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IHE MicRoGRAPpHIA of Dr. Hook E being grown extremelß 
ſcarce, and the Price thereof greatly raiſed; it can fall into 
the Hands of very few who are not ſo lucky to be poſſeſſed of 
it already; which (ſince a Deſire of ſearching into the minute Wonders of 
Nature is become almoſt general) muſt be looked on as a great Misfor- 
tune, by many, who would gladly inform themſelves what Diſcoveries 
were made by this induſtrious Obſerver, at a Time when Microſcopes were 


_ 


very rare, and the Uſe of them but little known. 


- 


This Misfortune may, tis hoped, be however conſiderably alleviated, 
by a fortunate Preſervation of nearly all the Copper-Plates, which the 
Doctor, at a great Expence, cauſed to be engraven for the Illuſtration of 
his Microſcopical Obſervations, and which are, perhaps, the moſt va- 
_ < laable Part of the whole Work : for his Deſcriptive. Accounts can, With- 
out the Prints, neither be inſtructive nor entertaining; but any tolerable 
Explanations may, with them, make a pretty good Amends for the Want 
of. the Mienoss rA. „ r t wo t6de nad 
To render them thus uſeful is the Deſign of this Undettaking; of 
which, as ſome little Accbunt may reaſonably be expected, it ſhall. be 
given in as few Words as poſſible. „ ile 3 Bs by: 5 RR a 3 
is now ſeventy-nine Years fince the MI CRO GRA pH IA was publiſhed ;, _ 
notwithſtanding which, the Copper-Plates belonging to it were lately met 
with, along and excepting a little Ruſt, which was eaſily cleared 
away, in as good Condition almoſt as ever: no, more than one Impreſſion, 
and that probably of no great Number, having been taken from them. 
Seven indeed were wanting to make up the whole Set compleat; but thoſe 
are now {te by exact Copies little or nothing inferior to the Originals. 
As theſe were ſome of the firſt Drawings of Objects examined by the 
Microſcope, ſo likewiſe are they, without Compariſon, ſome of the beſt 
that were ever taken in ſo great a . Number: here being no leſs than 
Thirty=three Plates, which contain a delightful Variety of Subjects, largely 
magnified, and curiouſly engraved. ® -* . 3 


7 


At the Time Dr. HookE 1 d this Work, a verboſe 1 


x 
- x 5 * 


and iſtaftefal ; the Doctrine of equivocal, Generation, or a ſpontaneous 
Production of many Spigies of minute Living-Creatures, as well as Vege= 
tables, without any other Parents than Accident and Putrifaction, prevailed 

likewiſe almoſt univerſally, and had done ſo for Ages, however abſurd it 
now appears to us: For which Reaſons it has not been judged convenient 
to reprint the MICROGRAPHIA, but to give rather ſome ſhort and plain 
Deſcriptions of its Pictures, witHout meddling at all with its Opinions or 
Hypotheſes. | 8 „% Wnt 

I | | 5 . The 


A 


IE 
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moſt Brevity and Plaintie 


cern with the Microſcope he employed.  * oF 


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The following Sheets are therefore drawn up as an Explanation of theſe 
Copper-Plates, and 'tis hoped they may even make them better underſtood 


than they could be by the Doctor's own Accounts; which muſt be ac- 


knowledged (with all due Regard to the Memory of ſo great a Man) to 
be frequently tedious and obſcure, as well as ſo unmethodical, that to ſe- 
veral Figures no Deſcriptigns can poſſibly be ſound, but by turning over 
the whole Book, there on no Direction at all ts guide us to them, 
It was neceſſary tg form theſe Explanations from the Hye cen where- 


to the Plates belonged, but the Diſpoſition, Stile, and Manner, will be 


found entirely new: Whatever properly concerns the ſame Subject bein 
here brought together, {rom the diffrent Places where ſcattered and in- 
tefmixed throughout the MiecRoG@R APHIA, and expreſſed with the ut- 
This renders the preſent Volume ſo Tall though it really contains the 
whole Senſe of all that is neceſſary fully to underſtand the following 


Plates. And nearly one half, even of this Little, conſiſts of new Diſ= 
coveries of Obſervations, made ſince the Doc TOR's Time, on the ſeveral 
Subjects which the gures repteſent: whereby a great Variety of Natural 
is conveyed to the READER's Hands, in a narrow Compaſs and 


mn 


1a 


Es dence><e-The Plates themſelves will be found alſo more in- 

5y engraving over ever + * an Account 'of what it 1s, and 
of the Page where we may look tot the Deſcription of it. þ UB. e 
Little more is requiſite than to inform the Neader, that the M. 


croſcope Dr. HooR ER uſed / was of the Doble-Rind; but much more 
cumberſome, and leſs convenient, both as to its Structure and Apparatus 
than what our Opticians make at 1 For this Inſtrument (that new 

Sort particularly which has very lately been cynſtructèd on an improved 
Plan) is brought now to ſuch a Degree of Perfection, that no Obſerver 


need be apprehenſive he ſhall be unable to diſcover, and that too ry 


The Doctor ſometimes mentions the comparative Size of Objects when 
magnified by his Glaſſes ; and therefore, as the Curibus may very naturally 
enquire by what means he could compute their Bigneſs, it ſeems proper to 
acquaint them with the Method whereby he t6ok their Meaſure.— Having 
(he tells us) rectified the Microſcope, to ſee the deſired Object through it 


of a Ruler divided into Inches and {mall Parts, and laid on the Pelleſtal 
of the Microſcope, to caſt, as it were, the magnified Appearance of the 
Object upon the Ruler, and thereby exactly to meaſure the Diameter it 


it appears of to the naked Eye, will eafily afford the Quantity of its being 


Y | Q 


* 


— 


- 


very diſtinctly; at the ſame time that he look d upon the Object through - 
the Glaſs with one Eye, he looked upon other Objects at the ſame Di- 
ſtance with his other bare Eye: by which means he was able, by the Help 


- appears of through the Glaſs ; which being compared with the Diameter 


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An EXPLANATION, of the FIRST PLATE. 


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| G. * : 
The Point of a ſmall ſharp Needle. 


R. Hook begins his Microſcopical Experiments with obſerving, that it is as The Point of 
requiſite, in the Study of Nature, to make ourſelves acquainted with the moſt * Needle. 
' ſimple and uncompounded Bodies, before we venture to examine thoſe of a 
— more complicated kind; as it is to learn how to make our Letters before we 
| Pretend to write: And, in conſequence of this Obſeryation, the firſt Object he lays before. 

us, comes the neareſt to a phyſical Point of any artificial thing we are acquainted with ; I 
mean the Point of a ſmall Needle, made fo ſharp that the naked Eye is unable to diſtin- 
guiſh any of its Parts, This, notwithſtanding, appeared before his Microſcope as in the 

Figure at à 4, where the very Top of the Needle is ſhewn above a Quarter of an Inch 
broad; not round or flat, but irregular and uneven. oo en Io 
The whole Piece we have 888 the Picture of, (according to the Scale given with it) 
is little more than the twentieth Part of an Inch in Length, and appeared to the naked 
Eye exquiſitely ſmooth and poliſhed; but, as ſeen by the Microſcope, what a Multitude of 
Holes and Scratches are diſcovered to us? How uneven and rough the Surface] how void 
of Beauty! and how plain a Proof of the Deficiency and Bunglingneſs of Art, whoſe: Pro- 
ductions when moſt laboured, if examined with Organs more acute than thoſe by which 
they were framed, loſe all that fancied Perfection our Blindneſs made us think they had ! 
Whereas, in the Works of Nature, the farther, the deeper our Diſcoveries reach, the 
more ſenſible we become of their Beauties and Excellencies. 
Hut to return to the Object now before us; A, B, C, repreſent large Hollows and 
Roughneſſes, like thoſe eaten into an Iron-Bar by Ruſt and Length of Time. D is ſome 
ſmall adventitious Body ſticking thereto by Accident. i 3 

6. b. b. ſhew the End where this ſmall Piede of Needle was broken off, in order to 
take the better View of it. ee e e ants of b- ; 95 

As ſharp as a Needle is a common Phraſe, whereby we intend to expreſs the moſt ex- 
quiſite Degree of Sharpneſs; and, indeed, a Needle has the moſt acute Point Art is ca- 
pable of making, however rude and clumſy it appears when thus examined. But the Mis 
croſcope can afford us numberleſs Inſtances, in the Hairs, Briſtles, and Claws of Inſects ; Be 
and alſo in the Thorns, Hooks, and Hairs of Vegetables, of viſible Points many Thou- 
fands of times ſharper, with a Form and Poliſh that proclaim the Omnipotence of their 
Maker. NY 2 — 3 2 
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A Printed Dot or Tittle. 

E have now before us the Repreſentation of a printed Tittle, or Period Point, as A Dot or 

it appeared before the Microſcope. To the naked Eye it was no larger than the Tusche, 

Dot in the Middle of the Circle A, perfectly black and round; but through the Magnifier 
3 grey, and quite irregular, like a great Splatch of London Dirt, about . 

ver. = | | 1 

This rugged and deformed Appearance is owing to the uneven Surface of the Paper, 
(which looks at beſt no ſmoother than a very coarſe Piece of Shag-Cloth) added to the 


Irre- 


— 


| - The Edge of a Razor. 
Irregularity of the Type, the rough dawbing of the Priatiag-Iak thereon, and the Vari- 


ution made by the different Lights and Shadows. Nor is a Point made with a Pen, or 


The Edge of 


a Razor. 


. 


9 


the Light, that there appeare 
white Line a, b, c, d, e, f. 


by a Copper-Plate, at all leſs ill-ſhapen and ugly; nor can the fineſt Writing in the World 
ſtand the Teſt of this Inſtrument, but will appear before it like the bungling Scrawls 


fa hoy, . ¾ è0“: 
2 "> 2 Fl * ; 3 | 15 | $4 KX . * * POM „ Fw” L =" 
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PLATE I. FIG. 3. 
RET I The Edge of a RA rt. 


HIS Figure repreſents the Edge (about half a Quarter of an Inch long) of a very 
ſharp Razor well ſet upon a good Hone, and fo placed between the Object-Glaſs and 
d a Reflection from the very Edge, which is ſhewn by the 


When we ſpeak of any thing as extremely keen, we uſually compare it to the Edge 


of a Razor; but we find, when examined thus, how far from Sharpneſs even a Razors 
Edge appears: That it ſeems a rough Surface, of an unequal Breadth from fide to fide\ * 


but ſcarce any where narrower than the Back of a pretty thick Knife: That it is neither 


| ſmooth, even, nor regular; for it is ſomewhat ſharper than elſewhere at d, indented about 


5, broader and thicker about c, unequal and rugged about e, and moſt even between 4 b, 


and e, f, tho 


ry far in any Place from being really ftraight. - ba 


The Side immediately below the Edge, and what the naked Eye accounts a Part o fie 


Oil 


here and there, more rugged and deep than the reſt, ſuch as g, 
bably 


itſelf. 


Z. b, y, k, had nothing of that Poliſh one would imagine Bodies ſo ſmooth as a Hone and 


ould give it; but was full of innumerable Scratches gy; one another, with Lines 


9, K, o, occaſioned pro- 


by ſome ſmall Duſt falling on the Hone, or ſome more flinty Part of the Hone 


The other Part of the Razor L L, 1 had be 
like a plowed Field, full of Ridges and Furrows. 


which Had been 


poliſhed on a Grind-ſtone, appeared 


t. 


The irregular dark Spot m, n, ſeemed to be a little Speck of Ruſt ; corroſive Juices ge- 
nerally working in ſuch a manner. . | Es, | | wy 642] ' 


This Examination proves, how rough and unſeemly (had we microſcopic Eyes) thoſe 


neat and curious: And, indeed, it ſeems impoſſible by Art to give a perfect ee th 


to any hard and brittle Body; for Putty, or any other ſoft Powder, employed to poliſh 
ſuch Body, muſt neceffarily conſiſt of little hard rough Particles, each whereof cut- 
ting its Way, muſt conſequently leave ſome kind of Furrow behind it. In ſhort, this Edge 
of a Razor, had it been really as the Microſcope ſhews 


Wood, inſtead of ſhaving a Man's Beard. 


N. B. The black Part of this Figure is only defi 
The Scale is intended to meaſure the Figure by, 


7 


* 


it, would ſcarce have ſerved to chop 


gned to make the reſt more viſible. 


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HIS Object was 'Sixpenny broad Ribbon, whoſe Subſtance viewed through the larger A Piece of 
1 Moagnifying-Glaſs, appeared like Matting for Doors, or ſuch Baſket-Work as they Ribbon. 
make in ſome Parts of Bug land, for Bee-Hives, Ac. with Straws a little wreathed or 
twiſted : for every Filament of the Silk (ſeveral whereof go to the forming one Thread) 
m_ about the Size of a common Straw, as the little irregular Pieces a ö, c d, e %, 
r n 
Fach Inch of this Ribbon appeared no leſs than twelve Foot ſquare, and an Inch and 
an half in Thickneſs. The Vamp or croſs Threads ſeemed like Ropes. of an Inch Dia- 
meter; but the longitudinal Threads or Woof had ſcarce half that Thickneſs. If the Silk 
be white, it ceſembles Bundles or Wreaths of very clear and tranſparent Cylinders: if co- 
lour'd, each Cylinder, in ſome Place or other, affords as lively a Reflection as if it were 
made of Glaſs; inſomuch that a Piece of red Ribbon exhibited as bright a Luſtre as if 
coming from many Rubies. But ſuch vivid Refſections are not found in hairy mM 


— 


or Linens. 5 e 1 
f ß __- 
„„ o 


A Piece of Watered Silk. 
* bow f ; 6 (£7 q | k 1 4 « : b ; 6 | * OF 


= Hs Figure repreſents a Piece of Watered Silk, as ſeen through a Glaſs that magnified A Piece of 
T0 but little. A B ſignifies the long Way, C D the broad Way thereof. 
This Silk appeared to the naked Eye, waved, undulated, or grain'd all over, with ſo 
curious though . irregular. a. 8 of brighter and darker Parts as much increaſed its on 
Beauty. So well known a Caſe ſeems to need very little Explication: But few perhaps 
have conſidered, that thoſe which in one Poſition appear to the Light the darker Parts of 
the Wave, in another appear the lighter, and vice verſa; by which means the Undula- 
tions are continually ſhifting, as the Poſition of the Parts to the incident Beams of. Light 
: is varied. The Microſcope: diſcovers. this Effect to proceed entirely from the Variety of 
the Reflections of Light, which the different Shape of the Particles, or the little Protu- 
berances of the Threads compoſing the Surface occaſion: Thoſe Parts of the Waves that 
appear the brighter, throwing towards the Eye a Multitude of ſmall Reflections, while 
e darker afford ſcarce avyy, *' © © 3 N 
Thus, in the preſent Figure, the brighter Parts of the Surface, denied by a,a, a, 
a, a, &c, conſiſt of an Abundance of large and ſtrong Reflections; the Surfaces of thoſe 
Threads that run the long Way, being, by the mechanical Proceſs of Watering, plaited 
or angled in ine Pr than they- were by Weaving ; for, by weaving, they are only 
turned circularly over and under the warping Threads, but by the Watering they are bent 
with an Angle or Elbow, ©, + „„ LO C 
What is meant hereby will better be explained by the third and fourth Figures; the Fig. 3. 
former of which, Fig. 3. 4, a, d, a, a, ſhews the Manner how the long Threads in 
Weaving are turned over and under the -croſs Threads, the Ends whereof are repre- 
ſented b, b, b, 3. | 45 * . AF 5 Fs ES e . : „ | 
Ng. 4. ſhews how the ſame” Threads are by the Watering bent and alter'd into An- Fig. 4. 
gles or Elbows of all imaginable- Variety; whereby, inſtead of reflecting the Light from 
one Point only of the round Surface, as about c, e, e: they now, when watered, reflect its 1 
Beams from more than half the Surface, as, d e, dee, dr. Theſe Reflections are alſo 
varied, as the particular Parts theredf ate vatiouſly bent. ; 


— 2 
* — 


Dr. Hooks, to make this fully underſtood, ſabjoins the Method of watering Silks 


or Stuffs ; the Subſtance of which, as being curious in itſelf, and neceſſary for the Ex- 
planation of the Figures, we ſhall give with all the Brevity poſſible. 
The Piece to be watered muſt be doubled its whole Length, with the right 'Side in- 
wards, exactly through the Middle, placing the two Selvedges juſt upon one another, and 9s 
ſo diſpoſing the Wheal or Rib in the doubling of it, that the Wheal of one Side may 
lie as near as can be parallel with that on the other; for the nearer they come to that 
Poſition, the greater appears the Watering, and the more obliquely they lie to each other, Ly 
the Waves become the ſmaller. - ö \ 
MT oe | CCF 
. 


+ 


Watered Silk. | 


as Gow 


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Fine Lawn. 


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I or 7. — — — yan + 
2 25 Ss . E - 
2 ' 8 0 ” ” 1 4 ” 
G nn r E ˙1—— KK ann, pl en oe er ee * hee 
— __ * 2 = 


Watered Silk. Fine Lawn. - 
'The Way of folding it for a large Wheal is thus 2 take a Pin, and beginning at 

one Side of the Piece in any Wheal, direct it towards the End of the ſame Wheal on the 

., Other Side, and then place the two oppoſite Ends of the Wheal as near as they can to- 
gether ; and ſo double or fold the whole Piece, repeating this Enquiry with a Pin at every 

' Yard or two. This done, they ſprinkle it with Water, and fold it the long Way, placing 

a Piece of Paſteboard between every Fold ; whereby the Wheals on the wrong Side are 

| flatter'd, and thoſe on the Right become the more protuberant, and the angular Bendings 
of the Wheals-are the more remarkable. | 3 Ie | 

Being folded thus, they preſs it, between Paſteboards, violently, in a Hot-Preſs, and 

let it remain there till ſtiff and dry; which makes the Wheals of the contiguous Sides 

leave Impreſſions mutually on one another, as Fig. 2. demonſtrates: where it is evident 

that the Wheal of the Piece AB C D runs parallel between the pricked Lines ef; e ,, ef; 

and Impreſſions being left upon theſe Wheals by thoſe that were preſt upon them, (which 

lay not exactly parallel to, but a little athwart them, as the Lines 0000000, gb, gb, gb, 

ſhew) they are ſo variouſly and irregularly creaſed, and their Threads ſo ſet to each other, 

by being put into that Shape when wet, and kept fo till dry, that the Mouldings will re- 


main alot as long as the Silk itſelf. e . e ee 1 4055 
Hence any one that conſiders the Figure attentively, will be ſenſible, why the Parts of 
the Wheal aaa4ad appear bright, the Parts 655355 dark or ſhadowed, and ſome 
ſuch as dd dddd partly light and partly dark. The Variety ef which Reflections and 
Shadows are the only Cauſe of the Appearance we call Watering in Silks or Stuffs, 


„bine Laws. 
Piece of the fineſt Lawn, whoſe Threads are ſcarce diſcernable by the naked Eye, 

us wag through the Microſcope coarſer than any Hop- Sack; its Threads ſeeming not 
unlike, either in Shape or Size, the larger Kind of Rope-Tarn, wherewith they uſually make 
Cables: And its Tranſparency is plainly ſeen to ariſe from a Multitude of ſquare Holes, 
left between the Threads, which give it the Reſemblance of a Lattice- Window; only 
here the croſſing Parts are round and not flat. Theſe Threads, however, though as 
ſmall as in the fineſt Silks, have nothing of their gloſſy, pleaſant and lively Reflections. 

A Drawing of this is given, Plate XI. Fig. 5, TN PN OT 


x. 


Our Author proceeds no farther in examining the Productions of human Art; Things 
only deſigned to be viewed by our naked Eyes, and wherein little js diſcoyerable but Rude- 
neſs and Deformity ; but applies his Microſcope to behold the minute Works of Nature, 

hich though far removed beyond the Reach of our Sight, are ſo exquiſitely curious, that 
the more our Glaſſes magnify the more Excellencies appear therein, the more we 
gia the Weakneſs of ourſelves, and the Omnipotency and infinite Perfections of the 
reat Creator, 5 F V 


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ng Tinder or Touch-wood. The Heat is likewiſe fo intenſe ſometimes as even to vitrify 


— — 


| ſoon be ſatisfied they are exactly ſuch round Globules as are 
If. Vs E170 1 e wo 3438 %'k 


forming them, which Dr. Hook fays a learned Phyſician taught him, va 
Reduce the Metal you would- ſhape thus, into exceedingly fine Filings : for the ſmaller 


* 


ä FA a „ — FRY — _— m gcdceeffie ææz x = I 
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* 


An ExPLANATION of the THIRD Plat 


7 


he Sparks of Fire ſtruck from a Flint and Steel. 


4 


N the common Way of ſtriking Fire with a Flint and Steel, fiery Sparks fly out at Globules of 


_ every Blow ; Which Sparks are nothing thore. than ſmall Pieces of the Flint or Steel, 
(but uſually of the Steel) broken off by the Violence of the Stroke, and either melted 


Steel. 


inſtantaneouſly into Steel Globules, or made at leaſt red-hot, and thereby capable of kind- 


the broken Paffett. 8 | ff! TY 
As a Proof of this, Dr. Hooks ſtruck Fire over à Sheet of very white Paper, and ob- 


ſerving diligently where the Sparks ſeemed to vaniſh, he diſcovered there certain very 


ſmall, black, but glittering and moyeable Specks, which, when examined with his Mi- 


croſcope, appeared to be little round Gfobules; ſome whereof did, from their Surface, 


pw a very bright and. ſtrong Reflection on that Side next the Light, and reſembled Iron- 


Its. One of which, whoſe Siirface was pretty. regular, is ſhewn by the Letter KA. 


Fe perceived in this the xeflefted Image of the Window, and alſo of a Stick, which he 


moved up and down between the Light and ii © 
He found others almoſt regularly round, 'as to the Bulk of the Ball, but with rough 
ubpoliſhed Sur faces ; . which rendered the Reflection, fro n them much more confuſed and 
faint. Such are tepreſented by the Letters B, C, D. Ef. 


| „ Rt Ns ak 
Some were cracked or cleft, as C; others broken and quite hollow, as D; which ſeemed 


like half the hollow 8 10 L. of a Granado, broken irregularly in Pieces. There were other 
different Shapes; but that in particular, marked with the Letter E, was a larger Spark of 


Fire than ordinary. It went out on one Side the F lint employed in ſtriking it; and ad- 
| hered thereto by 


| thereto by the Root F. On the Top of its Stem was faſtned half an hollow Ball, 
with the Mouth. of it opening upwards ; .o that it a 


Rummer-Glaſs without a Foot. 


* 


» * 


The melting of the Particles of Steel, inſtantaneouſly, upon the Colliſion, is very 


4 


wonderful, and comes up nearly to the Effects of Lightning: Indeed there ſeenis to be in 


Iron or Steel a ſulphureous combuſtible Matter very eaſily put in Action; for either hani- 


: 


mering, filing, or rubbing it with Violence, will preſently make it ſo hot as to be able to 


y . F; Lake «Co 3 &* F t 6 4 MAI Sa iatif > io cg + 1 3 : FP, 
burn one's Finger: And if the Filings of Ir are only let drop through the Flame of a 


Candle, (placing a Sheet of white Paper underneath, to catch them for Examination) 


many of them will be found melted even by that ſudden Tranſit, and appear remarkably 


13 
* 
4 
+ 
mY 


med by fuiking Fire with 


a Flint and Steel. 4 * 1 


ppeared ſomewhat like a Funnel, or a 


the Microſcope, . we ſhall 


© "a 


As obtaining ſuch minute Globules as theſe, of Lead or Tin, and that even A Quan- Globules of 
tity, eaſily and quickly, may be deſirable by ſome, we ſhall here ſubjoin the Way of Lead or Tin. 


* 


4 
* 


your Filings are, the ſmaller will be your Globules. Strew ſome fine and woll- dried 


Powder of Quick-Lime at the Bottom of a Crucible, on which ſcatter ſome of your Fil- 


ings very thinly; then ſtrew on more Powder, on that again more Filings, and ſo alter- 
nately, Stratum ſuper Stratum, till you have filled your Crucible, in ſuch a manner, that, 
as near as may be, no two Filings may touch each other. Place the Crucible in a gra- 


W CL. 


dual Fire, and.incteaſe the Heat by Degrees, «till, it be ſufficient to make all the Filings 
mix d with the Quick-Eime melt, and no more. For if the Fire be too hot, many of 
the Filings - will join and, run together: But if the Heat be duly proportioned, upon 
waſhing the Lime-Duſt in Water, all thoſe ſmall Filings of the Metal will ſubſide to 
the Bottom, in a moſt curious Powder, conſiſting of Balls or Globules exactly round; 
which, if very fine, is excellent for Hour-Glaſſes. I re FR | 
One may, at any time, procure immediately minute Globules of Lead, by only 
kindling a red Wafer, ſuch as Letters are ſealed with, at a Candle; for as it burns (and 
it will not go out till it he wholly conſumed) the red Lead employed in the Colour- 
ing, melts, and falls down, in regular minute Globules ; which, if a Sheet of clean 
9 | TOE G | | 9 White 
125 


. £ 


Clobules of 
Lead. 


” F „ bd v 
p * » 
Ly i 1 * 
o 8 L p 
1 4 
. „ 


white Paper be placed underneath, may be catched in greater Abundance than can be 
We" imagined without Trial. 1 5 1 ec 


. 
i a 
- þ ; * A 5 . * ” > A * 


Mn 1 E 


art - 


) The Structure and Configuration ef ſeveral Sorts of Hairs. 


Hog. [ without the leaſt Appearance of Pores or Holes, as was tried by cutting them 
tranſverſely with a ſharp Razor, and then examining their cut Ends by a Micraſcope. 
This ſhewed many wavy Figures thereon, | occaſioned by the Sawing of the Razor to and 
fro, as we may ſee at the End of the Body A. But notwithſtanding Light was caſt up- 
on them all the various Ways that could be thought on, to make the Pores viſible, none 
at all could be diſcovered. * | Ny) 
They were neither perfectly round, nor ſharp-edged, _— OO with divers Sides 
and round Angles, Vid. A, Bending them in any Part takes. away the Tranſparency 
where the Bending is, makes them look white, and flaws them in that Place. 47 885 


Whiskers of B repreſents. the Whiſker of a Cat cut the croſs Way, in the Middle whereof a 
a Cat. large Pith appeared like the Pith of Elder, whoſe Texture was ſo compact that no 
Pores could be diſcovered in it; for tho in one Poſition to the Light there ſeemed an Ap- 
pearance of Pores, that Poſition being. alter'd, the Light was manifeſtly reflected from 
them. Which may ſerve as a Caution never to conclude too raſhly on what we view 
through Microſcopes, or declare our Opinion till we have examined Things in every Light 
and Poſition, and by all the Contrivances in our Power. | | . 


TY ſomewhat pithy. | 5 1 e e n 


 Haman Hair, E E E repreſent three Sections of the Hairs of a Man's Head, which were found ge- 
nerally almoſt round, though ſometimes a little priſmatical. The Part next the Top 
was bigger than that nearer the Root, They. were throughont' tranſparent, though not 


1118 very clear, nor every where of the fame Colour, being near the-Root like black tranſpa- 
If! rent Horn, but near the Top-Extremity like Horn that is clear and brown. Their Roots © 


other Veſſels, like Fibres from the Roots of Plants, be found, eee e, 
The Top when ſplit, which is common in long Hair, appeared like the End of a Stick 
ſhivered with Beating, with ſometitnes half a Score Splinters or Diviſions. 3 


Our Author ſays, that as far as he could find, Human Hairs are all ſolid cylindrical g 
Bodies, not pervious like a Cane or Bulruſh, but without any Pith or Diſtinction of 
Rind; and imagines thoſe who aſſert them to be hollow, have not inſpected them with 
ſufficient Care, | | 3 e 


90 


[>] 


Dr. PowER *, on the contrary, makes no doubt that every one of our Hairs is hol- 
1 low, which, though our Glaſſes cannot demonſtrate, by reaſon of their Tranſparency, is 
= - palpably evinced by that Diſeaſe in Poland called the Plica, where Blood drops from the : 
a Ends of the Hairs of the Head, and likewiſe iſſues out wherever they are cut; which, 1 
[ | > he thinks, infallibly proves the tubulous Cavity of them. But to this Dr. Hook E an- 4; = 
= ſwers, that the Microſcope gives no. Encouragement to believe our Hairs are hollow; and 
| that perhaps the very Eſſence of the Diſtemper called the Plica Polonica, may be their 
growing hollow; and of an unnatural Conſtitution. —— | 
MaLP1GHI aſſerts the Hairs of Animals to be tubular, that is, compoſed of a * 
Number of extremely minute Tubes or Pipes, which he concludes from his Examina- 
tion of a Horſe's Main and Tail, and the Briſtles of a Boar. Theſe Tubes were moſt 
diſtinguiſhable near the End of the Hairs'where they appeared more open: And he ſome - 
times could reckon above twenty of them. He perceived theſe Tubes very plainly in 
the Hedge-Hog's Prickles, (which are of the Nature of Hairs) together with elegant me- 
dullary Valves and Cells. 4 f 


Mr. LEEUWENHOEK tells us, that an human Hair, cut tranſverſely, ſhews a Va- WV 
riety of Veſſels in regular Figures. | od. 


A 
' 


” n 8 = — e 
— Pa i ID EE 
- — _ * by 
= 
, ; POW I 37 2 SY 
"Y Ot con — u —— — — ä — 2 
ans - 1 8 — — 


3 ——— i IE —— — — 


——— — 


* Power's Exper. p. 56. 


* : * : 3 l E — ty "ES 
ant ee Spa Pa K ti. a co. 


Ig FOR SP 


m ar zi 


7 8 _ . COP 8 
HFair of an Indian Deer. 


F Exhibits the Middle Part of the Hair of an Indien Deer, and G the Top or Hair of an 


Extremity of the ſame Hair, both magnified by the fame Glaſs ; whereby is Iõndian Deer. 
| ſhewn how extremely tapering theſe Hairs are formed, which indeed was obſervable 


by the naked Eye; for though in the Middte it was thicker than an Hog's Briſtle, it 
| was flenderer at the End than the Hair of any other Animal. The whole Belly of it 


was two or three Inches long, and appeared to the Eye like a Thread of coarſe Can- 


g 


of ſuch a Thread: But ſeen through the Microſcope, it ſeemed all perforated from Side 

to Side, and ſpongy; and reſembled a ſmall Kind of ſpongy Coral, found frequently on 

the Coaſts of glad. 

the long Way of the Hair. 3 5s | 
The Hairs of different Animals are curious Objects for the Microſcope. In ſome 

tranſverſe, in other ſpinal Lines, ſomewhat of a darker Colour, tun from Bottom to Top, 


in a very pretty Manner. A Mouſe's Hairs are of this Sort : They appear as it were in 


Joints like the Back-Bone, are not ſmooth, bat jagged on. the Sides, and terminate in 


* 


the ſharpeſt Point imaginable, Hairs taken from a Mouſe's Belly are lraſt opake, and 


fitteſt for Examination . 


Hairs taken from the Head, the Eye-Brows, the Noſtrils, the Beard, the Hand, and 


other Parts of the Body, appear unlike, as well: in the Roots as in the Hair themſelves, 
and vary as Plants do of the ſame Genus, but. of different Species, They. all become 
lengthened. by Propulſion, and are thicker towards the Middle than at either End. 


Er LAT E HL. F 16. 4 | 
A pretty minute Shell found amongſt Sand. 


"THIS Shell geared to the naked Eye like a white Spot, no bigger than the 
| [ Point of a Pin ; but R the Microſcope, it was found in every 
Particular to reſemble the flat: fpiral Shell of a Water Snail, and had twelve Wreath- 
ings, a, b, c, d, e, &c. all dong gradually towards the Middle or Center, where 
there was a very ſmall, round, white Spot. Te 
hollow or. not, but it rather ſeemed to be filled with ſomewhat, and probably might 
be petrified, as larger Shells are often. F hy 
The Object under Obſervation informs us of another Genus, where the Almighty 


Hand of the. Maker is amazingly exemplified in the Minntenefs and Elegance of the 


Work: For we find hereby that the fame Power which contrived ſuch minute Inſects 
as Mites, ſuch minute Fiſhes as the Eels in Vinegar, and ſuch minute V egetables as 
Moſs and Mouldineſs, has likewiſe formed a Tribe of ſuch minute Shells as this be- 


fore us; the Beauty of which could never have been diſcovered without the Micro- 


ſeope's Aſſiſtance. It was found, accidentally, amongſt ſome White-ſand that was 
looked at with no other Deſign than'to iy the Goodnefs of ſore Glaſſes ; But many 
valuable. Diſcoveries have been owing to lucky Accident. 1 


ol Microſcope. made ealy, p. 245, 


When cut tranſverſely, no Pores could be diſcerned running 


not eaſy to diſcover whether it was 


8 


O 


e 


A minute 
Shell found 
amongſt Sand. 


we ——————— — mnt, EIS EO — —— — 2 
bn <* $%: - — — CIR — itt 
- 
N * 8 
* 


ary Þ « —— 


Diamonds in 


Flints. 


Sands. 


flecting Surface of the Air; ſo that more 


D at all. 8 . 


Diamonds in Flints. Sands. 


An EXPLANATION of the FoukTH PLATE. 
FIG. I. 


Some curious Forms of ſmall FROGS, or ſhining Sparks in Flints. 


Reaking a Flint-Stone by Accident, a Cavity was found therein, all cruſted over with 

a pretty candy d Subſtance, A A, &c. ſome Parts of which, ſuch as B B B B, on 
turning them to the Light, reflected its Rays in a ve glittering and lively Manner: And 
bringing it to the Microſcope, the whole Surface of = Cavity appeared beſet with a Mul- 
titude of little chryſtalline or Diamond-like Bodies, curiouſly Apes and poliſhed, a8 ue 


Drawing repreſents them. 


