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Nature 

A  WEEKLY 

ILLUSTRATED  JOURNAL  OF  SCIENCE 


VOLUME  XXXII 

MAY    1885    to    OCTOBER  1885 


"  To  the  solid  ground 
Of  Nature  trusts  the  mind  which  builds  for  ^."—Wordsworth 


f  anHan  ani>  IJtto  gorh  r 
MACMILLAN   AND  CO. 
1SS5 

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INDEX 


A  a  (R.  ran  dcr),  "  Papuans  and  Melanesians,"  16 

D'Abbadic  ( Antoine),  Time — Thunderbolts — Vision — Sunglows, 

Abdank-Ahakanowicz,  a  New  Integraph,  5 in 
Abercromby  (Hon.  Ralph),  Upper  Wind  Currants  over  the 
Equator,  6^4 

Aberdeen,  on  the  Occurrence  of  Lumftunt  lampt.'rifvrmis  and 

Gad'uulttt  argenteni  off,  Francis  Day,  323 
Aberdeen,  Meeting  of  the  British  Association  at,  437 
Aberysiwith,  Fire  at  University  College  of  Wales  at,  1\\ 
Abney  (Capt.),  Lecture  Experiments  on  Colour  Mixtures  263 
Abnormal  Development  :    Dr.  J.   G.  Garson  on  Abnormal 

and  Arrested  Development  as  an  Induction  of  Evolutionary 

History,  S&9 

Aboriginals,  the  "  Sakeis  "  of  the  Malay  Peninsula,  428 

Abstract  Science,  Sir  Lyon  Play  fair  on,  445 

Academy,  the  Uses  of  an,  ko& 

Academy  of  Science  in  Indiana,  Proposed  State,  633 

Acland  (Right  Hon.  Sir  Thomas),  Review  of  Agricultural 

Experiments  by  the,  362 
Acta  Mathematical,  30 2 

Actinias,  00  the  Chromatology  of.  Dr.  McMunn,  6S_ 
Aeronautics:  Proposed  Aeronautical  Exhibition,  11 1  ;  Aero- 
nautical Society  of  Great  Britain,  ill  ;  Gower's  Experiments 
in  Aerial  Navigation,  133 ;    Supposed  Low  of  Mr.  F.  A, 
Gower,  319.    Set  aha  Balloons. 
Afghin  Boundary  Commission,  Botany  o'  the,  35 
Afghan  Delimitation  Commission,  164  ;  Dr.  J.  E.  P.  Aitchison, 

F.R.S.,  226 
Afghanistan,  the  Electric  Light  in,  1  u 

Africa  :  Proposal  for  Systematisation  of  Scientific  Observation 
in,  Dr.  Habenicht,  64 ;  Discovery  by  Major  Serpa  Pinto  of 
Coal-Fields  in,  164  ;  Projected  New  African  Expedition 
(Geographical  Society),  184 ;  Exploration  of  the  Mobangi 
River,  2&1 ;  Proposed  NewPolitical  Map  of,  356 ;  Buonfanti  s 
Journey  Across,  357;  Dr.  Oscar  Leiu's  Expedition,  357; 
the  Dutch  African  Expedition,  403;  Portuguese  Explo- 
rations in,  429 ;  the  African  Natural  History  Col- 
lections of  Dr.  Nachtigal,  493 ;  Rumoured  Massacre 
of  Massari's  Italian  African  Expedition,  493 ;  Dis- 
covery by  Lieut.  Wetssmann  of  Fall  of  Rsissal  River 
into  Lake  I,eopold  II.,  423;  Exploration  of  Kilima-njaro, 
S3o ;  Weissmann  s  Exploration  of  the  KassaT  River,  581 ; 
Manners  and  Customs  of  the  Bantu  Tribes,  5*2 

"After-Glows,"  233 


After- Images  :  on  Certain  Stag:s  of  Ocular,  LL  Frank  New  a 
77  ;  Ocular  Images  and,  W.  M.  Lauiin,  197  ;  Ocular,  an 
Lightning,  Shelford  Bidwell,  lai  ;  A.  S.  Davis,  Lid 

After-Sunglow  at  Stockholm,  63s 

Agamemnone  (Dr.),  Experiments  on  Density  of  Gases  and  Air, 

Agricultural  Experiment!  by  the  Right  Hon.  Sir  Thomas  Dyke 
Acland,  362 

"  AgriculturaTGrasses  of  the  United  States,"  Dr.  Geo.  Vasey, 

Prof.  W.  Fream.  525 
Agricultural  Note-Book,  W.  C.  Taylor,  6« 
Air,  Dr.  Agamemnone's  Experiments  on  Density  of,  4S 
Airy  (Hubert),  a  White  Swallow, 

Aitchison  (Dr.  J.  E.  T.,  F.R.S.),  Afghan  Delimitation  Com- 

mis-ion,  22A 
Alaska  Glacier,  Movement  of,  162 

Albania,  on  the  Flint- Knappers'  Art  in,  A.  J.  Evans,  F.S.A., 

Albanian  Coast,  Austrian  Geographical  Survey  of,  403 
Aldebaran  :  Daylight -Occultation  of,  on  May  33,  1S68,  86 ;  on 

July  g,  1885,  [83;  Occultation  of,  on  November  22,  6xa 
Alert  Expedition  to  Hudson's  Bay,  1 14  ;  Return  of  the,  fill 
Algx,  Text -Rooks  on,  mi 

Algebra  for  Schools,  Elementary,  IL  S.  Hall  and  S.  R.  Knight, 

3SS 

Algebra,  Lessons  Introductory  to  the  Modem  Higher,  George 
Salmon,  411 

Algiers,  Proposed  Use  of  Electric  Light  for  Night-work  at 

Harvest,  1A2 
Algol,  Minima  of,  8_£ 

Algology  of  the  Black  Sea,  Reinhardt,  $79 
Allen  (Alfred  H.).  "Commercial  Organic  Analysis,"  4 to 
Allen  (F.  J.),  "  Specielle  Physiologie  des  Embryo,"  WTPreyer, 
367 

Alluard  (M.),  the  RSU  of  Wind  in  Fertilisation,  134 

Alphabet,  Greek,  found  in  Italy,  Signor  Bamabci,  L30 

Alpine  and  Arctic  Animals,  Colours  of,  Lorenzo  Camoraoo,  22  i 

Prof.  R.  Mcldota,  13* 
Alpine  Clubs,  Congress  of,  at  Turin,  460 
Alsace,  Waterspout  in,  134 

Alums,  on  the  Specific  Refraction  ami  Dispersion  of  the,  Dr. 
J.  LL  Gladstone,  363 

America :  Aracricahjoumal  of  Science,  6^  1 16,  338,  j,67  ; 
Was  Iron  known  in  America  before  Columbus?,  110  ;  Amen- 
can  Naturalist,  nt>,  568,  50J  ;  American  Meteorolog  cat  Jour- 


r_  S  ^  \  r_ 


INDEX 


V 


.  Nasini, 

74,34*; 
;  a  Note 

Soph us 
Samuel 

of  the, 

if  Places 


ell.  Ul ; 
Jian  Ex- 
\  Austra- 
lustralia, 

•aiion  in, 
M  Club, 


ips,  ur  uann,  s^o  ; 
_     jast,  40 i  ;  the 

■a  in  Austral'a, 


a  of  Soand,  525 
of  Volt  meter*,  2jj 
Mimicry,  366 


111 


he,  Rev.  A.  Irving,  23 
fc—  i  School.  564 

I         KSrre'lmg  Operations  of  the  Great 

rNorth  America,"  521 

i  nG  (Mechanical  Science) 

...  1  mi  Phosphorus  and  Carbon  in  Oxy- 

ra  of  the  English  Lake  District," 

I  Electricity,  uo 
ilerr  Schweiger,  36 
■•ration  of  Blanchfrd  and  Jeffrie* 
m  Balloon,  85, ;    Kalloon  Ascent  (or 
GtttM  Tissandier,  1S2  ;  Proposed 
Ue  Gaisbcrg,  2S4  ;  Application  of 
•  m-.,  278  ;  Balloon  Photography  (tet 

 U  Recent  Rapid  Elevation  of  Shores 

W.  T.  Thiselton  Dyer,  F.R.S.,  jot 

■f.  & 

'i linage,  Banner  Brothers  and  Co.,  27a 
Kobert  Laws  on  the  Manners  and  Customs 


I '  of.  Frank  Clowes  on,  as  a  Cementing 

-lone,  «j 

L-h  of,  lit 

ncccssfully  attempted  in  Icebnd,  494 
'■•  m. ),  Death  of,  84 

.  1  Greek  Alphabet  found  in  Italy,  L2Q 
-  I'.lianiel),  Resignation  of  the  Directorship  o 

'met;  >n, 

■  E.  E.),  Aurora  of  March  ij,  1885.  7_S 
'  <    Markings  during  Thunderstorms  of  th<*.  Dr. 


Barometric  Variations,  Forecasting  of,  A.  N.  Pearson,  S74 
Barrett  (Jem),  Monkeys  and  Water,  367 

Barrett  (Krof  \V.  F.),  on  a  Ne*  and  M  nplc  Form  of  Calori- 
meter, fj8 

Itarl  1  l  eisscrenc  dc).  Sahara  Expedition,  164 

Bartoli,  the  Mean  Density  of  a  Body  combining  all  known 

Elements  in  a  Solid  Slate,  645 
B.x-ins  tlrcat  Ocean,  |ohn  Murray,  581.  fin 
Bats  (Hhc*),  at  Inventions  Exhibition,  Ui 
Bastitc- Serpentine,    Prof.    T.   G.    Uonn.-y,   F.R.S.,   on,  in 

Aberdeenshire,  sfj6 
Bat,  a  New  Erugivorous,  374 

Hath  Natural  History  and  Antiquarian  Field  Club,  L2 

Batho- 1  typographical  Maps,  with  Special  Reference  to  a  Com- 

bination  of  the  Ordnance  and  Admiralty  Surveys,  E.  G. 

Ravcnstein,  565 
Batters  (Edw.  )|Notes  on  Marine  Algae.  12.  t 
Bayne  (Dr.  IL  A.),  the  Analysis  of  Silk.  258 
Baynes  (Robert  F..),  Nomenclature  in  Elasticity,  316 
Bedford  College  for  Ladies,  278 
Bedfordshire  Natural  History  Society,  1&2 
Bees.  WiM,  E.  Brown,  £1 

Bchrens  (Dr.  W.  J  ),  "Guide  for  the  Microscopical  Investiga- 
tion of  Vegetable  Substances,"  lot  [  Text-Book  of  General 
Botany.  10  | 

Bclavsky  (M  ),  the  New  Roti'e  to  Central  Asia,  irj 
Belgian  Observati  »ns  of  the  Transit  of  Venus  in  lS»2,  254 
Belgian  Roval  Society  of  Pub  ic  Medicine,  £22 
Belgium,  Geological  Survey  of,  rcj,  122 ;  Dr.  A.  Geikie, 
K.R.S.,i22 

Belgium,  Hull/tin  of  Royal  Geo'aphictl  Ssciety  of,  222i  Ii2 
Belgium,  Proposed  Excursion  of  the  Geologists'  Association  to, 

Bell  (Prof.  Alex.  Graham),  Preventing  Collisions  with  Icebergs 

in  a  l  og,  221 
Bell  (Dugald),  Among  (he  Rocks  round  Glasgow,  614 
Bell  (F.  Jeffcry),  Comparative  Anatomy  an  I  Physiology,  562 
Bell  (I.  Lowthian).  on  the  Blast- Furnace  Value  of  Coke,  32 ; 

Haronetcy  Conferred  on,  207 
Ben  Nes'is  Meteorological  Station,  I7j  54.  Hl  25J  \  Meteoro- 
logical Observations  on,  5_i2  >  on         Meteorology  of,  A. 
Buchan,  5,36 

Benda's  (dr*T  Preparations  of  Sensory  and  Motory  Nerve- 
Endings,  C2Q 
Bencvento,  Earthquake  at,  5J_5 

Bengal,  Proposed  Government  Inqniry  into  Castes  and  Occupa- 
tions ol  People  of,  36  ;  Earthquake  in,  270.  sCO ;  Century  of 
Science  in,  6j8 
Bennett  (A.  W.),  Flora  of  Canada,  204 
Bent  (J.  Theodore),  on  Insular  Greek  Customs,  582 
Bentham  (George),  Memorial  Portrait  of  the  Liie,  S '  3 
Berdoe  (Edward  Robert),  B  owning  as  a  Scientific  Poet,  36 
Bergen,  L'nprecedent«?dly  Early  Appearance  of  Floiting  Ice  oft" 
C  iast  of.  S'S  :  Formation  of  Society  for  the  Advancement  of 
Science  at,  sSo 

Berlin  ;  Physiological  Society,  24.  jj^  ]±L.  I21i  H2»  22£i  4°6- 

t  iv.  yt  1  ;  Physical  Society,  £2,  ^     [  •  1  "       v.lr.  il 

So  lety  of.  2oq  ;  Meteorological  S jcicty,  232;  International 
Geological  Congress  al,  278.  Ssl  ;  International  Telegraph 
Conference  at,  ts  | 

Bias,  Unconscious,  in  Walking,  Manly  Miles,  20J 

Biaxial  Crvstals,  on  Cases  of  the  Production  of  Ohm's  (or  Lang- 
bcrg'sl  Ellipses  by,  IL  G.  Madau,  111 

Bidwctl  (Shelford! :  on  Certain  Spectral  Images  Produced  by  a 
Rotating  Vacuum  Tube,  30;  the  Changes  Produced  by  Mag- 
netisation in  Length  of  Metal  Rods.  ;  Ocular  After  Images 
and  Lightning.  101  ;  Variations  Caused  by  Magnetisation  in 
Metnl  Rods,  162;  the  Action  of  Light  in  Diminishing  the 
Electrical  Resistance  of  Selenium,  167 ;  Experiments  7ith 
Sulphur  Cells,  263 ;  Solid  Electrolytes,  321  »  VolUl.  Cell 
with  a  Solid  Electiolyte,  34J 

Binary  Stars,  1A2  ;  7_o  Ophiuchi,  402 

Hinghtm     ha«.).  Nesting  of  MU'ofternus  pkao'rps,  f_2 

Biology  :  Professorship  of,  al  Madras,  l&l ;  the  M.mr.c  Bio- 
logical Association,  278  ;  Station  at  Chri>ii.mia,  280 ;  an 
Atlas  of  Practical  Elementary  Biology,  G.  B.  howes,  .^S8  ; 
Address  on,  at  the  British  Association,  Prof.  W.  C.  Mcln- 
tosh,  LL.D.,  F.R.S  ,  476 ;  I'rof.  Edward  Hull,  F.R.S., 
on  the  Cause  of  the  Extreme  Dissimilarity  between  the  Faunas 
of  the  Red  Sei  and  the  M'dUcrranesn,  not  withstanding  thek 


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nal,  i.1|  I  MmIh  of  Attain*  Anoctitm  it  Ann  Art**, 
»"7.  574.  HO;  hJcrlrtrilr  tti.  toj  ;  h*nir*inns  >*>;  ;  Amtti* 
on  F^nhaaakca,  C.  G  RflnVvml,  » ;  Amerh-u  Journal 
of  Mafhemataci,  Pininit  Anph*4,  364  ;  Geology  M  Atrr.ti, 
374:  '.  'i  •  < irwbein^ «'  Unmn,  401,  401  ;  AmttKia 
l'hilCro|ih^tl  Saciaty,  40J  ;  in*  1'imiLifC  Pe>*dca  of  Ancio, 
AkuiKWr  win  llii-hnldt,  404  1  Mr  Lefem-ai'.  Rceirchr* 
inln  the  fUm  of  Tnipaeal  Aav-nca,  SM  :  Chemical  Com  pit 
•Ait*  nf  AmiftrM  Cra«rf.  CHIf*  I  Kxhirct»m.  fW.  .V. 
Frram  5x5  ;  tl  r  C  'en  Ki  t  "  Rctirn  rn  O.iH'fPwkiv 
pa  in  Nooni-Amrrika.-  pnrf  £  R.  Tyl  r'lt%,  51*3  , 
rrrhiiinnc  Aaicica.  Wm>ih  uW  XadsilLar.  Df  Iv  It  Tytvf. 
F  R  »  .  jot  .  Tao  Early  li-n  Ad.aa*i«er*  In  Sjoth  Amr 
rifs  37* 

Anvfitj  rV.tr.  Bli.l  Famacra  fr-l  attih  Raw  Coil,  the  Rcco-rcrr 

of,  Wm.  jtifm,  430 
Anotir.  Frope*a»i  k  i.cn  Scientific  Laprdu  »*i  to,  495 
Aaa»ihr«ia  aaall»n.i+4  aiih  Merp.  M.  Bru»ii  Seqwrd,  144 
Aruroteiu-  ,  M»n><i>.  U^fetu.  JOI 
Anainir  Crr»l»K  S  L  Penfukl.  «| 
Anj.f.M  ComiMrcnl  Organic.  Alfred  II.  Allen.  4 1 r> 
Anar-mical  Urtlwd,  AppheatsHi  of,  to  the  DetetminaSiaa  nf 

the  Mvnli:.  of  the  Umwon  and  l_>U  I  In  bam,  Prof.  U 

Radlhultr.  j6l 

Anatomy.  Dr.  Du:k-tv»n'«  Chlneie  Tr»nlui™»  el"  Grar'a,  514 
Araaluray  an  J  llysxAnzj,  Coaacaarative,  F.  jenrey  Bel),  309 
.*.-,-■    v  tlio,  317,  343 

Anrfahmm  I  Jirrn^uaJici,  n.  in*  Cau«ei  of  the,  A.  RichaV,  1  ji 
Andaman   Min-H,  Ahnnf-inal   laluhiunti  of  iu*.  EJ«ari 

Ho.axe  M  re,  and  A.  I  £11*  F.  KJL,  409 
Andetaon  [  A*ei.  \  a  White  Swaltua.  03 
A  rat/ can  ua  Ibr  l'«u/iri  nf  Guiana,  164 

Aavl'tc  IDr.V  Waa  Iron  knoara  in  Anwrci  Mor*  Columbia  ?. 
110 

JmJrtmm  fWiW  aVeal,  a  Colony  of,  6 

Andromeda.  NeUila  m,  lanf  Ro«e.  F.R.  S..  417  :  the  Sww 
brar  10,  400,  46$  ;  I»H  lu»t*,  K.R.S.,  4M  i  Dr.  William 
M«i|vint.  K. R  iv,  4*5;  W.  F.  Dcanine..  46 >  1  /  F.1«tin1 
Claik,  499;  A.  A.  CocnMn,  F  H,lv,  5*1;  r^o  M.  Sea- 
broVe,  513  ;  A.  Ricco,  UQ|  Dr  Irmihall,  $70 

AiulrvMtaT.  Ocoleuy  td  ibc  Ketch  FrmnviLi,  589 
Awitwsfnt,  \|j(.f.  Rna^tir,  fli<hop  rf  1'nritct.  thr,  519 
Armrwl  Faifttan  ol  la-  Mk.M  0w%  II.  Smu  Roth,  s&S 
Ai.IgmU  1  tbt  Lnrmawton  ut.  Dr.  MullciihtiC  49S  ;  Coloan  of 
Arctic  and  Al4ane,  L»rtaioCaaitrann,  ??  ;  I'roV.  R.  Meilola. 

Auttairfer  f^yvA  ool  Thrmir,  44,  309.  51S 
Annual  (.'oo^ro-  of  tbt  Sanitary  l>nti;utr  of  limit  Britain,  513 
Annnal  Rtpon  af  tbt  I'Mhfry  Hoonl  tar  S.-tnlaa.t,  lAHt.  JK| 
AniantK  Lhacoftry,  Admiral  Sir  £r».»j«  "  iiaoitki,  I  KS, 
5*5 

Anthrlm'i  IM  t|  ifijo,  35$ 

Ar/b  *ty'i  (Ptof.i  T»r«*rnr  (.^Karwncur,  6u 

A»titu|Ki^^v.  83.  |M;  AnihttfiMil^inil  Jn^tiliff,  4ft.  93. 
I6R.  Anittrop>ln£tcaI  Sncirty  nl  N  imna,  t  lo  ;  ^iraavtfy 

<4  N9VM|MhB  1IU4,  Hj  ;  Chit^hI  Antk#o(»lt>cr.  37t ; 
ihf  Ra  «i  ol  Hrari  ,  401-,  M  <t«  M  <•  '-i  01  lemary  Ma*. 
494  I  Oj<fiit*  Ad.hr**  hy  FranchOa/C«a\  F  R.S.,  in  SoctHMi 
H  •>•  ike  Brnufc  Avoc larkon,  soj;  Ptof  W.  Twtmt,  <xi  (ht 
Iod««  ct  tha  P»Ivk  Urirn  fta  a  04m>  of  Cla<*iac>illiin,  dJ6j 
W.  F.  StaatVy,  o»  a  IMmhk  Scait  nf  rroponkaM  of  ifcc 
lli'naf  IV-ty.  s»*. .  f.  Tlit*i.*t  limt,  n  |r..,l(  •  .t-f '-. 
WOW,  5$;  l  On.  Piil-Rivm,  oa  1=*  V<t  «yjli  n  of  AtKknl 
Monotnculk,  jjy;  alio  A  W.  HikIIm'1,  w»  Annmn  SJuil- 
Weak  at. I  it*  ASnuiea.  JI7  j  b  I',  im  Tkura.  no  tW  k«i 
Mm  at^iM  Ronuaia  In  Iktlnh  Guana,  5E7  ;  J.  W.  Cnimhvf, 
on  a  Case  with  t  lli«l»ry,  07;  <'-««r£r  Camphvll,  on  ?hc 

Rnl*  nf  t&e  Koi>l  froen  an  Awhmp  ^ica>  |*«Mt  of  View. 
$17  ;  Jtaau*  M.  Ijirtf.  on  tk#  M-.|^*  •-<  lj-lri  liiy  ami  DrMsy 
Corn  in  Old  Tcaam,  5R7  ,  A.J.  01  the  Fh«  Kasppr* 

Art  k«  Athjnit.  JKI :  W  M.  rliadarn  Pelr«,  eat  iha  Ih-rnvt-r/  1 
nf  mtbtl  H|  y&  -.  Thnma.  WUxaa.  nn  a  Nrw  Man  nf  Mew-  - 
looe,  5tt9  :  lh-.  U.  Manm,  on  the  Arth*><lvi*inil  |rnfnnarh>e  | 
of  AnrapM  Hrnuh  La  «  DvefhfCji,  and  their  ReaUaufl  to 
A—Xngnv*  Rewiiim  in  Fmoiw,  >W ;  VrvL  D.  J.  Cunmeyham. 
<:*.(..(  1  .,  J\  tl{  ■  ..npuivo  ■  -  -ri(  i  =  .-  <-  | 

Mat,  jSS  1  Pt.  J.  li.  Caraoo,  00  AbnnrmU  and  Anr«leH 
t>eir>ianarnl  aa  an  luttctKtxot  EvotutJoaaey  llruory,  3891 
Dr.  Rnbrn  Lajaii,  00  thr  Mmwn  ar»4  Cttaluma  «/  the  Banl  i 
Tnbas  ol  UU  f*ra^u.  3*9;    E   II,  Man,  eat  the  Ntcobar 


(A'oAarr,  /X,.  jo. 


I^mVr*.  5S9 ;  American  AnthroboDOjty,  Df    t.  B.  T 
F.R  S  ,  yti,  Avi.r.h;.wrc  lauuucii-in  (ot  TraMlm 
F.  Touinanl,  613 
Anii-uhola     !...:,.  of  lit.  Ferraa.  Dr.  K.  Klnav,  F.I 
617 

Amit*oa,  Geoloff  of.  Forvei,  353 
I  An;lg,-«ln  of  ibe  IUe  <■[  Mai.  I'roe*  Hijr.1  thtwkmv  $79 
Antf.  k  Sorolhum.  Kiuimius*  Swmt  a*  ol.  513 
Aff«W|)  lntenta:iuaail  Botaansal  aid  lluttxaJiural  Caaat 

liz  ;  IW.  W.  R.  Mc\a.\  I  R.S.,  416 
Ao>ic*l  ;V*ote!  A  Mnrnric  Forntilioasa  in  M«n>co,  JJ* 
April  sfcoon,  W.  F.  Dcnninf.  5 

Aqitarioaa  at  lh*  InvvnitO'it  taJaaalkn,  the,  36  |  Ra-ttocfcal 

th#,  341  i  Addiliont  10,  634 
A  piau:  Animil  .  Lile  cf.  at  ItijS  Pr«v**c.  399 
Arabia,  Ula-rc'*  Laulonuion  ei,  iW,  3^3 
Atafo  (Francuul,  C  raunarr  0/  llirih  of,  401 
"  A  hum,    Ihe  llMnrtral'  Value  of  the,  II   PolaLoarahy,  , 
AnLrulury  in  India.  A34 

An+irr  ••  Wiitia«l  He<f3efr,  the  larmtor  cJ  RaJaray  L, 

n>3€  wn  aa  the  l*rr**nl  FtuiL-^aa."  39] 
ArrVrtX  A  >.  I'tthi»tnr*  flurvjl  < .to*in ji,  j^g 
Arrhtr,  ■  n  Silk  Ci.'tur  m  Scinv.  fit f 

Aichlhald  1    Doi||la»X  I  \<»,  Mcril»ul  OKillalio 

the  Auroral  Zone.  4I4 
Aichi*  fur   d»  NuwwuwnKkaftI«a«  l4ndrnl»rrt.tjrna% 

ma  Rilmrn,  ll  j 
Arctic  F.trforat'on,  Rettira  of  ibe  At***,  61 1 
Arrtif  i»t»1  A>pir<  Animala,  Cokqr>  of,  Lorrnxn  Camtf  ana. 

Fr  4.  R.  Mel  Ma,  171  ^ 
Argyll  (l^ikcof).  tuna,  413 

Aral  tl  roof  {G.  F.),  Appointe!  Prnln-nr  of  EnriMtnaai 

Lditibntyh,  4S<i  — 
ArmalrenB  ifnU  ||.  F...  F.R  S.  I.  Op-nllkj  Addrraa  n  Seo 

B  1. 1  hrtnitl!  Soence;  al  ihe  Bnaiak  Auiwuiiat,  44J  407 
AntiMron*  ill.  t-),  A    K.  Miller  on  thr  Vtoi^zi  of  • 

M  miit  11!  jr«  frum  Petrnlftim,  itf6 
Arnetl  (Brailhwaiiri,  F.avUt  Lhtok  I  ,  JJI 
Aiuaulic  Serin,  Ihrrm*:  Stu3ic<  of  thr,  Mrrihetrrf.  Cos 
Arceunhn  I  Prof  \  l'hy.«»l  ary  nf  tU  Sens*  ol  hou-l,  ijo 
Ariwiin  Well  in  the  Sahara,  th*.  no 
AntftciaJ  Lanha;iak*n.  114  ;  T,  C.  Lewia,  993 
Aryas  tne  Eomjaraa  i>uxm  n(  ike,  M.  van  den  Ghetn,  114 
Aiaa  (Cmlra.ll,  thr  (Cfaj  K MM  aa.  M.  Brlanky.  Ill 
Amo  lF-a*trrni,  Raatf  Stireaarr  aa,  461 
Aatatit  Birds  Hume  CoUceiinn of,  Dv.  Albert  Gunner.  F.R. 

JOB 

Atiarif  Cholera.  Ca»e  at,  V  CapfiaT.  460 
Aim*  Snotty  nf  Ileagil.  Cctrianary  of,  417 
Avialic  -     ■  ■.  of  Japin,  IIO 

Aatrmnmyi  CKjr  Avmiinncal  Cnlowa*.  |J,  |y,  Ra,  m  |, 
3*  *JL  ffa.  301.  Mj,  4M.  553-  fiio.  6bij  Aw.nota 
I  hrnnn<raj  fo,  tE-  Mte*.  14.  3^  65,  *o,  113,  134.  |. 
2K0.  2i2.  J5$.  :M,  301.  j.ax  3^  "377.  4',J-  *«.  4*3,  ♦> 
510.  34a.  J34.  }Al.  0ll.6f6;  WrCuf.tKk  iMh*r*. lory.  I 
the  Fi.ia.-int  letrwoj*  IVime  lot  Nue  Onwvaiory,  < 
Pn.f.  Zi.ijer  uft  Ike  Drtfrnuutioa  of  Ti«  by  C->r<r<i»n6 
H«b1  of  Ddbrrat  Sran.  63;  the  Hnpa*ed  Chant* 
Time  f.jf  hrt[ininnf:  ike  A4runoenic.il  Day,  13J;  Pcrpa 
Lvtioiium  in  A<trnnna»y  ai  Ch-t*:iania,  |jj  ;  iht  <^\ioiuaa 
Ciail  and  A-li  Oo.r.»:tl  Ttine,  14}  ;  Urt^iax  Olnervalxana 
the  Tranut  of  Veaua  m  iMi,  134;  Ike  Hehwmlar,  II 
A.tr«v>mK*-»e  «e»r.l«Aafi,  j;^  2S0;  A.trorvwtu.al  a 
Mrt»oniloj^j|  CHiMrtatiriea  al  Pekin,  4»i  i  A^tonoaiy 
lU  L'niteJ  SLiUra,  4ho.  ••  PnKiiial  Avrono*ly,•,  Pit 
DooSiile,  4*1;  Aomniaaacit  Notax  4*4  ;  Clu^nc  ur  Beh 
College  r-Vi.iHh.  n.  '  '  f*i  •  »■  .•- v,  3141  AMroaom^al  Aa* 
Ciailun,  (l^;  l  i  \\.  ,  the  |vr«ent  S^ie  of  ijumaaat 
tixit  af  Orhata  of  Coaacla,  J'i«w-ed  fhin«  in  1 

A>4rn«t<inwa|  IXay,  Jj| 

AMrophiwal  Notes  ou 

Aiari«aa  m  Mm,  Dr.  R.  Blinchatd,  613 

Atlaatic,  Chan  of  lea  m,  30J 

Allei  of  rtactiral  Kh-ateatary  Binlogy.  G.  B.  Ilnares  ?S» 
ATtr»«pSerc,  -vorJ^hi  ui  l  lae  |jrth  ^  S  P.  I^tutcr,  17,  40 
Ataao-phenc  Air,  Lainctign  of  Oa.Crn  and  SiUu^m  Itm 

Atmo^frit  Phraomansn,  VhraaaaJ,  Alee.  II.Mjriitaan,  |Jt 
WffW*"  Phenomena  in  swtUerUnd,  a  RamarUuk,  I'ro 


Calladon.  416 


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Hetrai  Connwtwn,  $6o;  Frot  JKroiker.,  «  the  Tat  WhaVf 

I  .l/sjr*/*  r»  Amv(m«m)w»1  »*h'f  HUP  Rrsartlr  Obtained 
in  the  Ditf  r*t,  joo ;  Prof.  Turner,  on  S*i»e  I'mnta  in  the 
AnaJorny  uf  Nv*ert>*a  Whale.  5*0  i  Pud*.  Slruibm,  on  the 
Cervical  Vcftrtr*  nlrh*  f^ercalatrd  Ki/ht  WnaW,  $60  ;  Pr.<f. 
Sir. 1  hen,  «i  the  |*e*l -pawn*  af  the  Vertebra  of ^  tbe 
liephant,  WO.-  PIM  mniWh,  oa  ibe  Utveli'|*t«  of  inr 
>  *<  «f  the  Hone,  560;  I'm*.  Cirland,  on  the  Yhcem 
<,.*...  501  1  M  1  "IrUti  na  the  Sp.r*<M;  0/ 

Flsoef  )»  It*  krlU  un  to  the  Mwd,  **  De*ek>ped  in  tbc  1 1  lf*ef 
Verier*  ue*.  $61  ;  H.  J.  H*rt..1lon,  (« ib«  Comnu  mo*)  Thrort 
of  the  Corptii  Calbmrn  Curtect  \  $Al  ;  AU»e.  Hill,  oa  the 
i.-r,  dence  of  Comparative  Anatomy  w|ih  r ard  10 
tian  of  Fenco*  in  lb*  Caeie*  <  t  the  Brain,  $61  ;  IW. 
M'Kmdrtck,  on  the  Anion  or  Cold  on  MiCfurAjtei.  >hi  ;  J, 
J.  Cohmn,  en  the  Actio*  afO<Muwl  A.i  upon  JUro- 
Orcini.m*  umI  AtVltufO  m  Solution,  $61  ;  Prof  J*>»ef.  on 
lb*  I  of  Graphic  Repre*roUMoni  at  l.iU-HiMurae*  In  the 
Tentninc  of  Ba  nt,  $6l  1 IW.  J.  Berry  lUyctmfl.  un  n  New 
The**)  0/  the  S*n»*  of  Tnate,  $61  l  fW  I>*y.  on  ibe 
MfflbjiH  of  SjIaiixwLr  at  Hoarrttotin,  $6* ;  A.  Ilnw, 
un  Chinese  ln-*<t  While  Wa»,  $6*  ;  Ptof.  O.  C.  Mardi,  <• 
tW  Sue  of  the  hrsin  in  F.atinci  Annaatt.  $01  ;  l»  Arry  W. 
TboRpMin,  on  the  SplevaalU  Faaiuua  uf  the  Chat  nlnn  tnd 
iu  AlW.it*  with  the  Dmmarie,  $fu ;  Prof.  Hull,  on  the 
Oriein  of  the  Ftshei  of  the  Sen  ed  CiWk.  J6j  |  Prof. 
Mctnimh.  on  the  St.  Andre* »  Marine  l-ahnrninry,  J6j:  Of. 
I  Vif  1  <>t«,  na  a  CheiBKil  Dlflrrtntc  t*ia«n  living  juid 
I«f#.|  (  -<•). .plum,  Jtij;  Sidney  Mi'lln,  >n  ihe  |iir#«iion  nf 
PiuIcjU  in  Pltnl*.  $6J  ;  Pmf  I.  lUtllkiifn  on  the  Applica- 
tion of  the  Artirnicnl  M^Wvt  to  the  I>t«tnuin!iun  of  *hr 
Mmcrinl*  4  the  Unnenn  tori  Ohl  HerHmm,  $6| ;  »■  WWn\ 
Note*  on  PxpertntCKi  M  to  the  Format k*  of  Surch  in  PbnU 
vnder  the  la^uvneeirf  tne  EtnliK  l-tthi.  $6j  |  AlWn  liar  Let, 

'  «0  the  i  ■  liT.it  .-it  Brthc  AtHrriut  Srf;rn(nt«  of  the  MAl-ttm-'t  . 
164  1  i'foto—d  Manac  Slaliom  un  I  he  t'Mlt  of  lh«  I'nned 
Kiru'lo<n,  $06 

Biomli  (Pnitl,  lo««!ic»;io»«  on  the  Orijin  of  the 
t  ml;  $44 

KiH.  ihe  Nrw.  in  Nal»'.  1  I  llnrnnc.  6 

II.  Wouilninnt, T.R.S  .  «6 
F  S.  MtKhrit.  14I 


I  K 


•  llttVU  ul  I  >nra#hire. 


Migratory.  CjiiIt  thejano-r  from  S»e>len  ce*.  417 
Auntie,  flynte  Cotleciinnol.  Dr.  AUtctt  i.nnhct,  P.R, 

pWil.,  an  the  Deeclopfrxm  of  ibe  Sitnuiin  in,  M»>  8.  Lmiuij. 

iwVeck  InMllulwrn,  OpeninR  of  Nen-  DuilillnfS  *Jn 
IltolhorVhenn't  FtoKinc  Tckneopc  Donne  fat  Sire  Oh*er»»- 
HMV.  6j 

Htiai)4..|r.  C*r+on.  m  Priupv  on  the  V**  of,  Fanexfwtnts  by 

the  hue  Dr.  Henry  Oriper.  i;j 
Biivniiouj*  DtpM-o  uf  the  Cimnnn  Jin.  In  of  tUhia,  Repurt  on 

the,  Cwopm,  iKj 
llj.xk  lt>r.        M,  Oron*  nl  Srn.  41ft 

Blnch  tiox  :the  kneih  IW,  T.  fi.  h..raw^.  F.R.S  .  on  Hw«f- 
Setpentinr  »ti4  Tr  AtMce  in  Aherdnn<near  ;  wtf  h  n  Note  ua 
•he  Rock  of  the  |i:...  k  Him-  $$» 

Work  Sen.  Alp****  t4  ihr.  Htmhi'dt,  $70 

Bhnrk  nn4  Whae.  Cul  Wm.  K.  W  jn**l,  345 

ll}ncklrK4  Irtbo,  Kr}»rt  uti,  $11 

BntlKhli-l  III*.  K.t.  AU>i>n  in  Man,  6lS 

lUanlim!  <W.  T-,  r'.k.S  t,  /miner  ot  lM  Ri^nck'a  "ChJtl* 

puw  HJI  Itil-e*  "—the  Gayal  and  flaw.  *4j 
MMnW  (I**.),  Sen»ili*enea«  of  llaar,  14  ,  M»rm**r»juc  rrepr- 

tntkrn  ihoaine  AUnc    t  CeOicnting  Nirmaoce  betar^n 

l.p»Vmu*  and  Cum,  $44 
f**u<  ruiiac  Value  of  <  <4e.  1  l>wihian  fled,  jo 
BhiH  Fernete*  led  with  Ntw  Coal,  the  Knuwrr  uf  Tar  ninl 

Autunoi  ftum,  Wm.  hint*,  470 
Haolne  *,  the  Caano  and  tire  l*»t*f  limn  of.  lit-  Emil  Fnct-s 

633 

Hhfnentrin  il*ru'.  1.  on  the  Nngritni  «»f  the  J'hthnpine',  931 
Jtoil-ctoi-ia  m  »  Lirettmtfll  cat  the  Origin  uf  Lhulua,  I  iecA 
P 

I  ■    ■  1-.1t   Seirnrc  in,  .  4 

boil.ne  Purai  lAiia,  Melting  and,  T.  >     .  * 

HohWtm  |M.  Lrcoq  dr|  and  W.  Ctvnken,  FM*  IWiaat 

Miner  Spran  *CWJ,  laj 
jtuuaicr  fUnjajl).  Dcnlh  eud  Oluiuiiy  Notkt  of.  $40 


IkAKira.  Krr.  Pr.  Henry  LanvleO  irn,  104 
Boon  (Arthur^   MimAunaial't  Vnde-Mrcum, 
F.R.H,  14; 

Bokna  |H.  C  V  Caia^g**  of  SuenilfU  Perx«hcaJ».  420 

Ruhon  |Te«t>.  Viflf-w  tM4,  4"> 

Itn'urmmrt  Tbe<emonih»  Knwtic  7Worjro/Caa«,  $33 
Honktat.  HllMfhVMI  <<  Ijo 

IfoajOwo,  ThetactrMJ  Vleat  on  the  Lhctonntton  o4*  Mntaaj 

fi| 

llon>l>>t   (tieoefel,  *'  U(c  of   1'tauW    FJuvkland,  Re*. 
Twlaell.  3*$ 

Ihrnalelh  IStreorl,  the  trntliinkaMc.  ISO 

Uonney  tlW.  I  C  .  F  U  -Vi,  tk*  Hiumarof  LitUe  Knott.  I 
nn  Bauile  Scrpentanr  and  I'mktnlila  in)  AbrrJeemh 
anh  a  Nut*  notne  Rodi  «f  the  hlark  556  ;  I  rrUiuic 

Note  on  •ccae  Tritehe*  of  ibe  l  ij  I tajfitt*  f  ii»tt act  oi* 
Centrii  Alp».  $$7 

|Io<h<  |J   R.|,  Coloaul  TuMic  Liluai>ev  iSj 

lloi<afl,  f>e«p,  at  RjthaHinl,  Saircy.  Nun  on.  Prof.  Jn 
F.R.S..  and  C  Hnmrntua,  llo 

R«rrBee.  Ilritlih,  Oolrl  in,  161  ;  Mir^raui  of,  161 

but  as*  ;  anl  the  Alfihan  luia*dnryG*nrnii«»«ei,  35  1 
of  l  eiaU  $1.  He  Chaw  of  Itorany  at  Olfc*g»w  Vnr 
61  ;  n  CuarM  uf  I'litttcal  Infraction  in  iVxany,  F.  fX  BoV 
arwi  Syilnry  H.  Vutra,  73  ;  lv>*ci  and  Vine*'*  Work 
ri»inre<«»a^l»CT»dovrty1*»  71  I  Aolwrrp  Ibiernatinr 
11<>tA*kal  anil  lloninillural  C^ntaneM.  tSj  j  T«l  tiook 
GettC.ll  Ik'ian.i.  I*.  W.  j.  lUhrrn.,  1931  Pi.  W. 
ncheeaa't  MicroM>ipk»|  Intro  M|bj  nl  Vcr*aialrW  Si 
ataecn,  IQ3:  F-t-d-I'lint*  u«ed  hy  ike  Katchm  Tartan 
Minaain-L,  to* .  |  iRtfMl  Snhject  «l  laalmilaoM  in  ' 
Flraretnury  SchtroK  Viacetil  T.  Mnuhe.  sis  ;  IT.  Ti 
Caiatotfue  of  the  f  Lfweranx  PI311U  and  Fern*  of  l>yk«n,  3$ 
Iniemntinnal  Rotaniral  anXHariarabaaal  C<o^(>m.  AnIW 
in»5,  l*»uf.  W.  MtNah,  F  R  S.,  416,  Utmj  in  S«tb  Ai 
Irahn,  46*  ;  nn  tat  Vat  of  Graph*  Reptrtrnt4laiei«  of  Lit 
Hra<eic»  in  lire  Tratlilttp  of  l^rfiliy.  Pmf  llrwrer,  ffr 
Itutaanal  linnlma  in  lavs,  Hr.  Sydney  I.  Htckwn. 
II  eaniral  Fajioraiwi  of  Ike  Ooiian  At»fe»,  6>;i  ;  Tb 
H<l  on  lb*  l_n«knaaat  *«f  lleila*h  I  rauiuMt,  6I4  ;  I 
cnl  Fjtthinct  C1*\  633 

*i  -.Lou.  Kj  M  M  •  I  Wain  W  Uulf  of.  $1$ 

BnrinnJcy      T  \  Ucetru:  Re  nUMc  of  1'lalMuiJ,  |66;  I 
iru;  of  Vim  in  Air  axd  Vafcuui,  Jj6 

RMooet  (M  i.  Walk  of,  493 

B  uld«ei  (Ooi  Albert),  Cmlocae  of  I  tnnli  i 
Mwum,  49 

Rmlcrr        kVlb  41  KmRm  F»rev,"  Fjfaard  North  Lljxlnn,  1 
Rn*er  1  P.  (hi  ami  >^mv  H.  Vino  "A  Cirenc  of  I'rartJ   

1r-rrio>-n  -r  Hc<any,"*j;  na  the  V««  nf  Cr*7liit  Ml 

flen'*th<m  of  life-lll^ertei  an  th^  Teathineaf  Bounr,  pa* 
Bowrmn  (IT.  P.  II  1,  "IV  StPJCtete  of  tht  Woel  Fibre  J 

ila  Rehtjon  lo  llir  L*«c  of  M'uul  fur  Tn:>a-<.  J  I'ji,  -e.,"  »d 
Bold  (Thiimad,  tValhof,  j$7 
li  t.  K,  V  1,  the  M>d«  RnW,  A17 
lloiward  ij.  I.I  I,  a  t\  hne  >anllo*(  343 
Uraili^irut*.  I  nkr^Cibe-t  o'|KC<t  ot.  6 
Brain,  fttoetKr  uf  L'uro|aratter  Aanmrnr  »»h  Il-v*n1  ** 

|jxaJaati>«  of  Ftinrlrun  w  ihr  Ciatct  of  Ibe.  AJka  Hill,  $61 
brain.  Motor -frntr**  <d  tire,  and  ibe  MeclianuU  if  the  Wi*V 

Virtnt  llordey.  377 
Btniri  WeiCht.  IT.  P  Rey.  613 

Brain.  Sire  of,  in  I  iiinci  Attraalv  Prof  <>■  C.  Mink,  $6l 
Bratrnwril  <>tf  P.l,  tbc  Trninlra|  of  the  Cm!  Lntjlteit,  tl 
Rtaoli  (I  t«l   [.V  Itrallntf,  416 

Hranl :  KrfMirt  on  thr  Iklarainuo*  Ihrneilli  1/  Uc  Cimara 
Haainnf  HaSta,  (.'uottin,  iHt;  ft ac %rt piual  Sacirty  uf  Rh» 
ilr  I  .  r  .        J$^:  lh'  V:  ■    ■  uf  Hrard,  .  -1 

"*  l-eetxia  i  >a'he»  "  nev  Snn>lerland,  $5^ 

BrciiMeti  1141*  rSer>eokyyof  the,  W.  W,  Wukjm 

Bremen  Giu^inpt^jl  MKlrty.  333 

krewre   1't  T.  M.l,  "  Water  Raid*  uf  North  Anarica."  jfl 
Bndfa,  F<*lh.  Ilrn  art^  Bakrf,  4jJO 
Briefer   It',  on  tVa  Plomatnea,  ty} 
BtuH*  ■  M  t>  1.  a  While  SaraJloa,  500 
Bri'tol  Naturalina'  Srorty,  463 
Britfrd,  ibe  Choir  of  Pkyuu  and  F.-giueTTitf  u  I'arrnrni? 
Cvllstc.  $14 

RaiTUH  AUOCUTIOM  :  Mrrtmc  ai  Al>er  lirn,  ln,4J7i  (.Hicerl. 
are.,  lo,  34.  61,  110,  41A  334,  400 ,  Amrpunn  n  Sac- 


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viii 


|  \'+fmrt,  ZVr.  lo. 


561  ;  :  CbUnd,  ob  Ihe  Spiracle  at  Fl-xet  In  itt  ReUr  on 
bo  lb*  Hi!  a>  Da  t  [■  1  la  ib«  Higher  VrricbcaJes 
361  t  D.  J-  I U  Julio*,  la  ihc  (.miiiumu*!  Ibrury  of  the 
(.orpqi  I  all  mum  Uorrrn  ?,  56 1  ;  Abas.  HwJ,  en  ibe  E«- 
drier  11I  Cowparaure  Aaaioaay  wuh  Regard  to  l.oraitie.- 
Ik*  o(  r  «"(t»;n  «  (he  C«*1«t  of  ih«  nrsin,  Jni  ;  Prof. 
M'KcMticV  oa  ihr  Action  of  Odd  on  Murrreiyira,  501  ; 
J  J.  Luleman,  00  ibt  Action  of  Qjoniacd  Aw  «.p>.n  Micro- 
Otgani  fu  ai»l  Afttimen  in  Seantofi,  jh|  1  ftol  Bower,  on 
the  Lae  of  Graphic  Kepreiceuiko-t  of  U/e  Htatocks  it 
tbc  Tetibing  of  Ib-iaay,  jfii ;  Tint.  J  Beiiy  HayiteA,  oa 
a  New  1  heart  ef  ihe  >tn «  y  Taale,  sol ;  r  rant  it  IXiy.  on 
the  HylmdikaicCt  Saltnomdar  il  llowieli<in,  561  ;  A. 
HiWn.  eti  Chant  I  meet  Whit  Wax.  |6l ;  Prof,  a  C. 
M.  ■  ■!..  ca  1  :  Sue  of  the  Brain  in  Ealuci  Amrrala,  v  -  ; 
IV Arc?  \V.  ThuaifacA,  un  tie  Syalcmuic  Pcwiluxi  of  tb« 
*  himxlftm  and  iU  Alnitn  with  die  PinmAana,  Jtu  ; 
Prwt  Hal,  oa  isc  Origin  uf  the  Fi.hea  of  ihe  |h  of  Gab- 
le*. J6j;  P*nf.  Mrlaundi,  no  the  St.  Aadrcwt  Minn* 
Lalcrajory,  5611  I)r.  (Hear  I  new,  o*  •  CwC*lc*1  Dwkr 
cave  bctwrrai  fjviif  and  l*e>wl  P» on.pUtaa,  jfcj  j  &»'aef 
Mum,  oa  ihe  l>gr*t«^i  •  f  Profckl*  in  Fauna.  5o|  |  Plot. 
L.  KedRolrc,  <«  Ihc  AppltUijoeiof  tbc  Aaat<*nical  Method 
to  the  l«1tilttMMtAjfi  ul  ihc  Mauiiala  of  ihr  l-aataran  in  I 


Old  llci*-wiia,  J6}  I  .M  Waul,  facte*  m  Fciwnau 
lo  ilic  Fumf, |i  *  ef  Jiiarth  in  Plant*  under  ihr  tiiflawnee 
of  the  UecitK  1-ight,  56^  i  At**  Marker,  oa  the  Cuke*- 
bam  of  the  Anient*  Nrgaaeett  of  ihr  MaklantdK,  504 
.W**  Vt  iGn\^d«i||.>-4l)imliif  Ad  drew,  ly  ibe  Ftcudeni, 
On  J.  T  UatUr.  I  K  S.  481  I  Mn,oi  f.  Railrr,  oatre 
Indian  I'i>rr4  hchi«d,  <&* ;  A.  Ho.tr,  no  Jouiaeainga  in 
bwUh  Wevcrn  China,  $64;  Admiral  Sir  Lra*mm  Om- 
r..  1  ■  -•,  >'  K.S  .  Arramic  lli«oovcrr.  16]  ;  C<»Jm  Whito* 
bou*c,  on  I'roocinl  Rt*iorainin  nf  ihr  K<ri*a  «<r't«,  and 
1b«  Pruairur.  IjU,  an  l  CinaJ*  i*cril*d  to  ihe  IwirlMch 

iiMjih,  j6j  ;  K.  o.  Kavrimein,  om  HttWvllvpM^rt^ri^Dl 
lap*,  wiih  H>«(h1  HeieaLoe  to  a  Conibifulacn  id  ibe 
Ord**r<e  ind  A<r#«lt  -1t>  ?>a:vr>».  5*5  ;  H.  A.  Webber. 
Wbii  hra  teen  done  tr  tbc  Gf  t^t*(.)  v  at  Si 01  lard.  a*d 
anal  iratawa  lo  ba  dwaw,  565;  tvi*  Kae.  T  h.S  ,  a 
Word  or  Two  01  the  [U«i  and  Salr^i  Knue  by  which  lo 
At  lata  a  llir>  \onhrrn  Larrade,  566 
a  -  1  ■»  (V  1 ;       ai-zi  —  <j(<fiing  Ad-ireu  by  tlie 

lNoidtnl.  It,  Hiker.  M.lM.Ct,  aKS 
5t'i*a  /ti,A*tkirfri<vt\  —  L>}vamg  Adiltew  lie  Ibe  Pre«dr4<, 
Frarvia  Ualion,  F.R..S.  507;  Prof  W.  T«rtt*r,  ca  iha 
Inrlra  ol  ibe  Prlvw  Hrim  a*  a  Ram  cf  Llaoutua  11*.  5R6  | 
W.  F  Sunley.  on  a  PonaMe  Scab*  of  Piuport*m  of  the 
Hunan  body.  5M  |  \  Ibei^Jctc  Bent,  oa  laaciar  Gicck 
Cuat'm*.  (>7;  lice.  PiU  Ri*cr«,  on  the  Pmrrvaliott  el 
AiKirni  Wuaommis  5S7  ;  llr«>  A  W  KoHthtvl.  on  Amrn- 
ran  NUll  Wi>i<  aa>l  lit  AAauK^,  jK*  :  t  I  im  'l«om,<« 
tfce  toH  Men  at.  ui  Kuriima  m  hViiah  Culaaa,  $>;  1  )  W. 
CfOCollk,  oa  ■  Oasie  wilb  a  Jlhlaay.  JaJ  ;  Gruiije  L'aaap- 
MaV  «0  ihc  Ruk  of  ihc  Koa>f  tnun  aa  Auto* iip*>"t,Ki) 
Poaat  uf  Varw,  jBy  ;  Jranir  M.  Ijurax.  nn  ibe  Vlndn  «i 
(•iindmg  ami  fjqtnr,  Com  in  <Jbl  Iraara.  4*?;  A.  f. 
I  11.T,  on  tbr  >  in.-  K *  An  in  Altwnia.  ;  W  M. 
riifeltra  Pf  or.  «a  ike  tHHV*rf)  of  Kaakratia,  5"*  1 
Tbomat  W  .i-t'ii.  nn  a  New  Mm  uf  Meatoar,  «8> :  I " 
R.  Mumio,  on  the  Aiihftid-jKUaA  Itafornace  of  Ancwnt 
heiitth  Lake  l>wrlltn<«,  *r»*  lieu  Kehuiua  lo  AnawagoW 
Rtmaana  in  l.*i-jj«,  508*  Piof  If  I  Cnnniryhaat,  r« 
Cerun  Puinli  uf  Lom|i«t«jn  brlwrra  ihr  CI-iR^ami-t  and 
Mat.  i  Itr.  J.  I*.  (aSraoo*  as  Are1nrm.1l  aa>l  Am»*«d 
lhr«cf»finirfll  a»  aa  llawjoioa  of  LiMwitwnary  Hh.-tj, 
5H4;  l>r.  RraVrt  Law-,  uft  Ibe  Marifer»  and  C«il«ffit  of 
the  Rarru  laibra  of  lake  Nya-ha,  $Sj  ;  L.  II  Man,  «i 
ibe  >'icuiar  J*Javl«n,  (Aa 
Brwiab  llitda.  IMofl  of,  UiHiata  VarrrSTa,  Nrw  Fdirion,  jn; 
I  rili.h  Hawy  Panoinc,  Jame*  Lon#.  Prof  JtAm  Wnghttorv  j;i 
Hill  «h  l-JancK  •«  lb*  amfili  of  ibe,  A  cViihan.  jjb 
llniuli  I  otnai  i»rrj-.  iSr  I  «--ilu:ttn  .if,  7liifu*i  Hil*.  (1I4 
fiilllab  Metlkal  Aa  OCUIKMi, 

Mn11.l1  Muacaai  :  Cilaliajue  of  l.i»rr|a  aa  ihc.  Hon.  Altwrl 
BnaWn«.»r,  49  ;  Caiak^ur  of  Fouil  Mimmaba  in  the,  Pari  I, 
Richard  tyntkkrr,  tj;  Pari  l.ib*  he»*ew*r,  jhi  Mr  Allan 
Hamc'a  c>miibufo*;icil  C4iexit<wi  llndial  prornied  to  lb*, 
1;;  .  •Cable  10  m  1  .  -  -t  .!  Uallery  of  ibe  |Nai*ral  Hu- 
loryl,  L  FutUfaar, 


Rrili*h  Nrw  Goinra,  "  Torreaia,"  a  Proi>oaed  Name  for,  « 

*'  ravnh  KewIaII  me  tASa,"  C.  ).  Synauaa,  463 
"  Bnxi  '  p.i«.  iltf ,  105 

"  Hroao'a  CktMca  und  *>r-5r«"gea   dra  Thtrrrelcna*' 

Bic  iWa,  Piof       Kay  Laaloter,  145 
Beuukvdle,  Indiana.  Nattnal  Hntory  Society  of,  x>S 
lirowa  |Prof.  Crural,  vlw  Kuactic  lltaory  of  Oaves  JS*>  5JJ 
Branra  (HX  Wabl  Bcea,  6 

lirowa>Se<xaard  (DaA  Anarwbraa  anai*cndetl  by  Sleep., 

hVeaaual  Praia  of  Pari*  Aradaraar  <)f  ScicliCea  awarded  tav 
Penwninc  tKobertl  aa  a  Blimm«  t'v*.  Ivdwani  Bentne.  * 
ltoiKf  (fcne  &  >,  Applicacitai  uf  tleune  Litliung  to  Haiio 
JJ8 

l.tnnmn  ll'r   1    Ln.Vi  I  KM.  '  Tr  .-.{ 

Ihoafe^ueN    auJ    Malena    M.-'ic*.     Pioa*.  An 

Gaotjee,  MLaV,  JJJ 
BiuaieK  Laliituiiua  ol  Plana,  AVc  .  connected  witb  Inland  I 

aplion  a;,  « 
Bm-«cl>  Railway  ■ '   -^-r.    .  the,  401 
Hacban  I  A.  I,  on  ihe  Meteaeobscy  «<  Baa  Nerta.  can  i  oa 

Bainlal)  of  ike  Bririab  lUaada,  J»6 
H««  »«rrtn  ij.|,  Itirrma  Lk(iilL  l'o»iiion  nf  Carbon,  *6] 
bw^oran  »J.  V.J.  Oli»ei*ai*.a*  uf  tbc  1  rw>pcraiui«  ol  ihe 

ami  Air  made  patlat  a  Vuaajs  frnoa  Lnxlaad  to  the  KJ 

Plate  in  ibe  w  /. t» 1  an 
BtvalaiiJ  |A.  W  y.  ua  Amrrxan  Shell- Work  and  it* 

m 

Bavabnd  iFrank),  Life  of,  ttm,  Buatfa.,  Ree  W. 
3*$ 

Backioa  (C.  B„  r.R  S\  Note*  cat  the  Action  of  ibe 

hunt  Induction  Mat  tunc,  (I 
Buiklin^,  tariht(oskc-,  I'rnl  Wn   MOf.  zai  ;  D.  A.  ! 
I      tea.  jlG 

Bullttindc  rAcadraii*  Royale  de  Belgiane,  (A.  tHo.  35^  (4 
Bulletin  nf  tbc  Hilary  Itnnctcion.  PruL  juka  Wrighiaow,  M 
llul'rtm  nf  taw  Philosophical  SucmIt  U  Waahinglnn,  JjH 
ilullcici  de  U  Itaaaa  d  AuibaujKCugie  oe  I'jtu,  «,  105.  • 
615 

Brdbnrn  de  la  Socteoi  da*  NarrralMei  de  Momou,  44 
lluoafjoli'a  |Maai)ni>l,  joainey  ujota  Alnca.  357  ;  Death 
37* 

but radgr.  rm  ihe  Cult-  ie  of  F.frUci..  in  T.rr«  Bniain.  Mat 

■afwwrCOwl  I  I.  Red  Kay.  a>.ir  SwOMi,  «66 

Buieau.  >CjeutIbqae  (  ecaial  \  irriart'-iit,  428 

Bucaua.  huculuii,  of  ibe  L  .  >,  Govmimciil,  Co-ontanaiiafl 

hWk  JIT 

BunaU.iounda,  PrehMnrtc.  T.  A.  Arehrr,  548 

Uunaiah,  liabMnScknilliC  La^peeoima  to,  b; 

"  Biantit  laWHl  NMba  >  ourw.    tin  U0t  at  a  Vetm 

Inaeuaiailtan."  Prof,  ft  «,  Siokes  *.R.h.,  Prof,  P.  fJ.  Tl 

J*' 

hWS  1  Prof. \  Annanlin  in  lltanan  Trrlb,  y» 
Bu  <*y  InwimtKMt,  Bollciaa  of  ibe,  Pmf.  J.din  Wighnna,  if 
Buikrort  (Pmf,  I,  ca  the  Phenomena  caf  Jojincraca.  b? 
Krt-cbli'a  ••  l-roiofa,"  IW  I.  Kay  liiimti  TT  B.  145  - 
Ihlhlon  Ikdalid  \uit lil,  •'  t-ppir^  l  utc.l,"  U.  S.  lL«Irej(  ll 


Ohio,  Cbaia.  aaol  Chaina,  TIko.  W.  Tiaill.  jyi 
Caniliasa,  Iwwrliieaaicoi  ul  ihc,  516 
,  tadlauil  llloaianel   du|,   Uf*    ar>|    Irjvela  uf  Cud  leJ  4 

Crvalkn,  84 

Cailktrt  |M.  Ut.  New  Pmtniof  IJ.^frin;  Oaygn,  J«( 
'  t      ait,  |anhr|uakc  ia,  151,  2J-t 
La.ii.tnia.  Inirtb  Anouil  kryurl  of  tke  Slate  H ateralogift 

II  G.  Hanla.  too 
Calladno  ibof  t  e.  Remarkable  Arracpbcrk  rH>rv«rn«n  1 

9<oitinlaad,  4J6 
Catormeter.  on  a  New  and  Sotfbj  Fcarm  at  Prof  W.  V 

Barieit.  sVl 

Camoolta*.  at  Pant.  Atriva!  fcr  S-i^a  of  Tbireen  T«raj.  Bjl 
t.amlorlrrtl  (M  u  the  Salid  hilU  ol  G.ttrrwy.  JJJ 
Cambridge  r'lhtrivaieet;.  s«j 
Cai>elnpai.l|,  Ikaiblc-Slar  %}  iHe*.l,  if  j 
Cametsno  (Lorttttu}  Cnluin  id  Arcitc  and  Alias*  Anaraak,  )1 
L'jint  oa  JJ.  M  l,  R*|»c*l  cn  ihe  Ikiiouuauv*  ixma  taf  dM 

Ctmaniu  tta.m  o(  |ut  -t  tK4  r™ 
Campbell  ifaaaaraw,  M.P.|.  oat  ihe  Rate  -rf  lh(  kW  fthal  4 
.     AaJsnr^tncKtl  Poiw  «f  Vaew.  ;8y 


h-Wc*lcrn 
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I  t>y  Prod  NV. 


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ViLt  ..r  *a  cvmr-i 

,.,„i.m  of  the  W.I1. 

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hnlhntn,  \V.  Whtlahcr  it*  Heap  Muting*  41.  ^55 
liauvenu  (A  f.  Inociilaiinii  i<stm'  Cfiartata  hem.  164 
■IcntUtty  1   A  ThM***  on  I'nclkal  ud  f/calilslivc  Chrautlry, 
tatnl      lnory;ari»c    Analytic,    rraaV    Clown,  J:  Oripimi 
KcMCKfchn  in  CheMMMry  anil  Min*r«InCT.  J.  lj»rtnit  Nutta, 
a,  ;    I  *  liemur-ij  Notes   87  ;  t'rwmical  rtrinttttu.   Inflotnrr  uf 
l  litttti'tn  anil    l       »  ..n,   t'rvch,  K7  ;  I  hmuml  So«-.*1y,  OL 
143,    iftri;  Ordain*.  1.  Iicmlory.  I'fJ  Ita  Ufa**,  M  M 
l':ittlw>n    Muir,    vw  i   Oilitllliutfn*   lo  thr  «  htmitfrr  «f 
t    lilorolihyll,     I  •'•am  1    -■<.■■     i  .    I    l>  ■-  .   117  .   *  'I  ttlinj  'f 
I  ..->!-, r  :■!.,. y  at  Kt-vling  S"*"  t  A»"  i  A.l.lma  al  tkc  Hnthfc 
ft  ■■IWlwIIH  on.  I»y  Pta(  II.  fc.  Aiintli.itu,  !•&  l>,  F.H-Sl, 
tla't.  4*'»7  ,  NlKlrlntf,  rir.  KrtwL  CJO  ;  Cficflilf'l  C.^npoutk* 
..I     Vm.n.nti  i.t.  1  I."  "I  H.-!.t..K..ii,  IW.  W.  I, Mm. 

eje  t  l'r<rf.  Kam.ay,  i>n  thr  NratE»»aeace  taf  QMM  Nllw 
t£»-ii  TrtoaMl*,  5JS:  I'tul.  Naawy,  on  umit  Actlirta.  of  a 
t.maVi.  '-ia*  llatlary.  >3Sl  Sir  •'■  K*aM*t  tnt  tnr  Sj««. 
tnrtt-»*tti.  r.,lytt»m«al*aa  ttf  VoUttUt  1 1  tikncaibulM  at  tbr 
<  irrlinnry  Atm^nhrtk  Traar-rralitm.  «• :  J-  T-  Bnrtlrj. 
on  Nt'W  Vana.lllllll  r'uiHj..Bivl*,  SjH;  »■  Jaanr».ili,  on  thr 
Vkwnital  rootl  ut  liant*,  yjfc  .  1'tt.f.  llilii»r,a  Pita  far  lav 
Kiiiiilrit:  Natnilil!  »'  1  'teanir  CM.».junt).,  UPtfM  T. 
r"ait1t«ll*y.  tia  thr  rrti.Hlte  I  an,  al  lllaatralr.1  hy  rttlatn 
Phyakai  rn.jictlic.  ol  I  Injank  OMMt  1J9 .  rtat  T. 
t  .mcllcy,  on  the  C.a-  ..f  the  P.rl<.»K  Impj  t*. 
Natuta  ..I  th.-  CWniUtl  KlnaaMa,  5i»:  l>».  /.  M.  OU.lt>™., 
on  the  Valj<  •J  tltc  Krlratlkm  <itiiiluiMln  In  t  tvtaanl 
WOfll  *'    *tlaj»t,*c,  nil  thr  Ki-liattMl  Utotiw, 

a  ,0  :  W*  <:illK-tt.  .«  the  CiinUtkaa  <4  Ike  Itrwlnpca. 
S3  "I  lh«  Activtt.  t>W.«*.U.  |M|  M 
tltr  Acli'-n  M  Sn.ltium  AtaWaM  on  I  unttrtt  ami  Malcag 
I- 1  hct«  »tg:  nai  .s«l|.liliic  -tali.  dtt|y».|  Ire— 1  lahrlrM 
«..iltJtt'lc  l«r.  Ormr  M..-H1.  Jb>;  ..t.  an  an|ur«mly  >«tr 
My.W.r)n-  Irotn  r»..ialr.l  J.|onc»c  Trlrolru..  to  U 

„f  tiMt  an. I  thr  Clic-tral  Acl.on  *l  l^aalJ  OHM  5*01 

I."     \l  i.wrll   I  nr.  h«  l">»  "I  ,>'"ll'tn>  •»  '««t  Solltl* 

Al.ii.iit>alr.  I..t  S"Ornlli|!  an.l  I'otilytax  H«rd  at>I  Inyuw 

Wntrt  ft-....  l-~i<..«..       H".  J  aVjjanO  fmt  *rf 

CmMaCS  t.anbiotatrtr.  ■■*•«■*  5"  ** 

riMlrrv.     140-.    ITt.r.    Cl..«»S    ««    Itataint    Sul|l..tr   9<  a 

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•  •iSl'l*  III*  Kcpnrlcd  I  Utrnwy  nf  a  IJItoa-r  in, 

!  I   l.'J.  \t  lA.  n.-.-«alrUpV"-i.«. •!!»».«<■■ 

I  |,||, an  .      ,    ,  y3_kaja    at  I  rtlala  Ml  «/ 

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llnrii™,  roiulaa  I  ,(:„■•„.  |„  Arflcniinrj  .1,  III;  .Swirlr 

nf  Mm  l«o,  11*  ;  *.«d  „>.,l  ...   •  ,,  ml.  55, 
<  hnnj  rlV»  >,  WM  OMBM U  Plinli  a»t  Hrif>.  Ill 
Lhn.nn,.«rt  t .Ina-crai,,,,,,  ,d  Kid  ai.l  MamlMic 
Chnannavnr,  :  Tr*£  /irgc  on  Ih.  r«rt»rniluau*i  U  T.inr,  U 
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Anatiic  id  r™      l^iiuun  ih,  AttaaJgi  |u-  ,,, 

c^iaT  1  iv  j  .  u,»ni,«  Aiw  ln  s«b.  ,,f„„, 
■naiin t«J  rti,.„»l  Sao>,|  .1  ihr  IcniJi  A»n  o,  .,4 

I  hww  h  uf,  bclipv  of,  376 

<*«  K/ttm^mim,  IW.  Itikr.  «}i 

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W«t«a«r.  5J15  ;  I'r^uuaai 

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1     ■      ■  j  ,  '        1  :    •  'M 

t  'i  ;  \-l  If-e-a*  try  lie*,  j  I  Wi 
F.K.S.,  at  the  UmIi.H iTSoiUjo,  4<l  I  Ha^or  f.  lUlbr 
Ihr  In.lian  S:Suui.  ^64  ;  .V  llair,  in  Joanarrtni 

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III  ;  rvnilo^nl  Strvr^  nf  ftrtWtrn,  It*,  iw  i  |»f!  A.  Get 

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fmir.  ;ii»"7noniii  K*»:V*.  U3;  l*>>irugkod  ani  Natural  X 
h*y  Sarmr  «rf  CaiuAa.  Alffnl  K.  C.  Salwrn.  F.K\  i 
(VoVor  I'nrw*  Klward  lUwl,  Franru  Hain,  itoi  la 
nut  eiai  <  m-'Io^iI  C.-ngra**  at  He* lln.  »jB  t  (ktwajkal  C 
1  '  I    , 

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174  .  *  S        '  I'niveocl  ct  Gtuilc  daCaaic 

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J,  W.  Juil  l.  F.R.S..  al  the  eirai-b  Amikiwm  u(t,  t;i.  £ 
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*  .i-  l  ./y  nf  <ho  I  -1.1.111  ;  II i*yh  UiAer,  oa  aa> 

Rr-ul*-  ■**  x  iKHiIrl  Suiwi  ■»(  l Si  nil  I  >u<i  l^iri  n 
Tmn4h>c7ft.  S.nmxy,  ^  ,  lit.  j.  t  ll.^kn.  >a«  tbclila* 
I  Vj.mii*  <>f  M'.ninw.  m ;      II.  Kmihuw  ua  I  rub  Ho 

;:  .  .     .  .     ■■    1     l      .   .     *  -..   ..-  Hu:< 

Snlphlio  A*  a  Crtwentliic  Malrrial  in  Sataioon*.  (U; 
IkWlftl  IhWft,  lp.R.S.,  on  America*  Iv.^ncri  ulfcact 


i^nrei,  Mertituj  <4  iht  Arfrv*ofr.M*:>-  <.n*IUh*i:  Jt. 


ftlrfaTiV  Sirrr-rT  DMWl  W«*»  Co»rt  *•»!,  ^ 

V.t.  atf.  4D4.  ilk        r'"»-  tOi  -  1     ^M717'  , 

^.  l^i^Kal  -Sucktf  of  A*»erjA  lU;  *™ 

■  r  of  ABteralana,  »oi ;  Gcaap»ia^aT>*Kieiy 
rlJTTlUtla*  0/  tbc  nremm 
Km  S*rrar«  ****  OftVAfW**! 


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I>~«»l.  ili:  ttjt,  T.  1;  li^iiHy.  P.luLa>aMk 

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A'n  lire.  Dir.  10,  iSS',] 


IXDEX 


NV 


Geological  Phenomena,  Diculafak,  c,q,2  ;  Contradiction  of 
Alleged  Illegal  Practices  in  the  Geologicid  Survey  of  the 
United  States,  60S.;  the  North  Atlantic  a>  a  Geological  Basin, 
Mellard  Readc,  600, 
Geometry,  Projective,  Prof.  Cremona's,  62 

Geometry,  on  Certain  New  Terms  or  Term*  used  in  a  New  or 
Unusual  Sense  in  Elementary  Universal,  Prof.  J.  J.  Sylvester, 
F.R.S.,  5J6 

German  Annexations  in  Pacific,  the,  420. 

German  Anthropological  Society,  85 

German  Association  of  Naturalists  and  Physicians,  the,  ^74 
German  Mission  to  inquire  into  Salt  Industry  in  Cheshire,  404 
German,  &c,  School  Children,  Proportion  of,  with  Dark  and 

Fair  Complexion,  8j 
Gheyn  (M.  van  den),  the  European  Origin  of  the  Aryas,  1 1 t. 
GiTard's  (M.),  Bequest  to  French  Government  for  the  BeneiiLof 

Science,  S4 1 
Giglioli  (Or.  Italo),  Disinfection  of  Sewers,  415 
Gilchrist  Lectures  Fund,  the,  514 
Gill  (Prof.),  "  Account  of  Progress  of  Zoology,"  85, 
Girard  (A.),  Rare  Mathematical  Book  hy,  30 
Glacial  Deposits,  Dr.  f.  C.  Howdcn  on  the,  of  Montrose,  SSS 
Glacial  Epoch  in  Australia,  the  Supposed,  Capt.  Mutton,  640 
Glacial  Period  in  Australia,  the.  Dr.  K.  von  Lcndenfcld,  63 
Glacial  ion,  Direction  of,  Prof.   LL  Carvill  Lewis  on  the,  as 

ascertained  by  the  Form  of  the  Strix,  SS7 
Glacier,  What  is  a  ?,  TO 
Glacier  (Alaska},  Movement  of.  idi 
Glacier  in  Chili,  the  Reported  Disc  >very  of  a,  184. 
Gladstone  (Dr.  J.  II.,  KR.  S. ),  on  the  SpecificRefraction  and 

Dispersion  of  the  Alums,  263;  on  Chemical  F.dncation,  xfi 
Glanvillc  [Miss),  her  Catalogue  of  ih«  Natural  History  Collect!  >ns 

of  the  Alltany  Museum,  Grahamstown,  30 
(•laser's  New  Expedition  to  Southern  Areola,  S3. 
Glasgow  University,  the  ("hair  of  II  itany  at,  6j 
Glasgow,  Philosophical  Society  of,  112 
Glasgow,  Among  the  Rocks  Round,  D.igald  Bell,  624 
(jlass,  Spectra  Produced  in,  by  Scratching  E.  F.  J.  Love,  270 
Glazebrook  (R.  T.,  F.  ICS),  on  a  Point  in  the  Thory  of 

Double  Refraction,  vjS 
Glows,  Sky-  :  Dr.  F.  XTForel,  17J  ;  Robt.  C.  Leslie,  24J 
Glows,  Sunset,  Prof.  Kicssling's  Investigations  of  the  late,  J. 

Edmund  Clark,  637 
Gold  in  British  Borneo,  L&l 

G  'Id,  History  of  a  Lump  of,  from  the  Mine  to  the  Mint,  Alex. 

Watt,  340 
Gold  in  Corea,  Discovery  of,  403 

Goniometer,  a  New  Form  of  Protractor  and,  W.  F.  Stanley, 
402 

Gordon  (Gen.),  Message  from,  b>rne  to  Sweden  by  a  Crane, 
20& 

Goss  ( I lerberl),  Fossil  Insects  from  C  ubonifcrotti  and  S.lnri.n 

Rocks,  100 
Gotlsche  (Prof.  \  Travels  in  Circa,  1 64.  232 
•  low  (James),  a  Sh'-rl  History  of  Greek  M.ithcmatics,  1 
Gower   (A.  F.) :    Experiments    in  Aerial    Navi^ati  .n,   1  ; ;  : 

Supposed  I.o»s  of,  323 
Graber  (llerr),  Effects  of  Odoious  Matters  on  Invertebrate 

Animals,  609 
Granada,  Earthquake  at,  60Q 

Grasses,  Agricultural,  of  the  United  States,  Dr.  Geo.  Vascy, 

Prof.  \V.  Frcam,  S2.S 
Grassi  Musctin.  Proposed,  ifio 

(•raves  (Robert  Perceval),  Life  of  Sir  William  Rr»wan  Hamilton, 
610 

(iravimetric  Experiments  on  Action  of  Tidal  Streams  0:1  Metals, 

Thos.  Andrews,  1S0 
Gravitational  Instruments,  C.tn^tant,  Sir  William  Thomson, 

F.R.s..  5^ 

Great  Auk,  01  Garefowl,  its  History,  Arcli;vulo;y,  and  Remains, 

Symington  Grieve,  Prof.  Alfred  Newton,  F.  R.S.,  £aj 
Great  Ocean  Uasini,  John  Murray,  581,  911 
Greek  Mathematics,  a  Short  History  of,  James  Go,v,  1 
Greek  Alphabet  found  in  Italy,  Signor  Barna'jci,  L2q 
(l  eek  and  Egyt  tian  Pottery,  the  Connection  of,  3S3 
Creek  Insular  Customs,  J.  Theodore  Bent  on.  -jS ^ 
Greenland,   Proposed  Fre-h  Danish  Scientific  Kxpc.lition  to, 
164  :  Dani-.li  Rt>c  uche*  in,  2jO  ;  Return  of  one  of  the  Danish 
Expeditions  to,  S54 


Greenwich,  Visitation  of  the  Royal  Observatory,  148 

Grenfetl  (Rev.  G.j.  Return  of,  6^  ;  Exploration  ol  the  Moban^i 

River,  28 1  ;  Explorations  in  Congo  Basin,  302 
Grcsham  College,  105 

G.ieve  (Symington),  "  The  Great  Auk,  or  Garcfowl,  its  History, 
Archaeology,  and  Remains,"  Prof.  Alfred  Ncwtotr,  F. R.S., 

Gnsebach  (A.),  "Die  Vegetation  der  Erdc  nach  ihrcr  Klimat- 
ischen  Anordming,"  W.  Bolting  Hemslcy,  315  ;  "  Vcgc  alion 
of  the  Earth,"  Dr.  W.  Lngelraann,  366 

Growth  of  Cereals,  334 

Guessings  at  Tru  h,  152 

Guiana,  British  :  E.F7  iai  Tlium  on  th:  Red  Men  abj.it  the 
Roraitna,  s8_2 

Guiana,  Condrcau's  Journeys  in,  164 :  Andreau  on  the  Prairies 
of,  164 

Guinea,  Dutch,  Exploration  of  the  Surinam  River, 
Guinea,  New,  Australian  Expedition  to,  336 
Gunther  (Dr.   Alljcrt,  F.R.S. ),  Hume  Collection  of  A  Malic 
Birds,  500 

Guy  (W.  A.,  F.  R.S.),  Death  and  Obituary  Notice  of,  403 
Gym  no  us  cl.tlii.us.  Viscera  of,  Prof.  CI  el  and,  561 


Haan  (Dr.  Bieren  de),  Mathematical  Reprints,  30 

Habcnicht  (Dr.),  Proposal  for  Systematical  ion  of  Scientific 

Observations  in  Africa,  64 
Hahcrlandt  (Dr.  G.),  "  Physiologische  Ptlanzenanatomic  im 

Grundriss  dargcstcllt,"  gQ-i 
Hackney  Microscopical  and  Natural  History  Society,  iS? 
Hagcn(Dr.  H.  A.),  Fossil  Insects,  £j 
Hail,  Red,  C.  Evans,  5^;  Prof.  Theodore  SchwcdotL.  437 
Hainan,  the  Island  of,  Le  Monnicron,  2jj 
Hair,  Nerve-Sensitiveness  of,  Dr.  Klaschko,  2_| ;  Development 

of,  on  the  Human  Body,  580. 
Hall  (A.),  Stone  Axes,  IVrakT&2ii 

Hall  (II.  S  )  and  S.  R.   Kni:jlit,  "  Elementary]  Algejra  for 

Schools,"  388 
Halle  Vcrein  fur  Erdkundc,  163 

Hamilton  (D.  J.),  Is  the  Commissural  Theory  of  the  Corpus 

Callo  urn  Correct  ?,  561 
Hamilton  (Sir  William  Rowan),    Life   of,    Robert  Perceval 

Graves.  610 

Hawks  (H.  G.),  Fourth  Annual  Report  of  the  State  Minera- 
logist of  California,  iflQ 
Hanksite.  W.  E.  Hidden,  568 

Hann  (Dr.),  the  Temperature  of  the  Austrian  Alps,  5S0 
Hansen  ;G.  Armauer),  "Den  Norsk*  Nordhavs-Expedition," 

1876  to  1878.  Si 
Haiar,  Paiilitschke  and  Hardeg  ;<v's  Journey  to,  581 
"  Harlxmrs  and  Doc.s,"  L.  F.  VernonTI.ircourt,  201 
Hammrt   (A.    Vernon),  on    Photometry  «i;h    the  Pculane 

Standard,  537 

Harcriurl  (L.  F.  Vernon-),  "  Harbours  a-id  Docks,"  22?. 
Hargrave  (L  ),  Flying  Ma.-hin.-s,  432 

darker  (  Allen),  Coloration  of  the  Anterior  Segm  nts  of  tic- 
MaJdanidx,  564 

I  farting  (J.  E.),  the  New  Birtl  in  Natal,  6 

Hartley  (Prof.  W.  N.,  F.  R.S.).  on  Molecular  FoimuU-  S_7_: 
Researches  on  the  Relation  l>c;wt-.-i  the  Molecular  S  ii-cuir: 
of  Carlton  Com]>ounds  and  their  Ab.;ir,>;j  >  \  Spectrr, 

Ilartog  (Dr.),  on  the  New  Star  in  Androtnc  la,  460 

Harvard  College  Observatory.  U.S.,  jj 

Harvard  Photometry,  the,  j6S 

Harvest  in  Algiers,  Proposed  Use  of  Electric  Light  for  Night 
Work,  1A2 

H.tslem  (Geo.),  Measurement  of  Evaporation,  357 

Hayi.raft  (Prof.  J.  Berry),  a  New  Theory  of  the  Sense  of  Taste, 

llazen  (If.  Allen>,  Thunilersto-nis  and  Aii-Piessiire,  til 

Head  as  Developed   in  the  Higher  Vcrtrbraie*,  Spiracle  of 

Fishes  in  its  Relation  t»  the,  Prof.  Cleland,  561 
Health,  Laws  of,  W.  II.  Coiti.ld,  221 
Health  Science,  Manual  of,  Andrew  Wilson,  321 
Heat,  Radiant  Light  and,  Prof.  Balfour  S;cw..r  ,  F. R.S.,  322. 

3»2.  3£Lii  ILL  ilti  ii" 
Hc.iton  t  Margaret  !,  Sense  of  Colour, 

Hedlcy  (William),  the  Inventor  of  Railway  I/totno."<  n  on  'he 
Present  Principle,  M.  Archer,  5<j^ 


OtDMX 


(.Voter,  /V.  ,| 


llut;)iti  uf  Ct..ol.,  *jo 

lirlwTwdn,  Intr«i(;«»m«  with  thr.  Dr.  iJVa,  3*» 
Hal  Ontc  ibe  Wowing  Up      J<*.  SN  i  «•<'  K*cUi«4,  Dr. 

H.  Sorctvd,  l-.K  H  .  615 
HdmWin4,  U*.  *J 

Hrirnrrw*  (O  1*  ).  Obituary  Kucicr  <**.  \\\ 
HdinbolU  -U'rcf.     ron,     F  R.S.1,    S*    WtHum  TbnmW. 
"  Milhet*a*!i<*l  n\  I  VhrwnU  Papers"  JJ  ;  Wci-ukI*'*  L» 
pmnrat.  m  Ok  Refk(t>«  of  Ijfjbi,  jii 
It  entity  |W.  Botnrw!,  Vegetation  "f  tbt  LmtA.  A.  lirbckuh, 

jl<  i  Uw  Fiir-le*  HntitrihS.,  JOI 
II-..    i        i   R.|,  ISI 

Hem,  Kipluratinn  erf  Afghan  FrMUicr  fantniMm  nf  Coottry 
rutml,  164 

HrriMxikM,  the  Fonm,  W  lUllMc  H*n»Ocy,  joi 
Htenlitxry  Nttiuc,  F ranch  L»ill>.n,  K.H.S.  <iu,  ysj 
II..!..  541 

llrtra.lrr*  K'*Mt  1.  Prrhitlun:  ScrtiSvr*  in  Micrucw^xi,  |i 
Hcureu  tjttn  L"l,  an  An,-imt  SatrvW-wl  m.mw  r»f  Nvxih  Wcu 

Ciult,  46 
RmI  II.  r.X  St««rinu.  597 

Hick  |  TtwntiA  the  t'*-.lii*.A*i.  uf  llthUh  Fuaiirucm.  Am 
\tkk*\l*TvC  W   M  ',  cut  ihr  Cindilulain  uf  the  I  ninixumui 

K*b*f  an  ibe  Vint**  Aum  Thmry,  jjy 
llkkwa  (Or.  Sfitncy J I.  fu^inual  i;«r«Jf-M  I*  ft-..  516 
Ih^hUul  Cooltutm*  |  Chi*.  I.i^*urth  an  the  HifbMMl  Coo- 

i-'K'  ■  >  in  Itotuh  . ..  ■  I  ; (  .l  1     *  m  I  C<MUC* 

lli^h  l-*'tt  Mrtf^oVyicii  Sntic.ro  I »*   A  W  -j.ljf.  $4 
Hifb  I'lawr,  life  <V  .Vjiarik  Animal*  ai,  j/j 
Hifjbar  ftlMlwnuiKa,  Juj 

Mi»!*|ira«.l<*»n  (Or  >.  the  Man  l*rtv-.iut>  <■*  Cirnt*  Cl<w*l» 

CTrf  Foroae-,  l«p 
Hill  (AWl>h  Kmrnoio/  Cnmrwralr**  Ami. .my  with  reftM  in 

Is  *.-il.vit  • «  irf  F  •Metro  »  ihr  ClNtl  ■  *H*  (Wit.  JOI 
Hill  (Re*.  E.I,  00  tV  Air*mr  l>rmii/  e«  •Jc.-~>fitc>o,.ti|>.r..| 

with  itui    tv  i:*<iv 

Hill  Tniws  Ch1r.i4f.Bii.  I  '1.  (.«.,<   RkIk.I.  iq>j 
1 1  i|t('rJrr  0-  \  1'iIuiKH  «»  the  Vein*.  J»-^  574 
HUcoft^y,  FUMniaU  uT,  F_  A.  S.hifci  Hi.  F.  KWin.  KHS.. 
jSt 

Huuif  Ho  I'Mrncy.  I'rify*l«l'jr\  IJ 
Ifrw  rwfti.  Miv  CM.ihnc  W.  Ii  ^  .-  .i' 

IliHk  (Hr.  I- \.  "  fKtf  N^jlur<*ti  t'latucn  aid  Tutu  A«ft>'nM(u 
un1  .l.n  ftllM  Well  *n(;l.ii  i.-  in  liuur;  wf  «htrn  K«ll«- 
cialluM,"  4li 

H»i£«isMia  |AI«i  1.  U»««iul  Ai«M«|iHtr«e  l'hrn»ivr*jn,  173 
H.itmunn   <I>r.  H.I,   "  KtmiliJRe  -Vf  w».h:u*^cn  p<3«xo*n 

n^»»i.V>;i*chcn  Ucubftn.h'.uf^c*  «A  RsBkM  nt»«l  rm*t  Ff'itl 

UfiU-irtf,"  146 

(Of.).  Inlrsocjlar  Pr*.-itr,   1  y*  ;  ihc  InftAcWV  wl 

WojI  no  1  irm  u;utif  |>r**»r,  ijft 

HoaimftMOi  <Cullii:fw  Sulci  «fl  l>tc-|>  Uifift;  «l  KK-hn  n.l, 

Stirrer.  JlQ 

HiMnlcKruMlrrotf  HrMttapecra,  Di.  Cm.  J.Kimvws  I  R.S., 
6  jo 

||nns-K:«i:  <>trt«fvitorTt  (W*.  $4 

K-i^i^Ki  <l>.  J-Jih.  r.R.».).  M»^ic.ivn*»o     Jf[«.  68 
Ifcnc,  OA  the  flrwlnpmnu  ul        F'u»l  «f  the,  Vrul.  StrolLcrs 

m 

ll.fofcf  ( V*ie*o»K  M-yot  CMlM «  of  ,tU!  ■*M  *wl  lh«  IJVtanitm 
ol  the  Wtlt,  377 

H.tvx  (A-J.  Chtftr**  H*nf  Wl*e  Wu,  jftl;  luurSc|B>)t*  in 

AMth-Wnlcin  Chmu  >«M 
H^rtKwkDnil  firti'tci,  Ani«»r|)  Iftf  rrnri  «ul  B*wunl  »»l  IJ»j 
H««<lm  tl".  J-       *>*  •*«  CIm-mI  lV|»tJt4  *d  M,mw»9,  sii 
|{>«vM<'  B.J,  "An  AtU*      1'ncivJ  tletie«*j/y  Htu^ity," 

iiu.Ua.  11*1.  AMV*mM\*n     it*-  n'< 

Hnc«n«  |\Vm..  KK>  -     ■  N.  "  ^   ■»  '  "■  *  i 

H<V"otVh'.  It.  I,  FiKiu  .:  lkeStMh">c,  J.ti 
tttfih  Vktnr.  lt->  _  ,       ,  , 

ll^ll  iFruf.  KJ«4»L  r'.R  S  I,  X«lk*  «^  «  ,),ll''r,f  '" 
SUp  of  U«  FtfTin.  A'*tiu  NtMi.  »nl  P*I*.tiae,  S$*» . 

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uf  tW  Kitnmr  Ptf ■lllljlilttf  l*l*;c»  ihe  l4rti»  «'  i^*** 
N*i       the  ttc-liicn&nwi,  $60;  O^ifiin  «f  i»"  "1  tfct 

uf  Ual.lrr.  56J 


MiMjM,  W.  F.  Sunley  oa«  Pu«*h|«  a~V  if  hfJRji 

Hume  CuOrctlua  aT  A»atk  llin&s  jiy  j  In.  Albert  GflatW 

r  nl|  Juo 

Ilea.*  t  Arthur  k  I,  Fniu  uf  the  Sn«h*rr,  JJO ;  Inftuncr  & 

W*w  C'irrrftr*  <*>  the  Fuuw  rf  Ntalluw  fn  UT 
Hum  tCjrrll  ».  H.ununK  Ijwtw  ,rf  (>««l  £4 
**  HMM  Onciom."  join  MwrikaM,  F.R.S  ,  51 
Hut  Cirtlo,  W«iln«|*to(i  (i.  Saikh,  «9 

I.  «•  ine  |ftpmlM»s  .SvimJ.  6J5 


Hullcnill    If'  1 

1 1  i*t..>n  1 1  1,1  ■  I.    ^i  .n  ,.f  1  'c  -  x  iji££B| 

takM  ji  1 1  ft*  stjoo^d .  akxa  icpod,  i„  \^ 

lluitf  jhai  r.R.S..  Il^v.iu,  U^n.  ,J  D  SE 

on,  1*1  ;  uvl  thr  N'umul  Schj*il  nf  So«Kr.  JIJ 
lljrtm.liul>^i  iji  SaIiiv  uhlx-  H|  ll.i.ircnjn,  Krun  Dn,  sSl 
M^ins-«l.«>  u  ll^(h  Tmgvntum  on  lb,  IWmpUlia* 
•.rfU<nnhuC  L,  II  F.  .\roncnxif  irnl  \  K.  Hito  «. 

IU  L-.-..rr.|.  Lit       ,1  \\  ij.nu-:..!..  Mo 

tl*ttul<Cy  in.  riim«nl^  C<M<rcnp  Ibe,  84 
1 1  v  •<....-  ,t..  ■  164 

ItUS!  •■™c«*""'.  All»rtf.rr?.  ill  |  HnW^  tMF. 
'\  ...<•».  «■  .  «  Vinuil  •  II -»  I,  v»„,  V  tt,u- 
111  I  Hjt^'«.  >  Uiml  ^  rcmiml  »l  I'aUc  IWilJ 
Atthur  NrwAiilinf,  ill  ;  ibe  U«t  ol  ll^hb,  D,  %  (| 

Citttioli,  HI 

llw>|*n,   lluuc  Tltull,  rf.  Dl.    Gn.  I.  Im. 

F .  K.  S  ,  l.jo  " 

IbbelHK.  W.  f\  Tc»miiK<.0"<  U«  \U'btnii:cil  TWrrf 

tUulatf.  jt 
lie  in  AiLmiu  Orram.  CVarl  .1  lb*,  jn. 
In.  .Fl.^l.osl  nil  cf  Umga,.    I'nnnarfmra,  (uk 

A|<it,M«ce  of,  $1$  ■ 
Ire.  l:<|»iii»ni.  on  lie  Vm -ii.  ol,  1'rot  C.  Um4 

M^-ia,  10 

IvelKiic,  IVmiiii  CMftMM  «i<V  M  ft  Fw*   Pnl  Ala. 

otdn  B.II.  ,7i,  i,j  ;  j.  j,),,  J07 
WW  IMMl  «.  in;  ■  Oft  U~n  i*.  IV  TW 

ollwn,     40J.    liult'».'M     ^imti    in     417  j  HaiW 
l.n.«lns  Nu.c»lollr  ilimipbM  ....  404  ,  ,  Un  ftj  .n  i>  lit 
lawn*  ol.  1  b  l»..f. .I,l«n.  J54 
kub|u>^fliftl  Mum^iii,  llic  InitTiauuaa],  5*1 ;  AJiiuni  It, 

l(ot..«-  R,«k^  ft.it.  T.  <;.  Kwnnr,  F.  k.  S  , « lUmu  So™- 
^™^5*;c  ■  Alwtambiftt.  .a  «  !««:.  O.T. 
ft*.  ««  (be  Mjvb  Ky,  cvi 
•"JH"  *>  «  »"t.lbc1lo..rri/.  Lorl  R,,!,,*,  „ 

"« LSRtS:  f'i  "° tU  *"  Me»  5«S  ..«•  - 

lllllt.b  l.'iu»ft.  ftHJ 

^MW>%£  Dr.  Ilt«  Mrtrfttu 
Irnvn,  .Mil,,,  „,|  \f,tl  ,„,,,„,  tt   ^  u  » 

l,».c™r,         l«U..<..  Nr.  I.ttmul,  ol  Ike  t«  J  «bft  b 

m£«m  '"j        h¥  )•  J-  WSftj 

lliiwlnuai  Lmp*.  Molnulu  FUiuluo  .1.  lb.  J  A.  I  Wnoj. 

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7 Vi  "  "•"•",'>*  ■  Mi.  A  tu.  IhsM  1  U'lnr 
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1-Jftar.ww,  o.  U«  tub,,^  „,  lL  ^ 

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...  ^* 


FWh't  MxruV.  no  aa  Alaa-cnd  •tlmcled  (nil  l.ljanJ  u-cJ  l\*r 

L'ulnwiltnfi  uf,  A.  G  I'mchrt.  4J4 
K>wtM.htu.  the  f*>  iiy  iW  Sc*nainc  f*«f}»»r«  at,  |6j 
Ki*il{  tlx.).  Ne*  ifrctr»-l'M.io*«w,  I'll  ;  MeA-ireownt  of 

ike  W-iula-of  )!■.-..  j6» 
•'  KimafJUor  Gnclk^  dee  W(ncw;hi&#n,'*  JnJ 
Kofnuitfi,  F-anbpukc  In.  231 
K.mpb,  i'r  GtrtKbc*.  BulMMM       I&4,  »i- 
K  «*l  (Or.  I,  NackitM,  $JO 

K  -iHri-rif.  franimiwiiii  of  P  ***>.<<:  oclk  M«.tul*f  \>f  Mnlher 

to  FarTaa  and  a  MA.  452 
Kuwa£ew*ti  |V-M,  nn  ih#  iirvwih  uf  Cereal*,  134 
Kretuhff  |l>«t  C.         Mwl-Fwiiii;  in  Mines  Vr* 
Krafcalau,  thiratrninc  Mw  nf,  ini,  6r>l 
"  KnpMt,*  linen  Mora  VH  SthrMien."  hr.  J.  Schruter,  76 
K.ldja.  I ir.  lleniy  l^n*VH  un.  194 

Kmle  Klin  I..  I'M.  Millie,  *o»;  Note*  aa  the,  Milne  and 
.sataw,  US 


I~a1»*ir  Kiiul«tij«i  bl  Paris,  401 

I  ji.(ri»t,  ihc  Chcmuiry  uf  Jsf«ao«.  IlikuroYftru,  Yu-hiLa, 
M 

Lart-r  Add  in  tht  Gaetric  Juicr,  IVnf.  Mwall.  *i 
Lady  Curator,  a.  L  U  ..ayirrt.  30 
Vafpau,  MedLe»al  Vn.i  .f....  jo| 

Lutir;  I  Icanic  M.  |.  '.(i  ike  Mudca  id  Grinding  an.1  Prying  Cum 

in  1  f «l  Timet,  tSy 
Uk«  fii«mt.  flur*  c4*  the  bnt»ti.h.  J.  0,  llake*,  K  U  S , 

75 

LakftHrelilnp,  Aaomt  ltritl»h,  lh.  R.  Munnt      lbc  AuhA-u- 

lu^dl  IvtMtnanci  •  /  JR» 
Laka  Kaaafall  ..f,  a  $6 

I  jmp.  (is*.  Fredrntk  jRafjanjeA).  *i,7 
Um  hmr,  IWrfeof,  f.  S  M<0"rlt.  141 
1  jmlmsrW  1 1 W  1,  lltr  CapihtJIty  uf  Stlipu*  to  Janp  WjiicvCnll** 

H9 

l*aa;lr;  |S.  IV,  Su..!ij!il  ami  ibr  Kirth'.  Aiat»pWrct  17. 

li 

I  .11.- 11^-  ■  (  Si^ti.  1  ••  \  •■}  •  N  .111     I  1 1  It.  1,  J    M         .  ;i 
Lin  I  cite*  iTnil  K  kiy,  F'.K.S  a,  Vilux  of  4  Manor  LannMn- 
lur)t  to  ihc  Ivtrk.«*i»cnl  anil  Rn^Uliun  of  ■■«■  Sea  t'lahrf  nr*>, 
65;   "  lli'.an'*  Ctnuca   unJ  » 'i nMM|  11  'laimtulu," 
MS 

t-MMtefl  (««  In-.  H^ntji.  Fwn«  -V  K»«im  Ontial  A«i. 
(6  ;  "  RuWM  <  Vii'r  it  AtU.  inclatljaii    K>jM,a.  llukturj. 

l.lirv.i,  Mi  Mtt»,~  >V4 
Ijbj,  M   P.  Ntu  nn,  irA 

l-i,rV*>  ,>rorf>  A  II.  K*a«vr,  14  {  Mr.  Canon  ant  1W. 
Kcinr.  t«8 

1  j^  mli  «L'hi>.l,  u«  the  ll«£htani  Cnnlm>rr>y  in  ltrllr*li 
Ii«u1iiq  — it*  C  4H-r»,  Cnorw,  ami  t'iawi]ittnii>,  55JI 

l^rmor  <J.|,  «*  M-IiiuIm  l>i«i»r«^  in  ilalvanu  1'  .ji..»ti  "ii, 
IP 

1  an*.  Ph^Mjdncufik,  the  MntMnl  ••(  MM  t  uK'ninc  M, 

K.  IS  1'oallun,  ^1 
I  am  uf  C.*tb^j  miWi,  Cjnl  It,  IMman  Hunt.  ^T4 
I  nwan(tar.t,  WryamKm  nl  Mitt  i*f  I  *-l«n  kubu  I'asifnK 

Hj 

1  jui  <|.  T. S  I'ntjfrt^l  \trw  Afriran  F-«nr*|iiui.  1*4 
I  j(*uir  of  Sutar  Maotl*,  A.t  ,  l>wlnf  «tiu»n  in.  M^o  »  Tatiliini, 
ISO 

touiw  <W.  M.t,  CXslu  lu>Ji;n  anil  Ann  I m  14^, 

|jlM  lium  V<«4Tiv,  tlir  New  Oatttar.t  ;J.  II.  J.  J. .lino.*. 

.1.1..  $; 

lava  m*irl  in  lat«rkv  uf  Inbml,  a,  la-  I  h.*i.il^A,  40J, 

I.nVlun'k  Me;h  »l  «J  rre*cminj;  CuIH»»j*i«  with  Itrhcc**  )(J 
(Pf.  Kc£«*il.    nn  iln  Miimin  .nt,  lui-Mi.  .J  vIm 
Uantu  Triha*  of  liU  Nf»^  a.  JH« 
I  j«»  ••!  IKmIiIi,  W.  It  t<«lic«l.  »l 
f  Mjafll  AT.  i-l.  1  U.ly  Lurjl-rf.  jn 
I  «■»  f»  itlu.ii  >cuncOI,  M*<«nl  Kjnli<|uikr«,  tJi 
U'->-o,  F.apeJiliuu  uf  |V.  \.wt^|[  lit.  II 
Lr  Bun  ItaMaavl,  «-  IV«tt<-nt««  nf  4  bcaVii  in  In-lu,  Jll 
l.rfcuvlkua  (LJ(    "Trail*    rJcmcnta.^  I Vlci m*a*«», 

|/tlljf  ifr.r  0.  X-\  ««  S.HM  R«m<  L»nWiu*i«  on  ill* 
d  tu*»t  in»l  (h«ir  Pru1ul.lt  l.a«S 


■nf  [  A'..'*> ».  /Irt.  ir-(  iggc; 

l*ci««  (Sdmarl,  at  VtcYuna  Hail,  5141  Ptnaaj  Sct«nce.  &m 
ly-hnana     .  (.'.(,  Rrtufn  lu  Aaiotca  uf,  514 

m  -^1.1.        ul   like    i  r-i.|«iaiarr  nf  the  Sra  and 

Air  MnfeOMH  »  VtMpI  N4H  fc.D^Ur»t  i.>  ihe  Kirrr  Ilu« 

IA  MM*  J.  Y.  l*<tfi*Mn.  Ub 
I  c-i}ii  ^:,  rm|K»nl  firani  Mannjtn  at,  |4V> 
1-*kt»:ct  I jicrarr  4Ut  I'fiitn^^  hir at  Sx  <tj,  6|( 
"  l^iifa**«n  !wi  nvkaMi -»r*x<vn<when  Prif^nrubnaaXrs, **  A. 

M..^u..Tir*  Kit.'*  v>.ii  Vt.i^rar.  IJI 
Le'*i.  !>«•  lK<;a  u|  tbc,  ID;  Kobonl  uf  IVn>»tature  at  the 

fulir  Mwlon,  It. 
I  .«•■!}•«  M-  .,r  :    1  I      I-.!u.r.  »,r.t  in.'  \l  iiuib  *ti,  II.  C.  Mtfirr 

Dr.      II.  Tykr,  F.k  -v  .  fry 
IxniVuIrM  |[>r.  R  nani,  thy  <;t Atrial  Pctu>l  in  Aucralii,  fr) ; 

th*  Phv«ii.|tni*([ij<,  119  .  tW  Aulminat,  6jo 
I **J  tlir.  ui,  t,.v  A.'ui  jh  fjfwliliuo,  3)7 
l^ti  lUrak  on  ifcc  Kurma'.k<i  and  Cunvrinrw^  af  Fu  n  Him- 

(fiiiiu*  I'ua4ihib{,  IJti 
W|»aof4rrauf  Oraal  Rruaaa  and  Japan  corn|Mmt,  II.  Pryrr.  4J7 
l«*lr)r  |1W,  J.  P. ),   ',  .  r  .,,  to  ihc  Aiikiiiu  KmmiilmM  fur 

ihr  A'lruirniirw  uf  Silence,  {ll 
U  lie  <Rol>t.  C.  \  Wky  OnlWa,  245 

Lcm  ll'i.i.  ibe  Maikiu£*  uf  ihr  (Ur^rijri  duianj  Tausilrr- 
i'  'in-  71 

iF*r«luu»l  dp i,  nn  the  Water  Safpfr  of  the  D^ert 

Trart»«f  Vmlllrm  l'<ni», 
Le*)»  (IW.  II.  Cafalll).  utt  ihc  Pi  red  km  nf  fUacialkot  a* 

Axrrtilntd  hy  the  Fv*m  of   ihf  Strix,  JI7 ,  on  Suaw 

Ea.iniutea  of  Prc-aar* -F  irxiun  in  Pennajrlwinu,  J5« 
l.rnra»  ft.  C.|,  AnifKul  I  anb>f«alc«,  195  j  Ternary  Hanlua, 

JlJ,  6*6 

Ijnmn^.  Cnlnaail  I'uldlc.  ).  R.  Ikw.  iflj 

Lichen  R»*rr  Pjiu-nt,  lie.  [jmu*  Prrt*raAuaM  of  Mia  uf, 

m 

LkI»  Oh<«r*alory.  ihr,  J  an 

Lifc«/  A<ra:ir  Animal-,  ,11  ||^h  Prrxurr,  brO 

Win.  I  l-  mi*  n  and  Mit*»H\  >Vrtm-t|a{rKrie 
1  tin.fr  of.  IW.  uw.  I  ra*.  F'itr-rral.l,  4  t  M.  Witf »  M'*lft 
MtM  >M  Firaiana'.  Aiiiunir«  f.ir  the  Mmvircairtt  uf  Ian 
Y«h*jHv  uf,  AlVn  A  Midu4tun,  h .  M  Adam  af,  nam- 
i.^-mjih*  FVitriraJ  Rnj nVaVJM "I  Srlmuum,  Nkri/ioa ftt  liidl, 
i' -    a*  a  Mrair.  ul  <«■■■  I'r./  »,.,    .       i^.  un, 

I't-f.  r  ta.  laai.  |6|;  R^lrant  l.^hr  at>l  llr«.  IVaC 
BiUxn  Simart,  F  K.S  ,  tja,  jJt».  fM,  41  J,  432,  c«q;  U.  A. 
R^fK«t  *«n  Stan.Ur.1.  «/  White  L^ilH,  a  Sianilanl  nf 

IJKht.  J.  IWWnW  f/JI 

l.llthtnins.  OmIu   Aliei  lnaacea  a*>l,  Sh^Uil  lUlnffl,  let  . 
A.  S.  I  116 

1  i|flaiii4ii|C  I  ta>nrs  llHaVa^aeha  nf,  lh.  Kayver,  ill 

1  iglilnioi;,  Treer  -im-a  hr,  111  Kit  lf.11 1  Park.  4SU 
1  .'  1..'     Caw*-*  uf  Lulnllty  of  Ccitan  Trro  l.i  Inlnak  »f, 
("Very  !iu>r.h,  4114 

lamr-lraa*,  IVal  lUmMr  InM  itniW,  I  .(«tr<l  N»jfW*.  417 

I  *.t.ay  <Mu«  HenirKc  .  im  llw  BlmMMI  uf  lie  Siernan  n 
h'»l>,  544 

I  iiiM-i-.  'tie  hlalur  uf,  fin 

l.trrmn  InoPM  <f  M  >..if>li  \\  :      7  »,  m  ji-,  |ml  r.71 
Linraran  aanl  I  lit  Urinaria.  An|UM*ta<»  -4  AnnVaaaeal  laattnl 

in  thr   lytrnniailiun  uf  ihv    ilKcnaK  uf  tic,  PruX  t, 

RadlUaVr.  563 

l.lllW  koutt,  ihc  I'awitrof.  IW  WW,  Km^f,  F.R  S  ,1*4 
I  ir|.««aa»,  iIh-.  |ir.  |%,|em.  tM 

l.ii|MrU,  I  nlaUniun  <a,  |W.  Mm.lW.  :T  ..n  I  .irM.ut.jf,  tj 
LkyanU,  l*ntrmnMiiuo  .,i  smav  |N  *jMiWi  nf  Fiklaia,  Ax., 

1  i.|a»!«.  tin  Sj  ltn  -Ul  S»5l^  nf,  I  »>(iii,  *»,5 

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Miu-nirnl  uf  Deyiw  In  Europe,  PulJicalaM  of  M  Noe- 
>  wi^Un  fooimiuKo  of  the,  fri? 
Mevhanirml  Fwiw«n,  InatiiaUartl  of,  A  S4J 

!     hoe,-,  W.J.  MHhr,  ili 
Mrthwum  of  the  Will,  Motor  Centre*  of  the  Unin  and  the, 

Vkftor  Hon  ley.  }T? 
Vnh'ium  erf  lie  Fwip,  Marry  and  Demr*y,  4U 
Mrditine  u  tHmlee,  Pkt>*«J  School  of,  i^a 
Hwfcwi   Ike  Low  r^wlAi  Krtimir-  of,  lir  ■Jniin,  6rf 
Mediterranean  Co*u.  Murpriukfjy  of  the,  I*.  Fiacker.  1 6.1 
M^drrranrui  Cueai  Trade,  ihr.  Jjj 

M*  litteranean  an!  tHr  Rod  Sea,  <  n  <W  C*n»r?  nf  the  F-*tr«a*r 
I>twmil»niy  Wtairam  iW  Fan»  uf  toe.  Prof,  fc.  MaO. 

r.k  Vo 

Mrrrcu  (Ml  StlAdjfd  Mertacal  IMcK.  <| 
MtMbeUtmi  WWewMwoi, 

MrliuJa  (Prof.  K  ),  Coloor*  oTArctlc  mrt  Alraiae  AniaaaJ..  122 
Mi-kix  «•"*  Hoilinr.  PouU  IHJ«,  T  Cl/nHlet,  j£l 
Muhifcr.fl  (Prat  T.  C).        a  L><*ercMUl  Xe^*tfantr-Th»r- 

KoUM  tPMfc\  naj  Fonmhr  rtf  Piiafara-ei  of  laafM*  Hi 
Meagt*  (J.  I,  l,in£M£e  of  '»*<**  by  Oriental  Train*.  Jjl 

Menione.  ■  Nrr«  Man  of,  Thorn**  Wilton  on.  iH's 
Merger  (H.  CX  "The  Unt;*  Stucc  ;  or.  the  Indun  and  ilir 

Mamaauth, '  Dr  F_  B-  Tyltar,  F.R.S..  |J 
Maainalli,  L'fuemal,  Dr.  Jamacn,  148. 
Mrtiilwul  1  KrJUlinn  of  the  Aaron! 

t*»n{lirt  Archibald,  Ati 
*>m*«  fflU  L\  H.  I  *1Xl 
Mere  Oui*.  Uirua 

Maaaalaie  Flan*  uf  taut  Ki«ky  Moaal-iiu  Rrariufl 
Sir  W^Lam  l>i«va,  F.R.S.,  its 

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/*«»«,  Flewo-Ve**,  K_ 


Mrman  {I>i  C.  Hj  aST  Komornk  OnanhtJogT.  iil. 

.rrT-ii ■  ■'  m  .inn'.  ;  1 11  :h  ».  1  • 


Mrtal  Roda,  thr  t  hirt--%  product) 


r  Magneiinaii  ma 


of,  A.  Himarll,  at 
Mrtik,  Actwa  nfTatnl  Simw  ttpent,  TVh.  Andrrarft,  1*4 
Metallurgy.  iKe  I*teel  waurtl  of  Technical  Irntrvjctkaa  in.  Paid. 

Chan  Her  H,:*ert»,  ¥  K  S ..  f^i 
Mrtam.-ephk  RaJti.  G.  U,  Kinihan  .s  iht  If iOh. 
MrUraur(At*Ui,  Rqtiu&al,  K  R.S  .  114 

Majlaoniliajj,  Mfc  xtl  ;  F.radinn  of  MclturuA^iul  M-itWm  41 
MaMnwak.  1 1  ;  Vj.ti  »f  the  01*ma!uri  Kn.iHiiKni  <•! 
Sioih  AiKratu,  l)  ;  HWl  Le*H  Sfahnn*,  Uj,  ilrteunili^ 
ctl  l«atnjatg«e  TT  t.  MeienroJig  <**  <W  China  Sea*.  iU  : 
New  Meteorological  Su»lwft  on  the  Tyrolne  Alpa,  i_y ; 
MrlonA.fkil   Seraety  uf  Vlead*.  1 »  l  the  Utfmmfm 

<  ,„.  1  m,  ,  1  . -,.  ,., . ,  JftioVvV^y  ■**  llnmUiy. 
W| ;  Mriwif  Jujf  ca  America,  fAi ;  the  Mean  Ihftatcaa  <«f 

<  irrm    ■  ■  1 1  ■    i>r  I  11     .    :  "    II       '  1  .r.l        ,  t  *  ■      ' 1  - 
MeelMfi  U  FVemce  of  the  l:*h*n  Mete  md..-lSrS.Kie<*. 
207;  llerlln  Metruml<«cydl    SuUety.  J 19  :  i'' 
DCcrvati'iaa,  jjj  ;  Rainfall  of  Slather*!! 

ifns  at  Slodthulm,  JJ^.  %V»  Vatum 
ifl,  jjq  ;  Stnrrrfeur*  T>Ulcfje  rr»- 
t«y.  yo  1  Mcteutulu^y  In  ja**j,  s  »i ;  ("jiioac*  |n_lfnhe4 
Slatei.  1»B :  Weaslier  of  S  ulhrrn  It 


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<r*ay.  tU  |  (  KaM  I 
ta  S<anlc*.  1JJ  ;  RrauHtataV  A<tiil  ffccft-intrfcm  •!  Jiala-" 
cao^,  i^i  i  CTuud-  Mrswnrrratnt  I7  Tl»cuJ.ii»r»,  400  ;  M«loiru- 


r  Ivltin.         Mfieoecdo^y  in  S»ii. 
Unt(  4J^;  tKiraxa  nn  Atl*nlac  VTaaal 


  [  L*  -hi  e  i  Jit  a* « « ,  jjj;  ; 

CtOtmi  of  Metenrr4np*i«.a<  Munirh.  f(*>:  A  vet  age  ^  tl  • 
uf  Tn>h»>n*.  iM I  StaclatlaofKamdl!  in  F.i.t  India*  AtOt 
■fh£i  .  fOi  1  Tiflf imMlnaatl  MeieoprfiaeacaJ  Cnnimiiier.  501 ; 
riHaiwiiTTn  1 11 11  if  teir  OtcuM^W.  tot  1  I Vwrrvatiua*  <»a 
B«*  NivklfO:  Mftratih^v  uf  Urn  NelTf.  A.  IWirham,  <  t&; 
on  the  Kainbtt  of  the  tlnerU  I4at*K  A.  fcufcaaV  i£; 
Mcteutuliarj  In  M*1ra<,  Hi  ;  Jiiamraa  MetMul.tfy,  i21< 
Ine  Jeaorl    taiaWiJunrnt*  neat    ^han^hat.  S.  *livh 

Mttetrnilnpral  Society,  l>\'» 
Meteoett  at  »o«Htrt*l^f,  ajiaTSliKkhoInx  ir1,  W  I  ' 

(97  t  Apfil,  W.  K  hniniiax.  < ;  Jolf.  WTT.  I»enninc,  i|4  ; 
Auiwl.  U»  U-  )«|»fs  3*^  ;  K.  Dttttlllab  t';  .  Met  a  » 
oliwc.1  at  Fc*ium<tdn.T~T  I'M  mio,  *jfi  : TleTeor  tee* 
art  Sltjckbcaaa,  tu  ;  Comet  1*66  And  U»#  Mcteura  of  NoVern- 
fcaf  14.  IlIu 

Mftev*ic  CjeJe  a*d  Stonchenfie,  R-  lidmunda, 

«r<..-  .!U  I  '.tl .  II.  A.  »!■■(•*  I   .if  JM 

McieuaU  Fortnliim*  in  Meaani.  M.  Vajlrt  d'Auwot,  J2i 

Mrt«orii  Slixir  i«lnv|  in  Svr»i*n,  jA 

Meteorite*  |  Kea.  tL  ltdl  00  tic  Arfraft  Denillf  o«*  Met*«Ur» 


coiajowd  vriik  Uwlca*  the  Earth,  Jjfi ;  TWofeilcal  Vuiwt  oal 
ttat  Jietonatino  of,  Bonihicn.  1|J 
MesKA.  Pmpoaad  <7auln^ical  Saarev  n*.  Ill;   Uunl inc  of  a 
Wa«er«T«>at  in,  1 11 ;  Meteoric  roemiuna  In,  M.  Violet 
j  

Muhcbu*  {Alb.-n  A  %  M  WVdfa  M  tdlfiuuino  nf  F  Hjcnnli'* 
Apuaratav  t  •  (W  Me*vjretncnt  of  the  Velocity  of*  Ltgfal,  4 

MicrcAr.  Koch'x,  on  an  Alkaind  Fat  nut « J  fann  L*t<ii>l  and 
in  Cnltivaluin  of,  \.  G.  ruovhrt,  4  U 

Micn^w*,  Palkorcnrtic,  un^tlie  Tn«n«aiLaaio«  front  Mother  to 
^  ■ » '  j  *  1  anH  in  Milk  of,  Ki(ula*»-vt',  aam 

Mic  orua.  fnhlaliiracNtravlmwin,  l'«pt.aL.  f.  HeaniiUrn,  11 

MUro-Oeganl  «s  i*»c  R*n»/«al  from  Waler  of,  P.  F.  Frankaaealf 

pit 

Mitr-lr  Of|>«tii«at»  ami  Airmen  tn  Sulasiim,  MHM  '»f  Oan- 

niani  Aar  *  ■  • ' l,  I   J.  Cidrmaaw  S^l 
MicrnjAyira,  .\*^iir»  of  Cold  nn,  FW.  WKeaalnce,  yVi 
0$frjgmMmrtmmj*,  Se^tinjnf,  ^'■^a^  lUa^ia.n,  ^± 
MldoKOt^,  rhrllre'a.  III 
MiinncopK  Itraaaagi,  R<Khfort  Curtnoi.  f>\\ 
Microacooa;  1'rcpaaalajnt  nf  tUC  SkiaV,  Ih-v  HUarh^n  and  Laaaar 

M Kroart1pir.1l  fn>r*ia(a(iiaa  of  Vryitalilr  SajNtMaM*,  Uuaic  fwr 

tW,  |ar.  W.  J.  Rehrrm,  MM 
MKrOMopp,  the  V»Im  uf  India*  Ink  m.  I>o  Lirrra,  17 
MKrot.miM'.  VadeMnicav,   Afttrat   Uidlea,   Ih.  C  Klein, 

F.R.S.,  lay 

M*M-i«htan,  Daaaaaaaal  Phcvi'iieinai  in,  Dr.  RnWrt  Laca%,  ut 
Mcra/ory  Ilir4».  tarty  tAruarturc  from  Saadrn  of.  ajj 
MlIr.i*k«^Whin  Analomie,  Uhrnack  <Wr  V  crAabcttlcn,  I>r 

Mer»%n  Fol,  [>r.  ft,  Klwn.  »9J 
Milt*  iManlyk  l'noin«ir»j»  Him  id  WalUutg,  fj\ 
Milfutd  lla*eO,  Ut  Ltc/ltiu^  Myiotluma  w,  'p.  I  In 


J? 


 I 

Mill  til.  R^tmibe  Tetii|><nlurc  of  thr  Waler  il  Pulhid  F'^rth, 
■ 

Miller  (A,  K  )  and  LL  F„  Artnrrong,  tm  thr  Praia*  of  G11 

Minufmaae  from  Petrolruin,  &b 
M      r  ■?'  -    --.  •  ■.  -         K »  -    •       •.  1  I  N.ri.y  ..(  ihc 

QM  Crta»1  Litet  near  TnitiiliKin,  Nnrway,  tee 
MilUr  |W.  1%  MediaaUal  Tclq  Iwa*. 

M  . 1  Pr:if.  J -An  1.  .in-.hr  l«Mr«|  iTTintl  I'lpt  aaJ  ta/ti- 

Fremr*a,  £j^;  an  Kanhiuikr  Inventfin. 
MiW  aarJ  Snow.  Nolo  on  the  Kurile  Itlaaaja.  ik 
Mmkry.  Sir«rulu  C'iw       (jfavuix*  A.  dt  \jjlti  «jh, 
M.avc  lu  ike  MiM,  llliloiy  of  a  Laanp  nf  t»>M  from  liar.  Ale*. 

Wait.  U3 

Mn-ral  xtr,  1  j*4rback  dWr.  Ih".  (•nttiv  Tuhcfnta*!.  £ 

M  fculnii  AppJinoer  am  Artt,  4  I  tfldnaliia),  as  tj^enaarrce.  (t 

t  rAcnrullore,  Kao«l  J-apuit. 
M.u.-t»l'a;y  in  CwUtaiak  LL      Hank*.  iua 
M;*ctnlc<v  and  «.  »«en=.ilry.  OrauuJ  JUwuhn  in.  I.  ljwrinrr 

SrniiV  I 
M  r,  1  >U  ~  Ueiti  di  Unroot,  i^j. 

Mineral  RrMianr*  of  the  L'mte-1  Scale-*, "  A.  WJUinv,  til 
MaMnl  Prmlnete  nf  tW  L'nilol  Matn,  £±± 
Mie-v  Mk*  fin"*      W  Oalloo*,,  ^  Ml  C.  G.  Kiciadkcr, 

MiarilM  of  A V'd>  lift 
Mm  1  1"  inn.  Nl-w.  t"^ 

M«a*4  !l»r.  L'ha..  ScJ^wKk),  thp  Now  Ft>I»emmt  foi  RevarJk. 

*vr 

Mlnct  »  the  hiliw.-.  n».  In  S»:den.        rr-x  cji  'a 

r,  Re*   M.TItillm..^  tcj 
Mn4ivf^«,  I'rotextion  acaaaal  TiKna  t.«t  on  the,  tn 
MiMoroi).  PMciCanl.  Fjloratmnil  Work  hCMaS  K 
Miuhdl  (F.  S  lu  pan  Bird,  of  l^aaaOirr.  ati 
Miitlwiluncra  X-r  Warner  lie  y r q.JiucIaf  Gc^caWhaA,  tfi 
M.Mnr.  RiTtr  hiplcearMl,  211  "~ 
M-»W  X'«i»rr*ily,  a,  jf>2 
M      '  t,lwu<i;y.  IH.  Kcoii;  on.  tfo 

Mopraf  (A.  Mujtitovar.  Fallon  wmt,  *?Leii£»dfn  fcj  rool»f><«- 

ttMnnnuatfacti  Piapariraln.ai'rn,''  Hw 
Mohcula/  lifaianua    an  l^dariaukaa.    t  Ltm»«r, 

Miliar  FormaLr,  lUnlcy,  %J 

Moleotlnr  Vrjue*i  of  Caeban  Oettputnale  ar»t  (hen  \bwrt- 

I         Npetl-a.  Ktx«din  on  the.-  Ra- lata 41   tvtwuri  L  f..r 

W.  .V  I:  F.k.Jy.jij 


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.  StfiUAl-.  lUkMrM  ftwnnc  llcrr  S.ht»ri4;«,  jS 

ISiKin  nf  Ike  CnetU.  116 

iM(*.n  .<(  lbiit«J*i>ioi»  tl«inc«y.  on  ilw,  VrvL  U  Sak 
406 

Otiiuos  Ch**»^«'«  Mi-*J.<d  uf>  lh«,  1H4  ,  u 
Ml 

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Onho^tajrVj,  Nt«  >|fl(*n  of.      Nnfiiw  \»t»  of  TVn, 
144 

Orlulin  (Vitiieac  io  S<iit,«*(.  C*|nirt?  nf,  ll'l 

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QfliS  (M  VichM.1,  F.R.S.),  on  American  l>»h«cc  U  V<i 

Mimm.lt  nf      •  "  I'lulU-  Cl*y  "  Pci»l»i.  jy» 
f>t«V.uir>L  M11  in-  *or»  m.  »Jl 

..>«!.-      I   ■   I.     I  t..  til  If  I  '1    1   <|»>alHinn,    4,  J  I 

iyxygett,  Cnmlu-iiun  u(    l'lti^ Jmnit  *M  C*t(km  in.  I 
lUktf,  $7 

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OiyyrB  mJ  NnKfjrn,  Katitt**  uf,  fiv^Ji  Am»|<s«rH 
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M 

OM  »l  Sm.  t»f.  W.  J.  HU.h.  416 

(tV'TiKol  Air.  AOka  *t  Ufv«  M»™  Ur^»ni-i»  ,\rt»i 
in  StJutti*.  J.  J.  LUctTun.  s''< 

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I'^pi  1  A.  Sld«al.  Ia^h:  »<hi.  IOJ 

P*Cn«ml,  tint  Aritfin»l  Mill  nf.  I.  Vrtlo,  4<JI 

T'lfrnwrdM-r  ,t»r.i.  on  a    St<*  ^♦.b«  tif  fttt'iwinj. 

uM^lbjAMM  uwumh*  I,  J74 
PSihl  *  1  ITrtil  )  M»  M  In  ihc  S<\^tri,  y>l 
fjlntiio,  I  inK?j»i-  >ft,  *wi 
I'JaMMc.  tht  -Vrvry  y*» 

I'wnir,  Hrt'dK  I^MlMI  nf  thr,  &\  |»ra«itl,  1 1 J  ;  T. 

ifm.'hff  ihr.  KomldiX  iftj 

r|n»n«,  I  llwn*  tif.  IVtufii:  IW.  J70 
"  l'A|)»<tm  ->tui  Mrl&nrtctm.*  Knliiirr  *■»  'Vt  lb 
■•|'vi„»  ir  r  -tni.    Wm.  ¥  Wuito,  I  I.  I'.,  Ill 
ViraMio.  Atiin.il,  *i tV-  C-inr,  It  l.i*c  Xnh.  jtfi 

I'tratuiWuM:  tail  Itclrniunihinr,  I  it   Silnfi»m  \<*> 
Pun*.  Aculrmy  »f  Vkntr*,  J  J,  47.  70.  94*  l>9-  U*.  >**• 
ifa         ill.  fix,  406.  4P  4'i(.  M1sUS.)A 
••.("  i  Ai*li  »T  "f  NuJtnro  IWnuil  inur  A«mtM  Ik 
liimun- V  HiiH'l    »"*  ;  '  m«rr»|'W7«)  S'tfitlT,  14,  II  j,  104. 
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txwy  uf  PuiVs  111 :  K»(*-rtwnK  <a  immiim  t*f  Ho»t» 
tonmot  It>l  i  taWtik  Li(;l<lf«  In,  {14:  AiDft 

*|'hin<xn  N  unng  l' i=_»lnii'  fu«  Study  il,  6  it* 
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INDRX 


\Naturi,  Dec.  IO,  iSS 


ij6  ;  oo  I>jo»^--:c  tiedric  Lighting,  C36 
Mar;.L3  de  Na.iiiiiac,  Dr.  E.  B.  Tylor, 


T^xl-rn  F_  E  .  tie  F  am  rial  Nature  of  the  Colouiing  of  Phy- 

•rtceafccs  I  ir-rz.  c_i 
F  -cc  Ll'c-  jll!  .  "  l"n  Capitolo  de  Psicofisiologia,"  413 
Fracr-cx.  f  Lessees  in  F-ietnentary,  Prof.  Balfour  btewtrt, 

F1L>..  ad  W  W  } i i>ltrxr  Gee,  339 
Ftt-F  r-<grsrr  rot  I  est- Existence  of  1  Sought,  Dr.  Hyde  Clarke, 

:  a 

Freece        It.  F  F: .  S.  .  "On  Charg-lag  Secondary  Batteries," 
I42  ;  oe  a  Rmirkal-e  Ctc:.  rrence  oaring  the  Thunderstorm 

Frrar^  rvc  A  servo.  Mar 

F  rrr.  <■  r>c  is^aJ-Grccsis,  T.  A.  Archer,  548 

Frtiatcete  Cemetery.  $1$ 

Fr»ru-r;i~«  Reca.^-  j  ^•kaerlaai,  84 

Preseac  Necfe.  Cir.  433 

t*  titer*  worn  of  N^ara. 

f*re»«rre-Flswo.  Prof.  H.  Ca.-r!!l  Lewi*  00  tome  Examples  of 

Presmre-Flaxxr.  a  Pecn->y'.  riaj,  jgo 
Fratwrfi  Prof.  F.R.S.  1,  00  Regiooaf  Metamorphism,  21 A 
Preyer  W.;,  •*  >'„eciel>  Phyuoiogie  des  Embryo,"  F.  J.  Allen, 

2*7 

Pr.-r:e  Meridian  Question,  the  French  View  of  the,  153 
I'r.T.ir.Te  Peoples  of  America,  the,  Alexander  von  Humboldt, 
464 

Primitive  Race-,  on  the  Manifestation  of  the  .Esthetic  F  acuity 

among.  Dr.  D.  Wdv^o.  159 
Prams,  on  the  Use  of  Carbon  Bisulphide  in,  Dr.  Henry  Draper, 

62 

Prams,  on  a  Photometer  made  with  Translucent,  J.  Joly,  c.37 
Prjeraisicy  'Col/,  his  Hoang-Ho  Journey,  rj,  63,  25,3  ;  Thibet 

fcjpedition.  403.  635 
Proceedaisjs  of  the  Boston  Natural  History  Society,  CM 
lroceedmgs  of  the  l.inncan  Society  of  New  Sooth  Wales,  591 
Proceedings  of  the  Ro>al  Society  of  Queensland,  49  S 
Pr  -'ucts.  Mineral,  of  the  United  States,  404 
•*  Properties  of  Matter,"  Prof.  Tait's,  Lord  Rayleigh,  F.R.S., 

3'4 

Proposed  Change  in  the  Astronomical  Day,  a,  M.  D.  Downing, 

ax  .  _  , 

f'rotetds  in  Plants,  Digestion  of,  Sidney  Martin,  C63 
protoplasm.  Chemical  Difference  between  Living  and  Dead, 

Dr.  Oscar  I  -ocw,  563 
'•  Protozoa."  ButschlTs,  Prof.  E.  Ray  Lankestcr,  F.R.S.,  14S 
Protractor  and  Goniometer,  a  New  Form  of,  W.  F.  Stanley, 

402 

Pryer  (FL),  Note*  on  Mustda  itatst  and  Conns  japensnns,  110  ; 

Lepidoptera  of  Great  Britain  and  Japan  compared,  4:7 
Psicohsiologia,  an  Capitolo  di,  Lnrico  dal  Pozzo,  il\ 
Ptomaines,  Prof.  Brieger  on  the,  2  y) 
Public  Opinion  and  State  Aid  to  Science,  407 
Pulsation  in  the  Veins,  4  VI ;  J.  Hippislcy,  389,  524.;  Dr.  J. 

W.  Williams,  466 
Pnmpelly  (Raphael),  Composite  Portraits  of  Members  of  the 

National  Academy  of  Sciences,  176 


Qua  in  (Dr.),  on  the  Ix>w  Popular  Estimate  of  Medicine,  60& 
Qualitative  Inorganic  Analysis,  a  Practical  Treatise  on  I'ractical 

Chemistry  and,  F'rank  Clowes,  2 
Quarterly  Journal  of  Microscopical  Science,  1 16.  S9I 
Qualrcfage*  >  M.  de),  the  Red  Indians,  164 
Queensland,  Northern,  Meteorological  Station  in,  279 
Queenwood  College  Mutual  Improvement  Society,  SS  > 
Question  of  Civil  and  Astronomical  Time,  34  S 
Quinquefoliate  Stiawberry,  E.  Lewis  Sturtcvant,  lz6 


Rabbits  in  the  Western  Islands,  Are  there  ?,  Herbert  Ellis,  fjj 
"  Rabenhorst's  Kryptogamen  Flora  von  Dcutschland,  Oesler- 

rcich,  und  der  Schweiz,"  IQI 
Rabies,  Pasteur  on  Inoculation  for,  633 

Rackarock,  the  Hell  Gate  Explosion  and,  Dr.  LL  Sprengel, 

F.R.S.,  62s 
Radau  (K.  )7~Elements  of  Brooks's  Comet,  543 
Radiant  Energy  Recorder,  on  a,  Prof.  J.  W.  Clark,  233.  343 
Radiant  Light  and  Heat,  Prof.  Balfour  Stewart,  F.R7B., 

389.  Mfj  ALL  422,  550 


Radiant  Matter  Spectroscopy,  W.  Crookes,  F.R.S.,  and  M 


Lecoq  de  Boisbaudran,  283 
"  icular,  in  In 

1  263 

Radlkofcr  (Prof.  L.),  Application  of  the  Anatomical  Method  to 


Radiation,   Molecular,  in  Incandescent   Lamp,    Dr.   J.  A 
Fleming,  263 


the  Determination  of  the  Materials  of  the  Linneaxt  and  O  : 
Herbaria,  563 

Rae  (John,  F7R.S.),  a  Word  or  Two  on  the  Beit  and  Safe* 

Route  by  which  to  attain  a  High  Northern  Latitude,  5,6s 
Railway  Congress  at  Brussels,  401 

Railway  Locomotion  on  the  Present  Principle,  William  Hedky 

the  Inventor  of,  M.  Archer,  535, 
Railway  Sleepers,  the  Question  of  Metal,  401 
Rainbow,  B.  de  Spinoza's  Work  on  the,  $0 
Rainbow  Phenomenon,  Chas.  Croft,  30 ;  Prof.  Silvanos  P. 

Thompson, 
Rainbow,  Tertiary,  T.  C.  Lewis,  £23,  626 
Rainfall  in  Norway,  37 

Rainfall  of  N.W.  England,  Alf.  O.  Walker,  2ji 
Rainfall  for  1884,  British,  G.  J.  Symons,  463 
Rainfall  in  East  Indian  Archipelago,  Statistics  of,  494 
Rainfall  in  the  Climate  of  London,  on  the  Sequence  of  Mean 

Temperature  and,  Dr.  Courteney  Fox,  Sj6 
Rainfall  of  the  British  Islands,  A.  Buchtn,  536 
Rains  in  Eastern  Asia,  Extraordinary,  461 
Range,  the  Ruahinc,  New  Zealand,  iqS 
Rarities,  Five  Mathematical  Book,  30 
Rats  at  Inventions  Exhibition,  1x2 

Raudnitz  (Dr.),  a  Vasomotor  Centre  in  Cortex  and  Cerebrum.  1 19 
Ravenstein  (E.  G.),  Batho-Hypsographical  Maps,  with  Special 

Reference  to  a  Combination  of  the  Ordnance  and  Admiralty 

Surveys,  565 

Rayleigh  (Lord,  F.R.S.),  Self-induction  in  Relation  to  Certain 
Experiments  of  Mr.  Wifloughby  Smith  and  to  the  Deter- 
mination of  the  Ohm,  7  ;  the  Theory  of  Illumination  in  x 
Fog,  22  ;  on  a  Monochromatic  Telescope,  22  ;  Prof.  Taits 
"Properties  of  Matter,"  314.;  on  the  Thermodynamic 
Efficiency  of  Thermopiles,  536 

Rays,  Red,  after  Sunset,  Geo.  FT  Burder,  466 

Reactions,  Chemical,  Influence  of  Dilution  and  Excess  on, 
Urcch,  87 

Rcade  (Mcllard),  the  North  Atlantic  as  a  Geological  Basin,  6c>) 
Reading  School,  Opening  of  Chemical  Laboratory  at,  328 
Reale  Aocadetnia  dci  Lincei,  47 

Recorder,  Radiant  Energy,  Prof.  J.  W.  Clark,  233^  343. 
Red  Glows,  Prof.  Ricco,  12a 

Red  Hail,  C.  Evans,  54 ;  Prof.  Theodore  Schwedoff,  437 

Red  Indians,  the,  M.  de  Quatrcfages,  164 

Red  Men,  E.  F.  im  Thurn  on  the,  aboutthe  Roraima,  587 

Red  Rays  after  Sunset,  Geo.  F.  Burder,  466 

Red  River  Route  to  South- West  China, 

Red  Sea  and  the  Mediterranean,  on  the  Cause  of  the  Extreme 
Dissimilarity  between  the  Faunas  of  the,  Prof.  E.  Hull, 
F.R.S.,  560 

Red  Spot  onjupiter,  W.  F.  Denning,  cofi. 

"  Reeckening  van  Kanssen,"  30 

Refraction,  Atomic,  of  Sulphur  in  Various  Compounds,  Nasini, 
12 

Refraction,  Double,  Experiments  on,  D.  S.  Stroumbo,  4^2  ;  00 
a  Point  in  the  Theory  of,  R.  T.  Glazebrook,  F.K.S.,  53S 

Regional  Metamorphism,  by  Prof.  Prestwich,  F.R.S.,  214 

Rctan  Mceris,  Projected  Restoration  of  the,  and  the  Province. 
Lake,  and  Canals  ascribed  to  the  Patriarch  Joseph,  Cope 
Whitehouse,  565. 

Reichardt  (Dr.  HTW.),  Death  of,  328 

Remsen  (Prof.  Ira),  an  Introduction  to  the  Study  of  the  Com- 
pounds of  Carbon  on  Organic  Chemistry,  M.  M.  Pattiscc 
Muir,  93 

Renard  (Prof.  A.),  on  some  Rock  Specimens  from  the  Islands 

of  the  Fernando  Noronha  Group,  £56 
Rendiconti  del  la  R.  Accademia  delle  Scieiuc  di  Bologna,  1SS4- 

»S.  3J5 

Rendiconti  del  R.  Istituto  Lombardo,  45^  6S^  117,  214,  337. 

3>o,  3i2i  354t  S68 
Reports  of  the  United  States  Commission  of  Fish  and  Fisheries 

for  1881-82,  J.  T.  Cunningham,  22 
Research,  Zoological,  43 

Research,  the  New  Endowment  for,  Dr.  Chas.  Sedgwick  Minot, 
297 


d  by  Google 


Nature,  Dee.  10,  1885] 


INDEX 


XXV 


Respiration.  Prof.  Mosso,  aj 

Resting  Position  of  Oy>ter> :  J.  T.  Cunningham,  522  '>  Col.  U* 

Stuart  Wortlcy,  625 
Revue  d  "Anthropologic  6j5 

Rey  (Dr.  Philippe),  on  tfieWeiiht  of  the  Cerebral  Lobes.  6tj 
Reynolds  (P.of.  Osh>rne,  F  R.S),  on  the  Ste*m  Indicator, 

137  ;  on  the  Dilatancy  of  Media  Composed  of  Ri,*id  Particles 

»n  Contact.  Jjj 

Rhine,  the.  Opening  of  Direct  Steam  Traffic  between  Cologne 

and  Sea.  164 
Rhodium.  Three  New  Compounds  of,  352 
Ricco  (Prof.  R.),  Red  Glows,  L2Q ;  New  Star  in  Andromeda, 

523 

Rich  (Mrs.  Caroline  W.  D  ),  Hoar  Frost,  30 

Richardson  (Clifford),   Chemical  Composition  of  American 

Grasses,  Prof.  W.  Fream,  £25 
Richmond  Park,  Trees  Struck  by  Lightning  in,  463 
Richmond,  Surrey,  Notes  on  Deep  Boring  at,  Prof.  Judd, 

V.  R.S.,  and  C.  Homersham,  tio 
Ririgway  (R.),  *•  Water-Birds  of  North  America,"  <j2i 
Ricbeck  (Dr.  Emil),  Chittagwg  Hill  Tribes,  ic-gTDeath  of, 

1  Ko  ;  "  Chittagomj  Hill  Tribes,"  Zoology  of  the  Cayal  and 

Gaur,  W.  T.  Blanford,  F.R.S..  243 
J<  igid  Particles  in  Contact,  on  the  Dilatancy  of  Media  Composed 

of.  Prof.  Osborne  Reynolds,  535 
Riley  (Prof.),  on  Cuada  ittltniie  im,  253 
Riley  (James),  Rise  and  Progress  ofthe  Scotch  Steel  Trade, 

4  20 ;  an  Experimental  Cupula  Furnace,  4  iO 
Riveted  Joint*,  Prof.  Kennedy  on,  21 
Rivista  Scientifico-Induslriale,  45,  117,  1S0,  359  i;68,  611; 
Roberts  (Prof.  Chandler,    F.R7S. ),   on  the  Development  of 

Technical  Instruction  in  Metallurgy,  6oS 
Robin  (M.),  Death  of.  S7S 

Robinson  (Edward  E.)  Photographic  Action  on  Ebonite,  626 

Rocks  Round  Glasgow,  Among  the,  Dugald  Bell,  624. 

Rocky  Mountain  Region  of  Canada,  on  the  Mesozoic  Floras  of 

the,  Sir  \V.  Dawson,  F. R.S.,  164 
Roman  Sanitary  Congress,  the,  62 

Roman  Lettering  adopted  by  Japanese  Scientific  Societies  for 

their  Proceedings,  404 
Romans,  the  Topography  of  Italy  under  the,  37JS 
Rome :  Reale  Accadrmia  dei  Lincei,  25^  L2Q ;  Discovery  of 

Stores  of  Elephants'  Tusks  and  Lentils  in,  279  ;  International 

Sanitary  Conference  in,  212 
Romanes  (Dr.  Ceo.  J.,  F.R.S.),  Homing  Faculty  of  Hyraeno- 

plcra,  630 

Rook  wood  (Prof.  C.  G.),  American  Earthquakes,  300  ;  Recent 

Progress  in  Vulcanology  and  Seismology,  609 
Roraima,  E.  F.  im  Thurn  on  the  Red  Men  about,  587 
Kosse  (Lord,  F.  R.S.),  Nebula  in  Andromeda,  437  ;  the  New 

Star  in  Andromeda,  465 
Rotating  Vacuum  Tube,  on  Certain  Spectral  Images  Produced 

by  a,  Shelford  Bidwell,  to 
Roth  (H.  Ling),  Animal  Parasites  of  the  Sugar-Cane,  2&S 
Rothainsted,  Field  Experiments  at,  Prof.  J.  Wrightson,  58 
Rotifers,  on  the  Development  of,  Miss  PereyaslavtsefF,  570 
Rougerie  (Mgr.,  Bishop  of  Pamier),  the  Auemogene,  S19 
Rowan  (F.  J.),  the  Iron  Trade  of  Scotland,  420 
Royal  Agricultural  Society  of  England,  Journal  of,  222 
Royal  Aquarium,  Dogfish  Ova  at,  515 

Royal  Archseologtcal  Institute,  fne,  252  ;  W.  M.  Flinders 
Pctrie's  Collection  of  Egyptian  Antiquities  nt,  353 

Royal  Geographical  Society:  the  New  President,  it;  Anni- 
versary of  the,  136 

Royal  GcographicaTSocicty  of  Antwerp,  302 

Royal  Horticultural  Society  and  the  Exhibition  of  Co'onial 
Plants.  &c,  278 

Royal  Institute  oTBritish  Architects,  13J 

Royal  Institution,  85 

Royal  Meteorological  Society,  23^  118,  tno,  2S7,  552 
Royal  Observatory,  Greenwich,  Visitation  of  the,  q8 
Ro) al  Society,  34.  4_ii  63.  °'.  too.  11 7.  1 12.  14a.  166.  180, 

214.  237.  262  :  New  Fellows,  io^  132  ;  Conversation;  158 
Royal  Society  of  Canada,  258 

Royal  Society  of  New  South~Wales.  234.  264.  432,  462 
Ruahine  Ran-^e,  the.  New  Zealand,  10S 

Rucker  (Prof.  A.  W.).  on  the  Self- Regulation  ofthe  Compound 

Dynamo,  22  ;  Liquid  Films,  zia 
Rudorff  (F.),  Solubility  of  Salt  Mixtures,  jjtj 
Rugby  School  Natural  History  Society,  62. 


Rule,  the  Slide,  C.  V.  Boys,  62J 

Rule  of  Road:  George  Camptiell,  M.P.,  on  the  Rule  ofthe 
Ro^d  fro, 11  an  Anthropological  Point  of  View,  58J 

Rundschau  fur  Geographic  und  Statistik,  464 

Russell  (H.  C),  on  the  Rising  of  the  Eastern  Coast  of  Aus- 
tralia, 23_$\ 

Ru»se'l  (J.  Scott,  F.  R.S  ),  Wave  of  Translation  in  the  Oceans 
of  W.iter,  Air,  and  Ether,  546 

Russell  (Dr.  W.  J.,  K.R.S  ),  Spectroscopic  Obsetvations  on 
Dissolve<l  Cobaltous  Chloride,  143 

Russia  :  Publications  of  the  Russian  Geographical  Society,  15, 
61,  163.  1681 495  ;  Iz  vest  ia  ofthe,  59;  Kauna  of  Russian  Central 
Asia,  Rev.  Dr.  Henry  Lmsdcll,  50  ;  Industrial  Education  in, 
63  ;  Thunderstorms  in,  Klossowki,  i£o  ;  Female  Education  in, 
1A2;  ••  Russian  Central  Asia,  including  Kuldja,  Bokhara,  Khiva, 
and  Merv,"  Dr.  Hejiry  Lansdell,  134:  Devonian  System  01" 
Rus-ia,  302  '•  Science  in  Rus  ia,  S90 

Russo- Afghan  Boundaries,  the,  88 

Ryan.  Prof.  John,  5J4. 

Rye  (E.  C),  Zoological  Record  for  18S3,  2. 

Kzehak  (A.),  on  the  Causes  of  the  Andalusian  Earthquakes, 

i3J 


Sacrificial  Stone,  an  Ancient,  of  North-West  Canada,  Jean 
L'Hcurcux,  46 

Sahara,  the  Artesian  Wells  in  the,  Ito;  Exploration  of,  Tcis- 

serenc  de  Bart,  164.;  Lieut.  Palat's  Mission  to  the,  302 
St.  Andrews  Marine  Laboratory,  Prof.  Mcintosh,  561 
St.  John  (Charles),  "Tour  in  Sutherlandshire,"  3SS 
Sakcis,  the,  428 

Saline  Soh'tions,  Effect  of  Immersion  of  Solid  Bodies  in,  J. 
Thoulet.  8j 

Salmon  (George),  Lessons  Introductory  to  the  Modern  Higher 
Algebra,  41 1 

Salmon :  in  the  Thames,  Landlocked,  254  :  Marked,  taken  in 
Norway,  300;  the  C-pabiity  of,  to  Jump  Waterfalls,  Prof. 
Landmark,  322;  Incunation  of  Salmon  Ova,  603  ;  Hybridi- 
sation of  Salmonid.c  at  Howitrtoun,  Francis  Day,  562 

Salomon  (Dr.),  Xanthine  Bodies  in  Urine,  496 

Salt  Industry  in  Cheshire,  German  Mission  to  Inquire  into, 

Salt  Mixtures,  Solubility  of,  F.  Rudorff,  512 

Salt  Production  in  America,  2£2 

Sand,  Sonorous,  Prof.  Bolton,  4"Q 

Sandhills  of  Gascony,  the,  M.  Cambrelent,  375 

Sanitary  Conference  in  Rome,  InternationalTeii  ?5i  212 

Sanitary  Congress,  National,  513 

Sanitary  institute  of  Great  Britain,  207  ;  Anniversary  Meeting, 

230  ;  Annual  Congress  of,  523 
Saporta  (M.)  and  M.  Marion,  "  L' Evolution  du  Rcgne  Vegetal — 

Les  Phancrogames."  J.  Starkie  Gardner,  2J2 
Sarjektjakko,  the  Highest  Mountain  in  Sweden,  404 
Satellites  of  Uranus  and  Neptune,  e_J3_ 
.Saturn,  Mars,  Jupiter,  W.  F.  Denning.  548 
Saunders  (Edward),  "  Dead  Humble-Bccs  under  Lime-Trees, 

427 

Saunders  (Trclawney),  Retirement  of,  426 

Schafer  (Dr.  E.  A.,  F.R  S.),  Mr.  Lowne  on  the  Morphology 

of  Insects'  Eyes,  3  ;  **  Essentials  of  Histology,"  Dr.  E.  Klein, 

F.R  S  .  38S 
Schinz  (Dr.),  Namaqualand  or  Namaland,  581 
S  hlagintweit  (Robert  von).  Death  of,  Q3 
Schlie  .ann  <Dr.  iL  FS  A.),  Presentation  of  Gold  Medal  of 

Royal  Institute  of  British  Architects  to,  ijj 
Schmidt  (Prof.  Fredrich),  on  the  Trilobitcs  of  Eastern  S.beria, 

2Q& 

School,  Indian  Forest,  Major  F.  Bailey,  ^4 
Schools,  Public.  Neglect  of  Science  at.  Sir  John  Lubbock,  552 
Sehrbtcr  (Dr.  J.),  '*  Kryptojamen-Flora  von  Schlcsien,"  76 
Schunck  (Edw.,  F.R.S.),  Contributions  to  the  Chemistry  of 

Chlorophyll,  j_t_z 
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Study  of  Danburite,  s  V> 
Schwcdoff  (Prof.  Theodore).  Red  Hail,  4J7 
Schweiger  (Herr),  Baldness  ammg  Orientals,  36 
Schweinfuith  (Dr.),  Prehistoric  jStone  Implements  of  Eastern 

Egypt,  l£l 

Science  :  Col  Murdoch  Smith  appointed.  Director  of  the  Scienc 


omsx 


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ihe  ScreniTrir  Rm-'t.  of  ihc  V^^ag*  of  the  CA*a«^,  »i 
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in.  K.  A.  .    Mi  ■  ■■■       in,  4*4 

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ty-iwr.  Km  m  VWbki  Umhh  Sedaty.  M  '  ■  ■■< 
Fellow-*?*  at  tfce  tniwpwit?  «**.  ajo 

Sytrmlce  .Tinf.  J,  rk&h«i  New  F.**mnle  nl  the 
IN*  c/  Il-r  Mnlir  in1  Imfctnary  in  lb*  Saeeiee  of  (W  Fhwt 
art 4  K«nl,  ioj  171  ;  u*  Cen.ua  New  Teraa*,  oe  Teran*  ward 
rs  a  New  or  U«li  >*1  SCflH  in  Urine  ritary  l"iu«t-*il  ».-.- 
■entry,  <J6 

S  i>  ■  •  id  )  ,  F.R.SA  onTtte*  Sirnrk  h*  I ichtmnj  in  Rui- 
nonrl  Park,  460 


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T.vehmt  (Prof.  P.I.  on  the  llfdK-f  enlr  IVirtiheeartew*  c/  the 
Join,  4I ;  DWribrrtioa  in  Latin***  of  SoW  Mart1.*,  ijoj 
Or«c*v»!irm«  </  Sum  e»u,  144;  Sulfti  t><4er**iioaa  n  iSSj, 
359  1  Otttcraimw  o<  the  Solar  Cur«u  nr-dc  on  Mourn  Etna. 
M 

Till  IVtaC  T  0  L  W.  K-  Cfc*W»  •TnoniM  Sehw  of  the 
Eatii  Sc«nor«."  114.  IW  ClirTnH,  IM;  M  iVniwrtie* 
ur  Mrtfer,"  Una  ka»Sr«h,  f.K  314  t  Prof  C.  C  Stol#* 
am  l.iclrt  a»  1  Meant  <■#  ln*c*J  vvim,  jftl 

Tar  an*  Aimiuim  f't>n  BU«  Furnace.  I  el  with  Raw  Coal, 
the  Rnroverr  nf.  Wn.  J  a  DO.  «y> 

Ti>m*nu,  Fi*VO»Ittrr  n,  Sinllo  K*nl,  614 

Taeie,  New  Theory  of  the  Se»*e  of,  Pr;**  J.  Brrry  Hayrrafi, 
IM 

TetiooircT.  jtNntv,  (;66 

Tajtor  (Dr.  Wallace),  Dacovrrica  *a  !o  tha  Ongin  of  RllAe" 


Taylor  (W  CA  »■  AerWJireaj  NVe-&wk,  613 
Trachtne  U*i»er«iry  *or  taniflei,  aj$ 
IVhncJoo.  Report  of  r  tatuoa-.ioa*  v.  318 
Terhnicil  Mrcatinn.  jjK 

Tenh,  AMibctil,  t'«*  of.  by  t*e  Ancient  Rut-am.  13 
Tttta.  Heman.  Atomlm  of  Slrwrinte  in.  Prat  Botch,  71 
TeeriajA  Ccnfcrtnrr,  In  terea  Moral,  al  Barb*.  15 j,  353 
Trlngiiph  |.tn«*  in  Coraa,  .  t.    rl.  417 
TetfV":      Perturhuions  t  Vearlratti  a  Daily  Period  in,  Dr. 

Nopbji  I'fo^fholt,  M 
THr,.\,»i«,  a  MethAtacnl.  19J  ;  W.  J  MtlUr.  jiA 
Tclc-xpc,  on  a  Monod((i«atic  LonI  ft*jlti*h,  tl 
T«l«*c»pe  Docne,  BucaofTthciBi'a  Floating,  for  Nica  Ohaerra- 

' '  r, ,  ■* ; 

Teaprl'tCnmeMilA;  II  ],  37,350 

Teninct  Swift  Coowt  OU9  fc'i.  ttl 

Tcmpcralum.  Pitlar,  Recnnl  ca*  I  nn.  16 

Tmi|xnitu«  nf  Water  in  Fttlh  of  l-trh,  H.  R.  Mill,  70 

1tm[ieniure  n'  tha  Sea  and  Air,  O*trvationt  of  the.  MM 

4  t<r%t  a  V  yij»e  rrxnt  tn^hnd  to  the  River  Plate  la  the  il 

J>rWrfe,  r  V.  Hadkajtili.  i>6 
Tempera! urr-S*mc  mimliUm'*  Ohwrvaiinn*  ml  HO 
TmM^mr  *rr  nf  Human  lln*ljr.  »n  iW  Inllutntc  uf  C«etca  Ccte- 

»n  f-n.  I'r/  l*»le«h<trj.  4^ri 
Te  ■  prTMMf  ra*  ihe  Auttraiii  A'p*.  iJ*,  I W.  I  lann,  5 So 
Tern |«f*i lie-.  fnitttpuMil,  50J 

Tem^tntLir.  on  the  Se*|-ttncr  uf  Mr»n,  an*,  Rainfilt  in  ihp 

C litnale  uf  LunAM,  Dl.  CuMteney  foe,  53ft 
I  ■ :  . -  t   ■  1  ■  .  I    •  un  N uf  31      ■     '■  1  1.  I'n- 

:  r»,T -*rrnl.  f  '.i, 
Teneh*V.  f-^rihigiukr  In,  ino 

Ten  K«le  (In.    II.  7.   C  I,   F.ipeftifinai   tn   Snrmam.  164; 

"Rrues  en  OwleranAaicrn  m  S«r1- Antenia,"  Dr,  L 

R,  Ivlor.  F  R.S-,  193 
TrTaanolnxy  nf  the  Maihemilical  Ttieotf  of  riaUjciry.  \X,  I. 

Ibhcfaoo,  761  William  S^tltctUnd,  391;  Htnry  Mwhiul, 

4J7  _  .  r       „  „ 

Term*.  onCerlaia  New.       Term*  uwc|  in  a  \e»  or  rnnnal 

S<n*e  m  Om* ma*?  Uaerenal  Owneiry,  ProC  J.  J  >yl«*v 

' ?t.  >  R  IVj  S7» 
Teeiiiry  Man,  M  .le  Morille*.  4*H 
Teniiry  Raii.ho*.  T.  C  U»l»,  «J.  6*6 
Te«;imnBr  to  ihe  Aurora -Sound,  VaJne  of  ihr,  Samaal  Scii-ao. 

Thjko  r..  (  1.  il«  Una  0/  Iron.  151 
Thamea,  Ijtixfkceexl  Salmta  tn  the,  *}4 


1  Ihrory  of  Li^hU  Elrfm-Mairnrtie.  fsi  Wm.  Thomvj, 

1      mtmSf%  M  Hro.  rrr»«,  Pra^U,  4 

Thfiwy  «n*  V^in*.  Falbryofth*  I'tevnt,  Henry  A.  Molt. 
'     t>i.  w.  II.  Saw.  7J 

I  Thet jfteir.it*.  «n1  M  tier  a  Mfl  >«.  Ten  H«o«  nf  Phannvee, 
Dr.  T.  I  avuJtr  tfiuntun.  3  .R.S..  Pmf.  Art  Wt  Gar 

r  r  R.337 

Therm^  fii-ulir*  H  the  *.K"natir  Series  Rreihrl'y,  K.-,t 
Thrnem-Chentft'rj  In  F-KiJanuxai  of  IjcVo^tetl  Phenoei 

1  1.1 .-.  1  ■->    1".  UteulsiUii,  y>J 
The  raw  Klrcmc  Po-iiavi  of  *.jrt««,  J.  Iluthaaan,  tAj 
1  heniiowctf*.  a  JiifTrremiiJ  Rni^aiux.  T.  C.  MnxSei 
567 

ThrstupiVeV  Thcruiuljiutnie  Ffucirnry  <4,  Lunl 

leit;V  l  .R.S  ,  5J6 
Thibet  Cxnedition.  Col.  rTjrvaVJ(y\  «j 
Tbirrf  Inlrmtiimal  fleouw>tol  C'nnsre**.  J99 
Thotlnn'*  1 1- )  NVir  Map  of  the  %  -lar  S|>ev-tram,  519 
Tbornp  on  flr*Arcy  W. ',  Njttrwam  Po*ii>in  of  the  Chasai 

mni  ttl  Affiwilri  "Alt*-  ihe  L>ino*t<iru.  01 
Tbxn|ru>n  (Itnae  CI.  *'  Foal  Wuer."  171 
TaeiinpH<n  (Prof.  hyNm^i*  P.),  Ram>r-w  Pnetwnena, 

a  Mvelet  illo-'raiin{  ihr  IVrrpaxanm  of  lie  Lictlro-Mi, 

Wa«r.  70;  Suit  J  >je<tr.l»i*%  36* 
IVtnwin  (Sir  Wm*  P.H.S  I  an  I  Mitvrll**  Flecir^-Ma; 

1  heory  <4  b^ht.  l>of.  Gen.  Fin*.  F**«»r*H  4  1  '*  Mj 

rnuol  arri  Phytic*)  Panera,"  Prof.  Ilrl-nholu,  F.R.& 

on  Cunicani  Giaviiatrnrtal  I  i*|rnn*m«,  533 
Th  MMn  { V  \  a  Lava  l.-^r.  in  the  Imerior  at  In 

04 

Taonar \  Jnrr+y  in  Search  of  the  Ctimix  r*p#.1 1  .-q..  14 
Ibor^lii.  Pre-Euitcace  anJ   Puai-Ebuente  of,  tto. 
Chile,  ioj 

Thmlcl  U.\  £fce  oi  IiKnenion  0/  Solid  Budiea  in  ? 

Saluiton*,  Ky 
Taj*>tWr  (Ilr  A  Vnanmrnt  in,  »jo 

Thawleeboki— Time— Vuion -Sungws   Aarwne  d'AM 

m 

Thonlenlnm  tn  P»rf«.  Teerilie,  *$  1  'In    Rptffci  Kiwi 
loo  I  uf  ARjvtt  6.  isRt.  on  a  K-mvUMc  Ooearrcncf  a 
1     Ibf,  W    II    Prreee,  MS,  53b ;  T» -jn  •lir.tnme  an. 
I     Prmarr.  W.  AlUn  Hiiro.  1S1 1  an  the  Org*  of  lh« 
I     Motrn  EWtriciiy,  IW  L  S  4«cW«,  4  £ 
Thyrsi  Clanl.  oQ  iIk  tX«r>:[wnr.|i  uf  the.  Hen  Pi»e; 
4*6 

fUH  OKrr>    1  -   m  Canada,  $03 
Trill  Otmnwk*",  the  llumoau;  Ohtcarit>^t  of*,  jnj 
Trill  fkrAirm,  the  AttMi  un  Mrlal*  at,  >  UrattuiurK),  * 
Aa-lir-»«,  1*0 

Timberiof  the  S'rnn*  Setlle«nae«,  ll'neii  1  NewUMt,  160 
Time.  tW  Qiiotinnuf  (ml  an>l  At'roayiinlcal,  14$ 
Time— Tbuitierc-tlu— Vn-on— Sun^luwt,  Antmna  U'Ahl 

'  »9 

Timiivueff  jfA  '.olooirru  Obrr>Wifll,  j|| 
TI*%aM«riU4itunb  Billucei  A*cml  |o|  I  tluio j;i6 jihjc  Purj 

Tonjtln.  Focenirkilar*  nf  Fiii<^>enn  Komrarlitvra  of. 
I     Tta.tr*>  in,  55 1 

Tnpinard  ;lrr.  p,  \  Awliopotkctric  ln*troni..ni  foi  Tiavc 
I  hi) 

loi^vripbt  M  the  Ptmir  Retina.  KotjAl  *.  l6| 
I  T.'|»M*.|'tiy  mi  iMtf  en.br  ■  br  Kmhin*.  ibr.  j?S 
I  T*'frh  *w«i  ra-a.  iboirrente  uL  of  ih«  C"**r  of  1 
wall,  Fnnm  l«iy.  my 
'*  Tnere.ii,"  |*r, \n«  fat  Th-aM.  New  Gnrnaa,  tfj 
Tranuiir  f|Vr  R.  ||.,  F  UH  ).t  heraaajiy  NaM  .m 
ltt|HtIc  rn.vr.ly  -h*    if-td  at    S^ywn,   ntar  I 

Tr»  1   itle^e  Willurr.;,   -'Mnaorrapb  (if  the  All*  * 

Filth  uf  I    <  |tit 
Traill  'Then.  Vi \  Charn  CaUeaand  Clains  57  J 
Tram  A  lay.  Taim  /.  \\\ 
I  TramJ-Mion  Wave      In  the  <lr^»m  j  W4Wr.  Air.  ml  £ 
J.  Smit  RcAteU,  F.R.S  ,  54^ 
Tran«aiia^»xi    of    Soonl,    wSm    W  C 


Ayrtcei,  F. 


Ihrikr't  Mirrmmpee,  111 

rheM-li.e*.  Clmai-M. 


>le»'nnrr-wi  hr.  4^5 


Tra*4<ttil  O.id  Firbli.ibf  C    4 rtr  ibr.  W    II,  Pen 
ino 

Ti4cul.<Mi  lWl«rfDr/inst  F.<t.*tlfe-mi  - 
444 


Origin  of  Cb. 


GoosU 


»jy  LinHitiing  of  c:«-riaii>. 
5,    Prof.     K.     A-  Fortl. 


liajeUiarliwfiT*  **  -  »  ^ 
"■»*■  of 


r>lcy- 


velUntf  Oi»eroUion*.  of  the 

,nnj{  Planla   ■»!  I'erna  of 

.  r>aily  P«Hod  in  ■TcU- 
tttollu  to  the*  Ui«tory .  »l 
■«    174.       =  :  N»'wt«"" 

£e,J  ;      lh»     !*«~  »«" 
►    Result,   of   a  Det».l.cl 

o«»  of.  5  '  5 
568 

.Irr  MitteraloRie.."  3 

ttpaeual  l«a»*a»  1,oJ"c 
2ER  mm  **«•.«' 

-   .      in    .lie    Anatomy  of 


j  Petrie.  5'->7 
Con  Anthro|^.l^«y^f93i!t>j> 

"M-  Fay«  •>"•  * 
Station  -m.  IJJ 


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u»T    poresalia.  =»• 

.  Co"""'"ton 

-  *  ...:_„.r.loi?y     '"•  ,„«•!. 


1  S  I  . 


in.  j".- 
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UnivcnHy.  •  Teucfut.:,  foe  Lo&Ioo,  l$S 

U  ,ivrr>!H,  fl  Jf&7 

L'nlvrr.117  ol  Vicuna.  >J4    .       _,  , 

I  ,   ...      -   anil  Scwnee.  S«-  l.yo>  rli)fal.  oa.  in 

L'iit*i.ntu.l4e.  lb*.  S^n.*  RonatelR,  110 

I  >-<.!  >,  Sociclv  of  Silence,  ?l  ;  Coileeuoo  of  l^fei  «I  ibe  Unl- 

aenny  of,  ISO 
l_'ranu»  anil  Nrjuoae,  SMrll.le.  of,  55] 
Ur.«.  Xanthine  8od»r»  m,  l«.  Salsaum,  4*5 

Vacuum-Tube.  Rota'ine,  00  Ccrlaia  Spectra!  tn-v*.  proHuorf 

by  «,  ShrlfoM  H.l«eTl.  JO 
Valic  of  the  Teauavoer  10  Ibt  Auran  So ovJ,  »n.«el  Saaino, 

V  Enable  Stan,  554  I  /.  E  Gm  l*> :  V  CyfM.  *>o 
Vexy  1  Di.  Oo  I,  "  A(iicuIi«f»I  (.cam  of  loe  MM  SiKet. 

1'iof.  W.  fmm,  5« 
Vuwjiivitcir  Cenlf«  w  t-oitH  of  trrphnim.  1.  Dt.  Rwifnlll,  ll» 
Vat<«  rW,       W.,  f  .K  «.i  D«l»of.  mi 
UaaaM  SulHianorv  Traile  be  iht  Mioo«=im»l  Iiivm<>t.j« 

of  Di  W.  I  Ifchnns  14} 
V  llllnn  F.«o»«l«n  of.  J.  CUyton.  BH 

VcLv-uiion      ,hc  Unk-  *"  c''»b*:h'  w 

«...  lit  W.  Eiii;tl u.inii, 
l/iil  ruUii.au  J.  tat.        J.  Mw*y.  J»»:  t>.  I-  W. 

V^o!'.i'rof'i?hi.  M  wv>,^,  "r  ff"'""''  ^Pt*- 

raTu'  f~  -LlTl  -in)  «"•'.  Albeit  A.  MaL.1™,  6 

V.Lk.,iv   S|«lil  anil,  .*Q  .  Seoe*-  7«  ,  _ 

VmL  fu<  Hatiaimj*  »=  laMHta  <SJ     .  ,,  .    „  , 

I     ■   ii>  m  IIaintHii2-  111  , 

U.Tilnry  tSrtmmmt      «i«i'ajl  •» 

iS«lU«  «l  the.  -  U-  tlq..-nt,  M 
Struthers  5«e»  Dchar.  uf  U«  fr.»a. 

VHU7^tSuTp"L:n».,V5.  Ui  iB  IfiSSi  of. 
V«S£  tVcnluiK""*  »f-  J55 

.1  the.  .  .   .  ^      „,  s.-i.ner..  «4.  ?*  lit  SW I 

Vt^pSiriaty  or.r«„.  Eihoiunee.  -  "» 

V.rcNo-  I  lie.  M,  I  nnni.ti  I] 

Vrclaia.  ,.„.„.»,,  rrof  tWau.l.  jil 

V"^.y  of  fct^«  E.%nin.«»«..  ■•■"<  C  M*«  »"X«". 

m!fn  ii—  Ta*1*  '1  "  fr  ,1'A,'W,"V 
v  "..ion  of -h.  Rofi  ammm  CM'"h'  0 

V5«a«lMl  il*.  a,,„|,,  la  !»•>.  *M  i    VJeae.e  He. 

CaJ^ajatJJi**    g^y   r,^,,,.!,,..  Shrifonl  nij.ilt, 
Vohoic    C«"  ",u> 

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V  Ch»,r^*■l•',•  ,5'     m  ike  r  a«.lnil«»a  ol  Iht  liuulftnau 
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VMMNMB  ■*•>  Sft.nv.lngT.  R««a«  Pn%f»  «-.  IW.  R«kV 
mmI,  tog 


wJliin 


Walra,  Fur  al  L'alwenl'y  Cnlttf*.  1J4 
Walker  I Alf.  O.I.  K»ti/*I1  n(  NW.  hnglaad,  T?t 
Walk*r  llWtM-rsI  I,  T..  F.R.S.I.  Opening  AA1r*»a  in  Srtlwiti 

C  (0^i»jAtI,  it  the  Brtthik  AaaarinttnB).  4*1 
Waiting,  l'nc<at.»ricw»  Was  in,  Manli  Mdes  in 3 
Wallace  (Alfred  MA  "A  NjiuraltK't  W*f>lcfi,i£»tn  the  Fa<er* 

Andinitti^pi,"  IUutt  O.  Forbo,  JlS 
WMBfimf,  t_*r**    Vipaa't  Ar|tnriun   of   Furfsfn  Frthr*  it. 

M 

Want  jMA  Nntn  tm  Tapmnrtti  ■*  in  the  Foctnallitn  ««* 
Slarcfc  if!  l'l**r-.  under  rh*  laJfoence  of  the  F-Uxt«r  Ligla, 

W.rrm  <W«i.  F-.  U-0  k  "  Pieidiar  Potra.1."  »S 
Wumd  ICul.  *«i  fc.t.  M»fk  and  While.  MS 
Wa*>->o£tun  Htdr*jgrai*«ral  Uurtuu.  no 
ttatbMtgtnn  1'h.WflntaI  St*.ietT,  JDO 
Water  in  Firih  of  Foe-h.  TrmfwrMui*  nt  If.  R.  IMLM 
Water,  ihff  Kmnnl  ,>f  v   >.    •  P.  F.  Frank 

lar»J.  *  1 

Watrr,  Fott  W    II,  !*n*«nV.  «J  ;  rfrrhtrt  I  \  ChwUirfc, 

14$  ;  Isaac  C  rfc  rnjuno.  jjt 
Watrr,  MniArrs  and.  leery  Barrett,  J67 
Wasir-Ilirw  »f  N.-ifc  America,  IW.  S.  F  Hs-nt,  Dr.  T  M. 

Hn-»f  r,  ftt«i  R.  Ridgwnr,  (SI 
Wam-Sflpnlr.  Hrjr.n  nf <  ornmrtle*  nn  Peerraae  nf,  >j 
Watering  the  Coal  [Hit  w  Mnn,  W,  till  to- aj,  171 
WatmewtU  ia  Xlesuo  and  AUur,  tjj.  134 
Wmmo  (W.|.  Frtfef  I'Uflit,  141  i  a  CutrtvtkM,  3*7 
Waal  <Aki. \  *' !     .  ;t  uf  a  Lum|i  uf  (Mil  bxiii  the  M.nr  In 

tU  Mint,'*  UO 
Witt  (J.  H.  A.I,  FJrctrinl  Fkccmixn^a,  Jlfi 
Want  I  Henry}  Fsnd.  the,  61 
Want  I  Wm  1.  S«lfc»«ai.  j»t, 

Wain  |W  WA  ihcU«ii.«j  *f ihe  IWeidden  Milk  310 

Wave  of  Traaalatloa  in  the  » Veani  i-t  W  »Ict,  All.  abl  ClWt, 
I,  Scott  RimiU,  F.K.S  ,  546 

W  tvc-Cinvnt*.  [nftamc*  uf,  on  the  Faom  »f  STaalltm  1***. 
Anhtr  R.  I'  547 

Vint,  Ocrati.  M  eason-meou  t4,  no 

Waa.  CWcM  laarct  While,  A.  Iluaie,  56X 

W  farther  '  Ctrican  ia  Cnf.nl  S  ,  ...  1.'  Rainr  Sutnairt  in 
Fatlrm  Ara(  461  .  Cnptrvwirrilril  Fall  nf  Trt»j*ratui*  nn 
Nirhl  d  Au|>>t  3i  -S*pte«ihff  1,  495;  Jnd«»r«t  KWIm 
in  Trclantl  *u3  Su<n*y.  4*7,  541 .  > uirtasting  ><y  Mtam  "f 
W«ai>rv  Cbarla,  10  J 

Watb  iKrr  T.  W.|,  Dralk  uf,  $4  ;  Obituary  NnlUe  ur,  O.  I. 
t'hao**"*  Ij4 

Wtaaira  (H*  A  X  Whal  T**i  t««n  rfonf  for  tU  O^ngraphy  vl 

Scottaw-t.  sail  wTaal  rcataiaa  t»  he  dune.  jOs 
We^iOhg  (Dr.  Mrns«naU  on  the  Ftopetibti  t4  MaSeaUa  Iron. 

«0 

WcltjU*  and  Mcitutri  Act,  Ptoceerfinp  nwler  tl»e,  634 
W  -  >.  -  1 1 .  <r  .  .41  ri«  rteaeol  Slate  oJ  Cnmpaialkru  of  Orfrm  of 
Cowti,  516 

Weiaunaso  lUnt.X  Daeovery  nf  Fal  of  Ka*«i  Ri»«  lm» 

Ukt  LwpoM  II..  'r.  401.  $54.  S*> » 
WrUoa  <Walt«T,  F.R.S.t,  Dcaih  5J1 
Wr Catgtun  Collef*  N'atwal  So**ee  frxjety.  *jt 
Wer4«<b  I  Dr.  C  A.  •on  I,  the  "Dnumpoanluii'  c4  liidymlura. 

V*m.  \  F-anctltiienia  nm  tha  Raftrctlna  ur  Light. 

wila'on  (FJwanlX  NikgRra  Falli  I  the  Rate  al  which  thry 

Soathwar«».  2X9 
Weat  Kent  Natural  Hi*«y,  MKtoanaacal,  »r»rl  FhotflgTiphtt 
Socirty,  44>l  ...  ... 

Waalrna  l.laa.!*?,  Ant  ihert  Rat  Lit*  10  lb*.  Haructt  Lllia. 

tfl  (Di  h  N«r«tea  in  Human   B«ly,   I9«  i  Choleaiwtaw  I  ? 

VrfSL  ■■fcllhfi,  Obaer*«tkir»  ce*.  Pr  R.  OOVtt.  »4j  •« 
Ihe  Cer^ml  Vr*t#hn.  u(  the  GremliiJ  K  fjbl,  Tiol.  Sirn- 
Ibm,  ibo.  on  aoroe  Finrn.  in  ihe  Anaei«y  or  MMQ 
rrof.  Turner,  J60  1  00  Ike  Tay  WhiJe  and  CKten  HrTMrf 
Oblaiixil  ...  the  Dialrict.  IW  MhatTh  >*o 


W]«al.  I  %neriri^aft»  |n   \wertara  tnn«*  Pr«lucti*«  Vaxirtr  nf. 

I'.  F.  IMMVwn,  49/1 
WVnl  Pt»i>i(i>yi  In  IMml,  fr  »f,  |>An  WrtghiMra,  ;q 

Iff.  S|M«er  "ft.  ir> 
WfcjtakrT  ( W  1  m  I  Wp  rVcing-  as  Chaikro— a  CoMnbaiioai 

|i>  the  lh*p  Salot  I  i*rJ<njf  0/  lb*  Ijin'ln*  Hitln,  Ct| 
Wnkr.  rlln-k  and.  Col.  W'm.  it  WanwH.  ll\ 
Wbtae  l-vht,  II.  A.  Rc;«ri  nn  RtMrWdr  u(,       ;  E^nciiwtnn  net 

Scandir  U  V,  5J7 
W»4«  S«aall«r.  1.  Ma-y  IWjgx  St».  AWa.  Anrfrrwt,  tii - 

llaben  Ain.  Ml  J  LI.  Ihj<na«l,  $jj 
Whrnhife-1  Fine  A-t  f  .-.  tuo 

WTral«Qab.  A<tlinttli-i'k«  «/.  Ml  apt,  trt 

WbsteKou  *  (Clpr4  r*trtj»rt»d  TrU^inm'iitn  ,>f  Otr  Reilii  \l  in«, 
axil  tbc  Fr^incr.  1         am)  <  tn»u  »t*..|  <.(  tu  ihe  Palhtrcra 
Inwjih.  5** 
W.V-IU.  I .  Rrnan,  n 

ML  o|  thr-  It...,  |aj4  Ihr  M#rhani«a.V  ih«, 

Vktvw  II 'Miry.  177 
W  tlUiin*   1 A  v.    M-Meral    Rnmrnvt  nf  ihe    t'nttnl  *it.»ira. 


liim*  !•»  I.  V.  .  PuKnntn  ta  ihe  Vcbat, 
William  I  '  llif  .  I      'tm  <f  X  ■'  •    .1  Hi.  .rT,  1  i 
William***  \tm  W  </ .  I.K  >.  .In^of  rkaarfgawa. 
3*M 

Wllhajchby  ( F.Unr-1 1.:,  Ilyf>nr.  rii 

Wilton  iHr.  V.  L,  nn  ibe  Munlt.ni  .  n  .  t  if  r  .LtlbeJkc  Funrty 

ranarag  Mmilire  Racv>,  f  e/> 
Wtl*tn  iTItamaaV,  «n  a  NV*  \|,in  nf  M«tS'«m>.  tM 
Wim-bitni  Imhviinn  M  tchme.  Nolo  un  tU  Vrtn-n  J  the.  ti, 

II.  i!.   .    ■    I  K  S.  ti 
Wind  |n  Falilhatinn,  ihr  A'AVnt,  M  Allmrd,  134 
VBM  CMWbtnb  L'tyci,  new  ilut  F^Miur,  ILeL  rUI|<b  Abrr- 
irtiatl-v,  614 

W'taHhll.  Po.«Ur.  fix  Scirnrr-.  Ht   Ifalr  f.ltuar.  UJL  UJ 
WingVia  IWiU,  |>e.  t|  WomttriM,  F.R.S..  4* 
Wires  »n  0*.:.r^  i  f.  ait  Air  ant  VsriiaKi,  J.  T  (Uiunley, 
5I» 

Wnr  rM.  C>.  S>ilpltumtH  Anl  In  .Vnv*t»hrTi,  1 44 

W«ribj|'a  ■aimalMo*'  ihv  »-k*r."  II  .  Illgb  Lr»tl  Matron*. 

logical  Siajiiin-,  11 
W>lr"«  (MA    bl(«l«*0»ll<'U  i:4f  FotifaMllk  Attiaraloa  fnr  the- 
McMtMimtnr  >d  Ibr  \  rl-  iily  ul  Lig^t,  ARrtt  A.  Mltheltum. 
I 

W<«tr»  S«.|rrr.  at  7«rnh,  «)5 
WootljKrirrt  Nr<etn[*«a  Aae.4"  Vntt,  ej 

W.ntlwanl  il>r.  II..  I  K  >,  |,  W  irt>lct*  Bin)*,  4A  ;  Tr»iin»r«nl 
to,  H4,  JJJ 

Wf  l  lt'»f,  Slnittvi  .,f  sit*,  n  il*  RtUiion       the  DM  wf 

W..  J  h.r  T«t.bamal  Pumnw,  [f.       II    U-*»»a.  if* 
WurtMrO'tnl),  IWalb  U,  j-j 

W\«lhry  |Cnl.  II.  S*«tn',  Kevin;  P.<tili*tn  of  Or^trrx  614 
W  ni;lil.  .r.  il'r  /.  }<>\n,     >  nt.l  L»f*j{mtnt*  a)  K*hitr»tt-<f.  $$  | 
Wbrai-PmHnrtinn  in  India,  ?>;  Bdlltein  nf  the  hivey  Intti* 
totieei,  195  I  ('■.■'■  Othf  Fuming,  jamet  long,  (71 
Wtoming,  tbc  IViMntU  rf.    IW.   •  k   C   Mmfa,  Arch, 
Geikle,  r  R.&.47 


Vanrir.  lWllll.nl  Hl<lnrj  nf  Bili->!  Bir'.,  X,»  TiliiKn  J. 

Ye»f  BtK*  Sc-^Wtfit  ah^  Iwrv*  ^-.•»<1ts  «  .  iRH.  211 
MM  ICnU  F  ILM.  Mul  UtUuiff  NMutAiil 
V<»M>  IHibntml,  ihf  dlmutry  uf  Jagann.  liam, 


ZaxhailM  iOr.  OA  Sitnlui  rr*.Vw.it-r  Fuim.  i4o 
/<iiKhn<i  Atr  C.t.r  iKh.ft  Olr  l'<Hknbl<  tc  BHin,  #>J 
/eilxhrfl  fur  WinraKhtftlKhf  ^ooli^ir,  91,  yy\ 
l<turt  fC.  V.V  »  N*»t»  !kcI1u  Surttm«yv^.  |U 
Zittftr  iP.-iif.i.      ifcr  |lti«tuiliuucii  at  'jW  bi  riiiMi.lbl 
M  :  ,.!  '  nf  nitYmnt  ^J»rx  6|  ^  ^ 

Zuiliwiil  OMlfatj  A41»Kn.  10.  ij.  ;j.  It  8<.  lu,  114.  iti, 
**  "*  »J'-  3*  >J«.  MS.  37*.  «  lA  »i- 
S.'J.  V      t<»X  nj6 


OGRAPHY. 

a  ■»  tlic      n  « *•  t  and 


toitr»phT- 

_  ... ...  v«.«»««" 

.1.  D oOk"  - 

,\io  Square,  London. 


S.— Wh»t  contri. 

,  r«»ry  I ".» •*'' '''' V  . 

fr'n^f  i  *'»s*  1  rr:-  ,f* 

■o  w.c. 

,"-,-ri.tiy  *-'%,.».■  * 


■  .  ..■ 


>ogIe 


ii 


NATUKIi 


[.Way  7.  188 


RIBBON  METHOD  OF  CUTTING 
SECTIONS. 


LIVING  SPECIMENS  FOR  THE  MICROSCOPE 

OOLSNUULtvmM  si  tht  MSllER  I T*  lUI.klTlOX  t* 

THOMAS  PO1.T0H,  if.  Xt  Wit  ALL  HltlT,  tlRUIXCHAft 

•■  ■  ■   -    ■  :  -  -  - 
_  .i  SowU,  I  Sate 

tHiiWr  .•  ■  v,,.,.,- 


II><1»,  V>imI«,  in\ 


.....  1.. 

C-  tan*,  Ci^k—  « 


AiM         MO  M  fAa  I  

wires 


1 pMMMM 

It*.  M.mfm  My  «-  mm  a*  la- 
ta*, faMtf  «L  a.  ia*  v«d)  Ln  11I  1.  a* 

UikiKNW.  fc M,  At*-,  ud  I  »h«*'  1+ <■ 
|j.  *>J  ntt.r  In  -nn-it.  «-~«|  I  -I  -f 

THlfrAMBKlL'OK  SCIKNTIHC  INSTRUMENT  CO. 
L'**ur»  »f£* 


IIS*  Mil  »  l«Uf4m**'0ft-aL<tuT.  * 


Specimen  Tobo,  One  8  bill  la*.  p«»t  free. 

Trnwrnff  iij    ■,l,il.....1.-:         H«iA,v.  ^..v.„..  t, 
•  -   -J 

r  xtfitm  uf  t>r*-*rf|>,  IfsPwii.  Mb  nek. 


LARGE  COLLECTION  of  EXOTJC  and 

HMrisM    WO  -...lU.I.    .W    •  **  UxaU&a.. 

WiUli,  mil*  r«-%  »h-tt  W    *    f>a««i«*»v  1*1. 

