already in it; 
but if at any time the Ruſſian r 

8 | ſhould _ 


Contagious Diſenſes, 355 
ſhould exceed that number, it would be 
proper to apply for the uſe of one or two 
old hulks* in the harbour, (which might 
contain four or five hundred men each), 
to ſerve both as a ſecure aſylum for re- 
covering patients, and for the reception 


of ſuch ſick and diſabled ſeamen as have 


no infection, while the hoſpital is reſerved 


ſolely for infected patients. In order not 


to crowd the hoſpital, it is alſo neceſſary 


ſtrictly to obſerve, that no /ig/t caſes be 
ſent, and to detect ſuch as feign illneſs 
with a view to get on ſhore, a practice 
very common on ſuch occaſions. 


II. In order to guard the hoſpital againſt 


infection, a quantity of clathing ſhould 
be ſent on ſhore, ſo that each man ſent to 


the hoſpital may have a complete ſuit of 


cloaths and linen ready for him; every 
article of which is to be clean, and, if 
poſſible, n&w +. The cloaths in which 
the ſick are landed, will be either fumi- 
gated and returned, or be deſtroyed, as 
the officer ſhall direct, but are never more 


* Decayed ſhips of war employed to receive ; the 
crews of other ſhips when refitting in the dock. 
A requeſt eaſily granted, as her imperial majeſty 


cloathes' her ſeamen, and many bales of new cloathing . 


were then on board of the fleet. 


A a 2 | to 


» ww 


356 Method 2, floppins 
to be uſed while the patients remain iu 
the hoſpital. | 

III. The worſt patients ſhould bs ſent 
aſhore firſt, and ſhould never exceed 
twenty in a boat, nor ſixty in one day“: 
with each ſhould be ſent a /ich-richet, or 
note, expreſſing the nature of the diſ- 
order, and in particular diſtinguiſhing 
thoſe who have fevers, from thoſe who 
labour under other diſeaſes, or have chi- 
rurgical complaints. 

IV. Every patient, on his Ee)" 1g 
is immediately to be carried to the bathing 
room, and to be well waſhed and cleaned, 
then to have a dreſs given him, and to be 
conveyed to his ward. Infected patients 
will receive the common houſe dreſſes, 
which, by the rules of the hoſpital, are 
obliged to be worn as long as they re- 
main in fever wards. Surgery patients, 
and thoſe who have chronic diſorders, 
from whence there can be no danger of 
infection, will immediately receive the 


* Sixty patients may appear a ſmall number to be. 
Mae into the hoſpital in a day, but the operations 
theſe patients under went in being waſhed and cleaned, 
the fitting up and airing of boards, with the providing 
of nurſes and neceſſaries for their immediate reception, 
ve ſufficient employment to the few attendants al- 
lowed to the hoſpital in times of profound peace, when 
not prepated for ſuch a ſudden emergency. 


NeW 


Contagious Diſeaſes. 357 
new Cloaths ſent aſhore from the fleet. 


In the bathing room, alſo, the air of 


ſuch as are dirty ſhould be cut off. 

V. Patients in fevers, who cannot riſe 
out of bed, or ſit up the greateſt part of 
the day, ſhould be put into fever wards : 
thoſe who complain only of /:ght ſickneſs 


and ſhiverings, and can remain out of bed 
the greateſt part of the day, ſhould be 
put into receiving wards, till ſuch times as 


the fever is either entirely removed or 
more confirmed, when they will be re- 
moved, either into the recovery or fever 
wards. Surgery patients, and thoſe who 
have the ſcurvy, conſumption, or. other 
chronic complaint, ſhould be put into 
wards appropriated to their reſpective diſ- 
orders, 
VI. A Ruſſian perzy officer is to ſuper 
intend the fever and receiving wards, and 
to place cenzmels, ſo as to prevent any 
perſons going into them, except the ne- 
ceſſary attendants of the ſick. The cen- 
tinels are alſo to obſerve that no cheſts, 


bundles, linen, or apparel of any kind, 


except the immediate dreſſes of the ward, 
be carried either into them or the nurſe's 
apartments adjoining, and to ſuffer no 
mes to be dreſſed i in the wards. 