The vivid Repercuſſions of Light were, on Examination, erben 0 be reflected p diy 
from the plain external Surfaces of theſe regularly figured Bodies, and ah, from within 
the pellucid Bodies themſelves, that is, from: 050 n . opp: e to thoſe. Sur 12 — 
Faces which were next the Eye. "gt 

But theſe Sparks being fo. mall, that no certain Experi 


nts could eaſily be made n 


> them, Dr. Hook x prove ſeveral of the ſhining wi or. Chryſtals found in great 


Quantities in Cornwall, and therefore called moſt commonly Corniſh Diamonds ; which 
growing in the hollow Cavities of Rocks, much after the ſame" manner as theſe did in the 
Flint, and having regularly-ſhaped Surfaces, nearly of the ſame Form with theirs, he ima- 
gined might afford ſome convenient Flap towards aſcertaining the e Propertics of ſuch Kinds 


of Bodies. 


pelluci cid Body ; that is, the Rays admitted through the placid Subſtance, in their getting 
out on the oppoſite Side, were very vividly reflected by the contiguous ad ſtrong re- 

Rajs were reflected to the Eye by this Surface, 
(though the Ray in entering and getting out of the Chryſtal had ſuffered a double Re- 
fraction) than there were from, the outward- Surface of Glaſs, Where 1 it had ſu ffered no 


— 
1 4 18 


It i is proper bet. to take FL "that our Author mentjons his Examination of ſeveral 
Sorts of Sands. with his Microſcope; - 755 which he found divers moſt curiouſly 
ſhaped, as theſe in the Flint were; and which, he therefore ſuppoſes, not made by the 
Comminution of larger chryſtalline Bodies, but formed. the Coucrction or Coagulation 
of Water, or ſome other Fluid. 

Sand, however, generally ſeems nothing elſe but exceeding ſmall Pebbles, or ſome ſmall 
Pieces of bigger Stones, angled for the moſt part irregularly, without any certain Shape, 


and having its little Grains frequently flawed and broken. 


There are many Sorts of Sands, (as many perhaps as there are of Stones) which differ 
from one another both in Colour, Fi igure, and Size, And as amongſt Stones ſome are 
GO precious for their Excellency, ſo alſo amongſt Sands, there are ſome that deſerve the 
ſame Epithet for their Beauty, The Grains of Sea-Sands are very large, and afford great 
Variety of all Shapes and Colours, both opake and tranſparent. River-Sands are ſmaller- 
grained, of different Colours and Forms; and the Inland or Pit- Sands, vary allo exceed- 
ingly, being ſome white, ſome brown, ſome yellow, &c. _ 

The white, or IWriting-Sand, appears through the Microſcope like tranſ parent Pieces of 
Allum, Sal- Gem, or Gryſtal, but moſt commonly irregular. The coarſer Sands are uſu- 


ally more opake, but even amongſt them many Grains may be found both clear and beau- 


tiful. Some Kinds of black Sand are brought from the Eaſt-Indies, and likewiſe from N- 
ginia and other Parts of America, with poliſhed ſhining Surfaces, many of which will be 
attracted by the Load-ſtone ; and there are certain reddiſb Sand; (brought from abroad 
alſo) which preſent a delightful Sight to the Eye, not unlike a Jeweller's Box of Trea- 
ſure, wherein you ſee Rubies of a Roſe-Colour, others of a deeper Red, Sappbires, Eme- 
ralds, H lyacinths _ — and in Wan all Sorts of tranſparent Stones . 


e ee 


of * Spe de la Nat. Dial. XIX. | © 2 


a þo a N. 


N - 
— LETT "og . 
— / 7 * 7 1 
= "1 286 2 i 
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5 % * * 
p de — — Eos . — * - 
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= . & 4 


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— _ 


Forms from a Combination of Globules. 9 
N 9 25 W . | EO BE SI 


0 & 


VVV 


: | 3 | : „ Ep 8 3 1 — 
8 The Forms of Gravel in Urne. 
P * we „ * nd 2 PR * 
HE Sand or Gravel of Urine ſeems to be a tartareous Subſtance, generated o 
I and carthy Matter chryſtalized together, ſticking ſometimes to the Sides of the Urine. 


5 The Figure under our Eye repreſents a Dozen of them, (as examined by the Micro- 


% 


5 


more agreeable Objects for the Microſcope. 


* 
{ 


4 r 1 - . 
25 + | wy 7 5 7 1 1 8 Wi $7 15 * : : | . N bi * " | | 
N R. Hook imagines the Chryſtalization of Salts, and all thoſe regular Figures that Efeds of a 
4 „ various and curious, and beautify. ſuch Multitudes of Bodies, ariſe Combination 


only from three or four different Poſitions of globular Particits ; and thoſe the moſt plain, of Globyles, 
obvious, and neceſſary ConjunRions bf ſuch figured Particles that can poſſibly happen. So 
that, ſuppoſing ſuch plain and obvious Cauſes concurring,” the ꝶvagulating Particles muſt, 
as neceflarily, compoſe a Body of ſuch a'determinate regular Figure, and ne other, as a 
fluid Body encompaſſed with an heterogeneous Fluid muſt be-rounded into a Globule or 
Sphere. And he ſays, he has demonſtrated, only by a Company of Bullets, and one or 
two other very ſimple Bodies, that merely almoſt By ſhaking them together, he could 0 
make them compoſe any regular Figure he had ever met W]iü tn. 
For Example: If a Number of Bullets pe put on an incliving Plane, ſo that they may 
run together, they will fall, naturally, into a triangular Or e compoſing all the Variety 
of Figures that can be imagined to be made out bf equiltferal Hriangles; ſuch as all the 
Surfaces of Alum, upon Examination, will be found to beg for<three Bullets lying on a 
Plane, as cloſe as they can to one another, compoſe an æquilateral-triangular Form, as is 
rg ff ICS OE 
If a Fourth, be joined to them, as eloſely as it can, on either Side; the four together 
- form a moſt regular Rtombus, confiſting=of two-equilateral V 
If a Fifth be joined to them on either Side, in as cloſe a Poſitiomas can — ne is a 
Circumſtance always to be underſtood” in theſe Experiments) it makes a \T#apezium, or 
fourſided Figure, two of whoſe Angles are 120, and the other two 60 Degrees, 
On the Addition of a Sixth, as before, it makes either an equilateral Triangle, fre © 
D; or a Rhomboid, as E; or an bexangular Figupe compoſed of two primary Rhombes, , | 
. ane $418 72 8 5 | | _ | | 6 . | 
I we add a Seventh, it makes either an e@qlatero-bexagonal Figure, as G ; of ſome +2 
kind of „ ſided Figure, like H, 'or I. | 3 „ 3 
And though never ſo many be placed together, they may be all ranged under ſome of 
theſe before mentioned Forms, with Angles either of ſixty, or one hundred and twenty j 
5 „ f Sy | „Ü ĩᷣ 1 


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Peigures in Frozen Urine. 
Degrees, as the Letter K ſhews, which is an æqui- angular bexagonal Figure compounded | 


o 7 ag: N : 
Nor does it hold only in Superficies, but alſo in olidity; for tis beyond Diſpute, that 


if a fourth Globule be laid on the · chird in this Texture, it compoſes a regular Tetrabedron, 
which is a very uſual Figure amongſt the Chryſtals of Alum. And, indeed, amongſt the 


chry ſtalized, there is not one but may be imitated by a ſuch-like Poſition of Globules. 
The cubical Forms of Sea-Salt and Sal-Gem, are alſo (our Author ſuppoſes) compoſed 
1 of ſgch a Poſition of Ghbules, as the Letter L ſhews. Vitriol, Salt-Petre, Chryſtal, Hore- 
5 Ff, &cc. have likewiſe, he ſays, all their various Configurations from Giobules differently 


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Variety of regular Shapes into which the ſmooth Surfaces of Alum are obſerved to be 


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1118 


Forms of Falling Show. © 


their Branches near alike, but athers were more extended towards one Side. None, hoy 

cyer, had any regular Poſition in reſpect of one another, or of the Sides of the Veſſel; 
nor did any of them extend exactly every Way from the Center 4. 

It is neceſlary, in the Freezing of Urine for. this Experiment, that its Superficies be not 

diſturbed by Wind, or any other Way; and that it be not frozen too deep, for then the 

branched Appearance becomes Is... | 7 


If the Infide of a ſmooth and clear GlaG be wetted with Urine, and expoſed in a ſharp 
Froſt; it will be covered with very regular and curious Figures. But an artificial Freezing 
with Snow and Salt, produces not the natural Shootings in Urine, unleſs the Quantity in 
the Veſſel be very ſmall. 3 6 | 

It is remarkable, that no urinous Taſte was perceived in ſeveral clear Pieces of ſuch 
Ice, but they ſeemed as inſipid as Water. e . | 

Somewhat like this Configuration of frozen Urine, tho' in ſome Particulars much more 
curious, is obſervable in the Regulus Martis Stellatus ; but whereas in this Ice the Stems 
and Branchings are all ſtrait, in the Regulus they appear regularly bent or wreathed, in a 
very beautiful Manner. Lead and Arſenic, with ſome other Mixtures, are alſo found to 


hade heir Serface, when ſuffered to cool,. with Branches not much unlike to thoſe of 
f Urine, but ſmaller a great deal. 5 Cn 


ſcribed, in Urine, to the Branchings'in the Leaves of Fern, whoſe Form, he ſays, is the 
moſt fimple and uncompounded of any Vegetable, except Mould or Muſhrooms: For 
the main Stem in Fern may be obſerved to ſei 


:Gons and Subdiviſions appear in the Figures of frozen Urme. He adds, 
that if both be well conſidered,” there ſeems not much greater Need of a ſeminal Prin- 
: ciple to produce Fern; than for the Production of ſuch Forms in Urine, or in the above- 
mentioned Regulus Martis; ſince as much Beauty and Reg larity appears in the one as in 

| ſeveral have affirmed that 
Fern produces, and is propaga never find any Part of it to be more 
that Particular. 


the Seeds of this Plant, which 5 e Backs of 
almoſt all its Leaves, naked Eye only like a black or 
brown, Scurf ; but, W ſemble little circular Tubes di- 
” vided into many Cells, containing Seeds extremely minute. When the Seed is ripe, the 
Veſſels fly open with a Speing, and qu | ide, in the Form of 
Duſt : And if at that Seafon ſome of the Leaves are put into a Paper-Cone, and that be 
held to the Ear, the Sced- Veſſels may be heard to burſt with a conſiderable Noiſe. Some 

* of theſe minute Veſſels contain at teaſt an hundred Seeds, inviſible to the naked Eye. 
Oe may. reaſonably believe our Author never looked for them on the Backs of the 
Leaves: but finding neither Flowers nar Seeds in the ſame manner as in other Plants, he 
concluded too haſtily that it produced neither. Such Miſtakes in great Men afford us 
uſeful Leſſons of being very cautious in giving our Opinions, and never to determine be- 

fore we have examined full. e oe | ö 


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The Forms of, Falling Snow. 
05” Rh 7.82 „„ 


to us Differences beyond all human Conception! No two Grains of Sand are exactly 
__ ſimilar! Nay, the very Flakes of Snow afford an amazing Variety of Configuration, 
Beauty and Size, though not one in a Thooſand of thoſe that ſee then fall, either know 
or imagine any thing worth obſerving in them. ee eee amr 
But Dr. Hook x tells us, that catching the falling Snow on a black Hat, or a Piece of 
black Cloth, he obſerved the curious Figures of its Flakes with the utmoſt Pleaſure; and 
he preſents us, out of a great Variety, with the ſeveral beautiful Forms under our Eye at 
eſent. = e 12 
. Every Flake conſiſts of fix principal Branches or Stems, all of equal Length, Shape, 
and Make, iffuing from a Center; and each of them inclining to the next on either Side 
it in an Angle x hi egrees. ry | | 


Theſe 


Dr. Hook takes occaſion here to ſhew the Reſemblance of the Shootings before de- Like to Fern. 


"Tis a little ſurprizing chat to diſcover Seeds of Fern. 


HE Works of Nature are 50 leſs admirable for their Variety than their Beauty | Flakes of 
ven in ſuch Things as appear the moſt alike, a ftrict Examination will diſcover Snow. 


„ i Configurations of Snow and Ice, 

| Theſe Stems in the ſame Flake are commonly of the fame Make exactly, but different 

1 An different Flakes; inſomuch that, our Author ſays, he has obſerved above an hundred 
| different Forms and Sizes of theſe Star-like Flakes falle in a very little Time, 


The Branchings out from every Stem in the ſame Flake are fo exactly alike, that only by 

, obſerving the Configuration of any one'$tem, one may know certainly the Figures of the 
other Side; the Branchings are likewiſe generally ſimilar to thoſe in frozen Urine before 

. deſcribed. ten JJ ahbrtende hoo thhe 15 3 
gh We have here before us ſix and twenty Repreſentations of the Flakes of Snow, of diffe- 
rent Shapes and Sizes, as they appear to the naked Eye“ Des CarTes, Dr. GRE w, Mr, 
MoRToNn, Dr. LaxGw1TH, and ſome others, have alſo given us many of their Star-like 
Forms; and Dr. Srock k of Zealand lately communicated to the Royal Society ſeveral 


þ - Figures obſerved and drawn by him, but differing very little from thoſe of Dr, Hook E *. 


PL AL EEG; 4; 
A 8 * 1 ; Ove 3 i Ro AY | ; Ns ; 


A Flake of P HE Flakes of Snow, examined by a Microſcope, do not appear fo perfectly regu- 

N you mg. lar and exact as might be expected; but, like Works of Human Art, the more 

Ol. they are magnified, the more” miſhapen and tude they ſeem _; of which the Figure be- 

fore ys is a Specimen, © This, however, is not owing to any Defect or Irregularity in their 
Formation, but to the unequal Thawing, or breaking of them as they fall: for I make 

9 no doubt, if it were poſſible to get a Sight of them through a Microſcope as they are gene- 
rated in the Clouds, and before their Figures are prejudiced by external Accidents, we 

ſhould find them curiouſly beautiful, exact, and perfect. 1 i e en 


* * : ö a | | * 
4 — * f 1 | * : * . : 2 
«OE . : 4 uh F - . 8 i bo” | 
PLATE V. FIG. 1 
F 6 * 8 0 5 4 9 4. ; « ; | 3 » 
' : Fi : | 
* ; 


. 


The Form of Ice on Water. 


An Iciele. AIR Water being expoſed: to the Cold in a capacidus Veſſel of Glaſs, after a little 
time, ſeveral broad; flat, and thin Lamihæ or Plates of Ice were obſerved on the 
Surface, croſſing the Water and each other very irregularly. Moſt of them ſeemed to 

| turn one of their Edges towards that Side of the Glaſs next it, and to grow as it were 
\ inwards towards the Middle of the. Veſſel. © © | n an ls * 
Some of theſe Laminæ being taken out of the Water onathe Blade of a Knife, were 
found to be figured- after the Manner of Herring- Bones, or the Branches of Fern; hav- 

ipg- in the Middle one larger Stem, like the Back-Bone, and iſſuing out of it on either Side 
Mialtitudes of {mall Icicles, like the ſmaller Bones, or the ſmaller Branches in Fern, Each 

of theſe Icicles was parallel to all the reſt pn the ſame Side, and all of them appeared to 

make an Angle with the Stem of about ſixty Degrees. ** 


— 


# * 


. a 


Po TE V." 1.5. 


Ice on Marble. 


Ice. Little Water expoſed | to the Cold on a broad flat Marble, exhibited, when frozen, 
a very pretty Variety of Figures, ſome like Feathers, others of different Shapes, 
and many in the Appearance of the Picture here referted to. 1 . 


PLATE”V. EIS. . 


W 
* 


Ice of another Configuration. 


Ice. ILAK Es of Ice frozen on the Top of Water to any conſiderable Thickneſs, were 
found, on Examination, to have both their Upper and Under-Sides curiouſly quill'd, 

furrow'd, or grained, which the Sun ſhining thereon ſhewed to be, as in the Drawing, 
ſeveral ſtrait Ends of parallel Plates, of divers Lengths and Angles to one another, without 
any certain Order, | 3 5 | ; 


——  _-—— 


rr —— —— — 


—— — 
— — 


* Some of theſe Figures are printe d in Phil, Tranſ, Numb. 464. 
| . 


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/  The:Ganfgutetion af Kettoting-Stone 1 


{4 V3 1 191: ft JL 2 1110 1 10 2») 10 (005 50 De 54 5 211139 treo * 173 Ve” ni BILL 


peared through the Microſcope. made up 0 


"HIS Stone, which, has a very extrhordinary- Grain, much different Sel 


An ExPLanaTIONof the Six v PLATE OE 


1 S N 10 Hig 


[ 0 | 1 4 3 Ip J 
93 FG F: 1. 


9 ln , s , 
I TELDOQMENDIIDI JON SABIN GOV WU - 


ro tis 20 MO 15 K Piece of eh lee en. 1902500011 * cot 11 


101 JO 119 1333 NJ #7921 918 1 [41 40 — 011 ; 


Kinds, 5 Stone, is dug from a 


at Kettering in Nortbampronſhire. It ap- Stone. 
er little Pebbles, whoſe Figure — 


nearly globular, though they were not all cxaQilyiof; the ſame hape or N ſome ex- 
ceeding others three or four times in Diameter. They ſeemed, to the ron Eye, like 


the Orary or- Hatd-Raw of an Herring, or ſome ſmaller Fiſh: but the little Gcaima were 


neither ſo lage nor ſo uniform. Their Variation in Shape from perfect Roundneſt looked 


as if occaſtoned entirely. by the Preſſute of [om of the Balls againft others, whereby the 


| Sides where the Preſſute took place, became a hutle depreſſed /inwards, and che other Parts 
> became protruded propoxtianably out wards, beyood the 


its of a Globe; in the fame 


manner as it Would bappen, it an Heap of [exaCt{yirds Balls: of ſoft an were arg 
upon one another i iir i lo toil gyoT bas hade 

Theſe Grains were ſo firmly united together where they touch each other, that they 
_ cauld be parted without breaking an Hole 0 one enn, which Praftarcy Are 


a by a, a, a, 'b, Cc &c: 171 (fi 


 In:feveral,onhere'the Preſſure hd beer beg light, no more was brokew than the out- 
ward Cx ſt or Bhelb of the Stone, which appedsed of à white Colour, dafh'd a little with 
a brownifh ye, and very! thin like the Sheld of an Egg. Nay, ſore of thoſe Grains 
were found-perfedtly to-refemltle Eggs both in Colour and Shape. - But where the Union 
of the r eee was _ —_— or Divulſion heed occalioned A larger Chafin, 
as at 6, E, M NE] 110 
mh ra be crayon W — Wies ic RY md reed vy two different Sub- 
ſtances, endompaſſing each other in the Marines of u Whne and Tek, @ nearer Neſem- 
blarce ſtill to: Eggs, as e, & ©! corilenad? ee hos tent 

What we term the White, was pretty whitiſh heat dhe Wik bier drew wote diflcy 
towards the Shell, and in fome was radiated like a Pyrives. The yoll-like Part was hol- 
low in foe, but filled in 8 with 2 darkiſh brown 1 2 Subſtance, like a Kind 
of Piich;: as at 6. trau Nat: Nd rl. | 

The tzterflices or amal Post detwiens dhe Clobules, e, e, e, e, were und, d Wel 
Experiments, to be pervious every Way boch to Air and Water; for on blowing through 

a Piece of this Stone of a con fiderable Thickneſs, the Air paſſed as eaſily as through a 


Cane: 


And when another pretty large Piece was covered all over with Cement, except at 


the two oppoſite Ends, by blowing, 1 in at one End, ſome Spittle where with the other was 
wetted, was raiſed into Abundance. of Bubbles, and {re prove bow Porous fome Bo- 


dies are which appear ſeemingly compact and 


ITbe Microſcope diſcovers here a None, com 2 ſed of innumerable lt Balls, which 
on 


merely touch each other, and yt by fo ny 


tacts conſtitute a Subſtance much harder 


than Free-Stone, - 
The Interſtices ks Ks Balls muſt a } it very uſcful, when farmed i into proper 
Veſſels, for the Filtration of Water or any! other Liquors. 


E18 Picture . a Kind of Sea-Plant or Fucus, called by Mr. Ray, in — 


„ "PLATE VL/FIG. 1 5 
CE "WS Sea-Moſß. 


Synqh is, Fucus telam lineam ſericeamus texturd ful æmilant. It grows 


Rocks under Water, and ſpreads out into a great Tuft, which branches into 2 
Leaves of a moſt beautiful and ſurprifing Structure. But ef this we ſhall defer giving 
any Gcther Cs till We come to the ficſt Figare of the Eleventh Plate. | 


Ti 


together in a Kind of Net-like Form. The Joints are mo 


PLATE VI. FIG. 34 Wiz 
A Piece, af Spunge. wing 


.% 


; * Kettering- 


Sea-Moſs. 


HE Texture of this Object is ** by the Microſcope to conſiſt of innume- Spange. 


rable, ſmall, ſhort, round Fibres, nearly of the ſame pen. jointed very curi- 


commonly where only 
E three 


— 


© . 
= - — - _— — — 
— * * 


| 14 The Configuration of Spunge.- 


1 three Fibres meet, few of them being found compoſed of four : But neither of the three 
| | F libres ſeems the Stock whereon the others grow, all being of the fame Size, and conduc- 


l meet in ſuch a manner that their three Angles differ greatly from one another. The 
| Meſhes or Holes of this reticulated Body are likewiſe extremely various, ſome hay 

| two, three, ot four, others ſive, ſix, ſeven, eight, or nine Sides. But of all theſe P 

| | ticulars tis hoped the Picture will give a pretty good Idea. | Beſides theſe microſcopical 
| Pores which lie between the Fibres, there are Multitudes of round Holes piercing from 
| __ the Top of the Spunge into the Body thereof, and paſſing ſome uite through i 

| - the Bottom att 3110 05 | >Ca291 Fal b irt at 11111 110 111 C2130 nb 
| Dr. Hook obſerves, that Spunge is commonly reckòned as yts or 
it \ 


likewiſe its Reſemblance to Animal Subſtances; for examined chymically, it affords a vo- 
[ latile Salt and Spitit like Hartſhorn'j: when burnt in a Fire of) at a Candle, it affords a 


5 


1211380. 


ce to the Rocks, as many Species of the Fungi do to Trees, two or three Foot ſometimes 
<« under the Sea- Water: tho now and then not above four Inches. Thoſe Hollows 


* which we ſee empty in Spunges, or in dry Spunges waſh'd, and wrung dut, are filled, 
« vhilſt on the Rocks, with a filthy Liquor, or rather Jelly- like Matter, which ſtinks 


« them to have ſome kind of Life, from their Manner of fixing themſelves to the. 
«© Rocks; whence, ſays he, it is very, difficult to pull them! away, unleſs they are taken 
as it were by Surprize; . for at the Approach of any body to lay hold on them, 


te out a great deal of Trouble: They do the ſame likewiſe whenever there are 
te them by Nature inſtead of Fleſh, and the larger Cavities ſeem a ts Bowels or 
te Inteſtines to them. The Part whereby they faſten to the Rocks, is like the Foot- 
© Stalk of a Leaf, whence a ſlendet Soft? of Neck begins, which widening upwards, 
* forms the globous Figure of the Head. On the Upper-Part almoſt all the Paſſages 
«« are hid by , ts cloſed, but four or five of them are open towards the Bottom, through. 
* which we may ſuppoſe their Nouriſhment is ſucked in. Po e he > ate) 


If a dry Spunge be thoroughly wetted, and then ſqueezing out the Water, it be ſuf-. 
fered to expand itſelf into its natural Fuße and Dimenſions, which it will freely do 
whilſt moiſt, tis very plain that the Mouths of the larger Holes have a kind of Lip or 
| Riſing round about them. Tis alſo evident, that each of theſe great Paſſages has many 
ſmaller ones below that help to conſtitute it, as many little Streams contribute to the 
making up a large River. 5 AE 
In ſhort, the Texture of Spunge is wonderful, and if it be properly examined into, ſeems: 
to promiſe ſome Information of the Veſſels hitherto undiſcovered in Animal Subſtances, by 
reaſon the Solidity of the interſerted Fleſh, in them is not eaſily removed, without de- 
ſtroying alſo thoſe interſperſed Veſſels : Whereas the Parenchyma, or what ſerves inſtead 
of Fleſh to Spunge, is but a Kind of Jelly, eaſily cleared and waſhed away. | 
The Natural Hiſtory of this Production is fo imperfectly known, that we are ſtill un- 
certain whether it increaſes from little to great like Vegetables, that is, Part after Part; or 
like Animals, all the Parts growing equally together: Whether it affords Matrices or 
Neſts for ſome Kinds of Water-Animals, or is a real Animal itſelf ; and alſo, whether at 
any time it is more ſoft and tender, or of another Nature and Configuration. 
As the Diſcovery of the Polype has ſet many curious Gentlemen both in France and Eng- 
land upon a ſtrict Examination of the Waters and their Productions, tis to be hoped that 
all theſe Doubts will ſhortly be cleared up. 


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Sealing-Wax; which examined by a ſmall Magnifier, exhibits Abundance of ſuch Pores 
as are viſible to-the naked: Eye in many: Kinds: of Wood, ranged round the Pith as well 
circularly as radiating from a Center, "Theſe appear every where in the Subſtance of the 


Coal drilling it from End to End, ſo that you may eaſily blow through it. © 


much be made uſe of, an infinite Number of exceedingly ſmall and very regular Pores 
will be diſcovered, ſo thick, ſo orderly ſet, and ſo cloſe to one another, that very little 
Room is left We them to be occupied by a ſolid Body; for the intermediate Par- 
titions of theſe Po | 
tho' in others they are much thicker, in proportion to the Holes 
The exceeding Smallneſs and Cloſeneſs of theſe Pores may be conceived in ſome degree 
by their Numbers; for no leſs than one hundred and fifty of them were counted in a Line 
not more than the eighteenth Part of an Inch long; conſequently, a Line of an Inch in 
Length muſt contain two thouſand ſeven hundred of them: and about five Millions ſeven 
hundred twenty five thouſand three hundred and fifty of the like Pores muſt be in a circular 
Area of an Inch Diameter. Nay, Cocus, black and green Ebony, Lignum Vite, Guaja- 
cum, &c. have their Pores till ſmaller, and more numerous; ſo exquiſite are the Pipes 
or Sluices whereby the Juices of Vegetables are conveyed! — | 224 i" 


i 


'F J% 
? 
N i i | 


5 


1 


A TFiece of petrified Wood. 


1 gure, as the Draught before us the 


— 
, 


Drawing made in the ſame Proportion, Each Pore, however, was nearly half as large 
again as thofe in the burnt Wood, and the Diſpoſition of the whole exactly in the ſame 
Figure and Order as the ſmall Pores of Charcoal, but there were none of the larger Pipes 
or Cavities before . deſcribed in that. | | | 


The Subject under Examination ſeemed to have been a Part of ſome large Tree, that 
had been broken off by Rottenneſs, before it became petrified. And Dr. Hook E declares, 
that all he had ſeen of this Kind ſeemed to have been rotten before the Petrifaction began: 
and that he was confirmed in this Opinion, by examining a vaſt large Oak, which with mere 

Age was rotten as it ſtood, whoſe Wood in Colour, Grain, and Shape, appeared exactly 
uke this petrified Subſtance. He likewiſe obſerves, that all thoſe microſcopical Pores, which 


a, 


larger than any he had ſeen in Charcoal. mo 
Pieces of petrified Wood are however very different in Shape, Colour, Grain, Tex- 


black, flint-like, hard and brittle ; others ſoft like a Slate or Whetſtone. _ 22 . 
In this Petrifaction the Parts ſeemed not at all altered from their Poſition whilſt Wood, 
having the Pores of Wood ſtill remaining, with a manifeſt Difference between the Grain 


neſs, and Brittleneſs. | 
Its Weight was to common Water as Three and a Quarter to One ; whereas few 
_ Engliſh Woods, when very dry, are quite equal in Weight to Water. oy 


4. 


* For the Manner of Charring Coal, vid, LvELYN's Sylva, p. 100, 101, 103. 


j# 1 \ 2 


But beſides theſe many great and irregular Spots or Pores, if a Glaſs that magnifies 


[HE Pores in this Obje&t were not ſo much bigger than thoſe in the foregoing Fi- p 


that magnified ſix times more than what was uſed for the Piece of Charcoal, and the 


in fappy and ſound Wood are filled with the natural Juices of the Tree, were found in 


and Bark; but it differed from Wood in Weight, Hardneſs, Cloſeneſs, Incombuſtible- 


| 8 | 11d bh 


AX Piece of Stick chatred or burnt till it becomes black ®; if broke ſhort between the Charcoal. 


appear fo thin in ſome Places, that a Honey-comb is not leſs ſolid, #2 


—_R 
FOIL F ; etrified 
ws them ; for this was viewed by a Microſcope Wood. 


Ee Sr = ET I EE CI OT OT r 


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. It was nearly as hard as Flint, and reſembled the Grain thereof in ſome Parts, would 
| eaſily cut Glaſs, could ſcarcely be ſcratched itſelf by a black hard Flint, and would as 


' 


readily as any common Flint ſtrike Fire againſt a Steel. 


4 


16 Ihe Configurati 


1 


1 


— —— — — — A — — 
— 8 _ — 


Its. Cloſeneſs was evident when placed in ſome Poſitions; for the Reaſon why 
fl . the Pores 3 darker than the reſt of the Body, was then ſhewn, viz. becauſe 
| 


-—_ 


" they were filled with a darker Subſtance, and not becauſe they were hollow. 

1 . | Though kept ſome time red-hot in the Flame of a Lamp, rendered very intenſe 
11 by a Blow-Pipe and a large Charcoal, it loft :nathing of its Subſtance, but appeared as 
. | ſolid as before, only ſomewhat darker. "T'was remarkable that it ſoon grew red-hot, 
0 ala neither 2 like Wood, nor cracked and 1 ailed influ 
Diftilled Vinegar, being dropped upon it, many ſuch were raiſed inſtantly, as 
Ill ” 4 e rl e 
It was fo brittle that one Blow of 2 Hammer would break off a Piece, and two or 
| | three more reduce it to a Powder. ff ff 

It felt alſo much colder than Wood, and much like other cloſe Stones and Mi- 


* 5 4 - 


* 


—— 


* 


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* 


5 1 hs Porea ju Cork e e an be r 

6 T Circular Figur dye are now. deferibinigy/ exhibits two- of the thinneſt Slices of 

Cork that could be ſhaved off with a Penknife, made as ſharp as poſſible, in or- 

der to diſcover, by the Microſcope, the Texture and Form thereof. And, upon Exami- 

1 nation, they were found to be all cellular or porous, in the Manner of an Honey- comb, 

5 but not ſo regular. The ſolid Subſtance was alſo very ſmall, in Compariſon of the Cavi- 

ties; for the Partition between the Cells were near as thin in} Proportion to them „as the 

ſlender Diviſions in an Honey-comb are in Proportion to the Cells they ſeparate. . 

The Cells of Cork are ranged like. fe many Rays tending from the Center or Pith of 

the Tree outwards: They are not very deep, but reſemble many little Boxes, made by 

3 Numbers of Partitions dividing one long continued Pore, as is ſhewn by the Slice marked 

: B, which being a tranfrerſe Section, preſents a View of the Pores opened lengthwiſe. + 

The Slice marked A, was ſhaved off the long Way of the Cork, and conſequently 

ſhews all the Pores cut aſunder tranſverſely ; but the ſolid Partitions between them ap- 

| peared not ſo thick as they are here repreſented. © 1 

Several of theſe Lines being numbered, about Threeſcore of the ſmall Cells, placed 

end- ways, were found, uſually, in the Length of the eighteenth Part of an Inch: where- 

fore the Length of an Inch muſt contain above a Thouſand, a ſquare Inch above a Mil- 

lion, or 1, 166, 400; and a cnbic Inch above twelve hundred Millions, or 1,259,712,000 ; 

a thing almoſt incredible, did not our Microſcope aſſure us of it by ocular Demonſtration. 

This Contexture, diſcoverable N the Microſcope, proves the Lightneſs, of Cork to pro- 

ceed, as it does in Wool, Spunge, Pumice-Stone, &c. from its having a very ſmall Quan- 

tity of ſolid Matter, extended into exceeding large Dimenſions. It proves likewiſe, that 

its Unaptneſs to ſuck in, and conſequently its floating on the Surface of Water, is owing 

4 to its whole Subſtance being almoſt filled with Air, incloſed in thoſe innumerable little 

i Cells or Boxes above deſcribed, which being full already, are impenetrable to Water or 

i other Air. Its Springingneſs, its Ability of being compreſſed into half the Dimenſions it 

—— occupied before, and its Power of extending itſelf into the ſame 17 when ſuffered to 

| act again, may likewiſe be accounted for from the ſame Cauſes, It is alſo probable that 

| the Sides of, and Partitions between the Cells, may have in them an elaſtic Quality, as moſt 
| 
| 


* 


Poſition. | | | | 


0 


; Produdtio is known but little, and therefore it may not be 
unacceptable to give a ſhort Account thereof. 


In the South Parts of France, in Spain and Itah, there are ſeveral Species of what they 
4 call the Cork-Tree, But the broad-lea ved Sort, that is ever green, and affords the moſt 


nn and beſt Cork, is a pretty tall Tree, bearing Acorns like an Oak, tho' with Leaves much 
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Stones upon it. When perfectly dry, it is made up in Bales for Tranſportation. Jobn- 
| fon tells us, that the internal Part of the Cork-Tree is ſo cloſe and folid it, will not ſwim 


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e the Obſervations made by Dr. 
Hook E, Auguſt gth, 1661, on the Humble and Sexfible Plants then growing in 
Mr. CuirrIx's Garden, St. Fames's Park ; in the Preſence of Lord BRoUNK ER, Sir 
ROBERT Moray, Dr. Wiikins, Mr. ExxLVN, Dr. HensH aw, and Dr. CLARK. 

There were four Plants of the Senfitive Kind, two of which the Doctor diſtinguiſhes 
by the Name of the Humble Plant, becauſe in them, when the Leaves had cloſed them- 
ſelves together, either by being gently touched, or if the Sun ſhine very warm, by only 
taking off the Glaſs that covered them, the tender Sprouts, as if wither 
wards to the Ground. 1 0 PE 1 
They were little Shrub-Plants, having a ſhort Stock, that roſe about an Inch above the 
Earth; from which ſeveral Branches iſſued, round, ſtrait, and ſmooth, but with a Couple 
of ſharp thorny Prickles juſt under each of the Sprouts that proceeded from them. 
The Diſtance between the Sprouts Mas uſually ſomething above an Inch; and the End 
of each Sprout had*generally four Sprigs, two, at the Extremity, and one on each Side 
juſt under it. On each of theſe Sprigs, from its uppermoſt Side, about eleven Pair of 


d, hung dowa- 


e 


Leaves grew out, one againſt another exactly, and neatly ſet, in ſuch-like Articulations as 
when the round Head of a Bone is received into a Socket that affords it an eaſy Motion. 
The Leaves were placed in the moſt proper Manner to fold together readily; and when they 
cloſed in Pairs, each Under-Pair folded a little over that above it, as the Picture ſhews, 
where the Sprig is repreſented cloſed; 5 wy; . , 
Each Leaf, being almoſt an oblong Square, grew out from the Sprig at one of the 

lower Corners, and received therefrom not only a Spine, (if we may fo call it) which paſ- 
ſed through and divided it lengthways, in. ſuch a Manner, that the Out-fide was broader 

than the Inner ; but alſo ſmall Fibres, paſſing obliquely towards the oppoſite broader Side, 
and ſeeming to render it a little muſcular, in order to move the whole Leaf. All the 


Leaves and Sprigs were covered with ſmall waitiſh Hairs. 