MM,I  .1.1..;^  (-..  R*Miif*l  2  •ikaAcktilAni.  , 

ii  Hiixi  :  itul  <l  »    l.fct#r»n  onk  to*  Itulk  it|  .  t*j*.*»«*  ■**  . 
!•■>—*  s-t-IU—..    Ilata**  U  .1-^  Ik.U— *s  lm^U.«l.<J  AjfM 
ruu.,  *UI*  Isxti.*;  -W.ll  IlLR  Nilirott**  A«nt,  n.dml 

VICTORIA  UN IV ER SI TVl 

Tto  &**•*>■**•  toMUiU  in  ln»  I 
Hainan  r  unatiui  llattltrt  if  Al 
Jill  \>>t  W    Jlk.ll.MI  iflk 

LiMtMn  to  it*  l.-ilruav  Ijimwtxi  an  An*,  it  ia*t 
ta*t*l  RfJ  in  a  *  biiv  ,d  niamiWHii  f««*  lhr*»  U*> 

■  to  (*T  fi     CuatHnif  t»-.  K in«rj  LuuiirtK  na*a  Ml  

tofat*  lia  tUamtaatto.     IW  aitlaM*  fa*  U  it  *•*!  totoi-t  kto 

r»  kfito  1 4  Ol*  *aJ  tklMK*.— Tto  IWMtUrM  ataJ  I  T  ■**i«alitaa> 
far  Kp».  *||  l*jrt  t*>  I  vat  Hi  •■«*'»* 

•m*4*o  **4  r  -*J  Ri 


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fku  f*in  at  it» 


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ilnnat  >i ttJMitat  id  -><|  U* 

■•t  t*|i*  "*  Mwrlaj;.  jaly  «u.  uf  ik* 
lUUIUl  Mt  lagla  •»  riLA^y  1  r,  *l 

1  U  .*ua»l  baa.  ||* 


MUSf  UMS  AND  COLLECTOKS. 

Mr.  DAMON,  of  WtVMOUTH,  will  i<x**td  ah 
■brwlcwt  C  alAJotror  of  hb  Collc:tion .  in  NaturAl  HiAiort 
UbjoctA,  uicluJinC  RECENT  SHELLS  (Komn  Anrl 
BfiUihK  POSSIL  RKMAINS,  MINE!  ALS,  ROCKS 
MARINE  /oology.  Ac,  Ac.  to. 

INTERNATIONAL  HEALTH  EXHIBITION. 

DIVI&ION-EM'CA  tlOM. 

A  PR1ZR  MEDAL  AWARDED  TO 
THOMAS  D.  RUSSELL. 

jt,  newoatt:  1 1  MCI,  loniion.  kc. 

For  Otologic*!  ColUciio*)*  for  Science  Teochinc 


MINERALOGY  AND  GEOLOGY 

Mr.  -M  N  -    \  ■  Lmh  Arii.tl.ua  — 

Y.o  lit-  I  •  L-  II  1. 1  II  lOilNVIt.li  LKViTAI.t  .f  7IRCOI 
ii  ii*.kt»  IvMi  tl  ••/••'*     liffcVIA.    I'lOCiA^l.  LWAkUWITl 

tf  Ai  vi  wiri:  NA  itvt  Mi.vrm  hi .ittti  tin  ,  v«»#  it. -.<.!»», 

RUilLfcs.  ^imilo^iiii-'RIK.  «*4  s*ii.i:  LuertR  cw 

«^  ,  in:  1.  IA1'»  a-.l  I.KII  N  .O  I  S  Ii  UIW      1, Rot* 

MM4.I    i.H\siaI*-.'    -  I  If  M  1 1 ,     l»(*>i  '-IHAkV 
EM>  7(^rA/»S.  Wl-.^a. 
A  LaJ(t  Sarau  *.  K-lKi         MlCROSCOPir  »tCT10M»aif  |l 

/  „U  mm  ^«/JM  Kttttatat,  Otatta.  mmi  "  ■  fi  ip| 

PRIVATE   LESSONS  AND  EVEN1N0  CLASSKS 

Rl.OflTPir A  CAHS  ANI>  APPAftAIUS.        LMllfa**  0a» 

SAMUEL  HENSON, 

«7?.  STKANO.  LONDON, 
OpjHHiMj  N«4at*  Str**A 

SIX  PRIZE  MEDALS 

AWAKI>tJl  Krtt  liliOL  lOtCAt  C'^t  l.ECTtOKS 
C*ak*7«Al  CVItxrwra  rafctiafv  Mtul*<  ft*  I  Maa***,  •»  RfJlfM  aa  fato, 
••■I  A"  I™i-n.»tJ   u.i  «».)'••  all  Utturataattl  1m.****  m 
IiIUI  R*lt*i«,  Ar 

Xaai         R*«*  M*r— «b  o-^iaMljr  vn.H|  In*  -  '  1-  ■   f*»  uixlam 

S«»aU 

RuCfc  SlL  flOVS  ANI»  KmCK  HPP.ClMtlTS: 
Tlx  I ****■!  VarMty  M  jfcjtMMi 
Nr»  Ca««<*t***<  **•«  U"*  '«■*** fa. *i«*i  *4— 

JAMKS    R  GREOOMY, 

88,  CHARinrn:  Stmv*tt.  Fi-izruv  SnuAur,  Londo- 

L>i*uia«ti  r]  Vwii  [a  Uubt 


DISSOLVING 


LANTERN    RK  AUINGS. 

VIEWS. 

THt  KrW  QUAt'Rt'PLICUM. 
■•g  HMM  I  Mi  •**  .tii-pflai^  v^hr-o  to  tH*  9**?jml 

Tk»  CkflMMl  |iAkt*a-T>*f  Wu  ir.  .W  W«Wi-rS*  Ri>«t  ll-awt- 
r*rr%n*t**  mwt  llr..l  ,..  a»fl  |l«  R. >.r  Wy. ~  pt*  P r« iai  Utrr- 
M**MllWJ  **«S  Hw  H-»  I  ra— lf7F<  •*»«  >>*  M.U  I  .(«.iu.*)-S>( 
•      Tto  tj(d»M*-7to  H,,_  1 1.   m,,:,  of  U*— Pm*  P> • 

tk*  nif.1.  a- 

TU  UN  Wl  N~»t  fcWl  al  U..ar«  «H  «U*«.  SdcwAc  **>J 

'•wmJ.  un  tt*.  *«.<  <al«  u  ila,  m«**|  a*  tto  U>«**l  PrktA. 

E.  MARSHALL,  t«,  Qaaaa  Vkhtu  Si-#n.  UMn,  E.C 

HOW  A  CO.'S 
Geological  Tr»u*parenrie§  for  the  Lautem. 

Ifcm«pu«t  C-4at*ctM  ra  A 
WALAIR'b  If tOWC  GRAU1Y  BAl.ANCK  ruH  ROir*l 

NOW  •  ffii  PO.*«7yW\c"Sl'?>Pt  LAWf,^^  . 

P«-»4-r««.  BmS  O-****.  t^*~ 

*>«*>•*.  A«    i-.  -  >t  tat  uik, 

/AMI*  HUWACU.  .,.  Pami» 


PATE  pi  SON  A  COOPER. 

je\  LITTLK  BRITAIN.  LONDON,  E.C. 
Electric  Lt-hl  and  Power  Ami  Tclrphom  Engitr*MN 

N*»  fJadnc  Ij^i  wiil>(i(,.  r»i  fia*  11 
PAIHRShN  ft  OMJPRKtf  ta  trr-  *»-»*  lk*J  tbwj  UncHin*] 

■t.  rta^^ai,  UkaiwuL  iai  t  mmmmtd  P*i  itofe  iw»,m 
\i..-    1  *»v  1.  Jiui;,  i  i-.  .,  ...,-„  >-,..u km*«i.  fc-v:. 

SCIENCE  AND  ART  DEPARTMEN 

1*  PLH  (  I  Vr  GRANT  POR  THE  PL'H L H A*Jt  HPAMPAt 
C"t  Lt.CIinNS  AM'  APJ-AltAll  fi  rOH  |>Ai.'HISi-  (i|.OlA> 
ANIi  MlNtKALOCS.     NtW  USTA  %*d  rOHMS   •»  wA«fA 
to|4«tfikr>  H  Ir  U  T*ii  -f  it*ic  i  to 

THOMAS  J.  DOWNING. 

i>  WHISK IX  STKBin ,  UlN DON.  B  C  !•*»>  0»*«tt  »f  «  .  mio, 


Ail*»ti*><*  wl'"'"f  «»' 
TtlRI*Tt  •to*t.-l**»n*ai 


.  ..-1  •    '  .....  , 


NORTH    BRITISH  AGRICULTURIS* 

■U  mJt  AjWmI  J'Mit*'  in  lMRto-1,  %u.wW*«  aat*r*J»ly  aar- 
La>*l'*>'**i-  "•***".  *•••!*•»  *i'iii,  u>i  i4hm  iniu»j|»4  I*. 
M,ai.niti  HflM*li«n«vW«j|  ItollattrH  KHtgAm. 
Tk-  A'lRH  I  I  I  1  HI  •  I  »r>U>J«Ua<n  W*4.— 4*,  «A«mni.  ■>  M 

la,  «to  K»-il«f  M*>K  *a!  muu*  R  (j***,  u|  ail  ila  itiixix-J  bciua*  « 

|.,.  .  M..»-'.     ,fc"  •"k 

PIMWRJ  A*»»itWi-{  lanttti  b*  Ul  m-)  EMa 

M  r»--*  .ill  to*t  tto  AUXtCI. 

*»*  >tV  A*riul^toT*|«m,tAr*Uiir.*JtanMlt«tt. 

^  Qtk«»-y.  Hit*  aom.  MfaMMR ;  MM  *a>,  <>•*>  VVwria  Stoi 

||««T  <>r*>t|**.l*»  (-  OuliII  A.  MMtoa.  Ju,,,  I  dt.rut-t. 

BOOKS   fSecondhandl.  Miscellaneous,  k 

 -»  QigitiypH  by  Google 


r*"-~j^  s^L'L'a&iJrsja  international  scientific  series 


.   •>*-■  ilaibrat  po*i«       Alt.  • 


Weekly 


rtLtiMrx  in  nif 


-  *  *  *   I _a   Scmninc  Kr^ii- 

mry  t-~r*-*f  l»  from  i*J>  p4"'*1 ' ■  -  ' 
k>  |Miiicul«r  Gallic  | 


M.  aft 

—  ■  * 

—  »  s 

»•  so 


>r.tion  of  I'"**" 

-      v  MaiMM 


*  with 


.  <tt*  •••»»?  rr 


y  .|uart«r  •(■*■» 


UK  MTIOMOU)  « 


ii   nt  *-JJ  Jj  'jj 


In     l-"-*rtrt  .-r 

ill-*.      A-  -  i 


PHYSICAL  EXPRESSION: 

1*171  MOlilX  AND  nci.VCII'LtA. 

Bv  FRANCIS  WARNER,  M.l>,  F.R.CP 

THE    COMMON   SENSE   OF  THE 
EXACT  SCIENCES. 

Il>  III!  Lain  W  t  C.I.I  A 11  KINC.DON  CLIFFORD. 

JELLY    FISH.    STAR*  FISH,  AND 
SEA  URCHINS, 

III  1ST.  A  -REM  Mtt  fl  ON  l-fttWITIVK  If KMVOI^  ^riM*. 

Hy  C.  J.  ROMANES,  F.R.S., 

ORIGIN  OF  CULTIVATED  PLANTS 

flv  AM'IIOXSE  DE  CANDOI.LE 

T— ' *—    KUiAH  lAii.  rar.«c:n  a  4  * 
EDWARD   WARD   haa  pleasure  111  an- 

iwio  A|  th*  I— «•  •«*  *  »"*  U<rtt-SI*h  tit  A«-|A|U,  w\t\  tw9*»th* 


rinraH^i  •(•.!*»     —   —    -  (ruM  •  t 
cute  r»» 

lif-f |-,1||lMiplf-)*  HMM/I        ..  I  I 

|-  til-  •■  tM-.nn  •Jvmt-l  .  . 

I>U  *.Hn  WAttC.    .  l  i'\KHI'  Nnt»«  I  U^CNDni 


HOLLOWAYS  OINTMENT 


15  FALLIBLE 

mm 

-or  BAD  IIOS.  BAD  MltMi*.  Oil)  WSVRM.  tolls  u4 
CLC1 II*.  If  •  IDx'tMlty  r**h«-l  n  Iht  Mtck  u-i  CUtt.  It  fnrtf 
•ORE  THROAT*.  MORCHmS.  MM  mt  COLD*;  ud  te 
liOCT.  RREVRAflflf.  uj  <ll  «<»  RUWHl  II  It  Q-u^tilJoi, 


I  .  r-  O  ■  I  ■ 


\RMACO 

ty  X.  i-M'"1:1 


J  'qOV.  THEKAPiUTICS.  jnd  MATKKIA  MEDIC  A. 

'  RRUNTOM,  M  I'.  P.*ti  '  ftl; 

,   I  !.>  -> 


I  lie.  rftnll-^AmtM 
ill.  mil  M  'l<  K17S 


  .  ,.f  I  1  Hi  ill  Ml  »t  llir  Vh!'-Ji«  I  ■ 

,1...    Univw-i  J—', •,         1  „.„.„,  JtOu.l™^h. 

HAKM*COPir.l*  BV  FRANCI*  II   WII.I-IAMS.  M  D 


ll.-.jv  ll  i 


I1E.D   STATI-.»ByJ*oN  MASS 

gy    1  III.  *A»»  ^"",,"< 


-rHKIR    CONSKQUENCES  AND  TREATMENT. 

srs'S1  ""dictionabies. 

f  — 7— 17  .  11   1  MNIVEKSITV  OF  CAM  BKIDGE. 


|,»U.i 
F  OX 

,„  «S...o.  I'"1 


ONIVEKSITV 

cL.lh.  It  ""A 


PAK'      ABC  RAILWAY  GUIDE. 
-ONTINE  N  TAt.  m«» 

F«to»^J?----T; JTTCO.  LONDON. 
..A«    M"-'  A" 


THE  THAMKS. 


s-s 


MAC 


NATURE 


{M*y  7.  1885 


SCOTTISH    PROVIDENT  INSTITUTION. 

Eiimtviiiil-ti,  ST.  ANDREW  SQCARE.   L.mrio*  Owes— 17,  KINr.  WILLIAM  STREET,  E.C. 

At  1!.-  ANN"  M.  MEETING  ua  151b  Maicli.  iDIS-  t**  Mrexlur.  !«-|«jflct  t  ultt/Wttiiry  malt  of  the  Ynr'«  butiitcw— 
tlx  Piapnal*  rsccimt,  £1,170,61$  I  Of.,  Knn^  wj<ttc-*  QA1  jUmc.  while  I  be  jii>  <jfii  Accepted  U  axnrwkit  ashler,  ibaat  of 
Ual  HM 

Hew  Atnnncei  MfftMii  £1.015,145;  witi  Premiums,  £35.274. 

Income  in  Year,  £688.9110    CTaims,  £269.B80. 
Realised  Fundi  >"urta*e«l  In  >«>■' by  /.ji7.5*>)  exceed  £5,000.000 

Only  l«u  OfK-e.  In  i  t  Kitisiloin  l%<lh  nmh  »Mtrl  bate  s*  Uivr  a  ¥»ml. 

WHOLE  WORLD  LICENCES  AKD  H0H  FORFEITURE  OF  POLICIES. 

Ftellctcs  are  araenlra  sow  fm  ftem  rtwrwtinaa  on  miaVr**  after  flvs  year*.  tUlch*U*Ug*able  M  any  cnraml  Uil  (raid. 
Fnlicira  Mf  tc  irtived  M  eayiTKfil  »f  urcrtuutn  within  the  ycai  wttbual  t*i»A  of  fculiL.    In  of  aVilti,  wheta  lh»  nine 

ctoawlr.  the  snjiatit  iftmita,  l he  fall  Mm  w  t+j iZJe,  under  tleilcuiim  of  Atmn. 

The  Advantages  which  this  Inititulion  offers  to  Aasoreri  axe— 

Aof**  Oa/iaMi*  Ju««w.f — My  j£uoocv  /  i      '  for  ihr  f'mtuim   hargrd  c\v«U*rt  |wflh  riotlM  fur  j£lOoo  oajy. 
TTkt  fYt*Mt,  it  (7.W  Inn,  .y"  AJJ/tw — an  uarf  »««if;  ci«m  !«  t*»W  by  who**  early  ileal ll  llirrr.  n  a  Iota. 

Claims  under  Pobcwa  now  riayabU  a  Month  after  Proof. 
fitfii-rft,  nttA  7<iMr  p?  JSnmimmt,  >i.,*n  Aftfi.itir* 
f.  MUIR  UOTOf,  LoiKkm  Secretary.  JAMES  WATSON.  KMap 


Now  R<-wdy,  in  I'nrnn  bm,  <lmh,    Itirr  ji,  bJ, 

PROPERTIES    OF  MATTER. 

By  P.  G.  TAIT.  M  A  ,  Src  R  S  E., 
Euiawiiy  r'etlnw  of  St   l*c*«r*«  I'nMrce,  Ctfa-tfldjjr,  Frulr»»cr 
of  Natural  l">       ;  li>  tn  the  L*Or*rrtfly  uf  Ed tir^h. 
0<*ra«i»  —  lM*»J»t*fy  — a>«M  HiinaWiu     t»  i»<  I'liiun  Sin.- 
(W»*r  HUM  -Lui*I»  U"  l.o..  .i  i  .......  I  -  t.  V  .i.tr 

— TIbm  wrt  Stair  -  UiumtnUlrr.  tWxity,  tlffWMlty  -ItMiU.  H»- 

Mlf  t:«Mi<<>^l  ».•••  ~»talmMrT  *.  Ki.«..iUllT  ml 

KJuiUiy  -CTttrm1iilv">w*'        V*>  am  —  C»|f*-<.**1  itf  I ->p<»Jv 

D(f  wk«  Ihnw.  I  iuioim.        — ii   A;  —  .I4 1 1 » (Hi  n  .i  ri'adiiln 

Edlnbargh:  ADAM  &  CHARLES  BLACK. 

ELEMENTARY  '  LESSONS     IN  THE 

strutter,  or  ai.uk  i  t  i  i  hai.  rti*LTicc  »,  n  1  ankku. 

tC  4.  It  M.A.C.  fi»Mi  «i  *W  rYaa  |>Wi  t#  A«ric>tlun  w*on 

ihr   1  U»«ii">-  -«f  H>«- »  «  -*•»■•«•  IV >f«.i«r  «f  Ag^i- 

..h«.;  X...M*.  t'n»Hkit  raffrnji.  Aw*««nfe. 

MAC  tfrtXAX  A  CO.  I'wAm.  

THE  ENTOMOLOGIST'S  MONTHLY 
MAGAZINE. 

Fticr  lifHir.  W«««k>r.  t j  Mm  («>  *.ih  m«««W*I  Ill«ia**li-  m. 
Cr*-tw».i  IjC  n  nUlMTT.  J  W.  ri»'M..«,  ».  UcLacniam,  P. It  S  , 
E  Sai'W€>.  P.LS.aaA  N.  I.  irAixre*,  r.R.S. 

TW  M*«Mtw,  t-MmrrV  m  i  V>».  mu4wA  afit>b«  uti  mi* 

m>  JI  kifcii  witW        tiiM>t>(r  mbI  MpM&ay  ta  i\*  lawei* 
on**  Ittn. 

M%*(ttr<kM—  SU  SWH>««  f  V''w«,  •»>  fir*.  T\«  »ilutn  C*w 
■■>fi  w*i  ;l«  tvu*  ounWi  fi  mil  r<*i 

Van.  I  1-  VI  t«t^(iy  k-n#  «•  rlvthl->«r  U  .l«*ft-J  If  piicl««f>  -» 
|W  *H  la  .1.1*  41  itv  U.  (m.-I  H"*  "*  -  >S(  '•"  **  '"« 

•  •U  Mil  k«    1  :       ,<  >.lr    r  I  ftlhrr.  M  it  h 

Uni.M-  I'I»IN  VAV  ViHtHSi    1.  rafc.watir 

N  n  -CMHMuilat,      .  .|«mU  t«  mm  *«  im  E4M-*.  *iih«  *tw 


BOOKS  for  the  SPRING-TIME. 


Pi 


bed  by  CASMILI. 


IPANV. 


F.1  MILIAR  WILD  FLOWERS.     1 ...   I  | 

1 1  All  y  *^  ium^..  w..ti  ._njr»«r...  .[it.  ...njij^  i,,t 

'It.  l.ikjU^l  Vt  •..|4l.ll.V^MMltfll  "—  (..rAttl1!  .VUpM.W 

MM  N.w  H..4y.         nr.  Crt 

FAMILIAR  WILD  BIRDS     I  I  W.  SWAYS 


•  i ES  |E 


Ukt...~l«..fM« 


OPTICINE, 

DOLLOND'S 

Mtw  aw  OfTICIRK  fer  kyaaitwi  r*M»*»;  •»*»  *JI  U  tuao  ■!■> 

aatjajl^ajhfp 

met  7a  «*l  ,  poarf  fraa 

tmxd  will  thUMfi  nijM  tVt«uJ  t**-- 


FAMILIAR   GARDEN  FLOWERS. 


EUROPEAN  BUTTERFLIES  &  MOTHS. 

i  kikiiv   wiii  i.  t.kirt.  mi  nt  ku>  I'uirrs  iAIm 

t  cwtirM  in  Ok  Vaianc  JV  ) 
I       "  WIimWh  *.  j  jtidt  ki  ■.IMIit*.  •Ivali,  •*  tit  wiiwtl  in  lit*  Max*)  W 
|  invo^  iMfl  iiNl  i«(  *>tk**v  u  «wihf  •(  M  \\»  m  MiiinlftUM  *«  oaa 

I  Ui  i>r  VJ.  lVu,| 

EUROPEAN  FERNS         r  r-  rm.  lLil>it,  and 
1"*^*!v,l'JAMt*  ruin r  1,8   Wni  »  ftca»iu  is«w. 

luiEiad*^*.  Kttttm  In  K  )t. M.,  »  I  *  <.V-.„. I ,t  aj .,i|j. 

js»  I 

.  ..•.iA.m  >mI>  M  rWM  L.i .U.u      I  r«  ifjaaa  w> 


THE  FIELD  NATURALJST  S  HANDBOOK. 

II*  it.         I  n  VIXHi  ud  I  •  UHMjn  •'•>!», 
MM  »Wt»i  «tt  Immi  «•  k.tWi(    t.»  l.^  •  »*n>- 

rail  a*»  mm  aw  w»  •oruuim...  Ii  «  f,(i  .<  Mtiittiuoa  '—A.*df*f 

cA«aLt.  a  OTNIMin  l>ahi|i  ...ui  iM.<kn 


elastic  steel  spectacles. 
1,  lu  do  at  b  hill,  london.  ec 


MINERALS  AND  bTONE 
IMPLEMENTS. 

m«  IMaMW  b^.  i.    ,i.  m,  ah.i.  -  J  *• 

ruti^  |.  U»  Ui,«  Wriu  .4 

MINIMAL*  *»D  STOXE  lUMtM.  XTS. 
Iru.  .Li  *  „,t,  tlr,  i. 

•V  fl C^ir^r  Mr  ^rtw  Utdat,  lato.  i 

«'■»••  •!«»  r.i.s-ii.1..  siuMisi.t  tvt xr  iir.rvcRimox 
IIRYfKWRIr.HT, 

.WrH  ,  ,;..;,./  «|  t,^,,,       A«».r  .V.l..rr, 
.  ..  KU1I.NT  «T«t».T.  lONBOll.  W. 


f^t  7  /C75 
,r/r\  r.      Oy  Jnme»  Clow, 
rets,  1884.) 

Lf  persons  w  h-i,  l»cin« 
bquirc  to  know  MO» 
1.  i'hc  first  w.int  only 
juc.n  i»a  can  l»e  furnisjl.eij 
The  scoot. I  »\  i»h  M»  he 
en  by  .lifl'erenl  persons. 
■xnmiiH!  the  a.iihorilic* 
to  keep  Mratct)  u|wm 
Ihirtl  .lie  .lesirotls 
an».  ami  «jf  nnn'iulpni! 
l'3(aIi>ku<',  which  "l'c 
,  vxa*  intciote.l  Tor  the 
,  some-  further  im*a»m 
two  heads  th«.*c  fhk>tl 
I  lu,  Boarat  <«  e  may  now 
Sciences  inailu'm.ii"!"" 
Ll  account  is  framed  out 
SnWH  of  ,.»i-«.cll..l»."  ■• 
»»«.  Woodhotiso  (»e  1n.11 
|cr,  ifaM  treat 

ull  of  ■■*  *|.irit  ■  .  '"  "*~5 
rncm    ...en   «.c  . 
kl.cr.  *«  thai  r-«ch 

|d.c  progt** 

and 

L  wiU  fviTil.cr 
I  ...  .111  ur  n  y 


,f  acicnci-  In 
omi.lele  m 

,„  .ay.  I-  ''»• 
;.n.l  I"'""1  "'" 


third  cb 


the  for"'". 
W  second  clu*s. 
,.r  «hichihc  Mtrcr  «• 

>«ory  o*  1I1 

,„  »  ho  ■ 

._fWiu»r4  1-  *'\"V.T,,  ■•<•'■*■ 


Mr.   Cow's  work  being  upon  a  tjwrul  s.  vii. 

Creek  roatheinatiL*  -  which  h«  himttlf  further  limits  to 
anihtnct.r.  algebra,  and   geometry  -  MM   under  the 
MtSOWi  *f  ttt<  above  l»o  divisions  though  fur  reatuwt 
which   aw   mi'i**       in  once  p-it  forward,  it  :i  not  -1 
thorough  ii  treatnc  as  we  coukl  have  wished.  When 
honeier,  »u  learn  that  the  book  "  r  :.f   .   -.  (wrt  of  ^ 
collection  ttf  notes  which  I  lute  for  many  years  been 
making  with  a  view  to  a  general  (mtnry  of  the  j-reai 
City  of  Alexandria."  ;ini!  tlui "  ih*  materials  for  an  wen  urn 
of  the  Ale\andii:in  Mathematical  School  gictr  to  ever  rd 
the  te.isoiuble  limit*  of  .1  chapter,"  w*  arc  glad  that 
Mr,  How  determined;  to  publish  his  rev. hi,  ji  >n  earlier 
date  tliaii  hu  wiuM  MNpwtM  tttt  ojfte.    What  of 
accuracy  or  jtcifeciion  U  -.if-rinVvd  by  a  (mi haps  Um 
early  pwblic:u*«ii,  he  will  ha»e,  we  etpect,  an  early 
opportunity  id  making  jfoiiJ  in  *  tccond  eUiioo,  which  i*e 
ho|>o  nil)  lie  tailed  fa*  in  rhe  near  fohnc.    (1  ■«  g  i;reu 
rrprixich  hi  Knfcluh  11ulhr111.1fi11.1n-1  1h.1t  tm  h  ImmiIcs  a> 
thib  and  M  Man*'*  luie  hltlieito  liccn  campkttm  by 
thfir  .ilricnre  in  this  country.    We  r.m  M/>|H.'y  MCM  to 
p.iprii  li)  IV  Morgan,  tn  »nci:ul  Ueatoi  *  by  Io.Ihuntcr, 
to  ntono;:r.i|»h*  h>  Mimm,  iif>l  to  .in  iiitereMin^  '//um.1 
b>-  I  »r.  C  T.tylo*.  hut  »e  I-n4  rn  um  fui  .mjtliiftx  of  ihr 
n.iiin r  dl  a  fc«*t*y  «f  truthrm.it j ral  ne  nhj  •iral  <<tence  ia 
the  l'lftfili«h  tani^iiK^    A  Irwlrnry  of  hte  ytiir*  in 
sanall  hi-t'i"«  il  nohrcs  of  mathmtiliol  diuxtrncs  1* 

ntir  mIio.J  iv\i  Iioi-Vs  hit  been  -  i ■  r.T  ■   j  w«  iniK 

the  ti'iie  i*  twi  fjr  distant  uhrn  we  th.itl  tun*,  J  imt  j 
jjjrc.1t  ofljj'nal  wtntc,  fur  wMdh  we  can  b.inl.*y  luuli,  yet  .1 
ptinirr  or  primers  f^nmdc<l  v|miii  the  v,  n±%  «|  |trct- 
IlllllHtillhlfj  l"-»ntor,    1  ■•  -■     Mnrip,  .in«f  .chrtr 

.\hiUist  cvrry  fuac  l<»t»  ■»  eUiIeii.  e  hjrr  gtr.u\y  \ti 
i  ;ow  indehtexl  to  t.rmiao  .ind  rrencli  umrrs  ;  yot  11  bj 
lis. 1  r«.nh:ni,  ■»'  |'«"'i*il  vf  mt  rr*»k,  th.it  W  i«  no  blin.) 
IbiUowrf  of  tho>*  preikce-"*-  die  tirhl  he  oJU  an 
..„.-  of  tlrcin  mum  'h,,t  nns«  he  Mifly 

(/Lt.  frYiiu  chnit.  and  Ki%r»        iftnon*«*r  10  JinVnn^. 
...    „otelKTr  th.it  he  dm  «  f*-:  MM       M  ar«|iiamie.l 
rh  M   «*''"•  t  J»««,cf>  *  **w,k  '"  **  M,"«  direnions  ^. 

/-Tie.  he  I  m  not  been        t»  M  the  artule  ^mtti  br 


Google 


vil.  ButUttn  Jt,  Siittvti  Ma/*,  tt  Attwrntfttti*  i»  an 
easily  acceuiblc  otic,  and  we  think  from  the  anal>*es  M 
hare  fmtn  hmc  b)  time  given  in  the?*  coh-nin*  of  other 
paper*  -.;  M  Tannery  {in  M/mnrrt  air  la  .v..,.-../- 
Scitmtt  PA/iifuti  rf  SiiurttUi  tie  Benito**)  on  Creek 
arithmetir  .in.1  gemuem .  our  author  would  have  gathered 
o-erV)  material  m  the  HmtUttm  paper  and  in  the  Mlmetta 
aim 1  Rut  thi*  i»  tbe  ■•rd)  case  oi  omission  we  Km  i«mir 
inpM  :  the  r roiling  U  apparentl1)  most  thorough,  -and 
the  author'*  Greek  scholar  ship  enables  him  to  itnprme 
upon  ilir  trAn»litiuiih  given  by  some  of  the*c  foreign 
authorities. 

Tbe  ktcW  toim»i)>  of  three  paru  The  tint  pan, 
entitled  "  PnabgiioMm*  to  Arihanciic,''  discusses  the 
decimal  scale  and  Egyptian  jnihincu.  in  a  »er>  thorough 
manner.  Hen*,  »t  twur-e,  muth  o-e  U  made  of  the 
"  Khind  papynri,**  book  wriltnn  hy  «nr  Ahmr*  (MM  put 
at  1709  I  C  1,  entitled  "  Preed-ons  fur  Olxaining  th« 
K  mm  ledge  of  all  U«rk  Thing.,"  ••hud  consists  mainly  of 
stAlttiiicnu  «»f  tr.uW*.  Due  coukl  wisJi  wioiv  --ifc  meat.* 
Could  lie  dm  uwieil  by  the  Mu«eum  riiixh>xiii<*  f«*  un. 
folding  ihc  ""kirn  In  1  her  mil  un  a  rialhcmatnal  sub- 
ject "  -  U-h  kj  "apparent!}  too  \i  \Xto  be  opened  "  I  (note, 
P  f»> 

There  arc  naturally  aatemeuts  m  the*  early  chapters 
which  are  faith  open  t«i  nbn-c'jnn,  hut  the;  are  rlr.irh 
put,  ami  t|w  rt-»nli\  n>  Mr.  Cow  gelt  them,  ;ne  vim- 
uiarl«cd  nr  pp  ji. 

TV  te-tr-rd  pan  treat*  of  Creek  arithmetic  under  *  La> 
gittlca,  or  Cakiil.tiHin  ami  Antliiuetira,  or  deck  I'tirm* 
of  N  umbel  v"  Thu  port  U  sety  oiirfulti  iluiur,  ;»ru| 
enables  the  reader  to  gtt  a  c Inu  id*,  nf  the  prnc»*c* 
employed.  l'Uio'»  appreciation  of  i^n/t.  uuy  tic  in 
(erred  fntm  Ins  direction  (LiaJfilVf  u;  thu  "ficcLux.  ) 
•hull  he  taught  calculation,  a  purely  ihildish  an,  try  ' 
pkasant  sports,  *»r,h  apph-*,  garland*.  &c.N* 

The  thud  part  (rents  of  Creek  geometry,  and  upon  it  1 
•e  Cuukl  expatiate  at  scene  length,  but  thai  1*.  hardly  wii 
bt:sine«>  un  thr  prc-em  occasion.  We  nerd  <nit>  vn  tti.it 
there  is  much  good  work     Dr.  AQ'ti.in'*.  pm-ertiil  rectifi-  I 
cauou  of  the  portion  rj  I  ud<i\ni  did  not  appear  in  time 
to  be  of  bt*rt  K«  ii>  Mr,  Cow  ibe  uenuuns  the  (act  of  its 
puhUaiiun  imp  t  of  the  Addenda;     Mnu  U  tbe  )[e»- 
meters  appear  M  ha\e  (  j.ikc  d<<nr  them.    We  mit-*  vitue 
of  the  loocbci  wliith  «ppc-ar  in  M.  Mjjm;'.  <aiitk.  but 
again  we  Knit  a  I'liinpensniimi  in  il»c  fulh-r  aicuiant  f;ivcn  < 
or*  Menelnujs  and  <if  the  prnp>*>iiiiin  nnw  u.u,iiK  cited  1 
by  the  name  of  (hat  yrxtnetvr.     Chapter  V.  di*#cs4icfr  ' 
"  pnhi«UitU   Jtld  \  .y.^Alan  gi-iiiiietry,*'  in  wluili  *«  (iven 
an  account  "f  Ahmr>*  MtA    LKapirr  VI-  take*  "  <;«rck 
Geometry  U>  Eirchd"  in  fi>r  hci  imnn    Of  the  P>ihi 
gH.reansv  the  Ludeniian  summary  i-ihich  has  in  preix>us 
mantbero  been  referred  lo  in  uur  notKe*  of  Dr.  Allrnan'w 
papers.!  «ays  thct  made  geuuirti  v  "  a  Lbcral  edurati'«o  | " 
and  other  writers,  referred  !••  I>>  Air.  (.low,  atirih-jt?  t<» 
tbem  the  maxim,  **A  figure  and  u  stride,  not  a  fsgwe 
ind  jagmt*  jjiocd*  [jl  15J)    In  *xuin«ilon  with  tfrfi 
<bajactrntit(  iimmni  nc  ma\  giic  the  «<i*ry,  which, tn  ibr 
Cicek.rV.tm?  the  motto  on  the  title  p*je  «f  Mr.  Cow'a 
'  C  Ok  Mn  Ua  M*,.l.  iUt.<koii.i|at-'»>  M  TaaawT.  " 

"  tlhww*  u  .H.i  1C-.  >m  •  <m.W  M-r-C-*"  cT  ISM 
l^MH  iwrlMN,   'VuN  nckMlk*  N  •MMdni 


book,  vil.  "  A  youth  who  had  be-pin  to  read  jprnnaHii 
*irh  Euchd,  when  he  h.ni  beami  the  fmi  pnjpowttHia 
inquired  '  What  do  I  get  by  learning  the*e  things  ? '  Sr 
LocUl  called  his  slave,  and  said  \  4  Clvv  htm  tluecpencta 
vince  hr  mu*t  iiMke  a  gxin  oar)  of  what  he  learns.'  *  Man] 
mrh  buy*  there  are,  even  in  thii  Dineteenih  tentsrr),  wh< 
are  ever  a«kmg,  "  Whit  ||  the  use  of  learning  Euchd  ? 1 
Wc  thank  Mr,  Cow  for  his  story  from  .S-oSrm.  wSich 
■  tfj  ponibly  make  u.s  better  prepared  to  answer  thi 
question  the  ne«t  time  we  are  asked  it.  There  1.  mud 
other  quotable  mailer,  hut  we  hattm  to  a  ckise.1  Chap, 
ter  VII.  give*  an  account  of  Euclid  {what  little  is  knows- 
«if  him,  hi»  «  nWiuh.  Iu»l  in  uf  in:  uf  "  Kk-jiu  ntt."  an< 
modem  hiklury  nf  the  tn«*k  V.  Archimcde*,  Ami  Apullo 
niurs.  Chapter  Ylt  I  i»  on  "Geomeiry  In  Second  Cent 
ury  B.C. Chapter  IX..  **  From  Centum*  tn  I*:olrniy  ;  ■ 
and  Chapter  X..  "Lost  Years,'  principally  vrapin 
«ub  an  account  of  l'a|>ptis  and  lus  "  Mathcmarica 
CuflcttloneaL* 

S-xnr  natter*- of  inleteM  aie  ilHistraled,  M  the  mtro 
durtmn  nf  ilir  u/ui  in  algebra,  of  the  u*.r  m  trigano- 
metrj  n  ihir*  mil  Mfcm  to  be  gcnci*!!;  knnwri  that  tha. 
first  ocrtirrence  of  **  tangrnt '  and  "  wi  un  "  ■»  traced  b> 
Ihr  Morgan  to  a  work  by  T.  Emkim.,  "  Geometn.r  rotund 
libri  gfihs*  Uatilc.r,  the  i!eriiati<vi  of  "  atraugnn  * 
fct  Chaucer's  Clerk  N  ■.  Vil.,.  wh.t  had- 

"  (In  nliu»ce*iL'  iml  bil.i-.  ynt*  an1 1  mil. 
His  ailrdalnc.  iMpnf  fur  hit  ait, 
(li*  aauriia  ■tuao.layvn  faoe  at«sn 
f>n  diriin  cnurhnl  at       hc-.Vk*  In*  I  "> 
and  a  few  trfhctv 

On  p-i^t         line  9  up,  fi*  Xf  read  et. 


0OI  BOO  A'  SHM.F 

The  £#?i*£i%'*l  AV.av*/  tStj,  awn/  PaflMhf  XX.  » 
tk*  Rrtvrii  fit  Z&*t*{ii*l  iJ$tTjt#rt.  I'ahted  by-  E-  C 
F.Z.5.,  &c  l.'indon:  Julio  Van  WorsL  104.; 
At  tlMM  UH  be.innu'  mi  it*  ink  >pug*  tbt  da*e  rM*.  K  srsjt 
MM  nntil  the  end  uf  January  tn  this  tear  th;it  the  "inotn 
ciiul  Record  fur  1^5"*  «s  in  its  mine  fr<nn,f.ud  before 
the  public.  It  comes  to  m  wnh  a  mel.incbnh  imm;>r, 
bcin^  the  la*t  under  ihe  rtlituidup  nf  the  L«e  Mr  Rye 
whmw  wnlttnef)  death  m-  have  an  recewlK-  recorded  and 
dcpkiied  Again  in  tbu  volume  »c  havr  10  mcntioo  still 
funhcr  dMam  in  the  »uff  .**  the  Krcmilrrs.  Ppsjf 
Snll..,  taU>  Mr  S.  O.  Kidtcj-,  place  as  Mi  ■  ttl  .ii-  ii . 
^.ifi(;ci,  *nil  fn<  M:u(diin  thai  <*  Mr.  W.  S.v.llr  Ktnl 
in  recortlinM  Ihe  I'niUir.^  IKIirr  rr^-.-i  nn-iii.  lun 
prtrtnlfl  tbt  Kc«-.  O.  IV  (.ambridci-  .ciw.lini;  the  lMr» 
h.rr  .iT  Ihr  Awlmiifa  Ua  iSHj,  .,,4  11  kM  Iwrn  irrjMdl 

AM  Mi.  T  D.  <:'bMiii  C.innieli«l  •  to  „  the  liiern 

lurt  '4  Ihn  p.,,,.,  r..i  iMj  mil  i«Sj  In  the  nr.t  ra|uni. 
of  tlw  "  RtriMil 

A  rapid  chivrt  mier  iK.  Minimi.  ..f  ilic  x.I.iim  brij*- 
10  lulu  ihc  la.  1  Him  In  all  ihr  fciitmi,-  bi.mi^  nr  ihr  ini 
mil  kingduiu  a  canity  ninoum  >4  n.iik  hi.  Iirrn  una 


•  llVllMI.~l.MMi 
Mdc  MX  ot  lu  ha. 
■  ..I...  Iv  ...  r  |..n  . 


U       MtmtU     Mr  Cm  e.. 


ignizeo 


H  *  t.  ,t.  I.. ,  ,1  tuM 
ik  *-r*.  U  »rl  .mm  is  W  4 


>y  Google 


yV.W  V  I  A'/{ 


any  of  t  t--  Iaicuii;v  in 
.cd  in.  '  I "  h  e  IWotHlM- 
in  ordinary  ullrnuon 
his  Kr*»*'l»  '*y    IJrof  I'!. 

well  done.  unali 

I    .1  ■  1  1 1 .  i  i  t      it-  •  .1  •  !       I  I" 

lion's  ftharc  fitltini:  to 
hi-,  .iltcnlion  tO  i  he 
hi*,  ireatnivnl  of  the 
■Ic-r  fre<jviei>tl\  <|uotc» 
cStc.  of  the  ifTOtips  re 
im  not  without  interest 
are  the  »oihjcct«*  of  ■» 
intcrr-i  >r>K  f.iri,  *•>•'»' 
i..,-).  .1  Kccotd,"  when 
nhst,  I*,  nlhidetl  to  l>y 
rnUnelnK  u«»  to  H.  fje 
N    ri-li»l«-»»re  natmcllp 

&t*ta~Unia.  ortho- 
amillc   cle*.  Ulnttide*- 
inportanl       mt-iiwnr  i> 
i.ulhor.         It  e*c;.|>e»l 
•  Kccurd  '  (which  Com- 
I    also    in    the  t"-<"n»n 
Cava  escaped  the  notice 
for    none    .'f  •!«<=  *f* 
(c    Sec.,  <livl*ion  ;«re  In- 
;1   laborioii.   *  Wojv^T^ 
1870."      Srucltlcr  -  Nc» 
a  full  rei  oi.1   of  gmM* 

,cnc,.l  or  »ut» -R'  MrM,  a» 
"  the  editor  ...«••  rnj"  "•; 
:,[... .,e.  «n.l  tin* 

<»f  tl.e«r.  no  lc»-  ««'•  " 
enalre-cly  .n^«- 

1"  ;..<<.. 
„„,„.,.  .„„/  «§sfSK*Sf 

V  (Lou-ion 


r..nrll>  edition, 
reached   a    <  ••"*',,,,  i„  ihr- 

,y  .in.l    pr  o  miie 

ld„„f  '»»-.;";  '",!„.  of  ft* 
,tcI  .-,  Iat««- ..ol.l  >»'■  J" 
|1C  ccrl'Oio*  ,tot  ,|,c 

ever  .!.»»•»«  «V„,   ir*J 

of  clwm"V'|,  '  rule* 
„  \yc  learnt   i>>  . 

not  by  i'.;.r,  on 

nt  -.liiccttx        ,„,„  •:  W 

l.,l>orr.«or>  *^\s„...  Hr  - 
,.   who   k"""       taacIUM  M 


.»fr;mt  he  nucht  have  ceased  to  be  ■  turnout.  However 
t**<  HVni  iulr-  uml  Ml  ■  -  may  be  rn  their  uwn  way,  if  i% 
possible  to  have  too  nim  h  of  them.  Is  fact,  the  letter 
they  arc  the  ten  cine  wants  to  be  bourn!  I>»  them.  The 
laMr*  of  diflVrenre* circn  in  the  book  are  eseeltent ; 
in  the  hands  of  it  |fO«l  Icm  lirr  lltry  might  be  iiuJe  the 
basis  of  a  rvally  soentiftc  training.  Hoi  the  ordinary 
student  w  ill  iwu  trouble  to  develope  roechnds  £roni  ihe  fact* 
ict  t»f"'r  hoii  in  thee  i.IjJc,;  be  wtO  nasi  on  tu  the 
>>v»ieniatic  ct-nmiiLation  0/  tun.  pie  —It,,  .ml  he  '.iy-hi  in 
the    1.1 1. 1 1    whirlpool  of  "  en  peri  me  nt,"  "obtervaiKm," 

■  inference/'  U  M.  P.  M. 

<V/^*f.i/  AYsnm-oVf  i"  .l/*ff--.i/iit*F  **4  fllWH  Hy 
I*,  t-awrence  -SmiiU.  K«|.ied  liv  ).  It  Marvin.  Lovuv 
v.lle,  1  KM-) 

!  v  >t  recenl  namber  .vol  xxnl,  p.  »»J  we  |*a»«  a  uatemenr 
nf  the  life  Md  -".-rk  of  (Ik-  tatc  f'rof.  J.  [..»•* kh  r  Smith 
condcfifCHt  l'/mn  a  unenxnr  prepared  *i  the  reijuett  ot*  the 
Natiimnl  Ac.idcmy  of  Sctencr*,  Wa»liii>etno,  br  Pmf.  II. 
SHIltlun,  ubo  n.i*  *(>  mjoii  to  liJlo*  lui  fiunil  tu  !:  .  ■  ij 
test.  The  fuprrs  «.u«uining  the  onjrinal  t  -  ,;  j  i. 
of  I*»iif.  L.  Nmith  hnve  nnw  Ij*cii  lolltxlrxl  to^eiher  and 
reprinted  ai  .1  mrnio»i»l  volume  intended  foi  jire*ea1.)lNm 
to  his  frietvil*.  Three  menvjirt  prepared  by  Mr.  Marvin, 
Mr.  Mi*l«l.  mid  I'rof  SiMtuian  vesftfihte),',  form  an 
appropriate  inltoilm  iwn,  and  K'»*  one  a  rood  ^hun** 
into  his  life  *nd  rhajicter.  The  work  u  cfc»rlv  printed 
on  |p»od  |W|icr.  and  will  lx  lonhl)  *|.|teinicd  hy  tut 
iiiiuiertiu.  Inend-.  to  each  of  iihom  »  <op>  h.t«  been  pre- 
sented b) 

i.fktf'Mth  iAr  i'i'/W.^  Voq  I1'.  Gu9t.i%-  Tk  her  nut 
/wiiie,  vcrlie».*eile  A*-tlaije.  \\Vim  •  Alfred  HoMrr, 
ISH?  1 

Wi  «re  gla<l  M  '»"d  that  a  :ec»»nd  eihti-tn  «d  tin*  uork  rs 
alrr.*ili  r.iIUxl  Mr,  .i.'il>oiik>li  >U  l*ttp,  |  nil  .rf  the  £>r»l 
edtiioii  .tpjieared  s«  lateh  at  1HS4  In  our  rKKicc  of  the 
li/sl  pull  of  thul  edition  >ol  \\n.  \\.  >J> ■  dtrrttnl 
attention  tu  the  euelkni  ehir^tci  of  the  work,  aad  tfa.e 

■  brief  -il.Huinenl  of  H-  ooiient*  ;  Ncnm  need  only  rem  M 
OUI  |»dci»thal  the  juihiwi*  n  thoriMiyh  ni«.irTof  lo.weU* 
lect  wlvo  hi>  «hme  a  larye  aittouiU  of  oriptnal  and  *  ahuble 
w  nr'k.  Mid  furihe',  hrt  had  ■*  k-tij;  teathinu  evperiecre  .is 
Professor  of  MinrialoKj-  ilt  thr  Univei»iry  ul  \  ienna. 
The  woik  is  hut  slqfbfK  r U*n„cd  in  the  present  edition  : 
iht  lrnitib  *•  tncrra^O  h>  a  few  p$g#  ..,■..!  meor- 

'  norution  of  the  rr-aJts  -^f  ir,i*»i«atio»i  m«lc  nn.  e  the 
In  .t  ikitl  lefl  I"*'-  N  W"l  ■  ,hc  W  ten!-  ;.rt  -«l|  up 
1  ilaV-  If  wiirse  l/mvernt*  rrufcunr  ntn  ptut*dc  <* 
1  *  h  ruunaU  in  Wbrl  WM*"  »»  o"-1,  t'J»V**  »"C 
1  "/u.iy  rrf  miner.ike;>  n»  il'»  "*  Jin  »«W  WW** 

IMTTMMM  TO  TUB 

ir  fwl 

tltrvi*  wi«"""'  *ff~»>*~*tt«t 

.■■!><iiiri»'iii»'iir  11  nifiti*  i 


I  74,  ■  ^      e    '  /  ^    ri niira  *n  .^ir«  ir 


Mr  Lf«"  »" 


IM  Mi.tp-arfow'  !"•'«•  S»tt 


^  ,  .   «i.  «.  imiii>l-«-'  •t"1"1  '■>  >'»  ""l""l» 
[  iic-ikr  '"^      1,,™,.,  Mm  II  -.1  -Ipnlgip.  >r»l.  ilui 


,h-.he<« 


l.y  * 

i-^ArtJ""*""1 


in  ihr  Unirtuiv  ->f  ihr 
T,„m-I  .n  W-'il"  »<<i«~'  "<  »»  >"lloc~, 
SJSj  .lfl|  ,.ii^ltali-«  l|Hn  Ifir  J«l(»eT  l-K* 


.'..<•  -v;  1  VT,-,,  1....  1 ■  '■••'■''••7  >v 


4 


NATURE 


[M«r  7,  il 


T 


1V.V 


aad  lie  nature,  of  *Wfc  may  I*  inferred  'mm  thr  fact  ike*  I 
advued  ibe  a  at  be*  tv  withdraw  hit  piper  and  mlaaii  ike  >%t;vO 
lu  a  renewed  |MM iralloa.  wlik  llir  aid  «f  lOTpmea  I  mctkudft. 

Wath  rcganl  In  ibe  uucitiutv.  wklcfc  Mr.  U»M  ra«c*.  aw  lu 
ht  tuvfcttiKy  lu  fuitn  any  u|iirum  art  all.  OO  tht  fvoaatd  ihat 
I  bad  ant  atyatlf  devoted  aay  ipetial  allcnllori  to  the  Inrralwc 
of  the  nhpxl,  I  may  remark,  thai  the  raiati  »*hlih  had  praeii- 
cally  to  be  docaiedj  wrrr<|]  wkethct  Xt.  Lota  ne  t  tlaiemeai« 
were  in  tkenaaelve*  pmhaHr,  anl  |i|  whellifT  they  wrtrcen.*- 
nratrd  tj  hie  jeTjwvico*.  Had  I  ma  fall  mtxlf  ijulNhH  ro 
form  an  n|)ia>  n  nn  Ihr-e  |Mal«  I  thnild  f»il  hive  acetptcd!  the 
ivfrmc*.  K.  A  Sen  Ana 

the  Lata  Prof  Clifford'!  Papua 

|M  the  "  Mathematical  Psfwr*"  Ice*.  biS-tfl  I  vat  able  to 
final  the  •yUa'ft»r«  of  a  aerie*  nf  tm  lecture*  delivered  by  Prof 
Cllmml  to*  t&xm  of  ladle*  m  Sofia.  Kcmsafilnn  in  lie  ...  mr, 
and  emamee  of  ihma  Whikr  HimiM*  owr  4  cxJaVclim  of  nut 
tttlate>Mit  paper*,  in  »  !«■«,  Mrt.  Olffcrd  rod  I  ht'l  Ik*  c*"1 
luilanr  to  lick*  a^ron  a  autnjKtiia  tiullc  tend)  f  r  |*intiitG, 
an>l  tin  -  C  Mathtiuilaal  Papeta,  l*.  *J»j  •"tl-wg.Kiiily  funned 
put  u!  Ihr  tuluui:  ia>  *"  Svine  ami  Thmm^  j"  lul  *t  could 
not  find  any  trace  uf  any  wane*  uunnxripl  «d  the  aUi*r-w-r* 
tinned  aerie*  of  let  I  u  rev    juel  :.  ■  ; .  tW  rectal  '  »  *  1  !-•;■■ 

Peiif.  Karl  Pramta  returned  to  me  a  (ear  |<a#n  of  nn  v 

heaiine  <at  the  |fll?l  ••(Mill  StitiiUai  Scrir.  t.dmuc  wktch  I 
kid  I  rat  him,  end  *th  litem  lie  aenl  me  a  Urge  awlc  Look 
which  Iccii  in  die  In*  I'mf.  Knwr't  hand*.  On  open 
In*.  Out  hook  t  at  waev  •*«  that  it  oceitained  eery  ftJI 
mate*  uf  other  In-tunr*  nf  lac  cowrte.  In  fait,  I  <«.'»:•  II. 
('  (in  Plane  Surfim  ltd  Siraighl  Litre*  "|  u  ifiuc  ready 
tar  paw,  i*  1»  nto,  I  think.,  Lecture  lit.  |"  I  hi  the  kov- 
tiom  of  Plane  r'apJte*  ")  ;  Lett  err  IV.  ("(If  Sanilar  rifrrr*  I 
tf*  IralMieiit,  aad  aid!  nor*  fnucmcararr  i*  letter  V.  ("11b 
rim  PtitKtpIo  uf  CtWLii.Mi  i,  Of  Lett  are  VI.  |»Tk« 
Thciiecm  of  l'rthat;iirat  "|  there  arc  two  luoa*  »hcH*  of  ntpj*e*  I 
si*  one  -  w i  m  "  il„  Hrtdc '«  Caaair."  aabl  the  i y  ill .  •  lit!  •  ' 
the  otacr  thcci  ahuar  my  iiifonna/itfli  «m  rorxil,  and  tlial 
lac  reiMiVk  on  pp.  6}%.  tijf  ar«  aV  »,m  A»  I -eel  are  IX. 
T'On  ibe  Sldilm^  uf  a  (Jurrfe  "|  w  *tr>  full>  llluuriitcd  in  t*» 
rtcenl  ralaaar  «<(ii<-1  by  1'iuf.  IVarwo,  «u  <er  tltat  mc  a*c  to 
puueikfOfl  of  ft  fairly  C-iaaptclr  prr*ctilmro-'  if  Vt-.d  ClilFitid *> 
*ie»i  on  lac  ant»\.".*  of  the  i<khm  nf  Irrtam. 

McMn.  MMtr^llin  havr  iheta  wilhitcbew  to  |iaUtdl  the 

MS,  nf  lie-  «K»aj|  pill  of  *"'IVr  Kleanrau  uf  Dtaaxuc*,'  and 
lb  pe  to  be  able,  alter  a  rc*aaaiinatioa  caf  ii,  to  par  ike  work 
into  ikeir  LlittU  (.<  pontine  Wlira  tan  t*x>V  la  jj  (  oal,  and 
the  akoae  lirwni  rtil  Jf4i4>l  m  tonx  thape  yet  to  be  4ctc*MilBe<i. 
the  iMtheasa  ical  auald  will  br  In  pouoaiiui  of  all  llial  wc  cat) 
ID*  luuk  f>lt  frtan  iIm  haawi*  of  ihit  pr.it  ma**,tr. 

Vniaxsaily  -4.  April  1$  K.  Tvi:*t.ft 

Sbr  Wm  Thamaon  and  ."  i    i.  --"I  •  Ktrctro  mafoetlc 
Theory  of  |.ir,nt 

SHoktLV  after  mrim  tmf  » aiiacr  letter  I  vitr  a  ropy  of  tire 
Vfrhalim  ri-pon  (4  Sit  \\  t  Th>:4liw4i't  kr<lore«  m  Kaluamoec, 
and  would  hare  wrkiea  to  iuu  bt  that  rJkxl  ami  to  apihici-c  to 
Mr.  Forbe*  I  i  U>  ■  iti^  V  .jl  ihc  aunracy  •  i  *tai  I  thonxhi 
waa  bia  re|«Jtt(  «f|  tlall  I  aad  him  In  I  ■  u  1  <>  >»t.  >h  tlu.i  unu, 
and  ha  then  i  ■  it-  in«  a«il  lu  du  to.  Sir  William  1  tuoi.um  ha> 
Ma  ainiaclf  etaced  thai  the  pa*<**£<  it  <t«TcUlr  *|aule>1,  ant  | 
can  only  tecrel  that  br  k*«  rvpnNanl  hm»Hf  in  ihr  way  kc  did. 

I  caataiuly  thibL  ttaal  .'  • 1  ' .i  Pf*Al|  thr  ;awa||r  woakt 
Maajna  that  tic  aHocliy  of  propar>ati«a  cf  *Uv-if«-m.»i;t.:l^. 
itatarhucva  np  «  Msiwctla  clettio-nia^nrtw  throry  U  hyhl, 
wltkh  he  thuweil  to  1«  I**  uair  aa  ihe  irilMJI  ol  paaaaaaaiaai 
of  li»>t,  and  to  be  a  liar  »rtoei*r  uf  wavc-iru|oealr-4r--.-iny 
•nr.  I  way.  would  aupiaoac  ihat  ilka*  «a»  the  »aa>«  thitac  a*  thai 
Mr  Win.  TlKi»*n«  ntcvdalnl  in  I  lie  }«r  |S$«. 

Sir  Wm  'I  huauuh  < mainly  aayv  "  Thai  *  a  »»')  >limrcai 
caaa,"  tut  the  rca  ut  itu*  wotcace  »  raike»  ■aaiVJMM  a*  <« 
the  M it "  after  "pjitinc"  arfcra  to.  an-1  I  am  afraid  thai  many 
people  will  wmiifie  ihlt.  a  Sir  WaOUrn  Tbom--«  *  npmam, 
Maawcll  ka»  tiavle  viine  uniuacihihlr  a*umpli<m.  I  lerlirve, 
kowcrr,  Ihat  all  lie  taaaia  U  tkal  MklWrJl  hi*  tMW  MM  • 
•alidjrtonly  drfimtr  ikaar*  «f  taw  »■  called  etexlrv-riaatwlac 
ihecey  ««f  luht.  m   ,      -  m 

la  Sat  Wm  Tkmr-m'a  aitidc  ra  NackoT.  •Xyeaapardia 


he  pnt  the  roartrr  trrj  elearly  aadred  He  aaya :— "Tkat 
td  Ikta  ;fi<«oncr*rt  (innrmaMinn  nf  rie<tiic  «araad*l  U  a 


wiih  that  whith  r-xiraei  i 


i-  '  at  tht  Law  of 


pn.paca- 


id  aaaimet  tie*!  aad  *  iMtr  odd  M  dllTnrwt  part*  of  the  l_. 
td  it  ul>cy»  ihe  kiw»  uf  a  dillj.it  and  not  of  a  wa««-proat 
lam;  a»4  afsaa : — '"Now  ll  aa  abrtoan  him  tkeae  rrs 
(•aperimmlal  rr*ckt]  tlal  ihr  ui.  powd  veliKliy  of  IrantmU 
nf  rlrrtrit  >rr>nal*  U  eot  a  eknnitr  rotKSant  like  tlui  of  l^k 
a«il  .lflrraarii-  k«  «ayt  Tha',  when  an  anrtlal  cumaa  k  «ar 
Ikr  prtiewriil  raw  «iiMtiar>rowdy  a*  a9  |«ibe».  ami  thai 
a|>p«reni  vclwny  wirtbl  depeml  on  the  of  *mt  iaa 

mratv  Al  Ibrw  obaioinlj  di*liA|;uida  lvtwrvn  the  prup. 
taoa  ca*  a  rartalde  current  aa  a  r  ir>4a.-'>r  inl  a  trne  w 


rr:r<aKa*lia»- 

llr  ka«  al«o  chanty  pYowetl  < 


mat  b  dlrtcTloa  in  wdtach  to  1 
for  a  trar  waar-prnpit;itrm.  It  a  III  Maike  ha*  pnaiito<a  (ie> 
mA  alv>  M»»*H  »,  to  tur  ku  tml  vv  h*iw*ert  water  In 
eaaalk  lobe  tail  a  cnirdax^ui  of  clectrtcaty.  I  will  tappowr 
watea  ctmuioetl  in  a  !ul«  bored  r>m  of  a  my  large  li 
uf  aailta  rabbrr.  Ilr  rnammtn  tkere  elrvtrac  utuLl*e«  . 
rrrtatd,  aad  ihrir  htdn>lynamic  anaV-gi*et fl>  "Ckwge  • 
elrdncat  arcumrliiion  in  n  inndio-r  tubjetied  in  any  *a, 
ihe  rmcrM  of  elmiaioataiii.   ft)  **  I :l«int  miyiut>  indncti 

ce  ckttruinOlltc  finer  ctiUtil  in  a  « utrl-artoe  t^f  Vjriaiiuai 
cltu.ru:  lumat.  i|i  Ht*i>:uiic  u>  coniuiion  ihrowgh  a  at 
Thr  liyd^KHwacuc  aruhtgwr*  an*  t — 1 1 1  AcfumaU'iran  o 
gMtvr  i't  If*  i|Mrniit  ^  *  n>  ■  .t.  my  put  tS«  mal  or  tt 
<2I  Irmlia  id  the  water.  |j,  %'noaviiy  ox  anid  fnriauti. 
eatiallra  thai  a  Inn  wave  i«0iu£4lk>o  arawca  from  tic  cotttfer 
latay  uf  thr  waltr,  tomttavrd  wiih  ii*  tnrnia.  awl  thai  if 
talw  br  cla»lk,  like  tndxa.rnlibrT.  tlcir  W>^lld  hIh>  atrac  a  w« 
prnta^Jlaxi.  "  Arrnrdaagly,"  he  ■•  ;.■>,  **adrdnailc  •cV»c|i| 
pailjayirira)  of  electric  ira-<il*tt,  di^<a>fiatj  mi  the  to* 
j  lid  Ihe  tapjLitf  f  r  cliari;e.  i»  to  tie  kwiknl  for,  at  haa  \ 
dune  m  a  hr-t  aaticJr.  |iuH  .di£d  i«r  KavhholT,  ret  the  »abjee 

N'nw,  in  all  that  i*i>cM*)>n  Sir  Wm,  lhnn>ton  utukt  io  aj 
tlu*  the  tatJi  thira*  ihar  i<  at  nil  -inatofvtt  |.>  Maawcdl 'a  pn 
catiofi  td  watc  d  n  nl'iiiir*  In  Una  (obdULtura,  aed  n  u 
fmm  hi.  curikkScr^ai;  ihr  wilier  u.  iviilairard  in  a  tube 
rr-tjnir>  india-euldier   ulie*,  ut*lr.t:l  uf  in  ft  tun*  lmfr>l  inj 

t.  •  -  ■  il  i  jj  li'^;.  I..n,j,  ii.1..!  mi. -vt.  I(  lotrtidi-r 
cuae  at  l»  etidesi  tkal  «W  *d  |hc  cutdiliotrt  to  br  uinodeie 
ihr  retiuir^alain  uf  wivc«  ta  thia  luinp  of  taatia  ralaarr.  In 
Wm.  Ttloaaann**  lul*e  thrrc  wuald  vd  wane  he  a  tn local) 
watt;  |*-i|*ualMn  in  the  mLa-rnlihar.  bait  thai  is*  very  djffe 
matter  fnaa  the  M v**i«iioii  of  diatui tuner*  a«tr  from 
nevhtHrarhojd  ■•!  the  tutc  l-y  ahkh  entrc^f  wuald  he  car 
a* ay  from  iu  To  do  ilo*  ha  Wm.  Ti»oai»tn  diowLd  ha*c 
cKtdr>l  lh«'  jrit|tar;.il*m  *d  v^rnd  in  ihr  air  or  whaaevei  tee  t 
r*i-rd  turmaadinf*  thr  nui>i.k  uf  tii<  lata.  Without  ataeluc 
thr^  he  wat  anl  raclwfjac;  fcr.jiSinfi  a  hit  analog  lt>  Maew< 
rltitninutttirla:  the»ry  of  tii;ti|.  In  Sr  Win.  Tlintwuma  t 
the  wb<«  ataie  of  ajfalra  Jl  jii)  lime  euuld  tw  raprraard  an  ia> 
oftanaldc*  thai  ieprcieav.nl  Lrtdart  utai  th-_-  lake,  wkakt  in 
ether  ra«e  il  naU  l»e  ali«.duirly  tarecK-lft  to  naictlucc  aaria 
aeiee*#**tafirtTiy  part  of  ilte  Ublla  labker  wruck  1  bare  a 
ptMcd  of  l*rleha«r  eilrwt.  'law  to  a*»l  thr  diffrrrnre  tctw 
Sir  Waa.  Tuoataoa'a  ami  Mj\k1I '«  vara*  Aceraditu*  to  M 
will 'i  view  ihrrr  H  a  ^reat  dral  mrm<  £  inj  n«  uuidJe  tlie  r 
■tactur  than  iauide  at.  ami  it  U  eti-letil  tltil  ike  inertia  of 
water  ia  a  very  kail  anal  b*  elfilromirnvt*-  iaulmtuHl, 
ihlt  Ift/.tet  ■tenendt  e«serriitlf  u|>ua  ll.c  f>am  id  iSr  itrcaill,  . 
awt  oaly  u|M*a  Ha  aetuei  air<l  lenirih.  M.i»  .It  Wit  akuwn  | 
li;kt  a«a»  be  a  "air  jaaatjaaafig  wb.ii  ai>-  no  hit  the 
•rmt/rx"*',  ikutaxh  pmliably  uilcify  the  diauemjiiaal  w« 

jm.|u^ju-d  in  tltr  iridb ■  rul i )■•.-.  aa«i  lu.  d»«a  ihat  a  facdj 
whwh  wuutd  nadj  imrn«nil  dt*:utt-aacv«  .inilo^yui  \„  fb 
aroild  eipiatn  eVctnr  m,\  mttjiirtic  eitrwmirna.  It  ta  lu 
iraacaabrfi.'il  tkjit  M^aarll't  theray  rai*  nl  of  all  wtfm  * 
dnUlur.  ami  tlut  tt«  only  t.*fvrin.nt«mtftk-.i  l*»  wcvft  lke» 
of  a  claw  al  a  dufame  awl  of  utK*  tliKajgh  ft  •ricdjaaa  to  I 
m  lk»  lati.e  raw  ibe  rar»Ky  may  be  p...|oCitcI  ill  time  ikna 
ihr  nwdraraa,  while  in  Ike  Inmitr  it  aaaaoi, 

I  ennrra  mntlnde  wafvrit  iirniniac  tlrirvty  arain«i  SlrW 
TTKaaaoa'a  ipeaVtlaroC  iheelhes  a«  fits*  MUy.  ||  to  aa  an 
ic^ei.-.»  «*ai.'.\iwj  Iimii.  Inr  «r  cciuinly  anow  a  Kirai  d 
titu  Ultk  ahual  It  lu  aay  Uuat  il  |.  Afr  onr  May  be  Maaat- 
eoaceptiuna  aa  lo  it*  alrocture  ate  hat  very  dvhnrr,  btrt  aril 
are  any  Inly 'a  aa  to  the  actual  atraaure  of  a  telly,  aaad  ther. 
do  real  difiieoity  at  aafyoaaar  - 


daaa*^. 


OltlZCC 


G. 


30gle 


AS.  l  '/'( / A'/i 


5 


iw«   thnt     Maxwrll  i.j*- 
k-«r*«;ti* tng  til*;  cr*>n«-li«  1«>». 
nn<l     m:ii:iiclit  |.h..-n.>- 

tolly  la  m   nil   ttJbt  mm 

imtull    more  lil**rly  flint 
nro  t-KAnn^*  in  Mruclurc 
i\l  ili^placcmcnts  «»f  I tM 
tell  i>yw>**~'f    x*  licccxflry 
^riowtlon    in    t«-riti*  Inn* 
lH«.r   »fii»r*    a    chnnfle  of 
Ii*,p1(\c«»m«-nt  ' '  ***** 
iir  Win.   ThQMIMHIi  tint- 
lli«-    >.»l>|oct.   ••.  len.litu; 
«!»«•    rllirt  wl»ic-lt  I*  net 
wllkll  m»y  lort-l    "•  •"«' 
nrtitfrew   nf   fctlcnce  ft* 
u.m  >lci  mIwxu  >■  of  U*« 
Kk  AS.   Kit/"  .*  «  *■  '• 


am 

Al-ril     to    --•  «■*} 

,..  h**ve  iU  :■  n 
,  v|na  '•••">•'••  ,,,r 

ll.c  .Ui  Jin  K»«  •I',*""". 
..Ho-vcil    Ihc   t.eco«-lty  O* 

,ri„H  .,  c..l.i|.arft<lvrl>  l...»tf 
.f  (Kb  riol.nr"  r«..r.U-.l>n 


ct*cim.r..r.i.  -  j£ 

tni»«>»»»0  ,a,,t   .  «  ,h-.i 

vciy  Hiti.-*e-«i'»lS  I 

'  3  '!"•  SS  V...  '--.«>• 

,...m,...t<-.  ••   

v«    a    cl^U'lf  "-J    ,  ,,,,,,11- 

iferi;..-.-'-  ""' 

"=*«.     I  vl.V.     *  '■    JO  UK'" 


pjSbt* 

*  *>•! 


u''1'  H 

,  i».««-"3c,r;;,.v, 
it  «i  tic  •«'.»'• ii>ik  "n 


111*  ArMIM  >>f  !nmniu<,rl  from  nichi  la  ftmhi.  I  i<x.fl 
ih'n  m%  the  mmC  tnUrW  tnc  »nr|  crrttM  feature  (*ri»rrv*-).  The 
lhre«*  ernler*  n-Mitttnc  fmm  the  Mini  <«/  »bort  Kimi\  otsejvcJ 
with  llw  W"i'*i  rarr,  mif  W  irllfl  «tt  m  nvy  kvwiu.  It 
Ih.r-'.rr  ar>[Y*r*  mot  ton  luMvetliM  Ibf  raJunl  |mi«  of  ihr 
t.yrt'1*.  Mmil.ir  in  that  "f  ltl*r  A-i»{U*l  IVnrUs  innr«iri  ut  tt^ht 
n^ccovMin  (mm  nigM  !■>  nlifhr,  mtl  ihc  mm  nf  it.i.  it-.|ilur 
mcnl  >»  ewn  gic^rr  tic  ihc  Lfttili  ihisfor  frrviK 

On  Ai-ril  !■>,  iS*4.  Ilih  .  I  (inil  ihr  rndlint  U  rtt)*  *  jj*, 
an  )  <>«  .\|«nl  l*X  1**5.  0>*  m*>l*lb  Imik  o'  ihc  «»Ufrv»- 

ti.m).  -•nji,  V  t*.  Ail  rni!ik*  :'.  nlir  ,t.f.'f--f».f  t'-icl  UMn 
lh«  *un\  l.infj.i»'lr  at  th«  i»n  fpn-L^  in  •PjJjMfti;  Ihc  currrrtmi 
pn*  ihe  .li*pla«m«f«  trf  thi-  ri.l-mi  (7"  »f  K  A.  itf^  ob*#m«t 
iht*  yrar.  m*c  «h.ill  rtn-l  tfcul  ihc  two  jXMltiOM  am  in  /r*# 
■(ttmbrnt. 

The  n-i«jt  'h*j»liy  tm  been  ilcvoletlly  mcn^rc  n  pninl  *4 
mi-ttWr*.  Tlu-fC  it  A  tftc-il  I  ' i  ■ 1  .  >*T  lime  I ol  jnr,  nhrn  ■  '■■ 
IvtM.iry  r.itc  nj*  nci*?t  ntihl  tinr.  a*  itf«t-  Dbt  »xnf  of  tH-e 
im*l«of^  o>**<-f-*Cil  l hi-  Vf.it  were »nt  lri|:bl  ami  he  ■  piii  rr^tnrr 
«.x>ni|H-n«t('"l  f » (heir  >cint y.i':fntilinn*.  Il  h  ■  ■ :  i.  m  i^rrr  I 
I  lit-  in  -  i*l  ti»  i.'li.in-  l.yriil*,  ci|UxJlou<*  <"»crrtluicjii|i.lrr,  »(^«r,foJ  in 
nearly  "t  in**  *>      'h*-'  wv*l«m  houniiuitr*  nf  Virgo  Om 

A |>*il  IK.  *it  I »h.  5 ;m. ,  uric  af  ik*-«a  frit,  *  U^H  ttioh  ml 
Mrrak.  lo"  ci*»  of  .H|tim  \'u\nnt:  AmWr  on  Afiril  IDv  if 
l  14m  .  fWBt  MM  my  ■uihloaJi' ""  attam*  1  kit  (Uf  [  ftfi*!  » 
thicl.  it  14I1.  i*» ,  •lr*«r»-»»iliil.  with  .1  *wJt,  <ii«ui|;  mitil'in,  il<Mit 
I  j*  c*l-**t  nf  llic  tfftf,  *■  lh.11  ihr  pats  «m  riiMrty  *»nt|)rr  in  ihll 
i-f  tlw  Aral  ■!  the  thi**r       I  h»i»  »rt>  nirr*Htr*  £ttt  Itauim 


+ 
+* 


■hi> 


;+  +T  +     ■  ■ 

Ml*"  ;%it*     I  u.  'I-i* 

>+  +p    -  9      .        •   *    +  +; 

4  .•  -h 

+ 


> 

4  + 


4+'  * 


'""'"jlii."*.-'  i,r«T..i.  .«u.»r*)i.i  .*.  i«  arf  m  ir» 

.U.l^.  "f  rcll»"i.l'  «l"'«  '«•"■  «»«* '  ill..~t«<l  .1" 

.i""*:  *•  »wil"»i         ,k°"  •      ?  Sh 

I  ^..iii    1  >».'•.  ■I'"'"         ■»  *n!im«l»i"i 

■  ^^mwftrttr*  •<  lt""»*«i  l»«oi,  nvt  A^i..  aii..- 
'.it'.  1  tvi!xf.i  i*^  *i«.'  Wt         Wl  !f  "~  i."™" 
G  „ii  ilauw,  f  'l  «""•'  '••»  '•Ml"',  "i  "**«•  « 

**&'J'£'l£JTSm  ^,«i.->  i«  |.»»,k.» 

1*22  ,  „•  .«.*,  ESt>a  dimmiMi «  »«r«u,  «..iUil 

„,.,y ,  c  jMMgtfc  '^XmSm  »  ^  sart  c ■  ■^«- 

II..II      II  «»■  "  .,„.„,  ,„.l  r.|.vull.  ll.    nr»  r..« 

.Jnenill'*-  "V '  "  „  ,,r  „,m  ■•!   <■:  •  .1  yua 

ileu-.  l".       HrV"     1  ihr  itmwulw  ^  llir  .hu.«r  ii 

f,,....  pV*S3P«5»il  il"  '■'Ji,,■'  11  ■' 

Em*  ••,r,,•,  '       .„  I. ft  ita  »tlo».  .III  l»  //.r,W./. 

M  A  ,i"  "J  I./.I"'  ' -  ApiUo.il,  17.  «nl  Ij.  M.I 

','<",  '  r^;.'.w  .rlflJ.  1-o-l.al  J.^J  «fti-;.|wx* 


[May 


Mint,  m  Awii  it.  D.S.  ttn 

'.(..  ^.  i. Mi  .'--.i 

_  iU  r\  i»  Aiffl  >i  <lrt««<  )«~. 

-  «a»  *  *  -  ■**  4  «»  «       •*■    ••rt.  n 

i.  -     .  D-  -  "     ..->.»*.  Kyt  i  .  Mm 
ii  h  4  m  ...  A  frit  Mat.  lM» 

•         ...  Ml  *    4    —  Mi  t  II  --  Af*5  »J  W*f  It,  Hp* 

il-*»  -  atAO.  *  _  aaf  -  t.Airfrrimln,!) 
TIk  tarn  radwaat  »b*rrtw.t  ktr»  in  i(.J7  tail  18(5,  with 
Mm  at  10. J"  io"  in.}  j  *  ai'j.  ara  v»ry  t**»r»rtin; 
Tb»  farnce,  pmtxUac  •  Amrila  oa  ihr  eitnator,  tiiprite* 
•fteon  of  rpry  great  velocity,  the  liner  m  vttsxcah.  gin* 
tariff,  wreak  loir.ag  meteon  Tai*  |uir  of  tWacr-,  directed 
fr  m*  roinn  net**  the  apea  »f  tlw  earl  1 1  »  wxy,  are  auw,  I  Itrhrrr. 
rery  rtaalt  •letmniaei  In  regard  to  ther  tratrva  of  ndialaoa. 
Thil  they  hatr  hitherto  rranVl  fro;a*wt  detnctina  i«  tan  <nr- 
wi»u.(,  asthry  fw.'y  bacsane  wtll  tiaittV  in  the  (ft  --nine  Ii  -  it'- 
ll will  e-iwl  to  »u  a  (or  time  1  penal  rwin-  daring  future 
ci  .  .  .:r  of  the  L/r»K  as  «d)  at  10  note  lac  «vrmt  nilirt 
athrrvaing   fraliiti   chad;  attmsatrd  with   Ihi*  well  kt>r*rn 

tfepUy.  w.  R  Pfryinnii 

Ch.nesr  Insect  Was 

Tm*  beetle  alhdnl  to  in  en*turt»na  with  ito*  -a'lfrx-  at  ihr 

Utf  nueiher  ui  Narvaa  ■  ■  A.  mai,  *-  -t >  r*  a  1!  \ 
Kril»-i  kfrrxtet  of  flr+ikrtx*in  .  tNtna  of  ihr  family  ,4ntAr»- 
rW«\  tUxd  iu  tW  Cttriu/uwx/j  Thtvugh  the  owle*y  of  the 
anltWitiri  at  Kcw  I  hate  had  *  penmen*  before  in*  Ttie  Mea 
thai  U  acts  «a  a  wi  of  midwife1  to  ««tf  AT  the  bwlh  uf  aafaiif 
Car.AtV  U  <]Uiic  (ff»M»r>»«*.     Thr  ||oui<  finttkrtt-'tn*  is  a  I  rut 

tfWle«A  cVnwt,  anil  u«  kaliili,  .a  ihit  1  apHti        «  Eumtir, 

havr  lurtt  l«r*n  Lnnan.  It  i*  <J  coane  inlviffir^  rn  hml 
anilj  nf  kahti  "  pmuling  nt  ihr  f a-«  of  Cw- «;  /I1  mti  to 
ii*  fmritt  1  latt  taiih  ttftfi  to  the  Inlicf  I  hoc  h>  nrtiaSfl  m*  ; 
tonic  |*^nU  Hi  the  tri*inl  ceoctomi  of  the  »m  m  eet.  In  the 
Octet  puU»heJ,  ate  ai  far  jjtt«i it  iuij> ralancr. 

I  rwt-htst.  Maj  I  l<   M>  Lacii|  tM 

Th«  New  LW  in  Natal 
TM*kt  cm  lie  UnlritMik  fiua  ihcaeacrinm  s>»e»  hy  Mr 
1  winhatl  in  jmw  iwue  <if  AjirO  16  <|>  {>4l  lut  tie  hard  lit«l; 
oUainnl  by  la  in  Natal  $•  tbt  SitA-latJ-»injcJ  NifttifU, 
Ci.  mtf."mi  ;«n  Mtmdift/rtt)  xYtrVarrut,  Uuajlil.  Il  h«>  It* 
brew  net  with  in  Cane  LVkaiy.  whKh  ttv  <int»  hit  Mi.  Tom 
twit*  BMihiMy  to  fm ■!  otcmtftjCi  «f  ti  ■  |r»ji7il'»  "  Bii^»  i>f  South 
Afrn* ; "  tgt  m  Mi.  Sh*ip<-'»  nr«  edition  nf  ltrn.lt  wotL 
(wUch  Mr.  1nr«*4ill  wuuhl  Jo  t<»  procurwt  W  will  firi.J  an 
acct^ui  of  lit*  taail  i>iv«n  u  t\  0>  It  aM»m  to  havt  a  wiih 
(t?«M)Oiu)l  ttm$t,  Ttcioc  loacwl  tvlh  cat  the  are*:  ami  Ml  fBHtl 
of  Africa  ;  in  Acquit  an  J  iJaainralui-),  in  in  the  cUmbeai 

|«bcre  tpomile*  bji  ihc  met  V*.  Kn*  fotod  it  -jpiKr  onmoetl, 
la  the  tvland*  nf  H Haw  an<l  UAdaetMUr,  aIoak  the  Set 
aborr,  aatl  on  the  ulantl  of  laaalai.  With  lhi>  ctZniJol  ta%|r 
it  it  otanrahal  11  aisfl  ilili  lh>t  it  ha*  nut  jrt  been  met  with  aa 
tape  Cotonv-  AtLunJakg  to  the  altwrraitoa*  nf  I*.  Kirk  tlit 
auvulaa  pwk«gitK*3*  at  the  (attoirio  are  p*x»asar  to  thr  eaalt*, 
aaTa  tatouiiil  (•ecbliirily  ntactteil  onlv  ilmrnp  the  tnni*th«  '1*1 
Oft»lff  ua»:il  Janamry.  The  habtt*  J  Ml  binj.  Uie  tWw  <4 
otbrr  oic^jv*,.  «n  crrpoacuiw  An  eaucllrat  uJotircl  Jifuc 
of  lite  uulc  »  fli»tn  la  finoM  a  M  I«oa*»  A»tom.*' 


ooe  of  our  luanu,  I  none**]  that  the  BWMj  •arfatc  uo  *he  j 
— :t«r*fi.ir  the  uinny— aide  was  corcral  with  btHo  hJt.*' 
rarth,  «uh  ant*  ihao*  up  aftrr  rain  On  examinalmti 
hcile  h#ip  *htrw*,1  the  rtfCaW  halt  whach  itriratoi  a  bee  t 
•Ail  ihr  hw  thr*n*el«e>  •ere  teen  aa  taany  \Ate»*  gmrh-  k 
Off.  JtOBle  holo  were  Iml  with  (hr  ^rawl.  but  «aaf\a. 
un,  aiota*)  of  toil  Hal  op  »  the  pence**  of  eacavuirm 
peoti torn*  of  the  caar  wraw  to  rae  to  lie  m  the  rteal  natal 
ao4*  farm  ft*;  a  tmaphne  oohwiy.  It  n  rfilfcoafc  to  cnont  t 
bul  Iharr  tiamt  ur>  In*  (ion  eighty  or  aaaety  nt  aa  ■ 
rtraehly  ralntI.l-4 -of  atKttt  tlnv  aqnarr  fee*.  Hate  at 
your  rwaam  nwicerl  a  SoaJar  city  af  I  bete  burr  p-ocrfe* 
can  anyome  atMilyiheiewviacaaaNjr  £.  Ba« 

t'«nhtf  llattua,  Circacawtrr,  Ma>  1 


o.v  .v  noirs  mow/l at/ox  of  fc 

AVl.TS  APPARATUS  FOR  THE  MMASL 

mvft  <y  rws  vstooTY  of  ught 

O  <mr  wh«j  lias  the  tme  intrnr*!*  nf  scientific  ; 
r.*o  At  hem  enn  Cn.il  to  a^ekiHne  any  mmn 
whereby  the  elenicn.i>i  <if  a  research  inar  be  varntr, 
thereby  the  ever  litthiri);  mnKani  error  \\  mott  re 
eliminated.  It  *eeznv.  thrreiVirr.  that  this  in  jrsaj 
wjfncient  rvawnior  the  interctiini*  paper  cnmaiunir. 
bv  M-  Widf  in  the  AcKlt^nue  des  Sciences  t'cm 
RtnJiit,  9  rrfvfiet),  (Jt*<ribin£  a  veiv  incmiou*  wrm 
mem  of  KoncAult's  e*prritnem.  anil  that  there 
occauoo  fur  rlrsn.inunnc  other  work  in  owlet  lo  jt. 
Mt  piiblitatitwi.  It  is  to  be  l.i.|*-il  that  this  aaa 
father  thniugir  inadierierxe  than  tleufn,  hut  I  feci  c 
utMMi  to  curttxi  wnio!  of  the  miuuprrfarntiovi  aj 
aliich  the  Autlnir  Ubu.it ^.  and  partrcuUil)  lhn*«  camh 
in;;  lb*1  .ippCAtance  Anil  dt.tint  iiom  of  the  image  o\ 
slit  in  nty  anrk  00  the  t'Chxttt  of  light 

M.  Wolf  rrnutrln  tlwt,  untie*  tlx-  conditions  whi 
*i4ecteil,  thi»  image,  rvrn  under  the  mi***  farourabh. 
cumtunces,  nun  be  iMirilered  uith  ^erv  large  diffra 
fringes,  ntuch  the  aumiAfilianc  diuurtunce*  trans 
into  a  b»dh/  deftned  "  f-i.  As  lumsHmtt."  In  irply  to 
thntrgh  I  grant  tbtt  thf  frtnffes  ••»£\t  \w  be  present, 
ran  .iflirm  x\  a  matter  of  fact  ltiAt  thev  were  not  t 
teen.  iWibk  M  W..M  and  otbrr.  aaay  h.tvr 
sotncuhAt  misled  b>  a  drawing  of  the  appearance  o: 
image  pvett  ra»  my  wt*t  i>  A  Or  P*pen,  Am* 
A/«#MV^va,and  X*m/t.  .*J  A/m*mm,vni  i.  V»fX  1  *her 
IniAge  uTuper,  »ahirli  1*  i|utie  ctear,  >•  tiirnyanded 
lumifvous  bojc,  from  which,  tio*tc%rr,  it  >«  rery  n 
di»»ingui^ed. 

IK.i.II  ,  ihmiilMt  :f  M  W.  :  .,  |;  . :  (|tc  ••  ,rn 
■BP»"  U*  m«4  my  u<*rk:ditc  cwktidanibn 
would  have  clta.-*i  ttm%f>J  as  a  "t.H'ir  /ttmfacme 
image  whitse  potitnin  «aM  mease  ml  nrtb  the  folio 
ni»oJi*  (each  result  is  the  mean  of  ten  ub^rraliocti  u 
b>  ot»c  nWnrt,  and  recuitlnl  without  tfMrfjajj  ihe  r 
bj  another  :— 


111  Sol  mn. 

Ill  ?7>  ,. 

iu  .. 


001.)  wan. 

0006  ,. 
nolo  M 

0007  i| 

OODU 


J.  F.  HatJtv  . 


Wtld  Bert 


A  mm  aorda  teawctini  a  coiouy  of  Uta  1*  f«-'»  a* 
AmArm*)  whaeh  I  have  aitt  di«t*ere.l  in        *ar.l«*»,  nay 

httcrrat  your  rsi  -i.,.1.^  tealer-      A  diy  •>'  l*  ■  >*;  

walking  betiie  a  low^arSad  inua.id  whkh  aoppofta  i»»  M  00 


Art  rage  dlfTeJeaut  from  arn 


1  brae  arc  meawretftmt,  of  thr  titfateif  inwge,  so 
U.e  milj  are  not  merely  cttires  of  iLneat  mut 
ment.  Iwt  in.  lutlr  errors  in  tlie  euimate  of  the  rawi 
the  revolving  tnnriK. 

mJfSdtT^  5  ki'  mmwrnmL, 

not  hope  h*  a  Crca:ei  degree  of  accuracy  than  one 
n  jjoo  in  th»*  •Miucular  neaatireueM,  wbereai 
■  the  average  c|.t*jer  than  one  pat 

nine  the  data  on  which  be  baacs 


above r 

lOgOOO. 

Hut  l 


Google 


:- 


.\ \  i  r 


r*t  place,  tlif-  im.iyc 
iilutt  one-hundredth 
inty.nmc  reflections 

I  to  be  2  dcrimpitc 
l  reflecting  U:li*w  ope 
jcMTvfully  mounted  — 
nutted  to  make  ril  • 
portion  i *»  multiplied 

[sred   pur|>o»e  of  *li  • 

r  requited  i% 
Lcoponion  of  1600  i« 
rbano     would  1  i»mc 

unlet*  especial  pre- 

them. 

■*  .in  important  ad- 
nean*  limited  to  M. 
By  applicable — for  by 
:nncnve  renVi  tor-fa  the 
iod  or  in  V  iiacault'i, 
Ilui  I  think  the 
namely,  to  control 
dumn  rould  be  more 
underground  tunnel 
necessary,  by  running 

e  tepeatcd,  with  ttMM 
bed  m  the  pa|ie»  te» 
pearanre  fif  iW  image 
mi*  nerawMin  die  width 
ired.  Ml  f«»und  i«»  Im 
otbintt  rcmark:iblr  in 
re  of  a,n  im.v,;r  of  ibis 
1  met  re. 

my  final  result,  i  kdo- 
-whul  tfrca,tcr  deWNi  of 
||  h*d  l  only  a  *'  /■!*/>*' 

that  by  astronomical 
intrust*  the  mulls  ob- 
myself  1  be  velmiiy  of 
per  cent.,  and  thai  it 
it  excess  of  c/jiuii>>n  10 
itmn  of  *  possible  mi- 
.,  u  M.  Wolf  doc  tu 

f  it  10  he  congratulated 
he  h>a  drilled  for  the 
g  prohl'in  .1  fJitiltlem 
kultio,  •nil  iiliiniairh 
10  MM  part  in  j>on,  but. 
»crh.*p*«nc  in  I  /x»J,or*s. 
urn  1  V  M11  111 1 


4TJ0#TOC£RTJtX 
I//-  mUtOVGHBY 


M'llluuxhby  Sm-ili  befbrt 
inc  last  '  see  /,r^ov//»vt' 
,  whir.h  ;irr  considered  to 
pamVe*  m  the  rrwdis  of 
the  uhm.  or  ali»«lute  unit 
nig  git  en  nwif  aiteni.on 
«ent  sear*  M  ihi»  NiM|  Cl» 
»ki  mon  Mi.  WHIoatM 


arranged  in  <<tnne>iiiun  with  .1  battery  ind  mtemipcer, 
Mtid  a  secimdaiy  circuit  in  mmu-iiiun  with  a  r>lvanomctee 
and  commutator  of  such  a  character  that  the  make  .mil 
break  induced  ewrrrni*  |nn  m  ihr  MM  direction  through 
the  insarunkent.  t'ltder  ihe*e  circumMaacM  il  is  found 
trust  at  hi|fh  speeds  the  insertion  of  a  copper  plate  between 
lite  primary  ami  secondary  •p»r»l»  entails  a  notable 
diminution  in  the  i;.dvani>metei  deflection,  mid  (hi*  remit 
is>  regarded  n*  .111  indication  that  the  molecules  uf  cupper 
need  to  lie  polansed  by  the  lines  of  force-  in  operitioa 
for  which  there  b  ma  MM  al  the  higher  tpreds.  The 
iMtliudnx  explanation  U  the  experiment  would  be  |hM 
currents  are  developed  by  inflection  m  Ibe  copper  sheet, 
which  thus  screens  the  wimdary  vpirul  from  ihr  action 
of  the  pnmar>-,  and  the  result  0  exactly  what  might  havi 
lif-cn  anticipated  mini  know-n  decimal  pnnciples,  I  hive 
the  les*  Invitation  in  sajing  ln'*>  sM»M*M  "natter  of 
fact  I  did  ariti..i|.oir  fiuni  ihwii)  it,t  ait.  m  ...(  a  tuinbtna- 
tion  ver>'  simiUr  m  character.  The  experiment  is  de- 
scribed in  the  i'hiivwf^uai  M<tg*siw  foe  May.  iMi, 
mid  differs  fiom  Mr.  \V.  Smilh  *k  only  in  ike  subuiiuiloa 
uf  a  trleiibnne  fc»  the  falvanomeier,  and  •  -f  a  tit  -rrophone 
lor  the  inlrfiuptof,  no  re*rr»rr  in  tbc  sriiiiidUry  1  in  sot 
iM-in^.*  rnnined.  by  the  mtcfpo&ibun  of  a  thick  copper 
died  the  snund  c  Bieaiiv  enfeebled. 

T  he  second  <cnes  of  exprriinetHk  weir  ni.ttle  with 
Faraday's  *'ne«  niajmeu*  clectrK  machine-.' in  which  a 
copper  di*k  rotate*  abml  us  ccnlre  Iwtiroi  llw  pJr%  of 
,  ]vir-«  shoe  m»|!Dei.  The  mm-tii*  deveiaped  are  e*. 
'imnird  with  a  tralrannnteier  whose  etectnxles  touch  two 
mom.  npi»«  tbc  del*  ill  Mr.  W.  Smiili*.  •  •  ••  •  ■>•■'>'-, 
'me  at  »ic  cenlrr,  *nd  the  other  at  Ibe  tmumktttHC 
At  low  -peed"  live  di«nbiiiii»n  i*  *yiiinieirxal  with  respect 
to  that  dmiMCtet  of  the  disk  winch  i*  passinj;  ai  any 
Uiiiiliml  between  II*  |*>ks:  '»".  •** (gjj  '»  g 
.-reaied,  a  certain  **  ilraj  •*  ucuened,  MMM  rhe 
.vl„„win.  Ihi*  drat.  tigamjr.  Mas  nitilll  hy 
Nobdi  in  a  trr>  «im»Ur  amneeniriil  as 
iSll  I"  Wiedemann  *  l.krtrinly.-  ihml  cdrtmn.  wl  it., 
i'  km  ,  and  1*  *"»  »kiubl  to  I*  annbm<d  H  tlw  MNM 
of  Ihr  ttirrrni-  "I1""  thrnivcbcs. 

ThU  rinesinw  of  wlf-indwtiuo  hi  indeed  a  very  mv 

nortant.me  m  r^'^nl.  c  M;  •  .birrmima* 

,,-  ohm  .  but  «  mloiilv  canmrt  1*  -ud  lo  have  eea 
L-.V.k*.i  texl  **■  M'  W.  Nnmh  **»-i"*  W  sujwe«i.  MR  « 
".  jLiiful  cM*""««"  «r  I,,e  |lr1  V"*  ^2 

!  .in**   »«li  "  C"1'  "M,,Jvm<  n  J»'»-»na 

imv  own  recct  i  rcKtinmi  of  them,  ihr -rlf-iiidiiniim 
-5  tlse  ctal  is  a  most  hnpi*t..»t  fettnre,  and  may  caw  a 
1  lirenieiit  "f  ibr  Ihrtrt""  ma*Jlll»ni  currnil  from 
i*  .!.l.«*.<.f  the  ina»*nrrir  mrriili  in  ilinnndi  a»  mm  h  as 
%U*  ''VoVo  piper    )'M.  .  P-  I  ibrajjrhl 

fVj  n.nhssetl  tl»r  mieumn  ai  WW  Ml  ieilnms  leascih 
1  1  r Ms ^sSTte  ilul  «r.  W  Smith  had  in  I.  ,  mleJ rather 
.l.  tein-'iati-.i.*  H«   the   MllM  «'f  Ijfgi  "h"h 

o.'  ic.'  m  oik  ^.y  im,..M..nl  .r.pe.t  /mm..  h..|  .4  M#.  tt. 

ineirtcall 
ri»e  - 

t,..n,  tbrr*  ate  w/-^—-  uTe  »ell  m.l«.«m  of 
tlierefnic  no  ;,l*^ril  tt,r  d.tTerence 

iodl  cttrrcnts.       h»t  |(r  l<MrT  atlIi  ,i„  c 


•  4  ftrie  are  ^sn- 


L|lv  aiianacd  in  icUme.  to  Ibe  a«s  «X  nilation. 

ggSffS  !    thai,  hmmttti  nri  .hr  sMed  el  mu. 

.K^'air  rwrnwla  ^..lumK  k  d 


f  cKrctri' J>  ,&liijfli  e»s  die  m»tter  futty  here. 

rs»utv  in  »a»  of 


carry  sreqcht  roocsnoiiii' 
tbcawibor  in  thn  l«.toch 

umu  a  vrnrurs  cirmii  1- 


frrcoce. 

Will  ll<* 

c»..lan..n«"'  J  ,u' 
,..  f>pernne",?  1 

iltpN  " 


hy  wVper  pi'Widnd  m  ihr  t'hii  .  , 
„  ihr  Mcth.-!  .4  Urn  lot  rhe  fori 
a  ihr  Ahsoluic  Lihjr  "f  IV  llruidi  A 
1         lanes,'  A<  >    M>  eWefl  in  »r»l 

nee  lei  ' 


M\  •  *''irci  in  writ 
Srmi 
has  i*rea 

KlVlKjiiN 


Dy  \jUU 


MATURE 


{May  1885 


7V//.  /A  VF.NTiONS  EXHIBITION 

IN  the  pretence  of  a  crowded  and  iUsiinfc'it.shed 
assembly  the  Inventions  Kxhibiiion  was  opened  by 
the  Prince  of  Wales  an  Monday.  The  Exhibition  is  as 
usual  an  hrst  days,  »'"H  in  a  somewhat  chantii  condition, 
And  ere  can  do  no  mtirr  this  week  than  refer  to 
toe  Wading  ieKulrnr*  of  the  opening  ceremony.  Sir 
Frederick  11  nun  well.  Chairman  of  the  Exeriitivc  <  "nuiuiU 
In  hn  address  to  1**  Prince  of  \V«le»,  gate  a  sketch  of 
the  progress  and  objects  ol  the  Exhibition,  which,  be 
{tainted  out.  Is  intended  to  illustrate  the  progress  of  in- 
teations  since  the  year  and  that  of  muucal  instru- 
ments and  appliance*  since  the  coeniuencciiiciit  of  the 
present  ccntun .  The  labours  of  the  different  committees 
■ere,  he  stated,  rendered  extremely  onerous  by  the  MM 
number  uf  application*  ttvcivrd— a  nmttlwr  far  greater 
thee,  we  had  space  to  accommodate.  Influential  Com- 
i.i.,.,  hare  been  nominated,  by  Austria  ) I  ingary , 
I* ranee,  China,  Greece,  Italy,  Japan,  Knsiia.  Siam,  and 
Swittedand,  from  which  countries  inleresting  and  valu- 
able exhibits  have  been  received  oe  arc  promised. 
Arrangements  hate  been  made  with  the  Council  of  the 
Koyal  Albert  Hall  by  which  that  building  form*  an  in- 
tegral portiun  if  the  Kshibttion,  wiih  the  National  Fish 
Culture  Association  fiw  ihr  maintenance  of  the  Aquarium, 
and  with  the  Council  of  the  Koyal  Horticultural  Sot  my 
far  tbe  holding  »f  ihe  umuI  prnmlur.d  flitwtt  nod  Uud 
nbovv  The  Old  London  .Street,  nhnh  was  so  popular  a 
feature  m  last  year's  Exhibition,  bos  been  maintained. 
Many  tnutl  annexes  have  been  swept  away,  and  in  their 
v  ■  galleries  have  been  erected.    Not  only 

has  greater  exhibiting  spare  been  thus  obtained,  but  the 
gardens,  which  ore  so  great  a  source  of  attraction  to 
visitors,  bate  .iclaally  been  enlarged-  Notwithstanding 
the  fad  that  the  gallery  Died  last  tear  for  iiMchinrry  h»» 
been  greatly  mended  to  meet  the  requirement*  «l  ex- 
hibitors, it  proted  to  In*  inadequate  fur  tin*  many  im- 
peasant  inventions  f«*  uhiih  motivr  power  wat  desired; 
indeed,  it  lias  been  found  necessary  10  furnish  such  power 
in  m  leu  than  three  other  galleries.  "  The  employment 
of  electricity  fur  the  purposes  of  lighting,"  Sir  Frederick 
said,  "  is  undoubtedly  one  of  the  mowt  striking  instances 
of  the  applwalmn  or  science  to  ihe  rwrpo*r»  «<f  d.nly  life  ; 
we  have,  therefore,  not  HcMated)  to  gar  ihi*  subject 
special  prominence.  Tin-  metis.*1  we  have  adofded  will, 
U  is  believed,  render  any  «iiddra  Uilute  of  tbe  lights  im- 
possible, and  will  favourably  dttpUt  the  most  recent  and 
improved  apparatus,  and  the  advances  that  up  to  this 
date  have  been  nude  in  electric  lighting-  After  iww! 
careful  experiments  we  have  ventured  toeiuplo).  f«"  tbe 
garden  illntrunnt  ion,  Ihe  mir»ndcwt cut  electr*  lamp,  and 
we  have  done  mi  in  a  manner  and  on  a  scale  wbich,  «e 
bebne.  has  never  before  been  attempted.  As  a  division 
of  the  Kxhibii«in  t*  devY,tod  H  muue.  »e  have  **i  apart 
an  important  pnti.on  of  the  buildings  to  the  illu>*r.ttina  of 
instrument*  and  appliances  a|>p?rtainiiig  10  that  art  .  and 
we  have  invited  the  fcmrnitinn  of  a  historical  loan  collec- 
tion of  musical  inslriimrnu,  which  we  brhcvr'  1-  <-l  » 
deeplv  interesting  chaMi  tci.  In  requesting  your  Koyal 
Highness  to  declare  this  Exhibition  open  we  desire  to 
express  the  hope  that  11  may,  M  tbe  one  hand,  be  Ihe 
means  of  bunging  saleable  and  mcntooons  invention* 
prominently  before  the  general  uoblic,  to  Ihr  henent  and 
credit  of  the  cxhibilors,  and  that  il  may,  on  the  other 
hand,  be  the  means  by  which  that  nobbc  may,  withm  tbe 
area  of  one  exhibition,  be  enabled  to  appreciate  the 
marvellous  progress  which  during  the  past  .juarter  of  a 

century  every  industry  RM  achsned."   

The  Prince  of  WaW%  ■  repfy  said :  II  i*  »ith  mwh 
plrawre  that  I  have  b*iened  to  ih*  report  U  the  M» 
live  Cooncil,  and  I  folly  appreciate  the  labours  which  ynu 
*  .  _  k  *.«..*_"  — _ ^ i.^.L.nn    At  the 


the  opportunity  of  expressing  a  hnpe  that  an  Inter- 
national Inventions  Exhibition  nught  lie  held  in  these 
bmhbngsdiirinc  the  present  year;  and  I  am  sincerely  grati* 
lied  to  find  that  this  hope  1ms  been  realised.  The  kdw  of 
this  llvhibition  it,  indeed,  vast,  and  I  can  readily  enrnpro- 
hend  the  dimcuhies  nbscn  must  have  beset  you  and  the 
Committee  of  Adixe  in  your  codeavourv  to  se<  ure 
udenuate  reptcseiitai^n  fur  i*rh  branch  of  industry.  I 
hate  observed  with  much  pleasure  thai  the  cla^ncaUom 
originally  adopted  has  been  made  the  practical  basis  of 
ihr  allotment  of  *p*v  m  the  Exhibition,  and  that  tbe 
exhibits  in  each  group  hate,  as  f,ir  as  potable,  been 
piaccd  together.  1  am  convinced  thai  In  following  tb™  plan 
you  have  materially  increased  tbe  educational  value  0/ tbe 
Kxhibition.  1  readily  echo  the  sentuisewH  of  gratitude 
which  you  have  ciproscd  for  ihr  invaluable  aid  rendered 
by  the  guarantors;  and  I  jotn  with  you  in  welcoming  tbe 
representative*  of  those  foreign  count  tic*  who  are  present 
here  10-day. 

The  Pnnce  of  Wale*,  after  declaring  the  Kxhibition 
open,  nude  a  tour  of  ibe  ganenr*  in  company  with  the 
Princess  of  Wales  and  mam  other*  uf  the  distinguished 
visitors  whit  were  present. 


THE  FLORA  OF  BANK  NOTES 
"  T  A  Plorede*  Mm  •!»  Hanque  '  is  U»r  title  of  an 
M  arude  in  Smw  H  Nature,  an  article  which, 
in  spile  of  an  amusing  tendency  inseparable  from  nil 
thing*  savouring  "f  sensational  Ktence.  may  suggest 
thoughts  more  or  lew*  alarming  in  *  irw  of  recent  dis- 
emeries  in  bacterlcAwy.  It  i»  no  new  fart  thai  books, 
coins,  and  other  armies  of  a  durable  nature  which  pass 
nvachtrom  hand  in  band  mat  be  thr  means  of  transmitting 


have  bestowed  upon  this  great  undertaking 
dosing  of  ibe  International  r  isheric*  txhtbttion  I  look 


infectious  diseases,  and  if  these  infectious  diseases  are 
cautcd  by  vmhle  and  tangible  agents,  it  is  nut  going  £ai 
to  espsvi  that  the  Mi;entt  should  be  diwovcrabJe  on  the 
transmuting  media  by  nsrarsi  of  the  urn  loscope,  and  by 
other  method*  employed  l»y  the  specialists  who  devoU 
them*rlvr*  to  itanng  the  awful  iKicienuiii  to  its  home 
tif  course  it  is  now  matter  of  fact  that  "  bacteria  "  (usuef 
the  term  tn  its  widest  sense;  can  be  and  are  causal  agent! 
in  disease,  and  the  wnier  itf  the  asucle  itfirmd  to  sbowt 
that  bactcna  and  other  mutute  orgatusiut  always  occur 
on  bank-notes  ;  iheir  is,  perharn,  no  more  in  this  obscr 
tation  than  that  tt  demonstrate*  a  fact  in  a  particular  can 


.-r*rei. 
.~d«"t  Fish. 


vn  la  be  lni«  much 

0  the  air  ami  passed 
e  minute  oruani-.ii>-> 

1  expect  Mich  tliinu* 
many  hand*,  to  tsc 

I  itmrt  of  "Krrnii," 
.atiufactory  mean*  for 
erUieleii  it  i  -  inlere-it- 
.1  on  European  b  snk- 
mdertook  to  examine 
alt  that  IWO  s  cry  •.mall 
,  of  OnwAf*'  and 
be  not  uncommon  on 
hat  tlnce  undertaken 
various*  States,  with 
•  and  oilier  ollMCI*  «* 
discovered  Accssrd- 
notci  examined  were 
:ary  and  Kn-sioa.  anil 
•an  abundant  cr>|.i'i- 
itciobc*."  and  oliji-ct* 
I  hair.  Jfcc. 

r/i/r  /.-i  */<•,  the  common 
IPaswUtffl  » .'ei-ivi/..-,  the 


nil*.      /'/<w*'-'  - 

i  ttkrmmxm*,  Uff'H^S^ 

a  minute  green  alga-  de- 

of  definite  statement-,  th't 

,eci  in  V.|t-  3  »ere  

rent  notes:  i.thcr«i*c  tnc 
abundant  one,  and  "*■» 
d  one,  mallow  the 

H  fltlC  growth. 

.nous  side  I"  al\  llu..  h«"S- 
rc  thai,  a.  appeals  t»"i>t»-  - 

.  .,,„.,;,  „. 

■.„,«•  ».»it.in» 

earned  >  worse  H«5f 
,»«•<.  «e,  three   are  ««'• 
j«  insolcd  on  l-.«t»JKi 
have  not,  H  Mr.  des.r  « 

*******  ■•**>  rEH 

usdly,  Erec..nlv»*.'',c^'f 
against  the  V***!3£Z.  » 
ftgue  stricken  <oinluunit>  to- 
U  derived  from  *•»-  •>*■ 


-.,..,!,  ,  will  lie  malic  use  of  to  hring  more  fnrriW) 
Iscfcirc  the  minds  of  our  lew  careful  birlhien  the  dangers 
of  handling  "<"»>  lucre"  in  tones  of  disease. 


STANDARD  WJVOri 

M5I1K1.T  raises  the  question  of  musical  pilch,  and 
,     auiWatrs  A  4V.  «w»  reunited  by  M 

Meeti-na.  of  Helium.  It  u  rather  curious  that  in  Ilel 
cium  itself  M.  Meeren."*  proposal  wi  ronsidered  and 
n-iccleil  by  a  Commission  appomlrd  io  IS::,  upon  whose 
report  the  I  rcnrli  patch  \  tSS  »»  adopted  by  Royal 
decree  on  March  lq  or  this  seat.  There  seems  to  be 
scry  little  ditlerencc  ltet»ecn  the  two;  It  amounts,  la 
fn  t  torsa.tli-  l )  cents  or  huwlreilili"  cilaneiju.il  semitone, 
of  ss'hirh  3l>  ma<e  aenmroa.  Hence  there  is  no  practical 
teavm  for  making  the  change  us  aneilme  singers.  Hut 
no  Instruments  mode  for  A  Hi  ••~M  .b*  »™J-<ble  lor 
A  as-  s.i  that  the  advantage  "I  unif.irniity  would  be  lost, 
without  any  advantage  to  the  mice  or  the  spiahty  of  In- 
struments. The  arguments  in  .1.  fasour  ate  almost 
cntuelv  .  lltlllllTr'  To  begin  with  the  inaudible  t 
silirafon  and  proceed  liycsarl  doubbng  In  M  «s  an  arlth- 
tnelical  dream.  It  i«  true  that  K.mig.  lis  a  most  ingenious 
.dai^.tom  ..f  I  "«rgt  tuningf.**  acting  m  plate  of  a 
ncri'lullim  to  a  clock  going  m  a  room  at  tf  L -h, '  alaoit 
Lw-  diva  in  a  sear!,  has  sncionlrd  io  taaltine  a  fork  of 
■55  precise  numlier  irf nbeations at  that  precise  tetnpr,.. 
"„  'liut.it  is  f.,  the  tensperaltitr  ailnpted  for .the  Fwocls 
1  .A.  '  • «  «"  ■-<'  '  standard  fotkl.  the  pitch  of  lh„  snjdd 
n  i  lie  "  it  to...  I"  tS>  K.-.IU--  •umber,.  The 
char  •  of  the  aritlunetic  vanishes.  Iisrrefore,  with  a  sl«ht 
^herTlton  of  temperature,  and  ihe  pilch  has  become  fully 
"  cent  huwlredth  of  a  semitone)  sharper.  t.raotrJ  that 
.,.  loinercelilihle  .imount.  yet  it  i*  enivigh  to  alter 
&^¥S2fi£SZ&  The-  the  arithmetic  b  itsell 
funded  .KS  S  intonation.  «hlch  is  M  adopted  any 
,,'  uke  Ihe  e-iual  lempcrsoieot.iiiiu  general), 
Merited   «  iiiould  set'fo,  A.7.  *.  ..^s  C  ,56,, 

c*  7       —  .„.  <   A  i«.  AS  4)77.  1>  aMV.  L  5114 

"'"h'^.^c.  o, n.,r.  and  the  epul  tern- 
s**>!WI  hiisiev---."'  •**  C  15"  »'  the  stamng- 
r  ^  A'itm,^  in  pis,  ,01.^100. oakl  n.i,  be 
liter.  tie.lT  "e  lusea 
„.„a,  wliis  h  o  tuned  m  l> 
..vcrsthiflS  f  ^  and  viohoicrll..,  .h«h  are  both 

.,,,.1  n-a  ,ao.l lsee.ee e. en fi» these  not rulttents, 

niiic.l  m  '••n  K  ,„„al.Ni.u;jusl  ini.ioailiin.hisuse  ..I  the 
,jMk  k  The  rea-Hi-ihatarew 

inariMT  «■  .l»e  "J   ,K  .„  ,4  a  p,t,h  tiiu.|  ccn.mily  n.«  he 
"""i'  "*       "',  .,,  „o«  than  t«"  crn,..*s  up  to  tS.J. 
,  arllh>neii>.d    l«  »  ,■  »., .  luundcl,  all  hurupe 

s"*J  "..e   jben,  ossine  to  Use  psesenlail 


used  a  pif  »-  "',•        „,       p.e,ei.l..iii»i  of  ne.  instru. 

A  4"  5-  ,,' Jr?;,lueo.r  of  Russia  to  •  Vienna  regiment  at 
.^ntsll,  Use  trotKO  u,,,^,. 

ihe  tnnifte-s  of  s  jg;  <;  .Susan, 


..     ml**"    "                     '  la-       II  •  ••  •»  — •! 

.0..  .4  •  ".^'"w.    A    I    r»»       «M»  JThJ  m  IU 

*7.  .v.-J*'1, *    .Cwr.  «hl4T>  tHJ-k-  t\UK*»  ae* 

'7     'la,  ..fca-r.l  *>  -«».r<a  I  U-  ~           U»  "  |M| 


Google 


NA  TURF. 


[J/«»v  7,  1-8 


ha**uf«d  French  patch,  and  Km'1i»h  rrrmposm  our  bleb 
pitch  TIm  An*  aad  but  auy  conproraiw  with  lbs 
•wrnud,  but  »rr  incompatible  with  each  other.  Tu  sinf 
Handel  in  modem  Kngtiih  pitrh  i*  to  unduly  strain  voices 
and  spotl  ihr  efTer*  oro/mall?  intended,  but  ve  submit 
to  it  rrcn  In  Handel  festival*.  There  i*  a  jcrrater  dilhVulty 
m  altering  pilch  in  England  than  on  the  Comment.  We 
hare  no  »ibwlt«fd  Contatrratoire*  or  theatre*  to  which 
wo  coat  ftiv :  "  Use  this  standard  of  pitch,  or  without 
Mfuudy."  Esen  regime  nlal  band*  are  not  mpriird  at 
the  expense  nl  the  State.  A  ntw  «•*.  of  instrument*  is 
wry  ontly,  and  uaoie  thin  that,  it  is  kin£  before  makers 
tentn  how  to  marmfacture  correctly  to  a  new  pitch.  The 
aoestioa  is  therefore  be*tt  with  difficulties.  lh*t  the  »idu- 
lion  in  certain]*'  not  to  be  fiy.mil  in  the  jtitimiciu:  td  M. 
Soeet. 


w 


the  sliexce  asp  akt  .i/r.s/.r.r/, 

ElVXBUtiufi 
JY.  understand  tint  i'.iI  \lnrib-h  Smith  h*«  ren 
ppointed  by  the  Lords  of  the  Commute*  of  Cnwnul 
on  Education  to  the  Ibrenorship  of  ibis  Museum,  in  wc 
«r«nw  iu  tin*  late  hwt  Archer.  As  Lieut  Smith  he  was 
aaancioied  wiib  Prof.  Newtim  in  the  drtcosTr-cs  at  Mcli- 
ojt:  issu*.  anil,  subsequently,  sntb  Commander  Parhrr, 
N  N  .  undertook  the  esploraiiun*  in  the  Cy  remix  a  which 
:.-.->-..!  in  the  acquisition  U,  the  natiun  of  the  valuable 
tullattiix*  m(  arulpture*  now  in  the  Urnnh  Museum. 
Latterly,  Cul  Smith,  while  rrmJiycd  at  Tehrmn,  has 
acon  red  for  the  South  Ken  vinyl  no  Mu<«um  the  large  ;ind 
iaiuabl«  ndlntion  of  Persian  art  and  rnauiuintture*  which 
is  so  well  known  there  We  bebeic  CuL  Smith  obtained 
hi*  mm  C»uu  .ii  iv*  hi  it  m  Ihr  Royal  Engineer*  direct  from 
a  Scottish  L'ruvetMy,  ami  u<»nc*d  the  ittt  few  officers  m 
thai  Corp*  who  did  lux  pat* through  the  Koj.il  MlfcUry 
Aradrmy  al  Woolwich  or  Addtacombe. 


NOTES 

W«  pks]  ihr  tVUMsing  frota  ihc  Tmiffi  flat  Mlxaaav  ■>  the 
1*1  of  tcicited  iaad»Ja!rt  tf tumwrrviH  by  tbr  Council  of  the 
Royal  Society  i*  the  electron  to  lb*  Ftltmr  Jup  :—A.  W.  Kiir  1. 
Msmr  Rt,  P,  Herbert  Carpenter.  l>.Sc..  sit  Andrew  Clark, 
M.U..  Mr.  A.  A.  Common,  IMA  S.,  K  W  CltV  Marl- 
CuumaauVf.  K.N..  IW  I  ,  Data**,  II.  llj.lv  U  i>,  W.  M. 
Hick*.  U  A  ,  F.  R  jkfo,  M«.l>,  A.  M  Marshall.  M.U, 
Prof  II  N  Marti*,  O.hc..  C  O'SuIliron,  l'rof.  I  Pmj,  rrof 
Sydney  Ringer,  and  Sahkry  H   Vnwt.  D  Sr 

Or  the  fifteen  ramhdale*  »bo  Ki% »  the*  Urn  refected  no 
iban  Ave  air  Cambridge  »nra.  Mi  U  M  H...  s-.  :rd 
•rrtnih  wres^lr*  in  ihr  Maihrwumcal  Tnj*»  of  iSj  \.  Pruf. 
H.  N.  Mutaa.  M  Milne*  Marsh Ul.  and  t>t.  Vine*  w«n  ihr 
senior*  a*  ihr  Mature!  Scwnce  rripoar*  <»f  iSj  1*74,  and  1I7S 
rreprctrrefj,  wh«"«  I>r.  Hci^tl  (.arpruler  '*«alnr.l  *  H''* 
CJt*»  i»  the  t  1  ■  1*74.  '..■!.:  wah  VIr.J.  S,  Iji^lr;, 
wm  erected  10  lb*  Sural  Suciet*  111  iSJj.  Ibe  mini  nf  tbs 
hnr  Prof   I  .  M.   !'."■.  n*l  of  I  if.  Martin  In  tl*c 

THpo*  bal  id  1*7} ;  while  ihr  asle  rod.  A.  H  liarrod  wu 
•etnarwi  1A71,  and  the  Tripus  Ini  of  iSToer^ausa  tbr  ironm 
dPreaftm  Itsrwal  awd  K.  J  Knmini..  The  Naiaral  *rir*ce 
Trrpow*  rnwa  lK?o  In  il>3,  intluuse.  Uve  dm.  frruiihcd  a» 
Irai  than  anw  FrOuw*  of  the  Royal  MNfe  dAei  actml  «r 
r*rxt.  Tlie  aaawt  of  rrren  mare  ocenr  m  the  Mathematical 
Tnpo»  Lne*  frraa  1H71  in  1SS0  inirrsjre,  vie.  i  j  it '.]••''■■*•■« 
tl»7lh  |.  W.  L>  CatUkrt  (•*;•).  »•  f-aa»u  *-  N 


Krmrw(ia?»l.  W.  M.  ..  Br.  T  Gb»ebr*>k  (W| 

aaalj.  J.  Ibnaaara)  (lH>|.    T«  these  a»ay  br  added  in.  aaueai 


ofl>r«  W.  II.  (JoskfH.  «b>  .iT<  lined 


[Kf-i,  tnt  ban  4ncv  drt<«cd  hlnswlf  lo  |hy.Kdowr.  All  1 
aaow  Can* la IrtfT  will  rerrwnia*  how  br^rly  ihrw  rrsulla 
d>je  tn  ihr  itiftusux  atal  tumplr  of  ihelafe  fruf.  I  Ink  Mat* 
and  of  M  Michael  F«l*r  rraaweliTHy. 

Wl  vr  irdorned  thai  I  >*.  Irtabb.frl.  K.R.h.,  ha«  cat  iota, 
hi*  InlcMlnn  lo  re**cn  ihc  i'  .  r.  n-.  l  ia>  Cbeinltir*  in 
Nonwal  Schoul  of  Science  and  Roysl  Scboal  i  Moan  al 
end  uf  ihr  tiitirnt  sruina.  At  pliraiitavt  for  ihr  dunk* 
aildrrwrd  in  «l«  ScvirUr).  Sciracr  aaat  Art  l*rrnt»ncu.. 

fm  *•  if'y  fifth  ArauiaJ  Mrctatg  id*  ihr  Itill.Ji  1  HilatluM 
C-asirsur  «.n  WnllKsdiy.  Sq'letnlKt  y.  m  Ahrrd> 

1  he  IWdrol  I  Irvi  ta  the  Uigbt  lion.  Sir  1 .1011 1'Ujtiir,  K.C. 
M  T.  I'll  It..  Ll.lt,  K.R.1L4  £.,  FC>,  nhu  nul  1 
the  |dice  of  l/ird  Raybich.  The  V|ce-I'r«sidenl*srr  HhUr 
lac  Duke  uf  RkkaaiiltJ  and  Curd. mi,  K  (.„  C  rufuxlkr  af 
l1nivcr*uyof  Alvnltwn.  tbt  Richt  Hon.  the  Hat]  uf  Abrrda 
1  I  .T>  t  Ijitd-Linilentnt  nt  Ab*tdrrx*hirr.  I  be  Rt{bl  Ifra*. 
Karl  wf  Crassroid  aa>l  rUtmrrcs,  1  K.S.,  Jarnt*  Miltaews,  L> 
I'tovcat  c4  iV«  City  of  AWtdren,  I'nd.  S*'  Wdiiiot  Thanir 
f.R.S..  Akwireer  lltaa,  M.A.,  t.L  D,  ttrctor  c«*  ibe  L'nrrcr- 
*d  Al<etdtcn.  tV-  Vrry  Re*  I'rinor*)  I'lrle,  ll.l»..  V.cr  Ch 
tefaV  'f  ibe  L'aaimily  af  AUrdren,  IW  %  ||.  Flow 
r.R.S..  l're*.Z.>.,  lurector  of  ibe  Natural  Hi-earj  Mun 
t*nrr*I  Trcarcaw  :  I'ruf.  A.  W,  Williarmun,  I  .R.S.,  L'attrrt 
Culln^r,  I^mdotv  W.C.  (Jrncr.d  Socrclane*  Ctpt.  Dana 
itftlien,  C.H  ,  F.K  S.,  A.  1;.  Vttnon  Hireuurt.  Kk.S.  Ser 
lary  :  I'ruf.  T.  ti  Uouory,  F.M.S.  lrxnl  Ntxicculn  ft* 
mettwe  at  Aferrilrew  1  J.  W.  Crcmiac.  M.A.,  \ttpn  fro* 
M  A..  M  l* ,  Fr«t  ti.  I'irw,  M.A,  I  .  j)  rnronams  far 
MartiM  ai  AlwrdWn:  John  I  ■«  II  .:t-,  Rd«m  |jta)*|«a.  1 
v.in.nd  IHKtL-t*  ate  ft*  idluw*  1—  \  M  ttlirmoiciJ  a«d  I'h 
ical  Scteute.  I'tewdcM  1  I'ruL  ti.  t  h^l.il,  M  A,  I.KS. 
VK*>hrewdcnl«:  PtoC  C.  \iren,  f,  R  S  ,  Frof  \,  SchnH 
I  R  S.  Sourrtatle*:  K.JL  llaywr*.  M  A.,  k.  T.  (iluibn*, 
F.R.S..  l'rof.  W.  M,  1 1  »<!(-,  M  A.  Iknurdcr},  IW.  iV  |Hra 
M  A.  Ik  Chemical  Sclmee.  Prrwltnt  1  l*tuf.  11.  I_  \r 
•irotiij,  K.R.S.  Vlce  l'rewJtot. :  Prof.  A  I  run  Iho* 
t  K.S..  IW.  IL  MtLrtid.  I  R  n.  stllrt4lw.T 
Philtip*  lUdxm.  l».Sc  .  l  .C.Y  lUn^nbrb  M.U  (num.  M.4 
I  C  s,  II  Fimur  Mrwley,  Use,  f.CA,  \V.  J.  vrnav 
M  IK  C.  (arohsxy  I'tr^Vnl  1  IW  |.  \V.  lull,  |,R. 
MC.'i.S.  Virr-Proitlrwl.  i  J**Sti  I  ron*,  T»t*t.rL.S,  Pr 
W.  C.  ^albiliiao,  I  .R.S.  Hrirrtarln :  t  .  K  lb  Ran 
P.CJb,  ;.  Ilumr.  f .k.S.I.,  J,  J.  II.  IViH.  M  \  .  F.li  , 
W.  Tupley,  K.O.K  <Kc«ndtr|.  I>.  Ibdiwj.  Crr«d«M  :  Pr. 
\V,  C.  Mclntod*,  K.K.S.  Vt<c  I'reaVnit :  Prof.  I,  Ray 
lUlfiHf,  r.R.S,  ISuf.  J  S.  Ilunbm  Nai»ict«»ax  FH, 
^rcr«ur>ff<  1  W,  ll«|<e.  )  I>aiuan  MallWwi,  K.KS.I 
Howard  Saumbrx  K.I.S.,  fJL%  ikrnxdeil.  II.  Marth 
Ward,  M.A      I-  :,y      !  ,  :,,-.-..•:! 

Waik.,,t  II..  R.K.  F.IUL,  r.R.O.51    Vt«  IVwirun  Pr 
jarrcs  l>rsat4son,  I*JLb  L..  bdtn  Kir.  M  il ,  K*.%  <bci 
lam    J.  .1.  hVhie,  I  R  t,  s  ,  J.  s.  1T*|t  I  Hi  I  law,  MAI 
t  ti   Ra^eaatcu*.  r.R.t.      iKrcurdrrl,  R« 
I.  I  c  Vimr.   m  l  Siiamitv    Pre.idini    Prrf  Han 

*Ah  LULU.  V*»  Ptr-lpwi:  Pa*4  R  Araranr 
M.  A..  1J- 1 ■-,  Sir  kawwHi  W,  Ra«M»s.  K  CM.U,  Cj 
l'iev>  S  Srcretavicsi  krr.  W  c  aBiiui|[bain,  |t.2*  /fSJ 
M  II  ft  lo«well,  I.S.S.  iRroitdcri,  C  Met.*l«  M  * 
J.  f  Mas*.  F.R.U.S.  I..  Hed,amt.l  Scnme  P.r**.b» 
ll»j«wa»  bakrr,  M  Insl.C.I,  tfti  rfWRHi  Prof  W  . 
I'nsam.  M  Insi.C.K  ,  Prof  It  C  Flnrn«w-  |f»ki.  »  R  | 
M  Inst  1  K  srcietanes :  A  T.  Aichtswt.  M  \  ,  M  Imt  C 
iKeootdcfl.  K  ti.  Oplra..  M.A  .  K  Rig.,  M.  A  .  H  7  VTon 
MA.    II   Asrhn.^ufj.    |*re*idrnt .  Franca*  Cob**,  F.X.9 


in    Prejident  U  the  .Xnihritwl^cnl  tnumi 


lyill^-t 


I  i<  r-r-A.kn:. 


IK 


JWay  7,  1885] 


NA  TURE 


1  f 


W.    Pcngclly,  F.R.S.,  Prof.  W.  Turner,  F.R.S.  Secretaries: 
<  '..    W.  Bloxam,  FI..S.  (Recorder),  J.  G.  Gorson,  M.D.,  Waker 
Murst,  B.Sc,  A.  MaeGregor,  M.B.    The  First  General  Meet- 
ing will  be  held  on  Wednesday,  September  9,  at  8  p.m.  pre- 
cisely, when  the  Right  Hon.  Lord  Rayleigh,  M.A.,  D.C.L., 
LI_,.  I).,  F.R.S,,  F.  R.A.S.,  F.R.G.S.,  will  resign  the  chair, 
•nd  the  Right  Hon.  Sir  Lyon  Playfair,  K.C.B.,  M  P.,  Ph.D., 
I-LD.,  F.R.S.  L.  &  E.,  F.C.S.,  President-Elect,  will  assume 
the  Presidency,  and  deliver  an  address.    On  Thursday  evening. 
September  10,  at  8  p.m.,  there  will  be  a  Soiree  ;  on  Friday 
evening,  September  11,  at  8.30  p.m.,  a  discourse  by  Prof.  \V. 
Cirylls  Adams,  M.A.,  F.R.&,  F.G.S.  ;  on  Monday  evening, 
September  14,  at  8.30  p.m.,  a  discourse  on  "  The  Great  Ocean 
Hasins,"  by  John  Murray,  F.R.S.F.,  Director  of  the  Challenger 
F.xpedition  Commission  ;  on  Tuesday  evening,  September  15, 
at  8  p.m.,  a  Soiree;  on  Wednesday,  September  16,  the  con- 
cluding General  Meeting  will  be  held  at  2.30  p.m.    The  lecture 
to  working  men  will  be  on  the  "  Nature  of  Explosions,"  by  Mr. 
H.    B.  Dixon,  M.A.,  F.C.S.,   Fellow  of  Trinity  College, 
Oxford. 

We  understand  that  the  Marquis  of  Lome  is  likely  to  succeed 
Lord  Aberdarc  as  President  of  the  Royal  Geographical  Society. 

Sir  John  Lubbock  responded  to  the  toast  of  '*  Science"  at 
the  Royal  Academy  dinner  on  Saturday  evening,  and  in  doing 
so  adduced  one  more  argument  on  behalf  of  science  as  a  training 
and  discipline  even  from  the  standpoint  of  art.  He  claimed  for 
the  workers  in  science  that  the  careful  habit  of  observation  ami 
study  in  which  they  ate  necessarily  trained  enable  them  to  derive 
peculiar  enjoyment  from  the  creations  of  artistic  genius  ;  and  he 
might  have  suggested  in  this  connection  the  great  advantage  to 
the  artist  himself  of  a  preliminary  training  in  practical  scientific 
work. 

Sir  Frederick.  Bxamwell  has  evidently  a  very  high  ideal 
of  the  training  necessary  to  qualify  a  civil  engineer  for  the  per- 
formance of  the  duties  of  his  calling.  At  the  anniversary  dinner 
last  week  lie  told  his  audience  that  the  ideal  engineer—"  I  am 
glad  10  say  in  many  cases  the  real  engineer — of  the  present  day 
is  otic  who  has  a  scientific  knowledge  as  the  foundation  for  his 
technical  training,  and  frequently  that  scientific  knowledge  is  of 
a  very  extended  character.  Mechanics,  it  need  hardly  be  said, 
are  essential,  but,  in  addition,  many  branches  of  physical  science, 
such  as  heal,  light,  sound,  hydraulics,  pneumatics,  magnetism, 
electricity,  are  all  now  within  the  knowledge  of  the  accomplished 
engineer.  Moreover,  although  I  do  not  suggest  that  every 
engineer  should  be  a  chemist,  it  is  quite  certain  that  he  should 
not  be  without  some  chemical  instruction,  even  if  it  be  confined 
to  that  which  is  needed  to  warn  him  that  the  time  has  arrived 
when  he  should  seek  sound  chemical  advice." 

Dr.  NoEi  t.INI.,  of  the  University  of  KonigsLerg,  has  been 
despatched  by  the  Prussian  Academy  of  Sciences  to  Lebanon, 
to  Mudy  the  geology  of  the  Greater  1  (crmon. 

The  Italians  have  Jost  no  time  in  erecting  a  meteorological 
station  at  Massowah,  which  th-y  have  occupied  quite  recently. 

F.am.y  in  the  afternoon  of  the  2nd  a  loud  detonation  was 
heard  from  Mount  Vesuvius,  and  two  new  craters,  from  which 
lava  issued  abundantly,  were  opened  on  the  southern  side 
at  a  height  of  about  200  metres  above  the  upper  station  of  the 
funicular  railway.  The  lava  flawed  in  the  direction  of  Pompeii 
anil  Torre  del  Greco.  The  stream  descends  in  a  straight  line 
for  shout  half  a  kilometre,  and  then,  turning  sideways,  is 
directed  towards  the  cotter  of  1872.  The  new  craters  present 
Ibc  appearance  of  a  great  cleft.  The  lava  has  not  spread  beyond 
the  nde  of  the  mountain,  and  according  to  the  latest  telegram 
(lie  (nipt ion  is  not  increasing 


At  half-past  I  o'clock  on  the  morning  of  the  1st  inst.  two  or 
three  rather  violent  shocks  of  earthquake  were  felt  at  Vienna, 
accompanied  by  a  rolling  noise,  and  causing  a  great  clattering  of 
furniture.  Shocks  of  far  greater  violence  were  experienced  in 
Styria,  where  many  houses  were  damaged  and  some  persons 
were  killed.  In  the  we  tern  districts  the  shocks  were  of  a  slight 
character.  The  phenomenon  appears  to  have  extended  south- 
ward as  far  as  Grau  and  westward  to  Bavaria.  A  shock  was 
also  felt  at  Monte  Carlo  at  10  minutes  to  3  on  the  morning 
of  the  2nd.  The  s<iock  was  strongest  in  the  districts  of  Conda- 
mone  and  the  Cap  d'Ailc. 

The  Annual  Gener.l  Meeting  of  the  members  of  the  Iron 
and  Steel  Institute  commenced  yesterday.  The  Bessemer  medal 
for  the  year  was  presented  to  Prof.  Richard  Akcrmann  by  Dr. 
Percy,  F.R.S.,  the  ncwly-clected  President,  who  gave  his 
inaugural  address.  The  meeting  will  be  continued  to-day  and 
to-morrow.    The  following  is  a  list  of  s  ;me  of  the  principal 

!  papers  : — On  the  blast  furnace  value  of  coke  from  which  the  , 
products  of  distillation  have  been  collected,  by  Mr.  I.  I-owthian 
Bell,  F.R.S.  ;  on  the  manufacture  of  stcrl,  by  Sir  Henry 
Bessemer,  F.R.S.  ;  on  the  mechanical  properties  of  steel,  by 
Dr.  H.  Wedding  ;  on  the  microscopic  structure  of  steel,  by  Dr. 
Sorby  ;  on  the  causes  of  failures  in  steel  plates,  by  Mr.  W. 
Parker,  of  Lloyd's  ;  on  a  new  description  of  wrought-iron 
castings,  by  Mr.  T.  NordcnfeU  ;  on  natural  gas,  and  its  utilisa- 

1  tion  for  manufacturing  purposes  in  the  United  States,  by  Mr.  A. 

I  Carnegie  ;  on  a  modified  type  of  the  Siemens  gas-producer, 
whereby  the  gases  arc  enriched  and  the  bye-products  recovered, 
by  Mr.  J.  Head.  We  propose  to  draw  attention  to  the  scientific 
points  in  some  of  these  papers  next  week. 

Prop.  W.  Ooi.ini;  will  give  the  fir-it  of  two  lectures  on 
Organic  Scptics  and  Antiseptics,  at  the  Royal  Institution,  on 
Saturday,  May  16. 

There  is  an  excellent  programme  for  May  at  the  Roynl 
Victoria  Hall  and  Coffee  Tavern,  Waterloo  Bridge  Road,  S.  E. 
The  science  lectures  on  Tuesdays  will  be  given  by  Dr.  Dallinger, 
on  wonderful  things  we  do  not  personally  sec,  on  the  1 2th  ;  and  by 
Prof.  Perry  on  the  spinning  tops  of  Japan  and  other  countries, 
on  the  19th.  Owing  to  the  depression  in  trade  and  wishing  l» 
put  enjoyable  entertainments  within  every  one's  means,  the 
management  have  decided  to  lower  the  prices  of  admission 
during  May. 

The  Russian  Geographical  Society  has  awarded,  this  year,  its 
great  Constantine  medal  to  M.  A.  S.  WoeikoiT  for  his  important 
work,    "The   Climates    of  the   Globe,    and    especially  of 
Russia."    Analysing  this  work  in   the  "  Annual  Report  far 
1884  ''  of  the  Society,  Dr.  Robert  E.  Lew  shows  bow  original 
it  is  in  its  fundamental  idea.    Instead  of  representing  the 
climates  as  they  result  from  the  averages  of  dimatological  ele- 
ments, as  is  usually  done  in  meteorological  works,  M.  Woeikoff, 
like  Dr.  Hann  in  his  "  Handlwch  der  Kli  natologic,"  but  with 
much  more  fullness  and  detail-,  tries  to  explain  the  local 
alterations  which  the  general  meteorological  laws  arc  submitted 
to  in  various  countries  in  consequence  of  the  topographical 
features  of  these  last  ;  and  he  verifies  his  conclusions  with 
regard  to  each  country  by  comparing  them  with  those  arrived  at 
as  to  the  climates  of  neighbouring  countries,  and  establishes  thus 
the  elements  of  a  comparative  meteorology.  Thecaler' 
travels  of  the  author  in  Asia  and  America  have  enabled  1 
recognise  the  leading  meteorological  features  of  the  dim 
describes  and  to  become  acquainted,  by  personal  knot 
with  the  topographical  features  of  each  separate  region, 
first  twenty-two  chapters  of  this  volume,  640  pages,  are  do 
to  a  detailed  analysis  of  the  chief  meteorological  elements  : 
heat  received  from  the  sun  ;  the  dynamical  and  thermical  con 


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NATURE  [May  7,  1885 


quences  of  the  rising  and  falling  of  masses  of  air ;  the  hydro- 
meteors  and  their  influence  on  the  climates  of  separate  regions — 
many  quite  new  and  original  remarks  and  observations  being 
embodied  in  these  five  chapters  ;  the  influence  of  snow  and  ice- 
coverings— two  chapters  again  where  the  meteorologist  and 
geologist  will  find  a  series  of  most  interesting  suggestions  ;  the 
temperature  of  lakes,  seas,  and  oceans  ;  the  influence  of  wind  ; 
the  variations  of  temperature  with  the  height — very  carefully 
discussed  ;  the  diurnal  changes  and  the  unperiodical  ones ;  and 
finally,  the  influence  of  climate  on  vegetation,  and  intt  versi— 
again  two  chapters  full  of  new  appreciations.  The  climates  of 
eight  separate  regions — Atlantic,  North  and  Middle  America, 
Tropical  America,  Middle  and  South  Africa,  Mediterranean 
basin,  North- West  and  Middle  Europe,  South- Eastern  Asia,  and 
finally  Russia  and  Northern  Asia,  are  discussed  with  great  de- 
tail and  with  a  richness  of  quite  new  data  in  ten  separate 
chapters.  Needless  to  add  that  the  author,  well  acquainted  with 
so  many  foreign  languages,  has  embodied  in  his  work  all  that  is 
worthy  of  notice  in  meteorological  literature.  The  work  is 
illustrated  by  ten  maps  and  fourteen  drawings,  and  contains  very 

During  the  opposition  of  Neptune,  just  passed,  we  learn 
from  Science,  Prof.  Pickering  continued  the  observation  of  the 
planet's  magnitude  with  the  meridian  photometer  of  the  Harvard 
College  Observatory  in  the  same  method  as  previously  employed. 
Nine  series  of  observations  extend  from  December  16,  1884,  to 
January  21,  1885,  the  final  result  from  which,  when  corrected 
for  atmospheric  absorption,  instrumental  error,  and  reduction  to 
mean  opposition,  becomes  7  63.  The  residual  difference  for 
only  one  series  is  as  great  as  two-tenths  of  a  magnitude.  The 
corresponding  results  for  two  previous  seasons  are  771  and  7  77. 
Contrary  to  the  experience  of  Mr.  Maxwell  Hall,  of  Jamaica, 
who  found  evidence  for  a  rotation-period  of  Neptune  in  small 
variations  of  the  planet's  light  according  to  his  own  observations, 
Prof.  Pickering  regards  it  as  improbable  that  there  is  any  varia- 
tion in  the  light  of  Neptune  of  a  strictly  periodic  character,  and 
further  calls  attention  to  the  influence,  much  neglected  by  ob- 
servers, u|>on  the  observed  brightness  of  objects  when  seen  east 
and  west  of  the  meridian  on  the  same  night.  This  has  to  be 
taken  account  of  in  the  observations  of  maxima  and  minima  of 
many  variable  stars,  and  may  to  some  extent  account  for  the 
variations  of  Neptune's  light  detected  by  Mr.  Hall. 

Tut  report  of  the  Post  Office,  Telegraph,  and  Observatory 
Departments  of  South  Australia  for  the  past  year  contains  a 
detailed  account  inter  alia  of  the  work  of  the  Observatory  De. 
partment  in  that  colony  since  its  foundation  in  1867.  It  would 
be  impossible  to  do  more  than  lefcr  generally  here  to  numerous 
details  given  in  the  ten  closely  printed  foolscap  pages  devoted  to 
the  subject.  Since  its  establishment  the  department  appears  to 
have  kept  pace  with  the  strides  of  the  colony  to  which  it  helongs. 
The  astronomical  observatory  at  Adelaide  is  now  well  supplied 
with  meteorological  appliances,  having  self  recording  and  other 
instruments  neces  ary  to  constitute  it  a  first  class  station  as 
defined  by  the  Meteorological  Congress  at  Vienna.  There  are 
also  fourteen  well-equipped  stations  of  the  second  order, 
scattered  all  over  the  colony,  fiom  Port  Darwin,  in  the  extreme 
north  of  the  continent,  to  Cape  Northumberland  in  the  extreme 
south.  Rain-gauges  are  kept  at  every  telegraph  office  in  the 
colony;  in  1870  there  were  rejwrts  from  forty-six  stations ;  in 
1883  from  254,  and  there  arc  still  large  gap*  to  be  filled  up.  A 
system  of  wcather-lelrgrapliy  has  been  arranged  between  the 
Australasian  colonirs,  these  being  divided  into  districts  or  aspects 
to  facilitate  the  transmission  of  the  messages,  and  to  afford  the 
necessary  data  for  laying  down  the  isobars.  The  important 
operations  undertaken!,,  determine  Australian  longitudes  arc  also 
described  in  detail.    Mr.  Todd,  the  head  of  the  combined  de- 


partments— post,  telegraph,  and  observatory — anticipates  grext 
assistance  in  the  inter-colonial  meteorological  part  of  his  work 
from  Mr.  Clement  E.  W  range's  high-level  meteorological 
station  on  Mount  Ix>fty,  "  as  he  brings  to  his  work  great  practical 
experience  and  almost  unbounded  enthusiasm." 

The  last  number  (vol.  v.  No.  4,  1885)  of  the  Prvetedingi  of 
the  Bath  Natural  History  and  Antiquarian  Field  Club  contains 
papers  on  the  group  or  stones  at  Stanton  Drew,  in  Somerset- 
shire, by  Mr.  J.  Allen  Tucker,  in  which  he  favours  the  theory 
that  these  huge  monuments  are  the  remnants  of  a  temple,  either 
erected  by  the  Druids  or  by  some  primeval  or  prehistoric  race, 
and  only  used  by  the  Druids,  and  were  not  intended  to  com- 
memorate a  battle,  which  was  too  common  an  event  in  early 
times ;  by  Kev.  L.  Blomefield,  on  a  second  specimen  of  the 
rare  Longicorn  beetle  found  in  Bath  ;  by  Mr.  Williams,  on  the 
natural  history  of  British  owls  ;  and  by  Mr.  Morgan,  on  water- 
supply,  principally  as  applied  tj  domestic  purposes.  There  are 
also  several  minor  contributions  noticed  in  the  summary  of  pro- 
ceedings at  the  meetings. 

Wshave  received  the  prospectus  of  a  Field  Club  for  Hamp- 
shire, the  Honorary  Secretary  to  which  is  Mr.  E.  West  lake, 
Fordingbridge,  Salisbury.  The  first  meeting  is  to  be  held  at 
Winchester  on  May  28.  The  marvel  is  that  a  county  as  varied 
as  any  in  England  in  this  respect  should  have  been  so  long  with- 
out its  Naturalists'  Field  Club.  White  of  Selborne  on  the  east, 
and  Kingslcy  on  the  north,  have  made  the  county  a  classic  one 
for  students  of  nature.  With  these  examples  to  live  up  to,  and 
such  a  field  as  Hampshire  (including  the  Isle  of  Wight)  the 
Proceedings  of  the  new  club  should  be  interesting  and  suc- 
cessful. 


The  Report  of  the  Committee  of  the  Kelvingrove  Museum 
of  Glasgow  for  the  past  year  illustrates  the  truth  of  a  remark  of 
Mr.  Higgins  in  his  pamphlet  on  museums  recently  noticed  in 
these  columns,  viz.  that  the  number  of  museums  in  which  a  sum 
of  money  could  be  best  spent  in  making  additions  is  very  small  ; 
that  is,  as  a  rule,  arrangement  is  more  needed  than  acquisition. 
The  Committee  of  the  Kelvingrove  Museum  report  that  the 
establishment  has  been  overcrowded  for  years,  that  the  enor- 
mous amount  of  specimens  of  all  kinds  stored  away  out  of  sight 
is  constantly  increasing,  and  that  the  labour  and  unremitting 
watchfulness  required  to  keep  such  stored  specimens  from  de- 
teriorating gTows  in  proportion,  and  withdraws  from  essential 
and  more  useful  museum  work  much  of  the  time  of  the  small 
staff,  and  it  has  thus  become  from  year  to  year  increasingly 
difficult  to  undertake  any  considerable  project  for  improving  the 
order,  classification,  or  labelling  of  any  section  of  the  museum. 
This  is  cettainly  a  grave  evil,  for  it  threatens  to  destroy  the 
main  object  of  such  a  museum,  viz.  public  instruction.  It  is  to 
be  hoped  that  a  wealthy  and  public-spirited  town  such  as 
Glasgow  will  not  permit  this  state  of  things  to  continue ;  for, 
as  the  Report  points  out,  from  the  stores  already  within  the 
museum,  supplemented  in  some  departments  by  inexpensive  and 
easily  acquired  objects,  a  natural  history  museum  could  be 
equipped  which  would  satisfactorily  illustrate  all  the  range  of 
the  animal  kingdom,  and  prove  at  once  of  great  value  to  the 
student  of  zoology,  and  a  popular  attraction  to  the  public  For 
the  rest,  there  has  been  "a  large,  steady,  and  well-maintained 
flow  of  visitors,  which  does  not  show  any  indication  of  waning." 

The  Lyceum  of  Natural  History  of  Williams  College,  Wil- 
liamsiown,  Mass.,  the  oldest  natural  history  society  but  one 
connected  with  any  college  in  the  United  States,  will  celebrate 
its  fiftieth  anniversary  on  the  24th  of  this  month,  at  which  a 
former  member,  Dr.  W.  K.  Brooks,  of  the  class  of  1870,  now 
Associate  of  Johns  Hopkins  University,  will  deliver  an  address. 
The  Lyceum  propo  cd  to  take  advantage  of  the  occasion  to  raise 
funds  to  enable  it  to  undertake  expeditions  to  some  spot,  similar 


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May  7,  1885] 


NATURE 


to  those  which  it  has  undertaken  in  former  years  to  Labrador, 
Florida,  &c. 

We  leam  from  Science  \hat  the  Leander  McCorinick  Observa- 
tory of  the  University  of  Virginia  was  inaugurated  on  April  13, 
the  ceremonies  taking  place  in  the  public  hall  of  the  institution, 
and  Prof.  Asaph  Hall,  of  the  Naval  Observatory,  Washington, 
delivering  the  address.  The  principal  instrument  is  the  great 
Clark  refractor  of  26  inches' aperture.  The  Observatory  has  a 
house  adjoining  for  the  director.  Prof.  Stone,  and  is  possessed 
of  a  considerable  endowment  fund,  the  gift  of  Mr.  W.  II. 
Vandcrbitt.  of  New  York. 

Gait.  L.  U.  IIerendeen,  of  San  Francisco,  communicates 
the  followirg  notes  on  prehistoric  structures  in  Micronesia  to 
Science: —A  few  years  ago  I  visited  Ponape  Island  in  the  Pacific, 
in  E.  longitude  158*  22',  and  N.  latitude  6*  50'.    The  island 
is  surrounded  by  a  reef,  with  a  broad  ship-channel  between  it 
and  the  island.    At  places  in  the  reef  there  were  natural  breaks, 
that  served  as  entrances  to  the  harbours.  In  these  ship-channels 
there  were  a  number  of  islands,  many  of  which  were  s-irrounded 
hy  a  wall  of  stone  five  or  six  feet  high  ;  and  on  these  islands 
there  stood  a  great  many  low  houses,  built  of  the  same  kind  of 
stone  as  the  walls  about  them.    These  structures  seem  to  have 
been  used  as  temples  and  forts.    The  singular  feature  of  these 
i- lands  is  that  the  walls  are  a  foot  or  more  below  the  water. 
When  they  were  built,  they  were  evidently  above  the  water,  and 
connected  with  the  mainland  ;  but  they  have  gradually  sunk 
until  the  sea  has  risen  afoot  or  more  around  them.    The  natives 
on  the  islands  do  not  know  when  these  works  were  built :  it  is 
so  far  back  in  the  past,  that  they  have  even  no  tradition  of  the 
structures.  Yet  the  works  show  signs  of  great  skill,  and  certainly 
prove  that  whoever  built  them  knew  thoroughly  how  to  transport 
and  lift  heavy  blocks  of  stone.    Up  in  the  mountains  of  the 
island  there  is  a  quarry  of  the  same  kind  o(  stone  that  was  used 
in  building  the  wall  about  the  islands  ;  and  in  that  quarry  to-day 
there  arc  great  blocks  of  stone  that  have  been  hewn  out,  ready 
for  transportation.    The  natives  have  no  tradition  touching  the 
quarry— who  -he wed  the  stone,  when  it  was  done,  or  why  the 
work  ceased.  They  are  in  greater  ignorance  of  the  great  pheno- 
mena that  are  going  on  about  them  than  the  white  man  who 
touches  on  their  island  for  a  few  hours  for  water.    There  is  no 
doubt  in  my  mind  that  the  island  was  once  inhabited  by  an 
intelligent  race  of  people,  who  built  the  temples  and  fo  ts  of 
heavy  masonry  on  the  high  bluffs  of  the  sh  >re  of  the  islan  1,  and 
that,  as  the  land  gradually  subsided,  these  blufTs  became  islands. 

A  correspondent  recently  referred  to  the  use  of  artificial 
teeth  by  the  ancient  Romans,  as  shown  by  a  passage  from  Cicero, 
where  one  of  the  laws  of  the  Twelve  Tables  is  quoted.  The  law 
in  question  belongs  to  ihe  Tenth  Table  (de  jure  sacra),  which  deals 
mainly  with  funerals,  with  the  object  of  limiting  the  display  and 
ceremonies  attending  them.  Thus  the  body  must  not  be  burnt 
in  more  than  three  robes,  or  be  attended  to  the  grave  by  more 
than  ten  musicians  ;  women  must  not  tear  their  faces  in  time  of 
mourning,  nor  must  the  bones  be  collected  to  make  a  new  funeral 
with  them,  the  bodies  of  slaves  could  not  be  embalmed,  and  the 
like.  Section  IX.  of  TableX.,  which  is  the  one  relating  to  teeth, 
reads  as  follows  in  Ortolan's  text  ("  Histoire  de  la  Legislation 
Romaine,"  p.  121):  "Neve  awum  add  it*.  Q*oi  auro  denies 
vim  tf  escuHt,  cut  im  cum  tllo  sepelire  urereve  se /raude  eilo — Add 
no  gold ;  but  if  the  teeth  are  bound  with  gold,  then  that  gold 
may  be  buried  or  burnt  with  the  corpse."  The  date  of  the  Twelve 
Tables  is  put  about  450  B.C.,  and  it  is  thought  possible  by  some 
writers  that  some  of  the  provisions  relating  to  funerals  were 
taken  from  the  laws  of  Solon.  It  would  therefore  appear  that 
dentistry  was  known  and  practised  to  some  extent  in  the  earliest 
period  of  their  history  by  the  Romans — to  an  extent,  at  any  rate, 
that  they  used  gold  for  binding  the  teeth.    \\oVt  the  artificial 


teeth  were  made,  or  whether  they  had  artificial  teeth  at  all,  is 
not  apparent.  In  the  case  of  the  Etruscan  skull  mentioned 
recently  in  Nature,  the  artificial  teeth  arc  made  from  the  teeth 
of  animals. 

M.  Soroloff,  who  continues  his  regular  analyses  of  the  water 
of  the  Neva,  has  come  to  the  conclusion  that  the  differences 
between  the  average  monthly  content  of  solid  mixture  in  the 
water  and  the  yearly  average  may  be  expressed  by  a  curve  whose 
characteristics  are  the  opposite  to  those  of  the  curve  for  the 
average  monthly  temperatures.  The  solid  inorganic  deposit 
remaining  after  the  evaporation  ol  a  given  amount  of  water  is 
also  inversely  proportionate  to  the  amount  of  organic  matter 
contained  by  the  water  of  the  Neva,  When  comparing  the^e 
curves  for  the  Neva  with  that  showing  the  amount  of  solid 
matter  contained  by  the  Thame*  (as  given  in  the  Journal  of  the 
London  Chemical  Society  for  1880),  it  appears  that  both  rivers 
give  the  same  curves,  notwithstanding  the  wide  difference  of 
their  origins,  which  coincidence  may  lead  to  the  supposition 
that  the  above  might  be  considered  as  a  law  for  the  rivers. 

The  additions  to  the  Zoological  Society's  Gardens  during  the 
past  week  include  a  Yellow  Baboon  {Cynocephalus  h>ihvuin  9  ) 
from  West  Africa,  precntcd  by  Mrs.  Wilson  ;  a  Lesser  White- 
nosed  Monkey  (Cercopitheeus  petaurisl*  9  )  from  West  Africa, 
presented  by  Mr.  James  S.  Jameson  ;  a  Crested  Pigeon  (O.yphafs 
lafhotes)  from  Australia,  presented  by  Mr.  J.  Harrison  ;  a 
Glaucous  Gull  (Larus  glaurus),  European,  presented  by  Mr. 
G.  hdison  ;  a  Common  Viper  {Vipera  bents),  British,  presented 
by  Mr.  W.  H.  B.  Pain;  four  Common  Lizards  {Littrta  vivi- 
P-ira),  British,  presented  by  Mr.  H.  Hanaucr ;  a  Common 
Squirrel  (Sciurus  tutgaris),  British,  three  Wigeons  (Mareca 
penelope  9  9  9),  three  Pintails  (Dtfiia  acute  9  9  9),  two 
Shovellers  {SSituht  clypwta  9  9),  five  Common  Teal  (Querque- 
dulaircc  a  6  i  &  9  9  ),  European,  purchased  ;  a  Yak  [Ptxphagits 
grunnieni),  born  in  the  Gardens. 


OUR  ASTRONOMICAL  COLUMN 

Tuttle's  Comet. — This  comet  returns  to  perihelion  in  the 
present  year  under  circumstances  which  arc  not  favourable  for 

J  its  re-o!>servation,  without  an  epbcmeiis  deserving  of  some 
degree  of  reliance.  For  the  last  return  in  1871  the  perturba- 
tions during  the  previous  revolution  were  very  accurately  deter- 
mined by  Tischler,  of  Konigsberg,  who  lost  his  life  before  Metz 
in  the  Franco-German  war;  ami  the  comet  was  detected  at  Mar- 
seilles about  seven  weeks  before  the  perihelion  passage,  and  was 

I  followed  at  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope  for  a  still  longer  period 
after  it.  So  far  it  docs  not  appear  that  the  observations  of  1871- 
72  have  been  brought  to  bear  upon  the  predicted  elements,  nor 
has  it  been  notified  that  any  one  is  occupied  in  ascertaining  the 
effect  of  planetary  attraction  since  the  comet  was  la_»t  observed. 
Tischler's  mean  motion  for  1871,  neglecting  perturbation,  would 
bring  the  comet  to  perihelion  again  about  1S85,  September  23*5 
G.M.T.,  and  under  this  condition  the  comet's  position  will  by 
readily  commanded  during  the  absence  of  moonlight  in  August, 
but  unfortunately  the  theoretical  intensity  of  light  will  be  below 
the  least  value  with  which  it  has  been  thus  far  observed.  Assum- 
ing the  perihelion  passage  to  fall  on  September  23,  the  following 
would  be  the  rough  places  of  the  comet  :  — 

At  Greenwich  Midnight 

R.A.  Decl.  Dintance  from  Inten«ity 

a  Kjrlh  Sun      of  Light 

August  10  ...  106-5  ■••+33'8  ...  1-89    ...    1-22  ...  019 
14  ...  Iio-i  ...    31-6  ...  185    ...    1  19 

18  ...   II3  6  ...     29-3  ...   I  '82     ...     I  •  17  ...  0-22 

22  ...  II70  ...     26  7  ...   I78     ...     I  14 

26  ...   1204  24O  ...   I-7S     ...     112  ...  0-26 

In  1871,  when  the  comet  was  detected  by  Horrclly  at  Marseilles 
with  the  aid  of  Tischler's  ephemeris,  the  intensity  of  light  was 
0*54,  and  at  the  last  Cape  observation,  0*33.  On  August  to 
the  effect  of  an  acceleration  of  eight  days  in  the  time  of  peri- 
helion passage  would  be  to  increase  the  comet's  right  ascension 
rather  more  than  3°,  and  to  diminish  the  declination  abnil  4*,4. 


Digitized  by 


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7.  u 


In  ike  ranlillr  nf  ScaateaaW  it  will  have  attained  iha  *****  a* 
wind*  oUemtinaa  lun  been  »lrra,Jr  made. 

That  comet  waa  6rw  oUrml  by  Mrvaoir.  C*  luui/v  ft  1790 
ll  Mi  rwiiM'twnl  »ty  Mr.  Tettlr  11  CamMdrc,  U.S..  M 
September  J,  I*J»  1  fron.  »h#  oUerraJaoru  made  an  lhK  year  It* 

C-inJ  wu  atcertwied  •*  be  abant  IJ  >  ycaaa,  hi  lhat  Ike  motel 
I  cere  (dele* J  i't  rctvlaufaaa  »•**«  ■>  waa  f-:unl  bj  Mrchaln, 
wilknat  hartfia;  been  (KttWM  \(Wf**l  In  fbanW.  ralru 
kiMi  it  «ti  In  fKfihdMn  no  the  fcllnerinr,  Hale*  1 — lloj, 
X.r*rml»rr  7;  1817,  May  I*  iwjTA,  taaeeml»*r  4;  and  1844, 
Juiw  sK  It  lviw.!*-.  teutii  in  the  <*twi  ■  <  liipittr  in  »..■;..■ 
CNilrir  totip-nEa  J64*,  or  M  a  true  afftttliily  of  aU»ui  144'.  wkeft 
h<  ■!.:..-■  liiai  ihr  planet '1  wrttt  iio  ft  At  the  wma'i  tfcj 
pawner  through  thr*  pnal  in  July.  IS*  3.  thr  dnCamc  frvrtt  J  tetter 
«w  •(  feral  wlu, 

Sabpaned.  are?  ih  fli  ii— 1»  c/  ihr  oHm  f  k  1*71.  npiwi  I  a* 
Mu*l  to  the Catalan***  nilh  a  ili(*  cnrrnctioa  tn  thr  pre- 
dated tin*  nfpfnWIinapftiUi^,  vlnck  ihr  obteevatinnt  *An*u«< 
to  be  rrqutre-1  — 

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l.fraa;iludr  of  prrihrlMin 

, ,  ia«rndit«;  natal* 

Inclinainn 
tfeentriniy 

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1  •     'i .  ■  1   

The  l'  « rcafvlaJ  n(;  period  uf 
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(imtWKli  MM  audnirdv,  rnaatfinr  the  hnnr*  •  «  in  a*.  • .  here 
rriii'l   .    i  ) 

v  4  *«  J/47  10 

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•oh  fjOTT. 

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aoulh  in*  Ike  '■!  •  " 
Man  to  ccHMiuitiw  with  and  2'  4' 

of  tlit  Moon. 
Merc«y»ncoOjtina>(MttM.t>««'l<%a7  KMtk 
-  Mw.  .  , 

V*n»«    in   (itiuuictkdi   mtli    *IM    j  47 

Douli  ii|  Mr'  klooft.  - 
Saturn  iu  umiunnico  nllb  »»l  4  i  ,M*rtJ' 

of  th.  Muntt 


GEOGRAPHICAL  NOTES 

W»  rtvrrt  tn  Irani  (hit  ik-        %MJMM|  Atncxn  ctplorrr, 

t.tiwav  NMaVml,  >t*>\  tnt  ApfU  14.  on  t  mil  the  <Jen  

Unu  JV.  of  1 iienetc  i->*-i  ^  AltKX  Dr.  Mntblatnl  | 
Jl  >  '■  it .: *• 1  In  t  Mi  ant  *>•>  traincil  to  the  Md 
In  iKi  Ik  new  lu  Al^im  un  acomnl  of  hit  hraJtk 
IMS  Irr  »tirtn>]  on  hi*  nwrm^raHr  jvirnty  MMo  tbr  ' 
Africa,  vatitnip  ihr  trrmrm/-  nf  ft>Kn».  Ilt^fttrmi, 
Iiufor.  kiwiinfin,  iiwp; .-ij;  n  Miviojiit  in  1I74,  TbtaaaaMi 
plvvl  Ik-.  Nadii^j*!  in  tkr  tr  m:  muA  ol  Ar*iicnn  einlotcnt.  nV 
Ike  Mint  of  k»  davb,  it  t»  well  Uk*w*.  be  wm  lokui^  aim-  rk> 
)fit<-r- of  (jeimuiy  in  oinnntijn  wilk  lt«  meat 
III  Wnl  Afrit*. 

THE  tbmth  it  annninrvl  Ir-m  Kitnbtwjrrx  nf  fw  Kat 
/^wtwils.  Pnawa  ur  ea*  l»oocraph>  In  Ike  Uoa«ar««y  there,  mm 
well  known  «•  th*  awtkor  of  Ike  (e|xv'.a  un  |W  nogrcuv  uf  anw 
(^ira»an>')  tat  Affican  tlhln-Mioo  an  bobnaAVatfarr  *  t^tqen 

phloa)  Vear-lkMk  *M 

On  MoeJay  U-l  n  kxlunt  wa«  Oeiivrtcl  a:  thr  M — J 
I'alstr  »rr  Plot  A.  H  Ki  in; .  nn  **  Inc  l  ap^n  1  thru  Uti^pM 
ljf>r,  AfkauiK*.  Sua)  Uaagn, '  m  craanavtiun  witH  iht  cmmj 
y4mf  nf  I-apj"  "I"  nave  rtxeni*.  armnl  re  I m»t,„,  MwJfaHk9| 
their  tenia  nn  the  *io|m  c«*  Manwell  HtB  for  the  owm) 

miiMhk     '!'**•  C""C  1  uf  aaawn  peeaona.  aw<  ly  MMmBLI 

of  one  family,  bum  Ike  kUraainl  dialrVI  in  Faonuuk,  **l  i|aaaa 
ar>t  twlian  •»  l->  thr  "  mauntaan  "  <k  raotfnvl  tiivnaan  nf  tke  ta0s 
At  the—  "  Viainlnin  Finn*,""  at  the  Nurarepnnt  t»H  tktatt,  an 
of  fWtfh  porrr  •k*«wrr!  till*  Ike  "Rarer    u*i  "  Sra"  LannM 
whoki«epam  tip  trreirmnnnl  Ine  aaal  %va  re4ilc  an  miH 
c^einnifi<ir«  rclaEi  ll<>ti(  the  rtrrnan  tracr\  «m  no  tha  aaa  oaMM 
they  aft*  1  rlkMili^tala  a  favuunhlr  cappoaiurey  of  ewly-aiff  3B 
type  uf  time  ptimitive  inkal.iiantt  of  the  Arrtir  rtfiioMl  « 
1  Jfonh-Weat  Fainapr.    Iltry  are  raeuinuaniaal  by  «u  reladeaM 
I  an.)  |mj  nuiav  4st;t  vw>l  fat  iCMlaaar  tiw  hterli.  an.!  hate  ajM 
In  -ratbl  wli>a  thmi  tpecmiena  nf  th*  three  bun |*  uf  Urdrwi  aOft 
I  in  n»r.  an  l  «Mlr  of  ihr  foancait  wvnw  ahuei  with  whirh  IMM 
traeal  wrtli  muIi    urfoitiigi  rtintuy  otet  the  frwrn  -uraKC  « 
I  the  cr-«ti,l     Tka  atrrt^r  heirti  appear*  In  be  atuot  Arc  foaj 
I  lealtcmrt,  4*10  In  54  in  >;  Fail  m  » me  g|S«    ret|tecb  no 
tyiK  tertti*  tu  b.»t*  •ktt|;nl  c  n.iikrtWy  frn*  ]h"  Mnif^ir,  % 
•ahirh  i  fumlitnrnl.ill>  l';iniip,  ini  hat  ^een  fc*tiaailiJ*\  rap* 
eialty  in  the  onlnur  nf  the  hair  an  t  eye*,  m  Ike  ceaipWaioa  aMl 
tha*.*  of  the  note,  1..  ih.-  airr^jnJinj;  Nnr«*.  pipaJMkatl  ftftyj 
thr  Ictturer  *ectne*l  ttk^ated  Ui  attrihar*  tin*  aaantuUliirii  tMaal 
' .  JiLc  tliiiil'K  mtl.-  i..  .  ih  .n  1. 1  M9|4mJ  txtreaxatunr.  uf  wbJd 
there  a*  mi  JittLt  rWknte. 

AT  Ike  l«al  mg&m  ul  the  t^Mptilt*.  Sm^ny  of  ftj 
M   Tlniai  JfVi.t-  t  11.  iV  ..utr-vat^ai,  rmkt  by  hkt 

it  unite  hli  retralt  Xairocy  in  »mrch  <4  thr  irmain*  of  tke  wfl 
I  frerawnte  rrevutu  rapnl.inn  in  rite  Nnrtkeni  Cbtro.  TtwM 
I  ererr  ilivrkrd  lnl»  n>4e«  nn  tke  rlura  an!  faum.  with  ■  rrinaaaaj 
of  ihr  .Ua|ixe<  <J  ike    I'oMJia,  Matae  tt.  J(i  I  Chiriiutr-n,  1 
.te-x'tptxin  U  thr  .lre~.  nrnnaents  inipfeweet.,  wereik.  4\t^, 
•if  |br  low  »r»l  Ckarl(>aam,  MibftMeo^yuaJ  Hrtath  of  MM 
aaeae  til'e«.    in    llauraay   (mm    7«nj2   a..    Atuuaun,  eajaj 
:  tranmue^  Me:tvn4uf.xal  nha«t*MHaoi,  ami  |«n  ilaumtaila  bt 
I  Wti-inf  t».  the  i.'revaoa  mu.ui.    I|v  ,1  |.M  &  -lulr  ..a  dnt 
1  rarevias  ant  rUuiin  iftlictn.  .■<*  ihr  Anuam     With  r* 
I  enrr  tu  dM  etiremfnl  (retrultr  4ju..tr>I  in  N«rt<Rr|  tUt  t 
I  tMwihct*  nf  the  •».,..«  «n>  ailll   ,|ITt  at»<or.T  the  tn 

N     1  '   ■'       '       '     1     '  ••    •   ...    ■;■!    •  rrrei*e.<  a 

!  the  giualc*'  leteitr.  betautri|K  dm)c  lo  *AmA  * 
nraae  t»  hi.  MM  .i.yutrn  M  |I»  fruuirr,  wfeu.li  ke  II 
fr«n  »mh  to  ...n.h  tahr-a  r»  <-*.•  ^ivj  haaa  any  uk\  nfnr 
Mare  hia  ret-i  n  In  r  -*i.e  hr  Kit  recraertl  .|«txtlT  wren 
rinwnHi.  nMnMunuMMn.  Int.,  |tf  UtlMkMU,,  wWl  |,m  — 
the  (roniaer .  tn  m<  c  n^iua^  h  ^1  ot,  lSc  „h  _  A 
meat  to  l»r.  Crrraua  U  In  be  un*eil*>|  .1  N„t7  wTjanc  ij^ 
Tm  lleeapiphica!  SrHlety  of  IAmi.mw  aweetUI  .«14  iraraiaj 
J'.H""  a  F*fJ  tl'  ,h*  wMlkjMMJI  Ihraw.  rjeMMM.3 
pui.li^ii  ^  ua  UrreakUoJ.  <•  MeOdeWlae,  mOSSmS^SSM 
ae*  fraan  umr  t*  urae  H*^inl  the  ir,*J5.  .f  tlc  v 
rate  npnlitaia  .....■■„ ■  ■  .  c  0,^^,  Tb^ 


"■1  Unnn  Hn4» 


■   "  -.»-.  _  1  .win  TVKtr.  rti 

iof*  —1  Okn.  tv  ll.,„ 


|M  Jr  I'r  Of.  pt.  1 


I'.  "  ►..>  "»■  iI'mk  OMi  an. 


-J  Mi 


tie 


Afay  7,  1885] 


NATURE 


15 


Geographical  education  in  Sweden  has  for  years  left  much 
:o  be  desired,  but  of  late  steps  hare  been  taken  for  its  improve- 
ment. In  the  so-called  "Elcmcntar-larovarken"  (classical  schools) 
geography  has  hitherto  bi en  classed  as  an  appendix  to  history, 
ind  at  the  "  Lekt or  "  (candidate)  examinations  in  history  and 
-eogrnphy  questions  arc  only  asked  about  the  former  study. 
And  while  the  hours  and  parts  of  history-teaching  in  the  schools 
.ire  detailed,  no  such  arrangement  has  been  made  as  regards 


geography  ;  the  hours  of  leaching  are,  in  some  cases,  even  not 
rixed.  However,  at  the  congress  of  teachers  held  in  Stockholm 
l:\st  year,  a  resolution  was  adopted  to  the  effect  that  geography 
<  .light  to  form  a  separate  study  of  the  school  education.  The 
University  of  fund  is  the  only  institution  which  possesses  an 
eminent  geographer  for  this  Board  of  Science,  viz.  Baron  von 
Schverin,  who,  last  year,  represented  Sweden  at  the  Geogra- 
phical Congress  in  Toulouse. 

The  last  Annual  Report  of  the  Russian  Geographical  Society 
contains  extracts  from  letters  addressed  by  M.  Prjevalsky  to  the 
1 3 rand  Duke  Alexander  Alexandrovitch,  which  contains  some 
further  interesting  details  about  his  lioang-ho  journey.  About 
the  end  of  May  he  reached,  as  known,  the  foot  of  the  Burkhan- 
budda  Mountains,  which  inclose  the  high  Thibet  plateau  sepa- 
rating it  from  Tsaidam.    Leaving  there  his  baggage,  he  went 
with  only  thirteen  men  to  the  sources  of  the  Yellow  River.  The 
climbing  on  the  15,700  feet  high  passage  of  the  Burkhan-budda 
ridge  took  three  days.    The  descent,  on  the  contrary,  was  very 
short,  the  plateau  of  Thibet  being  there  I4,coo  to  15,000  feet 
high.    Further  60  miles  across  the  desert  plateau  brought  the 
traveller  to  the  sources  of  the  Yellow  River.    They  arc  13,600 
feet  above  the  sea-level,  and  consist  of  two  rivers  coming  from 
lite  south  and  west  and  rising  in  the  hills  scattered  on  the  plateau. 
A  wide  marshy  valley,  Odon-lala,  40  miles  long  ami  20  miles 
wide,  feeds  numerous  springs.    The  Hoang-ho  itself  is  only  a 
rivulet  dividing  into  two  or  three  branches,  each  of  them  but  80 
to  100  feet  wide,  and  only  2  feet  deep  at  low  water.    Some  ij 
miles  below  this  place  the  Hoang-ho  enters  a  broad  lake, 
colouring  its  southern  part  with  its  muddy  water,  and,  after 
leaving  it  on  the  east,  it  enters  again  another  lake,  whence  it 
Hows  out  as  a  large  river  ;  further  down  it  makes  a  great  curve 
to  avoid  the  snow-covered  Amis-matrhin  range,  and  breaks 
through,  in  a  wild  course,  the  parallel  ridges  of  the  Xuen-lun. 
On  the  Thibet  plateau  the  expedition  experienced  dreadful  cold. 
In  the  second  half  of  May  snow  storms  were  as  strong  as  in 
winter,  and  the  night  frosts  reached  -  23'  Celsius.     Still  the 
thin  grass  covering  did  not  perish  and  a  few  flowers  reappeared 
every  d.»y  under  the  sun-ray-.    Even  in  June  and  July  the  ther- 
mometer fell  during  bright  nights  as  low  down  as  -'5  -  As  to  rain, 
it  poured  every  day,  sometimes  several  days  without  interruption. 
The  amount  of  vapour  Immght  by  the  south-west  monsoon  and 
deposited  there  is  so  great  that,  during  the  summer,  Northern 
Thibet  becomes  an  immense  marsh.    Needless  to  say  that 
the  advance  was  difficult  for  camels.    Though  uninhabited 
by  man,  these  deserts  were  full  of  herds  of  yakes,  klioulans, 
antelopes,   and  mountain  sheep ;  even  bears  were  seen  in 
groups,  sometimes  of  more  than  ten  at  once ;  some  thirty 
pairs  were  >hot  down  ;  they  are  altogether  very  cowardly, 
and  fly  even  when  wounded.    After  having  spent  a  few  days  at 
the  source  of  the  Hoang-ho,  M.  Prjevalsky  went  south  to  the 
Blue  River,  called  there  Dy-tchou  by  the  Tangoutes.  The 
plateau  remained  hilly,  mostly  covered  with  marshes,  where  the 
Thibet  rush,  hard  as  iron  wire,  grows  freely.    The  water-divide 
between  the  two  rivers  has  an  altitude  of  14,500  feet.  Further 
south  the  region  takes  the  characters  of  an  Alpine  country,  still 
devoid  of  forests,  but  with  a  richer  and  more  varied  grass  vege- 
tation.    Tangoutes,  of  the  Kam  branch,  were  met  with,  and 
received  the  travellers,  though  not  fricndlily,  yet  not  as  enemies. 
Some  70  miles  across  a  mountain  region  brought  M.  Prjevalsky 
to  the  Dy-tchou  River,  at  an  altitude  of  12,700  feet.    The  river, 
deep  and  very  rapid,  is  350  to  420  feet  wide.    To  ford  it  with 
camcU  was  quite  impossible,  so  that  a  further  advance  to  the 
tautb  had  to  be  renounced.    So  it  was  decided  to  stay  there  a 
ti^Mfk  and  then  return  to  explore  the  great  lakes  of  the  lioang-ho. 
*B    ~\  this  stay  the  Tangoutes  fired  once  from  the  opposite  bank 
"Vtchou.    Returning  to  the  Hoang-ho,  M.  Prjevalsky 
1  er  route  to  reach  the  lakes  of  this  river,  finding  his 
guides.    The  Tangoutes  closely  followed  the  party, 
'  suddenly  attacked  them.    This  attack,  as  also 
I  "  repulsed,  and  the  only  further  difficulties  were 

-w-storms  (end  of  July).    On  the  southern 
Mm  -"da  Mountains  a  party  of  gold-washers 


met  with.  They  did  not  dig  the  soil  deeper  than  one  or 
two  feet,  and  their  washing  was  most  primitive.  Still  they 
showed  handfuls  of  gold,  mostly  in  corns  as  large  as  a  pen,  or 
twice  and  thrice  the  size.  After  having  thus  laid  over  more 
than  670  miles  the  parly  returned  to  Tsaidam,  which  appeared 
to  them,  as  desert  as  it  is,  a  real  Eldorado  in  comparison  with 
the  Thibet  plateau. 

Besides  the  special  medals  awarded  to  M.  Woeikoff  and  M. 
N.  J.  Zinger,  the  other  medals  of  the  Russian  Geographical 
Society  have  been  awarded  as  follows  : — Small  gold  medals  to 
the  members  of  the  last  Pamir  expedition,  Col.  Putyata;  M. 
Ivanoff,  geologist;  and  M.  Bcndcrsky,  lop  >grapher,  as  also  to 
M.  Gavritoff  for  a  manuscript  on  the  religious  beliefs  of  the 
Votyaks,  and  to  Prof.  Zomaki>n  for  magnetic  measurements  at 
Kazan.  The  great  gold  medals  were  awarded  this  year  by  the 
Sections  of  Ethnography  and  Slati-itics  to  M.  Shein  for  his 
"  Materials  for  the  Study  of  the  Customs  and  Language  of  the 
Russian  Population  in  the  North-West  Provinces  of  Russia," 
and  to  M.  Yanjul  on  the  manufactures  of  the  Government  of 
Moscow.  Sixteen  silver  medals  have  licen  awarded  for  several 
]>apers  published  in  the  publications  of  the  Society,  for  observa- 
tions extended  over  more  than  ten  years  on  thunderstorms  and 
rainfall,  to  those  students  who  helped  Prof.  Zomakion  in  his 
magnetic  measurements,  and  so  on. 

The  eccentricities  of  the  European  nomenclature  of  distant 
regions  is  well  exemplified  in  the  case  of  the  eastern  portion  of 
the  Indo-Chinese  peninsula  to  which  so  much  attention  is 
attracted  just  now  by  the  political  events  in  progress  there.  On 
s  >me  English  maps  we  find  four  separate  divi  ions:  starting 
from  the  north,  Tonquin  placed  next  to  China  ;  then  Annam  ; 
then  Cochin-China,  ami  finally  French  CoJiin-China.  In  the 
map  accompanying  Mr.  Colquhoun's  recent  work,  "Amongst 
the  Shans,  territory  inhabited  by  independent  tribes  is  inserted 
bet  w  een  Tonquin  and  China,  which  gives  five  divisions.  This 
tatter,  however,  is  wholly  incorrect,  as  the  Tonquin  frontier 
proper  marches  with  that  of  China.  In  other  maps  (chiefly  in 
those  published  in  France)  Annam  and  Cochin-China  are  thrown 
in  together  and  called  indifferently  Annam  or  Cochin-China  ; 
while  in  others,  mainly  those  of  from  ten  to  twenty  years  old, 
the  whole  coast  from  the  Chinese  frontier  to  the  French  colony 
of  Saigon  is  called  sometimes  Cochin  China,  sometimes  Annam. 
We  derive  the  name  Cochin-China  from  tl  e  early  navigators, 
who  applied  it  to  the  whole  coast  round  from  Siam  to  China  ; 
and  various  generations,  in  search  of  trade  rather  than  of  geo- 
graphical accuracy,  have  added  to  the  confusion.  Since  the 
beginning  of  the  present  century,  when  the  rulers  of  Annam 
itn|>osed  their  yoke  on  Tonquin,  there  has  been  only  one 
political  power  on  this  coast,  viz.  Annam.  As  the  territories  of 
this  State  stood  twenty-five  years  ago,  it  was  bounded  by  China, 
the  Shan  States,  Siam,  Cambodia,  and  the  ocean,  and,  with  the 
exception  that  France  obtained  three  small  States  at  the  extreme 
south  in  t86t,  so  it  stands  at  pre>ent.  Tonquin  was  a  feudatory 
State  of  Annam  when  the  present  war  broke  out.  In  a  history 
of  Annam  recently  published  by  Abbe  I^aunay,  a  missionary  in 
these  regions,  we  find  his  tillc-pige  runs  thus:  "Hbtoire 
Ancienne  et  Modcrne  dc  I'Annam — Tong-King  ct  Cochin-Chine 
— depuis,  &c,  &c.  ;"  and  in  some  interesting  preliminary 
observations  on  these  names,  he  explains  that  the  titles  Tonquin 
and  Cochin-China  arc  relatively  recent,  and  arc  employed  only 
by  Europeans,  and  never  by  the  Annamitcs.  Tonquin  comes 
to  u>  from  l)ont;-tinh,  formerly  the  name  of  the  capital,  now 
called  Hanoi  ;  while  Cochin-China  comes  fiom  Chen-chin,  the 
name  given  to  the  ancient  State  of  Ciampa,  situated  to  the 
extreme  south  of  the  peninsula.  Chen-chin  was  probably  pre- 
ceded at  one  time  by  Cap,  an  abbreviation  of  Cao-tchi  (Gia*- 
chi),  and  from  Cao-chtn-chin  Europeans  have  made  Cochin- 
China.  The  name  Annam  was  first  given  by  the  Chinese  in  the 
third  century  of  our  era.  It  was  never  used  in  the  official  docu- 
ments between  the  two  countries,  but  it  is  that  by  which  the 
Annamitcs  now  call  their  country.  It  was  at  first  applied  to 
Tonquin  only,  but  it  was  extended  by  conquest  to  Cochin- 
China,  the  ancient  Ciampa.  It  should  not,  says  Abbe  Launay, 
be  used  for  Cochin-China  as  distinct  from  Tonquin,  but  to  the 
two  united.  The  term  Giao-chi,  above  alluded  to,  was  that 
employed  in  the  earliest  epochs  for  the  people  inhabiting 
Annam,  and  was  extended  to  the  country.  Their  historians 
record  that  when  the  Emperor  of  China,  tloang-ti,  formed  the 
Chinese  Empire  in  the  twenty-sixth  century  before  our  era,  he 
look  Giao-chi  as  his  boundary  in  the  south-west.  An 


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i6 


NATURE 


sacred  book  of  the  Chinese,  the  *' Chou-kiog,"  which  was  col- 
lected in  the  sixth  century  belore  our  era  by  Confucius  from  the 
remnants  of  still  earlier  works,  refers  to  a  tribe  south  of  the 
Chinese  frontier  as  the  tiiao-chi,  which  means  "toes  spread  out," 
or  "  far  apart,"  a  term  which  points  to  a  wide  separation  between 
the  great  toe  and  the  others.  This  curious  distinctive  racial 
mark  exists  to-day,  notwithstanding  the  lapse  of  time  and  the 
social  revolutions  of  twenty-five  or  thir*y  centuries  amongst  the 
Annamitcs.  We  might  therefore  adopt  the  native  distinctions 
a>  stated  by  Abbe  Launay  tn  bloi,  and  call  the  whole  region 
Annam,  with  sub  divisions  Tonquin  and  Cochin-China ;  or, 
making  a  sacrifice  of  strict  accuracy  to  long  habit,  we  mighl  call 
the  whole  Cochin-China,  with  sub-divisions  Tonquin  and 
Annam.  But  it  is  probably  as  hopeless  at  present  to  expect 
strict  uniformity  in  these  names  as  it  is  to  expect  it  in  the 
orthography  of  Tonquin,  although  uniformity  even  in  doing 
wrong  would  be  better  here  than  the  present  confusion. 