2 VII. The 


3585 Metlod of ſtop ping. 

VII. The greateſt attention ſhould be 
given to cleanlineſs in the ſick wards, No 
patient is to ſpread any part of his cloaths 
upon his bed, to wear any part of them 
in bed, or even to lie down above the bed 
with his cloaths on: all fou/ linen ſhould. 
be removed as ſoon as poſſible, and a free 
circulation of air be conſtantly kept up, 
both night and day, by having two win- 
dows open, in oppoſite directions, and at 
a diſtance from each other, regulated in 
ſuch a manner as always to procure a 
current of air, through the whole ward, 
juſt ſufficient to move the flame of a 
candle, ſo that a perſon upon entering it 
may not be ſenſible of the leaſt diſagree- 
able warmth or ſmell, 

VIII. In the /ever wards a veſſel with 
camphorated vinegar, warmed to a degree 
of heat a little below that of boiling, 
| ſhould be kept conſtantly on the table, 
and the wards be every night and morn- 
ing Fumigated with gunpowder ; before the 
fumigation, all the windows ſhould be 
ſhut, and ſhould not afterwards be opened 
till the ſmoke is found inconvenient to 
the patients. All dying and offen/ive pa- 


| _ tients ſhould be moved, in their beds, to 


the furtheſt part of the ward, the adjoin- 
ing windows ſhould be thrown open, and 


caſe. 


Contagious Diſeaſes. 489 
caſearilla bark be conſtantly kept burning 
in a pan near them. 

IX. The patients, as they recover, are 
daily to be drafred from the fever and re- 
ceiving wards into recovery wards, leaving 
the houſe dreſſes behind them, and puttin 
on a ſuit of the new cloaths ſent aſhore 
from the fleet. Butif any ſhould happen 
to relapſe in the recovery wards, they are 
immediately to be returned to a fever 
ward. 

X. Each _ ward is always to be kept 
fall, and, as the men recover, its num=- 
ber is to be completed from thoſe who 
relapſe, or may be ſent aſhore from the 
fleet; but as the ſickneſs abates, ſome of 
the fever wards ſhould be daily ſhut up, 
and the ſick carried, in their beds, to the 
remaining ones. 

XI. Every ward, immediately when 
emptied, is to be /umgated by means of 
brimſtone and charcoal fires, together with 
all its bedding, furniture and utenſils, fo 
that the infection _ be 7otally de- 
ſtroyed. | 

Theſe regulations were executed in their 
full extent, and it was ſurpriſing to ſee 
how much the men were refreſhed by the 
change of air, warm beds, and clean 
linen; and how many of them were, in a 

| e 


360 Method of flopping 
few days, able to get out of bed, though 
when firſt landed, they appeared to be ex- 


tremely ill“. By the quick removal of re- 


* Our medical treatment of the Ruſſian patients was 


as follows: the patients, immediately upon being brought 


from the bathing- room, were put into a warm bed, and 
had each of them five grains of camphire given every fix 
hours, with vinegar whey, When the fever was at- 
tended with a purging, the camphire was omitted, and 
two ſpoonfuls of an aſtringent mixture, containing about 
a quarter of a grain of opium in each doſe, was given 
after every griping ſtool, When attended with olive. 
neſs, a quarter of a'grain of tartar emetic was taken every 
fix hours; and, if its operation was violent, it was 
checked by the above-mentioned mixture for the purg- 
ing. A quantity of a feforal medicine was alſo ſent 
into the wards for ſuch as had coughs. Next morning, 
all who had the leaſt pain or heavineſs of the head, were 
Bliflered ; and by the effects of b/;/Jers on the men from 


different ſhips, we were enabled to judge of the viru- 


tence of the infection on board each: whenthe patients 


were not relieved by bliſters, the infection was always 


ſtrong ; whereas, on the contrary, when the fever was 
entirely removed, as uſual in eight caſes out of ten, the 
fource of infection was far more mild, — 
The effects of b/iJters in diſtinguiſhing the virulence 
of the infection not only appeared in the Ruſſian pa- 


tients, but was afterwards confirmed among the Engliſb. 
During an equipment, towards the latter end of the 


year 1771, upon the apprehenſions of a war with Spain, 
thirty line of battle ſhips rendezvouſed at Spithend, ſe- 
veral of wbom had an infection on board. The men 


from ſome of theſe inſected ſhips, I obſerved, received 


immediate relief from bliſters, whereas, in patients from 
a few other ſhips, the bliſters frequently did not viſe and 
ſeldom removed the fever. Many of the men from theſe 


covered 


Contagious Diſeaſes. 561 
covered patients from the ſick wards, the 
number of the infected daily diminiſhed. 