On touching any of the Sprigs, all the Leaves on that Sprig contracted themſelves by 
Pairs, and joined their upper Surfaces cloſe together. 


On letting a Drop of Agua-fortis fall on the Sprig, between the Leaves , all the 
Leaves above, as a, b, c, d, e, ſhut themſelves preſently ; thoſe below, as g, B, 1, E, I, m, 
u, did the fame afterwards, by Pairs, ſucceſſively, Soon after the ſame Motion began in 


F 5 By the 


were. 
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ſtrong- ſcented Oil, 
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8 


Plants on Mouldineſs. On Raſe-Tree Leaves. 19 


An EXPLANATION of the NIN TH PLATE. 
1 The Ferm of Blue or White Mould. 


RU ITS, Herbs, Leaves, Roots, Cheeſe, Leather, and many other moiſt Things, are Mouldines. 
frequently obſerved with hairy Spots upon them, of a blue or white Colour, ſuch as 

we commonly call Moxiainefs., The Figure now before us was a Spot of that Kind, found 

on the red Sheep-ſkin Cover of a Book, and examined by the Microſcope, which diſ- 

covered it. to be a pretty Sort of Vegetable, puſhing out Multitudes of ſmall long cylin- 

drical and tranſparent Stalks, not exactly upright, but bending a little with the Weight 

of a round white Knob or Ball, that grew on the Top of each. 


Others were alſo ſmooth, but ſomewhat of an oblong Shape, as 83. 
Several of them were broken a little, appearing with a few Clefts on the Top, as C. 
Others again were ſhattered, or flown to pieces, in the Manner of D D.D D. f 
Their whole Subſtance was very tender, much like that of the ſofter Kind of common 

white Muſhroom, for the leaſt Touch with a Pin tore them; and though they grew near 
together in a Cluſter, each Stem ſeemed to riſe from a ſeparate Root, out of a diſtinct 
Part or Pore of the Leather. Some were ſmall and ſhort, ſeeming but newly ſprung up, 


q part round. Others were tal! er and larger, being probably of a 


with Balls for the moſt nd. Ot! all 
— Growth, the Heads of which appeared moſtly broken, and ſeveral. of them much 
It was not eaſy to find out what theſe Heads contained, or whether they were Flowers 
or Seed- Veſſels; but they ſeemed to bear the neareſt Reſemblance to the Heads of Muſh- 
rooms, and were very diſagreeable both to the Taſte and Smell. 
The Microſcope diſcovers ſeveral Species of minute Plants, very different from one 
another, compoſing” what we call Mouldineſs, as found on different Sorts of Things, and 
at different Seaſons of the Year ; ſome reſemble Spunge, others Puff- Balls, and others 
a Thicket of Buſhes, very much branched, and extending much in Length, in proportion 
to their Thicknels, like creeping Brambles. 74, 58 Þ Bs! ARE 'S 9 
Our Author ſuppoſes that Muſhrooms, and the Microſcopical Plants, we are now de- 
ſcribing, may be generated at any Time, and from any Kind of putrified Subſtance, either 
animal or vegetable, without Seed; merely by the friendly Concurrence of either natural 
or artificial Heat and Moiſture: And adds, that he could never find any thing like Seeds 
in Muſhrooms. But later Diſcoveries have proved him greatly miſtaken in this Reſpect, 
by ſhewing that Muſbrooms produce Seeds in prodigious Numbers, as any Body may be 
ſatisfied who will take the Trouble to examine the Gills of them with good Glaſſes: And 
tho' it may be impoſſible to diſcern the like, on theſe minute Plants, it is not improbable 
that their round Heads may contain alſo an Abundance of Seeds, which becoming ripe 
in a few Hours, are ſpirted to ſome ſmall Diſtance round about, where finding a proper 
Bed, they preſently ſpring up, - and ſoon bear Sceds themſelves. T1” | 
And if ſo, we need no longer wonder at the ſpeedy ſpreading of Mouldineſs over any 
Body whereon it once appears. It muſt be owned, that Heat and Moiſture, and oftentimes 
a Degree of Putrefaction in the Subſtance, are requiſite to make theſe little Plants thrive ; 
but that ſuch Principles ſhould be able tg, create them, muſt, I think, be paſt the Belief 
of any who have ſtudied Nature by the Help of Glaſſes, 


PLATE IX. FIG. 2. 


\ 
| 
{ 
5 i 
— — 


A curious Plant on the Leaves of Roſe- Trees. 


Owards the End of Summer, when the Leaves of Damaſę-Roſe Trees begin to Plants ovrRo'es 
dry and turn yellow, they frequently have yellow Specks on their upper Surface; Tres Leaves. 
over againſt which, exactly on the Under - ſide, may be found little yellow Hillocks of a 
gummy Subſtance, with black Specks in the Middle of them, appearing to the naked Eye 
no bigger than the ſmalleſt Tittle that can be made with a Pen. 
The Oval Figure O O O O, which is given here, as examined by the Microſcope, was 
a Piece of Roſe- Leaf, about the Size of the little Oval marked X, on the Hillock C. On 


I this 
2 . : . 


3 n 0 _—_— TI LT” = den Ate oa. ak „ WW 


5 20 Form of ſmall Wall- Moſss. 


this appeared ſeveral Knobs of a yellowiſh red gummy Subſtance, out of which 
ſprung Multitudes of long Pods, in Shape reſembling thoſe of common Moſs ; but, 
15 much leſs, that many Hundreds of them would not be equal to one Seed- Pod of 
Moſs. The Stalks whereon they grew were finely tranſparent, and almoſt like the 
Stalks of the Plants in Mouldineſs, but ſomewhat yellower. MV 


1:8 5 Some of theſe Hillocks appeared barren or deſtitute, without any thing growing 
| on them, asG. . „ ne” | 
The Pods in others, were juſt ſhooting out their Heads, and ſeemed all pointing 
directly upwards, as at A. „ . | 
In ſome, as at B, they were juſt gotten out of the Hillock, with Pods of an indif- 
ferent 8, but lifle or no Stalk. POT TI ᷑wnß 39 ee ET 
They were found in ſome beginning to have little | ſhort Stalks, as C. ? 
In others, as D, the Stalks were increaſed both in Length and Thickneſs. © | ' 
Others ſtill, as E, F, H, I, K, L, produced Pods and Stalks that were a great deal 
larger, and probably at their full Growth: The Stalks were more bulky about the 
Root, and tapering towards the Top, as F and L moſt particularly ſhew. OT. 
No Seeds could be diſcovered in theſe Pods; but as they grew to their full Size 
they began to bend their Heads downward,. in the Manner thoſe of common Moſs 
| do; whereby Nature ſeems to intend the ſame : as in many Seed Veſſels of greater 
Ih! Bulk, viz. that the Seed, when ripe, ſhould be ſhaken and ſcattered out at the Ends 
| of them, as we ſes it is in the him, © Ee HS OO THT Es 
If theſe Pods, as is highly probable, contain Seeds, and the Size of thoſe Seeds bears 
ſuch a Proportion' to that of the Pod, as we find between the Seeds and Seed Veſlels of 
Pinks, Columbines, Poppies, &c. how inconceivably minute muſt each of thoſe Seeds be! 
The whole Length of one of the largeſt Pods was not the five hundredth Part of an 
Inch, and in ſome' not above the thouſandth Part, certainly therefore many thouſand 
ſuch Seeds muſt. be neceſſary to conſtitute a, Bulk viſible to the naked Eye; and, if 
| each of theſe contains the Rudiments of a young Plant of the fame Kind, what 
i | muſt we think of the conſtituent Parts, Sap-veſſels, and Pores thereof? 


4 * 


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FCC 


An EXPLANATION of the TEN TH PLATE. 


* 5 N 
2 Small Wall-Moſs. a 
Wall-Moſs. 3 3 Hs Plate exhibits the different Parts of a ſmall and beautiful, but very com- 


mon Species of Moſs, as they appeared before the Microſcope. ng 
The Root A reſembles a ſeedy Parſnep, furniſhed with fmall Strings and Fibres, finely 
branched, like the Roots of much larger Vegetables. From this the Body of the Plant 
| ſprings up, of a Shape ſomewhat quadrangular, moſt curiouſly fluted with little Hol- 
lows running parallel all its Length. Its Sides are cloſely ſet with a Multitude of large, 
fair, well-ſhaped Leaves, ſome rounder, and others longer, according to their- Ape, 
When this Plant is young, and ſpringing up as C, tis not unlike to Houſelteh ; hav- 
ing ſuch kind of thick Leaves, folding over one another ; but when they grow longer, 
the Surface on each Side of them becomes beautifully covered with little oblong tran- 
ſparent Bodies, as the Leaves D, D, D, expres. 1 95 


There ſhoots out between the Leaves, a ſmall white tranſparent hair- like Body, which 
becomes in time a long, round, and even Stalk, as E; which being cut tranverſely, when 
dry, was found to be a ſtiff, hard, and hollow Cane or Reed, without any kind of 
Knot or Joint, from its Bottom, where the Leaves ſurrounded it, to the Top where 
a large Seed-Caſe grew. 3 7 5 

F repreſents the Seed-Veſſel or Caſe, cut off from the Stalk E, and covered with a 
thin whitiſh Skin G, terminating in along thorny Top. This skinny Membrane at firſt 
incloſes the whole Seed-Vefſel, but as that ſwells within it, the skin breaks by degrees, 
and at length falls off with its thorny Top, leaving the Seeds to ripen, and be ſcattered 
from an Opening, to be deſcribed preſently, which before was covered by it. 

H ſhews the Seed-Veſſel, when ripe, without its membranous Covering G. The Top 
hereof before the Seeds are ripe appears like a flat barr'd Button I, and has no Hole or O- 
pening ; but as they ripen, the Button grows bigger, and a reund Hole K opens itſelf ex- 
a Ay in the Center, through which the Seed is ſhed : And for the more readily effecting 


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Sea · Weed 0 Roſemary 1. 21 


this, Nature wonderfully diſpoſes this End of the Caſe to denn itſelf downwards, as 
the Fars of Wheat and Barley uſually do when ri 
en opening ſome of theſe Caſes, when dry and red, they were found quite empty ; ; 
but being cut aſunder with a ſharp Pen-knife, while green, a ſmaller round Caſe was 
diſcovered within the other, with # Multitude of ſtringy Fibres, occupying the Space 
between the two Caſes, the innermoſt whereof was ful of exceedingly minute white 
Seeds, 3 in the Seed-Veſſe of a Carnation, after the Floyers have bern a few Days 
fallen o 

Our Author ce the Thick of thi nde . nul that of ſome 
Trees we have Accounts of in the hot Climates of Guinea and Brazil; (the Bodies of 
Which 2 are, they tell us, twenty F ett in Diameter, whereas the Body of this Moſs is, 
commonly, not more Than thedtxtieth Part off an 77 and finds by Calculation, that 
the Thickneſs of the one exceeds that /of the 85 Lo oo illions of Times. He 
then ſuppoſes the Produſkion on a Roſe-Leaf, J to be a thouſand Times 
leſs bulky than this Moſvy- and, conſequently. * 2 of- theſe Tits: Duſt exceed the 
Bulk of that a thoufand Times theNug above” giyen. 80 80 prodigiouſly various are 
the Works of the Creator? ws. all cieflyhis Power dor wen WE. te Man would 


ſeem e b by 1 '* aa * 2 5 F 
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T5 HE jt un de *%; af ref it, bs a dual Pigce, i (the eighth Pa Patt of . 
ter) of a moſt be 


oer e- Mrarl; a large Tuft whereof 
is given, Ng. 2. Plate VI, very. inks bigger than its "nu | and common Size; but the 
Piece we are now deſcribing, KL BG, D, hr a deal. The whole Surface 
of this Plant P ( a moſt c 0 7 arVedsV. 'ork, conſiſting of a 
TexturE much feſembſit 1 e where full of innumerable 


Holes, no bigger than — che Point of a n would make; ranged in the Manner 
of a Quincung, or like the peat ed Rows ip, be Eye of « Fig. n ae exactly regular 
which way ſoever they are obſerved. 

Theſe litfle Holes, which the naked Eye would imagine circular, are ſhewn by the 
Microſcopę to be of quite a different Figure having nearly the Shape of the Sole of a 

d Shoe, the, hinder Patt whe reof ſeems covered, as it were, by the Toe of the 

next that follows it. Each Hole I edged about with a-vety thin and tranſparent Sub- 
ſtance, of a pale gtrawy- Colour; from which four” ſmall tranſparent Thorns, of the fame 
Colour, iſſue, two on ah ide,” and almoſt meet acroſs the Cavity. But no Words can 
befor o good a N of Tut 3 and uncommon. Structure as the Picture now 
befote tus,” & © © A. 8 

This Species of Sea Weed is called by Mr. RXv; 7 telam linzand'f ericeamve tex- 
zurd ſud emulans ; by others, the broad-traved"borned 2 rack. It is found here and there, 
thrown by the Sea upon the Shores j but as no bacy has ever ſeen it growing, it is pro- 
bably produced 1 in the deepeſt Parts thereof. 9 


The Sea affords an endleſs Variety of Corals, Comllines, Spunges, Moſſes, Sc. every 
Part ” which, is a e delightfel ny for the Microſcope. 


PLATE AT FIG 2. 
A Piece of Roſemary-Leaf. 


HE Under- ſide of the Leaf was what Dr, Hook R examined, and what, he ſays, 
exhibited to him a ſmooth and ſhining Surface. A B, is a Part of the Upper- 
ſide of the Leaf, but by a kind of Doubling turns down and covers ſome of the Under- 
ſide, looking like a quilted Bag of green Silk, or like ſome very pliable and tranſparent 
Membrane filled out with a green Liquor. Several other Plants have Leaves, whoſe Sur- 


G faces 


Roſemary. 


_ 


A Piece of Stinging Nettle. | 
faces are ſmooth like this, and as it were quilted, in the ſame manner. Rue, or Herb- 
graſs, is poliſhed, and all over indented or pitted, | . 

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HIS Obje& is a Piece of the ſmeſt Boten us I appe ars 
It ſeems introduced by Miſtake into this Plate, and belo 
where Ribbon, Tafaty, and Things of its on Kind-, extflningd;” - A Deſcription it is 
therefore given-where that Plats'i@explainads Page dc hel we refer he Reader, >, 
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Nettl A Piece of Stinging Nettle, as enlarged by | 


The whole Surface of the Leaf is ſet thick with ſharp Thorns or Prickles, which are 
juſt viſible to the naked Eye; but when magnified by Glaſſes, their Form is hiſtoverable 
as at AB, AB, &c. Each of theſe conſiſts of two Parts, different in Shape and Quality. 
The Part A reſembles a round Bodkin, tapering from B, till it ends in a very ſharp Point. 
Its Subſtance is hard and ſtiff, exceeding tranſparent, and hollow from Top to Bottom, as 
has been found by many Trials. The lower and thicker Part B, which is as it were the 
Baſis whereon the Prickle ſtands, and of a much more pliable Conſiſtence, in Shape re- 

|  ſembles a wild Cucumber, and is evidently a little Bladder, or Veſſel filled with a limpid 

; — Liquor, always in Readineſs to be ejected through the Cavity of the Prickle, when any 
thing preſſes hard upon it. 32G . 

| This Configuration enables us to account for the Effects of what we call the Stinging 
of a Nettle; the Manner of which the Doctor fully diſcovered: by the following curious 


Ys 


Experiment, 


Having provided a ſingle Glaſs, whoſe Focus was at the Diſtance of about half an 
Inch, faſten'd in a little Frame, that it might be managed eaſily, he perceived by the 
| Help thereof, that on thruſting his Finger gently againſt the Ends of a Nettle's Prickles, 
| they did not bend in the leaſt ; but he could diſcern a Liquor riſing towards the Points 


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8 The Beard of a Wild-@at, (© 2 


thereof, or ſinking in them, according to the Degree of Prefſuiſs 3 and on taking away his 
Hand, he could ſee it ſubſide entirely into the little Bladder at the Bottom, and that as 


irritating the nervous 
And this Liquor, as 
Bottom of the Sting. 
. Whoſe Bite is dange- 
„ Were they not hol- 
7 viſible Bladders of Li- 
„than thoſe that 


| wet %. T h - ** VS "MA 
that are hergiand there in- 
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at An Hygrometer wade: with a Wild-Oat Beard. 


KK, in the upper Figure, repreſent the two Channels or Clefts opened, which reich 
from the Bottom to the Angle C, all along the writhed Part, and are twiſted round with 


it, as at the Letters K K, &c. L L, Sc. in both the Figures Theſe VENT | are * 
up 1 a kind of ſpungy Subſtance. 9 


PLATE XII, FIG. a * 


— A trauere Sefton of the 3 Beard. 


M, 


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1 the Upper - End t of ph 5, we 4 not "ery exact fe in the Top- 
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* Ona the Top of the Bear ot % a banal and very ght Gitex Ag mad e of a thin Slip. 
| 2 AE. be faſtned. wit 


r fine stk, N Touch of hard Wax or 


i 90 — 1 nf 


| | MC 'K en in the Oonititution of | 
the Air, Wet > or Moiſture, > and d es ſo certainly twiſt or unt wyiſt itſelf i in propor- 
tion thereto, 5 > 


that i it will Tea voila 33 5 by 898825 Index 55 Round, 
thi 4 on it, or twi eby turn * t N ay by letting 
phcig ky the Suo-ine, es e 


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| This little Circle may be made of thin Paſtbod. pop Parchme N as well as 
þ Paper; but great Care mult, be taken. that it 2 e AX ve very eaſily up 

| on the Pin, otherwi the whole Operation will be ſpoiled The Box may be 3 


Braſs»Silver, Iron, Wood, or Ivory, and egrees marked upon N chuſes: and 
the Index may be contrived various Ways, to wa pot Fond the N 


. mber of Revolu- 
tions, but the nt ia each. a 


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of Cranes-Bill, are at leaſt as eaſily affected as that of the Wild-Oat : And it is farther 


obſervable, that the ſmaller the writhing Subſtance the quicker i Its Senſibility of every little 
Change. 
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Seeds of Corn. Violet. Seeds of Thyme. 
; * | a | i x | 


An EXPLANATION of the THIRTEENTH PLATE. 


This and the Three following Plates preſent to us the Pictures of different 
Seed, as they appear when enlarged hy ibe Microſcope. e 
TY e 


Seeds of the Corn-Violet. - 

THOSE; under our Inſpection, at preſent, belong to the Corn-Violet, or Venus- Seeds of the 
Looking-Glaſs ; whoſe Seed is mall, black and ſhining ;:and/when ſeen by the Corn Violet 

naked Eye, reſembles a little Flea; but magnified by Glaſſes, appears in the Form 

before us, covered with a thick, tongh and ſhining Skin, ſhrunk or pitted, as it were, 

irregularly, inſomuch that no two of them can be found alike exactly. 5 


- 


: 


The Seeds of Plants (even thoſe whoſe Shape and Structure, by reaſon of their Smal- 
neſs the Eye is unable to diſtinguiſn) are adorned with ſuch a Variety of Carvings and 
Ornaments, that much Pleaſure ariſes from the Examination of them. Their Surfices 
are ſome cutiouſly wrought; others! ſmooth and poliſhed ; ſome are covered with Hairs, 
ſome with a kind of Shell, and ſome with both. Their mere outward Form renders 
them delightful Objects; but if e proceed farther, and by Diſſection gain a Knowledge 
of their internal Structure, we ſhall find ourſelves loſt in a new World of Wonders. Dr. 
James PARSONS, Fellow of the Royal Society, is at preſent engaged in theſe Diſcoveries, 
which he propoſes to lay before the Public; and as his Pencil is well qualified to delineate 
whatever his Eye obſerves, there is great Reaſon, to expect from him an honeſt and judi- 
cious Deſcription. of whatever is moſt remarkable therein, 


13 . E 1 j 1 Fe ; . Fs Es 
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* — 
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N x 4 

—— 


12 VCF W Ls 
NINE of the minute Seeds of Tqyme are ſhewn here, as they were magnified, and Thyme- 
in different Poſitions both to the Eye and: the Light. There appeared a great Va- Seeds. 
riety- in their Bulk and Figure; butevery one of them nearly reſembled-a Lemon or Orange 
dried; and that as well in Colour as Shape. Some were a little rounder, and more like an 
Orange, as A, B, each whereof has a remarkable Part whereto their Stalks were joined; 

and on A a little Piece of Stalk is ſtill remaining. The oppoſite End of theſe Seeds has a 
Knob or Prominence, ſuch as Lemons uſually have, which is ſhewn by D, E, and F. 

They all ſeemed a little wrinkled or ſhrivell'd, but the Seed H was moſt remarkably fo. 

The Seed G had an irregular Ridge or Riſing, expreſſed by the white Lines thereon, 

I repreſents a Seed nearly of an oval Shape, © e. | 


* # * /& * H * * - 
1 * , ; ? 


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WEAR EU os os OOO 8 * COLLIE en FRE IE + a 


| | | mw 


An EXPLANATION of the FIFTrEENTH PAE. 


| 


o * * — h 
\ 4 * i . * 5 W ' * 
* * 
1 0 * 2 o 91 4 , 
4 , 


| | 1 | "4 35 
lj * | | 
= Poppy Seeds, HE Seeds of Poppy, when viewed by the Microſcope, _ in Form very like 
| | a Kidney, with a pretty Kind of Net-work on them, riſing in orderly Ridges a- 
| bove the Sutface, and making hexagonal and pentagonal little Hollows, with Sides and 
| Angles thataronedy gurt... e n 
They differ in Calour according to the Poppy producing them; ſome Sorts are white, 
others of a 'dark-browniſh red; and the Seeds of a foreign Poppy commonly given to 
Birds by the Name of Mate- Seed, are very remarkable for being of a lightiſh-blue, 
which is a Colour found, perhaps, in no other Seeds. 85 


ann nien 16 n 1 „ eee ee £ | | 
A Duſt may be ſhaken from amongſt the Seeds of Poppies, which looks very 
© agreeable when brought before the Microſcope, having almoſt the ſame Appearances as 
<< the Surfaces of the Seeds, with the Advantage of being tranfparent “. This Daſt is 
<« really the fine Membranes that lay between the Seeds; which, by the Preſſure of the 
<« Seeds againſt them, have received Marks correſponding to the Ridges and Hollows on 
he BOMBS, + > td 


The Poppy-Heads, wherein the Seeds grow, are alſo well deſerving our Obſervation, 
being round and regularly formed Bodies, with a moſt beautiful Crown on the Top of 
each, under the indented Projections whereof there are ſeveral Openings, when the Seeds 
become ripe, out of which they are ſcattered round about, as often as theſe Seed-Veſlels 
are ſhaken. by the Winds, or any other Accid een. - 
The Seeds are diſpoſed in many little Cells, divided each from other by fine Mem- 
branes, which reach, in an upright Poſition, from the Bottom of the Head to the Crown 
at its Top, all meeting at the Center: By which means every Cell is ſhaped like the Clove 
of a China-Orange, having at the Upper-End an Opening for the Seeds to ſcatter out at. 


We ſhould not ſhew a proper Regard for the Poppy, or pay a due Acknowledgment 
to the All-wiſe Diſpenſer of eyery Good, ſhould we paſs it over without taking notice of * 
its ſingular Virtues. For this only, amongſt all the Productions of Nature, is capable ß 
alleviating the racking Agonies of Pain, and producing comfortable and refreſhing Sleep, 
when the Brain is overheated and the Spirits agitated almoſt to Madneſs. This therefore 
is one of the great Bleſſings Providence has beſtowed on Man; and we greatly undervalue 
it, when we prefer the Grape, or any other Fruit or Plant before it; ſince, in many 
Caſes, this and this only can give Eaſe, without which not all the Mines of India can 
give Happineſs. in overt ti ET. 


Opiam. In ſhort, the milky Juice which flows from the green Heads or Seed-Veſſels of the 
Poppy pretty freely upon cutting, after it becomes inſpiſſated, is Opium: A Drug eſteem'd 
in the higheſt Manner in Turky, Perſia, India, and all the Eaſtern Parts of the World, 
as it not only removes Grief and Pain, and produces an inexpreſſible Serenity and Satiſ- 
faction of Mind; but by the Help thereof the People of thoſe Countries find themſelves 
enabled to undergo the greateſt Fatigues, and even to ſubſiſt without Food for ſeveral 
Days together. „ No A 
The Goodneſs of Providence is therefore further obſervable in the Care it has taken 
for the abundant Propagation of this ineſtimable Vegetable ; the Seeds whereof it has 
made fo ſmall as not to exceed the thirty-ſecond Part of an Inch in Diameter; whereas 
the Diameter of the Seed-Veſfel is oftentimes two Inches; ſo that it is capable of con- 
taining near two hundred thouſand Seeds; and always does contain a prodigious Number. 
Every Root alſo produces ſeveral of theſe Seed-Veſfls, the Contents of which together muſt 
amount to Millions. This Plant is likewiſe found almoſt in every Country, and tho? its 
' Virtues come far ſhort in the colder Climates of what they are in the hotter, it may 
cyery where be made uſe of to good purpoſe. | 
The Knowledge of Opium, and the Effects thereof, are probably of great Antiquity ; 
) ſor HoMER, the oldeſt Writer in the World except Moss, deſcribes HELEN preparing 
4 Cordial called by him Nepenthes, whoſe: Qualities and Effects agree admirably with 


What 


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- = - = with genial Joy to warm the Soul , 
Bright HELEN mix'd a Mirth-inſpiring Bowl : 
Temper'd with Drugs of ſov'reign Uſe, t aſſwage 
The boiling Boſom of tumultuous Rag 
To clear the cloudy Front of wrinkled Carr, 
And dry the tearful Sluices Deſbair. | 
5 Charm d with that virtuous Draught, th exalted Mind © EY 
Al Senſe of Woe delivers to the Wind, © eee TOUT 
150 J on the blazing Pile his Parent acc... UG RE 
Or a loud Brother groan d bis Life away, 
Or darling Son oppreſſed by Ruffian-Forc = 
Fell breathleſs at his Feet, a mangled Corſe, 
N Prom Morn to Eve, impaſßve and ſerene, W 
We Manentrancd would view the deatbful Scene. 


In order to account in ſome Degree for theſe Effects mechanically, Mr. Cow exa- 
mined a Solution of Opium with the Microſcope, and found its diſſolved Particles in the 
Slaps of fringed Globules. Whence he concludes, that ſuch Particles circulating in the 
| Mals of Blood, may be ſo intangled in its Serum, or thicken it in ſuch a manner, as to 
retard its Velocity when over-violent, and render jts Motion calm and equal, whereby all 
painful Senſations will be taken off. And from the ſame Principles it is eaſy to deduce all 
its other Effects, and become ſenſible how too great a Number of ſuch fringed Globules muſt _ 


cauſe a total Stagnation of the Blood, and conſequently kill, —Y7d. Phil. Tranſ. NO 222. 


- Jo - 


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An EXPLANATION: th SIXTEENT PLATE 
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The Seeds of | urſlain. 83 
* 9 * * * 6 * * 6 6 5 e 4 — Y 
3 a 9 4 2 Wh” 


HE beauteous and orderly Configuration of theſe little Seeds makes them a very pu;o,;c. 
| pleaſant Object for the Microſcope. They reſemble a good deal in Shape the Secds. 
Nautilus or Sailor-Shell, being curled round in the Manner of a Spiral; at the larger 
End whereof, which repreſents the Mouth or Opening of the Shell, there appears a ſmall 
white tranſparent Subſtance, like a Skin, as repreſented by B BBB B. The whole Sur- 
face is covered over with Abundance of little Protuberances, very regularly diſpoſed in 
ſpiral Rows, each of which ſeems nearly to reſemble the Wart on a Man's Hand. The 
Infide, when cut open, appears filled with a whitiſh-green pulpy Subſtance. 
+ There are divers Kinds of Seeds which imitate the Shape of much larger Bodies: The 
Seed of Scurvy-Graſs nearly reſembles the Form of a Concha Venerea, or Sort of Porce- 
lain Shell: Thoſe of Sweet-Marjoram. and Pot-Megrjeram repreſent Olives. Cerrot-Seeds 
are like the Cleft of a Cocoa Nut Huſk : The Seeds of Succary like a Quiver full of 
Arrows: Thoſe of the Amaranthus are delicately formed, fomething like the Eye; and 
the black ſhrivell'd Seeds of Onions and Leeks are granulated all over in the manner of a 
Seal-ſkin. The Mention of theſe is ſufficient to excite Curiolity to examine farther ; and 
a little Examination will diſcover numberleſs more*Reſemblances. | 
It is wonderful to obſerve by what various Means Providence guards and fecures the 
Seeds of Vegetables from Danger and Deſtruction, in order to propagate, and, as 1c were, 
eternize every individual Species. Some, as the Kernels of Apples and Pears, are placed 
in the Middle of a large Pulp, whoſe Subſtance both infolds and nouriſhes them: Others, 
efides the ſurrounding Pulp, are incloſed in thick Shells of Wood, as Plumbs, Peaches, 
NeRarines, Apricocks, &c. Walnuts are guarded with a bitter Rind as well as a woody 
Shell; and Almonds, Cheſnuts, &c. have a Covering armed with ſharp Prickles, to 
preſerve them from Injury till they arrive at Maturity. Peaſe, Beans, Lentils, &c. 
grow in Pods: The Seeds of Mulberries, Raſpberries, &c. are placed in the little polpy 
Grains of their Berries ; and amongſt the my minute Seeds, ſome are covered with a 
Skin, others with a kind of Shell, and others till with both. - 
| 1 Jot- 


28 


| Seeds of Purllam. 
.. Notwithſtanding the extreme Minuteneſs of many Kinds of Seeds, ſuch as Fern, Hurts- 
Tongue, Maiden-Hair, and particularly of the Pa- Ball, which growing within it, ſeems, 
when the Ball is cruſhed, only like a Smoke or Vapour, but examined by the Micro- 
ſcope, appears to be an _—_— Number of Globules, whoſe Axis is- not above the fiftieth 
Part of the Diameter an Hair: So that a Cube of an Hair's-Breadth in Diameter, 
would be equal to an hundred and twenty five thouſand of them, each with a little Stalk 
or Tail. I ſay, notwithſtanding this extreme Minuteneſs, it is thought not an unreaſon- 
able Suppoſition, that a little Plantula, or all the Parts of a perfect Plant, are folded 
together and included in every one of theſe little Grains; where, on being diſpoſed in 
Earth, or ſome other proper Bed, the Parts become unfolded and expanded, gradually, 
by a ſlow and progreflive Inſinuation of Fluids adapted to the Diameters of their Veſſels ; 
until, being ſtretched to the Bounds allotted them by Providence at their Formation, they 
reach their State of Perfection, or, in other Words, arrive at their full Growth. 
MaALP1GH1, LEEUWENHOEK, GREw, and ſeveral others, have diſcovered minute 
Plants, not only in the larger Seeds, ſuch as the Walnut, Cheſnut, Acorn, Beech-Nut, 
Seed of the Lime, Cotton-Seeds, &c. but alſo in the ſmaller of Radiſh, Hemp, Chervil, 
Scurvy- Graſs, Muſtard, &c. And we find in the Phzloſophical Tranſactions, NO 457, an 
Account delivered to the Royal Seciety, by Mr. HENRY BAKER, Fellow of the ſaid Society, 
of a perfect Plant, found by Diſſection, in a Seed of the Gramen tremulum, with its Root 
and two Branches iſſuing from it, each of them producing ſeveral Leaves of Blades of 


' Graſs : All which he preſented in a Slider, to be preſerved in the Soczety's Repoſitory ; 


together with a Drawing of them, which is printed in the ſaid Tranſaction. As there- 
fore we have Demonſtration that ſuch minute Plants are to be found in many Seeds, we 
may reaſonably believe they really exiſt in all, however they may be concealed from our 
View, either by their Smalneſs, or the Manner of their fine Branchings or Ramifications 
amongſt the farinaceous or woody Parts of the Seed, which perhaps we never can deve- 


| lop; for Nature is uniform in all her Works, and ſeldom or never deviates from her ge- 


neral Plan. | | e e . | 
Mr. BAKER juſt now mentioned, in a Poem of his called the UNIVERSE, publiſhed 


* 


berty to ſubjoin them here. LEE, 


Each Seed includes a Plant: that Plant, again, 
Has other Seeds, which other Plants contain. 
' Thoſe other Plants have all their Seeds, and, Thoſe, 

More Plants, again, ſucceſſively, incloſe. 
Thus, every fingle Berry that wwe find, 
Has, really, in itſelf whole Forefts of its Kind. 
Empire and Wealth one Acorn may diſpenſe, 
By Fleets to ſail a thouſand Ages hence: 
Each Myrtle-Seed includes a thouſand Groves, 
Where future Bards may warble forth their Loves. 
So ADAM's Loins contain d bis large Poſterity, 
All People that have been, and all that &er ſhall be. 
Amazing Thought / «what Mortal can conceive 
Such wond'rous Smalneſs !----Yet, ue muſt believe 
| What Reaſon tells : for Redſon's piercing Eye 
Diſcerns thoſe Truths our Senſes can't deſcry. 


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Scale of a Soal. © Soal's Skin. 29 


An EXPLANATION. of the SEVENTBENTH PLATE. 
T 
O drawing the Finger | 8 the Skin of a cal, from the Tail 5 wards, we ſhall scale 10 


plained by the 
This Figure 


through 
the Skin 


8 | 
„ 


wa ved and 


Fon 


” Extremity, but 1 


Ridges and Furrows, alternately, runni ng parallel to each 
either End, though nearly ſtrait about the Middle. The w. 
tranſparent, but more particularly ſo in che little Channels 


by — 
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HE Skin 


ierwvards 
ke a Piece of 


* 


Lead- Colour: The general Structure of the Scale is, however, the ſame on both Back 
and Belly, tho' there are particular Differences needles to be mentioned here; but the 
lead-colour'd ones on the Back are ſpeckled very prettily with great Numbers of black 
minute Specks. | | JJ ß 
The Scale, of a Perch, tho' of a different Figure, has a Number of ſharp Prickles | 
ſtanding out like thoſe on the Soal's Scale, reed _— 
There is almoſt an infinite Variety in the Scales of Fiſhes, which ſeem analogous to the 
Feathers of Birds, and can't fail to afford Abundance of Entertainment and Satisfaction 
to thoſe who will take the Pains attentively to examine them. 