At  the  meeting  of  the  Dutch  Geographical  Society  on  April 
1 8,  Mr.  Robidcc  Van  der  Aa  delivered  a  lecture  on  "  Papuans 
and  Melanesians,  and  their  Relation  to  the  Malay-Polynesian 
Race."  Succinctly  stated,  the  opinions  expressed  in  the  lecture 
were  these  : — The  opinion  once  prevailed  that  the  Papuans  were 
the  autocthones  of  the  Malayan  Archipelago,  but  that  they  were 
conquered  by  the  Malays.  There  is,  however,  no  support  for 
this  supposition,  since  in  the  interior  of  none  of  the  Sunda 
Islands  has  a  tribe  been  found  bearing  any  resemblance  to  the 
Papuans.  Since  the  researches  and  discoveries  of  Miklucho- 
Maclay  we  may  not  consider  their  hair  or  their  dark  skin  as  a 
decisive  distinction  with  regard  to  other  tribes.  Moreover,  it  is 
now  stated  that  their  language  is  related  to  the  Malayan  tongue  ; 
there  are  still  many  customs  and  usages  found  amongst  them 
similar  to  those  met  with  among  Malays.  From  all  this  Mr. 
Van  der  Aa  concludes  that  the  Papuans  are  one  of  five  families, 
all  of  which  have  descended  from  one  "insular  race,"  and  were 
separated  from  each  other  at  an  early  date. 

Thoi'gh  nothing  was  said  at  the  Dutch  Geographical  Society 
on  April  18  about  the  exjiedition  undertaken  to  the  West  Indies 
liy  Prof.  Martin  and  Prof.  Suringar,  we  n  >w  learn  that  they  left 
Curacoa  in  March.  The  former,  accompanied  by  Mr.  Van  dc 
Poel,  arrived  at  Paramaribo  and  intended  to  make  an  excursion 
to  the  "  ltoven  Surinamc"  on  March  jo;  the  latter  intends  to 
go  to  Venezuela,  and  after  that  to  some  uf  the  Windward  Islands, 
vit.  St.  Martin's,  St.  Knstathias,  and  Saba. 

Wt  take  from  the  Annual  Report  of  the  Russian  Geographical 
Society  the  following  figures  giving  the  average  temperatures  for 
twenty-two  months  at  the  Sagastyr  Polar  Station  at  the  mouth 
of  the  Lena.  The  following  figures  are  on  the  Centigrade  scale, 
and  the  first  of  them  gives  the  average  of  the  corresponding 
month  for  the  year  1 88 2  1883,  while  the  second  is  the  average 
or  the  same  month  for  the  year  1883-1884  September,  o°-i 
and  o"-6  ;  Octohcr,  -  I5°"l  and  I4*'i  ;  November,  -  27°-9  and 
-*5°7  ;  December,  -33°'5  and  -33°3  ;  January,  ~37°'2  and 
-3S°  &1  February,  -4«'"3  *nd  -34°'o;  March,  -31's  and 
-35J-j;  April,  2o"-7an<l  -2i°-8;  May,  -8"'l  and  -9*7; 
June.  o'o  and  -o*2;  July.  $'  i  ;  August,  3*8.  Average  of 
the  first  year.  —  1 7" "I  ;  of  the  second  (incomplete),  -  l6"  7.  As 
seen,  both  years  arc  closely  similar  ;  the  exceedingly  low  tem- 
peratures of  February,  1883,  arc  most  remarkable,  the  average 
of  the  month  being  only  -41*  3.  and  the  lowest  temperature 
observed  having  been  -52*'3  for  the  first  year  and  -48"-o 
during  the  second.  The  auroras  were  also  less  frequent,  and  the 
magnetic  perturbanccs  feebler.  The  number  of  hours  during 
which  auroras  were  observed  is  seen  from  the  following  figures  :— 
September.  13  hours  in  1882  1883,  and  23  hours  in  1883-1884; 
October.  87  and  69;  November,  179  and  83;  December,  191 
and  17S:  January.  194  and  151;  February,  197  and  126; 
March,  137  and  1 18  ;  April,  10  and  8  ;  none  in  May  to  August. 
Total  for  the  first  year,  1008  ;  for  the  second,  756. 

It  results  from  the  same  report  that  the  delta  of  the  Lena 
extend*,  by  nearly  one-half  a  degree,  further  north  than  on  our 
best  t»a]>s.  The  northern  cape  of  the  Danube  (Dounay)  Island 
is  under  73*  jt,'  north  latitude.  This  determination  does  not 
correspond  with  tbc  Vega  map,  where  Sagastyr,  being  under 
73*  31,  the  northern  extremity  of  the  bland  is  under  73°  27', 
and  the  course  of  the  Vega  in  this  longitude  is  under  74*  8*.  At 
any  rale,  M.  Yurgcns  has  been  compelled  to  go  for  twenty  miles 
north  of  .Sagastyr  before  reaching  the  cxtiemity  of  the  D< 
Island. 


Dounay 


i8J> 


SOME  EXPERIMENTS  ON 
OE  ICE 

'JMIA'I  ice  will  change  its  form  under  the  influence  of  promt 
*■  is  exemplified  at  large  in  glaciers,  and  may  be  iliuttntts 
by  experiments  m  the  laboratory.  How  far  this,  is  due  to  a  Me 
viscosity,  ami  how  far  to  a  rearrangement  of  the  particle*  by 
melting  nn  J  revelation,  is  a  question  the  discussion  of  in 
aiming  j diy -ici >;s  has  ix-en  of  long  continuance,  though,  tfcse 
there  m;iy  n>w  perhaps  he  some  st^ns  of] 
undci  the  influence  of  continuous  prc-surc. 

In  she  first  volume  of  Nati'KK  (p.  534)  Mr.  Wm.  Mallbcn 
describes  e  <  |x:i inients  (1S70)  in  which  planks  of  ice,  supported 
a:  each  end,  hut  free  in  the  middle,  become  permanently  btSZ. 
In  the  his:  of  these  experiments  the  plank  was  6  inches  wide. 
2!  inches  thick,  and  supported  by  licarcrs  6  feet  apart.  The 
temperature  of  the  air  was  above  the  fret:ang-|»oint  of  Wlif*. 
The  plank  bent  rapidly,  so  that  the  total  deflection  was  7  inches 
in  about  as  many  hours.  "  At  its  lowest  point  it  appeared heM 
at  a  sharp  angle,  and  was  rigid  in  its  altered  form.  Its  lower 
surface  showed  minute  fissures.  In  a  second  experiment  *  pink 
of  somewhat  similar  dimensions  (l|  inch  thick,  6J  to  61  ffidtS 
wide,  0  feet  between  the  supports)  became  permanently  bsa. 
The  amount  of  deflection  was  3I  for  the  upper  surface  and  }j 
for  the  lower  surface.  The  time  was  64J  hours.  The  tOB- 
pentlurc  "  never  rose  above  the  freezing  point  "  ;  but  the  SUtllut 
the  thermometer  registered  29  S  F.  one  morning  at  9*30  a.n_ 
and  301  f.  the  next  morning  at  the  same  time,  would  Scad  tn 
lo  suopo-e  that  the  mid  lay  temperature  was  not  far  from  (he 
free?ii»,;  point,  Similar  experiments  were  subsequently 
out  (18711  by  l'i'.jt.  t'yndall,  in  Switzerland,  and  arc 
in  .NaTi'ki;  (vol.  iv.  p.  447). 

In  Nam  kk,  v  .i.  vi.  p.  396,  Mr.  John  Ailkcn  describes 
experiments  111  which  weighted  shillings;  were  cfiOSed  to  ink 
into  blocks  of  ice.  Hut  when  the  block  of  ice  was  prgTUaufr 
cooled  to  about  1  below  t!ic  freezing-point,  a  shilling  waajbM 
with  00  lbs,  and  li  ft  for  three  anil  a  half  hours,  "wasfostfttt 
to  have  entered  in  the  slightest  degree  into  the  ica."  Sat- 
sr.M]iiciitIy.  in  1S73  (Naturk,  vol.  vii.  p.  2S7),  Mr.  AinYm 
described  experiments  which  showed  that  ice  benefs  the InOJe 
rcmlily  the  move  uirdiubblcs  it  contains.  "  TemperfctW^" fc» 
says,  "seemed  to  have  some  influence  on  the  fate  of  I 

these  Waius,  hut  this  point  was  difficult  to  determine  on  I 
<>f  the  diflcrcnt  beams  bending  at  different  rates  at  tteflBP 
temperature  ;   but,  so  far  as  could  be  ascertained  frost  4fc 

experiments,  the  beams  bent  slower  the  lower  the 
The  lowest  tempeiaturc  used  in  these  experiments 
move  than  3'       below  freezing." 

In  1S75  Prof.  Pfati  described  in  P^gftndcrjft  A'lu.iSm  1 

p.  16'),  reported   in  NATltRt,  VXll.  Xli.  p.  3I7)  a  TOCfuLly  WM 

d  ■acted  experiment  in  which  a  paralellopiped  of  lot  Jpcni.  ion;, 
2'5  cm.  w  ide,  and  t'j  cm.  thick,  was  supported  ijTyuch  a  wu 
that  s  nun,  at  each  end  rested  on  the  btOieil.  This  was  I 
for  seven  days,  from  February  8 to  February  H^ic  tci»p>erai::r- 
varying  lx.twcen  -12°  and  ~3'5*  C.  Tht  i^fei  al  ttcud  H 
115  mm.  That  is  to  say,  to  translate  the*"  measurements  ipt. 
inches  for  the  sake  of  comparison  with  ftc  other  results,  in  » 
bar  20  inches  in  length  between  the  tUppoi  ts,  I  inch  in  widih 
and  {  inch  in  thickness;  the  total  bending:  was  a  little  oirf 
'.js  of  an  ;nch.  When  the  tempera) tire  rose  to  slightly  jto6ei 
o"  C  the  bending  increased,  and  MBonnk-ri  (u  9  mm.  ( '34  indie}) 
in  24  hours.  Other  experiments  AM  W»crit>ed  by  ProC  Pfeff  W 
the  simc  paper,  and  the  general  conclusion  to  which  he  iahda. 
"that  even  the  smallest  pressure  is  sufficient  to  dislocate  kf- 
particles  if  it  act  continuously,  and  if  the  temperature  of  tie  kt 
and  its  surroundings  be  near  the  (Belling  point." 

In  the  amcni  volume  of  NAtVKt:  (p.  329)  there  is  m  rifart 
of  a  paper  recently  read  before  to Koyal  Society  by  Mr,  CmP* 
Trotter  (to  whom  1  am  indehtcra<ar  references  on  this  conjtH} 
'•On  some  physical  proper  ie;  of  ice,  ia  whldt  iHtt 

described  some  experiments  on  ihs  shcariogof  iset  ioiihd.«< 
in  a  glacier  grot  to  at 
0'  C.    In  that  report ' 
are  given  for  supposinf 
which  ice  is  scnsib"- 

So  far  .is  I  kn 
very  low  temc 
the  pie.  en;  coy 
which  1  hav 
courtesy  of  ] 


Digitized  by  Gc 


Afay  7,  1885] 


NATURE 


17 


In  this  chnmber  the  air,  which  has  been  previously  condensed 
and  cooled,  is  allowed  to  deposit,  in  ihc  form  of  snow,  the 
moisture  w  hich  it  can  no  longer  retain  owin£  to  the  great  diminu- 
tion of  temperature  due  to  expansion.  George  Tunlcr,  whose 
business  it  is  to  look  after  this  snow  chamber,  rendered  the  most 
intelligent  assistance  in  preparing  the  bar*  of  ice,  and  in  con- 
ducting the  experiments.  In  this  mode  of  experimentation  the 
great  variation  of  temperature,  namely,  between  -  yf.C,  when 
the  engines  arc  stopped  in  the  evening,  and  -  12'  C,  as  a 
maximum  when  they  begin  work  in  the  morning  is  an  unavoid- 
able drawback.  Still,  I  think  that  the  experiments,  although 
they  give  uniformly  negative  results,  arc  worth  putting  on 
rccunl. 

Experiment  I. — A  cylinder  of  ice  was  cast  with  a  diameter  of 
3  inches.  Over  it  was  hung,  as  in  the  well-known  Boltjmley 
experiment  (Natukf,  vol.  v.  p.  185),  a  wire  loaded  with  a  total 
weight  of  5  lbs.  It  was  left  in  the  freezing-chamber  6J  hours. 
No  dent  was  traceable  on  the  surface  of  the  cylinder. 

Experiment  2. —  With  a  similar  cylinder  and  wire  the  load 
was  increased  to  IO  lbs.  and  the  time  to  8  hours,  with  like 
negative  results. 

Experiment  3. — With  a  similar  cylinder  and  wire  the  load 
was  further  increased  to  1 4  lbs.  and  the  time  to  174  hours,  with  the 
same  result  or  absence  of  result.  This  experiment  would  seem 
to  show  that  the  ice  refused  to  yield  to  a  pressure  of  20  to  30 
atmospheres,  or  probably  more,  applied  in  this  way  and  for  this 
lime. 

Experiment  4.— A  bar  of  ice  I J  inches  thick,  2i  inches  wide, 
and  supported  on  bearers  13 J  inches  aj>art,  was  left  in  the  cham- 
ber from  !2n>oiion  Monday  until  12  noon  on  Saturday.  It 
showed  no  sign  of  bending  under  its  own  weight. 

Experiment  5.— A  similar  bar  similarly  supported  was 
weighted  in  the  middle  with  7  lbs.,  and  left  lor  the  same  time. 
No  sign  of  bending. 

Experiment  6.  —  A  similar  liar  similarly  supported  was 
weighted  with  iH  lbs.,  and  left  for  the  same  time.  There  was 
no  bending  perceptible  10  the  eye  j  but,  on  removing  the  appa- 
ratus, the  bar  broke  with  the  jar  occasioned  by  setting  it  down 
somewhat  carelessly,  so  that  110  exact  measurement  was  taken. 

Experiment  7. — A  bar  of  the  same  length  and  width,  but 
thinner,  tapering  somewhat  from  \  to  £  of  an  inch  in  thickness, 
was  weighted  with  7  lb*.,  to  which,  during  the  last  two  days, 
seven  additional  pounds  were  added,  and  left  for  the  same  time. 
No  bending  by  measurement. 

Such  negative  rcuilts  are  just  what  one  would  expect  on 
theoretical  grounds,  and  as  an  inference  from  previous  experi- 
ments conducted  at  temperatures  nearer  the  melting-point.  But 
it  is  well  not  to  rely  on  theory  or  on  inference  where  direct 
experiment  is  practicable 

The  matter,  then,  would  ap|)ear  to  stand  at  present  somewhat 
thus.    The  visco  ity  of  ice,  due  to  whatever  cause,  is — 
{ I )  At  temperatures  at  and  above  the  melting-point . .  .considerable. 

(2)  ,,       ,,       below  but  near       ,  much  less. 

(3)  ,,       ,,      between- 3'  SC.  mi  l  -  12  C... very  slight. 

(4)  „       „      below  -  12"  C   ...ni/. 

What  seems  now  to  be  wanted  is  an  experimental  determina- 
tion of  the  lower  temperature-limit  of  vucosiiy,  which  would 
appear  to  lie  somewhere  between  -  12  C  ami  -  3  '5  C.,  but 
probably  nearer  the  latter  temperature. 

University  College,  Bristol  C.  Li.ovd  Morgan 


BEN  NEVIS 

A  T  the  meeting  of  the  Royal  Society  of  Edinburgh  held  on 
*  *  Monday  last,  Mr.  John  Murray,  Vice-President,  in  the 
chair,  Mr.  R.  T.  Omond,  Superintendent  of  the  Meteorological 
Observatory  on  Ben  Nevis,  delivered,  at  the  request  of  the 
Council,  an  address  on  two  years'  residence  ant  work  there. 
Mr.  Oniond,  at  the  outset,  recalled  the  advantages  which  Ben 
Nevis  presented  as  a  high-level  meteorological  station,  Ihc 
-ervices  of  Mr.  Clement  S.  Wragge,  and  the  chief  steps  that  led 
up  to  the  erection  and  equipment  of  the  existing  permanent 
observatory.  Glancing  at  some  of  their  daily  experiences  during 
l  ist  summer  and  autumn,  he  mentioned  tli.»t  some  3000  or  4000 
1  uirists climbed  the  mountain— sometimes  at  least  100  in  a  single 
r.fiemoon.  Since  the  middle  of  October,  however,  not  more 
than  lialf  a  dozen  strangers  had  ventu  ed  up.  Some  came  for 
information  ;  others  were  disappointed  at  finding  they  could  not 
1*  fed  as  well  as  sheltered  ;  others  came  to  spend  the  night,  but 
were  di&apjtoinlcd  at  finding  they  coulJ  not  do  io.    Most  of  the 


visitors,  however,  were  satisfied,  though  a  little  astonished,  by 
the  explanation  that  the  building  on  Ben  Nevis  was  primarily  a 
scientilk  observatory,  and  not  a  hotel     Storms  of  exceptional 
and  terrific  violence  were  described.    Beautiful  optical  pheno- 
mena that  had  been  witnessed,  and  the  comparative  scarcity  of 
animal  life  on  the  mountain,  were  next  alluded  to.  Rainbows 
are  seldom  seen.    Thunderstorms  are  very  rare.    The  tempera- 
tures during  winter  arc  not  so  low  as  many  people  ihink — to*  F. 
I  is  about  the  lowest  recorded  as  yet,  and  the  ordinary  winter 
'  temperatures  ran  from  15"  to  25*.    Observing  that  much  must 
yet  be  done  in  the  work  of  the  discussion  and  interpretation  of 
the  observations  made  on  Ben  Nevis,  liefore  the  observa- 
tions could  be  safely  used,   he  proceeded  to  slate  some 
of   the  more    interesting    points  which    Mr.    Buchan  had 
already  succeeded  in  approximately  establishing  :  (1)  The  normal 
or  average  temperature  and  barometric  pressure  for  each  month, 
and  the  normal  differences  between  these  averages  and  those  at 
sea-level.    (2)  The  daily  variation  of  temperature  and  pressure 
during  each  month.    (3)  The  daily  variation  in  the  average 
velocity  of  the  wind— this  being  shown  to  be  greater  at  ni^tit 
1  than  during  the  day,  exactly  the  reverse  of  what  holds  good  at 
sea-level.    (4)  Variations  in  the  direction  of  the  tvinds  as  coin- 
pared  with  those  prevalent  over  Scotland  at  any  given  time.  A 
'  comparison  of  the  Ben  Nevis  winds  with  those  at  low-level 
stations  sometimes  shows  that  both  arc  part  of  one  system, 
whether  cyclonic  or  anti-cyclonic  ;  but  the  direction  is  almost 
always  different,  and  in  the  case  of  cyclonic  storms,  coming  from 
the  west.    The  observed  differences  in  direction  seem  to  give 
an  indication  as  to  whether  the  storm  centre  is  to  pass  to  the 
I  north  or  south  of  Ben  Nevis.    If  this  point  can  be  definitely 
'.  made  out,  it  will  obvijusly  be  of  immense  value  in  forecasting 
weather.    (5)  The  hygromettic  observations  indicate  that  the 
atmosphere  on  the  Ben  shows  that  during  ordinary  weather  a 
state  of  persistent  salutation,   usually  accoin|>anicd   by  fog 
or  rui-it,   prevails ;    but  occasionally  a  sudden   and  extra- 
ordinary drought  sets   in,   the  temperature  rises,  and  the 
!  sky  clears,  not  merely  of  fog,   but  often  of  every  vestige 
[  of  cloud,   and  at  the   same  time   the  valleys   and  lower 
!  hills  arc  often  shrouded  in  mist,  showing  that  this  dryness 
coming  from  above  is  not  able  to  penetrate  right  down  to  the 
sea-level.    The  thorough  investigation  of  these  phenomena  is 
one  of  the  movl  important  pieces  of  work  connected  with  the 
Observatory,  and  may  l»c  expected  to  throw  great  light  on  the 
question  01  atmospheric  circulation.     (7)  The  rainfall  of  Ben 
Nevis  is  greatly  in  excess  of  what  several  theories  of  the  distribu- 
tion of  rain  led  them  to  expect — a  result  possibly  due  to  the 
great  vertical  movements  of  the  atmosphere  indicated  by  the 
I  hygromettic  indications  referred  to  above.    Though  there  are 
many  high-level  stations  in  different  parts  of  the  world,  none, 
I  perhaps,  are  so  favourably  situated  as  Ben  Nevis  for  the  invctti- 
I  gallon  of  what  he  had  explained  is  the  present  great  problem  in 
j  meteorology,  namely,  the  verticil  movement-,  of  the  atmosphere. 
If  the  Scottish  Meteorological  Society  were  possessed  of  suffi- 
cient funds  to  establish  a  completcly-cquip|>cd  observatory  »t  the 
I  foot  of  Ben  Nevis  as  well  as  on  the  summit,  he  was  convinced 
that  the  science  of  meteorology  would  advance  far  more  in  a 
j  few  yors  than  it  would  by  a  gcneiation  of  ordinary  work  with 
low-level  stations  alone. 


SUNLIGHT  AND  THE  EARTH'S 
ATMOSPHERE* 

'T'HICKF.  is,  we  may  r*mcml»cr,  a  parage  in  which  Plato  in- 
*■  quires  what  would  be  the  thoughts  of  a  man  who,  having 
lived  from  infancy  under  the  roof  of  a  cavern,  where  the  light 
outside  was  inferred  only  by  its  shadows,  was  brought  for  the 
first  time  iuto  the  full  splendors  of  the  sun. 

We  may  have  enjoyed  the  metaphor  without  thinking  that  it 
has  any  physical  application  to  ourselves  who  appear  to  have  no 
roof  over  our  heads,  and  t  >  see  the  sun's  face  daily  ;  while  the 
fact  is  that  if  we  do  not  see  ihat  we  have  a  roof  over  our  heads 
in  our  atmosphere,  and  do  not  think  of  it  as  one,  it  is  because 
it  seems  so  transparent  and  colourless. 

Now,  I  wUh  to  ask  your  attention  to-night  to  considcrati- 
in  some  degree  novel,  which  appear  to  me  to  show  that  it  is 
transparent  as  it  appears,  and  that  this  seeming  colourlessne 
a  sort  of  delusion  of  our  senses,  owing  to  which  we  have  n 

1  Lecture  delivered  at  the  Royal  Institution,  April  17,  1S85.  k> 
j  Lanstey.   Communicated  l>>  the  author. 


Digitized  by  Google 


II 


NATURE 


{May  ;. 


m  all  Mr  live*  tee*  iHt  :■««  <*>hiwf  of  thr  im.  which  it  in  rrafcty 
bra*  taihcr  thaw  white,  a*  *  tuc**,  »  lhat  ihb  air  all  about  and 
■hue*  m»  b  nlifw;  l«kc  a  uduired  gkaa,  iuU  o»rr  Ota  brads  nr  a 
•art  of  <i4nl  »«r*r.  btaMiaaj  teaa  lie  caccta  of  blae  aa  low 
:eir--aaJ  anltrht,  utl  lrtiaw;  utiU  the  while  »tu  duwn  to  **. 

f  will  fii>t  aak  Tew,  ihrn,  In  tiirwadn  thai  thb  aeettiir*[  oA  -nf 
U  mil i m  uf  the  sir  mty  lar  a  .Ultntnn  raf  exit  MWt,  doe  In 
.    a  '     ■    ■ ...  in',   r  .Mr       ua  anything  t  »«   to  mr-.*lf  tf 

wwR 

If  thil  caer  had  brew  lit  by  iinwhine  coming  thmurh  a  reddbh 
(art  in  **  pacd,  would  the  prrivf  nat  dweller  In  a  ever  hire  had 
M  Idea  t"t  thai  thr  wn  ww*  red  /  Mow  it  he  tn  know  that  taw 
glaa*  H  "  cewHirrd  "  if  We  hu  never  in  hit  life  myt hing  *n  ttm- 
pnre  it  wthf  tin*  am  fee  hive  any  idea  but  thai  thn  ka  the 
hm  '<  all  ihr  »un't  ridlatHaaa  (mti etblltre  touur  idea of  white 
ui  tukmrlevt  ltr»f|  .  wilt  not  ihe  halat  of  pH  We  ititdttm  him 
In  the  jJej  (feat  lie  *un  b  rod  ;  and  wall  hr  ml  ibmk  iliat 
Ihrre  i*  n:>  HlMM  in  ihr  (Im  mi  Ung  a*  he  csnm*  go  catt>ule  to 
tea?  lit*  lata  any  )iiq;i*ii>iii  far  i*,  who  l*t%w  ii'tr.-  nf  n<  ever 
Ixrrn  out* tile  im  nytfjl  mat  in  •ee  • 

W«  mwA  all  acknoat  Wgr  f»  the  ahatttxl,  that  bihlt  K  eepMlly 
a  mj  in  aa  whether  we  dwell  aa  «  enve  «  wadrr  the  aky,  that 
what  ww  lure  thratgU  from  Infamy  will  yrukahty  ap|r*r  the 
v4e  pntaihle  eipU<  it*oa,  and  that,  if  ww  waai  to  l>reah  it* 
chain,  w«  ihnild  eaji  mnclin,  al  Ira*  I  ia  aeiajiaatam,  wadce 
Iwoilllbiia  where  ll  r#>  km/wr  hand*  ua. 

The  OpaeaBW  ha*  dredged  freen  ihe  Sitinm  Ike  Kftm 
aahra  wliiih  lire  aal*raall>  41  treat  .It}  t!:. .  ajaj  WmmM  M  mtr.<» 
rtn  tril  taf  ihr  nnrraixeitllfaxly  faint  lylil  whidi  au<l  ha^e 
flemrKiad  tn  theni  thr^mh  ihr  ■^it.ttyly  i rawpairnt  water,  ll 
will  *■!  be  m  lidilt'  i  ffKLulUM*)  n%  it  nay  u  tin  «eim,  tn  [.in 
cmneJto  in  wtuttiniiaHi  m  tlw  oioiiiltat  of  iteuare*  mm  In  iIk 
tea,  tail  itk  what  the  am  may  A|i|vJf  U»  belfalhemt  f"'  if 
Ihe  ft*  who  IcaJ  n»*wr  uvn  l^tiar  lie  j«.x*n  ll  taf  aaete  «A 
InlrBaxeu  taaajj.  mteht  le  me  r^ataVhly  nawi  thai  ihr  iluai 
firrw»h  iiyhl  of  hn  heiven— wliiHt  I  all  lie  kaa  «ver  kwien  • 
waw  the  fall  tffrtulut*  t^f  the  «n,  *imtng  ihi«n;h  a  raW-urn 
whKli  eJ3  hr>  rafviacacc  ahmaa  m  i  ramf i#r  Dw 

Wr  uurarltr.  are  «  »rry  fact,  Iimii^  at  ihe  fl^or  of  A  (teal 
attaal  aea,  »*n^  hillnat  !>M  lwi.rl.e.l»  ,J  milra  aln»  uwr  feraiK 
[a  it  ant  al  any  rale  onKciaalwr  llal  are  aaa;  ante  Urn  ana  intn 
a  like  IillAry  ft.wti  julftag  nol>  I7  wt^t  we  tee  at  Mir  i*4t«at  ? 
Ml*  we  run,  thai  is  Wave  Urn  lot  into  ifee  faUity  of  aMtaninff 
that  law  trrtrrTenrag  aardium  jtnrar  aa  it  «taVmika»  Ivxauae  lie 
li^ht  arauh  <<enta  Ihroaalfa  It  la  a»  ? 

I  freely  <-li.il  that  aM  men,  wdicatnl  hi  lj;n-'.iint,  *y\»v  i» 
hire  'he  eaitlrntr  <af  •Ixir  aerw>  thil  ihe  air  la  tul^irlt**.  rtbd 
that  pure  «anli|;hi  h  whr.e.  *o  iXdl  If  I  tratarv  tu  a<i  )vu  in 
Itrfrn  tn  inrMilteir K«a  Whiih  kaaw  \*ulj  haew  hiiMa^rU  f«raanl 
<o  ibrnr  thK  X  h  ihe  *m  whtrh  n  tOte.  nM  ihe  an  re.ally  act* 
like  an  urant**  aval  tar  aaaW  ■  de>e  whkh  plclil  tint  the  Mm  -ind 
tneea  Ike  whilr.  I  r|n  »>  In  lac  (itnboetKc  tlut  1  may  ai'ival  to 
ynw  im  other  e.tna*da  ifean  thine  I  ntaU  ml  wail  in  I  he  frSmMlv* 
'nan  win  ttaa>  feb  aeuae*  alurw  h)  tri^t  |  <  |  \  *t  thr  •HaralrJ  Inter- 
lifeakT  j o«r»i «  th<ne  «e*«ea  t ii: ■  ..r-'  »  jii.iii.n  i|« 
ihilily  to  raterrart  ihr  aa  It*  tire  htftil  a|  iriana,  arrd  Wfcae  ihb 
atadietarf  K  uto  tlail  Ilitrt|>te1atlun  thai  I  aaMfett  niy*elf. 

I'mwa  tr>(  a  nulrrtal  waValaa.it«.  V«w  «ee  llin-<j;h  ikm 
Cka*s  whuh  way  t>»<fr       ink-ivmliie  n»nliiiaa  -4  »»r  er  w*t»r, 

•  drcle  rf  while  UgV,  whkh  may  irraevtnt  ike  eiifrtt'Wil  tlbit 
«af  the  »a»  wlwti  aaa  rkwoL     la  *.liia  mtnaatiilta;  yl*a»  BWaa]M 

•  e  wot  }  ll  acetm  neaaly  cwlittalo*  ;  Uat  hsrr  we  an)  la^ht  Im 
rrwaviailr  lhat  H  H  *»  Ucauae  it  aeim*  •  1  Air  wr  u  <  f<iv/"f 
at  !**  pi**t<4  'Mm  ihe  ix^tnsl  ltj;hl  a  hirh  war  are  ihrmrgh  ie  ■ 

•  litte.  k  '  lhat  the  tilftvv  »•  t'«V«ii*r**,  te*arr*e  ihr  licm  wenaa 
•nakcml,  and  i*  nc.  »n  »p|eal  to  he  inaoe  heie  fmra  em  t<* 
feaaon,  whkh,  in  the  rrfwraatil  retain  lhat  white  aaghl 
aa  m*:*r  uf  atrkaia  <  ■  Im-n,  ami  thai  wraeeUtr  the  ctlfiwat  Itfihl 
b  real>  while  awl  the  claw)  ltta*|>uml,  <*  Ifer  g'a>«  really 
o-lnerti  mr  .1  -.■  UrniM  ihe  while,  !•  m  !*•  .I^*»<rl  uofy  M 
ra|tcrirr»nl,  Iry  laarifa;  away  the  ucatiMy  >< ' ;  *'*»■  mrdium  -  I 
<an  take  »wny  (hit  i(l*w),  wSuS  wh*  Ik<  i-.J*inrte*a,  hwl  nf  a 
deep  nafvr,  awd  *«••  ace  ifeal  ihe  »<t>;lfajl  lifhe  wan  wot 
wkatr,  hu  inlrsacfy  I  Jar.  II  we  ««iUI  ukr  Ihe  alwu^wwre 
away  hetwrew  m  a. -I  he  wn.  Inrw  can  ww  walr  than  the  »aa*e 
maaV  mirhl  not  frHlrna  *  To  mahr  lU  aaeentnc  nf  i-oi  all**  trattrm 
liearer,  ^4*er»w  thai  thh  h|i»tnr>«  nut  1  |nww  *periral  t*ae 
Ii  hu  m  it  real,  yeiW,  tiwe,  an*  all  i»>r  aVJM  which  make 
ww  while,  Ul  taaem  awi*iab*atalairCc  i  M  Wat  •aaVjgblM  wWu 
. .,     ■  :    iay,  laleut  'hrrr,  lb<  tlNHwaaa  ■  HM  Hat 


elaaa  eoVaarcd  a-il  <li*ra  not  |rwt  tnitkaaa;  iw.  bgt  art* 
atrvv  alraininf  ewf  the  Uar.  aa*J  kniaaajt  ihr<-«i£u 
while  h|>rrl  wkirh  waa  there  aa  the  hfuithnrea.  and  ao 
nwr  air  *»w  tiNir 

I  think  we  already  heewa  in  tee  that  rt  ta  at  a*y  rate 
at4e  tJiai  we  mer  hav«  t«en  hliherto  tirader  a  deeeainn  a 
true  coJutar  of  the  tan,  iknajth  <A  eotrae  thia  i*  not  rerr- 
ww  have  fecn  to,  io<1  it  will  at  any  rate,  I  aa-fw,  he?  erh 
hrrr  at  a  t|ueatkw>  rantd  whkh  >ittj*a  Iw  tertlH.  for  \ 
nraa  nf  ihr  aun,  if  yexnm,  rviimlly  .ilT*m  rajr  nreaca) 
ledge  ■*  raany  way*,  aad  ■*  . :  n .  ■ '  •  ■  cait  peewrnt  *ieava 
in  tnanteirwkafj,  aad  in  arammiaa  vtliet  things.  In 
beramae  wr  dnnlil  fm*  that  white  lytn  U  •  .a*  Ike  mdi  of  | 
radlatketa,  Wt  naif  nf  tif-r  'Ireo  them  which  .  - 
down  to  «i  [  in  nirtetenhajy  brca«nc  tt  b  aurjgiale-l  ihtv. 
per attar  caf  the  hMk  and  the  ovtulltaMt  nc*  oiaa.  om  it,  d# 
I  wet  <aa  a  cariwaa  tdrethe  aciiun  nf  uar  air,  whifh  wia-ia . 
nf  !>»■  .  J.m  l.-i:  if  »  m .!.,!,-.-,  |tii-  , ,  finii  -..u  irli  E  i ; - 
aad  hJda  litem  back,  telHag  rrfhwr  aeleetetl  inrtlua*  tna« 
aad  «o  alleraag  the  utnhiinaia  ow  arhkh  lata  fecal  by  w 
live,  'temrxht  in  mh»e  w  na,  inrainrralea,  Iteettte-, 
knvw,  the  aua'i  heat  nrt-1  ligh;  are  fattud  *nrb  eeocnal 
ajtce,  thai  ihey  avtcel  :iln>.tl  every  |uti  uf  •rw.tr  ih:  kni% 

It  may  hr  oated  wtiai  rajgealol  the  idea  thai  Ihe  acta 
Idae  rainrr  tkaa  any  "liter  rulrrar, 

Mj  men  altewtun  waa  Aral  diree1r<l  ifeat  way  auaty  f. 
when  mraoirtat*  the  hrat  ami  I^V  Intra  dtfTt-mit  *ar.i 
vm'*  drvk.  It  11  knmvrt  lhat  the  vatn  hn  an  arwtmnae- 
o»ra  wliiih  tempcia  tea  hi  at,  nit-!,  try  truiuigrnf  <ertatt  ia 
and  rait  tclrcfa.  ufodiilt*  I  he  aitrcxral  rate*  wr  are  ail 
with  n«-e  lint  1  we  iu*lueaiiiily  wtaly  tn  <uwt»rC.*3ii  v 
aivarhiraa;  vapour*  <af  M*<atnt,  intn,  m>|  u»  firth,  ah  irk 
itirtn  i  kait  my  iovn  all  ntMn  wet  r>>nUilli*ly  gjven  In  ikr 
<d  ahioetriprs,  nr  m  ifee  laaWM  It  taa*tl,  and  I  fnjnt  t 
wu'a  lately  itiuii  he  thtefey  blulah,  and  that  It  aruatil  ah 
liebt  cacc|il  I  ■■  ibi>  .  1     !•  t.  K  \    auhr  sine 

whkh  really  i£iy»  t*ia>  tort  at  a  redd  tab  ml.  lei 
little  uf  thr  Wik  appear  nn  the  remre  uf  the  aun'-  dak  wh 
lliiniK *t,  I'til  *tainu<  the  **i<iv  re  l,  u  thai  ladtlklle  t 
venire  <4  the  «in  m  1  pah  atgut  aaaraow,  and  in  r>W»e  a 
I'hr  eftVrt  J  fujtid  lu  t«  *t>  imp^elara,  ibai  if  thh  all  Uf.  i 
Hilar  ainKfphree  were  tlimmkanwl  by  hat,  4  tlilnl  |un.  *t 
lerntotetd  th*  Itriladi  a<lan44  arewh)  the  aimer  lhat  -fit; 
auiae,  and  ikn  tllrette<l  nty  iTttnthwi  Tn  the  greal  rrarti 
}•  nance  nf  aiudyliat,  llie  trtlnn  nf  um  <nrrt  tf trfntil  «*■ 
nn  the  cm,  and  the  iRkxtdcut  pi<*haturt  that  tw  own 
aha*  ind  aaah'pcnJeirily  iiiaking  the  ie»N»  Uue  .in  b/o 
iwtrtely  while  ntar.  We  nrtiia".  k*>iw  llirat,  l«anad  r  m 
Iry  a  craatuwtia^ei  of  thr  etn't  ,-itluu<4yJitTr.  wktee  4  i-  I 
artdwaeir  il  I*  iliinnr-i,  *  hal  tppuamly  tfl  udrw  u  at 
•  ttw  ha*c  tUib  an  erlctt.  aaal  anil* >)>.«' i*  nlrwirvajaoaj  a 
h»w  ortied  <<ar  hn  mmj  year*,  l«t  do  sol  mar  chuaj 
lhat  Ifeu  «tti*w|  line  uf  <«it  aan  plwr*,  llil*  aerrwryl;  t- 
IP  which  we  rai*l  like  rrcaKcn  .ti  thr  bulloui  <af  ihr  *e 

We  Iwdt  up  thrmyh  >t»t  -jWu  air  aa  ihtoiaih  a»etrt' 
llinpt  I  lu  ll*  |*arlly  thai  lit  ap^e^m  arcixely  muter  al  aX 
arc  apt  In  t'u-^ct  tke  rttuntitiu  wtaaa  uf  what  aorta*  uftee 
nca-%  htn  watch  lealh  jeiave*  with  neatly  a  leas  in  rataa 

*  ■  tfe«  lh>  v  eight  id  all  Ihe  Irtjalawf*.  in  tit*  great  1 
inj|  1  m   t.  feawj  ihaii  ibai  f|  the  nk  iltneaj  ihreo, 

I  hcfta*  tn  *h-^t|y  tltacidf  l><  meikud  uf  prwaaf  taal  ll 
bun  aetrrg  tlkt  an  optical  tatJBafe  Mtliilg  Ua-k  lie  bin 
may  nati.ratl)  U  ^Acd,  "Can  eajf  aeiuwa  haaw  lacalw 
crnetl  u»  lhat  I  Ircy  ctar  au  bait  taf  ihb  tntrb.  if  I  ie  teat 
aftnml  wholly  tu  rctuuiat  aetcniifjc  mttUnh.  and  an  it 
itKltcatKava,  al  kra*',  which  we  nay  gather  Ur  tnjmhw 
thaaa  tl.rre  ate,  rut  tn  .<ur  uaaie-j  cyra,  ml  ratr>ra  ll 
wtrmitaalr  irareMreW  aat  really  acta  aa  aaa  retire  ttrdla 
krepa  llie  Idtc  Itgkt  *  kak  in  tSr  upyat  «ky, 

II  I  bukl  ihla  pkccU  g|>aa  taraiee  m  e>e%  a  H*raaa 
let*  *(*S  Iranaiaarerat,  Inl  u  |«  peuaaal  ix<  lo  b  w  V*  | 
thruu/b  it  nlgcwW,  wtira  ihr  light,  by  tra'trwu  '« 
ctlcnl.  braaap  .wl  il*  inie  t-Jnaar,  «fuih      wclkna.  Cat 
kwuw.  1  ha.  ea  reery  day  capKiUwcr-     Wc  ahaU  wet  c 

mkm -  «*  ihr  mm  ^  linking  n  at  m  ■  m  «-  ,i«s  u*  n 

thrrngb  a  great  -Irvtfe  o/:.  ,  .ml*,  i  £  w,  ,^ 

.hreitly  m  we  Iw*  ihreatgL  white  II  m  tlunraaal  I  l«t  I  a 
VKlttetiall,  tbroaarh  a  lowanl.  ,<«  h*it*aa,  thrtryh  garaf 
at  *uunae  nr  mart,  faj  u  not  tme  lliat  lite  aw, 


AH  tt«inc  tl»cr  hltie  l.tfht 

•.a  *  .1 1  1  h  ■  ■  •     i  \  "•  i 

a,  » — ■  ;    but  I  think  ll  I 

-lf~  |uinin«U<,  rtii-l  thill, 
v  •  -at-ar— a-a-*^-    *-»f   t ho  <un.  rail 


<9 


•at.  Vive   sun   look  ver>" 

m.  aaaa.aW  »«*,  t h*»  • 1  firmtiisr 
■  «Jay«  of  trrtwl  can 

k*.«=  aaxmrlh  oJlorai-c,  thr 
vittrtinj  the  iluwn,  or 

>t  i  n  m  NdHt  Ami  tui* 

LadaVsaTa    tMick  th«  Muc  nay. 

T  tVic  i  .1  vict  Mm!  It  Hit* 
tkUl<l>iy  «ky  rclnlc  the. 
'-vc««lmlt  hi*.-*    t«»hl  u*  U 


.1.1  u»  U 
lia-ht 


I  ■  i  «»f  t her  «un.  nil 
•p-v-a.      l»y  our  ■» 

it  . 


.  nphrr«j 

jjrnw  both 


V»o»«lt*tv  that  thr»  »un 
«  O     «ay    that     "  P"»»- 
t-  .      i*i  i- I   that    !»•  '    ehiatii  •»( 
■*  .  r    -varcrll.       Wc  nro  all  of 
your  att*niii*n  t«  what 

».>..«>^.l  .Ucll.r  lO  *J»* 
,V  t  *»«.-  Inhal)itrtnt«  of  lb. 
L  yxrally   like  .  .or  own, 

«  i  *     — man  from  to**.. 

vho« 
...I  rii*« 

^  etTa^t  •  -  In  «U*|'"1* 
Ab-»  it  «n.l  «rt  |>roof 

r    w—  cannot  rriun  ly  «■-• 
«.a.r    r^-rtl  etrco«»M«ric*. 

ill  not  «to»  »*y  ^****r!2 

».W  «.y  "  .-Jthc, 

ttn.l    i»te    "''"i,;^,.  ,l,..uKl. 

„, .i.i.iiii-.  -         Dm,  iiu- 

.„»  fiom  «•••*  f  w.,|.„,r 
.net.  /.V".,.    -■"  '" 

wl.lt.     r.-..-l<  -// 
ut  inuri-  '        .r.  ,t  n-.tcti"" 

||..   l«ttitU  int 


«r1 


.r  the  aim."- 

-„„,.  ,......> 

f.,r  over 

,«»uy.  ,,l,','f."'c<'"'-r  ' 


,h..i  «?•  23 


It-.*  -j- 


Wi'  »rc  tniMl  nf  H4  fMniliar,  f>r  intlafM*.  m.i)  ih.-:  dnia«i 
r»v  Sii  I vmc  N>«T.m  lo  ihnw  » wbilr  light  MCMifKnnrfnt  af 
blue,  ret,  *nrl  otbrr  p<4wi,  mhttt.  by  tut niOf  »  cuUuml  wbwl 
roi>»<lly.  *ll  M«n<l  i*l<>  *  gtnyhii  *li*lc.  Here  ywi  *rc  iW  "am 
co|«.Mir«  "  on  the  vrrra  |  dul  ilnnmh  «U  ate  fcerr.  t  bsv*  mm 
tiotull)  airafi^cl  ihciii,  m  ihrtl  ihvre  b  «u»  nuifi  bias,  ami  nV 
romlnnvil  rr*uk  I*  a  *vty  KaAtN  Mfaitr  arhkfl  aaafr  iwa^Mf  ll— I 
for  tkaf  nf  thr  uriciiuil  ran  ray  I  nit  aim  thr  pmi>  mm,  ■( 
tlie  ruin-in  ao  •■»•  lo  Vtrtaulljr  taka  ntil  thr  laciai  bit*,  and 
the  result  I*  CiJoiir'f**  of  whiir  l^ph".  Whilr.  ihra,  h  (Ml 
neaKv.arll*1  m.i't*  ny  (vmatitmnc  thn  "  irrm  rolowr*,"«r  My 
number  of  ihrni.  anlf«  I  hoy  arr  ibw  in  ju»i  nntpnmvn  (wkpch 
ii  in  cflcti  wli.i*  N'r«toti  himaflr'  .  an>l  «nitr,  then,  mmf  he 
m.vlr  <kzI  uf  atach  *  hlulth  llgttl  at  a?r  haw  aritriM,  Mt  by 
ptHtinj*  anything  to  H.  Ih:  ><y  HMkl  «•»>'  thr  MMB  wka*  m 
tlirrv  .ilne»rty. 

|  |rr«r-,  ntftin,  aw  tarn  »#<|nr*— «ine  Unr.  MM  OMfi^ydkar 
with  llir  Mut*  in  r«cm,  m.ikmi;  a  Mai.lt  tlj.L.  otretr  ihry  arr 
rwvnavnl.  (  uV<-  nut  thr  *%ctn*  oi  blur,  a* I  trs*  what  rranim 
H  whilr 

Mrrr  i>  iSr  '(Vitrwrn  n.fJf  n  thr  acrcm,  Int  a  «f*<nr«aa 
%a  hull  h*«  h  atlitKially  mo>lihVa  mi  lhat  thr  blur  ml  n  raii- 
ttwly  tiv«  ^ironi*.  I  ri*t«mliin*  'hr  &5a.«ir»  |by  Pre/  Kan4 « 
ir»ern»'"i*  uf  «n  r(*»:u"  mimirK  aa.f  ih»y  iln  nnt  maar  « 

pan:  wliiir.  hut  tmc  linlcrl  wuli  bhir.  I  taV  urn  ih*-  mcawl 
CWNH.  of  hhir,  araJ  win:  imiwo*  cnia^ra-*^  ma  a  purr  arbnr. 
I'lc^'.  !«-  »i  tn  «•«►!  "  lMt  10  "  Wl*"  lw««  «rt 

,,.,)   hy  alramiitf  uul  othrr  dfitu  through  *wn»  nlfacuiMi; 

■llllllwn.  whlt  li  make-.  rV  i(trt*ncat tlanVrr  [  bat  ihil.  hi  th-iA  r 
*af  the  »rfa»!  *onl*B*«.  inlro  la^mi;  bin-,  ubt.*I.km  mtr-r 

licht.  *n'l  muVr*  thr  ^pscnini  h«ti>t«(. 

|  h  .  .  ,-.tn  -v,  -1m  ii  -.,;fH  •■•  •  »mU?  mil  IwHihic  ui 
tl.<  M ur  ih«n  i*  «-  far.  far  hiefctrr— »»l  ihw  it  nntfbt  trprr 
tent  la  u-  Ih'*  "ticinal  anlar  a|wtAr«Mi  >*4*r  a  ha»  aufenH  anv 
nl«%.iri)ti<>ii  *Ww*  'n  wM  **■>•  attpMSMN  ot  um  <m»  1»c 
Frntamh  'f«*<  I"1"  ,,u  ■***  •Pi"*r  lfce,°i  whenfounJ  in 

-  Vtiilml  tar.  harr  '.--n 
llir  aab?rmiine  Btm>- 
i;>wn  hfiararti 

ihTutMi'-  mi  the  ifcrtik  «  6  ■?  N 

t  iur  IMflMn,  »^  "  apl'iAr*  Ifl-M*  ah-wpiinft.  m»jh:  ha  rnat- 
uafr.1  iti  iiA  ;imr  .lirl'lr*!  inl-J  n.»nKn»i*  ll|%t«4al(  M  -rannc 
;.lM.iKt    »•«<...«..  nnr  utte  fitcfB.  Jf, 

all  ih.  <oV.tir.  arc  w|»r#wni-l  ert.'h  by  M»  »«n  Inrfy    If.  m 

ilw-  jniiv  tvh  »"»»  "  "'»•'*■•  a  firv'  w,"t^,  ,r,",,  rf*  ■M"""rf».  ■■ 
ahaaald  liavr  U  tvnwlr-i  till!  1*1..  f»r  C»**.t|  Mlitttr  tta- 
£2S»K  ft,.-  .WrctrJ  ttt%  rlaar  4i*l  hw« 

ih,t  i  i-..  -I,.-  w,!  „  N.H.  nr  ailiH  i»k«K  M  G  Ifa  iv.nT 
l thinnfl  ■»!»  f-atMutlly-  •,a'tt  "*"h  *"in4  kaM  "n 

'  I   I  I..    I  I  Hh 


Fin'*-tth  il<-«  *****  «"        ai',"-'  i» 
the  v.lm  rticvtrnm.  »how  ihtt  n-rtam  mi  n  i 
atlHtp-l'  W  -t****'"*1         n'-**?**"  hj  'hr 
apVr--.  ;  ar.  I  ll..i»cb  r*ca  ibr  far  yanl.  d*  a 


w.i  ■  laaa.^  - —  ■ —   *     A      m  -  *     _  t 

fi,,  ElliMM  It.  Ih*  lme  .lt...  il..n...l 

"  .,„|..,  «>   hr  |.nn..n».n  .C  Ih-         ll>  f«i 


h  Im^M. 


.!..[. m  i*  ■  ii  n  i  I    .   '  —     ,      .    —  -rw  

h,.  l".n  ll""-'.        "-'  U  mC  ™n|'»«,"Hr"*"'  •*»■">« 
it     .    .«v.  n  i*  ih«>  K'h'ii..-'  in  i'.  ic-ii.1.  «.l  i-ff.n  m  Ml 
ail-ui.  hmi;  .leum.  .     '     ',,,,■„„,  rW .  ... 


A«1nni  htni; 
pf  rfnTrr- 


illicit  a.  'hai^h  hv  mi  i*r*lh„'»nl  ikmrp,  .ml 
,  mi..l.  IK*  "nly  ol  «.«»'»  *«•!«•  (»  MM  n« 
•.I      i  .« i  i»n  ceo  r^-»>«  ""  ■"****  Mali  mi  ■■■f 

,.v  'lh<lt.  hn-  IK  ••«•»  imir»l'iih  r  mil 'Ml  Ihl.  I  lUW 
i-i  :  fi*l  j1.*'  a*!*1'  m,n  nUilllWii  IKTMlMlllh-. 
i  «1  iiiiiniiML  »»t  OIV  m.r  f*T|  Md  Ihr  olh«i 

''  Ihr 


Kvcrr 

,,. .  MMHhW  l« 

„r  Mi  .I...  wmikiSmram^m*>$»mmm 

M.  urn  ll-"  •««■ ■• ; Jfca  I.I  in  .  far  nnr, 

«*5JJ  ,  ,„,',  ,  Urr«  M  «rr-  •»!  n.i'h.i 
coinpk"    ""n.~:';    "3^,.  ill  lW-uurk.lv  Hwlrmi,  I...  «. 


an>  I*"*"  1 


l*V  7. 


mn  i*  hfit  m*i»itee.  1/  »(  »r  in  «rofy  completely  the 
tftun  of  mi  i!om|il«ir.  we  tbnll  h*»e  in  my  giro!  aurai  lM 
lu  thk  part,  arH  finJ  Mil  tume  way  of  .Viennlnin<  ihe  Imi  in  it, 
whkh  waV  fat  tliffkab,  f*  ibe  n*tra  re<l  t»lKM  e«ly  tneiwhfc, 
hsi  c.«jjtrr«r>l,  ilir  rot  cM  being  «^ut  ap  like  Ibe  tlowl  page' 
of  ■  bnok.  m  t  '  i  w«y  anlie*  '  T  '"»•  *"»fi  the  ft  if  r-  •  «  of 
Ihr  r+i  wilh  rk»  wwhh  of  ihe  Use. 

Now  iwbwnim  by  a  mum  U  not  the  only  way  of  trtninrl  s 
•pertnmr.  Natnrw  fnmkbr*  a*  cokwir  oat  ualy  buat  Ike  rain 
tnw,  ho  fr--*n  m»n-lr»n»ptrent  uilMunrT*  Iske  muther  u^fearl, 
where  1*4  in»)e«ci-w  him  m  ttam  lo  mktOMojarwIly  hec  liritv 
Art  Wh  lately  wirpowo'  niiwre  in  ibeae  vnejlerftit  "gt*  inc 
c*i«i*inu  of  piece*  of  ptlkbrw  met  at,  in  whkh  ww  «»e  at  4r»t 
twain  g  iu  account  bit  the  «pb*r*M  nlay  «f  colour  apprrnuly 
penftotj  mi  fretn  them  like  Itihi  from  an  opal,  hat  which,  <«n 
ci-i"  •«i:I.Mi  i  l  j.  ■*,-(>»!  ,tiin  if. (.-,  vV.t»  hot*  v..  rnir.iw 
thai  ihrre  ate  from  (O  In  too  In  (he  thkltieM  uf  a  a*e  liimn 
ball,  and  all  *pwcn]  wilh  wuWcrful  ;eeriooet. 

Thi>  (j i  ilmg  k  ruutl  aa  defining  pawn- to  ataary  >u.tt  ]m»rfi> 
aa  wr  haw  ju*;  brrrri  bwking  at,  tral  it*  lijhl  dor*  not  \iiiw  welt 
Im  kiwi.  Vc«i  wtfl  uf,  howwirre,  that  iu  >p*clrwat 
itCrr*  anna  that  «f  the  re inn,  in  that  in  thk  cat*  i#e  rH  end  k 
«ttwoV4,  a*  compared  wvh  the  tiolrt.  ai»t  the  intkthle  vitia- 
ted; ktaparvird  •"'I  '  *°  ihat  ik*»  will  be  the  Ur*  nitav 
lor  ■  •*  ii«e  as  rapkeiiwttui  "dark  conliwra*  '*  «f  awvkitde 
heat  ftxibl  nta  only  m  tar  >e«c*rem  </  «h»  m,  tat  nf  the 
electric  light,  jr.  t  ««*  all  aoivWrw  bodies,  and  of  wW 
ctklraus  we  already  know  froni  I l'tv>.-'  in  t  Tyndllt 

Nhw  ww  rwinot  rrpmdaee  the  actual  wilix  »|rnlriim  on  tht 
ww*  withnat  ihe  will  N*elf,  Iwl  Wra  are  pho^raplu  uf  id. 
which  ihmw  puU  of  \Ur  V»«c>  the  <4r8tr*M  mfrna^  h»»r  wjAVtnl 
or  their  wwv  u>  w.  Wr  have  Srfere  m  (be  well  irown 
rrauenbt/rr  ItnrvHur,  ymi  remrmher,  nut  only  in  lS<*plr*i  <a 
Ihr  win'*  alanaphf-rr.  txil  al*n  M  alaofplkai  In  rur  warn.  We 
ha*«  brrn  n*r.|  in  think  nt  them  in  dinneiliun  with  then  cau«e, 
ima  being  ilac  to  ihe  alt*or|rtU*.  nf  itTat-nronr  in  l'ir  Mn, 
another  to  ihll  ur«mlce-ra|Knr  In  inw  mra  air.  *a»J  w>  fmtb: 
f«t  low  I  i%lc  yt»»  in  think  i.f  tkm  nnly  m  runnevtmn  with  the 
f«cl  thai  catn  i<  ilur  to  the  atnoq«r>n  of  %omv  put  11/  the 
nripnal  A^.l.'.  ar»l  thac  tollmitrly  they  trll  awarb  nf  the  ilo<r  •  f 
what  ha-  bapj^nH  to  thai  taulil  un  it>  way  ilown  to  «*,  Ob- 
aer»r.  for  iw  imr,  h  ajj  macs  thic>  rr  thry  lie  «  ihe  bine  e*>l 
thin  in  the  rrJ— aiuitlwr  er.ilrnoc  of  Ibe  tfteu  prof<oni>M*te 
lnw,aalb»blae  * 

If  are  wjM  reit»r«  all  ihe  t  -.t  lichl  m  lhr»r  Hbjjr,  *  .!i  ■  .■ ' ! 
let  Ikktk  rwnl>  lu  iV-  oraxina]  rjotnlilinn  of  tbaa^i  if  thr  T*ry 
funs/,  and,  mi  far  M  <nr  nwn  air  n  cxaremeil,  tfeul  la  wkrtl  we 
arr  tn  aarrnil  (be  niim.-nn  fur— eo  ver.  I7  p-.-sft;  up  tbroa^h 
tvarly  half  nf  [be  itaxMpbete,  what  Oif  rate  nf  k>*4  w  in  aan 
ray  by  MlurJ  trial ;  tlwn,  kaawinc  thiw  rate,  lo  tw  nbte  to  albiwr 
1  be  Ima  m  the  nlhrr  part  atill  above  the  eiouUrtin  lu^S  anil, 
bmlty,  by  rrermbinlnx  theae  ray*  ru  (el  the  tm*  ta  a  wtmle. 
Heaaenrfer,  bowearr,  always  Ikwl  Ihu  na-<l  imp  wlnni  |«n  ol 
Ihe  *oltr  enrntr  r»  in  iW  <brk  •iHrcreni  wU-h  wr  Ac  nci  tee. 
Itsl  which,  if  wr  nml  I  we,  wr  anitVI  prabihty  bnl  to  have 
rtamrrrnn  abwpllun  Hrjaaj  MUcuirettKWiliURlotV1  Vraurnhulrt 
Imevtot  whete  heat  hna  been  tluppeil  not  ruber  than  light.  Tu 
wtf  nui  mmrcb  llixran^U,  then.  v»t  oaylil  not  l*>  trim  In  the 
eye  onty.  ur  even  ibittly,  l«l  bare  »*ne  wty  nf  Invevicitwaf* 
Ihe  wrote  apectrm. ;  ibe  invawhle  in  whttb  (be  von  'a  tower 
chietfy  Eca,  n  well  at  the  viaiUe,  ami  *«lh  wilh  an  irtalliinaeni 
that  wnubl  iliarriminale  thr  mrr^y  in  ihrw  very  narruw  »pwect, 
like  an  eye  *o  are  in  the  rla'k  ;  an.1  if  »ra*tv»  pn<cn  do  *aib 
inttniiftent.  (beti  It  naty  be         «rj  tn  inwnt  *mw- 

Tb*  1inrwrthrrtruf>itc  i»  ne*-«-»t  to  it  i»f  any,  ami  we  all  if* 
kinrw  what  Ci»-.l  wnric  it  ban  <l.or.  till  even  tkjrt  h  o.  t  w>nwii«v 
ennivhto  iwinn  raj  ike  c^'n*  •(•ev'tum.  in  tome  p**1*  "( 
whith  tlie  beat  h  400  timea  weaker  than  aa  ihu  of  1  prWin,  ami 
we  want  lo  wraarree  ibu  Inytubae  Wat  an  vwrr  aatrruw  apaoev 
Socnrtbsa«  Wm  ikax  bn«  brew  provMnl  «utrw  Irr  Cain.  Almey** 
m«t  nliiLMe  tetciKhet,  bol  ihaaeatbl  IH4  •!  the  't™e  b«  luw 
.  n<;  KU  t  r  my  raniai,  ami  I  Ml  nearly  a  I  ear  hefore  nm:tu<\- 
iftl  the  rauunlaaa  in  wrrrnliatf  aftl  prrfc.liatf  the  new  »•» 
mcnl  Tor  Ma-nrine  leev.  wbKh  I  hi»r  catlol  ihr  "  t-ilonwtrr 
ur  ■  ny-aierrai'cr. '  The  prwiple  «aa  «ahw*  it  r*  UMtuSni  » 
ttir  umr  at  thwt  caaai-iyoi  by  my  late  MMM  frieml,  Sa*  Wa», 
Saeaaeti*.  fwr  mcuunw  trmiicratwie*  at  I  be  bottom  of  the  tea, 
whkh  i»  I  bat  3  tnwib-r  rlectrie  eurrcat  Ar»w«  ihra*uh  a  warm  wire 
thaw  through  a  coM  «ne. 
Owe  rreal  wMkwfcy  waa  to  aaoke  tin  c  n>N<sinf  ware  eery 


thin,  anJ  yet  contiauo>iit  ami  fur  lKi»  purpoMr  jln.nl 
eiprranraUA  woe  inaile.  aauing  olber  MifMik#<cet  pu 
harr»u  >orn  nlmiiuil  by  cbenucaJ  mtaaw  in  a  ftjle  ao  I 
It  trannauiiil  a  *<a>nwn  light  ihruagh  the  *  >li  1  vabat 
thr  airral.  Tbi«  prnting  tin*uit»M-,  I  beamed  |b«i  b) 
mllnlof  ettiaywelinary  tbtnaea*  in  a  contcit  of  thill  1 
aMne  r'.n/lnh  ar>t  A  me  man  (ron-iruiten,  arad.  pnuunww 
fuwatt  thlt  IS,oo>of  the  lion  |late*  Ihry  boil  mllr.l,  !«,■ 
Ibe  other,  *■  ol  I  mabe  trot  one  Knr.li.h  inch.  Here  b 
it,  rulletl  lei >•  eca  ihctanx  tc4b>  whirh  lama  unt  [>Ute> 
iraw-clail,  Inw  to  ibin  ikwi,  u  I  In  a;  ilmp,  ihr  ir  «i  plrju 
down  like  a  ilcwi  Wa£  Ort  nf  thit  Ibe  Am  boluaaeat 
miHr,  Mil  I  may  rural im  that  Ibe  coat  of  lbe-M  culler 
mrnla  wa«  met  fnim  a  Irgiry  by  the  (Luindcr  nf  the  Royt 
ralrai,  Cnamt  Itumfnnl,  The  wort  (•  eow  replnvl  by  n| 
tn  wire*  ee  raahet  tapes  froei  1  joo>  to  t-atxeamhnf 
tWk,  one  of  whkh  It  w^hlft  tbri.  r,,  ..  1,.  -  jj  n  all 
it-  'i::  rcuaf  fri  finer  tkm  a  hmn  hair,  I  wtU  peojet 
tbe  tercen-  pAaclftj;  a  c^wmiua  imifl  pin  !■->•'<  it  aa  a  t 
nf  o^ptrucei.  Thn  tntirm  it  rl*rr«1  la  lhc>  rlwoile  a 
ru-  ihr«a<l  k  n»  tcI  ht  elite  mkroaneter  acrcw,  Iry  wbir; 
be  **t  like  the  tpidtr  line  of  a  reticule ;  baa  Hy  eaeami 
cable,  ceauHxiing  it  to  ibe  frilvanumctrr.  thn  threwi 
thnft£h  *e««iiife.  tike  a  aer»c  Usl  bare  in  every  Imth 
brat  arad  eokL  It  it  then  a  aurt  uf  trnitent  *liltt|[:  what 
ten  a»  li^til  ti  fcrtt  a>  l«at.  and  wbai  the  eye  veet  ra»  a 
Itaaal  of  <brkne»>>  (ihr  Fraon»hnf<T  tinel lhl> feeitaaa  nan 
nf  etfii.  ao  that  wh«  mvrr.t  parallri  to  itself  3ml  lb* 
Imfrr  linm  itowtt  the  ■pectrtfti  ui  rrvltlcr*  their  (wewrocex 
It  ii  tree  we  can  nc  tWeac  In  &  aii  hie  *j<cirean, 
retnemlief  w«  ptop-jie  lo  eaUure  thr  aerri*ibk  al-:,  loci 
ihn  the  rink  la  the  aeattr  ai  the  light,  it  will  feel  alwutpt) 
i  1  ihr  aba  leil  which  mifht  rrnuio  otbeiwi*e  unknoMrtt, 
I  hj»«r  «pm  a  lung  time  in  thete  |nvlimmary  reaeart 
liwlirert  ra^thol*  IV  •Irtrrmmirxf  the  atraor|t|u>n  of  oq 
tpherr,  aai|  n»  exneneaeatt  aaal  oactdatkat  wb«:h  I  iln 
tall,  built  It  to  often  »api*>aerl  that  aOcMtfu  l*»ettaja 
Mirl  ul  hapi>y  tfuetung,  aaul  »>  trtlkw  it  rewll^il  of  Ibe  L- 
terparatiua  m»l  \>nnJ,  thai  I  hare  lew  Mtnwwhat  p 
in  ilrvrilitng  ihr  rwnttil  paru  uf  the  apt~amiu*  fint 
:  i..t.-'.  nr.-i  n  ■«  «    int.-i  y,>%  1 ihr         ,i  t' ,  , 

I  /*■  \  ..vrhnm*/.) 


THE  INSTiTVTtON  OF  MLCHA.XK, 

\  Vr.kV  intcrcJiry  »i»«Ti«*>rei  »n  the  menu  th< 
*»  antnnwtic  mii4iinr-g«n,  whicb  waaoWribe<l  in  I* 
eul.  Mil.  p,  414.  l'»ok  place  al  thr  *|«-eial  mteting  of  1' 
tutiim  btbl  <mi  tm  jcrh  ult.  la  reply  to  Mr.  CutUof 
thr  inwntut  etpklncl  ihn  ihr  rro.«|  «•[  the  gtm, 
atili*eil  tS>e  loulini;  anrl  firing,  -M  Out  intrtfriv  with  ihe 
.  .-  ierl  in-i  .  -j.--  I  I.- .  1,  i.„-  i  ■.  ■  t  *  11  i-  .  ,  .  1 . .  t 
waa  ata4e  in  faing  trum  the  vVniblir  as  wilb  t'ue  I  r.fte* 
ihe  energy  of  rre.wl  w  it  tnrbckm  in  curt  uo  iha  a 
icllon,  whelhrr  the  awick  of  thr  sun  *>a»clnale>l  or  0% 
A.  rti;ir  tt.l  keeping  the  bafiaj  t  «|,  he  fmanl  that  tb 
jacket  at  1111 1  Ihr  bu.ly  nf  thr  g«u  ^clH  |.,.i  rffr.i- 
rnwpiwilre  in  rtpl-t-lnw  HBMMiiajrw  |,tik  mM  tm?* 
hi.  put  it,  "be  il.  nl.l  birr  |>imncnrwer  in  r*iaa 
Ihinagall  hk  eipeneiewi*  be  M  uteu  only  Coeemn 
iialMrs  in>l  h*l  neeer  fuaaul  ■„  f n) ,  he  th-oighi 
lean  nlvint.^ge  il  cartrt\;e%  were  ptrket  in  tax-»  «( 
ealtium  cbbwt>k  ur  mhee  l>t<lr<-.  »pk  aulrnal,  ao  t 
auglil  ar»t  Ik-  A-jrr<(  >y  montarr. 

Ihr  p»n  feeipttnUy  fire-1  .luhrc  t**  tnettlnf 
iiitomalK  action  wa*  tboeouchly  ■howa,  ,tt  wrO  aa  «ta 
■•■  -l-iuger  tboold  a  cin.lK»  haay  |,«.  Mr  Maxi 
MM  mWmmmm  MOMOMh  tB$  grnci*!  fMhn  •  ..f  the 
aa.1  of  rbc  inert trq  Iwing  m  faa.Mi  U  the  K.in  Ivteag  I 
Iry  the  Mnlwli  GaWffBjajBM         IV^i-ftl  nml  Ur 

it  a.  their  ..  thai.  H  i|.«  nnawr  ehmaj 

iidd  fmmjm  *m  tv  Pr«iutrj  Wflt{t  Z  , 

m*M ,  wbentWi,  a*  m/fr  hate  a>  material  an  ell 
eamruip,  M  tt«  nrwUe-p*  ^  „  SailnwL  Mr.  Meal 
mtnMna;  w,.h  .  meet  crcrM  Crm  of  gun  of  hk  r. 
whkh  bro  *$mm  |Wh  weigbr  m  thJrate  of  IK 
tauwaie  ;  -  ihn  the  taring  t„  fcJ  U,  >Sw  wh 
anaaVdic.  the  muhaww^l  arrawfieaaewt,  at  no  appaa»k 

10  ■  Digitized  by  Google 


tae  nt>.  '  >•■  cW  '  I.. 
r  faring  nin»--in»tu>i  lu 
I  111  tall     latJ  tM  VWWM 

ithcAii^n,  mttountini; 
[ale. 

r.nlraet  ttf  lite  wol'U  of 
,«.tvcta...  Joint*.  There 

f  expc I  I  mcnl  *  r»f  M* Ml 

onilctt  (p.ti.eltc.l  nnd 
th*   te.an.ciiy   of  lKj» 

■  ml  •.ha-atlng  rB'^l- 
4l  ihe  ret  rMa  v.it  m»iiw 
Mfhnls  t.f  exi»*ri- 

U  fro...  lli«."  l-mnlore 
c>  liavr  ■»  lcn»«l/  OC 
in  extension  of  ■*-»  1 ' ' 
-   limit  M  elasticity  ol 

of  In  ultimate 
ea  wft»  rjaven  rt*  aAOHl 

t  cxprrimcntB  ft.e  the 
lmlc<  h»»  n  coital-ler- 
e>  inch  than  ino  »n"io 
■Vine  from  MM  nt.oot 
rivet  -.tool  «  ■»  .f/' 
f  ntcel  plat*  or  of  I  lie 
ancrly  thin!.',  in 
.1  I.,  Il.l-  iH.lnt.  «T  "J 
.f  the  rivel  hen.il-  tWMJ 
■  ennll.  "f  "»•  j''*",-  "1 
;  „„  lncte.>c  of  .»;-•'". 
an  J  eml.  inc.ca-e.l  I  lie 
.".i..nul  »li.  »«'l'.'^'V" 
tat   V"?  a'i.'nt 

;r   «h..n    tm  <">> 

■itwd  try  •*!•  "  ' 

/t*.  i — 

the  t.VCt  tli..  ,.„!,. 

yaula  «••"  '-'   .....   .1  ' 

.lie   nici'l.  nf 

Eft  h...  «»_5ESS  K 


utilrft  aa 
inine  Material  uf  nr.- 


"I'licie  b  an  taMnrtMl  puiiil  lo  "HiHi  w» 
on    a   future  oc<au«mt  «n.  lha  pr.ilulen  ra 
jncrviiM;  uf  tcnnile  Mr*.ifith  in  It* 
foratr.1  jualr.  may  I*  'lor. 

'I  In*  rrcxlili'iil,  »1  lor  ooclu>*aa.  of  aa  awrrriuno  ilnruuioa. 
tcfcr.e.I  i  »  llw  ci.iaui.uimx*  tint  Ihe  |«|«r  »i>  aa  abalrart  of 
llttcc  year.*  aorV.,  tlir  c.pcfuorol.  IminjC  Iter*  curat  no  hy 
|*f.»r.  K<  >'y  Irtv  uf  i  lit-i.-r  lo  the  lri«tll>iliu«it  aka.1  tm 
maletuil  .up  •fle«l  aat  iHc  mikIc  tif  oiv|>«iiii£  *  I  -  ■  >  j. »  .  -  jninlt 
te^l.if  Ka4  licett  peffortoc.1  it  jihaMeiMt. 

Tin-  main  letloie  la  c*iatictli:a  aith  IW  lll.xaune  Mill 
.le-<nl>cH  liy  Mr.  C  If  II.Jlu.1,  of  IMi.  Vak,  •  raprf 
rleociilMni*  ahitli  vii.  l<ol,  an.  ihr  apiilicalioo  uf  hyoruilu; 
p  iwrt  l«>  oil  (Ur  mjtk  icflonitcl,  .<■.,■■  Out  of  arttally onrlne 
llio  r*»ll«. 


OlftYSHSiTY  AttO  EDUCATIONAL 
/xrALUCA.VCS 
Oxrotl.-  On  Tiuulnr  U*t  .a  etlort  a»«  iwiil.  lo  rellrvc 
I  lunovl  men  in  the  non-tla»-»t»l  IU.I  •tttnert  froat  Ihe  aTltfTgll| 
entail.il  ty  ilie  l^e-tw  Oa.uea|  MorliTatlota  Ciuo.lt 

ItauaartM  f.irwarj  0  tafctaai  .nl<-!ll«<lt<x  •  l*tH»nin»;  II.,i..m 
Kanmin^lioa  in  ejcli  llun.no  S:li™«  la  lien  or  -  l\u»  M-J.  " 
TLTii'lcr  thi.  vheinc  Ihe  .loily  of  Ihe  tU.uotl  liocoarx.  ootid 
nr*l  Ik'  rr<|UlieH  of  art)  rornlwit'a  tW  lloooufi  In  Nolinal  S.-irnec 
nr  Mn'uemallt.  taatl  hr  li>«  ra-«'l  'he  MUj  Kr.|K.tou.io  or 
• 1  Siu  ill.  ■  "  »ho.  tin  r.lM  anoll      gi.ro  lo  Ihe  uoily  of 

il,,  .ul.inu  elniaer  for  il"  twt  "*ool..  Uaauiunucl):  foi  Ihe 
..■.•a.o.c.  the  ,,te.inl*.-milab  <-  Cjaul  elur«lti  euauianl 
oneerlaife  trtttl»*lo  MjltlMWtgtttatt.  trui.l.lb.cataaaaai 
.nallKmnllcal  ela..  ■Hiw.foot.  t-1  lllrruy  ..o..,oj|h.  ,.e«tabl. 
"  th.n-f-i-e  o|«.»e>l  hy  tnony  »hn  a|i|ionra  uf  it.  ceatnl 
Hoi!,  .  1^.1  J<-"i..(  an  aaaartanll!  of  .u.«~.n;  c  «aealmC  Ihr 

l-..  liu.iruty  l..unin..lt.o.-  I.,  le  latnolo.r.1  Inio  .id  Faculty. 

I  ...  ...eaafhlf.  ..fl"  »  >"«C  .IrUlle.  .»  !.-<  oa  .  *•»•<"  ■» 

,  .         .,nl»     -■  v..iin<  (-  il  tail  }l  ar.inrl.    No  cVxiht  a 


To  111.-  noailirt  uf  ,h,9(w.«.i/  «'  e-.VJ.tf".  MiirhM..  K. 
.,    '".     ',|     .„!,.)  In  UI..-II  .-..-I  I  ".v.  -  «  'I  -.wo,*. 

"    „Sl  \  I  lit.aain.a-.  in  .hiri.  be  ti.k»  «  t.,t»^ 

1  T,  o  Ih  (O..e.|..0.hoi|  uin.  o.  Ihr  l.o  olJe.  iha*  lUi 

,,<y  l^.^ii  IK  >       I  „         kal  aaulw  aul 

„,.|..-...i  My  J ^  „„,  j,,,  w,.ih..«..oS.oiil.  o>  Ihr  fcieoof 
V''      I  .  Jauln  »trl  ohl.t.  It  J<ll«a.l.aw.  aol  I.  hare  l»e 

.....in.  -ailhamif la fara  m.l  "a Wataaaarawa «aM 

.UKa.ll.  .  J|»  H„  nor.U-1  l  v  Aattl  U.   I    llk-l  (tan 

Ihe  l"*  "'  ' •  "L'.a,!,,  on  iVi  roalitoii-t  piooa 4ML  »tio\  ae 
a  ■>;«••<•  "'•■^■VhT.r,. hoKllo  foJlliu  a  au.r..||«|.aell«lo 
|,,,.|.  I.i  |-tv»»il  II""'1- "  b,  |,  u  „„|  |,|a.„..  .«,a_s. 

..  *****  P  5SS.ZI  -vt.  ^.,..1.-1. 

attra*.  ""' V     ,  ,„'.-.  ih.ic  »  m  ttWai  i«..  i..u.'...  iel»" 

"il  ho.,'.  '».T,<i.'r  "I  «<.t  '»  '■''"T' 

l-llt  «au.l  W'*-1^,  (.fcaSeaol  l  lujai  "he  1-al.a.y  U 
„„.  lull.  u.~  it-  •   »    1    „l  111'  '-(~"»t 

nwiuth  I;      "  I  .„r.M»"  1  i»  "»«e  l*M; 

I.)    Ih.'  •).    ''■      T,T„*  ana'L.  .M~.lt*!  t.to.Ur  m«fSt 

,.|.«   ..I.  Il'"'-    l"'_-0'*'  ? 


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.  |,a.  .''-,0.,,1.r...i~Vc1', 

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hum 

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wndk*  t-|  •  ninW-ft  *>f  witvcrila. 

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a  — —  ■  2|  th>-  e...rtiunl».  aa.l  Wl  lark  at  a 

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ra|Jo  alule  »    I.    (     „,  iUK|,ilMiM»  lo  h^al  flmaa. 
„«»!<"  t™  "'  "  ' 


Ml  ..aoonH'O  •! 
,  A.ul  lU   '  "** 


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llv  .im.Ua  iwln.f.  infmnf  Inaaau  |„  j  Jt,  („,, 

labtea,  M  Ian  a.  anaam  anaoaea  of  ^rtWctw!  I  SS&  fftff  "  4  "  "  «■>  •»•«'«.  b£, 

•III  It  bm.  cr  .ma*,  mnki  aa  li  .  «v„  rna  .« 
«.n  that  prr.  Ihr  nutiul  C.M.F.  „,  tb  „  ,mJ 

"  ••»   .'  -•  a:,  m,  .1.  ...„iuil  .at.iiaj  ,, 


taaitue.  <if 

tne  P»««.  and  a.  tb  rlnai  irauli'af  .1  .Imn  ibi 
nadaalaon  in  'he  nt^inal  ilinKU.n,  Mad  /I  Ihit  in  tile  ..jfiajtc. 

fl-  »•» 

it  m  And  a  ore  laaa^ 

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nirwtl  M.   Tb  •,'.,'«.  .I»  ».<  (aalaj 

rTT  n  IJiTi  fnlH  lilnnnm „„».'„.„": 
.lytun...  ;  h«  if         „f  ,b  (un^uwjreuCi^  ati 

»  p.»  effaclan..  h>  ;l„  „*aal  „|„,  nf  ,  ,^  .  ^  ™ 
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per  !b  mail**  ,,f  tdaaaa  in  IL  On  >  ta..tK«;lm.iTaam:  lelrwiane, 
hy  lord  Kt>l..,;li     I  hi.  ii  ,,  „„J  at  .,,,,,„  .<  MAtnxIl'.  «owr- 

•  till  In  lUfno-nf.oanniUittj  !«•,.«  !„„„;  „  VMCJ^,  '   '   ■  •• 

f*  !'n>.  »  r«'^  <•■!  «n<»l«i  tin.  lir  «liUh  K  l>  loniclil  lo  s 
■"5"  •  l'""  '"rfntf  In  »nn.»  n  a  n»^jl,|,  £  iW  „. 
Irli«  iJKnl  I.-L..I  »|,kIi  icnivr.  l^ln  ■fMAMlfa  nxfln- 

■n*    If.  in  »41  j«.  >  Ltn<  l«  i'W^I  ,,m  Uhinil  llic  «r.l 
■  ■  <o  ('nag  >iaur  dkiiii  U1(ct  into  fcmii  v  >  i...,imn« 
■liuanN  fan*  llic  .).,  ihn  o^ccl  wJI  he  xrn  hr  the  IiKhl  ihal 

•  onl  1  tnln  lh>  w  llit  wjnj.lt  osluitt-tov  Ttm  uilttir 
tnlol  lh.  ux  ,.l  itj,  .Inmi  I.,  ftaipur  licU<  rf  .lllltttlil 
tofcntn,  ml  baled  .1  iSt  po-tiMlii,  of  lha.riu:  •■•«  otJotn 
lintarth  II. r  mtdlb  ttf  lb  ■(■etiiita  tl  »S  .  \  lick  unrb  l»t 
CMputd  lot  ittmticnl  luiipttoTv -On  lb  Mil  rtvnlalkn  U  the 
gjggj  Jr»"».  f  l*~f  A.  W.  Koike,  ff  f  ttinnin 
ibe  cwrt»tn  tit  tltcii-.oittiivf  force  in  ib  cilttnal  tiitutl  .if  eilhf* 
Mm  of  etnpeaind  .Iranian,  n  It  jtttn  l7  .on  of  in  tqauMl 
'o  I  lie  kein 

'  Ait  jVjV 


""""™  "I  IbiKi...  muSZm 

■  bttnnnielei  It,  .,  vl,inc  ,w  o,.lrTnK11  i.  ,„  ^  , 
»l  team  la  «a1t-t  »l.n  teaieirrartl  t>  tie  cilrnt  tm 
Ibmial  eaprnmten      The  .prtiltt  gririly  ./  tb  ..l, 
t~tc.n,  bine  V»-"en,  lb  il~.W.  i„et«rat,l 
revllly  nlnilueaV,  oiad  n.ntM)t«1ill»  ibe  llantatl  laimcl 
NbaMMUf  «k«*  Ullllll  a  «»n,         i   I.  t. 

'■fJW  yf  %i*tkitS!h*,9  *."'  ■. 

I  r»i  11,7*1 'i 
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inrf.  iai)  < 


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■  >■(  i«<lr-rTt> 'fill  *4  llir  i  •  -ft  tit,  rv-t.  i  - 

ilir  ronitocl.viljr  ut  tlx  MtHWM  "f  tt^.ti.  m*t 
tiliotti.  Krimlinc  m  «  »t MBMH  ifcr  I".  M  F.,  m  ninrv.  -IV 

«  pi rl»  <■(  ifce  mtavhlnr.  If  w  avwl  m  up  if-*[»a.li*»;ly  Ihc 
lan^VM  *M  tRMtlnt  rtfun  t(  i  Ixlwfrn  whkh  wll  frjulttl. «  1. 
»mif  i|  a),  ihn*  p  -  ut  nmj  It*  a  lint  llir  rvM^r  ../  n,r)  y,^.. 
•V  ■  »hiift  iiKTiMfxiibri  ||i  |h>  rt*j-i»orr  aifMM  frri|i>miff  md 
Buy  br  rallfit  iht  WfMd  '  •  <f  *  m«1  Wituwol  l»y  {.  Htr 
uvrniiin,  ftflurtw-j  ^  nf  ihc  wfchit*  a  owwircnl  *.  iitt  .<!  iml  ( 

.t  tf*  t«  the  ni'wd  F.M.F. 
-nl  M  #  tw  sbc  ci'tnul  <mr«nl. 
Il  d«  Ctttjt       .iKMrttthsl  thr  fn»di.*  •>  K.H»n  rritiral 
*M  llut       dwIih  nf  *,  r nm-f>  >rvln«;  to  uK  nf  lht««.  i»  acocMw 
«nlr  nnfiflwe,  vnlr-n  nne  cA  lh(  itvjarwcj  *fnkU  b  ».»wia»l  w  u 
to  linn  h  iW  MfuiliiiMi     Vnrwi*  a»t»  ut  IMUmI 
<J'"«f>M"TT<  io  >li>Wtmt  rrlaiMtcw  twutf  the  m«p»it»Jc»  ••f  lW 
^,  *V.      tuitl  C.    The  f.iUoirrttjt  ladinMiac*.  «t  the 
•r'Sirf  nf  tit^mwrl  m»  ...Hv*.     If  4.  /■'•  I  -  ^Hs'O,  f»  «• 
f.  dir.  for  kit  ,Hwn>  t.Ipe,      . ,  i-..l  iIht  cruintJ  s»lw  o«f  # 


I  if  sir.  i»it»t>.i,  4ih|  !lic  laim  ?«(4nu«|  | 
who  itun  il*r  fuiunir*  tflMM  „f  in* 

jihtr  M  >v»  jngW  tsf  45*. 

<«m«  »<re  rent :  -A  Crnrrfc3  wrtim.,,rihr  r 2 
i:™1   ,llK"''''«'i-'»inni««il.i|i(- 


lUlhi 

ntilJi 


^»»»  ™.,  v  m....m,k  mm<f  .-.ninniti  u  il,  \i,|,ii 
L-.»«r  «raii  .*  ihc  |^„|„        M  ^  ! 

iw  .«f«  f\imu,«  *  <tDr  IO  SSimStSm 


•♦"tn+ak'U- 

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v.iti...<;wi<,i,v.  gn^y^*!*** 

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p-urralwloa  .»  ro,„„tl<<J      ,      Jg *  . '* ■  * 

ta.  11.au.  n  lo  tb  Lottnoa  tlaj  «*ai».  „ 


"•*"  'b  dantoUaoa  .J  iht  Itajiba  «Ka».  Ibaaa 


aba  aan_.lhea^ 

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nnrth)     It  it.-*  Nincc 
'urnminifcm    #>f  ihc 
Cominuiiicntc<l  lay 

— ^fr.K.ll.  Ituntt. 

Of    W.iLcr  Supply, 
coii^iilr ml  i  •  »n    t lie 
xlrcam^,  i»i>.  I  t  I  vcr», 
l-lwcl     in  c«lllivnto<l 
r»e    rlrrt  vv         t  1    , .  1  .    t  In- 
peon    Ihnl    tin  yr,u< 

ft^  have  \«cn  |*«-ric»1-> 

the  vmmtn  1S17,  isjs, 
1H66.  1B7J.  i«77- 
v  MA  lhrr«'  lii»«*.  heen 
r  wn<  very  l«iw  in 
id  uf  the  ycui  it  w .1  - 
w  i*  t  «• r  Iiai  l»«*«*n  **f 
>i  nil  «»x  t«»t  in$j  rcrnul" 
iapi»ly  «>f  ihi%  country. 

bv-cn  fttorcnl  «>■  •» 
»■«  confirmalot  y  of 
|m  i  i.nl-,  wlirti  llitTf  I* 
mmt  limne»l  i.»t  y  f*  »l  - 
(iter.  Willi  relcrenca 
t  (ruin  I  lie  rtn  >*  •  I  - 
'hi  If*  vtlilin  -In  |1-«».l- 

befahi       whfcxift  flood* 

■■I  l*y  liver  1  in  j>rr»  ves  - 
ltuoil»  curt  l*e  K««t  ri«  I 
10  *n,i»n\ily  »if  wulei « 
1  «h«,*c  nr.!  iit  prtUECfat 
>l<en»»tt  *'f  C*OMtn»ltt<M 
r«»»«  Fell,  I  ."mill  ad  J.un  I. 
vr  in«*-rU-il  in  tin-  ■  '•  •  « 
veil  a  nuutliri  1  ■•<»! 
Mm  m in. 1      Willi  tin 

■nelciituln^i  * 

it  lifciMntf.  'ill  l,,,> 

ivc«t  lmv<  Im-i-ii  c-lt  r  «•»*■_' ' 
ICC-»|»\  tXimilWI*'<TT  *'■* 
cnlft  with  nil  0%  1  in  r  WW  " 
thnt  tiim-  m*if»*  «■•»-" 
MOMMOVNi  it.-n  i'»n*  in  1 1  ■  ■  ■ 
Meteof.i|..j;i.  nl  Ho*  i«  t  >■ . 
i«l  wire  MCnrtlt  I  n  •  1 
1  li.-pi.ny  l^'"'r. 
Mr*  rxtiinhmiil  I 
een  thfir,  nlu  in-vi.-r   1 *  > *■ 

Marty  wiml,  n-»t  ■•!»(>■ 

mtirir  c»mi»l-\.      A  X     '*>*'  . 
with  ih*-  r.i»:nl>   *»H»'I«  J 
■  |ulry  with  rcj;-*inl         *'•*■*  j 
.were  IIMI  ■Li|UHJlt,iy  a?»« 
twit,  to  UieVriibef  ,l>* 
wiml    iu*iiUtc<l  I      l,*r  j 

IMmh   iwiw  *v  i 

,i.  t  in  .  •  in  wl.n-li  ,l" 

of  »u(in  ii  m  initially 

on  »Wmcl  tl.  '  »:  ' 

r*.ncraKy  i-n.inly 
AJli  matt*  wlirni-vor  l?i«J 

the  tawirj-  Km  nut  »■ 

•Ufl  ifl  fill*  *ii-<«.  ,r 
re,  V»  nil  iM*B*W"»"  • 

.  ■ 

he  .lor  l-»        «--"'  .^""V1 

it  ranmi  pM-IMy  »»*  "» 

luwiun  i  bill  it  ptM«W  "J 

ahMiLiU-  *i;f«efl«*"«* 
nlt.li  the  <l>thrr*nt   li  v^i"" 
ntln^  iM-Url»  wimN  '»*•»>. 
■liter  ..f  no  tfie  hw«w  w'" 

.  i  w\      •  ■  '»  •*»**/  **■ 
iiwy  Ih:  ********  trtU- 


niHTted  with  id*  iihenonu'nnn. 


of  Ih.  ««n™e  orth-  W«  .tafllT  (.,!„  ,Zm 

well      <li«  ..I  ike  ,1„  ,„„Jlt  w.hc^L  h 

A»  vool.  »  ■  »  ui*tk-,ll  M.l«<r  of  lh«c  J.„,4ui,0,  ,„r  ,  '„ 

r*»tj 

Ac.rl.mjr  of  ScifflCem.  April  r7  ~-M-  B«ilry,  frnUfBt,  in 
iho  ch.in.  -  I.Kprrirnciit.iJ  rr-cMTftan.  rr^rfnydi  AtUrit  nf  jit 
erpvlefUC  .li  iixlrr  «vol#«(  hj  U»r  clrrtr-UKhO  of  the  eints- 
ui-Xur  regii*i>  «l  tW  l*»in  iwoperly  •«  rallnl ,  (at  rW  ilmvirm 
aflcr  Ocatli  <4  tW  r«»  It^Jltj  to  |>r.*Am4  in  tia  hnin.  u  M 

Vulpmn       rV  ma  I^r-.i  «f  r*[-n.t-t,:..  mi.fr  kL»rrli 

•>n   i*«V  n  to  c  ntinit  die  cbclir^n  ilrt*^  srninl  M  j»| 
C<*mmiinitf»ir*f  by  dM  MttMl  in  >  pwilUI  (uprr,  thir  t,\e  rixy 
ci>rtic.il  «wl»^nn<~cuf  the  <t-retirtil  n{wi<  kntma aa  iikmc  cealrei 
«h»e>  mil  jrfjr  the  liffUj.tfi^lilr  \nn  Kklinln  inpp^l  in  tV- 
pr,.lui  ||M  i ■! e|>ilit<ii  nlt«itn«Mnl  I.,  t  ■■■,!,.,.„   .  ,v,  .. 
rcjjuKiv.   TIh- mKc'L-iuc  i>  aJ^>cunbmi>  r  tt<u  imm^t  llirli^Wr 
mainmnh  un  In  K>*raai!     m  lii>n>  •Ut<ttt**ii  iaHtamtfSSm 
|r»w«  Hi  rac-jifiUtlilr  »•  •»«  *•  tin-  dlMbl(M  fiB^mty 
ee.wil  i»  »Sr  r»rn -cimir*.  — Vrlmli  '  .-.  v^»o-I,  <it>^i,r(|,  f»,j 
t^hiiUi-l  at  iIm-  CH*^nalr»y      Marwtlfo,  by  M,  I'.  Stnthtn. 
— .Rc-nh*  t<4  til*'  l««irv  n»«nilj  UHilnl  *'tl  at  Kuifi),  m  tlir 
t.atittnl'  lothfcr  V*U*y.  tiniU,  tn  nmiI  tm  r>«jl,  l.y  M.  Cnnil'- 
Kuit  .      "1      .    I  *  r lnj>*    ntiil         t  ittiiim  1 1 r   <*mtuwm,  tl 
ta*a<iy   Am  ml    ill   i>n    iidn    Ri'unrK   ih*r  m,  ■.  ....t;.  \  , 
C«n*l*    hclitrrrt  tilt.-    Eli  li"i«-  MMl  Gtmi  r  p^hgftal 

«yocm%  nnil  a*  tlir  fi-itm-r  ittr  «tirjtif>n,,ri)|<ty  ihr  nfiltr,  rl», * 
IIIM«1,  in  Ihr  n*«*aul   atitr.  nrirvanh)  wlrittr  tlir  lm|*<r.  Rc- 
th.>  utMl-m  r«lwn-ti  tl»r  ]-h,„  ranJH  far-rnml  !<«  the 
rcrcetK  C*lttl  |U  lL  •  ill  An. Liu. ii.  airl  iht  J\\*^«kj|  oxi.'Uhi,,,, 
ftf  I'      tegmtt  riinii«i'H  i'ii>.*s  ItV  'it.  ■  «|  >li*\mtam.r.  (>}  M. 
Ktiu.jitv.  —  KriiktiL^  mi  in  la-iruniint  •inil»Hitu  in  tA*  vs'iui. 
hy  mrstii  nf  laliitN  a*cf- »  mijt«T.i|  nn  'l»r  Inrir  u  Ik 
'   *    M    \  .»  ...     \  fr.«  iW  wltala. 
■Ill  pluH.l\  fi-.:i  thr.tstjtr'rK<lpr* 
■•  tl  t:-tt|iq  rhr  mtwi  V  lean,  in 
..II.       '  ,■ 

»     i  V/  t  o"  ty< 

uml./Ziiw  ••4i»lii<«1i.  In  nu-lr 
jf.tr  thr  |i»*nntu«l< -il  I*.  »m  — '  U  au  at.  ml  1 1  Acttirr       tf  llw 
I    i.LitM  I  tjf*.   Ii'l».«*l  li  -»        Mt.»*rr«iiia*  ai-rt.  ,.v  Xlaarh  q  »t 
Mai'itMi-ii  \  warn,  mi  l  liii«<*l^«f,       M<ir«:4  iH  Mji.,j:,. 
I  ««•!  Wiml.  tni  Mauli  Jt  if  lUilm,  an  I  tm  A|.ttf  q  u  Mm 
«K(lh-*.  by  M-  Aaai^tt  —  On  J  joHMMlhw  in  itw  lAnur  nf  ii*< 

t  BtMtm  m"  "I   t'tr  .'M  MM   |t  npiMlf  — I  .li.wl  jn  1  miiiU 

.1.  Mt.m-erali  tii  nf  M.  <U-  \  P»nM«al  i-giolliu:  f^jntil't 

1  "  lK-i|»"»Hi<»lie  '  miTr.  \pf  M.  A.  •(<  HilW  Striata**.—  \«ar  ia>  4 
/  t . i .  ' '  *if  ir;»liritiL'  "Iwtt'l  "f  *lefiaa  *urtar*,  hf  M  v 
I  |  ri;i,tc'.  — A.y»»ii'oJn"»lii-'",,ii*,l  r»|i  nUr  tru\t,irw  Wiiv^l  wl 
'  tllnniUialrtiL*  f!A-.  tf  M  A.  W  »r  Mr.»Ti}-*on  — *  ..Jn 
Ojrnn.l.  to*  -f*ill*rif  *'  l»>«n'i|»*'  Milt."  "Iwanl  Mil*rnia-wl)  to 

ih.  KnltaiM  ctti(i"n  m  m$ft94,mt       i»y  si  r.  ,\. 

1'Mfi'l  -  K#»«--*rvlicn*l  tht'|ihn'|-Jia.'  '•  •  «  na.lln»l  nf  r«|.ri»aauttf 
,tt  i.lcatiiro  a  l**K«  »Wa)t' •»!  nj.ti*rwil  rWi-niilul.  .  .inJ  tniaV*, 
bw  M    II   |i.  thfiwilan  ti  ■•'  i>*l*r  Jtlatf  (ac  ^r». 

«fmu..i!  ni.t*..n.i.U  «-  A   W-i".    I'ta  .4 
tult-f  i»  '••  llrttMAM  ini  mill"*!  noWafa  ualir  mfiuh 
titivJ  tWcklea***"-  «lcj»«tl-*      nilt*li-*  in  rrriam  rru- 

am*  ili«  mummm  **  •wlnta'*  ■**  •<•»'•'*  a»l .»»  a 

fo«>  t.   t-r  M-         Alaif  —  On  ittr  .fn,|,w. 
idhiaatfir       n*  *"ov  w*  lu  n*a»i«>uiaia-.  l  y 
it  kirin  ami  I  Mural. -on  iKr  vh-aiual  uai«tiMiiua  U 
,         |.y  AIM  n.  i/abael*         I^BOfjW  --^-'ii-  -*  Ittr 

i  v.!wi7.r  iiitiit-i"" -«•' '     *    M  " L  "'  ,**",'»'«*,'*».i 

r  SSS  -»•'  »TJW*aa.-i*  t^Cff:?  «*" 

rfa%-h7W|W«a«Maa«  a^nJlwa  ami  htr^m»H  fc^, 

ri^Tiii  ass 


•  Itfri  lly  aar.i-irr-l.  hy  M 
thma  m»  h  in-lr-jpniUiietlw  i 
t  aLcbi  i-r  ill.  fii-iinV  LVaaaai 
t«74.        **-  '  "*i\lit.     1 1 
rli«Lr-<l.  »n> I  IM  Jdwlw  MM 

a  -  |  M 
wlicar-  *  1*  liar  «wlif  |mmW» 


I  hi 

wtie  |» 
i.  .  ..I  t.  ,■ 

Ui.lC    aull'lf"  1 

,,1,,-IH    .(    '■    '»■  ■ 

MM,  ' 


I II  It  ' 

.nf  I* 


I  wilA 


i  ami  h)|»racmiH  akaK' 


Google 


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NA  TV  RE 


cholera,  and  cuhi  valrd  is  jwjrnatvil  r*l»i  nv,  liy  U.  Hiirhrum- 
uIim.  rtapennwnlt  mailr  by  Ihr  anther  on  hin*w4f  and  -vi  •(•; 
giiiwi- tend  t.»  «hrfw  i  Lit  the*?  preparations  when  awnlloaed 
H  injected  in  arrull  drwes  reodgre  on  imrVd  *f  mptnaa.  tMUvtQh 
I»rgf  iiwi  may  prr  n«*  n>  n>we  or  lest  womj.  IdcjI  m4hmu- 
imn.  H«  infrr*  iLat  the  ptrtr  tocroil  dtwitder*  courted  In 
MnNtkim  Mf  dne,  nor  to  the  dcttfupwr:**  uf  tlx  niimiv 
fere**,  tut  lo  (he  feeaence  of  4  wrdal  Mitmzame  not  yet  deirr- 
■inr<1  i  farther,  that  in  il»  normal  tlatr  the  btoud  uf  man  ami 
•Cher  animal*  »  drttrurtm  lu  the  rJrdcnuc  mUre***  artificially 
prepared  In  (elaliae. 

Ileau* 

Physiological  Sat, .17.  March  I?.  —  Prof.  Uwald  H«ike  "n 
ihe  nenmur  nClmir  acid  in  lu  ran  tiaUrk:  juice*,  wrack  wii 
nnw  unrttvialrr  recanted  fct  a  pa*l*  fcemiluin,  i>.  a  pra- 

dart  of  i#r««-Mirtf  i.k.(^o  whkh  iliil  nul  uhlai*  aatdrr anraiaJ 
rawjrlitkau.  In  cuwcctfirry  villi  that  i^uaumhr  bad,  m  a  dnwr 
fcmtfiffMloa*  (lca.lt  dnuninttt]  I  he  abwaacv  «f  lactic  and. 
cren  afire  anltk  had  twea  uartaeeiv  On  lhe  eb?r  htnd,  be  had 
repa-artf  found  h)\ln«.U>oric  acid  in  the  c*<tr<  rcce.  T*o 
case*  <*  hyueik  mwin;,  which  hid  roue  under  aV*  o4V 
Krncioa  In  Ihe  tarSrnury,  milaced  hiM  lu  vewime  title  tV 
•CaHfJIIIrHl,  one  tff  Ihr  ia.r*  MpetiaHy  itivitinf  in  jairy. 

The  ftuia.V  paiknl  warn  abac  tu  retain  «  her  tlornarh  and 
•unaaJly  djyrit  aoiut  fool,  but  vrkarm  the  twatk>a*ed 
aayiswi;  rinit  the  »Wf  oxilmu  of  the  (Much  «ae  «l  nice 
vr*mlrd.  <  ij/p-eiunity  »i>,  ihrrrfonr,  acre  oaVrc-1  tt  any  law 
in  raaaainr  ihe  (OMcnlt  uf  the  uoiuach  iftet  fowl  hail  btva 
f*crirc>l.  IW.  Ewaid  aarwtkrtrd  Ike  dufcreca  ihratical  rrae-  ' 
tan*  by  newt  of  m  Inch  the  reetcntc  uTlaclac  ac.l  mirhi  br  tiwiry 
iMccied  at  ihe  iraatrir  /*.<*.  a»J  acannc  'b*m  be  deemed  car* 
boltc  auil  and  chtnti'le  *4  (ton  tU  ■««  iroMar-eihy,  lie  tlnn 
!'  ■■■>---  I  Ihe  *«j»"i«rjcnl»  h<  h».|  cirncJ  «M  oei  Ike  frnalc 
ptimn  al.»v«  |Mn|  ha,  whirh  hi. I  twlfol  ihe  I.t.rwm-  rr 
■uht  1— After  a  1  oral  t..i  teenl,  vefrubles  ami 
ladic  acrf  »b  6innl  ni  feni  wi|  „!  )l  ia  thr  coW«nt<  of  ihr 
rlunwh  III  DM  *\atv  <4  |o  to  100  ninuln  aflrr  thr  rtcenaim  of 
the  fuMl  t  in  5  our*,  h  w-wr.  nut  ull  1  ao  mii«i«i  of  mote  aftct 
thai  ptWat  of  9m  Mr^rxJwWic  aciil  an  i^rnl  M  the  cjti- 
■mu  of  ihe  w-xnuh  -mly  in  thr  *«u»l  Ikmt  an.1  Uitr.  .ift<r 
the  lactic  »c*l  lu  l  di^^irel  Oel  uf  X,  ow.  in  uhi.h 
whHe  bt«4  w*>  alum*  wir*.  lactic  atiJ  waa  4rnvni|r Me«l  in 
17  ca>«,  <wvrrt{  in  10  tu  j.n  mma(<«  fmm  the  tiBte  of  aUlOf. 
Out  of  |j  ca»c*  m  wUkU  omiWI  nltnMira  «m  odtane* •  t crcd. 
tactic  aot  mi  iwin4  only  in  vac  cue,  ««hm  one  and- 
a-half  1.  ■  ■  .  torn  llu  tio«  .  /  k»  hriav  lakon  t  trade, 
0*  "  uhal«Aci»ck  "  iHtl|wl  ntw  nul  |  Iwing  ailminHrcfnl, 
laflk  Kid  Uuim  jywj  dcaum-i rahlr  ;  in  the  rnt«nlly  of  1*0 
in  to  tn  lou  mirNtet'  tlian.  Trom  |ie»e  r>|«nm<-Xt  a!  ■*  j*  l<* 
to  inhrr^I  thai  Uclic  MM  eccmeri  n<imull>  lu  m\  tnnlratt  %>t 
ibe  (tonexh.  naawly,  in  Ihe  ftfU  ncriiai  of  ili^litm  I*  wot, 
huwertt,  in  ihr  (fuiun  uf  IW.  V;»jll,  no  rt  ntnl  rraMtatvml 
e4,lhc|*a*lnc  ajree.  but  in  threat  nf  a  eutnl  arxt  «ent  >M 
■ir^inuetl  in  ilw  Lamit  lornc  a<hl  nkune't  fint  the  «ne*l  nnJ. 
in  t*e  taw  ul  white  Imk»«|  tikvK  fttim  ihr  frrrnentAihin  uf 
the  itattlt.  1  *%  -ilhDn>ck  hcliuj;  lukcn,  UclK  ml  wat,  o-t-  • 
fine,  ant  foaml,  Ivciuw;  it  uctntml  in  the  UceniiA  uah  when 
at  wm  intrwfiwnl  w|lA  Ihe  fo^l—  la  Uic  nuc  uf  ncM.  tx  et • 
amplr— «ir  wh«n  It  11  *t  ti-  «n  a  fcinirnlnr  alnacM.  With  icttt- 
rnro  lo  ihr    l  ■  .- - .  uf  the  laclk  acM,  (lw  *ncalteT  aih»r«nl 

the  WW  tif  |>«f.  H. if ,  |h*i  «  <n.  <m\<l'j nl  toward*  the  furaaa 
tii«  of  the  frte  hyttr  ^ilotM;  arid  afltrwird*  a^^varatj  in,  thr 
glflfK  Juke.  I>i.  ]lla>cauiD  rryurtrd  mov  uh<«rralwm  hr  hid 
Mate  uu  tctiUlatiK  ■:'  |  r  -  . -nr  -  In  -In  cw*  of  inY**li(;itkv.> 
sar.o  the  <Vm:kw«nmt  nl  thr  Haap  hi-  ha,*  i:«inl  ittu  t -w  Lur- 
rooe<  w»rT  (fru«wle*l  with  a  nrh  nnv-  r4nu*  in  tlx  **«r  minnn 
u  the  tonih  r^mnitctet  la  the  touch  tall*  of  th?  ha»1<  in>l 
feet,  and  Ihlt  kwlute<l  him  tu  etiitnlne  the  ham  In  retpen  of 
their  aan-awUy  lu  prrMirr.  Wlcft  he  lou*.  a  tlilT  lult  a  Irille 
curretl  nl  thr  tip,  an!  ■trtJtr'l  the  akin  utih  u.  he  hid  wtily  Ifwn 
1  wuAarina  when  he  lunched  a  Unt^n  haw.  Hy  Ihu  ani  viUtt 
mtuu  he  becaatc  iun*tncol  that  the  hnir  papillar  |'m.f.^l  •wefa 
•  hUjb  dryiee  uf  •enw&tliry  a*  etuillH  then  to  he  pluwd  ta  a 
•crirw  arith  the  Intirh  papillar.  WhJe.  howetee,  Ihe  tuacat  enr- 
I-ikIm  hap»  10  be  drawn  lillher  and  thiiliet  over  ihe  otnect  lo  he 
toatiied.  In  the  cue  of  the  K*ich  hain  ihe  Urly  to  he  fell  had, 
on  Ihe  .  .v!.r..  to  be  waml  orer  at.  Uf.  tHwhkw  wat 
tWefoee  of  .minion  thai  a  diretl  Hal  "flirect,  or  a 
P««1Wt  and  a  cilwry  fceline,  of  Ik  Ain  k«i  to  be  dl«tn- 
Ctiahetl.    The  Wit  peffuratrt  ita  fanakra*  U  the  uahaire-l 


cutineou*  <i;otl  1  lire  louch  lal!«  of  the  hiwrf.  an 
ami  el  the  At  t  i  by  means  uf  the  t<wch  c-arpuacle*.  1 
ft  oliar>  unmlt       on  ihe  other  hind,  were  perioeti 
lanuro  ban.  <xsrcrtng  the  «h  I    t..-ly,  which 
thrrcfinr.  Icuih  |f 4  |,     -,|  aucc  ,j  ,t,p  ^ 

thr  forrtead,  ih*  lanuera  hair*  were  kharrd  awair,  t 
the  fine  wsuijco.  .  1  ,  . .  kajej  likt-wnc  rli*«pi«iir,  aauf 
that  part  of  the  aVbl  »*h  the  aaaW  hair  above  rcirrre* 
retp^ndincly  bffe  hlUes  would  baxaane  Detecptit«> 
nrehins  wotld  l-  Mt.  In  ihe  eucne  of  thk  in»m, 
»I»*aWeT  bn<l  fndt-l  to  cuavinir  hnawetf  uf  1  be  vaitlrncx 
potart  <4  prnvtrc,  ami  c<a*mvencd  the  oVartnne  tel 
UutiUlteidet  In  ibe  lumrr  ««iini;  aj  ihe  Sooery  rawa 
■am  ni-miea  «u*  thr  werr«  of  fcdirir,.  and  thrir  1 
iK**r.1«iii.tn  met  ih*  twrfnee.  In  the  dtacuMlua  whxb 
Dr.  GuU»r.hnd«e  mtimaitafj  tlnr  afcnraey  .»f  hit  for' 
mrmtx  awl  inured  l»r.  UtaoeAko  to  rnnilnrc  hi  arte  j 
mrreclncM  acmrdn^  to  lU  tnatlK*!  rewnuled  by  ha* 
VlEHJU 

Inprnal  Academy  of  Science*,  Felenary  e  — 

licett  toceneral  w«  and  mn«cle  ^y^nio^f  vrenlo 

"   '!<«■  r:«vtn<    *i  -  ulaikei  .  (    1!,-  .-(, 

Annhmia,  l»y  W.  l^feratana.--Kap«mieiita  M  £ 
<4  altumrti  by  (xilavium  fwrw»raran«ce,  |»  R.  M 
Cumm,,  i*rmr/k-.T,  bmv.  »,«.,  I,  ,„  (oe  rlemalale 
\  1  ran  a,  by  t     \,  I'nrtthkc;— Memaikt  en  law  aekcuy 

ut  ojwauta.  by  K.  I  ante  —  II  .^ttaj  aanl  rrn^ryX 

aeartftet  on  the  uiotfraiial  apjetrntus  by  T,  TaaaMk 
B'W  aeueuldr  pantile  nf  the  Viman  U«ly.  by  fc.  van  Vt 
Fcbiua<y  t2.  —4.  >n  tie  IdwJkaa-ttttet*  in  taeiail  uf  Br 
by  S.  Mayer,— On  the  ounrrtntKei  ul  i«:i*iaic 
T.^hfe-brr  -ifca  ihe  i*«yh»:  pla*  >kf  i>uH..re4n«lii 
tale,  l.y  II.  r.l«h.-Oti  the  j^CVlikal  dwtntaitwt 
Janktalr  furraniiun.  k>y  >l.  Nnimeyr. 


CONTENTS 
Greek  MathematUa  .... 
Oior  Book  Shelf  1— 

••The  Zitok^kil  Keciml  <e  |IH  1'  

Chwo't  "  Trtacue  on  I'liaial  Cttftiiitiy  and  iha 

taiive  Ia»ra>nk  AnalyaU  "  .  , 
Sa.llhl    "Onfiinal    Reaeaathrt  n^MVetaVirv'  a 

1_heini«rr  _        _  ** 

Twltrrnuk  *  "  Lehrlwa^  4er  MinrnKaSe  '' 
Letter*  lo  tha  Kdltoe  I  - 

^tea^r^f.^** 

Tt*  Lite  VfjL  CWbrd'.  r.ii«f>    |L  Tuckrr 
**■  P?!!!£«  -4  M—t «.  EtMM  am 

TV  A,„jl  M«c.,.._W  r  Do.mj.  |/&m» 
mOC  te2  ,WS— R  UcUchUn,  P.B*  . 
r»«  So.  |t.,  i  ,n  Vint  -J.  E  Idruu 
Will  ll^-s    E.  Brown  ,  1 

OJ  Ih,  V«Iot«, .,  CSC  I 

Ainen  A.  Miontit<?n 

^}*S!2,ZS.??  twiiiiijii.  < 

ol  ht  Ota     r,  Lord  H.,|rltr.  p  R  »  . 
The  liivti.ii.irt  Exbibuktn 

I."*  KM  IliiMt'  .  '  , 
St.iMttd  Pitch  .   

Now."'""  ""1  *"  bWtVki  EJinh^tb'  .'  ."  .'  .' 
Out  Auroootntul  Column  •_ 

-  Tullk'.  Cotttt  ,  .  . 
ftfOMMM   Phwotn,,,;  ii'4i   w„k  ^ 

OeuKKpiiical  Noua  . 

Ben  N«tw)   .  ,   « 

"tlSrf  *?  ;"wv  *«— ttm  %  an 

Th.  SBbttn  of  M.c'bitilcjl  ►,,,,„„ 

feaftatfr?3       : .: : :. 

iocleltM  .nil  A.  ■  •,.„...,  *  '  


ale 


a»  o 

•4  * 

•      7  6 

and  all  place* 


jo  f> 

i\ : 

LSEM  ENTS, 

Line  *flcr. 

.  .  o  18  6 
.  .    115  o 

...     J      «  o 

...    6    6  o 
U-I-AN  CO. 
MMkj  W.C. 


cticn 


After  ton*  SuImm 
f  »t—    ltn«t*h  I** 


•1    rr.frrlir*  ..r    1  tl.yl 
*            of  il.-  Kr. 
*t*)ttl  »n*J  Kit. 
al.  mi.**  Nit',|,l^4*f  Wmcr 
-     iixJW,  A.  s'  1  .,- 

^  h«inr>.  h    K  t 


ttf  Frlli,-*,  I  ilUfftAlill  

«»carch«a  <a  th*>  HkI.ii»>4 
PmmhJ>  -»•»«!  ifc*it  Al.-nrp- 

<>»  MRM     I '..1 1*4.     U  ff>« 

.  *-<mr«»  of  r-crtiluy  0/ 
H  .  -mkI  V.«.f  I    M  «..|l*  •■, 


Ml.*..  -.  W.  Casru-lhar*. 

uuh|  — lit.  •  S*Ur*.  .^.ltV**{ 
— *h>  n  M  .1.1  HM-'rur- 

....I    ....    ..    Nr.  1   

•»••  un   lit*  hi  t  jilUJ  -*il*tii 


Mil  W,;cl|(, 

"m  nf  artltnitiii  -fwwriwi 

1  lurt  wf  NMiltMh,  I  ft  .V 
IfM  In  the  Ki-u  (iMMrf, 

ii*il*«>a  ;  Pre*, 
t    f..A   T    Mui-it  fmm 

l«   *l    tit»i*   \>*J«lty.    f  •«H>4- 

>«•»*  KWvw.U't  CM  IM*U 

Tw»  Mud.  •  f  ii..(«.Hi'B 

.    I  ■  1 
UL»  lit  *V»,  \  \t-      ■  11   * 


J 

fife 


HATHORN,  DAVEY,  &  CO., 

LEEDS. 

DOMESTIC  MOTOR 

(DAVKYS  PATttli  j_JBT 

'I  h«   mwt   eOMiumkal    «mi)l    m<»lo»   fur        1  t*T  i 
pumping  w*lc>  .nil  driving  xotiJI  mtcliliicvT.  I 
fTtim  of  fuel  oil<  failliiK£  [«r  fc»*.c  |Hiwrr  jifr       '  f-feftj" 

IN  USE  FOR  ELECTRIC  LIOHTIKO 

c.  .1 1 .1 1  •  "   r  ■■  on  Application. 

SAND  E  ll  SON  *t  Co., 

Sol*  Iniiiilora   f  il*  HtVid  C^fwi  t**« 

LIGHTNING  CONDUCTOR 

I  1  nbtlun'-v*  L«*tfifi*.  wiifnul  J-Mlt.  m  •  «P*i'*l  lyifcnai*  t|**U  «>.ik', 
I  i- mwt  *iJ  11-  <  ...«ir.  .  iIm  Ii***>.  •  ]  *<nn«ti  H*  AmkMIm  tt« 
.,.,1  U.  ,         .t».«*  f  -  rur  '  i"i«miinii  ;  |K«  I*  >t.i  ...n«.i  I^mi,  Sun.' 

In*  llHiMMf  P*t4*MfM.  ftc 

I      J«xy  C**m*il*iiart.  arliivi  m  ck«  R«|«#xt  .f  il*  |  >u,f  v.  ,,aj  Jtnt*  *l 

It..  HuT'tl  r  »».t..li-*I.  k-..  ••>**•  I*V  *  11...  .-  tfcitlt  IB  Ll4x  ifc  l*i  V-.I*. 

9ai»ii*^in  A  l"<*  f**  iKtir  *K*iJ  n-  I  -  l-»M.U(  1  nii&inu 
C>jm*1iiuuim  Ijcnjlh*.  <r>tK>«t  f  •iK*,  •Ml  t*l  li  «\  CttJkKimiy  t" 


1  U 

U*<rt...  tU*.l*r*Mt, 

'  No.  56  Apply 

t  w.c. 


t.r'AUr.NHAI.L  Kiil/SK,  .-1.  L£Ahk.NH«LL  iTMjaR,  I  c. 

SECOND  EDITION, 

GRIFFIN'S 

CHEMICAL  HANDICRAFT. 

rmrc         i\>st  rm.i:. 

A  CATALOGUE  OF  CHEMICAL  APPARATUS; 

If  LtriThATFP,  CI- A  S  S 1  r  I  K  U.    DKSCKIf  TlTt 
tiimr       **•  rr  -  ti'wiMi**!      .  u**»*ciu 
.?/,'./  <.:•**/**/,  *t*J  l~A.*fnt  ltd  •/    1   ■ ... .. 

tOIIN  1.  OMfFWH  AM  MM  //.  UAKHICK  STRtHT. 
J  [ii\|H>N,  WC. 


C.  D.  AHRENS 

PRISM  WORKS*  AND  PRACTICAL  OPTICIAN, 

j«.  UK  EAT  Kl'fWHLI.  STKKKT.  UiNDO.V,  W.C 


U  uwl  kllliM.    Il  »OW  wVy  wi7 


A        '  '  " 

***>lr.4  4 
S,.  .t 


I  .  IJ-ll  ,  H  .%..Ar  ,  At 


THE  CKLKBRATEO 


,  0*«ifc*rtl 


milK  C  MnNTi.oULKlK, 

a  I.MM  H*««  W..»«,  I  tth  turn  Suika,  II  4  o. 


v. 


NATURE 


{May  7,  18^; 


Messrs.  MACMILLAN  &  CO.'S  NEW  BOOKS. 

IN  A  FEW  DAYS. 

TEXT    BOOK    OF  GEOLOGY. 

BY 

ARCHIBALD  GEIKIE,  F.R.S., 

Dtrtttor- General  of  the  Geological  Survey  oj  th(  Utiteti  Kingdvu. 
Wiih  numerous  Illustration*.    Second  Edition,  thoroughly  Revised.    Milium  8vo. 


CLASS    BOO  K°R0  F  GEOLOGY. 

FOR  THE  USE  OF   COLLEGES  AND  SCHOOLS. 

BY 

ARCHIBALD  GEIKIE,  F.R.S., 

Direttor- General of  the  Geological  Survey  of  the  tT<tit«l  Kingdom. 
Fcap.  8vo. 

BY  THE  SAME  AUTHOR. 

PRIMER    OF  GEOLOGY. 

With  numerous  Illustrations.    New  and  thoroughly  Revised  Edition.     l8mo.    is.    (Seienee  /ViWA 

P  R  I  M  E  R     OF     PHYSICAL  GEOGRAPHY 

With  numerous  Illustration*.    New  and  thoroughly  Revised  Edition.    With  Q.ie>tur..s.     iS  it  ..     is.    {Scien.-  Pr. ■  nerr) 


A  MEDICAL  NOVEL.    POPULAR  EDITION*,  i,. 

CHARLEY  KINGSTON'S  AUNT.     A  Study  of  Medical  Life  nn.l 

Experience.    By  PEN  OLIVER,  F.R.C.S.     Fourtluirid  Popular  Edition.    Crow.i  Svo.]  Is. 
"The  'jnly  fault  of  this  tx>ok  may  lie  staled  under  one  head  -there  i<  n  't  cn  ••u^a  of  it  .  .  .  Ncvor  *inc?  th_-  Bar.iv  if  Ei»  • 
England  f  !<■  il mj rt  Bhtomfield  |  «ave  its  his  genuine  recollections  of  the  peasantry  am  "iij  whom  his  Itoyh  >od  uas  pis-M  have  u  <: 
the  true  Suffolk  speech  belt,  r  out  inl"  black  and  white.     More  of  this,  and  mire  al  o  of  the  medical  st.tdeut's  experience,  mi. 
desired  li  m  Sir  Henry  l  h  >iupv>n  when  next  he  come   before  the  w.trid  .is  1  Pen  Oliver.'  '    -Pa'/y  /\u;>;if'i. 

LECTURES  ON   SOME   RECENT   ADVANCES  IN  PHYSICAL 

SCIENCE.    With  a  Special  Lecture  on  Force.    Iiy  P.  G.  TAIT,  M.A..  Formerly  Fellow  of  St.  Peter's  C.dl  . 
Cambridge.  Professor  of  Natural  Philosophy  in  the  University  >>f  Edin*  ur  t>.    '1'liinl  Edition,  Revises!.    Crown  Svo.  9 

PRACTICAL  INSTRUCTION  IN  BOTANY,  A  COURSE  OF.  Hv 

F.  t>.  DOWER,  M.A.,  F.L.S.,  Professor  of  Botany  in  the  University  of  Glasgow;  and  SVDNEV  IE  VlNr- 
M.A.,  D.Sc,  F.L.S.,  Fellow  ami  Lecturer  of  Christ's  CoMe^e,  Cambridge,  and  Reader  in  Botany  in  ".: 
University.  With  a  Preface  by  W.  TfllsF  t.TON  Dyer,  M.  A.,  C.  M.G.,  F.R.S.,  F.L.S.,  Assistant-Director  of  the  Roy 
Gardens,  Kcw.    Part  I.  PI  I A  N  EROG  A  M.E  —  P  I  F.  R 1 1 H  >PI  I  VTA.    Crown  Svo.  6i. 

PHYSICAL   ARITHMETIC.     By  Alexandkk  Macfaulane,  M  A 

D.Sc.  F.R.S.E.,  Examiner  in  Mathematics  to  the  University  of  Edinbu-gh.    Crown  Svo.    ?i.  6V. 

LESSONS  IN  ELEMENTARY  PHYSIOLOGY.     By   Thomas  H 

IIUXLEV,  LL.D.,  F.K.S.    Revised  Edition.    Fcap.  Svo.    4...  6Y.  LAv.tr  nv,<. 

Now  Publishing,  in  Crown  Svo,  price  J*.  61/.  each. 

THE   ENGLISH  CITIZEN: 

A  SERIES   OF   SHORT  BOOKS  OX  HIS  RIGHTS   AND  RESPONSIBILITIES 

Edited  by  HENRV  CRAIK,  M. A.  (0*on),  LL.D.  (Glasgow). 

This  scrir.  iii  intended  to  meet  the  demand  for  accessible  information  on  the  ordinary  conditions  and  the  curr-nt  terms  of  ••  ' 
political  life.    The  scries  deals  with  the  details  of  the  machinery  whereby  our  Con  titution  works,  and  the  broad  lines  upon  whic 

it  has  been  constructed. 

Tke following  are  the  Titles  of  the  Volumes:— 

JUSTICE  AND  POLICE.      By  F.  W.  Maitlaxd.  [New  Volume. 

THE  STATE  IN  ITS  RELATION  TO  TRADE,    by  m 

T.  H.  Farrkr,  Bart. 
LOCAL  GOVERNMENT.    By  M.  D.  Chalmers,  M.A 
THE  STATE  IN   ITS  RELATION  TO  EDUCATION 

By  Henry  Craik,  M.  A.,  LL.D. 
THE  LAND  LAWS.    By  Prof.  F.  Pollock. 
COLONIES  AND  DEPENDENCIES  :  — 

Part  I.  India.    By  J.  S.  Cotton,  M.A. 
Part  II.  The  Colonies.    By  E.  I.  Payne,  M.A. 
THE   PENAL  SYSTEM.      By  Sir  Edmund  vv  Cam. 
K.C.B.  [In  the  P, ess 


CENTRAL  GOVERNMENT.  By  H.  D.  Trails  D  C  L. 
THE  ELECTORATE  AND  THE  LEGISLATURE.  By 

Sl'F.N"  I  R   WaI  PULE. 

THE  POOR  LAW.    By  the  Rev.  T.  W.  Fowl*.  M.A. 
THE  NATIONAL  BUDGET:  The  National  Debt,  Taxe*, 

and  Rato.    By  A.  1.  Wilson. 
THE  STATE  IN   RELATION  TO  LABOUR.    By  W. 

Stanley  Jevdns,  LL.D.,  F.R.S. 
THE  STATE  AND  THE  CHURCH.  By  the  Hon.  Arthur 

Elliot. 

FOREIGN  RELATIONS.    Dy  Spencer  Walpole. 


MACMILLAN   AND  CO.,  LONDON. 


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WOODHOUSE  &  RAWSON, 

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Lamps.  a      Fitting*.  a      Carbons,  a      Battery  Supplies. 

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SUCCESSORS  TO  W.  LADD  &  CO.. 
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MANUFACTURERS    OF    SCIENTIFIC  APPARATUS  OF  ALL  CLASSES 
SCHOOLS,  COLLEGES,  OR  PRIVATE  RESEARCH. 

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OF   IMPROVED  PATTERN. 

Illustrated  Catalogue,  Revised  Edition,  per  post  U. 


FOR 


In  Casks,  12,6  per  9  gals.  In  Bottle,  3/3  pur  doz.  Imp].  Pts.» 

•  Mottle*  charged  a'-  per  dor.,  and  allowed  at  the  same  rale  if  returned  ;  but  they  § 
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Neither  sugar,  laccharum,  nuc  any  cf  the  many  new  Itrcwing  Materials  are  used  in 
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Hops;  it  it,  tt*.  more  hop|ied  than  Stout  is  generally;  therefore,  besides  being  very 
nutritious,  it  is  an  excellent  Tonic  and  particularly  suited  for  invalids,  ladies  nursing,  or 
anyone  requiring  a  k«*1  strenethening  leverage.  It  is  a  "Sound  Nutritious"  Tonic, 
and  very  much  recommended  by  Medical  men. 


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SCIENTIFIC  WORTHIES. 

The  following  is  a  list  of  the  Portraits  that  have  appeared  in  the  above  Series. 


MICHAEL  FARADAY. 

THOMAS  HLNRY  HUXLEY. 

CHARLES  DARWIN. 

JOHN  TYNDALL. 

GEORGE  GABRIEL  STOKES. 

SIR  CHARLES  LYELL. 

SIR  CHARLES  WHEATSTONE. 

SIR  WYVILLE  THOMSON. 

ROBERT  W1LHKLM  BUNSEN. 

ADOLF  ERIK  NORDENSKjOLD. 

SIR  WILLIAM  THOMSON. 


HERMANN  L.  F.  HELMHOLTZ. 
SIR  JOSEPH  DALTON  HOOKER. 
WILLIAM  HARVEY. 
SIR  GEORGE  B.  AIRY. 
J.  LOUIS  R.  AGASSIZ. 
JEAN  BAPTISTE  ANDRE  DUMAS 
RICHARD  OWEN. 
JAMES  CLERK  MAXWELL. 
JAMES  PRESCOTT  JOULE 
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ARTHUR  CAYLEY. 
SIR  C.  W.  SIEMENS. 


Proof  impressions  of  these,  printed  on  India  paper,  may  be  had  from  the  Publishers,  price  $s.  eath, 
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FINEST  POSSIBLE  QUA  I  ITV. 


3i*n .  Wniy  Ijcnt,  b<ft  mounting,  &c,  &< 
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44.11-         do.        do.  do. 


ilia.  Wray  Lent,  best  mounting,  Jfcc.  &c.  ^5 
jjin.  do.  do.  do.  £,j  to 

jin.  do.         do.         do.         j  1  j  to 

l  ill    HiJWCNrS  l.',>U.M'i)IO  Al  .  *«la  jlm.  l-xit,  .Mjr.»*»  ni.»»,  J  Kjrj.^c.  I .  |tU!Orea| 

N<<*  llHtfratet  L'*t*ln£4«,  j  ttamtw. 
THE  "SOLARGRAPH,"  ■  Pfc-il MMjMl  lion*,  ».lh  htviotntoui  Sbttler,  anil  i»  lAiftar  to  61  It  10  1 

|elcKuj*c  Cue  I'bu  i^r*.;^  S.ilir  S;*it*.  IL,  cusji  r  ...        ...        „        ._   , 

"  I  K  MKKVl-  ll.l.KUK  "  \  p±af«,  oMpWlt  ilrjr  plate  apfairilaa    ...  ,M 

ML8  KMlTOtRS  I  i»,4le.cr«*tpl«l«n,rT  )-h**ap  *r»n.,  tl.tulile  ruinc  frvat,  MAM  hicV,  ri«k  t«  fixa»,&<.. 
Till:  "INsrAffTOGKAHI/'mtn  bcatUns.  kMMM  »i«»it,  ••-r*-*  mntu*  totall  buttil,  *mJ  MM  ret 

l»pr-}vcatr«t  ...       ._    ...       ...       —       .„  .„       ...  ... 

Klu.Tiiff.l  Pbalt*  1  1  «t  i(ti:-i, 

J.  LANCASTER  &  SON.  Manufacturing  Oiticians,  Uikmisciia^ 


THE  "  EXCELSIOR 


THE  NEW  PA1 

WOVEN  WIRE  MATTI 


PATENT  SPRING   MATTRESS.  AWARDS  1 

T«3< 

VMnn 

CKITiriCATLS 
(if  MfcftiT 

Tmb  The  IcaJInc  (.rcaliinty  of  1  h(i  Malt  -*•■  u  rh 
Thr  pnnc-x  ol  ftrrni.£r«<u.l  prtmiit  ibe  tier  iK>iracui  •■  Eicalalor  '  'WJMJm  al  *  wywtn  wire  <tMraJ  ponton 
of  Ml  MMi  without  pNMMMMI  to  ihr  niVwr,  admit*  IBI,  *pnnx<  of  grew  tticiieta  sail  reliable  ta 
of  cnmnWt*  imitation  of  rtth.  and  *ftrtmUf  /*/vr*t*  <•  Matlock "  rowewtl  by  no  oiler  make. 

dffrnt*.'*  in  tktttntrt.  aprinc*  obviate  ihr  Ir-atency  in  ill  worn  w 

—  "-   BED-»K*Ttt„  ^)ime  K:>)l«w  ami  m>  cum  «l««pcn  to 

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lax  Vrar. 

Hew  Aunrura  .    tl.015.lW;  with  Fjemiutas.  £35.274. 

In«»e  ia  Ytir.  £68*,920    Claims.  1269.880. 
He&lucd  Puatft  J  **,M*  ftffiftPl  *ice«d  £5,000,000. 

WHOLE  WORLD  LICEHCES  AND  NONFORFEITURE  OF  POLICIES. 

Polttin  «r«R*nfnlljf  o«m  fr*r  rVrm  <ni«r«i<  rm  rr^-.Ui..  after  five  years.       uncksJlf  livable  ■  "   

Miian  mijf  tx  i«">i»H  nti  f>*»»cfll  uf  rtcmrtm  wllkta  ike  )Wr  wllEMtrt  rtf»if  uf  lirallk.     Is  n»--*  (4  i^vK  » 
racraJk  the  Ulijoi  1  pfc-alui*.  Ike  full  *ttm  i-  »i .« .-.!•>.-,  n  •  In  1I0I  Kit  in  uf  Attcii*. 

Tbe  AdvuUgta  which  this  Institution  offer*  to  Assurers  Aft- 

<J  /^rrTV«ft«wi  Aunrmm  r—*ay  £\»aa  m  ^IIJJ  Mir  lur  I'n-K-i  n  'iw^l  *U-*H-r<  <>ii*  IV>6l<)  fe/lCX. 
71/  Aim  At/,  a-  *7*ri  /rtn.  rf /*rfr  AJJif,*«<  —  n*  Jiwr         cWm  ti  tlin^p  by  waot?  culf  iWilH  thtr?  U  |  L 
CUim*  under  Peliciva  biw  psy»blc  a  Month  after  Proof. 
A/Aftfi,  Trirt  7WrVi      AMWHBVi  rf"*".!/*  Af/Uatitn. 
I  MUIK  Dili  11.  !  -      ^-Pftify.  JAMES  WATSOff, 

A  IiHt^hiful  NY*  W  ■  ft  to  at\  fo*  at  i\n  Utraiirv    la  Our  Vufumr,  Ifkulrai^l.    [*tny  a»a  duth  extra,  art 

A  NATURALIST'S  WANDERINGS  ^  EASTERN  ARCHIPEI 

A  NARRATIVE  OF  TRAVEL  AND  EXPLORATION.  BY  HENRY  0.  FORBES,  F.P 

Infant;  MnUr  .f  i>r  r>Mhl  U  tiihB.'<<V  L  iui 

With  Citaifol  F*ft)ttl*ji*??r.  fluanw  IQi.'iHtum  fru  »  ihr  Amlmr'i  Skdchci  uul   Tli^crip'tmt  trf  Mr  fumr 

ml  M  1 1  • 

UNDER  THE  RAYS  OF  THE  AURORA  BOREALIS:  in  tlx  I  md 

U*t*  *»l  K>«m    Rv  I'K  -"fllla  [HUM  It"  »l.  I .    l--»«fl  K  C.i"  4  N^im  «(  1  Vol.  t  i^i  1M. 

ruknJ,  ant  Hjiu.*    Wilt,  a  |V*«W  t^niivn  ./  tU  Amiw  UmjJm.    lb  U »l  m  llt«Mr«x4  otfa  «  « 

■fc»M  ty  fvMnii*.  *k»..  llwirum,  if  rtt  f.<**ltt    1»j£-«ti.   *"l  •  Krt  rti  A'ci.it  it  |v„. 

>•*  A  win  «Wdl  c-roY  I  tiacuu  .11  h\k.J^y  *r»J  nMtjrmJ  uimc<  I*  f»» I.  «*4  •»*.*►»» t  m  IUwi  *t  kk>-»  U*m 

Umion:  SAMV^N  UlW.  MARSTON,  sl.AKl  U  \  RIVIVGTON.  C<nm  ^.I.tifyv  |SK  FImi  siptd.  | 

THE  ZOOLOGIST 

A  M  IVTH1.V  HAOAZIMl  Ol  K  ATX.' It  A  I,  HfST? 
r*W9^i"    Ut»!t»f  «•  II,....,  ri  v  -  •  •  M* 
Ikn  -t  I  Mm&tt  (Mr  Vvci  |  (■m«- 
or«*ul  AitHv*  bf  —  SbwM  AiMwfcte  ■  aBjgJ 


AUTOTYPE  PHOTOGRAPHIC  BOOK 
ILLUSTRATION. 

AnrAYTAnrs 

Ml    TWf  yt*MHI  f*»rf»f*l  R*H»*nteC"M  at  it*.  K«|^m  I*. 
•nJ.  t*n*ir«  m  iSc  nopn  of  il«  r.«  A  iiMtt,  nrcnini  »  1  n  1,  nr-  - 
«4.  Far  R4«tw"  «f  trww       mWii  ihty  w*  t  l«t> 
r«v'.T*l  kf  ik«  TimIm,  (i  iU  B»ltkk  Mhmm        If  ik*  LumH 
Stuni  l  ah»  fcy  uit  f'  1'  <  lu>Ji*(  ISitUihm 

mmmmt      n  ....  ..  .......  ,.  |k>  1  ■■    ->-.•  I* 

l*-'r  "  MMTJ         lUiAw .  "TU  rm>  ^  '••*•* 

Ca»M~ ;  BeHa^tair*  "hraeitct  «C  l>»m»c»l»l  .  A^Skj'. 

"OfMimiW  Ann/  lti».. '.      •»••'•  "*(—it*i  Ai»l>**.".  l»tt»-"'» 
"  A^k«i-«..*l  Vjt>.  ,  ,1  I      .  ■  .     Nw»i«l  tVnfi    «  K4W.« 
Ol  tfnCMi  "w»  iht  /l/Ar.*»«  «t>»  — ■  I*  -ln»^lJ> 


I  Hid*  i>4rJ*rt»i«  Mi  I  nn«M  «4  ft*  1. 
iw.  itirw  C*k.  U«*l  a^Mfn;  M 
■M"  ■wfft^f*.  nnnu  ■>  lr  % 
■  1  *t  n«m-«  ■■'  iwtmi  t»  t 
KrfMU  .1  m»  Imuk  Z>  l«t«i  t 
•f  Mnn<  Iv  wry  V»'  l» 
1  JI.-T*; ■  «f  t»»r-ti*-» . .  ■  ..1  ■,,  ■ 

ft>H»  vak  f*  nr,  1  .r,  


roft  THE 

ARTISTIC  DECORA  T/OX  OF  TMF  ttOXJB, 
VISIT  THE 

AUTOTYPE   FINE   ART  GALLERY. 

r»,  NfW  QXfMft  SI  RET 

fT^TH*  tWiN  W«.|.»l  MrtlM'i  li'nl> 

n»r.  XATIOXAI  riAUTRV 

Now  -  -  1  ,  , 

TW  r*M  Kit  Wl  W  -/AiH^pi lur*'  ^lntnt> 

I  in  lira  In  W  f— •  »  iCfiSfrt*c  m  MAX.Ar.TK.  »h» 


TVUMERB  -Lltira  MVDIORI'M."  -A  f'"^"*' 

A*  lu.r*rtAT».  I'.          -    *.ih  MiP  rttJ^_' ,  nw'' 

^ A^,<m,,  r**i*n».  A'tf~*»**l.  At  fi»f  p"  **-e 

Am  4rrf«i»tvw  it*,  t+pi t  <-iifi*+rr. /'*'  f"~  r**' 
THE   AUTOTYPE  COMPANY, 
H.  Kf.W  OXEORD  STREET.  W  C. 


opticin: 

DO  LLOND'S 

K*»  ••••  ornciKr  *•  r«. .  j..  r-,%  . . »ii  w  »■ 

r«tcc  ?■  aA,,„,  fr,, 

r**i  »*a  rmMr.rtMc^inM 

M  DoaoNa    ii      if  lomo«  V 

ELASTIC  STEEL  SPECTACLE 
1.  LU  DO  AT  I!  HILL.  LONDON. 


it) 


ogle 


»5 


1885 


rs//-:.\r^t  r/csi/. 

».  By  sir  William 
a.ro.fc»  ridges  Univcrslty 


urly  of    |>hysics  r>«  the 
[tnje  this  collection  of 
loiopher,  so    i-outiy  «.f 
it  vaikntiH  |icrindicnl5( 
•*-ht»l|y    inaccessible  to 
iaV»lic  libraries,  are  yet 
haplers  of  the  science 
•    vnlutncft   now  hefore 
blication,  "  Keprirtt  m! 
Ttctisiri,"  tlie  collection 
tic    of    r'cbniAry,  1856. 
he   author   b«>»  wntlcn 
t»,     which,  according 
i»iat    Iia\c    iKcn  l.u.Ur-.l 
volutno    begins  with 
.st     part     of    »  matl.e- 
e    year      184"    >»   l»S>»  1 
hysical    problciiw,  their 
ties   connected  vvllh  the 
les  were,  however,  i-ven 
he   youthful  author  swtt* 
tensive    points    of  view.  . 
etrical   »»"d   1nefh.m11  at 
systems    of   ortlioRon-.!  I 
id   body.  ike.       M>>»«  •»• 
Iteration   ol   the  dilfercn-  | 
1  the  doctrine  of  thi  rm.il 
ns.     The  hitter,  as  i»  sell 
undatioli  of  a  larye  nuin- 
|  doctrine  of  Bra»  Uniton, 

l   _..«,»tte  induction. 

nd  of  ponder- 
col  laterally 
others  appears 
succ  ceiled 
cultics.  and  we  ci...  nnl> 
a.he.natlcal  P*T**  " 
iarticularly  '•«•*»'•'*  S 
„    opened   u|>  «rW 
_«|y  disrovered  by  »ua 

Lunette  ^££*2. 
These  our  author 

under  coml"'""" 


magnetic 
lectricity 
-s.e  pioblcm* 
|e  what  i 
tc  author  has 


V~tall- 


,nB  unties-  wj-j- 

E ln  ,l:„e"u  5- 

1st*  In  the  fa-^     JJJ  fjr 

id  by  Ml 


Idas 


10  et- 
Hj  th.J 
Ihc  <!'<■ 


»n  subjects 
Ulcus  e.ul.-..—  - 
fvsblc  processes 
t  analogy 

Lm  were  .«  '  «■  »  ir,Knor 
!linB  the  ..nkn..«n 


From  the  y„r  .»4*„nd  on.^d.  (here  r„|Iow,  , 
senes  of  ....portam  III  I  lhj|||u.|  into  ih.  furxlanK,,  J] 

P».b1en,.  o.  Uscrn„>dvn.,„,eA     These  «an  SSTS 
Snadi  Ci,M ,  concluionn.  .opectin,.  .he  -    -  — 
functions  or  licit  arrived  at  before  f.  V.  I„„|,  ^  ,, 
penmeritAlly  demoo.ln.tcd  the  eqixivAlence  of  hesi  and" 
nie.  t......cal  energy     At  the  trme  ».'.,„  Caraot  pubChcd 

™«  ™«IP|1"'         w*s  by  the  rnojontv  of  pbrsicaJ 
scientists,  deemed  ,n  imiKmdcrAbte  mbstAno;  cApaWe  uf 
flow.n«  from  .me  body  ...  ano.l.r..of  cMcrlnr  occan.jtuII.- 
into  a  mo.e  .....mute  kirulof  unmn  „-i,h  ponderable  matter' 

and  bet-oimnr;.  so  to  lay,  ebciuxAlly  united  sith  Ir,  under' 
cbanger.  in  the  stAtc  nf  »S|f,e1r.iH.n  And  under  throned 
l„.„,--r-       A.  1  ..tiling  to  ll„,  „l,|tI  viplr  temperature 
signified  as  much  a,  .he  p.r.^.e  under  which  ihe  un- 
ponderable  lluld  Wood  in  the  .Arm  bodies,    la  the  cAte 
of  a  k*cai  liiiiulirr  of  thermal  nr.K-e.ie,  hcAl,  in  point 
of  (Ait,  Att.tmlirrl)  like  a  .ubstAncc,  .huw.nc  ll.r  cun- 
slJl.cy  of  .|i.A..l..y,  nh.ch  I.  the  m.~t  characteristic 
rr.tcrlo.i  of  tolnlances.     In  this  «a,  Urre   .-,„,,  of 
Ibr  iloitrinr  of  heat,  cinur.u .nj;  jreji  hntei  of  lKU, 
MIlM  very  sell  he  treJled  under  the  uhUAnliAl  foncep- 
|  lion  of  this  Acem-such,  fur  csAinplr.  asUip  eulunce  uf 
heat  between  'hnerenl  liodie>sth«  ronlirjtsneni  jnd  UbeiA- 
|  lion  of  latent  heat,  the  chenii.Al  firodvctlon  of  heal  Al| 
tb.tt  «a*  ncceiaary  lt»  reu.lt-r  the  substAlitial  cixwrptios 
of  brat  A|ipurently  ulihasrlory  stas  but  to  IcAve  rait  uf 
I  account  nil  .  »ir»  in  whirl,  other  Ion...  of  work  sre  pro- 
duced by  heat  or  in ..  hirh  heat  it  pr.Hlucrd  h,  -iu  1  Cam 
ol  this  kind  then  known  acre  indeed  very  few,  whereAj  the 
.  sections  of  the  docrnne  of  heat  ..Irenriy  relet. rtl  to  were 
exAttty  those  which  till  loo.udt  the  middle  ■  4  .hi.  testury 
I  rr>K.iKed  the  Attention  i4  natural  |ANihmfihers.  Carnot't 
highly  aojIc  1  1 .  1.1  n  as  an  a.lrm|«  (obr.nfthe  |d.e- 

nonten.i  hkclse  of  Uie  iic.fMriiian.-ri  .V  week  by  uirtni  of 
beat  into  hnnnnny  will,  the  At^tmp-ion  of  use  tulntaniiAl 
theory  of  hrat.    Tl*e  rcwulr  «d  lUt  eudenvnu.  wa*  remsrk- 
ahlc  erMHi^h.     He  »hi.i.nl,  n. irii.  lv,  that  he...  wa.  cjp.ihle 
of  perfor.nini;  n.e.  hiuxal  work  >«>ly  when  a  usannty  td  if 
pa*-'  tl  l.'Wi  a  hn.lt  ol  h->:he.  tvnirrri.ure  uito  anothei 
biKly  of  loser  leinperalure.     A  ...uiuktr  analoky  il,u> 
seetned  to  be  e.lAb'lshed  br.wetn  he.it  and  ihioc  ^a^es 
nhirh  duaalll  then  |>-eu..rT  ..re  taruhle  of  pr.fiwnnr.,; 
work,  cxfiandmc.  a*  thu  .l-i,  ..ntl  .ha.in^thrir  tire-^u.r  is 
a  measure  corretponiiioc  nnh  their  etpansttas     |'he  hear 
nf  ..  warm  bid)  rorrr^wlKkS   n  A  manner  with  a  o»  rr- 
pre.^-d  jrat :  tt  dilt..-*-^  tt«esf  .n  .pate,  p.^int;  mo.  nr.yh- 
hot. ring  biwlies,  to  the  siuennr;  of  thr  lrmpef,.lu.r  id  (he 
body  in  whirl.  .1  *A^  .."finally  oenpncietl. 

Cstnot's  detlot.w.n*.  abh  tuuh  bj-nj  r.^ioi  t||,  m  t\w 
erroneiHts  ,u»..ili.|*liai  thai  (In-  tfuanl.tr  of  hrat  wa, 
ia.ns.anl  I.W  that  .Wa  oil -1  ante,  lu.i.ed  In  reaury  rorreet 
far  as  lhr>  res|ierte.l  Iran  a-  "-  M  h.-,.  wiih.n  .<ri 
n.ll.ow  llni<l"of  trine,  tai  ae.  I  I")  ceasr,  h..wr.rr,  It. 
Ik.  mlflli  a. nil  1"  >  !"  "  H*!  '"  eitemliNl  lo  wider 
mli  rv.ils  .d  irmpn  o-te.  ••>"  •"  ■«  h.uir  psft*  ajj 
.be  iran-ferterl  In  >l  b.-"™e  ..  ii..ti...n-..l  .,,.0  „„,  ,„d 
no  h-nc.-l  .nnlinue  a-  he  it  ».  SO)  know  tl„.„n;l,  ,l,e 
,a«..o.cn..  ol  J""''      "      «  W  aha, 

.    '  r„n..a.so  n<  a  .nUl.lis  e.  but  —ly  Iks]  rrl.une  cat> 

„.,„,,   ,d  an  equ  .  al  I  .••■.>.  »!.-■,  hi  be  »,.,r, .  „ 

iber  l<  pwwl.wr.1  ft.".  ..olhiv  nor  <on.e  ...  sothmc 
™|  ,t  yet  <A|«abk  uf  Istioa;  tumfcilrd  ksM  stbrr  hwnn  al 


26 


NATURE 


equivalents  of  work  which  un>  be  presented  In  a  »*ry 
diierse  aad  hardly  rer»iz.nliuMc  manner 

In  hi*  fir.t  Etaiyt,  Art.  XXXIV,  "  nn  an  AWluie 
T'hermnmetrie  Scale,"  anil  Art.  XI. I,  "An  Account  of 
Carnot'x  Thiwy  nf  the  M'rtise  Pn-wrr  of  Heat,*  dating 
from  the  year*  iJa,*  and  ilta<a,  our  author  ititl  occupies 
esserrtiaVry  Caroot  s  standpoint,  but  he  neierthelcis  cxlls 
attention  to  the  fan  ton  the  argument  adduced  by  Careen 
la  support  0/  hit  theorem,  apparent!)  valid  though  It  wat 
in  alt  point*,  was  yet  defective  if  the  exj*tirnesv»  by 
joule,  wh*ch  were  rnsl  then  made  known,  should  Im  con- 
firmed, arc -aiding  to  which  heat  oi-;ht  V  grnrr-ited  anew 
liy  work  fxol  L  p.  116;.  That  whirh  mnrr  immediately 
directed  Sir  William  Thornton's  studies  to  this  subject 
was  the  poiwbility  of  attaining,  in  accordance  with 
Carnot'a  theorem.  to  an  absolute  scale  of  temperature, 
ami  he  end ca roared  to  utilise  the  observation*  which 
Rtputiti  hail  sh>inl>  hefmr  rariird  ml  sjrth  special  care 
In  refer* rve  t«  the  pre  «*inic  anil  latent  heat  of  itcam  for 
he  purpose  nf  cnlnilaipig  vpch  a  scaie.  II  xt  ia  doing  so. 
he  wns  obliged  to  apph  the  hypothetic,  not  perfectly  exact 
in  this  catc,  that  tbe  density  of  sieam  was  to  he  ralrw- 
tated  from  pressure  and  temper*  lure  acmrdtoc  in  the 
lawa  of  gases. 

Tlie  theory  of  Carnnt  next  obtained  highly  surprising 
confirmation  from  the  theoretical  deductions  drawn  by 
Prof.  James  Thomson,  tbe  e'  ler  hr.uhri  <•(  S  t  Wilt:  am, 
touching  the  alteraiMoi  «f  tbr  hi  •  -  p  irrl  of  trater  m 
cnns*i(wcrKe  nf  difference*  nf  pressure.  The  accuracy  in 
prxnt  of  fact  of  this  deduction  MM  experimentally  demnn- 
•iratcd  by  Sir  W.  Thnntwm  ThU  wal  n  diwenrery  which 
perhapi  mure  than  anj  other  fcrvetl  to  draw  the  atletv.ion 
of  physical  scientists  to  the  accuracy  and  the  importance 
of  Cartvrt's  theorem. 

Meanwhile  aor  author,  no  longer  abSe  to  divahl  the  enr- 
icctness  of  Robert  Mayer  and  Joule's  thesis  respecting 
the  e*|tn>  jietxe  of  heat  and  work,  devoted  luui-eM  to  tbe 
pmWern  uf  how  Joule's  rtnd  Canine**  laws  might  be 
combined.  Tli  *  question  he  answered  in  his  treatise  of 
Manh,  1851,  "On  Ure  lHnamx.il  Theory  of  Heat," 
Art  XI  VI IT  Prof.  Cbaiiu«,m  Gemwnjr,  had,  however, 
been  busied  with  the  same  problem,  and  bad  |»ublished 
the  retofca  at  uhirh  he  arrived  before  Sir  XV  Thomwin, 
in  May,  t?jo.  Tbe  essential  result*  of  the  two  investi- 
gations cnirM-xled  exactly  j  rmly  in  tbrie  numerical  value* 
for  the  absolute  scale  of  temprrat  air.  the  two  authors  hail 
start"!  »ith  two  diffrrmt  hipolhr.ei,  and  had  therefore 
reached  different  conrluwti*.  5n  William  Tnnrmnn 
hail,  as  above  mentioned,  calrnhitcd  the  density  of  steam 
from  pressure  and  temperature,  as  if  for  compleir  iMtta. 
whereas  Prof.  Caawtiu*  had  accepted  the  hypnthesrt  set 
up  by  Hubert  Mayer,  according,  to  which  tbe  work  of  a 
gas  expanding  itself  was  exactly  equivalent  to  its  loss  nf 
heat.  Later  on,  when  his  opponents  «wt  forth  the  un- 
satisfactory  hails  nt  this  hypothesis,  Robert  Mayer 
pointed  to  an  old  ami  very  httle-knowa  etrneriroent  of 
Gay  Lw**ac,  according  to  which  a  g*»  diffusing  itself  io 
empty  space  without  encountering  any  resistance  Mffrred 
no  dim.tiuii.wi  of  heat.  The  same  experiment  was  after- 
wards <amcd  out  by  Joule  without  hi*  having  any  know- 
ledge of  the  earlier  observation  of  a  similar  nature.  Thi* 
form  of  the  experiment  was,  however,  a*  a  ■  bole,  not 
nued  to  yield  very  precise  results,  seeing  that  the  mast  of 


air  available  for  il,  who*e  cnmumptxin  of  heei 
me*  tarred,  was  norewurily  very  small  In  coenp. 
tbr  ma*«  of  water  of  the  calorimeter,  ft  wjj 
invrstigatjn«f  into  the  changes  of  temperature 
by  a  mas*  nf  gas  m.ide  to  pasa  through  a  * 
poroa*  substance— an  investigation  earned  out  ■ 
by  J.  P.Joule  and  Sir  W.  Tboiusnn,  in  iftp.anr 
ib  Art  XLKV,  "Ob  the  Thermal  Lncru  of 
Motion  * -that  it  wa*  demonstrated  how,  in  po 
K.  Mi)tri  hypotheats  was,  accurate  to  «<-h 
close  degree  of  approximation,  although  not  * 
bur  precision,  In  respect  of  hydrogen  anil  atmoa 
whereas  carbonic  acid  showed  greater  dexaatior 

To  this  have  to  be  added  estendeil  invesuga 
thermo  electnc  currents,  and  the  equnalant 
operatic*  Appewht  to  Art  XLVI1I.  and 
"  Experimental  Kese^rrhe-  in  Thermo  eiectricn 
Art.  XCf.  Bakenan  lecture,  pp.  ,  ;  ,  >  -  l  iii,  V< 
a  thermo-electnc  chain  which,  from  it*  conduc 
sets  magnets  tn  motion,  or  grnrratrs  heat  in 
Seat  conducted  to  the  Mddennj;  seams  ti  aaan 
M-mrr*  of  the  <»p*Mliom  We  knnv  that  in  su 
accrmlmx  to  the  iin|wtrtant  observations  of  Pe 
disappear*  fnim  the  uarmer  atililcnng  seam,iadj 
developed  in  the  colder.  Thai  is,  ia  fact,  ia*  < 
arcording  to  Carnot  a  law,  under  which  heat 
transferable  into  other  forms  of  work,  This 
process  wa«,  hiovrirr,  of  *pecial  iitirrix  tor  the 
validity  of  ihe  thenry,  teeing  thai  the  work  of  be 
produced  under  conditions  altogether  different  tr 
at  the  iteani  engine  and  ht^-iir  Our  m, 

by  this  in » ertigat i» m  led  to  the  tuntlmion  lhat.ee; 
the  ojiinxm  hitherto  entertained,  li  wa*  not  In  ih 
ing  team*  of  the  metals,  at  nD  event*  mil  m  tho 
1mm  m  tbr  •A'lioV  leii(jtli  nf  ibe  mres,  hy  a  prncr 
he  cafts  *  electric  tonvectioo  of  heat,"*  that  the 
ca  a*e  of  the  tbrnno-rlrctric  farce  was  to  be  soag 
in  poont  nf  fact,  he  .  ■  1-  !  by  a  series  of  very  1 
and  subtle  experiments  in  demnnitrattng  ilui  the 
||at|  uf  beat  ir.  iron  pniceeded  mure  Man  ra  the 
„f  tbe  current  of  negative  electron*,  and  at  conn 
direction  of  the  positive  current. 

In  tlw  fir><  v  11I nine  nf  the  bunk  nbich  bj  |hr  sa 
notice,  Ihecnrisemtiixf  stagex  ma*  ihui  |K  f  rlowi 
de-.  eh-vpmena  of* one  of  the  paaag  mnarksba:  ctupi< 
hiMory  of  discoveries,ft  1  hapter  ■fWSUh  rrmaritab 
an  caaiuple  of  btiu  discm«ne*  are  mnnl  .11  ta  a 
M  iln ays  rational.  The  course  of  this  dnco 
mimU  una  in  sum*  measure  nf  tbr  inreaum  .if 
otic  irlrsi-opes.  Starting  with  the  errnaoat*  sap 
that  the  eyx?  of  man  wa*  achromatic,  Kaler  mfen 
Newion't  awampnon  of  the  ptopi.n^inirti; 
refraction  and  dispersion  «r  bght  mm  (il*  a 
Ida  coaschuloe  as  to  tbe  impo^ihd.ty  \ck 
telctropes  was  without  l.iur,  l.,t  „n  Thrrrupur 
gave  ihe  rnreint  for  the  n, •  ,,r  arhjaj«at 
scopes-a  enerect  contlmioa  1.  .„  a  -,t  » 
*****  the  ca^e  of  Carnot  w.ti  ,he  g»  ,r.^e 
Aflsr  nil  the  confirmations  which  t,„  [mri  ^ 
tbe  d.rTerent  hianrhes  of  phy^na  ih-  v,I,*e. 
dedactionsaf  thrcorreried  Carnot  I.,  il*r, 
longer  remain  any  doubt  that  m  lu»eherefctn> 
ihr  most  cumprehensiTe  and  imp^lflI  fc*  d  M 

^Digitized  by  Google 


A".  /  VI   A  / 


irrwnt  momrni 

l|f*l  i\  t~     i%      I  i  hi  I  - 

;ral  principles  of 
Actuate  even  IO 
he  movement  of 
(her.  In  thcta-.f, 
.  Itcil,  theic-  .iii- 
it  irregular  rmovs*- 
;  of  which  Mill 
ily  probable  that 

ni:<\  motion  info 
i  in  e«|»rctied  in 
nee  that  thermal 
movement i  that 
clwccn  the 

inu   one  another. 
ihrotiotiM  of  li«ht 
emcnts  «ncl  con- 
much   the  more 

hey    are    t»»  one 
e  habit  of  c  alhni: 
motion.     Sir  W 

OMM  i»»t»  the  name 

,,-.!■!-.  «|riiotC3  tin* 
llie  same  muflpii- 
iic."     The  tli*«»ipa- 

i  Cartud'ft  law,  by 
;  inorKnnir  world, 
|*C reave,  ami  (hi** 
%  th;»t  the  universe 

lute  unchangeable- 
force*  under  the 
of  temperature*  i»" 

*  (Art.  LtX..  "  On 
the   l)t**ipit ion  of 

law*  of  dynamics 
,*ble    suddenly  to 
,\i  .itom*  of  an  ftM* 
:   system   woithl  «t 
h  up  ti»  thin  |Miini 

•  with  aImi  woiihl  all 
«loii,  conduction  of 
icr  form*  of  Mill  Pig 
■paled,  wuuld  *M 
:ver,  it  a,  pot»tuLile 

to  fulfil.  Wm  has- 
.1  regulate  the  mnvc- 
n  the  extT;»onl\n,iiil> 
cch.iniNin  ca|>alile  of 
(  yet  to  be  pnHNMtn* 

uf  Sir  W.  1  li.Miiv..» 
.peeling  the  nec-r*»Uy 
ling,  (heir  salidiiy  "* 

Uw  of  w»  nnivrrtial 
nee*  is,  lie  N  W|HM«»» 
not,  tu  an  cro-neo'^ 
beat.  The  unoci-.'l 
e  principle  t  a  dc  ("«•«- 
Dinptculy  »ati*ia>  io»>. 
n.  And,  M 
M  wppmed  th.it  the 


prim  ij.hj  in  qurKJim  cuuhl  fern  beeo  dedui^  rWi  the 
correct  ne*  n.um  h ,  that  he.u  U  rmviun.  -ecing 
t  h;it  v<e  are  not  yet  in  a  j»  -  ii  to  ■  r  ibli  di  ■.- .-  .  .  „  M 
a  completely  sctenuih  Imms.  The  two  natural  phi  Mm- 
phct »,  MOnhOWtf,  wln»  hriKicIti  Carnm'*  and  J<«*J*'»  prin- 
ciple* into  h-mwny  with  each  other,  anil  whom  we  havr 
to  th.utk  fur  uui  present  kmtwlcd/e  mi  ihi*  »ohjett.  are 
able  to  relYr  ilinr  < nntlu^Mins  onl>  to  an  .uiotn  genera)- 
tninc  the  rxpenenee  th.it  heat  tend*  rvn  in  expand, item 
to  concentrate.  Sir  \V.  Thomson  evp«r*et9  (hi*  axiom  in 
the  ('"Mowing  term*:— M  It  is  ioip>>oible  by  mean*  of 
inanimate  ni.iten.il  agency  tu  uemv  mrchanical  ehe\i 
from  an>  portion  uf  niattei  by  <  .nling  it  beiow  the 
temperature  of  the  coldest  of  (he  »«rnnmihng  objects.1' 

The  rivitwcf  hav.  further,  »mv  ceded  in  demon- 
strating ih.it  (he  peculiar  hinitai«in  aAVting  the  ttMe> 
formation  of  heat  mro  oilier  form-*  of  work  bfcewlte 
npphc*  |»»  tilher  SUHM  of  nin*n>o*  remlting  .«  itirm- 
»rbcs  *•»  IjMg  a*  i*o  evirrnal  fibres  are  brought  intii 
play  cllicctly  opposing  or  arreVnling  the  internal 
I  nut  ion.1 

Wlii  ).  |\  hmleS  *^|iminenf  it  wat  demo«i«triitril 
that  (he  Nm  Ol  C'arnot'*  pmuf  wn«  Hritctive.  it  mitftM 
have  l>cen  Mppiehrndcd  th.it  ■ilnni;  niih  the  element  <J 
AHUM  the  clement  ol  truth  in  rt  wvuld  a!-«  he  refected.  Ii 
irm»i  thcfef^Tc  Ik*  regarded  its  a  hkcliI  meni  on  the  |uti 
«if  I'ruf.  O .i  iMii.  and  Sir  VV.  Thotnion  that,  wlnlc  re- 
imninji  i lie  niiMal-e.,  Uicy  broufihi  the  truth  mm  preciw 
c\pre!<oi»n  anil  into  unnertat  reco^niiiixra.  .wd  that  thr 
ix- 1  ent  theotv  "f  hen  lia»  becume  v>  f.naii/ul  in  tlrKirvrnc* 
r«- -pectinj;  the  m*>-t  *«xet  coonettiuot  faMNM  die 
dirieteiil  physical  «iual»tie*  of  bodies  in  nature. 

The  xcoinl  lohi'ne  these  krpnnts  rontami  clnctb 
th«"  lese.inhef  hw^m%  icl.ilii*o  to  the  l-nrrv  of  (he  fins 
mbmarlM  tclcdtaph  tafcta.  The  motion  *4  rlectricrty  m 
the*e  cable*  underu"**  *  prcohat  munU-m  in  oms* 
uuence  i»r  *he  tt#\  lh.it   the  ivm.tmii^  »irr  -^tptmted 

fioni  tllC  .ra  «  >l<l,  n.'iirh  I-  llht-nl-:  ^  I.4«mM>  y-ind 
r„fnhn.1or,  i>nly  I"  a  thin  iM»Ul.ni:  Lnet  «'  cuffi-rterrKi. 
form.«  an  cn«»ni»i"«>  I  ryrhrn  ror.  whn-h  nmn  first  lie 
ch.T-rt|  -*itli  the  •  -So  IP'  Ij  mnilH  "l  l-el..litl.eiiin»m 
«,||  M«a  v^ith  full  l-ooi  along  lhe«liule  kmcib  «l  the  »in, 
to  (he  mkm*  end  I  he  phvo.aJ  law.  of  the  pioCe>se. 
w|,nl.  here  «ome  »lHJiU         «enr«WK  hi*""ir  but  a 


fiir-M-arcbniK  ,nil 


athetiiadcil  tn%r»t^;iii-»n  was  Mill  needed 


ik-u-nninc  the  uhoU-  piocedure  ..f  thevc  rerretus 
lo  a*i  citJin  ihr  mu.'JiH  "t  mHwnri-  rwruuil  •»>  ihrm 
bv  the  dlllH'ii*ioro  ami  .  uiiduciml?  uf  ihr  mrr.  In  lac 

.ie.ehl-wrho.-4i   ol    other   a. res,  ami   L>   ih.  par  af 

uSlU  of  theKiittn  |<p  ha.as  alM  1»  arnio  ai  a  tm» 
l  i  >e  ..f  the  .Mimhtiom  under  winch  tin-  HMM  UfM  *:nc* 
of    -iy^ial*   »'''«hl   '*   ,'1,l,mi,,uJ  ■»  ,hr 

*n,ifc,,  SS2^ ".'  lh,,r,,"i,,,y 

All  i      |livlni.  jl...  lu  c.inlell.l  »llll  •^•|hi.ii*«i 

„n.l  ***?!f?,2Sl -to     ■«"' " wn-  ,^,u,,:''■, 

"'  ^II_^ir!SErniMrf    Hc-.»'i»»  •  ...m,....i...-k 

c,.liJH i. .»••■"    i  ,,,,,  ,„„  ,|„,  ,„.„«,. 

w,te-i*.*«.»'**^  ;,eo.,,tw„„i)  r 

.  ' '   <•■'""•'  r«r  ••• 


IpI  fctm. 
mm  i  <| 
mnj;  u| 


.'(«.  »!»<■      4  ml  Jul  i  a 


NATURE 


[May  i 


ihriahk;  further,  the  cnn*lrurtiufi  ■  iele£ra|)h»t  ilgtul 
spnarat-xsr*,  *IJ«  to  iilitiM-  (lie  fn>i  weak  beginnings  of  the 
current  Mmunji  *l  (he  other  rni!  of  ihr  u\t\v.  Thewe 
ultimately  W«i  to  the  invention  of  thr  siphon-recntdet— « 
writmg  apparatus  in  «^iirh  the  tube  containing  the  ink 
does  not  come  into  immediate  contact  with  the  strips  of 
paper  on  wtuch  it  has  to  write,  and  is  therefore  not 
hindered  by  friction  from  moving  even  under  the  least 
rkctro- magnetic  impulse-  By  eUxlrir  charges  tt  It 
hnm^hr  jhuui  that  thp  ink  spurts  mer  the  p*|>cr  in  * 
*tr»*M  of  I'lM  points. 

The  «  intrlu^Hin  of  the  second  volume  n  formed  by  the 
lUkmaa  Lecture  for  iSjfi,  whxa  gather*  up  the  results 
of  the  author'*  investigations  into  the  qualities  of  metals 
a*  displayed  under  the  conduction  of  electric  currents, 
lml  under  roagneUiatxjn,  and  the  <  halves  tbey  undergo 
in  consequence  of  mechanical,  thermal,  ami  magneto 
influences. 

Let  u>  hope  for  on  early  continuation  of  tliis  interesting 
collection.  There  mtv  «iP  nearly  thirty  year*  of  scienunc 
activity  on  the  part  of  the  author  iu  be  accounted  lor. 
When  we  think  of  that  we  cannot  fail  to  be  astonished  at 
the  fniitfulness  and  imwranednes*  of  his  intellect. 

'  I  !■'->  s  '.  L.  F.  rltU.lt  HOLT/ 


OUR  BOOK  SHELF 
Pmrttdut  FfiiinJ.  t%t  t'r*Mr  ef  t6r  //mm^tn  At*  «t  tAf 
MffjM  rVfc  A  StuJv  ../  /**-  Prtkitfrnic  H  WAr*.  By 
William  F  Warren,  >vT  !>.,  LL  D.,  President  of  Boston 
University,  Ac  London  :  Sampson  Low  and  Cu.) 
Ir  ha*  i\im«  ti»  he  an  ut»dcruot»d  tbiriK  that  when  geo*o- 
gisai.  or  hlitl»]/i*t*  pr<>]»<iiMii|  theories  -i*  to  past  stances  of 
tifir  on  the  earth,  and  theie  thrones  attain  to  a  certain 
nopwUntv,  tome  th*i>4^ian  snail  twist  the  words  of  the 
Book  of  Genesis  intu  a  new  interpretation,  to  show  that 
this  was  what  the  inspired  author  meant  all  the  time.  A 
fresh  musician  has  set  Moses  to  dance  to  a  new  scientist 
tsmc.  Since  the  publication  of  u*II  known  modern  views 
as  to  the  diffusion  of  plants  and  animals  from  the  Polar 
Region,  it  was  to  be  c*  pet  ted  that  we  should  base  a  book 
proving  that  man  was  created  in  an  Arctic  Faradiwr  with 
iht  Tree  os*  Ufe  at  the  Jfortb  Pule  ;  and  here  the  bonk  is. 
Other  ancient  cosenulogie-s  «u<h  ;»*  the  4. reek  and  Indian, 
are  made  lo  bear  thru  not  always  willing  testimony. 
Those  who  take  wp  the  book  should  notice  that  the  com- 
mendatory letters  published  from  Profr*»oe*  Sayce,  Tiele, 
and  Whitney  do  not  at  all  imply  that  these  eminent 
scholars  countenance  ihc  PoUr  Paradise  doctrine.  The 
President  of  Dostnn  University  seem*  to  have  sent  them 
a  paper  some  year*  ago  on  "  Ancient  Cosmology  and 
Mythical  Geography,"  their  acknowledgments  of  which 
they  are  now  perhaps  hardly  delighted  to  find  figuring  a* 
certificates  in  a  "  Paradise  Found  " 

£PP*"K  Ftrttt.    By  Edward  North  Uuxion,  Verderer. 

itondnn:  Stanford,  1RK5  .I 
Tit*  public  generally,  and  rspeeialli  the  people  of 
Lihv.|.mv.  and  those  who  take  tome  iti'.erest  in  natural 
history,  are  to  be  congratulated  M  the  acquisition  of  M 
charmingly  complete  a  little  itmcrary  of  Epping  Forest 
as  that  now  issued  in  a  cheaper  form  by  one  of  the 
Committee  of  Coasersatoo,  who  is  a  rwtent  on  the 
border*,  and  an  enthusiast  at  to  the  altnwuuns  of  the 
Forest  It  i».  as  the  author  observes  ■  his  preface, 
"hardly  a  desirable  state  01*  things"  lhai  «  wnuli  .1 
prnemage  of  the  suamer  visitors  to  the  Fores*  "er" 
venture  Ur  from  the  point  at  whi*hthey  are  set  down  07 
train  or  vehicle;"  and,  with  the  choice  of  a  score  * 


beautiful  walks,  described  in  Mr.  Htutont  bool 
gowtancT  of  his  si*  caiefnlly  prepared  map*,  tn< 
arctMithc  wate  of  thiec  inrhew  to  Ibe  male,  1 1 
looker  any  reason  for  their  not  vcniuring  h 
depths  the  Foresi  in  which  its  chief  beoiuties 
»»rn.  Thr  rUapier  on  the  bmory  of  the  For, 
the  author  has  wisely  prenied  to  the  inner 
visitors  may  be  reminded  of  the  events  whit  I 
tlii*  m-igoili- nil  i'Uy -r.iu-.'i  for  their  en|i>> 
most  enniplrte,  ilnx^h  it  Ir  to  be  regretted  thm 
Off  Solicitor,  S*j  Inornas  Nelwn,  is  not  men 
n-tmr  on  p.  it  The  practical  clurarier  of  the  I 
lie  gaagrd  from  the  inrluswn  of  radwav  time  ti 
fact  that  the  di>i>nrhve  letters  nf  each  route  h 
cut  on  trees  at  some  points,  and  from  such  nu* 
as  that  an  east  wind  is,  in  Epping  Forest,  the 
view*,  berjote  not  ■  .  t>-  h.- ;  ■  Frrsonal  e> 
has  convinced  the  pre«mi  writer  of  the  tkill  w  j 
the  routes  have  been  selected  1  the  "ohjettt  of 
wrtbm  and  around  the  Forest,"  and  their  ii.  ... -; 
ctotioas,  are  fully  described  and  illustrated  I 
excellent  drawings,  ilir  latter  by  Mr.  Heywood  : 
but  what  must  render  the  work  peculiarly  gratify! 
losers  of  nature,  is  the  ample  space— snore  than 
vomrne  —devoted  to  the  foana  and  Aura  of  the 
The  mainniaU,  reptiles,  birds;  the  chief  mot 
bultcilties  ;  the  tree*,  no  weeing  plinti,  rers\  ftti 
mosses,  are  all  enumerate*!,  with  general,  i>, 
specific,  kxnlibes  ;  and  the  sv.er*  on  the  mamar 
birds  will  he  rf  interest  to  natwrahws  in  other  % 
Such  ItNt*  can,  fortunately,  ne»er  be  fomplcte; 
marked  as  "rare"  arc  noUirjiMisly  lubb  at  any 
prose  toiiimon  .  even  uncc  the  ptbccoiiun  of  th 
evidence  has  been  produced  •uggeitictf  the  add 
Sf^r^cmum  mr^/f,/t/m  to  the  h»l  of  ftsaers^  hi 
year't  rryiitogamir  mretii'i;  of  the  Futei  Fidd  C 
at  jet  added  nneral  species  to  the  <*iakv»es 
lower  plants.  There  may  yet  bt  room  6w  a  m* 
tentiotss  monograph  of  hoping  Forest,  ud,  of 
from  the  natwrahsc's  stond-pouu,  w>  rich  a  col 
ground  afford*  mater  il  for  a  horary  of  espmiuir 
tiire— the  freshwater  a*gar(  for  cxaapV,  <»l|  for  r 
tion  [—but,  for  its  inti|Kitr,  the  prestnl  «ork  rrnjld 
base  been  esecutea  m  a  mannrr  more  rrrdiu^W  I 
author  and  publisher.  G.  S.  How 

|>vjnw  tit  MMndtgtt  «fi?u-;t«f  ma  Artt,  j  /•/» 
■in  GtnumnM  it  J  * r^pMM;  >v  Par 

JagtunK.     Avec  468  figures  dais  le  ttstc,  t 

Octave  l>oln,  Editeur,  i(t»t_i 
This  work  nf  4Sj  pages,  a*  jg.  nvrd  in  a  titlM 
corresponding  length,  is  intendtd  fur  thr  «te  of  i 
s: ■■,  Imt .  in  their  prrpnrntion  for  •  dejret  n  rt*  n 
of  engineering,  chemistry,  mr.aSurgy.  &c.  We  1 
th  nk  that  in  its  tiutely  s(  irntilir  conieits  it  is  hkch 
of  advantage  to  English  studentv  Tbr  tint  part.  A 
to  Ibe  MihjcH  uf  rrystaUngrapfry,  is  raUer  intuoak 
wnwtlslacmj .  even  if  regard  U  had  H  tht  sdm'm 
of  the  work.  As  uwul,  in  the  figure  uf  Wnfi 
goniometer  the  crystal  t.  teiire-wr.v«I  i»  aduiird  in 
that  rsery  MClMll  sludrnt  11  \$MmkmSk  isuj 
as0.1L  Nor  will  the  chenutal  feemtbr  mrrt  ate 
favour  of  English  students :  though  the  4it*nit  we, 
osygen  and  silicon  are  g««n  as  it*i  jfl  rrsprrt 
mm  *ff***  ihrmighout  as  HO.  water  UesOHOL 
to  nttre  is  assigned  the  fonnula  Kii.  AjOv  Firtht 
ordinary  symbols  for  the  au.m»  ait  .eraiionallr, as  I 
forty-nine  f.enjuU  of  pp.  411-5, ascd  luwp,,h  rqm 

mmmtimmji  ti»e  miim  oii.iw.  r«  155  ^ 

gtsen  as  O^tML     The  £nWll  is  Uk; 
•ncieot  ;  m  the  dewriptu*,  »f  ,|)t  ,rec;es  aim 
.mined.atet?  fallows  the  o/wmi!  rar,»,ln.  4  m 
stone,  merely  Iwouse  both     Tl||  |  ||||  Hi  Ihl 
In  its  espUnatHin  of  the  uses  ^  dnro, 


*9 


hi  i  ra       1  •  "  i  *  .  tllf 

I  been  leanfi  fell 
eaf  reference 
prcclnted    if  wc 
eb    of  enrbonale 
lo»cina9*»»i  arc 


-  r*/*tii'»rs  fur/i  reaver 
t./.rttiAe  trlur*. 
tertt.t    ar/ea*eea».  er/^r 
ctirf**  e. 

V  *•-<•/»  t*r<r  l*"r 
La    V^r*.   *a    a*»  Krra* 

.,.../  ae.nv-/  /»»■//.  1 
oreali* 

Ha  uMilMil  "V  **T 

^Tl'KK,      vol.  XM** 

-,w  infeareiiw  «>*  •>'»'' 
1  .  loll  mlnulM,  llie 

. ./      "  <^  ace: 

ice  the,    K-V  "T 

,„  i,.,nt  nooJ  ■»«»«■ 

C»«t  Sir.»  '«« 


M  h«  Win.lly  OP—^V 


-  ■  L 

ty  frt  I"1"- 

ly.  tee  Vercteir. 


li. 

"ipC*".l 


Sun«>°w"      ,  . 

'"t^om*  wll.,>.i 

■W  l  «a.«>  p. 

■?»»  In  v"'-  f.-,|,iopic. 

L'^ni:  T(..n  ■"", 
r"  H"  n"'  '"l  1.  


1-en.a.nt  ;  oral  at  ite  Ian*  «rp  he  eacliswe<l  r  "ir  ie  a  rnw."  I 
trine]  hlrn.  then.  aceertl  Inwf,  and  never  icemd  him  in  faalt 
llv  aflirmo]  trill  cowa  4*1  own  d«  ixe  Id*  iheii  lrffe  in  it* 
umv  way.  May  1  ir  |uc*  youi  rural  readrri  In  l«ll  re  wkerhei 
that  remark  aitullce  to  Eniftn*  tattle  '  Whrn  on  the  Atlantic  a 
vail  wna  anrvmnced  iui  the  firat  time.  1  melt  perceive  nrehrac.. 
beeairse  I  had  not  yet  tcarat  what  kind  nl  a  h;i  thine  I  abmld 
ilialini£urth.  Having  tlwn  hemM  eyevttne.  I  .ucreedol  nftrr  a 
ahiitt  I'taL-tice.  In  rtivcemiei;  di.ianl  »aah  herwte  »■*  of  ety  ttaa- 
ruaniom,  anil  MM  turn  tahlra  <m  ihrmhy  r<p<ailn(  thelt  pM 

vaylnc,  •'A* /rt  traia."  ...   .  „ 

To  yimr  lore  on  far  »i|jhte>1ne«  in  wd-  aati.  p.  SOD,  aJ>^a 
tttc  10  *M  tara  inilaatxa.     /»(h  aw  frnta  Mancallra.  Mirifll 

I  aiuiiL-u  i27m  m  U  at  a  dlttani*  o(  118  I'aeliak  nuka :  be  had 
calculate.!  the  true  artmulh  hcfuiehinil,  awf  aaw  that  the  )«ak 
burxt^  into  view  nt  innwl.    Sit  Wi  Jonra  atna  m  thai  lac 

I I  In.alaya.  have  ««en  «■  al  tie  [leat  diManer  of  aaa  naia. 
I  uuote  lib  fnuo  Catt'i  "  Syaei.u. "  •  uaeful  »elun>»,  which 
I  icgtcl  t«  w  twhlealhand  in  wunjr  caiea  wi*<  the  deaib  »t  iU 
elever  aulhot. 

May  1  Intrude  hcrr  a  c-unment  on  out  my>lctiiaB>  iirfailtiwtt 
My  i-oanfialil.-n  h»*in|;  a  nior  eye  for  .iiuainiimlieej  tulMr\  hM 
v.^ifirmail  my  ni'twn  that  un  ItilnC  fnun  the  hariacet  (he  Hc- 
cwtlive  *»*mt)  .d  nery  red.  tlln!  t«"l.  r»e.  null....  piuiu 
Idur,  an. I  crcrn.  are  the  .aale  cat  ««.enttne  daya,  aMaaak 
iheiui.  ■•n.-r.-r,  Ijommetrr.  and  »rwl  hair  nnt  chanced  7hli 
atici:e.ti  Ihr  hi|Kilheil.  cethn  that  the  h.wrr  ilraia  ofcait  alaiii 
mSBSi  uriderirrwi  iKli|te-  crhcrwiw  •■ixermrd,  re  thai  Ihrrr 
nie  m»aii..».  ie.in.ma.  and  [»r!up>  i«..lar  er.»h.  in  the  uhcnu 
melton.  T.»  thnae  who.  unhi.  tn.aelr.  rrmaa.  «.i«na,,  and., 
a  lainlr"  -ly  Hie  lhal  ..I  l«ypl.  1  »  nl I  ret  nawirnd  a  utrrfal 
r.  .  ...  I  of  th^re  ihucr..  al  Icait  ckwat«  a  few  twstha. 


Caiiru.  Apail  " 


Plutarch  on  Petrnleum 

Tiiam  ».  in  '•  I'lnlarrh'a  l  iven."  in  the  life  of  Ale. in. III. 
intereat.ru!  M«      "I"  r""*""'  •*  ™ed»  I  I  have  n* 
r"un.T'tCnfen"aa,  nf  I  he.  pLf  -  » Ph.ta.h  '  rillir,  u. 
en.  ycl..|»<«.lia  ut  .*r-a!»l  dKt^-y ,   I  treat,  therefor  lh.1 
"/»J  Sn  me  the  ..i.i.ut»e.oy  of  ,c,»uJ.oac  ..  in  Saicai 

r»«-er!lW  'he  ula~lf  I.  Ih.  . ranjnli.u. .,1  \-  hn.nd  1A  ■_■ 

I  viicb.urae  (ulh  eilitnei.  I  unaet.  lfc>5> .-  — 

llcuUllV  eernik  wilh  n  Btiali  ul  hrr  whKh  .lieiined  cnntinaallr 
JrSSm  nn  ioeahau.lil.lr  ►wave.  Ha  adnwr.,1  alva  tfcfal  "I 
riJ|«liit.  n- .  m  jrj     H>-,  _  msm  ,„,«p|,  n>emlur. 

often  a>n  nee  a  ^jej,,,  ,,,  aataar.  tcaitered  tome 
IS  53  I  ',n"  .Wlnl  h>  hi.  ro-le-e.  ,  mL  m* 
.Irnpvof  .!  in  '"J"™'  j,.,  <h,l(  ,orcl».  in  ».  ..f  tie  11^ 
iru!  at  one  eo.U  they  >t1« *   .^mHaicJ  oaalf  .wife. 

H„,r-.  m. .  ^■g^tJl^i'iM  ',,1  aii  n.  s,e  • 

than  ihoH!1".  t""1  ».  ||.  Iiniittr. 

ltern.no.ew.  R..,ri  M  WucUadl.  May  4 

Hut  Circlet 

_i   ,„,  „r  ,i„  „„ic««  lleiti  h  l.lhtal».n.  .n  lie  iowi. 