In the beginning there were eighteen fever 


wards full of patients at the ſame time, 
and though more fick were continually 
poured in, yet theſe means proved ſo ſuc- 
ceſsful, that two or three wards were 
emptied every week; in leſs than three 


weeks there were only four fever wards, 
and in a ſhort time two wards were ſuf- 


ficient to contain all the fever patients from 
the lect." 

Upon a computation I found, that the 
whol: number of . men contained in the 
Ruſſian fleet was 4200, of theſe 1521 were 


ſent to the hoſpita!, and 118 died. Of 


the 118 who died, thirty- two were con- 


ſumptive, had large ulcers, &c. The re- 


maining cighty-fix died of the fever, forty 


of whom were paſt all hopes of recovery 

before they were landed, and ſome even 

died in the boats while bringing on 

Sore... x 

Ihe fleet, when it failed to the Medi- 
terranean, left England in perfect health, 


. laſt hips died, and the infection was ſo ſtrong, parti- 
cularly i in one of them, as to reſiſt, ſor ſeveral months, 
every means of purification that could be made uſe of, 


without removing the men, and purifying the ſhip in 


the dock. 
2 3 and 


— — T EE PN I—_— 


— — 2 —jää a — 
6 


362 Method of flopping 
and continued tolerably healthy for a long 


time afterwards. 


Perſons, not converſant with infectious 
fevers, would find it very cult, in caſes 
of infection, to diſtinguiſh the infected 
from ſuch as are only weak, or have other 
complaints. I have often found patients 


from infected ſhips walking about in their 


chambers, with ſcarce any other com- 
plaint than a flight head-ach and cough, 
and who have given diſtinct anſwers to all 
my queſtions ; yet have been informed by 
the attendants that they were at times 
delirious, and upon examining the ſkin, 
have found it covered with petechiæ, 
which, with the ſubſequent ſymptoms, 
fully proved the malignity of the fever. 
Pure air is an article of great con- 


ſequence in all fevers, but more parti- 
cularly in thoſe of an infectious kind. 


When the wards of an hoſpital are loaded 


with furniture, it is impoſſible to kee 52 


them perfectly clean and free from di 

agreeable ſmells. I have often been ſen- 
fible, on entering a ward, of even a 
bundle of cloaths concealed under a bed, 
and it is ſurpriſing to find how ſoon the 
ſcent vaniſhes, after a very ſmall. parcel 
is removed. Even a ſingle perſon in a 


fever can never breathe a pure air, what- 


ſoever 


Contagious Diſeaſes. 363 
ſoever attention be paid to cleanlineſs, 
while he is confined in a chamber crowded 
with furniture, with curtains both to 
bed and windows, with a carpet, cheſts 
of draws, &c. which ſerve as numerous 
. receptacles for retaining the infection: 
in ſuch a ſituation, the air muſt be 
tainted. However ſeemingly trifling theſe 
matters may appear to the ignorant, yet 
in caſes of infection they become of the 
| higheſt conſequence. 


I 


— —— — — — — — - 


Page 


E R R A T 4. 


x. Line 17. for ifection, read infection. 


3. 
8. 


13. dele always. 5 3 
9. after Chap. II. add Sect. v. Of Diſſertation 
on Fevers and Infection. 


iſeaſes in Northern Climates. 


1723. Rug Title for Of Draughting men, read 


Ult. for Practioners, read Practitioners. 

18, dele before and. 

8. for Cookſworthy, read Cookworthy. ä 

21. of Note, for Plymouth yard, read Portſ- 
mouth yard. | 


| 24. of Note, for J. Cauldficld, read T. Caulfield. 


18. after is not only, add often. ; 
Rumiing Title of Chapter, for Preſervations againſt 
Infections, read Preſervatives again 
Infection. 
8. for Or, read from. 5 ea 
6. for Lientary, read Lientery. 
Antepenult. after Unc. ij. add ad. 


4. of Note, del it. 
26. for Facility, read Faculty. 


Ult, for mental, read mortal. 


0 


4. of Note, for Venenam, read venenum. 
Penuit. for Country, read County. 