I An 


30 Couhage, or Cow-Itch examined. 


An EXPLANATION of the EIOHTEENTH PLATE. 


\ 


FIG 1. 


78 


Couhage, or Cow- Itch. 


Cow. Ich. HE Pbaſfiolus filiqua hirfitta, or Hairy Kidney-Bean, called in the Haſt- Indies where 
it grows Couhage, is a Plant producing Pods like the common French Bean, but 
cluſter'd more together, and covered all over with ſhort brown Hairs ; ſome of which be- 
ing rubbed on the Back of one's Hand; or any other tender Part, cauſe a kind: of painful 
Itching; troubleſome for a Time, but going off without any farther Miſchief. Theſe 
Hairs, wherewith waggiſh People divert themſelves ſometimes at the Expence of their 
Companions, by ſtrewing them on their Shirts or between their Sheets, are by Corruption 


uſually called - 1 #500 „ 
One of theſe Pods, about three Inches long, having fix. Beans in it, Dr. Hook ſays 


was given him by a Sea-Captain. The whole Surface thereof was covered over with a 
thick and ſhining brown, Down or Hair, which was very fine, and ſtiff for its Size. Ryb- 
bing ſome of this Down on the Back of his Hand, he found little or no Trouble therefrora 
at firſt, though he was ſenſible many of the ſharp Points were made to penetrate pretty 
deeply into the Skin; which made him doubtful whether it was the true Coubage. But 
ſoon after-his Hand began to itch, and ſmarted in ſome Places, as if ſtung with a Flea or 
Gnat. This continued a pretty while, and by Degrees the Skin - ſwelled with little red 
Puſtules: but Enduring it without either ſcratching or rubbing, the Pain abated gradually, 
and was quite gone within an Hour, as were likewiſe the little Puſtules. 


o 
* 


He then examined this Down by bis Microſcope, and found it to be a Multitude of 


ſmall lender Bodies much reſembling Needles, ſuch as are repreſented by A B, C D, E F. 
They appeared very tranſparent, and ſeemed to be not hollow, tho of that the Doctor 
could not be quite certain. Their Extremities A A A were very ſharp,” ſtiff and hard, like 
the Subſtance of ſome Kinds of Thorns, and therefore being exceedingly minute they 
muſt eaſily by rubbing be thruſt into the tender Parts of the Skin, and occaſion quick 
and pungent, though not a violent Pain, which is the very Senſation we call Itching, and 
what even Horſe-Hairs ſhred ſmall, and ſtrewed between the Sheets will produce. © 
There may probably be more than one Sort of the Coubage, or * 2 ps the Doctor 
did not examine his with any conſiderable Magnifier: for having ſome of it at this preſent 
time under one of the greateſt Magnifiers, in order to give a juſt Deſcription thereof, 
(which is the Method taken as often as the Objects can be got, to render theſe Accounts 
exactly agreeable to Truth) there are many minute Spzcule plainly to be diſcerned on every 
Side of the little Hairs, pointing backwards like the Beards of a Javelin; by which Con- 
formation when once they enter they cannot eaſily be withdrawn. e == 


* 4 * o 


We have in our own Gardens ſome Species of the Phafio/i, the Pods whereof are co- 
vered like the Coubage with brown Hairs ; which if rubbed on the Skin, when the Pods 
are full ripe, and the Hairs themſelves grown ſtiff and hard by being dry, produce nearly 
the ſame Effects; though when green and moiſt they are ſoft and pliable,” and entirely 

harmleſs. Of this Nature are the Lupines, yellow, blue, and white, and likewiſe the 
Feeeet-ſcented or per fumed Pede. '# s 


PLAT E XVIII. FI G. 2. . y 


- >» , n : ; * 
| The Sting of a Bee. 
Pe 8 . * FR 
3 . * So , Wy * 7 
** a ; 4 | & to | x 
A ö 4 | 4 + 


A Bee's Sting, the Doctor tells us, appears through the Microſcope to he a Sheath. 
without a Chape or Top, in Form like the Holſter of a Piſtol, beginning at 4, 

and ending at 6; which Sheath he plainly diſtinguiſhed to be hollow, containing a Sword 

or Dart within it, together with a poiſonous Liquor, which being conveyed into the 

Wound it makes, occaſions a molt ſevere Pain. 8 2 e 
This Sheath or Caſe appeared to have ſeveral Joinings marked 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, and 
was armed near the Top on both ſides with ſeveral ſharp tranſpareat Thorns, Hooks or 
Beards, growing out of little Protuberancies, as repreſented p p, 9 9, rr, Vs, tt, vv: 
Which Hooks the Creature ſpreads out, or draws in, occaſionally, as a. Cat does her 

Claws. WP | $$: a 

The Sword or Dart which is lodged within the Sheath, appeared as in the Figure, 
with its ſharp End 4 6b protruded beyond the aid Sheath like a Sword in a Scabbard 


1 without 


Sting of a 
Bee. 


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The Sting of a Bee. 
without a Chape. This Point was likewiſe armed on both ſides with Thorns or Hooks, 
xx, yy, 2 E, exactly like thoſe before deſcribed ; which can alſo be extended or pulled 
in jult as the Creature pleaſes © Fs 
Such a Structure ſhews the Uſe of the Hooks to be very conſiderable towards thruſt- 
ing in the Sting as well as fixing it. For the Point, which is extremely ſharp, being 
throft eaſily into the Skin of any Animal, the Bee (when once is entered) by endeavour- 
ing to pull it back into the Sheath (whilſt its Hooks on either Side lay faſt hold on the 
Skin) draws the Top of the Sheath into the Skin after it ; and then the tixing of the Hooks 
on both Sides the Sheath, pp, 9 q, 7 7, &c. into the Skin, not only keeps the Sheath 
from fliding back, but furthers its Paſſage inwards; and thus, by an alternate and ſucceſ- 
ſive retracting and emitting of the Sting in and out of the Sheath, the litile angry Creature 
can penetrate by Degrees even the tough Hide of a Bear, one of its moſt deadly Enemies. 
This Sort of Motion to and fro, does alſo perhaps pump up the poiſonous Juice, and 
make it hang in a Drop af the End of the Sheath 3. And theſe, Hooks are probably the 
Reaſon why # Bee, when haſtily driven away upon ſtinging, frequently leaves its Weapon 
ſticking in the Fleſh, thereby caufing the painful Symptoms to be greater and more laſt- 
"We ee here the Subſtance of what Dr. Hooke ſays concerning a Bee's Sting; but later 
Obſervers have found ſome Miſtakes in his Account, for no Beards are really to be diſco- 


vered on the Sheath or Caſe, which on the contrary is perfectly ſmooth and poliſhed; 


neither has it any Joints; or is parted in two, as his Figure makes it; nor does it termi- 

nate in # bluntiſh Point, but a very ſharp one: Neither is the bearded Weapon always 

ſticking out beyond the Sheath, as he repreſents it, nor ind ed does it ever come out at the 

very Extremity, but at an Orifice below it, and that only in the 

Part alſo is greatly miſrepreſented, for a Couple of bearded Spears or Darts are included 
Within the Sheath, . whereas he ſuppoſes no more th ; 

only on one Side of each Dart, and not all round them. © But as a full and true Deſcription 


may be defixed by ſome Readers, tis hoped 'What-follows, taken from the Mrcroſcope 
made eaſy; will not be thought ſuperfluous. _ 9 "4 


« 'This Sheath ends in a ſharp Point; near the Extremity whereof a Slit opens, through 


« which, at the Time of Stinging, ue bearded Darts are protruded beyond the End of 
« the Sheath ; one whereof being a little longer than the other, fixes its Beard firſt ; but 
« the other inſtantly following, they penetrate alternately, deeper and deeper, taking hold 
« of the Fleſh with their Hooks, till the whole Sting becomes buried in the Wound; 
a and then a venomous Juice 18 injected through the ſame Sheath, from a little Bag at 


the Root of the Sting; which occaſion&ari acute- Pain, and a ſwelling of the Part, 


« continuing ſometimes ſeveral Days. This is beſt prevented by enlarging the Wound 
„ ;mmediately to give it ſome Dang Fe I "a, . 


e Mr. Derbam fays, be counted in the Sting of a Waſp, eight Beards on the Side 
« of each Dart, ſomè what like the Beards of Fiſh-Hooks, and the ſame Number has been 
« obſerved in that of a Bee. Wen theſe Beards are truck deep in the Fleſh, if the 
4 wounded Perſon ſtarts before the Bee can diſengage them, ſhe leaves her Sting behind, 
« ſticking in the Wound: But be has Patience'to ſtand quiet till ſhe brings the Hooks 
e cloſe down to the Side of the Darts, ſhe withdraws her Weapon, and the Wound 
« becomes much*leſs paintgl- © og Oh R 
TU view the Sting of a Bee by the Microſcope, cut off the End of its Tail, and 
« then touching it with a Pin or Needle, it will thruſt out the Sting and Darts, which 


Act of ſtinging. This 


an one; the Beards too are placed 


4 The Sting of a Bee is a horny Sheath or cabbard. that includes two bearded Darts. 


e may be ſnipt off wi h a Pair of Sciſſats for. Obſervation. Alſo, if you catch a Bee in 


c 2 Leather Gl 


Hove, its Sting will be left therein, being unable to diſengage its Hooks 
« from Leather: And when it is quite dead, which it will not be till aſter ſeveral Hours, 
« you may by Care and Gentleneſs extract it with its Darts and Hooks. By ſqueezing 
« the Tail, pally the Sting, and preſſing it at the Bottom, you may likewiſe force 
« up the Darts: But without ſome Practice this will be a little difficult.“ 
The Bag containing the poiſonous Juice may eaſily be found at the Bottom of the Sting, 


* 


being commonly pulled out with Wa, 


. 


An 


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"=, |  ConftruQtion of the Feathers of Birds. 


An EXPLANATION of the NINETEENTH PLATE, 


The Figures in this Plate fhew the Confiruftton of the Feathers of Birds. 


FIG. 8; 


A Gooſe's A Middle-ſized Gooſe-Quill being examined by the naked Eye, it was eaſy enough to 

— diſtinguiſh, that the main Stem ſent forth on either fide about three hundred little 
Arms : Thoſe on the one ſide being longer and more downy ; thoſe on the other much 
more tiff and ſhort. Many of the downy longer Arms being viewed with an ordinary = 
Microſcope, were found each of them to have along one of its upper Edges near twelve 
hundred ſmall Branches, * we may ſo call them) ſuch as EF; and on its other Edge, 
the ſame Number as L, I. | Bs A TG 


: 


0 VCC ; „ 

Tis here proper to take notice, that each of the little Am is of a tapering Shape from 
its iſſuing out dt Stem to its Extremity, where it ay in a fane Point; that it is not 
a round Body, but reſembles the Half of a long Cone, being concave on one ſide, and 
on the other convex, its Breadth making an acute Angle with the Length of the Stem 
That the middle or moſt convex Part is fine and membranous, its Und r-Edge. being an 7 


extremely ſmooth and thin Film ; but the per 
forms two other hairy Edges, each having a diffe 


and outer Edge ends flat, and thereby », +. 
rent Sort of Hairs, laminated, or ſome- Bo 


what broad at Bottom, but {lender and bearded upwards,*--Nete, The Concavity of the © |. ; 
Arms makes them readily fall into one another, . 5 ö 


The flat upper Edge, and the two Edges made thereby, are ſhewn'by a tranſverſe $80. * 
tion IN OE, and the two Kinds of Hairs or little Branches by E F, LI. FER, 


* 
* 


Each of the Branches E F ſeemed to have ſixteen or eighteen Joints, out of which 
ſmall long Fibres of Tendrils iſſued, gradually longer or ſhorter than one another, ac- 
cording to their Poſition along the Branch EF; thoſe on the Under-ſide, wiz. 7, 2, 2, 
4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, Cc. being much longer than thoſe directly againſt them on the Up- 
per, and ſeveral of them as 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9. were terminated with ſuch ſmall Hooks, 
as are viſible to the naked Eyè on the Seed- Buttons of the Bur- doc. 
The Fibres ou the other Edge L I appeared with near as many kno 


he other Edge rec Cr as tted Joints, but 
without any Tendrils or Hooks, each of them about the Middl K ſeeming to divide into 


* 


* _ 4 4 * F 4 9 , 
a Kind of Fork ; one Part whereof; namely K L, was nearly the ſame Length as K I; 
the other Mowas very fort. tf ae Þo | 
35 5 | & | k | W. I \ L * 15 8 =” £ " 
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E wonderful Structure of the Parts juſt now. deſcribed, deſerves the moſt 
1 Attention and Conſideration as to their Uſe : In order to whick 


L 


readily, the Figure under qur Eye was given. A — 234 | 

We ſes here two Pieces of the downy Arms 1 N, EO, placed, as to one another, in 

the ſame manner as they appear upon the Quill, at the Diſtance of I F, or ſomewhat 

more. The collateral Branches aaa, 55 b b, are fo ranged that they lie upon and 

crols over one another; by which means the hooked Ends of the Tendrils on the © _ 

Branches of one Arm, getting between the naked Branches of the Arm next to them . 
which are full of Knots, the Hooks of the Tefidtils claſp round thoſe Knots, and faſten 
all the Parts ſo cloſely and admirably together, as to hinder even the Air from palling, * 
through them. And though the Thickneſs of one of theſe Tendrils amounts not to the _ 7 
five hundredth Part of an Inch, they all together form ſo ſtrong a Texture, that the ex- - 4 
cceding quick and violent beating of them againſt the Air by the Strength of the Birds 
Wing, is unable to digjoin them, © ' ; -& 

The Contrivance and Fabrick of the numberleſs little Parts which conſtitute a Feather 

taken either ſeparately or together, ſtrongly prove the Wiſdom of Providence, and its Care ; 
of all its Creatures, even in the minuteſt Matters; for their Contexture is ſuch, that if * 


1 3 
* 


the component Parts ſhould be violently disjoined by any external Injury, (ſeveral of I 
which Separations would prevent the Bird from flying) they for the moſt part, by a 
» | + kind * 
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Part of a Peacock's Feather. 


kind of Springineſs or Elaſticity readily come together of themſelves, and re-unite. Or 
elſe by the Birds ſtroaking the Feather, or drawing it through its Bill, they all become 
ſettled and woven into their former and natural Poſture. In ſhort, there are ſuch an 
infinite Company of hooked Tendrils ready to catch hold of the jointed Fibres, that 
they muſt neceſſarily hang together whenever they come to meet; and though the Square 
Holes, which they form by croſſing over one another, and which are viſibly open and 
pervious, appear by the Microſcope to be more than half the Surface of the Feather, it 
_ reaſonable to believe, howeyer extraordinary, that the Air does not paſs through 
them, 


PLATE XIX FIG. 3, 4, 5. 
90 | Parts of a Peacock Feather. 


TIS plain, by the naked Eye, that the Stem of | each Feather in the Tail of a A Peacock's 
|. Peacock, ſends out Multitudes of lateral Branches; and that each of theſe Feather. 
lateral Branches has innumerable little Sprigs, Threads or Hairs, iſſuing on either Side of 


it, from End to End, 


The Figure before us ſhews about the thirty-ſecond Part of an Inch in Length of 
one of theſe lateral Branches, as examined by the Microſcope. _ | 
A, B. Point out the middle or ſtem-like Part cut off at both Ends. 5 
CD, CD, CD, Repreſent the Hairs or Threads iſſuing therefrom, each of which ap- 
pears to be a long Body, of ſome Breadth, with a Multitude of bright reſſecting Parts, 
whoſe Form and Shape cannot eaſily be determin'd, ſince they change continually, and 
ſeem very different in different Poſitions to the Light: nay, only interpoſing one's Hand 
between them and the Light, or even putting up or pulling down a Saſh very much 
changes their Appearance. However, by frequent Examinations, compared with one 


4 » 


another, tis hoped the true Figure is here determin'd, 


| Theſe Threads are found, therefore, to conſiſt of Rows of ſmall Lamine or Plates, 
ſuch as EEEE : each of which is ſhaped much like Fig. 4, 4 bc d: where the Part ac 
being a Ridge or little Stem, and 5, d, the Corners of two ſmall thin Plates growing 
from the faid Stem in the Middle, make together a Kind of little Feather. Theſe lit- 
tle Plates or Feathers lie cloſe to, and partly over one another, like a Number of ſloping 
ridge or gu tter Tyles. They grow oppoſite to one another, on each Side of the Stem, 
by two and two, from Bottom to Top; the Tops of the lower covering the Roots of 
the next above them, in the Manner repreſented Pig. 5. | | 

Each of theſe laminated Bodies is on the under Side of a very opake Subſtance, that 
ſaffers very few Rays to be reflected; but their upper Sides, conſiſting of exceeding thin 
Plates, lying cloſe together, do thereby, like Mother of Pearl, not only refle& a very 
bright Light, but tinge that Light in a moſt curious Manner ; and, by means of various 
Poſitions in reſpect of the Light, they reflect back now one Colour, and then another, 
and that moſt vividly. And hence we may account for all the gaudy and beauteous 
Colours which adorn the Feathers of this and many other Birds : Namely, from the 
exceeding Smallneſs and Fineneſs of the reflecting Parts. n 


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34 5 The Structure of a Fly's Foot. 
An EXPLANATION of the [TWENTIETH PLATE. 


! 


en 
The Foot of a Fly. 0 


4 E 6 HE Foot of a Fly is the Object now before us, conſiſting of three Joints, two 
Ra Talons, and as many Pattens, Soles, or Spunges, as they are called by ſome : By 
the wonderful Contrivanee-of which Inſtruments this Creature is enabled to walk perpen- 
dicularly upwards, even 8 the Sides of Glaſs; nay to ſuſpend itſelf, and a with 
its Body downwards, on the Ceilings of Rooms, and the under Surfaces of moſt other 
Things, with as much ſeeming Facility and Firmneſs, as if it were a kind of Antipode, 
and had a Tendency upwards: but the quite contrary is evident from its being unable to 
ſuſpend itſelf on the under Surface of a clean and well-poliſh'd Glaſs. . 


The two Talons are handſomely ſhaped, in the Manner repreſented A B, and AC, 


* 


and are very large in Proportion to the reſt of the Foot. The bigger Part of them from 
A to d d, is briſtled or hairy all over, but from thence towards. C and B, the Tops or 
Points which turn downwards and inwards, are ſmooth and very ſharp, Each Talon 
moves on a Joint at A, whereby the Fly is able to ſhut or open them at Pleaſure : 
So that the Points B, and C, having enter'd the Pores of any Thing, and the Fly en- 


deayouring to ſhut its Talons, they: not only draw, 7 and by that means faſten 
each other, but alſo pull forwards all the Parts of the Foot G G, A, DD; and at the 
fame Time the Tenters or ſharp Points GG G G-(whereof a Fly has two at every 


Joint) run into the Pores, if they find any, or, on a ſoft Place, make their own Way. 


- 


Somewhat of this Kind may be diſcerned by the naked Eye in the Feet of a.Chafer, 
and if it be ſuffered to creep over the Hand or any tender Part of the Body, its Man- 
ner of Stepping will be. as ſenſible to the Feeling as to the Sight. r. 

But as the Chafer, notwithſtanding this Contrivance to faſten, its Claws, often falls when 
it attempts to walk on hard. and cloſe Bodies, ſo likewiſe would the Fly, had not Nature 
a with a couple of Pattens or Spunges DP, which we are now going 
to deſcribe. *. JJ. bes wr ont 4 3 


From the Bottom or under Part of the laſt Joynt of the Foot K, two ſmall thin plated 
horny Snbſtances proceed, each conſiſting of two flat Pieces D D. Theſe, about F F, 
ff, ſeem to be flexible like the Covers of a Book; whereby the two Sides ee, ee, 
da not always lie in the fame Plane, but may ſometimes ſhut cloſer; ſo that each of 
them can take a little hold. But this is not all, for the Bottoms of theſe Spunges are 
every where beſet with ſmall Briſtles or Tenters, like the Wire Teeth in a Mool- Curd, 
with all their Points inclining forwards : by which the two Talons drawing the Foot for- 


wards, as before deſcribed, and the Spunges n to the Surface of the Body 
the Fly walks upon, with the Points of all their Briſtles looking forwards and outwards, 
as expreſſed in the Figure o o 00}; if the Surface of the Body has any Irregularity, or 
gives Way in any Manner, the Fly can ſuſpend itſelf, or walk thereon very eaſily and 
firmly. And its being able to walk on Glaſs, proceeds partly from ſome little Rugged- 
neſs thereon, but chietly from a Kind of Tarniſh or dirty ſmoky Subſtance, which ad- 
heres to the Surface of that very hard Body; ſo that although the ſharp Points on the 
Spunges cannot penetrate the Surface of Glaſs, they may eaſily enough catch hold of the 
Tarniſh it has contracted, » + — 7 
Some indeed have ſuppoſed theſe Spunges filled with an imaginary Glew, which fixes 
the Fly, in ſuch a Manner as to prevent its falling; but if there was ſuch a ſticky 
Matter, tis not eaſy to conceiye how the Feet could ſo readily again be looſen'd, and 
and move ſo nimbly forwards, And as our Senſes can furniſh us with a rational Way of 
performing this by the curious Mechaniſm of the Parts employ'd, 'twould be wrong to 
introduce unintelligible Explications. bas pers 


3 yy are ſome very long, ſtiff, ſharp-pointed Hairs or Briſtles. 


+ 


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Fs Eye. Flys Wing. 38 


PLATE XX, FIG. 2. | * | 
Another Foot of a Fly. — A 


T\HIS ſhews us only the Bottom Joint of the Foot, with the Talons having their 
hooked Point B C extended, and the Spunges d e bending inwards, in order to 
take hold of any Thing. We fee alſo more plainly in this Figure the Joints whereby 
the Talons perform their Motions. . |} | 0 
The Foot is likewiſe ſhaded with a Growth of Hairs, which like a Bruſh ſerves to 
clean the Fly's Wings and Eyes, an Office ſhe employs it in very frequently. And indeed | W 
it is a pretty Amuſement to ſee her perform this Exerciſe ; for firſt ſhe cleans her Bruſhes, 
by rubbing her Paws one againſt another, then draws them over her Wings, and after- 
wards under them ; and at laft concludes-with bruſhing her Eyes and Head : by which 
means ſhe cleans away all little Particles of Duſt or Smoke, that may cloud her Eyes, 
or ſettle on her Wings. OO. | 


A Fly's Foot. 


| 


Part of a F ly's Eye. | | 


Els little Piece of the pearled Eye of a Fly, conſiſting of nineteen. Pearls or He- Pea of a Fly's 
miſpheres (a particular weg, ts whereof will be given in the next Plate) is here Eye. 
introduced, as it appeared before the Microſcope, to ſhew how perfectly the Images of 
Objects are reffectel from their ſmooth and poliſhed Surfaces, inſomuch that Houſes, 
Trees, and Landſcapes of every Thing within a certain Diſtance, may be diſcovered on 
them, in the ſame manner as on the ſmall Balls of Quickſilver, but not near ſo lively. 
The Reflection from theſe being ſomewhat languid, as it is from Water, Glaſs, Chryſtal, 
and ſuch-like Bodies. ONES rs RO 100 ERP 2 a | 
The Image of two Windows in. the Chamber where they were examined, is expreſſed 
on each of theſe, More will be ſaid in the next Plate concerning the Eyes of Inſects. 


PM LATER Fre 
Part of a Fly's Wing, 


Whole Wing (of which this is only a Part) is exhibited Plate XXII. Fig. 2. to ex- Fart of a Fly's 
{A preſs its Form in general. But the Piece here before us is magnified a great deal Wing. 
more, to afford a clearer Notion of its wonderful Structure and Materials. | 
It conſiſts plainly of a fine thin tranſparent Skin or Membrane, variouſly folded, plat- 
ted and diſtended over the whole Area; and ſeveral Bones, Ribs, or Stems, diſpoſed 
with great Regularity and Contrivance, fo as to ſtrengthen and ſupport the Wing, and de- 
termine its proper Figure. T5 
AB, CD, E F, are the Bones or Ribs of the Wing; each of which is manifeſtly 
covered with Multitudes of little Scales; and AB, in particular, which is the largeſt Bone 
of the whole Wing, and may properly enough be called the Cut-Air, being that which 
terminates and ſtiffens the foremoſt Edge of the Wing, is not only covered with Scales ly- 
ing regularly one over another; but its Fore-Edge is armed with great Numbers of little 
Briſtles, all the Points of which are directed. towards the Ti the Wing : And even 
the whole Edge all round the Wing is covered with a dall Ntinge, conſiſting of ſhorter 
and more ſlender Briſtles. +4 ©; 

0 G EF, IK. The fine Membrane extended between theſe bony Ribs, if examined by 
the firſt or ſecond Magnifier, and in a clear and proper Light, will be ſeen thickly ſtuck 
with innumerable minute ſharp-pointed Hairs or Briſtles, ranged in the moſt regular Rowe, 
over its whole Surface ; and intermingled with theſe way be —— a like Number of 
little Pits or black Spots, which ſeem to be the Roots of the Hairs growing on the other 
Side. | | 

In ſeveral other Flies, there are infinite Numbers of ſmall Fibres which cover both 
Sides of this thin Membrane, inſtead of minute Hairs: And on moſt Moths and Butter- 
flies, they don't only reſemble the Feathers of Birds in the Manner of their Arrange- 
ment, but are variegated with the ſame kind of curious and lively Colours which the 
Feathers of Birds exhubit. 


2 | An 


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Face and 
Eyes of a 
Drone. 


_ 


_ - r OO — . — — * 


The Eye and Head of a Drone-Fly. 
An EXPLANATION f the TwenTyY-F IRST PLATE, 


The Eye and Head of a Drone-Fly. 


\ HE Object we are going to deſcribe is the Face-Part (if it may be called ſo) and 
Eyes of a grey Drone-Fly ; whoſe Head being cut off, and fixed with the Face 
or Fore-part upwards, before the Microſcope, appeared as in the Figure under our View 
at preſent, 8: git i VVV 

This Inſect is remarkable for having a larger Head in proportion to its el and big- 
ger Cluſters of Eyes in proportion to its Head, than any of the ſmall Flies: It has alſo a 
greater Variety in the Balls or Pearls of each Cluſter than Flies commonly have, and 


therefore was thought the propereſt Subject for Examination as to the Eyes of ſuch - like 


Creatures. | | | | . HB nas aneol my 
The greateſt Part of the Head conſiſted of two large ſemicircular and regular Protu- 


berances or Eyes, AB CDE; the Surfaces of which were covered all over with, or 


ſhaped into Multitudes of minute Hemiſpheres, diſpoſed in a , 269 Order, and in that 
Order forming exact and equidiſtant Rows, with little Trenches or Furrows between 
each. x EY 

Theſe Hemiſpheres were of different Sizes in different Parts of each Eye ; the lower- 
moſt Half of them looking downwards, viz. CDE, C DE, being a great deal ſmaller 
than the Half A BCE, AB C E, looking upwards, fore-right, ſideways and backwards; 
a Variety unobſerved in any other ſmall Fly. e enn 5 13 

Every one of theſe Hemiſpheres ſeemed very near the true and exact Shape of an half 
Globe, with a Surface exceeding ſmooth and regular; and reflected ghe Images of Objects, 
as deſcribed before, Plate XX. Fig. 3, | | i 

There were fourteen thouſand Pearls or Hemiſpberes diſtinguiſhable in the Cluſters of 


this Fly, as was computed by numbering ſome Rows of them ſeveral Ways, and caſting 
up the whole Amount; for each Cluſter was thereby found to contain about ſeven thou- 
ſand Pearls, vis. three thouſand of the larger Size, and four thouſand of the ſmaller, 
whoſe Rows were more thick and cloſe, - _ Tis DG ha, 3 

Now that each of theſe Pearls or Hemiſpberes is a perfect Eye, there can be little rea- 
ſon to doubt; each being furniſhed with a Cornea, with a franſparent Humour, and with 
an Uvea or Retina: The Figure of each is alſo very ſpherical, exactly poliſhed, and ex- 
ceeding lively and plump, when the Fly is living, as in greater Animals ; and likewiſe, as 
in them, dull, ſhrunk, and flaccid, when the Fly is dead. Ts 

One of the Cluſters being cut from the Head, and opened, a clear Liquor, tho' ex- 
ceeding little in Quantity, was diſcovered by the Microſcope, immediately under the out- 
ward Skin or Covering, which Covering ſeemed perfectly to reſemble the Cornea of a 
Man's Eye ; and when a darkiſh Matter that lay behind was removed, appeared tranſpa- 
rent, with as many Cavities within-ſide, and ranged in the ſame Order as the little Hemi- 
ſpheres on its outer Surface. | | 5 

Thus, each of theſe Pearls or Hemiſpheres being covered with a tranſparent protube- 
rant Cornea, and containing a Liquor correſpondent to the watery or glaſſy Humours of 
the Eye, muſt neceſſarily refract all the parallel Rays falling on it, into a Point not far 
within, where probably the Retina is placed; which Retina, in all likelihood, is that 
dark opake Matter juſt now mentioned, appearing by the Microſcope to be placed a little 
more than the Diameter of the Pearl below or within the Tunica Cornea. And if fo, there 


is in all probability a little Picture or Image of external Objects, painted at the Bottom, 


upon the Retina of every one of theſe Hemiſpheres to which ſuch Objects happen to be 
oppoſite. But, as in a Man's Eye, though a Picture or Senſation is impreſſed on the 
Retina of all the Objects lying almoſt in an Hemiſphere, ſome very few Points only 
placed in, or near the Optic Axis, are diſcerned diſtinctly; ſo Multitudes of Pictures of an 
Object may be made in as many Pearls, and yet no diſtinct Viſion be produced but in 
one, or ſome very few, that are directly, or almoſt directly oppoſite to the Object. And 
notwithſtanding it has pleaſed God to give theſe Sorts of Creatures ſuch Multitudes of 
Eyes, tis very likely their obſerving Faculty is employed only about ſome one Object, for 
which they have moſt Concern. SHA REES 
The moſt remarkable of all the Inſects we know for its fine pearled Eyes, is the Li- 
bella or Dragon-Fly. Mr. LEEUwENHock reckons twelve thouſand five hundred forty 
four Lenſes in each Eye of this Creature, or twenty five thouſand eighty-cight in both, 
placed in an hexangular Poſition ; each Lens having fix others round it. He obſerved 
likewiſe in the Center of each Lens a minute tranſparent Spot brighter than the reſt, and 


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1 Eyes and Head of a Drone-Fly. 


fuppoſed to be the Pupil through which the Rays of Light are tranſmitted upon the Res 
tina. This Spot had three Circles ſurrounding it, and ſeemed ſeven Times laſs than the 


Diameter of the whole Lens. He alſo numbered ſix thouſand two hundred thirty-ſix 
Pearls or Hemiſpheres in a Silbuorm's two Eyes, when in the Fly State: three thouſand 
one hundred cighty-one in each Eye of a Beetle, and eight thouſand in the two Eyes: of 
a common Fly. VVV . ; tid aaron wt 1 
The Author of Speacle de la Nature. finely obſerves, * that the Eyes of other Creatures 
are as it were multiplyed by Motion: whereas thoſe of a Fly are fixed and immoveable, 
and can only ſee what lies directly before them; they are very numerous therefore, and 
are placed in a round Surface, ſome in a high, others in a low Situation; to inform the 
Fly of every Thing wherein ſhe may be intereſted. She has a Number of Enemies 
but, with the Aid of theſe Eyes that ſurround her Head, ſhe is enabled to diſcover what- 
ever Danger threatens from above, behind, or on either Side, even when the is in full 
Purſuit of a Prey directly before nher. e 958 
Theſe Eyes or little Hemiſpberes are placed, in all Kinds of Flies and aerial Animals, in 
a moſt neat, regular, and admirable Ordination of triangular Rows, ranged as near to 
one another as poſſible, and leaving the leaſt Pits or Furrows between them that can 
poſſibly be. But in Crabs, Lobſters, Shrimps, and ſuch Kinds of cruſtaceous Water Ani- 


mals, (whoſe Eyes are leſs pearled,) the Pearls are” ranged in a quadrangular Order, the 


Rows interſecting at right Angles, by which Diſpofition their Number on equal Surfaces 
muſt be leſs: but to make them a Recompence for this, kind Nature has formed their 
Eyes a little moveable, whereas thoſe of flying Inſects are all fixt, 3 
The Goodneſs of Providence is particularly diſtinguiſhable in the Formation and Situa- 
tion of the Eyes of different Anirnals, in a Manner moſt ſuitable to their different Ne- 
ceſſities and Ways of Living. In Hares and Rabbets, whoſe Safety depends on flight, 
they are very protuberant, and placed ſo much towards the Sides of their Heads, that 
their two Eyes take in nearly a whole Sphere: whereas in Dogs (that purſue them) the 
Eyes are ſet more forward in the Head, to look that Way more than backward. 
In Cats the Pupil being erect, and the ſhutting of the Eye-Lids tranſverſe thereto, they 
can ſo cloſe the Pupil, as to admit, as it were, one only ſingle Ray of Light: and, on 
the contrary, by throwing all open, they can take in all the fainteſt Rays. Which is an 
incomparable Proviſion for Animals that have Occaſion to watch and way- lay their Prey 
both by Day and Night. But beſides this, ſome nocturnal Creatures have a certain Ra- 
diation or darting out of Rays of Light from their Eyes, enabling them to catch their Prey 
in the Dark: and this moſt People have been Witneſſes of in Cate. 
Notwithſtanding Ax Is Tor IE, PLiny, ALBERTS MAGNus, and ſeveral other 
Writers wete of Opinion that Moles are blind, the greater Diligence of the Moderns in 
Diſſections and Experiments have found them to have Eyes moſt excellently. fitted far 


their ſubterraneous Way of Life: not indeed much bigger than a large Pin's Head, but 


which, it is ſuppoſed they have a Faculty of withdrawing, if not quite into the Head, 


yet more: or leſs within the Hair, as they have more or leſs Occaſion to employ or 


evard. Gans. - — | 1 
he Eyes of Snails are placed at the Ends of their Horns, and are thruſt out at ſome 
Diſtance, or drawn quite within the Head as the Animal thinks proper. 2 ali 
Thoſe of the Camelion turn backwards, or any Way elſe, like a Lens or convex Glaſs 
in a verſatile globular Socket, without any Motion of the Head; I and it is very extra- 
ordinary to ſee one of the Eyes of this Creature moving, whilſt the other remains fixt: 
one turning forwards at the ſame Time the other looks behind, or perhaps one looking up 
to the Sky, when the other turns itſelf downwards towards the Ground. = 
Several Opinions have prevailed: amongſt the Anatomiſts about the Reaſon why: Man 
having two Eyes ſees not an Object double. GALEN and his Diſciples thought this to 
ariſe from a Coalition or Decuſſation of the optic: Nerves ; but do not well agree whe- 
ther they decuſſate, coaleſce or only touch one another. The BAR T HOL INxs aſſert they 
are united, ||, not ſimply by Contact, or Interſection, but by:a: total Confuſion or Com- 
mixture of their Subſtance, VESAL Ius and ſome others have found a ſew Inſtances of 
their being diſunited, but ſay: it is generally otherwiſe. Dr. GIBSON tells us, & they are 
united. by the cloſeſt Conjunction, but not Confuſion of their Fibres... Des CarTEs, 
and ſome beſides, judge this to be not from any Coaleſcence, Contact, or croſſing of the 
optic Nerves, but from a. Sympathy between them. For, ſays Des CAR T Es, the Fibrille 
conſtituting the medullary Part of thoſe Nerves. being ſpread in the Retina of each Eye, 


, 


0 Dialogue vi 11. + Derham's Phy/. Theol. p. 94. t Vid. Phil. 7. ranſ. NO 137, Mem, for a Nat. Hiſt. 
of Anat. at Par. p. 22. j| Bartholini Anat. lib. 3. c. 2. 5 Gibſon's Anat. lib. 3. c. 10. | 


L 5 ; haye 


37 


due: WI 


Ornaments. 