„n  I"""/'""  "„'.  '  ...|„,|  „,  e«l«-e  tl«  d~r  .*"  >«e  ~  anae 
^     I  lu.e  *g£»~£  ;:J3f      ^,a,„,.ln»..l  «h  .  .|..de 

I  In  ial««ini:  .  ....  ae...  I  n..llt.d  'lal  the  remain. 
...  Ihe  rail""".  ■«"'  .  ,  Cf„  »l  <  the  i».re.nl  rrecn  ..I 
'"'.^..ei  -h  .  ,1,7  k!w..      I         -li  'l«Tw.»e 

ally  if  IP** 
ha.1  heea 


s?5Ss*ba3g 


,|..ol 


„n.tcre..n..l  m  r.e.y  .liieetina  Iw  a  la.ee 
iinel  ln<T  I  Jl  neul  aVral  o<  '!»  »."™a)  fni  ..  ihr  arraal 
Zwarff  <u  m«..e.    '  *       .    .uetVe.  and  en  raaoawme  taaa 


nail  ^ M.  .rf  tl.M  Hale..     M«-ehd  -«»  llrr.n  were 

iwrc  nr  inire 


a  *riy  few  ilunc*.  whith  litil  hem  reddened  mini  nnl.lt !  by 
1m.  No  If  nr  uf  bsrnl  wuui,  a*hr«,  or  Kin*  conH  b*  teen. 
It  wa*  rcpMnVaUrtka:  n«»riy  *1  tae  nxae*  fViuni  were  Sake*.  *t 
vert  lew  unwotkrd  llMM  rd  dint  niuW  be  helped  0*  The 
fiaee*  fnitn  Lie  lm«  d*f*T  w  roadman  mtiennUy  frcto  ike  flake* 
in  lie  Hell.  Ik  low.  m  all  the  nalei  In  the  held*  ut  raaiked  with 
dark  rrinCt(,.i.-  .iu  m,  whlt«  lhft«  (torn  the  hul  toon  ue 
(xilfcllj  f»  truft  tit  vim  c»er  tesche*  them. 

tu  Ihr  iwntedUlc  v.-if.ti'-.:r!.  ol  I  kite  at  <l>iTctmI  times 
iauni  a  Luxe  wither  or  acaper*.  ■  btnc*  hrxi.  a  few  arrow 
head*,  nni  i  few  n>5el»  Ou;?cd  celli,  unn  Wdicn  Oh  email 
chinpni  tf|i  hit  lacuncd  tides,  eedirwtinz,,  tu  Mr.  Jnkn  Kvar* 
hat  policed  uK  in  hi*  wul  a  Urine  impl*nvn1*,  that,  ttm 
mrttcUir  fuioi  *u  pot.iify  in  imuiinn  m  flint  id  m  early, 
ml  brobir  celt. 

It  re  alway ■  well  in  tuanie  the  eJrth  leoaajhi  out  of  htle*  by 
nUdti,  toilet,  fust  a,  r**«,  ar»l  otto-  tuUaok,  in  \  \>-  t  ■  where 
prehbfceli.  nhe»  rent  un  ;*iltie  taol.  ]  haw  »e  cured  a  tua- 
ilJetald*  tuindwr      m»  jntlipillici  611  m  *eck  pUrra. 

I  year  |  I.  J.)  A  y->mr  ntctr  cf  nw  to  Iwp  a  watch  on 
1*1*1  pUrra  at  the  tikrt.  wkrrr  ill*  ore  large  turn  So  Ut  pUccd  Oft 
Dtmlal.lt  |h,«nv  utl|  where  (  had  <«  prerion  cccai*Mt* 
found  Aim  ttin  In  the  hmpt  mule  by  eeolra.  Ax.  It  was  not 
fcor>  M.ae  n.|  atoc*  li(*r>ird  n  Ma  niece*  hcLofiut  lo  the 
hawk  part  <  a  haaoaa  Utull.  They  had  bcx-w  a**a£<h*d  <«l  of 
taw  base  of  Ihr  aorthe rattnivt  luitisuii  If  witne  animal.  r'nrt«- 
Datel)  Hi.  i*n  pieen  Irllcd  |.i£*nhrr  ;  they  are  evalesnly  nf  great 
an  It. (oily,  ant  («uUibh/  nrrfvtl   (Mil  of  Ihr  person  who  was 

rKf  "»»■••*••  'l"''e  |kh»iIh»  mm  Ml  ll«  old  tltii>f»era 
NeoluW-  inkf*caacae\.  Wnt  llllsiai uH  t'».  iNttfM 


thki]o«  of  the  cloud,  ■  •  !■-![■.  r^Uietl  hy  ItW  r  .  ,n!  ..  . 
tke  two  bww.  it  wu  of  ibe  densest  Icailrn  ktue.  Im 
hvw  U  wi>  cxitw^i^cIj  lijre  cohmrexl,  with  the  tai*n*» 
nriTiinitio.it j.  (Kmtde  tl<  outer  l»ar  «  was  of  an  t 
Crry.  Thr  aniAina  matt  of  eiotirl  ar&t  aftarkei'  off 
how*  w*h  gtnetetrtc.il  (Kturscy  into  three  rryiont,  e* 
hnsaofictw'.aj*  lit  ilielf.  »ol  Hwmrtl)  nuirraue.f  w 
other  liatt.  tlie  r*:tl  «ai  weird  atitl  tt. in  hear,  a 
win-l  aftl  cunaueaaed  ap>Hl  by  aereral  ijitcULr 
< Ti|  any  I  wis,  Ttwre  wat  uucher  feature  connect 
ioacr  Uxk  wlmh  I  hawe  nerrf  ofjwrvol  herore.  T>w 
*i.d«t  cefonra  were  refKiilFd  in*wle  the  Inter.  I*| 
wbair  irart  froet  «tee«  to  rteirt  inclustee  wa*  rrpei 
■M  nnlj  asa»e  o«  t U  two  rolaura  diatrnnly. 

Mate  the»e  pevsldritira,  nrher  or  both,  been  ulwaw 
■aai,         bow  ate  thry  atotweil  foe/  Ciiaklc 

rieitwldi,  near  MamhrUet.  May  u 


A  Lady  Carator 

In  Xaivke  nn  XmrsUt  iy,  I $$4  (fv  OD|  tot  aJtti»»In t$e 
ihemetfC  m!  the  "l  aial  ^ae  ol  law  NatreaJ  Hralory  CwaWft 
tMns  of  the  Altatny  M<  rum.  i.tnlum.-  mn,  *'.]*  of  lineal 
H«pe.   atnl  nltitA;  t<,  'he  "tcaluti*  nirat-ir."  Air«j«a«wan* 

'*  "  '  bayuaitjaM  aocotnphvwH  li.!yr  llete 

D  another  pnih  o|Mned  Atr  oat  d.iaj;htei»  an  I  **  tweel  i^lrl  fit ade- 
ales-  Co  fame  and  fori  or*.  IVmc  wan,  like  aaywlf,  hive  ilie 
(■.  ■  i        and  _(!*....  ,4  ...:<•::,    aa>|  ■  ■   \  i  ;  wiih  '■!;■■ 

l^antUle  cm  appieeiale  Ifcc  anl  air  and  real  with  wbxh  tke  i« 
It'll  <mrv  tin  el*-. n  V..-'titlti  Uif  en-.v  .ia\-o  alltfld 
bet.  I    J_  Lavaai* 

Ihitiih  Coftvifarir,  Nuawna,  r'ehraary  15 

Hun  Pm»t 

A  con  mu  mica  mix  m  VArctK  ol  Jaiibiry  *  :,>.  » 
1  n:  11  I  ba  Inni-foraaatinDiv  leodi  awe  ti  teaal  4  artwil  ft  -  »  Maine. 
I  have  aerw  fmei  wotk  in  like  the  drv-riptaon  there  Riven,  llut 
«  wotil.l  Jut  <t*  rery  will  for  .innCeoint  id  ftowt  in  thw  tlinulc. 
'IVsc  rruteYurasatinm  <ic<iar  when  the  wind  r*  ihllly  nit  I  Idow- 
try  .icailily,  wilhont  Ihc  cHiiptt*  trenata;,  for  li  an  I  hare 
rnmiwrtvl  thenr  OVfKwit.  10  ihr  rami  Aalicatc  ekoiew>  cf  t»r-ental 
Uce-wxek,  Al  owe  law  a  I  wtin««w.|  an  srtrrlrm  011  a  wall, 
•  here  the  kubtrj  form*  wrrr  fr><ni  ten  kw  iuir  uutin  in  ltti|jlh. 
with  lU  pointt  Inwaidt  lie  win  I,  I  think  tit-*  ia  becune  e»<h 
stt.teil  1  .mi  /.  I:  ntneee*!  u*  the  trry  lip  of  ihr  pn'ti-ma  «u-.  Lei 
tiiidy  an  i«e  wfikw^MM  inn  4o  nitttce  t»  ihr  .stlicstr  luwnty 
wbenlne  rwa  m^tenly  t>ioVe  ihMnVl  tht  <h*i>tt  »r»*  •anne  apun 
th»  fort-l  td  Ctoa  fetttK  CattcciMt  W  1 1.  khlt 

Auhuin,  M*.,  Apnl 

Rainbow  Pt>mo>m«nan 

OH  felonier  nUilri,  Jtnnl  Mt  ncl  eh,  I  ob«f  red,  at  1  »ld 
l  i  nt  .1  I,  un  Lhc  «rU  aaie  of  MjIKhettrt,  a  rainlnjw  n  nft  howi- 
|etr>r irt«:  |>WrrwirnA,  which  I  kad  never  <>Wnrv>l  hefure. 
Several  vtij  heavy  dtowetl  tlwl  newnhl  durln;  ihn  day.  The 
»awl  wai  within  a  voinl  •«         uf  A>  inr  h'tr  *",W'C 

'  namnl  a  duwi  wat  utninf  over,  tery  ilttne  :  ifcl  •aMt*oi  hi 
«ohHii.  ataJ  wiih  thai  dirk  lrw4*n  hue  k»  fenrral  ia  iVtudrt- 
klurait.  1  were  wit,  hmever.  00  tbamln  tw  licwtnina>  ,llB> 
fell  am  lunrnt..  Aj  the  tM  wblth  Vli  'if  lirxc  p*«**d 
otf,  the  win  tl«w  hn-jhtt;  n  tbw  metk  well,  aw*  *  atAr-w***1 
nwvSio  kwawtrtt  It-eJf  on  Ike  dente  Hack  laien  aSaedct  by  the 
caovd.  Vkv  taJwluw  wat  •ktabfr.  the  prnmartc  c^loor*. 
cotarwr,  ocianui*  an  rstvrse  1  rder  ha  the  culer  how.  Hie  n>»4 
mnarUbacteatanaftkeillfpUy  wat  the  aharp  eoaira^  in  the 


WW  UATHMMATtCAL  RAtt/rt 

A    I»K1KF   reference  to   tune  ret  cut  lept 
by  Ur.  llwmi  de  Hun,  of  SiS 

Sf  'inacccpeable.il  ^h,  utifuilnnitcly,  ifnorat 

l,iei£tiaMc  in  which  lour  of  them  ar«  w  ritteii  itre 
Mil  RHttw  ilMtt  the  bucit  docnjKion  of  them 

1  he  miwkOlllIu  Kceckenir^  van  den  Knrez 
ML*«brj.iuJ  Cak  ulal ion  of  thr  Kuuilanw,  i*  a  r 
by  no  Ins  dtMiatguialirHl  an  author  than  H.'de  Spa 
wa.  for  a  lung  time  iu|>fMi*«rJ  to  be  |.»«,  if  n.x  hnn 
he«  printed  In  ruact  UcMittilc  frntn  a  copy  pub 
tbe  Hague  I*  1M7.  Hound  up  will,  ,t  i,  anoth 
simtlarty  priaieil,  entitled  -  K.v rwentrta-  tan  Kan 
(.  alrul.it inn  of  Chanter.  No  reference  to  thi*  ia 
T<nlliunler.    There  Is  4  thght  .  erf  t 

havlnj;  (w'Kcndeil  frnevj  ihr  .aine  hand,  a*  l»i  t 
nre*  a  rcfrrrm e  i.>  the  (any-thin!  inter  to  the 
works  of  Scnitiw;!. 

The  third  rcjietni  in  of  a  vert  rare  bonk  by  A 
u  InTcniion  ruMttelW  en  1  Algrhtv,  rant  pum  fa 
ek-i  •  ■  j''.n.      qnr  naawy  ...r  ^  rjon,^  c 

lioew  iiwelle*  rcv»»icnt,  «vec  plusietirs  chotes  4 
nerrsMint*!  a  la  perfection  d«  ccaie  divine  1 
(Aniacrd.un,  lAjail.  M.  Mario  ernet :  Tel  iniv 
taarlcnii  remarowalde  par  JetldeV*  juueaourraub 
au  »u)et  de*  raeine*  native*  «lrt  Muaiaom  et 
usaxc  en  tjeomifine.* 

TM  laa  two  iracia  hate  not  been  IW-are  prra<r. 
,i*c  both  (he  work  nf  .Simon  Stevin. and  are  entitle 
de  Spiegelinff  det  Singkonat  *  V*.  Miroir  de  I 
CbanO,  and  ■  Vaitdc  Mocem  "  There  rt  a  M 
prrfixr.1  t.>  the  forntcr  cd*  ihete  wmks.  and  we  fc> 
the  Utter  vmMt  **le  talcul  de  v,  mm\in% 
ftuliant  la  inrihode  mitceet  enivjxit  une  nnuveflen 
de  bmxnn  Stenn  lui  meine,  <pn  ccuwiac  a  nadat 
rnnri,  •»  dent*  el  let  |hLtioiu,  arin  de  tahafair* 
t|ur?i  tiiandiliiwi*  doenees.' 

thanlti  ut«  due  to  l>t.  tie  ItaatjR  for  ike  great  ra 
wltKh  licU.sbrouoh,  ,,,«  lhe»e  fVtintile*.  »ml  w 
hit  will  certainly  trap  the  reward  l>.  ^ekx  Wi 
Ins  wolds  m  the  Utl  .^the^  vnbnnrw- 
uue  U  itryrsnlucfHin  de  cet  tmmm  dun  hxt 
rennmrntf  po.iita  mterewjer  cm>  no,  t'ocraM 
IniftiHn;  de»  icient-ee,"  1 


ox  mywsriugML  nuaat  mom 
1  .  ESSES?!     KBSi  v » wi»  • 

•1!.  ,  t  ,5"  ,'.'m  ""  ■'"'•ni.Hi.o.'il  «e  .«U  I 
nturwd  nge|  by  n,c,„,  „,  ,  muhlifl„^ 

"5?!**       5E!  * 

■"•-fJi*!  *n,iW  ^  wnoSZ  <h., 
«.uw  «wwn  h«.  ..r  ,hc  ,run«,     E  aS 


HiAilr^aaww.t  1  nut  _  . 


da 


WW  77  AV 


second,  vVvc  wuin 
vi II    be?    nboul    //,  8, 
by   each  separate 

HCOWfl  after  tin 
lUc*c  cffccifc  t*«  i  lie 

owly,  there   mi  uf| 
ennn,  which,  so  fui 
noticed.     The  tube 
inches  I0WM1  WflhA 
);I  ■       ;    1  In  iuduc- 
j  and  wa*.  Wflil'W+d 
ncn  tUc  rotatiun  i> 
m  \rv  three  sccontU, 
almost  Mtptrpp.— dj 
?«d  OtH  IM  the  cmH, 
kc  pa  rated    front  il 
htnt.     This*  ghaft(  i% 
I  he   tube  :   it  is.  very 
every  detail  of  the 
r  is  entirely  changed, 
tnd  the  brie.hr  yen 
•finj;    rci»b»«.»-i\  h\  .i 
,  hIdjijm  it,  tin-    y  In  ■  .t 

«p»e  of  ataout  half  a 
i  ibe  luminous  tube. 
tiaucaWy  repren'iit«  il 
being  the  b.ui«li  flu 
oke  the  •fHrCtfltl  at- 
itn  i"  -it|i|n>sc*.l  to  be 
r»iih  when  seen  from 
u  Oi»w,  the  |*ho%t  ,\\\- 
cly  a*  to  be  otiscured 
if  it  in  too  f;i«a.  the 
r*d.  The  MrcniJtli  of 
Utett  by  trial.  With 
miiiic  n»  w  hen  tho 
:  n  current  the  imayo 
lung,  the  be^t  i«-huIi>. 

cd  by  a  down  person*, 
one  adult,  and  the 
mce  mw  the  ifMnttrA] 
H1\cu\t  for  ih<»*r  who 
iow  any  DM  cKt*.  muM 


HMH    In   I  he   class  of 
ra,"  wlinh  result  from 
Acnce  o(  vlsiun  in  HM 
nothing  to  do  with  it. 
ry  simple  manuci.    I  In* 
ly-lieliled  imtiii,  I  i  oil- 
n  MMH  v**,1,<,n   oi  it 
The  tiiiicnt  vi-i*  then 
Ke«tJ>  almost  in*lanily 
ice  which  ■0fp-ftM«d  W 
5k  WUeround.  Artn 
om  »  vpuiriir  \«»  U.ilt*  .i 
latin),  the  hla*k  IflHffa 
the  chart  i:tert-.tiv  itcrl 
vision  Insiril  Uit  f"» 
scries  «d  phenomena 
I  found  tip  ttwCt  U» 
snow  portion  oflhe  IllM 
the  spectral  tnia-;?  • 
strut  htwn  icprcM-ntc*! 
alio  found  dc-aaV.c  h» 
i  M  dual  as  pMllbttj  •» 
llkicnt   to  produce  the 
W  effected  h>  a  judo  ton* 
free  uvarv  t*y  menu*  *»f  J 
lied  In  the  coil      I  WjJ 
Mhai  a  person  *hn  M«W* 
•nll  at  lint  I*  m*  * 


re  the  appearances  last  desmbed,  pm  ntim  he  lu*>»s 

vatjctly  what  h>  expect.  Tkey  belong  to  a  claw  of 
phenomena  which  In  iwdinaryJifc  nr  halxiuaiS  tr.ua 
outhc-Ucr*.  (u  disregard,  and  our  pcrsatem  nrC1rct  main 
it  ditljcult  tu  |«Tceivc  them  nbm  we  desire  to  do  so. 
With  a  little  ii. i Lent  attention  the  ihlflculrv  wiif  ( t i  i . 
dix:«ppcar.'  It  m  pfotuldy  owing  to  rny  '«>mtani  biaSi 
uf  Undying  visual  impressuicu  that  the  appearance  nf  tie 
ghost  attracted  my  notice  in  the  rim  la*iance. 

The  scries  of  phciion.c-nu  «rein  to  be  due  in  an  affec- 
tion of  tlve  o|kk:  ncne  nhlcK  u  of  an  oscilUtnr)  charac- 
ter. Ahnramal  rUdcness  follow*  at  a  react  >on  arte*  the 
humnukity,  and  again  after  abnormal  darti»n«  there  is 
.i  rcbuind  into  a  leeMei  tuiuitunity.  '  .  i..  ,  ,„,.  [:.:.!,  , 
I  have  endeavoured  to  detect  the  exMrnce  of  a  seeuml 
gho»)  ah  the  result  of  a  further  ti -butiiul,  L.»<  hitherto 
m  Hhoiic  aoce-it. 

It  is  an  fact,  iik  ,  I-,  thcie  t  :  (.«.  I  ■ 

mcnts,  that  the  fucnution  of  a  spectral  iaa*£*  doet  nut 
occur  until  ihr  cvptr:itmn  of  a  mrasitrabte  liuetval  of 
lime  aAci  live  extiiui^  cause  has  ccateil  to  operate. 

Shm  i  ok:>  JIllnTr.i.L 


nUKIN<>  the  preseiu  **\*%*  «n  nf  this  plvnet,  the 
ilrtads  of  ihr  lictth  and  sjtul*  have  xmlmucd  to 
f'irnish  materiuh  of  Krc*'  mtereit.    Some  very  otmuci 
■nodtriratiunv  liate  ucruned  ainre  ;h*  pft  i  win  >ear,  and 
tcvcnil  cumsiis  new  f«aiurca  liaic  bciuiti*  <otts|i(cunus. 
The  ureal  red  MH<t  ,w»  sorpnsed  us  b>  its  extended  dura- 
tion.   A r»  early  .i»         it  lost  wch  a  t*«iiis«derable  dcuta 
i>l  tone  that  il-  ulillter.itKill  ■eriiicd  lonturii-iil,  bit  it  b.is 
lingered  fit,  until  mm  in>  cusience    ,  i  •       Jikel>  lu  lie 
imlctimtcly  pndimijtd,  tnixr^li  Mill  mmWc  cundutuns 
,       [,  ,.,  faM»MHn|  than  al  an  MftttJ  u*£v     All  th.ii  at 
present  moaini.iV  tin*  rnuaiLnlxe  turmatii*fi  is  a dks>ky 
elliptic  ring,  darltra  at  Hie  fussv>atnj>  end,  and  ordy  mefc 
seen  umlcr  xo"d  detinilum      U  hi  ihcr   the.  i-Jliuta  is 
jdcntlr.*!  «ith  simibr  npjirnr jnct*  delineated  b>  Di»M 
in  i ,S«7,  Muy.fiirv*  in  iS>S,  and  blrdhifl  in         i>;o,  and 
iX7i  li  imolvrd  *n  duubt.  bMaWM      '°*  uclt  of  mter- 
Hicdi.itc  nb-ier*  Jtu>«f.    We  have  im  detinue  nfdniutii.ci 
is  in  what  KKfOM  m  tbe  ramms  »*»jtct»  jlludi^l  u>  ft 
Is  very  nnfcsihle  thai  they  -<nrriilh  ic|ircseai  ia  itbyecl  uf 
rftntlil   nhk  |«tiiunenr>.    The  chanses  such  innl/^rvcd 
mav    have  teen  imluted  hy  aln>ii*|Jtfiiv  .iileifcrovr 
I  hcfC       r.ery  iisdwation  that  the  dinse  vaporous  t*- 
velotiesol  thi-  pl."«l  ««  rapidly  i.uwbU-,  e.^.  i.-'v  r. 
the  mnc  incluileil  hy  Uic  i*xi  ctiuatiirial  beks,  ao.1  dial 

ilic  chief  fcsiurcs  wsdcrj;.!  IIVW.^S*  p  of 

Lhirli  liviv  possiWj  be  ..fpenod.rdrbaraflet. 

The  iVi'lliculAf  '.Iwt.W  dr..*n  b,   Uaues  and  other, 

■unrest  a  rU.se  rrl  wh-p  l»  the  ml  >p«t  as  it  noo 

oueint     Tlwri'  i«  far  fruni  beir^  an  attual  onmnwivce 
il}Xri  lm  rite  ncnMvOtU  •*  (btwsrf  ibeleaiuics  km  NfUfM 
1  ■  nMKHiNl  *nsall  dtnvKDces  must  actiuUy  mxur 
n  uuwtW  bsvedon  etrfmMfc*    A  wlficte*t  lihene..  a 

,  ,T.\dvrd  between  the  how  rltat  furtber  bn«»ttp< 

SS    ni«-  W»«  *■  inieieitint:  .phonic  ii  -mrtnatc  the 

,!  J  reruiicrsi  B-tfllhg*  ■"»"»»' 
hossrvei.  an  mat"  i  ftf  ..i.^^,^ 

^ufirTt.  <  i  . ...  in-'-  -  -  ta  "Ktettnl 

..yvUIHC.  i(,"",ij||l..i(„er,.ainc  diararlrr  dran r  nune- 

OiM»tf«7«  r^Vn  lpn«.H.n<.  if  p-.lic.fMr  i ,; 

wrtt.  he.l  ^^.u^n  ..I  .o  .rf.b  ikat  iheically  ...ir.»uu,i 
""!\         aU«uV  "nrm  35  -I  J5  red 


.,.!.)« 
V.i'.'l^l'* 


NATURE 


[May  i, 


spot  ho*  nn»  hern  followed  since  and  though 

apcurentlv  on  the  -erge  of  alwofwtr  extinction,  il  may  yet 
linger  on  a  C'XinderaWe  time  in  it*  prei»ent  feeble  atped 
until  potuhly  it  it  again  enabled  to  obtrude  upon  genet  al 
notxe  as  an  object  of  great  prominence.  It  may  not 
return  under  precisely  the  ume  uolbne  hs  fiwrnerry,  or 
exhibit  the  ume  depth  of  tone  or  degree  of  colouring, 
for,  doubtless,  suine  n«»  development  is  to  be  anti- 
emoted  on  this  disturbed  region  of  the  planet  In  case 
of  any  difttiart  reappearance  it  will  be  important  to  lietci- 
nunc  that  it  occurred  from  the  exact  position  so  king 
icn.ir.tr*!  by  the  old  spot.  The  motion  of  this  feature  has 
been  to  thoroughly  followed  durutg  the  U»l  seven  ynars, 
tha:  it  mil  be  fc**ibde  lo  compute  its  predicted  place  with 
gr«at  nicety  in  future  month*.  In  the  mean  ume,  and 
■nul  the  spot  Anally  withdraws  from  reach,  Ibc  ume 
necessity  emu  *%  before  of  recording  the  times  of  its 
passages  across  the  central  meridian  <A  jupuer.  An.: 
even  -••  ■  >■  nr.  the  total  estim  torn  of  the  spot,  and  that 
its  place  immediately  south  of  the  great  eunstorial  south 
Mt  should  resume  ihe  unbroken  tonal  arrangement  ctist* 
ing  in  other  toruptndes,  n  triS  be  necessary  to  re  examine 
w»  reason  wiasionatt)  for  traces  of*  any  subsequent  out- 
break men  tlte  tame  focus. 

I  Turing  tbe  last  three  years  this  oltject  has  guen  a  rota- 
thin  period  of  9(1.  55ns.  jo/is.,  nb>rh  hat  been  steadily 
mumujmed  throughout  e.ch  opposition,  swbjoct  to  soitur 
MM  dJtturlnnces  paiily  due  to  errors  of  observation. 
The  first  few  jears  of  itactitteixe  it  showed  an  increasing 
retardation  U  motion,  which  lengthened  the  period  from 
9°-  >$™.  34*-  to  Hut  already  quoted,  bwi.coniemponirinr 
with  the  decay  of  the  spot  in  tKS;,  ttir.  ic|o«  ilv  .  r*-rd  to 
slacken,  and  the  remit*  accumulated  during  the  pa-t  few 
oppositsons  pnne  H  to  have  been  equable  in  a  marked 
degree. 

With  reserem  r  10  the  equitortaJ  white  spot  some  striking 
phenomena  have  been  presented  during  tbe  pait  winter. 
Bel  »reo  October  4,  1  8*4,  amj  January  i  y  1  HKc,  rf-  motion 
appears  to  have  increased  in  an  alarnung  ratio  The  tpoc 
continued  to  rush  on  far  in  adrar.ee  of  tts  computed 
pi.i.  r.,  mil  all  the  uhtlecahibited  a  ntorebrdhani  appear- 
ance th«u  at  any  preceding  epoch  since  tbe  autumn  0/ 
i8*o,  when  it  first  came  under  systematic  obsenaiioa. 
The  form  and  appearance  of  the  spot  have  been  so  special 
as  to  prevent  any  confusion  in  im*  taking  it  for  other  white 
spots  in  nearly  the  same  latitude.  Het«ecn  October  4  and 
January  1  j,  iSSj.ihc  rotation  period  was  9b,  49m.  5 1  -j>  - , 
but  Ihe  great  increase  in  relocity  evident  I  v  occurred  to 
NJI  the  end  of  November.  lleta-eeo  Novembers!,  iW4, 
and  January  IA  iHc.ihc  penod  was  only *ih.  49m.  JRJ)*-. 
or  54  Mconds  less  than  tbe  mrtn  period  of -A  50m.  1:  151. 
shoun  by  the  same  spot  during  the  !*■>  preceding  tears. 

When  the  first  intimation  ofihis  great  increase  of  speed 
forced  u^elf  upjft  my  notice,  I  at  <mre  resolved  t»  obtain 
as  many  observations  at  uusubte,  in  order  to  assure 
mvsclf  more  certainly  of  the  fact.  Much  cloudy,  net 
weather  ensued,  but  I  observed  lis*  •pot  on  fourteen 
■MtMMhl  lietneen  Soveinber  17  and  January  t%  A 
lengthened  period  of  overcast  skies  then  snpennied.  and 
I  saw  nc-tlung  imec  of  Joprter  until  January  uhen  ihe 
place  of  the  sjmii,  oontutcd  on  ihe  bawt  irf  my  prior 
observations,  appeared  abtuduael*  vacant.  About  1  J"  K, 
Ihrre  tt.ii,  however,  a  rmtarkabl)  brilliant  spot,  the  eta»  l 
toonierjun  of  tlse  one  previously  obsessed.  Then  arose 
the  u, »»*  1 00  of  identity.  Could  the  selocitv  have  become 
to  mtnh  retarded  in  the  tmtnight 's  internal  from  January 
I  j  to  rj  as  to  have  occasioned  soconuderabie  a  displace 
mem  in  longitude  ?  Krom  my  observation  on  January 
1J  and  several  preceding  nic.nl*  the  spot  bawl  shown  •"■*» 
increasing  dttpusiUon  lo  slacken,  and.  from  records 
obumed  in  pieHous  years,  the  motion  waa  known  10 
fluctuate  in  the  must  unaccountable  manner  In  ibe 
se»enieen  days  from  September  jo  to  October  17. 
1  noted  the  ipot  under  went  4  sudden  tr*oilatiito  ul  I  * 


in  the  ilirrvtiun  <if  east    !-■    Tli«  fact  « 

r'ndmiu  Maanwd  *r  r*»  Huurh  at  chkun 

Suole)-  Williami  at  Hrithton.    Tim  nuu  ^3,. 
porturc,  fram  the  mean  txte  of  mocino  have  been 
in  other  Imuacet.  and  I  am  therefore  led  t„ 
that  the  objetu  DCnened  an  January  1 3  and  • 
•err,  rra»nhiLindint  their  diicotdinreot  *aM 
'S'SfP  ohjetn.  Theeoo«l«<eni  hntluncyof  the 
alluded  to,  I  >r  wveral  months  before  lac  cloml 
>et  in.  i>  entire))  opnowd  to  the  idea  that  it  tu 
.uiUrnly  dmppeired     And  the  rrjl  dupb.  erne 
•D  lanje  a,  ihe  lirruunif  .ifMerraciotta  tugvebt. 
a  mean  ti'xn  my  mults  near  January  it  and 
tbe  follomn;  6(iirc,:—  ' 


■  -  7  '  1  ;  ann  nf  7  obfc,  ... 
tu.  17  M  r«u.  6,  roeu 


I 

•  ^affS**  m"a-  **  pmclically  itimmaM  1 
sinfrle  observatmns,  and  in  the  present  case  it  lal 
I  obtained  so  many  Iraniits  rest  befcee  and  • 
period  o*  cloud.  The  real  diipiatemea!  11  keen  fi 
omputum  to  be  cml>  to'  ;,  okksi  i,  quite  wit 
limn,  of  1110  •■■us  e.penenro.  And  if  the  fan  of 
had  not  been  rendered  a  rcry  tenable  hvpxbeti* 
observation.  I  should  ha.-e  rejanled  lhe'bnlliui 
*nee  of  the  ipot  and  its  comparative  tsshlasa 
rhiuve.  Mneeover,  <\<un\g  the  period  that  thu 
tonunued  Hlltl  so  rapidly,  1  often  carefully  e> 
the  piice  aheie,  had  no  cfunre  occurred,  it  m 
been  presented,  lau  no  ohle«  hatsac  a  renw 
ness  to  the  old  spot  <oulil  bedctetted  liavinr  o 
tbit  feature  on  tbe  central  meridian  cm  more  tfc 
niirhl>,  I  am  familiar  with  its  usual  aspect,  and  en 

IHiuibly  km  o.-r   !  ,t,  „»,  ,ne  „„„,  XCMIa, 

I  liNiked  tor  11  in  vain,  had  the  snot  raaaed  the  a 
mate  place  amtneil  1.1  it  from  the  obtrrvanoai 
ceding  years. 

Let  us  now  ansljx  the  degree  asd  pernd 
remarkable  velocity  alknlnl  to.  Arranrine  my  o 
lions  int..  «aort  intervals,  the  fultouing  are  tbe  rc 
pcriodv  tcverolly  derived  from  them .  - 


CM.  .  t«  Si'  J 


•>.V>> 


IS...  tin  N  t  Vat 

S*«.  FT  <•>  t    M  IJ^a 

Bn>  «»i  IWs_  tt  „  ttj/n 
l»re  i«  «t>  1Vt  h  ft*, 

b«.  m  **       1*  —  nvw> 

laM,  71  iv  Ian  t     _  tt,»A 


ft 


:  is  Jot  n 


S" 

1 

.  "  * 

1 

■...'it 

Ik 

tv 

* 

•t 

»»-•,- 

• 

39 

» 1  —  i  - 

* 

<tt 

**     —    1,  M 

ff 

H  j 

K  ..  a  _ 

• 
» 

9? 

1*  -  .1  _ 

t 

u 

>j  -  ii  _ 

f 

•  «  -  v  _ 

ff 

di 

H"l 

Lai 

ff. 

■ 

»'f 

If    -  M  . 

1 

forty  dats  lN«,ember  ,-i  t„  p  n),  ,,, 
remarkuhle  that  ,u  the  mean  time  ihe  MtatttS 
esretly  .nr  re...lut„«  .4  |Up„„  reluoe^ mtbem 
(1.  Ian  thr  -uiljler.  in.reas.  mSSSStS l3 
occurred  .,th  the  wkJtff  ^  UUma}  H  "fl 
/  um  .  -  thit  there  .a,  a  .lirTerro.e^  5r 
IniKitoilr.    The  uuurnuru  ,pce,|  ,„,,,.,  .„  .  1 

pen,.,  -a,  one  minute  less  lkn  lkt  2 
pieveslini:  years.    IWt  my  observaluo  .1  v,„™l. 

prove,  tbe  real  ,ncreaK  of  S^U 


33 


;  two  prerexlinn 
x  *7,  we  net  a 
acconUnt. 

31,  the  spot 
-e  rural  meridian 


{.\fonthly  Afa/Sctf,  vol.  Jtlir.  N<x  91.  bated  011  the  period  of 
■jh.  50m.  u  Jj1*.  The  vnt  mu«  therefore  hi**  mmril 
-jH,7tJo  mile*  to  the  weuw.uil  ai  the  rale  of  yif  miles  i*rr 
■  1  1  :  <  -1 1  ...  <]■..,  and  JQ4  miles  per  Jovian  day.  Then  .\t<  • 
January  13  it  suddenly    retrograded  if  »e  accept  the 


1  nu 


irly 


|trinr  |.» 
.  so  thai 


"rased 


,he  periM.1  clo«l>     ^,L,c.iv  e*b.b.t«J.  *" 


•Wck  subeetpiently  occurred.  The  euentioci  of  identity 
may  be  dcfinitffr  srlilrvl  if  anv  observations  of  the 
■put  during  the  interval  from  January  ij  to  27  are 
twthcnnwne  from  foreign  observatories.  In  this  part  of 
England  the  sky  was  densely  overcast  at  night  during 
the  •hole  of  that  time.  H  VtoL  Hough  at  Chicago  or 
Mine  other  systeenau*  ■tuoetit  of  the  planet  can  supply 
the  minim;  links  for  the  penod  referred  to,  it  will  be 
most  tmtiwtaiit  to  ascertain  bow  far  tbey  corroborate  the 
MM  J  identity  of  tbe  rriartlisgs  in  queitioa 

There  unite  «pot»  are  liable  to  great  variation,  in 
apparent  linlltanry  at  short  intervals ;  10  that,  unless  an 
oosenvrr  is  ivry  carerssl  to  discriminate  between  objects 
aptirosamatriy  wtwaled,  he  is  certain  lo  Introduce  compli- 
cation, into  bus  result*,  lint,  in  regard  to  the  conspicuous 
■hue  tpot  which  baa  been  the  subject  of  so  much  com- 
ment dune;  the  last  few  tear*,  I  have  never  found  much 
dilScuhj  in  following  it,  became  of  tti  special  rhatacter. 
Qrca*orially  •mailer  tout*  slightly  nearer  Ihe  equator  are 
seers  00  cash  .ale  of  it,  but  the  leading  spot  uf  the  trio  is 
ao  bright  and  abnoal  mvariabfy  shows  a  bright  trail 
running  from  iti  north-east  aide  towaid.  the  equator,  that 
it  may  be  readily  sdendried  During  the  observations 
between  October  4,  1U4.  and  January  13,  iMj,  of  tbe 
present  opposition  the  extreme  brilliancy  of  tbe  spot  was 
»eiy  mititeable,  and  the  obaerraliorts  were  pnrsued  with- 
out any  liability  to  error.  I  fear,  however,  that,  morning 
ohseriallor..  bung  rendered  necessary  by  tlut  position  nf 
tbe  planes  in  November  and  December  still  have  enabled 
the  singular  vagaries  of  tbe  white  spot  10  have  genciall) 
eluded  nonce. 

It  it  curious  that  since  tlse  end  of  January  this  white 
spot  has  maintained  a  rate  very  nearly  conformable  M  the 
first  meridian  of  gh.  ton.  1  j  1  j» ,  1. imputed  by  Mi  Mattb 
from  the  observations  between  Ufa*  and  tSSai  but  there 
occurred  a  «uild«n  lArvsalion  between  March  14  and  iff, 
amounting  l.i  wane  V.  These  singular  displacements 
cannot  be  induced  by  change"  in  the  form  of  the  nlnetl, 
and  thev  are  far  loo  considerable  to  be  referred  lo  rtnsrs 
of  observation.  Between  lebtuary  <j  and  10,  tSSj,  IW 
lough  nuticed  an  acceleration  of  nf. 
The  verification  and  true  cause  of  these  variation,  can 
onlv  be  rffaieiitly  sought  out  by  frequent  anil  vrry  accu 
rale  olnwrvaliiin.  Our  own  rbnuie  is  very  Ill-adapted  to 
an  investigation  of  DM  kind  irbere  tlut  most  estenti.il 
point  consuls  m  closely  consecutive  results.  What  we 
need  is  an  almost  unlwrw.cn  series.  It  11  to  be  earnestly 
hi.ped  that  scene  attention  will  be  demited  M  this  impi.t- 
W«t  work  at  the  lark  Observatiiry,  whete  "  the  elevation 
Is  4200  feet  above  tbe  sen,  and/m-  Jrr  nr  irtuw  auwrau  tl 
«*>  t'Tirrj  mtkl  u  «Var/  Tbe  position  thus  <om- 
mands  natutal  advantage,  in  this  wuvk  of  far  more  an- 
pnnancc  than  inalnimental  advantages,  "hatli  would 
enable  >t  to  obtain  sonic  n>w  valuable  evidence  treating 
cm  tbe  quest  ion  of  tbe  remarkable  variations  affctlint  the 
mfcne  spots  on  Jupiter.  Near  the  time  of  opponl«ul  Ihe) 
might  be  observed  every  nijjhu  awl  d  is  this  ..uisecmive, 
ckisetrealmrnt  that  is  required  before  the  pheiiomena  will 
rr.il. i  admit  .,1  satisfactory  -1>*  u.uon 

The.pieilii.11  anses  whethet  tlse  uh.ile  southern  br.i 
partakes  in  these  erratic  and  apparent!)  lucrum!  varia- 
tions of  speed,  or  whether  tbey  are  raeiUwd  to  proper 
motions  arfecting  Use  individual  spots  at  ditTcren;  times. 
If  several  markings  were  made  the  subject  of  ctnalcmpp- 
rary  Mud)  il  night  toe*  I*  determined  .bcther  ilirs 
eahibstrd  uniform  di.pkicrliienls,  nisi,  if  so,  it  wouw 
have  to  be  admitted  that  the  whole  equatorial  atrniM.|ilienc 
current  ts  subject  to  tbe  (angular  onrwhes  and  allemafng 
lull!  which  out  rerrnt  otiseriauons  haie  demonsi tated 

Of  the  new  feauurs  presented  during  the  last  se» 
■weithi  the  most  sinking  arc l 

(I)  The  appearance  of  Urge,  bright  »p«J  inilen'int'"t 
•earth  edge  of  ihe  great  northern  equatorial  belt.  A  I*™" 
bsvrity  oT these  objects  is  that  bnes  of  light  <l°w">S  '"™ 


their  west  tides  on  Mr  the  dark  belt  »m; 
near  the  eqwator,  where  they  Itecame  m< 
spots  show  h  rutatMm  pexiCKl  only  a  few  s* 
the  red  spot. 

(»)  The  outbreak  of  dark,  reddish  Mjtk 
loeigitude,  stpnn  the  narrow  bch  which  ' 
In  immediately  outlying  the  great 
presaiun  north  uf  the  red  spot  was  Tortm-i! 
this  belt  suddenly  dipping  northwards  befit 
•pot  where  they  became  blended  with  tbe 
spots  now  visible  here  are  very  plain  am 
increase  until  linally  their  material  ia  dis 
the  planet  and  llut  belt  beccsnscM  much  dirk 
The  individual  spots  should  be  cnrafull 
ascertain  whclher  tins  is  Iheir  ultimate  dev. 
rotation  period  the)  have  hitherto  ahosrn  i 
same  as  that  nf  tbe  test  spot.  One  nf 
spicuovrs  of  llatM-  new  specs  is  about  iccuoo 
follows  the  red  -jhii  ih.  4?m.,  so  that  Its  li. 
east. 

0:  The  fading  auay  of  the  sveat  abouls 
prcsAinn  north  of  the  red  spot  This  is  no« 
and  extends  a!,ng  tbe  narrow  belt  far  to  tb 
ted  spot.  It  remains  to  be  seen  wbethri  r 
wilt  continue  now  that  various  other  region 
eahibit  a  coniuent  eruption  of  dark  spots. 

Tlie  several  fralures  referred  to  are  of  est 
as  soggeslive  of  peculiar  aurm*  of  atmosp! 
ance  and  as  affunSing  fresh  material*  tc* 
Jovian  LaVenoineria.  It  will  be  necessary  t 
of  these  special  features  during  the  two  em 
and  10  tecoser  them,  if  still  visible,  when  1 
appears  in  the  Dunning  *kv  towards  the  el 
nest.  \V  f. 


HOTgM 

AT  Ike  rraiivra:i'.w/  id  tlsr  Royal  Sorjity  t 
cvciiinc  Uit  n swk,  Ll,  I- . lli.u ,,  we  are  sare,  wcic 
their  I'rcislrnt  kntk  sgaln.  in  renewed  brill  A, 
absrnce.  1'iof.  ll.-vl.v  lu*l  to  wcltussr*a  very  la 
MM*.  srrH  sow*  ul  He  ubiwrts  •shibilol  were  of  1 
1'iot  It.  N.  Mowlty  r  ski  taxed  a  cteVction  «f  t 
|»Uny.  chanm,  crsymlkVs  *<.,  inan  Zmi,  , 
fieav  Nllsdier,  so  MMMsYMl  fur  dravisgairvn  f| 
In  era|4iirra  rrfreseuiatina  of  tbe  ksnnoaic  aw 
petsidlral  |«ra,.nwni  |  Jl,.  W.  T.  Iluwli.m  Py 
leamiful  towering  i|wiinKm  uf  lliraalayas  rlmur 
<«y qiinl  #.  A/avasuv  ami  lb.-  Urgr,  irle 
•affaiVil,  a  fruilisg  lasnch  sf  luffrr,  and  list  varieu 
vau^tratewts  tried  ia  sV  oeVclajo  frad  peparusai  u, 
laswksv  :  irilvi-|laiiniiia  wri<ki.s,  wllk  a  denary 
slnuliaily  al/Jiuit.  anl  a  jsvtc  uf  plulrsssi  wwt 
mill,  1M.-J..1ICI  by  dtawrau,  «tr.  rssi'wei 

llatilwy;  tie  Iav411.11,  Saany  U-at arrasarkiUc srl 
fraai  die  udkviion  lady  lin|wy,  at  Caksrsa,  y 
nstive  id  Palna  tow.udi  llw  vol  of  lbs  Isu  ifrtuiy 
INrlrst  prvMrsaiiitn  ;  Ike  Aiuhr  >s*oi|lai  baince 
ethtKgriphic  plKeogisplu  <y  nniH,  „„,.  ^ 

tussj  lighly  iulenmiru;  pUk.,,,a»cal  a»»t«sl.  si 
Tna  tlcaincil  of  tlse  tariiwh  Aswssims  ksai  a-rs 
J  Siiulhm.  M.D.,  11  a  Vw,.plt„|m  af  ia«  A» 
tbe  ALesdre*  liupihr.  in.)  law  silrd  lie  nvavt 
Smlasg,  M  ll..  I1..V.  t.Mwt.lomlsiil.Usrfaiase 
fur  Ike  VKf-rttsrletK)  of  JirtSKn  K 

AT  lbs  ssviiatiiin  «(  hit  pv,,^  ,  rf 
I Ml  Clsb  will  U  l.d.l  ue  MluiiU)  atrrsssa,  Mlf 
ia  tbr  Untie  Kouss  st  llw  Zoi.lujiial  UrtVnis,  v*. 
(dint  will  •puk  of  tka  reucipsl  ir.«u  af  ian. 


GooqU 


jvsi  /  r  rA'/-; 


35 


«y    to   vi*a*  them 

■     .  I  -    Ml    .  .  >  ■ 


e« 


in  the  /frwri^ 
vl.),  in  which  he 

n  In  Ku^u,  anil 
niintcation  of  hi* 

in  t  wo  .lilTerenl 
te  Ifsviafc  (or  any 
iin-letlttWc-n.  O)  * 
each  of  lucm  \  th» 
ccininf*  («*)  nnlhro- 
[■arallvc  anatomy, 
Iui^im  to  nuit  hollt 
jme  of  ktl  tt«cl, 

mare  t.nrticalarly 
t>c  way  ■'  l"»y  ^ 
e  new  *pcci«a,  vl*. 

£4r*£*i>£,  (7) 

e  lv»t  of  the  paper* 
y  of  Selene..*,  April 
U.S.A..  metho.N  of 
II.  Sei.J.ler.  wined 
A.  H.  Vackanl, 
I  of  calinvt  malnco- 
n  urnlccrllf-l  family 
acneta*.  a  family  of 
icea.  aUtC'**  to  the 
tit  of  the  S.itvlwi.h 
a  at  lh«  S»i|.|*i-.h 
of  natural  cll.c-.llc*  I 
rn  .vemcnl  of  atcaa  *■• 
of  the-  incite  I"  I'w 
lain  «l»r»  »lMrr«.|  ley 
-,  ].  I.  Hi'  Jtl'l  an.l 
i(  iY»c  a.vr.i.ichc*  to 
IWIv-  ;  .1.  W.  I'owoll. 
I,  on  certain  Innir  In- 
,(  it.«ntlfl  l>y  Mr. 

Vnttrhat*  "i  1'iaiil  : 

I  J  C.  A.  Vounu.  oom- 
»l  »arficc--matl.tnc;-  of 

OH  "ton  ;  F.  A.  cicnih 
i  mifKiao—  >»i,l'1""' 
l.rlle.  from  the  Sutra 

a  i  A.  S.  Shinnrr  thy 
of  Autjwl  i*.  rtBII 

rolat'inn  ••»•»  li'OiiolnBl"!* 
i  Ira  RffJW  ",  *■«" 
■  licit.  Ihe  mc.ioltcmi.-n' 

r.  t)«iu  Tone  ii" 

.  an.1  ictUm-i  in  »  f"*- 
lccca.r.1  ntrmhtl.  «««* 
r,nl.  L'.S  A..        J'  * 

.S.A  .by  H  I-  AM*  I 

KM. 

(*,«,!  m  mtk*  •«  >g" 

lary  Oewmltoow 

,  In  l«t,V«>,  ....••■Hi:  "' 
atuol  |i>  a  |«c»  WV«- 
chintc  ..f  IV  '•*»"'  "' 

ownc.v,  .n.1  !■"  * 


fni   77«rr  Calcutta  Corr*>r»in.lcf«  leleljraph.       "J"  >auH« 

Oiniww  •*»       Nt**  w  ',4>*1 "  i""***0     7*™*  55 

lo  ihc  A.iallc  Society,  thai  •  «y«rwnl«:  »ml.«ical  t»l»=ralh» 
..f  the  .Ict.lht  of  thr  ln.lt.in         •h.mM  >«  «n>ni«en.  i» 
n~tio.i  wliha-ivcyofihrerM^   "AtMM  IIIIJII.H1* 
BUM.  ha-  I.ccn  attache!  lo  ibr  .nr-cline  "™"'  /""""(ww-. 

which  i-  »up|.licj  with  r"'P«  "M**1'1'*!  *"»' 
GNU  lnt  a  recent  ceahe  In  lite  Kf       Bc«a;l  j 
ma  le  with  v«iy  Inte^wini!  rc.nl>*    '*<"»'  "f  "»  ™"1 
a  .pc-ar  M  W  new.  «1  h.e.  Ml 

The  .Ircisinjr.  .If  1""^  "'»'  ,,lr  lW  trt,"~' 

near  .he  ».-lh  "f  Ihe  lloothly.  kn«r.  to  the  s.^h.  rr^r-l-g 
which  Ml  .-.•eciil.li.m  h.l  hecrt  »tali.ml  ».  wa.  BerH,  « 

Hay  ..f  ll.-t.4.l-».  -  '  '  >  '"         "!J  '"••If*"1 

V   ,  -S  ..f  .he  w,..k  of  P..-e«»«l  w~i™~«'  '"1C^ 

WV„.  I,  I,..  .nr«iol  Hole  .„r.,..«  in  .Ki.  c .nntry.  »r.l  -hick. 

^  LoA.  in  Chine*    Fa.  Ihn  r«t»«  h  «"*• 

„„„..r.<    •    *"  Slant1"!  in  UTT.  >  o.m~.«e«. 

'Z  pre^ratmn  - «^-*«^^«* 
„..w  I.—  ,;,..nB  M   ' tK«  ihirt, 

,,,„  ,.,  p..l, „.l         I  JJg  — ^  „  fie. 

«*.  ^J*Jg£gAg  front  .1-  ptM  «•  •*>--'r 
p.nyit.C  ""I11™'  ""..T  w» :  c»»~liy.  I-""'' 
nt«n.h-l         'l-  ^  ™«y.  «..e«-.l— I  U-  to 

„,„.„„.,„  of  M.u«.Alu  j,  JTjar-^  JJj.  ^  „, 
„„  l.ll.Hc.1  ^*(  rl^„,alfm,,'a,rn,,c..l«.ny.'lh«.*>tr. 
,  .irl  .""  !««■"   ,„,„...(  ,n„l-m.l.  •!  l»r"  -.  mele..n*<J. 

kyotene.  r»'";"T~;'  ,  ,„y  .,11  chim  -ilh  «.-.WI|,»oyi«« 

„,.m-.l-cy.  I'1' '■"^f.,"k  it  in.-  I-  nt-r-WI.  h.w  *r« 
..       e  .omiU-1  «•'"  ».gT  ~,  £,  „.  I,  ..ntOntr.!.  rere.. 

-"•il,C  '"  ^rvr..t^.he,c,h.,.«ch.U-,..nt 
tn  China  »«  '  ^2?T5  pe*.«r  ki  .   ™T  " 

r.„,1  ih".    »  53*S  „  t  hm.  M  ha:  •"  ■»*«*■  •  to* 

,c.,eh.».ll-"'-;^'y,^"I.,,11„«  ,.f  «W  l»e«.re  M  •» 
,.f  MCh  ,n-,'ln''jk,  "III,.,  Lwt  ,ri,h.rHl.eto)..i^r«*r»«w 
.nhlect.  of  htl.nl*  t",~r'C  ^,     .,„...e.l  ■«  Hi'"  "Heel  M 

..  „.,l  will  t«  =>.  1  r.  nn.-  »"  ""'"iJ 

•w  ,'.^.1,  .-.majefrce.  t»  m 

nf.  '*  i 
la  V».'*  ""'•    .,„,  w,.«.c-i.- fc*-"  "•*»- 

a"  '"'•;,l;"^.v< *',',"' w 


36 


NATURE 


Urtam  tm  literary  »nd  toeaxine  lafcectt,  u  admnwl  (be*.  Tlw 
ctlarer*  ik  rirawu  fur  ihr  stoat  part  from  thr  Oaff  of  Bedford 
School  Aainagtbe  tcientiric  »»b|r<t»  Ifxladrd  m  the  C««r»« 
art  MM beiow ctubfjr.  r*ytkitl  grtapapay,  and  Man?. 
Bedford  it  I  "  .  ■  in  ■  ■  ing  *wn[il  it*  rr*iriml>  qaalinrd 
tnd  willing  10  urgutte  and  carry  out  an  cacciVttl  plan  of  ihlt 
rwJurr  fur  *»  benefit. 

Tm  i  -it  CoriMit  a!  Legheen  to  hit  report  \*  the  pi  i  year 
naahea  tow  inWretting  obtrrraikot  «  roral  at  thr  Mcditrr 
rarwan  Some  centum*  !o.  *  the  Mediterranean  oxit  wdmie* 
were  cairlcd  im  rsducvily  by  thr  ■»pinifdv,  and  law  principal 
eaubliahmrnit  ■Hpi  In  the  maawifactuie  td  rs.-eiJ  ctfUalCsa 
were  la  the  hand*  nl  J<tn  miding  in  S,*in.  I  ■  -  ■  1  thr 
nf  thr  wttecnth  century,  lo  escape  the  pertccaiiceu  tu  a  bach  they 
were  rapoacd,  t  Urjr  ncather  ««f  thewr  mrrchant*  rrmoveri  to 
l,rghrm,  m  orrir*  to  enjoy  lk*  tevnre  asylum  affimlrd  by  ihr 
liberal  cnactmrM*  ti  Frariinaarin  di  Medici.  Crent  were  o*> 
'w»rd  from  ihr  Neapobcan  ruatt,  prate^wJly  fawn  Tome  drj 
tleeeo ;  hmir  iSu  place  a|  m  early  pcria!  lc<tJM  the  chid 
t  wt  of  the  cord  fithery.  and  avwe  of  thr  Iratit  r-r.,*»<.ri  in  it 
■rt  vi,-:  f.ltrJ  .tat  al  that  port,  aJibitagh  the  manufacture  <4 
coral  nmuirto  and  bead*  h  rnwl  on  principally  M  Leghorn 
and  Gnm  Thue  Ontantentt  ate  met  with  in  alntrat  cvrry 
pnrt  of  the  wurli.  and  in  aiawy  centric*,  even  In  F.urupe, 
can!  at  believed  lo  be  puncnrd  nf  a  peculiar  rharat.  In  A<ca 
and  Africa  it  it  regarded  writ  t  to* I  of  rdajtoui  vencrwloa, 
while  a  India  U  w  largclt  toed  fur  thr  adrirnaarae  of  empaet 
wheat  prepared  far  rrerruinci  Bit  the  pre«eni  Mtnalton  of  the 
rural  trade  it  dttavtruaa.  In  iMj,  a  octi  hank  teYwral  kiln- 
metre*  In  l.-ngth  tru  Uncovered  neat  the  itlinri  nf  Hhm 
<*  In*  mwi  of  Story,  «t»l  emarqurntry  thr  vei  l  nf  raw  mtirntl 
faaa  hrm  far  im  Caxeni  «•*  the  ilnnaavl,  amd  ihr  rrtf  i*  alfl  v  it 
Ut  froaa  hein(  rthauitH.  A  ftrK  drferonllun  la  **1*r  h»* 
ramgd.  and  u  l  c-jotnitimrr-  an  rtlemrre  trtvW  h*«  ttirani;  M 
in  onral  with  Africa,  where  the  natitr*  mm  pwn-ha*«  tulj' 
•  rriammti  to  pjac*  <«*  Itetdi  of  VrfletilA  ind  (Wrmin 

rwtnofactare.  The  raw  rural  mnvt  frnts  Ntplr^,  and  i» 
wnrh#d  at  leshorn  hy  wdtaen  Inlo  Ind*,  BriiaJt  India  and 
Kfjrj*  atttifl  the  rhtW  rue  nif  m  for  them. 

On  April  14  Mr.  Edward  berdoev  M.H.C.S.,  tead  a  rntwr  al 
I'atwwry  Colkfe,  (iuarrr  Vrrc,  Uff*r  tV?  Itniwninc  Sxleiy. 
'  tir  »-  1,:  At  a  Sclrniifte  NnV*  Tlie  paper,  a»  «• 
in  thr  f.imit,  o$e«e>1  wUh  M  ekhaauiv:  nrjii- 
tneni  to  prove  lh.tl  \h*  pm^ii  nj  0/  ificwcc  nee*l  n^i  n* 
tonw  bad  Mid,  tend  to  the  detract  I  on,  M  thr  ructk  in  1 

that,  an  Eart,  •  <u  nf  I  ..  c"  »•''•'  -•  "h>  enrwhrJ  ihcir 
'•ertr  by  the  tfuly  uf  naiural  pftmofmna -LncrrlMt,  Ilallrr, 
Mtlirm,  and  Goathr,  and  m  oiir  www  timet  Ir*ny*n  a»1 
li'owniwg,  whilr  ttvdeM*  »l  nwnrnl  w<  phyiicnl  Kiencr  hwl 
not  aottrrl  their  tutt  aopiaiadaatte  with  Mitral  lawi  itnprdc  Ihv 
luawriant  grrrwlh  of  ihetr  pnetir  faacy.  M.iny  of  Urowntns'* 
■noat  liraulafal  un«3ri  wvrr  the  txMtlt  of  hit  inlwali*  a<f]tuiilt 
anew  with  nnatonry,  phytaolotxy.  arrl  ArtmWry  t  tn*l  the  UK  he 
iimtuntlj  aoaket  nf  npiret  drawn  fK«ii  the  witnrr  nf  uplact  hu 
emUed  him  to  ..!.  ,,-  hit  .  -  urate  rmtimi**  hy  much  Ueaui*- 
Itd  imacrry.  The  poet  of  the  fnttir*  *ill  be  denird  h»  f-wtnet 
"power  ..f  otaiaaft  c*pr*c*:idy  w&h  tart*."  hut  lh«  tKrtial, 
Mr,  IWdue  arp.f.l,  wnoH  »h  iepre«  the  poetic  tpiriL  Mr 
BereVw.  m  condutka,  claimed  for  Mt.  flrowainf  lhat  «*•  »* 
1  intmlin;  thr  poet  for  the  <d«wtifiren*n  1  ahre«r<  of  ihr 
cwlro re  of  hat  time,  and  In  cW  toiKh  with  thr  pat  nim»  of 

Hun  Scuwafc^it,  writoax  W»fdut  mthr  Af>«wf"»*"A 
Aw-nVn  Oriimt,  Mrra  lo  Uldueai  antonfrf  «k»rnuU.  In  tui^pr 
ll»r  idea  *  feneral  that  UMneat  it  the  jweainc  of  nn.dar»  . 


in  the  tinn,  on  tbe  other  hind,  k  »  the  owtmun  ■ 
nf  two  rate* — the  Spanish  Jewt  wad  tltr  Turkt,  mb 
tymcm  hnt  never  been  otrtwimajha  by  any  drrator. 
•ladies  In  anaae  me*vire  lo  rtptnln  that  ur^in  of 
atcaon  we  mn4  cowmcnoe  at  the  rodtrt  of  tbe  | 
Utinc  «»V  by  tide.  The  in<li>leaie  of  Oriataul  woe 
hneww  and  h  minifoied  ra  ua>  cd  natmioa  rather  t) 
■taaana.  Tbe  Orienmt  ttmihcr  rtrgtoctt  the  prindj 
bet  crTVpratttt.  Dtrtiic  Ike  firtl  Mght  dayt  of  Ua  eat 
the  ta/int  »  tprinklrd  with  a  little  upid  wuer  one 
«xtm  dii  araanaav.  then  wrapped  In  c<jtuaml  rap  x 
tr<«ltile  of  fre^jeni  iha<grt,  tW  hrid  being  MfMR 
a  added  cap  ftrd  andrr  the  chin,  ThU  procrte  it  rep* 
the  Wttcedirci  wccV*  oa»  rrrry  two  da/t,  anial  fi 
hemaaa  bin  lotlaiane  rren  k*  thit  repetition,  and  at 
alOjtjttacr,  tbrvagli  lev,  j:  it  uid,  that  the  child  w 
tokl  fact  6e«p«m  widiuij>  Sasaaatnion  bit  ailde 
tu  laane*.,  for  tbr  wxanrn  heliere  lhat  tbe  head  u 
thou  1,1  newer  be  auric  I.  t»  thr  tcab  prodoced  by  the 
fur  thr  rjtrm.  Thit  dirt,  iniaed  with  ihr  wxm»et 
acltauuut  aiiJ  other  glaatls  bemwet  tae  heme  of 
aatroal  and  rrgMabkt  pnniviteK  whiib  prarrnt  the  dr 
nf  hair  and  d**roy  that  already  pwrn.  The  open 
unRbt  fttaitt  m  riot  ft)  flog  thcaw  panacea,  it,  b&wrvc 
Ctriudrd  by  the  catlrmi  whkh  <t  UriperkUrr  ur»i. 
pawplet  of  never,  by  day  or  aught,  ur  «pcn  nay  cetaw. 
erer,  tnkiraj  otTthe  head -covering.  At  night  tke  is  i 
i-r  a  Imnt  cap  of  tioulir  thapr  Thit  perpcf  aal  eevei 
ally  tetnrtt  ihe  growth  uf  ihe  hair,  awl  tranwomtib  • 
gatinn  do  their  work,  fleer  Vhwr**er,  who  hat  h 
fcla.1  k*  nuay  JfOtrt,  flrtt  noticed  rhtnair  btldteat  a> 
lower  (la«M<*  of  the  Tarkt,  eejaxiilly  the  to-railed  V 
Nalnnita. 

TaH  N'aitwal  FiJi  i  idttie  A^ooauia't  hakbrri 
K<ntin£lun  u  wiw  (radua'lt  Iwronartr  depleted  if 
ate  braaj  iranimhted  to  patf*  wUm  graccitmt)y,  4 
bdiery  M  Prlaford  bebingiwg  tn  the  Atueaalaia.   1  br 

,  and  halih:iti;  tei»«n  ln%  trrn  very  ye>>s»f  rr»«  kni  1 
tbtrv  Winz       a  very  l.rw  n-runtm  atjrtaley  in»r«t 

I  prodocnt. 

Ttl«  A<ranr«ati  at  the  laterasrmal  Inttntajat  Eil 
att«aninc  a  o>*r  rrmplrie  a>|wet,  ant  hu  bate  an 
fraiur*  weh  tltilor*  fajtn  the  hrtt.  .Va  Aqairajn  Ha 
n->w  in  thr  prr««  ant  will  |«  »1kci1j  piAcatcd  by  Vrv* 
aa-|  laaMk  tvttluiiiirtg  a  ni'tirM  bitliry  of  the  ttt>N  tr 
•ad  a  tenet  of  aetwlet  upon,  ihr  oititrc  of  fab,  (be  tat 
nf  .ti[iurta,  Ae_ 

Ow  Api.1 11  j  airtetT  wat  »een  orueftkng  at  a  «m 
frua  tbe  rtwith  at  F<<geltta  radwa)  tiutwi  at  im* 
Swnlrt,  aht  (ill  tome  >Uur»tc  „ff  t.i,  ((r  .mwrcw* 
ctfliii;  tn  the  tpra  he  fun.1  a  -i.ne,  d-.r  tbe  tm  ea 
and  Irvwe  in  cduar,  which  tatrtt  uruafty  of  fanwktt 
tlnjch  agiimi  *  h*H  ol^rct.  It  a  w  r/U  Itaoibtrr  yt; 
bring  furwardol  lo  a  aiit'ita. 

Tat  CV.wftt  ftM  hat  jcJdaAal  a  t.  Imu 
G<Mvramewi  .urttlirai  »»'  inttitattam  rf  „  n,fin, 
•!W£taIlf  *t levied  crSrrr,  into  the  twlrt  if, I  .a^tptttar 
|WxmV  >.f  OeweaL  Tlir  midlt  oft,*  ttturr  ilcaic"  be 
cthttoenaplilcal  ralae 

Ttlt  eueptiotully  beav,  runf.B  n  r«  (>fV> 

1M4.  whew  74mtn.  were  t^-ioH  f*  tW  r-rair-iw 
wet««micnlnt  nn  *l  the  time  U  1t(  JkaaAratiaj  . 
an*  rdmg  mr.t,rwiai.wy  rr  1,1m re  of  Ha  IrvJ)  tf  tbr 


^  TURE 


37 


-  ■  t      i  \      "i" ii i ■ 

^>«rf«.    has  been 

f-n  t  nliirrv.T 
.ii^l  mean  of  lis 
6  other  wv.  n-v 
at       Hit.  [»rll 

.1  r><iuisten  and 
73  rtn m .  It  h»» 
Af7rc-cl  At  llolmc- 
■airrfnll  at  ItcrKrn 

-  ■ »  iiiHlanco 
th«     i  ..ii.!  ill  ha* 
;  tl»e«.e   the  nitwi 
_t   anil    nc»Jc.  »t 
»y  (  I  » i_-  cj  c  m  I  o-  r  8, 
were  rrfci-"tcrcil 
Thcw?  «lownfr»Ir«. 
irMcrvalInn*  were 
t€>    I*r.  Ham.-ere 
lcrno<3ii'l.  wIm-ic 

c<*  uich  »«  tkmm 

ly  maintained  l'Y 
_t  llpr^rn  both  in 
any  other  place  in 
tier  of  the  atifin-il 
ctinnCL->  arc  nUml 

,     occurrence  of  . 
Novemtwrr  14 
humility   thai  '»'!« 
of  I  liivfii   for  hi« 
hi,  ».a«r.  They  will. 
■  he  lc-»on  to  heal. 
,11   \,<     n  oil  in'  -  ••  'I 
an  lm|>ort«n' 
tn  a   l»»R»  trade  ™ 
.„o  worth  nolle.  i» 
.<  winter   wa-r  man.- 
,   |H,C    n.Tec.cd  tire 
the  .110'k  la-lct  •"• 
of  ho..-e-.  temple- 
„,t,  >nd  much  mJUtr 

ink.  on  account  ,.f  M 
.,«  ,.u.ly 

„  kcepinc  inhl"  ' 
cohonic  ma.tc  ncl 
■       _         K>»  making 
r  ah-****'1  1      **  a,Kt-h 

tr.o.c.l  o,B..n.-".- 
.   r-..  LrM  durinfi  lh» 


Ml.  i 


'o  Z  M-nkry 

,r   Mr'    I  •"«'";  • 


11;  » 
■  1 


a.  i/Wmf 


wwifirn)  frrwi  T«x*v  |.re*coie>l  by  Mr.  /.  G.  Witir :  •  IkmjJ 
Squirrel  iSttrtmt  kr/v/rrrin  |  fnttn  Crnlral  A  Mem  a.  *a  Indiao 
My  fifth  l,f  n.i*.i/4wi  im^tmtsmut},  fnar  Wtacc- !-m*>  nl  Pi£«oni 
4 CWmawAv  iwi  .*»«•«*  |,  a  Itlick  If  ill- Kcjulrrwl  |.f>wv«i  ■•vttvr.r.ii 
from  In.tia,  law*  Chine*  Jay-Tnra*he-.  iCrtrviuV^  'f4n>r*arij> 
fr  .m  Cttirti.  x  Sim  fclirrii  [£it*yft?t  i  fro*.  Bruit,  two 

Orcck  l'*nri«iipM  iC*te**u  i»rsOiit\ Niioih  >-t.>>|«nn,  <i  Ivubk- 
Itantlctl  Sar*J  (ifuutc  (/Vrf-i>  iV>  .V.  r wiHwi  I  fturn  ScftqftvJ.  •  Talifxaa 
M'»n'*cy  (CWlrk^Mww  iaU/»»m\  fmm  W«i  Africa,  i  Ntfra 
TiBiann  (.I/j./at  ■r>jii'«i|,  4  UmbIwIiIi  k  l^[ul>iru  i/^tVJInu 
At*mMJr*  4  U  I  K.^y - t.ilU'l  fkuk  • ;.UiAyu-M  >v/*,  j  j  9  |  tn« 
Soulh  America,  a  VUcAtbl  iLif ^"mt  trnki>J»\tffm\.  a 
Scorpion  Mu4-T*rnip«a  iCjatviVnuov  jut/ia/i)  fmai  Hjiiim 
Ayrrs  "  CaJwcll  (CaMm%HM  urtff*  J  \  ut  Spttlcrf 
SaUinm>Jer*  (.Vj/j«>f»/>vi  <wo.W«rjy,  Eurupun,  |wthaa#<l ;  a 
CrovMptilitn  {Cr**i,>?<iii-«  m+tmt,  iunrmm  A  \  fr«n  Nwlhcrn 
riur.4,  tccei»*tl  in  rtchiayw;  •  tiijal  frntiofa\,  iwn 

I^iB|;  fn«ted  t-tfWIl**  f^WHIN  ifmjijrr»t\t  bnrm  in  thr 
QMltMa 


(HOT  ASTXkWOMKAL  coi.UMX 
Titt  H**v*ici  Cot  1 1     t>n*tkVAMi'tv(  l*  S;.—  The  thinj 
ninlli  Annn&l  IU,»h*I  <tC  t..i<  jMt»vi.-«  aa«  htui  ifainl.  «»< 
wiih  d   1  •  '        ■  1  ■■  ■  ■     MJHinury  nf  rJn#iwi«n  erf  wijiIJt 
in  18X4.  mast*  i^rmi<y  |o  l»*  plan  h%  Unt  in  •> 

L,^ncnu»»tnii'.n  10  ilrn  Ancrkin  Ac».l<my  *■  Am  JfwJ  Siffcd 
(v. J  I'-  ao6|.    Thirteen  .»lrter»tt*.  |m*K<  M<t  p«*wMiir, 

have  co-optraied  In  th«ar  oU«v«il«xiv.  imra^i  ilwn.  Mi. 
Knott,  0/  CuAficH.        Mr.  T.  W.  tWkriMite.  (4  Suuic-t-aJ. 
]n  ihc  vu «> m.rr  icfcfrv  t  tn,  the  |««itlufr»  uf  the  tttr.  <.t  1S75, 
ih-r  limit*  oi  Tarutlitn  nn«l  thr  pfri«l»,  u  b  u  relUUy  ^rtrr 
mirwH,  ate  rtr**'**.  *•»•  cirrular  d        t*-*-.  wl  thoa 

1<jnKaUr.  arr  fnll.wiw.1  li>  a  jf»t<nwnt  of  ihf  autatn  nf  obaw- 
vatfon*  «f  cith  «J»,  mn<tt  l»yia<  wi«it  i>Urt*m  m  taaraun* 
•  if  lfc*4-  *<l  l*  M  <a*f        wv  wfc**  '  ^j'rt*  mr*t  rt.|t»« 

atu-nf— «     Ii  ■*  certain  ihtf  in  thr*  hrarwh  of  alc*aw-itmaai 
i0r<lt,,«y  thriv  n  *a»r-«  wtwh       a  mar*  U^vr  nimlwr  »rf  c» 
jjjJMiaiTl'  »hiih  K  mxy  \<  tWM  Ihar  PM(  hcMmiv  «ttt 
.„    ^.  I    ..,   .nl-iili^  ....    ..-..'..if..   AT* "  r  if*  n!  in  I  IT  II 

ma>  »*•  iat*k(W«  »o  |*jft»«:a*»ri«  tW  «ml  "hKh  fac*  «n»  may 
jJU  1i>  »-»'*h  rHWtiwIy.  .0  a«  r-j  HWlt  oh*«>Jtini«  nf 

th<  wh.»V  or  ihr  ma]  *«y  »f  tbr  l>*  In  Mtt  year   

Wilh  TVC-i't      ll»r  (pf>wriJi«wenii^-i-#llie  II  ifTMtl '  n-^i- 

vaturv    M  «  U«tr.|  lh»!  :A  «.■»•'«•  »'  «!■(•» 

■t  rJaaifl*T  MtfllUct  hit*  Ura  «.-tiftart|  hrir.  tW  ./«en. 
J.  t.,.ic.l  in  1S7H,  aa«l  2S4  ■^aaafl  hiwe  ■■•«•  t>rl>  tho»  o*»*<.v^ 

^(Sa  l«n  oimrlrt^l  .hirta*  .lie  jrftf.    Sfl^lcn.  ol  ■  m- 

J  .  i  i  mc  r,..ir  mlnm^  *tcenwn.  *t»J  lea  nwotM 

1  ii..aia«  Jft  j.l.lai*al  plv««mim  Brtfewd*  of  tlc*«Jfe- 
__"  llTffl  d.t«m*nitv  ».eh  aavfifi 

"Tth  <»t-r.«.a.B>  of  .tnactx  •  f  lh, 

r.'*>g|i"-y*jg 

tn» 


rccrrnll)'. 

. .  ■  r  .it.rr  i.»7  " ■»  "  *t  " ,hf  1*^1  *  **■ 


...I  '">."•''  t  loll-"'.  *  coll  Milt  aar.  lmg 

Ic-.  *f  fe  g?.SglJuall«»l  llrrftt.M»a  .>»»»»  I. 
•M*""*"*^    I  7°I-.rI«      •"".huK  "»  *"««rlfr««. 

""' "**!ilto".ii»»»i-'-t      2fK "'",^*  *" a !?H*J" 

"  rrrac  ••>  rMl-  »  »»"♦  brraliaHr  tmlillia  |,. 

"Car  StS^aTMr ,VM>  h"        "  **  t™^*  *** 


XstTURE 


{May  14 


Niw  NtWL*.-M.  Seqilan  puH^hw  poutiwH  i/vt  •lewrtp- 
inm  <4  tno  t*ebt\*  ■  !:«:  r T -  !  at  \r  1.  ■.-  .it- .  In  ibe  yeif .  ifflj- 
85,  In  tit Jiii tin  tn  ifc*  nnh«  pr«v«MtOr  'Ictoctnt  at  thii 
oUctvKtiirT  Not  tht  In**  r>5*.it0f  dlM»clni*tlc  of  M  3lcpb&ft'« 
caUk^***  ii  ihr  prfti«l-n  of  ilic  (j1u«-»  p«en  is  I  htm  lit 
■mrt— l  that  00  (VK>t«rr  I  ar»2  2.  I  Hi,  nritW-r  lJw>  ntlitla 
Orcfvr-S(h>Ar(  5^5  n«.r  *  u  wcr*  [*rrqitiU*  in  tht  pavtiam 
"-J  t*>  thtm  hv  the  4nrnvMvn, 


Thr  m* 

mni 


A J  TJtOX 0  MICA  L  PHE  XOMEXA  FOR  THE 
WEEK,  i«5,  MAY  17  2} 

■  ■«  1  recLuningj  of  utt*?  it*-  civil  Aiy,  (UHaconK;  it 
Gmntr.:1.  umn  BkJmcM,  MW  ■•»„.  Butr,  m  in  JT  jaTvre 

•  1 1 . 1  I  ■  r  I  I 

Sm»  riars  4)1  7".  i  fc>u!h«.  Ilk.  ijam  lO'fa.  ;  artt,  It*  «6m  I 
d>tl.  oil  mtrtddtt,  |t>'  »•>■  N,  :  S*ltrral  TiaM  al  SuikcI. 
Ilk  .IS-*. 

Maon  (u  Fin*  Quart rr  May  21,  Ch.  \  Hut,  fife  Jam.  j  Math-, 
14I1  Jim.  ;  .»■<•,  ja%.  44-0.  .  ,lnl  on  mtriillUl.  I»*  f  N. 


rat  mi 

%  mm 
Mm 
lupiltt 
Ne-i.ni 


{« 

J  *a 
II  o 

S  ej 


h  aa 
10  |a 
if  10 
10  JO 
18  15 
•3  ii 


■7  'J 
11  Jo 


141  N. 
■9  S!  M. 
1}  ItN. 
•1  i»  K 
•>  i»  N. 


Me, 

17  ■ 
ill  . 


•  seal  las  satese  *•  <Su  if  ibe  aslntise  ds, 
•AtairWaw  ./ A*eei  as-  aa.  .UVw 

sin  Stag.       IS.*.         ka|i  tSftSBE'C 

It-., 1*0  Inut 

-  a.  a.     k.  Be 

•  B.A.C.  Jaiey  6  ...  111  1  lit 
JS  Seatamii      6       an  48      ai  its 

•  Is  I*'" »  hnm  al    .  m  nek  1. 

r/yaoSnVr  .sevVwVr, 
*   ■  1  jUr      k  a. 

■  *j  ai  11.  ucc.  •au.111.  ai  ...  on 

.  »  an   II  tr.  eft.  at  41 

si  JJ  III.  occ  tup,  aa  ...  o  1 
l)  10  III.  rvi  duMf.  ai  aa 


i»  WO 
1*5  17* 
ai  J4» 


I.  wc. 
I.  %r  inc. 
L  tr.  «vi. 
I.  ctL  nu|i. 


ijft*5j  M1— /"!«'  m  ~«i»nclwii  wilh  and  «*  If  nonh  «l 


ri/K  IftOX  AM)  matt  IXST/TI  TK 
the  trc*  ui  rM  hakaa      „n  \v,.i«Mrf«r.  tv  jth 

i»"  ,  vhrn  In.  rt«y  >».  ih,  pr«>idHiiul  aiMnm. 
An.r  li»Kae  tt«  coopcnlius  «J  ihr  nxii.lpn .  In  ioi.|.l)ii«  hin  ' 
<•«>  nilenali  luf  ike  oc»  ~tniu»  (i  !..«..,<  n  ••  li..n  .-I  I 
■ML  >ui  i<lnna|[  in  klr.  Lomkian  IlriT.  nranl  nliial.li  »i«k 
*****  Miblctl.  IV.  rcrcydicu  «UcntHmfuil»ff  eii.'m;  utii- 
«w*ll  •lrj*r«t».tt,  *n\  In  hl«  ■.•■ini.iii.  lit  inn  piiiu-ii'.n 
"  PuwimintMii  |mr««il«  in  Ike  uunufutwine  wwf  Id  M  It  =W« 
<•  Ibr  niiitil  ailTk|,  ho«r«fjt»innjl  and  »n»lnunc  miji  ht 
that  tnnn—utdj  the  kttrtt  will  larvirv  7kr  tln^Kte  tiny  be 
a1"1  PI  akalijr  }>enaili<  dioatroui,  hat  a»  V:mfi  aa  laaajji 
^"^jatmand,  II  n  tnatvahlf.  nnl  Ike  Itilk  U  UK  difalvrnl. 

In  Ike  ai.inei  id  leehnkll  edocjttxi  Le  tegreiled  ilm  a  fiw  nf 
»!•  centrMed  Iritttdf  Ol'XjId  hair  iirli^wlle  allemptrd  tn  imtipe 
all  oat  arliaaof  Willi  Ike  notion  Ikal  tilt  nrtt  thtafl  wWrh  al 
retxnl  Iker  arrenltj  need  is  lixhnical  edaoitMK  a*l  ill*',  ll 
» Jl  be  tnlaln  to  htBefll  Ikeaa  all  ilile.  wl>trea>  in  -nut  ltlde>, 
>«tk  at  IU11  U  Ike  Me  tinier.  Ik*  nnre.ll.in.  Udl  wkkb  ■•  alike  ' 
ua  aurpltac  and  ndnuration  of  all  is  to  be  ottatae*!  o»!>'  lit  ihr  f 
»«actlte  of  tus  m.  Hc  Kiar€,i  »|,|,  ,deaKira  u>  Ike  Jodirioa. 
■kk^Iifibtriscd  was  in  wku-k  9k  larsihai  !  Stniuel»j«l.  M.l'.. 
bad  adswiied  iKuuna]  edtKatital  in  its  widest  sense,  ami 
restated  uses  the  lilwralll;  u(  the  lissndcn  uf  Ihe  Owens  CeaVge 
inuw  taw  Vklmal  U«eerklirl  in  Uaoekrsue,  Ihe  Maaas  CVII-fe 
in  BimunLtui,  and  Ike  r'itlh  C.dlet;.  t>  MienWId,  and  U  Ike 
Wkussoflh  .SsliuUrsluj*,  itflonzk  wlsase  aid  Kietninr  in«rsi.lluu 
Is  tdaoad  wxhin  Ike  ttaeh  of  the  artisan  class. 


tr  ssat-e  pnttnai  t/  ihe  sildtos  was  dernlad  to  |ha 
rtrsaltal  |e,,|«r.ir<  ea  H,in  snd  rieel,  and  lie 
Tmmm  •  ie»nt.s  kemehl  utn  In  •troiu  relief  Ika  ns 
warn  ol  lasisshslsts.  II,,.  ee-ses  it.  he  masters,  Ih.-a  I 
of  ■»*'*■■«  '»  fl  be  eat? eased  t,  mreVsnieal  lteaam.1 
P"?-  "><>"  '«  s.,,™,*!  onnM  lend  in  rtctler  t»  lea 
lit  (Kodorr  •AwaataH  f  Why  it  Item  «t  steel  wit," 
it,  .Itenrth  >»  »<c  deawinj  I  What  ss  the  cans*  of  lint  ■ 
chener.  whkh  stenr  mtlalt  in. I  all.iys  hare  Iwrti  ,,Uai 
rn.ltr|v>,o,|iti,,t,i«Iy  wkde  al  ecst  <a.\  ,^in,r 
seeieflt  oodllliiu.  )  ■ 
"  ll  la  Ml  many  years  suaca  tlut  we  hid  t„  ae™.  .1 
dlacose.  «.  anslysjs  of  Iron  me  n,  of  pi.  imti.  ihire..  . 
arc  aslaaUy  far, rwlitlmnl  with  tilth  snsirtev  W.  are 
wah  iwn-.nistfes  of  carbon,  oiirAitk  or  cotnVaned.  of 
sad  asasaraacse.  of  stdpbsr  an  1  lf|  lllllim  w,  aiVla,. 
I.y  this  sjn  acvsmiilati  ei  of  ntslerisl.  Whal  h  now  wa 
Ihe  min  H  snlore  it  lo  law  and  order,  to  emlse  I 
ftlkllnybl  fee  nee  WK  f>lanc.  tlot  lUproloeas  i.soks 
and  ronteaVt  thai  no  (tamos  brain  cam  solve  ».  What  i 
,<sys»-.sl  :r  i  ■  ■  -    f  ;.„,     .,        ,    „.f  WKu 

raewtcal  sad  ,Jir..  ,1  ernperilrt  of  cenisntsli  nf  pote  in 
pote  tiW- -m  In  sari.m.  pn.potliotss  I  xlrkil  at.  ihr  tno 
esblente  of  msnBsnro-.  siluon,  an  1  pbj^hsns  whew  i 
lojelhrr  in  pic  imn  •  ttTrsi  Is  Ike  er.afe,  oW  J 
(ones,  in  th.  niinufautura  nf  iras  and  .itel>  Why  ate  t 
rentiers  tctl.in  ollm  «h,lu>...  „..|,  ,„  n,!,.,-,,',^ 
Clte  hatdrnlnti  nunr  I,  ouv  nitr  ■,  .,,  any  . id 
SaKaf*  '"  "*  ""->'"* "tJ  P«rt  nf  iht  lira  I  n.e. 
sts.-h  like  onrMsont  ike  Itselallnrifiti  ad,.  ,rT  the  ntiaral 
stadtcr  and  thrmiet,  md  has  fule-t  hhherto  .o  rreers.  a  ret 
llteirst  r  ettl.l.lrl  whal  may  le  call.'.  Iht  Icthsacal  tat 
hit  aUress.  Hi.  rrrey  Irealed  tin  71.ui  n  rd  tlr  ealt 
ohith  Ike  Irtswrnmrat  of  a  cnaa-ry  .h  .ill  r-uio.  tat  a 
fasSnte.  ale]  elsl.,1  "thai.  If  it  eatld  Vdl.taw  ttKlUaan. 
a  whole  wmsll  he  benoaled  l,y  tht  l^semneju's  saacaxw 
asntniirtare.  ihta  Ihe  (;.-,s.rnm.nl  was  hotted  so  take 
ceairsat."  Ttestrss,  the  sititus  cauaa  of  anmse  prnts,  sic 
tons,  red  sieel  (.«  skip-plitcs,  hr  shstred  Ikal  a  rack 
nwinc  m  ceen|<tnl,.ii.  1.1  oprrarise  sstttarrnvai,  and  . 
ttrsses,  prelate  Indit.-ti  was  tlways  alaV  m  pnsluoeania 
fstol  is  onl  thespet  than  the  ...-„.-.,. 

Tk«  nAttrss  was  lltiencl  to  wiib  Ihe  greatest  auei 
Iht  .icb  111.  h-eh  oa  aetosol  U  tie  Ithenni  inittcsi  ,< 
teotiet  aad  ihe  ureal  otalneiei!  stall  cup  .  -  in  a.  delli 
Tire  iVialm,  jsitacraphs  ate  of  MJth  antreraal  Untrrat  tka 
■  pitrle  tbem  verbaltns  t — 

'*  Keerrlkme  in  this  world,  nay,  I  best  it  reams,  to  kal 
rrrrylhinr;  In  th.  nnitrttr  ilatlf,  is  daintier;  l.oa  lauraeo 
ntorreM.  There  Is,  as  I  ha.r  atitesl  in  prist  Vise  see,  mil 
tomaint  but  ttaiirc.  boaesre  rorwloucat  tial  tlslrtaetll  1 
Uf  '":  5S|  J"'!'.  »  "in  llut  Mlt.  Ix  iawarr,  eaen 
Irriliatt  aslimi  on  the  hill.  at»l  sanur.llla.anl  ottias  ft 
nilk  .1  m  ll.  roeaa,  10  the  sestin  a  MS,  yet  stndUe  Ml 
of  earthy  mumil  lit  Ike  ai.ittl  mrl<  the  Me  irxeas 
tlunor  is  e,-ane  na,  and  no  oeic  an  ier  '.,1  ohet  tie  ftsil  re 
ef  tht.  dm*  .ill  le  fin,  .U.  £Z  „  ^  ,„  , 
coai|miel  sailS  llir  iiheeanry  „f  iht  {lilaiaeiee,  TU  ,aie 
cat.  fil.ilc  USilreslawla^;.,  „,  j  J  J 

pohlajal  eapenmrnis,  |ml  tie  „,[„,  j, „  ,„  ,f  ^ 
onl  physttal  lopetliwni..  Hut  of  ihi.  we  loss  S,  o,..  ,u, 
»'"■''  »nd  lrre.ts.Hilc  Law  piid,.  &  ■'  -  '  ,  nhl 
as  milcruil.  Whin  I  rnleCT  ..n  ike  Imilcate  social  ,<,.;!«, 
Ibe  dty,  lit  eawna  sl  .hni  ..tllc.  ,,,„,  „  ,1  K™ 
many.  I  tatty  I  «  tht  wsisl  ml  .lata,  „  |  „,,  „„ 
ca....--eon.  nrlrerl.  K  w.„l  , ,  rei.ra.,,^.  „..  ,!„,„_  .j. 
&l'^EEt*rS?  reukiHr^^,  Ka"fi 

n.y  he.  •aS****  Ik.  nsoiemtn,.  fcttSKS 
a.  rensia  in  Ihcn  spssatios  „  ,',.,v-        .  , 

IV  ttrnr  aHm         ^h-aa.  LmSSLSSPIS  ,'kftT,,< 

'  -1    I'  I        .111  -.ill  '''   "   '    ''''  f«;•■«,'** 


I  lit-*    -  'II  :  I 


ogle 


w>/  run/-: 


i  

rrulc   ma  ii  y  y 

-\t  i.  .1.    tuny  lie, 
e  now  li»y  tin;   t  lie 
w  tn  v«iiou<k    [ >m  t ■» 
i  ■  of  virtue, 

■  nufKCtllMCM  ftliull 

vc    Itccimo  grcoii 

iliy  uliiy  yet  he 
•t  r»f  her  ftaU  will 
I  here  i-.  no  otliei 
whether  »i  to  it* 

mi.  or  it»  ,,ht1an- 
or  nil,  not  acpilt 

UmI  Mnnrlitmlcin, 
mcieliAnl  ■  piiuw-t. 

{inn*  «jf  the  u''»'»«. 

Aki-Itiinrin.  nllel 
refill  was   thnt  off 
T    VnhlK   «>f  Colt*, 
the  Goal   <i»e.1  to 
exiier  Onentn  which 
tile  tttion   the  -".title 
.^■»  oven,  the  I. .1*1 
Intu  ;    It  wt»»  !..  in  I 
mnrc  ec.»n  imicnl, 
n«ef.      lit   or<lcr  to 
were  finely  BlumM 
«l    rnr   half  All  hour 
In— of  o  un»  IrlMJ- 
,ln<_lnt:   the  crut.hle 
rvtl   covrrinK  It  with 
'aly»i-ol  iW  ui  lcr~'1 
Wee  ft  nine,  I  IW**fa*H** 
.n  CTiirvr". 
'the   tieehive.  Tlil« 
Irnly  out        rtlKitit  to 
rt  lh.lt   cert.nil  form. 
,.r».    un.l   the  author 
ieehive  ckr   in  |M< 
v»  »..lvent   act  ma  <>' 

Sition  "f  ih-  ling; 

«i..ty.  ii.-.t  only  g 
,  fo.'tur.  -h..«.  *J 

,      „  l.  ir    internal  I 

V...I  u,-...  kjWJ 
re  t   in   other-   «  «■'* 

 '•  S?|£! 

i.W   ui.ullio'l  "»»t 

,  III   '    r..|..tre.l  -m 

r  .»rfiw«  ill'"!.'"''","- 

•»'"rirr;i" 

itmin.tt !••»   ■<   \.  , 
■V* w.l  

v>nc.i         P(V  w 


39 


pouod  uf  in  .n  -in  I  cub*,  which  Iim  j  pculy  mnawt ;   «e  .< 
25*  ■  WW  'he  nuu.  HMNM  uf  tact  bar  vn  u  tunbtlu. 
little  m  rvn  cnibnn,  liA>ia^  n  >  trace  of  r— nr  ■va/alnc,  taW 
iK-inc art-.!  upon t-y  .ItluU acid,  wocf  ca.tht  mhtr  -  nr  lTuTrtifciw 
linear  matkllitfx  wy.Bc  in  -li-l-«ce,  hat  oft**  alont  I  jo.oUMh 
of  nn  inch  »t>*.it.  wlmh.  when  the  icH  Km  4ctc>J  |(>  *  prvptr 
ratCMt.  give-  roc  la  all  iV  (pJcndi'1  wlmn  nf  rtMcbeiW-pcari, 
ihrC  tint-  Itring  r.»i»*»l  wotn  the  mtkan  teen  a*  »it«r.  m<J 
Mill  tnurw  mi  <*h*m  nn*ini«i|  in  Ulun.    Bf  otA<|uc  ai.i  4ii«ct 
ilt'jnnti.iiktn  ikf  tobwi  *tc  nnu);   nimpjefMuttry.  S«nluh 
ir.tn   panly  nr»r«nc>J  laCw  Mwl«r  «ln>1  ij  itme^UUlun.  ibow.  m 
m.Kiur?  ft         fortiicil  try-uli  of  for  in*  «ji<]  uf  ihr  tmuiy 
c- mi i[ -jtui  l  in  the  tirof rc  ;  anMB.1  Ihw  a  rinf  uf  tnc  pcmHy  cuav- 
[-  MMHlj  H  i :  <•  colxitr*  -if      i.i  nr«f ly  and !  «tiuy  t  wk>W  an  tW  tut- 
fcklv  »»  ■  ,«*rt  in  »lufh  iivum  a  r.- 1  >.     ,  »tt  iot>   i  ».-  «xtr«n>rl) 
hnrJ   mUlMin),  KiTl"C  an    •.'•r.w'f  tvitlwM  fc4nain«  mmi  i» 
i  racr-  rW  cuJ«ur.  whim  vf-m*  to  ctitii&A  mor*  aHm  thss  dbl 
praHy  ivmaitumi      Ihr  Ihiee  coo*nti-      jam    ■..-,:*■.)  at* 
1o:»Uy  MrImI  IM  one  Uotlier.    Them  »  no  man  HMU{y 
from  one  to  IV  *4lret  :lit*  ibere  »  Iclwarn  tW  iwi,  itl«|nr. 
■ntt  (|u-iiu  <if  lit&iiiie. 

The  v**>lm;  riMflMH  uf  Infcta  of  •nf,  sn.|  bint  ««*  to 
n  tjrc*'  cxlciit  ■.r^vinU  nn  the  Tm*yiBj»  pr>portMn  «f  the 
thra-i-  princtjiaJ  iun>l ilurnli.  Soft  llrwniff  «etl  t>  wren  (v 
(■o  a  mixtnra  uf  #r*r  imn  an  I  ihr  |<#arl v  rnn>f>Mii>l.  In  imlWll 
ulcel  thi<  latUr  iwiit>  alum*:  4I11IW,  vttrtTW  in  hifd  »leel  Ibeie 
i»  lirtle.  if  any,  fiw  iron,  bul  wmmw  ihirt  n(Uc*  dl  ihc  *W> 
tl.lf'l    t,t^i>(»*Jr»).      ll.  ._>ir«  llwitirri  Oin^illKDlt  In  Moel,  the 

miLiiMi'-fCi**^  «Tidfw<  in  c*m-ip»  of  t*t\tnitvt  gnotdle 
nrnl  klliorfi  TW  «i-?r^en  tif  -j-*K#>4fiwn  cwliei.  compel 
nininly  "f  the  MWrtWfly  hint  c  ■ti|trHn<1,  crpuilhicJ  •*  luge 
ptale*.  *hc  inlet  MiOCi  t-rKm  fJtrd  up  wxh  a  n-nlure  of  *r»y 
■111n.l1  Kmnllrr  cry»lali  wiih  «  little  of  ItVc  peiily  w*lr*tiiicr,  m»  ft> 
|..  his-  »  it:.  ■!  '  ift  I  nil  lifi*  tfiunt'l  >*riLlJre.  Tukeii, 
then,  n»  n  -iV4f,  the  *»>ni*  tun>K  uf  Uoci  «n>t  ><tcj  in  ma  to 
tip  vai yln*!  inn' cn-»  itf  Ihttv ut  Sxir  oul  uf  tit  <m  aj Satiate • 

li.tvin);  »*.-tv  •tillvRnt  |M-u}Rni-t*,  rii.  fr-*  it^n,  ihr  |i*uly«)m- 
ijMliryl  Willi  COtl-'ti.  th»  inlmirly  knnl  ct<ti|K<in^  |wnUUy 
Mlth  in-«f«  ciitva  i  ihr  M*M*ii  |inih»Wy  varwhU,  nit-ianoi ; 
graphite  :  |m»-il'I)f  Cl>  »  iltnot  silicon  j  »Uc.  in.-l»*lin£fuv*i  iron 

Sp  , , 

On  tin*  -conil  .Ur  fhe  ih-terrhin  nl  the  RMMH  *^  ocmp--i 
M/itK  the  -rt»li|evl  nf  tlic  i.ikini;  nf  ft-il  *f  ihtlrrenl  [iroeeMie*.  ul 
ihr*  rcrt.vfj  of  hy«-i>n-<lu(tv  >ft.  IUbl«  f'prr  ■.Mntunnl  a 
ttt'Miii>it"i»  W  "  m'FJifntl  r<nn  uf  the  Slmieni  oht  tynt  gw- 
pro- Inert,  in  which  tlw  latter  fi-nli  i»  elfected  by  itlndii«tW 
MpttnaflH-kf.  f't  mran-  nf  1  ■  -  ■  ■!  -  -  Inio  f  *  ■  -it!  ,r  «  •  n  •. 
■tib*  »f  ntitin  rt<r«r«H  la.-  h^dnxarlAli*— tlie  v^atlle OMiMCIItaft*« 
..fllvc  on'  m-t  rac  other  llir  cjit»nit  otidr  fiiratcil  by  tb* 
il^iiwi  tHrtii'ti  ••!  it*  mini  citUinu.w.«j.  miner.  1«o  other 
t, .  1  •  1  ftV'rreil  i"  l-«»lt*  11  M  iitKil  mi  ^••iMnlrti  rrKhthr  -SlirpWf 
C',u»*«  »  Ct'Lraii  pfiKCM.  JW.  ANMMftMfr  lt-*c  »ub  teletea** 
,  it,.'  mr-Ttiifl't  pt>i|ni"J  It*  lulting  110I  4*1  n.vvwiinif  vyljnl* 
£  much  ^.ttntib.-  ™x<x<*.  atA  »r  prnt-x  t..  refer  In  it 
TTh*  iirnhkm  nm«i-«»  in  a>  conl|>trte  ■  rev  >%vry  ** 
mm  .4  ihc  aa.»llcii  latnu  in  Mtli  a»  lae  HtcU  riawfaaral 
•    .Inniiieniin  fonts  <he  linriloeW  .lf,*fnihlXI  'Jpn 


Jmttly,    TIV  I' 

"  *  *J  ihc  a*-ilitt 
ni-i  find  » Ivwt.ifc**' 
32  .1  t..it  arinj  it|.  *a    Thr  wihi.r  iwiW-Itt*  tbe  #m< 

m  U  III         t"  ,w  ■whdjf  nfrn-n  kit»W-i>hcirJic  e40lf.Mtait«, 
tin'  iwii'wy  taaWdS  uf  tbr  tfc0*w»  (tirMii  ao*.  aVu 
,|  i  n  ;  af>i  |ur*flfM*4d  «eni|i-uniat  eafuhle  ot 


,••1  »n  mat 


,  i.  aic  ut< line I  t^i  .1;.' Jhnw  Jul*, 


I 

,i  ii    ■  .1 

coat  1 

the  l.^h  l.'tiii*«i,rvmi'  ••uliJ*  l.e.^a^lalc-^-"."*" 
.-Hinmli.  -f«nnl«*  l*«l.|,tt  ..f  .h*ldU»i«t,  *iy  hf 

W,ni:  (  »         j**         ^    wuJbfi  of  «b"h  it  nil)  t*  H»- 


.ml  trffttr  t.-J»Uv 


1 1 1<  >i» 


gSaS^ 


lki»  «•"*"  £3"ZJj;'ii™rnl  .«•  «■  Nil  MWt  ■>(  ••«> 

■u  iMi  Kmm,'jzZtMT  «"•"» ** *"•'  «•  a* ■*  ■* 

1111m  «>*  MWtU  proUlily  .lm»l  rnliolr  oei|^ 
Tbr  fKi  MM  l»  «  VWjh  Itt 


„„,.„h.tee- 
....il.if.  'wi^ 

.V-.»uc"a* 


40 


NATURE 


\Atay  14, 1885 


would  be  available  for  carbonising,  oil  and  ammonia  being  re- 
moved from  it  by  efficient  scrubbing.  The  author  was  of  opinion 
that  nothing  was  known  practically  of  what  happens  when  coal 
is  distilled,  and  that  the  coking  of  coals  and  manufacture  of  gas 
were  now  only  empirical  operations,  and  could  not  be  conducted 
scientifically,  with  our  present  imperfect  knowledge,  but  that 
the  interests  involved  were  so  great,  the  subject  being  one  of 
national  importance,  that  failure  to  initiate  and  execute  the 
necessary  systematic  experiments  without  further  ln«  of  time 
would  be  inexcusable. 

On  the  last  day  of  the  meeting  Mr.  Carnegie's  paper  on 
"Natural  Gas  Fuel  and  its  Application  to  Manufacturing  Pur- 
poses "  was  read.  This  fuel  is  found  in  the  Pittsburg  district, 
and  one  of  the  wells  is  estimated  as  yielding  30,005,000  cubic 
feet  of  gas  in  the  twenty-four  hours  ;  the  pressure  of  the  gas  as 
it  issues  from  the  mouth  of  the  well  is  about  200  lbs.  to  the 
square  inch,  and  even  at  the  works,  nine  miles  from  the  wells,  it 
is  75  lbs.  per  square  inch.  Eleven  lines  of  pipe  convey  the  gas 
from  the  various  wells  to  the  manufacturing  establishments  in 
and  around  Pittsburg.  The  number  of  men  whose  labour  will 
be  dispensed  with  when  gas  is  generally  used  is  5000.  In  the 
steel-rail  mills,  for  instance,  where  before  would  have  been  seen 
thirty  stokers,  stripped  to  the  waist,  firing  boilers  which  require 
a  supply  of  about  400  tons  of  coal  in  twenty-four  hours — ninety 
firemen  in  all  being  employed,  each  working  eight  hours — there 
would  now  be  found  one  man  walking  around  the  boiler-house, 
simply  watching  the  water-gauges,  and  not  a  particle  of  smoke 
is  to  be  seen. 

Dr.  Hermann  Wedding's  paper  on  "  The  Properties  of  Mall- 
eable Iron  deduced  from  its  Microscopic  Structure  "  draws  atten- 
tion to  the  value  of  microscopic  analysis,  as,  though  the  chemical 
and  physical  properties  of  iron  are  closely  connected,  the  one 
cannot  be  directly  deduced  from  a  knowledge  of  the  other,  nor 
do  either  of  these  aid  in  acquiring  a  knowledge  of  the  mechani- 
cal properties.  The  pieces  of  iron  to  be  tested  are  carefully 
polished,  and  then  etched  with  very  dilute  nitric  acid.  After 
etching,  the  section  is  carefully  heated,  whereupon  the  portions 
attacked  acquire  varying  tints,  mostly  golden-yellow,  purple-red, 
violet,  or  dark  blue.  It  is  the  difference  of  colour  that  is  cha- 
racteristic. As  regards  the  formation  of  grains  and  fibres,  the 
sire  of  grain  increases  with  slowness  of  cooling,  and  decreases 
with  increase  in  the  proportion  of  carbon  up  to  2  per  cent. 
Each  individual  grain  in  malleable  iron  is  ductile,  the  mallea- 
bility of  the  entire  piece  depending  on  that  of  the  separate 
grains,  which  are  drawn  out  int  >  fibres  ;  the  strength  of  fibrous 
iron  depending  on  the  fact  that,  like  the  individual  hemp-fibres 
in  a  rope,  the  fibres  lie  with  their  ends  in  various  sections.  The 
microscope  shows,  further,  that  none  of  these  wires  or  fibres  is 
directly  connected  with  its  neighbours,  either  in  a  longitudinal 
or  lateral  direction.  In  fact  each  fibre  may,  by  careful  etching, 
be  picked  out  like  those  of  a  muscle  in  the  human  body.  The 
paper  treats  also  of  the  constitution  of  individual  iron  crystals 
and  of  welding.  The  general  result  of  the  analysis  shows  that 
the  strength  of  a  finished  piece  of  iron  depends  on  the  sectional 
area  of  the  mass  of  iron  it  contains,  the  slag  inclusions  in  weld- 
iron  and  blow-holes  in  ingot-iron  being  deducted. 

It  was  announced  that  the  autumn  meeting  of  the  Institute 
would  be  held  at  Glasgow. 


SUNLIGHT  AND  THE  EARTH'S 
ATMOSPHERE1 
II. 

\\f E  have  been  compared  to  creatures  living  at  the  bottom  of 
the  sea  who  frame  their  deceptive  traditional  notions  of  what 
the  sun  is  like  from  the  feeble  changed  rays  which  sift  J  >wn  to 
them.  Though  such  creatures  could  n<jt  rise  to  the  surface,  they 
might  swim  up  towards  it,  and  if  these  rays  grew  hotter, 
brighter,  and  bluer  a*  they  ascended,  it  would  be  almost  within 
the  capacity  of  a  fish's  mind  to  guess  that  they  arc  still  brighter 
and  bluer  at  the  top. 

Since  we  children  of  the  earth,  while  dwelling  on  it,  are 
always  at  the  bottom  of  a  -ea,  though  of  another  sort,  the  most 
direct  method  of  proof  I  spoke  of,  is  merely  to  goup  as  far  as  we 
can  and  observe  what  happens,  though  as  we  are  men,  and  not 
fishes,  something  more  may  fairly  be  expected  of  oar  intelligence 
than  of  theirs. 

We  will  not  only  guess,  but  measure  and  reason,  and  in  par- 
'  L*ctar^deE»«r«4  »I  the  .Royal  Institution,  April  17,  1M5.  by  v  P. 


1  --b—  « 

1  part  of  it  by  s< 
invisible  as  wel 


ticular  we  will  first,  while  still  at  the  bottom  of  the  mouiuj., 
I  draw  the  light  and  heat  out  into  a  specimen,  and  analyst  on- 
some  method  that  will  enable  us  to  explore  tl- 
as  record  the  visible.  Then  we  will  as.tr/. 
many  miles  into  the  air,  meeting  the  rays  on  the  way  do»  l 
before  the  sifting  process  has  done  its  whole  work,  and  ibe: 
analyse  the  light  all  over  again,  so  as  to  be  able  to  leam  .t- 
different  proportions  in  which  the  different  rays  hare  tr-i 
absorbed,  and,  by  studying  the  action  on  each  separate  rav, ; 
prove  the  state  of  things  which  must  have  existed  Wor:  : 
sifting — this  selective  absorption — began. 

It  may  seem  at  first  that  we  cannot  ascend  far  enough  :o  -\ 
much  good,  since  the  surface  of  our  aerial  ocean  is  hundred  c 
miles  overhead ;  but  we  must  remember  that  the  air  gnr> 
thinner  as  we  asc.-nd,  the  lower  atmosphere  being  so  mxi 
denser,  that  about  one-half  the  whole  substance  or  massofitlxs 
within  the  first  four  miles,  which  is  a  less  height  than  the  lone- 
some mountains.  Every  high  mountain,  however,  will  not  i\ 
for  ours  must  not  only  be  very  high,  but  very  steep,  so  that  ;br 
station  we  choose  at  the  bottom  may  be  almost  under  thestaus: 
we  are  afterwards  to  occupy  at  the  top. 

Besides  we  are  not  going  to  climb  a  lofty  lonely  summit  L\- 
tourists  to  spend  an  hour,  but  to  spend  weeks  ;  so  that  we  nw 
have  fire  and  shelter,  and  above  all  we  must  have  dry  air  to  i' 
clear  skies.  First  I  thought  of  the  Peak  of  Teneriffe,  but  ate 
wards  some  point  in  the  territories  of  the  United  States  seeroei 
preferable,  particularly  as  the  Government  offered  to  give  the 
Expedition,  through  the  Signal  Service,  and  under  the  di/rctiot 
of  its  head,  General  Ilazen,  material  help  in  transportation  and 
a  military  escort,  if  needed,  any  where  in  its  own  domuuanv 
No  summit  in  the  eastern  part  of  the  United  Slates  rive  much 
over  7000  feet,  and  though  the  great  Rocky  Mountains  read 
double  this,  their  tops  arc  the  home  of  fo£  and  mist,  so  that  the 
desired  conditions,  if  met  at  all,  could  only  be  found  00  the  other 
side  of  the  Continent  in  Southern  California,  where  the  summits 
of  the  Sierra  Nevadas  rise  precipitously  out  of  the  dry  air  uf 
the  great  wastes  in  lonely  peaks,  which  look  eastward 
from  a  height  of  nearly  IS, 000  feet  upon  the  desert  lands. 

This  remote  region  was,  at  the  time  I  speak  of,  almost  un- 
explored, and  its  highest  peak,  Mount  Whitney,  had  been  b«t 
once  or  twice  ascended,  but  was  represented  to  be  all  we  desire* 
could  we  once  climb  it.  As  there  was  great  doubt  whether  »• 
apparatus,  weighing  several  thousand  pounds,  could  possibly  bt 
taken  to  the  top,  and  we  had  to  travel  3000  miles  even  to  ft 
where  the  chief  difficulties  would  begin,  and  make  a  descr 
journey  of  150  miles  after  leaving  the  caw,  it  may  be  asked  *i; 
we  committed  ourselves  to  such  an  immense  journey  to  face  ss<- 
unknown  risks  of  failure.  The  answer  must  be  that  roosinta:ns 
of  easy  ascent  and  15,000  feet  high  are  not  to  be  found  at  uar 
doors,  and  that  t'ie>=  risks  were  involved  in  the  nature  of  oc 
novel  experiment,  so  that  we  started  out  from  no  love  of  roftt 
adventure,  but  from  necessity,  much  into  the  unknown.  Tlx 
',  liberality  of  a  citizen  of  Pittsburgh,  to  whose  encouragement  the 
enterprise  was  due,  had  furnished  the  costly  and  delicate  appa- 
ratus for  the  expedition,  and  that  of  the  trans-continental  rail- 
roads, enabled  us  to  take  this  precious  freight  along  in  a  print* 
car,  which  carried  a  kitchen,  a  steward,  a  cook,  and  an  i»F 
larder  besides. 

In  this  we  crossed  the  entire  continent  from  ocean  to  octtz. 
stopped  at  San  Francisco  for  the  military  escort,  went  300  »&> 
south  so  as  to  get  below  the  mountains,  and  then  turned  east- 
ward again  on  to  the  desert,  with  the  Sierras  to  the  north  0/  » 
after  a  journey  which  would  have  been  unalloyed  pleasure  exc** 
for  the  anticipation  of  what  was  coming  as  soon  as  we  left  an 
car.  1  do  not  indeed  know  that  one  feels  the  triumphs* 
civilisation  over  the  opposing  forces  of  Nature  anywhero  BKW 


than  by  the  sharp  contrasts  which  the 
railroad  accommodation  gives  to  t 
one  is  in  the  centre  of  one  of  ft 
globe,  and,  after  looking  out  f 
train  on  its  scorched  wastes  for 
lation,  turns  to  his  well  furnishc 
ices  of  his  desert,  he  need  no. 
story  who         ~*rried  across  dreaL 
on  the  K  "-w  genii.    Ours  1 

to  tl*  'twas  growing 

th'  nidft  of  vast  1 

b  we  ste|  _ 

sa  ^ubqU  away  in 

rk 
aln. 


luxury  of  recti 
a-ser'r.  N'is 
Sods 


of  I* 


fa* 


May  14,  1885J 


NATURE 


41 


I  air  slow  toil  northward  with  a  thermometer  at  uo° 
in  the  shade,  if  any  shade  there  be  in  the  shadclcss  desert, 
which  seemed  to  be  chiefly  inhabited  by  rattlesnakes  of  an  ashen 
gray  colour,  and  a  peculiarly  venomous  bite.    There  is  no  water 
save  at  the  rarest  intervals,  and  the  soil  at  a  distance  seems  as 
though  strewed  with  sheets  of  salt,  which  aids  the  <*elu-ive  show 
of  the  mirage.    These  are,  in  fact,  the  ancient  beds  of  dried  up 
salt  lakes  or  dead  seas,  some  of  them  Icing  below  the  level 
of  the  ocean  ;  and  such  a  one  on  our  right,  though  only  about 
twenty  miles  wide,  has  earned  the  name  of  "  Death  V  alley," 
from  the  number  of  human  beings  who  have  perished  in  it. 
Formerly  an  emigrant  train,  when  emigrants  crossed  the  Con- 
tinent in  caravans,  had  passed  through  the  great  Arizona  deserts 
in  safety  until  after  their  half-years  journey,  their  eyes  were 
gladdened  by  the  snowy  peaks  of  the  Sierras  looking  delusively 
near.    The  goal  of  their  long  toil  seemed  before  them  ;  only  this 
one  more  valley  lay  between,  and  into  this  they  descended,  think- 
ing to  cross  it  in  a  day— but  they  never  crossed  it.    Afterwards  the 
long  line  of  wagons  was  found  with  the  skeletons  of  the  animals  in 
the  harness,  and  by  them  those  of  men,  women,  and  little  children 
dead  of  thirst,  and  some  relics  of  the  tragedy  remained  at  the 
time  of  our  journey.    I  cite  this  as  an  indirect  evidence  of  the 
phenomenal  dryness  of  the  region— a  dryness  which,  so  far, 
served  our  object,  which  was,  in  part,  to  get  rid  as  much  as 
possible  of  that  water-vapour  which  is  so  well  known  to  be  a 
powerful  absorber  of  the  solar  hc.it. 

Everything  has  an  end,  and  so  had  that  journey,  which  finally 
brought  us  to  the  goal  of  our  long  travel,  at  the  foot  of  the 
highest  peak  of  the  Sierras,  Mount  Whitney,  which  rvsc  above 
us  in  tremendous  precipices,  that  looked  hopelessly  insurmount- 
able and  wonderfully  near.  The  whole  savage  mountain  region 
in  its  slow  rises  from  the  west,  and  its  descent  to  the  desert 
plains  in  the  east,  U  more  like  the  chain  called  the  Apennines, 
in  the  moon,  than  anything  I  know  on  the  earth.  The  summits 
are  jigged  peaks  like  Alpine  "needles,"  looking  in  the  thin  air 
so  delusively  near,  that,  coming  on  such  a  scene  unprepared,  one 
would  almost  say  they  were  large  grey  stones  a  few  field*  off, 
with  an  occasional  little  white  patch  on  the  top,  that  might  be  a 
handkerchief  or  a  sheet  of  paper  dropped  there.  But  the 
telescope  showed  that  the  seeming  stones  were  of  the  height  of 
many  Snowdons  oiled  on  one  another,  and  the  white  patches 
occasional  snow-fields,  looking  how  invitingly  cool,  from  the 
torrid  heal  of  the  desert,  where  we  were  encamped  by  a  little 
rivulet  that  ran  down  from  some  unseen  ice- lake  in  that  upper  air. 
Here  we  pitched  our  tents  and  fell  to  work  (for  you  remember 
w«  must  hive  two  stations  a  low  and  a  high  one,  to  compare 
the  results),  and  here  we  laboured  three  weeks  in  almost  in- 
tolerable heat,  the  instruments  having  to  be  constantly  swept 
clear  of  the  red  desert  dust  which  the  hot  wind  brought.  Close 
by  these  tents  a  thermometer  covered  by  a  single  sheet  of  glass, 
and  surrounded  by  wool,  rose  to  237°  in  the  sun,  and  sometimes 
in  the  tent,  which  was  darkened  for  the  study  of  separate  rays, 
the  heat  was  absolutely  beyond  human  endurance.  Finally,  our 
apparatus  was  taken  apart  and  packed  in  small  pieces  on  the 
backs  of  uules,  who  were  to  carry  it  by  a  ten  days'  journey 
through  the  mountains  to  the  other  side  of  the  rocky  wall  which, 
though  only  ten  or  twelve  miles  distant,  arose  miles  above  our 
heads ;  and,  leaving  these  mule  trains  to  go  with  the  escort  by  this 
longer  route,  I  started  with  a  guide  by  a  nearer  way  to  those 
white  gleams  in  the  upper  skies,  that  had  daily  tantalised  us 
below  in  the  desert  with  suggestions  of  delicious,  unattainable 
cold.  That  desert  sun  had  tanned  our  faces  to  a  leather-like 
brown,  and  the  change  to  the  cooler  air  as  we  ascended  was  at 
first  delightful.  At  an  altitude  of  5000  feet  we  came  to  a 
"retched  rand  uf  nearly  nuked  >uv.i>;e-,  crmiched  .ir.nin  I  their 
cwnp-fire,  and  at  (>ooo  found  :1k  lir>t  Ncuv.ere.l  tree  ;  an. I  here 
USe^  fable  suggest ii>n  <>i  .1  p:Uli  1  f ' [>._<  1 .  ;ind  ivu  defended  a 
k<|f MM  to  the  bed  of  a  m.nmt:v.si  vltaw,  up  winch  wo  (-  .rc.-si  our 


 eaum 


through  the  IViIIl-ii  tree-  with  ;m  ;n 
advance,  .in.l  finally  ias  irn;  wh.vt 

sl.cCul.lU-  .1-  to  the 
[irtviii.is 


We  were  o> 
it— ami,  hesiik-s,  I 


»orc  tli' 


HI  I  HI 


hy  0.\<- 


1  th 


<:.  \\/\\'A\\:\  for 

ctncl  imiiasS- 
our 
here 

1UW, 

n  to 
This 
in— 
hird 
the 
hot 
11  to 
<iect 


the  colder  it  grew  about  us,  the  hotter  the  sun  blazed 
above. 

We  have  all  heard  probably  of  this  curious  effect  of  burning  in 
the  midst  of  cold,  and  some  of  us  may  have  experienced  it  in  the 
Alps,  where  it  may  lie  aided  by  reflection  from  the  snow,  which 
we  did  njt  have  about  us  at  any  time  except  in  scattered  patches, 
but  here  by  the  end  of  the  fourth  day  my  face  was  scarcely 
recognisable,  and  it  almost  seemed  as  though  sunbeams  up  here 
were  different  things,  and  contained  something  which  the  air 
filters  out  before  they  reach  us  in  our  customary  abodes.  Radia- 
tion here  is  increased  by  the  absence  of  water  vapour  too,  and  on 
the  whole  this  intimate  personal  experience  fell  in  almost  too 
well  with  our  anticipations  that  the  air  is  an  even  more  elaborate 
trap  to  catch  the  sunbeams  than  had  been  surmised,  and  that  this 
effect  of  selective  absorption  and  radiation  was  intimately  con- 
nected with  that  change  of  the  primal  energies  and  primal  colour 
of  the  sun  which  we  had  climbed  towards  it  to  study. 

On  the  fourth  day,  after  break-neck  ascents  and  descents,  we 
finally  ascended  by  a  ravine,  down  which  leaped  a  cataract,  till, 
at  nightfall,  we  reached  our  upper  camp,  which  was  pitched  by  a 
little  lake,  one  of  the  sources  of  the  water-fall,  at  a  height  of 
about  12,000  feet,  but  where  we  seemed  in  the  bottom  of  a  valley, 
nearly  surrounded  as  we  were  by  an  amphitheatre  of  rocky  walls 
which  rose  iKrpcndicularly  to  the  height  of  Gibraltar  from  the 
sea,  and  cut  off  all  view  of  the  desert  below  or  even  of  the  peak 
above  us. 

The  air  was  wonderfully  clear,  so  that  the  sun  set  in  a  yellow 
rather  than  an  orange  sky,  which  was  reflected  in  the  little  ice- 
rimmed  lakes  and  from  occasional  snow-fields  011  the  distant 
waste  of  lonely  mountain  summits  on  the  west. 

The  mule  train  sent  off  before  by  another  route,  had  not  arrived 
when  we  got  to  the  mountain  camp,  and  we  realised  that  we 
were  far  from  the  appliances  of  civilisation  by  our  inability  to 
leam  about  our  chief  apparatus,  for  here,  without  post  or  tele- 
graph, we  were  as  completely  cut  off  from  all  knowledge  of 
what  might  be  going  on  with  it  in  the  next  mountain  ravine 
as  a  ship  at  sea  is  of  the  fate  of  a  vessel  that  sailed  before  from 
the  same  port.  During  the  enforced  idleness  we  ascended  the  peak 
nearly  3000  feet  above  us,  with  our  lighter  apparatus,  leaving  the 
question  of  the  ultimate  use  of  the  heavy  ones  to  be  settled 
later.  There  seemed  little  prospect  of  carrying  it  up,  as  <we 
climbed  where  the  granite  walls  had  been  split  by  the  earth- 
quakes, letting  a  stream  of  great  rocks,  like  a  stone  river,  flow 
down  through  the  interstices  by  which  we  ascended,  and,  in 
fact,  the  heavier  apparatus  was  not  carried  above  the  mountain 
camp. 

The  view  from  the  very  summit  was  over  numberless  peaks 
on  the  west  to  an  horizon  fifty  miles  away,  of  unknown  moun- 
tain-tops, for,  with  the  exception  of  the  vast  ridge  of  Mount 
Tyndall,  and  one  or  two  less  conspicuous  ones,  these  summits 
are  not  known  to  fame,  and,  wonderful  as  the  view  may  be,  all 
the  charm  of  association  with  human  interest  which  we  find  in 
the  mountain  landscape  of  older  lands  is  here  lacking. 

It  was  impossible  not  to  be  impressed  with  the  >avage  soli- 
tude of  this  desert  of  the  upper  air,  and  our  remoteness  from 
man  and  his  works,  but  I  turned  to  the  study  of  the  special 
things  connected  with  my  mission.  Down  far  below  the  air 
seemed  filled  with  reddish  dust  that  looked  like  an  ocean.  This 
dust  is  really  present  everywhere  (I  have  found  it  in  the  clear  air 
of  Etna),  and  though  we  do  not  realise  its  presence  in  looking  up 
through  it,  to  one  who  looks  down  on  it,  the  dwellers  on  the 
earth  seem  indeed  like  creatures  at  the  bottom  of  a  troubled 
ocean.  We  had  certainly  risen  towards  the  surface,  for  about 
us  the  air  was  of  e«|uisite  purity,  and  above  us  the  sky  was  of 
such  a  deep  violet  blue,  as  I  have  never  seen  in  Egypt  or  Sicily, 
and  yet  even  this  was  not  absolutely  pure,  for  separately  in- 
visible, the  existence  of  fine  particles  could  yet  lie  inferred  from 
their  action  on  the  light  near  the  sun's  edge,  so  that  even  here 
we  had  not  got  absolutely  above  that  dust  shell  which  seems  to 
encircle  our  whole  planet.  But  we  certainly  felt  ourselves  not 
only  in  an  upper,  but  a  different  region.  We  were  on  the 
ridge  of  the  continent,  and  the  winds  which  tore  by  had  little  in 
common  with  the  air  below,  and  were  beating  pa>t  us  (accord- 
ing to  the  geologists)  du-t  which  had  once  formed  part  of  the 
soil  of  China,  and  been  carried  across  the  Pacific  Ocean  ;  for 
here  we  were  lifted  into  the  great  encircling  currents  of  the 
globe,  and,  "near  to  the  sun  in  lonely  lands,"  were  in  the  right 
conditions  to  study  the  differences  between  his  rays  at  the  surface 
and  at  the  bottom  of  that  turbid  sea  where  we  had  left  the  rest 
of  mankind.  We  descended  the  peak  and  hailed  with  joy  the 
first  arrival  of  our  mule  trains  with  the  requisite  apparatus  at  the 


Digitized  by  GoogI)e 


43 


NATURE 


\.U„y 


M|t,  and  fmaad  thai  II  had  nAnrni  low  than  might 
teeapecre-1,  IMiiniH  'br  paxhtea*  di*mrtr»of  the  wAAirnt—. 
We  »wl  id  a-orb  lo  hoaVf  pirn  Md  ■owt  irieacnpe*  awl 
aidcruatat*,  in  thr  wtw  thown  by  ike  neat  iDaatralM*  eat  tht 
jtrrtn,  lakes  ft  »n  a  ikrivfc  of  my  »•**.  where  theve  rocks  in 
tba  iawirdiaLc  aiicftuanil  lb*  to  thrke  I  he  height  of  Si.  tail  ». 
We  wlliml  fmtn  wll  I  the  aoe  kerning  1  flitiira  drep  In  the 
1ml >  ml  aighl ) anil  feu*,  nwufrtaaa  tuknas  bat  m c  were  tw  bu»t 
In  pay  mneh  atimtka*  lo  n.-dil*  ranacal,  an  J  wueked  wllfi 
JgpHBl  vnanjT  lo  ililun  lha  i-imaming  axi  wata  iy.,  ■»:.,. 
•«ee  nil  tnn  afcr.rt. 

Hrrt\  at  hflnw,  ih«  •unltght  rntt*n-«i  a  narkrnrd  ItM,  ami 
win.  fpreail  uvo  *  ^ecirwn,  w hkh  ww*  fl|f|*Ja*J  thr^wc*-*.!  h» 
the  iM^iinein,  ttieatMtnr,.  on  the  w«e  vc(a«ir  iayi  which  wf 
had  trudied  lelo*  In  Ike  -lorn,  nit  <A  winch  a-eie  dlfletem  up 
bete,  ail  having;  ajeoa-ti  .i-lhv,  Imi  In  *rry  dllTtetfU  pr  ,  ■■ 


I  tut.*.  On  the  kxtca  U  Ui«  »  peel  ram  ai  keen  in 
draw.*,  un  a  cannot*  o*l  •rale,  awiiher  pei.tnan.  n 
tut  «arh  ihal  tha  mlarHtiy  nf  the  errenxy  >haU  rat  t . 
each  jort,  v.  it  i«  rrpivaeranl  hei*  l>y  the**  c.piaJ  pm 
n  every  colour,  f'n  yn*r  attent.no on  ihoo  tbree  a* 
yoa  mil  better  uku  are  found  ua  the  mr-amain, 
*e  interred  a-  lu  the  \utc  of  thing*  'till  highn  vjp,  a! 
ol  the  r.ii.  tea. 

Vhb  will  oklaitt,  ivrhap*.  a  ramie  -fea.  huwrvwr, 
Cdluwing  mi— irn,  trhtn  1  u»e,  not  t\e  exact  £*nin 
rakalalinn,  bait  tutriA  miml-wr*,  J  latin**  ih*  » 
iilni.il     I  way  prr-<u*r  tbit  the  iKjUt  kpacirnaj  «aC 

II  It*  iheeatrtwtr  Ma-  ■)  !•-»  A  >  iMhc  deepw*jt  roil,  or  1 
«•  {ihr  f*y  of  fort-  'jdchaidniltk  lku«t«r*i)h<  of  a  nag 
*i»c  Irnjjpb}  lu  MM  Hx  All  Uelnw  in,  to  ihr  2 
tnVcihtc  tti(m>i-eil  t|>eOium. 

Vow,  thr  Jiadx'l  nna  afcmw  il^  <osrum  rrprd' 
amouti  of  m  in  in  ikr  aaa'«  rati  ji  jhe  f>n  nf  the  • 
Mil  w«  nhuintil  ra  thr*  waf  :— hx  yoarailoarwn  M  a 
'.*.  any  uncle  |»im  nf  the  tf^fuiB,  lot  imiaun.  lb 
ItftClh  i*  oo     If  the  litM  In  Ihiany,  »  tq 


Ir.o.-ttKlcr  it  iNc  fi»jC  nf  tlir  mmaraia,  «w  (let  ua  ok 
m  any  aruilrar)  aok?  w;  draw  i  vrnii  C  hat,  i  v 
*  ftrtl  hvh  utrr  that  pari  of  rbc  <eeClncn.  If  the 
annthrr  p>int,  H  to.  were  M  a  ('■  ■  ritlH  I 
tW-re  j  tauter  nf  an  inth  fun1,  and  to  ua,  tlU  thaar 
haa  mark  out  the  (tetocd  parti  nf  ihr  ifrsaji^,  tht  ■ 
s>|iev»iuL>  tn  wbtflc  iwtbm  ttmvpcnl  ac  ike  "emU 
already  ipoteli  (if.  Agaia,  if  on  ton  U  Ike  tu#antaia  ao 
all  thr«c  u\<r  mix  nvae.  »c  »hall  And  ail  are  luw,  wt 
■/]«!  «s>  tbr  *t  aal  r  all «. air  linei  ll^rer.  Urt  nr  itry  A  firm 
riVn'.  At  o-,  fr>(  .;  ■  .  ■  the  km  ^  ;  is.  ■■■  '  ha* 
fn.«  2'  lo  i*,  i<r  inucaaol  lutf,  nkilr  ttuae  40  l 
i.mf  IirIiI)  mar  la»»:trt*a  hum  J'  to  I  .n^atitrMt  ni 
'Ihear  aviiaatjin  mrauir«rr»rM*  ffm  M(<hir  fprnn 
1*  rf  gie*  in  earh  fort  nf  wfxh  Vr  >UUttA  w  ikr  rw^llt 
1  ue,  «hhh  at  we  ln>lK*tet  *u»  atu\  greater  jpbfflH  1 
Iital  ca  bglil  In  tke  Mile  eh  t  than  lefoa.  Snt.  the  lajhl 
which  »MtU  1c  idiaeiinl  at  lit*  wrrfacc  •■'  '*-r  afawaj 
Mtind  in  lkt»  a  ay.  If  the  aiouilain  oep  met  ihrojgk  | 
if.f  nlnnrfaac  mi*<  0/  ika*  terrecrul  atanaiAtre  lit  di 
•y«U«  do  *o,  m  Cadi,  arH  (.ttiity  ral  of  thai  barer  h 
tay  60  lut  grvanjn  hfitjlilnoa  fr.ai  taa  ■■>  ihirr.ur 
natrh  ajpm  ;  in  gtuty  wp  lo  Mm  vip  it  raaj||  ^si*  \u2(  a 
i,-..rr,  nr  i.v  mr  4),  «bil«  the  n>  tttaf  40.  afnth  kaa  1 
iTKicavcd  t"  amlwcaU  «  *j*.*.»U  afrraar  tvehOJct 
■f  to  2?.  tub  tcf «ratc  ray  not  t.ia*.  r«tr>  in  too 
trefne  j**<irtt»-'fl  ilfn-n-K  |)«  heal,  at  a  nh-ik*  oje 
)>^i  «»v  ko»  *w  in  *Ut^  liy  rtgfataij  lbs  aiecc*  at 


1 1 1  i.t .  to  Inilil  up  our  intci  itr  Kytit-«  iijrtr. 
Ike  UkHI  .11*1  hf»l  M  Ihc  »uruux  vl  tlir  iilifxn^trrr.  IVk 
hive  £ro*D  ua  of  all  |mi|tar1>nri  si  i)k  Uur  «rt'],  I"-  V"  MS  kv 
JtUi  ilutlnl  carve,  uut  wv  hair  MMUttdi  I'V  3rt«.il 

aanimM.   Ikil  .valo«  wkich  «r   ■out'1'.  ^7 
rrraixlacail  the  inclrui  mr.«Jc  Ihr  M»~pl«rr,  «.t  'ta 
ICIMlbllllat  the  <rX*,r.  tijr  hie  »eiliu.h  to         ton  h«ie  leen 
eel  Ihc  i«ie<ii,  w.  «n»Uy  (el  Ihr  Imt  ii*.«ll  "I  'he  -in.  «hlih 
tenib.  bniadlv  ipe«kln£.  lo  Mac. 

ll  !•  »  vtim  itul  Ihr  phyicd  dl«r«iril"'  mrrti  H  "JJH 
het  ijohr  luaun.  <«  TphiIi  jnvihiiir  e««pl  lh"l  ">  ihr  htM 
where  be  a  leekiaf,  lliu  he  muH  ceeini  il  u  moiml  etj«r»me 
to  coae  eartpmnllT  <"  rna  the  imiDM  Jl«r-^rrT-  ' 
ojenoxi  I  h«!  on  («  0<  lie  >»  a»J>  of  »"lh  oil  lie  <p«- 
t™»  «•  tht  •vs.nialn.  I  •»  r»s»jed  In  ««pke.n{  <hu  |t»u 
MAIthcal  trriim,  Jill  Ul  to  j.!tuJ!i  lt»«n  "'»"•  1 
'    that  emu  ••duh  oinluuet "  t<  the  .(Kctruii. 


jirrl  hy  the  ml  a]  thr  rti|iuw.t  «tt  a> I  :V«  are  i 
Uiliiintletl  fiajlil  I  total  cutj  the  wrvrr  inker  uat  aky 
heell  leiiee.  I  tultuilitlnl  tlte  ana  fn  ikf  rrvuv,  trl  t 
Mlml  eel  A  llm  unkn-trn  Ir^tn  |  (4im>|-!W  Ul 
Thuh  of  perr..i.  tra.ellm.  nl  till,  olv  in  rhll  Rt 
thr  verj  err]  nf  thr  inviullr  h-<t  iie«inn  leant  abal 
|.reesnn«li  hen  Litem,  thk  «x  a  ratf  ,  it-M  lee  ■ 
■  '  '  '•  "I  tne>|  (i  ti  ni  ul  ,',r..i.isi 
In  are  loaiiennre  ikn  lul.mnn  rilhnktr  erlleallMai 
Ike  nW  mil  erailum  «»h         I  :,„.  rtra  tie  M 

i  SSSTS-"K'!!,"' J"  iT-  '  *"  B",i"'  «•»  letoal 
fettbe-t  haul*  of  thr  eiil  im*. 

I  .01  «u«i,ure  here  h,  ova,  »u  »„, 

Inaee  earth  rcaa  the  ri|iVmitea  ui  naerte  il  tth  I 

rrpi-nwi.  rratiaieiL    Tte  .o,e<  il  «U^«Tn  i  ■  iii 

,  of  the  vbtMe  »v««niln,  able  It  Uri  4«  u» 


Google 


May  14,  1885] 


NA  TURE 


43 


scale  i-.  count  to  ."11  that  previously  <nown,  visible  and  invisible, 
as  you  will  see  better  by  this  view,  r-aving  tlic  same  thing  on  the 
normal  as  welt  as  the  prismatic  -calc.  If  it  be  asked  which  of 
these  is  correct,  the  answer  is  "both  of  them."  Both  rightly 
interpreted  mean  just  the  same  thing,  but  in  the  lower  one  we 
can  more  conveniently  compare  the  ground  of  the  researches  of 
others  with  these.  These  great  gaps  I  was  at  first  in  doubt 
about,  but  more  recent  researches  at  Alleghany  make  it  probable 
that  they  arc  caused  by  absorption  in  our  own  atmosphere,  and 
not  in  that  of  the  sun. 

We  would  gladly  have  stayed  longer,  in  spite  of  physical  dis- 
comfort, but  the  formidable  descent  and  the  ensuing  desert  jour- 
ney were  before  us,  and  certainly  the  reign  of  perpetual  winter 
around  us  grew  as  hard  to  bear  as  the  heats  of  the  desert  sum- 
mer had  been.  On  September  10  we  sent  our  instruments  and 
the  escort  back  by  the  fornirr  route,  and,  ourselves  unencum- 
bered, started  on  the  adventurous  descent  of  the  eastern  precipices 
by  a  downward  climb,  which,  if  successful,  would  carry  us  to 
the  plains  in  a  single  day.  I  at  least  shall  never  forget  that  day, 
nor  the  scenery  01  more  than  Alpine  grandeur  which  we  passed 
in  our  descent,  after  first  climbing  by  frozen  lakes  in  the  northern 
shadow  of  the  great  peak,  till  we  crossed  the  eastern  ridges, 
through  a  door  so  narrow  that  only  one  could  pass  it  at  a  time, 
by  clinging  with  hands  and  feet  as  he  swung  round  the  shoulder 
of  the  rocks — to  find  that  he  had  passed  in  a  single  minute  from 
the  view  of  winter  to  summer,  the  prospect  of  the  snowy  peaks 
behind  shut  out,  and  instantly  exchange*!  for  that  below  of  the 
glowing  valley  and  the  little  oasis  where  the  tents  of  the  lower 
caul  1 )  were  still  pitched,  the  tents  themselves  invisible,  but  the 
oasis  looking  like  a  green  scarf  dropped  on  the  broad  floor  of 
the  desert.  We  climbed  still  downward  by  rcencry  unique  in 
my  recollection.  This  view  of  the  ravine  on  the  screen  is  little 
more  than  a  memorandum  made  by  one  of  the  party  in  a  few 
minutes'  halt  part  way  down,  as  we  followed  the  ice-stream 
between  the  tremendous  walls  of  the  defile  which  rose  2000 
feet,  and  between  which  we  still  descended,  till,  toward  night, 
the  ice-brook  had  grown  into  a  mountain  torrent,  and,  looking 
up  the  long  vista  of  our  day's  decent,  we  saw  it  terminated 
by  the  Peak  of  Whitney,  once  more  lonely  in  the  fading  light 
of  the  upper  sky. 

This  site,  in  some  respects  unequalled  for  a  physical  observa- 
tory, is  likely,  I  am  glad  to  say,  to  be  utilised,  the  President  of 
the  United  States  having,  on  the  proper  representation  of  its 
value  to  science,  ordered  the  reservation  for  such  purposes  of 
an  area  of  too  square  miles  about  and  inc'usivc  of  Mount 
Whitney. 

There  is  little  more  to  add  about  the  journey  back  to  civilisa-  , 
tion,  where  wc  Itegan  to  gather  the  results  of  our  observation, 
ami  to  reduce  them— to  smelt,  so  to  speak,  the  metal  from  the 
ore  wc  had  brought  home— a  slow  but  necessary  process,  which 
has  occupied  a  large  part  of  two  years. 

The  results  stated  in  the  broadest  way  mean  that  the  sun  is 
blue— but  mean  a  great  deal  more  than  that  ;  this  blueness  in 
itself  being  perhaps  a  curious  fact  only,  but  in  what  it  implies, 
of  practical  moment. 

Wc  deduce  in  connection  with  it  a  new  value  of  the  solar  heat, 
so  far  altering  the  old  estimates  that  we  now  find  it  capable  of 
melting  a  shell  of  ice  sixty  yards  thick  nnnually  over  the  whole 
earth,  or,  what  may  seem  more  intelligible  on  Us  practical  bear- 
ings, of  exerting  over  one  horse  power  for  each  square  yard  of 
the  normally  exposed  surface.  We  have  studied  the  distribution 
of  this  heat  in  a  « pec  1  rum  whose  limits  on  the  normal  scale  our 
explorations  have  carried  to  an  extent  of  rather  more  than  twice 
what  was  previously  known,  and  we  have  found  that  the  total 
loss  hy  absorption  from  atmosphere  is  nearly  double  what  has 
been  heretofore  supposed. 

We  have  found  it  probable  that  the  hum-in  race  owes  its 
existence  and  preservation  even  more  to  the  heatstoring  action 
of  the  atmosphere  th.in  has  been  believed. 

The  direct  determination  of  the  effect  of  water-vapour  in 
this  did  not  come  within  our  scope  ;  but  that  the  importance  of 
the  blanketing  action  of  our  atmospheric  constituents  his  been 
in  no  way  overstated,  may  be  inferred  when  I  add  that  we  have 
found  by  our  experiments  that  if  the  planet  were  allowed  to 
radiate  freely  into  space  without  any  protecting  veil,  its  sunlit 
surface  would  probably  fall,  even  in  the  tropics  Wow  the  tem- 
perature of  freezing  mercury. 

Jt>W  Dot  go  on  enumerating  the  remits  of  these  investiga- 
Mt      *"I%J|  all  How  from  the  fact,  which  they  in  turn  confirm, 
n  ^*<fatluDpid  sea  above  our  head,,  ami  about  us. 


is  carrying  on  a  wonderfully  intricate  work  on  the  sunbeam,  and 
on  the  heat  returned  from  the  soil,  picking  out  selected  parts  in 
hundreds  of  place-,  sorting  out  incessantly  at  a  task  which  would 
keep  the  sorting  demons  of  Maxwell  busy,  and  as  one  result, 
changing  the  sunbeam  on  its  way  down  to  us  in  the  way  we 
have  seen. 

1  have  alluded  to  the  practical  utilities  of  these  researches, 
but  practical  or  not,  I  hope  we  may  feel  that  such  facts  as  we 
hare  been  considering  about  sunlight  and  the  earth's  atmosphere 
may  he  stones  useful  in  the  future  edifice  of  science,  and  that  if 
not  in  our  own  hands  then  in  those  of  others,  when  our  day  is 
over,  they  may  find  the  best  justification  for  the  trouble  of  their 
search,  in  the  fact  that  they  prove  of  sonic  use  to  man. 

May  I  add  an  expression  of  my  personal  gratification  in  the 
opportunity  with  which  you  have  honoured  mc  of  bringing 
these  researches  before  the  Royal  Institution,  and  of  my  thanks 
for  the  kindness  with  which  you  have  associated  yourselves  for 
an  hour,  in  retrospect  at  least,  with  that  climb  toward  the  stars 
which  we  have  made  together,  to  find,  from  light  in  its  fullness, 
what  unsuspected  agencies  arc  at  work  to  produce  for  us  the 
light  of  common  day. 


ZOOLOGICAL  RESEARCH* 

•"PHE  Vttfor  Pisani  is  soon  expected  in  our  port,  on  her 
return  from  a  long  voyage  of  n  i  little  scientific  importance. 
Wc  think  we  cannot  better  hail  her  arrival  than  by  publishing 
that  portion  of  Prof.  Uohrn's  report  in  which  he  speaks  of  the 
scientific  mis  ion  fulfilled  by  this  vessel — a  mission  which,  besides 
meeting  with  a  success  far  surpassing  the  highest  expectations, 
has  redounded  not  a  little  to  the  benefit  of  our  "  Stazionc 
Zoologica." 

The  time  has  now  arrived,  writes  the  illustrious  Professor, 
for  me  to  sjieak  of  nn  event  which  took  place  towards  the  end 
of  1S81,  and  which  has  since  borne  no  inconsiderable  fruit.  And 
this,  in  its  turn,  takes  me  back  to  a  conversation  which  I  had  in 
1878  with  the  Italian  Minister  of  Marine.  1  had  already  pro- 
posed that,  instead  of  sending  out  a  young  naturalist  on  board 
the  frigates  which  sail  around  the  world,  a  young  naval  officer 
should  be  sent  to  the  "  Stazione  Zoologica/'  where,  in  about 
four  months,  he  might  pick  up  so  much  knowledge  as  would 
enable  him  to  collect  and  preserve  specimens  of  marine  animals. 
Owing  to  a  change  in  the  Ministry,  my  proposition,  though 
accepted  in  the  main,  was  forgotten  ;  and  I  only  succeeded  in 
getting  it  put  into  execution  in  1 88 1. 

On  Decemlter  27,  1881,  a  young  naval  lieutenant,  Signor 
Gaetano  Chierchia,  a  Neapolitan  by  birth,  introduced  himself 
to  me  with  these  words  :  "1  have  been  sent  by  the  Ministry  to 
learn  under  your  direction  at  the  '  Stazione  Zoologica  '  how  to 
collect  and  preserve  specimens  of  marine  animals.  I  present 
myself  accordingly,  and  beg  to  be  allowed  to  begin  work  at 
once."  These  few  words,  modest,  yet  full  of  energy,  made  a 
deep  impression  on  mc  ;  for  they  not  only  marked  the  beginning 
of  a  new  epoch  in  the  active  life  of  the  Zoological  Station,  but 
also  promised  a  more  intimate  connection  between  it  and  the 
officers  of  the  Italian  navy — an  intimacy  to  which  1  had  looked 
forward  from  the  very  day  in  which  I  conceived  the  idea  of  the 
future  floating  Zoological  Station. 

With  the  same  modest  energy  which  characterised  his  first 
interview  with  me,  Signor  Chierchia  continued  for  four  months 
his  studies  under  the  special  direction  of  the  Curator,  Salvatore 
Lobianco ;  and  all  the  employes  and  naturalists  of  the 
Zoological  Station  were  astounded  at  the  rapid  progrevs  he 
made  in  a  field  so  entiiely  new  to  him.  And  when  the  moment 
came  for  establishing  my  laboratory  on  board  the  corvette  Vftlar 
I  /'isani  (which  came  roost  api>ositely  to  Naples),  and  there  had 
been  put  on  board  all  the  fishing  apparatus  chemical  reagents, 
alcohol,  glass  vessels,  &c,  wc  accompanied  him  as  a  dear  friend, 
and  looked  forward  to  results  which  should  mark  a  distinct 
advance  in  the  culture  of  our  science.  And  our  expectations,  far 
from  being  disappointed,  were  widely  surpassed.  After  only 
five  months  there  arrived  the  first  consignment — the  product  of 
deep  sea  work,  of  dredging  and  coast-fishery  along  the  shores 
of  Gibraltar,  Brazil,  and  Montevideo.  The  whole  collection  was 
in  excellent  preservation,  carefully  labelled  and  packed,  and 
accompanied  by  a  minute  report  as  to  the  place  and  circum- 
stances of  each  find.  And  I  do  not  for  a  moment  hesitate  to 
affirm  that  never  has  so  important  a  collection  of  oceanic 

■  From  the  Ftmfott,  April  a}>  ,MS-   Naples,  Italy. 


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44 


NATURE 


\  Afay  id 


viinuli  before  reached  Karopr  Scarce  tour  nKejta*  had  efonied 
wfeem  titerc  arrived  a  aetimd  cxmaajntnent,  all  I  more  cstetuive 
I'lf.  the  Km,  an!  the  roull  uf  lullcoitma  mole  dar Ine  a 
from  Huatcaideu  tu  Cape  Hum,  around  the  uJand>  uf  ibe  Pnta- 
futiuu  aiiftipantu  (a  course  which  the  obli|>u*f.  commander  nf 
the  eorvntlc.  Capt.  Palm****,  had  feOoved  mi  my  mprtiaJ 
dcairet- 

T»m  ce^Wlina.  too,  comamed  moat  intenrviwj*  iprclrneo*. 
aa.irtf  which  an  rifcculljr  worthy  c<  rot  m  loo  a  »a*t  cumber  of 
tab**  filled  with  the  peodacc  of  dre^ae*  utfeaR  (pelagic  |»ro 
docttf.  In  the  Ufflt  way  there  have  tome  to  anrd  two  other 
conctmrntntt  fn«M  '.1*  Permian  tnajt.fnitn  the  CaUpayu*  lahra, 
from  the  coul  of  Panama  ;  and  aha  »nat»  n»o>J  intemiint; 
wrnrnnh  found  la  trull  poid-  and  ritm  in  Peru.  Arrone  the**, 
of  •  pecl*J  tawuitance  are  I  wo  complete  atria*  of  emrrj>>nif 
forma— hrtt.  of  a  Peruvian  ray.  ant  aetobdty  of  ft  toad,  which 
UtML  Chlerthia.  at  my  drop,  and  to  aid  my  UwJlrt  in  the 
battery  of  the  mfin  of  vertebrate  tnaniai,  reared  wtfa  peal 
<arr,  and  kept  in  an  excellent  Mate  of  peroration.  In  lau  U 
wawatawaird  ty  Vitmagi  huunr.  who  had  been  trained  it,  lk* 
Zodtunxsil  -SiKi.n,  ml  had  eatUrard  a«  a  udor  on  board  ihr 
W»  flMH  The  Mat*  Amvj  <r*tmofd  lit  coune  fror* 
Per*  arrow  ihe  atraa  rowanl*  the  Philippine  Idtndt  end 
Chain,  and  we  mar  look  for  «  near  tbh>meM  uf  apcumrn>-  In 
thi*  we  hare  a  aUihinr  tnrdrtmukn  of  my  opinion  that  «*i>ej 
mltthl  rtccm-  walmaf aid  id  let  Work  from  naval  oftteen  trained 
for  the  earpow,  nihra  Ihnn  form  ike  rmji.y  of  tuuraX 
nalnranalv.  The  rumple  lha*  presetted  lit*  l«*n  followed  by 
uthrr  mdmhiib,  an,)  ;.|(.  ,  1,  three  in  tc  rural  cmrrr*.  lieuta. 
Crrttate.Oriial,  and  Colombo,  hare  horn  trained  in  the  umr 
way  it  the  Zinirnpral  Suiion.  It  »  a  matin  fx  ferret  that  the 
flrtt  nealamrd  ana  made  1«t  <we  voyage,  a  »Vrl  one  u,»art* 
the  Vint  Indtev  In  which  violet*  {atca  were  ennmarterrd.  Tlie 
reauk  of  hia  researches  any  he  «cvt  at  the  "  Slali»n  "  UML 
Orjnm  »  in  the  cul»y  of  Aaaah,  at  the  month  of  the  Red  Sea, 
and  hi. 1  dttpnlcbrd  tticftce  ft  valuahlr  and  well  wcterved  Collee- 
taon.  l-mut.  Cntmiho  fa  the  only  or*  of  the  Ihrrc  wW 
hire  been  of  a  more  n  ,n  ..,  and  t  meinanua 
aattire,  and  It*  ihnn  nrfonnrmp  ha«  on  areerxl  occw^nn* 
been  C""»  him  hr  the  Mani.m  of  Marrte  Ito  t*»rd 
the  imarl  ntlncheil  lu  iW  IfvlKfiMphltal  Sarvcy,  cern* 
minded  hy  Ctft.  Mitntghi  (eqially  wrll  uoaa  a*  1  man  -if 
wrote  and  an  iiAWert,  he  ha»  ma<lr  rtcrllmt  rotleerkaM  m  the 
Mnlllrrranean  itwK.  and  haa  now  returned  once  more  lo  ihe 
"S      . r^"  r  ■  r^t*ci  joowriitr  I,m  nudka  ihctr 

Frnnt  the  rerr  im  it  has  her*  my  inien'ton  In  intita  ihr 
■aval  Kr%ictr  nf  other  Minn*  to  Jnhj  nj  ta  thii  line  of  reaearch. 
and  arnudaigly.  m  the  autumn  of  lUa.  I  prupoaeil  to  the 
t*rrmm  M.niiirr  of  Marine  ;t.H  l,r  >|,.>oU  «nd  a  tnvsl  offirrr 
or  Mrgeon  to  Ksplet  to  retnrr  a  fnininj;  wch  m  I  have  »di 
«ie».  The  head  of  the  Admnky  then.  ||«r  V.«  Sio«ch, 
**,TF,*d  »nr  Urtipoaal,  and  rent  a  na.aJ  »un(rr«,  Hr.  SalrVi. 
for  four  aaonin*  lo  Nanlet.  In  the  autumn  nf  the  aoOowirn*  vcu 
Or.  Snndnr  emhirknl  <m  hunl  ihe  frieite  r°rinj  ^n/kr/  !  • 
Enatem  Afia.  We  .till  a  watt  K<  ftrrival.  aavl  hot>c  *■■«  raJaalde 
rernlti  fr»ti  the  rtn^tilton 

A  preUmirnry  e-nrtr^ltun  wLcb  I  had  laat  Mirmner  at  S*. 
{■MiM|  *ith  'be  r*ad  »f  the  ilatT>.rihe  Kaatun  Marine  Adminl 
TcbKawichnff,  aeiver  room  fiw  hnyw  thai  ku»«ra  I  ■  wdl  o>n«en1 
t*  )ata  mm  in  the  mailer,  and  that  •  •  in  the  enmr  cd  a  fc-w  ycar» 
we  nur  look  for  a  will  funhrr  and  w.i-r  drvelopmetrl  uf  ihu 
ennnretaon  tvtwren  ihr  "Starinne  rVxdo([it*"  «*d  thr  wioa- 
nwriae  war  terrace*  of  the  world.  From  vjdi  a  cocnextknt  pral 
ad»a««nrt  wrndd  arxiwe.  n*  <«fy  lo  acJeoer  am  CttimCwat 
who  lu  ihr  Mhmltlu  of  Ihmr  rca rral  ruantnrx  wancb  In  UVIr 
turn  would  t«  ihe  mher  for  the  r.iilrcto-  mule  by  UWir 
rrrpectm-  invwft. 


LWVXMSITV  AND  KtWCATfWAt 
AV  TEU.  IOENCF. 
CaaTftMiior. -TlnTe  wiH  \m  an  taftwu-nlinn  in  terrain 
branch**  of  naiwraJ  actencc  fut  minor  »fhJardv'V»  at  l^>ww»nj: 
CoUrfr,  ..n  TurwUy.  Tune  a  an),  and  hiiKwirn;  Aijrv  V*™** 
who  hare  not  entcrtd  ai  any  mllqrr  in  tlie  I'nivrnoty  Ate  ebcddc 
to  the  niimv  «h<dir*hin\,  waarhwil)  br  of  the*  ai  tie  of  from  4°- 
to  TvV.  per  ainum.  ar»1  lecuble  uaxd  Ihetr  hnlden  are  of  •tanditlC 
to  compete  for  a  l  urmlmlwa  atlirtaiinhn  Farther  antcrmati  w 
will  he  fftvrn  by  Dr.  rcrkic*  or  the  Rrr.  L  C.  S«mlm,  MM 
nftheColLffe. 


sc/Exr/r/c  see/a /.s 

w  F%yxiA  uur*  C*>m*t,  No.  J.  March,  iSlJ 
R.  W.  Itan«en,  on  capillary  ahioipltotk  of  gn»,  siiuw«] 
Jeper*!«lK-e  between  the  capillar*  prc««irr«  and  thw  vra 
faa  alncfbed.  laia  dktotmry,  doubihm,  haa  imn-iriaj 
tHw*  in  phttiukttjital  ppKeuei.  Prof.  U.  Quincke.' 
nrvraivio  (No.  Ml,  on  ihr  mra*urrmmt  of  aoa^rtftic  f 
hydroalatu  reraanar.    Thr  aulhor  ndi^iti  Ihe  fnrmiala 

whrrr  H,  u  the  inlemuly  of  rht  mijrocUc  firld  .  and  (J. 
au£nr;iulton  mnwanl  r  anal'^niii  tu  the  dwdnxtric  nm 
thr  anibiftHn  formula  for  the  ptemarr  in  thr  elcxtrii.  fieh 
*ervation*  have  hern  made  on  many  macnetx  liquida  r« 
talo  the  avumericit  » aires  vt  lhs»  c«j«tarvi.— O.  I_onimer 
tl*e«ry  and  f-.rm  of  Kmr  awwly^haerred  itiicrtVrr-nce ' 
Thete  relaielotrtUiii  phenomena  nf  tbJck  centra^  — C.  Cm 
rraeartbr*  on  the  ujeiral  protyrtret  oMuwdy  dirnletl 
— W.  MoUcr,  on  Wihl'a  photometer.— E.  and  1_  Nalan* 
rhe  diaaoeiuion  of  the  vapour  or  hrptnutmni  aoct.— hf.  T 
rrsenirhe*  «i  the  em  a*  mm  of  italc  ;  a  diwuttton  of  the  I 
Raaeou*  MMaM  -  M  U  Mmndlrr.  00  ihe  action  of  tu 
i.>tnpfc^tcarUnkattdcA|da«iander  ihe  influence  of 
W.  W  teplr  to  Prof.  WaAwer'a  lenurk.  mprctinar  J 
oli>rrral*:«t  on  milallir  rwArctKet. 

ytwrmttftmt  Xmimm  Cifmwtt  ,x*J  fkumwf  dW«r>,  n 
fawe.  9. — On  l)«  oaafalinn  of  atctenca  |*rcoad  m.-i:  .r 
Wagner.  The  hrhaTirrar  ol  letonr*  in  chmailc  ncidmirtii 
drt<rtl>erl,  and  the  emend  lawa  cd  \\. ..-  ouiUikm  1  ■  ■  '■-  1 
—  Oft  the  act  ion  of  tl*  fodidr*  of  at1;l  and  rate  em 
thlorrlnnc  h|  M  Lupalktn.  —  <  In  mipreertl  alryl  dim 
rartxnol,  bf  V.  Konnauvwch.— Oft  the  rrlar«in  telwom 


■arnKuwa  and  the  lerrmeraiurc  uf  faoin  uf   bodlna,  t 

■aawawMT 
KCOMfttiri 

h  Ike  taeent  heat  <d  hoion. 


Thf  ahaoVate  hcil  of  focmj  reurn  ret 


llnchnwlMftT 
tbecn/aniioft  If  ■ 

I  '  tl^  vpeufcc  weixtK  of  the  b 
then,  Ihe  acrirMf  *  J?J<  '  WMj  tlktn  arccedinf  lo  ihr  fc, 
nf  krgnaralt  ami  M.  CnmeMey  -,i  appmn  10  leuanrrrrmr 
M)  Faraday  1  diama-nr.it  wrm»,  ihr  i<*Ut*  aupennrir  in 
fidbiwlna*  tenet  whith  ealmwmlr*  «nh  Hi  ml  fii  K, 
I',  Br.  S,  Mtj.  Ca.  I.  AV  In,  Sn(  Hi,  V,,  Za,  Cd,  I'K  A.. 
I'd,  An,  Cr.  W,  Pi,  Ir,  IX  —  On  l«r  almnpletca  of  plai 
tie  Kmperatarr  of  the  win  an  cuantic  •par*,  tod  the  earth ,  a  a 
aphere,  by  »!.  Rojovdiy  -- On  wme  new  irfitMi  lratKmt  of 
rood  it  ion*  foe  ft  mifaanuam  <jS  dcrurhe,  c(  a  ptlan,  If 
I'olwhikoff.—  A  note  m  anawrr  to  M.  Statirrttth.  by  the  aa 
— Studlea  in  rv^rrueal  |iiy«ac«:  III.  lata  kaaiiry  0/  rodeo 
whew  faltlrv  on  to  thr  ran  b,  by  Th.  Sernrrdatt  -  Anawvnnr  l 
object**  mode  at  the  |Wittdt  .l^aucialireief  iMa  by  Str  will 
'|V>mv*i  to  hl»  t»*ti<L  theory  of  baA,  ;lc  ateanr  dtHime* 
hewt  whiah  a  mctoieit  H<ox  n.iy  receirr  nhfft  |ueitlftK 
avtmotphrr*  He  >U.  lit  v\ct*l  riairoira.  \f  o*r  npcrie 
u|  aicleorilps  an.1  liy  M  (Kitiletv  *  teniimy.  '.kit  thry  at 
hair  hern  larmtrht  to  fina.fi.  Thr  netttnir  nant  be  t  tana 
loa  hte  »»f«t%fe  < Artawr  fmrmw.uynn.  wairkrreaJeualHlne 
and  rai»<*  it*  lemjeralure,  rruainin|{  arariy  told  «*eU  when 
rondociinr;  po<wer  it  foe  Me  The  tn  at*  the  rainmli 
tna nt  m  ptmus:  *>*•  bj1?' *  of  air — that  n,  n  loncnr  them  it 
motion  Uke  ft  ballet  wbiih  would  ijetd  it*  force  in  farrr4 
looo  »hee«  <A  paper  beJore  reaching  ihr  tarfctl.  ami  >o  am 
that  it »  »M  IvtW  \k  Iraanfimnrd  mtu  hrai,  motil  U  IcforftK 
firce  "fcnl  tn  pWrcirax  thr  air  — Indrc  m  c|t  dttamtk  volanx 

Je  Aa  Sm-ftWfr.  A'mfmra!tW,  uMt.M  18I4.  X* 
—  M  .tciw.U  for  the  rtm*  uf  Ceninl  Asa.  I«  prut  N  ^ruka 
After  hivmr  tw^r  rltitnl  aeveral  pvtt  «/  Twddatl 
and  Ihe  dcllft  of  the  Aaw-lnria.  tf,  Mnf  mrrnH  ^9 
rxh  odlavtiun  ur  phen<V4ffK  whki  irorer  Uh  atn  of  1 
'^"f1  ,A  lr  ?9  Tit,'.««AJ.  «d  .treremai 

Pie  ilrywrtmmt  «f  LMlftmijiiiea  aim  nfrml  ll«  £n*« 
ttucresi.  on  account  of  ll*  roniaiuar.  irts  mrinr  --i  El 
■M  C*tm,  arrJ I  an  on.  There  are  e*wi  ipBMMJ 
wriM  «-etn  t>.  xuluratr  that  thr  Aral-Cauian  -ft**  la*  Wren 
ernirr  of  ftt/pi  <!■  M*IM4  form..  «Ue  ^  .err  rnnj 
p*rto»  hy  whaata  ftaWaal  ihe  Red  Net  in  Atexand  laeaurloSnal 
and  Fraar*.  The  whole  work  of  tar.  lallar  rm«  rrt  be  pa* 
Ihhcd  at  acre*,  on  ateinnt  of  iu  oor^ro  [iUf.  TW  deaS 
tiun  *<t  the  Lh^rtimrra?  ra»  appeared  1a  the  d'la.vo  Wmvti^ 
dm  Aer-tf  Yr  Ai  frantt,  the  rvmahalrr  nil  vmt  h  nV  Uaa 

1       m*  ««•"» ««-  "TpiPrftTm 


Gc  ogle 


May  14.  1885] 


NATURE 


45 


uf  the  Hypodermei  and  thcGasternmycetes.— Plantw  Raddcana: 
Monopclal.T,  by  Fcrd.  von  Herder  (continued). — -Solution  of  a 
problem  of  the  theory  of  comets,  by  N.  Joukovski  (Russian). 
The  geocentric  position  of  a  particle  of  the  tail  which  has  left 
the  nucleus  since  a  given  time  under  the  action  of  a  given  re- 
pulsive force,  to  determine  the  displacement  of  the  particle  for  a 
given  change  in  the  repulsive  force — such  is  the  problem  treated. 

—  Analyses  of  salt  and  mud  from  a  volcano  of  Trans-Caucasia. 

—  An  essay  on  the  solution  of  the  gcodetical  problem,  by  Th, 
Sloudsky  (in  French).  The  already-known  formula;  already  give 
the  possibility  of  embodying  all  anoma'ics  less  than  30"  in  lati- 
tude and  lc-s  than  1$  oscillations  of  the  pendulum  in  twenty- 
fours  against  the  calculated  ones.  The  author  tries,  however,  to 
give  a  more  theoretical  formula,  which  might  at  the  same  time 
embody  larger  anomalies. — List  of  the  herbaria  of  the  Mos- 
cow University  and  of  the  Society  of  Naturalists,  by  J.  Coro- 
shankin.— Studies  on  the  averages  of  the  relative  moistncss,  by 
Dr.  K.  Weihrauch  (continued  ;  in  German). —Necrology  and 
Annual  Report. 

RendUonti  aW  R.  Ittitute  I^mbardt,  March  26.— History  of 
the  first  century  (1783-1883)  of  the  Realc  Istituto,  by  G.  B. 
Venturi.— On  the  persistence  of  the  thymus  gland  in  children 
and  adults,  by  Prof.  Giovanni  Zoja.— Account  of  a  successful 
operation  performed  on  a  young  girl  for  the  purpose  of  closing 
an  open  sore  on  the  left  check  produced  by  a  severe  attack  of 
typhoid  fever.— Further  notes  on  conformable  representations  in 
higher  math  ematical  analysis,  by  Prof.  Giulio  Ascoli.— Meteoro- 
logical observations  made  at  the  Royal  Observatory  of  Brera, 
Milan,  during  the  month  of  March. 

Rivula  St  itntifito- Industrial^  March  31. — A  new  explanation 
of  the  red  crepuscular  lights  that  have  been  attributed  to  the 
Krakaloa  eruption,  by  Prof.  Carlo  Marangoni. — Variations  in 
the  electric  resistance  of  solid  and  pure  metallic  wires  according 
to  the  temperature  (continued),  by  Prof.  Angclo  Emo. — A 
visitation  of  caterpillars  (LitMosia  caniola,  HI.).in  Florence  during 
the  present  season,  by  P.  Bargagli. 


SOCIETIES  AND  ACADEMIES 
London 

Royal  Society,  April  23.—  "On  the  Changes  produced  by 
Magnetisation  in  the  Length  of  Rods  of  Iron,  Steel,  and 
Nickel."    By  Shelford  Bidwell,  M.A.,  LL.B. 

The  earliest  systematic  cxperimen's  on  the  effects  produced 
by  magnetisation  upon  the  length  of  iron  and  steel  bars  are 
those  of  Joule,  an  account  of  which  is  published  in  the  Phil. 
Mag.  of  1847.  Joule's  experiments  have  many  limes  been  re- 
peated, and  his  general  results  confirmed.  In  particular,  Prof. 
A.  M.  Mayer  carried  out  a  series  of  very  careful  observations 
with  apparatus  of  elaborate  construction  and  great  delicacy. 
The  conclusions  at  which  he  arrived  were  in  accord  with  those 
of  Joule,  so  far  as  regards  iron  ;  in  the  case  of  steel  there  was 
some  apparent  discrepancy,  which,  however,  might  to  a  great 
extent  be  accounted  for  by  differences  in  the  quality  of  the  metal 
used  and  in  the  manner  of  conducting  the  experiments.  In 
1882  Prof.  Barrett  published  in  Nature  an  account  of  some 
experiments  which  he  had  made,  not  only  on  iron  but  also  on 
I  Mrs  of  nickel  and  cobalt,  with  the  view  of  ascertaining  the 
effect  of  magnetisation  upon  their  length. 

The  knowledge  on  the  subject  up  to  the  present  time  may  be 
summarised  as  follows  :— 

(1)  Magnetisation  causes  in  iron  bars  an  elongation,  the 
amount  of  which  varies  up  to  a  certain  point  as  the  square  of 
the  magnetising  force.  When  the  saturation-point  is  approached 
the  elongation  is  less  than  this  law  would  require.  The  effect  is 
greater  in  proportion  to  the  softness  of  the  metal. 

(2)  When  a  rod  or  wire  of  iron  i*  stretched  by  a  weight,  the 
elongating  effect  of  magnetisation  is  diminished  ;  and  if  the 
ratio  of  the  weight  to  the  section  of  the  wire  exceeds  a  certain 
limit,  magnetisation  causes  retraction  instead  of  elongation. 

(3)  Soft  steel  behaves  like  iron,  but  the  elongation  for  a  given 
magnetising  force  is  smaller  (Joule).  Hard  steel  is  slightly 
elongated,  both  when  the  magnetising  current  is  made  and  when 
>'•  is  interrupted,  provided  that  the  strength  of  the  successive 
currents  is  gradually  increased  (Joule).  The  first  application  of 
'lie  magnetising  force  causes  elongation  of  a  steel  bar  if  it  Ls 
'einpercd  blue,  and  retraction  if  it  is  tempered  yellow  :  f~l 
1'ient  applications  of  the  same  external  magnetising  force 


temporary  retraction,  whether  the  temper  of  the  steel  is  blue  or 
yellow  (Mayer). 

(4)  The  lengh  of  a  nickel  bar  is  diminished  by  magnetisation, 
the  maximum  retraction  being  twice  as  great  as  the  maximum 
elongation  of  iron  (Barrett). 

In  order  that  the  results  of  Joule  ai.d  Mayer  might  be  com- 
parable with  those  obtained  by  the  author,  he  made  an  attempt 
to  estimate  the  magnetising  forces  with  which  they  worked. 
From  data  contained  in  their  paper,  it  was  calculated  that  the 
strongest  magnetising  force  used  by  Joule  was  about  126  units, 
while  the  stiongest  used  by  Mayer  did  not  on  the  highest 
probable  estimate  exceed  1 18  units.  In  the  author's  experiments 
the  magnetising  force  was  carried  up  to  about  312  units.  'I  he 
metal  rods,  too,  were  much  smaller  than  any  which  had  been 
licforc  used  for  the  purpose,  ranging  in  diameter  from  I  "40  to 
6*25  mm.  Their  length  was  in  every  case  100  mm.,  and  the 
apparatus  was  capable  of  measuring  with  tolerable  certainty  an 
elongation  or  retraction  equal  to  a  ten-millionth  part  of  this 
length. 

By  using  thinner  iron  rods  and  greater  magnetising  forces 
than  those  previously  employed,  the  following  curious  and  inter 
esting  fact  was  established.  If  the  magnetisation  be  carried 
beyond  a  certain  critical  point,  the  consequent  elongation,  instead 
of  remaining  stationary  at  a  maximum,  becomes  diminished,  the 
diminution  increasing  with  the  magnetising  force.  If  the  force 
is  sufficiently  increased,  a  point  is  arrived  at  where  the  original 
length  of  the  rod  is  totally  unaffected  by  magnetisation  ;  and  if 
the  magnetisation  be  carried  still  further,  the  original  length  of 
the  rod  will  be  reduced.  It  also  appeared  that  the  position  of 
the  critical  point  in  steel  depended  in  a  very  remarkable  manner 
upon  the  hardness  or  temper  of  the  metal ;  considerable  light  is 
thus  thrown  on  the  apparently  anomalous  results  obtained  by 
Joule  and  by  Mayer.  Further  experiments  disclosed  strong 
reason  for  believing  that  the  value  of  the  critical  magnetising 
force  in  a  thin  iron  rod  was  greatly  reduced  by  stretching  ;  this 
would  explain  the  fact  that  Joule  obtained  opposite  effects  with 
stretched  and  unst  retched  wires. 

By  ascertaining  the  relative  values  of  the  temporary  moments 
induced  by  gradually  increasing  external  magnetising  forces,  an 
attempt  was  made  to  connect  the  point  of  maximum  elongation 
with  a  definite  phase  of  the  magnetisation  of  the  several  rods  in 
which  the  elongation  had  been  observed. 

Though  more  experiments  must  be  made  before  it  is  possible 
to  generalise  from  them  with  perfect  safety,  the  results  so  far 
obtained  by  the  author  indicate  the  laws  given  below.  The 
elongations  and  magnetisations  referred  to  arc  temporary  only  ; 
before  the  beginning  of  an  experiment  the  rod  was  permanently 
magneti-cd  by  passing  through  the  magnetising  coil  a  current 
equal  to  the  strongest  subsequently  used.  In  iron  the  greatest 
elongation  due  to  permanent  magnetisation  was  generally  found 
to  be  about  one-third  of  the  total  elongation,  while  in  nickel  the 
permanent  retraction  amounted  only  to  about  one-twenty-fifth 
part  of  the  whole. 

I.  Iron 

(1)  The  length  of  an  iron  rod  is  increased  by  magnetisation 
up  to  a  certain  critical  value  of  the  magnetising  force,  when  a 
maximum  elongation  is  reached. 

(2)  If  the  critical  value  of  the  magnetising  force  is  exceeded, 
the  elongation  is  diminished  until  with  a  sufficiently  powerful 
magnetising  force  the  original  length  of  the  rod  is  unaffected, 
and,  if  the  force  is  still  further  increased,  the  rod  undergoes 
retraction.  Shortly  after  the  critical  point  is  passed,  the  elonga- 
tion diminishes  in  proportion  as  the  magnetising  force  incre:  ses. 
The  greatest  actual  retraction  hitherto  observed  was  eoual  to 
about  half  the  maximum  elongation,  but  there  was  no  in  cation 
of  a  limit,  and  a  stronger  magnetising  force  would  have  p  oduced 
further  retraction. 

(3)  The  value  of  the  external  magnetising  force  corresponding 
to  maximum  elongation  is  for  a  given  rod  approximately  eq  at 
to  twice  its  value  at  the  "  turning  point." 

Dtfinitwn. — The  turning  point  in  the  magnetisation  of 
bar  is  reached  when  the  temporary  moment  begins  to 
less  rapidly  than  the  external  magnetising  force. 

(4)  The  external  force  corresponding  to  the  point  of  maxim 
elongation  increases  (when  the  quality  of  the  iron  is  the  sa 
with  the  diameter  of  the  rod.  So  also  docs  its  value  at 
turning  point. 

(5)  The  amount  of  the  maximum  elongation  appears  to  v. 
inversely  as  the  square  root  of  the  diameter  of  the  rod,  when  t 

1  quality  of  the  iron  is  the 


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rctfxmtau  *e<  a  yrlbtw  «in|«r ;  iftrr  which  il  .r.  in.->,  and 
with  rrryniM  wr*l  brewnra  rrry  hirh.  There  1*  tbntM-  * 
critical  dttjw  oC  hardrtra*  lor  wWh  lb*  cntkal  •larnrimiiG 
(cnt  a>  a  ntinlmiiai  ;  in  ilrrl  nf  ft  ywllnw  t#m|nr  thr  •tlar  nf  it* 
ctiiwI  mft)(otfburi;  f-nte  it  loner  than  in  Heel  wb«h  i>  rahrr 
uiitrr  or  harder. 

(ejl  In  uiA  j*tt  a  .iftu^t  niifnelikiitc  khtt  u'wiiutfli'f  .tinm 
Uhrd  au»y  ejawr  j  fmrict  liwtmnij  rbmpilinn  llun  l'c 
diniinnhrd  f*i»'  ■•  ra|*.bl«  of  protWinf.  if  applied  in  ihff  tr»l 
|iUix. 

I  Ml  A  lc«t|Knfcry  efc«i£ir«>fl  when  nrj«  pf»lt«.*»J  in  toft  wer! 
nor  be  nvauitainrd  \f  4  ru^ner.ikntf,  ln4r  ahiill  It  ktfclf  too 
■stall  »n  originate  any  prrce. pltHc  rfettgltajn. 

III.  Nkkh 

III)  Nacral  inniiniia.  In  relrac*  w-ih  magnrtiM*!;  fM  fa- 
ewe-eding  thine  which  pnilnoe  thr  ataiinitim  riultrnlaon  «•*  iron 
Tlrt  |trcalr»t  nhaened  lelflCtlick  of  nhvhel  i*  m  »t  thai*  llifer 
tirnc  ihr  Maaunuin  ofi**r»ed  ibmphmi  nf  iron,  aawl  ibr  limit 
-..   ii  ■  -i .  i  hern  reached. 

<ii)  A  nickel  nirr  umthed  1j  a  weight  uiideffoe>  icrraciVri 
When  mriMHlrwI. 

Anthropological  Inftlilutr.  \r.td  aS.—  Frami*  f'.jll.'n, 
F.R.S.,  Pmitlcnl,  in  thr  rfcsw.  — Mr.  A-  I-  ln>»  rrtH  a 
pap*r  ra>  thr  jmt  and  rental  cortJrtlun  cat  certain  r?>lr  IMM 
■min  ■!  i  in  \VeVii**elAM  flic  hir>r-4  jwioc  uf  the  railnty 
'■•■•'I'.-ii  I.AU.J  trr  sb I  (  /ili. It  n  a  lililr  !■>  thr  u«i!i  ■  t  the 
Tillage  »d  -latino  of  Ship,  in  WrtrmmilinH,  vhtrr  there  *in 
i -  <  t ■  ■  * 1  v  vHttf  very  **lfnme  rude  »inoe  in-eiginent.,  r»-w  nn 
1  unite  ty  ilnuu  entirely  ■'*•!!■  yed.  AK mil  i*  cnidc  In  thiol 
by  rnwilm  uiil  Or.  SrakrWy.  m  a  natfc  M  tn  h«»r  lani 
Ui-Ji  >)r-i  thr  railway       nude;  wait  rcnuiirt  </  thi* 

cvtle  may  be  wen  (mn  the  !.-»■*,  but  <«Jt  ft  Trw  ilmm  at<  ttrtt 
on  tk<  «|kt.  Thr  maa  inlcrr*lM£  murnimrnl  t»w  rrmaininc  In 
Ike  vKinity  of  Slap  n  Mtaatnt  it  i  (Iikc  callru  liuDneniicU, 
hra«r  tbrr«  Mllct  to  ihr  birth,  and  co«iat4i  of  two  Irrept.ir. 
mncrtttrir,  klirhiit  oral  rmg*.  nhoul  jn  ftnt  imfi-l  in  iliftanlrr 
rt»J»ftti«ry,  tnt  Imp^l  tbotwicri  hcnifi  froai  Wirftll  to  vm\%. — 
A  t'f  Aitmlril  't  .  S.  Trrtnlrti  •  n  <|Htilrital«taI  ii'tistiK- 

tinm  wv  Caranr  wwa  m>(.  Thr**  aarloaiim  nrrr  ratJt^nl  \rf 
Ihc  lair  Mr.  />mra  Wiln  |  m  t><h  <**  thr  l-^n  Ufy  walU  arc 
luimnl  \A  «»t>r,  t.li  nl  4<«m-h  |tn  t^tthrr  wllk.iil  any  kiml 
erf  ivfftrot,  ami  luvinf  rniilt  *p  in  MR  a  *crk»  m  **w0 
tnenhir*  i  tbry  akn  ronutnrd  hrraurr  •irwturr*  Its  caraalion, 
KtMcftrd  fttal  hrtowe  fiUWc  Unm  ihr  rflrrM  nf  grn*  Wit  It 
»u*M  *1>l«ar  thai  tlw  tnanftliiaa  htil  '  c-r.  prrfna,  a*  not  a 
pariulc  nf  rakimil  t  nnc  wm  hmmt  in  other  uf  the-  n>.h»*irca.~ 
A  (tatwa  hr  M.  }*m  I. "Mruirna  -a\  ibe  Krktp  Sr-oaaurt,  M 
amtctrf  »M3il1nal\i1.m  rtf  thr  Nnrlh  Wcl  Tttrnnry  of  CanaJa, 
•  U  Trail.  |  Vratut  t«n  bumttpi  frwl  abort  the  kvel  of  thr  *nr- 
tniifrlrtc  \hnn,  Kri>(*  Sc-oatr-a,  thr  H«ll  of  Ihc  RIi-j.1  S*vr*k". 
alaltiU  like  ft  h«i;c  (nnumlal  in  «n  l  r«ni.Kat»ioax  *»  rftlrtruvi- 
vmm  <*r  hoih  KdI  tint  tti  l*-w  Kivrr  Vnlhy  A  tailurftl 
pint  rm  nf  ahnai  nrac  kumlnrj  Icr!  ct.ua nt  It*  *umtral  ;  ftl  thr 
math  end  nf  the  plKfnmt,  rr«tw*j  njnn  ihc  vrnJ,  ti  ihr  >«-uia««T», 
ft  reufh  btndaVr  uf  Am-  pa  inn  I  i|iun^<p«-,  ftntril  ux  bn  ht;V 
•ml  thu«t  f.iaatrtn  tn  riiaatttrf  ;  i|  *w  N*  -nrlacr  an  "cilltwi't 
half  a*  imh  J«n  Ihc  tlfMnl  far*r»  vf  thr  tn«in  «b  a  »Mmnc 
Itait  **»«  1U  Two  unftO  Ojfl(*«r  bmoia  ihnot  two  indit*  ra 
diamrtrr  hnil  *r-1  into  the  hHM  i>m  in  Ihc  crntrr  of  thr 
atfta,  Ihr  4  (her  .-.l>  «n  mkh  imhra  frutt  »  in  a  ■""  | 

tfmm  ibeot  «rr  itm-ni  *uu.*s  Mmmfin^       amI  *" 

lite  Mrfuv  am  nimvri.ii.  amall  u*i  whith  rrtalinrt  ntir  l*+ 
aaHnmcal  *wir«f  >lraxo.  tlm  at  *  tmt  nf  pri«a<c  t« 
nrrr-Mity,  when  ralr»>rditaaf)r  »4r«nc»  i/r  ipm  * 
•ohriry  wnrinr,  hitnvlf  thr  twir»*  ft*l  ihr  »Ktim  ;  nnn>  Ihr  t»«r 
nf  ..tori  hr  aa»  In  «4en-t,  Jtfl  caaiag  in  th*  En  «W  fo*  •>* 
tun^nfthr  Uar c«*J  "f  hia  araxdnn  ;  ami  when  the  Uf"  »» 
ibr  momirc  ujr  lyhu  tbr  A-un'  h.truon,  hr  Uf  t  *  fmter  mm 
If  A  haraf  on  the  li.j.  nl  |hr  %tnrw  an.l  rata  U  off,  Ira.iQC  ;h<  blond  lu 


tlow  into  thr  lut-in.  Mr  lfacn  protnla  ihr  blmdir 
aiotnlns  vwt,  awd,  leAVwax  1 1  in  that  hmxn  of  thr  % 
retrace*  hi*  *irj*  towanU  tW  talc*  k  -.fir-  foci  nf 
hr  rirrrto.  hi*  wuutal,  aad  U  raraiar  aim  bb 
where  hr  »»  truri\ul  with  trtnmpbllU  ban  awn, 
Mftrlcfavt  tbw  arlf-tnftkrlct  wuundi  ranked  ea 
rtrrievM  in  h«tlr»  an-l  Jfr  llway*  mtnltonnl  mtf 
iccxjI  ri  the  witnur't  great  dcrtl*  m  thr  baiairuJ 
Oanlof>iatft  AtaocUtloa,  May  I. — SVlITnaa  T* 
trrtiJeni,  III  the  twalr.  —  A  iwiwr  w»»  ku!  nn  wi 
trofnl  ntrl  fu*>il—  mil  «•  Vanfi  a»  a  riaaa,  b 
Wowiwarrf.  f.R-S.  Tbr  ambuf  (rrfarrd  hi«  tern. 
b<«  tmtlt  by  c*nnx  hr»i  a  bt^l  ,Htiiani  <■*  rbe  ihar 
a\  ft  cI»m,  Mr  .f.-*-rit»r.l  the  iKcnliintie*  of  thr 
t  <  r  and  htn>t-limb,  Che  urmral.  lliniacae,  aarra; 
arrtrltrir.  with  l&c  >ln.«Ut-r -f* fl*  «M  relrn,  | 
tfK  hitjhly -*fcviaJi*r>t  i  t .  di..;..  In  riiatinj:  budi 
Ar.k**ffery  i,  thr  formrr,  With  thrcr  rjiliramtaiy 
th*  mrtaiarpa)  bene*,  anrhv  V  *,,|  ■  vvit.t|  ;  ||w  Uf,, 
ftoc  dlgilt  in  *Mrh  ininu>,  aimnl  with  ilia-..  ||r  ( 
bane-*  of  tbr  tilmt  tuiib  *«f  an  arlvlt  /^MranWkw  » 
yirrnp  /iww',  in  )  *!)-■«. d  h>w  <A-cly  thr  caarx 
ahk  in  tlx  f  rmri  an-  mntainl  ift  the  W-.t\  Uii. 
W&dm  w»rr  alto  f*.4ntcvl  out  m  tha  i mi «(  if,,  ,| 
i-.    i  m  l    I-.j.i  .(,„.    yi^.  | 

afcbi*j|;b  (virMrMin^  ft  auawr  point*  id  *r,rnjr*.(e  fr-.- 
Iji>r,  «»  •howci  In  br  thr  -ftrlictt  Inwan  inretlia 
lUvroin  of  r.inmiie  {birdK  wlla  a  Lrrl  M  the  Mm 
hearty  at)  ir.  dim  fnylnc)  IMi  h«|t«y.  f -n  (K 
Ih.jI  blrlMr*t  hi  nil),  wlilrb  dirtgtri  ibr  Oatntk, 
Ca«uwaty,  Alter)".  Pmeanii,  .Limits  Jbr  ,  helor 
aacr«tM  anal  lc  Miavbt  The  killnr  i.ntmkd 
ratdinrr  Iwfirr*  Ua  wrTiavr  i  nt*ln  t»  swrn  a  bb| 
fut  A.U*f-r  iron  f<it  thr  tasrwitv,  t,,i  ualr  fmr 
wub-  dittfitiMbia  -4  thr.  .ini.in  ,/  tlr  da*,'  tttt  a 
fiMnil  rrrdrtxr  which  rwhracr*  (tr  ibr  SiT|lh»>e»  r 
ttill  larr*r«  p^rniphiral  ».»»..»  than  that  Unwa  fr' 
timlrv  Aot  if  wr  are-  at  littrrty  In  aid  |u  tii.  thr 
the  fno* [twit*  of  tnpedil  animrlt  it.  tic  TrwM  Iwiiil 
t.i. ■  IrmcL'*  of  bird*  in  ihr  aumt^t  tl  daje-  inilr  f>ai' 
f»  cpnnt*.  mny  br  Taken  a«  funhrr  miracr  ri  Ihewj 
f/xau^kaJ  Irmr.  for  the  prltniinv  l.nm  uf  ifci* 
rridondy  lonl  lo  the  paUwoir  r.ai,K 

Zoolonitftl  Society.  May  y  -  Tirf.  AIM  mm 
VKc-l>n».Uwr,  an  th*  ehair.  —  A  cunnwtkaiiift  ws> 
Mr.  jean  SoMrwarm.  o  numin{  <vUmii(#wi  an  th 
**tva1  ibmmpVMii.—  Mt.  1.  Illaad  NjKm,  F./.*,,  r 
•«  byprrtrenrry  ami  da  anfrn  inrv4utcn.  in  wiirftla 
lu  vhow  that  material  (haai;<^  n  airuvtnrt  a^tt  W  t 
what  oft-  nrifjaally  .1  pulnl.a.'kal  oitibiim.— { 
Nrwtoii,  t  /.->..  nrnl  a  pat)«*  on  (W  mawiaa  nf 
■ptrae*  «f  lt»d  <foit.»mi.  *A» ia>«v|,  afvah  hat  Irevr 
Mr.  II.  M.  I-.  t.  firm  t|»r  "  Wu^vVh  -.1  Rev 
uf  thn  hnrrr  >JKmr  •rnct.  Thr  naAar  tfarrrol 
fmm  priivrd  lhat  m  i arty  boorir  imr.  F.atliad  *«, 
•*y  a  rate  t4  bml*  wkuih  exraallM  >,  ihrtr  pxourtai 
IW  rmar  iruisdie  f--«m»  ca*  the  Niv  /«.-#) it  i  ma, 
muntral .a  *am»  rent  fmm  Mi  It.  ft  *dm>*e  *i 
me  th.  dawipliin  of  a  nc*  i  i|inirii  Ml„ 

..f  I'alawan,  ahich  he  |4efaiw«i h.rwar  Mvtfwtknt 

IW   K,   ka*  l.inlr.trt,  I'.KA,  real 
rich*  MM  tm t  of  taw  rprdnrm  tf  .|/e«j  Ana. 
Ituh.itd  ilavn  ai    |a\||  -  A     ■ ,  „  . ,  vw  3.,„ 
tM-Cnl  C.  Swrad...,.  K.i!.  ft.,  beta,  ,|r  tUti  j  y 
pai«t>.ntbr  |rp»l,Ti»a  «d  hwaawj  ml  A*  IV, 
prraeftl  pftpre  rrrMtf-l  of  Ihr  aetini  .f 

i.  ■  in  '  na»n-.*.W|.i«  ft,       .„.,„■»(,  ^ 

nml^iniral  i  owreelmn  nf  a  vtaarawu  11( 
of  I'trtrtunU,  <uAtainc<l  a>  a  I  na<i  jmfn. 