WR 2-208 Blue-Fly „or Fleſh-Fly. 


have dicks of them correſ nding Parts in the Brain: ſo that when any of thoſe Fibrillæ 
are ſtruck by any Part of an Object, the correſponding Parts of the Brain are thereby af- 
feed, and the Soul thereby informed. The Archbiſhop of Gambray ſays, we never ſee 


an Object double, becauſe the two Nerves that are ſubſervient to Sight in our Eyes, are 


but two Branches that unite in one Pipe, as the two Glaſſes of a Pair of Spectacles unite 


in the upper Part that joins them both together. And laſtly, our great Sir Is A Ac 


NzewrToNn, — his uſual Modeſty, hints to us his Opinion by the Way of Query. Are 


nat the 8 of Obyects (ſays he) ſeen with both Eyes, united where the optic Nerves 


meet, before they come into the Brain, the Fibres on the right Side of both Nerves unit- 
ing there &c? For the optic Nerves of ſuch Animals as look the fame Way with both Eyes 
(ſuch as of Men, 2 Sheep, Oxen, Cc.) meet before they come into the Brain: but 


the optic Nerves of ſuch Animals as do not look the ſame way with both Eyes, as of 


Fiſhes, and of the Camelion, do not meet, if Lam rightly informed *. 

Aſter this Digreſſion, which tis hoped may be excuſable on fo curious a Salle, we 
ſhall return to finiſh the Explanation « of this Aron wherein A 

FF ſhew the Horns. 

GG the Smellers or Feelers. 
- HH and 1 the Proboſcis. | 
K K KK the Hairs and Briſtles. | | 
7 All . will be W in exphinio the bleu Plate. 


ONGC 


PD 


An EXPLANATION of the T WENTY-SECOND PLats. 
F I 6. 1 
A Blue-Bly, « or r F leſh-F | 7. 


E ſee here he Blue-Bottle or common n Fleſh Eh. a by the Micrfope, i in 
ſuch a Manner, as to ſhew diſtinctly all its 1 and minute Members and 


— 


AA, Its protuberant and pearled Eyes, which make a l part of the Head, 
though much ſmaller than thoſe of the Drone- Ey, deſcribed in the laſt Plate. Theſe 


Pearls or Hemiſpheres were ranged in the ſame triangular Order as in that Fly, but with- 
out any ſuch Difference in Size. 


BB, A ſcaly prominent Front hi: the Eyes, adorned and armed with large ta- 
pering ſharp black Briſtles, which growing on either Side in Rows, and bending towards 


each other near the Top, form a Kind of Arch of Briſtles, that almoſt covers the 


Front B B. 


C, a Projecting Part at the anterior End of this Arch, and about the Middle of the 
Face, on which grow D D, two little oblong Bodies, not unlike the Apices or Pendants 


in Lillies, each having one ſmall Joint where it unites to C, and another that joins it to 


the Front Part B.----- Theſe in the Head of the Drone- Ny are called Horns, from the 


great Reſemblance they bear to the Horns of ſome Kinds of Beaſts. 


E E, Brufſhy Briſtles or Feathers, ſomewhat like the Tufts of a Cock-Gnat, growing 
from the upper Part and Outſides of the Horns, D D. 


F F, Four ſtrong Briſtles, placed two and two, and bending towards each other, juſt 


above the Qpening of the Mouth. 


G HI, The Fly's-Proboſcis or Trunk, coming out from the Middle of the Niouth. 
It ſeems to be a hollow Body, and by means of ſeveral Joints is moved to and fro, thruſt 
out or pulled in at pleaſure. There's a Knee or Bending expreſſed at H, which from 


thence to the Extremity is ſlit, as it were, into two Lips, H I, H I, which on their outer 


Sides are covered with pretty large Hairs ; though the Hairs on the upper Part of the 
Proboſcis are very ſmall. Theſe Lips open or ſhut eaſily, and ſerve to hold or take in 
little Pieces of ſolid Food ; but when the Fly fucks any thing from the Surface of a Bo- 
dy, ſhe ſpreads them open, and applies their hollow Part pertectly cloſe thereto ; in which 
Condition they become a kind of Pump, to draw ” the Juices .of Fruits or other Li- 
quors. 


2 Newton's Opt. Q. 15. 


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A Blue Fly, or Fleſh-F ly. 


K K, Two little hairy oblong Bodies, growing within the Mouth from either Side of | 


the Proboſcis. Theſe Parts are differently ſhaped, and much larger in the Head of the 
Drone- Fly, where they are marked GG. Dr. Hookt imagines theſe may probably be 
its Organs of Smelling. | 


The Middle-Part or Thorax of this Fly is cruſtaceous, and ſtrongly made; rounded on 


the Top, and covered with large long black Briſtles, ſtanding like the Quills of a Porcu- 
pine, in parallel Order, all pointing towards the Tail, ' From the hinder and under Part 
grow out three large Legs on each Side, (as repreſented in the Figure) all covered with a 
| ſtrong hairy Shell, and reſembling the Legs of a Crab or Lobſter. Each Leg is jointed, 

and made up of eight Parts, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8; on the eighth of which grow the 
| Soles or Spunges, and Claws, deſtribed before in the Twentieth Plate. ES . 


Of theſe fix Legs ſhe ſeldom employs any more than four to walk with, the two fore | 


Wings and Body, and for many other Purpoſes. | INS | 
LL, The two Wings, faſtned with ſtrong Joints to the upper Part of the Thorax; 
Many Particulars of their Contexture have been already given, Fig. 4. Plate XX. and 
ſomething further will be faid concerning them in the next Figure of the preſent 
Plate; © ns Seeta . a {6 90 1 e e eee ee 
The hinder or Tail-Part is of a moſt lovely ſhining Blue, looking exactly like poliſhed 
Steel, brought to that curious Colour by annealing, and ſeems like a kind of Armour, 
thickly beſet with ſuch-like Briſtles as grow upon its Back, | 
In this and moſt Kinds of Flies, the Female 1s furniſhed with a moveable Tube at the End 
of her Tail, by extending of which ſhe can convey her Eggs into convenient: Holes and Re- 
ceptacles, either in Fleſh or ſuch other Matters as may afford the young ones proper 
Nouriſhment. From the Eggs come forth minute Worms or Maggots, which after feed- 
ing a while in a voracious manner, arriving at their full Growth, become transformed in- 
to brown Aurelias, whence after ſome time longer they iſſue perfect Flies. h 
. Upon opening a Fly, numberleſs Veins may be diſcovered diſperſed over the Surface of 
its Inteſtines ; for the Veins being blackiſh, and the Inteſtines white, they are plainly vi- 
ſible by the Microſcope, though two hundred thouſand times ſlenderer than the Hairs of 
a Man's Beard. According to Mr. LEzUuwENnnotk , the Diameter of four hundred 
and fifty ſuch minute Veins were about equal to the Diameter of a ſingle Hair of his 
Beard: And conſequently two hundred thouſand of them put together would be about 
the Bigneſs of ſuch a Hair. 20 00 „„ 
This Creature is extremely nimble and quick-ſighted, fo that it will commonly eſcape, 
though you approach it ever ſo cautioaſly and ſwiftly. On ſeeing any thing it fears, it 
ſquats down, to be the readier for its Riſe ; and is very vigorous in its Motions, as well as 
impudent; for it will return ſeveral times to the ſame Place after being driven away. 


Was it not from a prepoſterous. Humour in Mankind, that conſtantly inclines us to de- 
ſpiſe and overlook whatever is continually before us, we ſhould often divert ourſelves with 
obſerving the pretty Actions of this little familiar Animal, which are very well worth our 
Notice. To ſee it, like a little Bird, taking its Flight about us, and when it thinks fit to 
| ſettle, uſing its Fore-feet to clean its Body, Head and Wings, and afterwards rubbing them 
backwards and forwards one againſt the other, to clear away any Dirt they may have con- 
tracted in making the other Parts clean: To ſee its Manner of feeding, the Motions of 
all its little Members, and the delicate Structure and Contrivance of them: To ſee all 
this, I ſay, and conſider how many Veins, Arteries, Nerves, and Muſcles, muſt be em- 
ployed to give Motion to, and furniſh all theſe Parts with animal Spirits and circulating 
Fluids, and reflect on the Contexture and Delicacy of Veſſels ſo inconceivably minute, 
muſt fill the Mind with Delight and Admiratioun. 

As corrupting Animal Bodies afford the moſt kindly Nouriſhment to its Young, it is 
endued with a wonderful Capacity, either by its Smell, or ſome other Way, of finding out 
ſuch Bodies, and laying its Eggs among them. 5 . 

All the Winter it lies torpid in ſome Hole or Corner, whence i creeps out at the Re- 
turn of Spring: But no Cold, nor even being frozen, kills it; for when thawed gently by 
a Fire, or in the Sun- ſhine, it revives again: If put into Spirit of Wine, it ſeems quickly 
dead, but on taking it out, letting it lie three or four Hours, and then bringing it to a 
gentle Fire, or putting it in the Heat of the Sun, it will again appear alive. 


*® Microſcope made eaſy, p. 220. + Arc. Nat. Tom. II. p. 77. 


5 PLATE 


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PLATE XXII. FIG. 2. 
A Fly's Wing. 


|. 


A Fly'sWing, | JE are ſhewn here the whole of a Fly's Wing, of which we examined the ”_ 6 


VV cular Compoſition in the Fourth Figure of the Twentieth Plate, whereto we 
therefore ſo far refer the Reader ; only obſerving farther on its general Appearance before 
the Microſcope, that it ſomewhat reſembles a Sea-Fan, with black Ribs or Fibres diſperſed 
and branched through it ; between which a fine Membrane or Film like a thin Piece of 
Muſcovy Talc extends. | 1 8 5 0 
lt grows from the Thorax, a little more towards the Head than the Center of the Bo- 
dy's Gravity: But this Excentricity is wonderfully balanced by its expanded Area, and the 
Center of its Vibration lying much more towards the Tail than the Root of the 
Our Author tells us, (having made many Trials to find out after what manner the 


 vibrative Motions of a Fly's Wings are performed) that the extreme Limits of the Vibra- 


tions were uſually about the Length of the Body diſtant from one another, tho'. often 
ſhorter, and ſometimes longer: That commonly the foremoſt Limit was a little above the 
Back, and the hinder ſomewhat below the Belly ; between which two Limits, if one 


may gueſs by the Sound, the Wing ſeemed to move backwards and forwards with an 


de equal Velocity: And theſe Vibrations between the two Limits are ſo ſwift, that tis very 


likely it makes many hundreds, if not thouſands, of Vibrations in a Second of Time ; ſo 
that probably the Wing of a Fly is one of the quickeſt Vibrations in the World, — 

; Who that conſiders this can forbear admiring the extreme Vivacity of the governing 
Faculty or Anima of the Inſect, which is able ſo to actuate and regulate the Animal Spirits, 
as to cauſe each peculiar Organ to move or act not only with ſo much Quickneſs, but 
at the ſame time with ſuch exact Regularity. RR 


Mis a little Body, like in Appearance to a long hanging Drop of ſome tranſparent viſcid 
Fluid, This is. one of the Ballances or Poiſes which moſt Kinds of Flies that have 
only two Wings are furniſhed with, It grows out juſt under the hinder Part of the 
Root of the Wing, and may be obſerved conſtantly to move before it. The Uſe of theſe 
Poiſes is undoubtedly. to keep the Body ſteady and upright in flying; for if one of them 
be cut off, the. Inſect will fly as if one Side was over-balanced, and ere long tumble to the 
Ground ; and if both be taken away, its Flight is aukward and unſteady, manifeſting the 
Want of ſome neceſſary and eſſential Part. 4 


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An EXPLANATION of the TwWRENTY-TMRD PLATE. 


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FIG. 1. | 
aa pe” © 5 - 1 ow =. a 


The Teeth of a Snail, 
HE upper Jaw-Bone and Teeth of a Garden-Snail are here magnified for our Ob- snail eech. 


ſervation.  * % 1 
þ The whole was a ſmall bended hard Bone, the Teeth all joining together like the Teeth 
of a Rbinoceros; which perhaps is the only known Animal beſides that has them in that 
manner, 5 e ee , 1 
The Part AB C D, which grew out of the upper Chap of the Snail G G G, was 
found to be much whiter and leſs furrowed, than the lower and blacker Part of it 
HIIHK K H, which was ſhaped exactly like Teeth; the Bone growing thinner and 
tapering towards an Edge at K K K. It ſeemed to have nine Teeth or prominent Parts, 
. ſmaller than others, but all joined together by thinner interpoſing Parts of the ſame 
one. | „ . Pe 
This very Snail, juſt before its Diſſection, was ſeen feeding on a Roſe-Leaf, and biting out 
ag round Pieces, not unlike the Figure of a Capital C, nor much differing from it in 
—!! nn eta ed woo Prog? belek 3 | 
Though a Snail is known to every Body, there are ſome Particulars belonging to it may 
not be amiſs to mention, Its Way of moving from place to place, though deſtitute of 
Feet, is effected by two large muſcular Skins, that are lengthned by letting out; after 
which, their Fore- part is ſhortned into Folds, and the hinder Part falls into the fame 
Contraction: Then the Fore-part extends, and draws 22 the Shell. A glutinous 
Slime emitted from the Body, enables it, at the ſame time, to adhere firmly and ſecurely 
to all Kinds of Surfaces, which is an Advantage few Animals that have Feet can pre- 
tend to. | | wy ELL nl OG e 
_ Snails are oviparous, but their Way of pr, 1s extraordinary, They are all Her- 
| maphrodites, each poſſeſſing the generative Parts of both Sexes, which are employed mu- 
| tually in Coifu. Theſe Parts are ſituated on the Left-fide of the Head, and are only diſ- 
F- coverable when they are generating, which uſually engages them about twelve Hours, and 
| from which they can hardly be ſeparated without hurting the Parts. 
'” 8 The Manner of their coming together, as related by Dr. LisTER, is very extraordi- 
= © nary.:---When they are diſpoſed to approach each other, they ſignify their mutual Incli- 
nations in a Manner peculiar to themſelves. One launches againſt the other a kind of little 
Dart, which has four Wings or minute Edges. The Weapon flies from the Animal who 
ſhot it, and either. lodges in the other, or falls down by him, after making a ſlight Wound; 
upon which, this Creature in his turn diſpatches another Dart at the Aggreſſor: But this 
little Combat is immediately ſucceeded by a Reconciliation, The Subſtance of the Dart is 
like Horn, and the Animals are ſtocked with them at the Seaſons when theſe Approaches 
are made, and which happen each Year thrice in fix Weeks, or once every fifteen Days. 
Some Days after, each makes its Way into the Earth, and lays its Eggs in Knots of about 
thirty in Number, near four Inches 0 The Place they chuſe is commonly moiſt and 
ſhady. In about a Month the Eggs are hatched, and the young Snails appear above 
Ground, with their Shells compleatly formed, of a Minuteneſs 3 argon to their 
little Bodies and the Dimenſions of the Eggs that incloſed them. * Theſe Shells increaſe 
| from time to time by the Addition of new Circles, but continue always to be the Center 
even when the Animals are arrived at, their full Growth. If they are broken by any 
Accident, a ſlimy Exſudation from the Body repairs them again in a few Days. 
_ *Tis faid no Cold either of Nature or Art can freeze the Juice of Snails, which perhaps 
is owing to its Viſcofity, as we find the Berries of Miſſetoe, whoſe Juices are of that 
Quality, are ſo far from being frozen by, that they mn in the coldeſt Weather. 
A Snail's Heart may be found juſt againſt a round Hole near its Neck, which opens 
and ſhuts as it either ſtands ſtill or moves, and is ſuppoſed by Dr. Harvey to be the 
Place of its Reſpiration : It will ſometimes beat a Quarter of an Hour after Diſſection: 
But without that Trouble it may be ſcen by the Microſcope through the tranſparent Shell 
of a new-hatched Snail performing its Contractions and Dilatations, with the utmoſt Re- 


gularity. 


* 1alpight Anat. de Colch, Memoires de I Academic des Sciences, 1709. 


M The 


Directions for Bteeding Silk Worms in England. 
The Guts are of a pure green Colour after feeding, and appear branched over with little 
capillary white Veins. It has alſo Liver, Spleen, Stomach, Mouth, and Teeth (which have 


wy 
off and examined look like large blue Beads, * © | 


PLATE XXII FIG. 2. 
The Egg of a Silk-Worm. 


* | | | t * 14 f * STII 25158 23 649% I jars 9 98 1 Wa 
Silk Worm's, HE minute Egg of this little Animal, when magnified by Glaſſes, exhibits an Ap: 


Do; St 5 2 ö 
. 


1 piäarance well worthy. our Admiration ; for innumerable Cayities or Hollows, ex- 
tremely ſmall, with Riſings interpoſed,” ſomewhat reſembling thoſe on a Poppy- Seed, over- 
ſpread its whole Surface: But the Cavities and Ridges here are leſs an hundred times than 
thoſe on the Seeds of Poppy, and not diſtinguiſhable without a good Inſtrument and a 


8 
— » 4 


When the Young is hatched, and the Shell broke, it ſeems no thicker, in proportion to 
its Bigneſs, than the Egg-ſhell of a Gooſe or Hen. It looks then of a pure white, and 
ſo tranſparent, that none of the little Pits on its Surface can be diſcerned, without great 
Difficulty: But a moſt delicate thin Film may be diſcovered lining its Inſide, in the man- 
ber of large Fegg; the Shell fee e Une 
„ Pigute of i eſe Eggs is not exactly round, but'fomewhat flatted both on the upper 
and under Side; and the included Inſect may be diſcovered lying coiled near the Edges of 
it, But ſeveral other Sorts of Moths lay Eggs exactly globular, with Surfaces perfectly 

ſmooth and poliſhed; , and there is no leſs Variety in the Eggs of Inſects than in thoſe of 
Theſe Eggs hatch ſooner or later in the Spring, according to the Warmth of the Wea- 


ther; and may be for warded very much by keeping them in a certain Degree of Heat. 
The young Brood appears at Erft fo be a Number of Black hairy little Catterpillars, bearing 
not the leaſt Reſemblance to the Forms they afterwards aſſume. As therefore the Manner 
of their Changing is wonderful, and many may be deſirous to ſee it with their own Eyes, 
ſome ſhort Directions how to feed and manage them, though not altogether requiſite in 
this Place, will not, tis hoped, be judged impertinent.” n. 


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Directions how to breed Silk-worms in Euglaud. 
* 4 8 5 : * a » i ; ; . * ; M a — Z ü N ＋ 7 1 1 a p : 


FN China, India, and ſome other hot Countries, the Silk-worms live abroad in the open 
Air, upon Mulberry-Trees propagated in great Abundance for their Reception, On 
theſe they feed, expatiating in full Tiberty. till they incloſe themſelves in Balls of Silk, 
curiouſly faſtned to the Branches, and appearing like golden Apples amidſt the beautiful 
Green that embelliſhes and contraſts them. Here too they affix their Eggs on Parts of the 
Tree proper for their Preſervation, with a Sort of Glew beſtowed on them by Providence 
for that purpoſe ; where they remain ſecure all the Autumn and Winter-Seaſon, nor begin 
to hatch till the young expanding Leaves afford them abundant Suſtenance. 0 
But in our cold Climate, theſe Creatures muſt be treated in a quite different manner, 
and preſerved in Houſes with a great deal more Care and Trouble. As ſoon as they are 
hatched, which is commonly ſome time in May, and before the Mulberry Leaves come 
out, the Papers on which the Eggs are laid with us, are to be placed in a Sheet of ſtiff 
Writing-Paper, (turned up on every fide in the Faſhion of a Dripping-Pan) laying lightly 
upon them the young tender Leaves of Lettice. On theſe they will crawl and feed; and 
a freſh Supply muſt be given them as often as the Leaves grow withered ; taking care to 
help ſome of them off the withered Leaves by the Aſſiſtance of a Pin; without which 
many will be thrown away or deſtroyed. For a Thread which iſſues from their Mouths, 
and by ſticking to whatever it touches, preſerves them from the Danger of falling, ſometimes 
binds them down fo faſt to the old Leaves, that they become unable to quit them without 
a little Aſſiſtance. 35 ro Co re MO # = 


. 


In a few Days, the little Catterpillar that was black at firſt, approaches nearer to an 
aſhen Grey: Its Coat appears ragged, the Animal caſts it off, and is feen in a new Habit. 
It increaſes in Bigneſs, and grows whiter, with a little Tendency to green. Some Days 
after this, it forbears eating, and ſleeps almoſt two Days, at the End whereof it ſeems 
agitated and convulſed, and grows almoſt red with the Violence of its Struggles: The 


Skin 


Directions for Breeding Silk- Worms in England. 
* wrinkles, ſhrinks into Folds, and by little and little the Inſect gets it off him with 
LEG | p | 


It appears now in its third Habit; and fo different are its Head; its Colour, and its 


whole Form, that one would take it for another Creature. It feeds again ſome Days, and 
is then ſeized with a new Lethargy and Convulſions; and flings off another Skin; after 
which its Appetite returns, and it feeds voraciouſly, growing continually larger and whiter; 
with a delicate Smoothneſs and Tranſparency of its Skin; which foretells the Time of its 
Spinning being near at hand, It then' leaves off feeding for the Remainder of its Life, and 
ſeeks ſome Corner where it begins to form its Web. - _T "I 
But to return to our feeding them with Zettice-Leaves; which muſt be their Proviſion 
till the Mulberry Trees ſhoot out. Care muſt be taken that the Leaves be perfectly dry 
when put to them; (for any Moiſture does them Harm ;) and that they be not given in too 
great Quantity at once, but freſh and often; Ts + OSS DOT OO 
As the Creatures grow they muſt be divided into two or more Dripping-pan-formed Pa- 
pers, in proportion to their Number ; obſerving, during the whole Courſe of their Changes, 
never to crowd Multitudes of them together; for doing ſo breeds an Infection ſometimes 
amongſt them, that carries off a great many, g. 
When they begin to feed on Mulberry-Leaves, (which ſhould be given them as ſoon as 
ſuch Leaves can be got) they will thrive much faſter than before. But then they muſt 
never be left without Food, for as they live but a ſhort Period before they begin to ſpin, 
and after that live almoſt as long without eating any thing, they make the beſt Uſe of their 
Time, and are feeding continually. till their Changes come, A great deal of their Welfare 
depends likewiſe on keeping them perfectly clean and ſweet, by clearing the Papers of their 
Dung and the Remains of their Leaves, as often as there is Occaſioo n. 
"i When they arrive at their full Growth, and forſaking their Food begin to ſpin in ſome 
Corner of the Dripping-Pan, each of them muſt be put in a little Paper=Cone of about an 
Inch and half Diameter at its open End, Theſe Cones ſhould be ſewed together in 


Couples, and hung aeroſs a Pack-thread Line, or faſtned to it ſingly, as your Number or 
Fancy ſhall directe. e ene e 


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E T us now behold this induſtrious Animal at work; a Sight which muſt fill the at- 
tentive Obſerver with an equal Mixture of Delight and Wonder. After ſurveying 
he Dimenſions of her Paper-Cone, ſhe begins to form her Web, applying her Mouth to 
different Parts of the he od and then pulling her Head away with a ſlow but equal Mo- 
tion. To explain the Meaning of this, it is neceſſary to take notice, that immediately be- 
low her Mouth are a Couple of little Holes, which are-the Outlets of along and flender 
Bag filled with a kind of yellow viſcid Juice or Gum. Wherever the little Creature ap- 
Plies theſe two Openings, the viſcid Juice adheres, and when the Head is drawn back, 
continuing to flow through them, receives their Form (as Wire does from the Hole it is 
pulled through) and lengthens into a double Thread, which inſtantly loſing the Fluidity of 
the Juice compoſing it, obtains the Conſiſtence of Silk. Theſe two Threads ſhe unites in 
one, glewing them together with a Sort of Fingers on her Fore-Paws; and at the Begin- 
ning of her Work faſtens them here and there as it were at random, and ſoon encom- 
paſſes herſelf with a looſe and haſty Covering, juſt ſufficient (was ſhe abroad) to defend 
her from the Rain. Within this ſhe *weaves another Caſe, made of the fineſt Silk, diſ- 
poſed with the utmoſt Regularity, and rendered ſo perfectly compact as to prevent any 
Admiſſion of the Air. Nor is ſhe contented with theſe two Coverings, but forms within 
them both a kind of Shell, compoſed of Silk and Glew, and reſembling a very ſtrong 
Stuff, which not only can repel Water and Air, but be a good Security againſt the Rigour 
of the ſevereſt Froſts. J“ in OE res 46 in 
Thus defended from Danger, ſhe undergoes a moſt amazing Mefamorphoyes, relinquiſhes 
intirely her former Figure, and appears, if taken out of theſe Caſes, a cruſtaceous Acorn- 
like Body, having neither Head, Legs, Eyes, or any diſtinct Part, and but very few Signs 
of Life. In ſhort, ſhe becomes a Nymph or Chryſalis,  - _ 4 | 
She continues thus, ſeemingly dead and intombed, for a Fortnight, three Weeks, or 
ſometimes a longer Time, when ſhe obtains a. glorious Reſurrection, and comes out pro- 
vided with four beauteous Wings, of a Cream- Colour, almoſt white, with regular and 
uniform Lines of a very light grey on each, and covered all over with delicate downy 
Plumes. She has two fine Eyes, a Pair of Horns exquiſitely branched, and her Body 
and fix Legs are every where adorned with Hairs and Feathers of a moſt curious . 
| I | an 


#3 


above five hundred. 


9 mn 2a a. oat x _ coo Si . oa TY ——_ = CY * 


OD'bſervations upon Silk- Worms. 
and as different from one another as the Feathers on the different Parts of the Bodies of 
Birds are. In ſhort, ſhe becomes a very pretty Butterfly or Moth. 1 
But it may be enquired how this tender Animal is able to force a Paſſage through its 
three Coverings, viz, the Shell, the Silk, and the looſer Web juſt now deſcribed ; and 
indeed its Provifion and Forecaſt for this Purpoſe deſerve our Attention and Admiration, 
Theſe Coverings are faſhioned like a Pigeon's Egg, ſharper at one End than the other ; 
and towards this Extremity, the Worm, as if conſcious here muſt be its Paſſage out, nei- 
ther interweaves its Silk, nor applies its Glew, as in every Part beſides, Oppoſite to this 
Point the Head is conſtantly — in its Nympha State; and as ſoon as its Formation in- 
to a Butterfly is compleated, its Horns, Head and Feet extend themſelves againſt this Part, 
which not being cemented, gradually gives Way, and affords an Opening for its coming 
out, ; F 1 | | 
This is their natural Courſe ; but as they N diſcharge from their Bodies, a large 
Quantity of a reddiſh- brown Liquor, when they firſt appear in the Fly-State, which 
ſtains and damages the Silk ; thoſe that keep them either for Profit or Amuſement, uſu- 
ally prevent this, either by winding off their Silk before they are ready for this Change, or 
if that cannot be done, by expoſing them to the intenſe Heat of the Sun, or a Fire, for 
ſome Hours, to kill them in their Caſes : reſerving only ſome few for Breed. 


How to wind off Silk. 


LI 


THE Pods may eaſily be wound off; if after pulling away the looſe outward Co- 
vering, (which may be .ſpun like Flax for ordinary Purpoſes) they be pat into 


warm Water; for that diſſolves the Gum, and ſets the Silk at liberty to be unravelled from 


End to End; and ſome Spirit of Wine added to the Water makes the Gum diſſolve till 


more readily, Ten or a Dozen Threads of as many Pods may be wound off together very 


conveniently either in Skeens or Balls, till we come to the innermoſt Covering or Shell, 
which is of a whiter Colour, much more gummy, and a Sort of Silk but of little Uſe or 
Virtue. It is therefore commonly the Way to cut them open, and take out the included 
Nymphe, which being then naked ſhould be laid on dry freſh Bran till they become But- 
terflies. e EV Dag 0 WC 

Some Ladies pull away the looſe Silk, cut out the Nympbæ, and dye the Pods of all 
Colours in great Variety of Shades, after which they compoſe with them moſt beautiful 


Noſegays of artificial Flowers. 


The Largeneſs of its Sitze, diſtinguiſhes the Fansle even fn its Nympba State; but that 


Diſtinction is ſtill more evident after they appear as Flies. The Males are exceeding lively 
and falacious, endeavouring continually, by thei 


| ir noiſy Flutterings and wanton Motions, to 
raiſe Deſire in the Females. The Coitus continues ſometimes ſeveral Hours, during 


which the Body of the Female may be obſerved to ſwell and enlarge: ſoon after ſhe be- 
gins to depoſite her Eggs, and perhaps goes on to do ſo from time to time till ſhe has laid 
As ſoon as they become Butterflies, tis beſt to put them in ſuch Paper Dripping-Pans as 
when they were Catterpillars, for they will rarely get over the Sides of the Paper, and it 
is very convenient for them to ſtick their Eggs to. The Females are full of Eggs even in 
the Nympha State, and will lay, though no Male comes near them; but ſuch Eggs 
are unprolific. When firſt the Eggs are laid, their Colour is a Pale-Lemon ; but they 


| ſoon grow darker, and after a Week or two appear of a Lead-Colour. Thoſe that con- 


tinue yellow will never produce any thing. 


| Their Semen full of Animalcules. 


PON gently ſqueezing the Tail of a Male- Fly for a little while, a ſmall Drop of a 
whitiſh brown Eiquor will be ſquirted from it, which dilated with a little warm 
ater, and examined by the Microſcope, appears crowded with Animalcules, four times 


as long as broad, with Backs thicker than their Bellies, like the Shape of a Trout *. Bat 


this muſt be done before the Male has been coupled with the Female, for nothin 7 1s to be 


got from it afterwards, _ 55 
After the Females have done laying they grow languid and die in a Day or two, and the 


| Males do not long ſurvive them. The Papers whereon the Eggs are laid may be folded up 


tooner or later, according to the Warmth of the Seaſon. 3 


: The 
#15; * Vid. Leeuwenh, Arc. Nat, Tem. I. P. II. p. 422. 1 


Eels in Vinegar. 
The exquilite Fineneſs of the Silk ſpun by this little Creature, well deſerves. out Notice. 


A Pod being wound off, was found to contain nine hundred and thirty Yards : But it is 
proper to obſerve, that as two Threads are glewed together by the Worm through the 


whole Length of the Silk, it really makes double the above Number, or one thouſand 


found no heavier than two Grains and a half, 501 


The whole Butterfly and Moth Tribe undergo the ſame Changes as the S:/k-worm does, 
though with ſome Variation, as to Time, and Place, and Manner, Some ſpin ſilky Caſes 
like them ; others wrap themſelves up in Leaves, which they cement together by a gummy 
Exſudation from their own Bodies ; ſome deſcend into the Ground, form Caſes of Earth, 
and wait their Changes there; and others again only hang themſelves by the Tail in ſome 
ſhelter'd Corner, where from Catterpillars they become Aurelias, and from Aurelias, But- 
7erflies. There is likewiſe a conſiderable Difference as to Time, ſome paſſing through all 
their Changes in a few Weeks, and ſome taking up above a Year. But they all agree in 


Aurelia, and at laſt a Moth or Butterfly, | 1 


| Some few Lines from a Poem before quoted, called the Univ RSE, expreſſive of this 
wonderful Change, will not, tis hoped, be thought improper here. 


See, to the Sun the Butterfly diſplays 

Its glitt'ring Wings, and wantons in his Rays: 

In Life exulting, oer the Meadows flies, 

Sips from each Flower, and breathes the vernal Skies. 

M bere Love directs, a Libertine, it roves, © 

FOE And courts the Fair Ones through the verdant Groves; 
Mile its rich Plumes, in graceful Order, ſhow 
We various Ghries of the painted Bow. 2 


How beauteous now ! how chang'd fince Yeſterday | 
When on the Ground, a crawling Worm it lay, 
Where every Foot might tread its Soul away. 
Who rais'd it thence, and bid it range the Skies ? © 
Gave its rich Plumage, and its brilliant Dyes? 


Nas GOD :----Its GOD and thine, O Man! and He 
In this thy Fellow-Creatur lets Thee ſee, 
That wond'rous Change which is ordain'd for Thee ! 


Thou too ſhalt leave thy reptile Form behind, 


And mount the Skies, a pure etherial Mind, 
There range among the Stars, all bright and unconfin d. 


PLATE XXIII. FIG. in, 
= Eels in Vinegar. 


T4 BESE little Animals wherewith Vinegar. is ſometimes abundantly ſtored, very Bets in Vine 
much reſemble an Eel in Shape, and in the Nimbleneſs of their Motion; with gar. 


this Difference, however, that the wriggling Motion of their Bodies ſeems to be upwards 
and downwards only ; whereas that of Eels' is only ſideways: Their Noſe is likewiſe 
ſomething ſharper than the Eel's, and more opake than the reſt of the Body, as is ſhewn 
at A. 

Dr. Hook obſerved alſo a dark Part at B, which he imagined to be the Gills, as it 
appeared at a ſmall Diſtance from the Noſe : And from this Part the Body grows conti- 
nually tapering to the Tip of the Tail C. 