Max.  itbTb 
Literary  and  Pfcilowrdmal  *t%mn  f  A  ut- 
Ah^k,  M.|i L.I.  the S  -A  IZpKa  J, 

t7  Mr.  I  Ca«M  Mrlvili,  M  A  .  f  I  i.  * 

MarcF.  tn  -  M  W.  T.  Wdhirw  n.  LU  r  R 
•h-nt.  in  t*«  Aa.r.-iaa  nnkn-;  w»„w  jj 


,  (  «— unk,l«l  S,  F.  ;.  F.n.l,,.  f.|  J       ' ""7 

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'ay  14,  1885] 


NA  TURE 


47 


-•shire,  by  Francis  Nicholson,  F.Z.S.— Oa  Lifsnt  cnnala, 
Fir.  Alcock.— The  Post-Glacial  Shell-beds  at  Udlevalla, 
cden,  by  Mark  Stirrup,  F.G.S. 

Paris 

Kcaderny  of  Sciences,  May  4. — M.  Bouley,  President,  in 

chair. — Summary  of  the  meteorological  observations  made 
ing  the  year  at  four  stations  on  the  Upper  Rhine  and  in  the 
sges  district  (Schlucht,  Muostcr,  Colmar,  and  Thann),  by  M. 

A.  llirn.  Tables  are  given  of  the  actinomelric  observa- 
ns,  of  the  prevailing  wind*  with  their  mean  and  greatest 
ocities,  of  the  mean  and  extreme  temperature,  of  the  atmo- 
leric  pressure  and  rainfall  for  each  month  of  the  year  at  all 
:*e  station"..  During  the  period  in  question  the  most  salient 
cnomena  were  the  severe  frosts  of  the  month  of  April,  which 
>ved  very  destructive,  especially  to  the  vines,  and  the  sudden 
d  violent  hurricane  of  July  16,  which  swept  with  tremendous 
lidity  over  the  Vosges,  almost  unaccompanied  by  rain,  and 
th  very  little  thunder.— Remarks  on  the  influence  exercised 

scisrnatic  disturbances  on  Phylloxera,  by  M.  S.  Villalonguc. 
jc  case  is  mentioned  of  a  vineyard  near  Malaga  affected  by 
is  parasite  and  supposed  to  have  been  destroyed,  which  nevcr- 
cless  broke  into  leaf  with  fresh  vigour  after  the  earthquakes 
liich  recently  devastated  the  southern  provinces  of  Spain. — 
pplication  of  the  general  laws  of  the  theory  of  the  partition 

numbers  to  numerical  functions,  by  M.  N.  Bougaieff. — On  an 
isy  method  of  controlling  the  velocity  of  electric  motor  currents 
•tie  illustration),  by  M.  Marcel  Dcprez.— Note  on  the  suppression 
'  the  nitrous  vapours  of  the  Bunscn  pile,  and  on  a  new  pile  which 
:comes  depolarised  in  the  atmosphere,  by  M.  A.  d'Arsonval.— 
n  a  new  variety  in  the  anomalous  group  of  Cyclocephalians, 
f  M.  A.  Lavocat.  This  variety,  for  which  the  term  "oplilhal- 
nccphalous"  is  proposed,  is  illustrated  by  the  recent  case  of  a 
ill-hom  lamb,  in  which  nose  and  eyes  were  entirely  absent 
id,  in  place  of  the  orbits,  showing  in  the  median  plane  a  cavity 
•rincd  by  the  anion  of  the  two  temporal  fosses.  At  the  same 
mc  the  tongue,  the  cars,  and  all  the  parts  corresponding  with 
u  se  organs  were  in  the  normal  state. — On  the  system  of  canal- 
alion  present  in  the  cellules  of  plants,  and  on  the  continuity  of 
ic  protoplasm  in  vegetation,  by  M.  1,.  Olivier.  In  opposition 
.  the  generally  accepted  views,  the  author  infers  from  hismicro- 
<»pic  studies  that  in  the  thickness  of  the  membranous  wills  of 
ants  there  is  a  highly  developed  network  of  canals,  by  means 

which  the  continuity  of  the  protoplasm  is  effected  throughout 
ic  cellular  system.— An  attempt  to  determine  the  relative  age 

the  Grand  -Combe  Carl>oniferous  deposits  by  means  of  their 
s,il  vegetation,  by  M.  R.  Zciller. 

Rome 

Reale  Accademia  dei  Lincei,  January  4  —On  pleasur- 
>le  and  periodic  respiration.  Prof.  Mosso  communicated 
i  abstract  of  a  memoir  in  which  he  expounds  various 
bservations  made  by  him  on  respiration.  By  means  of 
acings  taken  from  a  man  in  a  state  of  complete  rest, 
e  has  recognised  that  in  the  respiratory  movements  periods  of 
reatcr  or  less  depth  in  breathing  alternate  with  one  another,  and 
lat  suchperiods  are  observable  in  all  animals,  especially  during 
cep.  The  author  has  likewise  ascertained  that  man  breathes  a 
rcater  quantity  of  air  than  is  necessary,  and  it  is  that  respira- 
on  that  he  calls  pleasurable  (rtspirazione  di  lusso).  It  is  in 
onseqnence  of  this  excess  in  the  ordinary  breathing  that  a  man 
oe*  not  increase  the  extent  of  his  respiratory  movements  in 
scending  a  mountain  or  in  undergoing  a  change  of  atm  .spheric 
rcssurc.  Prof.  Mosso  has  determined  the  limit  of  this  pleasur- 
Uc  respiration  which  is  manifested  in  sleep  when  no  cause 
muld  render  it  necessary.  According  to  the  pauses  which  the 
•criodic  respiration  undergoes,  the  author  divides  it  into  remit- 
mt  (rrmitlen'e)  and  intermittent  (iutermitteitt).  These  pauses 
lo  not  depend  on  the  movements  of  the  blood-vessels  nor  on 
isychical  factors.  It  is  a  recognised  fact  that  respiration  has 
ml  a  single  centre,  but  that  various  muscles  subserve  this  func- 
i<  n  independently  of  each  other.  Prof.  Mosso  concludes  that 
k>*  only  is  periodic  respiration  a  normal  physiological  pheno- 
nenon,  but  that  it  is  nothing  else  than  the  respiration  of  Cheyne 
md  Stokes,  which  has  hitherto  been  lo>kcd  upon  as  a  mor  >id 
ondiiion.  The  author  closes  his  own  paper  with  a  critical 
eview  of  the  theories  of  the  nature  of  the  movements  of  re- 
spiration.—Other  communications  :— Dr.  Piecini  described  the 
uulyses  and  the  methods  of  picparalion  of  certain  fluor  *alls  of 
ionium,  corresponding  to  the  scsquioxide,  which  had  been 


obtained  by  him. — Drs.  Ciamician  and  Silber  described  the  results 
of  the  action  of  nitric  acid  on  pyril-mcthyl-kctone. — Dra,  Cia- 
mician and  Magna  >ui  communicated  a  first  note  on  the  action 
of  carbonyl  chloride  on  the  potassic  compound  of  pyrrol  — The 
sanction  of  the  Academy  was  likewise  given  to  the  printing,  in 
the  Atti  Acadtm'ui,  of  a  memoir  by  Prof.  Bclloni,  in  which  the 
author  describes  the  olfactory  and  olfactory-auditory  apparatus 
of  the  teleosteans  (the  nu.lri  rotundi  of  Fritsch). — The  Secre- 
tary, Signor  Blascrna,  read  a  communication  by  Signor  Laurc, 
in  which  the  author  insists  on  the  necessity  of  paying  great 
attention  to  the  barometric  variations  in  cases  of  earthquakes 
and  volcAnic  eruptions. 

January  18. — Articles  belonging  to  the  Stone  Age  dis- 
covered in  the  commune  of  llreonio  Veronese.  Prof.  Pigorini 
observed  that  of  all  the  localities  containing  remains  of 
the  Stone  Age  Breonio  Veronese  is  the  most  interesting 
and  the  richest,  on  account  of  its  numerous  caves  in 
which  primitive  man  has  left  his  traces.  The  numerous  flint 
implements  found  in  that  locality  were  attributed  by  ancient 
writers  to  the  Cimbri.  Some  of  these  have  common  forms,  but 
others  are  of  very  singular  shape,  and  the  use  of  the  latter  cannot 
be  determined.  The  importance  of  such  articles,  which  arc 
found  also  in  the  sepulchres  of  the  Stone  Age  near  the  caves, 
but  which  arc  there  reproduced  almost  in  miniature,  consists  in 
the  fact  that  articles  of  the  same  form  arc  found  among  the 
remains  belonging  to  the  prehistoric  American  stations,  which 
leads  us  to  surmise  the  existence  of  a  bond  of  connection  in  the 
earliest  times  between  the  inhabitants  of  the  Old  World  and  the 
New.  Prof.  Pigorini,  while  dwelling  on  the  great  value  of  the 
collection  of  such  curiously-shaped  articles  made  by  Signor  S. 
de  Stefani,  and  described  by  him  before  the  Congress  at  Venice, 
was  glad  to  be  able  to  announce  to  the  Academy  that  the  collec- 
tion had  been  acquired  by  Prof.  I  .and  berg,  whose  attachment  to 
Italy  and  whose  philanthropic  character  were  well  known,  and 
that  it  was  his  generous  intention  to  present  the  collection  to  the 
Prehistoric  and  Ethnographical  Museum  at  Rome.  This  valuable 
scientific  material  is  thus  to  remain  in  Italy.— On  the  observa- 
tions on  the  solar  maculae  and  faculx  made  in  the  Observatory 
of  the  Collcgio  Romano  in  18S4.  From  the  observations  made, 
Signor  Tacchini  believed  that  he  could  conclude  that  the  solar 
activity  was  diminishing  and  that  it  would  very  soon  reach  its 
minimum.  Comparing  the  observations  of  1883  with  those  of 
1884,  he  found  that  in  1884  chromospherical  phenomena  attained 
a  considerable  development.  Signor  Tacchini,  although  he  has 
not  yet  completed  his  labours  in  reducing  the  observations,  i  sof 
opinion  that  1884  will  have  to  be  remembered  as  a  year  of 
maximum  frequency  of  hydrogenic  |)crturbitions,  but  he  intends 
to  return  to  the  question  when  he  has  completed  the  calculations 
relating  to  it.— On  an  ancient  vase  representing  Sappho. — 
Signor  Comparctti  read  some  preliminary  notes  regarding  an 
ancient  vase  belonging  to  the  collection  of  the  Archatological 
Society  of  Athens.  On  this  vase,  the  drawing  on  which  is  rather 
rude,  Sappho  is  represented  in  the  midst  of  her  disciples,  she 
herself  being  in  the  act  of  reading  some  epic  lines  written 
on  a  roll  held  in  her  hand.  This  vase  belongs  to  the 
fourth  century  B.C.,  and  hence  to  the  period  in  which  Sappho 
was  most  popular  in  the  refined  and  gallant  society  of 
Athens.  According  to  Prof.  Comparetti,  the  two  disciples  who 
arc  listening  to  Sappho,  must,  judging  from  their  names  which 
arc  written  on  the  vase,  be  two  Athenian  hetanrc.— Discovery 
of  an  ancient  encyclopedia,  and  the  plagiarism  practised  on  it. 
Signor  Narducci  announced  that  he  had  discovered  in  the 
Bibliotcca  Angelica,  at  Rome,  a  parchment  M.S.  belonging  to 
the  end  of  the  thirteenth  century,  containing  in  its  first  129  pages 
an  encyclopa;dia,  hitherto  unknown,  compiled  by  Egidio  Colonna, 
of  Rome.  After  giving  an  account  of  the  contend  of  this  work, 
Signor  Narducci  drew  attention  to  the  shameless  manner  in 
which  the  cncyclopa»Jia  of  Colonna  had  been  plagiarised  by  the 
Englishman  Bartholomew  Glanvillc,  commonly  called  Barthol<t- 
meui  Anglieus,  who  flourished  about  1630.  This  writer  acquired 
the  greatest  reputation  by  a  book  of  his  called  "  Liber  de  pro- 
prictatibus  renim,"  which  is  in  great  part  copied  word  for 
from  the  encyclopaedia  of  Colonna. — Other  com  mil  ' 
Signor  Fiorelli  gave  an  account  of  the  excavations  of  ant 
made  during  the  month  of  December. — Dr.  Nasini  made  a  ce 
munication  regarding  some  researches  he  had  made  on 
atomic  refraction  of  sulphur,  and  on  the  higher  value  of  t 
refraction.— Dr.  Piecini  read  a  note  containing  some  gem 
considerations  on  peroxides  of  the  type  of  peroxide  of  hydroge. 
and  made  a  communication  as  to  the  continuation  of  his  re 
searches  on  a  new  series  of  titanium  compounds. 


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«8 


NATURE 


Fchroary  t.—Om  the  kydnifenit  pnituhcrtacet  of  ike  *»n, 
ol««rrved  al  lb*  Royal  Olnrrratury  ul  llir  C'uUcM  ■  f  Roaae 
in  1RK4.— froC  Tanhini,  a*  aeilaaualica  uf  b»  prcvbMli 
nree  In  the  ■  thit  is-  f  ii,.  -i  I*  eceiiidered  an  a  fear 
in  » Wh  the  parwnmrru  of  the  rhmmmphrrf  had  aliased 
ibttr  natimaan  d*tr  lament,  prrvnrrd  the  rwaahi  0/  ob- 
xnrsinm  mule  by  him  <«  14J  .liyv     Fro*  th*«e  n  »p- 

Kaml  thai  ike  Hjmlxr  uf  ike  f*vi  uterine  e*  aacwaied  frnt* 
uth  to  t Motet,  la  order  lo  grt  rid  of  the  auuoudie*  which 
at«  nirf  with  In  imium  ul... mil  and  to  olilaam  a  mm 
irperamling  (Ik  «an«  of  ittr  |-l>tu  urta  in  tht  tftiinijrciifual 
la-riod  llSoto  18&4,  I'rce*  Tanhini  ha*  »»<•"»  a*  mntthlt  mtut 
■Itr  mam  ■ thrrr  nvmia*,  entatdrrinr  rach  month  »lr«c  with 
lie  in  ~ ■(,  hruire  anl  it>*i  11  "Iht  carve  v«c*o«nac|rd  iWhii 
threw  nilminaitag  n.4nt«or  period*  of  mielnraai  activity,  the* 
■  .ir-r-r/nndtne  ro  JiJj,  l&ita,  Scjfrmtef  10  OiW-et,  I8S1,  ami 
March.  iSfU,  which  lax  it  tic  bight*  a)  the  ar  hide  Mrkt  lie 
RlMimHl  or  the  protu  tetanic*  folic**  that  re*  thr  turnewiti,  air! 
mtfll  <>o*ertaliua>  auks  a  prc*«,le>  that  1KS5  will  hr  .1  jrar  ei 
yen  lei  i(t»«il/  aa  lha  ehromMphrre  and  aiUr  aiain>jeirtr. —  0*  1 
thr  degrrr  uf  jcrcwina  in  iht  •^rtrnr>mnion  of  the  drnttty  •  f  I 
gate*.  Dr.  Agaairaaonr  ttaltd  Hat  lac  Aral  to  n  per  if  rent  ' 
with  a  rrrtain  MOHt  of  itccoa  on  ibr  uVmttr  uf  gar*  wrre  1 
tli«  fhjwt*r*  Ilaana*  and  BuuMingamh,  and  ikat  Rr  gnu  ill  hid 
iaiiw*ice>1  iht  ax»»t  xatpnrunl  jaar-rorrrnrnt*  ir.  ihr  mrlhndt  nf 
wot  king  adopted  W  them  |l«  oinerved,  barter,  that  <«efl 
llete  imwti»oi  rr*(bnrfl  of  KrgaMlc  mk  nut  r*ctn|H  frwtn  crrtain 
«mm,  ihr  natarr  of  which  it*  author  punted  ma  and  drMtitwd, 
aadicating  prt«ae.i«a»  iV.»i  had  tn  l«  uaed  in  the  ration* 
nperali»m  <4  anghing.  in  rreJer  to  avoid  »oa»e  of  tbrtc  trrow 
hf  l*l  <ttf  idvanlaer  r/tbc  lceiri/<  MMMMI  vlikh  M  uouev* 
II  Ihr  jmr*rar  d»j.  The  juibur  baaWjiad]  i|wrially  ua  lbc  BtaV 
•rani  MM  of  error  rrac«ntui{;  frma  ibr  pmj><rty  whtih  [;Ia«* 
K»*  of  corricrikdt^  ipv^  oa  it*  titer,  .ind  00  rlw  etacinr**  of 
mnitircaurac  rrt|uir«d  in  ikrlrrmlnlrat  lbc  rroaurc  al  wlikh  tl.r 
gtt  to  br  wrifhril  a  cooUilKil  Ul  tlrr  vr*xl  in  wh»t!i  Ike  irtifb- 
BBC  m  cfftCtfd.  It.  A|;aBvuaortr  la»  r<*|»»J<  1  in  tin  knjral 
l'h)T*.ol  IfiJiluIr  ce"  k.^r.r  all  1  Ik  r i[rnm(n' « BrCmtilr.  »»d. 

tec  tine  an  rrmr  ^>unj  tn  00c  of  tbr  «»jienanc*tf  of  thil 
idtywuNl,  be  fin.f»  thu  fcr  Ike  Value  U  the  w-nghl  4/  A  lilrr  of 
or.  arlncti.  jiv  i  lny  lu  flat  (iirm.'tiiraa  aiade  lit-  ki  l.lt  ii  -.  ■ 
■ml  La»(h,  WTjtihl  bt  I  7'iJ7*n  j-r-.tr.T-f ,  iktrv  ntfilil  In  be 
■abaltratrd  f  J9>7*7  Kiuu»rv--a  <Sctriniinu vhUh,  teocxil- 
mg  l<k  [ »f  A(Mitit(iinnic,  n  lubartt  lo  a  miaintcai  mnivminty 
of  iIhoi  X  inutij  pnrnmr,  and  lo  a  irwin  nncmainiy  nf 
±  01000067  pimmt.-  tVtrtuiimtvon  of  Ike  drlMl*  ■  4  (be  air. 
I>r.  AdHtcniK«ie  btviitc  at  ke*  |irr>iuna  |uprr  ftkutk*  hnw 
in  iJe  dctrtaiiaiaeinn  of  llw  dwnoirjr  nf  C**r*  the  rmat 
afftttiaic  ihr  nml  rrtolt  )« >x«d  from  ibe  aeasirr*ie«t«of  w«i|[lit 
aftd  |ire«utre,  jnnoiacni  that  be  hail  rartulrd.  i*-  nm-.  of  -» 
pmmtnit  nit  tic  4rlrnniniiK«  ihr  •Vmitj-  nf  ibr  tir,  nukini; 
hut  ><f  »*»jfi:^  »#:.(  fffiwuvs  — (.jii'^I  li  .'.  -ar  Iflnlhrr  ^<y 
until*  wirie  limiU.  Thr  jtrr^.aK-.  rmjil«*nt  in  Ibe  law  w  of 
rtpt rmtU.\  urn :  <||  1  Kn  nf  ihr  alnnt^iuTr  ;  a*d  (>l  catr  of 
two  alitHAohrrr*.  Tl*  nnhc*(  after  dwnbintj  bit  melaod*  of 
|imrrdur«  and  itr  (ireCMlaMf  tjLra  Y-j  bim,  ruuitntaaxiled  hit 
mulltf  arhlth  *b>«eJ  a  crell  dilfrrtmv  S*»«vti  lbc  aiean 
talaet  *A  hK  IWn  »rrin,  and  thai  brcausr  the  air  ondrr  rvrMuta 
<i*|ttn»  fruat  Mjrkaic  •  b%».  I»r.  AftaaKniKfie  enarladra  (bar 
when  lae  draaily  uf  a  gaa  m  lo  te  ddrmilnnl,  ibr  r.«  Iwinj; 
wrif;t«d  In  a  t>imurr*>«d  ayakf,  it  r«  nctcory  ibuve  all  to  In-i* 
*y  Arcel  rajitrtmritt*  the  T»nir,ie.t»«  in  v  dtasc  of  (he  k** 
o  eralrd  on,  and  know  wVnl  tm  unl  of  cteidi-maliuri  (Wrc 
wn  the  malli  of  the  srvwl  M  ttatrh  the  c»*  i»  <■•*■ 
MfavM.  1  uf  the  deUrsuauiliuli  uf  the  <le«Mt|on  ot  a  gai  foim 
Vulultr 'a  law,  vltkk  i«  1  niaatrt  nf  Mi  much  inipntt)lKC  in 
rvararrlm  of  iblt  kavj,  ibe  might  h»  atrn^hrd  at  dilfrrrni 
jtrvmir*  in  a  re^aing  tctaci  with  1  ujfftnratlir  deliuile  tulaftc*. 
MM  ratmmral*  of*  Krr^uull  Itive  rhown  Ml  ajKlnd  U>  lar 
tufhv-wniry  tMiuaUoty.'-Coaarriuinrr*  of  a  he»  hjrjrxbr^n  <4 
Kohlnuveh  vet  ibrrmo-rhxtik  phtoomrna-  I»r.  rllltttU.  alter 
4?rinc  a  rWaWnf  the  throwticai  eifajniriom  edbned  ty  'rWan- 
wn  a»d  Tan  to  icoount  lor  the  mall*  uUa^l  rapfriaarMallv 
In  ikerai.ve-kttHc  phranmrna.  »iatr»l  ah.»  Ike  htprtlr»i»  of 
KohlraoKk  ret  thr  eIrCrxJ  iraa»|H.i?  uf  »«-al.  and  WfMl  hum, 
fr«n  ihr  rrau-ktiow  of  fetlramrk,  all  tf<  fcernula;  ««*rn.r.l 
rj  nwnarm  atiahl  be  aWilpted.— Mm  n.uinina*cJlKa>»  t— 
I"r».  tiitti.un  aa*T>dJt*T  h*ar  runtliiunl  their  Kudm  »n  M 
L-Hniwund.  nf  pyrrol,  aad  etplainr.1  aiiaulelt  thr  MM  ''■ 
abicklhcr  hadiuvttrded  nlAMVM.  rj'tfl  "Uo  l'JT»dio.™ 


Prof.  Cawaai  cxenmiioi^ilrd  a  paper  oa  the  an* 
cpaora— Or.  Toa-Hi  prraeauail  a  now  On  tke  anal 
ieat*la>n  nf  rrrlain  uacular  fiinclKau.  —  An  ahttra 
atunittf  ed  nf  a  WTT^<r  hr  Mcwt  Vaaacek,  ettlitl 
CcariUKM  dn  sm'.vrt  ft  dr»  Cotrbrt  £tuti 
Falexaui  At  Surface*.*' 

Fclauarjr  1$  —Oft  thr  wonhip  of  atone  anpar 
Nrnlatlne  arc.  Sifanr  1'irreini  ethituinl  a  atncnlai 
mcnl  MMM  had  hei-»  foona  in  nne  nf  the  cava*  at  the 
llrrnftin  Vrrnw,  rvferrrd  lo  the  Xroliikn;  age. 
triMKolir  fur tp  '-f  a  lance-  nr  MM  Wad,  hit  ia  uf 
liu.eii..  nt  It  weight.  In  fail,  rjlnkiln..  aaal  caw 
aafet  or  Ike  tnararjc  »  mere  than  11  cm.  »  Worth. 
W  Mippoanl  thai  Ika  ndtnaa]  ipear  head  coald  hate 
a«  a  waiKa,  duHfy  hactuar  Hi  ituatcrnuin*  areedd  ha 
a  ■hi-'-  nl  qunr  caMiamnraiAf  liic.  but  alan  hecaaai 
at  ha  b*v  aoail  hive  teadrred  Ikw  ibaftioc  txlrrr 
StMar  PVoraM  callnl  to  aaiod  how,  em  at  the  pn>K 
o.«iitnua  pruioc  aittittilcd  a  erlp<in|  nrajin  to  the  1 
■luor-aMipcr>litrei  athich  ai<o  e*  >  itoenr  ihr  an 
there  an>  peurAthit  al  ir*?  trry  i.ne  whrtt  tkete  «>n 
ma>te  they  «aa«  h-ll  at  ciiihlrtni  nf  dimity.  The 
fact,  in  ihr  Nenltllm  .ige.  m  a>or*hip  nf  the  aar,  aaace 
of  1  tut  ar)p-*  ate  fuund.  of  diairntkiot  mi  ma||  0 
like  thai  of  Urctaan  Vi-mrtr«r.  that  ikey  cannot  l«  n 
anyihlng  rbe  thsa  tntnr  ^r^.  —  CiaarrtTtatc  a  rV. 
.t  aians*crinl  ceT  Carern  heh>n|;iti£  In  Iht  ntreb  <clitun 
Nanlacci  hwut.  In  t!v  Vniian  l^hrary,  1  *aluat>W  r 
C-^OUlninC  nntavtiHit  Ckrrnaasan  ratcmeOt-v  oi*axte<!  h) 
II  ad  t  an  I  u.  Slgnce  Nardaoci  tnn  crilW  tka  mina* 
>y  r«te.  in  thr  hope  lK»|.  |.i  cr^laeir,.  it  with  tka 
Ocrrn,  am  known,  be  might  fim\  wirar  tngrjrti.V  I 

of  the  grrat  term.    After  -  1   r-  (ach  of  tke'fraa 

fmind  l  hit  ihccorajtder  had  not  had  at  ha  duprnd  1 
wceka  uf  Ckrro  kiKmm in  ibe  M t-Vlke Agra,  tmaotwi 
day.  Sajanr  Nardttvigat-  k  ttmrt  rrenmra  of  the  m 
tatth  thr  iimm  rmdtnrH  f.Mnd  at  thr  reetcnt  aay  a) 
ttteemed  vervooi  /  the  rwrVut  wnk»  *f  Cxven. 
tlif»:«Jliic»J  thai  I'rof.  Sc!twrr.i..  |«  •reuastfa*  a  Critical 
thr  nianuK-Tipe  in    .  ■  ■, 


CONTENTS 

Sir  William  TharnNon'a''Maihematiealand  Phyi 

Papeta-     tj  Prnf  Hetmhaltf,  PUS,  .  . 
Oar  Book  Shall  — 

U'anro'r     V unbar  Fnaad  *   

|ijrt..n\  "Fupinjc  F.rc  t      G  8.  Bool-tr 
fMMk>  "Train  >  Mtiirnl-tr. MpMaa  ana  > 
k  I  Indnew,  Sti  CuiiiltHrae.  ♦!  1 1'Arraiilarr.  e 
Lrlteia  to  the  Editor 

I  h  'tntraiAktg  the  Aurrei  Ikerttn  -Cart  ftievef 
Sjifnl  M  Vrl.«eilt.— D.  , 
T^y.   ■n~a<M«hi.^\»ir*L- *.MtfuwK-An'ro 

At      .  .:  ■ 

I'lul  Arc*  c«*  Ictro'eawi  —  W  H.  D  re  max 

II  I  •        -     '.v  ti  .,r- .  1      g  ftmiUi    .  . 
A  IjtU  i  Mri  '  -  Cor.aMl  E  I.  Layafd 
l|o*»  Fr,-.i._Mrr  Caroline  W  p.  Rich 
Mpjayat  I'tenoatraacn,  —  Chutet  Craft  ,  . 

Five  Mathaenaticat  Karilies 

On  eart.tn  Spettr,  I  lmJp,  pendgced  U.'ltalat. 

Vacuum  lube.    Rh  Shrlfurd  tl>d«dl 
Jupiter.    Hi  W  F,  tunning.    (/A,dr*WI  ' 
Note*    ....  .... 

Our  AUtoeoanieal  Co4uoan  :  — 

the  Harvard  Cork*-  t»-erraliri.  V.S, 
Tm.r*riO-T*l<l»h7l|.| 
N«w  Nebale 

AetronomKal    Pfcenoi>cna    foe   the    W.rk  .ta 

May  ij  »j  

The  Iron  and  Steel  Inatitutt 

BP,  J  >r  ...  f/.YawfturWl  I 
Zuolngual  Rcararcb 


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NATURE 


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TEXT        O  O  j! 


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primer    o  ;     ?    y  ~ :  g  a  :   g  z  ■:  g  z  a  f  :-i  y 


FRANCE  RA' <  C            >      -  \..'~-\:.  I  w:**    Br  Edwin 

<:\ HLYM,   mm. -',-<  >/o  i*'"his  writings,  two 

wjrtt  jih-  o  »  v  ;  v?  advances  in  physicai 

*,»»..  -  .'.«     >  /»  •       -  j                    i  ■                    _         i.u:..:a.  ».:-risr_i.  r_*:<»Ti 

I'Ka«/ijc>.i,  /r>  ,    ; j^/iany,  a  course  of.  By 

fA>' f  p.r, r  \.:./  f'HV.-lOLOGY.  By  Thomas  H 
'*A'\\.,Mf,    »    f^/  J- J  r.ufi  AM/HIS  MODERN  RIYALS.  By 

'        '  .»   ■  .•.....<   t.   •  ,  ..  C-r-.-  C'-~^  L»if.-ri.  Ccm 

"  '  •  •     '                                            .    ,       .  .  .      ■.    ...       .     ,.  ...»  .      !'..•"..]»-   «7  .,  .few*!.  L'. 


7  m  r,   i:    (,t.t  *  it    rrxiZK.v  series. 

\* IKtlf.tr.  AM,**  ^M./^.Z       ..,  ^    '    vfM.-.  A  -.v    Crown  3vo.  3^.6/ 

u  1  c  k  k  k  r;  • :,  dictionaries,  1 8  8  5 . 

imivtf.p%n  /  ok  oxrovr*  university  of  Cambridge. 

UtUUOH.  PA WH,  |  THE  THAMES. 

l)U:KV.H'Y'\  f  OMTfNf.N  fAf.  ARC  RAILWAY  GUIDE, 

I'        '.-  I  .-.1.  '>•»•  i-i*  /  »"ti  M    1 ■  S      iKmo,  l». 


MA'  MM. LAN    A,S|/  <  O  ,  LONDON. 


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NATURE 


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•  Botlle*  charged  >  -  per  dor.,  and  allowed  at  the  same  rate  if  returned  ;  but  they 
mull  be  paid  for  with  the  liecT. 

Neither  *ujjar,  taccharum,  nnr  any  of  the  many  new  Brcwir-c  Materials  are  u -ed  in 
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nutritious,  it  i»  an  excellent  Tonic  and  particularly  suited  for  invalid*,  ladici  nur.in;,  or 
anyone  requiring  a  good  -trenethenuit;  beverage.  It  U  a  "Sound  Nutritious'  Ionic, 
and  very  much  recommended  by  Medical  men. 


Tf  AITHA  M  1 

"  HALF- GUINEA  "  ALE 


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MICHAEL  FARADAY. 

THOMAS  HENRY  HUXLEY. 

CHARLES  DARWIN. 

JOHN  TYNDALL. 

GEORGE  GABRIEL  STOKES. 

SIR  CHARLES  LYELL. 

SIR  CHARLES  WHEATSTONF. 

SIR  WYV1LLE  THOMSON. 

ROBERT  WILHEI.M  RUNSEN. 

ADOLF  ERIK  NORDENSKJOLD. 

SIR  WILLIAM  THOMSON. 


SIR  C.  W 


HERMANN  L.  F.  1IELMHOLTZ. 
SIR  JOSEPH  DALTON  HOOKKR. 
WILLIAM  HARVEY. 
SIR  GEORGE  B.  A  IKY. 
J.  LOUIS  R.  AGASSIZ. 
JEAN  BAPTISTE  ANDRE  DUMAS 
RICHARD  OWEN. 
JAMES  CLERK  MAXWELL. 
JAMES  PRESCOTT  IOULE. 
WILLIAM  SPOTITNWOODE. 
ARTHUR  CAYLEY. 
SIEMENS. 


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'     '  li<!rnu(ry  in  (he  Science 

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,    »..».  ..„   MA.'H'AI.  11I  FOWNF.S  l«y 
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INORGANIC  CHEMISTRY.    By  Edwr. 

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PRACTICAL    CHEMISTRY,  INCLUD 

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>■  ■  .    ■  I  , 

,     i,  ■    -  ■  ■  I  f  I  >i  •• 

■  . .    i  '         i  ... 


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fnvsP'pi  (M.H'AL  BOTANY.  With  660  Enmvinrs,  Fcap.  8tc  • 

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...      .     1.  ..it*.*..  Koruia!*aad  Methods. collected  fromthtjn 
•  v  ..v.,.,  „  tocootjun  a  perfectly  e»h»usti*» 

•   —  >'•••>'•     Mudero  Microtocny. 


'I  til:  ^UAHTI'JM.V  .iOUUXAt,  hi?  M  K IIOSCOPICAL  SCIENCE 

,  /  '    "AV  I.M.M  (4  /     ft  /    •  ,f  !.,„>,  Oxford,  and  Jodrell 

,1   u  ,IW   1    Mil  H  J'W.  <*•/•.'  14  ' »  .  I*  l«     ,  f  I.  H..  Assistant-Director  of  the  Royal  Gafte 

'  1     h'  '        M  "  •  /  w.  " ■'  /         :  '•  A'-<  r  a.«I  1'l.vsu.losr  in  St.  Bartholomew's  H«*- 

'        1  >'»  1  '            "    M<>  i  n  /    j4  '  I-  I  n  ,  Iimuu-  IV>ik<ot  uf  Human  and  Compare 

 >  '"'lie  lua»L.,ity  ..f  OW-..-J,              M    '  »'».  I.,  M  A  ,  )  i-IK.«  Ami  Assutant- Lecturer  of  Trinity  CoUec 

1  .,,.11.  It;. 

(  1  »N  I  I  N  J     Ol  Miltli'LIH,),  Inw  Skhikn,  1'nce  lev. 

i,    1  1,  Nfi'l'ii  lul  AM  .(,).,,»  iJ.l  InwiLj  A  I    in  M.ii4h>,  t  ».tt»civ»tc.r  at  the  ZooWical  Museum  of'  " 

I  .  111  .  .  1  .11)  -f    I'Kl.IlI        (Will,    i  ll.ll.  ,  j 

,       I   i,   t  >l  III  flic   1.  lit    t  H.iUn.\t.  ..h.  t  .A/i.  v-illi  4   .1.i.;,,i.»||,.|i  as  U>  I 

|i,  \V    IUii-n.  II  A  ,  S.I.-.Lf    I  -Si    I  .I...'   1  .,.'1  ,..  .  1   Jfc>.     (U  ill,  (,  I'Ui'.  » 

v.,        ,.ll  lli.-  I  4ll>'  I  I.'H  I  ^iiiu.I  ;t   ll/L  A.«.<  (.:,.,.,.,>, 4       H/  VV    Jlal  4>Mtls   .11  aSifc*. 

|\\  III.   J    I'L Li  I 

s       .    •..   I    I  I.'"'*   M    1    t.   I  N,   J.\.     '  *l.  Uie   Va  .  ..J.,   .^.iLii   ..III..    I  u  I, lu>      l'v  l*.  H&KBKsVT  CARPtNTER.  I'-* 

\  .  ,  ,  ml  Ml.li'1   al  I:  ..ii  i',.IIl^. 

I.ONDtiN  ;  11,  NliW  MIJKI.INi.  1 11N  SIKI-KT. 


th<  Affinities  of  the  Enterop^ 
B.A..  Scholar  of  Exeter  Coik 


U.«  .■  it*  •'»-«        .  =  J        Hill,]  S...H,  i:,.;„  l.„U      I  ^«%ay^«,  U»T 

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A    WEEKLY    ILLUSTRATED   JOURNAL   OF  SCIENCE 

"  To  the  solid  ground 
Of  Nature  trusts  the  mind  which  builds  for  ayt." — Wordsworth 


No.  812,  Vol.  32]             THURSDAY,  MAY  21,  1885 

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Registered  a*  a  Newspaper  at  the  General  Pott  Office] 

[All  Rights  ore  Reserved 

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PATENT  INDESTRUCTIBLE 

GAS  COOKING 
RANGES. 

These  are  the  moil  efficient  and 
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ever  nude.  PERFECTION  in 
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coals. 

Till'  H.iri.-lj  of  Arts*  <.«i  I  11 

MED  kg.  IT**  "SIEHENrPRIZE'l 
IM  '  -  «.«»!»  MKIIAL  'I  The 
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DEAKE  ft  CO.'S  EXHIBIT  of 
FLETCHER'S  STOVESa.  "  The 
Best  Application  of  fias  to  Heating 
and  Cooking  in  Dwellings.** 

Tl»e  whole  of  Ft-ETCHE*'*  Fur- 
nace*, Forges,  Blow-pipes,  Asbestos 
Fires,  Ranges,  Wa*her*.  Bath  and 
seen  in  action  in  Dkakk  &  Co.'s 


'iter  Hasten,  Ac.,  Ac  ,  can  alwi 
sow  Rooms. 

Alt  OrJm  Carriage  fiaid  te  nra^tt  Station.    Ditcount  fi,r  Cast 
COMPLETE  ILLUSTRATED  LISTS  FREE. 

EANE  &  CO.  Ui^lr.)  LONDON  BRIDGE. 

VICTORIA  UNIVERSITY. 

The  Entrance  Examination  in  Arts  (Faculty  of  Medicine)  and  the  Pre- 

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Hi .  KSDA\ .  June  1 1,  at  »  p  m 

Candidates  for  the  Entrance  Examination  in  Arts,  if  not  matriculated 
i»t  produce  a  letter  of  recommendation  from  their  last  instructor  and  pay 
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Kaculties  of  Arts  and  Science.-The  IntermedUte  and  Final  Examinations 
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K Beaky  of  Ijw.-The  Intermediate  and  Final  Examinations  for  Degree. 
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■  urther  information  as  to  these  Examinations  can  be  obta'ned  from  the 
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ALFRED  T  BENTLEV,  M  A  .  Registrar. 

if  mchester.  May,  iS's. 


HE  YORKSHIRE  COLLEGE,  LEEDS. 

Tse  Cavendish  Professorship  of  Phy.cs  will  become  Vacant  by  the  resig. 
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THE  BEST  BINOCULAR  MADE  IS 
BROWNINGS  PANERGETIC. 


The  superior  perf-irmance  of  this  celebrated  Kinocular 
acknowledged.     This  year  its  optical  magnifying  power  ha- 
been  increased,  and  the  price  has  been  reduced  from  £4  ioj. 
to  £l  tos. 

An  Illustrated  Descriptive  List  of  Binoculars  sent  free. 


JOHN  X 

63,  STRAND,  LONDON,  W.C 


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NATURE 


[May  21,  iSS: 


The  Anniversary  Meeting  will  be  held  (bv  permission  of  the  Clis 
and  Senate) in  the  Hall  of  the  University  of  London.  Burlington  l> 


THE  MASON   SCIENCE  COLLEGE, 
BIRMINGHAM. 

APPOINTMENT  OF  PROFESSOR  OF  MINING. 

The  Cuuneil  invite  Application*,  on  or  before  JUNE  24  next,  for  the 
above  appointment,  whirh  is  now  vacant. 

By  a  Resolution  of  the  Council,  Candidates  are  especially  requested  to 
abstain  frum  canvassing 

Information  a*  10  the  Terms  and  Conditions  of  the  Appointment  will  be 
forwarded  on  application  lo 

GEORGE  H.  MORLEV,  Secretary. 

ROYAL  GEOGRAPHICAL  SOCIETY. 

Chancellor 
„  >n  hardens, 

on  MONDAY.  June  R,  at  half-past  2  p.m.,  the  Right  Hun.  Lord  Areruake, 
President,  in  the  Chair. 

The  Dinner  will  take  place  at  Willis-*  Rooms,  King  Street,  St.  James"*, 
at  7  p.m.  on  the  MUM  day. 

The  Right  Hon.  I^.rd  AiiF.KDAKt:,  President,  in  the  Chair. 
Dinner  Charge,  an  .payable  at  the  door;  or  Tickets  may  be  had  and 
Place*  taken  at  1,  Saville  Row,  Burlington  Gardens,  up  lo  noon  on  Saturday, 
June  6, 

The  Friend*  of  Fellow,  are  admissible  to  the  Dinner. 

NOTICE  OF  REMOVAL. 

RProt  P.  MARTIN  DUNCAN,  F  R.S..  ha*  remosed  to  6,  Grosvenor 

MEMORY  and  SUCCESS.— What  contri- 

botes  to  success?  A  good  mtmory.- What  causes  failure  in  life?  A 
poor  memory.— What  can  all  obtain  from  Prof.  I.ojsette's  DIS- 
COVERIES? A  good  memory— THE  PHYSIOLOGICAL  ART  OF 
NEVER  FORGE  ITING-using  none  of  the  "Link*."  "  Pegs," 
11  l*>*:alitic«,"  or  "  Associations "  of  Mnemonics,  I>ost  memories  re- 
stored  -the  worst  made  g.  od,  aid  the  best  better.  Any  fvet  lf.it  nt.i  in 
»•"  rr„.i<»g.  Pr  .,pectus  POST  FK  EE  gisHng  opinion*  of  Mr. 
RICHARD  A.  PROCTOR,  Dr  ANDREW  WILSON,  and  other* 
who  have  studied  the  System.  A  Day  Class  in  Never  Forgetting  and 
for  Cure  of  Mind  Wandering  commences  every  Monday  at  3  p.m.  An 
Evening  Class  every  Tuesday  at  S  p.m.  Lctture*  in  Families  of  the 
Mobility;  also  taught  thoroughly  hy  POST.  Prof.  LOISETTE,  }1, 
Nkw  oxrom.  StkhhT  (opposite  MudieO  W.C. 


Me»*rs.  J  audT.  MAYFIELI 


Th  un 


WITH  Pulsus 


HOW   A  CO.'S 

Geological  Transparencies  for  the  Lantern. 


lite*,  Trachyte*! 
I,  Schists,  Ljme. 


ie  00  Appin  kii  .n 

walk k. r's  specific  gravity  balan.  e  for  rocks 
and  minerals 

HOW  A  CVi.'S  PO<  KrT  MICRoSO'Pr   I  AMP.  81.  W 
MICRi  r  PKTROLoGV  — Sections  ol  PitLhsfi.i,.       'hsidians.  Granite*, 
D1.1r.1es    GahWs,    D  lenles.   Basalt.  Tachyl 
Porphyrites,  k  y  litre,  l-aeas.  A-'- 


Syenite.  Di.r.ic 

»C  ,»».e 

^fAtftS  H 


us  How  ft  <;o  n.  Camiotm 


PATERSON  &  COOPER. 

76,  LITTLE  BRITAIN,  LONDON,  K.C. 
Electric  Light  and  Power  and  Telephone  Engineers. 

New  Electric  Light  Catalogue,  post  free  ir 
PATERSON  *  COOPER  beg  to  give  notice  that  they  have  disponed  of 
the  Philosophical,  Educational,  and  Experimental  Part  of  their  liusineu  to 
AVE! ELD.  4..  g««n  Victoria  Street.  E  C. 


SCIENCE  AND  ART  DEPARTMENT 

jo  PER  CENT.  GRANT  FOR  THE  PURCHASE  OF  STANDARD 
COLLECTIONS  AND  APPARATUS  FOR  TEACHING  GEOLOGY 
AND  MINERALOGY.  NEW  LISTS  and  FORMS  on  which  the 
Application  is  to  be  made  supplied  by 

THOMAS  J.  DOWNING, 

GtWogut,  iW., 

,1.  WHISKIN  STREET,  LONDON.  E  C.  (oee,  Quarter  of  1  Century), 

_______ 

PRISM  WORKER  AND  PRACTICAL  OPTICIAN. 

36.  GKEAT  RUSSELL  STREET,  LONDON,  W.C. 

SPECIAL  NOTICE— Sit  the  Ntw  Polarising  Prism. 

Can  be  used  over  any  A  A  B  Eyepiece.  Strongly  recommended  for  Lantern 
Work:  will  lake  in  any  Object  Also  seethe  New  Err.  ting  Microscope. 
Any  Olije.  t-Gla«s  and  any  Eyepiece  ran  be  used  with  it  It  is  the  only  way 
of  .^riog  the  ( >hjeit*  in  their  right  shape  and  fotm.  Maker  of  the  Large*! 
N110I  Prism,  in  eiistrnce  fir  the  l.ate  W.  Spottiswoorte.  E*«|.,  P.R.S.,  &C, 
A.  .and  f,r  Frank  Crisp,  Esq  ,  1.1.  B..  B  A.,  Ac.  Ac. 


LIVING  SPECIMENS  FOR  THE  MICROSCOPE 

GOLD  MEDAI.awarded  at  the  FISHERIES  EXHIBITION  it 

THOMAS  BOLTON.  57.  NEWHALL  STREET.  BIRMINGHAa 

who  has  last  week  sent  to  his  subscribers  t'roglena  volvox,  with  ir.r; 
and  description.    He  ha*  also  sent  out  Paludicella  Ehrenbergi.  Syr  - 
frutescent,  Meticerta  ringens,  Rhinops  sitrea,  Conochilu*  vol  von.  H  1 
dictyon  utriculatum,  Volvox  glohator  with  Notutnmata  para^ita.  Lot-: 
crystallinu*  ;  also  Amccba,  Vorticella.  Hydra,  Crayti.h,  and  other  Sp--..  ~r 
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nouncing  the  issue  of  a  new  Micro-Slide  of  Zoophyte,  with  trc:^- 
out,  in  the  special  manner  so  well  known  to  hi*  numerous  patron, 

j.  d. 

Plumutaria  simili*    (post-free)    a  S 

Also,  c,uite  new  :— 
Gorgonia  scmirosa  (pnlype  stained)     ,.  2  j 

Pudaliru*  lypicus  (Sr-cctre  Shrimp)       .,  1  > 

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SCENE.  Engraved  hy  0.  LACOUR,  from  a  Drawing 
by  Arthur  Lemon.  Fnmiispiett. 

II.  IN  THE  NEW  FOREST.    Part  1.    By  Mabel 
COLLINS.    With  Illustrations  hy  Arthur  Lemon. 

III.  SCHWARTZ:   A  HISTORY.    By  D.  Christie 

MURRAY. 

IV.  THE  LONDON  RAGAMUFFIN.    Bv  Dorothy 

TENNANT.  With  [.Illustrations  Jhy  Dorothy 
Tennant. 


V.  IN  THE  LION'S  DEN  {to  be  continued).    By  the 
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Crane, 

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JELLY    FISH,    STAR    FISH,  AND 
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BEING  A  RESEARCH  ON  PRIMITIVE  NERVOUS  SYSTEMS. 
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calae '  has  been  brought  out  lo  London  for  the  benefit  of  those  Eneas) 
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t  Department  of  Science,  sometime  Professor  of  Agri- 
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MAC  Ml  LEAN  ft  CO. 


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DOLLOND'S 

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niCB  7m.  «d., 

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ng  the 

R.N., 


YEARS  167 j-7*»  under  the  command  of  Captain  C.  S.  Narcs, 
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I 


ELASTIC    STEEL  SPECTACLES. 
Sa.  64,  7a.  ©d.,  18a.  6d.  par  pair,  poat  free. 
1,  LUDOATE  HILL,  LONDON,  B.C 

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IMPLEMENTS. 


MR.  BRYCE-WRIGHT  begs  to  call  the  attention  of  his  Clients  and  the 
Public  to  bis  large  Series  of 

MINERALS  AND  STONE  IMPLEMENTS, 
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NA  TURE 


49 


THURSDAY,  MAY   21,  1885 


THE  BRITISH  MUSEUM  CATALOGUE  OF 
LIZARDS 

Catalogue  of  the  Lizards  in  the  British  Museum  (Natural 
History).     By  George   Albert   Boulenger.     Vol.  I. 
Geckonida,   Eublepharidir,    Uroptatidce,  Pygopodida, 
Agamidie.    Second  Edition.  (1885.) 
T  T  would  be  difficult  to  name  any  order  of  vertebrates 
rrore  urgently  in  need  of  cataloguing  than  the  lizards. 
The  last  general  work  on  the  group  published  in  any 
country  was  Dr.  J.  E.  Gray's  Catalogue,  which  appeared 
forty  years  ago,  only  six  years  after  the  completion  of  the 
volumes  devoted  to  lizards  in  Dumeril  and  Bibron's  great 
work  on  Reptiles.    The  additions  made  in  Dr.  Gray's 
Catalogue  were  considerable,  but  many  of  them  were  of 
doubtful  value.    Thus  of  fourteen  new  genera  therein 
added  by  him  to  the  family  of  Geckoes  alone,  but  three 
survive  in  the  present  edition,  the  remainder  swell  the 
synonymy. 

Mr.  Koulenger's  Catalogue  is  a  boon  to  herpetologists 
and  to  biologists  generally,  not  only  because  it  places 
within  their  reach  in  a  few  handy  volumes  descriptions 
that  have  hitherto  been  widely  scattered,  but  also  because 
the  classification  proposed,  whether  it  be  generally 
accepted  or  not,  is  a  distinct  advance  upon  the  artificial 
system  hitherto  in  vogue.  It  is  to  be  hoped  that  lizards 
so  closely  resembling  each  other  as  do,  for  instance, 
Gongylus,  Ablepharus,  and  Eu/>rep<rs,  will  no  longer  be 
classed  in  three  distinct  families  solely  because  of  trivial 
differences  in  the  form  of  the  nasal  shield  and  in  the 
development  of  the  lower  eyelid.  At  the  same  time,  as 
naturalists  have  but  rarely  access  to  a  collection  of  lacer- 
tilian  skeletons,  it  is  to  be  regretted  that  a  few  diagrams 
have  not  been  added  to  the  present  catalogue,  to  show 
the  cranial  characters  and  the  forms  of  the  vertebrae, 
clavicles,  &c,  upon  which  Mr.  Boulenger's  families  are 
founded. 

A  considerable  change  in  some  well-known  reptilian 
genera  is  proposed  in  the  present  work,  and  it  is  probable 
that  the  union,  for  instance,  of  Stellio  and  Trapelus  with 
Agama  and  of  Bronchoccla  with  Calotes  will  not  be  uni- 
versally acceptable.  But  no  change  appears  to  have  been 
proposed  without  valid  reasons,  and  the  tendency  to 
excessive  multiplication  of  genera  on  insufficient  grounds 
has  become  so  serious  a  nuisance  in  zoology  that  a 
diminution  in  the  number  is  welcome.  It  is  satisfactory 
to  find,  on  comparison  with  the  catalogue  of  1845,  that 
whilst  the  species  attributed  to  the  Geckonida  have  in- 
creased from  97  to  270,  the  genera  have  only  augmented 
in  number  from  40  (or  if  Eublepharis  and  Uroplales,  now 
placed  in  other  families,  be  excluded,  38)  to  49,  whilst  the 
Agamida'  which,  in  the  earlier  list,  comprised  79  species, 
distributed  amongst  no  less  than  34  genera  (35,  including 
Hatteria)  now  contain  202  species,  but  only  30  genera. 
But  six  new  generic  names  arc  proposed  by  Mr.  Boulenger 
in  the  present  work,  and  only  three  of  these  arc  used  for 
generic  groups  not  previously  recognised,  the  others 
being  intended  to  replace  terms  that  are  inadmissible. 

It  is  almost  impossible  to  form  an  adequate  opinion  of 
the  descriptions  and  synopses  in  a  catalogue  of  this  kind 
Vol.  xxxii.— No.  812 


without  testing  them  extensively,  and  the  only  thorough 
test  is  to  try,  by  means  of  them,  to  identify  unknown 
forms  without  having  a  series  of  specimens  of  allied 
species  at  hand.  Most  museum  publications  arc  deficient 
in  this  respect,  because  the  writers  do  not  make  sufficient 
allowance  for  the  difficulties  under  which  those  who  have 
occasion  to  identify  animals  find  themselves.  An  example 
or  two  may  be  taken  from  the  present  work.  In  the 
synopsis  (p.  114)  of  Hemidactylus,  one  of  the  largest  and 
most  difficult  genera  of  Geckoes,  two  groups  of  species 
are  distinguished,  the  one  by  having  the  "free  distal 
joints  of  all  the  digits  remarkably  short,''  the  other  by- 
having  them  long.  In  a  museum,  with  other  species  for 
comparison,  this  is  a  good  distinction,  but  away  from  any 
specimens  except  the  one  that  he  is  endeavouring  to 
identify  it  is  difficult  for  a  naturalist  to  tell  whether  the 
joints  of  the  lizard  he  is  examining  are  remarkably  short 
compared  with  those  of  other  forms.  Again,  in  Dr<t.t> 
(p.  254)  several  species  arc  distinguished  by  having  the 
snout  longer  or  shorter  than  the  diameter  of  the  orbit,  but 
it  is  not  stated  how  the  snout  is  measured.  It  is  but  right 
to  say  that  such  instances  appear  exceptional  in  the 
present  catalogue,  and  that  it  is  very  rare  to  find  a  work 
in  zoology  from  which  similar  examples  might  not  be 
taken. 

One  of  the  chief  desiderata  in  books  like  the  present  is 
1  accuracy  as  to  localities.  The  museum  catalogues  of  a 
past  age  left  much  to  be  desired  in  this  respect,  and  their 
shortcomings  have  had  a  pernicious  influence  on  the  pro- 
gress of  a  study  of  wide  biological  and  geological  interest, 
that  of  the  geographical  distribution  of  animals.  It  will 
probably  be  a  long  time  before  all  the  erroneous  localities 
arc  weeded  out,  but  it  is  satisfactory  to  note  the  great 
improvement  that  has  taken  place  in  British  Museum 
catalogues  of  late  years.  Where  so  much  care  has  been 
expended  on  the  subject  as  is  shown  in  the  present  work, 
it  appears  almost  ungracious  to  point  to  such  trifling 
shortcomings  as  appear,  though  a  few  mistakes  have 
naturally  crept  in.  Thus  the  locality  for  Acanthosaura 
(Oriocalotes)  Kakhienensis  is  not  in  the  Khasia  hills  as 
stated  at  p.  305,  but  Ponsee,  in  the  Kakhyen  hills,  on 
the  borders  of  Yunan.  Again,  considering  the  extensive 
collections  that  have  been  made  of  late  years  throughout 
Bengal,  it  is  very  extraordinary,  if  Hopiodactylus  duvan- 
<v/iY  and  Gonyotephalus  bellii  really  occur  in  the  province 
that  neither  of  them  has  been  rediscovered,  and  the 
locality  should  not  be  recorded  without  doubt. 

Altogether  the  present  volume  quite  maintains  the  level 
that  the  best  recent  museum  catalogues  have  led  natur- 
alists to  expect.  Why  it  should  be  called  a  "  second 
edition  "  is  not  clear.  A  comparison  of  the  two  editions 
resembles  an  antiquarian  research.  It  is  necessary  to 
recall  a  state  of  zoological  knowledge  as  extinct  as  the 
dodo  before  the  conditions  under  which  the  so-called  first 
edition  was  produced  can  be  understood.  When  the 
head  of  the  zoological  department  in  the  British  Museum 
could  propose  to  divide  reptiles  into  two  sections,  one 
called  Squamata,  comprising  the  orders  of  lizards  and 
snakes,  and  the  other,  called  Cataphract,t,  consisting  of 
tortoises,  crocodiles,  and  amphisbu-'nians,  on  the  ground 
that  the  former  were  clad  with  scales  and  the  latter  with 
plates,  the  knowledge  of  the  animals  classified  was  evi- 
dently in  a  rudimentary  stage.    As  if  the  classification 

1> 


Digitized  by  Google 


Way  21,  1885] 


NA  TURK 


5' 


>e  description  of  the  underground  workings  is  scarcely 
ifficient  to  enable  the  reader  to  appreciate  exactly  the 
ilue  of  the  author's  theoretical  conclusions. 

n.  n. 


OUR  BOOK  SHELF 

V«  Norske  Nor Jhavs- Ex petition,  Xo  1X78.  XIII.  ! 
Spongiadae.  Ved  G.  Armaucr  Hansen.  25  pp.,  7  plates,  | 
1  map.    (Christiania,  1SS5.) 

UK  thirteenth  report  on  the  zoological  collections  of  the 
'>rwegian  North  Sea  Expedition  treats  of  the  sponges, 
d  is  by  one  who,  though  well  known  as  a  student  of 
tier  branches  of  zoology,  has  not,  we  fancy,  been  hither- 
known  as  a  spongologist.    We  do  not  know  whether 
f,  may  not  associate  with  this  fact  the  somewhat  alartn- 
sr  percentage  of  new  species  which  he  describes  ;  of  the 
:  ty-five  enumerated,  thirty,  or  two-thirds  of  the  whole, 
t:  new  ;  many  of  the  species,  among  which  it  is  interest- 
"  to  note  there  is  a  new  Hyalonema,  //.  arcticum,  are 
ry  briefly  described  ;  on  the  other  hand,  the  figures,  as 
other  parts  of  this  report,  are  well  executed,  and  will 
of  considerable  assistance  in  the  detection  of  the 
cies  by  other  workers.    The  author  was,  unfortunately, 
ible  to  obtain  any  preparations  in  which  he  could 
c  out  the  canal  system,  or  the  structure  of  the  soft 
•ts,  and  he  has,  therefore,  confined  himself  to  an 
ount  of  the  spicules.    With  regard  to  these  he  has, 
.ire  glad  to  note,  made  use  of  the  stenographic  system 
i  h  was  invented  by  Dr.  Yosmaer ;  any  and  every  pro- 
ition  for  abbreviating  the  descriptions  of  species  ought 
>c  tested,  for  the  abundance  of  "  literature  "  is  a  very 
c-atening  danger  to  science.    It  is  not  likely  that  all 
methods  that  have  been  from  time  to  time  suggested 
be  found  to  be  useful ;  no  one,  for  example,  has  fol- 
<d  the  two  methods  proposed  by  the  late  Prof.  Garrod, 
hat  adopted  by  I'rof.  Jeffrey  Bell  in  the  description  of 
'  ies  of  starfishes ;  on  the  other  hand.  Dr.  Herbert 
penter  has  taken  up  and  improved  the  method  sug- 
ed  by  Prof.  Bell  for  the  species  of  Comatulids,  and 
,  we  understand,  adopt  it  in  his  forthcoming  Challenge* 
>rt.     The  chief  objections  to  formula.-  as  applied 
■or  to  species,  or  spicules,  or  other  organs,  are,  of 
rse,  that  a  particular  method  has  to  be  learned,  and 
.  if  it  is  too  brief,  it  tells  us  too  little.   The  latter,  for  , 
11  pie,  is  true  of  the  Owenian  method  of  formulating 

■  lental  characters  of  Mammalia  ;  it  tells  us  that,  while 

■  nura  has  eight  premolars  above  and  below,  liriiuuius 
six  above  and  four  below,  but  it  does  not  tell  us  which 
missing  in  the  latter.  If  we  desire  to  register  our 
vlcdgc  on  this  point,  wc  must  make  use  of  the  more 
ignite  system  devised  by  Prof.  Flower  and  Dr.  Dobson. 

■  the  former  objection,  we  must  bear  in  mind  that  some 
les  ha\e  had  such  names  as  rloricomo-hcxradiate,  or 

'!to-ternatc,  applied  to  them,  and  we  can  well  imagine 
a  formula  may  well  be  accepted  as  a  not  unpleasant 
native. 

Hunter/art  Oration.  Delivered  at  the  Royal  College 
Surgeons,  by  John  Marshall,  F.R.S.,  &c.  (London  : 
uith,  Elder,  and  Co.,  1885.) 

only  the  wide  range  and  perennial  importance  of 
work  of  John  Hunter -the  surgeon  and  anatomist 
.u  the  clear  judgment  of  Buckle  pi  aces  second  only 

1  slot le  among  inquirers  into  organic  nature— but 
ae  fertility  of  human  ingenuity,  is  shown  by  the  fact 

for  nearly  a  century,  every  year  has  seen  some 
ent  surgeon  discourse  with  more  or  less  variety  and 
1  icss  upon  the  life  and  achievements  of  this  graet 

e  novelties  of  Mr.  Marshall's  treatment  of  the  well-  i 
theme  arc,  first,  recounting  the  life  of  his  hero  ; 
ards  in  successive  decennia  from  his  grave  to  his  1 


cradle  ;  and,  secondly,  bringing  Hunter  into  the  modern 
world  of  science,  and  imagining  the  way  in  which  he 
would  be  affected  by  moiern  methods  and  modern  results. 
No  doubt  he  would  be  delighted  to  see  the  splendid 
collection  which  has  grown  out  of  his  "  liunterian 
Museum,"  but  whether  he  would  be  more  pleased  or 
puzzled  by  the  technics  of  histology  and  the  elaborate 
machines  of  a  physiological  laboratory  may  perhaps  be 
doubted. 

An  orator  musr  !>c  an  eulogist,  and  in  this  case 
there  is  ample  room  for  praise  ;  but  it  would  be  a  valu- 
able contribution  to  criticism  if  Mr.  Marshall,  or  some 
equally  qualified  man,  would  discuss  Hunter's  achieve- 
ments as  an  anatomist,  compared  with  Meckel  and 
Cuvier  ;  as  a  surgeon,  with  his  contemporary  Pott,  and 
his  successors  A  stley  Cooper  and  Brodic  ;  as  a  plnsio- 
logist  with  Ilallcr  and  Bichat  ;  and  as  a  naturalist  on 
the  broad  ground  which  includes  human  and  "compara- 
tive" anatomy,  normal  and  morbid  structure,  "the 
physiology  of  disease"  'louse  Hunter's  own  phrase),  as 
well  as  that  of  health  — with  the  only  successor  he  has 
had,  or,  we  may  predict,  ever  will  have,  the  illustrious 
Johannes  Muller. 

To  such  a  critic  might  be  suggested  as  shades  in  the 
intellectual  portrait,  Hunter's  neglect  of  the  aid  of  magni- 
fying glasses  such  as  were  used  to  good  effect  before 
him  by  Lcewenhoeck  and  Grew  ;  his  want  of  learning 
and  cultivation,  with  a  certain  consequent  narrowness  of 
mind  ;  and  such  occasional  obscurity  of  language  as  may 
not  unfairly  be  taken  to  imply  some  obscurity  of  thought. 
"  Definitions,''  he  says,  '•  of  all  things  on  the  face  of  the 
earth  are  the  most  cursed."  But  may  not  the  use  of 
terms  without  definition  sometimes  excuse  a  choleric 
won!  ? 

After  the  most  exacting  criticism,  there  is  no  question 
that  Hunter's  name  would  remain  one  of  the  glories  of 
this  country- to  be  mentioned  next  to  those  of  Harvey. 
Newton,  and  Darwin.  It  is  therefore  most  fitting  that 
his  fame  should  be  kept  green  by  the  annual  piety  of 
successive  orators,  and  of  these  Mr.  Marshall  is  a  worthy 
compeer. 


LETTERS  TO  THE  EDITOR 

[  7  he  Editor  i/ivj  tut  hold  j) inn f if  >  1  fon.dt>le for  ^pinions  expressed 
/')-  his  cot  r,  >/V:« dents.  A'  tth  r  can  he  und,rtate  to  tetiirn, 
or  to  cot  re  t^nl  ri  /M  the  -writers  of,  rejected  manuscripts. 
No  notice  it  laieti  of  anonymous  communications. 

[The  Eiiitoi urgently  r,\jue<ts  cot  !  •  pendents  to  keep  thtir  letters 
as  short  as      *  The  pressure  on  his  spue  is  so  great 

that  it  is  impossible  cthertriie  to  insure  the  appearance  ezen 
of  communica'.u  >i<  containing  inter, sting  and  novel  faets.] 

Notes  on  the  Action  of  the  Wimshurst  Induction 
Machine 

An  interesting  notice  on  the  different  influence-machines  now 
in  use  occurs  in  NATl'Kt,  vol,  x<viii.  n.  12.  Of  these  ingenious 
instruments,  that  lately  devised  by  ^Ir.  Wimshurst  is  likely  to 
recommend  itself  beyond  others,  on  account  of  the  ease  with 
which  it  may  be  excited,  even  in  a  damp  atmosphere,  and  the 
high  tension  of  the  electricity  discharged  from  its  accumulators. 

The  following  remarks  Uy  no  claim  to  originality,  but  they 
may  nevertht  less  afford  some  interest  to  those  who  would 
witness  its  effects  at  a  small  pecuniary  outlay  ;  indeed  its  con- 
struction is  well  within  the  powers  of  the  amateur  mechanic. 

Makers  advertise  sparks  of  fabulous  length  from  comparatively 
small  irnchincs,  but  dense  discharges  of  4A  inches  may  lie 
obtained  under  favouiable  circumstances  from  disks  of  15  inches 
diameter,  if  care  be  taken  adequately  to  insulate  the  collecting 
apparatus.  It  is  obvious  that  an  unassisted  spark  of  9  inches 
cannot  be  produced  from  plates  whose  minimum  air-spaces  uf 
insulation  do  not  exceed  3J  inches.  The  weakest  part  of  insula- 
tion in  these  machines  is  usually  between  the  metal  inductors 
and  the  attachments  of  the  driving-gear  and  spindle.  In  the 
dark,  beautiful  brushes  of  light  flash  across  these  spaces,  and 
thus  they  point  where  the  electricity  leak*  away  from  the 


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52 


NA  TURE 


[May  2i,i  J85 


may  be 
itchouc 


accumulator*.    The  tendency  to  form  these  brushes 
much  diminished  by  cementing  a  .small  disk  of  sheet 
■  ivcr  the  inner  ends  of  each  metal-inducing  strap. 

The  machine  in  full  work  presents  several  points  of  interest, 
the  explanation  of  which,  perhaps,  is  not  very  obvious.  The 
first  I  would  notice  is,  that  although  15-inch  plates  will  scarcely 
give  an  unassisted  spark  of  tmrc  than  1 4  inches  in  length,  the 
interposition  of  a  trifling  condenser,  showing  only  ■  coated 
Mirfacc  of  6  square  inches,  will  entirely  change  the  character  of 
this  spark,  the  almost  continuous  strea'ii  of  short  sparks  giving 
place  to  fewer,  zigzag,  snapping,  4-inch  discharges,  of  much  in- 
creased den-ity  ami  brilliance.  The  attachment  of  a  condensing 
tube,  constructed  as  follows,  will  be  found  a  valuable  addition  to 
>uch  machines  as  collect  separately  the  |K»itivc  and  negative 
electricities. 

About  18  inches  of  thin  glass  combustion-tubing  of  J -inch 
diameter  is  taken.  Within,  and  at  4  inches  distance  from  each 
end,  a  space  of  2  inches  is  coated  with  tinfoil,  leaving  a  space 
of  5  inches  or  so  of  clear  glass  between  them.  Two  similar 
pieces  of  foil  are  fined  by  a  thin  coat  of  gold-size  on  the  exterior 
of  this  tube.  They  superpose  the  inner  pieces  of  foil,  and  act  as 
the  outer  coats  of  two  small  I-cydcn  jars  united  as  it  were  in  one. 
These  outer  coatings  are  connected  by  a  strip  of  tinfoil.  The 
inner  coats  are  placed  in  contact  respectively  with  the  plus  and 
minus  collectors  of  the  machine,  by  means  of  thick  brass  wires 
thrust  through  caoutchouc  plugs.  The  wires  are  so  bent  that 
their  ends  may  drop  into  suitable  holes,  from  which  they  may  be 
at  any  time  detached. 

A  thin  coat  of  spirit  lac-varnish  spread  within  and  without 
much  favours  the  insulation  of  the  tube. 

Thus  arranged,  bright  angular  sparks  of  4  or  more  inches  in 
length  will  pass  Ixrtwccn  the  knobs  of  the  discharger  at  tvery 
three-quarter  turns  of  the  handle. 

Anoth.-r  point  of  interest  offers  itself  when  the  knobs  of  the 
di>charger  are  placed  licyond  their  usual  striking  distance.  In 
such  a  case  the  spark  very  frequently  pas-.es  within  the  tube 
from  coating  to  coating,  quite  silently,  and  with  an  optical 
illusion  of  comparative  slowness  of  transit.  When  first  I  noticed 
these  bright  flashes  of  light,  they  suggested  the  form  of  an  un- 
dulating fire-ball,  and  this  brought  to  my  remembrance  the 
often -described  but  obscure  phenomenon  of  "  ball-lightning." 
I  could  not,  however,  detect  any  real  retardation  of  the  discharge 
by  a  somewhat  rough  experiment  with  the  ordinary  spark  wheel. 

When  two  large  jars  are  connected  with  the  machine  the  dis- 
ruptive discharge  •  4  inches  is  accompanied  by  a  sharp  report, 
like  that  of  a  small  pistol.  I  was  not  prepared  for  the  fact  that 
such  a  noisy  discharge  made  to  pass  through  the  condensingtu1>e 
is  quite  silent,  just  as  if  it  flashed  through  a  partial  vacuum.  It 
may  also  be  noted  that  the  spark  through  the  tul>c  may  be  made- 
much  to  exceed  the  length  of  the  discharge  in  the  ordinary  way. 

The  last  point  I  now  mention,  and  concerning  which  I  should 
value  the  remarks  of  Mr.  Wimshurst,  or  any  other  competent  elec- 
trician, is  the  increasing  intensity  of  charge  taken  up  by  the  metal 
inducer-,  or  sectors,  as  they  pass  each  other  between  the  point 
of  their  contact  with  the  earth  through  the  metallic  brush  and  the 
next  following  comb-collector.  In  the  cb-ctrophoms  such  a 
is  required  once  between  the  delivery  of  each  spark  ; 
in  the  machine  here  used,  having  pcrha|»s  twenty-eight 
a  contact  is  given  only  once  in  seven  inductive  processes. 
It  will  be  fannd  thai  wcll-vamished  jars,  without  the  usual 
wooden  t«'|»,  are  much  the  most  efficient.  Nevertheless,  even 
these  sometimes  become  so  highly  charged,  that  the  electricity 
will  force  itself  .vcr  their  edges,  doubling  back,  as  it  were,  over 
a  distance  of  5  inches. 

A  pretty,  but  somewhat  trifling  experiment  may  be  made  by 
attaching  two  jars  of  unequal  capacities  to  the  collectors.  Thus 
a  jar  of  half  a  pint  capacity  placed  on  one  side  may  be  flanked 
l>y  a  quart  )\t  mi  the  other.  Here  the  small  jar,  if  the  coatings 
be  not  too  di  tant  from  the  lip,  will  discharge  itself  three  different 
times,  whils'  the  large  jar  is  getting  sufficient  tension  to  strike, 
say,  at  3$  inchr.  Boll!  jars  will  then  discharge  together  across 
the  Upper  knob*.  It  may  thus  be  shown  that  four  half-pint 
electricity  mAe  one  quart 


lcnastrn  1, 


Camp  Meplay,  Tkoung-yttn  I'alUy, 
April  20,  1882 

This  morning,  in  going  from  my  camp  to  the  Meplay  1 
Reserve,  I  had  to  pass  through  several  densely  ovcrjg 
phonzohs.'  While  making  my  way  along  with  some  dtrfac 
I  startled  a  brown  woodpecker  (Aficropternus  phaxeps,  U 
small  pyingadotree  (Xyha  Jolabri/ormis).  Looking  up  int 
branches  I  saw  a  large  ants'  nest,  in  the  centre  of  which  app  are-s 
a  circular  hole  so  exactly  like  the  borings  made  by  woodpe  ker- 
ordinarily  in  the  tmnks  of  trees,  that  I  sent  up  a  Karc  bej 
who  was  with  me  to  ascertain  whether  it  was  possibl 
Microptcrnus  had  been  boring  into  the  ants"  nest,  as 
heard  was  the  bird's  curious  habit.  The  ants 
about  ten  feet  above  the  ground,  placed  in  a  fork  o  IBJ 
pyingado,  two  small  branches  of  which  passed  clean  throu  h  1 
Climbing  up,  putting  in  his  fingers  and  then  a  twig,  my  I  arer 
follower  announced  that  there  were  two  eggs.  Leaving  th  net 
alone  for  the  time  being,  in  the  evening  1  returned  by  the  sic< 
route,  and  was  able  not  only  to  cut  off  and  carry  into  cam  >  V 
whole  nest  as  it  was  ;  but  I  managed  to 
as  she  flew  from  the  eggs.  Arrived  in  camp,  I  got  the  twe 
out,  and  then  very  carefully  made  a  cross-section  throng  1  the 


dry. 
rr  1 
.  lac 


had 

nest  was  on't 


thu 
if  the 


:  shown 

amc,  as  in  liquid  measure. 


of 


G.  B.  Buckti.>n 


Noting  of  Micropternua  Phscoceps 

Im  contiriu.11  ion  of  the  communication  from  my  friend,  Mr. 
Win.  I»avi«.i»,  fgndmg  the  nesting  of  woodpeckers  in  ants 
nests,  puUwhcd  in  Nam  kk  (vol.  xxxi.  p.  438),  perhaps  the 
islpf  mine  may  be  of  interest  : — 


m,  entrance  runnel  made  by  woodpecker;  h,  retort  -shaped  nesting  -chas^f  • 

of  woodpecker  ;  «.  excavatiuru  made  by  the  ants;   ddd  d.  _en 

trances  lo  them;///  /,  tunnels  made  by  the  ant*;  g f,  <oris  * 

ciyiiiijado  branch— one  twig  passing  through  the  egg-chamber  cxa«» 
by  the  woodpecker. 

ants'  nest  so  as  to  divide  the  boring  made  by  the  woodpeckc: 
longitudinally. 

The  accompanying  is  a  rough  diagrammatic  sketch  of  tht 
appearance  of  the  cross-section  of  the  nest  as  hollowed  ca: 
by  the  woodpeckers.  The  ants'  nest  was  a  large,  sphcr. 
cal,  solid  mass  of  leaves  and  clay,  the  leaves  outside  bein£ 
arranged  one  over  the  other  something  like  the  tiles  on  the  r<«:-t 
of  a  house,  but  riddled  in  many  places  with  the  entrance  tunned 
made  by  the  ants— a  small  black  and  red  species  of  Afyrmus, 
the  trivial  or  specific  name  of  which  I  do  not  know.  It  fa 
probably  closely  allied  to  the  Myrmica  mentioned  by  Sir  T 
Lubbock  in  his  "  Ants,  Bees,  Wasps"  as  having  been  de 


by  Sykes  in  the  Trans. 


1  asps 
Ent.  S<x.,  vol. 


having  been  describe 
Very  few  of  the  an:- 


1  I  he  wild  hill  tribes  of  Burmah  and  Tcnatscrin  have  a  wasteful  intBt 
cultivation  railed  "  loung.yah."  Yearly,  in  February,  the  head*  of  tan>:  is 
IB  a  village  Ll.oose,  each  head  for  hinwelf,  a  upot  of  well-grown,  often  rirf* 
lorest,  generally  on  a  hill  ,ide,  and  within  a*  convenient  a  distance  of  the 
riUjfcai  i>  "Wgartk  cut  down  all  the  trees  big  and  .mall,  and  allow  User 
",  '    Sftt*J  hr"  of  March,  April,  and  May,  and  toward  ,■ 

latter  end  of  ,he  last  month  fire  to  them.  The  ashe,  the,  ub 
tnc  timber  lorm,  a  splendid  manure  for  paddy,  and  teuHg.yan  nre 
by  the  kare..,  to  ordinary  tmn  (held)  rice.  The 


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May  21,  1885] 


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53 


remained  in  the  nest,  and  the  few  that  were  about  seemed 
agitated  and  stung  virulently.  Probably  the  mass  of  them  harl 
been  driven  off  or  eaten  by  the  woodpeckers.  The  tunnel  the 
latter  had  made  was  about  two  inches  in  diameter  and  four 
inches  long,  liored  horizontally  in,  and  ending  in  an  irregular- 
shaped  egg-chamber  about  ten  and  a  half  inches  in  cross  diameter, 
but  narrowed  by  the  branch  of  pyingado  which  pierced  the  nest 
through  and  through,  and  crossed  the  egg-chamber  diagonally. 
The  bottom  of  this  chamber  alone  was  smooth,  but  there  was 
no  lining,  and  the  two  translucent  white  eggs  of  the  woodpecker 
had  rested  on  the  bare  boards,  so  to  speak,  of  the  ants'  house. 
In  the  excavations  ctt  made  by  the  ants  themselves  there  were 
neither  eggs,  larvae,  nor  pupse  ;  probably  these  all  had  been 
removed  when  the  woodpeckers  invaded  the  nest. 

Charles  Bingham, 
Deputy  Conservator  of  Forests,  British  Burmah 
Hcnzada,  British  Burmah,  April  12 


Staminody  of  Petals 

The  cases  of  staminody  of  petals  not  being  very  frequent,  it 
may  be  of  interest  to  draw  the  attention  of  the  readers  of 
Nature  to  such  a  modification  as  observed  in  Fuchsia. 

The  places  of  the  four  petals  of  the  flower  examined  .-re 
occupied  by  four  almost  colourless  filaments  of  an  average  length 
of  three-fifths  of  an  inch.  Each  of  them  bears  on  its  top  a 
nearly  circular  dark  red  lamina  of  three-tenths  of  an  inch  dia- 
meter. These  laminsc  are  so  strongly  vaulted  as  to  have  the 
shape  of  a  segment  of  a  globe,  the  hollow  side  being  turned  out- 
ward, the  convex  inward.  At  the  base  of  the  lamina,  i.e.  at  the 
top  of  the  filament,  a  short  protuberance  is  seen,  resembling  in 
external  shape  the  lower  part  of  an  anther.  This  anther  occupies 
the  concave  side  of  the  lamina  and  is  consequently  turned  out- 
ward. Though  the  anther  of  one  of  the  petals  is  only  slightly 
developed,  yet  it  may  be  admitted  as  a  matter  of  fact  that, 
instead  of  petals,  this  flower  has  produced  four  stamens,  whose 
anthers  bear  a  petaloid  appendage.  A  microscopic  examination, 
namely,  showed  not  only  the  peculiar  composition  of  the  anther- 
wall,  but  also  the  presence  of  potlen-grains. 

Of  the  stamens,  properly  so  called,  the  outer  whorl  is  present, 
but  the  inner  one  is  only  represented  by  two  of  the  four  One 
of  these  two  is  inserted  in  the  ordinary  way,  viz.  at  the  base  of 
the  petal.  The  second,  however,  has  grown  together  half  way 
up  with  the  petal's  filament ;  there  it  has,  in  consequence  of  a 
spiral  turning,  arrived  at  the  back  side  of  the  petal,  whence  it 
bends  obliquely  outward.  By  this  union  the  impression  is 
created  of  a  stamen  rising  from  the  back  of  the  (modified) 
petal,  concealing  its  anther  in  the  lamina's  concavity.  This 
occurrence  brings  to  recollection  the  case  of  MonarJa  fistulesa 
as  cited  by  Maxwell  T.  Masters  from  Turpin  ("  Vegetable 
Teratology,"  p.  298),  with  this  difference,  however,  that  what  is 
probably  only  adhesion  is  mistaken  for  petalody,  whilst  the  case 
above  described  offers  an  antheroid  petal  grown  together  with  a 
true  stamen.  J.  C.  Costerus 

Amsterdam,  May  4 

Catalogue  of  Fossil  Mammalia  in  the  British  Museum, 

Part  I. 

In  the  review  of  the  above  work  in  a  late  number  of  Nature 
(vol.  xxxi.  p.  597)  the  reviewer  entertains  such  a  complete  misap- 
rebension  of  my  system  of  naming  the  premolar  teeth  of  typical 
cterodont  Euthenan  mammals  that  I  must  beg  space  to 
correct  if. 

The  reviewer  asserts  that  this  system  is  untrue  because  it  im- 
plies that  in  general  with  a  smaller  number  than  the  full  comple- 
ment of  four  premolars  the  diminution  must  have  commenced 
with  the  first,  proceeded  with  the  second,  and  so  on.  In  reality  it 
implies  nothing  of  the  kind,  and  if  he  had  taken  the  trouble  to 
turn  to  pp.  152  (No.  39,732)  and  174  (No.  48,787)  he  would 
have  seen  instances  where  I  have  mentioned  the  absence  of  the 
middle  teeth  {pm.2  and  pm.3)  and  the  retention  of  the  terminal 
teeth  (pm.  1  and  pm.4).  Similarly  in  the  "  Paheontologia 
Indica,"  ser.  10,  vol.  iii.  p.  48,  I  have  adopted  the  same  system 
for  the  incisors,  and  have  shown  that  in  Hippopotamus  it  is  1.2, 
and  not  1.3,  that  disappears  in  some  species. 

I  am  well  aware  that  in  many  of  the  Insectivora  and 
Chiroptera  there  is  often  great  difficulty  in  deciding  on  the 
homology  of  the  individual  premolars  when  these  are  reduced  in 
number  ;  and  the  reviewer  might  have  noticed  that  in  the  former 


order  I  have  not  ventured  to  definitely  determine  the  position  of 
any  tooth  in  advance  of  the  last  premolar.  Among  the  Chiroptera 
I  have  considered  the  three  premolars  of  Vtspertilio  (p.  13)  as 
homologous  with  the  last  three  of  the  typical  series,  as  there  is 
apparently  no  evidence  to  the  contary  ;  the  small  size  of 
pm.  3  indicates,  however,  that  an  allied  genus  may  retain  only 
pm.  2  and  pm.  4  ;  but  the  minute  size  of  the  one  tooth  in  advance 
of  pm.  4  in  Rhinolophus  has  induced  me  to  rcg.--.rd  it  as  pm.  3, 
although  it  may  be  pm.  2. 

The  advantage  of  the  system  employed  in  the  "Catalogue" 
is  well  instanced  when  we  contrast  the  premolar  dentition  of 
Cants,  and  Lepus  or  Thtridomys ;  the  homology  of  the  last 
tooth  of  this  scries  (and  there  is  only  one  in  ThenJomyt)  being 
at  once  seen,  whereas  it  is  entirely  lost  if  we  employ  a  method 
like  that  used  in  Dr.  Dobson's  "  Catalogue  of  Chiroptera," 
where  the  actual  first  tooth  in  each  genus  is  catlcd  the  first  of 
the  scries.  I  claim  for  the  system  adopted  by  myself  every  ad- 
vantage in  those  ca^es  where  it  is  possible  to  determine  the 
homology  of  the  individual  premolars  in  any  form  in  which  the 
number  does  not  exceed  four  ;  and  even  in  cases  where  such 
determination  is  not  absolutely  certain,  the  error  can  be  but  very 
slight,  and  docs  not  lead  to  the  utter  confusion  caused  by  the 
system  (or,  rather,  the  want  of  system)  which  I  presume  the 
reviewer  would  prefer. 

When  we  come  to  those  mammals  in  which  the  number  of 
premolars  is  more  than  four,  my  systc  n  fails  ;  and,  in  view  of 
this,  some  German  writer;  have  adopted  the  plan  of  numbering 
the  premolars  the  reverse  way—  i.e.  terming  the  premolar  next 
the  first  molar  pm.  t,  and  then  counting  towards  the  incisors. 
Although  this  system  would  be  advantageous  if  we  could  always 
be  sure  of  the  division  between  the  premolars  and  molars  in 
homcrodoni  mammals  ;  yet  it  has  several  disadvantages,  and  has 
not,  therefore,  been  adopted. 

In  reference  to  the  suggestion  of  your  reviewer,  that  instead 
of  making  a  catalogue  of  the  fossil  Mammalia  in  the  collection  of 
the  British  Museum  (as  I  was  instructed  to  do  by  the  Museum 
Authorities),  I  should  have  made  one  of  all  the  known  species  of 
fossil  Mammalia,  any  person  having  the  slightest  pretence  to  any 
knowledge  of  the  present  state  of  mammalian  palaeontology 
would  have  at  once  known  that  it  would  be  utterly  useless  to 
attempt  any  such  work  at  the  present  time,  when  new  species 
and  genera  ar;  I>cing  made  almost  daily,  and  a  host  of  those 
already  made  are  as  yet  but  empty  names. 

As  a  minor  matter,  I  may  mention  in  regard  to  the  lower  jaw> 
of  Crcssi>pui,  alluded  to  in  the  review,  that  their  identification 
rests  solely  t>n  the  authority  of  Prof.  SirR.  Owen,  and  that  per- 
haps I  have  acted  in  a  too  conservative  spirit  in  admitting  them. 

Haq>cnden  Lodge,  May  2  Richard  Lydekker 


Fossil  Insects 

"  The  Earliest  Winged  Insects  of  America  ;  a  Re-examination 
of  the  Devonian  Insects  of  New  Brunswick  in  the  Light  of 
Criticisms  and  of  New  Studies  of  other  Palaeozoic  Types,"  is 
the  title  of  a  bnvhurt  by  Mr.  S.  II.  Scudder,  of  Cambridge, 
Mass.,  recently  published. 

These  Devonian  insects  are  fragments  of  five  wings  ;  a  sixth  is 
now  dropped,  as  "  too  imperfect  for  any  satisfactory  discussion,'' 
though  in  1881  its  description  filled  about  two  quarto  pages. 
These  insects  have  been,  since  1865,  so  often  discussed  that  their 
literature  is  a  rather  voluminous  one.  A  number  of  far-reaching 
conclusions  elaborated  by  the  author  would  have  to  be  aban- 
doned if  the  determination  of  the  insects  should  be  proved  incor- 
rect. This  I  endeavoured  to  do  in  BhII.  Mm.  Vomp.  Zool., 
viii.  No.  14,  Cambridge,  1881,  and  in  Nature,  xxiii  p.  483. 
The  principal  aim  of  the  author's  new  paper  is  to  show  that  my 
determinations  are  erroneous.  Concerning  his  statement  that  I 
have  studied  in  nature  only  the  (in  most  cases  poorer)  reverses, 
I  may  remark  that  his  paper  gives  nothing  more,  after  his  study 
of  the  obver-es  ;  even  less  for  Gcrephemera. 

These  Devonian  insects  have  been  decidedly  unfortunate  from 
the  very  outset.  Eminent  paleontologists  demed  their  Devonian 
origin,  and  put  them  to  the  Carboniferous  or  to  the  "  Ursa  Stufe  " 
of  the  sub-Carboniferous.  One  of  the  insects,  Xenoneura  antiqu- 
orum,  said  to  possess  a  stridulating  organ  on  the  wing,  caused  an 
unusual  sensation.  Poetic  palaeontologists  were  delighted  to  be 
introduced  by  this  insect  to  the  sounds  of  the  Devonian  woods. 
Now  these  woods  are  silent  again,  except  in  some  text-books. 
"  It  d.*s  not  appear  reasonable,"  said  the  author,  "  to  maintain 


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54 


NATURE 


{May  21,1 8S5 


my  former  hypothesis  of  a  stridulating  organ."  Everybody 
acquainted  hkIi  such  organs  will  W  of  his  opinion. 

Another  insect,  /A>Mi'/Ae/n>  /."  ///  ,  wi«  -aid  to  have  a  small 
l-ax  d  vein,  considered  to  t>c  homologous  with  the  arculus  of  the 
Odomta,  and  therefore  to  form  .1  connecting  link  between 
Nc-uo tor.i  and  Pseudoneuroptera.  A  new  synthetic  family, 
llomoihvtid.i-,  was  prop  >ed.  Hut  now  a  re-examination  of  this 
wing  convinces  the-  author  "that  he  had  Wen  mistaken  ah  ant 
th;   arcitl.i-,.'"    It  does  not  exist  at  a!f. 

Th<  third  insect,  Pi.xtspht-mtr.x  ,in/i  ;u,i,  was  determined  by  me 
as  il.e  apical  half  of  the  wing  of  a  gig  mtic  dragon*  fly.  As  this 
1-  the  onlv  specie-,  claimed  now  by  the  author  to  belong  to  the 
Kplx-irt.  iid.1-,  he  defends  vigorously  his  determination  by  four 
oh;.  (1)  "In  no  dragon- (fy,  living  or  fos-,,1,  is  there 

found  ':•.-)-•. nd  the  nodus  bct.s.en  the  me. liana  and  margin,  more 
than  n  .'.tuple  longitudinal  vein,  the  marginal  vein.'  If  the 
author  will  examine  any  <  idona'.e  wing  hvt  /•  '  he  will  find 
si.eb  a  v.  in,  which  is  the  |iro!ongation  "t  the  ••abest  a,  bent  on 
the  ri-.-t  to  the  marginal  vein,  and  1  tinning  clo,e  to  it.  Near 
the  f,..  .  it  is  more  widely  separated  in  larger  species.  (2) 
"  Ih,  re....n,tnieti..n  <>f  the  wing,  af:<  '  dimensions  given  by 
I>r  1 1  i|"  it,  would,  on  the  most  tavoiu.ihh:  -hon  ing,  make  a  wing 
of  n  h.  en  .  a-ly  extravagant  appearance.  '  but  such  forms  occur 
in  liviim  spc*  ies  of  Tramca,  Khyotliem.s.  .Ve."  (3)  "  The 
nariMwm',;  of  the  second  cubital  space  is  a  common  feature  in 
aftei"  the  Kev.  Mr.  baton's  plate--  are 


I.j.h,       .i  he  •  six  genera  J 

m         ;.   ;  and,  a- this  vanes  in  dm  .et.i 

it  o,l,e  a  very  unimportant  ,,,  ifc 

/,/  .;:\  narroxfin^,  and  thi  -I-..-  1  ■■ 


n 
.// 

nsmel.'  //•'.'  <«  >«.-;>.>  ■/*•>»>'  «-»->•'.  " 
th--  -lit"  icat  species  of  the  ie  .;-  ! 
(4)  "  I  lie  -es'-'i  siibnoddls  •:  ■  , 
a-,  j(l  ,,||  dragon-flies  I  hive  vu,i.mi.| 
sh'.itlv  bef..:e  the  margin."  Thi-  la  ■ 
conn:.'""  f  attire  in  diagon  lie  -  i  Irani:. 
(Inly  :«>./  o  /.'i'  till  •  w.i  i"i    mils  ,:i 

the  l  ug'  std'  I  '.unity  of  .  I  --■."'in.'  1  '  (■;/.  lie 
(  )d..n.i!e    dTluinpc."  p.  I  .'J'. 

,\  -.  ..]'.'  ,h;i-et:ons  ha>.  e  I"  •  t.  p.  ov.  d  ,' 
ti).on  in  ..dm  icnt  know  h         "i  th- 
J-.phi  i.e.-rid.f.  Hat.  ph  in.  .-1  I-  long-  ti 
J:,,  I ,  in  the  «  idonam.      i  he  in-*  piop..-,- 
t, ,,.),.•  die-  unli'ir;!,  and        .on.,hi..  .n,  m 
nn  «  i'h  value. 

(,,--rili  speeli-s,  <  h-: 
author,  and  be  i-  now  in 


■  I  the 
I  had  pn 
i  :it  all  In 
VI.  II  it  ti- 
lt ex  1 -1 
J  1 


>p  '  i  :  .  o|  the  same  genus, 
[i-isely  stated 
.pilemeri  he, 
-■I  re  vary  in 
in  Odonata. 
inn  „iJ  iri  iketi  to  the  tip. 
hut  im  h'-t  lii  reti.  ulation 
ipioted  character  i-  a  very 


venal  >• 
.y  tlu- 


kl  > 1  itheniis,  \c. ). 
■  ken  to  the  tip  in 
) -  s  "  kevue  de- 

1  ii .',  and  only  ba^ed 
1  of  •  >  lotiala  and 
oinp'e  evidence  <>| 
I  lainhy  •  if  I'aiephcm- 
de  fr.jin  I'-dephcniera 


.1,.-, 


with  th 
can  h<. 
v^  Inch  . 


:  1 


jie  ia.  g'-.i.s  ih.ilIi  trouble  to  the 
imrd  tn  hung  :i  intnlhe  same  j;roii|> 
]'hasmida.      \^  oiuy  a  put  a!i-.ut  4  mm.  1>  oad  1 
1  to  01-1  in  both  hg  11  e-   Ih  origniart  and  Seudder)  | 
1  '•  ,.•  .  anpan  I,  and  a.  tl.it  (art  u  hi".  :>  in  ■■  only  a  lew 
to  the  111  a  1  g  1 : 1 .  th  -  r.-liti  .tishlp  ,>f  Pi . .t- ipltasma  I 
a   it    not  at  all  ol  \  1..11-..       The  re\ei-.eof  t.ieie-  | 
ir.^  rii'ni-  than  :'ie  author  ha-  .  •  11.     The  ba-al  , 
l:>    the    -e.  tor    ti.  ;oi:  di    iiileii-T,   the  ' 
line  sector,  and  oliU'  veins  ; 
ir  ')  w  ing,      I  he  pan  figured 


Wllu' 


M-ct«'!s  running 
t,,  (  on  pheni-  1 
phenica  cer.i 
pail  a  hi 

part  of  a  lr.>nt  wing  will 
|„.|.  ,n.'  Mig,  pto'i-'hly,  t'l  anetl" 

mki  '■' 

wii)^'-     •  ' "  v 

,„.],,,,,;  -  'o  tin  laieiiy 
■•that 


at  random  cunjccturc  respecting  the  affinities  of  animals  whii. 
the  writer  is  at  loss  to  classify.  I  thought  that  the  Eahec 
erid.T  had  served  quite  long  enough  as  an  asylum  for  fasv. 
cripples.  I  wished  to  intimate  gently,  that  refuse  of  othr 
groups  of  insects  should  be  henceforth  shot  elsewhere. " 

Cambridge,  Mass.,  March  12  H.  A.  Hai;en 

High- Level  Stations 

In  Xatike,  vol.  x.xxii.  p.  17,  I  find  the  abstract  of  an  a  ldrc-= 
by  Mr.  Otnond,  on  "Hen  Nevis."  There  are  many  points  >■' 
inteie-t,  hut  I  regret  that  one  was  not  mentioned — vir.  tbi 
exceed  ngly  rapid  decrease  of  temperature  with  elevation  fro-.. 
J- on  William  to  the  lien,  anything  nearly  ajijiroa  diing,  in  rnid-Hr 
latitudes,  Sx-ing  only  found  on  the  Hrnckcn,  and  nil  high-levei 
stations  of  the  Alps  showing  a  much  smaller  decrease.  .At  :h. 
lirovken,  as  well  as  at  the  lien,  the  great  ilifTercncc  from  ir.r 
Alp>  is  not  in  summer,  but  in  the  colder  months  of  the  yejj 

I  lie  teasoti  seems  t  i  lie  in  the  nearly  constant  winds,  wIik 
bring  air  from  IhIow,  which  is  coole.1  by  ascension.     The  ca^t 
ol  great  dryness  of  the  air  with  descending  currents  in  an:, 
r  ,  clones  in  the  colder  nmnths  of  the  year,  when  isolated  mouc 
tains  are  ofien  much  warmer  than  the  valleys,'  uro  comparative!) 
ure  in  the  Nurth  of  Scotland,  hut  ficipaent  in  the  Alps,  an-: 
certainly  must  and  do  have  a  great  influence  on  the  mean  ten. 
peiaturc.    Where  they  arc  frequent,  as  in  the  Alps — especial, 
the  ea-tern — the  mean  amount  of  decrease  of  temperature  wi'.'- 

elevati  :i  must  be  slower. 

I  thir-.k  all  meteorologists  will  cancur  with  mo  that  thegrearo 
potnls  „f  interest  111  the  ]Seii  .Nevis  station  is  the  study  of  th* 
nu-te  -tolognal  phen miitu  near  the  centre.;  of  cyclone*,  as  11 
high-level  s union  in  lite  world  is  s  >  favourably  situated  as  tlu- 
•<"-  dus  tudy.  A.  WotiKOF 

I'etetslnirg,  May  I 

Rainbow  Phenomena 

Yon;  o>riespoiident  Mr.  C.  Croft  I, N  A  I  I  KE,  No.  8ll,  p.  301 
has  n.ttced  phenomena  which  are  perfectly  familiar  to  student- 
ol  physical  opuc.    The  internal  hands  of  colour  within  the 
primary  l*>w  are  the  "  supeniumcrary  "  Ik>ws  due  to  diffraction. 
1   I  Iv  y  were  .leserihed  by  Langwith  in  the  i'hilewfihical  Trar., 
I  «r  //.-/.<  lor  1722  :  a  partial  theory  of  them  was  given  by  Young  ir. 
1S04,  and  a  complete  theory  by  sir  G.  Airy  in  1S36.     The  WW 
mmanv.11  ot  the  sky  in  the  regions  within  the  primary  and  with 
out  the  secondary  bows,  and  also  the  relative  darkness  of  th< 
s:»ac:  between  the  two  bows,  Mr.   Croft  will  find  the  dc^ire-i 
explanation  ,n  any  elementary  treatise  on  optics  ;  Osmund  Airv  - 
t.eometncal  Optic,  may  be  cited  as  giving  a  good  account 'ot 
the;e  uuHtcis.     Hie  particular  how  seen  by  Mr.  Croft  appear- 
1  to  have  Wen  ol  mn:s„al  brilii  .ncy  ;  did  he  notice  any  of  the 
;  radial  stlt^  h  ,  ^M  ,„  ,s78  as  frequently-  accom 

1        I,™"?     ,^0  S  lvanusP.  Thomson 

1-iushiiry  lechmcal  College,  May  16 


rolviHv,  to  the  other  hind 


ll 


en'" 

most 
h 


pr.es 

,,nlv  " 
„-,,',hl 

vet".  ; 
j»st  ll' 


th'"  aa'hor  b..  loog 

i'  of  <  Mot.ata  will  '"•  m  '  that  <  K-iephemera 

p<  1 1 1 1 1  s  le.ai  ls.,phlvbia.  Ills  statement 
gin  of  1  |-.c  lo amd.es  of  the  sector  mcdiusis 
in.  .'t.Ms'.-nt  \»  I'.h  an  O.foivite  by  pi  .thesis,  and  is  the 
|;, -tit  p.. mi  111  the  wing."  is  l.r,  •;>  r. '...gtii-ed  a.-  an  error 
.! ig  at  t he  liioiii  s  in  I  >e 
1  .',  I'h  .  .,  \  eMails,  N.'i.u 

,    .,.-ed  by  the  cn.phati.    1  e; ...  t  1:  .-  .1  "th  .t  the  marginal 

O    r   l  i    an  elev  i'i  d,  an  1  the   11  n.  1 1 ...  -  t  m.il   a  depressed, 
,        .    .  -  .      .       •       I  . .;   .  ; 


I-  O  .  I  i.  '•.  '  1 1    .  *  '.    '1,11.    —  ....  1 1  1 1 1| 

>.  Ivs's  -''Monogn  ph  Caloptery- 

1  ol . '„„,  vVc.'l.      1  hi-  statement  is 


sreter 


■ 


,    /r»sj  .;../;,-,;    ,.    II,:    >    tit   ■  ■>        *      'I  his   M  a;  e  tllC  I.t  is 

1. nary  to  what  evi-i-  in  all  «  Kh.n.M a -cn;e-s  it  is 


Aurora 

I.A-sj  night  at  about  10  30  to  10.35  p.m.  there  was  a  well 
mai  Ud  aur..,a  visible  fr,.m  here.     iV  ,V„l  not  last 
n     l!     i  '"'K  rapidly  i„(0  a  general  glow 

m.ith.  I  he  wmd,  which  was  easterly  yesterday,  In 
to  ,mnh-He.st  to-day  w.th  tendeiuy  to  fain  and  low 

Koja!  Coll,^  of  scknee  for  Ii.  laml,  Stephen K' 
<.rc-en,  Duiilm,  May  14 


long,  the 
towards  the 
*  gone  round 
tetupcratutc. 
O'Kt.ILLY 


- 


,  .an. im-  the  wii 
"     I  hen'  exists  s'dl  no  nion ";;-.»| 

.  „..,,- -:hle  to  male  , .  11.  I..  .1. -       1  <■    01  new  families  lo  the 

|S  I''1 


:-  m  ath. 
•  f  the  Si.ilid.e  :  tlvrefore  it 


.th" 


thi  ee 


l><v.iiiiin  -]'n:ts.     lie    opi-i'iMt  on  the  I  levonian 


en  hv 


,  kev.  A  I  .  baton  •  N  \  1  '  i.  •"'!  xviii  p.  507) 
,n"xtill  vi  iv  |us!  :  •' Paheotitologists  ha  v.-  ad..pted  a  ridiculous 
'*  .,r.e  «.th  |>'I  "'  *"«ie  '"-<<'  lo-sils.  Whenever  an  obscure 
Cf°  .„ient  "f  a  w. .11  reliculate-l  m-.o  ving  is  found  in  a  ros'k,  a 
nit-  i'  ••«.-i.:ht»av  se:  up.  ai.d  the  f. ,  ,.l  named  as  a  new 
6*1.;,.,  1  be  sp<-ttcs  is  then  lefsUed  lo  the  |-.phetiierid:V.  ami  is 
^,,mk1)   i.rvi«ounce<l  :.•  '<■:  a  synthetic  t)J.    "f  insects  at 

^ent  dJ'    "^siMt  I  t  -  ai,  ther  in  ,.,  gani-at  hn.  Ihi- 

V'yZ***  ^iciyp.    is  o!;.u  i.odiit  g  b-.  than  a  resort 


Red  Hail 

of  Ncwry,  has  sent 

to  the  reader- 

mpstead,  N.U.,  May  lS        *-  I'-VASS 

.   On  May  7,  Mr.  k.  A.  Mullan,  solicitor  of  Nt 
wig  in  a  gig  near  Castlew," 
taken  by  a  shower  of  hail 


M«.  W  M  MlTi-trri 
Ltownshire  Hill,  Han 

Mullan  sobeitor.  of  Ncw.y,  was  c 
iJlau,  co  l)u,v„,  when  he  xva^  over 


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Alay  21,  1885] 


NATURE 


55 


decided  red  colour,  the  rest  being  white,  as  usual.  Taking  up 
some  that  fell  in  the  gig,  Mr.  Mullan  found  th.it  the  colour  was 
not  merely  superficial,  but  pervaded  the  suUtance  of  the  hail 
stone,  arid,  on  melting,  they  stained  the  lingers,  lie  did  not 
think,  or  had  nut  the  means,  of  preserving  any  of  the  water 
resulting.    Has  the  like  been  observed  l>cforc  ? 


Spectral  Images 

Mr.  BtmvEi.L's  notice  of  spectral  images  (Natcrk,  vol. 
xxxii.  p.  30)  calls  to  mind  certain  phenomena  I  witnessed 
while  nding  in  a  railway  train  in  Kentucky  last  October.  The 
fence  of  the  railway  consisted  of  posts  of  about  6  inches  in 
diameter,  and  twenty  paces  apart,  connected  by  wires.  The 
posts  had  newly  been  painted  grccn.  I  was  seated  on  the  right 
side  of  the  carriage,  face  forwards;  the  speed  fully  twenty  miles 
an  hour,  with  the  sun  behind  ray  right  shoulder,  when  looking 
at  the  posts  on  the  left  side,  brightly  illuminated  by  the  sun,  I 
observed  that  each  post  had  the  appearance  of  a  twin  post  imme- 
diately in  advance  of  it — touching  it — of  a  red  colour.  To  make 
myself  sure  that  I  was  not  deceived  by  some  abnormal  affection, 
1  called  the  attention  of  a  niece  of  mine  to  the  phenomenon, 
.md  she  saw  it  quite  as  well  as  I  did.  Another  niece,  however, 
Tailed  to  make  it  out.  I  am  under  the  belief  that  the  red  ikw 
w-sls  the  complementary  colour  of  the  green  one,  appearing  (Iil- 
instant  after  the  latter  had  been  seen,  and  though  apparently 
irv  advance  in  space  of  the  green  post,  really  was  seen  later  in 
time.  The  fact  of  both  being  apparently  seen  simultaneously, 
is  accounted  for  by  the  well-known  law  of  retinal  images 
lingering  on  vision.  Henry  Miwriilao 

Camlmslang 


THE  NEW  OUTBURST  OF  LAVA  FROM 
VESUVIUS 

VTESTERDAY,  May  2,  up  to  two  o'clock,  Vesuvius 
appeared  to  be  in  its  natural  state  of  activity,  such 
as  persisted  with  slight  variations  for  some  considerable 
time.  At  that  hour  the  lava,  which  was  at  some  height 
within  the  cone  of  eruption,  forced  a  way  out  at  its  base, 
traversing  the  plain  of  old  lava  filling  the  crater  of  1,172, 
and  producing  a  rent  about  one  quarter  the  way  down 
the  great  Vesuvian  cone.  This  rent  represents  the  exten- 
sion outwards  of  a  volcanic  dyke  that  has  been  in  process 
of  formation  for  over  two  years.  A  visitor  during  that 
period  who  walked  around  the  southern  rim  of  the  1872 
crater,  might  have  noticed  a  fissure  varying  from  a  few- 
inches  up  to  2  feet  wide,  and  extending  inwards  across 
the  crater  plain,  until  lost  beneath  the  tjectamcnta  of  the 
cone  of  eruption.  From  this  fissure  issued  a  powerful 
current  of  hot  air,  and  in  part  of  its  course  an  abundance 
of  HCI.  This  latter  was  indicated  by  the  continual  de- 
composition of  the  scoria  and  ash  in  its  immediate 
neighbourhood,  so  that  a  large  patch  of  yellow  dust  filled 
with  the  unattached  pyroxene  crystals  was  a  point  of 
bright  colour  in  the  black  scoria -covered  lava-plain. 
The  lava  at  first  actually  issued,  or,  more  properly,  ' 
welled  up  from  this  fissure,  but  its  point  of  exit  was 
soon  lowered  by  the  cutting  down  of  the  outer  slope. 
The  lava  soon  commenced  to  How  down  the  cone  with 
considerable  rapidity,  forming  two  distinct  parallel  streams 
averaging  fifty  metres  apart,  so  that  in  the  evening  the 
landscape  was  lit  up  by  these  two  brilliant  streaks  of  fire. 
This  morning  I  started  early,  and  ascended  on  foot  to 
the  eastern  side  of  the  two  streams,  though  often  incon- 
venienced by  the  hot  wind  and  exhalations  blown  off  the 
lava.  The  streams  take  origin  close  together,  and  no 
doubt  conjoin,  but  are  covered  by  scoria — a  vast  quantity 
of  lapillo  and  ash  that  has  been  slipped  downwards  and 
forward,  forming  a  rough  annular  space  which  would 
require  a  drawing  to  explain.  At  the  upper  end  of  this 
we  have  part  of  the  great  cone  slipped  down,  showing  in 
section  the  dyke,  which  I  may  call  hollow  ;  wc  have  a 
fissure  which  was  filled  by  lava,  and  which  consolidated 
and  adhered  to  its  sides,  forming  saibam ;  but  before  the 
central  part  solidified,  the  general  level  was  lowered,  and 


it  drained  away,  leaving  the  dyke  divided  in  two  by  an 
empty  space  At  2  p.m.  to  day  the  streams  of  lava  had 
the  following  dimensions  at  their  exit  :  — 

Katlcm  Western 
Iircadth  about  lj  metres  ...       About  2^  metre* 

Depth  estimated  nt  1  metre      ...  at  2  metres 

Kate  of  flow  on  both,  aU>ut  I  iv.etrc  per  second. 

The  output  therefore  equals  for  the  eastern  stream 
about  90  cubic  metres  per  hour,  or  2160  cubic  metres  in 
24  hours,  whilst  that  of  the  western  stream  represents 
300  cubic  metres  per  hour,  or  7200  in  24  hours.  The  two 
streams,  therefore,  represent  an  output  of  9360  cubic 
metres  during  the  24  hours,  from  May  2  to  3,  at  2  p.m. 
This  quantity  would  equal  a  deposit  of  rock  of  about 
t  km.  long,  9  m.  broad,  and  1  m.  thick,  which  is  rather 
an  undcr-cs'.imation  of  what  now  lies  on  the  side  of  the 
mountain,  for  the  two  streams  had  at  the  hour  of  obser- 
vation traversed  more  than  two-thirds  of  the  ptdimenture. 
The  amount  of  lava  represents  far  more  than  what 
occupied  the  chimney  above  the  level  of  the  lateral  open- 
ing, and  the  mechanism  of  the  increased  quantity  ex- 
tmded  I  have  gone  into  fully  in  a  paper  read  Ian  week 
before  the  Geological  Socict>.  The  cone  of  eruption 
only  now  gives  forth  vapour,  its  stone-throwing  propen- 
sities being  stopped  by  the  lowering  of  the  magma  level. 
In  consequence  of  the  want  of  support  of  its  inner  walls 
by  disappearance  of  the  fluid  column,  these  are  rapidly 
crumbling  in,  and  the  craictial  inner  cavity  much  in- 
creased in  size.  In  the  same  way  a  breach  has  been  made 
in  the  line  of  the  dyke  by  falling  in  of  that  part  of  loose 
materials  immediately  above  it. 

This  change  in  Vesuvius  will  no  doubt  be  put  dow  n  in 
history  as  an  eruption,  and  possibly  a  relationship  sought 
i  between  contemporaneous  earthquakes,  or  some  other 
phenomena.  It  is  nothing  more  nor  less  than  the  final 
giving  way  of  part  of  the  cone  before  a  dyke  that  has 
been  working  its  way  out  for  years. 

I  send  you  these  lew  notes  after  a  long  day's  climb, 
exposed  to  great  changes  of  temperature  and  mephitic 
vapours.  I  ask,  therefore,  that  this  will  be  taken  as  an 
excuse  for  these  rough  and  ready  notes,  which  I  thought 
your  readers  would  be  interested  to  have  quickly. 

Naples,  May  3  H.  J.  Johxsh jx-Lavis 


EXI'l.Rl.MliXTS  WITH  COAL-DUST  AT 
A  E  UX  K IRC1I  EX,  JX  GERM  AX  V 

T  X  a  former  article  on  this  subject  which  appeared  in 
*■  X.ViX  KE  of  Nov.  6  last  p.  I2\  1  described  the  appa- 
l.  tus  employed  by  the  Prussian  Firedamp  Commission 
in  making  their  experiments,  and  at  the  same  time  1  gave 
an  account  of  four  experiments  that  were  seen  by  Mr. 
VVm.  Thomas  Lewis  and  myself. 

No  official  account  of  these  experiments  had  been  pub- 
lished at  that  time,  but  quite  recently  Herr  Hilt  and  Herr 
Margraf  have  made  a  joint  report  in  the  name  of  the 
Commission.  As  this  report  is  intended  to  be  only  a 
preliminary  one,  it  docs  not  give  the  whole  of  the  details 
of  each  experiment,  but  it  shows  as  far  as  it  goes  that 
everything  has  been  conceived  and  carried  out  in  a  spirit 
of  liberality  and  thoroughness. 

At  the  outset  Hen  Hilt  states  that  the  uncertainty 
which  seemed  to  surround  tlii-.  important  question,  and 
in  particular  the  peculiar  views  that  had  been  enunciated 
by  MM.  Mallard  and  Lc  Chatclier,  who  reported  upon  it 
to  the  French  Commission  dti  Grisou,'  had  induced  him 
to  address  a  letter  on  the  subject,  dated  December  15. 
(  tfvS3,  to  the  Prussian  Wetter-Commission,  urging  them 
I  as  a  matter  of  duty  to  take  it  up  and  investigate  it  by  a 
scries  of  large-scale  experiments.    The  French  Commis- 
|  sioners,  referred  to,  stated  at  the  end  of  their  report 
I  that  "they  considered  it  established  that  coal  dust  in  tl' 
1  absence  of  fire-damp  does  not  constitute  an  element 

'  AmaU -s  <ut  .!/,««,  Jamier—  Kevrier,  tSii. 


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5* 


NATURE 


[May  21.  i  8S> 


darker ."  '■  J'  rr,<.y,  however,  play  an  important  part  in 
ty/ruvA- 'i.t  v/r.  veo-itr.cev  of  a  firedamp  explosion." 
f  had  r/>;.  J  ke^r.! .  feJ:  ho*  difficult  it  would  be  after  a 
verdict  of  ih.v  k.ivJ,  e/.r.anating  from  such  high  authorities, 
to  rn^ke  f-jrher  progress  in  the  work  of  convincing 
pra/'i'a]  Ki.:,..-,g  men  of  the  truth  of  the  views  I  had 
previously  adw^.ao-d  ;n  the  pages  f>f  tbe  Rc>yal  Society's 
I'rocttdin/:.  For  that  rcavjn,  and  in  (be  absence  of  some 
powerful  weapon  wherewith  to  meet  the  French  Com- 
rru  sioneri  with  some  <  hance  of  success,  I  have  hitherto 
desitted  from  d-.ir,;/  battle  with  them,  although  I  have 
been  satisfied  they  were  in  error  from  the  first.  The 
required  weapon  has  l>ct-n  provided  by  Herr  Hilt,  the 
■poke, man  of  the  Prussian  Cummission,  and  may  now, 
I  think,  be  made  use  of  without  much  fear  of  future 
contradiction. 

Speaking  of  <o.d  dust  from  Huto  Mine,  in  Westphalia, 
Herr  I  lilt  says,  as  the  outcome  of  a  long  series  of 
practical  experiments  on  the  largest  scale  yet  attempted  : 
"  Ks  k;u:n  ktmcni  Zweifcl  unterliegen  dass  mann  mit 
dieser  Stauhsortc  bci  Verlangcrung  dcr  Strecke  und 
Streuung  audi  dcr  Flamme  eine  belicbige  Lange  wiirde- 
gebenkonncn.  Ganz  ahnlich  erhalt  sich  der  Staub  von 
Ncu  Iscrlohn."  Or:  "  There  can  be  no  doubt  that  with 
this  kind  of  dust  the  flame  could  be  lengthened  out  to 
any  desired  extent,  provided  the  gallery  and  the  layer  of 
dust  on  its  floor  were  made  equally  long.''  "  The  dust  of 
Neu  lserltihn  behaves  in  exactly  the  same  way.-' 1 

After  carefully  examining  the  details  of  this  report,  I 
think  it  not  improbable  that  many,  if  not  most,  of  the 
other  twenty-four  kinds  of  coal-dust  that  were  subjected 
to  experiment  would  have  given  results  similar  to  those 
which  led  to  the  foregoing  remarks  had  they  been  em- 
ployed m  the  same  state  of  minute  subdivision.  Differ- 
ences in  chemical  composition  do  not  appear  to  have  as 
much  cMcct  in  controlling  the  length  of  flame  produced 
by  a  given  dust  under  a  certain  set  of  conditions  as  the 
comparative  fineness  of  the  particles  of  which  it  is  com- 
posed. In  order  to  show  the  effect  of  fineness  Herr 
Margraf  has  divided  the  dusts  into  live  classes,  as 
follows 

Length  <.f  Flame  pro- 
dii'  r>i  by  firing  j 
Ites.^n^tion      k!rnl  uf  |k>*  <l*.-r  in 
Nun.Ur  uf  I  >u.o  in  cu.li  t.  ;*«».  ..f         uu.imti  next  fW.  ih« 

t'«m.  rt-».r  '«cil.|C  urcwn 

w  itd  i.ul  dim  for  a 
length  of  tu  cn. 


21  to  31  m. 

13  to  21  m. 

12  to  15  in. 
6  10  12  m. 


Ki»r,  U-Kiimiiii;  with  l'luto    Very  fine 

Iwrlvr,  ending  Willi  Camp-  1  j.u)c 
hutucn   ) 

Four  Medium 

Five    Coarse 

Some  c*|>ciimcnts  were  also  made  wilh  dust  passed 
thtotigh  sieves  having  meshes  of  various  widths,  which 
showed  that  the  finer  the  state  of  subdivision,  the  longer 
was  the  <  i»rrcsjjoiidmn  llame. 

From  this  11  is  obvious  that  before  anything  definite 
ran  l»r  asit  itained  regarding  the  inthicnre  of  chemical 
composition,  it  will  be  necessary  to  reduce  the  dusts  to  a 
uniform  standard  of  fineness  Herr  Margraf  proposes  to 
do  this  by  passing  them  through  a  sieve  with  meshes  1  mm. 
widr.  I  am  aiiaid,  however,  that  some  more  exact  method 
of  elfci  im^  a  separation  of  the  very  tine  from  the  moder- 
ately line  |>aiti«  los  will  have  to  be  resorted  to  before  a 
s.tiis|.„  1,, iv  result  can  be  looked  for.  A  current  of  atr 
astendoij:  s|,,wly  at  a  uniform  rate  would  be  a  better 
means  di.in  anv  conceivable  kind  of  sieve. 

I  havc"n  several  pirv  ions  occasions  pointed  out  that 
when  a  «.'llni>  evploston  has  been  begun  in  a  dry  mine 
ihe  ,  oatst-i  panicles  of  coal  (hist  are  winnowed  from  the 
hner  v)nrs  |.y  the  blast  of  atr  which  sweeps  through  the 
workings  m  advance  of  the  llame.    It  seems  to  me  that 

'  It   liu,     '.  *  I  ,.|..uv   On.  ..-i.lu.lon   uiili   lli'  """'I 

I  k<  S      1  r>-|*(.  I  v  ..I  '    ...I  .lust  «.  C  ntlwr)  »  M'1  " 

"k>,s     V        v.,      t  '  "  ,  (Ik  .r  ]  U.I  ina  ».<    •(  N„.  J  t»l«r.  t.'lJ  , 

vs..   ....  ..       V>    •  ,»>«./..  (Sri  -(AUtlttU). 


under  these 

other  than  the  finest  panicles  of  each  kind  of  duit  «- 
serve  no  practicable  purpose  whatever,  and  thai  a~v 
general  conclusions  drawn  from  them  must  necessar:!)  be 
misleading.  It  is  further  highly  probable  that  this  is  the 
rock  upon  which  the  French  Commission  was  sh;p 
wrecked. 

They  had  ascertained  by  actual  experiment  that,  as  the 
coarser  particles  of  any  given  dust  were  removed  by  sir 
ing,  the  flame  produced  under  the  same  set  of  condition 
became  longer  and  larger  in  proportion  to  the  fineness  of 
the  remaining  dust.  Yet  they  failed  to  carry  the  argj 
ment  to  its  legitimate  conclusion.  They  appear  to  have 
been  misled  either  by  too  much  speculation,  or  by  the 
negative  results  of  their  evperiments.  due,  it  may  be.  ti- 
the smallncss  of  the  scale  upon  w  hich  they  were  mac*e 
They  finally  pronounced  coal-dust  to  be  an  element  ot' 
very  secondary  importance  in  colliery  explosions,  thcreb- 
allowing  a  splendid  opportunity  to  s'lip  from  their  grasi- 
The  Prussian  Commissioners  were  not  slow  to  take 
advantage  of  the  opening  thus  afforded  them.  Thank> 
partly  to  the  large  scale  upon  which  they  have  set  to  wort, 
partly  to  the  natural  fineness  of  Pluto  and  Neu  Iserlohr. 
dust,  they  have  been  fortunate  in  obtaining  a  series  of 
positive  results  which  amply  confirm  those  previously 
obtained  with  the  somewhat  smaller  apparatus  be/ong^ng 
to  the  Lords  of  Committee  of  Council  on  Education  set 
up  in  this  country  under  the  auspices  of  the  Royal  Soeietv 
(No.  IV.  paper, "  On  the  Influence  of  Coal-dust  in  Colliery 
Lxplosions,"  Proc.  Roy.  S<u.,  1881;. 

The  dust  brought  from  Camphausen  Colliery  does  noc 
appear  to  stand  very  high  on  Herr  Margraf s  list,  and 
yet,  since  the  publication  of  the  memoir,  that  colliery  has 
been  devastated  by  one  of  the  most  violent  explosions  on 
record,  in  which  it  is  admitted,  I  believe,  that  coal-dust, 
and  not  fire-damp,  was  the  principal  agent  of  destruction. 
Are  w  e  to  conclude  from  this  that  the  nine  dusts  which  lie 
between  Pluto  and  Camphausen  in  the  order  of  relative 
danger  arc  equally  liable  to  produce  a  flame  of  indefinite 
length  under  like  favourable  conditions?  and,  if  so.  is 
it  not  obvious  that  the  experiments  are  not  as  reliable 
as  might  be  wished,  since  they  fail  to  tell  us  so  ? 

llefore  concluding,  I  might  mention  that  Herr  Hilt 
refers  to  and  agrees  with  a  remark  made  by  MM.  Mallard 
and  I-e  ChateJier  to  the  effect  that  the  method  of  experi- 
ment followed  by  Sir  Frederick  Abel  and  myself  when 
using  the  apparatus  described  in  my  first  paper  was  "  too 
little  exact  "  to  determine  accurately  what  percentage  of 
gas  is  required  to  render  a  mixture  of  coal-dust  and  air 
inflammable.  My  earliest  experiments  here  referred  to 
were  made  with  the  view  of  finding,  if  possible,  some 
rational  explanation  of  great  colliery  explosions  which  up 
to  that  time  apj>ear  to  have  baffled  every  attempt  to 
grapple  with  them,  and  were  not  intended  to  form  a  kind 
of  counterpart  on  the  large  scale  of  the  exact  eudiometr.c 
processes  resorted  to  in  the  laboratory.  At  the  same 
tunc  I  may  state,  however,  that,  so  far  as  1  have  been  able 
to  ascertain  by  reading  and  observation,  the  methods 
then  employed  will  compare  not  unfavourably,  as  regards 
exactness,  with  any  that  have  succeeded  them,  not  ex- 
cluding those  of  the  Prussian  Wetter-Commission. 

VV.  Galloway 


77/ E  I- A  UK  A  01-  RUSS/AK  CENTRAL  ASIA 
I  T  N TIL  within  the  last  thirty  years Turkistan  has  beer. 

^  unknown  to  science,  and  what  is  now  ascertained 
concerning  its  fauna  and  flora  is  for  the  most  part  inac 
cessiblc  to  the  scientific  world  because  written  in  Russian. 
Not  that  autoptic  writers  of  eminence  upon  ttic  zoology  01 
the  country  are  numerous.  They  do  not  number  a  dozer, 
the  names  most  conspicuous  being  Prjevalsky,  Alpherak) , 
Hogdauotf,  bevertsotf,  and  especially  Fedchenko.  Prie- 
valsky's  routes  do  not  touch  mine,  except  in  the  Kuldja 


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NA  TURE 


57 


region,  where  also  Alpheraky  travelled,  and  collected 
I~epidoptera,  with  a  list  of  which  he  has  favoured  me.  To 
Hogdanoff  and  Sevcrtsoff  I  am  indebted  for  information 
not  previously  published  in  English,  whilst  in  connection 
with  the  immense  work  that  bears  Fcdchenko's  name  I 
have  had  the  valuable  help  of  Madame  Olga  Fcdchenko, 
who  both  accompanied  her  husband  on  his  scientific 
journeys  and,  after  his  lamented  death,  edited  his  works. 
When  I  add  that  I  have  before  me  proofs  of  between 
three  and  four  thousand  species  of  fauna  and  flora,  in 
about  twenty  lists  with  introductions,  the  scientific  reader 
will  not  need  to  be  told  that  in  the  compass  of  a  single 
article  I  can  but  touch  the  fringe  of  the  subject.    I  have 
ventured  to  think,  however,  the  readers  of  N  ATURE  might 
he  interested  in  a  plain  statement  that  would  give  some 
idea  of  the  little-known  fauna  of  Turkistan,  as  well  as 
indicate  what  1  hope  to  publish  shortly  in  fuller  form. 

The  part  of  Russian  Central  Asia  through  which  I 
recently  travelled,  and  with  which  this  paper  will  be 
mainly  concerned,  lies  between  the  Oxus  and  Irtish 
Rivers,  and  between  the  38th  and  50th  parallels  of  north 
latitude,  which  region  comprises  vertically  all  altitudes 
from  the  salt  plains,  600  feet  above  the  sea,  to  the  moun- 
tain plateaus  of  the  Pamir,  15,000  fect  high. 

The  species  of  mammals  in  Turkistan  exceed  80  in 
number.  Among  them  may  be  mentioned  7  species  of 
bats,  the  long-eared  hedgehog,  and  the  white-clawed  bear. 
To  these  must  be  added  the  badger,  otter,  and  other 
Musdlidir,  including  three  species  of  marten.  Of  the 
last  I  was  able  to  secure  some  skins  and  skeletons,  which 
are  now  in  the  British  Museum.  The  wolf  abounds  ; 
also  a  wild  dog  ;  3  species  of  fox  ;  the  tiger,  snow-leopard, 
cheetah,  and  other  cats.  The  salt-plains  arc  frequented 
by  the  souslik,  and  many  other  rodents,  including  the 
hairy- nosed  porcupine.  To  these  should  be  adied  the  I 
Persian  gazelle,  the  Saiga  antilope,thc  Siberian  ibex,  and  | 
the  Maral  stag.  I  saw  at  Kuldja  and  Tashkend  sped-  1 
mens  of  the  skull  and  horns  of  the  Thian  Shan  sheep, 
which  is  bigger  than  a  donkey.  The  horn  is  more  than 
four  times  the  length  of  the  skull,  and  the  head  complete 
weighs  upwards  of  70  lbs.  The  yak  is  kept  by  the  Kara- 
Kirghese.  The  Russians,  too,  as  an  experiment,  have 
introduced  some  cross-breeds  into  the  plains. 

The  birds  of  Turkistan  number  nearly  400  species,  to 
which  may  be  added  27  frequenting  the  Pamir.  The 
diurnal  birds  of  prey,  such  as  vultures,  eagles,  hawks, 
&c,  number  36  species,  some  of  which  the  Kirghesc 
train  for  hunting.  Of  nocturnal  birds  of  prey  there  are 
9  species  of  owls.  There  are  thirteen  species  of  crows, 
and  no  less  than  40  of  the  finch  family,  including  a  new 
species  of  sparrow.  The  thrush  family  is  represented  by 
the  blackbird,  black-throated,  misletoe,  and  some  other 
thrushes.  There  are  more  than  40  of  the  warbler  family, 
many  of  them  being  known  in  Western  Europe,  such  as 
the  greater  nightingale,  the  bluethroat,  redstart,  redbreast, 
and  others.  Six  species  of  the  titmouse  family  are  found 
in  Turkistan,  only  one  of  which,  however,  the  well-known 
oxeye,  is  common  also  to  England.  Two  species  of  dip- 
per are  found  throughout  the  country,  and  other  small 
birds  are  the  Nepalesc  and  European  wrens,  the  Syrian 
nuthatch,  and  no  less  than  10  forms  of  wag-tails'.  Of 
pipits  there  are  7  species,  and  14  of  larks.  The  hoopoe 
I  saw  when  coming  south  from  Scrgiopol,  and  again  in 
the  streets  of  Vierny.  Other  Turkistan  birds  are  the 
bee-eaters,  the  three-toed  woodpecker,  the  ubiquitous 
cuckoo,  and  the  wonderful  Pallas's  sand-grouse,  which 
last,  some  twenty  years  ago,  invaded  Europe  in  such  an 
astonishing  way. 

Among  gallinaceous  or  game  birds  are  found  in 
Turkistan  the  black  grouse,  the  capcrcailie,  four 
species  of  partridge,  the  quail,  Mongolian  pheasant, 
pea-fowl,  and  common  cock.  Of  the  swan,  goose,  and 
duck  tribes  there  arc  nearly  30  species.  Wading-birds, 
again,  are  found  in  great  variety,  and  among  them  a 


red-billed  curlew,  thought  at  first  to  be  a  new  species.  It 
has  red  legs,  and  a  remarkably  long  red  beak,  bent  at  the 
end,  and  well  adapted  for  picking  up  worms  from  between 
the  pebbles  of  the  beds  of  the  mountain  streams  it 
frequents. 

Reptiles  are  represented  in  Turkistan  by  33  species  of 
lizards,  vipers,  and  tortoises.  Of  the  last  I  tried  to  bring 
for  the  Zoological  Gardens  a  species  (Homopus  horsfieldi), 
and  it  travelled  asleep  with  me  some  hundreds  of  miles 
from  Tashkend,  but  on  approaching  Odessa  it  was  found 
to  be  the  sleep  of  death.  Almost  all  the  serpents  are 
non-venomous.  Of  amphibians  there  are  five  species, 
including  the  edible  frog  and  green  toad. 

The  fishes  of  Turkistan  are  composed  half  of  European 
and  half  of  Asiatic  forms.  The  European  forms  belong 
principally  to  the  lower  course  of  the  Syr-daria,  Amu- 
daria,  and  part  of  the  Zarafshan,  whilst  certain  genera 
belong  exclusively,  so  far  as  is  known,  to  the  high  moun- 
tainous countries  of  Central  Asia.  The  total  number  of 
Turkistan  species  probably  exceeds  fifty.  Of  these  twenty- 
five  at  least  belong  to  the  carp  family,  and  there  are  taken 
besides  sturgeon,  trout,  pike,  barbels,  gudgeon,  rudd, 
roach,  bleak,  bream,  loaches,  and  perch.  The  fishes  of 
the  Zarafshan  are  particularly  noticeable  Of  fifteen 
species  found  therein  not  less  than  five  belong  to  genera 
met  with  in  numbers  in  Kabul,  Kashmir,  Nepal,  and  the 
Himalayas.  To  one  of  these  genera  belongs  the  Sfarinka, 
remarkable  for  its  poisonous  eggs.  The  greatest  find, 
however,  among  the  ichthyological  fauna  of  Turkistan  has 
been  the  Scaphirkynchus,  of  great  importance,  not  only 
from  a  zoological,  but  also  a  biological  point  of  view,  on 
account  of  the  extreme  smallness  of  its  eyes  and  the  rudi- 
mentary condition  of  its  air  bladder.  This  fish,  and 
certain  geological  questions  connected  therewith,  was 
referred  to  in  Nature  in  connection  with  a  letter  on  the 
Oxus  that  appeared  in  the  Times  on  January  7  last. 

If  for  Mollusca  we  enlarge  our  area  to  take  in  Kashgar 
and  Ladak,  then  we  have  in  "  Central  Asia"  thus  formed 
93  species  known  up  to  the  present  time,  the  land  snails 
being  scarce  in  the  desert  plains  as  compared  with  the 
larger  number  and  more  peculiar  forms  in  the  mountain 
regions.  Among  the  fresh-water  Mollusca  the  predomi- 
nant feature  is  the  large  number  of  air-breathing  species 
which  live  in  stagnant  water,  and  the  almost  total  absence 
of  the  genera  living  in  running  water.  It  has  been  sug- 
gested that  this  scarcity  may  be  due,  as  in  Switzerland, 
to  the  low  temperature  and  stony  bed  of  the  rivers. 

Among  the  50  species  of  Crustacea  known  in  Turkistan 
there  was  not  discovercd-for  a  long  time  a  crayfish  ;  but 
Madame  Fedchenko  informs  me  that  one  of  a  variety  new 
to  the  species  hitherto  known  in  Russia  has  been  recently 
found.  Among  the  Crustacea  inhabiting  the  fresh  waters 
of  Russian  Central  Asia  a  very  large  number  of  West 
European  species  is  found,  and  the  new  species  are,  in 
the  majority  of  instances,  very  similar  to  the  commonest 
in  Central  and  Southern  Europe. 

Of  the  16  families  to  which  European  spiders  are  said 
to  belong,  all,  except  two  groups  very  limited  in  number, 
have  their  representatives  in  Turkistan.    The  146  species 
known  there  belong  to  55  genera,  which  constitute  ap- 
proximately one-half  of  the  total  of  European  genera. 
The  Tarantula  are  remarkable  in  that  there  are  found 
in  the  Zarafshan  Valley  forms  which  in  Europe  are  met 
with  in  countries  far  apart  from  each  other,  and  have  been 
reckoned  as  different  s;  ccies.    The  most  widely  dis- 
tributed form  is  that  with  the  lower  part  of  the  abdom*^ 
quite  black  ;  next  comes  the  form  with  coloured  cdf 
and,  finally,  that  with  the  lower  part  almost  en' 
orange    The  scorpions  of  Turkistan  are  identica 
those  met  with  in  Trans-Caucasia,  and  the  distribut 
one  species  {Soipuga  inirepida)  is  remarkable, 
found  in  Spain,  it  was  seen  later  on  the  Indcrsk  I 
tains,  then  in  the  Zarafshan  Valley,  besides  which 
mens  of  this  harvestman  have  been  found  in  V 


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si 


NATURE  [A/a,  j  i 


The  jr. una'  ii  icckoncd  m!vmm%  and  its  bile  has  in 
certain  cases  bc«n  fedkmed  lij  death,  althno|*h  nothing  is 
yet  known  of  it*  pni'-wi-apjiaratws 

The  •pciw*  iif  ruiki-oun  Itretle*  ate  estimated  ut  tooo. 
I  hi**  before  me  a  list  of  500,  s«nu<  *>(  them  as  yd  u** 
poblisfaed  Aitmnc.sc  the  most  remarkable  i»thc<>^n'' 
tWK  -  'v  ,  the  l.i rye -l  spmimcn  measuring  one  Irtrh  anil 
lhieeH|u.utert  king. 

The  hfmenoencfiius  fauna  of  1  urkman  is  mx  vet  lull} 
worked  nut.bnl  1  may  observe  that  of  Shflifrra  there 
aickmmnaiH  spei  »r\  awl  of  Sfiktgidit  upward*  iif  15a 
As  f  eg  anit  the  Lillet,  tlx-  BawwYI  of  Ferghana  and  the 
Zarabhan  do  not  present  many  specialties.  On  the 
other  hand,  Ihe  Kiril  Kuni  desert  abounds  in  new  specie*, 
and  even  genera,  sharplv  di»tmr,ujdtrd  frum  known  *pr- 
etc*  both  in  the  (urns  %4  the  buds-  ami  in  the  hcAutv  ami 
»wr  ft  ihr  tnrttviifujls.  Ihetc  if,  moreover,  a  leniatkabk- 
siiiulanu  between  the  -perie*  belonging  to  the  Kiril  Kum 
and  the  fc+ryptan  •amU  1  if  A,  rhsd*  ysspecirs  .11*  known, 
whilst  of  Xfutt/iiittt  IS  specie*  law  been  rrvatrrf  In  tirn 
Ka*lu**k^vli,  who  inform*  me  that  On.  Kntmmif,  m>w 
nibiars  gmrrni*  of  the  Trans- Cuspaan  district,  has 
quite  reccfiUi  nude  vimtifir  eapkirataont  between  Ash- 
khabad and  Mcri.andihnt  among  the  inserts  culkctcd 
Imt  him  about  Askhahad  are  iii  spcres  of  .!/«•/; t/„ rv,  four 
of  m|  art  marked  at  ,md  one  as  a  new  £enuv 
Of  36  ifwtiet  of  ants  collected  in  Tuirki  un,  7  only 
were  new.  The  Forma  mIj-  «f  the  reynn  *eem 
to  be  vers  itmihir  to  tin**  «I  Smith  F.tirvpr,  Tin. 
is  not  astoeathinu,,  «ince  ill*  tnrati  temperature  uf  a 
Turkistan  *unirm  1  differ*  little  lioen  the  mem  summer 
beat  in  Southern  F.uru|a-,  mil  tin-,  i«tc  only  one-res  ome 
mute  that,  in  gajMnL  cnu*tnc»  with  summers  alike  have 
grc-a/rr  tumbril)  with  hKawd  iu  fauna  und  Amu  iban 
countries  lyim;  under  identical  i**«h*rm»  u«b  difSrreni 
tutiiitsen  This  pecuhanty  M  rtident  with  rryarrf  ?.» 
I  oitnuwla',  because*  for  cuntplc,  in  Italy  anil  Tiukotan 
they  hair  an  idenltc.il  summer  ;  and  thnuyh  ihr  winter 
in  Turlu*un  19  bwv  and  cold,  11  di  e*  m«  tppCftf  !•>  tunc 
much  irillucm.e  met  the  ant*,  which  are  pn«Mird  ihrir- 
from  European  specie*  which  list  in  Iter*  and  woods, 
appear  to  be  In  MM  rates  absent  fa  mi  Tutki-taiu  1  ■( 
the  new  Turkuian  ipenes  one  ma^llatnnwri  rtapkiiiu- 

Crfi*.   is  ft  M    (liM4l>      ■IUd    til  tAO 

»peoes  inluLuUiii;  omntriii  beinrcn  the  iitipn  al  and  soK 
trvpscal  rones  ui  tltr  tuuthcrn  hciuuphcic.  It  ts  icmark- 
nbV.tbeiefiKe,  to  inecl  »ilh  a  spent  *  of  tlK  siime  neon* 
in  the  temperate  nmr  wf  the  niotherii  Kenii^pheTC.  and  »i 
nuy  be  preutfiied  lh.il  these  bsthavecxixtctl  tnTuiki^ian 
•ine*  the  Tertiary  pe-raol.  I  mm  yet  t"  tiieniino  1  h*?  »■ 
dV/tTiori,  of  wit  Mb  53  s|i«riri  MMnJ  bren  found  »n 
lutki^tnn,  ami  anovii;  ihent  3  raw  j^ntra  and  15  nr»» 
•pecirs. 

Ilcfnre  pu>siii|f  fnim  hy  mcn-iptrKnt*  insetfW  I  may 
medium  thai,  tlo^b  ta<*  ila^  are  not  niimrmiii  in  the 
Zarafthan  Vallty,  ye)  there  ti  one  f«rin  fMrtii  nUily  re 
ntajkabtc,  fur,  uiitt  a  mirmil  mnlr,  t  Hat  ml  to  the  |(rrtnp 
>>:/r/j„  1*  u  ft'lliak  wiiIonii  |rai'r*ttf  mih^v.  ArtECttd 
far  this  Absence  uf  wiu^t,  '.be  thiHan  uiidr-i^of-  iiniHotaut 
changes,  and  appears  gicatk  swollen,  and  all  the-  fettudt* 
generally  have  the  appearance  of  link  bafch  tclaiioo 
tu  i  in  .  tamilv  ts  said  to  be  astound) nc.  ■■me  11  is  the  only 
caample  of  tbe  win|fk-.t  form  in  Ihc  wh»iU-  family  "f  s*»- 
fliefc.  All  the  other  specialties  of  t*ru»  tore,  boweicr,  a* 
■  ell  as  ihr  win^s  of  the  male,  conhrm  it. 

One  of  the  fir-.:  lists  tuadc  of  the  luitcrtlics  nnd  Ml 
of  Turktstao  cnomeratcd  j6r  ^ikkk-*,^  wlinh  it:  spct-ei 
were  of  Mtit+kftM'pictit  Tbeifreat  uunirity  » *l4  "< ri 
caught  tn  that  OiMi  and  lully  disirku  between  750  ^',tI 
4Jw  feet  above  AtkMI  41  -ic  *< «  aHo  were  taken  •*> 
mounuint  up  to  *****  feel  lotcht  *"d  species  hum  Sotw 
to  feet.  Mr  Alplierukv,  v4  Tatjanro,.*.  ha~  furmshed 

nc  with  a  hit  in  MMvcMplwf  m  *|jeciesof  tepsdopiew 
collected  by  him  In        in  ihc  district  of  Kuldja  a.nd  ibe 


surrounding  mimr-tain- ;  l»ut  even  tlie-ve  two  li^ts  1 
I  am  tiild.jfive  only  an  im-oinptete  e_iumerat«o 
Lejiiihipteta  of  Tutk.ist.iu,  which  c»otains  a  Luj[%y 
df  new  forms. 

As  we  irarcBed  from  TnUikend  to  Khupmd  draj 
were  w  nurocnm*  that  we  cnwfht  screral  spc»  imco 
trniliut'  a  Inittcrfly-ncl  fioiiMnii  t  arria^e     I  he  re-a 
Visual  fauna,  huweiet,  <A  Tuik-*(an  is  only  r 
Lnown.    Mr.  MacLachUn  has  treMtesl  vpwj.rif 
species,  muM  of  them  Fotiwtran  in  character,  an 
nt  iliem  Iwlon^ini;  eten  t< •  Western  Lurope.  whil 
is  al*ii  an  uiionpcitant  mtstianr  *4  ibe  Indian  clew) 
There  u  a  min^lmf  again  of  itn  Indian  ctemen 
orthoptcfiiwi  fauna  of  Turkistan,  but  thr  Indian 
arc  much  (ewer  than  the  European.    Thi.  fauna 
ifetjlMtj  like  that  >4  S«ntlh  Kuma,  JBd  it  coaiains 
number  uf  West  Kurupc^n  nicies.    The  mat-Fu 
species  are  from  South  Asia,  *iunv-  whirbAre  a  It- 
more  disunt  cuuntrie*,  (uriKulult  (wm  Mtkh. 
total  nnnibrr  of  sprtYs  knnwn  in  futki»ian  esret 
;  AtnnTij*  ihrm  hliould  lar  rtienttontd  Iwo  1«imIv. 
third  railed  Wttally  t'rm*     Knva/**  ^  ihc  ftwioei 
hcen  ctimplained  of  in  the  M^lrrurh-ml ./  I'etm-t 
of  ibe  ■  rVaHf '  iu  the  2nrafdun  \  aller 
1     uf  //.  uttf>t,  r,t  I  haic  ni*  lul  «d  ttm  xt,  bill  I 
hne  cntlei  v<m  at  Tn-Jikind,  made  bi  Mr.  t'dian  n. 
I     I  cstnw,  lastly,  to  (Vi/wA-i,  or  intotinal  sitmi  % 
9|sfcir*>  known  m  1  mk»iant  s  are  fimnJ  in  nun,  3 
,  in  the  d>c  ntvd  shec)\  z  <1u.l1  In  the  rat  and  |«m!,; 
eai  h  lit  the  horse,  o\,  and  lisarionl  1  y>ar«  ^jniltii 
J  in  reputes,  anil  1  in  tishe*.    » *l  all  ihr  Vrtme 
most  intvrestmt;  <•  what  the  DflUuiMM  tall  the  A 
I  (/VAirnt  an'iA'ii/aur/l.    Tim  panisi'c  1.  (.turd  m  M 
I  and  certain  ud)a«r>i  MMM  in  the  waitt  *e  -.i^oint  | 
wlmfi  the  nalivea  dunk,  ami  «irlhr  ui  OWHMnMM 
the  r/iA/.i  d- tease.    The  mutiu  d<<rk*ps  units  tU 
Uo^theninc  at  (berate  of  about  an  mrh  r>  1  aeek, 
I  an  absc«=*t  is  formed,  ihruiiyh  wlmh  thr  heid  (as  at 
I  of  the  parante  nppran.    TTic  pmUnu,  dirt,  is  to  eat 
j  the  anuii.il  mike.   Njtiie  rtetiahsu  wot  a  ntedSe 
'  00c  end  is  drawn  ihi»  In  the  mvift  fi  the  rs^hl  k 
I  wh  ltt  dMM  "l  tin  lift  tans  the  mt)K<nt  pan  Km 
medical  m*si  wind  «il  the  animal  n  a  *n-f.  n  nm. 
cutrn^  iwii  dally  wit hotal  finer,  (M  ihr  «d«  k,  HM| 
three  fi«t  t"  lcn«ih,  i«  exiracttd    If,  Itrwr^er.  ihc  w 
j  sjomid  hrrak,  ittuutamU  <  f  fredt  ivmttan  iikr.i*.rd  | 
j  the  tirokm  psut,  and  the  illness  tunnniari  fur  see 
j  int'itth*.    I  lure  oith  an  un-otccssM  ia»e^i  Sawiarki 
.ic.il  was  nucn  by  the  dmtoc  tunc  \ttxmr*  ,4  ike  tit 
j  whxh  I  \xr*jt  lit  ni  s|wrils  to  t. mull  11 
I     'I  he  apfwiiratxc  "I  the  rmrm  l<-f  *  tu'X  aloirfeh 
I  resettdrroi^  <<Mkvd  vtrtmcclb.aml  11  us  V  uincbni 
'  11  ptet'e  tweliiMic.    I  'he  invest  tgitiHftitf  InN.fcdtnri 
I  liMio^ttt  |..  |i«bt  s»»ie  viiy  tnlcrrdir^fjiif  ctfHfimu; 
J  #VjaH/,thr  Hr-Jsif  ■MtftlWWI  thu  tie Knnii «lti«ra 
1  lanrtot  h»e  m  very  fn  d>  >»a:nr,         N  in  Xntinr  a 
the  fact  that  the  par*me  a|«pi  .1.  ,«|.  Ifl  jj, 
where  the  pcn|iU  are  Coned  u%  mi  ittnaVot  «4|rr.  1 
titit.t  is  the  last  «f  the  Turkman  (nm  £1  [  «  m  n. 
hull  here,  but  I  h>«;«  unhio  a  fcM  t .  fy) 

piimeuUnt,  lliitif^h  Messrs.  Satnituo  |  „,  ,u|  ( 
new   wvirk  rtitlllrd  ~  |iusM.m   Ii  -mJ   \UIi  ltlijji 
Kuldja,  UoUiara,  khiva,  otv  l  yiril,  ,„|,  LjMsSnu 
the  1^  auna,  I  h-ra.and  UiU».nTaph«  ■J'ku-t,,  (ukj^, 

IllXkV  f 


rpHE  ab»«e  KriHin.  Guarded  tOK.kan  fk  nam 
X     no  imW'*1"'.        i»  ns-l  pr«d  JiihrrAren, 
be  taken  as  a  private  ffMw\  c«pies  ul  nhtdi  £  «|tl 

•  -  St.M.nt«ta  »r       Rdl  >  siwiawna..—  . 

}^sr>  ?  *  1  ™  If  '11 '/nlft 
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NA  TURE 


59 


\cl  toy  application  to  Sir  John  Lawes  at  Kothamsted 
nrlc,  St.  Albans. 

The  task  of  reviewing  matter  of  so  condensed  a  charac- 
sr  as  this  is  by  no  means  easy.    Ever  since  1S40,  Sir  John 
.awes  has  carried  out  field  and  stall  experiments  on  a 
ci\le   well  worthy  of  a  national  enterprise.  Elaborate 
>apers  by  this  most  enterprising  of  experimentalists,  and 
lis  equally  well-known  coadjutor,  Dr.  T.  H.  Gilbert,  have 
>oured  forth  from  Rothamsted  during  the  entire  memory 
>f  the  present  generation.    During  the  last  twenty-five 
,-ears  the  scientific  staff  presided  over  by  Dr.  Gilbert  has 
ronsisted  of  two,  and  sometimes  three,  chemists,  and  as 
many  competent  assistants,  a  botanical  assistant,  two  to 
four  computors  and  record  keepers,  besides  laboratory 
men.     From  1S47  to  1 884  ninety-six  memoirs  have  been 
contributed  upon  subjects  bearing  upon  the   soil,  the 
plant,  the   atmosphere,  drainage   water,  and  rainfall, 
utilisation  of  sewage,  animal  nutrition,  feeding-materials, 
manures,  the  occurrence  of  fairy  rings  in  pastures,  &c, 
&C.    There  is,  in  fact,  scarcely  a  topic  of  agricultural  or 
pastoral  life  which  has  not  been  investigated  at  this  great 
knglish  Agricultural  station,  and  that  through  the  enter- 
prise of  one  man. 

The  Memoranda  commence  with  a  summary  of  rain- 
fall and  drainage  extending  backwards  to  185 1.  Not 
only  is  the  local  rainfall  given  for  each  month  over  a 
period  of  nineteen  years,  but  also  the  amount  percolated 
through  gauges  of  20,  40,  and  60  inches  in  depth  of 
soil,  the  amount  evaporated,  and  the  amount  retained  by 
capillary  attraction  in  the  soil.  Thus,  as  a  general  sum- 
mary of  the  total  rainfall,  wc  find  45'3  per  cent,  percolated 
through  20  inches  depth  of  soil,  47  4  per  cent,  through  40 
inches  of  soil,  4 19  per  cent,  through  60  inches  of  soil, 
as  indicated  by  rain-  or  drain-gauge,  while  the  remainder 
is  accounted  for  by  evaporation  or  retention  in  the  inter- 
stices of  the  soil.  The  averages  obtained  by  unremitting 
obscnation  from  1  S3 1  to  1S70  are  used  in  comparison 
with  subsequent  years,  as  in  the  case  of  the  last  completed 
record  from  September,  1882,  to  August,  1SS3.  The  three 
last  columns  of  the  tables  given  arc  devoted  to  the  nitro- 
gen removed  in  solution  by  percolation  of  drainage-water 
calculated  in  pounds  per  acre,  by  which  we  see  that,  at 
the  depths  above-mentioned,  from  36  to  44  lbs.  of  nitrogen 
per  acre  are  annually  carried  down  from  the  upper  layers 
of  the  soil  to  a  depth  of  5  feet  and  more. 

One  of  the  most  attractive  scries  of  experiments,  ex- 
tending now  over  a  period  of  thirty  years,  is  that  carried 
out  upon  permanent  grass-land  in  the  Park  at  Rothamsted. 
Space  forbids  more  than  a  most  cursory  sketch  of  these 
experiments.  Like  all  the  Rothamsted  investigations, 
the  first  aim  is  practical  and  comparative.  The  questions 
asked  are  as  follows :—  What  is  the  effect  of  various 
applications  to  grass  land?  Which  gives  the  largest 
return?  What  is  the  effect  upon  the  herbage  of  con- 
tinuous and  of  varied  treatment?  What  is  the  effect 
upon  the  sod  of  long-continued  privation  and  of  long- 
continued  feeding  with  simple  and  combined  dressings  ? 
The  investigation  is  at  once  chemical,  physical,  and 
botanical,  and  the  change  wrought  in  the  character  of  the 
herbage  of  various  contiguous  plots  of  natural  pasture,  as 
well  as  upon  the  soil  to  a  great  depth,  is  most  remarkable. 

Perhaps  the  chief  interest  in  the  experiments  upon 
crop  cultivation  will  still  centre  around  wheat.  Broad- 
balk  field,  on  the  Rothamsted  estate,  is  unique,  so  far  as 
treatment  and  cropping  goes.    In  1839  this  field  carried  a 
^gpnof  turnips,  manured  with  farm-yard  dung;  in  tS4o 
*  barley  ;  in  1841,  peas  ;  in  1842,  wheat ;  in  1843, 
^  the  four  last  crops  being  unmanured.    The  field 
*fore,  according  to  all  farming  rules,  in  an 
JM  s'  .ate  when  the  first  experimental  crop  of  w  heat 

f844-    Every  year  since  1S43  has  this  field 
jgSfl  "nd,  with  some  exceptions,  nearly  the  same 

nure  has  been  applied  to  each  plot.  In 
¥|  during  the  present  summer,  will  see 


the  forty-second  wheat-crop  growing  without  manure  of 
any  description  upon  the  unmanured  portion  of  the  field, 
still  keeping  up  a  wonderfully  uniform  yield  of  about 
thirteen  bushels  per  acre — or  about  the  average  yield  of 
wheat-lands  in  the  United  States  of  America.  This  is  a 
striking  fact  for  those  who  fear  the  eventual  exhaustion  of 
our  soils.  Equally  startling  is  the  result  from  the  con- 
tinued use  of  nitrate  of  soda  year  after  year.  This  ferti- 
liser is  looked  upon  by  many  landlords  and  agents  with 
suspicion  as  a  stimulator  and  exhauster  of  the  soil  ;  and 
yet  after  forty-one  years  application  of  nitrate  of  soda, 
and  nothing  else,  we  have  the  astounding  result  of  an 
average  of  234  bushels  per  acre,  or  double  the  yield  of  the 
unmanured  plot.  And,  although  it  is  true  that  the  yield 
of  the  unmanured  and  nitrate  of  soda  plots  is  less  upon 
an  average  from  1868  to  1S83  than  it  was  from  1852  to 
1867,  yet  it  is  equally  true  of  the  plot  manured  with 
14  tons  of  farmyard  manure  annually;  and  this  fall- 
ing off  is  therefore  probably  due  to  a  succession  of 
bad  seasons,  more  than  to  any  actual  exhaustion 
of  the  soil.  Another  striking  fact  brought  out  in  these 
experiments  is  the  excellent  results  achieved  by  applica- 
tions of  artificial  fertilisers  as  contrasted  with  those  ob- 
tained from  farm-yard  manure.  In  the  latter  case,  where 
t4  tons  of  dung  have  been  annually  applied  to  the  wheat- 
plot  for  forty  years  in  succession,  the  very  satisfactory 
yield  of  33!  bushels  per  acre  has  been  obtained  over  the 
entire  period.  When,  however,  a  well-compounded  mix- 
ture of  artificial  fertilisers  has  been  applied,  a  larger  yield 
has  been  obtained.  For  example,  200  lbs.  of  sulphate  of 
potash,  100  lbs.  of  sulphate  of  soda,  100  lbs.  of  sulphate 
of  magnesia,  3i  cwts.  of  superphosphate,  and  600  lbs.  of 
ammonia  salts  bave  given  upon  an  average  over  the 
same  long  period  36  bushels  per  acre  year  by  year.  We 
must  not  draw  these  remarks  to  a  conclusion  without  at 
least  noting  the  interesting  experiments  upon  barley,  the 
leguminous  crops,  clover  sickness,  root  crops,  and 
potatoes.  The  memoranda  close  with  a  synopsis  of  a 
series  of  experiments  upon  rotations  of  crops  commenced 
in  184S  in  order  to  test  the  effect  of  growing  crops  in  ro- 
tation, instead  of  continuously,  and  so  to  arrive  at  pre- 
cise results  when  a  system  of  mixed  farming  is  pursued 
with  and  without  manures,  and  in  conjunction  with  sheep 
farming.  John  Wrihhtson 


RECENT  EX/'LOh'ATIOXS  OF  THE  PAMIR 

THE  third  fasciculus  of  the  I:vesti<i  of  the  Russian 
Geographical  Society  contains  three  very  interesting 
papers,  by  D.  I..  Ivanoff,  on  the  Pamir,  being  the  results 
of  the  expedition  of  MM.  Ivanoff,  Putyata,  and  Ben- 
dcrsky,  already  mentioned  in  Nature.  The  first  of  these 
papers  deals  with  the  journeys  of  the  members  of  the 
expedition  ;  the  second  contains  the  author's  views  on 
the  orography  of  the  Pamir ;  and  the  third  gives  a  de- 
scription of  the  flora,  fauna,  and  inhabitants  of  this  "  Roof 
of  the  World."  Leaving  aside  the  purely  geographical 
part  (M.  Ivanoff  s  papers  should  be  translated  into 
English),  I  shall  sum  up  the  most  important  orographical 
results  arrived  at  by  the  author,  as  also  his  observations 
on  the  natural  history  of  the  Pamir. 

As  to  its  limits,  so  variously  determined  by  geographers, 
M.   Ivanoff  places  them— rightly  in  my  opinion— as 
follows :— The  Alay  Mountains  tn  the  north,  the  Hindu- 
kush  in  the  south,  and  the  Kashgar  Mountains  in  the 
east.    As  to  its  western  limits,  the  following  remarks 
ought  to  be  made  : — The  whole  of  the  highlands  on  the 
upper  Amu-daria  must  be  divided  into  two  parts— the 
Eastern  Pamir  and  the  Western.    The  Eastern  Pamir  is 
a  very  high  plateau,  intersected  by  numerous  valleys, 
rivers.'  and  lakes,  with  an  average  height  above  the 
sea-level  of  12,000  feet  (from  10,000  to  14,000).  These 
vallcvs  are  cither  separated  by  chains  of  mountains 


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6o 


NATURE 


[May 


2  I 


188; 


or  by  low  swellings  which  mostly  reach  only  from  1100  to 
1500  feet  above  the  level  of  the  surrounding  valleys,  and 
very  seldom  5000  feet.  The  slope  of  these  swellings  above 
the  valleys  is  so  gentle  that  water-sheds  only  1100  to  1500 
feet  high  are  often  twenty  to  fifty  miles  distant  from  their 
foot.  These  high  valleys  strictly  correspond  to  what  the  in- 
habitants call  "  Pamir."  "  Pamir signifies,  in  fact,  "  a 
flat  roof,"  and  when  the  inhabitants  want  to  describe  it 
in  more  detail,  they  add :  "  broad  valleys  between  low 
mountains,  so  high,  however,  that  nothing  but  grass  may 
grow  on  them ;  where  there  is  nothing,"  they  say,  "  and 
the  earth  is  like  the  palm  of  the  hand,  that  is  the 
Pamir."  So  they  describe  what  a  geographer  would 
call  a  High  Plateau.  This  plateau  has,  on  the 
whole,  the  shape  of  a  great  horse-shoe,  in  the  middle  of 
which  are  situated  the  mountains  of  the  Murghab  and 
Alichur.  This  does  not  imply,  however,  that  there  are 
absolutely  no  mountain-ridges  on  the  plateau  ;  no  ange- 
haufte  bebirge,  as  Karl  Ritter  would  say.  The  Pamir 
chain  of  mountains  which  runs  east-north-east  between 
the  Pamir  and  the  Alichur  rivers  in  the  south  belongs 
to  this  category.  It  rises  above  the  Great  Lake  as  a 
stone  wall  3500  to  5000  feet  high  ;  but  it  has  its  foot 
in  the  10,000-feet-high  valleys  which  surround  the  lake, 
and  belongs  to  the  category  of  the  angchauftc  Gcbirge. 
Several  other  lower  chains,  such  as  the  Alay,  Trans- Alay, 
Riang-kul,  Murghab,  Alichur,  and  Vakhan,  run  in  the 
same  direction  over  the  surface  of  the  great  plateau,  and 
have  the  same  character. 

As  to  the  Western  Pamir,  which  might  be  described  as 
the  mountainous  Pamir,  it  has  quite  another  character. 
The  whole  of  the  plateau  sinks  towards  the  west,  but,  at 
the  same  time,  numerous  chains  of  mountains  make  their 
appearance.  We  have  there,  according  to  Ritter's  classi- 
fication, an  Alpine  country.  The  rivers,  which  flow  lazily 
in  the  east,  become  rapid,  their  valleys  narrow ;  crags, 
rocks,  and  hills  confine  them  ;  the  routes  become  diffi- 
cult, and  the  mountain-passes  very  rare.  The  rich  prairies 
of  the  east  disappear  also,  giving  place  to  forests,  and, 
lower  down,  to  agriculture,  which  rises  as  high  as  8000 
feet  in  the  north  and  10,000  feet  in  the  south.  Even  the 
inhabited  valleys  are  mere  mountain-gorges.  It  is  obvious 
that,  under  such  conditions,  the  real  western  limits  of  the 
Pamir  cannot  be  determined  with  exactitude  ;  and  we 
consider  M.  lvanoff  very  near  the  truth  when  he  says 
that  the  Western  Pamir  merges  into  the  Alpine  highlands 
of  the  Darwaz,  Shugnan,  and  liadakshan.  The  limits 
are  thus  far  more  undefined  in  the  west  than  in  the  north 
and  east.  The  author  considers,  thus,  that  the  Shugnan 
and  Darwaz  ought  not  to  be  included  in  the  Pamir  proper  ; 
they  might  be  considered  rather  as  a  highland  which  has 
risen  at  the  i  ntersection  of  the  eastern  wi  th  the  north-western 
ones  of  the  Hindu-kush  (as  border  ridges  ?).  The  Pamir 
would  thus  appear  as  a  mighty  plateau  about  170  miles 
long,  200  miles  wide  in  the  meridional  direction,  and 
covering  nearly  34,000  square  miles. 

As  to  the  much-spoken-of  meridional  upheaval  of  the 
Bolor,  M.  lvanoff  points  out  that  there  are  absolutely  no 
traces  of  upheavals  having  a  direction  either  from  north 
to  south,  or  even  towards  north-north-west  or  north- 
north-east.  On  the  contrary,  all  his  observations  on  the 
stratification  of  rocks— and  they  are  numerous — show 
that  the  stratification  follows  the  direction  either  of  east- 
north-east  (that  of  the  whole  Central  Asian  plateaux),  or 
north-west,  that  is,  that  of  the  Hindu-kush.  The  same 
is  true  with  regard  to  longitudinal  valleys,  which  always 
follow  a  direction  towards  north-north-east.  As  to  (he 
Kashgar  Mountains,  still  unexplored,  they  seem  to  repre- 
sent a  repetition  of  shorter  chains  running  towards  north- 
west, ana  arranged  in  hhelon. 

If  this  opinion  of  M.  lvanoff  is  confirmed — and  it 
most  probably  will  be,  as  it  pretty  well  corresponds 
with  the  broad  lines  of  the  structure  of  the  Central 
Asian   plateaux,  as  also  with  what  is  already  known 


as  to  their  structure — we  shall  have  definitely  to  t< 
nounce  seeking  for  meridional  chains  in  this  part  oe 
Asia.  We  have  already  been  brought  to  renounce 
them  in  North-Eastern  Asia,  where  I  believe  I  hav? 
proved  that  neither  the  Great  Khingan  nor  the  Kurnetxk 
Alatau,  nor  even  the  Sikhota-alin,  have  this  direction 
On  the  contrary,  we  will  perceive  that  the  Pamir  is  onh 
the  highest  terrace  of  a  series  of  plateaux  extendic? 
throughout  the  central  parts  of  Asia  in  a  north -caster, 
direction  from  the  source  of  the  Amu  to  Behring  Strait 

But  let  us  return  to  M.  IvanorT's  papers,  and  tc 
his  observations  on  the  flora  and  fauna  of  the  Pam;t 
The  high  valley  of  the  Alay  already  belongs  to  the  Roo* 
of  the  World.  It  is  covered  with  rich  prairies,  the  chief 
elements  of  which  are  Gramineaj.  Nearer  to  water  yo-j 
find  a  thick  growth  of  Carex  physodes,  which  has  giver 
its  name,  Kiang,  to  so  many  parts  of  the  Pamir  high- 
lands. Numerous  species  of  Papilionacerc,  many  of  their, 
relations  of  the  flowers  of  our  European  meadows,  give  * 
pleasant  aspect  to  the  steppes  of  the  Alay  in  June.  Th< 
same  character — a  mixture  of  the  vegetation  of  the 
steppes  with  that  of  cold  climates  and  highlands — i? 
found  also  on  the  Eastern  Pamir  as  you  advance  furxber 
south.  But  it  is  sufficient  to  descend  into  the  valleys  of  tht 
west  to  find  immediately  a  far  richer  flora  and,  veo 
soon,  corn-fields. 

The  animals  inhabiting  the  Pamir  are  also  a  mixture  of 
those  of  the  steppes  with  those  of  Alpine  regions.  The 
tame  yak  {Bos  indicus)  is  met  with  the  well-knowr 
"arkhars."  Although  their  horns  arc  scattered  in  great 
numbers  on  the  Pamir,  they  are  far  from  disappearing, 
and  M.  lvanoff  has  seen  numerous  herds  of  from  too 
to  1 50,  and  considers  that  they  ought  to  be  counted  by 
thousands  in  the  neighbourhood  of  the  Great  Lake.  In 
the  mountains  the  ""kiiks"  {Citfra,  probably  sibirica) 
are  numerous,  but  very  difficult  to  approach  ;  the  browT. 
bear  is  common,  and  M.  IvanorT's  men  killed  four 
of  them.  The  wolf  of  the  steppes  unavoidably  accom- 
panies the  herds  of  arkhars.  The  yellow  marmots 
{Arvicola  caudatus)  are  very  numerous  ;  the  steppes 
of  the  Pamir  are  their  true  dwelling-places,  and  the 
expedition  has  met  also  with  great  numbers  of  small 
Siberian  hare,  which  is  common  on  the  Issyk-kul.  The 
Indian  goose,  the  Syrrhaptes  of  the  high  steppes,  the 
Megatoperdix  tibttatin  in  the  rocky  hills,  and  the  Ptrdis 
chuk<ir~\\\\$  last  met  with  only  once  at  a  height  of  14,00c 
feet — are  especially  worthy  of  notice. 

As  to  the  climate  of  Pamir,  it  is,  of  course,  very  severe- 
The  winter  reigns  in  full  for  seven  months  As  to  frosts, 
there  is  hardly  one  single  month  without  them,  and 
even  on  July  and  August  nights  the  expedition  experi- 
enced frosts  of  6^  below  zero.  There  arc  places  on  the 
Pamir  where  snow  rarely  reaches  a  great  depth,  but,  its 
distribution  depending  mostly  upon  the  prevailing  winds, 
there  are  places  where  it  falls  in  thick  layers.  As  to  the 
rivers,  even  the  Murghab  freezes  for  some  time. 

The  true  inhabitants  of  the  Pamir  are  the  Kirghizes, 
namely,  the  Kara  Kirghizes,  who  belong  to  four  different 
stems — Teit,  Gadyrsha,  Nayman,  and  Kiptchak.  The 
chief  settlements  are  situated  in  the  valleys  of  the 
Northern  and  Southern  Ghezia,  about  the  Riang-kul,  on 
the  Ak-baital,  the  Ak-su,  the  Alichur,  and  in  the  basin 
of  the  Kokui-bela.  They  are  found  also  on  the  Upper 
Tagarma.  These  Kirghizes  are  very  much  like  those  of 
the  Alay,  but  a  special  feature  of  them— very  rare,  on  the 
whole,  with  the  Mongolian  race— is  that  they  continually 
suffer  from  tooth-ache  ;  perhaps  it  depends  upon  the 
climate  ;  at  any  rate,  common  disease — an  inflamma- 
tion of  the  eyes— obviously  depends  upon  the  clouds 
of  salt  dust  raised  on  the  Pamir  by  the  western  winds. 
They  spend  the  winter,  at  a  height  of  11,000  to  12,000 
feet,  in  the  same  tattered  kibitkas,  that  they  in- 
habit in  the  summer,  and  know  nothing  of  the  warm 
dwellings  erected  for  the  winter  by  the  Alay  Kirghizes. 


Digitized  by 


May  21,  1885] 


NA  TURE 


61 


In  the  summer  they  ascend  to  the  hilly  tracts,  reaching 
about  14,000  feet,  in  order  to  save  their  cattle  from  the 
mosquitoes.    Though  living  chiefly  on  milk  produce,  they 
still  are  dependent  upon  the  inhabited  countries  of  the 
west,  for  they  are  accustomed  to  the  use  of  bread.  The 
ither  race  inhabiting,  if  not  the  Pamir  itself,  then  its 
outskirts,  are  the  Tadjiks.    In  the  high  valleys  of  the 
Shugnan,  the  Roshan,  the  Darwaz,  and  the  Karategin, 
they  occupy  the  narrowest  gorges  of  the  mountains,  try- 
ing to  escape  there  from  the  persecutions  of  their  khans, 
who  are  themselves  vassals  to  the  neighbouring  larger 
states  like  Bokhara,  Kokan,  or  China.    Being  Shiites, 
they  are  still  more  persecuted  by  their  Sunnite  rulers. 
Their  dwellings  are  miserable  hovels  built  of  rough 
stones.    Broad  wooden  platforms,  under  which  fowls  and 
young  goats  are  kept,  are  divided  into  numerous  compart- 
ments, which  might  be  called  rooms,  each  of  them  having 
its  special  destination  as  a  kitchen  or  as  a  room  for 
weaving,  and  so  on.     Notwithstanding  the  surrounding 
poverty,  one  feels  comfortable  in  their  poor  hovels,  the 
walls  of  which  are  decorated  with  numerous  clay  pil- 
lars, niches,  and  a  variety  of  paintings  very  artistically 
made  by  the  women,  who  have  found  the  means  of 
fabricating  even  boxes  from  clay  mixed  with  husk. 
The  potter)-,  all  made  by  women  without  instrumental 
aid,  is  striking  in  the  artistic  feeling  infused  into  its 
fabrication.    Their  fields  arc  not  less  striking  by  the  in- 
credible labour  which  has  been  spent  in  clearing  them 
from  millions  of  stones.    There  are  "  fields  "  not  larger 
than  a  common-sized  table,  cleared  with  effort,  or  arti- 
ficially made  by  the  side  of  a  mountain  stream.  They 
keep  some  cattle,  and,  during  the  summer,  mount  with  it 
to  higher  tracts.    The  Pamir  is  visited  by  many  savda- 
gars,  or  traders,  from  Kashgar,  Badakshan,  or  Ferghana, 
who  supply  the  Kirghizes  and  Tadjiks,  at  very  high 
prices,  with  manufactured  produce,  receiving  in  exchange 
their  own  produce. 

M.  IvanorT  remarks  that  the  small  preliminary  map 
published  in  the  Izvestia,  to  illustrate  the  explorations 
of  his  expedition,  is  still  incomplete,  and  does  not  quite 
correctly  represent  the  results  of  his  investigations.  The 
larger  completed  map  will  therefore  be  welcomed  when  it 
appears.  P.  K. 


NOTES 

A  meeting  of  the  General  Committee  of  the  Darwin 
Memorial  Fund  was  held  last  week  at  the  rooms  of  the  Royal 
Society,  Prof.  Huxley,  President,  in  the  chair,  when  it  was 
Mated  by  the  treasurer,  Dr.  Evans  that,  after  payment  for  the 
statue  and  other  expenses,  a  balance  of  about  2200/.  would 
remain.  The  following  resolutions  were  then  passed  :— "  That 
the  statue  of  Darwin  be  made  over  to  the  Trustees  of  the  British 
Museum  in  trust  for  the  nation."  "That  the  balance  of  the 
fund,  after  payment  for  the  statue  and  medallion  and  incidental 
expenses,  be  transferred,  under  the  name  of  the  '  Darwin  Fund,' 
to  the  President,  Council,  and  Fellows  of  the  Royal  Society  in 
trust  to  invest  the  same  in  or  upon  any  stocks,  funds  or  securities 
authorised  by  law  as  investments  for  trust  moneys."  "  That  the 
President  and  Council  of  the  Royal  Society  apply  from  time  to 
time  the  dividends  and  interest  of  such  investments  in  such  a 
manner  as  shall  to  them  appear  best  calculated  to  promote  bio- 
logical studies  and  research."  "  That  a  list  of  subscribers  and  a 
statement  of  the  accounts  be  printed  and  circulated,  together 
with  the  resolutions  now  passed,  and  that  a  woodcut  or  some 
other  representation  of  the  statue  accompany  the  statement." 
The  statue,  by  Mr.  Boehm,  R.  A. ,  has  been  placed  in  the  great 
hall  of  the  British  Museum  (Natural  History),  Cromwell  Road, 
and  arrangements  for  its  unveiling  will  be  made  shortly. 

Thk  vacancy  created  by  Prof.  Bay  ley  Balfour's  retirement 
from  the  Regius  Chair  of  Botany  in  the  University  of  Glasgow, 


which  we  announced  some  lime  back  (Nature,  March  12, 
p.  441),  has  been  filled  by  the  appointment  of  Mr.  F.  O.  Bower, 
F.L.S  ,  Lecturer  on  Botany  in  the  Normal  School  of  Science, 
South  Kensington.  Both  as  a  teacher  and  by  his  important 
researches  in  the  morphology  of  Gymnosperms  and  the  Vascular 
Cryptogams,  Mr.  Bower  has  rapidly  assumed  a  leading  position 
amongst  the  younger  generation  of  botanists,  and  the  loss  trf  his 
services  to  the  Normal  School  is  much  to  be  regretted.  Mr. 
Bower  is  an  M.A.  of  Trinity  College,  Cambridge. 

The  Goldsmiths'  Company  has  contributed  one  hundred 
pounds  towards  the  fund  which  is  tieing  raised  for  the  family  of 
the  late  Henry  Watts,  to  which  we  have  already  drawn  attention 
in  these  columns. 

The  Court  of  Assistants  of  the  Fishmongers'  Company  has 
unanimously  resolved  that  a  grant  of  2000/.  be  made  to  the 
Marine  Biological  Association  of  the  United  Kingdom— 1000/. 
to  be  paid  this  year,  and  the  remainder  in  annual  sums  of  200/. 
during  the  next  five  years. 

THE  subject  of  Mr.  Romanes's  Rede  Lecture  on  June  2  wil1 
be  "Mind  and  Motion." 

The  subject  of  Prof.  W.  G.  Adams's  British  Association 
address  will  be  "  The  Electric  Li;ht  and  Atmospheric  Ab- 
sorption." 

AT  a  meeting  of  the  directors  of  the  Ben  Nevis  Observatory 
held  on  Thursday  last  week,  it  was  agreed  to  add  a  printing 
press  to  the  establishment,  for  printing  each  day  the  hourly 
observations,  with  a  view  to  their  distribution  among  the  more 
distinguished  meteorologists  and  prominent  meteorological  insti- 
tutions in  different  parts  of  the  world. 

The  verdict  of  the  jury  who  considered  the  case  of  the  Usworth 
Colliery  explosion,  whereby  forty  men  and  boys  were  killed 
early  in  the  present  year,  is  important  as  marking  what  appears 
to  be  the  commencement  of  a  new  era  in  the  history  of  these 
phenomena.  It  is  probahly  the  first  expression  of  opinion  from 
a  public  body  of  this  class  to  the  effect  that  coal-dust  and  a 
1  small  percentage  of  fire-damp  can  play  the  part  that  ha*  hitherto 
I  been  usually  ascrit>cd  to  fire-damp  alone.  They  found  that  the 
explosion  was  caused  by  a  shot,  the  fire  of  which  acted  upon 
"  tht  coal-dust  and  a  small  percentage  of  gas."  The  convenient 
and  time-worn  "outburst  of  gas"  theory,  which  consigned  the 
helpless  miner  to  the  vicissitudes  of  chance,  and  exonerated 
colliery  owners  and  their  agents  from  all  responsibility,  seems  on 
the  point  of  giving  way  before  its  rival  the  coal-dust  theory, 
which  points  out  an  easy  means  of  preventing  great  explosions 
of  this  kind.  The  latter  theory  has  doubtless  a  hard  battle  still 
to  fight  against  prejudice  and  ignorance,  but  it  has  all  the 
advantages  of  youth  and  vigour  on  its  side,  and  is  supported  by 
a  number  of  facts  which  appear  to  Iw  incontrovertible. 

The  Russian  Geographical  Society  has  just  issued  a  pro- 
gramme of  climatological  and  phenological  observations,  which, 
it  is  to  be  hoped,  will  be  adopted  by  numerous  observers.  The 
number  of  plants  and  animals  enumerated  is  smaller  than  in 
most  similar  pr^rammes  it  being  the  aim  of  the  Society  to 
make  the  task  of  the  obsc  vers  as  easy  as  possible.  A  new 
feature  of  this  programme  are  observations  on  the  condition  of 
the  snow  covering  the  ground,  the  time  of  its  appearance  and 
thawing,  the  rue  of  water  in  the  rivers  at  the  melting  of  the 
snow,  &c. 

M.  Fayb  has  been  continued  on  the  roll  of  teachers  of  the 
Paris  Polytechnic  School,  in  spite  of  his  having  passed  the  time  of 
incapacitation  by  old  age.  The  exception  has  been  grounded  by 
the  Minister  of  War  on  the  plea  of  continued  services  rendered 
to  science.  A  banquet  has  been  given  to  the  worthy  astronomer 
by  his  admirers  on  this  occasion. 


Digitized  by  Google 


r 


HA  TV  RE 


{May 


Tin  «*iw.»f)  OMV***  *  R"3,r 

Is   tke  Coeittcn    "   V.*adat,   Ma*  ■  «tetar 

*-alltd  *\\<cr*\\m  to  l>r.  Fairiw*  eaiejtmwtt  in 
Hzib4  iki.ltra,  *»l  Wall  -he  Mnwtn  ..t  ibe  InleTuir  M 
c,rr  a  wbvencka  tu  enable  Dfc  rerm*  10  contiaur  hit  ev 
IKMMtt  «a  .1  brgar  Mai*.  The  Mlfliqrr,  in  reply,  **►!  hr 
MM  qniMr  to  tin  a*  HI  present .  vul  n  tinn  a*  ll  liy  »  bat  |aa*«f 
br  would  grant  ■  m0m0t  MHM<  sltWiiit*,  in  hi*  oplnlm,  l>r, 
f  mu'i  t  tjertauenta  fetal  n«t  j-i  reached  ■  »w*tfctrt  iIiy^tc  U 
irtUlnty  to  |MM  ft  nratpUli  -**vc*-».  lit  added  that  t  evav 
au***in  of  mwdital  mm  ««M  bl  appointed  i«  vjtll  \  jttwei* 
and  wihn  town*  in  »«*«f  t<»  bin*  'h-  lro*m»  tk*t  are  t«^»| 
«*■•.  la  irtmtwr  tu  tatfe  WtgflB  Vt.  Commit,  M.V.,  writrt 
to  The  AaVauW  tint  ibe  Ut)  Ur  S*rrelary  fur  Fnreipt  Rip 
h».  prami«>l  In  Intlroei  the  Miniver  at  M  id'H  to  tend 

a.;mr  trarrdaihrm  •  iny  iepn>'  b'lrin*  **a  Ihe  vretrni  •>(  Ipnei- 
ui»m  wrth  rnnlm  flnh  *|t-*;.--rd  t»y  .irtirkliJ  tnltrrafiMi,  «  n 
pnilcvtlu* again*!  Atitbc  ihol.t  i.  then-eered  by  Dr.  retrtja,  of 
VatcacD.  Thu  hating  (vm>  uW  nulla:  k(  Dn>  IVrraa, 
ia.it  grnllemui  bat  xnl  I*.  CaiMtr>fl  "  "k1""1  ■:•*>•■<£ 
Ike  tf<  to  dace  to*"  l  Ml  **•'  etpnirncut  wbicn  t*  nt 

prevwf,  Iving  «i»niuii#  I  hjr  tCni,  under  the  rye*  «f  xicafllhc 
v«MimUilotMrk  at  Afclra.  i  t,.<*n  new  VaTwiuia,  where  a* 
»|n  Uraif  nf  rMera  i*  mgrac.  tc^-eding  !»•  !>•  I'fTTaiA  tela* 
ami  lli*  f>ipulii»Mi  of  Alrir-i  >•  Ift.ooa  aetl  tlnrr  tkrint 
ihr  Tiodil  i.icci^  i4,?2  vi  iu  '  iln-r/'  Mw  |iiunilii»  I 
•riili  hi«  pDlcPtttne  vsm*.     fllM  wvwM  llrt  nNMV  M 

lh>M«  out  inomUtotl  about  10.500;  o*.  J(trj«inf  |4,:00J«;an 
t«iCt  (IfiBitf.  |x«lv:l«;  icvsfil  I  'f  tb»  10.500 |«*«an  wW  an 
iv  1  ■mt.-cAiW,  ri»iil*ra  h»»  mi  vl<il  64,  nul  fMWli  i°- 
l  »I  lhe  5^32  wli.i  law  bora  in  ■  1I0I  11  hit,  Jto*  ling  l»  1M. 
I  ttran,  iMnlal  7,  *■>!  j.  m«|  luil  In  im  tinjtt  cm.  I« 
■fJm  a*<ml*|  *inw  the  aMMHffMMal  'I'r  cijvil'Mtft 
Miy  I,  -mut  jMrxia  out  nf  pm  ilij  lu*  l*M  illfiA«^l  aniUkj 
ihr  unlaLK«Calrtl  |Mi|>«latiun,  >■  1  •tit  jf««  in  «v4ijr  Jja  Wh 
«1h-I  <>f  ihwfcf  1 :  wliilc  4ihok\:  rin  m  •nl.-.-t  I  |«*pal»tk^ 
..f.r  in       hft-  11        1      .1  11  '  1    ".'I?  j"".  "  in 

the  rttire  e.|JX  hat  ■!«•)  of  tlir  ■WMfU  l>r.  I'rrrtn  ^mduilfi 
tin  |aJqpM  l-y  e*pK*».lnj  the-  1e;ire  tkil  a  M0a%O>MMtaM 
•IhnI'I  l*f  ami  to  .Watt  to  vet  if*  tlw*  r^ili^. 