3 Tre 


Ly kane tt. M@tnt ei; att a .. , Sa. Ae — * 


OY 


TT” Eels in Vinegar. | 

| The progreſſive Motion of theſe Creatures in the Vinegar is exceeding flow, notwith- 
| ſtanding the continual waving and wriggling of their Bodies, which may reaſonably be im- 
puted to the Reſiſtance of the Fluid, as the Superficies of their minute Bodies is ſo very 
| great in proportion: to their Bulk. „ | e | 
| \ Theſe Animals immediately die if the Vinegar be a little heated, but they do not ſuffer 
| much by Cold; for Dr. Pow RR“ ſays, he froze artificially a Glaſs Jarr-full of Vinegar 
| 8 hes replete with them, into a Maſs of Ice; yet when it was thawed, they all appeared as 
| briſk as ever: Nay, he adds, that having expoſed them a whole Night to a keen Froſt, 
| upon thawing the Ice next Morning, they ſeemed to have received no manifeſt Injury, 
| notwithſtanding that long and ſtrong Conglaciation,---He tells us likewiſe, that he filled 
= | an Eſſence-Glaſs half with the ſaid Vinegar, and half with Oil which floated on it; and 
| obſerved in froſty Weather, when the Vinegar was congealed, that all the little Eels 
ran up into the ſuper- incumbent Oil, and would not return till ſome Warmth was ap- 
plied to the Vinegar ; but if that was a little warmed, they immediately deſcended into 
it again, 1 1 e 0 0 EY 


Some Experiments on freezing Vinegar, with theſe Eels in it, were made about a Year 
ago, and communicated to the Royal Society by Dr. HENRY MILES, F. R. S. the Re- 
ſult whereof was, upon ſeveral Trials, that the greateſt Number were found irrecove- 
rably dead, tho' many, endured the being frozen, recovered after a little while, and ap- 
peared as briſk as ever. | e 


Dr. Hooks ſays, that a Quantity of Vinegar, replete with theſe Eels, being included 
in a ſmall Phial, and ſtopped very cloſe from the ambient Air, all the included Worms 
in a ſhort time died, as if they had been ſtifled : But this is not conſtantly the Caſe; 
for the ingenious Obſerver juſt now mentioned, had a Couple of Tubes, (of the Sort 
employed to behold the Circulation of the Blood) both which were fall of Vinegar, 
well ſtocked with theſe Eels, and as well ſtopped with Cork as they could be, the 
Liquor too reaching ſo near the Top as juſt to touch the Cork; and though theſe 
were not opened once in a Month, yet they lived, increaſed greatly, and were ſur- 
priſingly briſk, The Tubes always ſtood in a Cup-board juſt over the Fire-Place, 
and fo near it, that they were ſenſibly warm, there being a conſtant Fire. 


The Eels in Paſte ſeem nearly of the ſame Kind as thoſe in Vinegar: The Manner of 
producing which, and the Way of examining them, may be found in the 8 1ſt Page of 
—̃ñ—̃—ꝓ— . ]— —— — ẽͥ－t. m es br” wed hs 


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The Nymph-Worm of a Gnat. 5 47 
An EXPLANATION of the Twenty-FourTH PLATE. 
| W 5 FIG. Is | 
1215 The Nymph-Worm of u Gnat. 


IT may be requiſite towards the better underſtanding of this Figure, to premiſe a Nymph- 
. ſhort Account of the Generation of a Gnat, and the Changes it undergoes.  » Worm of a 
The Female 'depoſites its Eggs upon the Surface of the Waters, by dip- — 
ping down its Tail, and emitting a Quantity (large in Proportion to the Fly) of a 
Spawn or Jelly-like Subſtance, which it conſtantly faſtens to ſome Weed, or ſuch like 
kind of Thing. In this Jelly, which is tranſparent, and at firſt floats upon the Water, 
the minute Eggs are ranged, ſometimes in ſingle, and ſometimes in double Rows, not 
ſtrait, but waving, though very regular and exat, Sri 
Theſe Eggs become hatched after ſome Time, and produce ſmall reddiſh Maggots, 
which ſinking to the Bottom of the Water with ſome of the Slime wherein they 
| were envelop'd, faſten to Stones or other Bodies, and make themſelves little Caſes, which 
1 they can creep out of or retire into as they find Occafion. 
When they have continued thus as long as Providence has appointed, they become 
changed into the Figure under Examination (which we term the Nympha Vermiculus) 
are very active, and ſwim about the Water with briſk jerking Motions, Os 
From this they change into the State repreſented by the next Figure in this Plate, 
which may be called the urelia or Nymph, and out of that they proceed Gnats. 
Authors are a little obſcure in their Accounts of the Changes this Creature undergoes, 
and not quite confiſtent with one another. 'SWwAMMERDAM gives two Figures an- 
ſwerable to the two we find in this Plate, calling the firſt the Vorm, and the other 
the Nymph, of the Gnat, but mentions not the real Worm, which tis therefore probable 
he had not obſerved. On the other Hand; our ingenious Countryman DRRHAM is very 
full as to the Vorm, but evidently” confounds together into one the wo States deſcri- 
bed and pictured by both SWamMERDAM and Dr. Hook k, and ſpeaks only of three 
States; whereas the Progreſſion of the Gnat from the Egg is, firſt, into a Worm, which 
may be called its Vermicular-State; then into the F igure before us, or its Nympha Ver- 
micular-State; thirdly, into the ſecond Figure of this Plate, not improperly its Aurelia 


oer Nympha-State; and aftly, into the Gnaf, or its Mature State. 


The Way being thus cleared before us, we come to deſeribe this Nympba-Vermiculus, 
a Creature frequently met with in Ponds, Ditches, Cifterns, and all Repoſitories of 
Water during moſt of the Summer Seaſon. Its general Form will beſt be underſtood 
by the Picture we are going to, examine, wherein ABCDEFGH repreſent the 
Belly Part, conſiſting of eight diſtinct Diviſions, from thegmiaſt of each whereof iſſue 


out on either Side two or three little Hatrs or Briſtles, III, Sec. Ih 

The Tail is compoſed of two Parts, of a very different Figure and Uſe. The Part K, 
whoſe End is covered with, Hairs, ſerves both as Oars and Rudder, enabling this 
little Creature, together with the friſſcing and bending of its Body nimbly too and fro, 
not only to move about with great Agility, but to ſteer itfelf whither it pleaſes. 17 

E ſhewsthe other Part of the Tail, which ſeems to be à Continuation of, and may 
be term'd a ninth Divifion of its Belly. Many ſingle Briftles grow from it on every 

Side; and quite to the Extremity thereof V, from that orbicular Part of the Body N, 
which appears to be the Stomach, a Gut extends along through the whole Belly. This 
Gut is of a darkiſh Colour, and diſpoſed in the Manner diſtinguiſhed by the Letters M 
M M, Sc. A periſtaltic Motion therein agitated a Kind of black Subſtance, very re- 
markably, upwards and downwards from the Stomach to the Anus. Lice, Gnats, and 
ſeveral other tranſparent Inſects may be obſerved to have the like periſtaltic Mo: ion. 

OOO O the Cheſt or Thorax, ſhort, thick, ſhelly, and pretty tranſparent, within 
which the Beating of the Heart (which is white, as is alſo the Blood of this and moſt 
other Inſects) and ſeveral other Motions. may be diſcerned by the Microſcope. 

The Cheſt is ornamented and defended, in feveral Places, with Tufts of ſtrong: 
Briſtles, p p b Pp. QM fhews the Head, broad, ſhort, and cruſtaceous, having three 
Tufts of the fame kind of Briſtles on its Forel exd or upper Part, 8 8 8. 

T T are two fine large black Eyes, whoſe Surfaces are fmooth, and without the leaſt 
Appearance of being pearled or granulated, as we ſhall find them in the next Figure and 
Change of this Animal. RS RNS 1 


> 
4 — 7 72 n * Vn . 3 —＋ 
* E 8 ä r 228 2 3 . 8 N 
5 IST mo 9 N — Oo ES S * . N 3 . 3 
8 * SITY 9 * 4 
. 
* 


Nymph of 
the Gnat. 


The Gnat Apiarium Marinum. 
R Ra Pair of Horns reſembling thoſe of an Ox inverted, with Briſtles at their Tops, 
and ſeeming to be hollow. Theſe are moveable every Way, and may probably be of 


cConſiderable Service to the Inſect. 


Its Mouth is pretty large, in the Faſhion of a Crab's or Lobſter's, and it may fre- 
quently be ſeen feeding on ſome minute Subſtances in the Water. 
This Creature moves in the Water with its Tail forwards, jerking itſelf along by 
the Friſking to and fro of the Tuſt growing out from the Stump thereof. It has 
alſo another Motion, more refembling that of other Animals, and with its Head fore- 
moſt ; for by the opening and ſhutting of its Jaws, it ſinks gently towards the Bottom 
of the Water, and preſently afterwards ſeems as it were to eat its Way up again. 

When the Body ceaſes to move, the Tail being higher than the Water wherein it 
ſwims, or than any other Part of the Inſect, preſently buoys it up to the Surface of 
the Water, where it hangs ſuſpended with its Head always downwards; for the Bruſh 
at the Tail being ſmeared over with an oily Fluid, ſerves like a Cork to keep it above 
Water; and if that Oil begins to dry, the Creature by drawing the Tail through its Mouth 
ſheds thereon a new Supply, and enables it to hang to the op of the Water, or ſteer 
where it pleaſes, without being wetted, or damaged by it, 8 


PLATE XXIV. FIG. 4 
The Nympha or Aurelia of the Gnat. 


TJ HE Animal juſt now deſcribed, after about three Weeks, aſſumes a Form 
| very different from what it had before, and. agreeable to what we ſee before 
us. The Head and Body become larger and deeper, but not broader; the Belly and 
hinder Parts appear more ſlender, and ſeem coiled about the Body in the Faſhion re- 


Jn this der Ten, the ed and Pls, which before Yung downminds in 


Water, riſe uppermoſt to the Surface; and What is very remarkable, the Inſect becomes 


Aplarium 


Marmun. 


now ſuſpended from the Top of the Water by its Horns *, as it was lately by its Tail. 
The whole Bulk of the Body is alſo evidently higher; for when by being frighted it 


friſks out its Tail, as B C repreſents, and thereby finks below the Surface and towards 
the Bottom, it re-aſcends much more ſwiftly than in its former State. 


ed from Time to Time, its Body will be found gra- 


ogreſs be now obie 


dually to inlarge ; Nature fitting it by Degrees for that Element of which it muſt 


quickly be an Inhabitant. The Microſcope alſo ſhews, that its Eyes are now pearled 
like the Eyes of Gnats (vid. A) not ſmooth as they before: And that this Club Head 
really contains the Thorax and Wings of the future Gnat. A little longer Obſervation 


will ſhew it ſwimming partly above and partly below the Surface of the Water; and 
though it may then be made to plunge down by touching it with any Thing, it in- 


ſtantly comes up again, and appears in its former Poſture. | 
And now, if we have Patience to watch it narrowly, we ſhall be rewarded with the 
Satisfaction of beholding the Head and Body of a Gnat beginningto ſhew themſelves above 


the Surface of the Water: We ſhall fee its Legs gradually drawn out, firſt the two fore: 
moſt, then the others; and ſoon after, its whole Body will appear riſing out of the 


Hulſk or Caſe perfe& and intire : We ſhall ſec it diſengage itſelf from this Caſe, and ſtand 
on its Legs upon the Top of the Water; there by Degrees try the Activity of its Wings, 
and in a few Minutes fly away a compleat Goat. 


PLATE XXIV. FIG. 3. and 4. 


** ESE two Figures are 27 from Piso's Natural Hiſtory of Braſil, in the 
ſecond Chapter of his fourth Book ; where ſpeaking of Sea Productions that bear 
a near Reſemblance to Productions upon Land, he tells the Story of a Fiſherman > 
whoſe Hook being entangled contrary to his Expectation, on a rocky Shallow not far 
from Paranambuque, brought up with it, on his pulling it out of the Water, Spunges, 
Corals, and Sea-weeds, inſtead of Fiſh. al 

Ie 


Vid. Swammerd. Hiſt. Gen, des Inſetis. to. p. 195, 
g JF 


23 


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le took Notice, amongſt the teſt, of 4 little 'odd-ſhaped- Plant, about half a Foot 
in Length, with a ſoft, ſpungy, roundiſh' Body, enlarging from the Bottom upwards | 
after the Faſhion of a Pear; and having ſhort "Roots, which had faſtened it to the 

| Rock, The Inſide of it was compoſed of wonderful little Cells and Hollows, and its 
Sutface was all over covered with a tenacious ſticky Matter, reſembling the Glew of 

Bees. On the Top was a wide and deep Opening or Entrance (as is ſhewn in the 
third Figure) ſo that it might properly be called Apiarium Marinum, or a Sea-Bee's 

Neſt ; for as ſoon as it was brought to Land, it farmed with little b'ewiſh Worms, 
which by the Heat of the Sun were changed afterwards into ſmall black Flies, or 
rather Bees; but they flying all away, nothing can be aſſerted as to their making Ho- 
ney. However, as the little Cells or Combs and waxy Matter of Bees were evidently 
there, without doubt the Subſtance of the Honey itſelf, or whatever elſe is contained 
within them, will be diſcoveted by the Divers, when they /ſhall-obſerve theſe Bees-Neſts 
more curionſly, and thoroughly examine them at different Seaſons of the Year, in the 
Places where they are produces. Yo * 
This is the Subſtance of Pisd's Account, which the two Figures before us repreſent; 
and from thence Dr. Hoox® takes Occaſion to enquire, Whether the Hulk or Caſe 
*© was a Plant, growing before of itſelf at the Bottom of the Sea, out of whoſe Putri- 

* faction theſe ſtrange Kind of Maggots might be generated? or whether the Seed 
* of certain Bees, ſinking to the Bottom, might there naturally form. itſelf that vege- 
e table Hive, and take root? or whether it might not be placed there by ſome diving 
e Fly ? or whether it might not be ſome peculiar Propriety of that Plant whereby it 

0 might ripen, or form its vegetable Juice into an Animal -Subſtance ? or whether it 

© may not be of the Nature of a Spunge, or rather a Spunge in the Nature of this?” 


777. NCT NCOCH COT LST ECOL 
An EXPLANATION of the TwENTY-FIfTH PLATE. 
The tufted or Bruſh-horned Gnat. 


F TAVING treated ſo fully on the Generation and Changes of a Gnat, in de- Bruſh-hothed 
ſeribing the firſt Figure of the laſt Plate, there is little to do here but to ſnew St. 
the ſeveral Parts of that Animal in its perfect State, as its Pictute now lies before us. 
Dr. DE RAM ſays *, he obſerved near forty diſtin Species of Gnats about Up- 
minſter in Eſſex, and doubtleſs there are many Sorts beſide; but none amongſt them all 
is perhaps more beautiful or remarkable than the Gnat we are now ſurveying, which 
is the Male of one of theſe Species. LE 2046 BEL 
The Head A is extremely {nall in Proportion to its Body, and compoſed chiefly of 
two Cluſters of pearled Eyes of a greeniſh Colour, one of which Cluſters is ſhewn at 
B, whoſe Pearls or little Eyes are curiouſly ranged like thoſe of large Flies 
| Juſt over, and ſomewhat between theſe Eyes, on the Forehead of the Animal, are 
a Couple of ſmall black Balls, whereof one is expreſſed at C, out of which iſſue two 
long Horns D, tapering and jointed like the Horns of a Lobſter « From the ſeveral 
| Joints of theſe Horns Multitudes of ſmall ſtiff Hairs iſſue on every Side, in a very re- 
gular and beautiful Order, making the Whole appear like the Plant Eguiſetum, WY 
| Horſe-Tail, There are alſo two other jointed and briſtled Horns or Feelers, ſtanding 
before the others, and projecting forwards, ſuch as E E, under which lies the Pro- 
boſcis F, being a Caſe covered with long Scales, and concealed under the Gnat's 
Throat when not made uſe of. Its Side opens, and four Darts are thruſt out thence, 
occaſionally, one whereof, though exceedingly minute, ſerves for a Sheath to the other 
three. The Sides of them are extremely ſharp, and they are barbed towards the Point, 
whoſe Fineneſs is inexpreflible, and ſcarcely to be diſcerned by the greateſt Magnifier, 
When a Gnat finds any tender Fruits or Liquors" that it likes, it ſucks them through 
the outer Caſe, without employing the Darts at all ; but if it meets with Fleſh, or any 
Body whoſe Contexture denies Admittance to the Caſe, it ſtings very ſeverely, then 
ſheaths its Weapons in their Scabbard, and through it fucks up the Juices flowing 
from the Wound. JJ... 8 208 | 5 
This ſmall Head with the Ornamental and other Parts thereto belonging, is faſtened 
by a ſhort Neck G, to the Middle of the Thorax, which is large in Proportion to the 
e | Animal, 


* Derham's Phyſ. Theol. p. 387. 


80 The Great - bellyed or Female Gnat. 

Animal, and of the Shape repreſented H I K: It is perfectly cruſtaceous, and beſet 
with little ſtiff Hairs or Briftles, inſtead of Feathers ; and from the under Part thereof 
proceed fix hairy Legs L L L L, c. each having fix Joints, and at the End two little 

| Claws. Theſe Legs are very long and flender, and could not therefore be given in the 
Drawing: Their Feet are all over feathered, in a Manner reſembling a Fiſh's Scales, 
with Abundance of little black Hairs interſperſed, and appearing ſtubborn like Hog's 
From the upper and poſterior Part of the Thorax grow out a Pair of tranſparent, 
ſlender, oblong Wings 1 m, whoſe Edges are ſurrounded with a Fringe of Feathers ; 
and under each Wing appears a Poiſe or Ballance N, having a round Knob at its Ex- 
tremity, which leſſens by Degrees into a {mall Stem, and again grows bigger near its In- 
ſertion under the Wing. Theſe little Bodies vibrate to and fro very nimbly when the 
Creature moves its Wings, and move ſometimes even when the Wings are quiet, but 
commonly foretel the Motion of the Wings to follow. As to their Uſe, ſee p. 40. 


The Belly or Tail-part is long in Proportion to the Animal, and compoſed of nine 
Annuli, or Partitions, ſhelly, and armed with ſhort Briſtles, as well as adorned with 
Feathers, moſt curiouſly diſpoſed in Rows. Six of the Diviſions OP QR S T are 
tranſparent, and in them che periſtaltic Motions of the Inteſtines are very diſtinguiſhable. 
A ſmall, clear, white Part is alſo more particularly remarkable at V, which may be 
ſeen beating like the Heart of ſome larger Animal, _ — e 

The other three Diviſions WX V are opake ; and in the laſt of them are ſhewn the 
Figure and Situation of the Anus, nt wo eee 


. 


P N 
* 


? 
* # * 


# 


e nnen TN 
An EXPLANATION of the TWENTY-SIXTH PLATE. ! 
The Great-bellyed or Female Gnat. 
—— HE Shape of this Gnat is very different from che preceding, and its Belly, 
1 


| Cheſt, Wings, and every gther. Part larger, as is commonly the Caſe of the Fe- 


male in all the Tribes of flying nſects. Two Pair of Horns appear on the Head of 
this as well as. of the Male, but both Pair here are nearly of the ſame Length, whereas 
in that the bruſhy Horns are much longer than the other two; and theſe Horns which 


Briſtles, and have much fewer Articulation CY ++ {I 
The Thorax Part of this, as well as of the other, has a very ſtrong and ſhelly 
Back- piece, which reaches alſo an either Side its Legs: Several jointed Pieces of Shell- 


work are likewiſe curiouſly and conveniently diſpoſed about its Wings, and ſerve at the 


. 


fame Time to give them both Strength and Motion. | 


Dr. Hook permitted one of theſe Inſects to penetrate the Skin of his Hand with its 
Proboſcis, and ſuck out thence as much Blood as it could poſſibly contain, whereby it 
became red and tranſparent; and all this was done without his ſuffering any Pain, ex- 
cept while the Proboſcis was making its Entrance; which the Doctor uſes as an Argu- 
ment to prove, that theſe Creatures do not wound the Skin and ſuck the Blood out of 
Enmity and Revenge; but through mere Neceſſity, and to ſatisfy their Hunger. 


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| The white Feather - winged Mod. 51 


An EXPLANATION of the TWENTY-SEVENTH PLATE. 


The white Feather-winged Moth. 


found ſometimes upon the Nettle. It had four Wings, each whereof appeared age 


f\ HE pretty Object now under Obſervation Was a finall White Moth, of a Kind Feather- 


to conſiſt of two long ſlender Feathers, very elegantly fringed on either Side with ex- 
ceeding fine and ſmall Hairs, proportionable' to the Stems out of which they grew, 
much like the long Wing-feathers of ſome Birds; their Sterns were likewiſe (as in ſach 
Feathers) inclined backwards and downwards, in a Manner which the Drawing ſhews. 
Each Wing in the hindermoſt Pair was about half an Inch in Length; and the fore- 
maſt Pair out- meaſured them by near a ThiTTlClCECl1l. d 
This whole Animal, even to the naked Eye, appeared faſhioned and contrived 
with exquiſite Regularity and Beanty ; but when brought under Examination before the 
Microſcope, every Part of it exhibited an Elegance beyond Deſcription, The Body, 
Legs, Horns, and Stems of the Wings were covered all over with Feathers of different 
Shapes and Sizes, 3 to the particular Places where they grew. On the leaſt 
| Touch they came off upon the Fingers, and ſtuck like a white Powder between the 
little Ryge of the Skin, and being view'd by a Glaſs that magnified a great deal (of 
which E F repreſenting the twenty-fourth Part of an Inch, is the Scale; as. G, which 
repreſents no more than one Third of an Inch, is of a leſſer Magnifier) many of 
them, and eſpecially thoſe interſperſed a the Hairs of the Wings, were found 
to conſiſt of a Stalk or Stein in the Middle, and a bruſhy Part on each Side, reſembling 
the Figure A. x iS #2 7 5 5 „ f 
Underneath theſe Feathers the pretty Inſect was covered over with a cruſted Shell, 
extreamly thin and tender. FFF „ 
- Surveying its Wings with the greateſt Magnifier, the Tufts or Hairs which fringe 
them as it were along the re but thick- ſet Rows of 
little Twigs or Branches, reſembling the peeled or whitened Sprigs of Birch wherewith 
Whiſks are made for bruſhing Beds and Hany ings. The Form of them is ſhewn at D. 
Tue Stems of the Wings, and the greateſt Part of the Body, are covered with Fea- 
thers, bruſhy on both Sides like thoſe of a ſmall Bird, as we ſee at the Letter B. The 
Horns and ſmall Parts of the Legs were adorned with another Sort, which appeared 
through the fame Microſcope of the Shape Co © .. * 
Tis uncertain whether the component Parts of theſe Feathers are the ſame as thoſe 
of Birds; but the contrary is moſt probable, ſince Providence ſeems to alter its Method 
in the Fabrick and Faſhion of the Wings of flying Inſects, compoting ſome of thin, 
extended Membranes, as we ſee in the Libella or Dragon-Fly; and ſuch Membranes are 
thick beſet with ſhort Hairs or Briſtles in others, as the Flefb-Fly, &c. The Wings of 
Moths and Butter flies are covered with ſmall Feathers, both on the upper and under 
Side, diſpoſed with the utmoſt Regularity, almoſt like the Tyles on an Houſe, and a 
adorned with moſt lovely Colours. The Wings of the preſent Subject we ſee divided 
into four large Feathers : The little Grey Plume-Moth has eight or ten ſuch Diviſions, 
each branched ſomewhat like a Herring- Bone, or a thin-haired Peacock's Feather with 
the Eye cut off; theſe ſhut together, or open Fan-Faſhion, all lying under one another 
when cloſed, and by each other's Side when 2 The Beetle Kinds have Eh- 
træ or Caſe-Wings, which are hollow Shells in the Form of Butchers Trays; and under 
them moſt commonly a Pair of fine filmy membraneous ones are folded up, and ſecured 
from being injured by the Earth, wherein theſe Creatures frequently reſide. 
| Now 'tis greatly worth obſerving, that wherever a Wing conſiſts of diſcontinued 
Parts, the Interſtices between ſuch Parts are ſeldom much larger or ſmaller than what 
we find between theſe Bruſhes ; which ſeems to intimate, that the Particles of Air will 
not eaſily, if at all, paſs through them; and if fo, they ſerve the Animal as well, nay 
perhaps better than if they were extended Membranes. Our Author remarks alſo, that 
Bats, Dragon-Flies, Scarabs, and ſuch other Creatures as have undivided and ſmooth 
Wings, are furniſhed with ſtronger Muſcles, and move their Wings with much more 
Strength and Velocity than thoſe Birds, Moths, and Butterflies whoſe Wings are co- 
vered with Feathers; and ſuppoſes, ** The little Ruggedneſs thereby occaſioned may 
<« help their Wings ſomewhat, by taking better Hold of the Parts of the Air, or not 
© ſuffering them ſo eaſily to paſs by any other Way than oe.“ 1 
= 1 . — . CE AN 


Examination of the long- legg'd Spider: 
An EXPLANATION of the [TWENTY-EIGHTH PLATE. 


FE 1G. 1. | 
The Back of the long-legg'd Spider. 


A 


Long-legg'd | HE Spider we are about to deſcribe is that found frequently in Fields and Gardens 
— | in the Summer and Autumn Seaſons, having eight Legs, extremely long and ſlen- 
der, wherewith it ſtrides at a great rate over the Graſs and Herbs, Its Body is very ſmall 
in proportion to its Legs, in & Center of which it is lifted up on high, as it were on fo 
many Stilts. It appears flattiſh, of a grey Colour, and nearly round or oval to the naked 
Eye; but the Microſcope ſhews the Shell of its Back to be heptangular and ſpeckled. 
Many know it by the Name of the Carter, Shepherd-Spider, or Field-Spider. © 
This Spider is moſt remarkable for its Eyes and its long Legs; of both which an Ac- 
count will be given in due Order. The Number of Eyes in Spiders differs according to 
their different Species; ſome having eight or ten, ſome fix, and others no more than 
four placed in their . or Head, which is without a Neck ; but this under Exami- 
nation has only a ſingle Pair, and thoſe too not ſituated upon the Fore-front, as in other 
Sorts, but on a Protuberance (which perhaps may be the Head) riſing out of the Middle 
of the Top of its Back, as in the Figure B B. | 


PLATE XXVIIL FIG. 2. 
The Eyes of the long- legg d Spider. 


Eyes of the 
long legg'd 


N order to give a more ſatisfactory View of theſe Eyes, and their extraordinary Situa- 
Spider. 


tion, another Drawing is preſented, where the two Eyes B B are placed, back to back, 
with the tranſparent Parts or Pupils looking on either fide, but rather forwards than 
backwards, fixed on the Summit of the Neck C, which is an Eminence on the Middle of 


the Protuberance D D, and making therewith ſomewhat more than the Height of the 
tranſverſe Diameter of the Eye. | 88 


The Structure of theſe Eyes reſembles that of larger b:nocular Animals, having a Cor- 
nea very ſmooth and circular, with a black Pupil in the midſt thereof, incircled with a 
kind of grey Iris. The Eyes of other Soon are immoveable, nor is it poſſible theſe can 
be turned about in any manner, as the Neck whereon they ſtand is covered and ſtiffened 
with a cruſty Shell ; but this Defect is probably ſupplied by the Roundneſs of the Cornea, 
and the Height of their Situation above the Body, whereby tis likely each Eye may per- 
ceive, though not diſtinctly, nearly a compleat Hemiſphere ; and that having ſo ſmall and 
round a Body on ſuch long Legs, it is able ſo to wind and turn it as to ſee every thing 

diſtin&,---All Spiders are without Eyelids, or any Pearling in their Eyes. , 
The beſt Way of coming at a proper Sight of this wonderful Object, is by breaking off 
all the Legs, as.in Fig. 1. and then placing it before the Microſcope, 


PLATE XXVII. FIG. 3. 
The Belly of the long-legg'd Spider. 


Belly of the 


te WV ſee the ſame Spider turned here with its Belly upwards, to ſhew in what man- 
Spider. ner the Legs are joined on to the Under-Part of the Thorax: And this is all 
could be given of them in the Figure, their enormous Length rendering it impoſſible to 
bring them into any ſizeable Drawing, as they appeared magnified by the Microſcope; 
each Leg of the preſent Spider being above ſixteen times the Length of its whole Body; 
and there are ſome that have them much longer in proportion. Its Legs are jointed like 
thoſe of a Crab, but all the Parts of them are prodigiouſly more lengthned out: The 
End of each, where inſerted under the Thorax, is a hard protuberant conical Caſe or Shell, 
and ſomewhat in the Shape of a Muſcle-Shell, as will better be underſtood by viewing 
the Parts, BB BB, Ge. 1 
The Middle of the Thorax riſes very much at M, making a kind of blunt Cone, 
whereof M may be ſuppoſed the Apex : About which greater Cone of the Body, the 


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Motion, and keep the Body ballanced and ſuſpended: inſomuch that if a | 
were to be ſuſpended. by ſuch a Contrivance, an hundred and fifty times the Strength of a 


quit its hold till its Belly was quite full, when it would carry the Remainder home. 


Obſervations on the Hunting - Spider: 


* Cones of the Legs are placed, and extended almoſt to its Top, in ſuch a won- 
erful manner, as does not a little manifeſt the Wiſdom that contrived them ſo. For 


theſe long Levers the Legs having no counter- acting long Body on the contrary Side of 
the Centers whereon they move, muſt neceſſarily require a vaſt Strength to N them 


an's Body 


Man would be unſufficient to ſupport it and keep it from falling. To ſupply theſe Legs, 
therefore, with proper Strength, each is furniſhed with a large ſhelly Caſe, which in- 
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ſuſpend its Body on two or three of its Legs, but to move it very ſwiftly over the Tops of 


Beſides its eight Legs, this, like all other / Sorts of Spiders, has two very ſhort Limbs 
coming out before, which may be called its Arms; ſince the Uſe of them is not for walk- 
ing, but to hold and turn its Frey. Each of theſe has three ſhort Joints, is thickly 


covered with Hairs, and commonly. apptars bending as in the Figure A A. 

The Picture ſhews us likewiſe two double Claws K K, in the Fore-part of its Head, 
reſembling very much thoſe of a Scorpion, but differing a great deal from the Pincers or 
Claws in moſt Kinds of Spiders, which ſtand horizontally, and ſerve to ſeize and wound 
their Prey, and which when not made uſe of, are concealed in two Caſes contrived for 
their Reception, whereinto they fold like)a:Claſp-Knife, and lie between a double Row of 
Teeth. Theſe Claws before us are undoubtedly for the ſame purpoſe, though particularly 


adapted to the Manner of this Creature's taking its Prey, which it does by throwing its 


Body at once upon ir, . inſtead of catching it with its Ame. - | 
CCCCC, are certain Foldings in the Belly or Tail-Part of the Spider. Thoſe on 


o 


the upper Side are all covered and defended by a ſtrong Shell, as may be ſeen in the firſt 


Figure. | 
p, the Anus, whence little round Fæces or Pellets are excluded. 
There are many Species of Spiders varying from one another in Size, Colour, Figure, 
Way of Living, and many other Particularities, which would be tedious and improper to 
mention in this Place; but the Hunting-Spider is ſo extraordinary, that ſome little De- 
ſcription of it, with an Account of Mr. EvELYN's Obſervations on its Cunning and Dex- 
terity, may, tis Hoped, at leaſt not diſoblige the curious Reader. f 


Hunting-Spider. 


* 


Motion is very nimble, ſometimes running, leaping at other times almoſt like a Graſhop- 
per; then ſtopping ſhort, turning round on its hinder Legs with great Agility, and ſeem- 


ing to face every way. It has fix Eyes; two in Front, looking directly forwards; two by 


the Sides of theſe, pointing both forward and fideways ; and two others on the Middle of 
its Back, which are the largeſt of all, and look backwards and ſideways. They are all 


o k 


black, ſpherical, and finely poliſhed. TEN; 

Thbeſe Spiders are a Sort of Lupi, which ſpin little or no Webs, but find a Harbour in 
Chinks and Crevices of Walls and Houſes, Mr. EvELyn fays, he frequently obſerved 
ſome of them at Rome, which eſpying a Fly, at three or four Yards Diſtance, upon the 
Balcony: where he ſtood, would not make directly to her, but crawl "underneath the Rail, 
till being got exactly againſt her, it would ſteal up, and ſpringing on her, ſeldom miſs its 
Aim. But if it chanced to want any thing of being directly oppoſite to the Fly, after 
having peeped, it would immediately flink down again, and taking better Notice, would 
come the next time directly on the Fly's Back. But if the Fly happened not to be within 
its Leap, the Spider would move towards her fo ſoftly, that the Motion of the Shadow 
on a Dial is ſcarcely more imperceptible. However, if the Fly moved, the Spider would 
move alſo in the fame. proportion, either forwards, backwards, or on either ſide, like a 
well-managed Horſe, without turning, its Body at all ; keeping the -fame juſt Time with 
the Fly's Motion as if the ſame Soul animated the Bodies of them both. But if the ca- 
pricious Fly took: Wing, and pitched upon ſome other Place behind the Spider, it would 
whirl its Body round with all imaginable Swiftneſs, pointing its Head always towards the 


Fly; tho ſeemingly as immoveable, as if it had been a Nail driven into the Wood. Be- 


ing got within a due Diſtance, by ſuch undiſcernable Approaches, it would then make a 
Leap, ſwift as Lightning, upon the Fly, and catching him by the Pole, never afterwards 


1 He 


— 


I a ſmall grey Spider, with Spots of Black over its whole Body, which are found by Hunting- 
1 the Microſcope to be made up of Feathers like thoſe on the Wings of Butterflies : Its . 


2 . —— 
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$4... The Ant, Emmet, or Piſmire: 


He has tikewiſe ſeen them inſtructing; their young ones how. to hunt, and correcting 
them for Non- obſervanee: And when any of the old ones chanced to miſs a Leap, ithey, 
woyuld run away, as if aſhamed, into their Crannies, and not come out again for four or 
_ five Hours. 1 R e ] 1 . V eee e 
Theſe Spiders are to be found with us on Garden-Walls, in the Spring, when the Wea- 
ther is very hot, but they are not near ſo eager of hunting as they are in Lad. 


Alt Spiders are Creatures of Prey, though they have different Ways of catching it; 
ſome by leaping, as the Sort juſt now deſcribed ;' others by running on it as the Shepherd, 
Spider; but the greateſt Number, by weaving Nets or Cob-webs, wherein they lie in 
Ambuſh till Flies or other Inſects are entangled, and then ruſh out and ſeize tem. 