Til*  AotDac  ttoaic  |«e«*>  t  1.y  M  IIkIi^k  «  t"  ihr 
'  a»j*cr*»|nfy  at  N»c*  »•  «n»  ftni.Iicd,  autl  hw  fc«vn  nti  cihlb*- 
M'.n  lit  r-rt«  ilurinj  ihr  |u*l  wtoi.  It  t«  WwW  I"  i«i»«"  « 
m|m«j|  t(fc*«i|t :  11  u  22  '  1  tliaa^-lrt  tH.I'le.  -wwl  hn  » 
cimrafMcm,;  i.f  <V)  n,  w  1  in.  rn'ire  ttnti  ihr  A  me  ft  the 

r.nih.-4i     ln*lcn<1  nf  rvi»k.  ^  I   tahfclf  pltrtftj  II  i«» 

r>4Ww  muiiImk  to  tin-  i.i.1ln-,y  iiu-ln«t  ' ''' "*  1  > 

4  $m  tu,  mhirb  nwt.  I  11  iht  wat/r  i»   »  »lrp**»t 

Thl*  ^<ICD>  irf  *tt|«flflt*  I*         Im  be      |*ft(m,  lliAi  I"  I  Jfcjftfljht 

■rf  hi  u»oi  w*n;hi,  a  -b^lc  (nt ■  11  <a»  turn  it  «».n>i«kiuly  man. I  |  |ka,  |  ni)1| 
t*e  li'ii^uu    T«  (ii.-^ik  «jf»in  •  tlw  ««w  inH/in*.  «  hJ« 
rr<v^<«l  10  dlMolvt  pa  it  »  «lt     the  |m«  ad  Man***,  »ati  It 
I*  fcare4  lk>t  ihi-  may  came  OJIpaajlH  ul       Bppwat-a*.  rr.i-l.. 
S..*»r.w,  arw  ram  in  N«x.  ml  «{>nUl  <»p*riraenM  »n  Hil- 
MUM        Lr  mailc. 


InHia,  mhm  Ihr  «el  twrw  rmnnt  ttm  jnn  a^ 
$1,000/..  whilr.  >iiKi  ilir  c»t***iJtm*«  of  a  fufot  r 
it  Siit  lUraiu  (■•»  tno,f*i*'  i«t  anaum.  At  a  r«ii" 
of  ihr  tclroc*  tn  .hi.  l  .t»*.i».  (Itblrini  lui  l».lia 
tri.M-.l  at  Namy,  a  mU<*A  of  <nw*t  n»r<ih\\y  * 
French  tTt|UliVf»rms  and  taw  fo«.u  in  on  Cti|n*»e 
|KM*cvw>n%  |4  jprai  aoJ  the  Cape,  fur  eumpk)  had 
ur»Vr  ihr  oooliut  nl  ivritfnr**,  at  ib-m  mr<  no  I 
■mined  for  ibe  work.  Sir  John  LubbuL,  h>mc>cr, 
cittnmil  hiaiwlf  \»  "ft  CMMbM 

K  ui  )  1111'  It;  I  '•  »li  "«c "  *""**•  l  '<  1I1  >-t<r.tt |ir  •«„ 
»cn<vd  iirun*ailly  f  moirvd  nccm  ia  1  c^RtiWntdf  an 
He  ihufohi  t  wreuiy  nf  enaaidrralhin  <**tebcr  tun 
dlil«  t^tlrta  tax^lit  be  ib.ptH  wWda  w>ia>l  canbW 
fj  n>  .-\Uif\l  I'Himii*  in  htvft  br  aatrwiil  fv 
Caudilortf,  t»bn«w  inlcn-u  hi  J|l^*iiul!utr  b  wil  kita 
Dili  taa«l  \hr  taotrrnrAenl  tu  lb.'  etf  ibbdiracal  «f  a 
L'nrt«ity.  '  h<  1 . . ...  m  ...  |hf  4ni«*.<<al  yn-«a 

Mjl'lrt.*,  |;r»vali*»K  nmi«i;»i  lul  l  t^talt  .ml  4'irr-  « 
llr  di*iin|«mdic>J  the  otcawtiniKr*  m  tt*lii.  where 
iitt|feMni  l.vtt  omnerted  with  'h*  ilintat*,  atad  wit 
•  tt^J*  *if  tauitture  in.  lbr  alra ifthrrr,  wahb  ur  mi 
lhn  omtftrt.  Ibe  Vhnol  nf  ftttt-'.rj,  aiueeovti. 
trWh  *  i»  «*ifdi1i«kod  by  thur  Indian  ii'jvnnwint  in 
wai  •qtfn  tnrr«rt  irac  cit*l  yt*  iSr  f:rx  That 
lbr  dtrbcatiy  tani  U*traf->\4  tajy*  eitnal  air  ore  art* 
thty  die  l«pi.  noi  fut  {ui^kko  «e*  pnrli.  bjl  id  Ucdkca 
*«  ).|iM«**r  md  *t*uit.  la  comlu4<*l  be  u>l  il«r  t^ 
Civw  uVir  beiny  ayeeoral  i<>  Sir  J-dn  l.i-'-l.wV* 
rewrthiQ,  al  ta«  -ootit  lime,  ihcir  btrdjn  with  ttffi 
itu)«iiinnnltik«it  wlikh  ihe  oteiitn/lK  nl|bl  ihakr. 

A  iiAXM  atlirt  nf  r*rvd.  Cretttirr.  •  wul-ltmam  w, 
**  l-.li-THfitlt  cf  l'1-.'WlItr  •■!<.'  Mt.  C  ! 
.)f  t'emlif^iVc  CollrC".  4t»f..fd.  will  »l«n|t  It*  fM/k 
i'ltnra  tuti  ltt^«  It  i»  hi.|«d  liai  ^klt  nt»y  W  *T*f 
ibrtil*  of  a  tablet  vlliin  kill  lem,  ittnn»n.'tvr!Y 
tt-fVit.  1  in  ihlt  c  umif.  nlthiiuih  nw.h  tf'<.ntt:n  tli. 
10  it       ibe  Conilncnt.    IV  'vi*,ntnnf  h;*  Vei 

enndilei:ildy  tnl»ry»-  an- 1  antml  lb»  UA,  AH  lh# 
mrtil*  l<t  be  f"i«d  in  ibe  I  coai-b  aa>l  lbr  Omtaa  cda 
bevn  Uu«f|nt*awd,  aa-|  a  new  dvalrr  rei  ■  Poei  * 
o  bird.  Ihr  ictl  hl«  aaawl  i.tr«lalK  r#n*sl  llrjiga.it 
i.<*ived  *»/iR)  iji-lni  tat  artt  tf  iu1n>rl\  weae  tur  tut 
bbtt<elf  and  lehtrs  V»  tl«  Irmttitnr, 

1  In  ibe  nitki  >d  r/ildar  tht  It/a  im.  are  if  ihr  lant 
«|nrm^cwf  ttitiww^tin  Victim  «in  d  4m,  »j  vu; 
tiw.  ""I  laaMM  were  wr^> '  ;  ml  the  «U  ao 
•M!  wit  ■*»  tcvffr  thu  ittsvi  A  [ttrwta>  e«fM#t  »  j|  4 
1, lf.  '  *  :<  (•  'ir*l  h-.i.-a  '.1  d.-jth  11  it,-  rt.rait-  1c 
I  AWVi'n  /^-•^•w'ei/irfiWra'iriarciJtheifci  ll  1. 

of  tt»w  fill  ji  Virata,  la  «1 
Aunm  ae.1  lbnit  uj  nt>m  QMI0I  ttwjanb  ml  ba- 
the tmft  +vr*  in  in  tt*mM  I  onjht.ai,  uOkoVah 
dilutee  hn  been  dune.  The  le-ntl.  d  I'wnliis  > 
tmi  It  -uJ/wr,  tkc  lot  Um  ^f  tlAj,  ail)  tree;  !«  rm 
in  ihi*  pari  id*  Europe. 


On  rVrliynicbi  the  HaM 
dititiua,  tu  a  m.ehifi  b*  Sir  t 
aaanev  In  lnir*ura  wbtlker.  b) 

nAatat,  rtii  foiett.  at>l  wuuJbn.li  MwM  t*  rendtffl 
mwr.a-.iw     Tbr  yet.|*«a  l  *WI-  *™  ,n,*TO" 

in  tac  aaineet  am  Cutler  ULin  ihiirf  nf  nn>  -ther  f^JT  * 
uV  *.o.td.at        kaJ  ifactcoii  acre*  «ndn  «J 
Mtt  ar»1  attatt  jao.-W"*0      *<  C*  ^ -3F  g?l?5 
»l»-st  the  aetly  eourrtry  «>hor.  a  f..te>t  nttti  "^""^ 
ibe  eneet  of  .deaMine  fceetfrj  m  the  U***  '«  '  riaii:*  M'X 


(  l_*..nm>.*at  n;r.r>l.  wnlmit  ■  I  W*.  luTt  te^ivtd  the  rtf.it-  V  r}y  Uu^>t  %t%ttt 
i  I fw*  a  eoaa-    Ib.i.  it  Snitl)  *  -  lite  t  *.  1  jttt.  Ttai  i-mn-* 

be  etialdlilrownl  »  f"«»1  iclnea  1.1  tin  IVmple  r ibtcnaitrf  t  Ki,'7U»ilm 
nutbf !  In  tW«  Lobiiant.  The  tdater  n'acere  tkat  it 
t<>  >■  a  b*a  uf  the  eiltirm«  nf  tit  Skmy  s"5»fA> 
LiUinul.yh  ateaan  ^.v.v.i|  ||ui  aaitfi  keit/thaaaa 
nntdace*  a  e*ircn|ioatIinc  drrW  it  ■■•<>«.  fw  m 
the  ttHiYhiciI.  ca..V«liraJ,  «nd  m.t +^al  antiaai  a 
all  rw^cy,  >«i  „  w  there  r*  1  OttrW  etaaarai^ettK 
Ml  lA-tlinr  ia  ihrae  welnirn  ooc,am  ek^fi**.  AC 


igitjjed  by  Google 


ray  21,  1885] 


NA  TURE 


63 


.  been  mailt  with  some  zoological  collections  ;  the  aquarium, 
*evor,  has  proved  a  failure,  and  the  vivarium  labours  under  the 
advantage  of  never  being  reached  by  the  sunlight.  Several 
>rt  and  interesting  papers  are  published  with  the  report. 

run  Russian  Government  has  sent  an  official  of  the  Education 
-partment  to  Vienna  to  study  the  State  commercial  and  indus- 
»1  schools  of  Austria,  these  establishments  being  regarded  as 
►dels,  and  the  Russian  Government  intending  to  organise 
lilar  ones. 

The  Fish  Culture  Department  at  the  International  Inventions 
hibition  has  proved  a  great  success  and  attracted  a  large  con- 
urse  of  visitors.  During  the  past  week  many  important  addi- 
>ns  liavc  been  made,  including  a  magnificent  model  of  a  Fish 
ilmre  Establishment  exhibited  by  Mr.  T.  J.  Mann,  and  a 
ries  of  oyster  l*ds,  demonstrative  of  the  process  of  breeding 
nl  fattening  oysters.  A  special  feature  has  been  made  of 
•slcrs  this  year  in  the  Aquarium,  where  they  arc  to  be  seen  in 
jmcrous  varieties  imported  from  various  quarters  of  the  glol>c. 
1  close  proximity  to  them  are  exhibited  various  dredges  and 
oplcments  used  in  this  particular  fishery. 

Tut.  Count  Lutkc  Medal  of  the  Russian  Geographical  Society 
as  been  awarded  this  year  to  a  work  which  deserves  a  special 
r.tice.    It  is  Prof.  N.  J.  Zinger's  work  on  the  determination  of 
me  by  means  of  corresponding  heights  of  different  stars  (trans- 
ted  in  German  by  H.  Kclchncr,  and  published  at  Leipzig  with 
preface  of  O.  W.  Struve,  under  the  title  :  "  Die  Zcitbcstimm- 
ng  aus  corrcspon  lirenden  Hohen  verschiedener  Sterne.")  The 
etcrmination  of  time  with  great  exactitude,  for  telegraphic 
ctcrminations  of  longitudes  by  means  of  easily  transportable 
istruments,  has  already  occupied  the  Pulkowa  astronomers. 
V.  Struve  and  W.  K.  Dollen  proposed  very  skilful  methods  of 
bscrvations.    The  latter  had  proposed  to  determine  the  time 
■y  means  of  a  special  Repsold's  circle  from  two  passages  of 
wo  stars  in  the  prime  vertical.    The  exactitude  reached  by  this 
leans  was  from  ct'05  to  o  06  of  a  second  ;  the  circle  had  to 
emain  in  an  unaltered  position  for  no  more  than  five  or  six 
ninutcs ;  but  the  whole  observation  took  about  forty  minutes. 
Vol.  Zinger's  method,  which  is  a  further  development  of  the 
»ork  begun  by  Maupertuis,   Gibers,   Ilauss,  Detambrc,  and 
Knorre,  consists  in  making  two  successive  observations  of  two 
tars  chosen  for  that  purpose,  at  the  same  altitude,  by  mean-,  of 
my  instruments  which  may  not  be  divided  with  great  perfection, 
iut  whose  level  would  only  show  the  changes  the  telescope  may 
jndcrgo  when  directed  on  two  different  azimuths.    This  method 
*as  met  first  with  some  coolness,  on  account  of  the  difficulty  of 
Ending  two  stars  which  would  culminate  soon  alter  one  another 
*t  the  same  altitude.    Rut  M.  Zinger  has  shown  that  even  with 
a  moderate  telescope  it  is  easy  to  have  two  stars  easily  found  and 
pretty  well  seen  at  daylight  which  pass  at  the  same  altitude  at 
an  average  of  no  more  than  nine  minutes  one  after  another. 
His  tables  render  the  task  of  finding  such  stars  very  easy,  there 
king  in   moderate  latitudes  no  less  than  160  pairs  of  stars 
appropriate  to  that  purpose.    As  to  the  ease  and  accuracy  of 
the  method,  it  is  sufficient  to  say  that  time  is  determined  with  a 
probable  error  of  no  more  than  0TJ4  of  a  second  in  no  more  than 
half  an  hour,  without  even  making  use  of  the  divisions  of  the 
kepsold  circle,  and  with  only  one  reading  of  the  microscope. 
Yor  several  years  Trof.  Zinger's  method  has  been  submitted  to  a 
*ery  extensive  lest  by  Russian  astronomers.    So  we  learn  from 
Gen.  Koversky's  analysis  of  it,  published  in  the  last  "Annual 
j<*port "  of  the  Geographical  Society,  that,  when  determining 
oy  means  of  light-signals  the  difference  of  longitudes  between 
"ttixova  and  I'arlovsk,  and  using  a  very  plain  instrument  pre- 
pared by  M.  braucr  on  M.  Zinger's  principles,  the  difference 
Wu  Artcrmincd  with  an  crror  0(  only  one-fiftieth  of  a 
■«*"•■   M.  Pyertsoff,  in  MongoJia.  Gcn.  Stebnitzky,   in  the 


Caucasus,  who  considers  the  determinations  of  time  from  corre- 
sponding heights  of  two  stars  quite  as  accurate  as  that  deduced 
from  zenithal  distances  taken  with  a  Rcpsold  circle,  but  far 
shorter  and  easier  ;  the  Russian  officers  in  Bulgaria,  who  have 
determined  with  telegraphic  signals  the  longitudes  of  thirty-seven 
places  in  less  than  seventy  evenings,  spending  no  more  than 
three  hours  each  evening  for  a  determination  which  gave  the 
longitude  with  an  error  of  only  0-04  to  0'02  of  a  second  ;  the 
measurements  around  Omsk  in  1878  ;  those  of  M.  Gladysheff  in 
the  Transcaspian,  and  of  M.  Mionczyorski  on  the  Ural  in 
1882-84 — all  these  have  been  made  on  the  same  method  of  Prof. 
Zinger,  which  has  now  liecome  the  most  familiar  one  with  Russian 
astronomers.  The  measurements  arc  usually  made  with  a  Reps- 
old's  circle,  which  is  ready  for  work  half  an  hour  after  the 
astronomer  has  arrived  at  the  place  whose  longitude  he  proposes 
to  determine  ;  and  in  chronomclrieal  expeditions  five  minutes  to 
a  quarter  of  an  hour  of  a  bright  sky  give  the  [lossibility  of 
measuring  the  longitude  with  an  accuracy  quite  sufficient  for 
geographical  purposes. 

The  additions  to  the  Zoological  Society's  Gardens  during  the 
past  week  include  a  Macaque  Monkey  (Macirus  cynomol^us  9  > 
from  India,  presented  by  Mr.  James  Fleming ;  a  Common 
Badger  {Melts  t.t.yus),  British,  presented  by  Mr.  C.  Ethelstonc 

parte;  a   Wild  Ass  (fyuus  lanhpus  6)  from  the  Island 

of  Diego  Garcia,  Chagos  Archipelago,  presented  by  Mr.  F.  D. 
Lambert,  jun.  ;  a  Common  Squirrel  {Seiurtu  vulgaris),  British, 
presented  by  Mrs.  G.  A.  Smith  ;  four  Red-faced j  Weaver  Birds 
(f\>uha  erylhrops)  from  South  Africa,  a  Grenadier  Weaver  Bird 
{EupUttes  oryx)  from  West  Africa,  presented  by  Mrs.  Herman 
Kuhne;  a  Dominican  Kestrel  (Tinnuttculus  ,/jminicensis),  a 

  Bittern  (Ardettn   ),  three  Martinican  Doves  {Ztnaida 

marliniatna),  two  Moustache  Ground  Doves  [Gejtrygon 
mysla(ta),  a  Tuberculated  Iguana  {/guana  tuUrculaUi)  from  the 
West  Indies,  presented  by  Dr.  A.  P.  Boon  ;  two  Harvest  Mice 
{A/ms  mmutus),  British,  presented  by  Mr.  G.  W.  Oldficld  ;  two 
Dcmeraran  Cock  of  the  Rocks  (Kupkota  enw  £  £ )  from 
Demcrara,  presented  by  Mr.  T.  C.  Edwards-Moss  ;  two  Mute 
Swans  (Cy^uus  <'A"-),  British,  presented  by  Mr.  J.  W.  Gibson  ; 
a  Horned  Lizard  {PhryHosoma  (ornutum)  from  Texas,  presented 
by  Master  C.  A.  Greeven  ;  three  Common  Vipers  ( Vipera  form), 
British,  presented  by  Mr.  W.  II.  B.  Pain;  four  White-faced 
Tree-Ducks  {D/iuinxygna  lUuata),  a  White  Gannet  {Su/j 
pistalti)  from  Brazil,  deposited  ;  a  Dark  Green  Snake  (Zamenis 
a/rvvire„s),  South  European,  purchased. 


GEOGRAPHICAL  NOTES 
The  following  message  from  Col.  Prjevalsky,  dated  Lob  Nor, 
March  15  (probably  O.S.),  is  published  in  the  Invzlide  Ruist  :— 
"  During  the  last  autumn  and  winter  we  visited  Eastern  Zaidam 
as  tar  as  Lob  Nor.   The  middle  range  of  the  Kucn  Lun,  hitherto 
unknown,  has  been  examined  with  sufficient  care.    The  ancient 
route  leading  from    Khotcn  to  China  has  been  found  and 
thoroughly  explored.    We  have  also  discovered  three  enormous 
snow  peaks,  to  which  we  have  given  the  names  of  Muscovite, 
Columbus,  and  Enigmatical.    The  most  elevated  1  oint  of  the 
first-named  is  Mount  Kremlin,  of  the  second  Mount  Djinn,  and 
of  the  third  the  Crown  of  Monomachus,  which  are  all  of  a 
higher  elevation  than  20,000  feet  above  the  sea.    The  Thibetan 
plateau,  skirting  the  middle  Kuen  Lun,  has  an  average  height 
of  4000  feel.     No  inhabitants  were  met  with  except  in  the 
Southern  Zaidam.    Further  to  the  west  the  flora  and  fauna  of 
the  desert  are  extremely  poor.    In  the  month  of  December  the 
cold  was  so  intense  that  the  mercury  froze.    We  passed  the 
month  of  February  and  the  first  fortnight  of  March  at  Lob  Nor. 
We  arc  just  about  to  set  out  again,  with  the  intention  of  crossing 
Cherchen,  for  the  purpose  of  reaching  Kiria,  in  the  district  of 
Khotcn.    During  the  three  months  of  summer  we  shall  traverse 
Northern  Thibet,  if  the  Chinese  do  not  oppose  us,  and  in  the 
autumn  we  shall  return  to  our  own  Turkesun.    We  are  all  « 
good  health." 


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->4 


MA  TURK 


[May  2X 


THI.  I  cm  i« »txr  uf  Lkc /its  ■/•»  of  the  Kuwi**  f^aYJjMjMjM 
SorWn- 1  |U(,  i)  <xa*iain»  «  very  (Merest  try  pap*',  by  M.  I  .*•«*», 
nn  *' Sajlh-Ka«ttrn  Tunumanii. "  with  *  map,  thirteen  raw***  tn 
an  inch,  i>f  ihr  rt(i<a  hrtwwn  Men-  anil  lief  al.  Hit*  paper 
onrw.f*  .if  i  charavr  <*i  lh«  nctmtnxm  of.  Mtr v  :  i  li  h  •  uf  iVe 
fownty  from  roL.xsn  In  Wnj-ilrh  and  in  the  Steppe*  |  *  ft© 
graphical  dtrtth  uf  N»a*h-W*«t  Tmnwnii  :  *»J  x  ir*n*u)»>o 
ot  SU  Henry  tbiwlin*  n't  Mfcftj  *.*  which  M.  I*>»aV«  icwm*  uf 
hi*  bnl  ►wir*ct  «n»  ac<oa»pant#*(  In  the  AioWwii  of  the  RntaJ 
v.t  i|i)i>.  il  v.. ,-ts.  *  i  *  —  itmirk*  h»  ihi  *«hot  0m 
AM*h'*  retMiio  <«  SgUlh  Wrvi  TuroaaAnu  uul  the  rivlhyr 
*rt  ti«Ji-'.ilr>l  iu  t*.  ij-(Kti  ti*.  The  Kr>*cta|4ical  dcwtlp- 
tion  ihr  rryfcet  c-*xtpri.«M  Iwtwctn  the  u**i»  uf  Met*,  ill* 
Weight) ,  the  Borkho  nmimLiiua,  and  ibe  Hasi  ru'..  which 
nqpun  i>  •ievenhed  w  "  South-  Wr-larn  Turoxnama,  i. 
— nu-MjIlj  worthy  «f  me,  if*,  *«  a  tatwalJc  entilntitfton  to  the 
(i  "graph;  uf  the  region. 

TMk  Oflwraiumt  d  InHu  kn  nWed*-l  to  appoint  Mr.  Sty 
Elta.  tin*  nf  ihr  tncit  .htttngoiihrti  uf  out  <  hair*«  inurUtr*, 
and  «t  pre****,  F«g(i«h  t  "n«i«'»  «K?  in  |j>l*kh,  t»  id  a*  | 
Rrai**  CumiiI  M  VnkiOil  aM  K>>h*T.*r. 

Mfc..  tlot>U.K  ItJMtt  Y  *t*id*  In  ihc  Tine  m«*  nf  the  «f«  I 
mum  nf  tW  key.  &  «>r«,nftlt,  F.R  li.S.,  in  the  Hiptau 
M""  (im'  ty'»  vrMUtv  the  /'..it*,  ailrt  l  tot/age  no  ttir 

l(Krf  c  "nt"  Kl*n  h>.«i  Mmliy   Pbul  lii  Sunlrv  Fall.,  * 

■luiateoc  uf  lobo  nnlr*.    If.  ha*     |'  1  *  imny  uf  the  tnlw-  i 

talk*  tan  ibe  *u*— *hr  Molting*  M  4*  jp'  S.  Ilt.»  the  I'knv  to> 
1'  y*  y..  and  thf  Lattlanji  to  t"  $0'  S.    Tlae  Mlaare  *»  I 
naeegmtaV'  .  n'y  for  trs  uf  iwifVr  nuW*  frum  it*  TM«l.rJi  with 
Ihc  Cunt",  wtc*  vj»*n»ft»  >m  -Iu  The  Murus^i  i-  a 

*<ae  ilitf.  tnt  tW  |Mfl|  are  kii  wiM. 

1%  3  reomt  numio  of  An  1 1      I!  j  .  ■,.  ,  uf 

'inlha.  nukr*  in  bnisotant  nj*p.-«.Ki         rqtM>t  M  n|**m« 
*ioa»  in  Afttta..    IK*  n>}ini*oil  i\k  ilcatlli  uf  ttxtrUt  ©ntdTi- 
fior*  an  biatulr.  ^ncnnJc,  tn  I  lutght*  in  ihr  im*r»«of  thi.'  I 
cnUiMM,     Fot  IM^ier,  arilh  f^'ir  I  t<i  tlir  (TlCltef  p.in  >«f 
N«nh  Africa  «c  an-  i*|trn4ent       ihrne  nf  Va#el  a»l  Kwili. 
whllr  al  >■  t.  U  Air  1.  •  ilr.w    /  l.ivan^«lun«  11.  aJan.»>t  the  • 
onn  w«  hit*.     Lit*  a  Ihc  tar-trW  irf  ihr  t'lf*  Colow.  <i< 
Onnfc  hitc  Sfjl«,  Ok  Tnn>*iat.  Nsiiu>nia!«*L  t»jc  | 
dr»cft.  uttt  Vt»>i*Vt*c  uf  nut  tjutt^tm  »  *<ilt  •  lha-  jit.  More 
r*  hnu«a  of  th-  crural  na.1  loar-r  CdMI  »»i  lhf  cnM.  To 
rtmr  k  thc-w  iifr,*..  ||<n  Iht-.nuhl  in.>tK*nf>  .[cueiaphKii 
n£**4mti  m  Africa  ,yVl  «.r,rt  thM  thr  RfMNhMll 
1^  tulaltriilnl.    Vunag  nun  xkiiiM  he  tr.unrl  in  tnik»  idni>  . 
11  ■:..,..]..!.    ■.,.    f;  ,  hji.^nrinial  n,f i^i^  nv  m*  not llilierjnr*. 
yW  MlM  l^ao^thnl  nn  txt  foyie  waih  -anutatc  *0* 
nf  HMnunrnit     Thf  ru«r*  mj^^cU  >k  ibe  ffuVirlnei  01 
tif.  |w*n,  ihnugh  Sitllilan*.  10  ihr  Zjml>r«i  i  IJI  l»»*t(v« 
"•J   t->  Sirfhlju,! :  431  C*|K   T  mn.  lhi<xu;h  X»ni»  i*.il»l 
«l<l  Piirunlm  !.  10  tllc  /vnlK.i ;  (41  L^*^  to  /ut«l*»  .  <5*  , 
t«uiUu  tu  laW    I  'jj^ian  >o,-Un.    (M  Ihit    Lo«rrr  NsTff. 
Ihr  itmnMmt  t-<  Kftwt.wni  .  U^awfinM  Cmm  K>  ^^,nhu'lu,,  1  1 
l»l  III) HU| im tMMQM |  <utTriH»«°Sw.«o;<ioill<^»'1'  , 
tht:uKh  K-jIij  in  I  l(..tfiu,  rn  KnU    All  i-ctiotr.  «niil.T*tinn*,  | 
he         ntuhl      o*»k  of>Ki»aitluna  tt«i*«  a  vmnl  iticnnru  . 
on-t*. 

M.  RAMW,  tU  Ihrtil^  „f  the  N.tnra.1  MlnMI  Mf*««  11  I 
* •""*-.  h««  l«ftn..MffC  1  b,  rh-  KuvMin  t^fttrnmanl  10  taweHa- 
tmm  sviumaan  «y»i,m,  nf       |„tr.|«  luj.h  of  Tra»-<  "t"1-1 
■H  kli.ira»aax  lartvrvn  Afdiol  ami  AU  U>Jj  "*> 
Elbun  •*  thr  mm, 

Ftcnn  a^MM  *J.lrc*«J  I?  Col.  Ftikn%  '»<  Arycminr 
Ntolvr  of  Mnrate  on  law  h»  a»ilu.in  H>«Hli>>  ft" 

Ftln-iMyo  Uirtt,  11  .tpprai.  ilui  iiw*  .imiiv  »•  »nly  n-Tifthf* 
fur  tiiihty  ftna  nt  month  in  tb*  Ru.  NnM  ■*  ,u  " 

l\«aV»ar.  -|,#  K10  Hutulo     F«t  mile*  hi*er  ihr  rif«U 
nxner .  I*,**  |<  ih.-a  «ily  )«/*  fert  of  *J«f»,  !»•  '* 
n»nrm  an, I  w,7  .-ci^ouk  an!  ihc  «rr«il  *wtll. 
vaicn  arc  |ia<  In  minnn.  wVxh  thf  tn««llrT  cr.*-**>»- 

mwtwiB,  :hr         hj,t  fiivi.  tu,n,w,uy,  »~!  'ow%f 
»**  unit  K<-a«rlr*lir4  with  tauA  InMNe  and  jh*f  J^ 
■tew*.    Durini  hi.  .in  c«  ,ht  ChJO  W  icv-trf  *      h*  ^  *,„ 
-••ilt^W  Inliai,,  jlUwiri,  tVrir  traU*  «rrt  -tlH  "223 ... 
ijHNk    .  ^.  uf  h,,  ofn^hau  Urn  .c*  wi.h  the  clwyf^ggf; 

f«  the  rerafc-atit.  <4  i)K   \  ir—  -  m-i*.  »»4  "  ***  ** 


llnry  have  bem  ot* until,  the  uufM  whirh  arc  lo  acton 
inablu-xlaiin  uf  Oar  >iumal  of  the  tnumon  vxiJI  be  iirnim 

A  ■  >. *  m  v'.  to i»r  : ■.«*■■  viW  rfW  /«/m  »  trmfrrenK  t 
• «  M.tnA  )l,  lr*  irl«vra>tS.  tevwn  ihr  M*ltui«rnc  aa> 
liramtar*  *>f  ttS«  (*>««/raffiiial  Sntirtjr  uf  AiihmIM|  ^ 
iwtn  nf  Nam  Tiuinrn  **f*V>raiinni.  ||  m  .Uxadnl  to 
Mr  II  O,  ForhM'f  ri|*titii<tt,  to  ihc  ntrnt  of  $m/.t 
dnitin  that  thrtvuCnlnnin  mcivc  o>|ii»  of  iW  ciplor 

III' I  <fc*|tUChr*.  nn>1  JaplKKct  uf  bi>  ntllmara  nf  if] 
The  Cunfttcntc  itau  '■  :  !  '  lu  amil  an  in<K|trn(1rni  c: 
frum  :hc  Airit  River,  the  .-i.it      in  "<  itrfravo 

Society  TU  ti|wililwt  h*>  ptncctl  unier  th*  Lrail 
Cjpt.  Kwrrll,  who  will  U  vccwpanicl  by  llcrrvon  L« 

Tint  Repun  ran  th*  imlr  ..f  I'mli  by  Mr  Cumal  u  ' 
wVjrh  hj*  ju«  t*«rn  hcaWc  l^uinaacnt.  o>nu*ai  a«a 
cuintf  ttmmm  the  (•••[■iJbl»j«  nf  fVw,  in  onlrr  i 
hokt  far  iht  (.■•'inl'y  ha*  inutrmi  from  the  cfintla  of  t 
limine  »f  1K71  72.  The  arm  ^/  tin  uVtaaanluu  nf  the 
li*«4/i*>N  "l'J«w  kilumfirr>*,  ntd  th*  (Hytilaiisa  h  e*ta* 
f.iWj^cajn,  maainwl  in  <»»  town*  «*th  a  tual  |»fiul 
l.'HVr.  while  tlar  Vtliagc*  an  J  raw  it  dataacti 
J,7So,rwx>.  arat  the  r*-ui*U  arc  *.i:mi!t-l  at  7,tci),Hon 
l'jii  Ukl  ■  r.  1  -  ?  'i-.-*  !i;  iit-*i  .  r  ..[  n  «iiJ  {.  ..ti  atJ'lr  , 
Arab,  outnbrr  5 j.oja  ;  Turk*.  iu.ax>;  Kunh  and 
Ijt.ma;  HrWU  savl  L*ip*wc.  4.140;  Hikttmrit  am 
4b.dPO.  Th*  •tatttlirt./  rhr  carrihaTr!  ^aedct.  6,Ht 
Suoni*  ami  xlarr  M'raontDae-Jin  •ret*.  700.000 ;  I'ararn 
Jcva.  t%0gi  AlllieninnN  4j.ox*i  Votoruut.  an  J  Chi 
jj,er«.  iH  llae  Armeniui  pepiiltlttn  p'S  per  crn:.  an 
.mi  47  x  femafev  tif  th«  MuvuiImw  pupulsfMO  tie  raw 
ta^r llun  U  |0'5  per  ccttl  female.  nm|  «u  j  rnaja.  The  ft. 
a*  a  b-t  of  mim  t'mun  tuwn*  war. '  ha.tr  iniecliir  non«f 


ff*4.6)u  Innjn 


Tilccca 

h|iahnn  .  .    60,000  '.->  *cacaun  J  C-inatl 
Yct*J  40.000  I  Rcahi  <mtUhm  nj- 

Kmmo  .  4I1I70        ■"  ■   ■  'li{f»i 

■vhiraj  .  .  A.lnlg.) 

Shuiti*r  unilcr  an.ooo  NiJuforc... 

Dirfnl  1  J.nw  Sebarvar   

II  una;  tut   iO.OOO  1  Mr**r*  ...    ..,  , 

Kernunahali  -  .    ...      10.000  |  lUUjnal   

Han  Oil  a*    jo.uoo  Korea 

MarJtha  ...      IJ.2SO    Mnnrb      ,    _  ,„ 

H„,.ji*ulak    i-i    ...       $,ooo    Muhatmri         w  1 

Mt.  l>kkM4a,  Inking  the  m^ftm  ln»«i  ibr  fti|ici 
Wimal  ficure*  he  ha*  nUitneil.  cOitula  the  |lpaafcli 
Trbcran  at  »l»*tt  ll^nm,  wtule  CM  lb"*  Kiauln  li 
flnJurc  at  7o.o:a» 

|N  t- ,'•  '«.  JfmHtU  *..L  •  *.!>  ,(.  iir,  Amer*  lw  i%hi 
the  reoilU  of  hi*  rcacanita><  .inlonhilatoH  ilui  ihc  [aag 
nf  -ante  plwe>  In  A-    ■  Si«»  i^fk  JaU  nill  Itw  I 

.tltere-l  r»y  the  mull  uf  the  tlrarrniltraet  of  tine  JArr. 
Innctio  >r  la*tia*«fn  FM  Iramnt  ml  DatuninA  iliui  ee 
.tmit  irartKiilan  mi  ^aily  ««*  ihit  Mb  km  f. 

to  baj:— 


I    '        1  !•  fl     ,    t  t 
H  WamUni 

Mrlbnnnc 
..         A  VlUile  . 


h  « 


rim 

9  J9  J4-P 

UrOMlAknOM  hn*  t^rtt  am-nrii,  laibn  rf  ike  .kslk  it 
Canicto^..  nf  U-«  i  niy.  ty  ^^Sll 
.iKntn  -cnt  «M  tn  rai  lora  ihat  |*r<a*.Urki. 

1,1  .Iw  t.iiv,  limn..  1. .11:1.11.  «m.»n«riiil  r.„  ~T 

twl  lMc.<  Ihc  .kino.    Ini,  „  SSTlTSH? 
gg;   M«4  rrfwa 


MwaaMflt 

•aag  I*- .1,1,1, ..k,^, lt,  •; ,"*'7*J 


"  ataaaaaai  ^*  pMki  n«.  .  k.  M 


AcJ>A?   Tit  a 


.  cuiumcnckne  at 
on  t<>  34,    >»  MM 


Time  at  Sun^i, 
toviti-i<a,  Jtali.   5'jm.  I 

Dti.t  ou  meridian 

..  JN. 

...      SI   41  V 

a  ...  1 4  S"  N 
[*■  ...  ■  J  «S  N 
3S     ...     as  *i  N . 

following  <lay 


3  5 


1.  .  to  -..:> 

lt.VBt»»«l  )• 

...    148  *5i 


40  |-  ©•*■ 

.     1  -.  I.  Mi  WW* 

JO    JS  '• 

JO    5O  IV.  <••:>■.  "''i' 

-  »»*•»'•  T* 

ri.3n^ii..nf...i>'  **** 
„,„.«»>>  »»•>  V  '> 


...  1...  .  now 
'"*  **   C    .0  »c  ilci-""" 

I  m    .11  »'  "'V 

&?gzsz&»  

J«t «"  "  not*)  •< 

„tt  to*»«2dK».  «  

1  *«»>•••  •   , ' , . 

k,„(  ..,.r  l»" '  ■' 

.ull  in  »"'•";',„  • 

 : !  ■ 

tea**  M^'  ■**■"  ** 

■  ■  ...  iti  •< 


aprctai  •kill— non  lo*l  —  m  ewhiva^ini*  «r»  rith.  Wuattver  ihu 
may  M*l  art«uifttr*t  l»\  *t  ri  (fftiin  tk.11  w>«lrrn  ticnijw  bu 
entirely  ixj;K\-ifl  tin-  citllJiatNXi,  unl  mm  ibe  ibiv  of  tea 
tKhciiet.  It  Ii.i.  hc<*n  ibe  mciIi  <4  rlir  Fl-a  L'umiuhui  yf  rfcc 
l_"liilol  SUtr*  In  male  Itir  lll*l  .iltrmi  t  in  aan-lrrs  li»r*  f •>  .|»a| 
Willi  +cA  fi-herica  ui  ihr  vpirri  of  (iviliuii-*!,  Ikil  i*  1/  men  wLi 
-ir.  •  li  t  rnunet  m  11 11  |.  r-:.iii  |  anl  f ntitr  4,  J  «•  <bf  ,>  It akii;c  .  f 
lUvir  net',  lb*  fjwrati  im  ■  n.viirt,  nttwr  ikin  ro  trafe  lbita*i 
to  cliancr.  the  vnkaaiwn  •k*»t**j»aaent  r4  |ttiy>ie.il  cuitek 

five  tlliect  <KurT*  of  the  AnKiKin  Ci>inM»*to^  Mil  iht 
kn<twk\l^'  tibuh  n.l-«tlhi  mi-*  lu»r  MLtuihaAjlei  will  r#xinl 
r>i  t"i-K«'.  Willi  nil  t(v*i,;ui:tt<  Lai  m  lltr  ic^ulilam  3tti  drttwp* 
nieftt  of  f>«hiarif»v  nV>  nul  i-n*lJ*  ui  al  |rr*»ml  in  umvci  many  of 
tlif  .jiicl»"0«  Wtlb  rrjnrl  Ui  ililTrn*W  wj  fi*W«  whfeh  M 
HMMhI]  lnjnifr  1<»  know  if  w*  tr%'  In  <ltaf  lit*  rr Ltuaublt, 
IHiii-lWal  men  »ilN  mtr  AOwrin,  •>>  J<  HPffutv  then,  fe|  nrti 
%d  .11  fi  ]ir.n-iil  thru  t'McHiili)A1l<m. 

Al  1  lie  lair  KinlKtlc*  l.xltllrfl*«  Ci«Hf«MCK  tits  wimul 
try,  the  nne  nnajitra<<M>  •fx.'ttu*!.  «u  "  inurr  iauvtolpf  !  *  Wt 
CailO1*!  tell  wlli'th*!  !*-*Jn-ir.n»I/wrt  oab  tcuibculi  it  injun>>hrt 
.ir  tfi<t  tn  *xnr  i>f  mi  m  »i  vifci:il>W  -<a  fc-ht-t,  mill  »f  lute 
mat%  W<-  K.iw  out  .bJL-vi.i  •  ■  ■        !.;■   |n  itlr 

n*  Hi  *»rlh*I  n  «j»mi1iI  f»«io»(  mmj  Iwrtwg  (,'r-^ilVl-  to  l&ew 
fiMllirt  ncfatir-A,  If  rltr  h«b«TTnm  mw  kf*  <iB  Ikow  grouuil*  for 
a  few  y<ai*. 

»»« iir-4  itnuii  Mbi  arr  £ells*C  «nuwer  r*rfy  rear  ;  *r 

kn»*  n-tlltmc  aboul  »«lc^»  *t»l  »o  «r  raa>  <**  n  IHihk  to  rrsinty 
t'vir  iitfikliruW  inifvM»lny  iliitHniilioil. 

W«  ilu  ii"*  Uwm  why  iw»lct*  are  VMQt,  ut  auw  u*  ntiLr 
itKni  aaore  nt4jn<Lifit-  A  few  haf'tiuanil  illrni|Hi  I  •  iuIhi  if< 
„\  .ir-t  ■-  arr  in**  ni'l  ib*»  otaJe,  li*l  bafr  fewlloJ  ui  .111  imm;ti  r 
Ut^>i  w*»nry  rilltei  th*»  id  ptt,  l>reno>r  w«  i>  me  knnw  all 
a,ta»n  MrMn  in  ■*lfnf>  l'^i**  •l«-"»*fc>J  *»«y  «a  whkb  »e 
kiuw  all  tllxiul  avbral,  01  (II  aU*h  \  >z*  ■  <  ih«!tcai. 

tV«  ■!«•  u<  iniiw  wky  -miic  li*l»'*  itvim  m  utrir  (boil*  jMjr 
ai* rr  }■:»  al  iciiawi  »eawa>«  (Kit  crrHtt  *|— t*.  iml  l\ea  l«  rhy 
•iMiny  iif  tlie  fi*lter»»*ri  *u.l  lrnlr  <t*r  »(>  rwt  |>a**iiv  ilut  way. 
Wei***"  kiw*w  *biib«r  nmU  ha l eh  U«  y.*inj  iif  t-.W*,. 
tnriM.  i<"l.  *n  I  OCaatl  \  iliuaV.'  Wn*.  in  I  *avfc  ihr-  «ra  wir% 
llwia  it.  «r  'bt  <^ir  n»n»  ftlth  ff«i  aa>{  ■aln.at. 

W*  Jo  n.»t  know  « bethel  at  c^ail'l  <iwmii  tbr  aatTt »tc  «f  tUffl 
Itihe*  I7  (utiie.itiiu      'I'1-'  *<*  ib*ir  f»»vMfiif  f.*»l.    (n  unity 
w,  .[,»  if  it  knnu  what  tlirlt  fuoil  It 

W    .imi!  kr-i«f  whelhii  wc  wi«h!  MNiM  tWr^e  I'nW'  I  f 
.letltolirtj  tin-It  in-mii-. 

In  it.  t,  we  ha><*  e»e*««bn4[ty  link;  <it»«Jt  tbr  rnifMIe  tirlaitt  of 
•U  kte  *"  niaatlM  wwaiaaaV,       •      *v  *'*n  '"  i>f*'  »«h  *» 
Itk*:  rational  nii«,  we  «iu*4  ewl  -alt  ihr-r  aamulc  tkialls 
ji^cia-lwliy  ii|'|-*y  'l»  la.3^lc-Ve  —linlav-i 

lataf  M*«7  •»  th*1  «ea  4i-pe.  (•ftil-lH  WMhhrattt  **•(  Mtfia- 
<|t(L  |iz*or«t[  wnbm  «»till*  nnk*  lit  hi'-  biay  tinl 
«al>ai*(  lei  wJh,  Jn-I  nin*x*a*».*rk' t-t  foi  the  n-trt,  tj  ■aa'maliii. 
•tia'trl  «  maiini;  «loa-n  »I» «»,  it  tb»  »ay  In  mni  fW 

.Mum  in  ..or  knuwb-^  H-nnl. 

Hi.  n*.  i*-rtvi*ol  ranny  yaar.    ip«  in  Inn.-,  .•■(,. 

^rtilfW.mntUt-'ri-  ■•»•»«  ■I,ru"£  nato  cai.'.mt  uu  he 

MrirxtrMCM.  aft*-*  i>"  Aniiman 

Hrar  h  no!.  .#«  >vl.  **l  'Orb  plKV  am  HiMlafirMa  t«  >ba 
i#.[,|,  altJ  «  1.  tii.  .|rVa  »-j  wbi.-h  ike  Maraa*  fli«- 

'  \  ,|  S  .  .  itilu  n,  of  wki  h  inp  U^i>«r(-I  fnrwil,  I'rof.  »f  m  -  1, 
',St  .  I  ii  in  I  M  K  11  (»'•  I  tilKr  WaJ-t  it  j»t1m«,  |«n- 
•  ,^i-.ttKvt  by  1-ttlMinc  an-l  «t.iit»  Utiin/  ■  Kitty  e*iri(fll  ii»4 
),"«'.ttilt  ...  -m  <  I  I.1..n.-«t  iM'l  c%a».niliilH  it  A-jniilwai  -n 
tl  ■  4  It  •(*  1'lyaw-ilh  Sorawl. 

il,V-<nt»o(floc-  M  |titi|»»r  bihHj       laall.l  laaa 

IHWHe  foi  lie     ot.ni,:    -i  ■  of  -'l-nin 

t      IV  .  title  <l«  brwrf  aail  r*-w-t  ^Watlg  ^ 

J hV;'...u.  tW«l.  i-hrvn  in  f.aW 


■Lkl  I..  1  iLe  l^Ml  i«  '< 

"^■'"r-iS  «!«*•«•   "  «••  »"!'■' 

f0'  .7.  f.  in,  ....-M..I-  -<  Ai  I'H.ii.jI  Ii.I.  in. in.  ji- 
•»••>•  '  ■,        ||„Y  mil   r««'»"  '1  «'l  *  Mi*'l|  rila 


Google 


t**in  W  nut '-nil  aalvaU.  I'll  artaalltr  iraliifcw*  tAtc  to  the 
practical  **Ikt»»b  ;  awl  w  the  mjwnl*  at  thr  »wl  tl<«c  In  flit 
bcw  nuM  ItlHiriwy  vhkli  Wtil  tr  puMnhnl  hr  the  Atwoil 
tint,  I  •!»  tt-jt  (lwht  Uut  the  hi*H  f<«r  IrtMr  lactation  awl  fc« 

■        i  .'.     ;    ■   ;  -r.  'Millie  ft!  ! 

I  may  ban.  ivwnrr  in  mention  •.mti/  ihc  re»"tt»  n'linnul  (7 
ra*  atom*  «T  ik*  nalaaalaati  wa«  fotm  tltc  Vniir-4  Stat**  Kt»n 
Owmirwn- if  ibr  brail  ct  which  i*  fW.  Sprntrr  Klir*  1 
wool*.  hmr«*vr,  raprtiailt  itnnrfc  that  ihv  CcminWnn  h*- 
Oftla  hern  M  w«>lk  fm  fell  yean,  awt  •»-H  arry  ijrraa  praitaral 
iwihdtin'i:  ■••  >'  ■«"»       \         ammatf  "I  annn 

faltfe  h>»  in  l«  oldlnc!  hvfmc  wt  cm  iltftl  prarta-ally  with  all 
Ihc  *..t«.  11.  I  ia»U  til  «*  It-1  r .  1  ia»l  H  It  iu  nr  <  t  < -  * ■<*  of  1'" 
wutrlctfal  Mflct|  a»1  mmif-iJ  the  AatrrUa*  nil*  rail  tit  tint 
ibry  haTC  »|nra>ty  Iwni  it  hit  tu  ilu  vluu  iImt  ti»tc  -Lor  Ui  ihc 
pntciitai  itmviinr. 

Pmf.  toir J  Aa*  n«r»r*tlly  attraarird  !•»  attitVulJy  « I' it-alt- 
Md-4»br*.  It  »i'f»5  m  himlAAf  It  l<  btttff,  *l  ir  pn-Mhlf, 
In  tt(i|<nnli  ihr  -wii  If  I'mLm*;  lhefll  web  )«ltl£  (t<h,  In  t.il.r 
thr  |il)iv  o|  ihrnc  i«ftr-«<l  If  fMmwra.  Mtfcrf  ibid  In  iml»*r 
kfiiittlvf  tMifKliutf  rv)  tcaakit*  twit  in*  n-V-mirw.  Tlir 
attrtit|il  !*•  at  tifirtaOy  cahifjHr  m-i  tl«h  1*  an  iihniralilr  raampb 
•Y  ific  rrhttnn  nf  witnuiir  knnnltilg* — that  t*.  ihonwtfh  aail 
dinc'tcartiinr,  l.n"*V-j*f — in  practical  tvimnrMal  oa,1*'  •'•  *•». 

Tbarv  »r  twn  •littinit  <*«;r*.  In  Lht*  mteu.pt  at  niltfltiaJ  nth- 
vat  1. <n,  Ihr  hr*t  h  lac  witnliSi  Y»fl  maat  a-crrtstn  h<w, 
•  hrn.  tit>J  where  tht  d>h  As; unity  hn*4« ,  tint  miW  fin-l  rail, 
«iLfo!in nit. illy.  I<»w  iw  jinirmr  11*  cxij^t  frr.illte  item,  itnj  kk 
Iht  y.-tnr  In  n  -./r— «i  a  mm  It  Kile.    Tllat  h-  ihc  bw|i 

an*  nf  |V  *ciriilinc  nitwahM.  Wlwn  lir  a«ctftnhirl  nil 
tW  ilttail*  '<f  ih»  fiftcruiua — wna*h  ihtfrr  rtvirv ly  in  it*  no)  «f 
•litTttrtit  tVlit*,  iti'l  u. ay  tifce  yeatx  14  i«r»t.iln--'lin»  »h»  »iT«»nil 
"V  *»  *nlitt.l  'n  Thf  ufnrneic id  mm  iIkii  main  1 
ami  in  ihi  hyht  ul  ll^  Lttxnlnl^  nhlxtnMrnf  him  In  Iht.-  *elt«- 
lifir  nan.  Klc«|  i*  iht  InlrVvy  ra"  thr  ft%«)  <«i  «  br^>  antV— 
nm  by  Ihc  hoard  t>),  hat  hy  it.?  tnilltun. 

Tne  .Atu-ntTtn  I  i«h  L'ntnMMnvl'n  an.  atnlrtlntrn  h  <h  tlft.T* 
-if  ifae  «<  it  hi  i!ic  ^r-un*l  t*  neeaawrily a  Ttryc?»llf  "tc.  A 
»wy  |if>vtTti*tl«jC  "-mil  hat  l**t»  rilntn^l  m  tllr  iili»tiial  hivtilin^ 
o(i>tla.li,  ami  i^vit.  in  ll-r  i*h:  nf  •!*  |K-*)fh  ll.-- 

wp*ral»4i*  «ctr  hete  pm  hy  the  inlhitt.  | 

Acaa^.  in  •Vitmi;  >»-»:li  ihr  Atntfinn  njMtr,  ihr  <'-anmit»Hi 
ltt>«i>t.'ilmil  wkal  imimi'>*  in  Ir  1  irrygrrV  IMffM  IT'tl.titt 
tiftnt*ca>r  w*r#  pwn  | 

U.i  ilnc  |.  in  a-'an.-t  mJna^nl  firll  nf  w-*l,  'rlut  (*■: 
Antrftian  < "omiTitwun- 

l-.atjntinntt*  »r»l  f>1rtrrvnik>ti«  (Iriulii  hi  lh"«- i^itlctl  l*y 
tav  Am*ix-in  OainnU'iufu  wllltt- »«!i-n-ihiK  hi  h  Pn»\.;li-I 
A*to(tM»'«  «t  I  lymcailb,  FiveninjiV,  llif  nrifiriAl  ruliinttinn 
uffkal  aamt  rabaliV  nf  Utaith  h-l*-*,  (he  *uU,  tiitt  )<  at  tare 
laLrn  a*  Kind.  Al  |iR-<ctir  al*««il«ritly  m-lhin^  i*  kn>tMn  «a  In 
Ihr  t|dw|iinf  1  if  ill*  wtj* — ihr  wit  i*h  (■  imt  *^ra  n-<fapll*nl. 
In  tin!  fu*\  util*n>.v  lhj<  tulHilf^l*  At  t'l)»iirth  »ill  •Itnly  ifcr 
etp  ami  ili.-  n><l.  :A  |rt«nlni;>if  1!*  ule,  taA  ikvtr.iy  in*hkh 
ihr  rQjt  »m  frrlaVnt  natarith.  Tltcat  Ihr  urn-  rjajAuMM 
lor  thr  WlftWjj  •  «*  Ihti  STiiinr  fiJi  »pi  U  -iv-cHa«»-l  Afraf  that 
II  will  la  |»<ftihU  l  <  Vitth  n  anal  xumhrr  uf  V*MltC  "irm*  4l>l1 
luift  iht-Mt  mil  taan  I  Uto.Kli  *>i*jMil,  anil  t  -  Jrirt-tinc  an  thU 
pMtkttan  Mia,  wklcSi  H  AJ"»N»lir  aVbplnl  hy  lit  nAtmat 
tltlimilnhiur  f.rf  (Ik  ct|«iimtni,  *Vrtli'T  lW  l»Aa  ^  In'ha 
Sr«*t:l  ha*  V»-n  imrti-til  In  iht  •««imIi>ii 

Stattiir  r«t-rYtiiirnu  wrfl  tn-  Irinl  with  mln r  a  h  ;  anil  aK-i 
kr^iarlntpe  Will  In-  ptmr-1  a-  In  Ibf  I  .J  Viih-v«  n^a,  an-l 
Ihf  imh>  *W't-a  ti*ii  raiinr  tin »i  amtrrm>-nu,  ilid*  kn|tnV<V|  •■n>l 
ihtu  iliaiinmmn  in  <hr  itr<hl »n^h'i  >l  na*  I'Uau nlh. 

Una  >m«M|>r  >ill  l«lj.  a*  In  t»im  airanil  ami  ftfctMr  <«!)• 
riuayrtt  aa  to  tha  'ii|ir»»ftl  injuramii  pfri):  -»l  •trarauawltri 
Uld  oakar  fanrln  nf  tVlitnC.  M>  'l^rl  h>  *,n*'t '"  ' 
taiaal.lt  IrffiUaliwt  In  wpwl  Ml  tltr  wiwi'  w  ^" 
fithirt*  l<-.t  utile)  1.1  obtain  the  ini\ltinini  hmtttl  U"t*  'h» 
hararv  <<  ihr  'ci. 

The  I^cWi  o^rfcT.  NNp#l  MHfca  fc*  **  Amralran  ^et- 
Btnir,  caa  r.  tkaiht  I*  hrouicbt  uinlir  cWml  hy  A  tA.-*<'t3jfi- 
ftmm  \t*v*ie*p-  nf  nil  ihr  <f*mli*ta  DflVu*>ru  *  al  aII 
nf  bfc  ;  aaat  thr*  H  nM  hr  a  fwat  *luiy  nf  t!t^  M 11  in'  ihnl<«>ral 
Atauriaaiiai  (<•  allain.  (Sfaxuraleal  ira^tatlra  «*  P  M  oJ-Mtr 
«act*  hrrr  muttiainl  J 

Ijinly,  lit.  aaMM  nf  "halt"  I*  «■»*  -f  tpr""  ■fort"?^ 
•hit*  a,^  UiaD  Kr  «Mr  tn  tlral  with  ■WMlwiljf  N<*  *™ 
we  find  tuar  ana  cRrtt.Tr  lam*,  u  prelaw!  »ra:latle<i  '-J  tMJt  haw 


mwgrWrtt.  hut  wr  thill  br  t«  iltrorl  ihe  calliv. 
tralanMr  Util*  n»  iht.'  ma»«rl  aaal  ihr  limpet. 

Hurar  it  rr>  Hwl  wlticf*  civf«  iRe  «u  yifiil  a/ 
tmaannaaj  rarawiivnal  vahi*  n?  «eal  iataftian  aa  tKe  a) 

It  Mwtuitfy  ai|tHn v<|  mi  11         ' .  f  «       a*  h«M  In  t 

"Itlfc  ur  f-Wr  MA'lttitJ  on  thU  tn'^rrt,  nr  UfrVrrJ  o 
f*li' lot;  t"»i«  <.hu,i-.,  t"l  il  will  lir  <<ve  ohjerl 
llli>kt>irAl  AwiHtitltn*  in  .-  .Itc.-t  in,-(i  uatblir*.  I 
ti^lnin  aaantttr  /  inT  rrutatiiin  m  to  thr  u«r  ne*  aaan 
l\ii.  lua^n  OlaW«m  l*»3.  an.l  Mar,  $n$, 
r«.|l«  tnp^  lltlh-  kwitet  flihrrr  il  r'tr-nvajth, 
nf  Sfnllual,  ifctttin  tnnt  nf  mnwU  ),it-nt  47,, 
vHpaI-!.  v-m^MI  nm»H  inW.  tn  iKr  *  hctmrat,  it 
•wt  n  ntlHlnn  »»J  a  half  mu^i-l*  ttw  the  athnlr  It 
jroaa  iH  In  mh  »«ti  —  ct  ihc  n.  prnr 

mitMrK  riw  t't  if  mIm  tif  nir^at'  a>nl  fi«  hall 
<ra  llnti  fi*hrr>'4  ««"  ihf  Iwiij.h  noatt  nunc  aaatn 
hnMn^l  iliuntii.t  t> mil  In  a  war— Mil  ne  c=a  . 
CWTM  Jt  the  *Att>'  '»f  tW  fl«h  catij-lit  riy  tai*  hn*rrt| 
IrM.  In  »|illr  -jt  Ihc  i;rr«  fomnnic  uatpalarcr  nf 
l'U  c«an|i)ita  ItMinr  uf  r-|  f  .f.j. 'Ko  mil  £inwih  I* 
aaal  thcaieh  in  Ftarv*  anil  'JrtniKiT  it  It  <  wr  fiflr  in. 
rnlttTir/'l,  arry  f.-vt  rt!»<ni|.t»  hit*  hem  ■gala  on 
OtlM  in  (T*nt  Of  W  AltinHatK  fiv.  ui  mi  .-rl  4t»f 
rmLrthciu  twiherafita  nrm^rtlrt. 

TnU  av  a  kcV«nt  wiia  whlek  a     iiin  tilaa||ni| 
na  tn.  ihwl  in  .1  wry  Ji.nt  tima.    1>k  ttaaj  crnrr, 
aVaUa.*!-  wttfattr1/  .  a|.|.|y  )u  ihr  .niibl  taAJ  iarktrtai 
Ihr  litl.ptl. 

Ur&ar  iXitUi-liii^  (Li.  a\atcl.  of  ihr  wml  ithkh 
ihr  minayrr*  "fa  mtrinr  •vi.-a1  laf«<a.c  at,  |  na> 
«.,r.|.  a.  t  1  pV  nartirr  -i  |1,L.  i,„r.ri,  U|  rm»>nc, 
l.n-uithan  »-ti-,-ri  i» 

Inr  HHaaj  ffMtM  irimiif.f  la'  ciHry  -a*  tlK  11 
rrrttr't  At  N.ii-lr.  1  y  !  ir.  1  inhtti,  a  ilrawlrc  nf  »Ma  i\ 
Thr  .Vi;.Jc-.  lah-iif-ay.  R „t|  Hnl«,  i«w  haa|% 
llUm-hi",  ha-  in-  if- -at  ar^rjrrV..  mA  tannin  t 
*a|KP>l|iiin>  nf  yl-^l  «caW,  A  >'af  nl«nn*ri  ft  r 
Ihi.  >na.  M*J  it  itf.  in  nf  tht  M-aautb*  Ki*e  Uil, 
tlllanh  rinv't-l  !•*  |h<*  > J 1'. lining  nf  JOOVlla  actntj 
h'U*  W  illi  r-g.-nl  |hc  fauna  rn.l  aha>t  t«*  lla>  llay  u 
It  U  Iwlf  MffWl  a*  twat  nf  iW  faaat  ajanattUI 
in*tituia)n»  in  gnaw  tag 

Tht-  |'ntlr>l  St.itr.  ftsk  CuantaWaaj bnav  amtaaV  | 
in  latlr.  T»»tr.iK  «Mi.||  Klurat  ri  *,  t*4  u-  mw  jlaiit  , 
lo,H>V.  uil  l  III  -ai.'it  .t  W.i  I    H  Ir.  mt\  jryteav. 

I'.*-  p  r.t-  jm,...  ■..» '  .  ,..  ftu«am.  Mlactr.cn 
rr-til,thr(*nilr  l-vaU*(. 
KtenaK  a*«mi  itvaaW. 
total  l<  ttWfiJrn.!  ih 
kvty  c*un»ia>  AMiajlinj 
ami  ntc  imi  nhit  A.t  ih 

i    Mi  .1  t;. t;  1  ■ 

trxffi  mimiir,  jiruit- 
rait  tif  ltlt< 


|«a 


■  irt'ii  '  i     1  .   '"  '  *'*X 

't  I  "  !•  "  1  ■'  rj  inrrvi. 
1  Awinv  »t«  aiapaart  I*  |Iih, 
SI      Ihr  InJ  w<|aiir  i*t  ihr 

 '»!-'..   t  1.  ), 


..Vaiinnl  .«t  tin  <.  ii.vt|  Mill,  ii  |»m.«nj  U^r((ltL 
flilhi'IMlK  *4  Ihr  \V.|  tmiu.  ait  a«v  U  |,  „ 
h'-.t.! nf,    o.mpn.inc  mi  ihr  ft,,  rJrTT 

an.1 .,!..»»,  a  <«^cna-  MM 
laaA^    Ttitrracl,  ,|t  .  .t„.am  ^|  aiJ  ^  ^ - 

|l  I  I'lllHI'l^  *  Ml  lA.rfr  hWt.inW.nw.rvw 
plrnKhnl  tw  H  iW  t|„K.  ri  y,  ,  T? 
deaaa  ItMIIth,  w,'J  ky  le^alrnl,  ajaj  |Z  J  ZZ.'H 
who  will  tkl  a«  a'lra.lw      \   *-.i,Tt  .  , 

win  In  t.  Ill  .W,  .,«.driW-i  «„„[„     , '(Ti 

•alar>  "f  Affu*.  »  j"        ,     V  ""C 

Nltat.J,..-  nil)  lr,HH,|  tk*  lil.aw^T.I,,  JJ 

Thr  ffiS  .il,  J  pa  WSfSSSaftfe 

^ia:..^,rj::rrn^ 

thr  rtllMlaflwi  1,  ,KC  K^rfSffl^^* 
rwalH  iht.  a  opI.Ll   •.m  t^^'^^J'  ' 

whiihaa.  MSV^SmL^^ 
«/  .He  Aaaortat™.  fed  naJ^BEjJS,  Sy  S 


—  digitized  by  Google 


Ito  la^HirAlory  in 
n  n  tit    uf  10,000/, 
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Lp*tr*&aOfl«  «>f  th'- 
tii';»t«»rti  '■■  will  «•* 
i,:,rt  •  »,»  urltMH  paita 

,    »•■»    **tteni'y  trn.-t:t 

\Mnm  »t  atwohjiniii 

KgnMktM  n-ntrtt  

!   |H«    k«i%l-r.  ,v  11- 

L-  IvmniiVflf'i  O11I 
lite    uri'al   MM  IW* 

|i  Mttf»M  |,r..«niw  "I 
rc-rn  tin-  Midi  -'I 
iiu«k'.lct  m»«i  bn 

ilcvo.     l»y  u.l..|rtm,: 

i„ty  •■f  tile  |T.il.l«.li>. 
«  ii,vi,i,.i»>ly  lt»H!»1» 
tiict.  nl  v"--""'  ~l 
IMircd,  will  >I«M  "' 
itimtnity . 

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t  l.i-.  KktiOMW  ■  1 
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|nl»*  »h»l  i»  »iiiihii  a*  a  "  linW  "  An«ih«i  *►!»■  mi*  hi 
tlltf  rj-I-tiili..  il  l*>ll>  in»o  .it  iltiti  m  plil4  ,t  ;.i».,  (fe.  thi,  giritrj  a 
minimum  nf  ttitlhctr  «n  it  •part*  n  u>  1,1  r  otTfftl*.  lie  tajlh 
». .<  •  !  tn»»i>  A'Dl  If,  nti'l  ih'Jt  w«  hlVt  illr  •.•t.taUnl  "U*ihr  " 
(  :»miti.  ftinl  the*  1  In-  tuit  «n*  tct  into  tltr  *Hv  of  il*  tr*ttk, 
Atvt  tirffa  <rn>l*  ui  if'-  l-ollt.-  »vic  kft  u|«en,  JtvJ  >t>  «••  hxn  the 

»tp*n  cyliinlci  " — a  friiiuttnl'Ir  »|wnn)rn  *V  fbwljowd^. 
'I  h*'n  tK  i.  hav  Ivra  iwi*  jii'lrn-  ■  /mm  mil  iltiaioM^cf «  — 
Cn»i-IJ*S  ntkt  Nvi**i-iti'«,  MilfitMlitc*  h«n>  *mtn  fixai  ibe 
tli.-^t(i:c   nirtil,*  olililvuifil  l.y  il^  «t<t*llcl     Ttt  gft«nl 

-H»nii-i  1  hi*  the  mt*  kit  lie**  tt-  t  »t»i  in  t/r  kitum  a* 
I  •  1  h'*  .Int-t-iv  ii>l  tufhy  iiu  m|'U  k.i'i  I  it  a  rtiuK-  lu  nti<lrt 

lli*  t         n'   'I"'  ■  '  *  ricili^hL     *f lit*  »*  |>N 

cxi^y,  l»"t*J»>-«  Ihr  iIii*t«m*  tK.t  ik  rtj-i^t'l  lo  a  qkjI  (Ml  *af 
lOTtMrafOTft  ll"    '*'  »1itiM  .Jfi#«  *i»  r  im  hi 

Vi4iimcrtti.lt  H  fans*-  ii»  war  *lir-»Jnh  »I»*kI  ntrj  iwnl.  rik 
•Jijwcl  is  Imwricf.  wln»  lUm  auraiil  jerkc*  ■*  m«I«*I  ou 

the  -Jem  tn  it ' Iio  !  ■  II 

In  -t'liliiit'ti  W  •|<«xiiiHtr.  >tliHifr.tinc  *lu  «.->m<ii  loltcrm  nf 
tl  e  n-.rrin..T--i\  •!«  Kvtill'lti'ttl  «Im>  ilthi  lt<l  I  IIU«><T  u( 

new  hl«n hum  til-,  MM  ninny  h»l«t**<ify  IMMM *V«t«A«t 
>nil  i-in)*i.Mii..     lit-  i&fthlgtit'ilH  <<t  tJ-*j  l«  mil  L^liiiiitic  »»r* 

iv  1;  *  *!- 

,V  I'm    lIitl^M-.'  ' J  IM  l"U*hl.tll,  Ml.  K.  II,  MMIi 

f.Ri4»i  rtU'!  A  fOf*J*t  CI>UEC  *  l"hf  n.;'<inl  »J  lh«  V^ruio- 
in*rnir=^»i»  Ml  I  Kf ..njfTitwu.  hi  l«  t< :uiu  in  iW  KvbiltikO  for 

tlu*  1*4*  ■  -   1  HM^MmM  -iir  m.l   ■  it    ii.il  .3  h..-i  m  m4  ihv 

---  loli  m  i-  ^-»r  I  i>f  it*  h^it  ainl  it.  the 


HMtflMi  :ltt  tut* 


•  Itl 

MM)*! 
1  hmt  1. 
flinty  nr. 
nl  flu! 

tiuii  mil 


•  ItUlli  m    >l  *"M-limr  I 
l.iti  •■•trtifl  ►•rti-i  'J*  'UV-I  ' 
wli'ch  a»c  new  |u-«K)f  tifin 
tvAih'V  tt»l|t»   «h.miiiii   1 1 

nri.<m'ii4  "■w*  '■'  ; 

fat  |W  «»f*uu*  ilKirht*  "I 
\\m  l  ullWM  tvUtli  -«iLf  «r 
thitiK,  »W*h  ■»**       ,v         l-,rt  '  *  ,™*  hT" 
(ui  *IW  (mil  *«•*  ntiifi-.  .  *.i-Jj|inr  J-itMnrj  to 
«Sih  lui*  ii"i        1  s  "  "  ' "  '  " 

»'»tit  itc  tit.*'- ■•''«  '•»••  *"U'hr.n  .-tint*  vcihr  iitMic*!,  »< 

|a.  uUr-Hy  hi'inmO/  I*"'  l'Hn^-1  t>M.    Jvtiry  1*  ur.A^il«rlh 

thtf  VM  th*  \-*t*  tnt'vh.t  >•«>*•  «hilLt  Itvlnil    miirh  .ttuurf 
I  i-rfMii  Mill  i»n,  |niMm  lMV»i.it**^*it*.'ly  Vbcjttfrt*  ffiwtt. 


i«5. 

1*  I'm 


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art  I  iVtonltrt. 
]ittHk>f  I'j  >  <n  )*tmmy.  Ihr  l«ahUst 
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li  *  1  I  t 


•  utf ttntiilh  l-iyl't,  m  mm 


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ilurtiwit  t*' 


In  |rr»*rji 
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fi  li»t«      -»°  N  f 

t'lrfVAU.,  (VW«I» 
Infill  I  •  v    "  * 

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V.»  l.  t-t-  V  *W  IM 
ill  -\|  ll     hi  I  t 
nln  Itilt  ti 

■ 

M|l,tt.    It.    AlRW  •  lltt't, 


j '>'•-•»• "''  -•<"•••—«  in—-— «»■ 


U.J.I  I 

l.l  I.I  . 


1,1 


"     TUl  &  ,.»•■,»■.  '•*ii  J"  M"M,rt  ctfrtta«i. 

—  IH    lll^»t  "'  li..|r„||>, 

'7  I  LV  J',     I*1  '"*  "T^rfk^l^M  «  III,  CTt»H> 

""n    '",  ,, .  .'iiiii.t'l  tn  '  I-  ii-h  "I  uil.-M  r«.mUii,lrtt 

■■hfl   ,  ,,,i,l.lr  an*     t".-^  '"  h»'«Un. 

T'Ti.l«w.««M.I."«       t<j-»»»'  •>••«••>  Ita  it  in. 


U  «jnl 


L  Google 


68 


NATURE 


[Mm, 


nf  Un.  Prauer.  Mr.  <*ruq{r  F.  lUtkrr  «M 

1 1  --  ■  ■  ■  i  In  collect  (rem  ~ 
Ike  fact*  hew  ilrtjilnl  »  riirnrciii<a  with  hi 


With  (he  aawilaa 

accreallrttly  rrntarwed  In  collect  (ran  Pe.  I'najwr' 


i  cufiiiu*  no  lei 
rimtnt*.  Hone 

tajplrmrntarr  rmtuimirnl*  haar  i>n  l«*m  nude  to  leet  ihr 
cffHirnry  nf  fli»  .appvatM. — Thr  {mi  I'yeculifrra,  kfft-k.  »a*4 
iti  .»«wriiti"t  am  eoafitnett.  by  t*h«l»~»  A.  White  Thw 
rrWIiitoin  MWt  C"4ttltui*tf  ">c  lic-ii  Klvet  La  italic  nvina  »i 
lhc  nilhor.  no  Kit  fo>jnil  Jinreig  my  olhre  N-ifth  AmrrU** 
faaini.  rjlVet  to*  til  in  recent,  bit!  appear  In  ka»r  ihea*  Oifarcrjci* 
If)  ft  dun*  Uoll  kioviiinc  in  lakr  Tanganyika,  ("cr^ial  Aftii-a.  a* 
well  u  ia  tlie  Ufeyxe  I'retacwnat  t>r*h-walrrd«pcMit*  .J  Hungary. 
—On  the  o*  rum -an?  of  natter  raemiry  in  thr  allttaiirm  ia 
Ixniaians.  hy  Kmc*  Wilkintrtn.  Native  mncnn  hat  reerntlr 
brrn  unnj>#f  t*wi>7  rii«<nmt<|  tl  Cnlu  Crowe  I'laa/ation.  lefTee- 
tnn  I'arith,  NuiMam,  whew  It  at  bwnd  diiuemltaicd  In  mull 
glnhaV*  in  it«  mean  pti.petiiin  nf  o'oomu  I*'  ibrotafh- 
mit  the  nllurial  Ml.  ft  aiM>  txcwr*  elkcwhrrr  in  lb*  >iar  report 
n  vith  kif)|c  eraantilrca  >ii;l  urairr  •uch  |*rnml  euenlilinete  thai 
K*  prc**a».c  tn*  bandy  \m  wtrilme-H  to  Mman  *cenry.  Yel  no 
ritae*  ctfintatiun  i*  nlTrml  <**  that  carton  pkcaonirti'ir  —  K*- 
*>»'»■  on  the  trrir*  nf  rarb-,  jalet  ihu  haar  recently  Jet  tinted 
ih«  •fathom  pmnnort  nf  Spun,  by  C.  G.  Hue*  won],  fan.— Ob 
ihr  aernrrtar  nf  thr  or  erem-Ukr  h»3**  (.TfVr**fr,Vi 

kttrt+tvrt-  of  Sir  I  \V.  l»aw«a>|  oonrrw;  in  the  Ikrwwiiiw 
rV.naniii.ft*  of  N-.elh  Aaarrira.  hy  J.  M.  Ct«te.—  Ikniiditnri  r4 
Ihe  two  America*,  by  T.  MetUrd  Keadr.  In  thi.  f«r«cr  the 
author  folkawa  apihr  olnilui  tit  rJtrvH\  mi  I.  I  v  him  rcrurxlaa^ 
ibr  'piaaixy  of  milScf  atvtuaQy  rrtniitnl  m  ri«Tr  watrr  frtm  thr 
•  rrffc-f  in  £i|(UM  jml  Wak<  and  «ome  of  ;hr  mrr  Kkw  of 
Ike?  Kurapcu  eoatlnrnt,  llrrx  the  Miauikal|>|ii,  Amaemt,  flod 
Si.  Lvrrrncr  h«int  ure  dtftk  w>.h,  iIh  mnlla  ntnfimi^K  *hr 
|irtm«onat  aamnipltun  that  CbnuX  inn  tmv.  of  n-rtcy  niKlr-r  ait 
dnanlwt  hjr  tktn  jwf  K>|;l<<h  «T«re  noli  |«er  innum  iWunKhnwl 
ike  «ortl  —On  Ardir  In-r^ln  -tl  rrHu<ls  by  t*.  Jamei  CroB. 
It  It  treurtl  thai  thr  I'nlir  I  rttirclatial  |wri«*i>  were  rwwc  (trailed 
than  the  filarial,  fct»l  thai  iWy  nruher  ilW  »w  ccwihl  rxiif 
rimmh*  1 1  <v *  1 V  r,  ).  t*  bewmt4irreA.  In  a  cofK losing  note  the 
aitlh.tr  rerraf  l»  thai  ibia  will  pr  ->_*10^  W  hit  tut  |iiro  on  qnea- 
tlotr*  rclalrar  to  gr* Utfy. il  illuiilc.  a  trar>ein£  r*ai>  ami  ilrvtifl 
ing  Kca>b  AtJnjinic  tllm  !■>  alnmlnn  the  «'  ~«*  **il*r  tn  €ma»h 
•nm*  wi.fk  )•  11  <aia«nrM  firhl  nf  tr»fu»>  -Inch  hit  t*rn  bid 
Mate  ft*  utwr  a  (leaner  *<*  a  ori««rr.—  Kde»  on  «.n.e 
anfnremty  on*ewil<4  MM  *i  rrr«l»-watrr  lnf>i-vis.  fife,  2 
(with  lljffe  III. I.  lit  Dr.  Alfrr.1  (*  S«*ct.  —  lll.^renc  n»ir.  ; 
new  <efrt.  «f  Caniriaw  TriWatcf  \Ir>nnari«,  l«  Chjilrt  I». 
Wu  l 

SmUtti*  Jt  U  £i\  if.  i ./*^/nr«r,</«'ifv  ^/  /Vn'i,  4*  FaMtcuIr, 
l»R»  —  The  wide!  iu  lb*  Antkruf>Jncy  of  Cidf  <nl>.'  by  M. 
Ten  Kale  —  Oh-rmitint  on  Ike  tnikiuivJucita)  clnttctet  md 
Mwial  r*nvlkir<H  >,f  ihe  Mnl  ir.s  Ky  [>*,  t'haH.**  A  mil.  wb» 
ban  adfted  to  the  rrwi>*  <4  kit  iiiiiumI  tturty  of  I  be  |wa»|ile  « 
brief'  MimrnarT  nf  thru  hUl  <rr,  •Vrn  nl  fmtn  iW  chronirfe  of 
Abwa  Zalaril,  trnn>l.)1n(  by  \\.  Ma«|umy,  whiW  belt  irulflrtnl 
Iw  ■  hrctlef  i'tTtirr,  kl  M-vylir^ty,  fnr  warh  tnie*eua»c  in 
fcrmiWui  rcgardirai  the  Jnrjju/^c.  wliiih  ilirfirt  (ninety  froaa 
Ar*>i'c.  Mrt  prr^cntt  ilove  aflwittrt  wwh  the  dlalectt  of  the 
Ilerlx-rv  The  peMple,  whii  ur  a  rcnvwini  '«*  ibe  aaewnt  teci  «f 
ike  Karsijnet,  rrtain  many  inter*  nf  |*e-M««lra»  tivieea  i*J 
fotwttof  babel,  IiAmv  acnL-alt/raJ  ewrvrats  and  are  ihe  murl 
pitrvcyova  i.f  o  *li  iittlw  Sahara  — N%«e».  l»t  |w,  llyadr*,  «i  ihe 
Fut|;iaa*,  (otoldrrid  fr.nn  m  h>v"-riK  *tH  hjoIwuI  p<in*  rtf  airw. 
—On  the  ttgnihcaniT  id  ihe  rumr  of  ihe  AffMa,  hy  M.  Pw«ht, 
•hi  allCIDMt  In  fwnanp  j|«  dinvalum  Errim  a  Sarncilt  t-»f  ira-ll- 
CBtinf  "white."  Tbit  hyprehe^itu  very  (>r(ildya<liM.Vnl  b*  M. 
O.  EWaurrciid,  wb»,  ia  a  tahiojutrtl  <v*nmun»eal  itm  to  the 
5orirtv,  t'rih)*.  fiirwar !  ttrtircj  eviSenrr  In  thnw  ibat  ihe  rtttuu- 
MH  MMaWM  *4  lie  f rem  i*  "atdile"  of  "  treatable."—  A 
MMM  ua  Ike  Ma|M  of  invtiiulinc  .in  nnV-ial  .tnikrnperirtncal 
eaaaninaf ieet  uf  ihr  rajpilt  in  thr  piraanry  »t»«niI«  nl  1'im,  by  M, 
Manraavner. — (in  lac  influence  «J  tbr  American  mnlaani  oe*  the 
racea  of  ihr  t  X.I  World,  by  M.  de  IJolrff^Jfr*  —N«^e.  by  M 
I'Klrniitni  in  tupp^al  .if  hi*  opiliiont  MMMVag  tl»f  »B"  "f 
■  hkh  ha.1  t^ra  call**;  in  nqratmn  tj  M  W.irtiHet.  <:n»aaiini 
eatian,  by  Sf.  do  Ktalk.  of  M  Marry*  MMM  ■  a  Rrave, 
dncewtted  near  Sataon,  Cochin  Ckeaa,  tn  l»J  Aeawrdlns  to 
tbt  Ofiniun  of  the  h>«  aaliar*  who  are  v«r-*d  in  MOR  asthinv 
fcnjjr*  C»«e.  wbach  aat  di«mwre*1  tweV  Irrt  MMf  the  wm 
tan,  datea  back  ai  lea.1  woo  ararv  Fn.n»  tke  lna«  of  i**  two 
••prrcNneJ  MrfMHL  Icwlr*  a  Um  IMMMM  «»'*  »*«  *  -'^,nlt,^, 

ww»  eatra.-  r.|  which  rrrwni.  a  deep  MM *■■»!■  ■h^re  the  nithi 


ItMMMal  thai  way  )«  rry;anlr»l  at  ir«  cauac  cat  tq 

Annaotitc  chief  In  wbcaai  thr  rruialm  |«draaW| 
M.  (W  I'yblvT,  <4  the  hnsk  obuinol  rnaat  ■  C 
near  K.>«oc  in  ilie  eittey  of  the  I  »n»w.    The  fU 
1  here  »»e  rt'*re  tkin  *c*x  )e*etnlde  in  tmirture  anr 
le«t  ihote  .vpenol  al  II  alt*  I  aril  and  ia  Styraa.  tail  » 
ha>r  ticl'cJ  k  MMfljl  nnmhrr  ai  ninotlt  lrtUv  lea 
wacefa,  WrtK  n»        I.  ■  ■   ■  .  kx. ,  Mlached  tf> 
mai^iiM  -.4  thr  aaritnat  eanee  — e">n  bim  ertaaa  (t 
VaapM  faaara  at  Peraaet  lOtte),  by  M.  <lr  Mailt 
ealerwar  aeriea  of  mrAwrwiratv  watch,  actor 
aftonl  ttniaj;  j«et uprise  iraUMMI  ef  diaeaaea  aanr 
Of  jyiAitKlc  otatlra.— (>n  the  (.iaDaj  fxh-tamuli 
(l>£beTi*|,  hy  ».  (.aJl«r1.—t.Mi  an  elrrhani  t  1 
ll«r  tilley  of  the  Iwanee  III.  Samicr,  by  M.  l>  At 
wwa  oltlained    at  jrjoo  frcl  alr.^c  thr  Itrel  of  tl 
be  heat.  I  tn  heA.ng  t>>  jl  telaiively  newat  rrpfeaental- 
(«i.w.,-a,*i ehi  Ibr  ininufactiire  nf  fueflnt**! 
I  itncr.  by  M.  I*.  Sahara.     "Pu«  .n.livtry  m  rhic 
Oxar  iVrcberaMi  fLnir-ei -1  hra),  attrnrr  lanji  nut 
'  we  ammlly  ea|».irfeil  n->  tij|rfdy  Ibe  darran.1  »Ll 
I  Ikcaa  aaaiinj;  Cemral  Afritaft  awl  rebrr  MraflT  t 
mnnv-alirei,  by  fir.  Verttrr,  r     .          the  wtwfe  r 
minn,  RlMNM,  M  l&«  vanr*n  nwdetof  vl  r 
■  a*tiiD£*l  w'imefi  uf  daSrrrnt  lace*  —On  taadiffefci 
ie*trfiit£  0»M  »b  <wn  hy  vaitoua  raeea,  hy  M.  Ma 
,  nbcmlal  K..mi!j  m  l  <jae  -f  twtailtlitety,  1*  ft 
'  Niitr>  on  ihr  tFiniJ  <  f  three  iiu>t\  bf  fjr*.  ftcrj 
1  Minoarrief.— <.H-«er*atitma  nwthe  mtli  and  drain* 
by  wblth  11. m  It  enablnl  |n  MMVl  rrcvt.  Iff  Df.  R| 
'  tea*  ibc*  un  lire  ■>eallr>]  "  Mayr  '  *1  Frwvtetce,  iy  [ 
TrearaL    The  paper  H  Mil  etilarye.1  (afaitliam  n 
nntirr,         V  >ffe%ire<l  In  iMt,  p|  tbe  IVovcara) 
fir  own  till*},  3b  a  hah  ihr  airtlvf  ter*  a  »tr»ital  n 
wnr-aa}'  m  Maia—  a*  «ar  nut  nan  May  ip>ten.  ft 
jack  ra  Ibr  ereen,  aavt  <vhtt  >tiy  aaliialt— the  I 
riitis-uiiitj  liniri;  r,.,,|ifir>l  Lit  t.r  .,'Ultittrl  t 
I  iHRinaini 

A".Wr.>o'r  77  AWr  />  tVaut-  /.vaAi»/-,  Marck  is 
Ibe  kuntit  ibctiri  if  ihr  MMM)  itai  ua  llw  baor«  (f  i| 
I  xinrrtphere,  by  f'rwf  K.  1  rftaal.— f  ia  hitk  reaatK 
CKAj  md  k»aerrejt*c  pr<>peit»c*  af  anipali^l  ;*»lir» 
,;-  ] fawn|»ifiaon  nf  the  retpttilat  manft  « 
liKimdcr  aiad  lh«  laglMi  htli^.Ti|h  Mwtrrcttd 
and  /awrea,  of  l^ndna.  t>y  Ok^rami  ("aitotl.  -  Oj 
1  bit*  tf^raewUiiont  in  the  lightr  taithcitaiical  a 
i  rrof.  fatullo  Atoali.— Oa  wane  intaTaaUt  fraia 
alratabrd  mck*  In  the  Vakraryf!*  ib»:u-.  Str  \  La 
J*r-r«l  Taramtlb     l>ti  Ik.-  .jiteMatfi  vhtthrr  tlce  »buj 
tiorrnl  a«  a  aimirabaail  of  an.  hy  I  mat  Vaiati 

Aieil  aa.— IlWoeinvl  nolo  cat  i\t  otict  nf  the  ye 
m*.  U,  (  eWii.-i>nta»r  ctranetibal  axeenwrc  «r 
J  .yJenr*,  by  M  C  r'cement1.  -  EUieaak*  rei  ;tr  Jk 
nhwttpl  and  dooilied  I7  I'atthr  iraha  tataatt  ■■«*< 
Inn..  b»  laid.  I-   Mifici     I'.r','  , 
I  refwraewaaU.       1-y  |'|..f.  Uralo  X«aVMI  tka 

;  It.iar^n  yarirpnutentr  in  ibr  Ulfi.twd  r4nt,  lyf 
t.H>Ve  t.rniiat  eumirvit*,«  nl  tkr  re.ift*ri  Ita 
j  o»de  piimtbllcotv.  by  K„  A.  eaeectniil. 
I  ftmiMm  Jt  t  A,  w//wv  rT^twJV  eV  ArWrar.  \1irt»  - 
!  "°  .lhtl.,*0  ^fnantiras  tatt  aJ»ro  j:  Oerral  A  t|i 
(  and  in*},  by  P  j  Van  Beiabw -<»xroJi,t. 
1  remi*  aa».(e  al  thr  |'«»-kI*  ll|*entfx 
by  |.  NleWen—  <llncrt«ioB»  ef  taii, 


Ujn.  f 
ctoet  a> 


rirakah  bttiory.  17  Atplwei.r  TTialna;    MM  Z 
-   fainter  and  eneaa.^,        ik.r^rr  .1  Vpm  r 


Tirt' 
acaenl 


SOCIETIES  AM)  ACADEMIES 

The  mnthiii  a.  amtnl  *•  — '  . 

Hhm  -  «  «•(  «  nn  u  «.n 


Diqitizec 


nolp 


.v.  /  /  y  'av; 


69 


»l»oVf .   nn>t  fntm 

t»y  I*r.»r.  MllMtwy 
ill*    V>(*  r.<  I  InllH. 

Nt •nt.'i  ivel .  I  ■•  <!' 
!  qxtmtleil  with 
!  mtn    liivin«jchi 0< 

J  imt  »c-*,.ii»t«i.y. 
cn<l> rtU-rni.  .>tvl  i* 

Etantleal  wMh 

M*«-        >  • 

..uim  whkll  aloifce 
<.r,/4-. 

fmrfim  vi«M 

.refill  in.   ami  n" 

bii^ininiTT'  u 

bl,  wlikli  MM  .»l.uii.l 

1  iti-  not  m*o«M«*i 
U  |.rov».l  i>y  rtWI 


>t»ic 


I..  1« 


lly  John  llnpUitiwci, 
|,mi»wiilK.n.  Im-Kulme 

;-"''i"i'.; 
h.l  ~.llc..«  .1  «■«.■■■• 

>>artUj>  mc     '=  Sj 

ClM^.ll     ICl-IW  ""■ 

iMwnM        «««  "'  "  '' 
th«  f^i-'  '"*  ; 

,v,ill.  .l.   ■•"  <    "      "'  V 

nuiiH'"'*  "}'!»  ' 
„  |-.nl«i"«-y > 

r  ■"*rkn,t. .... .inu"-.  *.'"'' 


,  mi.-int:  "  .I1U. 
h«  ..>r"-r-"'  ...tV-*.'"' 
,      I,,..,...-  >^u,r..  ,.-„ll 


l<lu«>K  i"  -  v;  1 

,™  .1.1 

>«1      K-  W^ 


of  c-iiUmnhloiol-hyll  luafptm  it  fafa.  or  MM**  ill  ihr  wiic 

i  hli  •»>H'liy  II  ami  in  llic  ts«e  ^bMglBl  <M;«r>|i4;ll,  tuiDfU, 
th.il  il  i«  m.|  ■'••rile  In  luiuf  x"  'H  s  ..mfi.-tf  tC3«iruiiun  •>(  iLe 
cuiittilUCRl*  csmh  tiy  aif»,(ur/in^  *ut  Ircuity  m  fluurn 

<]itrvl>. 

All  llir  LaoJi  "f  •  tututfc*  vt  .y»Mgn't*  ililumiihitl  m 
inctilctU  will)  iIua«  «<f  a  •IiiiIIai  *  *Jli.«  trf  filial  (hlur..|ifcj||.  j, 
,itn  t.|y  j»ri»viv|  !iy  fV^f.  I-iiikt-tiei  tail  Mr.  Hurty, 

r  i-'ii.  iIm  «nUfi<ltl"«H|ilijrll  «f  f'rxifyr  nitai  i.r)r>ul<  <■( 
*'  ctt|ix^|>hyll  yrlli»w  "        "ililniv^iivll  cn«n   were  olMmnl 

MlUllllllntMlltlH  i'otrf>Htilv>i|iti)-||  MtM»>  MUnI  li/ tlx 
««Atitiii.ui<>«  <•!  ffoh-fruitn  mwIbhh—  to  t*J'(Iobukk,  granokK 
uml  tllvwJviO  in  tlx  |it>4<r|<Ub«i  \4  ibe  lt»rr  n-JU;  u>  <UnA  «r 
cv(lut«>*C  t'iMlM  (•  i'  nii  l  in  .'Jiii  H.-C1*-*.  after  jilojasinf  llic  nua) 
fNrfaaiia]  |»i«MM»in«* 

ll.fwc  «mrttH.lil<^»|J»yll  »  *a  miui&J  jinxlutT,  itxl  n  iltlc«u- 
|ihyll.      wtikh  llicfc  .hi  |'f  .lalily  *n«raJ  occirttau  is  uuimit. 

OeoIuc*cal  Sotittj..  taffl  M  g»HC  I  A  IVinixr, 
!■.>»  .,  LL.I I--K.S  ,  I'r* »i  I  in  ibe  chtit  —  |  ..,  ■ 
tidllM**  t'vtty  llit**.rtili  StniiK,  x-iil  Jsnc«  Shi|>min  metv  riocenl 
FcHvn*  »f  ih«  S-  t.tjr  —  llu-  foll.ivm*^  r<>nMiiinKii.um  w«r« 
t— On  Ibe  rtffHMm  "I  in*  jmltBii»«n  *J  ■■■"<  f.iiwl  (pniTi 
,iml  OMOTM  «f  rrunlw  luJritwnnVa1  bjr  f'n»4  I',  M-iiiin  l>a*r.in. 
M.H.  (I. -til  /.  r.K  .V,  V  I'.  linn.  >»r.  Afitt  kiikw  t«r 
jcnt-rjl  Vn»^*ltxlsc  ddM  4Ik*»t   the  strucnuw  i<i  ihc 

jiiit^jUuJ  in  in*  Oiliit  I*  .ml  >:U*»»i  iiv  iint-ii^j^ii**  .y 
Lunn  *ai  ttn   InjilcvVinllx.  tltr  tu 014)1 1   Iwfnnr  ihr 

SiKiif)  l^c  ictiill*  •if  hi*  MM  M4  *tlt»  Jliif  willii>«l  ttw  <u- 
.•ii*i«1r <>f  Uu  f<it*n-*  'ii»trl  ill  llir  <Jr Kiuftkm  at  lit*  tlcltfi' 
ui.li  a  *J  ->m»J.  Mi.  lV?wy  F.<;,*i.,  u4  whwh  reftf  icU  Ui 

•  U  ULJili'itiA'nLtt  A*l  >h«  Ar***i»«U  of  ih»  ntr«  f«jn*.. 
M/.itini;  ItwA^WfJl  ,x  <n«  (WMfMBP  H  ihr  Bn*i^ni 
lh«Viuxl*4>t,  thw  *«*lt  n  i*irtli|i*tr«l  ihv  tfuin&  Mmtj/W/hi, 
f\,-m.t.-J<aJ^tl,  /Vii*.',  fYrn»r,A(»T.  i*M,aat  I'i/Iji^sc. 
lllcn«.\».'-*jiy  f«»  »c-*<t.»if«4imiiM  »f  lhi'(i-M*  /"s/n'/.'/m*^ 
,j,rV<n.  jn*l  ^  orw|^*»  .  /%n**//-*.uvt*,  nu  fvwUH  /V*v<>- 
.njitmt,  «l*»rn  •»*  ih.-fiMnw  imluJc.1  in  tl»*%#  c«iitii.  mni«* 
In.I  .liffct*  iiuitv  /WfetMN  than  lu«  Urn  lvUc*oL  TIm 
iuciho-1  »f  t**f  C*""'*  "*  Inv  »f*",,T  itfti  w-t* 

•  t^.tinol.  'in>t  'h*  «mn|tii|p*  Kiwtvo  ihr  jrn^liHMjl  |4iie>«C 
.  in(  «rf  >hr  Hi>i.MI*lliU  bU>I  OH  4nlvcf  ftl  tliKlkvc  nf  llir 
jiu'mI  •  1-1'  ['I  il  -'  w  "1 '  I ** -  The  iuitur  iiih-iil«r<i 
Hiii  tl»cii  *1*  '>'iK*  *^  mil  mI"-.?*  in  iccilM  LcWniiM, 
w  «»  tha  jC*'"'!'  ln*i-»Hi*Uil.  Ihrri  tlilJ  r«nt4itiQ|* 
nw,li  w  t*  ir«*c.     rfc*-"--  ijl't"-  inr  iKf  liUnti  I,  UcnloMt*!, 

V(  1 . .    .,.1,  •  1 1     1  ■""  ■       m  l    I'  ■  |'  In 

,  ~g^,^-r    tlir    •ti«tf«*"ll    ill  "f  IV*    tUm-inrr*  *»  «It 

!LMirtr»i«  fW*e  t}f«>  *i»  *.\*»«#*rtr«l.  —  IV  liU.ul  |»nt,t 
\<^ia1Ii.  >f  n,n  L.-<*le^-IJ,  111. It  C-  Aiim  mi  it  «c  r  J 
C  IV,  T  BwinWI.  H-i'.  1  -K.S..  Scv.ti.-S.  Allh-mb 
„nT.|  |irc*l"U<  "*"•<••  *fl»c  »MJtfr»l«l  V-Jl  ti  . jl.li »,  aM 
n'l,  bjuiif  111  thfcrh'U  [Wt*  uf  Au«'-mIu  m  it  ^IkuI 
ttfr.  (ht  «»»!««■■.■  ii  t*^"-.  *n-l  »*  «'«*»  |*»,»"'  ««*  rf.Mur.ni 
L^U>nU"u<l'l  Uw+h  1    Ihiriiv-' ■«*»■■*  ^«"«  h||ln-.l 

in   Xu.ii  ilt*.  (•',"  Ih«  n«nW 

^„,.Ujj  ,«  iMmpijilni  wfacb      iwicl  ".M.iam 

■  L>l«i '  ?J$U  f'■>■,  ^U"*  "*l  **  n,,,lftC  "*»•<,  ul  tff*-"'»»*  m 
I  il.  Utw>  t*f  «f.w.\w«A»  iktiwhiral  M  *m»  <rf  ao» 

(      c  1 1*;  i«--j  ]'H  »  tir.l  uf  :\h  uvo-'tn  -un  .  v»  n#f» 

iy» I »n  *  v-»P«y  n^"*-^      lBt"  *"'h'tf  *"r  "  WiU.i.  i*  l.ilWy." 

,  n  mi  11  '  li  ''  ;"  •  «nh  nv^!,  iiusikIiii  !•.  -  tnh  .il 
i'lrT.  I'cii  JnJ  tin-  Al^'l  K.»i««     tVo  I.jh.      I  .4i4Ma 

SSmiKLSm  *»  it-M-*C  -I  Ihr       ih.i  ,h. 
U»-.  HMI  1'ilohol  1*1 
cl-  i'  -  j ,  !i  -ui la**«.  ^ 

r.i«*.  1 


I  in  t*  )«u»nl  hy  1 
ttvun^un  i*t  1  *>^e  iw 
■  Hi  *im  MWhC 

CM«cn<in  *itb  Ihr  j.uni*  Hut 
ie  iiithi*  Md%  w*  ^vuiel 
M<  *-f  m  A*^ilu  w«h  fk«  .0  N..* 

I'l*.  Jm4m  1  —niu'O*  i«*.ilv^l  in  ih.  ta^iius, 


M  I' 


»J.ni  0  irfw"!*  «•«•«.  I<J   II-  ).  >imWi.«. 
I  «,  >  .  A»      I**  iC**1  *l»**>'*«""i»"i  li/m.-vo 
,i  .  at  MM  #*tn>ir  ■      ""jw  J'  f-»  Am 

«*••'-      I    |„m,rtl    lh«    ITn"""  '4  J'*l««l  u  1 

5S  i|,r  •*«•**  »n«rtli*«<^i**fc»-*iw».  Ih.  t(  J.,^ 

*i^2JyWr<  .1*"  -Jl  l«*f  wy  MMM  If  ih,  iiM+Ky 


NATURE 


{May 


c4  mitrrml  rjrctrd.  Tlie  nwn  of  anur  with  lim  n\iy  r« 
friB-ynrrJ  ntth  l>*  Milntiia  rd  a  gn  aa  water.  iVm  ti 
r»>K«  In  hrlirvt  tint  in  :hw  dcrp-*eMH  Hurcrt  l**M  Ccettain 
tittle  or  no  mutt.  U  igpefn  MUci  te  eiiraded  itmuadt  dry 
Ktata  the  cnrosfl  eiinlit  take  pluc  walkout  rrpkam:  auuaartfx- 
lltax.  l*it  li  ictmuj«  matter  be  eatmkH  ihrottr,a  a^r- hearing 
lie-b.  *  kUnt  of  dial*.!,  wouhl  Uh*  r*»r»  brtnrra  thr  >cae>-4i« 

lit.!  Upir"ti>  HU.ic.      Ill  'lit.  wit  «»4    I   Inl.Hi    nf  It-'    .-r.*tl  ITI 

tlir  Unl  t*xk  m«t  at  Itoima  *n  c  ■  •'  that  a  'Mire  Mill  he 
fnrrmd  at  tin  mi  tin-  iml  tutor  ir  r<tli«nwil|  ft. I  Int..  [ft  thil 
aray  the  vinbnrr  i  mlrviic  <-nj;  t  -i.  w  il  l«j  rlttcrmlnrd  l.y 
ifcr  •joininy  nf  »airr  rroi.-iinrd  Ui  the  »lrat«  ihrourh  vhirh  tht 
Iiti  |t*wr*  in  it«  pMucr  t»  ihr  .trfacr,  and  hy  thr  trwfrnHim> 
at  which  tt  rtacU**  rtc  *i»n*4cr.  TW«  ihrnry  tvputn*.  ihr  ar- 
kaoulrdfled  wi'itmr  if  *«  tunic  ontUiri*  nf  .'rtVrrnt  .IreTer* 
■  t  vWmn-,  and  iVr  iutmaK  «hkh  n«ur  tanec*  them.  Ii 
■*»•  nplaili*  (be  dtftrnaue.  1«ttt*<n  llif  CentnJ  aid  lateral 
enipllon*  <d  a  arcAl  Y*Jt*.iin.  a*d  itc  |Ac*iiikiu  altrik'ac  ii< 
etumHloa.  Tie  •tructiir"  M  *b*  Ipei  »•  nttk*.  vh*ihrr  of 
(«mk  rc  acH  OmmMmk  tn  (Ji-Jl!;  aaiWifcad  hy  ih^  pn-w*c« 
u  ihroi  uf  tidalilf  inpi-.ttnit.  The  •aavt.e.in  nf  tvetit*  indi 
rnud  by  the  itna.-nirc  of  Munlr  Hnrrwin  mil  VrtQUiu,  Ri«a 
amnion,  MuMc  Vehirc,  aard  M<*ilr  Nia***  th.>tr  that  after  a 
Ii-OJE  ct^sjllun  irf  siJiaimc  artitvy  we  h»»r  an  r  ilnunv  prndtir- 
U*  *A  (i.it;uLii  in  MHl  MMiMMW  r  j.*.;!.  .mi  ihai  Ikit  k 

tlfrfttklh/  ..i.k^-.-  !  I.j  tht  i,  lion  ill  'v.:.  -:r-.-Ti-  |  I,-*  iln 
-""I  '"hn  Vtti*ilr  cilnKinitv,  mih  a*  wl^iKct  a*l  fblnrkks 
•  hlrh  »ar  r*»"i  ulf  Nlitiulaaih  in  v.^tiui.  enij-t  j  «i^  nay  art 
a*  toUcW*  (ur  tl«r  luiim  ninnal.  nUi.h  tim<aituir  hum. 


Phyftlcal  Srckty,  \|iV  •., 
Ftiyocf  lhr*treuf  Cliftnnr^j: 
inntatkai  fmn  tW  lini-fc  >" 
I'm*  Vnt,  in  ll<r  rhiur  —  Mcmi 
atit  A.  L  MRy  w«t  tlreii'l  iKinlv 


;  Ml  In  Id  In  Hm 
■.'■Ofc-ijociwr  r/.m 

tj,  l*mf  rimWir. 
K.  r.  I  la--, 
f  the  ^wty.- The 


r>itlti«inc  mn  ciunkili  «.  «ttt  m,I  Om  twtmwv  i..n  tail 
Kcuurti.  t.(  |vuf.  W.  ham^y  u.l  t'f.  S  V»nn-.  i^MKn 
w»»t  lltr  ft  -oil*  uf  n  KflM  of  iiTnnjir.  'i.  (irflrnikcn  «Kh  tic 
aiaw«*T  .l»f<mtnnt^  hut  far  ikr  im^  nf  4  !„,„(  im,,  » 
n«cml4nl  iW  (UxM.djL-iMn  -J  .1  clrmkil  e.«t[»>tn.l.  Fwfit 
p*tpo«l»e  frtatimi  t->t».-n  thr  r«i.«irp  ajM  ^ni|.n*n.  J 
trtrraJ  i||«wHiMine  <»I«Jania»  inch  at  i«mif«K  catU^ili*. 
.-t.I.i:  |(>  ,.,,!  ,,v.  luli.  Knl    ...  ixtmAmk  H« 

4Lllii<i>  bn|<r  -Ii.  r.ljr  tn  pul.h  Jl  thr  M  -lilaili  4  ih(«r  opari 
■anU.in.liV  n.fttia-iiont  u»m.l  at  —  Qg  »  noild  illu<4ril M 
tht  pni<MCJt"fl  >4  He  tflritm  ma^ncth-  wni«,  Nr  t*r.  S.  I\ 
I  Vixnfson.  TW  nnlvl  n«c»U  «/  i«i>  ><K  H  Wxl(,  K<(-h 
U  ivMuMil  nf  a  aumher  (J  U.i.Ulii^t  tn  ihv  ««trrniliift  .if 
•ira*.  4t*l  w  1  iilijlW  nrdnnkal  r4mtntia«xf-iihe«e<iitr«  an 
lpf>r>.<siiintcl»  1  .t  moli.tii  it  fi^ln  .-in**--  In  ihr  aaVtli  an.l 

tltr  iiran  j  i.f  die  Mb  Tlir  plaa*  nf  »aiK  t»».i  .Int.  r^-  hy 
a  omiin  tn. ill  .inimnt  fn.m  1  iHCri^fi*^;,  ihr«hnlr  wpl*wnt" 
a  waav.urrtj^ptttiaa.  'tht  two  milt  aae  tt>k«ml  tlifftf  ( nit>  amt 
are  au  pbrol  thu  thiw  hanunii  m*i  «-  .it*  ctvctLad  at  tt^m 
:•  ■  '-  ■  1  l.t  IMW  j*h  which  n|irv<nlk  Ihr  <tirtxti<in  <•( 
pfr^-ailMl.*  vi  aaa  «lrdr>vn»r^M|K  li«#iw*jw>r^,  iaac  wave  l*rtnc 
the  rlcrtr*«laliranilth«  ntbrf  thr  raN'tnrrhaRttrtk  nt*|ilsc«mtnl. 
~<>n  .-lit  no  rtlihi  -  ■  in.)  1 1  «ifi  1 11  1 1 1  .  r  1' .  '  y  I'1  ■*  II-  *•  H 
Sin*,  lhi.  m«tiH«H-M  •••  .loi^ticl  Im  on*  '4  \Virl*a«nr« 
So  ted  »iur>  Irtft  nui'.i  .  tn  tl*  I'nKlntmisc 

Lal.irai.Kt  tt  (MMalff  CMtahj  MtMl  Md  *a»  Ittoiain'l 
rrnr  ■bam  a««l  cflrcthe.  la  lfii*  it- -line  tna«.1atK  the  «tn%%  l> 
i|ipln*l  i  y  tr* ^Int  *  aui-»  . 4  t  t<«  jliitij;  *  Irtrt ;  llii*  mm  I* 
■**"'■  i-l  i  t  a  .  <  i  wath  a  vt niraJ  cylinirr  upr*  th«  aMU-itm. 
TI1I1  ttlu»Vt  tvr\r%  ■  |-]| Mi«n<l  nr  unit  ll,  iwt  iiira.  rfmn 
K«  a»i«  a<  iht  t»avi  r»  I'.wrkU  thr  cod  c4  ibt  hrvtr.  A 

p«i  1  (ttuhtc  <>f  a  rrnical  «i«li.<n  lw*n  acaifrtf  lh«s  *t»l  thu* 
»*  tu.:nia)  iliiKaacra  ifon  l>*  iunr  arr  aara«an»  uf  ilmi.  The 
vlrain  >  ar»H«l  lit  ihr  mtliai  m  «tn»n  of  tW  MnA  (hi  I"1*1* 
lion  nf  attlich  i*  raailmlltil  I7  a  wim  allaibr.1  In  |W  fin  uf  1 
*hr*l  alwrr,  «f«in  ihr  unir  mi*  nf  whirl  ntt  *4tt«r  aaaalltjr 
wl<tl>.  any  ntc  i.f  vbiVh  can  be  ««acc M  t"  ■»  vtrT  *hirh 
h  tarritil  hoiutintally  tn  iKr  upjur  ct»I  H  the  Ir<  picc<  v«  -tnc 
"»»r  a  polity  fitfl  to  it,  a«4  U  Aad  u>  ihr  h>«vr  rml.  Any 
*ntUk«  ^ihr  1nl.|<inv  ran  Ik  ■nlllipllt'l  al  Hriintr  a*  ihr 
Ahfnan  hy  IMM0M  the  wnr  tn  a  »»f|£«»  «*  •walkr  wntrl— 
Net*  mi  |ftr  .n  ralltil  ulrM  .1.-«Knsr  of  u«»M  p-nrrai***.  I>y 
■fc  W.  A  ShenurMr.  Sir.  SheirBim*  hul  tttms^l  uwar 
amratu*  If  which  thr*  rnflhl  bar  vatmt.  (n  "*"r 

ihetbara.t«iiiic*nf^h<  Unaih 


■hmmnmm 

Royal  S&tirly.  \pril  m.  -Rulwtl  I'.ray,  Vlrv|>rc 
the  vbaur.— la  a  paper  om  the  rSatt  U  prr-Murr  on  the 
ttnr  r.(  intnranim  cont«n<il.iliiy  nf  wairr,  Prnf,  Tait 
that  thr  varWajt  rr**2n  nUiia«j  a>laMlol  nfatvir  daalae 
ibewy.— A  note  •  11  tl»  <nmt>iXl  liy  rrnmure  uf  ||,, 
polnl  if  nttaJIn,  *c.  by  Mr.  W.  ;  taaf  a  u 

Ibetiaral  i-fcrrt.  of  tra-ina  in  wilct,  lo  Mr.  Q,  N  ,  „ 
■tMMhftl  H  IW.  Ian  -M».  IW  Hy|*Ti  Mill  read 
M  thr  trntiwrature  nf  mtlAMt  inthe  Kiitltnf  f  .inh  d 
ihr  arorb  oV*t  K  ihr  Stmi.h  Martac  Station  »  I  hi.  < 
Ihr  anawatrmcc  J  t«y«nitiirc,  rruta  «jitinicr  ma* 
winter  aaaaimrinx  «u  t»n.l  to  .try  from  ncarlt  *d"  |*  , 
•lute  l.i  1 .1  it  i«  ft* \li  at  kiwildr.  ta  jo'at  (kirvntfrr'n 
inikt  tewHiwI  10*  at  die  momh  n/thc  FntV  ihlrty-f 
futOwr  m  IV  itnaa  ittfipcraaun*  of  Uw  W4ter  ittnr 
War  «ar- «  J-  nt  «H  parl>  nf  tltr  canary.  Yrlm 
S<  j-.niUf  Ihr  fl»W  au.  atarnira  thtm  Ihr  *ei,  fr>rm  (* 
May  It  tva*  i..|.lrt,  thr  mvrv^r  riir  «  u||  la  Umiwrirai 
time  nhitt;  llir  I'vtb  KtinR  o  X)J  ptr  mile.  Ihinni;  ih> 
wt.nl  the  .urbrr-wMrr  had  x  MMK  and  d«fL  , 
i^wrr.  MMMM  tlnn  thai  VrK«li.  Tht  innaaT  w 
"  "''  J  'n  I  vl-niMy,  ll  .■  mutinnw  1  AavtMi  i. 
wet*  .a»Ual»^i.  nf  ihr  MfK-l  lTinB  HrlnyoJ  5mM  tl 
*r»  Mun.d.  arc  Paf^tmiuily  wintlnc  Wmm 
vi... 1.  n.  ''['♦"'l-ralurc  u  the  rfonh  S«  Uyood  ihr  i 
of  band.  Mr.  MiK  -»-.*»ol  «nra»  .4  thr  .ir^itldt 
ntratrr,,  nf  ll*  »ltui  pluilr.1  I.,  l|,r  mr  ol  375 
l  axb  •iMttth  W-H  tcfrr*rnir.t  I-  ,n  nnjle  t4  W  1  the  (. 
MM  Ml  vetaairui  «n  the  taifia*,  <-p,i|  Mbap  tre.r  d 
i«iP.Yni*lt  iir;U«.  T^iiprralmr^  at  pWltd  apmr  a* 
INrVcbj  MMa^aMMl  rwml>Mi^M  ifcr  vatej  MaWhM 
plxo*l  •.rywrmrty  W  'Mr  circle,  nf  l.frrtrKe.  TnU  •» 
cimt-.tran'MV  Itr-  •rrmf  n  l.nntsffr*  >yr-n  \\rt\  hj  the 
rcctai«.daa  B^fclUi  »hi-nr  ntfl.tU-  Fhrn:4,,;L  ,„ 
u-pn--=i(«-L  -  Mr.  I.  1  .  rrua^fi„i„.„riU*  M  iitar  S«tK 
a  (ujwt  na  the  r*larr^.,f  i|»  yuR  ,|,r  ga.traw  in  tc> 
ami  a>  .ahar  lipr.. 

blalhtmatts-Jl  Kocicty,  May  ft  —  \|-   A    I'  f*  f 

riyldetrt.  In  the  iWf.-W.  fTarytial  p.(<«  . 
didLnwUt^ti,  awl  .  n  j  ^ocr.<  tn,  hi.  hmc  the  .flfWtfii 
WW  ■  W  Jlfif-rta;  caw.  Ihr.  Thrum  Mair  ma.fr  , 
munt.'itl  r» ...  M<wiibjtfainra\K.  iml         j  ht«H»ad  r 

tka  ttxaafel  SinM..n  line.-  Sir.  J.  s.  Mi hm rrairftiaad 
mn/t»(rtw>  (■*  ctraat  imlbrmatacii  auvrtamk 

llilppna 

L.nnean  Snri.ty  of  New  Snmh  Wtlei,  fJk  _|. 

feqdjHtR,  M  s  ,  i.n.s  .  PtaahiMit. ..  -Tht , 

K        - '  "a  ,n<Jr,  ,rittt  |bl  || 

Riwr   lUrtct,  g»«nulin.|,  |,y  Wtfiun.  Muleav  FM 

.<r.i>^.  .*.-a.Wrt    n|  ,|,r  (llMi|y  S.-ifc.-|.v  4Cl  .rf  <hj| 

r  Lt3?sS  awt  \->^rr  c•,lf,t','  ^  5«al7t-  a 

Br*  nkKlim,  i7  M  if,mttKt        ,  ?•  1  •       '  >•  Hi 


Digitized  by  Google 


J\  \  J  /  {    A  /: 


•I 


If  tin*  hyilr*M**-T» 
llliiltty  <>r  ooltil  mvr 
.  by  MM.  Calltetet 

[  itouV*   with  ntCKtity, 

|l>tiirii:u  *»f  m<i«*t  tnt*^ 
friituiLT  in  likw<Tc<1  ftoin 

ftr  tlie  tt^Ulinc- 

fcptraitMv*  \  - •  t  ttinn 
V«  pr;l*licilly  — 
lilori'lr  of  Aluminium, 
|tv^nrv  into   I  In-  tv-i-on 

Hit-  Vy  M.  VuV^n.— 
.  d*»  S.-i|i>iri3|*«  l.volu- 
M.  I  inchiutm*. —  '  >n  a 
MMii  at  rtcai  ittctJMitotfM 

jj>  WtVlWWWW IH  lOVttlkttfi! 
BtlWIHUVwft,        M.  A. 
I  ni)rtt)<y  tiy  »tw  ]*rucc^«(M 
irk*  on  ihv  flte-oiy  t.f  HiH 

-S'«»u»  .»n  ihc  Kheoty 

faX\fttY(\lcMlU  -  U.l-ltl.1'1.  »  till 

1  it«-»»r  i'Jrt»'  m \ty 
lin,  liy  M.  I  'Ii    VOfl  fU  MRi 
(•ilirvn  nil  1  ||M  dMaHMf  Of 
»*\  UK-Viiciucol-  lakctt  *il 

■  •n  mIii  It  I-  1  ili  %.i\t  t  .1*  il  y 
Whi  Um:  r.f  tl|.-  Ii  11  ■■ 
Liilt-  ..(  i'»|*-ricn-ntt  nii'l-  1 

«rt    |*.  .lit  .tit  till  1 .  WtiUl 
IviOnTi-.  l-nrp'cv 
I  ft -mi    if.    I. .ml  -'•  iiK-nuiif 
in.icliiii.Ty   M   in  !»■>■-»  m 
rtunl. — '•ii  'tltr  i«il*rh.1(i>nt 

■  it  .«  id  0m*.|  .  ut»Jc« 
MVW«  »  t^Wtiu^  Out  I 

^KUlliL   IliV    at    *    J.I  1  -*tt1»* 

thu   tul*'    tii.I   iliu  llm.l 
tin-  mi'ir  :i'    ,(  .,  1  ij,(||ftf j 
be  m  MIC*  (-Ii..-.     Hut  >l 
ft    ,s    \S,.t  ,,.  1  . 

1  intnii.ing  *iiU  ilir 
nlc.  at  <m<r  ttnij.l.'  .in.)  f|tt*aj% 
utilxinr  "  I.)- tlic  iHii-nt-Ti 
1  U  vVikm.)  tliji  n  «wit*  tv< 
wwvwV.'rlt  an  »-i  tt» rfi*Jj.  •**»•? 
k«  It  RMMm  il.Hlii 
flfi.    ill  ii       .-in>l       I    1  MJile 

iHc  ti'iM>'<»«  >n<\  v-fiin»l 
I.C.Vwr«i  mi  J  Cbm  ,  - 

1   iiln.:  1  1     !■-  ',.  .  I...., 

fyi  t><-  v.-ltI-  •-,  .* 

4  Urirt  \4  l.jmlii  I  BbHH 
•  'ttU-Wiiir  ilic  vinir.il  p  iitl- 
Kttajn**  \Vk   ptMHI*  •ittMiMil 

"ijl    "     Xl'lf      <«      IW  ■««> 

«M  P.  HriiiVmK:  inJ  A 
MiHRff.  '<T  >ilKtttl  .it  H  MM#Cfi 

fct/-*iYn  u.  >.  \  tymci  —  ^  ■  ■  n 

piL»J,  mtrfi  it.  .  I 

LtdacMs  I7  M.  wt**- 

IWwWlUHi  «f   NI14*M.>(»(  MjH 

1— *>»  ft  Vvlfirkl^r  trf  |«t.l.- 
|  W^i>«l.t  —  \  lOnnnlrt.  •!'*!>' 

n«l  Uim*k roc  4  > 

l»tV>  tn  (I*-  ifitMll.i>if  1  I'  M- 


nn.i1y.it  *>t  I  Ik  M.mtKHtiu  wniicra  l.n*r.  a  I  |.tic&w  n>|  CotuU, 
b|l  yt.  I'k-0'f*l1  <  *a  .in  .triML*nirac  r*al>lH»(  ihf  -U* nrr  lo 
ft  •!!•       m  Kit  tht-  r  f  tlii:  |iherttiiii<na  |xn«niof  '-r  *|utrk  ulmsli 

«ul>ii^ti<l  ii»  a  ]irr*>*.fc  nf  6u»  .11 »» xjibcrcc  W  M.  |'.  I.  ,-:  ,,.) 

 «  In  ■  nr«  apjiattiiii  julrirlul  In  ilclr«t         '— rnil  -jwniliu 

.if  U1  ...I  wlnraw^v  |>rr«:tii  in  lliift.  ut  mi  Miliil  MilMi.incrv  at>t 
li.nii><)  the  WMM  lpBCHjHW|Nf  ■  t»f  tbe  in%vnrur(  M.  M.  ilc 
Tlii.-itv.  <  'ii  c>Hh.|.^i.  ilininis  by  M.  .\  Villwtx  -  Sm  *m  • 
lli«.'lli(*l  fur  muiuim^  (lie  tfeiitMf  y  *4  tmotiuiw,  mil  r>|wd4jr> 

nn-l  •l.-vi-I.-Minwtil  *4  ilu-  -j»*r.  n  A-Hi-tv^, 
l.y  M  ,\.  fiilkt.  —  A  «4t»ly  in»-  tti<  itrlfrtt  »m«(  ty  M. 
A.  Itilli-t,  — Kini-i'L*  t*»  *i«*r  «^  4  **.*«  «|ii-kiit*c  ftvuuli- 
int»  I  nt  atihwo*  IV  Imic^i.  >Im.V*  In  ilir  **4dU*mfkfi.i  3 
i*;i.»t»i».  Tifti.  \'  \  <  .  i  . Mti  I  i;.  il.->r»tr,  uhitli 
a*  i>lif  tunc  mj  iT  wild  )^tt  U  ".ictr^,  «*•  sliiimrwly  fiMnl  b* 
ft(»*  trntv*  0/  itiv  lit.**-*  4,'.r#/n j-ii,  Iirtf.,  <w  vjiu-.li  ..f 
J.ij'jM,  crvuinu  1«  ■kc  itltHiiH  jh.I  «nm  ty  iW'f  l-inlt. 


Ph>»iolc»]I:j|  Sn-rwty.  \i"l  17  —  IW.  Hr»h  Y*ikr  un 

an  .  n.Vii  •  in  I  vrii.fi  lurtj^  ml  Jl**uvt.|  L»  k'hitv^ii  ^  „ 
1 1.1  1  l  j  Ml  ,ti*.itmti>  tfw  >**.«.-iy.  m  jiiri  |a  j| 

ij-  «.       in  tin*  fit ^   |i)-m    I..'  tii-|t»-l  ••'  HiitntI.i->  ..(  i|||)ir1ll 

Ii,  Ii  i.l  ••^««tm»l  in  t»*Hk— ttr-  li<^fw«MilaI  pnAk-ct  •  f  t  wl*iitn 
1.  .  nt,,  *hli  Ii,  itii— bicnc***'1  ,i>*  jiot  l^  tr)  mflub- 

HUUTKM  Hi  IW- l^l»i'i  ]  tltr  j  t  »>tU.«  nf  tit-b  llir.i^S  |lu  uvujIm 
M  ,||  of  tit.:  ntAiilI.1 1*  tV  ann  tM  t*  »  ...|P.  ti%  im 

m.  c  I'-'|1'  •tr,o        ''J1  m         *',M       |'f"n»iinii  ujMmi  UhI| 

M  lill  'l  I 'il**W'l  'I'vtl    W*y  tllf.Hull    21    1  IV.    (-.rilrl.  Iftkul  tk.fr 

w.»-  in*  |i»c«-  f*ril  *     tSutin  u»  Itit  jsw  i  ikv  WllMHgt  nf  «iiutu  n 

It  tuww  iliv  cininc  t  It  mJ  1m  tut  I.Ku-in  I  m  llie  ot.Uf  «r 

|1|<  |<ytbv     A»ilbrr  kftnl      ,inr>»illt«  rttl<«tU<f  llir  unnlwt  1/ 
I  lie  tc.tk.  t^li'i-wlt/  ""kc  H«l.-».     In«rrtul  uf  iW  m»mt»l 
nu'.itH'r  »f  f.Mtf  in  «uk  V*,  k»e  wife  ltu«  -jml  v^*i«  «*■• 
aii.l    ill    ft    (»■•/,    rtiv   iiii'.  a«    11  any    «*  tit, 

I  m    »K    titliii    Ii  iM'l.   Ibirt    "W  cftu*  n|    •■nil    tn>>  in- 
n»:lt  i  i'«irn««>lJH;t7  **»U*  IV  fMkmr  «f 

iK  v*l-t"iil  1'it'h  ">••  t"t  •■  I-"**  '*iiM«*it',  Antnili**  nt 
.|«-ni.»l  «mh  lan  Ibe  fvltici  lll'i  tnitrl  t.f  I'ltr  ^  •/ limy,  nh+k 
ittcv  Mi  I  vwy  Mwrlakit  tlrn.itj«n«  fn  «n  itn  nx neJ  «'«p*  ^ 
tlii-lr  fi  --  !■>  lu>wh  r*wli  tlienr  W*4  l.»  W  *-4t*Uir*»«l  m!n 
lkt>  Ik.i  I  t-i»Mitf  |v»'l*i  NbX  K  ■Mtifltr' «  b^i*  rrMti-t  Irm  .i| 
1  nuiu  l  uMm  iinit  '■'  liW  •JWfliM  *«u*  thi 

ciuwn  Awiinilif-  *»f  w*ir  »siy  ont.  'Ilu  ImjiIiA  uf  tl« 
|,l(y-*-tl'«t»  '1  ttrttH*»H  ****mi«J  J'*  J  >"  Siting  N-n 
ui  t   nc^w.  k»<nc»vl,  tnlirj-.imni.  w%tt  ..li-t%.%I  .1.  hi|*|>  ... 

,0  t  ,  xitt-li'iiin-jii^.  fl'«rj-l..o'*«to.    In  1I1.  l.ti.fviK 

Ki.rt>«i  u»*l  Ii«*l  cuk  1 1  •ti'iftn*"  J  u-fclf  inlu  tt*i  -Aftjv  iif  a 
t-rtw  I  ?■•••*•«•*  il.vl.il  ill.  r  ..  ci-'il  ir  i|Uirtil;  l.v.trtir 
.  rown.  An-  *n-ili»:-  .1  |hi  r  ..I  mt  .mtKlinw  *  U  cttw 
J  kktf  in  >  ••>*  wk-  fr*'|«'trlr  tn  tin  n.i.iv»i 

if  Ibf  *uiul»ei  <•(  iIm  M.tm  'lun  ii«t  M|t 

~l  M«n  «•        |Htfi«,  b»l  a.-r.t  ha  .^™-n*a. 

j.r,  ,4  itu  li»»*«l  m»«.IIU  *»t*  Ml  ««ftr(«a«U  foml  wuk 

tj       mnI  Mcfiflfr  -utl       *«l',*1,*!  p*4**   1,1  Mil 

cMw'tnik  SSSw  ^  •*«    "f  ^K,,,,,  '*  ■iX'rtnwb 

r.„m.i  •£*       Hl'N  "  ^  W  -V™"'*'^  A 

1  -tiiuiiii4»n.  a*        t*  »»  «n»"«ic  nt  rhe  nnnlit  ■/  the  h>nU 
J    I  ,|,„  |vrtj  .,l.^tM*li  y.i  *a»  tl«  i-Mtt^«ik<<  -4 

,  1  i.l. 1  ^um-wi  ;lini  ttwir  immiw:  l«;  .|ilcltnc.  11m 
L^MI/lMa  Ilu-  «n^ir>  n**m.l  to  wj-  fii  fn^  ■  iu  ••! 
nti'tr  lioon  l^lh  ri.llniU^k  *mj  bImu  mnr-mliu. 
,.«tiiMn..  I.j4  l-tn  f;«.l.    VJ1  m ..\|..»  -It!  .-.flnip 

5Sh       ,Kitl1  r,K^     ",*,J,.7";1r;  •  i^V-m" 

,„■  ..1  ...Mkiiiw  IW-M  i  — lu-flm-  r«i|-M.  1     *  *  '  -tint 

,.„,  ,  1Mb  mint*  n^»»v*^™m  1  ijywnwnti 

vti .■*■>'  luOlhf  -"t"i»ti,  |W  - 

iik-ihrt*ttH  aw'* 


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nt  1  nr»  ptfti  |»i»k* 
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"    |  „,|,.l  .|«>  ■•«  • '*  H«»lf.|  Ik4i  I], 


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ml«Mit»4m{«l  !•*  (Ik  t£v*i tf  |ifupct<»a*.  I.ipeiimrnu  »w 
MtMrf  "nli  Mtif»-*«ijitT*»  ij  afl  Ihr  •rilchraM.    Thrjr  arrr 

nil  •netrptirat    -f  i*v  {»  iml  ititil  aVa  tttr  nf  itit 

piston  amounlnl  In  trrv-  per  Uii->^;t>if«-ir  an'roml.    The  time 
*hr»      ith  tnllnwed  x  foil  iIim       the  |  w«  m  aa»  •  if v  vii ,  iiv 
Kjlit'»T«  died  aftrr  Half  in  t>  «>,  pklertl*  afar  an  lurir, 
later,  then  aaul  l»*t lr  pctnt*.    Slr.ayrr  rtnw*  kaiim.l 

death  I'daiKeti  w-l  ilif  mirniarlinn  *«f  «n«Ccnl  rr*c*rai»*a 
fcljyeil  death.  The  pVj«kJ"c>''»l  ellrt*  r«ire.twl  prtnripclly  in 
llir  «f  ilr.il  wkh  »y»irm.  iVr  mettle*  Hi  I  "ti»  \* rip>*nral 
arrvct  lufttimvd  -'ll'lT.V,  fttilmagh  |  **r  m  eery  iwi». 

Se&lutn  •  «*  *ra*ni«  w-l  imiipdKey  nun  muni  •  ■J**r*r.i  TU 
ptcu*  *|i|«jitU  tf<  ho»v  hardly  my  effttt  it  ill  n*  ihr  hear), 

Pbys*el  Society,  April  1|  |Tti  Kay-re  r«|turta*  Ml  a 
merit  p*ix-7  >j/  I'mf.  Bm»ti  I  II  Wr*u  w  •  J.YwwriVu.  tSSj. 
Hrfl  Jt  *  wti-L  ihr  din.-T.ztw*  h*twcm  llir  r*«jlt«  nf  ib» 


eat»;*S..r>:*iir  arid,  lij  I.  Kachlrr  at>1  F.  V.  Sparer 
dady  »r<*  yevly  ^ -ii  *-,  fiM  ina  ihe  fcerrart  id  diitv 
tni|*«iftK  <V<lirui».i  ti  Wnni.  by  r.  Lirnir, 

Mirth  U.— »»ti  inij.4M.fc*.  by  ,\.  A'lantlir- 

Ihr  iue  tulliHit  myttn.  nitrogen,  rarhcat  utidw,  i 
•  [•hc-ik  fit  s>  i  dcvdiic-ijrti!.  Iff  S.  voa  WruliWwtkk 
teilinn  lu  i  IwwlMp-  nf  ihr  lr*.lare  nf  hyaline  ranili 
/jjikrrkaadL-  f>n  th*  I'tyrr  Italic  fl  .irt  ihr  buu 
id  i)«lMliimitiiM*  »la*r  i<  Kf.'J.  lii  Dr.  Slur, 

tlirrh  19  —  1.  ry*iill-£r*[i'iii  retcannr*  t>ri tnphii 
by  V,  vc«a  /«|tMfr<*kh.  - fc*[ nimivjl  mullo  0*1  1 
n-*.vii»n  -«*  v  4r,t.ifii  nf  .licl-mi.  ny  „f  Min*  , 
IrrpMt*,  try  T.  Kl.wfcK.—  t>n1hr  ptinea  of  .f.],i, 


UNi'n  MM  »»l  arraguniln,  by  V,  run  Fhnrr.  O 
DtUinnl  Vj  rtirm        Mfipin  tr,  >.»  tU  *wr.-  1  »tn 

'MJ  ■'  "  '   •■'     •" '•'  'f>  1     I  1  • iiifin-.  l-v  k 

my  March  1$,  hv  I..  W*U*. 


■  [.-i  i  ■  rain 
.41  *rr>-*ith  jpp 


■Art  «*  tui 
iht^l.  u 
kail  nnrr  r.tsl.Wlii 


rt»--ni«  trf  ini.nj  »\«nrf<»in  nf  rarSimr  »r>1 
'»rf«tr*  in. I  lh«n<  r4iMr>ii<t|  »iy  IV/  |l«r«eii 
rrcrivrit  their  t»|il.i,»  ii*.  WlxV,  ninety.  l*r, 
•  nil  iMt  tht  *t*«ir>ltCfl  *i  t Itliwik  Aiiil  |Viwnlnl 
rftMt  Iftdt  fiirttmUlc*!  try  Lm,  l*r»£  JliirtH-tt  lutl 
tru.  ivitcc**  >4  ttlnurrHK4i  rlnl  r»«  irmiiiulr  »trn 
|rtuxl  x*  ihrrr  Tt»",  e«i|  •trtl  crfllNtlnJ.  rtrn 
i*toi  wir.  In  hi*  n»-f  K<(tit  w**ii  Onf.  I'.mwti 
nl  rhit  ttt*  (*ll««  thrvnl*.  C*rti  *ftci  •  CtlMrrU 
nf  dry  air  hxl  Wrr.  W  «  uiliUilrtftWr  litnr  .*ircclnl  «m  ihrrn, 
Mill  tminrtl  a  layrt  *f  wucr  *hkh  mm  ihin  in  x*"!* 
1b«  tntiprralurr  -*»*  hi»h.  I«l  4kI  rh<  l«cmirc«irrly  iliv«tftc*l 
rill  ibe  lciaf.crai.*rr  mrhnl  ni  huh  «■  $no  C.  ThK  t-i»ri 

ofvtaln  %  MH  which  lh«ocU>l  llu  carlvrtii  u*U  ami  nil  llu 
mi#r  ptmtrfillj  [be  <ltnMr  t*u  iU>  nf  «vtr.  TU  .Imciij 
<if  l»c  "ittf.  h^ivmr,  »irw4  in  «ntr*r  irk*.i.m  10  it*  ihkkm**- 
Krt«B  tlrrw  rt|Krim«nH  I<i.  K.nvn  Ltmtlu-kd  t>nl  t!-*  AhuMri- 
liun  uf  Mrl«mir  jd.|  «<*  ||K  el's**  llirvjil*  whiih  Prof.  f!«»m 
hul  \r>)  ((>iliMiii4>fiir  ►  •  hrng  m  ;t-rifx|  «aly  nn  aImwii 
tic*  W  Ihr  c*»  ^y  Ihr  iilhrrirv  *«it«i  ui  l  nn  i-V- ir|  lj»n  on  trn 
in«»lh  cLi-  •ttrftn,  i*hcfrM%  is  ihr  •jMkrr'*  rtirctimrni*.  Ifi 
«hkh  ihr  jjImi  ihmilt  In. I  in  Uulin*;  •*!  hrm  frrnl  ft*Mti  «II 
■jQcnng  M0OB,  Um  nrkAit  i<i>l  Iim  »«*h  t^fuKol  l<y  ll« 
•OK«rlh  r»r  Le*»  »p:4c  of  two  CWWM  j.biv'  licfntr  tl-r 

s^cirly,  n>  n>nLlrtf>uf  Ihr  t  *rn;-*_ii  nn  Aitrd  ti  r.u'.  z}4m\n$ 
ihrliltirof  the  Irirf  iHinrttrriam  in  Ikllin  '[>*■  Iwo  *mrrr» 
nmrninl  tp  pnrnl  Ah  uiV^wt  turn**-,  lufiiunlnc.  Borrow* 
vita  <urrr»  width  Hi.  lx*»  luil  nl^rtnl  I M|  vrir  ilmus;  l*r 
M»cfr  July  ;:■!..•   tW  ..  -t  ,  •  nf  the  tt»inihr«l'inB  tbr 

eanrr*  unh  «'  »)),  nr»t  rin*  ttrrfwy  lo  a  CtawlilriLlfV  hnBhi  j 
wilh  ihr  JJcummni  nf  tin  muimai  cf  |:r»%*urv  nHntiilof  l!w 
»Uokr  of  lifjhlninf;  ;  the  cur«T  ihra  miiniMt<r>i  *««lf  al  a  level 
for  »<*»r  limr,  iKr<M(liuii  whith  the  thcajlctthowrr  c#  hail  wu 
wont  tu  fill  1  mi  taw  rroulim  nf  rain  llir  ccrrr  ■  I  utriimiirwrk 
l-rr«B€ir«  unlc  «r«-]dj  t*i  henrftth  the  ftirmrr  ■uiumnrii.  In  ihr 
lw»  A|>ril  cw vet  a  fetthrr  tauVJcn  rt*r  prr*r«lr»l  the  *c««il 
wenLef  ■!  <4  liehtninc.  a«-|  there  then  Mhiv»l  -;wr.il 
■aialh-r  jrrkin^*  n|*  the  ninr*  rtuwilay  wllh  lb*  rh« 
f.enurM]  (A  cli*il«  ao^Miueni  ca  tru-  •hurt  lhiiri'Ur-»lcetti.  In 
the  luricvclthr  Iul»  nf  MM  leif  .luring  the  vr*Vn>  *tura» 
«|r*'M«lt  tharijrif  with  lighllilnc.  rhr  H««  "*  ,l,e  cJf*" 
rr»e  Muhtcti  rr^enl  But  tfrjli;tl.  I'«*  paMihttd  wh  *H  cf  *8t1 
'.Vl.,ili  4..  njl:  i"  irlinii  i)  |  --  f  1  '■  *rr»|«  airh  ta  ill  tl 
•iiliul  licXinir^  •tttikr.Mtlir  ft*  rt  *»!•  r-MMiar  !*■  ti*  the  i>i«i.vvr 
tiitm.  The  •rahUm  v»r|i  iKrW  nf  l»r  <ur*«  nh  A|  ril  **  aajl 
13  mmrwlr-j  aiih  •  •:•(■!.  t  inircive  ia  the  '  "« «  ' '  ■  *  "» 
which  >«n,  howetvr,  iVll  MjIm  *j>1  •■;  la*  •*ah  a\n\<r*.  u* 
tuiii|iklc  kltBac^    llir  «pe»lirr  MB)  rroorted  lh«mTte>*-ii>*lin< 

natarm-al  valur*  f  «  ihr  rariatwin.  <-V  •immnherK    ( t.  ■ 

m»rkr.t  |pj-  ihc  lur'*infh. 

VlxUKft 

Imprriat  Academy  or  Science*.  Mnd  5  -^onirihuiiuii 
•O  «  kB.wletlcr  of  C-ni(rr«rrii>ir.  hy  >  ,I^V,"°1  iff 

-On  lh7«en*S  0  t-  lfel.1  *n«l  r«lU«f»  "'"i^,-^' 
»^  by  V.  0rB>Nt?-O»  ««r  [..rToploiy  or**.*  ;'f  lhr  '  ' 
nf  Cimn^lla.  by  M.  KmtlfrW  -On  the  bUM  nf  ihr  JMMIH 
.lrfo,il.  of  Hnhrnttrin.  S*K->y.  »7  ^  '  ^  ,1 

lra,l  nkntr.  hy  A-  >nxAa.-N.<*  nn  •         »  1 

nn  V1.ina>Li'.  Lrala-i.lBBil.Hiitnile,  l"T  *l.l  l-n  n 

pervarc  uf  Viria.  arU  iu  «nvir«is  w*r.  a  »'*l^l*i."3S 
n.  krol  ItllMMMI  nn  ihr  man  umprraiwn-.       >-  ,,K,K 


Society  Of  Sciervee.  S;,m|  17.—  la*  foUWaa* 
h*.   K.   H    J.    r.*»-rll,  «ai  aawrnnl  pit  aucni 


SxWty*  7.wn«V  >- " Prilrigr «nr  .-.  .  1  ...!.•  \r... 
*.j*H*»«tf»  *-ilor.iluhi«m  '  |V1  IJUiffran  ikl 
.l/r.'.n/.-  arvwrto  *.  II  -erA  #  ml.cn  m  ihr  AttUMXk 
IU.  Mi        •rva^l*  thai  k  in  nrobjhlt  fee 

Iwh  pile-.    II  as,,  tiini  by  Ca^l.  Ndnehs,  i«J  thr 

I.  11        .V.-ijt      in  ....  >i.-i  ,    ....in-.  .i.n|,. |,  tl»« 
trill  imrnirnKtt*.  Vr»-rli.  ami  ap,«nMia  aw  >lrrp-v>j  ret 

II.  n.'Vi  ,,[,!!  ,,,  .  ..  v  ,v  1 ,  U-.ii,  j 
•7  *  hfrL  Svherhr  ta  No> 1  Alhiiilir.  It  ait  rrnnrl 
harinc  an  aaaaaajkVBl  <  »c  Ml  llu  ««.le  af  lb*  brul 
MlMt»«*n.|.*on  .pAt  i(*mi  thr  rwJqht  ^anairiiaii,  t 
Wflll  ic*-remrto  •^ueuWrrrinrr*  lW  pcnplt  rt-m 
lerraitirig,  aerfc  »?  Itr.  iiylU*4(,..hl _ ^  C&i.ai 
It«luu-  ini  ihv  fimrl>:iii  >.f  <en.iin         .,f  the  Wan. 


CONTENTS 

Tbr  Btitiah  Muaaum  Catalogae  uf  LijitJ* 
The  Jrjlver  l.eaj  Deposits  or  Nevada 
Out  Book  Shelf  - 

llaavra**  *•  Dm  \.  1  •«  -  > u:,tlui-Mp->hlii«  tl 

Hi  i$J%"  •  •  •   ; .  ,  ,  , 

ManltJ  ■  1 1  .,  ■,  '  'r  1  -1  *...,,,,, 
Lctirf*  to  ibe     not  1  - 

Kt'e*  iai   ihv-   A-u«        ihr  WmJufu 
Maihiiir.-G.  B  Backlon.  F.ftl    .  . 

Ne.iinnuf  J/A/.y-.V.o*  «*. .r^.  -CharJesI 
l/tfaiirmW)   .  ,...*..., 

»-i  Bajaaah  nf  IVia.li.—  J.  C  C«itcrea 

Catahtfur  o*  Fu«*«  Mamntilia  im.e  llnUali  J 
Nn  I     KxharJ  Ly-drkhrr 

F.rvJ  tnu*,'^-  Dr  H  A.  H»ro  ... 

tl  it'1  t-c-sct  Stattgov— Dr,  A  Wot. k of  . 

It.iuil-fw  PhaiKMieB., — Pro*.  Eilvanut  P.  TboBu 

Aur.  n  —Prof.  J.  p  0' Really 
>:      il    •      <:    ]  ..  ..     ,  ,  ' 
^  m Henry  MuirtraiJ  I  * 
TI.T  N«-  Ombttral  or   Lava  f.^t  Veiuvata.  , 

H.  J.  Jul  :.M..n  l.a-..v 
F.xpci. merit,  with   Coal  Dua*  at  Nranbahea,'  i 

Cfetnaany     lly  W  OaMoway  ^ 
The  Fauna  of  R*»iaj»  Central  Am    By  t„  0. 

Henry  :  >  ■.:•-!:   bb-bbji  vi 

Field  Excver.ment*  at  RoibamatW    |i,  »w  "i^w 

Wnrhiaon   1  ' 

Rrxcul  Eapleratinna  of  -he  PaaUf 
Noaaa  

Geographical  Note*  ,  *  • 

*  Ma"^  jo*1    P*",0■**,'  Weeh  t«S' 

TmeMjlwd°kia^i^  it  try; 

Prof  E  Ray  Lar.ke.trr  F  R  S  F««-«M  \:} 

Mclroralc^icat  Inatrumenlt  " 

Scientific  Seriala  ...  '  '  '  

Societies  and  A  ;  .  ■  r ,,,  ,  .  '   


Digitized  by  GoogI 


I  .1    ihr  I*!  

•  tU  lUtv.tt  K»*-it.i 

it.it    is.  f.  r  ii  , 
J  K  l     I   »:  - 

ft  *  u  i-  -TIm  t£ 

luiMin.        t  % 
liikii  T.tlj. 


.   I  .1*  -»c1l 

x  IfMMki 


is./  TIfcntn 


V  ii  ti  .  i.  I 


H."  V.w.11.  r-iU  t.UUlMt.  till    w»t  Vnt~  U..U.  iMito 

-   -*m,  -»■'  .       **V  i  "  *•  •         Ji.f. ...  itffl 

JOHN  C.  MONTt.OMKKIK, 

ran  n'^tumt  PtVM  ""»«  f'iW>fw,  Tjrt-ttM  Soetn.  I  KO  . 


o,     i.i  .<  *•»!»•-• 
THE  KNTOMOLOGIST: 

I  am  iiivsTK.»rri»  jt»r»s(At  <•»  »«irMrt  IWIVMOfctt* 

...  .  r  y »        I  *  n--**.  ii. r 

AN  i"  ■  .  t  i  »  t 

US 

I  WOOW.  I01D  «• 

Curt.  U  «" 

kal  OUM,  tU  «    'V"''" |U«*IMIJ    *!■•.»  ...IC.'ii.m 


1U-  ,.  ,   .SV   ■   •  ..•*«• 


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XXII 


NATURE 


[May  ::..:.« 


Nf.v  Ready,  Medium  8r.>,  Prict  2ls. 

A  TEXT-BOOK  of  PHARMACOLOGY,  THERAPEUTICS,  and  MATERIA  MEDKi 

By  T.  LAUDER  BRUNTON,  M.D.,  I)  Sc.,  F.R.S., 
Fellow  of  the  Royal  College  of  Physicians  ;  Assistant  Physician  and  Lecturer  on  Materia  Medica  at  St.  Bartholonww'j  l'>a 
Examiner  in  Materia  Me  iica  in  the  University  of  London,  in  the  Victoria  University,  and  in  the  Roj:l 
College  ol  Physicians  London  ;  late  Examiner  in  the  University  of  Edinburgh. 

ADAPTED  TO  THE  UNITED  STATES  PHARMACOPOEIA  BY  FRANCIS  H.  WILLIAMS.  MI 

BOSTON,  MASS. 

BY  THE  SAME  AUTHOR. 
In  the  Press, 

DISORDERS   OF   DIGESTION:  THEIR  CONSEQUENCES  AND  TREATMD* 

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NATURE 


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Section  of  Brighton  Chalk  -  Shell*  and  Organic  Remain*  «'«  oft* 

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NATURE 


[May  28,  1 85 


Z 2-2 LOGICAL  SOCIETY  OF  LONDON. 

DAVIS  LECTURES,  1885. 

*     —   f  Lectures  upon  Zoological  Subjects  will  be  given  in  the  Lecture- 
S  j/ib  0  -»e        itv\  tlardcus,  in  the  Regent's  Park,  on  Till  Kst>.\vs  at 

five  p-3L.  ojromencmg  June  4. 

Daft  Sl  «J«l-T  I.FCTl'RER 

1.  lfrarxUy.  June  4  ...  Rhinoceroses    and    their  I  Prof.  Et-OWRB,  I.L.D.. 

Extinct  Allies  f  V.P.R.S. 

*       •«         tt    tt  ...  Apes  and  Lemurs    Dr  St.  Oto  Mivakt, 

K.R.S. 

3-       M         •.    iS  .-  The  Structure  of  the  Swan    Prof.  W.  K  Txikkr, 

K.R.S. 

♦•       h  *S  —  The  Domestic  Cat    J.  K.  Hsuting,  Em\., 

F.LS. 

5-        <•        July  a  -.  Recent  Advances  in  Zoology  ProC     F.  Jeffrey 

P.'.:.  M.A. 

<•       „         »     9  —  The  Ancestor*  of  Bird*  _    F.  F.  k*..,u»»D.  , 

U  »_ 

7.       „  |4  —  The    Aritma!s    of  .'.    ••-»-»».  Evj., 

Guinea  —    —    —    -   i     |  '91.4. 

these  tjpi  lures  » ill  be  free  to  Eel'ows  '.'  •**    .is.:  .**nr  <-«rr;i.  and 

to  naer  V  .it..r»  to  the  I  .aniens. 

»•  :.    •.»;»»    >  -r-a/y. 


UNIVERSITY  COLLEG-  hMiTOL. 

OltXlfflHI      H'y.'  «>-h;p. 
\  if  HOI.AR.SHIP  of  it.    .-  ^  •//,..    ...  1         ..01  HREF. 

VK  \Kr  will  be  awar.lr.l  .•         '       ,  •  . <  •.    •  .«       .  t, 

tt         JUNE    MAI  K I '  •  .  •  .  .'.  •    •  '  •  '  V   ..1  im    I  ll- 

VrK-ilTY  OK  LONIl'l  •      1    •awl  u.  lixir  teMMl  f,r 

«».'.r,val  to  the  Pki-'Ii.  •    >    *  .    -    ,  Mm 
••or  further  inform.iii'.-.   ; .  / 

Al  J  Kl-.li  t  bTOCK,  RcKisirM. 


ROYAL  OKOOKAPHICAL  SOCIETY. 

The  Anniveis.n  >  M.       .   «     'j   I  • ".y  i^-imission  of  the  Chanrc'lur 

and  Senate)  in  llu  ll.iil       IM  '  *  'y  •<!  i.»»i>ilon,  Hurling Ion  tiardens, 

on  MONDAY.  I"'"      »l  1  1'  •••  .the  Right  Hon.  UM  Akekuare, 

President,  in  lb*  I  l...i< 

l  e  Duinerwilli.il..  al  Willis's  R'«mm»,  King  Sireel,  St  James's, 

at  *  y  in  i'ii  tin*  santi  il.y 

The  fxsglll  HuM,  I  Mtl  Al  miMW,  IV. 1. Inn,  in  the  (  hair. 

Pmiiri  1  hssttfe,  »i>  .  |«*1  '''I'  •<!  ll"  'b«.i  ;  or  'I'ii  ki  ts  may  be  had  and 
Places  taken  mi  1.  s.silli  !(..»,  Ilui  luiglon  I  iaidens,  up  10  m>»ii  on  Saturday, 
June  o. 

Hie  Fii'o.lsnl  rill  Wm  *i»  ad  1,1.  i<»  iImi  llinner. 


TUATERA  LIZARDS!!! 

Sf«.n.:t<>»  />>•».  I. Ifii'il.  '.1  I  Milt;;    (//.i/Ur/tt  ftuflt/.l/tl, 

(.WAV). 

FOR  T1IK  STUDY  OF  COMPARATIVE 
ANATOMY 

I'hi.  K s  i-i .1.    a  I..  I.  .1.11  1.  •>■  •  RM  ihi|i  Htm  •mil  iiiiat  iIm...  11.,  fr.ni 

tiers  .it"  I  si  -  h   -..I  in  11.  ••  is.  I  in.  in  •!  llu, I  bl*  nf 

est«"i  I  •  ••  I    «     I  I  ...  I  ii,  I  b|  Ik  1., ay  ,,,„Ui  ilm  M4M 

•t  I'a  1  I  l.i    I     bp  ,i.i.'l,  ill   vn  iltil  .  .  ,|||  lalily,  ,, 

ias    Ml     '•    R4   I    Htl   ii,       >i   I       II  H.     I    I  tl  I.  ly   ilisi   .viml   ll<4|  lint 

,;s"«i»i  l«i».    »  I  .  I  I.    i.  |..  I,  I  1..  .     (Mlttnm  f4e 

•ss-'l  IM  It.      I        ...     .1  lli     I    11  ,  •    .1     hi,   I  Ins  Him  lis.  a>i  i,| 

rn's  Win  1-1  1  •      M  m  *I>|.  '1  Mi       b|l*|  iIsii.mmiii •  as  "  Vila 

AZH»  ksal  I  11 

N  II       I''    I.       •  •  I         I    ma,   •  III. •!  la.   bail  Al        of   I'lss^ivsil  |n 

Sj  Mill  ,.l  M  . 
K<i  l'aiii...**i       PlMa,  F,  ,  -11 1,  in 

A  II  |.\MMA(  M| 

....  •'  •••  In  Ii  ■  Ph*4,  loHiloii,  Y. 

MIX  I'Mt/K  MKIiAI.il 

\sa  \»i  in  n  1  ••••  ni  hi   hum  1  i|  I  Hi  I |f  imd 

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J.iV*'  *».   «       .  I  I      1      .  1  1      1  1 


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NA  TURE 


73 


THURSDAY,  MAY   28,  1885 


PRACTICAL  INSTRUCTION  IN  BOTANY 

\  Course  of  Practical  Instruction  in  Botany.  By  F.  O. 
Bower,  M.A.,  F.L.S.,  Lecturer  on  Botany  at  the  Normal 
School  of  Science,  South  Kensington,  and  Sidney  H. 
Vines,  M.A.,  D.Sc,  F.L.S.,  Fellow  and  Lecturer  of 
Christ's  College,  Cambridge,  and  Reader  in  Botany  in 
the  University  ;  with  a  Preface  by  \V.  T.  Thisclton 
Dyer,  M.A.,  C.M.G.,  F.R.S.,  F.L.S.,  Assistant  Director 
of  the  Royal  Gardens,  Kew  Part  I.  Phanerogama:- 
Pteridophyta.    (London  :  Macmillan  and  Co.,  1885.) 

TT  is  with  more  than  ordinary  satisfaction  that  we 
*■  welcome  this  volume.  Apart  altogether  from  con- 
sideration of  its  intrinsic  excellency,  its  appearance  is 
gratifying  as  a  first  product  of  the  younger  school  of 
botanists  in  this  country— a  school  which  for  some  years 
past  has  been  doing  good  work  in  oral  teaching,  though 
up  till  now  it  has  not  contributed  to  teaching  literature  - 
and  it  is  time  that  its  methods  were  put  in  a  more 
permanent  form  and  made  more  generally  accessible. 
The  inconsistencies  and  inaccuracies  characterising,  with 
few  exceptions,  our  endemic  botanical  text-books  and  our 
dependence  for  reasonably  safe  handbooks  with  informa-  j 
tion  up  to  date  upon  translated  works,  mostly  of  German 
authors,  are  a  reproach  for  which  every  botanist  would 
gladly  see  the  cause  removed.  At  last  we  have  a  prospect  , 
of  this,  and  the  volume  now  before  us  is  an  instalment  of  1 
a  work  which  will  in  great  part  do  so.  The  names  of 
Thiselton  Dyer,  Bower,  and  Vines  on  the  title-page  are 
a  guarantee  of  its  thoroughness  and  accuracy,  and  the 
book  certainly  bears  out  their  reputation. 

The  book  took  origin,  as  Mr.  Thiselton  Dyer  informs 
us  in  the  preface,  in  the  work  initiated  by  him  at  South 
Kensington  in  1873.  It  is  no  small  merit  to  have  started 
at  that  time  a  system  of  instruction  which  embraced  the 
examination  by  every  student  of  the  leading  morpho- 
logical facts  of  ever)'  important  type  in  the  vegetable 
kingdom.  And  this  programme,  which  Mr.  Thisclton  | 
Dyer  set  himself  and  successfully  carried  out,  has  not 
only  eventuated  in  what,  with  him,  we  hope  will  be  per- 
manent—the institution,  in  what  is  now  the  Normal 
School  of  Science,  at  South  Kensington,  of  a  lectureship 
on  botany,  but  also,  in  what  concerns  us  here— this 
volume. 

"  I  had  always,"  says  Mr.  Thiselton  Dyer,  "  hoped  to 
put  together  the  results  of  the  experience  in  teaching 
methods  acquired  at  South  Kensington  in  the  form  of  a 
handbook,  which  should  save  teachers  who  wished  to 
follow  our  example  from  much  of  the  trouble  and  diffi- 
culty which  I,  and  those  who  at  different  times  have 
taught  in  this  way,  have  had  to  face.  But,  in  the  mean- 
while, I  had  been  drawn  off  to  administrative  duties  which 
left  a  steadily  decreasing  leisure  for  purely  scientific  work. 
Fortunately,  my  friend  Mr.  Bower  was  willing— and  with 
far  greater  competence— to  take  up  the  task  which  I  was 
unable  to  perform,  and  to  him  are  entirely  due  the  labora- 
tory instructions  for  studying  the  different  types  selected. 
Dr.  Vines  has  very  kindly  supplied  the  chapters  on 
methods  and  on  the  morphology  of  the  cell.  But  besides 
Vol.  xxxii— No.  813 


this  he  has  at  ever)'  step  given  the  assistance  of  his  own 
extensive  experience  in  practical  teaching/'  With  this 
book  before  us  we  can  understand  the  motive  of  success 
of  the  South  Kensington  course,  for  it  is  the  most 
thorough  introduction  to  the  practical  study  of  plant 
morphology  which  has  yet  appeared  ;  the  only  book  to 
be  mentioned  along  with  it  is  the  recently  published 
"Practicum"  of  Strasburger — (of  which  of  course  the 
inevitable  translation  is  promised)— and  that  is  laid  down 
on  somewhat  different  lines. 

In  the  first  chapter  Dr.  Vines  gives  an  excellent  account 
of  methods  and  reagents,  delightful  in  the  clearness  and 
conciseness  of  its  language  and  bearing  throughout  evi- 
dence of  the  hand  of  one  who  is  no  mere  compiler  of 
instruction  but  who  has  himself  tested  and  had  experience 
of  all  that  is  explained.  The  manner  of  setting  to  work, 
of  making  preparation,  of  making  cultures,  of  preparing 
reagents,  is  all  set  forth  in  such  a  way  that  any  intelligent 
tyro  may  readily  equip  himself  and  do  good  work.  And 
we  must  congratulate  Dr.  Vines  on  the  wise  selection  of 
methods  and  reagents  he  has  made  for  notice,  and  on 
their  arrangement.  The  multiplicity  of  new  methods- 
many  with  but  questionable  advantage  to  recommend 
them— and  their  technicalities  even  in  connection  with 
botanical  work  is,  at  the  present  time,  somewhat  appall- 
ing and  it  is  satisfactory  to  have  these  sifted  by  so  com- 
petent an  authority. 

Dr.  Vines's  second  chapter,  on  the  Structure  and  Pro- 
perties of  the  Cell,  is  a  very  prominent  and  commendable 
feature  in  the  book,  and  will  prove  an  extremely  valuable 
one  to  all  practical  students— the  micro-chemical  portion 
of  it  especially,  which  gives  in  summarised  and  terse 
form  the  fundamental  reactions  exhibited  by  the  various 
elements  in  the  plant  body,  which  are  the  basis  of  all 
further  laboratory  worlc  The  student  finds  here  at  once 
a  guide  for  testing  the  dictums  of  the  earlier  chapter  as 
well  as  a  graphic  code  for  reference  in  his  future  studies. 
A  synoptical  arrangement  such  as  this,  and  so  happily 
worked  out,  has  not  been  attempted  in  any  previous  book. 

Mr.  Bower's  more  especial  work,  the  morphology  of  the 
various  types  dealt  with,  is  no  less  excellent.  The  ex- 
amples selected  for  illustration  appear  to  us  particularly 
well  chosen,  being  readily  obtainable  in  any  locality,  and 
their  characteristics,  macroscopic  and  microscopic,  arc 
explained  with  precision  and  in  great  detail.  We  shall 
not  dwell  at  any  length  upon  illustration  of  the  admirable 
character  of  this  part  of  the  book,  but  in  evidence  of  its 
completeness  will  refer  to  the  section  on  the  vegetative 
organs  of  Dicotyledons.  Sunflower  is  selected  as  the 
chief  type  for  examination,  and  we  have  first  of  all  a  brief 
description  of  the  embryo  and  germination  ;  then  its 
stem  in  the  mature  and  young  condition  are  gone  over, 
macroscopically  and  microscopically ;  but  as  it  shows 
only  the  herbaceous  type,  the  arboreous  type  as  seen  in 
Elm  is  explained,  and  further,  the  aquatic  type,  as  in 
Mare's  tail.  Sections  are  next  added  on  the  stem  of 
Cucumber  and  IJme-trec  with  a  view  to  special  illustra- 
tion of  the  sieve-tube  elements,  and  upon  Dandelion  and 
Spurge  for  laticifcrous  elements.  In  like  manner  the 
leaf  is  treated  of,  to  that  of  Sunflower,  which  is  the 
chief  type,  descriptions  of  Cherry-laurel  and  Stone- 
being  appended.  Again,  in  the  case  of  the  root,  S 
runner  as  well  as  Sunflower  is  described.  Beside; 

E 

Digitized  by  Google 


NA  TC'RE 


\\Uy  28.  1SS5 


'  ~-  :"        "  vi"-.:  tciI,  which  are  dealt  whh  in  d-v.all, 
~rv         —  • ire  made  to  other  examples  in  -\\:  eh 
.  '  '  .  «r  •arher  illustration  of  -pcriat  tea*  ares-  r.n  - 
>*         -  <  radar  thoroughness  runs  thro.:*.?;  the 

x*:  >f  ill  the  types. 

-  'no  perusing  the  volume  must  be  Ir.-.rv  ••  i  -.vi 

h  a/:  -a  indard  of  its  cdu--a:  .  a  d  adie 
a<-r  tml  'X  ;;i.?nt  m  this  co  miry  arc  ah.ee  r  .  he  - 
r«" i  -tv*i-,  its  publication.  The  f  irmer  his  r.o *  .1 
thur >•.••,•  trustworthy  laboratory  guide  to  pi  ice  ;r.  'he 
hand-  -r"  popiN,  and  the  latter  has  a  hir-iv-K  in  fr- 
own ..ir.^-j.i^e  to  which  he  ran  refer  v.; -'a  <-  at 
his  <»>ir  ii  after  a  sound  knowledge  of  p!  :-'  ra  -;  ».. 

Th-*  is  only  the  first  part  of  the  w.-.rk.  ard  h-d-  *  da 

Ph.!-" -r.  ..*ams  and  f'teriduphyte=.     Ma.--  cat  •  .  • 

pnrti..:j  no-  1>el  mgin  appearing  '  It  i*  r>- ' 
nrrgr-.-d  intention  of  the  authors  u  to  p.-.-'"  the  •;  r  -.  *  -? 
for  the  study  of  earh  type  wi*h  a  sh  ,rt  a-  ,«,.-.;  .  .  .  .  f 
its  sa'icnt  morphoh._r-ra!  fa<  -s  '  has  r.-.t  be-*.-,  e-.rrc-  :  .  .t 
in  tins  part  ;  Mr.  T;::  sr  :-.,n  D-.er  a  -  /  .  s  -  •-: 
the  reason  for  i's  po:';„,:-.1-Ti"r.-.  We  i-.-  .-.,.-v  .  -;  •  ,• 
the  wan!  of  -a'h  :,r;ef  ep: ■  ■*  '.'  he  - 
Bui  a.  th/-  1.  ,mU  ; .  -v  r'.i.-.  <-.'"  -  i 

IfKi':  (•,:■•  ard,  -■■  :■'■.■)."-■.:■',■         •..  a  a-   — ,■    .r    .-/  '.vvr 

hop*  -fi  •  "        1    ;r.nal  v". <%-,(►  'iv>n  *\  'h  '!  e  -vvv  v  • 
pi  t  n '.'  I     n  1  1     1  s-  "      .  -  -  <  !  . ,  •    -   <  f  .•  •«!»•;• 

W  1  1    '  ;  ■       !    <>     .1  •     \  "  't*i   b-    h'  I."   '      •»•''  v.'-.    ■  ■■!  '\p 

voli. :.,«••      '.'  f  f;,-  f  a  V  ,r'.fi,+  ror,-.r,-.er /  -w  Vp  >f>-'<  ■,.♦}■, 
«»'  l>  i  .'  ;        1  ..'!        1  'r-  .'re.it.'y  rri  ,r  i>ev,  A  :*\  ii 
•  <••/   r  f'  '        •  -  .v.'  i.v.eal  teach. .-.^  ;f  \r 

Tin  11  '.  '/si  1 ' y ihA  '■■/   -in/    •        7 .-,/..::. 

•  <>r  ni  aha  ■-//'    /  .;/•/  /.///  ,  • 
/U0  .     1,  *,.,rt*i  .  /  ,/•  /./,..*.         fi-  y  x,„ 
P*rt  itufU,     \*A  U  f    r>.,-.  e         v<  ;.,  a-,  K  .-er,. 


e#.*  ■!•#/!  n  •,     •   ^  ro*V  -.of.rs'  :,a"       »h  eh 

■•'     '  **•'    I  1  'J'r      1     f  ,','",-^f  'f>f   »  f<«  '*  d'  <,*  *.*o 

*  '      *  '  *  •';<•'.,'■    t   '.**,**,*<;.  t,*.  ',t* 

•'    '     '  »*"■  *      •     '*    **  ' >* /'   "•«,  A 

"    '             '     '              •  /             .                     *»/''-'.'       '  '                .    t  .  0 

 ,•  i.e  .e"  *  '  rr.*i,.*,ir  ^ 

'  '       "    "  "  !*•••>     ^  •  .'    ,  •  "d  ^  ,/  or.e  v. 


•   '     •>+  •'  *  «a,ne 

'    '     '         '      '  '  *   *"  *,»'..1**f>.l  ',\.,M,\ 

'+      •    *  *•'  *                    f"     «...      'd  /etr» 

•*•       <       "  •■'■<'<*  I"        {     ,  , \.„,  ,  /J,t 

/   f     A  ,         .  ,uu  ,.  ,j  r<^  , 

e  *  '  1                               ,.     /  ^   . i . 

r*  "    "    "  "••,•««#!#         »  » .-o  f  !(■;■,»' f.'jpy 

f'         1  y''     >r  '   •  '      'r»     ■    *      't'ti  j  *f,f| 

«•          '           '  '-At,.'.          ,,•    '      .>  r  ..f  I,,. 

•   '  "  11 '  '  •  •   -n  .\  '  —  ,\  •,<',/   

t  ;•'  ;    "  •    '  ,,(         .  ; 

M  '     f  <  •  •!      .    .■  >     jrf  ,(i      f     /  ,r.  ,-l       'I  »     f  .     ,   .  , ,  o 


p«  ;::r---;n.       ,  icv  ar-j  •  '  '  par-:ujs.  :.:e 

e<.M.-a.u|-  fr  ir.  :h«;:r  .r»-  j:.:-.  u  11   I  •  i    im.  Tbe 

j""". as.  ■  rWTiera.   ~  ->  -l.tded  :n  a  traitmetir  ••  r'  i  i:r-e 
sr..v::tnen.  t.;t    :  .*  ii.i.-j.HT*;  'ty  -.:e  presence  :t 
in-.mense  ;;iar.t.:v  ot  srn  uies  -m  the  bodies  •:r"  the  p<>  -rs. 
the—  '  -r.r.5.-'es  a.-ii         sa-:  ••Mima.  \  :.  _  av  tr      r=s  : 
rr,". ■:.i'.  .\;-:  <.;  it  '.t^:   >  .  i-  '-.f  "he        '->  :  ut 

•y-.<t  .:•  s  ar-t  v  :,  ],:.-  z-\     :  :    r;        :r-.i  .a         •  :  \:   t  » 

':.     r  •    •   '  a   1  ■  '   .  :.r  ■  !>:  :  i        ::         .     r:  : 

T':>:  :tta  -     it  :r«  •  f  •.'>:  .f.er.t-  :   -.  ir.  '  "     -  :- 

•rhfth  relates  to  the  c-:w  fant'  'ts  -:-fir-*ei  r-:*.ru"«  1 
L' <■  •       t  iiu-rtnus.  M  wh..:h      r:  v...-.  '-.a':'  t.  _ 
pr>js  vvl  *e-.  en  «.f  :  te  tj  e  ci^t^  i-^  de.  tesi. 

The  N'^rA-eciis  txTe*!  •  <»e  t*;tu-«i»i  r*  :>-e  rrx-> 
of  iV;.;Vf/'f  «r*Ti»f  :'r  T.  i:  rersr.:  To«:aI  tes.    IC  '».»• 
d«:  c'ted  e:,'ht  ite  ttes   f  ±e  »ert-s  fr  ttn  tie  .*" 
<T<  l.'^tod.  b'tt  »>ft*  r>(*  those.  C.  T-  f^"':.  "i>  ri.      ;  ;e~t 


by  the  au±orj  as 
-..',•>     .v .  .    1-  - 
S.v^i!:ih  E\peii:t;>  i 


>e  to  'Z'j  't«i   c  s:->rtcil 


•  s;  ,:, 


«     .-     ,  •  ■  » 


/>!.':•      I  ..-  whole  ->f  th-;  :  ■■«•  ■.  ■ .  e  •  -     ■  -  •  ■.  ■  ' 
"he  Nome/:art  Extted.:.  r.  are  h.;re  ciretu^y  d e ~~ ' <-i 
V.\  ietai.'i    M'.  of  them  d:^er  fr  -~.  one  atvr.h-r.  c  ?r  .  - 
;*/  pef,-.l  'artnes  in  van-. us  a    s  ir  I  ••  :-  .  e.  7- 

rter.r  »h.-:h  rni.ht.  w«re  the  ser.es  les*  comp  ete,  ui  > 
lea d  -r,  -he  c^tibii  ihmer.t  •  f  scp  irate  jpe-rle*.  TV.  t  'arrest 
iper.men  ifbtttne  1      l-  dr.-  .red.  tTTin  a  d;tith  c: 
.'.•••':':•••>.         s  a  ;r.  b:-.d.    Th-i  /i  v.!i  ar.i  the  r«--'-T>. 

"-t    •  •        :ir>--    '         .::  ":  e  '       •,  ..  J--  •  .  .-  • 

t'-  '  •  :  '    -  .  •  <  •«  '   d  -  '     /•      .  -  i  ^ 

'■a,.  Tr.--:  h-.rr.'  .:  ••[  j  ■  ■!;      •/'.<::'  at:  .-.  '--ca  ::' 

:•.'■.■».'-;        e-t  f.  ;<:  -...-a  .:"  :'  r  ;..;.,>  (  '         T".  r  ates 
•'• '  "  ••••••    ••  ret  -e -f T.'.itf  a  of  I" -..';.•<; .'i t, i .1    et  rh-. 

■■'        '  _-ht  f»rora:r.er.t  lar.ee>)  i-e  .i-t-as  occ:-.  e-  i 
/ ■  ■  ■  '     •  i.  .:.  ■"•  (.:•■:-..  I  :;i         r.-.  t!:e  '  ;"tral  t-.-'-  ;  s  •  -  • 
'  .1.  ■>  .-    of  :  •       -.   a:t  1       r    .  :  • 

-''•-r..-;.  f,-.  er  ti.e  r:,  tins  ^enerahy.  The  :--..ts  a- 
>'■'  '-         -1    :.  •.  a  -  :t;'-  -  tr.ttat'c.  f  : 

•'••ode  •*  i.'rt  not  r/:tr;n  ted  i'Mkr;  \-<e  a  port  dent  p.i;>:.  , 
I    '  ■--   •«••;•.•-,-!,•,   s.t.mc-ar.es.  hot         .1     v.      '  t:  ir  sh-  : 
■  ♦-«!'.  o     •     -i.;i-'di  arc  ho'ow  .  thv'.r  .'.o.  t     -  oorrtrr  . 
■''••/  *  -h  o  '1  e  of  the  tentacles,  an  ;  w  '.  .:h  ran  a 
1      •:,  ■;,'!:!       K'.ii'.ker.  in  t     •  -  -  •    ..-.f  :i. 

'  r   Ivr.r.a-  .hds.  (!■  -         i  j'ni.hr   ;    •   :s    Ca  : 

■'  : '  ;  •:  :i    h.t  le  r»  ;  •..->•  as  cAtsun  -  1:1  ^  •».-•'  -.v.. .' .-  /.'u:.' 
■•">  '  '■  <  ■*•/»  ar..l  nt  the  hitter  spec.-*  :">  jtui  tr- 

:'  "' '  '     '    '••o:  •      '<      He  fl.rares  th-.-tn,  bat  ortlv 

■■  'I'-.    On  t,v>k.f.^  at  the  flo-are^  here  j;i\cr. 
of  -he-.e  /oo  d.  X  ,  Fi^s.  s<\  57)  it  i.  very  d.frk  -: 

r  '  o;d  an:,  (arc  :  the  position  of  the  mot:::: 

■  ■  '  '-'  •''    i'iy  ori'-,  a::d  they  are  drawn  as  elongate 

•'  ':  k  -••  f"rrn  «  hen  expanded,  sipsat  and  rounded 
'  '  "'  "  '<■"  I  he  f  r.tacle  seems  when  protruded  ;.- 

I.-      dorr  -  r,  ,  rr..-.v  [,ndoi-.;;,1non  r^f  the  entire  hotly  of  the 
"  •' r- ;•'••'< '•'  v'  '-"n  retraction  this  prolongation 
"  r'  ''  ''  '         ""o  th.-  bas.it  re-ion  of  the  b«»dv.  The 

'  of  1  h.  •  :|e  r. a, (;„!,.  should  abut  on  one  snl  j  of  the 

''•''.■],,  i,.,.  ,„,  .,,.,(,  n, 1, mil. opening  is  figured  In  the 
"■' of  .,  ,00, ,|  fhig.  57;  the  mouth  is  ncithei 
'  " :'  '""'I  »or  referred  to  in  the  description. 

'  ■' '■■  <■"<  'i  dl  .  I.  u  on  the  point. 


Digitized  by 


May  28,  1885] 


NA  TURE 


75 


The  polyps  bear  the  gonads,  and  are  apparently  vivi- 
parous. Very  interesting  conclusions  arc  arrived  at  by 
the  authors  by  comparison  of  the  various  stages  at  their 
disposal  as  to  the  mode  of  growth  and  successive  addi- 
tions of  fresh  polyps  to  the  colony  around  the  terminal 
primary  polyp,  and  these  are  at  variance  with  those  of 
I.indahl.  A  couple  of  lateral  polyps  appear  on  each  side 
of  the  terminal  polyp,  then  another  pair  of  laterals  are 
formed,  and  the  rachis  expands  in  breadth.  The  ccntro- 
dorsal  polyp  is  formed,  and  then  the  dorso-lateral  are  deve- 
loped, whilst  the  lateral  polyps  become  more  numerous. 

H.  N.  M<  jseley 


OUR  BOOK  SHELF 

A  Flora  of  the  English  Lake  District.  By  J.  G.  Baker, 
F.R.S.,  F.L.S.  (London  :  George  Bell  and  Sons,  York 
Street,  Covent  Garden,  1885.) 

IT  is  perhaps  surprising  that  a  "Flora"  of  the  Lake 
district  has  not  before  been  issued,  considering  the  large 
number  of  botanists  who  have  yearly  rambled  over  its 
fells  and  dales.  It  has  been  left  to  Mr.  ].  G.  Baker  to  do 
so,  and  with  modesty  he  says  "it  does  not  seem  likely  at 
present  to  stand  in  the  way  of  anything  more  complete." 
The  limits  of  the  "  Flora"  embrace  parts  of  Cumberland, 
Westmoreland,  and  the  whole  of  what  is  botanically 
called  Lake  Lancashire  ;  but  excludes  "the  northern  half 
of  Cumberland  and  the  western  slope  of  the  Pennine 
Chain,  through  Cumberland  and  Westmoreland  ; "  the 
exact  boundaries  are,  however,  not  very  clearly  defined 

One  cannot  help  feeling,  directly  the  book  is  opened, 
that  it  is  the  work  of  one  used  to  generalise  and  deal  with 
facts  in  a  broad  way  :  in  no  part  more  so  than  in  the  first 
fourteen  pages,  where,  accepting  Mr.  M.  C.  Watson's 
definitions,  he  describes  the  distributive  types,  2ones  of 
altitude,  temperature,  &c,  with  a  clearness  coming  of 
long  and  practical  acquaintance  with  the  subject,  giving 
comparative  tables  of  the  types.  Sec,  with  those  of 
Northern  Yorkshire,  Northumberland  and  Durham,  and 
Britain,  and  making  the  Lake  Flora  about  900  species. 
It  should,  however,  be  remembered  that  this  number  is 
based  on  Mr.  H.  C.  Watsoivs  estimate  of  1425  species  for 
Britain  as  a  whole. 

Had  that  estimate  to  be  made  now  by  Mr.  Watson, 
the  result  would  probably  be  the  accepting  of  a  larger 
number,  not  alone  by  the  discovery  of  species  since 
made,  but  by  a  decided  feeling  on  his  part  "that  there 
were  some  species  that  would  eventually  have  to  be 
divided."  It  may  well  be  asked  why  is  there  this  com- 
paratively large  amount  of  difference  demanded  among 
our  native  plants  to  constitute  a  "  species,"  and  the  little 
often  accepted  among  newly-discovered  "  species from 
distant  countries  ;  doubtless  knowledge  is  progressive  in 
the  latter  case,  but  still  theories  and  generalisations  are 
built  up  on  them  with  as  much  apparent  certainty  as 
on  floras  long  known  and  studied.  Mr.  Baker  then 
enumerates  the  species  constituting  the  flora,  running  up  to 
234  pages,  numbering  them  according  to  the  sixth  edition 
of  the  "London  Catalogue,"  showing  also  (but  not  num- 
bering) the  large  number  of  doubtful  plants  that  have  at 
various  times  been  reported  from  the  district. 

Perhaps  the  most  striking  fact  brought  out  by  this 
"  Flora  is  the  scarcity  of  aquatic  species  compared  with 
the  numerous  lakes  and  tarns,  of  which  there  must  be 
between  sixty  and  seventy,  large  and  small.  Whether  in 
this  particular  district  this  is  from  the  want  of  investigation, 
or  from  a  real  paucity  of  species  or  specimens,  is  difficult  to 
say  ;  but  certainly  our  lakes  and  waters  have  not  been  suffi- 
ciently systematically  searched,  whether  from  the  botani- 
cal, zoological,  or  chemical  point  of  view.  In  this  we  should 
do  well  to  emulate  the  Swedish  naturalists ;  but  in  our 


case  it  may  well  be  asked,  "  Where  are  we  to  look  for 
help?" 

I  low  little  we  know  of  the  life-histories  of  our  aquatic 
plants  !  and  it  may  well  be  suggested  as  a  study  for  those 
botanists,  who,  while  not  being  able  to  take  up  botany  in 
the  way  so  ably  advocated  lately  by  Prof.  Bower  in 
Nature,  still  have  some  leisure  from  other  occupations 
and  duties,  and  could  really  advance  the  knowledge  of  our 
flora  beyond  mere  collecting.  It  is  only  necessary  to  turn 
over  the  plates  of  Dr.  T.  Innisch's  work  on  them  to  under- 
stand what  is  meant  and  required.  Ar.  B. 

The  Fallacy  of  the  Present  Theory  of  Sound.  By  Henry 
A.  Mott,  jun.,  Ph.D.,  E.M.,  &c,  Professor  of  Chemistry 
and  Physics  in  the  New  York  Medical  College  and 
Hospital  for  Women ;  Author  of  "  The  Chemist's 
Manual,"  "Was  Man  Created?"  "Adulteration  of 
Milk,"  "  Testing  the  Value  of  Rifles  by  Firing  under 
Water,"  "  The  Laws  of  Nature,"  "  The  Air  We  Breathe 
and  Ventilations,"  &c.  121110.  (New  York:  Printed 
for  the  Author,  1885.) 

This  is  a  very  curious  book.  Its  author  appends  to  his 
name  recognised  scientific  titles,  and  seems  to  hold  a 
I  responsible  position  as  a  teacher  ;  but  he  has  been  led 
into  a  hopeless  and  inextricable  muddle  about  wave- 
motion  ;  and,  starting  with  a  misconception,  he  naturally 
obtains  results  so  utterly  at  variance  with  common  sense 
and  experience,  that  it  is  remarkable  he  cannot  sec  his 


He  begins  by  admitting  that  "to  attack  a  theory  which 
has  been  upheld  for  2500  years,  and  which  has  been  and 
is  sustained  by  the  greatest  living  scientists,  is  certainly 
a  very  bold  undertaking."  But  he  feels  bound,  neverthe- 
less, "to  come  to  the  front  and  join  Dr  A.  \\  ilford  Hall 
in  exposing  the  fallacy."  He  fulminates,  moreover,  the 
following  withering  defiance  at  false  prophets:  "  If  Profs, 
llclmholtz,  Tyndal),  Lord  Raylcigh,  Sir  William  Thom- 
son in  Europe,  and  Profs.  Rood  and  Mayer  in  this 
country,  wisli  to  retain  the  respect  and  confidence  of 
thinking  people,  they  will  at  once  endeavour  either  to 
defend  the  theory  of  sound,  or,  like  men,  come  boldly  to 
the  front  and  acknowledge  that  it  is  fallacious." 

There  can  be  no  doubt  that  these  various  noblemen 
and  gentlemen  will  at  once  proceed  to  adopt  humbly  the 
latter  and  safer  alternative  ;  because  it  is  obvious  that  if 
they  do  not  do  so  speedily,  creation  and  nature  will  come 
to  a  premature  end.  This  rather  serious  occurrence  is 
thus  predicted  :  "  The  lowest  tone  of  an  organ  is  slated  by 
Prof.  Hlaserna  to  have  sixteen  vibrations  to  the  second, 
and  a  consequent  wave-length  of  /ofcet.  It  thus  follows, 
says  Dr.  Hall,  that  in  the  sound  of  such  an  organ-pipe  the 
air-particles  (as  a  whole)  arc  obliged  to  travel  35  feet  and 
back  sixteen  times  each  second  in  order  to  pass  from  the 
space  occupied  by  the  centre  of  rarefaction  to  the  centre 
of  condensation  and  back.  They  would  thus  move  with 
a  velocity  in  one  direction  of  560  feet  a  second,  or  at  the 
rate  of  381  miles  an  hour,  which  would  produce  a  tornado 
of  more  than  double  the  velocity  necessary  to  sweep  a 
village  into  ruins.  If  there  was  the  least  truth  in  the 
wave-theory,  the  sound  of  a  church-organ  should  get  up 
a  cyclone  which  would  blow  a  cathedral  into  atoms." 

This  is  truly  very  horrible  !  far  worse  than  dynamite. 
Saddened  by  these  reductions,  we  can  bear  with  com- 
parative equanimity  the  revelation  that  "  the  prong  of  a 
tuning-fork  moves  at  the  rate  of  only  about  one  inch  in 
four  years,"  and  "  instead  of  swiftly  advancing,  as  Tyndall 
says,  sounds  audibly  when  moving  more  than  25,000  times 
slower  than  the  hour  hand  of  a  family  clock,  and  more 
than  300,000,000  times  slower  than  any  clock-pendulum 
ever  constructed,  instead  of  very  much  faster,  as  Helm- 
hot  tz  teaches." 

One  more  quotation  is  it  resistible  :  "Imagine,"  sa'- 
our  author,  w  ho  seems  to  have  recovered  wonderfully  ' 
the  terrestrial  cataclysm  which  he  and  the  cv'f 


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fay  28,  1885] 


NA  TURE 


77 


lite  different  notation  is  employed -is  *■  imply  infuriating  !  I 
:>v»Ul  urge  upon  Prof.  Pearson  that  he  has  now  an  unrivalled 
»portunity  of  fixing  in  the  language  of  Knglish  (and  perhaj»s 
reign)  mathematicians  a  really  serviceable  and  significant 
stem  of  notation. 