Spiders that make Webs have five little Teats or Nipples near the Extremity of the 
Tail, from whence a gummy Liquor iſſues, which adheres to any thing it is preſſed a- 
gainſt, and being drawn out, hardens inſtanthy in the Air, becoming a String or Thread 
ſtrong enough to bear five or ſix times the Weight of the Spider's Body, and yet of an 
, reed. HWA BE Pati) crylat oft 
bey all lay Eggs, depoſited in Bags, which they brood aver, and guard with the ut- 
moſt Solicitude, and run away with at any Approach of Danger *. The Bags of ſome 
are round white Balls carried under their Bellies; thoſe of others appear like a little lea- 
thern Cap, faſtned to a Leaf, or againſt a Wall: Others again have two Bags of a reddiſh 
Colour ſuſpended in ſome Cranny by a Couple of Threads, with dry Leaves properly diſpoſed 
to ſhelter them; and there are ſtill other Varietiee s. 

When hatched, the /zztle Spiders come out compleatly formed, and run about very 
nimbly ; ſome Kinds being then exceeding balry, and others perfectly tmooth,” They thed 
their Skins ſeveral times, and increaſe in Size, but never change their Shape at all. 


he 


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; . a a . 44s ; 57 as \ Ja 
An EXPLANATION of the TWRENTVY- NINTH PLATE, | 


The Ant, Emmet, or Piſmare. 


FREY HE Ant here delineated was of a large Kind, more than half the Bigneſs of an Ear- 
wig, of a dark-brown or reddiſh Colour, and extremely nimble. A numerous Co- 
lony of them was diſcovered under the Root of a Tree, whence they would frequently 
ſally out in large Parties, and after doing much Mifchief amongſt the Fruits and Flowers, 
and foraging over the whole Garden, would very readily find their Way back to the Neſt 
„ hin FVV 
” his Inſect is naturally divided into the Head-Part, the Thorax or Breaſt, and the Belly 
or Tail; each of which joins to the other by a very ſlender Ligament. fe CIRC 
8 A A, The Ant's large Head; in which appear a Couple of globular and prominent 
black Eyes, moſt curiouſly pearled, BB. Out of the Nofe or Snput iſſue two pretty 
H ² . m . A . · n 
Its Jaws are Saw-like or indented, with litile Teeth that exactly tally, opening ſide- 
ways, and capable of gaping very wide aſunder, D D. By the Help of theſe it is fro- 
quently ſeen graſping and tranſporting Bodies of three or four times its own Bulk and 
Weight. 5 1 eee 
The Thorax ſeemed to conſiſt of three riſing Parts E F G, and from theſe Parts 
three Legs, O O O, &c. ſhaped like the Legs of a Fly, come forth on either 
fide. 8 . . 5 2068 e 
The Belly or Tail-Part, I II, was larger than the other two, a9 pines 16 the Tho- 
Trax by a very ſmall conical Veſſel H, which ſeemed a diſtin Part of the Animal, like a 
kind of looſe Shell interpoſed to keep the Thorax from the Belly. | N 
Two Circles of a lighter Colour went round the Tail-Part, as ſhewn K K. | 
There are ſeveral Species of Ants, differing both in Size and Colour: This given by the 
Doctor ſeems to be the large Wood-Ant. Towards the End of Summer many of them 


% 


are ſcen having four Wings. Thoſe SWAMMERDAM fays, are Males. 


* Memoires de Acad. des Scien. Mr. de Reaumur, 1710. 
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16d ver WILLA ind of Arm Ar, ſo hard as {ca ge tq be i 
d. with Moltitudes off fue e ſhining "Bills, ;the | 
bg 4 full of Hayrs, but ſmal 04. J e n 1 5 lo a Id , 244 [| 
thor ſays, would ſtand up,,0n, its hinder Legs, and caiſe;.ity | 
ingly to enable it to. ſec the; father .- And puty 4 


Kind of re 
WEN 5 n _ ANC lent; Care t. ores | | 
Winter Seaſon. . There are none idle among them, but all, of them are continually em- 


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removed they cat upon the Spot, and thereby ſave ſo much of their own Stores, but carry 
home all that is G of being preſer ved: * Tas fa? ind „ % Sad 6% Ty Sat Pak ww 0) "uf „ 34 


tions, 


All the Ancients mention their amaſſing Stores of Corn and other Grain that will 
keep, and their gnawing away the Germen of every Grain, to prevent its ſhooting up ; 
and indeed we ſhall ſee ſometimes Ants carrying or puſhing before them Grains of Wheat 
or Barley much larger than themſelves. ALDRovanDus allo aſſures us, that he hes ſeen 
their Granary ; but as many of the Moderns, after diligent Search, have been unable to 
diſcover it, we have ſome reaſon to apprehend there may poſſibly be a Miſtake as to this 
Particular, and that the Nymphæ which they often run about with in their Months, and 
which are ſometimes of a yellow Colout, may have bcen taken for Corn without Buds, 


and ſwelled out by Moiſture. + F 

During the Winter- Seaſon they conceal themſelves in their Burrows under ground, 
where tis probable they lie torpid or buried in Sleep, like Multitudes of other Ioſects, and 
Stegs eat very little. Their Induſtry, therefore, in ſtoring up Proviſions, is not ſo 
much intended to guard againſt the Winter, as to ſu PP'Y their young ones during the 
Harveſt with neceffary Suſtenance. For they are regarded as Children of the State, and 
nouriſhed as foon as they leave the Egg with an Aſſiduity that employs the whole 
Nation. „„ | ' 

The Eggs of an Ant are of an oblong, oval Figure, about the Size of Grains of Sand. 
From theſe little Worms are hatched, which after receiving their Food brought to them 
in common, and diſtributed in equal Proportions, leave off eating, wrap themſelves up in 
a white Web, and ſometimes in one that is yellow, and become Aureliæ; under which 
Form many People fancy they are the Eggs of Antes. 8 

Whilſt in the Aurelia State, they are guarded with the utmoſt Care, and removed from 
time to time, as the Circumſtances of Things require. For the Ants either raiſe them 
towards the Surface of the Earth, or ſink them to a Diſtance from it, as the Seaſon is 


warm or cold, rainy or dry. 


— 


+ Spectacle de la Nat. Dial. VIII. 
"Tis 


bo ALE 4ST 4 Ba. 4 


M, that 
396.1" I 


* 


ing ſome 


their Mouths, leſt any Miſchief ſhould Map 


contrive was capable of making them come forth without the Affiſtance of the Ants 
themſelves. 1 DO ORD ae e ta Nen en £301 


114 , 


Sir EDWARD KING, who was very curious in examining the Generation of theſe 
Creatures, obſerves “, that in a Summer-Morning they bring up their Aureliz towards 
the Top of the Bank; fo that from Ten o Clock till Five or Six in the Afternoon, you 
may find them near the Top, and commonly on the South-ſide. But towards Seven 
or Eight at Night, if it be cool, or likely to rain, you may dig a Foot before you come 
at them Þ.- co Ei li rm jr ol Ong 5 8 


But nothing can be a ſtronger Proof of the paternal Affection of theſe Creatures to- 
wards their Young, than what is ſo very common that there are few People of the leaſt 
Obſervation who have not ſeen it with their own Eyes: What I mean is, their running 
away with them in their Mouths whenever their Burrows are dug up or diſturbed ; bearing 
even Blows, and, lofing their own Lives, rather than they will leave them in any Danger. 


— 


(( ͤ 
An EXPLANATION of the TaizTIETH PLATE. 
The Wandering Mite. * 


8 

1 the firſt Diſcoverer of it, by the Name of the Wandering Mite, from its Likeneſs 
both in Size and Shape to that very minute Inſet. In September and October 1661, he 
perceived ſeveral of this Species wandering too and fro over the Glaſs-Squares of his 
Chamber-Window at Oxford; and in the ſame Months of the Year 1663, he obſerved 
many of the ſame Creatures creeping on a Glaſs- Window at London; and examining the 
ſubjacent Wall without the Window, he found Multitudes of them there alſo, running 
about among . ſome ſmall Tufts of green Moſs, as well as amongſt a curious blue and 
yellow minute Species of Muſhroom, or Fews-Ear, which grew upon the Wall. 


This Creature appeared to the naked Eye to be a ſort of black Mite, tho' nimbler and 
ſtronger much than thoſe found in Cheeſe ; but when viewed by the Microſcope, it was 
found to be finely cruſted, or, as it were, caſed over with Armour. 

The Belly Part A, which was very large in proportion to the reſt of the Animal, ſeemed 

a protuberant oval Shell, thickly pitted with ſmall Hollows, and covered all over with 
little white Briſtles, whoſe Points were directed backwards. | 
The Middle-Part or Thorax was extremely ſmall in Compariſon either of the Head or 
Belly, being only what we ſee covered by the two Shells B B, though ſpreading ſomewhat 
larger underneath.---Tt is wonderful to conſider with what Variety Nature proportions the 
Head, Thorax, and Belly of different Animals, in a manner unaccountable to us, but 
doubtleſs exactly ſuited to the Way of Living and Happineſs of every diſtin& Species. 


PPP ᷣ ͤ— . ̃˙ ee EO EB 


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& "a 


* Vid. Phil. Tranſ. No 23. + Swemmard. Epil. ad Hiſt. Inſect. p. 153. 
I The 


„ "> ML T 


The Head was ſhaped ſomewhat like a Mite's, having a long Snout in the manner of a 

Hog's, with a knobbed Ridge along the Middle of it, C. This Ridge was beſet on both 
ſides with many ſmall Briſtles all pointing forwards, Two very large and long Briſtles or 
Horns, D D, proceeded alſo from the Top of the Head, juſt above the Eyes, and 

pointed the ſame way. | | Lg) i 

Its Legs were eight in Number, iſſuing from the Thorax, and each of them armed p 

with a very ſharp Talon or Claw at its Extremity, which in walking faſtned into the 
Pores of any Body it went over. Theſe Legs were furniſhed at every Joint with great 
Numbers of ſmall Hairs, all directed and pointing towards the Claws. 11 


Our Author tells us, that by finding theſe Inſects, he apprehended he had diſcovered 
the Vagabond Parents of ſuch Mites as we meet with on Cheeſes, Meal, Corn, Seeds, 
muſty Barrels, muſty Leather, and many other Bodies; which little Creatures wandering 
about at random, and finding an agreeable Paſture, might ſpend their Lives and leave a 
plentifal Offspring behind them on different putrid Subſtances ; and that the new Genera- 
tions, by ſuch Alteration in their Habitation and Diet, may, like Colonies brought from 
the Southern into the Northern Countries, or vice vera, after ſome Deſcents, change 


both their Shape and Colour. $615 


We leave the Probability of this Suppoſition to be conſidered by the Curious, who will 
better be enabled to paſs their Judgment, by comparing this Figure with that of the 
Cheeſe-Mite, which is given in the next Plate. 


PLATE XX. FIG. 2. 
The Crab-like Inſect. 


R. Hook E informs us, that obſerving, one Day in September, a very ſmall Inſect Crab.like 
creeping ſlowly over a Book he was reading, he placed it before his Microſcope, Ini. 
and found its Form ſo unuſual that he made a Drawing of it. | 
Its Size was about the Bigneſs of a large Mite, but ſomewhat longer. It had ten Legs, 
eight whereof, a aaa a4 a a, terminated with exceeding ſharp Claws, and were thoſe upon 
which it walked : They appeared much like the ſmall Legs of a Crab, both as to theic Hai- 
rineſs and the Number of their Joints ; and this Inſect reſembled a Crab in many other Par- 
ticulars. For the two foremoſt and largeſt Legs BB, which appeared to grow from the 
Head, where the Horns of other Animals come out, were formed exactly in the manner of a 
Crabs larger Claws, being ſhaped and jointed as in the Picture, and furniſhed with Pin- 
cers C C, which the Animal opened and ſhut at pleaſure. It ſeemed to employ theſe 
two Horns or Claws both as Feelers and Holders ; for in its Walking it carried them aloft 
and extended forward, moving them too and fro, as a Man blind: folded would do his 
Hands to feel out his Way before him ; and if a Hair was put to them, they would 
readily catch hold of it, and ſeem to hold it faſt, * 
D D were two black Spots, which, by their Form and the bright Reflections from 


them, ſeemed to be the Eyes. | 
E E, two Pair of Forceps placed near its Mouth, in Readineſs to catch or hold its 


Prey, and convey it thither. | 

The whole Inſect was caſed over with ſhelly Coverings, like other cruſtaceous Animals, 
The Head F appeared a kind of ſcaly Shell, and ended in a ſharp Snout®like that of a 
Lobſter. The Thorax G G conſiſted of two ſmooth circular Shells or Rings, and the 
Belly of eight more, thickly covered with little Knobs or Protuberancies. 

Whether any Wings were concealed under theſe laſt Shells could no way be diſcovered ; 
but from its Number of Legs the contrary is moſt probable ; for ſcarce any winged In- 
ſect is found with eight Legs, whereas ſuch whoſe Legs are no more than fix, are uſually 
ſapplied with Wings. | 1 

This Inſect is rarely found. 


* 


1 PLATE 


—_ . 
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COLE Nr CET CT 
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„ A Mt 1 


8 5 Cloth-Worm, or Moth. 


PLATE XXX. FI „ 


Cloth-Worm, or Moth. 


en. T HIS pretty Inſet is the Tinea Argentea, or Chaths-Moth in its Worm- State, tho* 
called the Booł-· Worm by Dr. Hook, from his _— often ſeen it running a- 

mongſt Books and Papers. It is of a white-ſhining Silver or Pearl-Colour, is commonly 

found lurking in Holes or Crannies, and whenever it is diſturbed, ſcuds away very nimbly 

to ſeek ſome other Hiding-Place. | 


The Head-Part to the naked Eye appears with a blunt End, with a Body growing ſmal- 
ſer and ſmaller, and tapering towards the Tail; but when the Microſcope is employed, 
the little blunt Head of this Inſect is found furniſhed on either ſide with a Cluſter of 
pearled Eyes; though the Pearls are fewer than in other Inſects whoſe Eyes are thus con- 
ſtructed. Each Eye is ſurrounded with a Row of ſmall Hairs, much like the Cilia or 
Hairs of the Eyelids, and perhaps may ſerve for the ſame purpoſe : It has two long ſtrait 

Horns, A A, tapering towards the Top, moſt curiouſly jointed, with Rings or Circles of 
Hairs iſſuing from and encompaſſing each Joint, and ſeveral larger Briſtles interſperſed here 
and there amongſt them. Beſides theſe, it has alſo two ſhorter Horns or Feelers B B, 

jointed and incircled with Hairs like the former, but without any Briſtles, and ending with 
blunted Points. 3 8 3 Fo Z? WM: 

The conical Body of this Creatufe conſiſts of fourteen: ſeveral Shells or Shields, folding 
over each other like jointed Pieces of Armour, and covering the whole Body ; and each of 
theſe is again tiled over, as it were, with a Multitude of thin tranſparent Scales, which, 
from the great Number of their reflecting Surfaces, make the whole Animal appear of a 
Pearl- Colour. Its Sides are armed with many long, ſharp and ſtrong Briſtles. From the 
hinder Part three Tails proceed, CCC, reſembling in all reſpects, the two longer Horns 

growing from the Head. „„ OY | 


"oF 


Notwithſtanding the Suppoſition of our Author, that this Creature feeds upon Papers 
and the Covers of Books, and makes the Holes that are oftentimes found therein, Mr. 
ALBIN aſſerts it to be the very Animal that eats Cloths or Stuffs made of Woollen; and 
ſays, it is produced from a ſmall grey ſpeckled Moth, that flies about in the Night, creep 
in among woollen Things, and there lays her Eggs; which after a time are hatched by he 
natural Heat of the Woollen, and the little Brood feed thereon till they change into flying 
Moths like their Parent. | 7 


As for the Holes in Books and Papers, they are probably made by the ſame little 
nimble minute Inſect which eats Holes of a like Size and Form in Picture- Frames, Chair- 


and Bigneſe, is called the little Vood-Lonſe. 


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An EXPLANATION of the ThikTy-Figsr* PLATE. 
53 5 a Cheeſe-Mite with its Back uppermoſtt. 


* 3 N 


1 
- 


HER E ate ſeveral Species of minute Creatures, which from their extreme Small- Cheeſe-Mite 
nes and ſome Reſemblance in Form, are called by the general Name of Mites, One on its Belly, 
Sort of theſe was ſhewn and deſeribed in the P/ate immediately preceding, and there 

called the Wandering-Mite,' from its being found abroad, and rambling as it were at 

ba The Figure under our Eye at preſent is one of the Mites found in Cheeſe, placed in a 
crawling Poſture with the Back -Part uppermoſt. The Shape is a kind of Oval, but more 

obtuſe at the Tall- End. It has three Regions or Parts as in larger Inſects. The hinder 

Part or Belly A feems covered with one intire Shell, fo curiouſly poliſhed, that, as in a 

convex Looking-Glaſs,- it ſhews the Pictures of all the Objects round about. The 
Middle, or Cheſt, ſeems divided and covered with two Shells B C, which running 
one within the other, the Mite is able to draw in or thruſt out as it finds Occaſion ; and 


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it can do the fame with its Snout DP). 


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The whole Body is cruſtaceous, of a Pearl-Colour, and pretty tranſparent ; ſo that di- 
vers Motions of the Inteſtines may be diſcerned within it. Several long white Hairs grow 
out from it in different Places, ſome of which are longer than the whole Animal, though 
in the Drawing they are not ſo repreſented. They all appear pretty ſtrait and pliable, 


$ * 


excepting two that iſſue from the Head-Part,” and feem to be the Horns. 


4 . FI LES 


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A Cheeſe-Mite with its Belly upwards. 5 


? 
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[VH1S ſecond Figure ſhews a Mite that was ſomewhat larger than the former, fixed A Mite on its 
on the Back-Part of its Tail, by means of a little Mouth-Glew rubbed on the Ob- Beck. 
ject Plate, with Deſign to exhibit the Inſertion of the Legs, and ſuch other Particulars as 
eſcaped the firſt Examination. = 8 1 | | 
To the ſmall End of the oval Body the Head is faſtned, (very little in proportion to the 
other Parts) where a Pair of Eyes may be diſtinguiſhed, appearing like two dark minute 
Specks. The Mouth reſembles that of a Mole, opening and ſhutting occaſionally, and 
when open appearing red within, It has little Briſtles at the Snout, and if one has the 
good Luck to view it at a proper Time, one ſhall fee it munching and chewing the Cud 
like a Guinea- Pig. 2 ELD os | 
It is furniſhed with eight well-ſhaped and proportioned Legs covered with a very tranſ- 
parent Shell: Each Leg has eight Joints, fringed as it were with ſeveral ſmall Hairs. The 
Structure of the Joints ſeems the ſame as in the Legs of Crabs and Lobſters, and each Leg 
is armed with a very ſharp Claw or Hook at its End, in the ſame manner as theirs are. 
Four of theſe Legs are ſo placed as to move the Body forwards : The other four, by be- 
ing diſpoſed in a quite contrary Direction, draw it backwards when there is Occaſion. 
Mites appear to the naked Eye merely like Duſt in Motion; nor is the ſharpeſt Sight 
able to diſtinguiſh their Parts, unleſs affaſted by Glaſſes. They are Male and Female. 
The Females lay Eggs, from which very ſmall Mites are hatched, of the ſame Shape with 
their Parents: for theſe Creatures ſhed their Skins ſeveral tumes, and increaſe in Bigneſs, but 
never change their Form. A Mite's Egg is dot more than a four or five hundredth Part 
of the Size of a well-grown Mite ; and ſuch Mites are not much above one hundredth 
of an Inch in Thickneſs : 80 that, according to this Way of reckoning, no leſs than a 
Million of full-grown Mites may be contained in a cubic Inch, and five times as many Eggs. 


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The various Sorts of Mites, to be met wich upand down in divers putrifying Subſtances, 
are very different in Shape, Colour, Size, and ſeveral other Properties, according, perhaps, 
to the Nature of the Subſtances whereon they are nouriſhed. Thoſe found on ſome Bo- 
dies are longer, on others rounder; ſome more hairy, others ſmoother : In this nimble, in 


that ſlow; here pale and whiter, there browner, blacker, more tranſparent, &c. But 
they all agree in being exceedingly voracious, 


2 | PLATE 


— — — 
— whe Hh — wa 
05 — 


I 3 9 21 3 ˙ —— — 
— os * — . — 
* * Gees "EY — —— OT ——— 
— my — — << RoES — Sm — — 


of Mites, and were uſually hatched about the End of June or Beginning of Fuly, produc- 


\ 


A ſmall Creature hatched on a Vine. 


 "BLATE H IG 
OY A ſmall Creature hatched on a Vine. 


RING moſt part of the Spring and Summer, a ſmall, round, white, Cobweb- 

like Subſtance, about the Bigneſs of a Pea, may be found ſticking, very cloſe and 
faſt, to the Stocks of Vines nailed againſt a warm Wall. 1 1 

When examined attentively, it ſeems covered, on the upper Side, with a ſmall Hufk, 
not unlike the Scale or Shell of the Mood. Louſe, Millepes, or Sow, (for by all theſe 
Names is the Inſect called which is often found in rotten Wood, and on being touched 
rolls itſelf up into the Size and Shape of a Pepper-Corn.) Several of theſe being ſeparated 
from the Vine-Stock, the Door found them, 'by his Microſcope, to conſiſt of a Shell, 
which ſeemed likely to be the Huſk of a Millipes, and the Fur or Cobweb conſiſted of 
Abundance of ſmall Filaments, He often diſcovered in the Middle of all great Numbers 
of ſmall brown Eggs, ſuch as A and B repreſent. They were about the Bigneſs of the Eggs 


ing Multitudes of ſmall Inſects exactly ſhaped like that marked x. N 


The Head of this Creature was very large, being almoſt half the Bigneſs of its Body, 
as is uſual in the Fætus of moſt Animals. It had two ſmall black Eyes @ a, and two 
long, ſlender, jointed and briſtled Horns 6D. The hinder Part of its Body ſeemed to con- 
fiſt of nine Scales, and the laſt ended in a forky Tail, much like that of a Wood-Louſe, 
out of which iſſued two long Hairs. ; e 6půù„, One rey 

They ran to and fro very briſkly ; moſt were about the Size of a common Mite, but 
others leſs : The longeſt of them, however, ſeemed not the hundredth Part of an Inch, 
and the Eggs uſually not aboye half as much. They appeared to have fix Legs, though 
none are ſhewn in the Picture, the Legs being commonly drawn under the Body, and al- 
moſt hid thereby, „ Y 5 1 


Our Author obſerves, that if theſe little Creatures are Wood-Lice, (as he is inclined to 


think, from their Shape, Frame, and the Skin or Shell upon them) they afford an In- 
ſtance of a ſurpriſing and more than ordinary Increaſe in Bigneſs, from their preſent Mi- 


nuteneſs when newly hatched, to the Size they attain when fully grown. For a common 
Wood: Louſe of half an Inch long, is no leſs than an hundred and twenty five thouſand 
times bigger than one of theſe.---Some Sorts of Spiders have alſo nearly the fame Propor- 
tion to their young ones when newly hatched. Fart” 


What the Huſk and Cobweb of this little white Subſtance ſhould be, our Author can- 


not imagine, unleſs the old one, when impregnated with Eggs, ſhould fix itſelf on the 


maining but the Huſk and Eggs only. 0 Ot 


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An EXPLANATION of the THIRTY-SECOND PLATE. 


1 - 5 © EWIERS 1) 


= in HOUGH. this little Creature is alma univerſally known to be a ſmall brown The Flea. 


ſipping Animal, very few are acquainted with its real Shape and Figure, with the 
Structure, St | 
ration and Increaſe; Circumſtances which could never have been diſcovered but by the Aſ- 
ſiſtance of the Microſcope. =» | TTC ³˙ͤ TO 30D 
The Body of this Creature is of an oval Form, compoſed of ſeveral ſhelly Scales or Di- 
viſions moſt curiouſly jointed, and folding over one another ; thofe that cover the Back 
meeting thoſe that cover the Belly on each Side of the Body, and lying, alternately, over 
one and under- another of them. bs Is 74M F 
Its Neck is finely arched, and much reſembling a Lohſter's Tail in Shape; mov- 
ing too like that, very nimbly, by means of the jointing and folding over of the Scales 
The Head is ſmall and ſhelly, having on each fide a quick, round, and beautiful black 


Eye K, in the Middle whereof may be ſeen a round blackiſ Spot, which is the Pupil of 


the Eye f, encompaſſed with a greeniſh glittering Circle or Iris, as bright and vivid as the 
Eye of 4 Cat. ESI a pint %% tt £40 95 #2. © * OY 
Behind each Eye a ſmall Cavity appears at L, wherein a certain thin Film, beſet with 
many ſmall tranſparent Hairs, may be obſerved moving to and fro, which our Author 
imagines may probably be the Ear. Ts VVV 
From the Snout-Part proceed the two Fore-Legs, and between them are two long 
ſmall Feelers (or Smellers, as our Author ſuppoſes) MM. Each of them has four Joints 
and Abundance of little Hairs. Juſt below and almoſt between theſe Horns, lies the Pro- 


beſcis or Peircer NN O, conſiſting of a Tube N N, and a Tongue or Sucker O, which 


can be put out or drawn in at pleaſure, It has alſo two Chaps or Biters PP, ſhaped 
ſomewhat like the Blades of a Pair of round-top'd Seiſſars, and ſeeming to open and ſhat 
after the ſame manner. The Flea with theſe Inſtruments penetrates the Skin of living 
Creatures, and leaves a round red Spot behind it, which we commonly term a Flza- Bite. 


Alt the Shells and fealy Coverings of this pretty Inſect are moſt exquiſitely poliſhed, 


and in Colour reſembling fine Tortoiſe-Shell ; the Scales on the Back and Belly have each 


of them along its Middle a Row of ftrong ſharp Briſtles pointing towards the Tail, like 
the Quills of Porcupines, and as large as they in proportion to the Animal. The Neck 
and Shoulders are likewiſe armed in the ſame manner, and great Numbers of Briftles are 
placed about the Tail. 


But the curious Structure and Contrivance of its Legs are more particularly deſerving 


our Examination and Praiſe; being ſuch as have not been diſcovered in any other Crea- 


ture, and are adapted peculiarly to the Exigencies of this; for as it lives hy ſucking hu- 
man Blood, or the Blood of other living Animals, which cannot be obtained without in- 
flicting Wounds and cauſing Pain, which muſt neceſſarily produce Reſentment, and a De- 


fire of Revenge, it was abſolutely requiſite the little Invader ſhould have ſome ready 


Means of Eſcape ; ſince every Meal muſt otherwiſe be paid for with its Life. As therefore 
it has no Wings, its Safety muſt be entirely owing to its Legs; and indeed they are moſt 
excellently fitted for this purpoſe, by folding ſhort one within another, and then ſtretch- 


ing out to their whole Length with a ſudden Spring or Jerk, whereby they commonly de- 
liver the little Animal from the Danger of a Purſuit. 


> 


The Parts A A, of the Fore-Legs, lie within the Parts BB, and thoſe again within 


the upper and ſtronger Parts C C, parallel to, or fide by fide with each other. But the 


Parts of the two next Legs are diſpoſed directly contrary to theſe; for in them the Parts 
D D are placed without the Parts E E, and the Parts E E are likewiſe more outward {till 
than the Parts FF. In the hinder Legs the Parts G, H, and I, bend one within another, 
like the Limbs of a double jointed Ruler; or like the Foot, Leg and Thigh of a Man. 
When the Flea intends to leap, he folds up theſe ſix Legs together, then ſprings them all 
out at the ſame inſtant, and thereby exerting his whole Strength at once, carries his little 
Body to a conſiderable Diſtance. His Legs have three principal and larger ſtrong Parts, 
and below them many ſmall - Joints or Diviſions as in the Legs of a Ely: From every 
Joint proceed long Hairs or Briſtles, and each Foot is furniſhed with a Pair of long-hooked 

EE CL 10 « Claws 
t Vid. Power's Obſerv. p. 1. 


rength and Beauty of its Limbs and Parts, or with the Manner of its Gene- 


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| Obſervations on the Flea. 
Claws or Talons, that in his Leaping he may faſten and cling the better to, what he lights 


upon. | 


* 


Fleas are produced of Eggs, which the Females ſtick faſt by a kind of glutinous Moi- 


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— wy PS, EY RESP” CY Y —— oy _ MM 2 F = i@tM.o£oa<q.c. Coca W a 9 0 TT ERS INT TRI TC 7 ..... 


ſture to the Roots of the Hairs of Cats, Dogs, and other Animals, and alſo to the Wool 


twelve a Day, for ſeveral Days ſucceſſively, and they hatch in the ſame Order, about four 
or five Days after their being laid. . . $25 +346 th 

From the Eggs come forth not perfect Fleas, but little whitiſh Worms or Maggots, 
whoſe Bodies have annular Diviſions, and are thinly covered with long Hairs. They ad- 
here cloſely to the Body of the Animal, on whoſe Juices they feed ; or they may be kept 
in a Box, and brought up with dead Flies, which they eat with Greedineſs. They are very 


briſk and nimble, and crawl like Catterpillars, with a lively and briſk Motion. 


After eleven Days from the Time of their being hatched, they forbear eating, and lie 
quiet, ſeemingly, as if dying; but if viewed with a Microſcope, they will be found weav- 


ing a Covering or Bag round them with a Silk or Web emitted out of their Mouth. In 


this Bag they put on the Chryſalis or Aurelia Form, and become milk-white. They con- 
tinue nine Days under this Appearance; their Colour darkens by degrees; they acquire 
Firmneſs and Strength, and as ſoon as they iſſue from the Bag are perfect Fleas, and able to 
leap away, They are immediately capable of Coition, and lay Eggs in three or four 
Days; after which they ſoon die, as all other Creatures that undergo theſe Changes do. 


The great Agility and Strength of this Inſect are exceedingly remarkable; it being able 
to leap farther in proportion to its own Length, than perhaps any other Creature that has 
not Wings to help it. And its Strength is ſo well known, and ſo extraordinary in the ſame 
proportion, that ſeveral curious Artiſts, whoſe Dexterity has been ſhewn in the making 


' Curioſities of an uncommon and ſurpriſing Smallneſs, have employed this little Animal to 


aſſiſt in exhibiting their Works, and proving the Nicety and Lightneſs of them. Dr. 
Pow R ſays *, he ſaw amongſt TREDESCANT's Rarities, a golden Chain of three hun- 
dred Links, though not above an Inch long, that was both faſtened to and drawn away 


by a Flea, MovFET ſome time before this, mentions ſuch another of a Finger's Length, 
made by one MARK an Engliſhman +, whereto a Flea was faſtned by a Collar of a moſt - 


exquiſite Minuteneſs, with a Lock and Key adapted to it. This Chain the Flea dragged 


after him with Eaſe; the Flea, Chain, Lock and Key, not exceeding altogether the 


Weight of a ſingle Grain. He adds further, that he had been informed by People of 
undoubted Credit, that a Coach made of Gold with all its Furniture of the ſame Metal, 


* 


had a Flea chained to it, which drew it along without the leaſt Difficulty; thereby teſti- 
fying at the ſame time the Dexterity of the Workman, and the Strength of this little 
Creature. Nor is there any Room to doubt the Truth of theſe Accounts; for one Bo- 


VERICK, a Watchmaker in the Strand, has lately made and ſhewn to vaſt Numbers of 
People, not only a Chaiſe having four Wheels and all its mo Apparatus, together with a 
Man fitting therein, the whole formed of Ivory, and drawn along by a Flea ; but likewiſe a 


Landau that opens and ſhuts by Springs, with fix Horſes harneſs'd thereto, a Coachman 
fitting on the Box with a Dog between his Legs, four People in the Landau, two Foot- 


men behind it, and a Poſtilion riding one of the Fore-Horſes. This Equipage a Flea is 


faſtned to, and pulls very eaſily along. He has alſo made a Cham of Braſs, about two 


Inches in Length, containing two hundred Links, with a Hook at one End, and a Padlock 
and Key at the other; all which together weigh leſs than the third Part of a Grain. 


Here too a Flea is made uſe of to draw the Chain, which it does very nimbly, and with as 
little Trouble as can be well imagined, 8 


Fleas thus employed are preſerved alive and vigorous, by putting them upon the Arm, 


or the Back of the Hand to feed, once os twice a Day. 


But however pretty they may be in the Microſcope, or for theſe ingenious Purpoſes, 
they are certainly very troubleſome Bedfellows, and eſpecially to Women and Children, 
whoſe Blood they are particularly fond of. They hide themſelves in the Woolineſs of the 
Blankets all the Day; but as ſoon as People begin to be warm in their Beds at Night, 
which they are ſenſible of either by their Smell or ſome other Way, they creep between 
the Sheets, and penetrating the moſt tender Parts of the Body, ſuck out the Blood and 
Humours. They have likewiſe the Sagacity to retire at Day- break to their lurking Holes 


again, as if afraid of being caught: And in this they are imitated by the Punices or Bugs, 


which 


* Power's Obſerv, p. 3. 4 Moufeti Inſectorum Theatr, p. 275. 