The  doable-suffix  notation  for  strain  and  »tres*,  which  is  deve- 
ped  to  perfection  in  St.  Vcnant's  French  translation  of  Clebsch, 
»_s  many  advantages,  but  seems  to  be  too  cumbrous  for  English 
j»tc.  Nothing  perhaps  could  be  more  unmeaning  than  Thomson 
"»d  Tait's  notation  for  "stresses,"  independent  as  it  is  of  all 
inference  to  the  strain-symbols.  Still  I  must  confess  <in  common, 

dare  say,  with  m«t  men  who  have  derived  their  first  inspira- 
ons  from  that  mathematical  epic)  that  it  has  secured  tori  firm  a 
•lace  in  my  mental  machinery  to  be  lightly  cast  out,  even  in 
avour  of  a  lietter.  W.J.  IhUKTsoN 

Cambridge,  May  12 

The  Colours  of  Arctic  and  Alpin;  Animala 

Mr  R.  Mei  DOI.a  has  maintained,  in  Nature,  vol.  xaxi. 
p.  505,  the  idea  that  the  white  colour  of  feme  animals, 
Arctic  mammal-,  and  birds,  mast  be  ascribed  to  the  ab-sorr,ent 
and  radiating  power  ol  the  same  colorations  in  relation  to  the 
rays  of  the  sun.  He  maintains  also  that  to  a  similar  cruise  we 
owe  the  seasonal  polychromism  of  -.everal  mammals  a',d  birds  of 
the  Alps,  and  what  would  be  for  these  animals  a  partial  return 
to  the  characters  of  the  Glacial  epoch. 

By  an  analogous  theory  the  author  explains  the  contrary 
phenomenon  that  is  observed  in  msny  in  ects— that  is,  the 
darkening  of  the  coloration,  and  he  -peaks  principally  on  this 
point  of  the  I^cpidoptera. 

Now  I  beg  to  make  the  following  observations,  and  to  indicate 
the  following  facts  : — 

(I)  That  a  seasonal  mutation  of  colour  it  ob-servaUe  in  many 
mammals,  now  more,  now  Ic=s  distinctly,  and  r.-:  rai  ly 
it  concurs  with  the  change  of  cost.  AUo  n  >t  seldom  in 
mammals  strictly  belonging  to  the  Al^,  as,  for  example,  m  the 
Rupicapra  rurcpm,  and  in  the  Capra  iiu,  the  colour  changes 
x-ery  little  in  the  summer  and  in  the  Winter,  aithojgh  the 
length,  the  thickness  and  also  the  coarseness  of  the  hair,  were 
very  different.  In  other  ca^es,  as,  for  eirci'le,  in  the  Ctrvui 
mandarinui,1  the  coat  in  summer,  light  reddish  yellow,  with 
many  round  white  spots,  while  in  winter  it  is  dark  brown,  and 
the  round  spots  are  less  numerous  and  are  light  brown. 

(21  As  to  the  insects,  it  is  oh-servel  that  in  C.l'oftrra  the 
colours  of  the  Alpine  specie-,  are  "trigh'er  than  those  of  "he 
warmer  plains,  as  in  the  genera  of  t  /'.re   •nhu:,  i.e. 

Ini  several  species  of  Harpilui,  Amir,:,  (i<:rdf.::,  ic,  'he 
individuals  that  we  ftr/il  at  the  greatest  elevations  of  the  Alps 
hare  often  lighter  colours. 

(31  A  darker  c  viv-r  and  v.rr.-times  a  ssh  ,!e  mtlini.m  it  ob- 
served  in  general  in  the  insets  of  the  devc-.-s  — for  ei:ra;>.  in 
that  of  Sahara.  On  the  cor.t.-ary.  the  rr.»-;.r..-.U  >.f  these  c.-tr.- 
tries  present  in  genera!  a  scry 'light  cA  :r.  It  -Tt  to  roe 
that  this  fact  car.r,  ,:  1*  e*  plained  by  the  ■:  •  ory  of  ri  hat  ion. 

(41  A  very  rem-.rka'  it  -.i-lanism  is  a:-,  o i  in  -  vrral 
mammals,  the  Rtptilia  a.-d  Coleootira  t:  a-  are  in  i.'.tie 
or  cr-on  rxks  :r.  the  war-ret     regions,  for  •.  7 : ::.  >  ■  r.  -_  I,,  iwr/.-.i..-;, 
Ac  ,'CuinJy.a  <ampe:!rf.  ir.  the  i.S.-.d  of  -:.  i'f-r  it.  >-!fi.:.;a.» 

(51  In  -he  rep-iles  ar  :  in  the  Aiptr.e  a-.  :  ^  we  v.. me  .-rr.es, 
meet  with  v,.T.e  catcs  of  darkening.  '  :  tr.e  civ.-s  -  a  rcsvarkible 
b-rightcr.ing  are  no:  very  rare,  as,  tor  taira;.;*,  it.  the  tcJf  .'.f*  of 
Ran  a  wii/.j. 

•61  A  sen.;'  !e  d.*TTer.:e  is  oh-vrrve-f  in  'r.t  c:'.:t\':  :r.  bet»»«n 
the  Arctic    ir !s  ar.  .  -be  Ar.-;.-.-::.     1c  U>*.  h..-.k  :s  :;.  ;-.h 

c:ore  abend  int. 

Inieed.  Australia.  N»w  Zeiirs  :. 
for  a  rerr.arkable  ,ia.'i-t-  .r. 
animals. 

In  the  Camirora.  wi:  *.  jre  tt-.e  : 
'  rfr:~  -v.    ir  :  « 
sei-e-il  f 
r  ;n  vt 


The  causes,  I  would  say  in  conclusion,  that  intervene  to 
modify  the  colour  of  animals,  are  very  complicated  ;  climate 
has  amongst  these  a  certain  importance,  but  it  doe*  not  seem  to 
me  that,  although  it  !>c  very'  attractive,  Mr.  Meldola's  theory  of 
radiation  is  sufficient.  l.ORE.szo  CAMBRANo 

Zoological  Museum  of  Turin 


On  Certain  Stages  of  Ocular  After-Imagea 

In  a  diort  note  in  the  Phil.  M<>%.,  1872,  vol.  xliii.  p  J43, 
Prof.  C.  A.  Young  has  recorded  a  curious  instance  of  "after- 
image," which  seems  to  mr  to  \m  of  the  -same  order  as  thnt 
observed  by  Mr.  Shelford  Bidwell,  and  rrcorded  in  NATt/kf, 
(vol.  xxrii.  y.  30  .  I  qu  >te  from  Prof.  Young's  note,  which  i» 
namcl  "  Note  on  Recurrent  \'isi  a  few  lines,  which  will 
show  what  hLs  observation  was  :— 

"  In  the  course  of  some  cx[*-rirnents  with  a  n<-w  double-]/la»e 
Holtz  machine  belonging  to  the  CI  lege  Uiartm  n'h,  Amrrira.., 
I  have  come  u(«on  a  very  curious  phenomenon,  which  I  do  not 
rcmcm-f-r  ever  t  >  have  ,nrn  noti'.cd.  'Hie  in n  !>:n»:  give-  easily 
intense  l^-yden-jar  .p.irks  from  7  to  9  incl„  111  lr  r,r."h.  and 
of  mo  t  dazzling  brilli.wc,  at  the  rate  of  seven'y  a  rriinu'e. 
When,  in  a  darkened  room,  the  eye  is  srr'-en<-,|  fr  .-n  tlie  direr t 
light  of  the  spark,  the  illuminvi on  pro-!-.ic«l  is  siiii,,  i-  nt  to 
render  everything  in  the  apartm,  tit  j^-rfe-.tty  vi-i  ,le  ;  ar,d,  whut 
is  remarkable,  every  con-pie  ioiis  object  u  vrrn  /wvv  at  lea-t. 
wi'h  an  interval  of  a  trifle  le-,  than  a  quarter  o(  a  s-f.ond--the 
first  time  vividly,  the  second  time  faintly  ;  often  i-  i,  o -n  a  third, 
and  sometimes  (but  only  with  great  difficult >  1  even  a  fourth 
time." 

Prof.  Young  show<  that  it  is  a  vib.ec'ive  phenoro'-non,  and 
ir.ea.ur.-i  :!  •-  interval  t-  twecn  the  first  and  s«-c.nd  «-esr.g  of  r.n 
object,  giving  as  the  n.ean  of  tvselse  ex;*rini- r.-s  the  ir,-<  rval 
0  22  v-cond  for  the  cave  of  hj«  own  ey  es,  and  0  24  v  -  ond  for 
that  of  another  observer. 

Five  or  .is  yenrs  at;o  I  observed  anod.er  in-tanre  of  what  I 
1-e'ieve  to  \*  the  sa«.«:  kind  of  "  aftcr-irr.ige."  tl.oe-h  a»  f<- I 
wa.  ir.'.hrurd,  V/c:ng  engaged  uj^n  exp«:ii(.-i':!i'.  wrh  a  si'-w  to 
fir. 'i;;,K'  the  Ci:l  e  of  cer-nin  o-  -j^r  "gho-**  "  due  to  n.ji'ipie 
reft-r.'ioo  in-ide  the  eye  i/Vrv.  /'  .)'.  Sw.,  No.  223.  |Vs>ii(,  to 
a-^  r.1-:  it  to  a  rVfter-M  cn-ise.  It  was  >/.-:n  in  a  ro-,m  hgb'.-d 
only  by  the  b-igr.t  glow  <A  c  ,-\'-  in  the  gn'e.  \\  h,  n-  ver  the 
tjes  •'  'tt  st.-l. t.K  t'a-1 -d  3.,-ir,  -.  the  fir- pla-.e,  arid  't  'nh»'  -l 
ol./cJ  50  or  <f>'  from  r,  th'-re  apj^-are-l  a  fai.-it  '.!  :» 
•ii-.fi  seemed  to  f5.-.-h  fr'-rr,  rv,r  >■:,/:<  to  'he  glow.  'If 
-r.on  was  n.'i  b  ri.ore  .tror./'y  ti.-r.  "\  ■•'  v.rr.e  tiff.es 
and  vari'd  w:*h  ".m»  ca  :-e  wh.eh  I  re 


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A>,  ;•  ■•  co-' 


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tendency  to  :h: 
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if.  'r.' 
or  ft- 


f»Ct  the  c  ■'.  -.-j.-   .f  the         era  Zerj'.'  .-,  .J/  -;.  j. .  .  a.-,  i   ---  -- 
very  «' :03«  AuuriA-.  r-:  jn;  ei.-ii.'  ot  Tr.-.et,1  sr.  .  .ii  re  o'V- 
ier.H. 

.-   se^-.j-  *  .      if  ir-    ?•  ^  f «-i 

-  k.    .-  -.-  -  r~  f  r. 

>/»^:    .C      -i      *■!  <*J    -  7"r  


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i-.f.,'"-i  f,  "  ;'  1 
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-  ^  -  ^  r>  ^» 

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:  r.  ■  .\  «  '  :  •».!•  :•  .s  by 

,  'be  ;  .'.  -     w.::  if  f.nt 


I  :.•:  „-.-  1  ••  -.  -..i'.r  g  v.-.'.r.d\  i.'.  !  rr         'be  glosv- 

:rr  t-  .r.t  a,  'o  ■ .  -r,.-.  - .  ■  <-  '..:-t  corr. ;  .»•-•;.  .-.  '*o  ■*.:>*.'*.%. 
r  if.  >"  '  t:-"  '■:  •  or.iy  »s  -  1.  't,r.  go*  into 
a  rec'i-..-  3  by  IS.     Jr.  -r  .  >.ca~e  ••  -r»  ".fne-  nf'T  'he 

ss:  a    ;-. -*'.r-er-. .r.  :.  a-.       sr.  loo-?  ; 

a  •:.  .r.ct  'n  K-' v/..t  a-r.e  size  as  -he 


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78 


NA  TURE 


{May  2S,  iSS. 


glowing-point  ;  again  a  dark  interval  follows,  shorter  than  the 
first,  and  l>cliin<l  it  a  long  strip  with  a  dark  core  and  very  faintly 
bright  edges  ;  as  one  traces,  backward*,  the  edges  appear  to 
close  in  together  gradually,  so  that,  afle-  alxmt  two  inches,  the 
dark  core  ha*  collapsed,  as  it  were,  and,  the  edges  have  come 
together  to  form  a  narrow  and  well -defined  thread  of  a  mauve 
tinge  ;  this  gradually  dies  away  as  wc  go  further  back  along  the 
(rail,  and  by  the  time  lli.it  the  j»b >win^-|>  .inl  ha_s  travelled  over 
the  whole  curve  once,  it  has  nearly  disappeared. 

Secondly,  let  the  figure  of  eight  be  a-  large  as  can  be  de- 
scrilied  in  a  rectangle's  inches  by  4.  Here  the  phenomena  arc 
ijnite  different.  Il  now  seems  as  if  the  dark  intervals  at  cither 
end  of  the  ghost  as  described  above  were  absent,  and  the  ghost 
itself  were  drawn  out  into  a  streak  which  follows  jntmsJia.'.-fjf  upon 
the  glowing -point.  Its  colour  is  now  yellow-green.  This 
gardually  narrows  to  extinction  as  one  traces  lire  trail  backwards, 
and  is  the  positive  after-image  in  its  various  stages.  More  pro- 
bably this  streak  has  no  connection  with  the  true  gh<  t  ;  but  is 
finite  distinct  fioin  r.,  whibt  the  ghost  no  longer  appears,  when 
tin:  point  nvves  with  greater  velocity.  In  fact,  there  is  probably 
a  limiting  vclocit)  of  the  gl  owing-point,  beyond  which  the  ghost 
is  not  formed.  This  coincides  with  Mr.  Hidwell's  observations 
as  to  the  rate  of  rotation  of  the  vacuum-tube.  As  the  yellow 
ilreak  disappears  narrowing,  one  sees  a  faint  blue  ha*e  on  either 
»ide,  vcp:natcd  fiom  it  by  an  interval  of  darkness.  When  one 
has  traced  b,ickwa;ds  so  far  that  the  streak  has  vanished,  one 
iecs  what  was  above  dccrilfl  as  a  stiip  with  dark  core  an  I 
faint  blue  or  mauve  ,-dgc--.  The  edges  close  in  and  form  a 
distinct  mauve  thf  ;id,  which  gradually  dies  out. 

Il  is  very  beautiful  to  see  the  ghostly  trail  hanging  before 
one  ;  and,  by  suitable  movement  of  the  glowing  point,  one  may 
fill  tlie  >pace,  >  it  were,  with  a  ma/e  of  wreathing  lines.  Per- 
haps the-  most  s  riking  part  of  the  phenomenon,  regarded  from 
an  ;eslhe(iial  standpoint,  is  thc</<yVJ  of  the  figures  so  produced  : 
one  realises  in  the  form  of  the  trail  that  the  glowing  |K)int  ha.s 
liecn  moving,  not  in  one  plane,  but  in  space  ;  and  one  sees  that 
»ome  parts  ;>re  o en.  r  than  others.  All.  r  a  time  the  glowing- 
■•oiiit  seems  to  U-  forgotten,  and  the  trail  is  the  only  thing  ob- 
served. The  position  of  the  trail  appears  to  change  with  any 
change  in  the  state  of  accommodation  of  the  eye;  if  the  trail 
jim  *  away  from  one  the  eye  attempts  to  follow  it,  and  exag- 
gerates the  movement.  If  there  is  any  irregularity  in  the  curve, 
as  may  often  be  the  case  from  want  of  proper  co-ordination  of 
numbs  especially  if  the  moving  arm  is  nt  all  subject  lo 
rheumatism  it  is  revealed  in  a  terribly  truthful  manner  by  the 
Hail. 

A  systematic  investigation  of  the  subjeet  would,  I  think,  be 
vcrv  valuable  as  thiowjng  hght  iijk.ii  the  processes  in  the  retina. 

Ilolh  I'rof  Young  f  whatever  the  true  explanation  may  turn 
out  to  thr  phenomenon  at  least  suggests  the  idea  of  a  »v;/.'V,  - 
lion  <<i '  »,<:  imfhl'c  at  the  nerve  extremities,  as  if  the 
intense  impic-sinn  up*ui  the  retina,  after  ln-ing  the  first  time 
propagated  to  the  biain,  were  then  lellectcd,  returned  to  the 
retina,  and.  tra\i  lb  >g  ;tg.iin  from  the  ic'ina  to  the  brain, 
renewed  the  seiwati'.n  '  >  and  Mr.  Kidwcll  {"the  series  of 
phenomena  sei  111  t..|>c  due  to  an  alTectieli  ol  the  optic  nerve 
which  is  ol  an  o-iilfih.jy  character,"  \e  1  appear  t  ■  incline  to 
what  I  limy  call  11  /vt  ■/..//  view  of  the  phenomena.  The 
phenomena  appear  to  me  to  point  to  some  <  >,nnn  i/  action 
oil  the  icttini,  and  to  depend  in  a  gn  it  measure  on  the  ra't 
nt  which  tins  action  g..<-s  on.  It  would  1*-  of  great  interest  to 
considei  the  plieiioiinii  1  in  connection  with  llenng's  theory  of 
colour  sensation  ;  avoiding  to  it  these  sensations  aie  due  to 
changes  in  11  n  Main  substance,  in  such  a  way  that  changes  of  a 
destimtivr  01  . hssniiil.il i ,c  elm actei  give  rise  to  the  sensations 
of  white,  red.  an  I  yellow,  whilst  tli  ^e  of  a  constructive  or 
assimilative  kind  pi.diue  the  scnoti.'iis  <,f  bl.uk,  green,  and 
blue  ("/in  I  ebie  soin  1  i.  lit  sinuc, "  W'.en,  I  fs^S  1.  It  maybe 
Ihat  this  wotk  ha-  U <  11  iilu-.idv  done  ;  it  so  1  most  crave  the 
indulgence  ol  thoo  who  have  made  the  siibiect  a  special  study. 

II.  I  RANK  N  KW  At  I.  I 

V  ionthoine,  Wokingham,  May  iS 


"Speed"  and  "  Velocity  " 

S"M»:  of  y. •  or  "general"'  re.i  le:s,  like  myself,  may  wish  to 
nee  th< -di.tiiu  ti  ti  Isiw.rn  "velocity"  and  "speed  "  more  easily 
drt.ned  than  bv  a  1  i  lm  nce  lo  trie'  eabulu*  ol  .piate rnions,  to 
which  I  Wioc  the  Mm  "tensor  "  :ip|*'i t aills 

"  >(N-fd     is  n  •(  in  the  index  to  the  new  edition  of  Part  11.  of 


Thomson  and  Tail.    Maxwell,  at  p.  26  of  "  Matter  and  Mot  i 
say*,  "  The  rate  or  speed  of  the  motion  is  sailed  the  vcjoory 
the  particle.''    Tate,  in  hi?  "  I 'roj -erties  of  Matter,"  p  j: 
writes  about  "  water  of  motion;  i.r.  Sfxeds"    It  se-ems  t  bus  - 

(0  Rate  of  motion  is  velocity  (Maxwell) 

(2)  Speed  of  motion  is  velocity  ,, 

( 3)  Kate  of  motion  is  speed  (Tate). 
From  (1 )  and  (3)  it  appears  a*  if  velocity  and  speed  must  be  d: 

I  same,  as  indeed  (2)  seems  to  assert.  Hat  we  are  told  this  Is  '-- 
the  case.  Cannot  the  distinction  between  the  two  l<  tut.- 
more  generally  intelligible  than  by  saying  thai  "  spet-d  "  i»  u 
"tensor"  of  velocity.  Sev«li 

[When  Maxwell  introduced  to  junior  students  the  />/j,*--» 
of  Vflocitits,  he  made  velocity  include  the  titration  of  morjcao 
well  as  the  mere  r,ife  of  motion  (i>.  speed). — Ei>.  J 


The  Male  Sole  is  not  Unknown 

In  la  t  week's  issue  of  NaTI  KF.  is  what  is  said  to  ht 
abstract  of  a  paper  read  at  the  Society  of  Arts  by  Prof  f  - 
l.ankcstcr,  in  aid  of  a  proposed  marine  laboratory,  an  1.  \*x-  . 
over  what  he  slated  generally  requires  elucidation,  he  give- 
example  of  what  it  no!  turn-it  amouf  fisktt<  and  which  L-.  - 
first  instance  will  be  investigated  at  Plymouth.     11c  is  nia.W 
say  "at  present  absolutely  nothing  is  known  as  to  the  spi»„-. 
of  the  sole— the  male  fish  is  not  even  recognised." 

In  times  gone  by  the  plaice  was  asserted  to  have  asvc^:'. 
from  a  shrimp,  but  this,  I  think,  is  the  first  time  thar  revee-: 
ence  of  the  male  sole  has  been  declined  recognition,  '''aiitrr-v 
.eferences  to  others,  I  will  merely  draw  attention  to  the  tta.*. 
in  my  collection  of  British  fishes  in  spirit  at  the  "Crca:  Ir.'r 
national  Fisheries  Exhibition,"  and  which  is  now  dep.*iite;. 
the  Kconomic  Museum  at  South  Kensington,  is  a  fine  t«n:.. 
of  the  mile  sole,  with  the  milt  cpiite  ripe. 

I  must  apologise  for  |x>inling  out  the  foregoing,  be-  wxrre  va^: 
an  error  left  unnoticed  in  a  scientific  paper,  some  pracv.c. 
fisherman  will  possibly  direct  attention  to  it.  as  the  eomp-aratr.  ■ 
rarity  of  the  ;nalc  to  the  female  sole  has  been  frequently  oloer'e: 
upon  in  our  weekly  sport  in  ;  journals  during  the  list  few  year* 
Cheltenham,  May  23  Francis  Pat 

The  Aurora  of  March  15,  1885 

Nature  for  March  26  (p.  4790  contains  an  account  of  i  6ne 
aurora  observed  at  Christiania,  Sweden,  on  March  15.  by  Fm.'" 
.So  1ms  Tromholt.  I  would  call  attention  to  the  fact  that  ^> 
aurora  (a  very  unusual  phenomenon  at  this  place)  was  visibi? 
here  on  the  evening  of  March  Ij.  It  was  first  seen  at  lbx: 
7  p.m. 

At  the  above  time  s  vcral  streamers  were  noticed  ascend. Li 
«o  iicwhat  east  of  north  :  after  a  short  interval  these  died  leav.-j; 
a  wdiite  tie'i'iilous  cloud  of  light  at  an  altitude  of  about  to*  cei: 
a  point  some  lo'  or  15^  east  of  north.  Shortly  a/tcrwarii 
streamers  app.  ai' d  a-cending  some  10  or  I $"  west  of  rx>r^  : 
these  presently  disappieared,  leaving  a  mass  of  light  similar  : 
that  left  in  the  east  of  north.  Several  times  feebler  streamer; 
made  their  appearance  west  of  north.  The  rays  did  not  attain 
greater  height  than  so  11c  20°,  and  by  h.  all  was  quiet,  sa»e  is 
auroral  glow  along  the  homon  some  few  degrees  east  of  north. 
which  remained  throughout  the  night.  I  have  thought  tius 
might  lie  interesting  in  connccti 011  with  the  Christiania  auron 

l  ongitude  west  of  Washing! on  =-  oh.  30m.  o*6Ss. 
Latitude    =+36h.    Sm.  58  354. 

E.  E.  Barnaip 
Vandcrbilt  University  Observatory,  Nashville,  Tenn.,  U.S.A. 

Catalogue  of  Foaail  Mammalia  in  the  British  Museum 

Part  I. 

In  reply  to  Mr.  I.ydekker's  comments  on  the  review  of  hu 
work  (N  a  rit  rk,  vol.  kxxi.  p.  597)  Ian  gla<l  to  find  that  tie 
author  icpudiatcs  the  Owenian  system  and  its  error-,  though  hi' 
recognition  of  the  three  upper  premolars  in  I'fs/x-m/u'  as  cone 
spoudmg,  respectively,  to  ,-ms.  2,  3.  and  4  of  the  typical  series  0'. 
four,  and  the  minute  anterior  tipper  premolar  of  A' 'vWi/Am/  J' 
/.  3,  added  to  the  strange  absence  of  any  note  on  the  presen:? 
of  exceptions  to  the  supposed  rule  that  the  premolars  decreate 
in  numbei  by  reduction  from  the  anterior  extremity  of  the  senc> 


Digitized  by  Goo^ 


I^Tay  28,  1885] 


NATURE 


79 


^oiild  certainly  lead  any  one  acquainted  with  the  subject  to 
•olieve  that  he  had  acted  on  it.  The  only  clues  afforded  by  the 
'ork  which  indicate  that  the  Owenian  system  was  not  adopted 
n  its  entirety,  now  pointed  out  by  Mr.  Lydekker  as  existing  at 
'P-  152»  '74«  w.uld  certainly  escape  the  notice  of  any  one  who 
iad  not  actually  spelled  through  the  work,  as  I  feel  sure  who- 
:ver  will  take  the  trouble  to  refer  to  will  agree  with  me. 

I'hcre  is  no  evidence  whatever  to  support  Mr.  Lydekker's 
vssviinpiion  that  the  two  anterior  pre  molars  in  V<ip*rtilio  and 
:he  anterior  piemolar  in  KhiHi>!ophut  correspond,  respect- 
ively, to  /mi.  2  and  3  and  to  /.  3  of  the  typical  series.  On  ihe 
contrary,  the  small  size  of  ihe  second  premolar  in  Vesptrli'to 
points  to  reduction  by  loss  from  the  middle  of  the  scries,  as  we 
hnd  in  the  greater  number  of  species  of  the  closely-allied  order, 
I nsiectivora,  and,  as  we  know,  lakes  place  in  the  mandible  of 
sserveral  species  of  Cliiroptcra. 

With  reference  to  the  wish  expressed  in  the  review  that,  instead 
of  writing  a  mere  catalogue  of  the  fossil  mammals  in  the  Hriti-.h 
Museum,  Mr.  Lydekker  had  undertaken  one  of  all  the  known 
specie*,  and  his  objection,  while  regretting  that  the  intended 
friendly  estimate  of  his  capability  for  such  a  work  has  been  so 
hostiJely  received,  1  maintain  that  such  should  have  been  under- 
taken ;  but  Mr.  I.ydekker's  remarks  show  how  necessary  it  is, 
and  that  the  objection  that  new  genera  and  species  are  being 
made  almost  daily  (it  is  probable  that  they  will  continue  to  be 
b»c  made  to  the  end  of  time)  might  be  applied  with  eu/tal  force 
on  behalf  of  the  birds  by  Mr.  Sharpe,  who  nevertheless  con- 
tinues hU  excellent  catalogue.    It  is  only  by  the  publication  of 
such  a  work  that  we  can  hope  to  limit  the  manufacture  of 
•'empty  names,''  such  as  Mr.  Lydekker  objects  to,  and  to 
reduce  to  order  the  vast  amount  of  scattered  information  and 
contesting  opinions  which  encumber  the  study  of  the  subject. 

The  Reviewer 


THE  ORCHID  EXHIBITION 

'J* HE  Exhibition  held  in  the  Conservatory  at  South 
*     Kensington  on  the   12th  and  13th  inst.  in  con- 
nection with  the  Orchid  Conference  of  the  Royal  Horti- 
cultural Society,  must  have  furnished  to  the  least'observant 
visitor  some  explanation  of  the  fascination  exercised  by 
orchids  over  their  cultivators.    The  beauty,  the  variety, 
the  strangeness  of  the  flowers  of  the  Orchidere  attract 
and  interest  the  least  enthusiastic  even  of  the  lovers  of 
nature.     But  the  variation  in  flower,  compatible  with 
botanical  inclusion  in  one  family,  is  not  more  marked 
than  is  the  difference  in  mode  of  flowering  and  of  growth. 
Could  there  be  in  one  natural  order  a  stronger  contrast 
than  between  the  mode  of  growth  and  the  gorgeous 
flowers  of  the  genus  Cattleya— essentially  •'  flaunting 
flowers"— and  those  of  the  genus  Masdevallia,  where  the 
conspicuous  part  of  the  flower  consists  of  the  three  sepals, 
drawn  out  in  many  species  into  thread-like  tails  many 
inches  long,  and  ranging  in  colour  through  every  shade  of 
orange,  scarlet,  and  purple,  down  to  an  almost  inky 
black ! 

While  a  larger  array  of  specimen  plants  has  often  been 
seen  than  was  shown  at  the  Conference,  there  has  never  been 
gathered  together  in  any  country  so  varied  and  interesting 
a  collection,  nor  one  containing  so  many  rare  and  curious 
plants.  Great  as  was  the  interest  for  the  cultivator,  it 
was  no  less  great  for  the  botanist.  Mr.  Ridley,  of  the 
Natural  History  Museum,  who,  in  conjunction  with  Mr. 
Burbidge,  of  the  Dublin  Botanic  Gardens,  has  undertaken 
to  draw  up  a  report  on  the  Conference  Exhibition,  found 
that  sixty  one  genera  of  orchids  were  represented.  For 
the  first  time  in  the  history  of  flower-shows  there  was  a 
numerous  collection  of  hybrid  orchids,  raised  by  artificial 
fertilisation,  in  flower.  For  the  first  time  was  there  a  large 
collection  of  orchids  in  fruit.  The  progress  of  hybridisa- 
tion, greatly  due  to  the  energy  and  skill  of  Messrs.  Veitch 
and  Sons  and  their  intelligent  foremen,  Mr.  Dominy  and 
Mr.  Seden,  has  already  been  fertile  in  valuable  results  for 
the  cultivator.  An  excellent  little  book  lately  published,' 
gives  a  list  of  eighty-nine  hybrids  already  in  cultivation, 

'  "Orchids:  a  Review  of  their  Structure  md  HKlory."    Illustrated.  By 
Lewi*  Castle.   (Jeana!  .</  Horln  ultxir  Office,  171.  r Slreet,  E.C) 


distributed  among  twelve  genera,  but  thirty-seven  of  them 
belonging  to  the  genus  Cypripcdium.  Those  who  are 
privileged  to  enter  the  penetralia  at  Chelsea  know  that 
there  are  there  and  elsewhere  great  numbers  and  varieties 
of  hybrids,  which  are  slowly  surmounting  the  dangers  and 
delicacy  of  infancy  and  childhood. 

But  the  labours  of  the  hybridiser  promise  to  be  of  great 
value  to  the  botanist.  Mr.  Harry  Veitch,  in  his  very 
suggestive  and  interesting  paper  on  the  "  Hvbridisation 
of  Orcliids,"  read  at  the  Conference,  says : How  will 
these  bigeneric  crosses  affect  the  stability  of  the  genera 
as  at  pre-ent  circumscribed?"  It  is  well  established 
already  that  the  genera  Lcelia  and  Cattleya  cross  freely 
with  one  another,  and  Mr.  Veitch  refers  in  his  paper  to 
two  other  bigeneric  hybrids,  which  have  already  flowered, 
and  to  others  which  have  been  raised,  but  have  not  yet 
flowered. 

Unfortunately  it  must  be  a  long  time  before  orchid 
cultivators  generally  can  enjoy  the  results  of  hybridisation. 
Mr.  Veitch  gives  the  time  the  hybridist  must  wait  to  see 
the  result  of  his  labours,  as  follows 

Time  from  Germination 
to  Klott'cnng 


3  to  4  years. 
I  About  ihe  same. 

■  4  to  S  yeats. 

5  lo  9  years. 
7  to  8  years. 

to  to  12  years. 


Dendrobium 
Thaius  ... 

Calanlhe   

Masdevallia   

Chysis  

Zygopetalum  

Ly caste  ... 

I.#tjilia   ...  ...       .,,  ... 

Cattleya   

With  the  exception  of  the  genera  Dendrobium  and 
Cypripediuin,  it  is  a  long  time  before  sufficient  plants  of  a 
hybrid  can  be  obtained  for  distribution,  even  under  the 
most  skilful  cultivation.  For  this  reason  many  of  the 
more  beautiful  hybrids  will  probably  remain  scarce  and 
valuable  for  years.  The  high  prices  paid  bv  collectors 
fororch'ds  in  some  cases  have  been  a  source  of  merriment 
to  the  uninitiated.  Speaking  generally,  orchids  were  never 
so  cheap  or  so  plentiful.  But  if  a  collector  must  have  a 
hybrid  which  has  been  raised  by  skilful  hands  and  nursed 
into  vigour  by  years  of  patient  care—  or,  on  the  other  hand, 
must  have  a  beautiful  natural  variety  which  has  been 
picked  out  of  millions  of  plants— if  he  must  have  them,  he 
must  pay  for  them. 

The  Royal  Horticultural  Society  is  to  be  congratulated 
both  on  the  botanical  and  the  horticultural  results  of  the 
late  Conference.  The  Conference  was  a  new  idea,  a  new 
departure.  It  has  demonstrated  the  great,  widespread, 
and,  better  still,  the  intelligent  interest  taken  in  a  singular 
and  beautiful  natural  order,  and  the  skill  brought  to  bear 
on  its  cultivation. 

The  short  scientific  contributions  of  Prof.  Rcichcnbach, 
whose  absence  was  universally  regretted  ;  the  paper  on 
"  Hybridisation,"  by  Mr.  Veitch,  and  the  brief  discussion 
which  ensued,  were  listened  to  by  a  large  and  appreciative 
conference.  The  paper  on  "  Cultivation,"  by  Mr.  O'Brien, 
was  also  interesting  and  valuable.  The  very  difficult 
question  of  nomenclature,  which  is  in  so  confused  and 
unsatisfactory  a  state  as  to  ill  brook  delay,  was  postponed. 
It  could  not  be  discussed  with  advantage  at  the  tail  of  a 
long  meeting,  and  will  be  referred,  it  is  to  be  hoped,  to  a 
a  scientific  committee  selected  from  botanists  in  and  out 
of  the  Royal  Horticultural  Society.  T.  L. 


IVHEA  T-PRODUCTION  IN  INDIA  > 

INDIA  has  recently  exhibited  her  extraordinary  powers 
as  a  wheat-producing  area  of  vast  extent    Up  tqjhe 
year  1877  the  British  wheat-grower  looked 
exhaustless  prairies  of  the  far  West  as  his  ~ 

«  The  Wh<-at.Prxluetio»  and  Trade  of  India-  C 
collection  ot  correspoodeMe  in  continuation  of  pa|*r»  pu 


Digitize\by  Google 


So 


NA  TURE 


[May  :S.  u 


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I 

I 


i 

! 

•  i 


i. 
> 

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able  rival  in  the  matter  of  wheat-growing.  A  short  seven 
years  has  greatly  altered  his  feelings  in  this  respect,  and 
we  are  probably  right  in  considering  that  the  far  East  is 
destined  to  do  its  part  in  forcing  down  the  price  of  wheat 
to  as  great  a  degree  as  the  land  of  the  setting  sun.  The 
brochure  before  us  is  a  thoroughly  dry  statement  of  facts 
composed  of  numbered  despatches,  letters,  and  tables,  all 
bearing  upon  the  capabilities  of  India  as  a  wheat-pro- 
ducing country.  The  reader  will  not,  however,  obtain 
information  as  to  extent  or  area,  except  in  a  more  or  less 
incidental  manner.  The  principal  matters  dealt  with  are 
(i)  the  quality  and  comparative  values  of  the  various 
wheats  grown  ;  (2)  the  modes  of  cultivation  pursued  ;  (3) 
the  nature  of  the  soils  on  which  wheat  is  grown  ;  (4)  the 
average  yield  per  acre  ;  (5)  the  effects  of  continuous 
wheat-growing  in  diminishing  yield  ;  and  also  other 
matters  relating  to  the  details  of  wheat-cultivation  in 
India. 

With  regard  to  the  quality  of  Indian  wheats  there  is  no 
room  for  doubt.  The  conclusions  arrived  at  are  based 
upon  actual  weight  per  bushel,  value  upon  the  Corn 
Exchange  at  Mark  Lane,  and  an  elaborate  report  upon 
milling  and  bread-making  results  furnished  by  Messrs. 
McDougall  Brothers  of  10,  Mark  Lane,  London.  From 
whichever  of  the  above  points  of  view  we  test  the  quality 
of  the  Indian  wheat,  the  result  is  equally  satisfactory,  and 
the  more  so  when  we  find  that  from  year  to  year  the 
samples  and  bulk  continue  to  improve.  Messrs. 
McUougall  Brothers  go  so  far  as  to  sum  up  their 
experience  by  saying,  "glancing  at  all  the  facts.it  is 
evident  that  these  wheats  afford  a  larger  margin  of 
profit  both  to  the  miller  and  baker  than  any  other." 

The  modes  of  cultivation  adopted  are  of  great  interest. 
They  usually  exhibit  vast  pains,  and  arc  in  this  respect 
superior  to  the  system  of  wheat-cultivation  employed  at 
home.    Such  elaborate  cultivation  would  indeed  astonish 
an  English  fanner  accustomed  to  plough  his  lea  land  or 
turnip  land  once  for  wheat.    The  comparison  is  less  fair 
if  we  take  into  consideration  the  fact  that  one  thorough 
English  ploughing  may  be  worth  half-a-dozen  of  those 
ticklings "  of  the  soil  which,  under  Indian  skies,  are 
sufficient  to  make  it  "  laugh."    Under  the  head  of  Sys- 
tems of  Cultivation  we  read  :— "  Ploughed  in  Julv,  and 
again  six  or  seven  times  until  October.    Watered  in 
November.    Again   ploughed   twice,  rolled,  ploughed 
again,  and  the  seed  sown  through  a  tube  attached  to  a 
plough-handle.    After  twenty-five  or  thirty  days,  again 
watered  ;  and  this  is  repeated  until  the  plants  appear 
fortnightly  where  irrigation  is  by  lift,  and  every  twenty- 
five  days  where  it  is  by  flow.    In  February,  when  the  ears 
have  appeared,  water  is  given  weekly  until  the  cars  begin 
to  mature."  In  Armritsar ;— Six  months  before  sowing, 
the  land  is  ploughed  five  to  ten  times.    After  sowing,  the 
crops  arc  watered  not  less  than  six  or  more  than  nine  or 
or  ten  times.''    In  Gujrat :— "  Land  is  broken  up  and 
ploughed  many  times  between  May  and  September, 
manured  and  ploughed  and  levelled."    The  average  pro- 
duce per  acre  after  this  system  of  cultivation  varies  from 
seven  to  fourteen  or  even  twentv  maunds  (nine  to  twenty- 
seven  bushels  of  61  lbs.),  and  yet  it  is  calculated  that  it  is 
grown  at  from  8j.  to  iu.  per  quarter!  Wheat-growing 
appears  to  be  carried  on  upon  all  sorts  of  soils.  Upon 
stiff  loams,  sandy  loams,  hard  clay,  and  "  everv  kind  of 
soil.''     In  reply  to  the  question,  Has  the  productive 
power  of  the  soil  begun  to  fail  ?  the  answers  are  usually 
in  the  negative,  or  that  it  is  not  apparent.    Still,  as  might 
be  expected,  better  crops  arc  grown  upon  manured  and 
irrigated  soils  and  upon  those  newly  broken  up  from 
pasturage. 

After  reading  the  details  of  wheat-cultivation  in  India 
and  compared  its  results  with  those  obtained  in  England 
with  a  fifth  part  of  the  labour,  we  are  inclined  to  wonder 
greatly  that  this  remote  field  should  be  able  to  compete 
with  us.    Why  do  they  plough  five  to  ten  times  ?    How  is 


it  that  in  that  sunny  land,  and  after  all  th.s  c  >  . 
of  labour  and  irrigation,  twenty-seven  bushel,  I  . 
a  maximum  return,  while  in  sonic  cases  seven  bdu 
all  that  is  reaped?    A  painstaking  farmer  in  ' 
hopes  for  from  thirty-two  to  forty  bushels  per  1  _•• ; 
once  ploughing  and  pressing  his  clover  lev*,  as. 
cannot  make  both  ends  meet,  nor  yet  compete 
Indian  Ryot.  John-  WMGHT>< 


UNITED  Sm 
AND  FIShL£ 


THE  REPORTS  OF  THE 
COMMISSION  OF  FISH 
FOR  1 88 1  AND  1882  1 

THE  Report  for  1881  was  presented  totheSeir.- 
*    Congress  of  the  United  States  on  March  r, ; 
is  to  be  regretted  that  so  long  an  interval  was 
elapse  before  its  publication.    The  volume  is  1 
three  inches  in  thickness,  and  contain  ng  nean  2 
pages.    Scarcely  any  of  this  large  quantity  of  ie:  -' 
is  without   interest  and  value,  and  we  hete  g  • 
account  of  the  work  described  in  it. 

The  Commission  began  the  second  decade  -i  1 
ence  in  1881,  and  the  present  report  shows  btn  p 
the  organisation   has  extended   itself,  and  «ia'  - 
results  it  has  achieved  in  its  first  ten  years.  Tit  t. 
offices  of  the  Commission  arc  at  Washington,  i- 
the  year  1881  were  confined  to  the  private  rear? ' 
its  public-spirited  chief,  Mr.  Spencer  Baird,  »i 
the  greater  part  of  his  house  to  the  State  serrat'- 
remuneration.    In  1881  a  building  was  erectti"* 
the  Commissioner's  residence,  at  the  pubhc  iv 
provide  space  for  the  increased  administrate'^  ': 
stations  where  the  varied  operations  of  tfctQ* 
arc  carried  on  are  scattered  throughout  thel  -  • 
territory.     These  operations  fall  naturally  un*'1 
heads  :  (1)  Economical  statistics  and  historical  ^- 
cerning  the  fishing  industries  ;  (2)  the  applied  » 
regulating  fish   supply  and  distribution;  3  ^;  *. 
science  of  marine  zoology.    The  part  of  the  «>*£  ''■ 
ing  to  the  first  of  these  divisions  is  conducted  F 
the  central  offices,  partly  at  the  scats  of  tbem^;  : 
question.    The  two  other  fields  of  work  are,  «  '  - 
not  always  distinctly  separate.    Since  !$'$  bc*^: 
Fort  Wharf,  Gloucester,  Mass.,  had  been 
hatching  operations,  but  in  1881  they  pas*^  r 
possession  of  a  private  firm,  since  which  time 
ports  on  the  fisheries  and  records  of  ocean  aim  ^ 
spheric  temperatures  have  been  obtained  from  W*  - 
The  principal  site  of  the  purely  scientific  work  don'-: - 
summer  season  was  Wood's  Holl,  Mass.,  where 
mission  possessed  a  sea-side  laboratory.  Kes<i:^ 
the  artificial  propagation  of  oysters,  &c, .werec,^'i'; 
at  St.  Jerome,  Md.,  near  the  mouth  of  the  j1  " 
Cultivation  of  the  land-locked  or  Schoodic 
practised  on  the  Grand  Lake  Stream,  neartau^ 
The  Penobscot  or  Atlantic  salmon  jggx 
larly   received  attention  at   Buckport,        '  .. 
station,  where  lake  trout,  brook  trout,         w  '; 
&c,  were  hatched,  was  at  Northville.    The  F  ^ 
hatchery  for  the  Californian  salmon  was  on  m  ■  ( 
River,  a  branch  of  the  Sacramento.    ^nid,.  •:  f. 


hatched  at  Battery  Island,  Md., 
Md.,  near  the  mouth  of  the  Susquehanna,  3l.i"C 
Station,  Armory  Buildings,  Washington,  at 
Navy  Yard,  on  the  Potomac  river-barge*,  a,fj,^J. 
N.C.  Carp  ponds  were  maintained  at  MoD"roen'g|^t! 
the  Arsenal,  Washington.  The  Commissi0" >  •*> ■ 
valuable  assistance  received  from  almost  all  '  I  ^ 
of  the  Government,  but  especially  from 'h*JjW 
which,  in  compliance  with  decrees  ofCff',ij,  ' 
tailed  steamers  fully  manned  and  equipped,*^  v#sr 
and  executed  work  and  repairs  at  then**?/'*"^ 


1 


Digitiz 


2S,  1885] 


NA  TURK 


81 


and  telegraph  companies  have  also  aided  in  the 
of  the  Commission. 

»  ti\\  1879  the  Commission  was  not  in  possession  of 
vessel  of  considerable  size :  its  explorations  at  sea 
carried  on  by  means  of  boats  either  hired  or  lent  by 
avy.    In  1 879  Congress  voted  money  for  the  building 
steamer  to  be  entirely  devoted  to  the  work  of  the 
nisation.      This  vessel  was  designed  as  a  floating 
hing  station  capable  of  being  moved  from  place  to 
c  according   to  the  season  and  the  opportunities 
tied,  but  she  was  not  intended  to  go  to  sea  in  all 
thers  or  to  any  great  distance.    She  was  named  the 
j-  Hawk,  and  was  built  at  Wilmington,  Del.,  from  the 
gns  of  Chas.  W.  Copcland,  consulting  engineer  of  the 
bthouse   Board.    A  very   complete  and  interesting 
art  is  presented  in  the  volume  before  us  on  the  con- 
iction  of  the  Fish-Hawk  and  the  work  performed  by 
in  1880;  and  another  on  her  services  in  1881.  The 
h-Hawk  is  1 56  feet  long  over  all,  27  feet  in  the  beam, 
1  7  feet  2  inches  in  draught  at  the  stern.  Her  ordinary 
cd  is  about  9  knots  an  hour.     The  hull  below  the 
in  deck  is  of  iron,  sheathed  with  yellow  pine  ;  above 
:  main  deck  she  is  of  wood.    The  hatching  apparatus 
d  machinery  for  working  it  arc  placed  on  the  main  deck 
mediately  abaft  the  forecastle  ;  the  space  thus  set  apart 
47  feet  in  length.    On  the  after  part  of  the  main  deck 
the  principal  cabin,  which  contains  the  Commissioner's 
ice.    Above  the  main  deck,  extending  from  stem  to 
tm,  is  a  promenade  deck,  on  which  are  the  hoisting  and 
;ling  engine,  the  dredging  boom,  its  heel  attached  to 
:  foremast,  and  at  the  after  end  the  naturalists'  labora- 
-y.    The  vessel  is  rigged  as  a  fore  and  aft  schooner, 
rrying  a  fore-staysail,  a  foresail  and   mainsail ;  she 
s  four  boats,  the  largest  of  which  is  a  sieam-cutter. 
The  Fish-Hawk  has  been  found  to  fulfil  admirably  the 
rpose  for  which  she  was  designed,  viz.  the  economical 
d  effective  hatching  of  shad.    But  it  had  long  been 
ident  that  the  Commission  required  also  a  sea-going 
iamer  to  investigate  the  conditions  and  extent  of  the 
town,  and  to  discover  new,  fishing-grounds,  to  ascertain 
e  complete  history  of  the  migrations  of  food-fishes,  to 
Id,  if  possible,  to  the  list  of  species  available  as  food,  and 
study  marine  phenomena  in  general.    The  reward  to 
;  expected  from  this  kind  of  work  was  indicated  by  the 
story  of  the  discovery  of  the  tile-fish,  an  entirely  new 
>ecics  of  which  some  specimens  were  brought  in  by  a 
ihing- vessel  in  1879.    The  Fish-Hawk  made  a  trip  to 
ie  place  where  the  tile-fish  was  found,  at  the  western 
Igc  of  the  Gulf  Stream,  and  found  that  it  was  as 
bundant  over  a  large  extent  of  ground,  as  the  cod  is  in 
ther  places.    The  area  dredged  over  was  found  to  be 
lso  in  other  respects  a  valuable  fishing-ground,  and  ex- 
remcly  rich  in  all  forms  of  life,  many  new  and  interesting 
pecicsbeinjj  discovered.    The  t:le  fish  has  been  found 
J  be  Ofgrc.lt  \alilC  as  food  when   fresh,   and    to  )>:■  as 

asily  salted  and  preserved  as  the  tod.    In  consider.  1 1 n .:i 
*  these  facts  Congress  voted    103,000  dollars  for  the 
Wilding  of  an  ocean  steamer  for  ili<:  wi.rk  of  the  G.m- 
BiMion,  to  be  called  the  Albatrw. 
Ini88t  the  Commission  began  the  publication  of  another 
Wuual  volume  in  addition  to  its  Repori,    h  is  culled  the 
ftlb  Copinnssion  Bulletin,  and  the  iir-t  is-ue  con'.iim-d 
t™?rnoir  011  th^  development  of  food  fi.-,hcs,  by  John  A. 
«y"w-,  one  on  the  life -history  of  lhe  eel,  by  '(,."  ISawn 
jjWde;  one  on  the  salmon  disease  in  English  waters,  by 
Huxley  and  S.  Walpotc  ;  and  other  papers  on  rt-h- 
jng  and  fisheries.    Besides  this  were  published  in 
*^»r  census  bulletins,  and  a  volume  of  tables  con- 
statistics  of  American  fisheries,  all  prepared  under 
^rvjiion  of  members  of  the  Commission.    In  the 
P>|t  of  the  year  a  monograph  on  the  oyster  industry 
"wed  by  Mr.  Emest  IngersolL 
»«duof  (be  year1*  work  In  Uw  threo  MTCfaJ  de- 
*ln?ady  dffinod  pXt  ^ivvn  in  three  sc  par.it  o 


appendices  to  the  Commissioner's  report.  Those  belong- 
ing to  the  first  department  arc  contained  in  Appendix  B, 
which  consists  of  six  memoirs,  only  two  of  which  refer  to 
American  fisheries.  The  first  of  these  is  on  the  history  of 
the  mackerel  fishery,  bv  Messrs.  Brown  Goode,  Collins, 
liar)),  and  Clarke,  antf  occupies  nearly  a  third  of  the 
whole  volume.  It  begins  with  an  account  of  the  natural 
history  of  the  fish,  and  of  its  geographical  distribution,  by 
Mr.  Brown  Goode.  He  finds  that  the  species  {Scomber 
scombrus)  is  confined  to  the  North  Atlantic.  Its  southern 
limit  on  the  American  coast  is  Cape  Hatteras,  lat.  35" ;  its 
northern  limit,  the  Straits  of  Belle  Isle,  lat.  52*,  though 
stragglers  may  occur  further  north.  Its  northern  limit  on 
the  European  coast  is  North  Cape,  lat.  710;  its  southern, 
the  Mediterranean.  The  mackerel  appears  in  large  shoals 
on  the  American  coast  every  summer  ;  as  yet  it  has  not 
been  ascertained  where  it  passes  the  winter.  Prof.  Hind, 
who  is  a  Canadian,  believes  that  the  fish  hibernates  in  the 
mud,  near  shore.  Mr.  Brown  Goode,  with  much  greater 
probability,  argues  that  the  shoals  move  out  to  the  deep 
ocean  in  autumn.  He  distinguishes  between  the  littoral 
and  bathic  migrations  of  this  and  other  species,  and  con- 
cludes that  this  fish,  like  others  of  similar  habits,  is  in- 
fluenced in  its  movements  chiefly  by  temperature,  food, 
I  and  breeding  instincts.  The  mackerel  only  remains  near 
shore  while  the  temperature  of  the  water  is  above  4°*  r*. 
Off  Cape  Hatteras  mackerel  first  appear  about  March  20  ; 
in  the  Gulf  of  St.  Lawrence  they  arc  not  abundant  till 
June.  The  shoals  disappear  in  October,  though  occasion- 
ally some  arc  caught  in  December.  The  mackerel  spawn 
in  water  of  15  fathoms  and  less,  and  while  spawning  do 
not  take  bait,  or  rise  to  the  surface.  The  eggs  arc  pelagic, 
and  the  young  fish  grow  to  6J  or  7  inches  in  the  first 
season,  probably  reaching  full  size  in  four  years.  The 
mackerel's  food  consists  chiefly  of  pelagic  forms,  but  not 
so  exclusively  as  in  the  case  of  the  herring.  A  great  deal 
of  space  is  given  in  this  account  to  the  evidence  of 
fishermen  as  to  the  food  of  the  mackerel,  but  as  no 
scientific  interpretation  is  given  of  their  somewhat  vague 
descriptions,  the  reader  docs  not  learn  much  from  the 
discussion.  We  conclude  that  the  food  consists  largely 
of  copepoda,  crustacean  larva?,  schizopoda,  and  ptero- 
poda.  One  paragraph  dealing  with  the  food  question  is, 
to  an  English  reader,  somewhat  amusing.  The  author 
says  that  the  food  of  the  mackerel  is  called  in  England 
the  "  mackerel-mint,"  and  consists  of"  sand-lants  [j/VJ  and 
five  other  species  of  fish."  We  are  not  sure,  but  we  think 
"mackerel-mint"  is  a  mistake  for  "mackerel-midge," 
which  is  the  young  of  various  species  of  rockling,  but 
especially  of  Motella  tricirrata.  In  the  same  paragraph 
it  is  said  that  mackerel  have  been  seen  to  devour  the 
swimming  larva*  of  tape-worms.  The  first  chapter  of  the 
essay  can  only  be  regarded  as  a  preliminary  inquiry  to 
serve  a«.  a  basis  for  accurate  investigation.  It  seems 
Mr.iri_;e  that  Prof.  Brown  Goode  and  Mr.  Baird  should 
mention  a  mysterious  membrane  over  the  eye  of  the 
mackerel  without  giving  the  anatomical  meaning  of  the 
membrane  ;  md  it  is  equally  unsatisfactory  to  read  an 
;i'Tiumt  of  the  dissection  of  a  mackerel,  quoted  from 
Bernard  Oilpm,  in  which  the  air-bladder  and  the  aorta 
are  m:\ed  i.;>.  Next  follows  a  history  of  the  mackerel- 
tisherv  in  the  United  States,  from  which  we  learn  that 
s:nce  isSo  the  purse-seine  has  come  into  general  use  for 
m a  1  kerel  r.iti  hing.  The  mackerel  fleet  consists  of  468 
'  vessels,  mnsily  of  60  to  So  tons,  schooner  rigged,  and  very 
j  fast  sailers.  The  old  method  of  hook-'fishing  is  described 
1  full v  in  a  historical  chapter.  Besides  the  purse-seine. 
'  k'II  nets  are  also  used  in  mackerel  fishing  at  the  end  of 
the  season,  off  the  New  England  coast.  The  total  catch 
of  mackerel  in  1 88 1  off  the  United  States  coast  isi 
at  294,667,000  fish. 

Chapter  III.  of  the  essay  contains  an  account 
legislation  affecting  the  mackerel  fishery.  Ev«t 
time  of  printing  the  Report  in  t8Si,on 


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year  iv:  Lii-.rr  ieet 

mission.     I  • — ~  r;  ~  -  7* 
Uross  was  c  reiser j^is-i." 
ding  a  per-r.i-er-.T,  scat  ;c  ic  .d.  .re 

ding  at  Wiiiii^-.;,-  wit  i-tl  13  is  3e  rsur*. 

of  the  Corr^x.*ri.r_  101  -_tt  -_—r_- -.:  ij^i 
t  that  ther.".e-£*i_  :--«k  .rir~i  a  -»:•  «-  i^re  ir-;--.;:*- 
the  Comnris. :  1.         :«eti  jnn  rid-  ■ir^im.rii.-.M 

unknown  natural  rat^es.  *  ;«t=*.;»  ^itf  i.-=c  :r 
se  events  the  Ker.-n  rr'iT>  a  •  tSfi  e-a.:«:<-ir; 
moir,  by  John  A_  K>  dir.  :c  -  .ie  Zy^iroRarrt  tf  rte 
d,-'  which  forms  one  :e  tie  S£4£  :xv:i  ru-os  Jixrirrs 
the  volume,  and  sor=*  n:er=sc-z  zu-ae*  :c  _uf  a.-7-i- 
1  propagation  of  ii.e  «cer  tie  nsr  :c*  cue  " ti'IZSC  .s 
iefAy  made  up  by  lie  ->..' "  xz^nzz  'jarj  :r 
nous  hatching-stau  zs,  izi  zs.z<?n  :z  .K~.rr---ir.  -.-~.r+ 
:lustries. 

The  appropriation  tr.i  de  i  .-  C  -  .r-^-is  :  c  ii»e  sT*.  .v 
i88i  was  t.o  smaTUicd  rt  i^-icil  Karri.  :*si 
.at  an  additional  grar.t  was  a.  :>r:_  iz>i  ne  : " •izrx — 
>r  her  construction  was  s  cr.ee.  •"_  -  ?•  ter  : :  li* 
esse!  w»i  put  into  convrrdss.:-  w— i.  Z.  1_  T it r-rr. 

jrmexly  commander  of  the       t  -Y-—  v.  as  rarta_T.  -1- 
December  30  the  Ar*Xr;:i  left  "A  j=.  ^te'rvtre  sie 
vas  built,  for  Washington.  0=  a  tr.*."  rtf."  Ktr  t.cal  ii- 
daccment  is  1000  toss.   A  descr.pcic  :c  ire  -.-t-ae.  aci 
>f  her  equipment  :s  pn  rr  sec  r  a  r-i-se-:  ses        rr.  .  "e 
irrangements  for  est^b -g  tie per=i--r ::  sea- 
ide  station  of  the  i~irr~  *«r  •-       V- s  H  _  =aie 
ome  progress  dunng 'he  year,  r  .rt  were  r>:c  r:c;!e:ei. 
\n  agreement  was  made  -pi-  tie       i  -  tea  :c  tie  r.ir- 
hase  of  the  requisite  rare.  ar.d  al  tie  aeeesiar?      — - 
al  formalities  arranged  :  bit     was  CMCSri*  "it  tiere 
hould  be  constructed  within  tie  great  hixbccref  *»V  xC.  s 
Holl  an  inner  harl>/ur.  mhizh  »  y-.i  t-tr-.e  :'  :  a  harbc^x 
if  refuge  as  well  as  for  the  p-rpwci  ^:  the  C  2 
\n  appropriation  of  5:. 00c.  ns  tie  ze*  iiri>  _r  waj 
granted  by  Congress.  b_t  the  F:ei;iert  ce::i^c  to  ce^er 
Action  vip«in  th.s  and  otfacr  ne»  terr.s     tie  harbc  zs 
ind,  consequently,  the  e«ab'.;ii  r_z  of  tie  SuSiS  »as 
telayed  for  a  time.  Never.heiesi.  Vs  -»i  5  H  :  '.  was  — uit 
'.he  head-quarters  of  the  genera]  sc.— t=er  work  of  tie 
Commission,  and  a  large  par.y  were  erri^ed  tiere  dir.r.g 
July  and  August  w  ,rk:-.g  a:  mar.r.e  toe',  cy  ar.d  explora- 
tion.   The  htsh  tfavb  was  sta.xted  tiere  donrg  ^us 
time. 

The  central  station  at  WasL;r.^tOQ  was  fitted  up  with 
shad-hatching  apparatus,  ar.d  was  used  as  the  centre 
from  which  all  young  shad  hatched  on  the  r.%  ers  Potomac 
and  Susquehanna  »ere  d.stnb^ted  :  the  ejttrerne  hm:t  of 
distribution  was  the  Colorado  river  in  Tevas.  The 
number  of  shad  fry  distributed  was  over  :o,ooo.ooo. 

The  cunous  hx*tor>-  of  the  tile  fish    ' Le?k«!<Uuus 
chamaUontutpi.,    into*  the  distribution  of  which  re- 
searches were  made  in  IA&I,  is  reiated  in  a  report  by 
Capt  Collins   in   Appendix   B.     At  the  beginning  of 
Capt.  Collins's  paper  an  account  of  the  ri?h  itself  is 
given,  from  which  wc  learn  that  it  belongs  to  the  family 
Latilid.e,  Gill,  the  representat.vci  of  »h:ch  are  moftly 
inhabitants  of  tropical  seas  and  of  shallow  water.  The 
ground  where  the  die-fish  had  been  found  lies  between 
the  latitudes  of  Hatteras  and  Nantucket,  in  long.  70' to 
71,  about  100  miles  off  shore,  at  a  depth  of  90  to  125 
"thorns.    In  March  and  April,  i8?2,  vessels  arriving  at 
the  principal  Atlantic  sea-ports  reported  the  extraordinary 
occurrence  of  vast  numbers  of  large  dead  and  dying  fish 
floating  on  the  surface  of  the  sea  over  the  region  where 
the  tile-fish  had  been  found.    It  was  ascertained  that  a 
large  proportion  of  these  dead  fish  were  tile-fish.  In 
°fder  to  determine  the  extent  of  the  destruction,  a  steamer 
chartered  by  the  Fish  Commission,  and  sent  out  to 
the  tile-fish  ground  in  September.    Not  a  single  Lopho- 
'atilus  could  be  obtained,  but  a  new  fish  belonging  to  the 
6«nus  Setarchcs  -was  discovered,  which  promised  to  be  of 


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i  X'  t  5.VC  •  •  ^ 

:.i  r;  xc  jcr:  » 


:_Tfs.  ind  *  . .  ;s 


si 

l      :.*  r* ..-r  :.x? 
f  j>.:1ft  it  ».>.v.-.'tw 
.2.  :.m  2:  e^'i'.—e**:  .V 
t.te  r  c  zu  nee:  ie*.— >ri  r  ci.il  a-i  -jT. -esi:  tie 
7c  :r  r  1-  ':   jars  7  1  *  rt.v.r  ; •  tr;  X.«r*tg-« 
rr-^r-r-;  j..— e  ;  ix-s  ac.-  ;v:-;  rorr  r?t'*e*  ;v  \-i'. 
ar •  zr:t  -t-rratr-i.    7r<  -'. ~*  a-r  ~  f     i""*f  S.vi*T* 

.-.re  •  >.V. .• . r*  :*  <«n 

t  j-rr»r*  .-firi  y  t*e  -'c*:-r<  a-e  i 
'«..-..       ?"t  tSf 
z-i-er  ■»-.-:  c  ::tr— <--c        :.-  *.t«e  Jtc%eA.ee 

firera.  sar  :r*  erv.i.-v. "  >-  a:  r-.-s<-:  v-v'-ae  " 
7 :r  t  :  —  7  e.  -.  .»  scatt-d  ..-it  -  re'e*.»..-a*s.  a:  a-  ea-*-- 
sea.-- — <  »i •  a~-i         r " -  .---.-a.      are  .Vtt 

li;: a* ;  bes  tie  e.  iee.**  rr.xi         -.  s.  .-.v.t 
re. . zarw      r«.--s.".  -r  j  a  -.  —  i~  »  »v "V  . 

It  --  be  sa_d  tiat  tie  .'.v.  -  %•»  '..•w«.;a- 
e=t:r  :  •  -  .  rc.a  is  toe  *s  .Ci<".  .\ 

tie  ii-.el  ~z~ tz:  ::  tie  o:  *  :~  a-."^  a-r  — .       ."  "i-evl 


a._i:-ara  r_-e  1:  .-j 
t.eaf--  i-i  tr ;  - 


.    .V  1 


5/  z r  :.  A.;cers  ncr-.-tr:        t.-;  -        jv  •.: 
::rr.it:  -=  -*  f.ver. 

T»:  rtier  :r:<resrrr  w.-er*  are  •-.-*.. : a! 
Arre-i.v  :Vr  Narjra"  H:*t. — \  ard  i»  .-'-v  *a"  KenrJWVh 
crle  by  >:d:tey  ".  Str.-.th       tie  LVciTVsi  >."  >:^>m  KW* 
lie  iredrr^r*    :ie     -4. t-  :>>.;.  a;td  .ieo-;." 
rr:<".  Verr.d  ;c  tie  t'aar.a  X  :*re  :..e        jiv.v  .-c  a. 
westert:  eice      tie  Gulf  5:rea-u    \  '<  .V:  t-f:  0; 
;s  ar.  e\tre.-.«ly  elaborate  r.te:v..>  •.  a.-vv:-.*      j\;  .*v 
plates  of  clear  ar.d  we".-evrw.t<\i  w.w.  .      •  ..».-.»: 
spe;:e»  ar.d  smtctires  »h  .h  had  ro:  he-^  e  bec  ^- 
er.t  y  fibred.    Tie  rvttwr  cv-r.ta-  •>  a  .v:  a 

new  spe-:.e*  ar.d  several  r.e»  or -era  5  e.xc-.  r.-»  v.w  ,v 
descr.Ded  w.th  w^rdcrtV*.  RS  -.•.c.-.evjs  *  \i  a 
measureruer.ts  be  r.g  added  :»»  ca»  i  <iv^<  .v  *»»  \vsr 
hav-.r^  occas-.or.  :o  use  :i:s  rrcr*»%;?  »  5v  c  »»«r> 
pla.n  of  :r.e\actr.c*s  v*r  :itc.'t"t*'»'.»* .*»-»  .  *c»  s  *  v» 
uon  of  specific  d.st-r.ot.or.s. 

The  paper  of  I'tv*  \e:t 
tended  to  ir.d:ca:e  the  most  i-ktv 
pecuiar  area  mvest^catevl.  It  »a»v.       n  .  *«•  »«JV  »•  a«> 
of        that  the  :n\Vr.ebra:e  t.»  -  a.  »  ^vn-w  ,v  V  ^» 
unusually  abundant  :n  »<>t.  had.',  kv  .'.v  .  0  .  V  \v 

great  destrucf.on  -.n  the  :r.:e:vAl  V:»w^  •."•o  two 
This  was  especially  the  case  KXWA  :*■»'  v 
species.  wh:ch  had  been  taken  in 
haul,  having  bc\-\Mne  CVtrrmoN  SCAtve     I'iwt  \  N> 
heves  the  remarkable  vlc»:i  .u  ;.o:>  o!  '■  ^f  h  *d  Nv»x. »  v,  ««s 
bv  a  very  severe  storm  whu'h  ovv«H\nI  vh        »'x-  '.v  0 
1SS2.  and  which  pr\»b,»lvv  KMVtd  Ottt  thv*  »\%M  »X^»v  w 
over  the  Gulf  Sticam  >^oi<e. 

The  whole  of  Ap]v.\d:\  H  h.\-»  rvt.sv  -.v  \o  Avf 
culture.    It  contains  >i\  metwonv  i*v  04  w'\.>  *v 
experiments  on  the  aitu-.v  al  pioju^    o  >  o<  .V  V  vs-  .  » * 
oyster,  1  V/r^.i  :  »'»"<" •»'..«.    I  »eut  l  ta.*«  »  W  ■>         .  . 
the  subject  at  Beuufoit.  Xa\.  *t»«l      t  v~\>^.  x 

Prof.  Rydet  at  St.  l.«me»'»  v'ie»-k,  N:.  '  «A«fv 

though  .1  fair  amount  ol  Mu\f«  w  1  ••w^t^- 
nat  ng  the  ova  and  keepm*  lb*  f«»b  '   '  «  n«lj^^. 

swimming  stage,  no  MU*lJU-tot\  m,        «  >^     x»\AifWf\  , 

Prof.  Rvdci  and  V  ol  M.kPoi«  «M  o<    ■  >  o  > 


1.,  w  o.*  .V- 


of  obta  ntng  a  supplv  of  att.u  h.  d  *ub  a»\\ 
Prof.  Rvder  and  Col  M.u  I  on  xM>.  »»'  l*« 

j  found  that  their  embtvo>  had  i»\ed  0\.-> » vo 


Digitized  by  Googl 


NA  TURE 


[May  28,  \k\ 


[         -  nnbers,  but  they  could  not  keep 
S^T-^         a        or  two  af<«  the  attachment 

±^c'X  'Z'^nnXmt  .°f  the  Pisci««ltural  operations  of 
E^a  r^tZ«a5Q?d.,C^ed  l7  V,e  ReP°rts  'n  Appendix 
frv  dorST.S^-  Sta,»«.«cS  of  the  distribution  of  shad- 
Se  totaf  n.™^e  g£cnln  a  Pa')cr  fay  Cha*-  W.  Smiley  ; 
The  VSS  "U  fcr  df,S,nbutcd  was  over  3°  millions 
Pen.W  .    VmbCr  °f,CarP  distributed  was  259,000,  of 

d^^JT?^  fi,-h  in  <he  rivers>  and  ™  the  ?^ 

out  hT  h  is  of  f  tHShene!"  Thc  C™™*sioner  P°>nts 
om  tnat  it  is  of  little  use  to  put  anadromous  fish  into 

febtebk hLW^r,  aFC  °bs,truC  lcd  b>'  d»m.  or  made  unin° 
naoitable  by  pollution,  and  a  new  fish-wav  to  remodv  tho 

•ApTndffr^;5  ,dC^ibcd  b>-  Col.  -^MacuTna  d t 
of  fhe  Anwti <-i  rl  Wh°  arC  acH"ai^ed  with  the  labours 
of  the  American  Commission  would  be  grateful  if  Mr 

StSil  Jn4  g    C  economical  results  of  the  pisci- 

cultural  work.  j  T  Cunningham 


NOTES 

>  ■  -  H.  -  rr  K  .  .-.  Cr  mwell  koad.  on  Tuesday,  June  9, 
"  :i  '  Hi:  T'  of  the  Royal  Society, 

'  /'  *  "-■■-■■>■■  ' wilt  formally  transfer  it  to 
;  .":      "  .       -     ' M  *ho  w.ll  be  represented 

_  ...   V"  4  -  *  Wale,.    Place,  will  be 

n  -  -  ■ :  •       :o  the  memorial,  btu 

'  -  •    ^  -;-a  •'>  the  public  daring  the 

,"  \     "  ,      "  "  '    ■'•  ' »«Wed  by  Mr.  Boehtn. 

Y  *•  L'  :  larger  than  life -size  ;  it 

-'•       •  -     •  Ijr    If    \V.>,i,-.d    F  Rs 

-   .   ,r         .  '    •   '  -  '  of  ::  :h-  princip»I 

*  "■'■':'*  "  1  "  ^'^•■"!!v:bi!ityofthe 

........  If-^ri'ing  to 

.    '.  "  '   •"'  ''f  '-  ^•-••-^       ^-:-rr.-.e.  A 

.  -  "  '      *   1-  »      ■•  «-  ..-'^r.-;,!  c^-ri-ee 

••••  -••   •  ■  li .;    -t  >  , 

/     "'        '  -  "  >•••.•  i!*v,  I;,.-,,. 

«""?  ;  -   .V,,:,,^  •  - 

tJ-^  """'  •'  "  ' '   •  •  -'•-  •'  •  >  ;  . 

ine  »elj-kn-j«n  tr.       »  r  ' 

A  TOK fiBl.ii.         v.:,:,,,-,  :r,>  „ 

ir-n,  ha,  U-rigb,  «J|<?  rr    , 

mem.,  ,„  ,,Hrr  t)ll,        .  ••'*-  'v>'f?- 


1  1  —  *  .  . 


April  M  (>1<   U  y,, 
I"  the  L'mvcrMly  ,,f  \  r 

•me  km^s  „e  Sltl41.;;s      ,: ' ■    -  ••—-/• 

lain."  ^cu^  in  '  ',"  C 1  M   .  r. 

™»<r  'Here.  wlllt)  ^  , V'  '  ^ ^  "] 1  ' 

of   re»<i,.ncc,  f.„  „  t  ,.'lr    /  W>  "  "     "  ''-7  '  '  • 


observatory  for  minor  observations,  and  a  Urge  baiUaj  .- 
the  dome.      The  observatory  pro|Jer   consists  of  1  CtLz/ 
cal   building  surmounted   by  a  hemispherical  donx  ir- 
five  feet  in  diameter,  and  a  rectangular  building  i*i  a » 
library  and  computing  office.     The  walU  are  of  trid  ^ 
circular  portion  being  heavily  buttressed,  and  bearing  a:  iir  - 
a  coping  of  Ohio  stone.    On  t  1  is  rests  cast-iron  raits,  «v. 
thc  dome  revolves.    The  latter  weighs  25,000  lbs.,  and  u  ■  -. 
posctl  of  a  framework  of  steel  covered  with  galvanised  ir.^  ^ 
lined  with  painted  canvas,  having  three  openings  owt  ? 
shutters  when  not  in  use.    It  takes  five  seconds  to  open  vu 
these,  and  a  minute  and  a  quarter  to  revolve  the  do©;  ~. 
round.    The  telescope,  which  is  mounted  on  a  brick  p;r  c. 
the  centre  of  the  dome,  is  similar  at  thc  Washington  Ora- 
tory.   Thc  dear  aperture  of  the  object-glass  is  twent™  s± 
Like  so  many  other  important  scientific  anil  educatioa^ ra- 
tions in  the  United  Stales,  this  obier  vatory  is  due  to  ih; 
rosity  of  a  wealthy  native  of  the  State,  Mr.  Leander  McCtr-j* 
from  whom  it  takes  its  name.    This  gentleman  preseciri 
telescope  and  building  to  the  University.     The  cost  is  m:<r: 
have  been  about  1 3,000/. ,  the  telescope  costing  over  900a:  ' 
directorship  of  thc  observatory,  to  which  post  Mr.  Orr 
Stone,  director  of  the  Cincinnati  Observatory,  has  been  cr~- 
is  endowed  with  a  sum  of  10,000/.,  collected  by  pcblji  ac- 
tion ;  while  Mr.  W.  H.  Vandcrbilt  has  given  the  fn>--  '  ■ 
further  sum  of  5000/.  as  an  endowment  to  pay  the  l' 
assistant  observer,  the  expenses  of  publication,  it  torlx 
to  the  founder's  plan  the  olh,crvatory  is  not  to  be  conci?: 
purposes  of  the  University  alone,  but    for  gcDcru"  w.r-  ' 
research,  so  that  students  from  any  part  of  the  I'aireJ  Suit 
who  desire  to  become  professional  astronomers  nut  kczk  > 
thorough  training  there.    In  accordance  with  thi-  pUa  ^  Vr 
fessorshipof  Astronomy  in  thc  University  is  a  tibeJIvto-' 
post  from  tha.  of  Director  of  the  Observatory.    ProL  A-  H- 
of  the  National  Observatory  at  Washington,  deliW  ikc:<T 
ing  address,  taking  for  his  theme  *'  The  Instrumcnii  n>l vv  1 
of  Astronomy." 

Feom  various  publications  which  we  have  recently  t« 
from  the  Government  of  Hong  Kong  Dr.  Doberck.  the  ^ 
nomer,  appears  to  have  lost  no  time   in  etnpMiaS      :  ' 
observatory.    The  hst  batch  of  observatory  papers  uxk± 
servati.>ns  on  lunar  transits  across  the  meridian  of  Honj 
and  on  the  height  of  Victoria  I'cak.     As  this  emineiwt  - 
most  important  in  the  east  (with  the  possible  cxct;^X  c<  F-' 
yamal  m  one  sense— the  sense  in  which  Richmond  Hill  k  -  ' 
interesting  than  Mount  Everest -it  may  be  added  that  tfc  ~- 
h«ghl  of  the  peak  is  17,0-6  feet  above  the  Obserratorr.  «  >' ■* 
feet  atwve  the  mean  sea-level.  There  is  al^o  a  report  «  i*"-"- 
means  of  the  principal  meteorological  elements  for  iSS*. 
strutted  according  to  the  recommendations  of  the  InffiW^ 
Mcrcorological  Congress,  and  a  complete  weather  repnn  ir.  * 
<-«.hWH  W^   f°Ur  obsen-at^  T  - 

it  '  H°n«  K°nK-  ««•  Manila)  at  work,  thc  m«^J  : 

Last  yea,  was  a  tolerably  proJuctive  one  for  the 
L ,    renTS  ,n  ^'"'"^nd.    Tbe  water  of  tbe  ^  lL 

'C  °f  th,ns"  for  explorations  mroool  *  ^ 

1 .  ^rvxalu"s  in  wh,ch     to ' 

-.v.  L-.;.  ,  f  1     M  the  ^-"«nent  of  Wall,sbof«  «ar 

„.  f,  Sh,?  or,Iy  «ation  of  the  Broa:e^--- 

w,    •  ..      "T(L"\  W''-l^d.     Among  the  m^t  ^  ' 

Jf  ^  fOiia.ns  of  the  Stone  piriod  .tBOOf^' 


Digitized  by  Google 


zy  a8,  1885] 


NA  TURK 


85 


same  year  the  most  notable  are  those  obtained  at  Roben- 
ien,  including  several  pretty  knife-handles  made  of  yew, 
e  excellent  specimens  of  mechanical  industry,  such  as  thread, 
en  fabrics,  fishing-nets,  &c,  and  ears  of  barley  and  wheat, 
being  a  specimen  of  the  rare  Triticum  turgidum. 

HE  Zoological  Society  of  Philadelphia,  according  to  the 
rteenth  Report  of  the  Board  of  Directors,  appears  to  have 
ered  during  the  past  year,  like  many  other  institutions  dc- 
dent  on  the  public  for  support,  from  the  general  depression 
rade.  The  financial  balance  shows  a  large  reduction  ;  never- 
less  the  Superintendent  is  able  to  report  that  the  collection 
resents  to-day  a  greater  and  m^re  typical  variety  of  animal 
tns,  in  furtherance  of  the  educational  facilities  which  have 
;n  one  of  the  chief  aims  of  the  Society,  than  at  any  previous 
iod  of  the  history  of  the  garden."  Among  the  principal 
litions  during  the  year  was  a  hippopotamus,  the  first  obtained 
the  Society,  a  collection  of  European  water-fowl,  and  a 
ash-turkey  ( Tallegalla  lathami)  of  New  South  Wales.  The 
ccimen  procured  is  a  female,  but  it  is  hoped  that  a  male  may 
so  be  obtained,  and  that  its  cxtra->rdinary  habit  of  hatching 
\  eggs,  by  covering  them  with  decomposing  vegetable  matter, 
lay  be  shown  in  the  garden. 

It  seems  that  the  experiments  of  Dr.  Ferran  in  inoculation 
3r  cholera  have  been  stopped  by  the  Spanish  Government. 

The  Sanitary  Congress  at  Rome  has  been  engaged  during  the 
»ast  week  mainly  in  discussing  quarantine  regulations. 

We  have  received  Prof.  Theodore  Gill's  "  Account  of  the 
'rogress  in  Zoology  "  for  1883,  from  the  Smithsonian  Report- 
substantial  pamphlet  of  over  fifty  pages.  The  special  dis- 
ovcrics  recorded  have  been  selected  cither  on  account  of  the 
Modifications  which  the  forms  considered  force  on  the  system,  or 
tccause  they  arc  or  have  been  deemed  of  high  taxonomic  im- 
portance, or  the  animals  per  st  are  of  general  interest ;  or, 
inally,  they  are  of  special  interest  to  the  American  naturalist. 
Hie  arrangement  of  the  account  is  as  follows  : — General  Zoology, 
^rotozoans,  Porifers,  Ccclenterates,  Echinoderms,  Worms, 
Vrthropoids,  Molluscoids,  Mollusks  and  Vertebrates.  Each  of 
hese  divisions  is  sub  divided  according  to  the  discoveries 
o  be  noted.  At  the  end,  a  brief  bibliography  of  note- 
worthy memoirs  and  works  relating  to  different  classes  is 
ippcnded.  "The  statement,"  Prof.  Gill  says,  "  is  not  intended 
'or  the  advanced  scientific  student  so  much  as  for  those  who 
entertain  a  general  interest  in  zoology,  or  in  some  of  the  better- 
known  classes.  It  is  compiled  for  the  many  rather  than  the  few, 
and  hence,  perhaps,  zoologists  cultivating  limited  fields  of 
research  may  find  omissions,  as  well  as  notices  of  discoveries  of 
minor  importance." 

On  May  20  a  terrific  storm  raged  in  Paris  ;  a  stupendous  peal 
of  thunder  was  heard  at  u  a.m.  It  seems  the  lightning  struck 
ilic  top  of  a  high  furnace  at  St.  Ouens,  near  Montmartre.  It  is 
*upi>osed  that  it  was  attracted  by  a  mass  of  lead  which  was 
placed  at  this  elevated  situation  for  some  purpose.  The  pecu- 
liarity is  that  no  trace  of  the  lead  was  afterwards  found 

The  centennial  celebration  of  Blanchard  and  Jeffries  crossing 
<hc  Channel  in  a  balloon  was  celebrated  on  Sunday  at  Guine, 
Pai     Calais,  where  the  two  travellers  landed. 

Shocks  of  earthquake  were  felt  at  Wartberg  and  Kindberg, 
Austria,  on  May  20  towards  1.30  a.m.  A  sharp  shock  was  felt 
*t  Smyrna  at  7.15  p.m.  on  May  26. 

p*or.  Dewar,  F.R.S.,  will  give  a  discourse  on  "Liquid  Air 
*nd  the  Zero  of  Absolute  Temperature  "  at  the  last  Friday  evening 
meeting  0f  the  season  on  June  5,  at  the  Royal  Institution. 


A  FEWyears  since  the  German  Anthropological  Society  initiated 
an  exhaustive  investigation  among  German  school  children  as  to 
the  proportion  of  those  with  dark  and  with  fair  complexions.  This 
has  been  followed  by  simil  ir  investigation*  in  Belgium,  Switzer- 
land, and  Cislethian  Austria,  and  these  have  supplied  gaps  in  the 
German  inquiry.    The  result  was,  according  to  Dit  Nalur,  laid 
before  a  recent  meeting  of  the  Berlin  Academy  of  Sciences  by 
Hcrr  Virchow.    In  all,  10,077,635  children  were  examined  as 
to  the  colour  of  the  skin,  hair,  and  eyes  ;  6,758,827  in  Germany. 
608,678  in  Belgium,  505,609  in  Switzerland,  and  2,304,501  in 
Austria.    The  geographical  boundaries  were  the  Prcgel  and 
Dniester  on  the  east  to  the  Vosges  on  the  west  ;  the  Baltic  and 
German  Ocean  on  the  north,  to  the  Adriatic  and  the  Alps  on  the 
south.    The  following  is  the  result :— Of  pure  blondes  there 
were  found  in  Germany  2,149,027;  in  Austria,  456,260;  in 
Switzerland,  44,865  ;  a  total  of  2,650,152,  which,  on  a  total  of 
9i4°S,557  (Belgium  being  omitted  here)  children  examined,  is 
rather  more  than  one-fourth.    The  number  of  brunettes  was : 
in  Germany,  949,822  ;  Austria,  534,091  ;  in  Belgium,  167,401  ; 
in  Switzerland,  104,410;  a  total  of  1,755,724,  or  about  one- 
sixth  of  a  total  of  10,077,635.    Hence  more  than  half  the 
school  children  of  Central  Europe  are  of  the  mixed  type.  The 
distribution  of  the  pure  types  is  very  different.    In  Germany 
31  80  per  cent,  is  fair  and  14  05  per  cent,  daik  ;  in  Austria  the 
dark  predominate,  being  2317  per  cent.,  while  the  fair  amount 
only  to  I9'79 ;  »n  Switzerland  the  disparity  is  still  greater,  for 
the  blondes  are  only  irio  per  cent.,  while  the  brunettes  are 
257  ;  and  in  Belgium  the  blondes  arc  27  50  per  cent.    In  Ger- 
many,  therefore,  the  fair  complexions  predominate ;  Iwt  even 
here  the  proportions  vary  greatly,  getting  less  and  less  as  we 
go  towards  the  south.    In  North  Germany  the  proportion  is 
between  43  35  and   33  5  per  cent.  ;  in  Central  Germany, 
about  25  29;  and   in  the    south,   only   1844;   while,  on 
,  the  contrary,   the  proportion  of   dark  children  diminishes 
I  from  25  per  cent,  in  South  Germany,  to  7  per  cent,  in  the  north. 
This  appears  to  show  the  incorrectness  of  the  theory  of  the 
French  anthropologist  that  we  must  seek  the  real  Germans  in 
South  Germany,  and  that  Norlh  Germans  are  a  dark  race,  a 
mixture  of  Finns  and  Slavs.    The  fair  people  arc  most  numerous 
in   Slcswick-Holstein,  Oldenburg,  Poincrania,  Mecklenburg, 
Brunswick,  and  Hanover.    That  this  should  be  the  case  in 
Mecklenburg— formerly  a  Slav  district—  is  due,  according  to 
Hcrr  Virchow,  to  a  return-emigration  of  the  Germans.  Middle 
and  Western  Germany  were  especially  the  cradle  of  this  emigra- 
tion.   Flemings,  Dutch,  and  Frisian*;  thus  reached  HoUtein, 
Westphalia,  Brunswick,  Mecklenburg,  and  Pomerania.  Saxony, 
Silesia,  and  Northern  Bohemia  were  colonised  through  Eastern 
Franconia,  Austria  from  Bavaria.   The  emigration  of  the  German 
tribes  took  place  at  two  different  periods :  the  first,  a  move- 
ment from  south  to  west,  which  ended  with  the  foundation  of 
the  Frankish  monarchy  ;  the  other  a  return  to  the  last,  which 
began  with  the  Karolingian  period,  and  is  not  yet  concluded. 
The  latter  has  led  to  a  j>crmancnt  colonisation,  and  to  the  forma- 
tion of  a  new  pure  German  people.    The  deep  brown  colour  of 
the  south  and  middle  Germans,  as  well  as  of  the  Swiss,  is  traced 
by  Herr  Virchow  to  the  Romans,  Rhctians,  and  Illyrians,  and 
especially  to  the  remnants  of  the  Celtic  or  prc-Celtic  in- 
habitants, which  have  now  become  mixed  with  the  Germans. 

The  experiment  of  acclimatising  the  American  Whitefish 
{Coregonus  alius),  lately  tried  by  the  National  Fish  Culture 
Association,  has  met  with  great  success.  Until  now  the  attempts 
made  were  unsatisfactory,  the  utmost  difficulty  being 
in  finding  suitable  lakes  for  the  reception  of  this  v.ih 
fish.  The  whitefish  in  question  were  incubated  at', South  K 
"igton  in  March,  and  afterwards  transferred  to  ponds  atDeV 
where  they  have  thrived  well  ever  since. 


Digitized  by 


84 


NA  TURE 


[May  28,  1885 


of  their  aquaria  in  large  numbers,  but  they  could  not  keep 
them  alive  more  than  a  day  or  two  after  the  attachment 
had  taken  place. 

The  growing  extent  of  the  piscicultural  operations  of 
the  Commission,  as  indicated  by  the  Reports  in  Appendix 
E,  is  marvellous.  Statistics  of  the  distribution  of  shad- 
fry  during  1882  are  given  in  a  paper  by  Chas.  \V.  Smiley  ; 
the  total  number  distributed  was  over  50  millions. 
The  total  number  of  carp  distributed  was  259,000,  of 
Penebscot  salmon  1,716,000,  of  Schoodic  salmon  1,482,000. 

It  would  be  extremely  interesting  to  have  some  informa- 
tion as  to  the  result  of  all  this  work,  as  to  the  effect  pro- 
duced on  the  supply  of  fish  in  the  rivers,  and  on  the  pro- 
ductiveness of  the  fisheries.  The  Commissioner  points 
out  that  it  is  of  little  use  to  put  anadromous  fish  into 
rivers  if  the  waters  arc  obstructed  by  dams  or  made  unin- 
habitable by  pollution,  and  a  new  fish-way  to  remedy  the 
former  difficulty  is  described  by  Col.  M.  MacUonald  in 
Appendix  A.  Hut  all  who  arc  acquainted  with  the  labours 
of  the  American  Commission  would  be  grateful  if  Mr. 
Chas.  Smiley  would  apply  his  great  power  of  handling 
statistics  to  exhibiting  the  economical  results  of  the  pisci- 
cultural work.  J.  T.  Cunningham 


NOTES 

The  statue  of  Darwin  will  be  unveiled  in  the  great  hall  of  the 
Natural  History  Museum,  Cromwell  Road,  on  Tuesday,  June  9, 
at  12  o'clock,  when  Prof.  Huxley,  President  of  the  Royal  Society, 
on  behalf  of  the  memorial  committee,  will  formally  transfer  it  to 
the  care  of  the  Masters  of  the  Museum,  who  will  be  represented 
by  His  Royal  Highness  the  Prince  of  Wales.  Places  will  be 
reserved  for  the  committee  and  subscribers  to  the  memorial,  but 
the  greater  part  of  the  hall  will  be  open  to  the  public  during  the 
ceremony.  The  statue,  which  has  been  executed  by  Mr.  Bochm, 
R.A.,  is  of  marble,  and  seated,  rather  larger  than  life-size;  it 
is  pronounced  by  those  who  have  seen  it  to  be  an  admirable 
likeness  as  well  as  a  tine  work  of  art.  . 

It  is  now  twenty-one  years  since  the  Gtological  Magazine  was 
first  issued.  During  all  that  time  Dr.  H.  Woodward,  P. R.S., 
has  been  an  editor,  and  for  almst  the  whole  of  it  the  principal 
editor,  on  wh  ~>m  the  main  burden  and  chief  responsibility  of  the 
work  has  fallen.  It  ha*  been  a  work  which  has  not  only  cost 
him  much  time  and  labour  but  also  has  been  pnctically  unrc- 
munerattve.  His  friends  among  geologists  accordingly  purpose 
to  celebrate  the  "  majority  "  of  the  Magazimf  hy  presenting  to 
him  a  testimonial  in  appreciation  of  his  »crviccs  to  science.  A 
meeting  was  held  last  week,  at  which  an  influential  committee 
was  formed,  a  list  of  which  will  shortly  be  circulated.  The 
treasurer  and  secretary  is  Dr.  Hinde,  F.G.S. 

We  greatly  regret  to  record  the  death  of  the  Res*.  Thomas 
W.  Webb,  Vicar  of  Hardwick,  near  Hay,  Brecon,  well-known 
for  his  writings  on  astronomical  subjects.  We  hope  next  week 
to  refer  to  the  work  he  has  done  in  astronomy. 

The  death  is  announced  of  Mr.  Peter  William  Barlow,  F.  R.S., 
the  well-known  engineer. 

A  concuss  on  hydrology  and  climatology  will,  it  is  stated, 
be  held  at  Biarritz  during  October  next.  The  French  Govern- 
ment has  brought  the  matter  to  the  notice  of  foreign  Govern- 
ments, in  order  that  the  latter  may  take  the  necessary  steps  to 
be  represented  at  the  congress. 

OM  April  13  the  Lean       V  niched 
to  the  University  of  Virginia  was  opened  by  pi 
Hie  buildings  are  situated  on  a  hill  called  "  I  ibscrratory  Moun- 
tain," because  in  1825  Thoma- 

vatory  there,  which  gradually  fell  into  decay.  They  consist 
of  residences  (or  the  sisinnl  nrHeea.  a  rati 


observatory  for  minor  observations,  and  a  large  building  for 
the  dome.  The  observatory  proper  consists  of  a  cylindri- 
cal building  surmounted  by  a  h:mispherical  dome  forty- 
five  feet  in  diameter,  and  a  rectangular  building  used  u  t 
library  and  computing  office.  The  walls  are  of  brick,  the 
circular  portion  being  heavily  buttressed,  and  bearing  at  the  top 
a  coping  of  Ohio  stone.  On  f  iis  rests  cast-iron  rails,  on  which 
the  dome  revolves.  The  latter  weighs  25,000  lbs.,  and  is  com- 
posed of  a  framework  of  steel  covered  with  galvanised  iron  and 
lined  with  painted  canvas,  having  three  openings  covered  by 
shutters  when  not  in  use.  It  takes  five  seconds  to  open  one  M 
these,  and  a  minute  and  a  quarter  to  revolve  the  dome  quite 
round.  The  telescope,  which  is  mounted  on  a  brick  pier  under 
the  centre  of  the  dome,  is  similar  at  the  Washington  Observi. 
tory.  The  clear  aperture  of  the  object-glass  is  twenty-six  inches. 
Like  so  many  othei  important  scientific  and  educational  institu- 
tions in  the  United  States,  this  observatory  is  due  to  the  gene- 
rosity of  a  wealthy  native  of  the  State,  Mr.  I  .eandet  McCormick, 
from  whom  it  takes  its  name.  This  gentleman  presented  Wh 
telescope  and  building  to  the  University.  The  cost  is  stated  to 
have  been  about  13,000/.,  the  telescope  costing  over  oocoi  The 
directorship  of  the  observatory,  to  which  post  Mr.  Onnocd 
Stone,  director  of  the  Cincinnati  Observatory,  has  been  elected, 
is  endowed  with  a  sum  of  10,000/.,  collected  by  public  subscrip- 
tion ;  while  Mr.  W.  H.  Vandcrbilt  has  given  the  University  » 
further  sum  of  5000/.  as  an  endowment  to  pay  the  salary  of  in 
assistant  observer,  the  expenses  of  publication,  &c.  According 
to  the  founder's  plan  the  observatory  is  not  to  be  confined  to 
purposes  of  the  University  alooe,  but  for  general  scieotifk 
research,  so  that  students  from  any  part  of  the  United  State* 
who  desire  to  become  professional  astronomers  may  receive  « 
thorough  training  there.  In  accordance  with  this  plan  the  Pro- 
fessorship of  Astronomy  in  the  University  is  a  wholly  distinct 
post  from  thai  of  Director  of  the  Observatory.  Prof.  A  Hill, 
of  the  National  Observatory  at  Washington,  delivered  the  open- 
ing  address,  taking  for  his  theme  "  The  Instruments  and  Work 
of  Astronomy." 

From  various  publications  which  we  have  recently  received 
from  the  Government  of  Hong  Kong  Dr.  Doberck,  the  astro- 
nomer, appears  to  have  lost  no  time  in  employing  the  cc* 
observatory.  The  last  batch  of  observatory  papers  include  ob- 
servations on  lunar  transits  across  the  meridian  of  Hong  Kong, 
and  on  the  height  of  Victoria  Peak.  As  this  eminence  is  the 
most  important  in  the  east  (with  the  possible  exception  of  Fuji- 
yama) in  one  sense — the  sense  in  which  Richmond  Hill  is  more 
interesting  than  Mount  Everest — it  may  be  added  that  the  mem 
height  of  the  peak  is  17106  feet  above  the  Observatory,  or  1S1S 
feet  above  the  mean  sea-level.  There  is  also  a  report  on  five-dij 
means  of  the  principal  meteorological  elements  for  1884,  con- 
structed according  to  the  recommendations  of  the  International 
Meteorological  Congress,  and  a  complete  weather  report  for  the 
same  year.  With  four  well-equipped  observatories  (Tokio, 
Shanghai,  Hong  Kong,  and  Manila)  at  work,  the  metcorolgy  of 
the  China  Seas  will  soon  cease  from  being  the  scaled  book  which 
it  practically  is  at  present. 

Last  year  was  a  tolerably  productive  one  for  the  collectors  of 
prehistoric  remains  in  Switzerland.  The  water  of  the  lakes  *»* 
almost  constantly  bch>«.  level,  which  is  the  nv* 

favourable  state  of  things  for  explorations  around  the  take 
dwellings.  The  remains  disc  ivero !  1  clong  mostly  to  the  Bronze 
period,  and  the  chief  localities  in  wt  were  found  mctt 

scttlcme:.'  :>-n  near  Zurich, 

e  only  station  of  the  Bronze  period  ye"- 
know  In  1  nd.    Among  the  most  remarkable 

articles  discovered  at  this  ic:  n  1 884  were  a  splendidly 

I  bronze  sword,  sc  •  -ens  of  bronze  hatchets, 

■■mains  of  the  Stone  period  .Uscoverol  m 


y  Google 


May  *8,  1885] 


NA  TURE 


85 


the  «»me  year  the  most  notable  are  those  obtained  at  Robcn- 
haasen,  including  several  pretty  knife-handles  made  of  yew, 
some  excellent  specimens  of  mechanical  industry,  such  as  thread, 
woven  fabrics,  fishing-nets,  &c,  and  ears  of  barley  and  wheat, 
one  being  a  specimen  of  the  rare  Trituum  lurgidum. 

The  Zoological  Society  of  Philadelphia,  according  to  the 
Thirteenth  Report  of  the  Board  of  Directors,  appears  to  have 
suffered  during  the  past  year,  like  many  other  institutions  de- 
pendent on  the  public  for  support,  from  the  general  depression 
of  trade.  The  financial  balance  shows  a  large  reduction  ;  never- 
theless the  Superintendent  is  able  to  report  that  the  collection 
"presents  to-day  a  greater  and  mr>re  typical  variety  of  animal 
forms,  in  furtherance  of  the  educational  facilities  which  have 
been  one  of  the  chief  aims  of  the  Society,  than  at  any  previous 
period  of  the  history  of  the  garden."  Among  the  principal 
additions  during  the  year  was  a  hippopotamus,  the  first  obtained 
by  the  Society,  a  collection  of  European  water-fowl,  and  a 
brush-turkey  (  Talttgalla  lathami)  of  New  South  Wales.  The 
specimen  procured  is  a  female,  but  it  is  hoped  that  a  male  may 
also  be  obtained,  and  that  its  extraordinary  habit  of  hatching 
its  eggs,  by  covering  them  with  decomposing  vegetable  matter, 
may  be  shown  in  the  garden. 

It  seems  that  the  experiments  of  Dr.  Ferran  in  inoculation 
for  cholera  have  been  stopped  by  the  Spanish  Government. 

The  Sanitary  Congress  at  Rome  has  been  engaged  during  the 
past  week  mainly  in  discussing  quarantine  regulations. 

We  have  received  Prof.  Theodore  Gill's  "  Account  of  the 
Progress  in  Zoology  "  for  1883,  from  the  Smithsonian  Report— 
a  substantial  pamphlet  of  over  fifty  pages.  The  special  dis- 
coveries recorded  have  been  selected  either  on  account  of  the 
modifications  which  the  forms  considered  force  on  the  system,  or 
because  they  are  or  have  been  deemed  of  high  taxonomic  im- 
portance, or  the  animals  ptr  u  arc  of  general  interest ;  or, 
finally,  they  are  of  special  interest  to  the  American  naturalist. 
The  arrangement  of  the  account  is  as  follows  : — General  Zoology, 
Protozoans,  Porifers,  Ccclcnterates,  Echinoderms,  Worms, 
Artbropoids,  Molluscoids,  Mollusks  and  Vertebrates.  Each  of 
these  divisions  is  sub  divided  according  to  the  discoveries 
to  be  noted.  At  the  end,  a  brief  bibliography  of  note- 
worthy memoirs  and  works  relating  to  different  classes  is 
appended.  "  The  statement,"  Prof.  Gill  says,  "  is  not  intended 
for  the  advanced  scientific  student  so  much  as  for  those  who 
entertain  a  general  interest  in  roology,  or  in  some  of  the  better- 
loown  classes.  It  is  compiled  for  the  many  rather  than  the  few, 
and  hence,  perhaps,  zoologists  cultivating  limited  fields  of 
'"earch  may  find  omissions,  as  well  as  notices  of  discoveries  of 
minor  importance." 

On  May  20  a  terrific  storm  raged  in  Paris  ;  a  stupendous  peal 
°f  thunder  was  heard  at  11  a. m.  It  seems  the  lightning  struck 
In<>  top  of  a  high  furnace  at  St.  Oucns,  near  Montmartre.  It  is 
5"f»-posed  that  it  was  attracted  by  a  mass  of  lead  which  was 
P'a-ced  at  this  elevated  situation  for  some  purpose.  The  pecu- 
tiat— ity  is  that  no  trace  of  the  lead  was  afterwards  found 

T he  centennial  celebration  of  Dlanchard  and  Jeffries  crossing 
*he  Channel  in  a  balloon  was  celebrated  on  Sunday  at  Guine, 
f'wde  Calais,  where  the  two  travellers  landed. 

SHOCKS  of  earthquake  were  felt  at  Wartberg  and  Kindberg, 
Au'"ria,  00  May  30  towards  1.30  a.m.  A  sharp  shock  was  felt 
11  s*yraa  at  7.15  p.m.  on  May  26. 

P*Or.  Dewar,  F.  R.S.,  will  give  a  discourse  on  "  Liquid  Air 
»nd  'he  Zero  of  Absolute  Temperature  "  at  the  last  Friday  evening 
meeting  of  the  seasor  at  the  Royal  Institution. 


A  FEWyears  since  the  German  Anthropological  Society  initiated 
an  exhaustive  investigation  among  German  school  children  as  to 
the  proportion  of  those  with  dark  and  with  fair  complexions.  This 
has  been  followed  by  similar  investigations  in  Belgium,  Switzer- 
land, and  Cislethian  Austria,  and  these  have  supplied  gaps  in  the 
German  inquiry.  The  result  was,  according  to  Die  Natur,  laid 
before  a  recent  meeting  of  the  Berlin  Academy  of  Sciences  by 
Herr  Virchow.  In  all,  10,077,635  children  were  examined  as 
to  the  colour  of  the  skin,  hair,  and  eyes  ;  6,758,827  in  Germany. 
608,678  in  Belgium,  505,609  in  Switzerland,  and  2,304,501  in 
Austria.  The  geographical  boundaries  were  the  Pregel  and 
Dniester  on  the  cast  to  the  Vosges  on  the  west ;  the  Baltic  and 
German  Ocean  on  the  north,  to  the  Adriatic  and  the  Alps  on  the 
south.  The  following  is  the  result : — Of  pure  blondes  there 
were  found  in  Germany  2,149,027;  in  Austria,  456,260;  in 
Switzerland,  44,865  ;  a  total  of  2,650,152,  which,  on  a  total  of 
9,468,557  (Belgium  being  omitted  here)  children  examined,  is 
rather  more  than  one-fourth.  The  number  of  brunettes  was : 
in  Germany,  949,822  ;  Austria,  534.091  ;  in  Belgium,  167,401  ; 
in  Switzerland,  104,410;  a  total  of  1,755,724,  or  al>out  one- 
sixth  of  a  total  of  10,077,635.  Hence  more  than  half  the 
school  children  of  Central  Europe  arc  of  the  mixed  type.  The 
distribution  of  the  pure  types  is  very  different.  In  Germany 
31*80  per  cent,  is  fair  and  14  05  per  cent,  daik  ;  in  Austria  the 
dark  predominate,  bein^  23*17  per  cent.,  while  the  fair  amount 
only  to  1979  ;  in  Switzerland  the  disparity  is  still  greater,  for 
the  blondes  are  only  irio  per  cent.,  while  the  brunettes  are 
25*7  ;  and  in  Belgium  the  blondes  are  27*50  per  cent.  In  Ger- 
many, therefore,  the  fair  complexions  predominate ;  but  even 
here  the  proportions  vary  greatly,  getting  less  and  less  as  we 
go  towards  the  south.  In  North  Germany  the  proportion  is 
between  43-35  and  33  5  per  cent.  ;  in  Central  Germany, 
about  25*29;  and  in  the  south,  only  18*44;  while,  on 
the  contrary,  the  proportion  of  dark  children  diminishes 
from  25  per  cent,  in  South  Germany,  to  7  per  cent,  in  the  north. 
This  appears  to  show  the  incorrectness  of  the  theory  of  the 
French  anthropologist  that  we  must  seek  the  real  Germans  in 
South  Germany,  and  that  North  Germans  are  a  dark  race,  a 
mixture  of  Finns  and  Slavs.  The  fair  people  are  most  numerous 
in  Sleswick-Holstcin,  Oldenburg,  Pomcrania,  Mecklenburg, 
Brun*wick,  and  Hanover.  That  this  should  be  the  case  in 
Mecklenburg— formerly  a  Slav  district— is  due,  according  to 
Herr  Virchow,  to  a  return-emigration  of  the  Germans.  Middle 
and  Western  Germany  were  especially  the  cradle  of  this  emigra- 
tion. Flemings,  Dutch,  and  Frisians  thus  reached  Hohtein, 
Westphalia,  Brunswick,  Mecklenburg,  and  Pomerania.  Saxony, 
Silesia,  and  Northern  Bohemia  were  colonised  through  Eastern 
Kranconia,  Austria  from  Bavaria.  The  emigration  of  the  German 
tribes  took  place  at  two  different  periods  :  the  first,  a  move- 
ment from  south  to  west,  which  ended  with  the  foundation  of 
the  Frankish  monarchy  ;  the  other  a  return  to  the  last,  which 
began  with  the  Karolingian  period,  and  is  not  yet  concluded. 
The  latter  has  led  to  a  permanent  colonisation,  and  to  the  forma- 
tion of  a  new  pure  German  people.  The  deep  brown  colour  of 
the  south  and  middle  Germans,  as  well  as  of  the  Swiss,  is  traced 
by  Herr  Virchow  to  the  Romans,  Rhctians,  and  Illyrians,  and 
especially  to  the  remnants  of  the  Celtic  or  pre-Ccltic  in- 
habitants, which  have  now  become  mixed  with  the  Germans. 

The  experiment  of  acclimatising  the  American  Whitcfish 
{Ccrtgonut  aibus),  lately  tried  by  the  National  Fish  Culture 
Association,  has  met  with  great  success.  Until  now  the  attempts 
made  were  unsatisfactory,  the  utmost  difficulty  being  experienced 
in  finding  suitable  lakes  for  the  reception  of  this  valuable  edible 
fish.  The  whitcfish  in  question  were  incubated  at;South  Kens- 
ington in  March,  and  afterwards  transferred  to  ponds  at  Delaford 
where  they  have  thrived  well  ever  since. 


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86 


A A  I  V RE 


Tltr-  N*al-ifjlt»*..'  Sudrlatt*  in  the  SewUwl  h»r» 
advanurtl  as  iiujtj«!*tf  MBfi«  ')'*>  y  bate  been  nLaliUOard. 
have  wurcxi.  aw)  Wee  fununl  a  iini.nX  ll«e  fir*!  irj«»n  of 
wUith  are  hive  n>H  In-fxc  in  l>e  uiit«  vmlnvn  iki  *uvm1u=» 
IB  thr  nnir  ■  i.f  VeH.ra.  I  tic.  K»IaI.  KinCai'ltnc,  Kwom, 
Mml  Penh,  "u*  H  «l>  of  u«  *ymim*  lltr  proMtfe*/.. 
l>  lliKtunin  Whnt,  a.  Penh,  cx(i1«Jiinl  In  ha  InutlMte) 
nhltnt  ihc  laicttKi  uf  i)«  uni-xi  At  -li^i^niulvil  0»m  tfcjm  of 
imlinlual  -i.-ictir.  It*  mini  i.ti.-.l  •■(  Lvuitc  U  «i  i»ir) 
oo  emie  tifcanilly  IV  «>ir%  f-»f  *hl  Ji  ra.-t|  uf  thr  Mftriclnra  Ual 
L  .m;.i.  ■  it  Ul*  '■    11  i  ■  in    1,  liltl  HJUfA.     •    ■;:  ihc  I  H  '  ►  "  « 

thr  flua>  -J*"  Mhiml  «cio»cc,  (npcculljr  <J  Ucal  iui-*ral  «i«nr# 
Rivalry  «*,;.■:  r»  uf  <%3aiintneualioii  t+t\  tvaacvtlkifc,  lie  Uj^jck 
m  a»  ri>uiWr  w  ukI:I<«  at  to  ni  Itviiml* ;  Mil  while  inch 
•nciety  itai  iiilxtril  ni  l  wtkol  in  lrpcii-lcUuk'  In  CI  own  dr. 
•r.<r,  ihe  turn  tor  it  «4  ill*  wort  iIum  *m  n««-*Mt(j  iaiperfeei 
Iccjuh:  ufwst:  .if  unifiimiiij  m  (Ik  mulct  uf  detail*  ;  otic  ••** 
yact  h*»  been  lkui>:*i^i{y  ••..fleet  nhllt'  -in  «li.'t  kit  l*tni  %»*- 
Mudwlt  certain  dwlrici*  haw  h*ra  invnlipa'cJ,  wlnlr  n.lir  • 
hate  hetfl  aqiUvlrt,  in<l  tic  telailutv  of  une  (cenelfl  »■>  a»»  ■  trrf 
have  »•!  hem  ctnMiift.nl  I  .till  *x«ty  h*«  t.uM  >b  i  j:  iiij 
HJ  ||k  u»n  >b*(rM,  bruu(Ul  (.Mlli       -1  MM  ,  ImX  tacy 

Im  in  tn  MiMMl  Hit  union  amltttAo  Of  Ut*  "t 

Mttiu .  jail  atdiuBtt  thim.  *>n  1hu  hnwl  («intipl«-  |S».-  union 
fiaried,  an.*  the  |m-Mi|eni  UU  d  ran  in  iW  imsiilns  *il 
[itugrji— ii-  J  in  w>.rk  U*t  th«  iin<noJt-il«  fuiurv.  The  t*M  *i»v 
«*t  lu  A  ioUili  tXc  [>n»«nM  Umih  uf  k«u^U't^i  uf  t!u  fvJi-Ci, 
Ixtiay.  (•!'  l-c^f,  jnit  Rtt*ru(wlu<j  of  (tit  »u  tv»JiMvr«  ln<lu  lt<(  ia 
tt>:  UliNts  f'ui  tlm  |iujiN«  a  D^Kin  nwihotl  uf  IKU  Hactil  frii 
»do(>4M.  I^xh  ic|*«lci  ta  hu  iwn  t|Kilul  talked  «CUc« 
fat  lltr  hm  It^n  mrt^li^Ufil,  wh>*  |'Ut«  •<  It  cf^-allj 

rr>|ul[«  mVcaligalfcMi,  both  a*rcgjrU  ih«  ilninu  *»l  ihc  ««^a>a.U 
**■  .■  iV«  j.-.i'.iiilt  ii.liu-..  -i  thr  ilwiKit  i..  «mI  IniponHK 
wurk*.  if  my,  Ki%v  Iwtn  |iiili*«ho(  <•  ft*  viK  an  I  tiwwl. 
ax>L  6n».'U.  w'iaI  »-j*k  >li.«jtl  Ik  ulrr.  in  dir.:  &:  mm-.  Toe*: 
tlMcait-ai*  nukr  «f>  the  htfe  uf  iIia  tiitl  icj»  *t,;iuJ  licie  uc  in 
all  mwt."*,  vwrjt$  aln>Mt«wifT  4rf»ailmr<it  of  »itunl  hi*otj. 
Tic  uu>mi,  ll  llu*  a^vir-,  >lirrU*  intl  iK^ta***.*.  Ifcc  >tk  ut 
■l  a*li.,i,  I  TrfflTriL  ->ni|  jiit*<n'-  «k4f  it 

rur.  »tUiuirv  la  Ike  Z jj  ig.  il  Sotlciy  » liaflch-  Im  i  ^  ihc 
MM  wrrt  IntliKk  a  White- bellicJ  Iteiwrr-M  l/^>f/^wi.  U*** 
S»t'Ur\,  a  Woiu  ts-Tlitil  Sea  IUjjU  \lltiraffm  .Vn.  vi,  IMJ 
Siamu  LiiloJ  Lij^l.l  7>u><l|tl".t«ra>j  '-^  ■  >i'*r-  it  *"j<J--.Im 
(tV'-**"'  a'f*;,«  *  f*»nM»l  Snilic  lJ/.r,MJ  iftl.-fr^  li  tin 
Aoatnla,  t«*«ml»d  I7  Mr  t.  P.  Kiiii-iy,  <;.M./.».  :  ^11 
A«*lTnlnu  CaVMN  m>  irii»ui»'iMi/v*i.i  Ml  Aa^iolla,  fif 
«vwmI  ^7  \*t.  I  II.  Ma>JW  IVi»cf  1  MR  PM*h*»an*.  Ouiui.i 
rowl.  (AVxA/i  /«•.<. taw"  tiotn  K»-t  Ahi-i.  |'i-t:tit*.|  -T 
I'-.tTKM,  ■  Ci  K  <<i-*ini«  K  V  .  1  U'  'Ji  - 1  ITawMMUaVrJ 
«/mJCf*ui'la  llrm»h,  i-f*-<nlc.l  l>>  Mi  C  \.  Mu  i.H  ;  *«vcn 
SuiprJ  Saakci  \  t' ii**!f)  ft-<m  N.uO.  Nnviin, 
ficicwcil  bf  Mm.  A.  II.  JmmkS  1  a  CMMtM  Vipf?  I J j 
Vr«j>.  fr-ii  L,\«iiJ  F.wv*,  MMhMtfl  l»y  Mf.  I'  W.  l-U»-<t  i 

twnLiiini  i/'tf,    /v)  fr«u  Attit*,  I*--  IV         \fi.Ut  imi«W| 

fr  .  r  v  A  .1    u  ..    If,  '  -  '  I  >    '  C-afSjl<  l   I'tutl    Bu  (t>IU 

aMMA  MlUwl,  *«U  C>Un.|  Uert.-  |/Tfrj»*.i#  Mi/fMiatv^., 
taol  In  Ik-  Gii'ltm 

p|»  ASmOXOMlCAf.  Ci'/MMX 
DlWjilM  Ml«ir»i!*-?f.rt  rt*J-&J  uf  tbc;*^iM«». 
urj»v.V**#i.*fr*<a»*jithc  hrv  LiiiHO  ^  a  *ct*o  o< 
«f  4Mhlr  «ur»  «M>lr  »n»  llrtf  k.  BMriMMR  ««<  |WJ5 

iSSi  ««.  wevcM  b,  a  cvnuam.in  <J  iW  .Iifci-»f<«  ■ft*» 
the  ..b-rTTTT*.  i>  Mtitiatainl  .l»*i*c<.  of  a"""'1-'  '**  «■ 
lh«c  mn,,rr!|  b>-  IW'twAl  an1  Aoph  Hall,  iwl  ulhrt 
iwr.iculan  hrarai^  nntn  hi>  MU  ir-dl*.  NlWW  "I  ,ne 
mur#  intc  r^in<  bmi"c«.  iba  tgOoWinc  nrulw  a'f  : 


BMlM  1882  jH  .„  »i4*J 

f  t'witri     ..  ia&4'i9  07  x»  „, 

m\^mi.     ...  ...  9t'A 

|  l  i-*  Majnn*  1RHC41  .  .  nt'.i 

7  VlqpMh  iS*jt>7  ...  155  A 

||  CMM  Ik-ieli  iMSl^J  ...  lul  l 
I  U  -        iMi  4S  1*6* 

MmtHfA  of  Amm  —The      *in.  . . .  , 

■if  nc-Ktiilui.  auuiua  i.f  Aljpil  kav*  l«rr»  utnalnuj  afr«f 
a  viaall  » Tfr.-liuii  to  ih«  prrvxl  e»»cn  17  f*n»t  S.lutnC 
•(•-unlcaial  -jpir  uf  r-itiWc  «toi*»  **  ui  ««uai>  um- 
'lc  ubv:mi*xtt  nl  tbf  lite  1'iuf.  S^^.  tk  a  iRS*  *»I 


«  U  10 

i  t  U  *« 

17  II  I* 

at) 


n-i«  3  if.  n      ■*-t"-  »» 

0   H  17  . 

0     l«    »  I. 

»*  6  S4  ..  * 
^  MS7  -  »« 
Sotat  BCUMM  ix  New  Zlalaho  — 1 
ti>  iliikw  wfewi  iau«r«klol  in  MninoaaKal  ttm 
1I1C  KJtit  of  the  centnl  line  in  lh<  tutal  «|l|H>e  of  tbtl 
ScvUint*:t  0  urml  •>  alm>it  infir<ly  .w;i  tie  Smchmi 
an  I  Ikit  lltr  liajl  (.Vw  will  unlv  l*r  ii'-^rniltk  utt  Um 
kbunr.  uf  tVii,'*  Slinii.,  >Vw  /  *  li  *aiiiA|  i» 

•»  cviiirsl  *Jip«<  hfi«  lr*>a»ri|  ihu*.  i«Ui|r1wU«ln<  *N 
centlirj  t  <in  •  UWinAll  -n  uf  t)ir  Tinmi*  t\  liniicr»ie>  j 
the  unnalui  clique  at  I  Uwmhrr  Jn.  17*16,  a*  tin  lava  at 
ihrre  Mh  iL  An  anauUf ,  ihou-jh  m-.n  l>  tuUl,  f  Jijiv  * 
j4in*  ihu  iIk  n.trh  ndvt-Jty  nf  ihc  Vurh  I«U»I  un 
J>  I'**?.  wk.V,  oaj  May  yx  nhm  ihr  wo  t>  ban 

In  aa>  jtim»tc  of  j\  be  wlH  he  *n\M\j  ctll|>*?l  «fl  tin  ft 
kj  IM  MM  ti  I«l«t»t.  »u»r  it-  nmth  cittetaiei  fer  ab«*«t 

li  t*  true  Out  1  ■  an  ...I  .  >;f.>  v-i.       (1   nhka  ' 

Mataffftdi  iot  1  v'«  ml  .>f  .«u  rotfwlu  aoomxnieal 
ih  .  .  ..1  I"..  -n,'-i  i».  i»*jo,  .iml  ir^rttnt^t  j».  la^A>  t 
ihiOril  *»  b  ifit  tin' ml  ea  New  /mIiii.I,  I.k  an  ntann 
lltr*e  ctiia^C'  uj#m  mnrr  revtm  ilaia  -aViw*  ibat  nekl 
raaiCa  that  umnrr.  |»  ittr  eiUjMr  uf  lA>«o  i«c  •>«ir4  | 
to  IsBCUH'lr  Ul  W..  latiimlc  Jf»i*  Jt.,  Mality 

ten  til  the  eterdiiiii  ukiii^  |*Vi-  in  M  »[iiu.U  unj'  f,f 
tl'  aoulb.  anl  ihe  line  ;lim  rmMiaj  *>*tib  of  Nen 
IV-  r.  l.|.-'  ul  lK<*|  k  ta  li  h»t  lut  i.  ui.  Iitntt*iia*tc  1*1^ 
|«.|e  56  ft 

Tm  I' tit  1. .in  t  irrrviAiuiH  or  Aimiai ux  ; 
|V^(,  —Mr.  II.  Sitllvr  I'.-iinii.l*  it*  1r.1i  |"ir  tus.Viti.fl  « 
MMel  1  •  VMA  ifiliniW  u»t  LM%  liiitU  n  m..  oil 

h.it  n,:  '.vii  1  1  uaa  17  Mi.  Ni  ira'l  et  leM,  «htn 

wi»  IM  »>--«ae  ddrl  T  j-n-et  finia  tie  «n'«.  plus,  tv»4 1 
.7  pinrf  Aee|Kh  Hall,  Oir  o^v.n>«  t,  )M  heawl 
'  W  A-fimirtuii  \.ir..a.  fuiuJ  »M  MttPK-ihi'ical  Oteen 
t    itu%.  |  J*r. 

*&*WMtoCA&  NtBttoMSMA  FOX  < 

ll'AA'A',         .IM)'      r  j  /f.VA  f» 
ir..tt  ilrt  r^^M  uf  time  the  civil  .|j.,  cumnn 
Cwneuh  ...  in  mt,lniCht,  camini:  the  l»»*enteai, 

At  i.'irttmsA  M  JArfJI 

.In  l.  on  ettrtlilia*.  „'  5V  S.  ,  *££  * 
IJll  IN, 

if  3J*5|  0J»  I  rue..  ML  ,f.n.«  , 


a 


Ml.  oily  . 

Vi^ji 

Mai. 

lij['ilrr 

Miam 

•  I.f,  „ 


■«\  Mi. 

ai-i 

V.  a 


I...:  ... 


IO  1. 
■  3  IS 
■11  if 

•>  3J 
'J  J 


T  1» 

10.11 

•7  (» 
•S*  ■ 
rt  11 


>i  ■ 


1   7  ... 
4  «4 
'  M> 

'«  l>  ... 
*  5» 

*••"•"*••  -.^ r -Till iiti  t"X^ 

*     '3  .«  it. .a,*      »  -  "«  ■■>«• 
wi  pi  »i> inn  im a»- 


Digitized 


ioogle 


67 


icaMtl  by  I'tof.  MendclisflT  l«  the  iMM  i»»ii€ 
Kumiui  Chetiiitdl  Society.  1*   "  I'b 

Prtifexvor  mxk«i  ■  very  Interre-it  in^  cm. 
'D  formula  of  dilatation  of  1».  ,  ml     an. I  ill. 

Witcnton,  »uii|»orto<i    in    Kti^iii   1  '> 
m.     He  thowi  liy  at,»ly»L   why  l>otb  WT" 
Ificienl   approximation   the    cup  tn^i  11  >>: 
•r  o*  and   ir»»-.  the   nl«rrv»li..ii>  t..y»nl 
left  .»i.le  until  we   have   a   mora  81 

.       m.-i.  .1.  of  thi»    «ul.»t»«nc«'  ■••  I'  elm 
higher  ptrouio.      lie  U*man«lt«t««i 
[arilhmiv    formula    •»  iii.ii.pl"  '" 

.  developing  both  fwniulllll  l«"  ff'*"! 
.tmpler    formula    ou«ht   t«.   I  »e  • 

,„  Ihe    law    ..f     ililam  ■    ••<  I"!""'; 

«»«vd.        1  houu.lt    polemic    III    M  • 

„Jf  plinit  hflHr — trinim""1  "'  ",r 
itorlant  a  iiurMlnn. 

ITe.  i-id  do*,,  ..v  Mr  •«,'«.'  ;!;••",„; 

<onibu  ,i..n  "f  car>«inic  *", "TLiSd 

litereton  Hate,  h  ^  n-cenlly  •'•  "-'  ', 
ullv  recarillnu  the  com  I  in  *•  >••.'•  ••'  I  "■ 
vein        When    the    ele.„...t-  • »  -I   •  •' 

,f  the  nucliilK 
€Ml  a 


clativc  DMi 


budll  -  M 

1  .iJTil  "f 

-  -Nan 

MM 


.,  may  *c  tooth  I ** in 

rthcrav  a  dllucnl  II  «»"*"T  "  lincvvi  ••! 

c.f  the  eher..,.  al    up* {  •»■•  e  ,.„  ,1., 

ar»  alway-   M>  «»Sr*  tfca   •"'  1 


■   vtnjMCT  tiiwiima.citf!  t«  ih*  Chrmfcal  Sr<wy  on  May  7, 

If  lffl'-v  hmaclil  fn-w>t-l  i  l*flt«  ul  fi"  wtiMli  Irul  In  iht 
Culh'lii^i'in  (h.H  ilr.*itc*  tltr|4!e  rt*  whilrt  vt  unit*,  atl&  the 

fuinl.itiicflMi  *i!ir»ln*i-  u*'*«  *em«nliry  »drilwm  •Itkh 

Uaiul  111  HO  ufcvimi*  fi'l.iuai  lu  llir  ditnuta]  oMtvlilucnl*  t«*  (he 
IB  Ilia*  III*.  wIlctTicf  liU  —  ii*m»*  •  .itu-trf  miiraaUa.  IftOC* 
U  «piM*M  ttuJ  a  iliiffeo*)***  *  dioniU  m.l  luhtiJul  j«ui.v*. 
M.iktt  cnnnul  It*  Inily  ie(i«r*i«s*>(  l>)  ••■«  »*uil  ttirtnuti  tmniulr. 
•mo-  ithnconfy  »*"  '••li'f  vtflufi  ihtmiikl  r. MltM  •••I  $*t*u- 
t*\  pi.>f<TUc4,  .1P**I  tul  *li>  «lui«  brt»«ll  |4i)r*hal 

t  i  (  .  ,1.  /.vu-t  A'.*,'.,  ifciv  74!  to*  |»». 
lne<  K^nr^fititf  lltr  M Minnie  >cfr«1lu»"  «if  tul)&ar 
i:<iuli  l*.  linllu*  tit  i  11:11  I  r.  ul'.  *\n.A  l.-ji|  aim 
fiAt  tSr  «di  ii' inn*  in  ilir  rrlukt^u  rtjuivjlfnt*  n| 
lurvS  I  MHl  W  » i|>laibix'1  l  v  (In  mtikarr  mntc- 
m>|iti7>-  I  to  ckrmu'fj      Ih('-»  tinjtta.'iryc*! 

nvjtnw  *>-<B  'fir  *'•»!•  my  «4  ''»»  •iiljiir  »f->ni  in 
il'ileo*'*-',  n>it  toilli  llic  itil«e  o'  «U  «Hh*r  anomt 
wMi  fi  air  iiMmiltlll  'I"  «l  •r*f*iui.    C.uri^*i  b 

lliv   •lriiC,u<i  **/  iqivfcwt  i-'ntiinui(*  Mutcc«(ri  *<*n»  t  >  tic  at> 
„,„.,:„    1    .:    Ii  111       n  •  "      ■  ■■  iwfi  1  i  >•<  iln.ii    '  ilirw 
HlMl«cal«i.   i«t  Jliv-t  ilvintfr*  fat«»M  lv  irciHctl  a*  Juf  lu 
.-1.  ui  rl  •  i-.tl'-u.  1,  01  Arraryi-wriK,      ihvitotn^  •ulptni 

d,.^  nw-l  culm  I*  tttflCaMrtt  In  •  *h»/h  j(T«i«  dat 

mi4«viitc     a  Siwlh 

in  law  9|wW  «T  tW  Ruwin  Chiwu^l  S  «i«>  aril,  j) 
In  |>.L   A     |lwllef»»M#  I*  M*n«awt»i»'a  C%- 

•JuatMi  «•(  i*.imif  .-lv  ■•i.l^i.u-i.M.'  M  Itui.i»iiWyjliIf 

JSroc.,,..  iin  .1.-1  »'  "  -f  5 


N**i 

•  IIHIC  'l 


H.e 


.itfMmt. 

kliiWfa 


y  M 


1 

■ 

niin"**"* 


^■Iii  ill  ij^iiaaj,       *rf  »  icil  1\iiic.  ibwtl 
)l.i.iit  Lc»i»,'«  Mimbi  "»  I  iiiAv«*V.  j  3t>4  it 
...nc  iIiKeiciHii  in  Un*#  nlatim*  taaanf 
ciniii  i  «!  ilicii  *"i>'      1  r«n  t«nUm 

i...Hef<i«m.    'I1r<«i  •tiKrieacf*  tinr  o<n>uM» 
a  '  i  ll--  i  rfwi       naV  laWJfBlflNite  itiirat- 
f  !i.  .r-  1  »irii  i(       '»  tin  1  tinillot.  !tif  "'lit 

»}.    r  ,!..«*, *|jr  flrlltr^t.  3— Thl"  <Wlir 

1  l  \  1'f.  i  Mfn.Hi"*^ii  iwitntu  liclil); 

muff  1  *■  •         wK-a  :»r  -'mint*  h 
n"in>o  nnwfuinr  h»f»ilhrws  uul  lit  i» 

idSy  ;  1.1'  »•  Ci'm^tnnnil  nUas 

l|lltt    1*    J|-trtll*l  n>''\nu    -•!*••»  JXtl 

u  ,  .itetlic  ijiiii  ;  ilwKLrr  tIk  lumicr 
U  n.<i  pi  11  '9  tt«  !  «(.•»;  4*1  hrinx 
— t^L  «am  Itv'1"'  '"  i*<*>lcrMII  « 
I  ll    K*  Ift'lffJ  -»l'll»r  -J^i  TNC 


ury  i|aaw«d  »»»»»  ^.tt  *»" 

)i .:  int.  • 


of,  to 


lllll'l 


ii.  s  )•  H«  »"•-    ,,u,ti  ,  V 


1   11  1  l'ti I  liM  '  •  !•■  "1*  ll» III  h  l»"ac  .ml  i'1 1  'i.laiiTr  M 

,     '  i    l  l,.  StT-h-l.  t  -  .„1;m.Ji>.  U^rlgwV 

',    I  «l  l-.i.ij  M      IV  Ad 

1  rh   Ml      "  '*  '"  u'0"1  *oilin  gi«^(i.if'<it>l  ml  <tin. 

...  JL   fi.utl.-tti  n,,!      ' '  11 


,.1   ll*  fi*'i>   Am  ltv\*liMiax 


_ ..  in  ii  1  


88 


NATURE  [Moy  3„ 


C»1 
M 


•lill  U»4er  cutMlrtttka  ".ilk  tbr  Gorrtmnctit  ih  .be  DlVUh 
fnrllrl.  It  W3»  mfnirmwvl,  h.rwe*-«r.  that  the  eapr-lilloa  >*-.ulJ 
— nHiM*.  ju  to  Dnrrh  or  r  .  On*n  j  olfm  1<i  m-.ui|..iiy  tf 

»r  It.-tii  mule  In  lb*  Swutt, 

AT  i  Itxctrl  Bcrline  '■'  P.»rit  <  .O  j-r  i|.t...  tl  Society, 
M.  HoouMi  <lu  Caillao<l  .W«-nlr*t  thr  Lie  ft*  1  lrm>cb  uf 
Onkfln  At  Cevalb*,  ■  »*  Una  a   Jacn  townith  ike 

Miitilk  tiT  Ik*  Mit««filh  tmlur>,  am)  wliu  WMt«rol  hit 
|ir«/iitv»  all  om  thr  wuiVI  *  the  uf  wroiftn.  tU 
timckI  ruinn  f^untfkl  In  Tmiv^v,  «a»I  Irawlltnl  *t\<tM 
liana*  (n  AmttKJ.     II:  l!:.-s  Ixraw  i  f*ir*u  wtiJmit, 

btfAvtTT,  iviK'UKit^  bit  iIirmauiM  pi*»tna,  He  w<nt  i-  ITu»- 
MM  to  the  Mi5ij^«(k-*,  llimir  t  .  (  mum  aftl  Japm.  fiom 
}ny*r\  hr  **rt  11*1  R«  Cfctaa  acaaa.  ■  • '  v. mm  drove  kian  <hi  Ike 
eoaata  uf  TV«v|Ui»  llstin*  rececrtd  primi.t*oi,  in  liail,  km 
went  to  lhr  C<«ri  in  t\yn,  iri'1  ?l*nnl  tacitta  )-«U  r<  ilir  i  ri  I  - 
Chi*pwr  lu^nb,  tfaliaa  .inl  Iti.lU.  lie  »lan#i!  ihra  for 
Ikiffiuk  Ajm«.  tWiii.fi  «  tke  C*pr  ul  r.ii*l  Hop*,  ami  *t*1m- 
v»«ncJ  it*cn  in  the  we*;  omui  U  -Sank  Aaurua  fcy  it*  Miuu 
*4  MMfrUin,  btn  *m  |»r»rniol  hv  an  Infill**  fleet, 
55  thf  Mi-am.  He  ntanwil  U.mrt  Ayre*.  tml  -  15a; 
BOilmmik  »  iuNinrr,  *im.t»r  to  Ibil  lu  «*tiUb  Croaaa  In*  kn 
Ii(r,  h;  Tirima  lhr  AmM  IVitMi,  At,  pre  whine  lij  tht 
way  lot |K  vi^c*  inbfi,  *h m  m  call*  ika  < MBMh 

Ac.  He  fu^jbi  alao  lfinn*  ilit  Mack,  Julian  cinn-UiU,  tailed 
by  the  Scmcirh  (lir  1.  urrun.  or  CauU,  Uliii.a-.riy  W 
rtturm-H  to  Seville  awl  lictase  ■  cmnn.  In  1607  Uir  lUJkup  uf 
Mara-i  parr  lua  1  iucMa£?  fr.  «i  tkt  Kity  c>f  T>u>|uin  cUmohr 
k«  to  rmrn  t->  ihn  ontimrt.  tvi  Ui  culil  r*n  «k>  10.  Tfce 
»t*k*c<  IttUurlnaiiriMe  IrjwIl.T  are  1  (■)  "  llul  Or  U  r  Viwe 
£rl  Muti.l.  j  i»i  "Relit^iMnf.lukfiaiJeJ^  k>}ao«  ,1.  U 
Uiltu,  CivKiKhuia,  f  Ch«m|'M"  i|mb.  ;  )  ji  "  Trwof..* 

«kr  U  .■vint^.»iii»  .  |U.  "iK^^k.  [rntl*  <AobrW*li\" 

m  iht  "  Ntim  f^l.jt  viw  rfWi|.  ,„  Ir,^.  Ouc»J«ilalU "  of 
Aninnlu  lit  lUrivuiAiii  irHim,  injji. 

A  Hi  nc  thH.H  jc-l  MMir-i  If  ilir  F>  rn^n  Office  <reu»«»  litt 
map*  Iticmni;  10O1;  Kuwt-Afk'hu»  ImtfUrtcY.  fttr  I.M  k  i 
ihift  «f  tbe  MNH  f..Ui.w»a  t.;  MM  of  ibe  HtMadsr*  Cu^ 
miMtfin  kum  KirAan  to  MtU|;liaT>;  ilir  -tool  it  a  rtfrn- 
«nk*  In  Koj{li*h  <4  1  Ku«Uan  auiv«ry  imp  uf  the  IrontMr  ^ 
ffo.  Ill*  i'i|t>  *<*  a  imp  of  Sok'h'Wt  ui»  fun^nuu,  itn>- 
>kjie>t  I*  RlMll  ;  No  4,  vhiiti  MM  |<ic|ur«tl  ty  M.  Laaur, 
ilKiim  til*  «n|ilnrMioiti ;  «KuV  tka  i«  a  JictHi  map  to  U'u%- 
Ifatr  thr  1  n>  'j.  t  tf<-.  uul  1.*.  %  of  Ir-iTrln  pujuw!  U  mm  line 
nr  «h«r  rrrvntly  by  Kiiwaan  l  Lf^Lifrl 

Tke  AoUrun  T>*umc  Cbb  Iim  >,foinio(  .1  (umMlct  with 
the  ilcw  -/  inibinu  rinfrlrajeMt  1^  l*x-  lin|ir>Ttmint  of  tbw 
wt«nl  MMtM  fcrtain  |>ixt>  uf  lb*  Kir*  whKti»rc  lubk  (■> 
Mri'licnl  litimiitain.  Tin*  oclf^rited  (cjmo  UiLV  *jflb  of  ibr 
Adtlatic  b  Tmarkalilr  for  It-  aaiK-ryiotiiKl  rivgtx  «kieh  MM1 
auiiiirite  with  Ilir  *nrf»«  b/rr-  an  I  ibrrc  by  vrrtKal  *bift*. 
Tlir  >urfl  ihe»r  <^»vj(j*  tbe  nuif  j*  «>  j|<r»  rtctpe  to  llrt  wf*c< 
»be«  lb*  nt>kl|{r"lil>j  i>a|io;l«  ui  lillnl  to  uvrrO.'frtttt.  >" 
lb*'  way  corwli-tahlr  IraiH  air  p  i>  .licillytfotmwt*'!  tatv  leur 
poruy  like.,  fhc  w«ll'kii«»rvii  Like  Z./kmn  ■  ^«ly  u( 
diwua.  cJ*  *rx-\  like*  |br.t  ok-  ft^inttl  .a  lliii  ilitincT  evrey  TRir. 
Ibi-  t'rat1i<.>lulUy  uf  (irvtcMiiir  ihcc  tiuuJiltwtta  by  MH^B 
iHt  SMlr)|>i.  4ifiil  ckanaata  lit*  knni  diKitawl  on  tcacral  M> 
«>n<  In  il.:  Twirl*  <*luh,  aatl  nm  im  rir«i  ntiwf<  to  <»tiy  llu* 
MMHH  k**» erttrt  c  .iIkiii  In  Ih  ma.li-  wuh  lb*  J'inka |aai.i,  I 
Datuul  vSjIi  hwliBi;  iluttn  to  v  i^Vf^imnil  f b.xnu»l  aUtmt  a 
•aa^  nnl  a  ItaLT  ft  <ra  Mw  /VW»l»effi 

Hi  tit  (ii  vui,  tb*  Atimiin  e«|>bm,  i\  ahtnt  t«  awk-rtakc 
a  !•*%»  |MMB  I"  IMmI  AJHUi  tie  *UI  C>  *ar*t  hum 
Sabju  to  Matib.  aa>l  «iU  ibm  *i>ii  in  *wci  »icaa  WMl  lHrftMli, 
%-!■!,'.',  tml  Hilrt'oiju  lit  1  limilar  j  timry  «k«.b 
hr  rrvttlc  fcYiic  tintc  s^o  lie  l^iO/><  Uv.  L  J^V  liwrititaolii  of  lb** 
Satcuii,  wbi  am-  nvatilci  ui  tlu  iimr  JtJb;  I'loimji  m  Ikw 
«vajik*«l  ;.-  +1*  of  AMbia. 

CilT.  ftSOipin$  "-f  tlif  Kojr»l  tnciftfttt,  kti  reKinnl  i<> 
laadta  (acoJMiaf  In  iba  sflvr  a  »jivc*^al  capton"  "  "I 

Soutk-caaUra  renta,  mrtyh-tt  t*4  liitbcna  unhnoan  Saia-».I 
iouirr.  He  ifcUDf  eaamiucl  alt  tilt  r<md«  w>l the  «'.*>c'r»- 
liotl  of  lW  OJIilry,  jfirl  |*  Mill  to  Imajj  back  ■  of  tM.-f"l 

inform  at  l  ub  «mK  irgn-l  t>a  llua  leeiun- 

T«i  Im  taaajl-r*  <«,)c/  Iha-  £i.'*t„«i  .t  fawttmm* 
•V  Sikr«.n  rntnaihs  tanunf  r#Ur>,  l»"  p»}<«*  (7  tbal  inJt- 
(«V*Ua  *t  ;-!rU  of  flulo-t hifta. 


lK.t;iii  rjitn,  hv.  i»<  oihii  .:«  a  innrar,  it,  ]j, 
«;«■»  Uw  -«™.|  put  ..r  lii.  |iiT«r  un  Um  rri.ulc  of' 
Lh,n»  m.l  CiuiIkJw,  ami  M  llimtalin  ooKlii.Iei  thr  . 
of  a  rttcat  |  >.  rinv  in  Situ. 

/M»«m««,  .IA«<oAi«j.»  ,No,  J.  il*,)  conl,jo.  > 
i«  :«H|  ««iv.|  l.)r  m  ...vllrot  nil|v.  o«  K»llutia  ..n.l  |U 
IkMliiluy  Umil.  nl  Iht  Culimr.  b<  lint  Sihu.tk, 

•taMttfa*)  nn  l»*«>jriiylcil»t..o.  lie  U|.iK,  A,.i,t 
1»J       VX«tm  <<  Ihc  I  .  „,;,...,  Ittnth,, 

TLtMOKAivrrc  mniv/trtA  rttfia 

CtKOIMl  1.  Nth  Jll  ttmttm  anin  u  jVn  a_ 
.  P*!*"'  •"'««•  m  N«l«<xan,l  .Sviektt  nvuHdm, 
J«tui  «,  biot,  arMnii  4t .  Ik..  Mm  ji  mri^iu  ,r 
iro*  I").  Itinc  -y.-Kt^.H*  tt.  ttlll  4.r  ninn«  „h« 
'»!<»««  *  fc«»J«»  ~tio<  it  btsiUtit  1  sjiu.  I  t^j 

w<u)il  tc  uf  iiilvroi  m  |«ta«nt  w  tntcMtxitc  wkwiher  fo 

Klt-Cttilii,  |>Bu,  «i  1  Mttullf  j,,,!  4,iU  .^,K„ 

U  nUlaVJixl,  Mwh  «,  lutc  |»r«  ,,„«.!  ru,  ,m 
Mai  mttiiiti.  |4w4na«kV    My  nmc  brin, 
rahfr  Ibuiu<I.  ettc&nc  i....,fLlK.             .^ihlt  . 
mini.  «cl  f.oli  W  .i„i„,n.  |  I,,,,  ,  VlT,  „,.  ,lU„rl 
hctrttriti  j«t>oml  Ihc  Ml  M  tif  m>  inwvllt[uh«tt. 
The  fuut  arc  iLimcl  nat,t  ixjlctl  a»  IWfuatt  j  


h. ■!,.-■  -I 
l^'linptn 

Itcn-rn 


:* »  ')ut.o 
S»«        *  5  .. 

•  (la  I  *■ 

M)  l-tcinlara  h».c  ham  t.M.I,-  f,»  Ih,  lll/tr  ,„„  f,01B 
■SSI.  I»  !»»■,  1HK4.  A.  Ihc  X,».vi!l»»  .LtlUo,  A,  r 
cajhl  *.»t,  thr  rll>acrv.|ll>j|l.  utul  I  ,.nl>  Ic  Utkin  fi^tt,  >  t 
m  DM  mimnni*  till  #>  -I,.  ::,i. 

I  luvc  knl  luol  the  mm\-n  ut  Jayt  f.,i  nth  tenth  art 
t*l*IUe$m  h»>c  U,n  nhvrtcl,  nrlulai 
C4u«  l  >*/■  ihan.Uc  lMinv  Tlw^  iiuioUra  Intln  the  iJt 
mm  aricakh  a*l  tcu  Arc  tltuitii  at  fal.lta  J.  to  IV. 

bail  l.-A-ftaaa/ 
Ihnii  tail  lo  raa.      mUm^Ki      at*t  la  |Ma 

JfJf  ..  ^-  I 
Aiiftrt       Ha  <> 

Sc|,lt«ca...  y 

Uklulatr      .~  14 

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ly  cinbracCT  llircv  ycniK. 

Wtm.  t. 


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yeJir»  In  tliU  itutiCry.  AKtt  >ntnr  jr«K  a  »JJ  |«ubihh/  be 
%c«ii  li'»w  llic  ttli-^fii'lia-  (irrlurlaaMu  fcnwr  die  llyvv  (vrtoJ 
in  coiuiwm  nUlt  tin  niiMr.i. 

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uttitliluhl  |ttnnif*ifHpn*  fctvc  Urlt  nVrrxtl  i»tiW1mi;  time 
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aatlbot.   —rote,  n.ward*  ihc  rial  nf  the  lialrrnih  test  try,  ft 

UrMbc  *"  Alt-ill  titrruUna,."  In  a  hw«i|  tilii*jn  (a'fal  loooj 
be  «IlW  vtnr  «*r*ftt  nnraa  ibr  "Kn^pHnirw,"  •  ml  aimair, 
thcar,  uae  the  A  nine  a  lt»cr«  b>.  iVjt  hert  bit  Ki«  inatnrd  a 
1.  whach  In  4  *mU  •l«gict  lw»  ait?  toad  ilra'Kfi  ami 
rautrd  avl<(tii4iirt-iil,  ni  l  nlih.h.  I'll  tinw.  La>  t<«  iirtpluraldf 
lu  llit  *»rr»li;j>l«>r*  ol  (Ik  Aurora  Ikwralr*.  I  jrac  It*  dirt  ufi  a 
irantiiUuti  oi  lac  tletLttuima  uf  tht  Asmara  flumili*  in  tbc 
"  Kirt£v  aa:m>r,"  ml  all.*  11  ■  ba  \  n>wi  uf  Prdr*  t"Uu..«m  | — 


boVM*  pro*  a 
pprttni  DM  H 

ih**.  It  ttWKtll 

licl-i'i  <t»  . ! 
art-taa  a*  if  1 L 
Rod  almr-t  I 


**  Sixh  a  ml  111  at»l  tuttlt.t.a  baa  th*  a*mh  l^lil,  tlat  ibr 
mm  nbuurv  llv  u^lil.  ihn  m.»r  hrlkwt  M  niipaart,  am)  n.kf 
in  <hr  nijli  *•  ti  in  Ui  HftM^  nrr>t  •lutiief  llit  daytimr.  an  J 
t-.|..n*t]y  ir  f,r.i(  iml  darknrM,  »«it  aeMo*  I- j  if»inl^t.  It 
am  .in  at  1  U>-jy  lliriir  fmtn  a  h  tvt  t>c  Wta  (ion  afti.  Out 
«*?  lb**  Hwitr  (■rot  l»4cv.  *^>.  ulrfly  171  In  ihc  aii,  Jtatp  }*>iuli  uf 
Meq-Jftl  a**t;til.  ami  ».-ty  atitiiTauy.  m  that  am*  mr,  tbm 
ibr  orbcr  it  hybi-,  iiij  In  «uA  1  aura  rf  thit  bghl  i«  jvodvatf 
like  m  lumia.it.  \\ttr.  Al  laftj  -ttbr-c  fU  br  %  trr  a»o*t  rattnw 
and  bright.  tacb  a  Lm>  li&bi  tilitret  f«-.*ti  Utrtt  -tteafiit  of  fiif 
and  nys  iha*<»il<h»-tr  rtcofdr.  <!•»  tail  tlidi  *t»l  ram  tfu  a 

bum i tic,  J  11  .VaiU  r<  Mttfi  try.  AUs  »hr«  peiijilc  ara  ia 
*rd  WKb  •ttHluar*.  It  b  an  brirbt  ituadr  tbal  all 
■  awh  .the  r.    Hut  ihi*  light  r»  ■*»  tVurirmnr, 

ir*  arrm*  lo  >kir t<-  rt,  j»  (/  a  hlwk  ftlnokt  «f  1  Ittary 
^»  *  I  tm  ftjfli  J  «tu  11,  anil  iIku  »li.ai>j  apiili  in 
light  »<fc  Al">t^  I- j  lar  Mnullitvni  in  lhi>  mnkr, 
nun*  <pat#  rcinrt     Mut  at  toon  at  lht»  (•% 
tomurvi*.  10  ihn  Iw,  thtll  tlm  ItgVl  btb^/ttia,  Jl«t  tleir* 
for  llit  Mvatnl  dntj  in  I  it  Infirm  r«m  that  iim  would  IslicYe 
IbH  braay  t.twii-1  (nam  it  a«  from  a  trd-bn  in«  tm* 

labn  tn*  nf  the  futje.  Wlit-*  rht  m^tit  •Vtll'tn,  at«l  wttb  .fay 
bmk  th*.  Jt>bl  i^jpn*  !<•  aVjrj^  iud  wt«n  tbc  dj»  bu  act  in 
M  arcau  cuir«ty  ff  tit • 

/V/r*  C,nr»'A<r 

**  In  C;»cnUau|  a  aartn/T  aa.1  laigbt  Il^bt  h  u«n  no  tke  hky 
timing  tlir  b^liU  wldcb  ajfi  nr-  m  lb#  Mlhwug  niaavarri  the 
aantt  ulncart  die  n^bt  ibr-  m-»c  hnlliisi  li  tbe  t^hl  ,  lk.it  h  M 
aay,  Ibw  (p.»  |lr  ni  * -ti  tin  t.,  «i»f  tr*/*>  xfr  it  iv  An  f'imt  tr 
una/,  /i^  a*^fV  Mil  nji^f  iV>«ut  xn/Mt  m  fit  »>/,  t-a.vj.-r, 
«Aa>r/r  n*Micu*i  rt^  aur/a,  ntttit  »«nti-;H  trti  Mlfl  .%» 
to      ufttaatit*  in  nnin  coi*mbiu  ut*x  liiLtMAsn. 

ICM  (Mi,  AVDIHr.  .ViMTIII       fAljr  nr  N'uftUAV,  **»A  f*T  Uat 

"  It  ai'|-- jf«  >t  a  flaNc  m|  1  t.>Tti«;  /ft,  ami  r*trl»h  trttt  tbf 
katr  />fy  u  a.,v  aWaaVakaVaV  aVv|M  ""^  11  V       A-srw  r«  a 

tttit*i  tf  mtny  /■/"         /.irfi-faav  »V*.v,  anj* 

<a  /*/  favae.-iMt'  ^  **•  't'  MM  1  (nYi  n/  do/  /<r  tvaVr  ./•«<«.  «<t^ 
tcA.rr  J+sjt,Mf  tfa,f,  (f.jrrtt  u»  juJ  Jra-n.  *a.d  f*mWJi. 
H  cm  ^mv  ^ita  ami  nlnv-u  U-jvc  tnliM  it  a  imnka ;  rn/ 
rwr/  mrmmf  \\g_U  up  u(.illi  e»  »<»-.'awr  j/W,  ir  .  #M  .1>f  na*»v  al 
jwrf tV  fKtv^anW,  ,VvAt/r*b»  **<  **i  4.-«t- 
*f«y  /ir*t  u*  maj  fMajffaf  4#a*  kan-f  J  A<ii  «ww  fi^mnJt 

mm./  >.i  AmnAl  aU  f,'  Wrr  *'^m"*/  'i*V  ^i»»n»  trirf  MM 
«Vrnar».^  Ai»!  nbca  lb*.  la£bl  U  n>#U  tawnw,  |>mfitr  t*a 
IVft  tbnl  cn-A-tbiiti  in  iV^  Inimr*  at  *t  tkt  m^vm  nv</  Mtimf. 
At  'UyWrak  iki*  ■.■ril.li-liT  t.,U,  aaaaf^ 

Ibr  " li>Mii  WW|M  '  «a*  urifrn  jI«*a  ll|0\  it  all  «%vait* 
iKfwir  llfiiv  anil  pfai  lil-f  t».tn  Uarx  Tbc  Kmr  id  iba 
a»iw*i,  h-  at  all  fti-tM  N.nA^in,  authur  Maf  bcl«*>  «d 
Car,  acmntui-'  l<»  llitr  »tf«nMa*  r.Awminfi  ol  !!■  C^at^aait^Vn 
I*  b.MtiAMj  fHiaaaj)  jafMiai  1*4'  jj*  m  l  64'  5&'  N.  laL 
(qui  far  from  ibr  I  warn  W  .\.itfm»|,  Iblt  •!€««,•  »***  **' 
aatrura  i»  a>l^— I  iinpiwCLlnl  ia  ibr  aurma  litrrjiur  t4  1^4  \-^+ 
Wn  i  thr  tn*le  l-tn  utiWf ttldli d  ».aniwt  in  which  br  dr  inha* 
Ihie  jibr»-«iii«uti  ha<  mil  a  umf.tt |>i» I  It)  thr  *»«#  or  al  a  flliKh 
laUr  parioj.  It  |i  p.  ctbnr,  h<«»rrr»,  Ibal  thr  »*>•"  aacaV 
tintird  iii  tbc  Kuac^niinnt  "  >»  »  j*r»imeaHm  cbbfftf  cfaaac* 
icriMli  uf  <;rrrnliinr,  and  o*»l  twli  *h  ititiaaaiinn  la  p«v»  » 
Ma  I  «-.■(•  vjtitde  aa  NorwiT.  Tld.  ibrtt  rift  inn  indicatt*.  tKWt- 
tbrUaa,  i|ttite  plainlr  ibal  at  it  laivfal  »•»  tht  aaahorv  o«n 
obarrvatiun  <d  the  nirm  in  ka»  aalitr  t.onlr/,  and  U  «  theft- 

•  tba  Kraaa-aiaaw  Ibttap  tkntt*}*!  K  bM4  *•  "▼'•^^ 
Wr>.rua  *       n  -^f.  a*  ••»'•  --»*•  — •  I*'.'?.™!! 

<     it-  L-,4«  v.iJ!*—  *.  I. .  t ui.  In*  1^  |/>aaai|lg *y 

kbWaaalaM  jTtSbajbt*  g^ggf3»Jgi 
l.tHr.i  MtowM,  UcaaM  rf  lU  •»**«  f^ia 


*jft  bfrnrat  Arajht  that  b#  taat  familiar  with  thr  |>hcmin 
.tllboti^t  br  hat  c-aiiiiUard  Orecaataaal — On  itMiuiry  ti 
jin.tduifi  U>tlit  OfW  ■  id  taaal  mgn,  Cinbo;  tuajorda  thi 
thr  im>|<et  h.-wt  ui  ihc  autnra, 

In  1  .  !■  t  '  U'l  ■/  alaava  <j anted  amiua  uf  ihr  «urn 
(CTtraaatt  in  thr  ' '  Kmc  ti.irn.f  '  I  BMal  invlr  ihe  icmai 
fimi««im«  it-T.i.rv>  ti.,ni  ll<  "  Kln^.-mirmt  '  i...«b.«jraj 
HMid.  tt  arttl  Ik  »rra\  that  hit  ittatmn  i%  ritl«ci  fma  j  u 
tbtac  ttavililtucui  «\|>irMiujia,  &  m<  j||.  jtuint  to 
I'laaunai't  liti-ak-dp.-  uf  thr  aurora  larura^h  bn<Mknnt«cr 
The  BMtc  tltihaag  ia  thr  ocwrnru.MM  fcttuik  tbn  -die  as 
lirta-adanJ  aWi  ma  n  Bt  hlnh  111  tbc  iln  a*  bj  !  « 
in  i.  h»t  cotintiii*  lhan  i;retfll*ja.  Icrlaad,  n.l  Hm  no 
part  nf  \0ra17 

Ihltrrtnafk  ha>  l<rrti  ituau*!  in  mom  h  Imt  puhlia 
and  alt  IihUtitaa  ta*  thr  a  imta  U  <m  Haaaan  1/1*4 
■v.ifw!  lliraiwlTf*  with  thr  l»o:a14c  cnvtntwaiKv  » 
■ru;  in  thi*  rctn  rlc,  tht  ann>ra  wt»  nut  TiM^r  duini;  in 
half  cat  Ihc  «iai«tiiih  (rot  at  y  la  SduuVra  SCrtaiy.  h«r  ao 
in  thr  «bnlr  hnioy  of  tbc  nnmra  r«  ■  v,  ctidiat  |.  » 
<  1  III  am  BMikt  »e  •Imilayrd  m  >lra«inf;  tvinjailu  a.,tr  taa* 
fn.att  ft   in,.],  trmara  nf  an  ul,|  amhni. 

fbaar  Clam-no  haa,  in  11  untfc  cupy  U  bit  lrrati«  an  C 
lanrl  m  thr  >r4r  1604  ot  |6o>  nilb  IIM  III  u.  ;bc  aurora,  1 
thr  fulhiwinc  Iniuuitant  **  net*,"  hlibctlu  uMnmra  t 
•tit f-tt-il V.,t.  of  thr  aurura  t— 

*'  Thb  torthfcgbt  »aa»,  ...  hroMt  wld,  udy  «esn  lu  m*\ 
in  mntbcrai  (incatrae*.  IWl  wa  tbr  urri  d  \4  uif  oafxaty  1 
tba  yra*  I5J«,  11  a/aj  hr*i  -wn  U  i«i>|dr  •»!».  Ur»"  | 
•OMMrv  )<an  U  Nuraraj,  bunrrtr  e»l  bt|bra  on  tic  tkv 
thr  IMattitjU.  Ilui  .m,r  ibt  yeat  l^ym  it  tKradaaoiv 
krickl  Ibal  rl  amimr*  In  u,  ut  the  auala-^i  ,ia>l  ,„  ,  wu. 
:  dainrti  ti.  a»4  I  ^h^'x  ibal  ii  i.  »».«  ji  ..iracta  >1m>  bt 
|  MMaWhm 

IVdn  CutH*un*>Trlai»9n  i»  ibaa  in  diwmubi  cwradj 
nub  the  ii«rt|irviv.iun  ci«cm--hitab  1- nriP>.iir.l  r--nirk 
.  rmain*  Bam  to  cm*  .in  hv*  hr  aiaitd  *tix.  ia  thr  rat  I 
I  tm  ia*  aur^A  *j.  unly  vaulj^  m  ilir  cahrmt  lu9ta  of 
I  ariy.    It  may  l<  .«»  that  Ire  luA  th<  uiatikm  tlul  rht  aat 
a  -mwi  linn,"  «4i  ..»>>        .v  „,  •  :Ln  n.-n  r..1Dtr>i 
(  ibt  *ilciK«  "'I  'lit  "  Klrii;«-itiirma     aV«l!  tiu  pi-  t»a(mi 
Notiaay  haa  pctha|N  Uut^hi  Waa  u>  fUa  PnXda*»n 
rnnaik  "atal  unit  »•  l^b  10  ll.r   «k;  at  iu  Iw  i^aert 
Ar.,  ihrn+rt.  bt  jB  pr..l«it.lliiy  drxTittt  tlr  c^caawta 
■*!•  ••*     •''  '   '       'I  '  '  :  -  -        'I.    1    -c  -!.-o 

"  Kllip  taJrui  "  waa  MUMji      Jhr  4il4luaii|  clln*.  •  ate 
j  thai  m«3<a  it  i»  talltd  airatMajht,"  wtan  at  tar  «artr  llaa 
inini.tlr  <S»t  ^.  bt  thr  puviua.  rrmiik,  *  Jit  ripUat  1 
the  atr.lmi  id  thr  **  Kity>  «aan-nr "  u<,  tht  raMtmam  M 
t  light  '.naairlj.  »<^JfUr  a  H  NM(  nrlr  ia  ibr  tmrrv  lorfl 

t  hn«iuxaa 


umrsrjsrrr  axd  enccArtoxAL 

t#TlUJJGKftC& 

C**mf*%  -T*o  u«lr«AltH  kaar  l„n  ftakaaaaW  at 
lobo  t  lofcse  on  ll.r •  pundaiinaj  ft|  ihc  Rrr  HutaaaW 
bM  MM  rrlt.w.  Thry  aavolitc  talur.dfo*  «Mi.a 
jrar-  tml  aa*  t.aabVr  ifith  a  Raj— 


idb  Vi. 

««raalfcn>  l>r«fm 
Mtaiwatrai  .4  il-  |.cl^i 

a  xyHam,  ««*J  m  amiam 


iiit  itaanM  r'rlt.t 

j  far-  tml  aa.  i.aablt  taith  a  P^mbatra,  ^■4ar4,n.  ~~i 
4tnVaa  .dtW  CaVijc  «h-.  ,blQ  U  Ju. d  ^atxarHia  ibrri 
vll   d  vattc  l.f.tmh  ur  lnimhca  ct*  pVyakal  m  wi*(iI  fc 
in  Ibt  vlmly  .4  Srmnu  «  fulian  1ii.;  u;*n  M,|        [r  j  , 
kaa  Ibnn  nine  and  tmi  r<H(#m  tem>.  „  ' 

••  •«••"•  '•  '••  ,   ,.  JTj 

.^ilih-l  In M  *****+t,  Mbj  d  itvri  m  an  I'ttdilaV*  LaS 

irc  t»  'bt  t  rdkrjec  uf  ntWtrni  nv.i,  H»  u^u.,  C ,  H 

m.y  rkct  a  autdcni  iruta*vl  in  n,ir  .j ,  L>  wU(lrt  ' 

•  TW 


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91 


l^'av+ihl^*******'*  de«i#Tti.  anil  tender*  ar« 

'•naticBl'Vjl!  I  XT  Additional  Kxauilncr 

J-  J-  ft.   -rJifT^  in  January.   I  KfiMS. 

•  '»e  ■'Iiu,i,._  f  r«  rc  ajt|»oiiilcd  I'.nainini-f- 

.,     ,1,,.      *»t.xl   v.  .. 
"II  nf_. ,     |  ' .        '  »>    o-tvolouy    .lutlm:  111. 
>"nlcc|     flv.  IliltiMJuctory  I'ratlitjl 

Mr.  Kf.iiV.  ix«  *f  Oo0.  Bunvrln- 
"  |.. .?»«>n.  The  r»«.-mof»«r»MM 
  *  »«ring  the  1-on.r  Viitjll-.ii, 


i"|-  *       V.  >  I  SIX. 


Tart  J 

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lr>  «r«lCl,.,|       «iatt    IH. .  l>y  I. 
"^niimiiv      •  vurtel.ra-l.tni  i"U  rl!. 

»e  Si  i.n,.  ,  1     aliuui  iml   «rticol.ui""  In 

•2S"   *oi.J|ii,'*"ilnl«   in   tliv   hl-.tol..ey  ■•< 
-Thm  fMci  .•      and  oer«l>vllu<».  1 7  ';• 
I"  Wyn,   _         ;il  aiiilliory  mt  in"  "i,'1', 
P  «-hif.i  j      *"»  ■  1  inglwi  t. •  tii.-  VL-rt.  i  '  .i 
'"Uion  rat.-    ••inorinnliiy  "'• 

Kenu,    U..I    V  ,a>.  -  Tl.»    oai-triiec  ..r 

I.    pjf    III.    1  ••  -A- 

I"  tl«c-  hillllM  Ilr.r. 

.iii.ii-iiny.  ■•>'  Pi 


(liltti  rat.- 

n»  tlic  .-,  »  ^«npM 
•nnuiuu  1  ^*  siiomy 
ft*  in  %   *i  Unman 


l.it-ttal  Mug  i-r  th#  ova  of  <*mrm  ttti  aWm-.u^«, 
liy  W  Will  (fUm  JO  JJi  —  IM  III*  |r.»a.  of  lrtn^..n»lt«HI 
in  iK*  alvaicin  Atottal.  by  Mjilt  m*  Ouiitm. — 1'iiwnWlM 
to  A  U||.  >wl.ll£r  *>l  llitf  I  liui  II...I.-..  Aif.Mfaw  ^''.Mn,  uuv. 
»|kx  .  tn.1  /'.  timl.tlmm,  b*it.  .|wi..  Irr  A.  I^.h«  ij.Iiic  JJI. 
— Tin'  f.iim.l.ni  ill*  tin.  ca.liiU  in  IV  < V]*ha'«>fS- .lit.  M. .Hints, 
I.)  H.  II'MhIm  Ijttlti*  94  .mil  tji.-  ftwlig  ill  lilt  Ihu  Nf  ihff 
I  ii*vr  ..ivl  .miller  i-ni.li  in  Ihf  Nicvn^liirur.  fcj  <X  feifiiriat 

l|iliK-   ItH    -1  III    t.i,,-    I'.ilii.r.li    .trv;l..|.iB^iiuJ    f»rrt..r»  In 

VeitcluAlr-.  I.)  I.  K-.lhaia. 


SOC/tr/tS  AXP  ACAOEMIFS 
laJKtmM 

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thf  OlwwIHWl  Hi*  It.li'i.  In>i"i-  Ian*  1 111.I  iVIf  io^m .  1  wit* 
mi  nrii-mi  .if  antic  Eaietliii.nti  lime  ike  Krlii.jii  hclw«ni  tW 
Cil.iiit  >il  mrh  latvjc  -tn-lllilt  .if'tim  FimI  r*a.ti»,"  lit  IMetnl 
II.  |Vul          M  A.,  nfji  .0.  1-1  Krilc  r.illn.^1,  IKlail. 

7K,.  r  -mi.it  Xu*>.  ■■'»■  f! furi^i  jffHiH r %nmt'tjttm, 

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92 


NATURE 


[May  28,  1885 


colour  of  the  more  stable  pigment—  xanthophyll — preponderate* 
over  the  green  of  the  metachlorophyll  in  the  newly-hatched 
larva.  The  binds  of  xanthophyll  arc  distinctly  seen  in  an 
alcoholic  extract  of  crushed  ova  taken  from  the  bodies  of  moths 
which  have  been  preserved  for  ten  years  or  longer.  In  blown 
and  dried  larva;  the  greens  soon  fvie,  while  the  yellows  persist 
and  the  pigment  can  he  delected  after  many  years.  The  true 
pigments  are  also  unaltered.  In  larva:  preserved  in  spirit  the 
derived  pigments  quickly  disappear,  and  the  alcohol  is  yellow 
with  xanlhophyll,  while  the  true  pigments  are  unchanged. 
These  facts  are  also  true  of  phytophagous  hymtnopterous  larvx, 
as  well  as  in  the  lepidoptera.  Thus  in  Ntmitus  curlispitw  the 
green  colour  is  due  to  derived  pigment,  while  the  broad  white 
dorsal  band  is  due  to  fat  collected  on  each  side  of  the  dorsal 
vessel  (and  it  can  be  seen  tr>  move  with  the  pulsations  of  the 
latter).  In  Cr.rsits  Stptentriomxln  fat  becomes  the  vehicle  for  a 
yellow  colour.  The  few  exposed  pup.e  of  moths  are  coloured  in 
the  same  manner  as  the  larvx  {'.g.  the  Ephyridoe  and  E.  angu- 
larii).  In  the  Ephyridx,  dimorphic  larva; — green  and  brown — 
produce  pupae  which  follow  the  colour  of  their  respective  larvae. 
Larval  markings  can  often  be  seen  upon  the  pupa  immediately 
alter  pupation.  Thus  the  pupa  of  Sphinv  ligustri  is  marked  by 
the  oblique  stripes  of  the  larva.  The  pupae  of  butterflies  arc 
nearly  always  protectively  coloured,  and  often  possess  the  derived 
pigments.  In  Papi'.io  tnackaon  the  derived  pigments  of  the 
pup  1  are  segregated  in  a  very  remarkable  chitinised  (?)  sub- 
cuticular layer,  which  is  quite  opaque,  so  that  no  effect  is  pro- 
duced by  the  bright  yellow  blood  (xanthophyll). 

Methods  of  Investigation  and  Spectra  of  derived  Pigments. — 
Zeiss'*  micro-spectroscope  was  always  employed,  with  bright 
sunlight  as  the  means  of  illumination.  The  blood  is  obtained 
by  pricking  the  pupa  or  the  larva  in  some  situation  remote  from 
the  digestive  tract.  Existing  under  pressure,  most  of  the  blood 
at  once  emerges  as  a  clear  bright  green  or  yellow  liquid  (when 
the  derived  pigments  are  present).  It  is  received  into  a  tube- 
»ection,  with  one  end  cemented  to  a  glass  slide,  and  when  full  a 
cover  glass  is  pl.i'.-ed  upon  the  o:>cn  end,  becoming  fixed  by  the 
drying  of  the  blool.  In  most  cases  the  blood  si  prepared  will 
keep  f>r  months.  The  spectrum  of  metachlorophyll  is  as 
foil  <w*  (in  the  case  of  the  bright  green  freih  blood  of  the  pU|>a  of 
Py;,tra  bu.ephatus  in  a  thickness  of  23  mm.) :  — 

Chief  band  in  the  red,  71  -  65%  continuous  with  a  less  ab- 
sorption extending  to  58",  darkest  from  SS"5  -  59-5  ;  a  broad 
band  from  52  -48-  with  the  dim  ncd  btuc  and  violet  coming 
through  4S  -42-,  from  which  latter  point  the  violet  end  is 
absorbed.  There  is  no  absorption  of  the  extreme  red.  A  Zeiss's 
scale  is  adopted  in  winch  I  •  =  i/ioo.ooo  mm. 

Comparing  this  spectrum  with  that  of  true  chlorophyll,  as  seen 
in  two  fresh  calceolaria  leav.-s,  the  wh  >le  spectrum  is  shifted 
towards  the  violet  end  in  the  latter  case,  with  the  exception  of 
the  end  absorption,  which  extends  to  43-.  The  chief  l»and  in 
the  red  is  70*- 64*5,  and  thei  the  continuous  absorption  of 
nru-lachlorophyll  is  replaced  by  two  bands:  61  •-  63*  and  57*5 
-60%  and  if  anything  the  former  is  the  darker.  The  broad 
band  is  47  5  -  51-,  and  the  dimmed  blue  and  violet  47^5  -43". 
The  chief  difference  is  the  continuity  nf  the  three  hands  of  the 
red  end  in  metachlorophyll,  and  the  fact  that  their  darkness  is  in 
the  order  (1)  (3)  (2)  from  the  red.  instead  »f  (l)  U)  (3)-  A 
similar  spectrum  (as  far  as  it  could  !«.•  identified  by  the  use  of  a 
paraffin  lamp)  was  observed  in  a  clear  green  fluid  from  the 
digestive  tract  of  the  larva  of  Ph'.o^ophort  meticulous.  In 
yellowsh  green  blood  (pupa  of.?  li'us'ri)  the  absorption  at  the 
violet  en  I  is  aided  by  the  xanthophyll  present,  which  gives  two 
bands  if  the  thickness  of  blood  be  sufficiently  small.  In  some 
ca<es  a  third  band  is  also  present.  Th  is  the  b|  >odo( S.  li>>us!ri 
in  a  thickness  of  3  mm.  docs  not  give  the  band  of  chlorophyll  in 
the  red.  but  shows  three  bands  in  the  more  refrangible  half  of 
the  s|>cctrum  :  4S  50  ,  45- - 46  25,  and  42  - 43- the  violet  end 
being  absorbed  at  41  \  Between  these  areas  of  absorption  the 
spectrum  is  dimmed  The  three  band*  become  less  distinct  in 
the  above-mentioned  order,  and  the  third  can  only  be  seen  under 
favourable  conditions  if  light,  and  appears  to  l>c  absent  in  some 
cases.  Mr.  Soiby  states  that  a  third  band,  due  to  another  sub- 
stance, is  sonctimes  present  in  the  xanthophyll  spectrum.  While 
the  spectrum  of  metachlorophyll  is  very  constant  over  a  large 
number  of  larvx  and  pupx,  in  the  living  green  pupa  of  Epkyra 
pumtaria,  a  for.n  of  chlorophyll  with  a  rather  different  spectrum 
was  met  with,  in  which  the  second  band  ol  true  chlorophyll  is 
present  instead  of  (he  continuous  absorption,  while  the  third 
hand  could  not  be  seen  in  the  slight  thickness  obtainable.  The 


pupa*  of  P.  math 
thirds  of  the  year. 


term  "  ephyra-chlorophyll "  is  given  to  this  pigment,  which  » 
dissolved  in  the  blood  of  the  pupa.    Metachlorophyll,  uni 
xanthophyll,  are  united  with  a  proteid  in  the  blood. 


green  blood  brings  down  the  combined 
pigment  and  proteid  in  the  form  of  a  green  coagulum,  from 
which  the  ether  does  not  dissolve  the  metachlorophyll,  bat 
gradually  takes  up  the  xanthophyll,  becoming  bright  yellow. 
Alcohol,  on  the  other  hand,  decomposes  the  combined  proteid 
and  pigments,  the  coagulum  rapidly  becoming  decolorised,  ml 
the  xanthophyll  passing  at  once  into  solution,  while  the  men. 
chlorophyll  disappears.  Hence  it  seems  that  the  latter  pigment 
depends  upon  its  association  with  the  proteid  for  its  e«r»ro; 
stability  and  permanence  under  the  action  of  light.  This  per- 
manence is  necessary  for  the  larva,  since  any  colour  due  13 
derived  pigments  implies  the  penetration  of  light,  and  often  the 
omplctc  translucencc  of  the  whole  organism,  and,  further,  there 
are  long  periods  (at  the  ccdyscs),  during  which  the  pigment 
cannot  be  renewed,  because  no  food  is  taken.  Then  there  we 
the  extreme  cases  of  the  green  Ephyra  pupx,  and  the  green 
n,  freely  exposed  to  daylight  during  :»■•» 
It  seems  certain  that  the  derived  pigmeto 
are  merely  protective,  and  arc  of  no  further  importance  in  tie 
physiology  of  these  organisms.  Thus  it  is  not  prihihlc  thu 
there  arc  any  marked  differences  between  the  phy»ii>]ogicii  p_i 
cesses  of  the  green  and  brown  larvx  from  the  same  batch 
eggs,  or  in  the  processes  of  a  green  larva  which  has  becomr 
brown,  or  vice  versJ.  The  blood  of  larvx  seems  to.  be  alwav* 
acid  (and  so  with  all  pupx  examined,  except  E.  pstndans,  31 
which  the  blood  was  neutral,  in  the  only  instance  10  which  tie 
blood  of  this  pupa  was  tested),  but  I  have  as  yet  been  unable  to 
obtain  a  sufficient  quantity  of  blood  to  determine  what  scid 
present.  The  blood  forms  a  solid,  black  coagulum  which  ti  dee 
to  oxidation,  and  does  not  take  place  when  the  bio  A  U  present- 1 
in  the  manner  described  above.  The  injured  parti  of  brie 
which  have  healed  are  black.  It  is  probable  that  tbe  d»;kemr.< 
of  pupx  and  of  the  cuticular  pigment  of  larvx  is  also  due  to  ui:- 
dation.  There  is  great  variability  in  the  amount  of  clot  f  trxeJ 
and  in  the  rapidity  of  the  process. 

Historical.— Mr.  Raphael  Meldola,  in  the  P>:-:.  7.^1.  £v. " 
1873,  and  in  the  editorial  notes  to  his  translation  of  Weiwun- 1 
"  Studies  in  the  Theory  of  Descent,"  Tart.  II.,  "  OntheOri^ 
of  the  Markings  of  Caterpillars."  &c,  argues  very  convincing 
for  the  use  of  plant-pigments  by  green  la-vx  He  pin>"»  <■•-'■ 
that  internal  feeders  are  never  green  unless  their  fowl  <o&:»x« 
chlorophyll,  and  that  when  this  is  the  case  (AV//tWi/j  <>ty*i* 
thellj.  Sec.)  they  may  be  green,  although  the  colour  cm  ant  ^ 
of  any  advantage  to  them.  Pocklington  (confirmed  by 
MacMunn)  found  chlorophyll  in  the  elytra  of  Cantlwride.,  is- 
Chautard  seems  doubtful  about  the  same  pigment  in  this  Ra- 
tion (Compt.  Rend,,  January  13,  1873,  an,l  (^,w  r" -  l 
5,  iii.,  I  56).  Dr.  MacMunn  found  a  Kind  in  the  red 
resembled  chlorophyll,  by  concentrating  light  on  the  m'.epz''-) 
of  the  larva  of  Pieris  r.iAr  and  examining  with  a  micro- •pec;.-'- 
scope  ;  but  both  he  and  Krukcnl>erg  refer  the  pigment  to  'lf 
larval  digestive  tract.  (Sec  Xep.<r.'j  of  Hritish  A*s •» 
at  Southport,  1883,  and  a  letter  by  Dr.  MacMunn  to  NvK'i 
for  the  week  ending  January  to,  1X85).  It  is  very  unliUlf  :M 
the  green  colour  of  so  thick  and  opaque  a  larva  can  1*  due ;o :'' 
digestive  tract,  and  it  is  probable  that  the  blood,  with  it* 
solved  nretachlorophyll,  was  lost  in  the  manipulator  rim 
memory  of  the  appearance  of  the  larva,  and  from  esaini&-1,f 1 
blown  specimen,  I  should  certainly  infer  that  there  ue  r..^> 
derived  pigments  in  the  subcuticular  tissues.  . 