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3 Obſervations on the Louſe. 
Which are Animals much more naſty and 'miſchievous, having ſomewhat poiſon6us it 
heir Bite, as the Swelling that follows upon it ſhews. The Smell of theſe is alſo ex- 
tremely offenſive, and that as it ſhould ſeem even to Fleas ; for where there are many 
Bugs Fleas are but ſeldom ſen. . . . 
Many Sorts of Herbs, if placed about the Bed, are ſaid to deſtroy, or at leaſt drive | | 
ayay Fleas; ſuch as Elder, Fern, Penny-Royal, Rue, Mint, Hops, Laurel, Walt, Arſ. | | 
mixt, Hellebore, &c. alſo the Seeds of Staves-Acre, Coriander, Flea-Wort, &c. but without | 
doubt the moſt effectual Remedy is Cleanlineſs. | | | 


3 you attempt to catch them, remember always to wet your Thumb and Finger with | 
Spittle. bo e e e 
eee eee e N e. OH rtr fr fr r r tr r 1 


An EXPLANATION. of the THRTT-THOND PLA TR. 5 | 
15 The Louſe. N | 


7 EIS laſt Plate ſhews us the Figure of a Louſe magnified to a very great Degree; 
I -tbat every Part thereof may be perfectly known and diſtinguiſhed : And indeed this 
Creature is ſo tranſparent, that the internal Structure, Diſpoſition, and Motion of irs Bow- | 
els, and their Contents, may be diſcerned therein much better than they can in moſt other [[] 
Inſects. — SO SISSTTN Tat N i A | 
It is repreſented in this Picture with its Belly upwards, graſping a Hair between its | ; 


* % | 2 


The Head A, ſomewhat reſembles the Faſhion: of a Cone, but is a little flatted on the —— 
| 


The Louſs, - e 


upper and under Part. On each Side, juſt where the Head is wideſt, a large ſhining black 
Eye appears, very protuberant, and encompaſſed with a Number of ſmall Hairs. Theſe 1 
Eyes B B, are ſituated a little behind the Head, in the Place where the Ears of other 1 
Creatures ſtand ; and where one would expect to find the Eyes, a Couple of Horns come 
out C C, extending themſelves in ſuch a manner, that they defend its Eyes from being in- 
jured by the Hairs through which it paſſes. BTL EDIT: e Of a 
Our Author ſays, each of theſe Horns has four Joints, fringed as it were with ſmall | 
Briſtles; and the Picture C C ſhews no more than that Number of Diviſions ; but Sw a m- 1 
ME R DAM reckons five Joints to each Horn of the Louſe he deſcribes *; fo that either the 5 1 
Lice theſe two Obſervers examined, were of a different Species, or one of them muſt | 
The Head grows round and tapering from where the Horns come out to the Top of — 
the Snout D, which ends in a ſharp Point, and ſeems to be a tubular Inſtrument where- it 
by the Louſe ſucks in the Blood of the Animal it feeds on; it is likewiſe probably the ] 11 
Sheath of a Peircer that ſerves to penetrate the Skin and make a Wound for the Blood to q 
iſſue out. 55 r een | 
In the Poſition before us, there ſeems to be a Reſemblance of Chaps or Jaws, as at the | 
Letters EE; yet when placed in another View thoſe Lines or Appearances are not diſcern- 1 
able. SWAMMERDAM fays, it has no Mouth that opens ; and our Author obſerves, that 
having. kept ſeveral of them in a Box for two or three Days, whereby they were become | 
extremely hungry, upon letting one creep on his Hand, he found that it immediately fell 1 
| to Sucking ; and though it neither ſeemed to thruſt its Noſe very deep into the Skin, nor e i || 
y to open any kind of Mouth, he could plainly diſcern a ſmall Current of Blood paſſing 1 
5 directly from its Snout into its Belly; and there appeared about A ſome Contrivance like 
a Pump, Pair of Bellows, or Heart, which by a very ſwift and alternate Dilatation and 
Contraction drew up the Blood from the Noſe and forced it into the Body. Though he 
viewed it very attentively while ſucking, he could not perceive that any more of its Noſe 
+ was thruſt into the Skin than the very Snout D ; nor did it give him the leaſt Pain, not- 
withſtanding the Blood ran through its Head very quick and freely : Which fully proves 
that Blood -Veſſels are diſperſed into every Part of the Sin, nay, even into the Culicula; 
1 for had its whole Snout been thruſt in from D to C C, it would not have amounted to the 
ſuppoſed Thickneſs of that Tegument, the Length of the whole Noſe not being more 
than the three hundredth Part of an Inch. 
The Thorax or Breaſt is covered with a thin, tranſparent, horny, or ſhelly Subſtance, 


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which did not ſink or become ſhrivelled by the Creature's faſting, as the Covering of the I 
Belly did. Through this our Author could plainly diſtinguiſh that the Blood ſueked from | 7 
| CO. 5 J his 
I * Swammerd, Hiſt, Gener, des Inſet. p. 174. 


a en i > 


2 


— ͤ— — ne nat 4 - 


| Obſervations on the Louſe. 4 

his Hand was variouſly diſtributed and moved to and fro; and about G there appeared a 
pretty large white Subſtance moving within the Thorax. This ſomewhat reſembled a 
Bladder, contracting and dilating upwards and downwards from the Head towards the Tail. 
Acroſs the Breaſt were many ſmall milk-white Veſſels running between the Legs, and 


ſending to them innumerable minute Branchings, which no doubt are Veins and Arteries ; 
for in moſt Inſects the Juices analogous to Blood are white. 


The Louſe has fix Legs, which are ſtrongly joined to the Thorax; and for each Pair a 
kind of Diviſion appears thereon, as ee e. They are covered with a very tranſparent 
Shell, and jointed exactly like the Legs of a Crab or Lobſter. Each of them is divided 
into ſix Parts, having ſeveral ſmall Hairs iſſuing therefrom, and Ends with two Claws, 
of unequal Lengths, very property adapted to the particular Exigences of this Animal, 
which has Occaſion to walk either on Skin or Hair, For the leſſer Claw a being fo much 
ſhorter than the other Claw b, when it walks on Skin the ſhorter Claw touches not, and 


then the Feet are the ſame as thoſe of a Mie and many other Inſects : Whereas, when 
— Hairs, the longer Claw can bend itſelf round by means of its ſmall Joints, and 


1eeting with the ſhorter, can both together take hold and graſp a Hair, as with a Thumb 
and Finger, after the manner repreſented in the Figure, where F F F, the Hair of a Man's 


Head, is fo graſped and held faſt by this Creature, that it is in no danger of falling 


from it. | 15 18 

The Belly is likewiſe very tranſparent, but its Covering bears the Reſemblance of a Skin 

rather than a Shell, being grained all over juſt like the Skin of a Man's Hand, and when 

the Belly is empty, growing very flaccid and wrinkled. 3 . 

H H ſhew the Stomach placed in in P ˙ 
The white Spot I I, may poſſibly be the Liver er Pancreas, which, by the periſtaltic 

Motion of the Guts, is moved a little to and fro, not with a Sy/tole and Diaſtole, but ra- 


q 


ther with a thronging or juſtling Motion. . | 


After one of theſe Cieatures had faſted two Days, all the hinder Parts appeared lank 


and wrinkled ; the white Subſtance I I, ſcarcely moved; moſt of the white Branchings diſ- 
appeared, as did alſo the Redneſs or ſucked Blood in the Guts, the periſtaltic Motion 
whereof was hardly to be diſcerned ; but upon ſuffering it to ſuck, the Skin of the Belly, 


and the ſix ſcalloped Emboſſments on either fide, were quickly filled out; the Stomach 


and Guts ſeemed quite crammed, and Multitudes of white Veſſels appeared 17 * and 
turgid ; the periſtaltic Motion grew quick, and ſo did allo the juſtling Motion o 


the Sub- 
ſtance II. 7 tet . 5 

The Animal was ſo voracious, that notwithſtanding it could contain no more, it con- 
tinued ſucking as greedily as ever, and at the ſame time emptied itſelf as faſt behind. 
And its Digeſtion muſt needs be very quick, for though the Blood, when ſucked, appeared 
thin and black, it ſoon became in the Guts of a lovely Ruby- colour, and that Part of it 
which was carried into the Veins-was evidently white : Whereby we alſo find, that a far- 


ther Digeſtion of Blood may make it Milk, or at leaſt of a milky Colour. | 
Near the Bottom of the Belly appears the Anus K, beſet with Hairs or Briſtles; juſt | 


below are two little Parts LL, ſomewhat of a ſemicircular Figure, whoſe Inſides are 


covered with a Down, and which ferve, occaſionally, to cover and cloſe the Aperture of 


Rumps of Fowls, from whence iſſue a Number of ſharp Hairs. '¶ÿcwfl 


Dr. Pow R takes notice, that having placed a Louſe on its Back, in the Poſition here 
before us, there were two bloody darkiſh Spots diſcernable; / the greater in the Midſt of the 
Body, and the leſſer towards the Tail. In the Center of the larger Spot there is (ſays he) 
a white Film or Bladder, which continually contracts and dilates itſelf upwards and down- 
wards ; and always, after every Pulſe of this white Particle or Veſicle, there follows a 


Pulſe of the great dark bloody Spot, in which, or over which this Veſicle ſeems to ſwim. 


This he obſerved two or three Hours together, as long as the Louſe lived; for pricking the 
white Veſicle with a ſmall Needle, which let out a ſmall Drop of Blood, and then viewing 
it again withzthe Microſcope, no Signs of Life or Motion could be perceived. . 


Lice proceed from Parents of their own Kind, and not (as formerly was fuppoſed) 
from certain Juices or Humours of human Bodies; which may ſerve indeed to nouriſh, 
but can never breed them. The Females lay Eggs, or Nits, which they faſten to the 


| Hairs of the Head, or to other hairy or woolly Subſtances, by a glewy Matter wherewith 


1 | they 


— 


| Obſervations on the Louſe. "_ 65 


F u ndergo no other Change but an a of Size. 2 5 | 


Mr. LEEUWwENHOEK diſcoyered, that the Males are armed with Stings in their Tails, 
which the Females have not; and as he felt little or no Pain from ſeven or eight Lice | 
that were feeding on his Hand at once, he imagines the ſmarting Pain they ſometimes 
give muſt ariſe from their Stinging, when made uneaſy by Preſſure or otherwiſe ; for if 
roughly treated, they may be ſeen to thruſt out their Stings. 


MovrFET + makes a Difference between the Lice of the Body and thoſe of the Head: 
The latter (he tells us) are larger, longer, flatter, and more nimble ; the former fatter, 
rounder belly'd, flower, and of a whiter Colour, with ſome blackiſh Lines or Streaks. + 7 
He alſo informs us, that if Lice are rubbed gently between the Thumb and Finger, they 


they may be diſtinguiſhed even in the dark. 0 


Having now deſcribed and explained all the Plates Dr. Hook has left 
: of Objects examined by the Microſcope, with ſuch Brevity and Plain- [ 
neſs, as may, tis hoped, be uſeful and agreeable ; and added thereto 
4 many Obſervations on the Subjects he has laid before us, in order to | 
make this Work more valuable: We ſhall take leave of the Reader, [| 
with this ſingle, but neceſſary Reflection: That whenever we behold, | 

in any of the Operations of Nature, whether great or ſmall, a Con- 

trivance, a Regularity, a Beauty, that both delights and ſurprizes, 
we ſhould not paſs it over without Conſideration as a Matter of mere 

Amuſement, but take Occaſion from thence, to raiſe our Thoughts 

from the Creature to the Creator, and therein contemplate and 3 


1 Power, the Incomprehenſible Wiſdom, and the Infinite 
Perfections of the Deity. 8 


A Maoufet, Inſect. p. 200. 


T 7 7 2” TT. 


. 


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Plate VI. read, Plate XI. Pag. 25. I. 3. inſtead of Seed, read, Seeds, Pag. 35. l. 26. f 
inſtead of Fig. 2. read, Fig. 4. Pag. 48. in the Running-Title, after, the Gnat, place 
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EC SEE Page. 

A DVICE to Obſervers. 65 
A. 1 

Head of, adorn'd with two pretty jointed Antennæ. 

3 | | | 54 

Jaws of, ſaw - like and indented ibid. 

Different Species off | „ 

Tail of, arm'd with a Sting. f vs 

Experiments on their tenaciouſneſs of Life, zbid. 


Their regular Manner of Government and Induſtry. ibid. 
Conceal themſelves during the Winter Seaſon. ibid. 


Epgs of, deſcrib'd. | i zid. 

| Produce little Worms or Maggots which turn 
into Aureliz ibid. 

Their paternal Care for their Young when in the Nymph 
or Chryſalis State. Aol 56 
Carry their Chryſales about in their Mouths. ibid. 
APIARIUM MARINUM, 48 


Account of, from Pi/o. | 49 


| eries concerning, by Dr. Hooke. . ibid. 
ART, its Imperfections ſhewn, 
In the Point of a Needle. 1 
Edge of a Razor. = 20 
Compar' d with the Works of Nature. 4, 4 
Tl B. 
| BALANCES, or Poiſes, to the Wings of Flies, very neceſ- 
ſary for their Flight. 40 
BEARD of a wild Oat, 23 
Appear'd by the Microſcope like a twiſted Withe. bid, 
Alben d with N Ridges thick heſet with Prickles like 
the Quills of a Porcupine. ibid. 
Hygrometer made of. 24 
Mov'd by the leaſt Alteration of the Air either as to 
Moiſture or Dryneſs, | ibid. 
Us d by] gglers to ſhew Tricks. ibid. 
BEE, Sting of, 


Appears to be a Sheath containing a Dart within it. 3o 
The Point of the Dart arm'd with Thorns or Hboks. 31 
Deſcription of, from the Micro/cope made eaſy. ibid. 


Bag of Poiſon at the Bottom of. ibid. 
Mittake in relation thereto. ibid. 
'BLOOD-VEssSELE, | 
 Difpers'd all over the Skin, aud cven into clic Fung. 
3 
In the Inteſtines of a Fly. | 39 
BUGS, 1 1 
Bite of, ſomewhat poiſonous. 62 
Haye a very feetid, nauſeous Smell 63 
Drive away Fleas. ibid. 
mY 
CARTER SPIDER, wig. SrIbER. 
CHARCOAL, 8 5 . 
When broken exhibits a Multitude of very minute Pores. 
| | 7 
CHEESE-MITE, vid. Mir E. þ | 
CLOTH-WORM, or Cloaths Moth deſcrib'd. 58 
Suppos d by Dr. Hooke to be the Creature that eats 
; — oles in the — — of — ibid. 
s the Creature that eats woollen Cloth, according to 
Mr. Albin. | a —_ 
CORK, JE 
The Contexture of, | 16 
? Cellular and potous like a Honey- 
Comb. | ibid. 
The Lightnels of it, accounted for, ibid, 


. 


2 eos 


3 Page. 

Account of its Production. ibid. 

of the Manner of preparing it. 17 

Pores of, run tranſverſe ibid. 

The Structure of many Vegetables ſimilar to that of 

Cork. ibid. 
CORNISH DIAMONDS, | | | 

Grow in Rocks in the Manner as the Chryſtals in Flints, 8 

The Reflections of Light from the inner Surfaces the 

ſtrongeſt. ibid. 

A double RefraQtion from the internal Surfaces. ibid. 

COUHAGE, or Cow-itch, | 


Pods of, cover'd with brown Hairs or Down. 30 
| The Down examined by the Microſcope appears 
like ſlender Needles; having many minute 


| Spiculz on the Sides, pointing backwards like 


e Beard of a Javelin or Dart. ibid. 


Some of the Species of Phafioli have theit Pods cover'd 


with brown Hairs ſimilar to thoſe of the Couhage. ibid. 


-CRAB-LIKE INSECT, wid. Inszcr. 


ST: D. 
DEITY, Power of, exemplify'd in his minuteſt Works; 7 
Adoration of; ought always to be the Reſult of our 


_ ©. Diſcoveries. | 65 
DISCOVERIES, many owing to Accident, 
DRONE-FLY, | | | 
Eyes of, „ 
compos d of prodigious Numbers of Hemiſpheres, 
each . — av a 1 Retina, and 
every Thi ilar to the Eyes of larger 
Creatures. . | Y Cs ibid. 
| E, 
n Vinegar, | 6 5 A 
Progreflive Motion of, extremely ſlow. 4 : 
Experiments on, by Dr. Power, ibid. 
by Dr. Miles. ibid. 
. ES by Dr. Hooke. ibid. 
In ſour Paſte; much like thoſe in Vinegar, ibid. 
EGQGS; | 
Of a Silk. worm, vid. Silk-worm. 
Of Inſects, as various as thoſe of Birds. 42 
Of Spiders, depoſited in Bags of Silk, 54 


EMME T, wid. AnrT. 


EES, 
Of a Fly, vi. Fir, 
Of a Drone. F 36 
Of a Dragon-Fly, vid. LizzrL LA. 
Of a Silk- worm. | 37 
Of a Beetle, ibid. 
Of large Animals multiply'd as it were by Motion. 
| ibid. 
Of eruſtaceous Water Animals leſs pearl'd but a little 
moveable. ibid. 


Of ſome Animals have a Radiation in the Dark; ibid. 


Of a Mole, capable of being withdrawn into the Head. 


ibid. 
Of Snails, plac'd at the Ends of their Horns; ibid. 
Of the Camelion, turn backwards. ibid. 


Of a Man, why they do not fee Objects double. 1514. 
Of the Carter, or long leg'd Spider; 


Situated on its Back, 62 
Not moveable. | ibid. 
Of a Flea, ſurrounded with a glittering green Iris, like 
thoſe of a Cat, 61 
F. 

FEATHER, | | 
Of a Gooſe, Contexture of 32 
Downy Parts of, defcrib'4. ibid. 
3: | Conflitgent 


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F: 


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f N Ou; s p RS Rn 7 A 7 ee PN Rr oo i AC OO ITE . S P rer „77 a 
5 1 a e ee 2 A Pe RUE SY OLSEN n 2 * 2 
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* | 
Page. 
mag Parts of, elaſtic. 33 
uppoſed impervious to Air. | id. 
of a Peacock, . 
Structure of deſertb'd. ie © 
Beautiful Colours in, accounted for. . ibid. 
FERN, | 
Branches 6f, like the Configurations of frozen Urine. 1 
Suppos'd to have no Seeds, by Dr. Hooke. hid. 
That Suppoſition found to be a Miſtake. ibid. 
FLEAS, 
Body of, cover'd with Scales curiouſly jointed and ex- 
quiſitely poliſh'd. 61 
* — arch d and jointed much like the Tale L 
er, 


Quill 
of a Porcupine along the Middle of it. 


Eyes of, black, encompaſs'd with a green glittering Iris 


like the Eyes of a Cat. ibid. 
Proboſcis of, | :« 1: WWE 
Legs of, their curious Structure. ibid. 
The like not diſcover'd in any other Animal, ibid. 
Excellently fitted for its Eſcape. ibid. 
Feet of, arm d with hook'd Claws or Talons. ibid. 
| Eggs of, cemented at the Roots of the — 62 
roduce a ſmall whitiſh Worm or Ma ibid. 
Undergo the ſame Changes with. Fl „ Butterflies, 
Moths, &c, ibid. 
' Inſtances of their great Strength and Agility. id. 
. Methods of deſtroying them. 63 
Driven away by Bugs. | ibid. 
f LINTS, 2 
Diamonds or Chryſtals found in the Cavities of. 8 
Caſt Reflections partly from without and partly from 
within the Surface. ibid. 
Too ſmall for any certain Experiments to be made 
On. ibid. 
SUE, | | 
Foot of, deſcrib'd. 34 
Has a Kind of Spun AA the Means of which it 
can adhere to 2 Bodies. ibid. 
The Spunges thick ſet 1 To Bottom with ftrong 
Briſtles or Hooks. ibid. 
Surrounded with ſoft Hairs ibid. 
Eye of, 
Compos sd of many Hemiſpheres each of which re- 
ftected the Image of a Window. 35 
Wing of, 35, 40 
Compos' d of a thin filmy Subſtance. 35 
This Film extended out and ſtrengthen'd by ſtrong 
bony Ribs. | | ibid. 
Cover'd all over with innumerable ſmall Hairs. bid. 
Vibrations in, computed, 40 
Suppoſed to be the ſwifteſt Vibrations in Ne. 
| ibid 
Horns of, | 38 
Proboſcis of, SO. ibid. 
Smellers or Feelers of, | 39 
. Tail of, thick ſet with ſtrong Briſtles. abid. 
' Blood Veſſels in the Inteſtines of, ibia. 
Its extreme Agility and Sagacity to be obſery'd. ibid. 
Cannot fly ſteadily if depriv'd of its n. 40 
G. 


GLOBU LES, 8 of, 
May produce all the Variety of Figures that can be 
ſuppos'd to be made out of equilateral Triangles. 


. ibid. 
Inſtances of them. 6 ibid. 
May produce the Chryſtalization of Salts. | _ 
Struck with a Flint and Steel. | 
Of Lead and Tin, to make, | 1270 
NAT, | 
Lays its Spawn in the Water. 47 
Produces ſmall reddiſt Maggots which Sn to the 
Nymphæ Vermiculi. ibid. 
Nympha Vermiculus, deſcrib'd. . ibid. 
Changes into the Nympha. 3 
Nympha or Aurelia deſcrib'd. . ibid. 
Turns into the Gnat. ibid. 
In its perfect State deſerib'd. 49 


Male has two fine Tufts of Hair on its Forehead. bid. 
Its Proboſcis contains four Darts like the Sting of a 


Bee. ibid. 


n 


p 5 0 ow — * N 


Page. 
Wings of, 30 
Sucks the Blood not out of Anger or _— but to 
endo its _ 15 ibid. 
y i | H. 
HAIRS, | 5 | 
Of a Hog, . : de 6 
Priſmatical with * angles. ibid. 
Without Pores. ibid. 
Of a Cat, 

Have a large Pith but no Pores that could be diſ- 

| 8 N | >" + 
Of a Horſe, | „ 4k 3 

Cylindrical and pichy, ibid. 

Human, almoſt round. ibid. 

Solid Cylinders according to Dr. Hooke. | ibid. 

Hollow, according to Dr. Power. ibid. 

Roots of, tapering like a Par ibid. 

No Filaments from, like th from the Roots of 

Plants to be found. ibid. 

Vary according to the Parts they are taken from 7 
Of Animals, tubular N to Mal pigbi. 6 

Of an Indian Deer, 7 

Extremel by i ail 
To the Eye like a Thread of coarſe Canvas newly 

i agi 1 5 ibid. 

n the Micro appear d perforated from Side to 

Side like cvs nnd. ibid. 

| Has no Pores — * 

Of a Mouſe, 

Have ſpiral Lines running from the Bottom to the 
EE 1 7 * 
HUMBLE PLANT, vid. Szns1BLe PLANT. 
HUNTING SPIDER, vid, SPIDER. 

HYGROMETER. | 
Made of the Beard of the Wild-Oat 24 
of Cat -· gut, twiſted Cord, &c. ibid. 
of the Beards of the Geranium. hi. 
= > 
ICE, 


On * J in many thin Laminæ. 


Laminz of, figur d like Herring Bones or the . 


of Fern. bit. 
Expos'd to freeze on a Marble, exhibited many Fi- 
| pw. like Feathers. ibid. 
On Urine, vid. Urine. | 
IMAGES, reſlected from the Eye of a Drone 's 5 
INSECT), 7 
Crab- like, | | 
Hatch'd on a Vine, 85 | 


Cover'd with a ſcaly Husk like the Wood- louſe. ibid. 
Suppos'd by Dr. Hooke to be really young Wood-lice. 


ibid. 
Size of, compar'd with that of a full grown Wood- 
- lauſe. | ibid. 


K. 

KETTERING STONE, | 
Compos'd of minute Globular Bodies. 1 
Appear'd thro* the Microſcope like the Ovary or hard 


cw 


Row of ſome Fiſh, 761d. 
The Globules ſo firmly united as not to be ſeparated 
without breaking. ibid. 


Each Globule compos'd of two Subſtances ſurroundin 


each other like the White and Voll of an Egg. bis | 


Harder than Free-ſtone, but pervious to Air and Water. 


ibid, 
= L. 
LAWN, 2, 22 
Appears thro the nene like a Lattice Window. 2 
LEAD, | 
Globules of, | c 
To make. abid. 
To be produc'd from red Wafers by burning at a 
Candle. | | ibid. 
LEAVES of Plants, | 


Moſt of them cover'd with a Down or Hair, 22 


Many have ſharp N edles on their Surfaces; as the ft ſting- 
ing Nettle. ibid. 


of Clivers have Hooks like Cats Claws, ibid. 
LIBELL, 


44 


| „ 
LIBBLLA, or Dx acox Fry, = | 4 


ef, 36 
"Is amber of Lenſes i in, computed by Mr. — 
. | . 
4360s, deſcrib'd - # | hn! 48 | 
15 "Lis ed cu opens, ang ve. erdam." 1b. 
es o 
* lac where the Ears of other Creatures Pe ibid. 
Legs of, inuch like thoſe of a Lobſter or Crab. 64 
e Liver or Pancreas, not moving in one that had 
faſted for ſome time. ibid. 
nl tbid. 
Heart of. 29: 2000s 
. -Proceeds Fram: Barents of its own kind, and not from 
\, Juices in the human Body, _ | ibid. 
Male arm'd with a Sting in its Tail, the Female not. 65 
_ * when ill an ; ibid, 
M. 


MISTAKES, of great Men ſhould make us cautious of 


iving our Opinion without having examin'd folly. a2 
MITES, 


"Wandering, fo call'd we Wa found wandring to 1 SANDS, 1 Ts” L 
fro over Glaſs- Windows, W Wale, Ee. 27 2454200 Many like the Chryftals i in PFlints.” 8 
Deſcription. of. ibid. Not form'd by the Comminution of larger ee 
Suppos d by Dr. Hooke to be te wandering Parents of Bodies, but by the Coagulation of Water or ſome 

the Cheeſe Mite. | # 1 other Fluid. . | ibid. 

In Cheeſe, deſcrib'd, | 59 8 eneral only ſmall Stones or Pebbles. ibid. 

' Mouth of, red withinlide. | ibid. erent according to the Places they are brought from . 
Chew the Cud. ibid. ibid. 
Legs of, ſome 1 5 dna. others backwards ibid. * White, fir writing, appear like tranſparent Pieces of 

Many various king * Su qt .  - ibid, - Allum, Sal Gem, or Chryſtal, but moſtly . irregular. 

' Very voracious. | did. ibid. 
MOTH, „ et: Black, from the WYe/?- Ladies, have poliſt'd ſhining Sur- 

Wings of, each conſiſting of two 3 gender "FBI be © «aces. ibid. 

like thoſe in the Wings of Birds. ibid. Reddiſh, from abroad reſemble a * s Box of 
Body of, cover'd with a cruſted but render Shell, ibid. Rubies, Sr. ibid. 
Grey plum'd, has eight or ten Divifons. 514. SCALE, 8 x 
MOULDINESS, | Ip Of a Soal-fiſh. om 5 9 ES ug 

On Leather. A 19 Of a Perch. 81 ww be | 30 
A Number of minute Vegetables bearing Bal almoſt SEA-MOSS, | 1 1 13 
'- like Muſhrooms. id. SEA-WEED, 8 | 

- On many different Bodies and at different — of the Contexture of, much like a Honey comb. 21 
Year. | ibid. The Holes in, of the Form of the Sole of a round 

Of various Forms. 935 | ibid. | toed Shoe, each beſet with ſmall Thorns. 1014. 

Ty * g 8 to Dr. Wr 4 | —_— on 9p! 0 ol. 
uc'd from Putrefaction out eds. id, uſhrooms may be und between e : 19 

PD n | AR 4 es the Corn: Violet l ; 
See o by out Author not to 8 11150 A Cover'd with a tough hining Skin with irregplar 15 
f. may be found between dhe Gu. 2 the: Al- dentings therein. 
* Aſtance, of a good Blass abid. Of Thyme, 
e AN Refemble dry'd Granger" or Lemons both in Shape 
„ N. 7 C642 YH and Colour. | _ 
NATURE, Works « of, 4 | 1 8 4 h 'r be F. of « Kidne 
973 6 ar by the Mjcroſcope in the Form of a : 
Adudrabie for their Miguteneſs, . RF ae 7 e Indentings all 51-4 
for their Variety. bo om tow boar) the Surface. 26 
t 8 eee ee 0 n 0 Of Purſlain | 9 5 8 

Neareſt to a phyſical Paint, . in the Form of the Nautilus, cut d ip the manner of 

When view'd by the Mielttope hav e, and un- a Spiral. 4s Tf" 27 

even. 1 %%% Of Scurvy Hes. : 

Many ig iſible P oints much ſharper. Nod watt his. Like a Porcelane Shell. ibid. 

ee e e ee eee of eee,  MMagorun, - 1 9895 

jj } Reſemble Olives. | . ibid. 
OPIUM, PR A Of Carrot, : . 
hat, . oy” f oY | 26 | Like the Cleft of a Cocoa Nut Shell. | zbid. 

Great Virtues of, ibid. Of Succory, | 

The Knowledge of, eat of very great Antiquity. 25. Like a Quiver of Arrows. | ibid. 

Mention'd by Homer under the Name of Nepenthe, ibid. Of Amaranthus, 5 

The diſſolv'd Particles of, appear'd in the * to Repreſent the Eye. ibid. 
be fring d Globules. Of Onions and Leek, | 

Sleeping Quality of, accounted for, * 425 Granulated like Seal Skin. „ 

How variouſly guarded by Providence from Danger and 
P. 1 —.— ibid. 
The minuteſt, even thoſe that can be diſcover'd only b 
PAPER, magnify'd appear'd like Shag-Cloth, I the Microſcope ſuppos'd to. contain Plantulæ of Het 
PETRIF IED WOOD, own Kind. 28 

The Pores of, larger than thoſe of Charcoal. 15 Of the Gramen tremulum, 

The Parts of, not differing from what chey were when A compleat Plantula diſtover'd in. ibid. 
Wood. ibid. SENSIBLE PLANT, 

Weight of, ibid. Deſcription of. | 17 

Loſt nothing of its Subſtance wes heated red hot. 16 Experiments on, ibid. 

Bubbles rais d in by Vinegar, ibid. Conjecture concerning the Reaſon of its Motion. 18 

| 2 * Liquor, 
4 


RIBBON, wheal'd Taffety, a 


PISMIRE, wid. ANT. ' 
PRINTED DOT or Tirris views. by the Mop 
like a Splatch of London Dirt. 


RAZOR, Edge of, 


"$2421 7 - 
> Seems a rough Surface of an al ett” . ibid. 
'd thro the prese 


like Matting for Doors. 
Threads of, appear'd like Ropes. | 25 
ROSE LEAVES, 5 
A curious minute Plant on, 7" TH 


- + Compar'd with the large Trees i in Caine fs Brazil. 21 
ROSEMARY LEAF, 


Surface of, a ar in le M e Microſcope like : a quilted Bag 
Nin green Si e 
| 8. 


SALTS, 


Chriſializations of, ſuppos'd to be form'd from Combi: 
nations of Globules. 


r „ e | Page. 


3 
8 
# 

*. 


hehe 


W 


1 2 
Page. 
iquor, proceeding from, when cut. 1:55-14J8 
one to be found when the Leaves were clos'd even 
with preſſing. ibid. 
Many different Kinds of. iid. 
SHELL, minute found in Sand. 8 7 
1 is þ 
Flament of, | | 
Seem'd like Cylinders of Glaſs. 2 
Afford . +6 ibid. 
CG Water'd, the Threads bent in Angles form-an undulatory 
Appearance. ibid. 
Ts Watering, manner of, ibid. 
* RMS, \ 
s of, 2 42 
Not round but flattiſh, _ CS ibid. 
F The Surface of, compos'd of many Indentings,. with 
riſmg Parts interpos u. ibid. 
to breed in England. ibid. 
Their Manner of making Silk. 43 
heir Changes. ibid. 
Silk of, 
How to wind off. 44 
Exquiſite Eineneſs of, 45 
SILK-WORM-FLY, 
The Females, larger than the Males, 44 
Have Eggs even in the Nympha State, but r 75 e 
1014» 
The Males, very ſalacious. 5 . ibid. 
| Animalcules in their Semen maſculinum. ibid. 
SNAILS, | . 
eech of, all joining together like thoſe of a Rhinoceros. 
3 HS - 
Way of moving. 5 ibid. 
Their Parts of Generation: ibid, 
Their Manner of Coitus. ibid. 
Juice of, cannot be frozen. ibid. 
> eart of.. i 761d. 
Inteſtines of, green, branch d over with white Veins. 42 
SNOW, | 
Figures of, its Flakes, | 12 
Similar to thoſe of frozen Urine. 12 
Deſcrib'd by many Authors. id. 
80 AL, : 
Scale of, deſcrib'd. 29 
The Extremity of, that goes into the Skin, ends + 
circularly and ſmooth, the other is arm'd with 
Prickles, which cauſe the Roughueſs of the Skin. 15. 
Skin of, like a Piece of Canvas. 3535 
The Arrangement of the Scales in, very curious when 
viewed by the Microſcope. ibid. 
SPIDER, PE EO ER 
Long leg'd, | 52 
Eyes of, placd on a Protuberance on the middle of its 
Back. 1 8 | ibid. 
of, each ſixteen times longer than the whole 
Body. „ ibid. 
Arms of, deſign'd chiefly for catching their Prey. 3 
Hunting, deſcrib d. ibid. 
Fpins no Web. ibid. 
Great Dexterity and Skill in catching its Prey. ibid. 
Teaches its Young to hunt, and corrects them for 
Non-obſervance. | — 
JI 0 be found on Garden Walls. = 


Eggs of, depoſited in Bags. 


1 Page. 
SPUNGE, e * 
Conſiſts of many ſhort round Fibres jointed in a Net- 

Account of, by Belloniuz, X 

Natural Hiſtory of, not well known. 11187 
STEEL, Globules of, formed inſtantaneouſly by firiking 

againſt a Flint - 


Surface ſo bright as to reflect the Image of che Windo 


ibid. 
Some broke and hollow like the Shell of a Granado. 36. 
S TIN GING NETTLE, a 
Leaves of, thick ſet with ſharp Needles and Bladders 
ſimilar to the Sting of a Bee. 5 | 22 
An Experiment to account for the manner of their ſting- 
ing. | | ibid. 
KT 3 
TIN or LEAD, Globules of, to make. ; 5 
V. UV. 
VISION, 8 | 117 
inions concerning it, hy ſeveral Authors. 37 
URINE, 5 7 | 
Gravel in . 9 
A tartareous Subſtance generated of ſaline and earthy 
Matter chryſtaliz d togetger. ibid. 
The Grains of, of different Colours ibid. 
Flat and compos'd of thin Lamellz like Slates. 76. 
Moſtly Rhombs, or Rhomboids, ſome Squares and 
RNectangles. | --+ +0. + WO 
Ice on, in fix-branch'd Figures, which. : 11 
Ariſe from Centers; never more or leſs than fix from 


one Center. | ibid. 
The natural Branches of each Stem parallel to each 
| other, and alſo parallel to the next main Stem. ibid. 


The collateral Branches divided, ad infinitum. ibid. 
The Branchings in the collateral and ſubcollateral ſhoot- 


ings lie over one another, but in the main Stems 


not. 4 . | ibid. 
A Configuration like this in the Regulus Martis Seel- 
| a „ ibid. 
When frozen loſes its Taſte, ibid. 
W. 
WAFERS, red, 


= 


* Globules of Lead to be produc'd from, by burning. 8s 


WALL-MOS8, deſcrib'd. : 20 
' Magnitude of, compar'd with the large Trees in the 
bot Climates of Guinea and Braxil. 21 

Compar'd with the Plant on Roſe Leaves. ibid. 


WANDERING MITE, vi. Mirz. 


WILD OAT, Beard of, makes a curious Hygrometer. 2 

WINGS, 1 , 227 | 

Of a Fl , | | Up 35. 40 

Provided with two Poiles or Balances. 2 
Cover'd with minute Fibres and Hairs. 35, 50 

Of a Batter- fly feather'd. __ ibid. 

Of the plum'd or feather'd Moth are evidently Feathers 

much reſembling thoſe of Birds. | 51 

Of Animals, ſome Obſervations on. ibid, 


WRITING, the fineſt' and ſmalleſt appears by the Mi- 
croſcope like Scrawls with Charcoal on a white Wah. 2 