The  K.lcUiom  betsoten  the  Co. 'cur  of  Phytopha^ns  l-*r-*  "\ 
that  of  their  Food- Plants.—  Entomologists  have  been  hci 
of  the  fact  that  the  colours  of  many  larvx  vary  (within^ 
limits  of  the  fame  species)  according  to  the  colour  oi  'he  p'*- 
Upon  which  they  are  found.    Complete  references  to  the  oti^ 
valions  hitherto  recorded  upon  this  point  occur  in  Mr  "c  rjJ- 
writings  (mentioned  above).     Among  the  most  import*"'  _ 
these  is  a  paper  by  Mr.  R.  M'l.achlan  (  Trans.  Em.  S><  >W> 
p.  453)  in  which  data  arc  given  as  to  Eupitheeia  J,*s/",'*i^J 
which  were  yellowish  when  found  upon  Senecio  jac.^ra, 
upon  Centaurea  nignr,  whitish  upon  Matricaria.    When  0" 
full  grown  they  were  all  given  Senecio  jacobja  without  sjtrfJl. 
the  colour  of  the  reddish  and  whitish  varieties.    From  ini*. 
M'l.achlan  argued  (l)  that  it  was  necessary  for  the  larvx  to 
fed  on  the  one  kind  of  plant  from  the  egg  to  acquire  the 
hlancc  ;  (2)  that  the  colour  is  not  cause!  by  the  food  £ 
through  the  somewhat  transparent  integument.    Mr.  .le  -' 


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NA  TURE 


93 


-;{<cs  many  instances  in  which  the  larva  of  .S.  ligusiri  has  been 
■bared  to  vary  according  to  its  food-plant  (laurustinus,  lilac, 
;ri«t,  ish}.  I  have  for  many  years  known  of  the  difference 
r<iwwJi  the  lilac  and  privet  forms  (the  latter  being  of  a  brighter 
voucher  green  than  the  former,  with  brighter  stripes).  In  1884 
I  hrwt  twelve  larva:  from  the  egg  upon  privet,  and  the  same 
:;cter  Bruin  lilac.  All  the  privet  and  six  of  the  lilac  larvae 
rrtched  maturity,  and,  without  exception,  showed  the  differences 
iiiieited  above.  A  more  remarkable  instance  is  afforded  by 
Snnntius  ocellatus.  Mr.  Meldola  quotes  Mr.  E  Boschcr  as 
tiiicj  many  yellowish-green  varieties  of  this  larva  upon  Sahx 
:  -.niitilu,  and  many  bluish-green  varieties  upon  S.  IrianJra, 
i.mDirto  those  which  arc  well  known  to  occur  upon  apple. 

former  varieties  possessed  the  rows  of  reddish-bnswn  spots 
shidi  v>m<tiines  occur  on  this  variety  of  the  larva.  Upon 
ivxher  species  of  Salix  he  found  instances  of  both  varieties.  In 
iSysMr.  Boucher  conducted  some  breeding  experiments  at  Mr. 
Mbdola's  suggestion,  feeding  the  larvae  from  the  egii  upon 
i  imnJrn,  S,  viminalis ,  andf  apple,  respectively.  Only  three 
i!tb<  third  lot  survived,  and  were  all  of  the  bhush  green  form. 
I  hare  also  found  ( Trans.  Ent.  Sx.,  Part  I.,  April,  1884)  that 
.v  nfra  and  S.  ciutrea  produce  the  yellowish  variety,  but 
;.:vmuih  the  bluish  form,  according  to  my  experience.  In 

1 fed  fire  lots  of  six  larva-  each,  from  the  egg,  upon  apple, 
tn\  Salix  viminalis,  S.  cinerea,  and  S.  rubra,  respectively. 
On  a  ft*  occasions  S.  babylonUa  and  triandra  were  substituted 
for  S.  r»ba,  and  ordinary  apple  for  crab.  The  eggs  were 
hucbed  July  15  to  18,  and  most  of  the  larvse  were  full  fed  by 


Asp*  :j.  with  the  following  results  -.—Applt :  the  five  larvte 
*?re  typical  bluish  green  forms.    Ctab  :  the  five  larvx 


iiw  typical  bluish-green.  S.  viminalis :  the  four  larvx  were 
M  »  whitish  as  the  above-mentioned  lots,  but  were  almost 
arsaediate.  S.  cinrr.a  :  tbc  four  larvte  were  also  intermediate. 
1  m.'rj:  the  four  larva;  were  yellower  than  any  of  the  others, 
« ere  not  much  beyond  intermediate  forms.  The  yellowest 
•  »•  separated  on  August  1 4,  and  fed  upon  apple,  becoming 
Mi  Augu«t  26,  bv  which  time  it  was  rather  whiter  than  any 
lo 


of  the  same  lot  (S.  rubra), 
Tim  there  was  no  doubt  about  the  effects  produced,  but  there 
•is  1  -Hong  tendency  all  through  towards  the  bluish  variety, 
tie  food-plant  could  only  overcome  lo  the  extent  of 
producing  an  intermediate  form.  The  same  conclusions  were 
brjicd  by  a  comparison  of  larva:  found  in  the  field  during  1 884. 
■  Ms  two  nearly  opposite  varieties  were  found  upon  the  same 
'ret  1? S. ftrruginta,  Anderson);  an  intermediate  variety  was 
f'<:ad  upon  5.  rubra,  and  a  bright  yellowish  variety  upon  apple. 
V.'.be  ame  time  the  great  majority  of  larva;  found  were  such  as 
I  should  have  anticipated. 

uptmncnts  were  made  upon  the  younger  captured  larva*, 
*uich  were  fed  upon  food-plants  tending  towards  a  different 
'•■  "kiiir.  The  results  were  similar  to  those  indicated  by  the 
'■nser  experiments.  Some  effect  could  be  produced  in  an 
rc:rrmc4iate  variety  by  feeding  it  for  some  considerable  time 
*  food-plant  known  to  have  strong  tendencies,  but  no 
"A  effect  it  produced  upon  a  larva  with  a  strongly-marked 
i.t,  one  with  strong  tendencies  itself,  and  corresponding 
»jA  those  of  the  food- plant.  But  the  former  experiments  show 
Mt  a  very  strong  larval  tendency  may  be  counteracted  to  the 
-Uttit  of  producing  an  intermediate  form  by  feeding  it  from  the 
^  upon  a  food-plant  tending  strongly  in  the  other  direction. 
« i=«  this  latter  effect  has  become  manifest,  it  was  proved  that 
«  impropriate  change  of  the  food  at  a  comparatively  late  period 
twy  produce  some  considerable  effect  in  the  direction  of  the 
original  tendency.  The  most  probable  explanation  of  the  abovc- 
PfMioned  facts  is  that  the  effects  of  the  food-plant  are  heie- 
^'•ary,  and  accumulate  when  the  larvx  of  successive  generations 
■fti  lapcn  plants  with  the  same  tendencies.  Conversely  feeding 
' [■■jn  flints  with  different  tendencies,  and  interbreeding,  ac- 
pEi  for  the  irregularities  observed.  Thus  in  the  larva?  fed 
if  »  ih«  egg,  it  is  supposed  that  the  previous  generation  (or 
pntratiuas)  fed  upon  plants  tending  towards  bluish-green  larva:. 
('«  yellowish  larva  found  upon  apple  must  have  descended 
a  line  fed  upon  S.  rubra,  or  a  plant  with  the  same  effects, 
localisation  of  a  food-plant  would  overcome  both  causes  of 
'ferity,  the  liability  to  lay  eggs  on  plants  with  different 
''Mmaes,  and  the  chance  of  interbreeding  between  the  two 
Pieties. 

rhw  explanation  is  in  accordance  with  the  fact  that  the  larvx 
lrt  of  a  very  uniform  tint  upon  apple  trees  in  gardcus,  which 
Uc  to  a  certain  extent  locally  separated  from  the  various  species 


ol  sallow  growing  by  the  banks  of  streams,  and  in  damp  lanes  and 
hedgerows.  The  strong  effects  produced  upon  the  larvae  by 
apple,  the  usual  proximity  of  many  trees,  and  the  sluggish  flight 
of  the  Smerinthi,  doubtless  all  conduce  towards  the  uniformity 
between  the  larva-  upon  this  food-plant.  On  the  other  hand, 
there  is  the  greatest  facility  for  (the  observed)  irregularity  in  the 
results  of  sallow  upon  the  larvae,  for  many  so-called  species  with 
various  tendencies  grow  close  together,  so  that  there  must  be 
interbreeding  and  the  deposition  of  eggs  on  various  species  of 
food-plants,  even  in  the  case  of  very  sluggish  insects.  It  is 
probable  that  certain  conflicting  statements  as  to  the  effect  of 
the  different  food-plants  upon  the  larva  of  S.  lifrustri  are  to  be 
explained  in  the  same  way.  As  to  the  structural  cause  of  the 
variability  in  these  two  larvae,  the  main  factor  is  a  change  in  the 
relative  amounts  of  the  two  derived  pigments.  Thus  thcic  is 
more  xanthophyll  in  the  blood  of  the  pupa  of  a  yellowish 
S.  ocellatus  than  in  the  other  case  ;  and  more  chlcrophyll  with 


less  xanthophyll,  in  the  blood  of  the  pupa  of  5.  lig'miri,  from 
the  greener  larva  fed  upon  lilac  than  from  one  fed  upon 
privet.     The    result   of    this    adjustment   of  the  relative 


amounts  of  derived  pigment  is  to  produce  a  colour  which  har- 
monises with  the  part  of  the  environment  imitated — the  under- 
sides of  the  leaves  in  the  case  of  .£  ocellatus,  the  tout  ensemble  of 
the  food-plant  in  the  case  of  S.  lieus/ri.  In  neither  instance 
can  the  effects  be  due  to  the  most  direct  and  simple  action  of  the 


and  imitates  in  derived  pigments  an  appearance  largely  due  to 
texture  ;  further,  the  effects  do  not  at  1  nee  follow  a  change  of 
food,  and  a  strong  larval  tendency  may  even  cause  the  re- 
arrangement of  the  derived  pigments,  so  as  to  produce  an  effect 
unlike  the  leaf.  The  simple  view  allows  no  room  for  larval 
tendencies  or  for  delayed  effects.  It  has  also  been  rendered 
very  probable  that  the  effects  accumulate  during  successive 
generations.  In  the  case  of  S.  licustri  there  is  the  additional 
difficulty  that  the  larval  pigment  of  the  oblique  stripes  is  affected 
by  the  food-plant  as  well  as  the  derived  pigments.  Such  effects 
cannot  be  explained  by  any  simple  theory- of  phytophagic  effects, 
but  it  still  holds  good  that  phytophagic  pigments  play  a  most  im- 
portant part  in  larval  coloration,  and  afford  the  chief  material 
which  is  moulded  by  some  influence — subtler  than  that  which  is  im- 
plied by  the  term  "phytophagic"  itself— into  likeness  to  a  special 
part  of  the  environment.  The  little  we  know  of  this  influence 
points  towards  a  nervous  circle  whose  efferent  effects  are  seen  in 
the  regulation  of  the  passage  of  altered  plant-pigments  through 
the  digestive  tract  into  the  blood,  and  finally  the  tissues,  and  in 
the  colour  of  a  certain  amount  of  larval  pigment,  while  the 
afferent  part  of  the  circuit  must  originate  in  some  surface  capable 
of  responding  to  delicate  shades  of  difference  in  the  colour  of  the 
part  of  the  environment  imitated  This  interpretation  is  rendered 
unusually  difficult  by  three  facts  :  the  gradual  working  of  the  pro- 
cess, often  incomplete  in  a  single  life ;  the  excessively  complex  and 
diverse  results,  and  the  special  character  of  the  stimulus  (for  it  is 
only  the  part  of  the  environment  i  mitated  which  produces  any  effect 
— e  g,  the  under sidts  only  of  the  leaves  in  the  case  of  S.  ocellatus). 
During  the  present  year  I  hope  to  experiment  further  upon  the 
subject,  and  I  have  a  large  number  of  living  pupae  of  5. 
ocellatus,  with  the  life-histories  of  their  respective  larv*  care- 
fully noted 

Chemical  Society,  May  7.— Dr.  Hugo  MUller,  F.R.S., 
President,  in  the  chair. — The  following  papers  were  read  : — On 
some  points  in  the  composition  of  soils  ;  with  results  illustrating 
the  sources  of  fertility  of  Manitoba  prairie  soils,  by  Sir  J.  B. 
Lawes,  Bart.,  LL.D.,  F.R.S.,  F.C.S.,  and  J.  H.  Gilbert, 
Ph.D..  LL.D.,  F.R.S.,  V.P.C.S.— Researches  on  the  relation 
between  the  molecular  structure  of  carbon  compounds  and  their 
absorption  spectra,  by  Prof.  W.  N.  Hartley,  F.R.S.  In  con- 
tinuation  of  the  author's  previous  researches  (Trans.,  1881, 
57-60  and  1 11-128  ;  1883,  676-678),  measurements  have  been 
made  of  the  wave-lengths  of  the  rays  absorbed  by  the  following 
substances  :— (l)  Aromatic  hydrocarbons  :  benzene,  the  three 
xylenes,  and  naphthalene.  (2)  Aromatic  tertiary  bases  and 
their  salts :  pyridine,  picoline,  nuinoline,  and  their  hydrochlor- 
ides. (3)  Addition  products  of  tertiary  bases  and  salts  :  piper- 
idinc,  tctrahydroquinoline,  and  its  ihydrochloride.  (4)  Primary 
aromatic  bases  or  amido-dcrivatives  and  salts  thcrco.':  ortho- 
and  para-toluidine  and  their  hydrochlorides.  In  the  preparation 
of  solutions  a  milligram-molecule,  that  is,  the  molecular  weight 


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94 


NATURE 


in  imllignm*,  .|i«*  lv*>|  in  joc.c.  <A a  -fantluic  •  Ivenl,  Mat 
tM>l«  «]■  lo  ■  -itre)  ..  ].  fu  U         ..  . 

moftcalar  *>M;hi»  antre  nmlr  1<j  oeiuuy  "|aal  Tubmrv,  ph..t.t- 
eMj-t*  nf  ibf  4(^Kj«t(«*  •yrura  «or  taken  Ihmgh  ih-nnlie 
lhlci.r>o<e*  »i  wtruim.  The  Ultra  of  taa,  Ir*4.  rati 
were  ukvJ  itfttmw  ;  iVr  ihmukm  nf  the  u  i.l .  were  area. 
aureJ  «ft  thr  jAoMfMW  tr  niw  nf  an  i«y>rf  rale  tbrhlnl  aac-j 
Win  Ik  ill.,  .if  in  ut*li,  am]  iho»v  «n«fftinniK  vrt»  rvlttrnl 
I7  tin vi»  hI  lru  cim»  onetHalii*  Iwi|feKtaciri  aral  nw> 
fcnfiW.    A»  ill  |f.  tae  iWtf  la.ii  <rarr*«  err  4nan  (a 

•  aniluin  «cjlr_  Vbrie  rune*  HalkUe  tlir  aa«4.W«r  .i,r.*. 
mMtty/tm  «f  aieS  uihuwie.  Tlw  folk**,  1*1*  i|r*hiuu>trt  .  .-- 
(tnam:— SVIirn  4h  mm  -A  jiHnm  u  mh&Mm  E  mi  ttmm 
a/  raeL*.  |«  ihr  liftmu-  «  iiiXhalene  nucleus  (tie  MaaMaM 
of  avarii.it  «l>  ofU|.«  n  ^.11  rataim.l.     \\i„i  I,,' 

wf  ibi  c  irlam  it-.!  na.  -yi.i  » ,W  irwaVmk  uf  a  la«am..i  I  mm- 

CMakl «x  teniii>  Iraar  i»  ointifr^  I.y  the  jihlilutn  nf  on  ll.vn  uf 
jrdi'V'i  ■•»  racli  altm  rf  ctrl>n  a*  I  ailrcgv  ,  the  (nmvci  "I 
win' it  r  sl.iirrt  rtn  i*  ilntrutnL  Wk-n  the  cuttariiutlxii  nl 
lie  catltoi  am  ./tin. .In*  it  in..Mof  by  ihr  o«Mui;..^  lit.-.,  w.tl, 
of  nner  MMi«l  hytlirvpa.  cite  Mitn«f  of  lie  adevtiva  *h~in» 
Hon  i«  »..I.Kt.l  irti  U  tml  tla-a  rayed  A  vtty  ynr  tt-vinvn  uf 
utaaanllii*  r,»nt  c  ,»l  ur  t*aef  .in  iHlue  caw  iHmtvil  w«f, 
lbat^>|ultt'Jjaa*i«qtarit|  *.ynthrt  leal)/  hy  ftnaaWV  t»t*.h>L  1l 
AM*  fMiftra  It  MwM  Miit  tu^rv-alsr  actinic  atiiotlilixn  uf  n  till 

*  .  .  Mn  **  ,oc  ^ae  ■lilih  it  ntntain*. 
altliciaijiMXx  >•«(  <wttt  ttita^afUkTr  patim  ^  Hfflt  N-i«- 
taam  it.#  .hflr.-iui  |l  trry  pt-lt.  l«l  Iht  arx«  at<)#.f^l  l,y  |K- 
airn'v*  mi:  ull  i*  jU,ij>  iIum  that  W  tJLc  Ulae.  \l.tlr- 
Oik*  Tiltwe  at  aMi!>  «f  null.,  ami  it*  fuiviiriiint.il  Tiln4tt..m 
ptr  »»-f  tn  HO  fi  liiy  Tilimtanit  whklt  oanl  in  »>  iiliifciMi 
trbta  n  tn  tt--  itmniial  «tultari»i.  nf  thr  twJoeiaV*  «ttn)<r 
MM  #t.^u*  M  tmalirf  amlrtwltx.  tl  Oh,*ar.  llml  a 
Bdltv-ab  U  a  .h.-.i.Mi  Nir1  tflxTuliul  r*ttaelr  *bU  ranna  , 
1rJ|  rrPr../-w.,l  I.,  J,,,,,,^  <nw#  lntMj. 
rttily  <tn.U.ttv  iY-  um  *«.«<Mt  rci*ti..a*  an.|  jiSy-ital  iiriw 
tlH.  Jinl  fit!  |«  r»pt»%  ant  rclaii.^a  hf  »vt»  |<tifiiinl  u>l 
ifacaal^l  w^inOi  — KiMAnifi.n  Ihe  ivilun  uf  int-  MMf> 
»iitf  c  iiiilt.Kiii^'ftfcicUali**!  I'm  a.,  I.«n»4  hranittp.  U  hr 

I  It  l.i.vU*«u.  KILN.,  m  l  Alh#tl  frilar.— **n  tin  irVnnr 

«■'"'■•■  »l  «l  mkniKli  nf  ail  itnn,  hf  Taiwna*  Tmrnt, 

AawK.lt, S  U.— I*  taw  .  %aU<rtK«  uf  Uioui  iul.vitii.lr  lit  lli> 
B*v.'M  ^air.  I.y  I'tnf.  Gi  LaaWfc  faa  ItV  r^iUO  Mla^rn 
mint  >ta>W  ami  -ly^-n  imki  1117 inj*  f t.t.  (ttftlm.  Iry  Tt.*.  Ci. 

Ijit»g.--     I  «{  ffital  cti.hnr.  j*  riuh  M  Ihi-  rJloa^  om- 

cliruom  :-t|  Pill  aaln n  niin(  nti.fr  l>  iniaH  in  1 1*'  dri  SK* 
with  4D  t  uv-4  itf  mtmfl  ibey  mmtai—  r*thl*tt>clf>  ui  Nca*h  %>*, 
ia  fi^m  XjDj.  it)  fir,  NO  ami  IK  wall  an  .ur-  „(  i3w 
Waieaj  yiilrl  >  tarjr  iiinjuanitNi  of  N/l.alun*  u.th  N.O,,  h*«jtl 
lo  il*/  >l«t  <J  c*«.  <jt  to  the  ppwv  «T  Winer.  Nil  in  ih* 
jir»«m<  nf  m  iiui.  «.l  1»ti>alli>£*tftVT<'<*arti  •!  Int-tllVV 
14)  U  X' 1  Mil  mtvt  in  thr  htueBec  uf  e*«ecniratr>l  mI 
uhaab.  JinJ,  ntilht-i  N/l,  nut  UNO,  it  fnnau-l.  v*ra  wtsli  the 
C*raK*ti  t  »(!-•  n|  ■  »\.m-»  .  hui  Ihr  rt-atla  n  a»— 

Ttu- Iwirint;  nf  tWtc  facia  nil  ta«  lhew*]r  ttf  the  vhtl  4  tliUaVcf 
*•  N  'iMfl  ifmua^at.  TW  »tlk«r  *»*n-»4ct.  lha.*  N,i  »„  aaaJ 
IvitN't  i.  Ii<iavii«t  frtitnoL,  it  1  he  omet  oa*  Maj^- at,  awl  tllaa 
M  Vfltf  Ha  aliry  iprvrrinlilr  <pwnlMr  uf  f»*  l,  »*  |«'wrffi,  no  aw.it; 
rtxilV  !•  *t»m..l.  'lit  !<^>flA»n;  Iwtng  I  a*  ttintmn  aihnfSf  ihr 
taljdinli  Jtu-I  i>  luimnl  i~ 

iti  •,  .  Sjti  *       |l,o- r*i  L^IMQLX) 

Anlbrof  alncicj]  Inaliluie,  Miy  u  —  ri%i»:«%  ti  .li-.n, 
I'.K.S  ,  IV-alest.  r»  the  ihtaV  —Ihr  clnT.it*  uf  K.  It'll  Wlrl! 
OniT,  F.Rl>,  tti<  a(ii»*HiffL  Thr  l.'irl  tif  SVtilir^i 
nhtl41<i|  l  r.fi-il»i4l  nf  Mauri  «nrkr>l  jaili*-  —  Vr.  N-|.|nfv» 
Nait.  '.i  ealnl>ilr>l  a  tMm  in  •  *U  »f  |m  |'.i<ahu»*  tn  mi  m 
OMiuntr.—Mi  .1  H.  Krti>  Xlilmllt,  I'  H  ti.S  ,  rrbt  a  I'M"*' 
■  m  ihr  runner*  ami  rtrU.  «ii»  nf'ht  M.>  "i  »*.f      t he 

ori.-aa  itf*  lie  Manel*  *«•!  lb**  dil«  "f  (Wit  ormal  Hi  N<*a 
Zeaaataf  1*  ail-.n-.an.  TV  liintr^  rtfre  i<*  flataaiai  li  ihr 
fathirlaa  l  nf  iluir  e»*-»,  Urt  lh*rr  H  •oretlat**  imilraan  In  A.** 
tahrrr  ilia*  |m.|  aj«j  MimtH  |**W  tcrlurrr  MWv<*l  ihat  thr 
*lanr«  (.-ta^rairil  frnm  IJV  Tultji  i»im.l*  lit  NV«a  /rnlaid, 
rafrnrd  \u  iht  r  -  -  m1  li«rr  "-.mtn,  <>■'  l«m  wn,  m  l  HI  thr 
a««il>  i/tl.r  IvwlMftaM*  Thr  wj^I  MM  .«wnl  tr«i  lew 
thin  iiater«  nrnra  Iti  the  M.Kin  tntipir.  'V\<  M"w  IW 
twvt  uotinilira  wWn  ihei  met  f-JiH  rf«»err»r  tilth  httt  littlr 


I  •praatl  ol  Ibit  e»ct>  ihtuu^h  Ifce  entHern  ii| 

1'araaW  In  thr  ine>rr  *<jlt>rn  C'«»P*-     Thr  rata  t«  gf, 

'  ilirrenv,  In  C.ruV  t  tlnttr  |ir«a»l  (he  whide  aaat&l 
■j.  <  1.  v.-l  :•■  i-uiv  l  1  jV"i  In  iH4.j  ,t  ..  » 
JMtXa.  In  |K*|  thr  nnnlxr  hbl  'IrcrKtaH  lo  44.br 
If.J7o  MM*  taalrt  ami  111,719  ferrule*.  CaJctUl 
■MM  raic  *4  .Ircar  ne,  alnnt  the  y«ar  son  the  Mann 
I*  eal  ran.  Tlir  irnnrv.nt  •tt-ratr*  C£«tt>Hiae  tetrhit 
j  hihuie.  ehrtteiir  lMhiiia,  nnl  *cTnfnla.  tla  t*ti  tirtl 
jii»:ir  rtrnatfii  iN.at  try  a  hall  mvhjc,  h*tf  elvltltt. 
I-'  ,  m  l  'lu-  lallCT  frurn  aanlatltet-  ccaatr»fie<i  titu 
C'tn.Klwtlh  Eiir  t>»na.  I'tw  native  ieltt>Mi  Mill 
«*.  '.-  ,  t<M  iiiOavTa.1  .^rr*  ihr  (  i  >j  I*  j  H  umt<t  ,^ 
Mpn»Ma>  a  w««ihi|t  .«*  vlnilrMuy  Hitiih  4 
aauaretar*.  1  My  IH»e  i  taj^w  C4ice|rtitin  nf  a  Sou* 
Mil  htlirrr  m  «  /'  t»t«.  or  (Vui-a,  auH  a        tx  Hi 

,  Mtnrji  nrc  dltnlcl  tatin  »(,!**  MMM  anratttm  are 
it.lhtt  ty  Ihu  tteidoi  uni.in.  Thr  ntaurratai  uf  the 
llilul  Irnarr.  rail  each  tribe  h'tVK  a  iunraie*vbiJ 

I  lan.lt.  In'1  *■  ntaaMtkaM,  asaf  fcMilaT  Tlir  ■ 
NjMaaeM  TiTJaflfc  ami  euK  A*^,  ..r  MhaJ  Maftk.  , 
rt  riuHi  p|  tatH  aaHiiavnl  i»  mm  tt«  taamrttiau  rru 
I  hr  Jliorit  >r*.a  ahiw  |c,o»,c^  )ae*  „f  fan*  £ 
l^lmd,  ntttyrt  altmilnl  in  Kumr-wil.  Tar  ttaruar 
■  .1  *iw  »ir«ri<l  tn  thu  rc.i.i,^  tunic*  lU  irraet  af' 

,  a**4.-  rn  |S|n  | air  ,■  .».  m.-l  r,,  heertUt 
In  i->\  1  httg  aMrtatj  |»  coa-rai  uf  tb.  mt>r. 
tllk       MM  la*  rwtt.     ||r  wat  MKtmlrtt  hr 

I  M  iir.!«ra  Te  tVakr-tihe  J  «  r„P  t  a  Kara.,*  1r  a  Ih 

I  Wlit^naihero  TiattUn,  or  hx.u.u  IL  I'hr*  waa  lha 
la*e  yen  vi«*r>l  thl.  cmtrj. 

Kuixai-aun 

I     Rnyal  Society,  M  .y  |K     |  .  U„»,t  VtVc 

m  thr  thait-The  UfM  rnrfjlmrra  ./  1  ynvn  \»  f^f 

I  i.n  ihr  lUMajL  «|  t  V  vhirf  «».  )t,' 

l  ■  ihe  theny  nf  the  aumUa  <  inlarTrilnlrt  of  a  car 
Itet.Ua  ai  a«rj  .tir  p..irn  a,  lqvaa<>tv  BpNai  ihr  M* 
.Ricnlimj  11  that  In  a  ,«i«r  nn  ihr  .Inta 

(...-t-rvtiai  in  l  thfra»relrrtri;  cinjr/,  j>  .  e  ..-.). 
ilitl  V.|  lite  tatii.utml  sihlitraat  tn  unr  If.  -a^t-,  ,wf| 
in  rtrrat  ch>nih4ct;h3l  m^rr  ||r  M»>Mr>l  *V»  ,»  », 
mnrf  prtiKihlr  arrar^rnriil  nf  nnieiilial  in  liar  ontaVt, 
.I.M-f  *f  I'lprfimuiU  rvmiin  t.<  |*r  antic  nt'tHrr  L. 
I-..1.1.  A  I '*a vi  \y  Mr.  Hi  pin.  aaitrr-li>l  .tHr 
litnraranc  *.«Mttn«  a|  M  hw«  ahi-a  a  ^lUirar-  I  *.|. 
«i't  in  iv  ilar  it  ilihit.-l  wtlli  am  e.mil  lialknf  |r»i 


I'AHIS 

AeaJrtny  or  Seienee*.  \ta,  tfl,    M.  tWey, 
la  Ihr  .hate.-i.ft  .|„.  „.^bm  (<p>ji 
lil^rMMM*  in  ihr  Mtal  fratin-  n  -if  emiin  Mraavm 
in: ill.,  ht>  M.  al.  I^nar,  -Hr.,!,..  ^.liMt.n  nf  h'lt  .1 
aiCM  -a^raatavtim,  w,,h  tae  nnrmal  nfZa 
drmn;  l?W  at  .n-hi  of  A..(|  anl  \|  y.  |„\  I 

^t**^  ,he  JtialaaT^ 

m..M  «f  A|na  .mi  Nai   v.tll.  lin  tv      ™  » 

;rrn|.^le7nTh!im  ^.it^'fB  >*» 
i.y   m     llmjler.    Thli   <at*rnrt\         fun    «tr  .!,trd 

lll.lv  I  Ihr  curl  ml  t»f  thr  liwtt^T.    w7rL  ^  .L 
ll.r  Munuii^l  rm,.  ,»h„M„|  «1 

1  RWMIra  to ra vi re  ttxaui       f..  •„  •  

ES  t»>MaS       S  .rJ^  5"°h 

jitized  by  Google 


AV/7YAV: 


95 


:>f      •  lio 
ercli      aaracl  *"»*" 


if.it  evrn  h-*iofi  • 

ir    |»r->t  ii>M'ran(«    «lcU  n»y 
■M.      He  ncroclinyly 
:tlhi«*t  are  Im-altM  in  the  OtfbtW 
,i    ihc     .  .i^-iii-   . i   ■..■n.c-.N-.-  ttn 
motions    f  rualhiH:  uml  j»itch>nc>  on  the 
•a    wiih    ih«*     Kom«if  mercury   level,  )«y 
•»ai-,rl«-»  *«n   ttaap  ob^n-al  t«mw  of  llu-  |«Janrr 
present    yrar    wnh  (he  «  *■*   refritrtoi  Af 
I  »y  .    I*'..     I  —  Troiivelot.  — N*»(«  on  llu* 

raf  vilirnti>>n  f ■  *r  alairtii:  clrctll.ir  plmM** 
-■>  tli»-  pr«Mlnct  i'»n  nf  imluartion  v,-ui  M 
Ofa     Rt>9)    (t|*|  •llcntwtn  to  the  *t«ily  <>f  lh>- 

I  >.-iiitii sn>  .  CmmpnmU imn  nnd  htol  .*r 

if  co.i  I  ihr  Attmlorr  mine-*  of  tin* 

■  r-  K ««<incf.-  Nun-  ««  t*»e  l-4icc*l 
»r  o«.-i»l»=*l« >|k*i..  r.y  M .  I  Vtelwton 


dte>l  tin  .ti(.'.    «   MjfedBf  win  *»»»li         h.-.'i'  <f  9  ,   

cltfL'IniiiKtrt,  ami  in  the  olrwi  ■i  tc  Ifcniorn  a  MrMM  hJ|  »2 
a  (Sun!  Bi*i.i.ry  e«|i,      I  lie  ^tnnl  li*H  <>f  iW  iUvTh*»rt« 
ihr  tin-.l  nm>.dr*  «.«■•  w«rt  in  p# .iriuimt  tuvaiua*-.*. 
lion  *llh  i.V-  r*i!h.    Tm  h*M  ItMaM  f  mil  I  OttrmtrU  |.? 
mil  tW  ihc  uui.  I»*.lvr*  lir  Banff*  p*— in«>'«*  a  |iallo  <v  fet  ,1^ 
IT  llu-  fxt*l  h.M.|.  warr  liUtfil  wjs  t^i*-  rlrtrrittmt.i  ai  u  tufnl*r«d 
in  the  nut  It,  th*  n|tpvi  ohi.Iiomv  |OjI«.  ««  Ur  mkn  ImmL 
IM  now  u  nunpvi  iit,*r*f*.ft 
in 


r  1 1 » * 

r-y  rt  rrn 


orcan.  Ilie  u*e  of  wltirh  H*» 
litlVr*  dial  it  »houM  ncaha]  lv 
—  j*4  ««ily  of  tht  aWAKMMUrll 
Q  attlll     thrir  rr^-.ir  .«  t- I»y    MM.  «i. 
Jly         •  *  .  h|..r.M.l.yII     .».r:o«  it.t- 
i.    ■ii~t|»<»»ii  l*»rt  nt  the-  eta-h-inn:  i- 
t  r»      yp»s*  a-1  *   of    v  ej;e  I  a  I  in 
hey     crlatkittfl     l™  hsvc  ■cpai'^f*] 
»    fsc«a«fauil     iii  (vmnc<ii*itt  it 
f  their    a-cr»*hin4iL-*  «ir»  ih»-  r  ">  "" 

at.rtrt.    N«.lr    «•■■     th*     in  c      ■  »  t 

n«|  in  »h«-  WhMUi  r.li«f>  n^i  *(.  l--n 
«.*.  M      C  iclic  -n.  —  •  •« 

Iccllnnt  i»  M    lliu    <|i-.pl  »'  '  «•»  "•   ■  ' 

.     lay     iVf.     II-  <lc    Parv«W.--Ofi  il.- 
:Tm/ti..n      whit,   ,,r.'    .-f  -'Mlii 
..eric    .    *»V    M    ifo   Mt.iir«"u..  ifg 

Miliir     *"T    Ifrrt    ull-    t*f  .IV  '   

naNO*««rt«C«"J  fc*  I  t-t  f.KH  ' 

irirtLC  <li»trii-« — N..(con  ■»*  

in    llu-     X-I.»n>  „f    S.»n     I  »oinin 
rti-i     r»»«.»  .t.iy  IM 

riivsa.  Ki'undt   <>t*    M  1 

I  l*ar      f--a aarcr  |i»|L.r»,  "  fw**< 


Hi.-    Ki.il.  if- 1 

tUof     It  I  ill" 


%vrt«  iMtfc*i>  I,  Anil 

«NN  In  i|< 

iht*  c.irtli  an  l  tliu*u.*i;i*l  if  < 
wen1  rai«u'l,  t ta*-  i>*>L»-i-i  » 
)  initrr,  anil  U-nK  i-  LmmI.  ] 

■ 

a\-a«  t.iri**I  likiwtvti  tt>«  iliuiun    >uU  tu 
tJn-Hir*li        tit*:  «urri« 

■ 

I 

l  i 

| 

1 

lK-   i*itlu"H>v   uf  ill*.*  i«i«a*c. —  *  *        l^.iruitii  *hitU 

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|  kwjp 


).  if  llu-  .,..u.i  hm» 
lei  urib  ihr  diTtm* 
a<  all.'/  ihr  4W*arDr 
.  ill. in. |  u  riaj  IU| 

III  II   l     Ik-r-/  .  IM.|  |rj 

tcuir  ir<v  tl  »)h  inaj^« 
'  •-.  I,  aW  a.  tnm 
I  hi  »»r.V  iltim* 
|» » 1        i  hum. | 

•  i  r*f*An  flite 


•I  ttMl 

m  1'ir 

•m.n, 

al*iy* 

W*v  Iff 
HI  Ihf 


Wiint* 


H.  —1  * 


Ilia*  ill.ie.rli-  41* 
Hi.t,..l     of  It*-'* 

„,..%  ii-r . 

HAVI  -   I   I    1  | 


«   jlynflm^c|(  l  ^  . 

"II  inlcri.M 

"  Hue*  ^i^iy 

,  iif...liK«-«J  ^    •  ..a,.- i, ,n  i"  ■ 

«l»rnl    .»    '      *  *  ....    ..I"    :.r.n.  .1    I  1 

IwHd  ln*Li  ,.  ^..„  .1      -  . 

"'.!:. -f   


Real!   ^ctuJcinc*  M  l-toetl  Mi 


Mtf.  I  n*> 
;.n  v  .  in  r,      r. •-!•>> 

•» ....  .  .i 


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,  i\,  f  *.'»r  ck.IhI,  "t*l  i*t*  ii«*«  nt 
iiA-.iniH' a/'IW.  f\,n  Sii^tar 
I  ilial  tle-»>  li^-mii-,  hihj  jt  me 


96 


NATURE 


lime  have  been  united  together  and  formed  a  single  deposit, 
and  shows  how  that  excludes  the  hypotheses  that  they  w:re 
formed  in  the  place  where  they  are  now  found,  and  that  they  are 
derived  from  deposits  anterior  to  the  period  of  volcanic  activity. 
—On  the  relations  between  the  maxima  and  minima  of  the  solar 
protuberances,  and  the  maxima  and  mini'na  of  the  diurnal 
oscillation  of  the  declination  magnet.    Prof.  Tacchini,  after 
giving  an  account  of  his  own  researches  already  published,  on 
the  maxima  and  minima  of  ;hc  sunspots  and  solar  protuberances, 
referred  to  the  observations  of  Prof.  Schiapparclli  on  the  values 
of  the  range  of  diurnal  oscillation  of  the  declination  needle,  and 
from  the  comparison  of  the  two  sets  of  observations,  it  appears 
that  of  late  years  the  connection  between  the  solar  protuberances 
and  terrestrial  magnetism  is  mire  strikingly  manifest.  These 
and  other  similar  observations.  Prof.  Tacchini  added,  corroborate 
the  idea  entertained  by  himself  and  some  others,  that  electricity 
plays  the  chief  part  in  the  solar  protuberances,  and  that  electri- 
city is  able  to  produce  corresponding  magnetic  disturbances  on 
our  globe.    It  may  therefore  be  inferred  with  certainty  that  the 
phenomena  of  the  sunspMs,  the  solar  protuberances,  and  terres- 
trial magnetism  are  closely  connected  together,  and  that  by  means 
of  one  of  these  sets  of  phenomena  it  is  possible  to  determine 
with  tolerable  precision  the  epoch  of  the  other  two.    In  dealing, 
however,  with  phenomena  of  rather  long  period  continuous 
observations  for  at  least  half  a  century  are  necessary  to  make 
our  researches  complete. — On  the  spectroscopic  observations  of 
the  limb  of  the  sun  and  the  solar  protuberances  made  in  1881 
and  1884  at  the   Royal  Olwervatory  of  the  Capitol.— Prof. 
Resptghi  laid  before  the  meeting  some  considerations  of  his 
own,  based  on  observation*  made  in  his  own  observatory,  and 
leading  him  to  conclusions  different  from  those  of  Prof.  Tacchini. 
He  maintains  that  the  maximum  of  solar  protuberances  oc- 
curred towards  the  end  of  the  third  quarter  of  1881.  Holding 
that  the  sun-spots  are  due  to  partial  cooling  of  the  surface  of  the 
sun,  and  the  protuberances  to  the  escape  of  gases  from  the  in- 
terior, Prof.  Rcspighi  believes  that  such  perturbations  are  not  of 
a  nature  to  occur  in  periods,  even  though  tbey  retain  a  certain 
relation  among  themselves,  and  still  less  can  he  admit  any  con- 
nection between  the  maxima  of  the  solar  protuberances  and  the 
elements  of  terrestrial  magnetism. — Meteorological  observations 
made  by  Signor  P.  Orlandi,  a  physician  of  Rome,  during  the 
years  1809-1820.    Signor  Narducci  called  attention  to  a  manu- 
script in  the  Biblioteca  Angelica,  containing  some  interesting 
roedico-meteorological  ol>servations  made  by  Signor  Orlandi,  a 
medical  man  belonging  to  Rome,  between  the  years  1809  and 
18 xx    These  observations  are  copious  and  complete,  having 
been  made  daily.    They  also  include  notices  of  movements  of 
the  earth's  crust  and  inundations  of  the  Tiber.  Signor  Narducci 
mentioned  that  Dr.  Orlandi  was  a  man  of  science  and  writer  of 
great  renown  in  his  time.  Large  extracts  from  the  observations  of 
Orlandi  are  to  be  published  in  the  Annals  of  the  Central  Office  of 
Meteorology,  and  they  will  thus  be  able  to  be  compared  with  those 
published  by  distinguished  astronomers  belonging  to  the  same 
epoch. — On  the  last  and  recent  maximum  of  sun-spots  and  solar 
protuberances.    Prof.  Ricco  gave  an  account  of  his  own  observa- 
tion made  at  Palermo  on  the  phenomenon  of  the  solar  pro- 
tuberances which  was  so  important  on  account  of  its  coincidence 
in  time  with  very  singular  manifestations  of  the  solar  macula;. 
Prof.  Ricco  deduced  from  his  own  observations,  harmonising, 
as  they  do,  with  those  of  Prof.  Tacchini,  that,  starting  from  the 
last  maximum  in  the  period  of  eleven  yean,  the  number  of  the 
protuberance*  went  on  increasing  till  1SS1,  when  a  first  maxi- 
mum occurred.    It  was  further  verified  that  the  absolute  maxi- 
mum fell  between  the  end  of  1803  and  the  beginning  of  1804, 
and  that  on  that  occasion  the  maximum  of  pn 
tinued  beyond  that  of  the  sun-spots.  Finally 
account   secondary  oscillations.  Prof.  RicaS 
parallelism  may  be  observed  between  the  fre<pi 
and  protuberances,  the  principal  maxima  and 
phenomena  coinciding  with  one  ai    1   •  - 

1*1  ween  the  maxima  and  m  

maxima  and  minima  of  I  -mtwmt  0 

needle  observed  at  rii"rn  _j<n        u>aldi  I' 
parison  between 
son -spots  or 
and 


ittitieranccs  con- 
,  leaving  out  of 
asserted  that  a 
mcy  of  sun-spots 


nctic  influence  of  tb 
magnetic  changes 
arrives  at  the  condtt 
of  the  sun-spots  mi 
declination  needle  si 
Action  of  nascent  h 
and  Magna"hi  havij 
that  pyrrol  is  conn 
the  action  of  tunfl 
notice  of  the  expel 
increasing  the  nuafl 
experiments  in 
hvdrogen  on  oth 
electric  calibrate 
that  in  accural*] 
length  and  resisf 
one  another,  del 
of  his  own  bdH 
fectly  calibrate^ 
out  accessory! 
the  resistance! 
from  the  arffl 
Prof.  Besso  M 
equations  of  & 
degree. — PrS 
mination  of 
functions, 
tions  ma 
various 
of  efflux 
molecular 


iniroa  of  both 

the  relation 

Astr 

ipot*  and  the 

M 

he  declination 

Che; 

Geo 

,'f 

A  Y 

7 '2* 

tut 

.  needle 

A  N 

■Ktc  mirror- 

Bo 

1  egTee  per- 

Unix 

-  sun  and 

Sciet 

HMtbe  mag- 

Socle 

v8  pZE*0* 


May  28,  1885J 


NA  TURE 


XXIX 


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SUPPLEMENT  TO  EUCLID  AND  HIS  MODERN  RIVALS.  By 

CHARLES  L.  DODGSON,  M.A.,  Student  and  late  Mathematical  Lecturer  of  Christ  Church,  Oxford.  Containing  a 
Notice  of  Henrici's  Geometry,  together  with  Selections  from  the  Review*.    Crown  8vo,  Sewed,  is 

THE    E  N~G  L  I  S  H     CITIZEN     sTe  R  I  E  S  . 

Edited  by  HENRY  CRAIK,  M.A.  (Oxon),  LL.D.  (Glasgow).    New  Volume. 
JUSTICE  AND  POLICE.     By  F.  \V.  M.mtland.    Crown  8vo.    y.  6.7. 

DICKENS'S    DICTION  A  R  I  E  S  ,    1  8  85. 

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DICKENS'S  DICTIONARY  OF  LONDON. 
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DICKENS'S  DICTIONARY  OF  THE  THAMES. 
DICKENS'S  CONTINENTAL  ABC  RAILWAY  GUIDE, 

Published  on  the  1st  of  each  Munth.    iSmo,  is. 
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NA  TURE 


{June  4)  1885 


OBJECTS    FOR   THE  MICROSCOPE. 


Kunfut  of  Fas-us,  Achorioti  Vlwnleinii        ...  ...  — 

Liver  Spots  (Chloasma)  Mycrotporoa  furfur   

Acaru.  of  I Ich.  Male  and  Female   

Do.  Do,         Eft  and  Larv  *  on  one  Slide 

Section  through  Finger  and  Nail  of  Monkey   

Six  Slides  to  Illustrate  the  anatomy  of  the  Burner  Prawn,  including 
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Feet  and  Sximmerets,  a  most  valuable  Set 


8  6 


Ess«  of  House  Fly      ...  ...   

Section  of  Spine  of  Echinus     _ 

Section  of  Brighton  Chalk  — Shell*  and  Organic  Remain*  it  nth 

Ringworm  of  the  Head,  showing  it*  effect  on  the  hair  

Human  Flea,  Pulex  irritant,  Male  and  Female  on  one  Slide   

Anatomy  of  a  Iveaf.  9  pieces  on  one  Slide  *«   

S  example*  of  Hlood  un  onesJide,  from  Man,  Uird.  Fi*b,  Snake,  \  Frog 
Indian  Mosquito 


I  4 


Fhe  Stokes-Watsun  Spark  Apparatus,  to  show  the  Combustion  of  Metal*  by  Electric  Spark  with  the  Microscope  or  Micr*.<-S|«ctrc»cupc,  a*  exhibited  before 

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NEW  CLASSIFIED  LIST  of  OBJECTS,  including  the  recently  acquired  Stock  of  Mr.  E.  Wheeler,  late  of  Hollow  ay. 
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A   WEEKLY   ILLUSTRATED  JOURNAL   OF  SCIENCE 

"  To  the  solid  groutui 
Of  Nature  trusts  the  mind  which  builds  for  aye." — Wordsworth 


No.  815,  VOL.  32]             THURSDAY,  JUNE  n,  1885 

[Price  One  Shilling 

Registered  as  a  Newspaper  at  the  General  Post  Office) 

[All  Kighti  are  Kcerved 

AMATEUR  PHOTOGRAPHY. 


MANUFACTURERS  OF  PHOTOGRAPHIC  DRY 
PLATES,  COLLODIONS,  VARNISHES,  AND  CHEMICALS. 

Have  REMOVED  their  London  Store 

From  WATLING  STREET, 

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MEMORY  and  SUCCESS.— What  contri- 

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poor  memory. — What  can  all  obtain  from  Prof.  [.oiscttc'i  DIS- 
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NEVER  FORGETTING— using  none  of  the  "Link.."  "Peg.." 
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NATURE 


CITV  AND  GUILDS  OF  LONDON 
INSTITUTE. 
CENTRAL  INSTITUTION 

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HUDDERSFIELD  TECHNICAL 
SCIInUJ  ,,  J  MECHANICS  INSTI  rU  TE 


LIVING  SPECIMENS  FOR  THE  MICROSCOPI 

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NATURE 


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:.m  or  Tin:  mo.t  .1,-ix.c.tiko  .oo«.  «  no*  R£ADY  ij  All  LIBRARIES  MtD  BOOKSELLERS' 

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K.l,  tl  -I* 

MniAl  l-l  IILIN  -'MtH 
•I  .11  |l»  .1...  1  l>l  Mi>  11 
Ml-  H  ril  at    I  M»-H  It 

the  wwt .  mI  .»-»  41  Hum*. 

...J   Ha. I  <a-  • 

»%.inmmr.   •  ai«l  I- 


l.*>..ai    HUH  1 1      K  [»  ISIl  Ht,.  t\r*-  'Mitia.  l*l>fc 

OPTICINE. 

DOLLONDS 

Jt.»  a—  OrTUlHt  V*  fjffHllw  l-rrar.  ,  it-*  *>dl  U  .Wr4  -fc«»at 

mice  7»  «d  .  r»»«  fr** 


It-        J  .    ,  .       '  "  •      •  "  "  .»a-t  >Ka«  1 

«-).(.  I  .  •  -I  lo>t'*  ••>*  ••*'  •*«•  t*  BOMfr. 

Ilr)linll)<1  »  «M1<  il       M  •»»  *•"*■        t»l»»l  atlll  |t*Hl^il.ly  |^ 

pm..*  «-->.•  all  If*  I  .at  »*•»-•  ■«llrar  l-W      I  fca-»t  Ja  f-M  t»*n  |M  «k^t* 

M  •**  a -atiVntl*.-.  a  A  la- Ma.  1r*>  |t*«*w  ■*!  |Vi  1  -g-jfc 

«ff«*m/fc  Itll-IM ^ana-Ma*.      liar  t»M  >•  a>lr«  I*  l«  at)  l»ti*a*«|ttM 
lb  V-jTtW.r  tti\>\  f,  f-»V»l-.  ti*  ka«  |-f.r  >f  |t|*t  %•  ll.  ui|.iir« 
"1"  IwUJi  1.  1  -<(•"••  ;'<'  *rn  I  « 

..  -I-.-.    rit  l».    Al*«artaitv  1r  nlt<b  Ka*  a>-Mun  in  ifxrvsaallt  ^nal 

'■  II.  1*  iiiiitaiaarj  I-  rul«p(  ra»i  <f»  |I*t  HMvcAc  aftluc  t« 
r.  .*  ,1  '     ■  ■».        li.a  il'  •  •»    iM'iho'  ••    Mil  -V*w  1  ,.  yjpj 

Wx.  >a><< -A<  t  ■    I-         ••  !«■  »al*«    >4  .1.-    •!    Ml   I-*  »t  1.. .t . i ,, ^ 

...  »(^  |-  rV^- 1  I  v**jr  '"  ™  1  •'•'•»  »««dcr  «■ 

Ml  1 1.  ..a  J| .  «  .tr-.l  *  vM  il*  J  -f  .tioMHiai  *rs-><*a-T(  IW  la  I  (fat. 
Ii.^ii.         il'ilii,  -    \i  -I    til-       .11.    i>    k  !>.•  nua. 

.•aUttact.lVr.-aa  1  »■  i  I  ••>  I-  |l-  Miaft  ftaM  Ma-  .  .    I af  .1,  ....^ 

M^lyj.'i,,^  ..    f-ll'  ..        .         ,  •  II  t^a.  ..I.e^»„fc 

*'*  *        I*""  «     ll   J-ri^ti'-a  •  •»  1  ■    «  i        —t  r*>iina 

:v  "  V.'"'-  tttSSSSr**** 

'*  MtawUaW  lii>.)l>Ai>ii.  |r  aa-.ji,  1*  u*->  uli«t  *^ jr  ifm 

Wf  .Tr> '»»*  **'•«•  »-«..t..  %  a   >L    I        *.!.»*■.  ra'it.  »^|„_ 

,  VivWatc  «a*|«rta-  »»•  £a~rt,D  ♦*  aat  tfaa  ."Urn  a*  *-r>«lav" — 

■  |i  i>  U«4  Hh    at*  »«•<  rrai  ■  rt  ••«■  ■•»!  imairw  MfwTl|t 

lUia    I  ->ln  iVr  K**a  *l  i*«  Adi>f>  It  a^Ja-.*"  -  it.V.  IL.— .» 

aaiat  **r*«lMft 

•„*  l<r<-a%-a>  an*  Arm,*  avWf/r  ft  f^HtU/tH  (A/a  /M 
fDffAl  tl-iUtA.  .»*»r-«.ai,  /Waa>ard>,  M/.lra-tii^i. 


A  alt  1*  atMl  by 


rV 


H-Ji  •>  all  L.I  •«>. 


!•!  II. 


ELASTIC    STEKL  SPECTACLES. 

»».  «d  ,  T»  *l  ,  !«•  *4  pH  K>««  "»« 

1,  LUn«ATE  HILL.  LONDON.  B.C.  . 

CAM). kOK  S  AKhICA 

jm.  iJJ,.l#«;  liihxr.1  w...*  !•  .l-K  f*m  MM  *J. 

ACROSS  AFRICA. 

Ilv  VrHNkV  HAITI  l-AMI.K»»X.  i  « .  HCL. 
ca^bi       X«».  cm  -MH        r*-J  *i-»«f.*' 

m;ii.a,^^liu-w*<..-   V-  •"'»"  *i?.,^^aflS^***, 

Uat»  >^a,  Hcnit  IV,»-A  ir-  ^  •  «^  '  <,Kro'  '", 

k  Mia,  J  a.  *U-t  Sit*—- 


A  NATURALISTS'  WANDERINGS  IN 
THE  EASTERN  ARCHIPELAGO : 

A  Narrative  of  Trawl  ami  Exploration. 


i:.  IIKNk\  o  MiUUKS  I  k(iS., 


laTl« 


J  «W  ncaJliat.  UvtlUJ    ra^tttf     r*faa>  .i  t»    /  .l.au-a 

_  laai  aaaJ  tafwrai.  ^ItoWvt  ad"  fA*  MiiJi  Uin 
i.  I  r»»4  |r.*>i..»—tT^i»»ra.»,.  Illa>ir(i. 

'  n«>    IKwy  ^r»x 


1  ^i|fa"f"1«»»i»'"  main 
I  I  a  -  1  (*•  U.tf  Mr  JJm  B.  1  .ill. 


■     1  n  •  1  •«  m  1  .fU4 

>-h  l-inHk  lv<t<  Im-.  Wyk 

'        fiaa*  lU  .WW.  S>^|. 
■  al  ^-..iil  IHaw 


(  anaawlv  aatara-anj  "     M  /.-...'.  1  „wrrV 
-Hal  WaJt- •  %«  MPMII  Ih*  r.^(.-|,»=  >W.pm  id  tta  .1  IW 

rnalar.'  r*.o      .1  lailk*  a»t  *  -l    -  •itk,,?.. 


I.ttl|<- 


I'lltLIf 


A> 

*rti*i  " 

I  **•*'•«->'•  l«(*ai  I 
I  IftMtrflflt. 
«Wr>'ava«aj*t*  U4 
-Hill**  ta-IT-. 

Ii.  11.  l.-J  »  a«a. 


THE   ANIMAL  PARASITES 

SUGAR  CANE. 

iiv  11  mm:  kotii. 

U.  It..  »~  «>k.l  I1u«.r.  »"~-ui"" 

loyky  1 1  a  I  kNsa  a  ■  u .  M™ 


....  ...    .  ....  /r*,M 

I  slfcs  •.'.,.,t:,^7ci?A5,w~ 

■•A  r-m*  aadft--««-e  an]  > aluaJd*  .  .  ,  TV.  r|'-r  j....  —  . 

lHUl.la«nT...Ji.il.(  .«.„..    ,  Hi  Itrf.jMgSaTtfgg 

 ».    M4.,  vlJ..  i-T.r  i**~a- 

U»Mm\ 

h»M|-'..M  U.M..  M.>k,|l.K,  SI..HLI  \«.VIX  |,„X 

•«  ri-KKr  .lytKt,  tc  ' 


Digitize< 


cc  ;l 


/ 1  till 


1 1  I 


>A  V.   JI'MK     ii.  i»«s 


Kir/x  .i^/  ssoA-s.-ts. 

he  nnveilir- »n  «»f  -t  hi-iIii.-  i*  nt ir-tnli-il 
.tt  •ill  i-triil  ili*  will*  ili.it  wlnli 

rv»\<-iTi>  A-.      V*t>rfiirnt.*.|   l:i».l  Tuc-iliy 
-S-Mv«i—-il    Hl-lmy  MlUHHim.  If 
^  \fc  -e-t*titrt-ii*-,l  l>>-  tlio  inennirc 

tfrierA  AvQ  fllttilgoitl    t.f    mm    it  ii 

ion  ili.t  the  fnmtvm*  mm  of 

rmiii.  Ai  I'rof.  Hiwilwy  .emarlfcil 
gularly  Itkfctani  i\ii«l  well -li.il.im  e«l 
work  li.i«  not  only  rrrmi'-triii  tr.l 
but  It  .*  -«  *prc.-ij  with  .-nt  ftnynnWIitf 
i<  every  department  «»f  |j|nln-*-»i|ilil 

tint   tnercli  llic  j-rc.n  1 1«* 
?.|  ihc-  |»ro-ri-**-ilinya   in  tltc- 

-%n    intcir-l  t*r>   unii|it«>'-       l»  "•'*' 
-.cml'ly  'I1-!'  ii"-'"  «  li'Hii  'In  ! 

.-11  ••!>«?  »li..-rf!  i-noriil  i> mm'  lii'l 
1101  i>f  -»i«i|il«i  -irr.-iiiil«--iir  •«•>  *»»«• 
ln«cll«!'.-lii-il  K.mirf.       It  ll.inl.ire 

r  niniiiim  frntn   1  •  •  •  »•"-   ITw*l*y  •'• 

lily  l.p    rrllerl    ll>..t    i<     "•«->  ** 
•rlit»r.-»»-ler  nt   «••   i  • » ■ » -~ - '  -  •  "•  1 

of  Wa  clertth  •  *  ' 

-contra    ..r  grn*'*)  l« 
it    *•««    «-'•-    roil.  ,  ii"" 
i    Mt-itt*«tnl    .i         '  '"<• 
n^jri-jl^iril  the 
I,    nl    i  iili'i'*. 
»  of  f.iiitcr- 


ml. ii  j.ir-H  nut.  in  .i  a  iiullrr  In  he  <le|>lnnrf,  ,i ,,„,  ,m, 
f.ir  ulii,  Ii  lli-r  aru.t  can  he  -iivllj- fccM  reip.m-j|,|r.  \e,„ 
h-lvint  I... I  Hie  J.li.llit\i;r  .  ■  Krnit-  Mr.  |>ji«,„.  J), 
HiM-rmi  Ii...  .inly  Hi  he  OMBtfcN Uti'.l  tijtiiii  tkc  uimuVrpji 
*M*U  v..  wlii.  la  lu-  .ittemfeO  liu  |><rtr.iil<in*  «.f  tlie  f,ire.im| 
limine  :  the  lisiiul.  were  rv  t  il.iiirjs  tu|i|M*f-j  l.y  (Tt-e.*,,,-, 
un-J  iricrrfotc  tie  li.ue  nnh  r.  regret  lint  the  gut,,  Q 
nul  llj|t|icii  tu  h.ive  Imi-ii  wiwt  fmtiin.Hr. 

The  fnU.i«.i-i.  i-  -lie  lu'-lni.  i...i.lr  in.  |>„f  H.iivv  ,„ 

till  ii. iitkr  ■•!  ifir  1 1. tin  r»i  Mriimnil  t'lninnittee.  ■**>  n.im!- 
big  ..let  llir  .1.11.1*  |.|  II  X  l|  in*  IV.ivr  -.1  il'ikj, 
WnllMililMria  at  tlie  Train-el  the  llim.li  Muicum  - 
V"i'»  Ki.vti  tlMOTMLOfi  h  m  Dim  ihirr  ]re.u>  (ieee 
the  vitihiMltt'eriH'iil  iV  the  iteath  nl  fir  fumm  (.umry. 
IU.IM.  til  III.     IMIMIB.  XMt  lite  In  a  mAfilfe.i.itinn 

IiiiUii  feetmu  I  '■"'>  "I  tlien-  u.i-'ni\  lint  thnm/bvut 

tile  fMUvM  .i.'ilil.  ilNtrli,  if  I  niliuleni4.li  njtkinl 


liliiio|*lil-  j  ||ie  -JljU4lJ  .'"ilil.  iihtrli,  if  I  nniuVeni4.il  *iuW 
■  s.»  t»f  llic    |ireirili'iit.ii  llu  m.*le»l  .inn.il«  nl  *ciei.i  l.r  ln.Yf.ir>., 
I    N.ltnr.ll  (        |  he  i.l  i-f.  .-f  1?.!^  .r-r|.  til  J  u  -le  ..ifl.util  nl  MM|A 


.lie 


ycnr-i 

o  it  it'" 
ht  A  fid 
rcttiiiny  » 

.It...-  uric 

i    of  every   Urn  tit: 
in. I  tli-  .\n  1 1 1 •■  -If  . 

K.i.  ■•■  nliwn  .i"1'  ■ 
li  i«-»  -.iy  th»i      "  '  "' 

111.  It  -«  li>nn> 


mlri-ini" 
i«>t  too  ft1 
«  mi  Acicnleiif 


tliinUin>t  li  ne  »«<  <•■ 

..mem  ..i-.n        ■   '••  ! *3 

In  tor  m.ii '■*"  ■i»,*i"t|" 

■  lliite    iv.irtlll  ..If 
lieen  ,-l...  ml  »    l««  " 

»villi«'>~*"'l  ""  I'"" 

I  tean       «•>  itwifii 

....    tlitt  itiiiiiitier.ilHV 

1   "        S"M  I.- 

nllV  ,n,cJ 
^rcnlcM   in  l.um^u 


I  tie-  Tlio 

I). I 

tie  4 

f   Mr.  I>»rwi 

I,  it  mu-\  Iwi  *  * 
c 

,\  hfi-i  ti  ii  rcf»i"«-''  " 


.ill  Kht1 


Ii  iimi.UI 
It 


onl>  I"" 
>rl       l  lie  wttlt-wk 

l  lic  t'l'l? 


ittric«l         •  --*-"• 
utiud.  In  it    nl  — »  M 

1  bc.riKc  i  \, 

tut   n»*  «>f  U,I(,|  .Hi)  ■» 

woiif,|    H»***    '^V         Mill ...  ' 


mi  1 11 

I  .»rc  •••»!  f  11  ■■•  MM     UV  MM  Ii*-.  "<»r  iif  ll»*--e  f  ur  minif 
1  icf-*  -*n*i  IWCTf^linJ  "»J  Xjriirv  M(V«-r  n.iinr-j m,iK  i-^jcfu 
1  In  flu-  .idi.iii'  i'  «>f  n-ilnMi  LtMnlt'L'r      l  .ir,  irh.ilrttr  Ik> 
|li#-  HMnifrtC  imoli  I  ltf^lilMtfil||  M  tin*  <u  tltal  ■•inin.rti 
11  Icrl.  Mi  l>.ir*iit  Kn.  |irn|Hiiuiiliil ;  h h.iieViT  Mining,. 

LfalH  f»r  4Titin|iH>'til*  i4  hi-  .t  ilt^iir.  rtxii  |»r  fmiml  nt 

die  iirintic-Lj  In.  ftt4*&***i  Ihwaii  Iki  n^inuu 
tfi.it  «MCg       putrf*.         aikl  l*y  n  j4.ni  4»*'  tlic  |nihl>«4. 

I,  .in,  «/  IrU*  "  Ulfllta  'if  >|M>  i»^''  IV  finn!.iwnt»l  t  mrM 

II.  m*  |Mkil  the  -^nJrm<  nf  lm»v  Nirurt-  jnnrf 
brf-11  1  imiplf-tfl;  i  li.mufil.  I't-iiii 'Ii  tr  itxfk  lu<  i.n-b^.i 
jpr.U  ««i«4  ml,  a  trm*  **  ln»f  .iiraUM  .rf  thr  omiIh- 

i*Ji .ti  ami  i*>4ijtiiiiii  ■4i«rKc->. 

Mill       MWf»ll»<  thn>  £mii  ft.  octciif  iii  il,.ityht  i  a .  ■  i 

1.1  In"  .    I    I  ill'  ■■•ttlll-iri.'.  H  «..^l.(.|;  Mil,  t||  lil.ilitjgy. 

|>j .  lull..  1 .   I  iln       1  H-wmli^i   mti*    innrJ  l>>  thvlr 

(,,Umt*t.''l»S  l'«    "•■•rijlW  iV  ■  •     Jtr..iiv|  ||H-It 

(1.  |t«-  (lit-  »t*«^i  l"'lrt  uU'nh  the  i;i-nrt.if  tlmfrliitr  *4  iinfu. 
tl.tti  tifoh'-Mii  iitWr  |m  Hl»-4tf  lfte  iKirlil  "  t>4rw.tii-t-*,- 
in  4.r»r  Mm  "*  AtiiUliri.  -w»-.Ht.niri  »*r  m.i-J|  tli.t..it(J  jn«f 
(ituiilaidO,  ««•  H"f  i»  ih-ijJm  1.. en  .  <  iiir .. '.  *|.f»rh,  the 
itinrtl  **(  -ii  'lUimti--* i-  "I  t.fti|i.r,irt.»i  .mi 

(K  ii-f,  til""  ■•htn  liiiu  t-f  H1*4U.  -tmly. 

It  it  *  iiiit-i*  nit*  ut  KitKtii'wi  hit**  Utpajjr*,  <i  ijci, 
1  l.r  n/i|iHi'H-  |iiuh-f«inite«l :  'mi.  OC-Wlilrtil^  thr  muiil 
U'.K  <*f  't"»  vie*-,  *t  11  Hilt  www  'ithiHit  lo4i.n-..(<r<fn 
hi  in  -lii'n  nimf  the  jih.T*r  if  'chenwm  n^fitH^tt  ltstc*l, 

r-.ti.tr  |ni*nt\  iiMi  Ktil  rxi-4-4  <I,  «*t1  ic\h  Ii  i  l  |.  ir*- 

itw  r  ft/'  Mr   l.iirw»»'-i  Ikhi  Cii.Ij  1 1  •.  m.jih  t  .1,  t»rt 

t|,i  ii.hII  Iwl  it'ifnicl  Ihr  -^itiitJr,  ritm*l,  gtMtlMN 
i  hilt  l<  I-tt  nl  Ihr  |uii  I'ijI  ili  'i'f  i In      ii  i  <■  i>  ft  u-<  Jh  . 

I  llfcrjlllOth.il  r»thl  ■  ■        '    'll*-^  *«*[•  Mi'mxll 

Hi.t.t.  whr.i  IM«-  «»■■  <^  "»tr  .It 

MM  iii  llir  -h-lli'  M  >•»  "--MM.I*  -fthr  m  m  -.hi*, 

,1,1.1.1  iVji  jmi-  th-  .n  irjtwot*.  IiM  *  i  'r«hiH>  f  mrM 
,l«.  blltlt-i  I -I,  rt-ol  0  mi.      'It*  .1  i> 

J^yj      .n  H  ii-i  "  JUl  i  «  ;  w»f  «n  ttH 


hI  rf*i<bini 


NATURE 


Royal  S-xiriv,  fur  t><  purputc  nf  eoiivxltnim:  ttlui  further 
atep*  thiinhl      liken  1i»*jfif^  ihr  ».inw  end. 

It  mi  tr.  tltril  v>  inviie  saliMnirtiniM,  with  the  vie*  of 
erec'ie*-  *  -«atue  >4  Vir.  IKirain  m  «jmr  wiitahlti  lncaht>  ; 
and  to  «le..*e  »ny  MiqJrt  In  the  jUlAimtnienl  nf  lltr  htn 
hijir.il  vriencev 

C«Mlilailiitn«  at  one*  flnt-rtl  in  fr-im  A>jvir:.u  "fcle>im, 
Braiil,  l>tttA>fV,  Irjucr.  r;«nn.m7.  (Miami.  Italy, 
Nnrw-ay,  r'<iiiii|;.il,  Kuwa,  Spain.  SwnWn,  SwitttrfditJ, 
the  Unitctl  States  ih<  linmli  OA no  k-n  tlua 
friHH  .11  pin*  of  dwUtfW  kin«J.*»»;  ajidthey  -.iiiWintH 
All  it».»r.  nf  the  a.Hltnumit  In  mcr.I.>«t  rttn-  .ntcrv*lm.- 
case,  Swrtlcti  nr*.  .n  jay  *nS*-ri(«nitn  "f/niu  jll 
of  people/*  J»  ilie  <b-tint>ui.l.n.  m.mo4*  trirnre  *ho  lr.ii.i- 
mitcd  tlu  in  a f utr,  "frvtiit  the  lii.Krji  raj  tHe  MMMtMi 
•ml  in  mm.  fniiri  lirp  pa»uuli  tit  It*  it  pi-m 

The  l^eLHUic  C.wnmirtec  tat**  tlfithrm  e-tibtr..  m 
frWiy  •«  Hh rilk^KM  pmpnirxj  \~]t.tr*.n  Fund"  hab 
been,  rrirr-t,  *ln.hi»  tti  Ik  helil  in  Uu-l  In  the  U.*-/.il 
Ktxietr.  urn]  it  t.)  be  ciiifiknxij  in  tW  pruniiiMin  of  U... 
lo/lral  re  wire's 

The  ewrnwm  nf  the  a****.  -»...  .mituvitl  t»  Mf. 
Boehm  :       I  think  thai  tfcm  mIh,  h.i.t  An  L-..ml  f„ti.m.- 

In  knot*  Mr  l>i-tvin  pfTtflnalh  tsiH»huirr  l|,r  p^tr.rf 
art  in  k  AviivMion  wblih  liit  enable- 1  the  wulpi.it  ...  pliee 
before  U*  iti>  cliataclm^K  4  liken*-*  nf  <nn- »h..m 
hr  IviH  n>>l  «r«n. 

Il  apprircit  i..  ih#  CiMiuitittre  th.it,  «hetliet  tiny 
recaruVI  Mr.  D««|M  corett  or  the  reipilicitieiii-  t.f  ii 
work  •♦/  Mil,  mt  ..it? .  .milt  be  •»  jppr<*,-nnt*  a*  |M#  ttvtatj 
hall.  Mil  they  »p| I  "I  t»  the  TrtWfc*  the  IkMi.h 
Mu«nnn  ft.f  prtnti*  .inn  tit  ei-r.t  t  in  it-  prr-jeni  prt.iium. 

HUM  prrmi.,1,111  N  ,*  must  t  unit  iHj  nr.imtd.  ,ml  I  nm 
dVwetl  l->  irniWr  the  !»*-»■  .haiik-i  «f  ih-s  C'tmnililev  t.» 
the  Tin. i.-  -  l".   iv  i  •> i I'm j 

I  ll»it  Ic.nc  lo  uttl  tl»r  r^pvriMoQ  nt  mi  |l|I^Ki| 
M  yiirt  K.-.  jl  HMMMftAN  W«iiU>  MaNpUag  I..  ir[.n  Til- 
th* Tt^ileri  m  .!.\ 

Itoals  ri'mitt*  ttr  n>e.  mi  IWiI  Hi^knr.*,  my  t.»tnl» 
Anit  l>ntti'ii«'ii,  TriMtrct  of  ike  Uni..h  .Mu-«<im,  it  IV 
«nm<:  »V  i*n  U.i-Aid  Menkval  Coiuimiicr, ti  rvipKtl  )to 
to  ac(cj«  tli  .  Matin  nf  Outlet  pttnrfei 

We  ill*  mil  miU  ill'*  lr|llril  f«e  file  meir  »»l(0  of 
p*rpet«Ulil^  a  ntmmty  .  f>w  til  lung  -u  nirti  trril{i>  ttittn 
mIvpj  ivitN  :!  r  |tufimi  •/  imt^,  Mn  tumr  nf  U.irwiH  tun* 
H>nf  rtL  of  tiMlMiMI  tfun  Jut-*  th.it  •  ■*  C'npetincii.  M 
Hut  .if  llitiej. 

Ni.*,  tinits  .ttttiifilly,  lit  l»e  x-k  >«u  !■»  |iie>trftr  Itw 
iLutie  in  nt  cynoturjj  |ni«tliia  lit  lint  cufnntce-ktll  nf 
tmr  N'ntMRal  M aw-Atn  of  N.iliirjl  Kbiiiy  j.  evitttnet  | 
IhJt  Ml.  [lal'iir.'t  Mriit  hate  teteacl  ><Mlf  iiflirml  tjr.t. 
lion  i  for  KietttF  liMR  wM  fei«<iiiK  t*K:li  t.tni.i«m»,  iind 

cnmtnll.  mm  lilt  thru  it  >1->|lC(  .1  I  revil. 

Nil;         Uf-J  Tinl  lO  (fll-ntll  lhl»  McntrtTl4l  H»  .1  tylllltril 

bf  whiih,  At  rvneralMin  .inn  KClierMt'Mt  "f  tin.K-iit.ii/ 
Kattise  enter  fomto  W*0k  ,lrr.'  ^  Ttnimleit  ill  llit 
iiieal  icf!lfitiii|  to  wtiirh  Ibey  ttwit  thtpe  ilieii  h»ct.  If 
Iber  »t.'^iil  l«m  tn  the  Iwtl  Mmmi  wt  nfvirtuiutlct 
mietexj  hi  the  tjreit  tnttjcnti-iii  itniler  \\<nr  eli.iri;e- 

llie  HfcMfag  replr  »  I,  naJe  by  II.R.H  lUe  I'rinrettf 
W^let  ■ 


Pimm  UMan  >mi<;i.mli.mi:n,-i  (Mfcw  it  <, 

a  hii-b  peieilek-e  to  bjte  bren  tlepMeil  by  tlir  iii>nn|,r 
»..!■  nf  m;  e.xTe.tBuev  Ibr  Tro«ee«  of  the  ltriti*h 
^iitn.  I.)  xcrpt.  .11  their  rmnie.  Ibe  s,ft  »|„,  f,  V1,u  , 
■illerej  in  on  IxluM  u<  the  Comiit.itee  of  the  |ja 
Mcnutul.  The  Coatinlltce  sol  ubtrriber*  may 
auoett  iku  »e  b««  mou  trHBorA  w4l»<  H"i  lion 
..Me  |.u  c  i«  tin-  lutue  of  ibe  (taal  "-tHifcrnm  who 

eterted  to  va.i  an  intluenre  uptn  the  [.r.^re,.  ,,f  ,. 
toaKBU  •*  o*lur.il  kr-iMlnljethe  adt  tn.  e-iu  nt  ttf  w| 

i.tb.  .Jt^ct  ..<  ■!.«  vaj  raa>K«oai  ^ibeiex]  here. 
ba«  inert  tue  en.it  h  pkuuie  In  UtJin  th..t  ilw  n.«tnd 
ha,  Ktiiietw  in.irt,  ,„„.,„  „,  f...,,.:„  ,,..,„, r,r>  JJ?° 

mf  be  nu.iriled  t  fmmm  Mthe-r  tlu,,  U 

"l,"-"J  I   'br  d<t  ||,.t  „„„«,,  ,4  „  condi. 

of  Wk  tew  ...ntrtlmir.1  n>  .1  UtWnh  .™...WiUe  cvidot 

»(  the  |tV.il»r  Imitr.l  in  tbe  .littvttuto  ,,f 
peoMent.     A  u  .,1  lo  Ml.,.  I,  a||  mti.m,  and 

.in*. ..(  ft-tei,  lu.e  ..miiibutLii  amai  t,c  m  B 

i-.Ik.-I  'Inn  .,-  -„r  j|„   ■    J" 

tftnu  .ii  tin-  *.i.i,i.  j,„i  n„.  nnjuii.,  ,,r  „),.,),  " 
•'"  *  f  "«>  .<  mitan,  «i,^c»-ct 

conilnniii  i*  hit  country,  trim  enttr.  itu  J,^,rv 

-,//  I//  ,,..V7 /;,„>..  _ 

/<'  •/.',.  I  "■• 

to..  .  I..  WM,     II,    flr.  C.  OK      1,  |„.I„'  j  M 

e.ht.,1  )„  mm  Hip*  i„  m  \ .  i  a  ,„  » 

■if  rt.et.lt  (  .Jlrj.,  larnhn-^e,  mil,  ibe  at.,,,  U 

i  ..  iietiv.....  iu» Trt,h,  ,•.,„,,,, 

'L  i"..  i  w.  Kna  s,.,„vt,.,  i„  „  .„., , ,,  ■>*•«** 

•['MF  r.rti  l,»,.>_r..rf  ,1,;.  ,,.!„,.„        |,  ,  „ 

•      \l.*o,.y  tiiil  rii„H.„  ,.  Jh|  ,he  re.-Mrk,  ,lfr 
N'tlt  iri,^!,,,  {,  t,,  ,„  ,  ,„„  ..  . 

«»ra|b  »rll  Itere.  1  -'lip 

1 1  •     •••••'  ••«!  ""  I  ,    f-ill,   ! ,., 

Tirakait MJiilrw  ran  w  t.,hr,i,.in  the.bnir  ' 

„f  ti.tt  »tii  kauaa,  e.|  ,„.|  .„t.,„  ,„„,,         "  «y| 

in  .  .ink  ,.|  thit  ot.k-t  '^niab 

tlu-  -  I  >ui,  „,e,..  ™  ,,  ,,  .|,.„ 

ire  -MM*  ■:;  nam  „..  „ 

ufa st.et.lt inonlV it'tt. \ ., „U  tin,  I,  „  ... „ „,,.„    ,  'yiWC- 
•W  ,l«  Mtlntanrl^ia  i|„  .i^,,.^,  ^i,,,,,,,  '/ 
Mat,    Si.  Utter  i.M,„rc  ,*,K„  ,.,„,,.  ,.,„„'C8[»* 
mat.  -I"fc|;-Vmtrft|  nini  ah.  itljiTj     1  ,hl* 

'  "■  'I"  mo'le.  ..f        ,,,„;,  ;;'"'a5'a* 

f«  a|»a,r.,.,..  .,.„,  «>.  A„n  „lc  ,millc,,  ,„,,  "  «f  tr» 

""■ 1  •'  '  «'•«•    •'«  «.t,„r.|  ..  ,|  ,.  ,.  •  '"M-W- 

.Irtnamtetl  ,.f /e/w.,  /.„/.  rtoratur,  ..,,lJ.:,l.,*7,,>,r*»* 
the  Inmc  «n,|  e.imci  f,„,„^  1  "*■*••  bo«  ' 

.a-lbc  tt-<a.,l,r,  „f  Wei*-,,  llarf,,,,!,,  ,„,|  f(t  ">«c«« 
 famhaa,   It  la  kL-t  l.  .1  j    '  ""o  I  • 

"r*"'*^ r-  ;  £££2 

...  h»,  .,„.  ,lW>  ,„  tl„  ,H-  >*ni'»«l-' 

«"l  tx  t--  tlu,   tbe  Aei,^  ' 


^"n<'t  tr« 

by  ».Ur.  „f  ,h,  ,,„„_.  lnd  Jnve^^ 
'•— ^PkI.  iji .hich  Jbc  ~'  -   •   —      •        -  " 

Digitize? 


made  on  S7  he  would    never  infer 

*J°n  »hell    is  destitute  of  tecili.  The 
some%vHa«  Jcs*   eommonpl.ne  thin 
be  found    m  0„r  museum*,  ami  arj 
i    t/u*    Volume    of    ihe  exM-ptinn.il 
— in  fact,    the  beginner  %t«>uld  rather 
pfions   %r  i»-en   thai   it    ■»    a    tvrm  il 
P'*rc*^jnab.le   ate  the  ni.wU-iju.irc 
ie   rest  the   Cfcptuft  |<  >| i«»d  ^mup, 

uriforiur^-iatc    in   their    refer«-u«  e  i<< 
jc  rxtm    <rt  fornu.      Tin-  WinjijMliitOtM 
r;Yi\  \f,0  v^'Uhuul  a  iiinii  ion. 
X     K\\  Vi — of.     \I«  »neley  *•*     rr.  nil    .li  - 
i\AucnA     on  p.   |.|    f«»r  the  .tl>-en*<- 
t_L  V\AV«  A    a»c  itf    M«mc    intrpr.l,  .t-  j 

t oc»  *  w  crptni;  ^cruTitlii.ti  t * *i i ft. 
VI «  dl  1 1  *•«  •"»•<■ -i    there    i«*  a  h.uc  men- 

H  I«  ■  (  «  f-t     llil     **r       »!•*        'I       I    1  '-- 

ru  c  to  ihii  mipurinnt  !•»■  in  |it inieij 
ihould    h*»e    !>ccn    .*m.Med  in  ttie 


purtion  of  the-     ««irk    Mrtflch  )■  '- 

t  3  t  i»*«Hr"  *r**  tfcvoied  l*<  '*,tf  V**" 
iiiic>itcs  i*  ^viitit  lam  i<»  n*<ll'i»« 
||>-  wrien  ire  rt.  d.  i  i  thru  If 3 
il'i  in  Twchcitc^  nlwwfc  W  tea 
1  the  tir«  i .  .1  ni»»e  •  »f  Hi  -  «wc1  il 
f..i»iil>.ir  tvitrftl  tlie  (OrrliTllwl  I  ton 
iplete  revision    of  thi  W-rr.lm'. 

:|afm  \ct  up  l>>    !»•  mi  "i  h'-«  ir.in— 
n&     *i<lmiaed     It**    willm-n--  I* 
wl.erc  he  >«  tlnm^ht  i» 
cre»n nicnAii cin»i    t  l»e 

<t        j.urpriM'n:  « 
f  C.^.»Kf  irit«>  I'soriiliHn 
B<lMiW«  c  nn«l 

orlllM    Thai  U«U  »• 

ntion  on  the  tran-dat-M  -  pa*  • 
;h  P       IW  ' 

mhoi  uml  »f   iiioH.i..  ««   ' 

nimiith  ^rr.itcr  itt>| 
i  i  ru  i  Uifi-  ,    «M  li  >'  fcti 

l»y    I  lie  triHi-d**'"  »< 


we.*  (incut  t»f 
I 

I  hi  .l»«»TC 


•  rt^ni  <•  Ui  in 

.iii'i  ih* 

»r  tlx  y$im»- 
and  l«ftl»r»<l 


te»My«  *    „,..  ....... 

«*•  ...... :c-.  »*« 

..t-..w  ••>■■"<••;.>,,•,.   „,-f 

i  c*..r.»r:t€--t-l-.ti«    r  .,.,.!  • 

ii. Wit  -Joint  -f   ,i,,....i.- 

%-«rni».ri.«>  -K'l'i.   ^  ^  .  ^   (|it  ,.lt. 

lti>  • 
i  lie 

,.r 


»-€-rtit,i^  tin' 

»1 


.  .1 


111 


.11-111 
f.-.l.l 

i. Ill  I'W  ' 

i  ■  li 

,  I,".-  .nil'"!."""";  ' 


tclir.il*' 

,«...!>  "3-  -~ ;  .e  , 

tic  »* 


•  »r 


Thai  t'.  n  ^i:„n  .1/  ihr  »,.tk  fair.  ,l„n  :4  itw  nndi 
../  the  RKcM^ptaMU  «w)r«  it  rrrtnln.  r.,-»,  .1% 
A9  it  iii  ».i  fir  bch.-n.t  ...l.rr  minuxU  .  uncut  m  the 
tonicuc.  Kftntf,  the  ln-e  trumnum  i.(  nil  .  I.  W....IJ  hr 
M|ICH!«MM,  -ire  |vr.l.minanl  oa  *tt  tumtl,  inil  ihe  reien- 
ti-n  i.f  tlie^t'e-  i.m  t*.imivnr.i  "4AU  "  tV«ea  Herh.i-.va 
nrSireni.1 '  -<i-  <«ltherfnemt9,K,letiit^ih?  M^inMnnto 
within  9lrilir,tll*MN  .l*.J»,  irrra.n.'i  n.e  « iniii  ibot  m  tgm 
..no  ■  .inrrmril  W  e  heutiU  Htmmmtad  Itu  iniYrtrtxatt 
l»»HI»M  "f  "•»  M  ihe  .InJcnt    Me  n..v  rind  thai 

» fur  li  f.kll.iar*  u.  fill,  lint  he  .Ke.l  lie  it<i  »;ecui..t  ...  in 
U1.1t  il  i*  iii.HtlicieiM  «ll  ill  pulats  .ll.J  i£i^.luteh 
ln.»L-urate  .1  ml  mutt- .tiling  .*>  nunv  .<  1  u.*i  im|»>wurf' 
Il  hill  rem  tin.  M  rti-a.iierjile  Mlttra  nf  !h«.  more  1.1a- 
•picii.m*  .K-lret*.  mpe.:lin^  wliiili  at  kiit,  •tmultl  « 
leoind  i-.hli.tf.  i»l  the  H.v*  hr  eVtn  Imjril.  it  11  lu.  bt 
li..|trit  ih.it  the  iran^«i.«>  »-.IT  «e  ni  ru  trSrit  tn 
iilte.ntion. 

Theeiiiiihi  .iiflrin  n.'n.ell.iil<if.iiv.t.].uliir;  mi 

/ot  ihe  ih.trvtei  •  i^f  Ui<  Iknetcic  tr-.'j.«  nf  the  vrrrebMte 

lit.  I.  1«  *n  hr  regretteil,  It  l.l.t.J  tfat  III.'  ihk-i.  u«  ,f  .ju^i 
M  sujui.^.i'  11...  1.  '..   ti«r  l.i'».l  >.i..,iiit.|  tr.  --n  1.1  tlir 
triltifc    j  ......  i-jiii.-o  the  juniMi  iei-erM*.rf  thtr  hi...  li  the 

|.r..|vrh  •r.imc.l  .l.tjvnl  «ll?  i.win  I.mi.i  I.k  limi^-lf  7hv 
e-xrjuri. .11  iw*  Ihe  Itl-lh  ftl«ai  Uir  tl.l  'n.  |  «->J  v4  tittmtl 
.Jen.  I'm  ..m.l  lite  1  ..m|.lctc  t.waliiil.m  lietwren  Kire.  «nil 
-  ilr.  t-M.leiit  llii-.tvlt  i'l',  -ire  hilt  ili.-^i  fjull.  r»...|.irr<l 
ii-l»h  twrli  .11  we  h,ne  tlri'i'lyrn  itiirr.iuit  »>n  ft  fljt/t 
.irr  tnlit»ltt-:c.l  Ni  -l  lIpllMq^  tn.-.in;  u|.  .4  Ihe  iHinniy 
lerent.n  te  til  It-lie.  Willi  lib;  illml..  uLgUttM  \n3tn.ifet 
.ttHtl-ttl.  ru  tr,  ami  .inn  w lilt  h  the  iranil.it.e  .104*1  |.» 

Ihe    ih.nr   teul.irii  .l|e.ll  B>irr  e-jei-itUv  fn  the 

1  me.1^10  m  II""  »  Mrrnir.  tk^  u|i|.-ifii  u(  ma  thru 

- 

■  I  I, 

1 

■ 


124 


NA  TURE 


{June  ii,  1885 


matters  of  affinity  between  living  birds  and  reptiles  should 
be  overlooked.  The  characters  of  the  mesotarsal  joint 
and  of  the  tarso-metatarsus  are  imperfectly  defined,  and 
those  of  the  pelvis  of  Apteryx  ignored  ;  while  among  the 
extinct  forms,  the  Dino<iauria— several  of  whose  features 
we  arc  told  on  p.  220  "  recall  mammals,  especially  the 
Pachydermata "— the  Ornithoscelida,  and  the  Odontor- 
nithes,  are  all  dismissed  in  a  few  lines.  Little  would  the 
student,  taking  his  text  from  this  work,  dream  of  the 
noble  array  of  direct  affinities  to  be  found  among  even 
living  birds  and  reptiles. 

The  translators  have  evidently  realised  that  the  state- 
ments reproduced  on  pp.  198  and  215,  concerning  the 
liiard's  quadrato-jugal  arcade  are  contradictory,  and  a 
supplemental  paragraph  of  their  o«rn  on  p.  198  only 
serves  to  increase  the  perplexity.  Chapter  IX.  is  devoted  to 
the  Mammalia,  but  69  pages  of  it  starting  with  the  asser- 
tion (p.  282)  that  the  Monotremes'  hemispheres  are  "  still 
smooth,"  is  poor  fare.  The  cutting  down  of  every  group 
of  mammals  to  a  minimum  would  be  in  a  sense  pardonable, 
if  only  concise  diagnoses  were  given  such  as  should  cover 
the  broad  lines  of  modification  ;  but  when,  bearing  in  mind 
certain  of  the  more  glaring  defects  of  this  chapter  referred 
to  at  the  outset,  we  read  (p.  306)  that  the  Whales  approach 
the  Ungulates  "through  the  Sirenia,"  and  that  the 
"  Sirenia  are  intermediate,  so  far  as  their  form  is  con- 
cerned, between  the  whales  and  seals"  (p.  309),  our  faith 
is  shaken  in  that  which  remains.  There  is  the  usual  con- 
fusion concerning  the  position  and  movements  of  the 
hind-limbs  of  the  Pinnipedia,  the  condition  of  the  parts 
in  the  cared  seals  being  entirely  overlooked.  1  n  diagnosing 
a  group  of  animals  for  purposes  such  as  are  here  required, 
where  the  living  and  the  extinct  are  both  under  considera- 
tion, it  is  but  fair  to  assume  that  special  attention  should 
be  paid  to  the  hard  parts,  the  teeth  not  excepted  ; 
but  we  look  in  vain  for  statements  such  as  shall  em- 
body the  extremes  of  modification  of  these  parts  in  any 
one  group  of  living  mammals — for  example,  in  dealing  with 
the  Rodents  the  utmost  sketchiness  prevails,  the  modi- 
fications of  even  the  fibula  are  not  hinted  at,  and  while 
Hydromys  is  placed  among  the  mice  with  grinders  §, 
Heliophobius  is  not  mentioned.  No  wonder,  then,  that 
Hyu:moschus  should  go  unnoticed,  that  llyrax  should 
here  be  found  under  the  order  Proboscidea  (with  a  cau- 
tion, it  is  true),  and  that  the  Carnivora,  Cheiroptera, 
Lemurs,  and  Primates  should  be  treated  with  disrespect. 
We  are  told  (p.  301}  that  the  epipubes  support  the  mar- 
supial pouch,  and  there  is  no  reference  at  all  to  the  most 
important  facts  concerning  the  marsupial  dentition. 
There  is  something  so  specifically  English  about  gross 
vertebrate  anatomy  that  we  search  in  vain  for  bare  men- 
tion, not  to  say  recognition,  of  discoveries  bearing  upon 
the  above,  and  many  similar  matters  of  first  importance. 

From  what  has  been  said  it  will  be  obvious  to  Eng- 
lish students  that  the  vertebrate  section  of  Prof.  Claus's 
manual  is  weakest  where  works  on  the  subject  already 
current  in  our  language  arc  strong  ;  and,  with  all 
respect  to  our  Continental  cousins,  we  are  of  opinion 
that  the  market  is  becoming  overstocked  with  translations 
such  as  that  before  us.  Their  period  is  past ;  the  English 
student  in  earnest  must  sooner  or  later  fit  himself  for 
ao.css  to  the  originals,  and  the  repeated  production  of 
English  versions  serves  only  to  prolong  the  fatal  day.  We 


cannot  but  regret,  though  reluctantly,  the  publication  of 
this  work  in  its  present  form,  the  more  so  as  it. threatens 
to  encourage  the  growing  tendency  to  undcr-estimate  the 
value  of  gross  vertebrate  anatomy,  a  field  of  labour 
essentially  English,  but  still  the  verv  backbone  of  too- 
logical  science. 

Mr.  Sedgwick  has  performed  the  task  of  translation 
with  a  thoroughness  and  skill  deserving  the  thanks  of  his 
countrymen.  Some  few  passages  in  the  original,  at  best 
clumsy,  might  have  been  better  rendered  than  they  are  ; 
and  settings  such  as  the  "above  together,"  on  p.  16, 
might  be  advantageously  modified.  The  translators  give 
in  Vol.  I.  a  list  of  English  synonyms  for  the  geological 
terms  employed  in  the  original,  but  these  arc  not  always 
adopted  in  Vol.  II.;  thus  we  find  the  Jurassic  beds  re- 
ferred to  again  and  again  as  the  "Jura,"  a  rendering 
certainly  not  that  of  English  geologists.  The  original  illus- 
trations are  for  the  most  part  excellent,  and  those  which 
remain  are  admirably  selected.  That  on  p.  284,  however, 
certainly  docs  not  illustrate  the  anatomy  of  the  human 
car,  and  the  figures  selected  from  the  classic  of  Johannes 
Muller,  in  illustration  of  the  anatomy  of  the  lamprey's 
skull  (p.  154)  do  scant  justice  to  the  work  of  a  great 
genius,  and  he  a  German.  G.  B.  H. 


CLIFFORD'S  EXACT  SCIENCES 
The  Common  Sense  of  the  Exact  Sciences.    By  the  late 
W.  K.  Clifford.    (London  :  Kegan  Paul,  Trench,  and 
Co.,  1885.) 

ONCE  more  a  characteristic  record  of  the  work  of  a 
most  remarkable,  but  too  brief,  life  lies  before  us. 
In  rapidity  of  accurate  thinking,  even  on  abstruse 
matters,  Clifford  had  few  equals ;  in  clearness  of  exposi. 
tion,  on  subjects  which  suited  the  peculiar  bent  of  his 
genius  and  on  which  he  could  be  persuaded  to  bestow 
sufficient  attention,  still  fewer.  But  the  ease  with  which 
he  mastered  the  more  prominent  features  of  a  subject 
often  led  him  to  dispense  with  important  steps  which  had 
been  taken  by  some  of  his  less  agile  concurrents.  These 
steps,  however,  he  was  obliged  to  take  when  he  was 
engaged  in  exposition  ;  and  he  consequently  gave  them 
(of  course  in  perfect  good  faith)  without  indicating  that 
they  were  not  his  own.  Thus,  especially  in  matters  con- 
nected with  the  development  of  recent  mathematical  and 
kinematical  methods,  his  statements  were  by  no  means 
satisfactory  (from  the  historical  point  of  view)  to  those 
who  recognised,  as  their  own,  some  of  the  best  "  nuggets  " 
that  shine  here  and  there  in  his  pages.  His  kinematic 
was,  throughout,  specially  open  to  this  objection  :— and  it 
applies,  though  by  no  means  to  the  same  extent,  to  the 
present  work.  On  the  other  hand,  the  specially  important 
and  distinctive  features  of  this  work,  viz.  the  homely,  yet 
apt  and  often  complete,  illustrations  of  matters  intrinsic- 
ally difficult,  arc  entirely  due  to  the  Author  himself. 

The  Editor,  in  his  Pre/ace,  tells  us  the  whole  story  of 
the  difficulties  he  had  to  face  in  completing  the  volume 
for  press.  All  will  sympathise  with  him  when  they  find 
that  he  had  to  furnish  one  entire  chapter,  and  large  por- 
tions of  two  others,  in  addition  to  thorough  revisal  of  the 
whole.  For  Clifford's  style  is  here  entirely  sui  generis. 
The  track  to  his  homely  yet  hardy  expositions  often  lay 
in  regions  where  but  a  single  careless  step  would  have  led 


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June  ii,  1885] 


NA  TURE 


'25 


to  the  Inconsequent  or  the  Ridiculous.  And  one  who 
tries  to  imitate  him  successfully  must  possess  not  only  his 
nerve,  but  also  his  wonderful  agility  and  resource  of 
every  kind.  We  shall  therefore  say  no  more  on  the  sub- 
ject of  the  Editor's  additions  to  the  volume,  than  that  his 
daring  has  met  with  comparative  immunity  from  the  more 
obvious  dangers  of  his  course. 

The  original  title  of  the  work  was,  we  are  told,  The 
First  Principles  of  the  Mathematical  Sciences  Explained 
to  the  Non- Mathematical.  There  can  be  no  doubt  that 
the  new  title  is  much  to  be  preferred.  We  do  not  believe 
that  the  Mathematical  Sciences,  even  in  their  first 
principles,  can  be  explained  to  the  Non- Mathematical. 
Whosoever  understands  the  explanation  has,  to  that 
extent  at  least,  become  Mathematical  in  the  very  act  of 
understanding.  But  this  observation  is  made  on  the 
assumption  that  Non-Mathematical  means  "  uninstructed 
in  mathematics."  There  is  another  sense  which  the  term 
may  bear: — viz.  "incapable  of  understanding  mathe- 
matics." Among  mankind  there  arc  none  who  more 
persistently  claim  the  almost  exclusive  possession  of  I 
the  highest  grade  of  human  intelligence  than  do  the 
(so-called)  Metaphysicians.  How  many  of  these  self- 
accredited  possessors  of  all  but  superhuman  acuteness 
have  been  able  to  cross  the  Pons  Asinorum  f  How  many 
have  been  able  to  understand  even  the  objects  (not  the 
processes)  of  mathematical  investigation  ?  When  the 
answer  comes  (it  probably  will  not  come,  as  it  can  not  come 
in  a  favourable  form)  it  will  be  time  to  comment  on  it. 

The  chief  good  of  this  book,  and  in  many  respects  it  is 
very  good,  lies  in  the  fact  that  the  versatility  of  its  gifted 
author  has  enabled  him  to  present  to  his  readers  many 
trite  things,  simple  as  well  as  complex,  from  so  novel  a 
point  of  view  that  they  acquire  a  perfectly  fresh  and  un- 
expected interest  in  the  eyes  of  those  to  whom  they  had 
become  commonplace.  Surely  this  was  an  object  worthy 
of  attainment !  But  it  is  altogether  thrown  away  on  the 
non-mathematical,  to  whom  neither  new  nor  old  points  of 
view  are  accessible. 

Considering  the  circumstances  under  which  the  book 
has  been  produced,  it  would  be  unfair  to  comment  on  the 
smaller  errors.  But  there  are  a  few  very  awkward  state- 
ments, and  one  or  two  grave  errors,  which  ought  not  to 
have  escaped  correction.  We  give  an  example  of  each 
class.  Thus,  p.  16,  the  following  statement  is  quite  un- 
necessarily puzzling  : — 

"If  we  can  fill  a  box  with  cubes  whose  height,  length, 
and  breadth  are  all  equal  to  one  another,  the  shape  of  the 
box  will  be  itself  a  cube." 

This  out-gcrmans  German  itself  in  the  displacement  of 
the  words  from  their  natural  position  in  English  ;  and,  at 
first  sight,  seems  to  be  nonsense.  Read  it,  however, 
thus  :  — 

"  If  we  can  fill  with  cubes  a  box  whose  height,  &c.  .  .  • 
the  shape  of  the  box  itself  will  be  a  cube," 

and  the  absurdity,  suggested  by  the  collocation,  dis- 
appears. 

Again,  p.  66,  what  are  we  to  make  of  the  following, 
standing,  as  it  does,  without  comment  or  explanation  of 
any  kind  ? — 

"  The  statement  that  a  thing  can  be  moved  about  with- 
out altering  its  shape  may  be  shown  to  amount  only  to 
thu,  that  two  angles  which  fit  in  one  place  will  fit  also  in 


another,  no  matter  how  they  have  been  brought  from  the 
one  place  to  the  other." 

Several  most  serious  qualifications  must  be  imposed  upon 
this  statement  before  it  can  possibly  be  accepted  as  true. 

The  chapter  on  Motion  properly  forms  a  part  of  this 
work,  so  far  at  least  as  kinematics  is  concerned.  But  it 
seems  to  be  a  mistake  to  conclude  it  with  a  few  editorial 
sentences  on  the  Laws  of  Motion.  For  here  we  have  a 
perfectly  new  subject,  and  one  which  would  require  at 
least  a  full  chapter  to  itself.  It  is  probable  enough  that, 
at  some  period  of  his  life,  Clifford  imagined  that  it  might 
be  possible  to  get  rid  of  the  idea  of  matter  as  well  as  of 
that  of  force,  and  so  to  reduce  Dynamics  to  mere  Kine- 
matics. He  never  so  expressed  himself  to  me.  But 
purely  physical  subjects  were,  properly  speaking,  beyond 
his  sphere  ;  his  ideas  about  them  were  always  more  or 
less  vague,  because  always  of  a  somewhat  transitional 
character,  and  were  much  modified  at  times  by  the 
momentary  turn  of  his  philosophical  speculations.  We 
are  told  in  a  foot-note  to  the  first  page  of  the  Preface  that 
Clifford  left  his  Kinetic  (a  companion  volume  to  his 
Kinematic;  in  a  completed  state.  Surely,  keeping  this  in 
view,  the  introduction  of  Laws  of  Motion  into  the  present 
work  was  superfluous. 

This  foot-note  unfortunately  strikes  a  jarring  chord  at 
the  very  first  opening  of  the  book.  We  are  told  that 
"  more  serious  delay  seems  likely  to  attend  the  publica- 
tion "  of  Clifford's  completed  MS. ;  this  is  followed  by  a 
mysterious  species  of  protest  or  remonstrance.  Clifford 
could  never  have  written  in  this  vein.  He  would  either 
have  kept  silence,  or  have  blurted  out  the  whole  truth. 
Mystery  and  insinuation  were  not  weapons  of  his,  and 
should  not  be  employed  in  connection  with  his  name.1 

P.  G.  Tait 


OUR  BOOK  SHELF 

New  Commercial  Plants  and  Drugs.  No.  8.  By  Thos. 
Ch.isty,  F.L.S.,  &c.  (London  :  Christy  and  Co.,  155, 
Fcnchurch  Street,  1885.) 
THE  eighth  number  of  Mr.  Thos.  Christy's  "  New  Com- 
mercial Plants  and  Drugs"  has  recently  appeared,  and 
the  contents  arc  of  a  similar  character  to  those  that  have 
preceded  it,  the  most  recently  introduced  commercial 
products  derived  from  the  vegetable  kingdom  being  enu- 
merated and  what  has  been  written  about  them  brought 
together.  The  first  plant  referred  to  in  the  book  is  of 
course  the  Kola  nut  {Cola  acuminata),  as  being  one  of 
the  most  important,  or  at  least  one  that  has  attracted  a 
very  large  share  of  attention  during  the  past  year.  This 
article  is  illustrated  by  a  coloured  plate  of  the  fruit  and 
seeds  of  this  species,  as  well  as  of  the  Guttilcrous  plant 
known  as  the  Bitter  Kola.  Besides  having  the  property 
of  cleansing  or  purifying  and  thus  rendering  wholesome 
stagnant  or  foul  water,  it  has  also  been  used  for  clarifying 
beer  and  spirits.  One  of  its  most  remarkable  properties 
is  in  restoring  the  senses  after  partaking  to  excess  of 
intoxicating  drinks.  The  most  recent  application  of  the 
Kola  nut,  however,  is  in  the  preparation  of  a  paste  for 
mixing  with  cocoa  or  chocolate,  which  it  is  said  to  im- 
prove "  both  in  strength  and  flavour  to  an  astonishing 
degree."  It  is  considerably  more  nutritious  and  strength- 
ening ;  so  much  so  indeed  "  that  a  workman  can,  on  a 
single  cup  taken  at  breakfast  time,  go  on  with  his  work 
through  the  day  without  feeling  fatigued." 

In  consequence  of  this  and  many  other  medicinal 

'  In  Native,  vol.  xx»ii.  j>.  4,  Mr.  Tucker  intimated  UgM^*  '^"s. 
1  Macmilt.m  ami  Co.  w  ould  miblmh  the  remaining  mathematical  ft* 

law  Prof.  Clifford. -K 11. 

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NATURE 


1/une  n,  1885 


virtue*  the  KuU  rval  It  riiOMtlered  In  hate  a  prt.it  future 
beime  a  m  Ftmctean  commerce,  and  ;*  conaCLrartttly 
aironrjy  recommended  to  the  r.-riv  »f  ;.'  i-.iert  m  our 
ritkariln.  firr  rilenftre  cultliallolt.    With  retfard  In  Ike 

c<r««rri,iiMin  of  the  rrrmm.iitnr,  properties  til  the  ieMi, 
Mr.  tfattilt  aat-r  he  has  telenet]  litem  tei  .and  rrtodllMin, 
Uxh  in  'tt-ir';.  iml  lu.r.1.  hoed  with  tire  leather,  loitet 
uf  t  tire-  krtrnvn  .<»  tlie  '■tali  tree.*  Stone  rrcriceil  irt 
ilrr  lum  .arrived  1.  tied.  .1*  when  the*  o.err  ir.rihcre.1, 
and  ill  winr  1K1:  amted  eighteen  lototihn  nnce.  Ike  bulc 

It  Holed  |o  he  j  ft  ft  ■  1  1  Irr.h  nmt  rer  /  mil  their 

I:.:     '    1  real  rnln.ir. 

From  .1  li*t  hi  tiureti  irirxrei  erf  ,l//rriiW,r,  the  liuiti  ur 
•certi  ol  *  tilth  .ire  deKrihetl,  the  i.ilue  nt*  the  nutmce 
genu*  h)  shuuu,  t->pn-i;illY  rjo  nil  reeda.  Seed,  new  to 
ronmerre  are  frequently  oittWMU  in  the  l.ivcnitnl  am] 
{MM  inirkeit.  mirulnl  f,v  the  e.prcmoti  of  ml  anil 
far  the  fiepurai.10  uf  oil  cake.  Swh  trrrli  .ire  14  a  iet> 
r.irtetl  rhaninci  und  lielorv  to  ttnlck  Jittrnoi  natural 
Ofdert.  and  one  loon  rime  Ihttir  *if  .l/rrrir,,i 
rat/i,  came  inloLWrrpmluniler  the  rvalue  of  Afrirna  nvtr. 
I  pon  ahaK«i>  Ikey  Here  hnititl  in  ronr  I  rt  ,t  Inn*  ipiontitv 
of  nihil  oil  ot  lor  oiih  an  irte-.tWc  Uilr,  nntl  but  little,  if 
any.  kM  anil  rrhcti  forth  prm  k  It  unl  to  memoir 
err  tn  honer. 

Au.*ir*t  miter  tmraimnl  cciinnutar  planti  in  cbvtci 
mcntMiul  on-  the  Coca  \Hry4tnrjl<n  oki),  the  mr.lit.il 
««ri  K  of  ninth  hue  .ttlr.it led  -o  much  attentmti id  late  ; 
the  fMMia  the  * .It.  k  |A>Martl  ntt«r.n.-.wiii  .  win.  h.  it 
■  stated.  •  Ii.ii  r... trill,  licrn  introd*  ej  od.r  Urja  rnuntry 
by  tour  -d  our  h inline  Lendun  ilennm  tor  roc  m  tooth 
ponder  .mil  in  vth  ..id.,'  nntl  aim  id  tluj  Item  ,4  a  lhji.1 
enlr.li-l  J.  .1  (rah  for  rchueil  Ihnttt. 

1 i  f  I'aparnc,  llVoetive  prinrinh' nf  t>«  l'ap.i»  .i  -rri.  ,r 
^a*Jr.«t,  .one  IntcRUini;  rernrii.  ore  cirrn  re^irrlinsr  •!» 
tHem  m  Irritmtm  of  a.phthrr.r.  iit.iit,  tn-lti-.tion, 
dysnpiia,  4i . 


LETTERS  TO  THK  r.l'UOK 
tt**f  lrw4r.  •fU/lrta,yWA,,»i4ji.,  »,in„,w 
»r  »ri  rwrr^rtuVrarr.    .Vifiir  .a.  tr  »«.!....  J,  a.  ,,-.,,» 
»>  1/  i.twAWaut  rtr  nnrrrj  a/,  tr><W  ani.titrt, 
«■  »«rrn  /..or*  r'.t>.^«,  .,«„„  .n  ,  . 
I  /lr  /       ■  )t    n  .'r  .-.  v..'.  .  ./.      ...  v    A    ■  .-  /.Vr  . 
Of  .l^r  *j  /1  pirVr.    /ar/entorr  ..o  aj>  r/oev  )t  ■-•  r^o. 
/la/  r.-  M  |Woioo4  anWoDrr  ft'  rntotv/ir  aa^vr.iiir  nrw 
r/.m.onviu',arn4rt  .-.taarrwti.A'  intr^tlinf  am/nv*iy  /a)/r  | 
Ocular  Aflcr  Imagca  arut  l.iahltt.ne 
li  r  |if  1..  Mr  %>.Ha,l  |l,  I..U-.  ,,„,,,  trtanfcoi  the  .|im.  i 
nl  Ihr  t^tiinln;  l>tt  h  »  pertly  -aMcctnr  t*.m.ira.».io.t.  t.t.t,  I 
•rna.lt,  itUmtm  e»..f#.1  Ir.na  wy  Mrit.J,,  mnU  )lir->«t, 
rol"?  1  *"M        h||lniiln4   xoniati  id1  teivral  irporatr 
llaih..  ill  .-..„.„,.  otiliin  1  It  1.  ||(a|  .4  1  Mi<»nd  .rfiath  .tllirr. 
Toratr  nn  1  vvir  irvt.nt  rhimler  ilornr  .11  Muhl.  Ihr  llinnler 
■Inno  (.rvltititi..     I  iratrmr  Ihr  lliirjlt.  nut.,  ttre  uirrl  nr  ... 
o*torb|a..i  iniy  a  nni.tn  *ltt./ d,ylo;ht.  I  averted  thK  dlr  m 
Ike  lt..l.it  ;lj..  ,|,.|.  I  i..|r  aonSlM  mp.n,  l.i.knrxl.  U.I 
lnrw.it'1.  nklttnoai    ItLtrin  1  f.iJ;  rXOMOtd,  ritiorl  imu7-» 
nrihr  Jtl  icii-m  l.  .It  mine;  ikat  llaeie  nr.-  frriejan  irotxraierc 
uhimanritra*  ofike  ill." 

'Illiina.  ant  ih-  irrt*  I  V«t  en«i.Te.|.  tin  ri|-nnenl  lul hfj 
hern  mic;.  .lid  t>.  ny  inanl  Ot  i.M.M>frcntu       -anr  etj'il  iin'Ki 

I  rWI  Moo  oii'|ii>  tm  ihr  plbnatttarjaM  I  n-ftiinni  «o.tn 
TJemnltt  .d  rkrM  rroiHincHI.  rm  (..Ul.hcl  ot  iln 
aVo.*..  IKvenkcT  laip|«rracntt.  |D*J.  I  iaeul>)rit  >d  toy  r-riHrv 
taeati  war  lu  .irliTimn.  in  nltar  taay  tlrr  tnkitr  til  tin-  nn^aronl 
inunr  iIV|^ih1.  pji  nj  rla.  rahWal  id  tan  li^le.  iii.tintii'  11.  Hy 
"doe.  •  dflint  rlitalu aai  t  mull  rnkoitanul  o-nhtlirTmnl 

<uImii-I  ill.,,.,  I  I., >a,|  .to  t|K  ,,.l  .11  .,1  tic  in  ill  laaaje 

IcOtU  rn  l„  a  (,,„  .  .ntdttinnti.y  It.  ranat  U  Ihr  lie/ir  rauwail 
II.  tnat;.  htinvv.  .,  ih  all  ia*t<  IWi*  ikon  id.  ctin.i*faunlai| 
laat.  Iltltl  tk.-  I  JtMIOK  nil  tit  Irtiar  oiy  pnrr  "A  K 
enninl  imtre  til  m  .drttl  trot  laj  i.nr.l.«vd  o.iinto  any  apt^l- 
aia.  »kaa,i„.    r  ,  |n  lint,  plan  tin  neb!  kind  ■««•  tl«  e|ei 


to  Ihn  tin  ptakn  iifrWhintlomerr  tier  rirjlo  rye.  and  the  ft  rarer* 
Ike  left  rye.  If  Ihr  nadtttr  lover  be  Ihtn  raned  for  a  n.t.tnrrie 
m  It  to  nln.il  Utht  for  a.  tarn  a  (line  n.  p^tn.V  nna  Ihe  era* 
<•  tetunrnl  unarr  of  any  lieV  coloeml  «V>cr  hrkl  ana. nit  n 
.latk  1.  trrun.l  may  lat  irrn.  rhe  rftvi  it  rrrtrtt  |«„r, 
e*  mdtuhl  or  rndarhl  than  ra  roll  lllyllrkt.    lob  oanhnd  en 

•  "!  '    "-•     "■    -•'   '■    mu  ■-    .,  I.  .a  tt     I,  -  I.,  { J 

»»..li  iikdiiii-thalierri  a~d.  OO.IOC  1  mlcilil.  in  ikt  .llnntinaitor 
Ot.t.  1  inn  ant  I. tog  vtitiiitnily  imlorraaaiiut 

ChrtetAoei  C.dlrtjr.  jaor  6  A.  S.  Darn 

A  Quir^tirrohate  liUowbrrrv 

In  your  Mm  |.o  April  Jnti.tl.  i.ii.  )t  ,,  „,  arr-tonl  a- 

a  |ifa  tiifilirai  nranrne  .r.   1,,  ike  rar-wo  nf  the  Koto 

Arnrnhural  I  rpniiitmt  M«n«  ai  linn,  or  tit.ua,  .rcrmr 
yrae  w  Una.  lit  inlomata,  -nor  ,4  .loth  .ire  Inn,  ,J,™ 
in...  iinlln...  |, *tlot  ,n  .)„  ,,1,,,,.  „,  |,.„^  ,„  ,»  "J 

aarta  ttj  hotH  'Inr  r)an„  „.  .1,1.1,  ,,.  ,„„  c„„  ■JJJg 
or.  Iran.  Mr  o.y  ,|  Ml  IW-  prtk.1,..  ,„  ,,,  J"" 

?i££T^"\l~  '^"7  "U  '"""  'Met  —  rrtl.Ter 
Si  -  *  r  SiSPW?  "—■"I  "l'"«.ae«rl  ItanVsj 
cut  natoe       M„     ,,„*M      l„  ,,„  „',  „„^  1^,^32 

ll„  wt  ili,.;  .,,..'„,«.   trtyrrro,..,,!.....  ,,,il..l.,,,  .,,,„" 
tknenly  orera.h.  onl  It  ap,nar.  a.  J  Ir.Kl,,.,,'.  t, 
mmrtr.il  may  I.  mjirdrtl  a.  an  lil.lao.1.  .,1  i„ca«J  .lerdjl; 
atrni  ......  t.l  tto-r  „u.  |,o„.|  ,  r_nt.  ™ 

ro     or  .  ,    .    .      ...  E.  l.rWK.  sttiktevAnT 

Sen  Vrt  t^lnth.|t.d  lali'inftl  *,uto 

I  >rTMiro,  N.V.,  M.iy  r» 


I!,:     -,  I    ,f.V/.  JM/A  /.f"/\£°' 

«fl  rv,f.  r*...ir  /.v.  /n/,  r,.  twe  jt/Ujri 
rLtrt  /.\  TUB  s.A  "it  ii'.x/rJ"  K,iK* 

IJKISi:  iddlcril  to  (rnrrid  i„  teMfc  .Vnirrte,.  j,  lfc. 
meter  anal  »  ktclroiiiei..  ,n  — *-  if  rlim-ailii 7  " 

f.tvtitiralih  ,  t.l  itr.ttoj,  In,  «|f  null  ...i-.tiM  !,,n„,. 

I  MMttklll  l..i,||  ami  ro  a  „.„„.,,.,.    n,.,,,.,  ' 

kii-lni'-  >"         r.-.i.tll  ,jr.  11, ,4  ,|„ ..  v  /„a_i"J 

•r1"  1  ■•  ^w''  rntetnl.  and  a^,,.t„i  mr  ,.,C4||V  ' 

carriu  tt  Ml  m>  lkllli»lm»,  the  rov*—  aaS  neiili«. 
Inni;  t...r  tr.ininv  '  "eitlierl 

The  fcr»«'/.'  ulW  from  S,.„th,„ll,.i.m  .«  lootury 

1  •    i-tatlr  the  U.aa«e  ,l.„c,.  ,„  ,  Uchm*.  «. 

rtbr..  tv  s. after  a  „,.  f.„„„oi,ic  ,.„.„.  Sj 

la,  I.  tlte  „►,..,  iiilrre,,,,,..  l,,eUia,„V.;,r,U  d,,tr,ri! 
«.  ..  rVfiMk,  >Bd  „,,  T<£Sp3<Sgn  it  LSte ;  Wei's 
ntakc rat  ,,,..„>  akterttai  ,  „,  ,»,„ 'lTO,WI1|trc     *•  «« 

./.i,c  a,,..  i..i|U..t,,.v rf"ri;^=ib'^i" 

naeter     nloa-lvati.,, .  uclc  |m  V  '""mew 

In  Ihr  Knrr  |-  jJt  maitlilraj  ecf  arn^ 

oet  tlrerrm^,  lfe'^^1'  ,V0*,,r  •'w 
Ihoriion:  Ike  ZmJ ..."  Sfff?  ol 

.^,er...t.en.«.,,,,..  fcn,J>^dm,',•1 "  '  ""-clton  -trj. 
The  rtfri»mtff4r  uwd  ftx  ill  ,i„    .  , 

 A^dt-.-n-'c.  '  n,"'T*"°,l;  Wi» 


fury  rtmninn 
lure  »f  the  air  warn  t i 

rJk,  ll'u/s>:  —  The  »;.ier  «••••>  COJkCtea 
Til  >>C4r  of  llin  >itlc  of  the  sh.p.  and 
e  from  lhai  lliniucli  >»  Inch  the  cnn- 
e  rnirino  is  U.*r>i.-tr|;ccl.  It-  tempt  »• 
•  .IX  iuon  .-«•»   the    ..ample?  »v.ii  hti>u,:ht 

■  e  Channel    In    (hr    midtllc   ..f«..  i.i. 
.Lie  «iuth.  the    iem|H=r.il..r.     .1  il.. 

t  tl,»etv.tti..ti-    »ve..-    >•■   ' 

,    N  .  ,in.l  liilivrn    tin-    !  ■">  "I>'  »•■' 
..(  Am*   «roa   very  ..»er»«l«« 
r  l..tit.ule.       Ir.>ni  lal.    *     N.I"  ■(  ■ 
uniform    a. ft     I"-:"'.    ■•'  '  1 

S.  the    u  nll"  '  '  'II.. 

>,  tb«  »h.ill>"»  ■  "  ' 
'i'l.o  .ivcnjr  iciii- 

■  ,  .„icl    Hie    minltiiillB      »  » 

' e  ^rtoraHj                       nre  due, not 
2M'*S  l'.r-'.'   

twn  Up  ;.K»in-.t  ""-       „,.„,.,  r  l„ 
°f  ",<r  .    .'.II  ..I   '  ** 

,.i..»u--.  ' 1  '  . 

,|    the     »»  .not  .  tl" 
■     -.  ■     r  ..t..*t 

jxitZ*  M  


r,,(cr  \  .ii  rations*  * 

if  n  |  Mj  M  I  • 

kcr  t  ti  i     l».»i*k  Ml 


em* 

1.1  .?  s   «- . 
Vidro. 

,»..rt    of  «!*«  »•»»>•«* 


•lic-r.- 


ouroiy         •>*  anil     '  I 

.,    >.'.  t.»  l  it-  -     .,,„.  rain*.  »Wai 

•",;,:!'.-:.:.">  

,...»./»    '  .■'      ..  |..,r...  1. -ri-vl  ll> 


■  t  1 1.- 1 


1 1 


•  I...'-' 


,  (t  ...  .he  tem- 

»•••*"  S    I  "war  •  ' 

,      .,   .  le.f     >••*>;.:  .....  I".1" 


lien  « 
wry 
.sr. 


■  >» 
i  i  •  i  '  • 1 


t  .It 

>«•. 


 ,.  .  *  ■» 

#■*-<  #•»'  "V.  X\  IM  "  •'" 


rnr<~  bclurcn  .my  nrirhbwinc  m.ixiniiim  am)  minia 
in  tin*  rr-„'ion  m.iv  unlv  I'l'C 

'flie  nvaximuni  ti-i»prr.HillT  ti(  the  ««A-kiirf.ir<  o6ierwi| 

ttoruf  lln  muMt       37  ■tC.  (fiHj  P  *i  t  jm  an 

/.ilitl.try  31,  m  M  T'  »  s.  <<>C  tlrutliia  nm|  bdM 
iilrmil  IOJ  ni.lr*  J.tl.inl.  T*c  trm|wr.it»rc  <>f  the  w^lcr 
Mill  t»r  fun  her  cttittilertsl  m  connfMU.o  *.itt  <w  tfmitr  ; 
4t  ttr en-nt  MM  t  limit-  ii..n  uttli  iKtf  if  m;«r«tiirc  of  tin  *ir 
H  111  IX 

/"tmpsi  jtur?  /*,  stir,— rUuoft  u  'i  th«  trafefimNurv 
.if  the  w.ucr.  itwl  .rf  ih<  air  dur tiii|  '  il'flftwai  drier- 
ill mm*i!      It   ii  |iri-lt*lilv  vrtr  » ntr,  m  uny  pirc  oj  i.n- 

iKtiit,  iu  iin>l  ibe  iuc.in  k  11  ((Kr.it itr<  *4  like  ju  »£T«einf 
iic+im'el.T  wtoh  i-HjiI  trf  ttm  iui(j«<e  watrr.  .mrl  ■  n  many 
pi. 11  c*  iImc  iliifef*  n  *e»  are  <■»■•  wJ«.il»le  Im  tn*hr  i.t  be 
dbll  tit  1  .iiu|Mrr  ilic  MfMMMlM  >^  (hr  .in  with  thai  »f 
tlir  mini,  11  ik  ncvt-.v*iv  rli.ii  t»rth  kbi»U  be  tlrteniimcd 
fOOt  equ-il  .t.  riir,|.  v.  Jh»  Miijct.1  .  hi"  t|ic  ».iier  ti 
easily  ;tn4  ji  i  muIc*.  ikcrramieil  hv  fjiutin^  ihr  iWnnn- 
uicfer  in  .1 1"  -rf  u  f»eJ»U- i»iH«  I*h|.  U  ,:Ii  the  .iif  il  t* 
MHWN li.it  'J  Ik-iifiL  K.i\iilU  (Ntb  iticf iimiiint'i  «irh 
me,  I  mU>;i*-I  tw  o-<  11  *Jt  jtll  }iut|»»«4^  ^n.J  I  i-oald 
11.it  li.in^  11  Hjr  in  a  ilirrmiimctcr-bv*.  c»en  if  I  lu-i  k*4 
ni*c,  ^nJ  I11J  lUriMKtt  it  itlvifcililc  lu  dn  »t.  *  »ii  ImuM 
>luft.  |».ni*trt,  I  .im  ciin>nt':cJ  (list  11  i*  i|iiiie  imutikkibla 
t.t  n*  .i  tlx.nii«ir*CCtr  Unt  m  totli  *  ^iIimu  m%  M*f.iy%  10) 
M<orc  fuel*  J»  iif-fwc*»*ne  j<  <«  'he  .lMUMftimi 

ill  >i  ib*  it*  h  .iliitnuif  ihr  fhctinoincivi  hm>  lictilen  as 
l be  Ifutf  In  .|^-t  ii  ir  <>t  tlir  Pi  I  "  n  mi  «bcilt  and 
hoiUt  i be  ii"«i  i.Kii.i  ictuit*  i.ituiiitiA4«r*t  lb«  lem> 
jHTJlurc  the  ilirmiuiiKlcr  in  iIk  im«  <te  »l  ibt 
r»t-»*  ctti-'t...  it-1        i *>  I'"  m.*b  ibrjit j».b IM|  |V  iMn- 

•laitiic  f«  l'  '  MtnUM       '  *i"l,n  ,u*  ,,ru  °*  ,,,r  ni        "'  !llc  ]mx 

f.it  K  t<»  IN       itimfl  I  !»•       »lr.it.t  il  mtb  Hut  of 

th#  'ir  omwile,  .it  ibc-  tnimwin  »»'  MMjilUL  I  ttM 
ublu't-*!.  tlieiib'ii  .      mhpt  tht  tuetl»«l  1/  whirlinc,  thf 

iliinmi^t wr,    ftoptim  *  In  it*  ,ttr, m 

ub,iT#vir  |-Jit  M  Mffl    '"I'  IW||*<Hd   il  U*  MHRlMli  in 

ji^.t.l  ilk  k»i*i  l.n\«iifJit'k  qvwllvM  I  ttwdJNMJ  U 

ubcil  It  t'-t'l   1  fyMMl^M  iciii)*  1  i'<ii*.     I  br  inn- 

■MHPkttCCH   '*  ili'l*.  •U-'HtJ«it'l  '  (-'i>  Mm  m)M 

«iii  j»        "I  i>H  -S-tWft  »  iWrtft  N'  'U»i."*'v-  J  rbrl«»o. 

liM-lcr  111  11.   Mill  tb  ij»in».«ni|  lln  i«m  1.  1  Inn  dm* 

bfcrh  hi  b *'l  I*  lnt-J*'*lh\  CliU»*»>-WlB«. 

t'.mfff*/***  t  II./  **'*  r«.v«i,r,/  IV«<tH'<iil 
,.lr-riv  itHinv  with  lb.  •  m-tnitm-  I  I*  w  ...  t-.n.iibrr  « 
ib<i  u  i'i  I1*  ,|M  »h>  rm.tmeU'.  pN  tb.  .  ..inw 
1  !i*tt.  i  I*"  ,l"  lb.»l«l'i'li»i  »'  il  '•"  w.t-ilir  1  II  ininj;  •  — 
|I.  WD  (.1-1*1-1  •**  'he  >ir  N-tVNM  *W,T'  dllilMINM-l  by 
u  IhtIhi  '  lb*  tht  »n»tiuM*t  1  m  il.  i  Imi  iri  nl  n  *  -*.ili,-i  wj* 
IHrtrwIatfil  ;i- Kiniw-iaii-tt* t.ikni ;  Nm* iWtiifiMilMr wall 

lb,  1  rxl.t-Al,*1*''  't»  In. lb  •<lll  ml  *Uli  *.'4  MMB,  |H  MM 

iiri,  .  .11  i  i<i"|'»i  i*nti'l  pi  -hi|>  hi.I  '«  I*  ni|it-r  tture 
l.-rt«-I  *bi-n     N  MIC  ""-im'  '        I     h|  lb« 

iinwrm  irt|ii.n_»  "J^^f^jL 

«*.iier 


I  br 
■ 


iVr<!»<  i"**)*  •»tf" 
...rf». 


I  be 


*  *»ir  ■***,»,r,'r. 

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l  li.'  Ii.iIU  mn-i  le  .Mi 
HVi-  imii ™.r..».  ifcirii. l»  rni**  -  unOi.i  wia{ 
„  ,„|  11..I  »..«!     It     ttm.  .|..1«  .1 ......  the  v.rtel 

33  ».i  «■  -i  <•■  <  •  v'1  r1, 

T     .  .    .«.)  ...titf.I   r.i'S   I*  »vm  -1.  ill..lll.r  I...II*  I* 


lit* 


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••_^...«-  «-"■' 

**  -  •  <  '   '  *  ... 

1  I     *   '        '  •  «- 

■  •  ■ '      \  . .  ■>  r»»" 


^.,.,1,  .i...u,...i  •\-,;;^v  ihc.....u.  -.fi..  iimS 
<*«i»»'^r^*7^i!!TM      wuh*  11...1  in.. 

■kelKSMiM  l»  •'■'*'  J  ■"!""  '*  '""I 

„,;...  1   M  |,..I..m.  1  1  link 

I  |mj;.iii  I-"  t  »|.--.  'I-  lHu...inirlcft 
i.ur  til  mi!  <  .'-•«  >*.u  li*r  tin-  ..taw. 


i,w  ft.  M 
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„„«i.  in r 


,', !!!  1  . 


i*. 


,J  ibe  It'll.'  >""'  •' 


.■id,  ..Mi  1  ..I* • ....  in  '■..  .)( 

.1  il.r  AU*i*  j.l..-.  hiu.% 
,fM  "I  "JMj»  «|  ....  ^ „w|,|i 


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lefillli  , 


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128 


SAT  URL 


\Jnttt  1 1.  188 1 


A  I  at  thr  wall*  rale  at  the  •l"l>  I»i  1  conwqucnily 


(t«  p«»|.»Htiv.  "J"    „  u  |,„|,    „a,mol»JMr„,  ««U  a  very  r»>wr>(ol  win  lM=.unK  <m  i 

dMcroune  the  elfcn      repla.  '"I  'h<  **,*,"„'  '  „,«    ,„,|  hcltinc  w  orn  "liine.  «■  ih*  ii  «ro.  imi«»ihle  u 

ol  lUe  air  -.1  !;  o  t     »  hen  *«  <"<»  Kf  *."V  "v    _  |_zfrrtl[^  haunt!  been  e.no.cd  I"  the  inrlutnc. 

161 1  ;  «»i  bulb  (*MJ.  »»  *5ii.!!'"i«*ii«illi|J*w  I«    TS  P<oh.ilWc  thai.  ol"m  the  MM  impciiliire  uf  <hc 

,n>  MM         V*1  tt,,^    ,!„,„(  ,ik  Ka--mLu.c.    >b«.....r.rf  Hit*  Ik,  I  flunk,  te 

tic  (uuod  in  ilic  reUnw  d<yr*r>«  .d  the  »«i..«plictt  ovct 

no  i»y  hps „  _»_-  ...it,  „f  .he  .1....  1  Ine  fliC.,ll.     It  Hit  «-b«r..itl".»,  o>»l>  >'>c  n.1-l..ilh tbermo 

■s^4r-ssSS^^«^  l  ^       u  ^  *••  '*"'  i","r 


The  ■ 

iLunhtt  1>un  -■  . 

Up  1*1 1*,  then  wi.  j  il.tktcnc*  <•(  nuAj  - 
the  »*<  ami  il*y  thermometer* 


uf  k,mI  m;   itrt*evn  the  dry-  ;iM  <hr  «rl-bull 
.....inraeiec-  *J*  i  x>C  Ml  J*huj(?  2»,  »Lca  ilic  *.hi| 
was  m  the  timidhi  «f  '*«  e-Ju.itori.il  btlt  «'f  rum-ii  Attvc 


of  Iht  ■MAtlMrt    OMWMIlMrl  »ltb 


to  tlir  .nflircnr.  me  w»;i»'  "ZV.7i.  .,,  I  „,„..  In  Urn  rotlot.  nctfcclly  Mlu.ali>4  ait  iii^Iii  b, 
•  llli  c'lirt  "I  ll*ii.  >rici  Ji.k.  n»inu  ii  ™_ul""";  .  i  3  .        „„.»_,|..  i»_ 


villi  ci. Iirt ... 

MXII.inu  |MOD«r  <  «l»v»ai  :ioJ  Itudmf  lhc.ii.ll.miml 
a  Ufitcrn,  willi.Kit  In-  !  ■..  u.  ^ 

Tin-  leiiiwulvn-  •*  lix  in  mi  "I  "«  *»'"  »«*? 
■tMOlj  im  1»«  kn.ir.  ftouaO.!.™  I.>6(.m 


,  hut  the 


MfiMtWvl  v.*j(hr-r        iht  niiillinly  m.tft^»^l.  tW  twi 
.n-...  t...  ...»  oonlil  hove  R.ieu  identical  nailing-v  'tht 

rf.i.l.n- 1  irf  tin'  al»'l«npcfa.»«  'Wt  J  MMMy  M  orre  |ier 
r«lly  triW"inlliy»  os  two  *!*;  "a*  lunhli  .ncKim  witl 
uVnmr  r-un  cluwil*  all  day  :  ihcre  n,t<%  thu»  t*  .  n«l  of  i»ver 


mru»  ol  the  pun) I  ol  M  (iMBileW. 
o  ;iL'  :  ond.mFti.niin  '.        *c  I  . 

dirrrirnrr,o"3llC  Tbr«f  dmcrrwe*  «.i'.kl  lu.c  o««n 
rrh»cd  u.  omogol  .r  tto  rtwi'HI'y  h*.!  Uen  ratncJ 
m  u.t,.u;h  ll»  iiiliht.  i"."Vh.  MM  tin-  >;'"  W  MMMM 
■u.e  oT  the  ...  |uJ  >KlV»«  hio-hc  «."  »ew»"3  '  \ 

Ihcy  «  J"!  ''^'l'"ri,l,,',, ,  or    iiit  »".r"  hiely  ik.'l  tW  dr)*t*  ir...l.nt.  MJ  MJ  hlgl 

!»*<  w>*  P  •^J*      ^S^ZtbT  .  a.  ir.hcme.1  ..6.n.     lt.o.w, ..  ..  iMMOial  .»  .J..e5, 

11,,  R««  Kiie..r»u**wl    •■»-»  ^t",^rSi   "2,,..  ...  .he  n,,o--«.  lb*  homh  V.l.ni.c.  iW  tern 

Ihrlinic  ol  il.iy  ..  jtrn  .o  hour,.         '>*•  •*■  J™  .  ,l,t  .el-l-vlh  ihcuo.nmtr  I.  ul.J.i  ver, 

leniperamn-,  a.e  In  leMltrade  1MMJ  f  J«  >•<«       |  J^j,  ,„>,„  ,)„,  ,,       Ay-WS,  th,.i.....iei„  |,' 


tiort*  tUnioi:  the  .lay  beiro:  J>.  a-'  t .  T>*  on  in  ii-mi^cia 
lure  i4  the  o.f  donri£  the  .toy  h..  Br^ti  hiker  than  IKot  o 
the  rt"1.  <<r  :s  i  <  .  »ml  .he  u-mptr.i.iire  ol  iht  vict  bult 
lliiioii.ini...-.  »'  J  ..ill,  •<»  14  'i  C  ll  Mill  In-  ftcej 
llul,  ibe  iv...  *o.eplii.o.il  .lay.,  fBKKK)  >l  mm 
I  chin*"  1.  .In'  tli.lclcnre  IKIoccn  iIk  ««d  l he  drjr 
hull,  ibcnwroicter  is  |IIMM1  lIuMi  *  ...ihl  It  (uMt4  freer 
■In  ii|n.«>»..<  il.in»|i  fccliu-^  .4  the  «.t  ;  'i  i<  U.-fri.-M-aJ 


,em^r«.o.e  id  die  »  -!«,  -  /  .!«  "V"'« 
.«<•  tLol  ol  iht  UWIIIHIIM  «d  iht-  on.  ar«l  r-*i:«g 
.h«.vn.e  brl«en  Iht  rtodir*.-,  ..I  l»t 
a,r  »,.h  n»  lioLli  dry  and  .fcw  n  I.  wti  »',ht^"£ 
At  ib.  hr<-l .i«  .  ..h  ukk  h  p.to  iiu  o,,.,.....k..  .,i  i> 

ir  f  ike  ^.oo  ll-ww*  »h""  *S  **  V  '"^If'ihe 

'■■SmM  trade  .....1..' •in"!'"'1  c  'I,  =V, 
him,  a  he  uUt  ..r  lh'  o*im«i   I**,'  ."|J  ""  •»"<!",» 

ol  ea.t,.ald.  o.r  ki.i„dy  U,e  MnrbuitiK  

roiittS..k.n«.oli...loi..«.  and  iheir  "n.inmt 
are  a.  once  a.HM.fn,  on  «^^S^t«M.-«* 


muVcoK  .«*•»  Owl  i 

lfcTt.  !■        llwWMly  >•(  Itic  jttn-'.pleic  ittlt  11  rivet) 

ha.  tlK  «i|i|iuMfinii»  "t  ifli  ■irjji;^  ii-<lt .  .it.i  1  .he  crttcl 
H 'mi  It  little*  |*r ■••lu.  i-vl  nlit'ii  Wt4  uit  MMfl  <l>r  •nrfjCf 
hi  tin-  \*t  MinudririL  it  u.ll.  I  tliiA.  ricdi  m«k 

MttonAtklll  «>f  *lir.w  «.-4  the  MwyujUpi  <i(  4(T,c>en 
iLi.  dImIIL*,  I-  t-Atli.llj  tii.ilkcil'.t  Lk|„v  h.o.  ill  tlir  «ca. 
*nil.irr. 

II  Ml-  itlll-i.Ul  tlic  li'»ni  ti|  »Aicr  itwmnLilrt.  ,i(  th« 
tMftaitr  «4  tltC  »<-»,  rutins  I  lie  atltbv^KK  iti  Ikt?  one 
•ininir^l  *a,,,c  I         '*  "  t""ll'ie  "'  ltx  Ml  t>«  mliti,  tl  if 

-      "  '  »lftctly  (Mtriuribk  tilll  thr  tilm.it  wiHTMiniwiiilTty  tha 

bsi!^  "I  tvrf  itinw.'ttnrKr,  uh«uev|>i-<il  intlc  jtiiii»|iha 


a.,  a.  dn Mtwa d  ijf  ««■  I,'.     ,, .a. >>.«l-,i. 


DiU'l  |*im1ikC  tnctlj  tllC  »*tm;  rup  I  in  lit  •■(«  CMC  ftf 
m  ibe  «il-«t  TbffJ  ■va|Mi(,itM>n  l..*it*  u<  uiii|n.«iiire  el 
f*  wiutwii  rim.  »PMta  i«i-  -  .ili  |oi  .ti.i-i  hrji  tK«i  the 
nci^MMMinnu  ImhIh;»  n;inu.l>.  m  iln  iwu.  ttw  tit  Mm 
the  tmthi'  tt«c  tturiiiiiUMTTri  ,iiu|  in  the  it** I  cik  the  AW 


lWi.umt«r.icyir««.i.iM  fcfj 

J*nn.ir»'  ji  .ipJ  Kihri.*"  i  0,V.l^  r.Vtilv  Umiiiu^*-  I  4n.l  ihe  li>er  .4  »  i:u  iiinue.h.utl.  hi>H,  tit  itaincr 
cf*  -I    t>n  thr  mrmn     'm-*«i  .       „  j       lllt.  |  u^x  i„r  ^  nunnint  il«  ..i.t.,.  ^i.jiAud 

,;l...w.Lo.i.  ..mu        «tiit  h  pr  -..in*      u,  .     ,  _  1  .  .1..  i.„u.  .j   _  »  _i  _.  "  .  . 


into  iht  n.bnhcrh  iwin^HMi.  Pr  _ 

 3?  r^rJ^  PES 5SS  S 

b.  .he  i.io.onny  ..I  »  I",;'    w„     i  n 

.olcwlj  loan .1  l/.  the  .erwal  t.,.  •''  '»","' 

ibt  n.cnl  n  kdl 


M  llor 
c.iuwed 


dulinu 


|n«*i  the  bulk  iht  wjirr  bchiv  it  t*  j  il.i|Jir.i'c«i  w 
jkinIihc  lohri*.  t  In  n  tA|pMM  J  |ai  the  MNff^Mt  m»|o 
-nth  i  c%  .i|ii>ia|m  . ,  mi!  id.;  »r|  ii  hi | ■  - 1  ..in  i.ni  (.tie 
kmi  i\  >l  nf  irit  it  a|iIm.ij:m%  n  Y.mil.1  PHiHif^ldv  sink 
MWt)  h»m  the  aiirkicc  and  iu  plMC  *>«r»U  be  ulunby 
wJtnntaT, ami  ihcieJW  Irw  «lriur,  uwhi  a«w  bchw  In 
thr  i  *>r  ill  .t-j  w.iur  thu  etW^t  v..iuU  1m  -Ji;hil|  mrta- 


t+naiv  Mf,  "Ahull  itradualh  ''«'*  w'ttA**!  c«JK»l>  I  ""1  ^  lh<  cumcamiaUvh  |iioJi«,c-vl  U  «%i(M.At«n.  |i«t 

aiwl  bkw  all  il*; ,  n  iUi  Jt.il  milHi  'K"1 


Digitized  by  doogle 


■ 


I  JO 


while  the  water  beta*  •.upfdir*  <*anc  «rf  the  be.it  rendered 
Utrni  In  the  «y*|kh  nioa  of  (he  watte.  ih«  sir  aImi»<  il 
mppbes  rs  ihare.  and  i»  ctmh*!.   lit  fauih  catci  (be  bent 

tint,  l.i.l  nude  r{-»«J  lh<  '"'  1  riiili.iti.tii  fi.nn  llir 
*im.  Ifcrojgh  n  nvtVntrii  tin  .itiiintf&erc  the  raj* 
tuv>  *ill»  ciiiitniMiitrit  tittle  limine  rfiV-i.  bul  are 
urgcly  abinrbcd  <<n  rwieriiiij  thi  wnlef.  Cumen.urnt'', 
the  1im>*  »f  heat  which  ibe  walnr  Mflfcr>  by  rvaputavtiutt  «| 
th<  surface  of  *rpar*i».i->  M  i  ■  ■'  -  ..  •  •  1  more  ahundini.y 
•ban  thlt  ftuttJjiif-d  b|  lb*  ilir.  a-vd  the  .lilfrrtTKc  tn 
|Knrtv  -d  ahaiirpHtin  irf  radi-mt  heal  rthi  third  by  thtne 
tWO  MlbxirKe*  i»  ttl'i*  »~*li'  «n*  tn  keep  up  J  (irnwaneait 

difference  uf  tempnraiurv  Ihiwcl-ii  the  waici  and  the  air 
.mmedi.itetj  |MN  it. 

S  Allio.,  v.'li   lit    ifiil    -At"  -  Al   llir    -  inn-    1  t: 

we  may  ima^nr  the  procc**  it  -  na  ptice  in  throe  act*. 

(•'*!•'.  ibe  *j*.n  at  law  «ur(xe  i-\  ipTtatrt,  .mil  if*  lit 
wi  the  one  »tde,  and  (he  MttM  IM  ihe  oilier,  are  cooled  , 
wec-Jitd,  n  in. In  iii  ntakr  ii|>  fur  tin?  lir.it  lhj*  rvmUTol 

latent  ami  hnU  ibe  we  Jut  in  nn*in  lurth  alike,  but  ihr 
•aulir  aluiirh*  i  l.tryir  propon^m  uf  the  bf.il  uf  ii*  t.ij* 
than  (be  i  l  due*;  md  fenilly,  i  pMllM  of  ih  .  e«..e.* 
•.•  ihrn  tvm.Yrri|  fi-mi  die  water  hy  the  iimple  canljcl  of 
the  .irr  at  u  torta**.  Tltr  nett  elfin  I  of  ihr<  ca»H>*  i» 
(>•  pntdice  t  penium-ai  etcevi.  •»(  (ctiirjcraJurc  uf  ihe 
■  mi  i  irf  die  «ca  <ner  thai  uf  IM  VI  abme  it, 

prmiiled  thai  that  air  is.  mil  own|il«fM>  Mlmi;nl  ■arith 
innikiurr. 

■True*  whu  I  haiv  xen  and  <\(*neftce4  in  ihe  rei>x,» 
vi-wied  hy  the  w«jth-*r«l  miowuiu  mi  the  ea**,  I  r«rmo( 
doubt  lh»t  there  are  often  ra«r«  wln-tr  Bbj  NHM  I  arerully 
ecpnwd  i»ct-  »nd  dn  bulb  Oiferniunrieri  i*«>aM  di<*»v 
identical  ir.ollfii;*,  anil  die  aln*»>*|ihrre  ■«  ri*r.|dr..'ly 
aaturalcd  «ith  ^ UAM  «»f  w.ilrr.  T>ni»  i»  priih.ihii'  that 
Ihe  !rm  .  ■  (!  -,.  ,v  tht-  Air  wtriilil  mil  he  inftrti#  m  ihit 
the  water.  Kurtlirr,  *bcn.  nn  tli-;  ca*l<»"  ciki«<i  of  Ami, 
Ibe  >oulh-«e%l  ntmiuMKi  hl>mt  not  \d  Ibe  t'liini  Sri  and 
lamctr-uet  far  u«i>  the  North  IViiK.oli  the  cuattt  of 
Jipj.ii  •<  attaint  a  tititmle  of  n.itiirillv  aiarrr  tent|vr.ii mr 

thin  thai  from  which  it  proceeded.  Wt  thai  miii'fa  of  Ibe 
*nter  M.th  win.  h  it  m.  Uilrn.  and  whxh  n  Ih-M 
ditTii-vd  thnmch  it  a*  ,i  mete  gas  1*  (onxlcrmd  and  rc- 
Bahaa  Mi<pein:ed  in  it,  prodnrm^  a  vivhle  h.nc,  «hirh 
obuure*  ihe  h'oiroti  j^l  ctfaafaajfH  •*•»  »H  *->li>t  nbjecti 
rupoted  il  1 1  itt  tlif  CQDaW  i*<  rrrefiCiL  and 
iiwcad  of  the  ait  ItMing  h»-,ii  to  ciap>*t.ite  the  water,  H 
r«ri\y*  ibe  Iwai  liberated  b\  iln  ..inili.n^i'niH  "f  ibe 
Ueam  miiiiveHl  fn-*n  WMMn  <»f  l«wTr  l.itil*.h-*  "»'ii  Ii 
ennihtlio*  air,  hiiwi'vrr,  <rtt-iinly  WiDfthHWfc  WlJ  Iht-ic 
can  be  htUc  d»orJi  ihit,  i>  i  inl-  .iln-  inn i»n at ure  of  the 
MlfefV^MMH  of  Ihe  *ra  h  hn>hrt  than  lb  »t  id  ihe  air. 
The  ivmperalurv  erf  ihit  jir  de)Knd«  <in  thai  the,  naier 
whti  h  tend*  to  wjrm  o  and  ihr  ile^ivrol  il»  owtl  dtytre**. 
hy  tiitiK  of  «hi;U  ihn  niici  h-i*  i  KikWiu'i  !■•  c*,ifwrale 
liilw  it  and,  hy  edracrnc  hen  frwm  ii  f«f  IM  porj»*,  to 
rml  It. 

It  ia  ocrrwvgi  thai  ax.il  ciiwnM  inre»  Mich  a»  current* 
i  ii  pniitoCO  dirtrrtn'T*  kuni.  ihe  tr-nrwral*rr  irf  the 
air  ojmI  Ihr  watrf,  hut  wch  tiiet  are  not  hric  under 
rvn-ideralion  J  V.  IH*'  iMMK 

Mendoia.  March  iH 


ntt,  Kkv.  r.  Wi  MUM 

V  the  .fe.oh  «r«lie  Krv.  TIlwi*  \\  iHm«»  WrIA,  M  A, 
I  K  AS,  rn.Wll«ill«fl— J  HM]m«Nffa 
awidiiw.  and  *c<nit|Athcd  »otatic».  Mr  Wrhb\  mm 
hid  rv*,in\I  the  ajje  i4  ^ar*.  |M%*cd  a  lc*»jt  bfe  n*  i« 
«nounlH-nt  irf  |«n  .dw-nre  WcWi  beings.  h<U  by  Inn  in 
»ot  resw..n  At  rirure  lie  may  I"  d  to  havf  laid  thf 
hmacUhin.  rrf  in.^  ..tnwv.mi.  *l  taiter  which  t.^k  their 
Hw»hcd  an*l  W^-known  Wft  Mraj  the  laier  year*  ul 


NATURE  [y»wn,  18S5 

pr.Hrr».f    ht«  life  vhiM     tr.l^  incumhent  <W  M^tdwi  L.  |n  Bieron 
•hilt    lie  «ii  •  fcriMl  ami  iMtotttaMM  [Hiul,  ..r.i:«t" 

llt^lw*1  inn  M.i*  Ihe  perlTilMinKre  .rf  hi..  a„ir 
tke  like •«(  jilMouiii,  11  w >.  u.  II  (jcriuji*  ih»i  he  ul,i"am_d 
•11  Imlr  «ilr<iiHic.O  ail.iiiceneui  ;  (,K  luU  ihin^i  l.ef-n 
utkcr»-iic»  i.|»..l..l.W  iKm  Ik  <i..u|J  nrvtr  hi>r  OcvJj 
I  lnm-J  ih'xx  ttmlilic  una  «hich  hue  mule  ^  naii,»J 
J  ulu.  ..1  j  li.«,^k..U  wntil     1 1  »i»  mv  iiritilen  ta  m  Ike 
Kn  iiriiniimnre  ap«»nU  iif  l.rmy  ,e.it»  .c..  ir,J  I  u.,1, 
h*c\  »  illi  rxlfiriiir  plr.iv.ire  tn  Hie  ra«ny  lencr.  vIkIi  lui  v  ^ 
!  pamtl  Iwwreii  ul  on  prartiral  nuiicn  eunneviril  ,i,K 
1  JgJJWJiuiiMl  s'lMnmnv  iml  lh»  uie  ul  iMraawm, 
«hiw  Mr.  \\et.1.  .n  br^inr  je  in  uar-l  lu  write  :i  jriHieli 
de  il  iu  ilm  ciiirrtu  HienuAc  mau  wi^ei  .4  ihr  dii  ti.bc.-j 
.ll!)  iIk  /Mt/t.tMiUHonrr  .„>a  ihe  n'«  j,  >.  * 

In. - Ceh'-lul Object*  d«  C.iihiii.m  rele.i-i|^,  '  ihM  hJ 
Scumi'  ilucfl.  Unm  in  ll>e  i.liimiHlucal  mnlrl.  Thi, 
«.«! .  |.ul4..ht.|  111  ibe  riut  1  «,<!,»..  dMkmd  1.,  |„,  „ 
.  In  iv  u,.,.i  ••  »lui.l..irif..t  1.1  4  m.rl  |„.|  hum  .vf   \,||ni  r-,1 

I  Smith  1  "Uelt.i...l  fcyele,"  .Wdi  h„l  ,|.««  rMn 
!  leivlLtht  i^.vi.lmi;  I  njll.li  .m  utnri  u.th  .nl.uiiut,.,..  -«* 
in  uh.lt  lu  h>  ik  lu,  .uwl ).  ,u  t. .  r.u.1.   II,  1  Sm  S«,ytl,\  Z 
»"l  >"  Ml  "Ul  "I  <ni"l  l>l  ..unrwhut  .-it  i.f  d»tJT 

m  l  \ti  Webb,  iinpmctulini!  uhriiUiiwiu  ulUji  on' 

..n  iir.luiihKil  i.wl.  Ii  i,  inilecd  ii.r  eUh  ...r,...,  ,„ 
.,.,..«  .4  W,M.  ,"C<le«,.,l  ol,|mi-,.  H  SjSSSbS 
«f  Am  ik  .  iilJcr,  bajtr,  mil  iii.m«  ti  <n...e  i.iliunt  r, 
wj.  tk.,:  but  h  MM  al->  .  |,a„,|  d<r Jl  nurt,  fj; 
«Mhl  it  ulfatrU  M  the  p..»..,«,  „|  „„,||  tStvMiSl 
rum etiielil  hit.  ul  uf^wt.  dc.cn  ,u-  ,4  ihnr  MtnUiuB  iT 
jU.  .«|.p hr.l  in  enoemou.  ani..int  „(  MMtBl  ii.li.niu«i\.ll 
cunilr.leil  null  tke  .un,  nn  ,n,  mil  pi  lucu,  .icm|  tkr  uwt  .  5 
»Vv..|»,  lh,i,;,l.ui,Lu,..n.thu„1;hnu.l..„h.  ,0.««J!{ 
In  iMIWew  Mnyih  1  Hit,  VM  n»  lucre  r.:  t  i»(T.  SfuSSZ 
pcu|llc'>  WltH  rrprt«le.l  Ihr  pcrviin!  CMperiei.re  r.r 
M  MMMfhl  liKluuriuii.  *nil  prr.rir..n|;  11.1,,  w..,v.„„ 
**■  (Ml  H.rnllt^  thi.iu.jh  iKk  .J  touwmZiS 

UK. Ill  i.  1441 

1         r«m  f  u.:,t  ihr  feelm*  „|  i.l  „a  •.i..ni,ti,nei», 
«rM  ttnm  "irr  n..  i^iml  mv  ,1.,,  .i„.„  ,,„,  |  iK.nL.  r  r,_i 
mi.  1V.4,  Mr.  WVMu.ihl  me  ilut  llu  ni.i  1  ,lnuu>  of  I,, 
I— H.  ami  .ill  »ui  niiiinine  an.  les  up  1,.  th,,  .|„,. 
■raahkU  .liuhlj  ,t.r.  .in.nlu.ier^i.m  fuiin.le.l ituJi.:: 
pul.uc.l  hi  .11.  .1.  .4.1  leletcuiie  -ct  up  m  hi.iar.lrn  it.  1 

nm  mua»~0>  m  ra   Thu.  I        remember.  mS 

MUM  111  Wj  .mr«  of  lauuinu  «■  Ike  Sarb  .f  uhS 
im-lruy  lu  ...  lktt.,.,,1  „„,.r.,n.  c  ul  .■  .imple  ir„,i, 
.l,kt..cl  ...thuul  MM  ,.  „.;,.   ,        n|  ^ 

tt  ben  In-  CatU  tnd  erne  i„  ^i,  rn.l  In ,  1^,,  rrj>cl|  .„  .  ffi 

...  |  .|hi,  ,n,(  Ihr  rc.,1,  .„  ,h„  J,^  ;™  r-fri 
•M  I  uib  in  tkt  len,  ,|  i>...i|,v.  «,_..     .,,  „ ,  " 

5  Sinch;.^   ?,;;" "Jl^- 

ie..  «n.  brevitv  i  but  rn  t hr^.  ,li.,  ,.(  ...  i  «tun- 
hW,  .bere  Mean  fcluL.  "  ■  *****  **«»» 

teMk  Theii^h,.,        [  •    ";"l,)c  '•"  ^"iiS 

llul  tic  «,  ,.„  ei  unpl,  ,.r m  'eiu  an.  It "V  t,u« 
.h<kre.„lieu  ,n  r!„,v  ' '"d'"'n..u.„-,curvh 

olwurkumltbuuibi.  ™*"l         M!"^',«  Myle 


Digitized  by  CjOOgle 


rS85| 


/STATU Rli 


A-WA'/'./y/^.V   OJ'^  iV/^o'/IA'/l  1 

even  year*  .-ik*»  *  -«r«t  I  >iiMVrinT  (hen  govern- ir 
•  if  CintMp  suggested  to  Gov.  ftftbfltMfl 
tbi%t   die   i;uvemmcnti   off  t  p»  * nice  nf 

ic  italc  of  New  York  *»li«»nl«l  pur«-h.T>r  n  .■  h 
itagar.t  K.nlU  .1*  would   lie-    ro«.piir<-«l   |Q  gfrfl 
the  priniip.il   points  of  view,    nn«l  m.tvc  «<• 
rwn-e  the  natural    wrencry    of    thu  W1*-11 
c  kecurinif  to  visitors,  frcctloin   rr*»ni  ihi»*e 
vancet  w  Itif  li  ROW  abound.      B»iftt>set|W  1  : 
ener»l  calle<t  the  nticninui    ■  .f  %U%  *.:<>«"■, 
10  to  the  mntter,  «nd  rccoinmcnd«-«l 
die  *tate  of   New   York    in  rta:coiii|»Ji*hni>; 

ui.tr>.  ««79.  tiov.  RoMnton,  in  l»>-  felUHMl 


nwvwgr  t»llip  EctfiJuliir*  of  New  \.»tk,  prr-vriuti!  ihn 
m»tirr,  ami  mcwnmciMtU  itic  *fi|MtiH<inctn  **f  x  rtmrni* 
.i.ut  ;..  iiiMiu^.ne  ili.-  ij  *«--i.m.  t»  i\.-.<*r  m it.*,  ibr 
Canadian  auih-mtH**,  i»  l-uomJct  what  luciMim  »enr 
MCMMkty,  ami  t»  rr[H>rt  ihf  resulti  in  ,1  ^ctrrdinr 
le^tiUtune. 

|ty  rr ^«|irtfon  the  runwniu»iDm  0/  ihr  Ni.ite  Survey 
M.rtc  (li.irgeO  with  the  Hwnajfi|gflrttl|,  TMl  ■ 'inirwwma 
iiw  -*«»m*  ••!  i  St-  iiiuM  •jiviitiKui^lml  tin  n.  *ifae  tUtf, 

RvCMT.  H"lJlti»  Srimmtr,  V  f  I  "re  «.Jtlll  ad  tllC  l  oilcil 

Smici,  W.A  Wh?eW.  I. mil.  &*.  f '-iflinmu.  !  r.  .,|.  -- 
Il.t11v.1t1l  (4  i  <»tuiii?«u  C'tHc^r.  -anil  ocht'iv 

W  nil  bfej.JlJi  vl  *  nuilht  nf  Mil h  inch, tfccv  *alv  In 
I  lira  rr|H«l  (tut.  ■ ,  ■.  .i,,>        j|  l*CMtr 

UtiH  of'tlie  coininivtliiiier*  tu  *ar*il.ii«im*a  fjr  tfc*  private 
IimMi»£  af  ttmjl  »»Hi.if  \u.Mr,i  r'alh      *>«ki*<l  n  i^tilii 


STATE   RESERVATION  AT  MA6ARA 


m.i  n->  "•"*■«  -  •  ••**  r.  i*  i*-mv  CwijNiif 

fiiH.i  Y  !•«  .f      f^.u  *t  a^frj 


,vo«»i  'i     <*  •  »  r  * 


.1 

pHiii  (AM  ulif  li  iIm.  t  :ilt-  fSt  I*  Mi-n  •«*•  lac  iutt  i« an 
i  IrAfiM  nrj)       Imi.Mim,;*  fiMiii  i  ni'i-*  *u*j*  Mt  UidI 

IOO  •*  •  NH  l»  i»  1"«  'i»'  •••'(  '  ""k  1'tlHTt  ■«*'  I'Undii);  M  *jUi 

Itt  l  ,  *'m<  It  N*MlM    - Hrll    •Mil  IliMII  M.i*  till    'i.-lltM^'l.  lit 

|((r  iJU.**       WJ^rt  Iter*  »Ai«M  U'  |f|Mta>Mli  ilie 

„ul|,  i«£j»it.u  Ifin  l^i'h  UUimI,  i»<  m»».  |ii.«iiuil  it.crr. 

iftr  Ull*         'M^h  '*  *  "  '" 

'  ,t  ir  il  l.ili.i^i-  «  '-»■'•  !•  1 1  " -1"  •fc'Wnl  m 
lit.  I  ..UV-tt  Mrrfntf.  I  refj  p»i<t  ti.m  *ln.fc  O-  |,,||, 
T3|        M«ti  KMnM  l-.i'iiir  In*  ,4   ,mri  |,j 

Ad  Mm  IMMpI       »  ■•S*'.***!  i«.'i 

*Krt  it-'«  to  t*Ul*  ' r"         *N  - 


(e 


»33 


NATURE 


llhm  a.  i si 


and  Mr.  Olmvted.  and  recommended  tr»  th*  legidaiure 
eif  lUo  I  be  ^ukAj^'c  uf  AA  An  tu  ffuvide  lor  acquiring 
title  to  the  ir>  hods  by  I  be  eicrovr  «*f  tin-  right  at 

eminent  dtrnkiia,  Iruiiapf  diaa  ful&re  legislature  In  con- 
Himmue  tW  pnrrhi*c  hy  appropriating  in*  MMMM  tor 
I  he  |U)*ntttt  uf  I  be  a-r*fd>,  if  tlir  utm  should  wrtn  * 
rejvxvi^  price  fnr  ihr  fnmerty.  Sorb  nn  Act  im«iI  the 
A.. i  Jilt]-, ,  li.  i  <«.i>  dadCAted  in  the  Senate,  .ilili-niji  the 
movement  »as  iuppnrted  by  petition*  njr^ed  by  the  mutt 
dWli^uittied  uwiml  thn  and  other  lutuMlict.  I  he  report 
of  the  M;ite  Sarwjf,  uilh  fis  nwnplele  de-xriptimi*,  iHo*tt j- 
imriv.  jfij  inapt,  then  brume  the  bAtU  uf  a  *»uevm:ic 
effort  M  IM  P,n  '*w  determined  friendi  "f  the  Fail* 
to  educate  and  tiriHiw!  p.i!du  opinion  in  »a»c  the  scenery 
itf  Niagara  K*rly  in  fVtjthii  movement  n  pencil  into 
the  lifSJAIMIlOB  oif  ail  AtSOi  1*10*1  H  pfillltOtf-  lc-,;id.tnon 
fur  preveium*  iht  «*riiery  of  the  Falls  uf  Nuf-in,  Mr. 
lln-.ml  rotter  of  New  $Offc  brrx*  ttrrtident,  n(ul  linn. 
J  ll*mpd«n  K<>hh,  i  liAinn.ni  <<f  ]ii<  riccucivr  cnmmittee. 

Through  the  ctbwU  of  tin*  Niagara  FaSh  «>um  ktMM 
An  Att  paved,  in  1M1.,  prmidmr,  fnr  a  nxeimi  w*in, 
entitled  "  flic  o-nimisvi^iera.  *4  lln:  MM  reservation  at 
Sl*/ ji.i,"  ami  l-. i rhrm  rawer  to  proceed  ihrotsjih  the 
rami  to  condemn  the  Lmd*  uerdrd  Ft-Iaeui.  t.nv. 
William  Ifce^heirnre  n  the  pre*  lent  ttf  thl*  board :  and 
the  inner  member*  aic  I'lroilrni  Anders  m  »<f  ltniht-*<"r 
l  itUrr»ilT,  r|.<n  J  Hampden  RnUa.  Knit.  Sherman  S. 
Rogers,  and  Andrew  II  lirren  With  some  n-<li*»  a* 
Uon.  mad*  nn.TS4.irr  tn  «han£ed  laimhthm-,  they 
Adopted  ihe  tdtn  pn>i»>i*ed  hi  the  State  Survey.  The 
lands  *etecie*l  *»cre  then  mrv-nnl,  a»*l  iheir  tame  ap- 
nfAikcd  hy  a  iKoimiMwn  of  am  hi^lukuatler.  a  Limited, 
by  I**  ««nJrt,  the  lotal  tabic  wf  tht  Urni*  heme 
•MJW^J*'  Hie  repot i  id  tin-  i<jmnir*iiitmr»  U  tin: 
retenatKin  Mem  nud*  h>  the  |inwa  h^nKiiare.  asvd  a  Hill 
Iq  .impropriate  tltrv  kum  w.i«  in|oid:Krd,  The  Niae^ira 
Fafla  MuuM-ialion  w.iritd  in  rACt>  (Airt  of  the  kE.tte 
arovse  pAblti  npniiini  u*  ihe  impnrtan»-e  nf  in  ik  r.j  tli^ 
apprnpet  iriitn,  ip*J  the  <niiiBii»K>Mn  Ultrrared  IMM1 
e-arneuly  aiiioo-j  the  IrcisUlim  aaa.1  the  [<ofic.  Ihe 
bAttlc  <*.f  A  hard  •  nt  a[piir»»t  iiptimtnrr  aot|  narpt*- 

mtndrvl  '^ti.  run  : ,  t-n  ihe  \icu«i  i.  cittnpltfe.  The 
kxidaiare,  liy  mire  tli.itt  .1  tuo-ibird*  m.»|i»riiy,  ha* 
Approprialed  the  »?J-4J.1.*-'J  >■•.  »nd  ihr  c-nvrmw  ha* 
jpjwH\ed  the  Act. 

AfttT  jear*  of  .vlntosl  foni>  MM>  erton  "i  the  pan 
of  the  A«H»e  fraud,  nf  1I11.  1  nli^hn  tied  t«**.n  I,  M  U 
secured  by  a  Liw  «U>ch  devUit«  1h.1t  the  land  *  Mt  |**ir- 
ch-w>(  hy  ihe  MlM  ia  i»rder  thu  thtJT  mav  he  "  erMoerd 
lit,  Jisd  pre«er\ed  In,  a  IMjEr  ■•/  nxtfM/i,'  and  lhAl  every 
pin  ol  ihcm  idtAll  he  (»<  c*et  free  of  tCCM*i  In 
mark  mi! 


Wl  MMMlMl  th>l  M  ifpf  r*in|i  bj  iW  .s^x»e  wd  An 
l>rv«*i""il  T'-wu  "hi  V  rttfcti  1  *.»  •*  .lt»|tJtih  huta  Ho 
Ma>f4r'a Mai»n xt  W  a  l.inct-« r..i*  .1  l*»»J c»-»—ukk«*c  «■ 
CefAiuc  the  |«mj-  -w.)  ihinpr  in  tke  imir  fta  Iv;  •voliii  thf  Hi" 
•MiukAl  Ai>*  i*  Kx'«iMtrn>h-*1  tiy  the  ttvciu  l«tvotA«k*i»1 
Mendiia  VnTlfrtfiiir  n  W  j>\m>i<I»».  'hr  1  n«da  «d  ih*  L*mrulh« 
trfCoiMCfl  '•»  rd«eitiM*  rwfiotol  the  I*wmic  <  oniMUtrv  in 
■deiw  thim  it  lu  ahll  »tif-  »h«iU  l«  M|M  "i  ilriniO-i 
Pwf  J  C  Adiinis  r.h.S..  the  Awrrfmim  H  >  d,  •  m  »  ^* 
r.  L*in».  K.C.H.,  H.N  .  ihr  HfdnglM^f'  <* 
G«n    SlrftcWi,  t".S  1..  r.H  >  ,  lo  HM)  r  K  a«d 

Od.  rXmvlly.  K.I-  UarrMilwfewithtWrno«mirtidili.t|ia 
M|M1  >f  tU  MqMri  «fihr  iVVjcatr*  MMfl  li»iei««ri*«Al  Mill 
Merul  anl  MMMf»i  rf  WjWiinp^l.  tidbit  *»ilblht  u<**» 
twin  ailxpied  br  Uat  l-aj,  biw  b*«  1<»  J>Pg 
•irnlt  id  tkr  Mat.,  and  b>tbe  full <j+o%1  *.«a^lr*.  A*  t  S«rty 

1'vb^itphu  I JHilnrrriL  Hoy*1  i*wi<1*' 
Soiirtj,  buhiMrme  Trlcyraph  l<«iipaay.  tAStem  Tdt««*l* 


(Impart?  |l-Miiiir.|t,  RMMM  and  Smeh  AfricAa  Tclr^ra 

■>Mp«ny  |Llmitc*h,  luMctn  £jilc*>inn.  Auttrslam  «*J  «;hj 
Tdcvrjph  L'^u|iAny  (Li«iil»d',  HaiI«A>  C'lrant^  Muute.  Th 
hir*  l>**n  iofnnned  ihil  dicw  truilmiuai  of  the  frimr  Maidl 
CuraVieaie  jp|«a«  u>  my  loud.  U  ihe  C«mniilla«  of  Council 
be  aoch  a*  f  uHtnm.l  th«mt*Ue*  A>iVjuuon,  list  b*fOIW 
famine  ihe  raMaTlUja  CMWMMM  la  ihat  effcci  thm  !-,,,( 
wuafct  Ic  itl*>l  tu  rev  five  ihe  ^aBun  uf  the  various  liaiiliu 
ihe  uihavil. 

Tut  «nuil  tmituv  fce  iU  eWli»n  of  FelLmi  of  the  Roy 
S*Kirty  »*•  hr4l  al  tsjf  hn^as  Ifuir-:  on  Ihor^Uy,  June  A.  tl 
I'mi-ltni  in  lAe  ihait.  The  iWmjM  ««w  riWir.1 -_&Uj 
A.  W.  llaird.  KM  ,  I'tilhp  MlftlH  Carpenter,  fJ.Sc.,  « 
MM  Mai*.  tVin.,  M.I»..  A»leew  Ain^a  ijwum^ 
f  K.A  V,  ^utTi  •itnwotaUi  1-tiMiL  William  1  leak,  R.> 
Pn.f  MhI  I'ifrrx.  Mtliry  MbkA,  M  ll.  U'dhaa  Mitchl* 
II.  i.,  MA,  1  .-a>n  H  laj-p,  111  |l.,  Arihui  Mdi-rv  Mie.hk 
MIL.  I'o.t  Mem)  NewiU  M.irtm,  J"  Ht..  C.erwlio,  r>  Milhva 
VfJ.  J-dm  IVrry.  M  >j.lnry  hincfr,  >+\otj  U  m;  \  «M 

|l..Sf 

Til*  Iteir.  »|»  *  d  W  j.v'v  will  r*.  KlT(n 

lie  tcctuie  Vim  hi  IW  A-il.^u  d  S'Kwi;'«  i.*i.|tu..  Mefien 
l'«i,  011  Thuiilty.,  At  S  i>  Nk.  Thu  fii^  wm  Kiv«a  ,.«,  Thw 
dijf,  Jw  a*  lie  -Hhjtvt  bev«<  "  HhiiH..Yr».t,  ami  taev  r'nlfi 
AltttVhj  l>  d.  l"«o*^,l  t.H..V  I-.K.S.  Iheolheeaue:- 
Ihanatay.  }um  11,  **Af«i  Umurs"  *y  th.  St.  Oman 
Mhart.  F.R.J*.  ,  ll.w^iy,  j*aie  "  IW  Mf»tli«e  <^  tf 
>*ift.'  Uy  PMC  W.  K.  l-arkei.  KlUl  ;  7h»a.lat,  Jm  j 
"IW  H-t.a>lirl  at.'  Iv  |.  C,  |*a*M&  r  i-  v;  |  I^J. 
J  tiy  a   "  lire* ui  Mutttm*  in  /•»Xti>>-,"  hy  PnC  F  Je4t 

r<n.  m.a.  .  ihet^.iy.jj,  v    iw  \ifc..>,,  ^  niid*,"! 

h    I    HrddaM.  M.A.  ;  'Ihin-l,,.  Tw  Wora.lt 

N»-»i  OlIlM    «7  P.  L  Sdiur,  F  R.S. 

IN  i\e  KV-.d  clUK-ei  .1  hi,  it. ok.  **  Soa  I  u^iv  ,(„  11,^ 
ft  >»y  ''**  r*P*MbjM*d  ihr-iirtiay  hy|aiiU«i  retjardit 
Ihe  idMi-aV.  I^wte-t  liar  ^nih^ual  epoch-  and  |hj  tfJfi,«  «f  jj 
trr«*laJl  n.nwe/^iy.  TW  hl.My  .4  iW  MM|  lie  d.v.lo  tM 
vit  M.r-lEl.     I  W.  fu-l  is  m  »V_.-I,  ihr  ^,,1,  , 

balL  IVe  -^..-olhr.Ml.tW  f*.v   j,  M«|,cj| dad 

tit«  MireMl  n  iW  0tl1roi-.11  i  f  iW  t-atlh  a  (Ikw,  TW  th* 
t.  iW/Mowr./vt.  -V.  tai-iitc  obiah  lima  •»*  1  Im'  V  dlmuhu 
ti.a  from  tht  ^m.  ««t  tin*  J(w|  CtrflMIC  ire~  nltt<aM 

lHauviln  l..o*i/n>-  yvii,^  iW  mnliijhl  i.ik  oinroilw, 

-^^"-^  tr  iw  >lil  MM 
miv  ...d.ni,.  *•„,,.  ,  ,  lW  r(1(rn  A,  ;  )lwr  ^ 

aomiaVl,  ...Hi  ilhnaiia/,..*.        ,|,a  -u„         ^.^j  tBc 
m.m  MTU*  MH%Fi  »h.h  111  iW  Iwt  .^ji,,,^  ,1,,,  j  a 

»*"rV'>f»*  ^  l»      «  Wi  mmmmm  or  S 

■MN  Mftffe)  CMMM  tw..«i^.l  ,|un  ^  ry«l  Jl  Jl  IMMMmE 
ley  jtejilijllMMM       e.«y  fl  Jill  ^inh  lf1||«t»  T 

hoH«M„  m  ,he  ,««!,',  u«.|  .ti»  I  fceUa.  .J^,  cn,,^.,, 
line        aha.     i|.         „,UWr>  .,, 

riMcnMlti 


W*  hive  reteivr-t  ft..,n  Uu  a,,  •  _ 
TialvlK^tWKI       [|  a>|fl  \-  ,        -T  '  l"™« 

"«  m  m  I Z,,::  Z¥£J2m22± 

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S5J 


JV.'l  TUKE 


it  houn  >>f  thr  nnrniii|'.  At  jS»»  incltt*, 
m . ,  th*-  imiircuinn  «>n  the  plate  WH  |#JM  itlM 
ivr  txrt?(i  left  M  etiMt^iirc  to  the  nir  •>«  a 
a  m<w>n.  Ilclvrvti  l.io  %\\\*\  %  .  30  |>.  m..  at* 
*t>  mclrei,  lh«rw  wa*  o« »  trauc  -jf  any  *m- 
1  the  1  I  i'.'.       I     t.i    tflOtat-tlf  nm  ftf^***!  tu 

imiuution  In   the  »tei*ih   ««*   which   tli«  I  tight 
LJik*  of  Ctnam   the-  willci^  nU<i  MHtt«*l*dll 
i*  •»»      kfO  iletermint*    tin?   MKNl  M  'h*" 
Mttun   of  lijjhi.      llicy   Rive  iM(#M  .i> 

-  winter  in  the  lufce  ;  l»ul  itiey  f..ni*-l  ihn 
:  AC  J 80  metrv*  in  the  M  i « •  «rt  .iiwnn  -»t 
jkB  of  Geneva  1  .m<l  liy  rt  C"m|.-irt».in  "I 
x(xrini»nU,  it  AppcAM  iliw  I'lZnt  |n--tt*.ii»ic* 
ttmmpCt  in  March  1J1.U1  in  St-|<ti.i«U  t  ;  in 
,  porhap*  the  .lifTcrenrtt  U  a  lUlli 
■  MriCi  of  plate*  MpowJ  I"  <l«  ****** 
luicjn  nre  C&tffcCtari**— <  »'>'  »  "W 
n.      Tlta»  glvc«   ri-»«*  i  »»cr  i.Us»  while 

:    t*..ut.l    »»«.     promptly   inter*  «>pU-.l  hy 
rlo  .IUtu.iM  .1  or  i.in-l.ly.  In  Ow  Molim.  . 
ro|»er  lopum  water  w«-uM 
n  »rr€-»tln«  tin-  hi  u.ln-.ii»  HW* 
1  10  Wm//iW  on    the*  •■■*  ,hc  v"' 

K/ehik.    ..I    Mrunn.  nt*UM«te*  I*™  

,«hc  |tfc.»..i«:  -  Clro-*  of  te.r.  lM.I  *V 
,«cwl.ich  nre  WhtlKlfJ  * ' " 
|,  v„|incL.   «.l  (hi--   •»  n 

Iticr   •!*-*•»»  I*    I   »"  "  a,c  '"" 
f  ,li-t.irUti»C-    •»  '*«»• 

<  1 1  vi- 1 1      ml"  ftinpi 


i«f  ih*  tr.illry.     I  A*  ;i>»iti  l  i-prrxd.  Jn.lt  lee  lflh(M  -4  ln..v>.«% 

J*lll  ll.lf.ll,  illhl  <>mn  writ  U|t,  vl|.U  tllplMfxm  iImI 

•  fill  llOl    H     ■■  I   :     -  *  r      !':■■-,  iW  met*.       1  '•    Iiin  It  It'JIAIt  uul 

1        1;  i  n    •'  ir»-h  a-i.    turirtl.     A  trlf)[Mn    .  m  I1..11 

Si'iiin^iii  ml  Prvll]  li-l  My*:—"  The  thxk*  cvintnur  «f|M 
thitY  tn-i.».  null  tntcd  f.rthiiliury  tin  a  mmijh,. niter} 

*h,;.il  ninnim."  Tlir  gicu  »hi<Ii  i|  pur*  In  hm<  w*nl!nl  in  k 
»iuiih<il/  ■|trcct»«.  -mil  t«  hwv  l>«\»»  UU  .A  KUtjl  (iIum  in 
N.iillu-tn  IH'IaJ.  >illU>Bj;li  II  ilit  li.xtinutjv  tnrw. 

TllL  •h'tdi  1*  Aim  ival' I,  H  l!n  x;»  ■<(  htiy-imi,  ut  K  Ikii 
>>ni  Sit.h^iutwn*.  I'mfctnr  nf  t^i«jrj|i|if  I  ^-jr  41 
the  L'Hll**  Ky  (iit-v*.  lit*  «*«  |ni<  y,<ir«ot  nf  thr  <hnrr 
brulhn*  *ivhl*(tkMWil  vim,  Ml  lltr  •tT»twniii4iliu*  U  Afcw- 
AO'ie*  »"R  lluml'.tlJl.  RMl  tmAH  tin*  •|cul  1  vr  •«!  I iiut.t/ut. 
S|n«-<,  b.i.  -irii  |it  ib«  ICfiLiA  K1-1  lialu  I '  ^atpirif  1* « MMNH 
ihal  uiRiiln.  Hint  ,-*jte*wl4r  ivniw.mi  nj;*  «*  Mi  !t«  h-rlh- 
tt-d,  Tlivir-»ll»  nl  ilirt*  <r4«nK>\t%  which  liUnl  Air  wnnl 
yrit«»  »T  r«UMT'h*l  *•  ptm|MCW*»tH*«  «rvL*  *4  tin  lii^tt-M 
MiiCHliMi  %>**•'. 


10  t*l«*vA'e*I 
r»n*  r    In  wlii*;l« 
•  It.      The  «ri»iir«t  aro-i 

„r  n«.m.«  !:—wi...r.   IM  Am* 


tltc-  ti  in'h. 

^  lit*  It 

.lurhAnc«r>.  t  »nd  I  j)  ii** 
triMilunfl    «-|iiirn  i» 

,.r  f.»nii.     a  iz*<  " 
-loi  r  i»« 


till^U  ml  <-«piriimill»  Hi  i«-miI  tiiv  (;it ^ui  trr  «..»  t<tH; 
ru.i<l#  liv  Mr.  .\.  I  i  >r'f*vr,  mvll  Ln  *vs  m  ohhvi|.«  «.i\ 
(iit-Air  lU'll  |clrt*<tl»r.     Ilu  u|M.'r.ttli«M  U*!^  iiri«c>f  ire, 
il  r«  Hili'fl.li'iil,  williili  lW  ntpiiiii.  .f  il^  U<.*i<iih1ii,  n.| 
,i„<  »j«e  |.irn.aL«ly  Iiiin1.»I  in*  idol/  <ti.»  ,,|  lull. tint 

t  ■  vt»i  j  iii|'-i<»      t,tnit  iMtillt  .iliri  If  Uv«  ami 

In  ^»f*il«ii  nut  III*  'iMUpW'  Mi-  Ii'iv*r  *r\"u*  hlW 
|..j;nl*|il"'  l  li  Hit  l^-t  .it-mi  47;  III."  Hmkiki  irf  tie  IMV* nf 
ll^.li-.  nl.^*  I"  hit  uii'l*  *lir  o'Mni  W|M.  tptMtm  On 
>m..t.it  acvl  iln  l-illi*  flwnilAlf.%  Mir  «l  ll«  tnliMWh 

Nil  ,  .lit  .Hi'  mi"i'>  1  If  M*.  viih  tftfbmi*$m&tlj^ 
WtM*  MM  U  **  <m'  l-ttm,  «v  t-4n|.  nMimi;  I  *  *.>•  Imm  nfih* 

..llit  r.  ffii  lilt.  I  Willi  tJM  M*iJt.,  illJ  l^rlih.l  M  aU,i| 

II  L.    Ill  in>-         1  »ttn*«  •iih  tunl  M|)  <if  hmtm, 

'  1  ..I  mi  I       l.iinlnfi  ihn  t«imlii|>  .J  Ihi-nuhinw  M4  ih«4tef. 

.   I  '     .   •  .  *  _  I,:..  ■  • 


\.y  \t.  Hpiipi*  '  n  nrtwl  imm  *>  «i  IM 


f  .Im-   >i*M«  I  pj^Jj       i('.iiJi  tttil  II  MJ<  Ri.lU.nl   Inl  |lK|fm.  Kiiinj  h*|, 

miWi  m  l-.r  f.ixtixa 
.Jlt\-n.»n     ...  V'«.ii>,  ilickei 
fsilM  wi»  I""  J         .ull'i  tN.        .  ^i|*..li/  .ii  i.p»i«l,  w.«  «..«rt  Mil  Iik- 

It.  iiiiniiy  »l  I'n      M  WitA  U<  .Hi»t.9 


  *       ,  .    ....    iitm  I  »i'        '   '  >'m   ■       '  -   -» 

,  !..•  1  •  •  '   '      u  „ .,,  t..i,  1  ii  iv   mMn t  .te  ftukiktnt* jiiiiiiIi^ikw 

..         .i.'i:i-'--  ••'  "  .*'■  .  „im»,  1   j  ,»      iUn  ii'.mc  »  ""ill"'/  ".in  ■  1*1 1  ii"l  m 

,,r  th«  c;«...i.< '']    .  '*„  f.,„K        ■   7  ......  •*  •         '  1  "•"'"I  -  t'liiiw... 

 .ti.       A    lit***'    h         l.....  .1..    1   HaJ      -  » -  *»>.  !»**.■». 1.  t-     («,...   M  l\. .)i.<* 


M,  lin- 
eal l»y  !...«« 
Il.t-  n  .t.l.orn  nl. 

.  „,  |„,  n.  1..  .  I>     ••»>,».„_   |A.  x  

,.,...k<-    .     •  i'«  i  "  •  *  ,.»,  n-.«.-»j 

.  Inn*  ' 

jltult 

.   .Hic-rr»  i"  ..l.„»...>t 

C„.U-I.  „  1  ani«k.|a>j'  Jl.i»->  .•»;'!  >■•'/      \  J-l  .!.«««. 

„ra.m"l    «'l",n  >l''  r'"""     ,„,!..  ,.).!..  ......I  •■■>:•  I  '"•>  k»  »  MlaaW^  fctaV. 

"     '      M..I..  il  IV1   n,rt     U  1  a  a..."  J  "i  int..  i»  i'  11....  «t  Ii  ..1.  ih.y 

I.X"    I  *.-|a«iy->«,|-  I'"'   „Jl  I      ..I   ..I.;  ...la-  «.!..  .a..l.;  .  .»« 

.    II.    >•"-     H«l»llataa<Pfqr.»   '  ,..„!,..  .lar  ttf  *  *fc  <»l  «•*  «»*  **-*)  l».fr  1  •>•  *• 

,    1  >,.|. ..rt  I.... a;  I,. .Ml.lla......  il...  .  aul.. 

Bnetety  "f  Vfcl»»»a»    »','?*.  r\„,,>-  T..I.-.  A„..  l...a,l,l,a»...  a.            ■ -I  -.  -  *H*  r 

a   ....    M-.a..«    S."...--'  •''     „•,;   -   ...Iln.  «•««■  •  ,    »;  "   "  «• 

1  t         4    *  "  .    .  I|l>'       t»i«-      1  '  ,    ,.,.,,..„        I   I  ll    I'  II  a        in  MM 

.|...1<.C<  -f  •»"•  .a. .........  V.B.IH'.    I  -J-H-  "   r  ,         ,u.    (...   .  -u.ll  *«.  .klk 

I  llaa 

»     "v; »         -   ■>. 


E.  Iii»«  I  •*-*•«» 
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.     .    I.iii ',  aa  I  M<  tL.  i  a.«ini.( 


.....  .....U.O  n......  I  .,  .v.  ••;  "••;;„,,  ,  „    «  U-w., 

S£&.^fi^r^  •-;-;-:::-::;i::.:.:r.n,,:;. 

'      '      a"  "I  '  '    .'    ,   J    "     %  -    1    *■  N» 

.alia  I" 


1^1  «'■'■  ■  ~JKT V»  t  art  .»  M™.  .  ,,„7 


JmRHi*m*  h"  lW*nrr..l».J  «    V«  ^         J,ilw  ^ 


tfATt  'Jt£ 


'"/nut  ii,    I  *&, 


it,,  ....  i ...  j i  •■  »ai  f*m  <•>««•«'«• 

A  «.iu<r.n  ...t..r=r,»..ntihr."..nnril.uttiiii 
|AI«.)«i  M»i  «M  I.MI.*1.". >»»Wl>"l" 
MM 

At  i11-.hn  S«.m|iiC^n<*nc*  ^^f^w 

forme*.  «■!  ntMidkiU-if  i..«*r'UlW<  «« 

Tm  A.hlfun  Crtlml  T'-rM  Lint.  I,i<  stirti-ol  «  r*iti»» 
to  Ihr  Av»CTiW»r^  ^  all  AMlfVMi  it(llii*  |?rvr«cw  l«  (< 


it~  »  l»w 

■MUM  *f  **..W«I»  MMki  '•tSMvi*  mm  MffM 


*  (I  

m  .i"„c  ... .«!  .cnl  jl.fY»*l.  fwolu  Att*-ru«.      l«"  •»•*»►  «.A»n=a^  t«mnM  >^  Mr.  It  H.  A-ik*.  K.Z.S.  j  a  Kfl 

fra.ii.ni  ik:  f.v-.iWr  (>l«nt  »i  M  lu-rrt  nf  lU  Alj*         •*  <foll.|  Cvnlmil  \  f*j>**n*  rat  #Cm**}  tr*m  Mil  Atactic*,  pj 

mtftSt  ralt-nr**-:-!.            in  •  fcw  »#wnlr  itee       !•  Hwtlur-  |()  \|,^  ||,rran  ;  «  While-niM  I  ftjt'r  mA 


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*36 


NA  TURE 


[June  1 1,  1885 


ANNIVERSARY  OF  THE  ROYAL 
GEOGRAPHICAL  SOCIETY 
'T'HE  Anniversary  Meeting  of  the  Royal  Geographical  Society 
■*■  was  held  in  the  theatre  of  London  University  on  Thurs- 
day, the  Right  Hon.  I-ord  Aberdarc,  F. R.S.,  President,  in  the 
chair.  In  his  address.  Lord  Aberdarc  referred  to  Mr.  Keltic's 
report  on  the  position  of  geographical  education  in  England  and 
on  the  Continent.  The  Report,  Lord  Aberdarc  stated,  contains 
statements  and  recommendations  of  the  highest  interest  and 
importance.  Of  the  state  of  geographical  education  in  Great 
Britain  Mr.  Keltic  draws  a  very  dismal  picture.  "There  is  no 
encouragement  to  give  the  subject  a  prominent  place  in  the 
school  curriculum  ;  no  provision,  except  at  elementary  normal 
schools,  for  the  training  of  teachers  in  the  facts  and  principles  of 
the  mbject,  and  in  the  best  methods  of  teaching  it  ;  no  induce- 
ment to  publishers  to  produce  maj)s,  globes,  pictures,  reliefs, 
or  other  apparatus  of  the  quality  and  in  the  variety  lo  lie  found 
on  the  Continent ;  while  our  ordinary  text  books  are,  as  a  rule, 
unskilful  compilations  by  men  who  have  no  special  knowledge 
of  their  subject."  This  neglect  is  attributed  to  the  "  exigencies 
of  examination."  Geography,  as  a  class-subject,  "docs  not 
nay."  It  is  not  recognised  at  the  Universities  by  cither  pro- 
fessorship or  readership  ;  it  docs  not  find  a  real  place  at  any  of 
their  examinations  ;  while  in  the  Army  and  Navy  examinations 
it  is  at  a  discount  ;  and  such  geography  as  is  given  is  of  a  very 
partial  character,  and  is  merely  left  to  crammers.  These  un- 
satisfactory statements  arc  justified  by  a  large  amount  of 
evidence.  In  striking  contrast  to  this  picture  is  that  which  Mr. 
Kcltie  presents  of  the  state  of  geographical  education  in 
Germany,  France,  Italy,  Switzerland,  and  several  other  countries 
of  Europe.  Germany,  as  might  be- expected,  takes  the  lead, 
and  doc-  its  work  most  thoroughly.  But  the  systematic  study 
of  geography  is  eVen  there  of  recent  creation.  It  prevails  in 
twelve  out  of  the  twenty-one  universities  of  Germany  ;  and 
nearly  all  the  twelve  existing  professorships  of  geography  have 
been  founded  within  the  last  twelve  year..  "The  ideal  aimed 
at,  and  being  rapidly  carried  out,  is  to  have  one  continuous 
course  of  g«-i ■graphical  instruction  from  the  youngest  school-year 
up  to  the  university."  And  Mr.  Keltic  deal*  with  these  ascend- 
ing conr-cs,  showing  in  detail  the  teaching  from  the  elementary 
to  the  higher  schools,  and  in  the  universities.  His  examples  of 
lessons  he  himself  heard  at  tone  of  these  schools  are  mist 
graphic,  and  suggest  their  high  value  in  any  course  of  intelligent 
education. 

Lord  Aberdarc  then  briefly  referred  to  the  conclusions  at  which 
Mr.  Kcltie  an  ives.  These,  he  stated,  are  clear,  sensible,  practical, 
Iwt  by  no  means  encouraging.  In  all  these  Euiopean  ccuntrics 
the  curriculum  is  defined  and  imposed  by  the  State,  which, 
keeping  the  purse-strings,  dictates  the  course  of  in  fraction. 
Except  over  our  elementary  schools,  the  State  in  this  country 
exercise*  no  such  |»wcr,  direct  or  indirect.  We  must  lie  content 
to  bring  the  force  of  public  opinion  to  bear  upon  our  schools 
and  universities  ;  fur  with  them,  and  especially  with  our  uni- 
versities, rests  the  solution  of  this  great  question.  Mr.  Keltic's 
Report  will  be  duly  considered  by  the  Council  ;  it  will  doubt  less 
be  published  ;  and  means,  Lord  Aberdarc  ventured  to  prophesy, 
will  be  taken  to  bring  home  to  our  educational  authorities,  with 
fresh  power  and  urgency,  the  necessity  for  not  allowing  Great 
Britain  to  lag  In-hind  our  political  and  commercial  rivals,  our 
rivals  in  human  culture,  in  the  systematic  study  of  geography. 
In  the  meantime,  during  the  course  of  the  autumn,  an  exhibition 
will  be  fi  rmed  of  the  results  of  Mr.  Keltic's  laliours  in  collecting 
specimens  of  the  best  text-books,  maps,  globes,  diagrams, 
modcU.  and  other  apparatus  used  in  teaching  the  various  branches 
oncography.  Th.s,  lone,  it  remains  for  me,  Lord  Aberdarc  said, 
only  lo  express  the  fervent  hope  that  this  latest  eff  rt  of  the 
Society  to  promote  the  studies  which  it  was  founded  to  extend, 
may  meet  with  a  large  measure  of  success  and  tend  to  lay  the 
basis  of  a  sound  and  thoroughly  national  system  of  instruction  in 
geography  in  all  its  branches,  physical,  political,  and  historical. 

Lord  Abenlare  then  gave  a  brief  rtmmt  of  exploring  work 
since  hi?  address  in  November  last.  He  specially  referred  to 
the  four  years'  explorations  in  Eastern  Tibet  of  the  Pundit 
Krishna,  and  to  the  geographical  work  done  in  connection  with 
the  Afghan  Boundary  Commission. 

The  preliminary  map  sent  home  by  Major  Iloldich  rectifies  in 
many  important  points  the  erroneous  topography  in  all  pre- 
existing maps,  and  gives  us  a  clear  idea  of  the  surface-conhgu- 
ratian  and  physical  condition  of  one  of  the  roost  interesting 
di»tnct«  in  Ontr.il  Asia. 


Further  east  the  indefatigable  Colonel  Prjevalsky  has  been 
recently  again  heard  of  from  the  centre  of  the  continent,  at 
Lob  Nor. 

In  and  around  the  Zhob  valley,  areas  of  about  5500  square 
miles  of  reconnaissance  on  the  J-inch  scale,  and  of  400  square 
miles  of  topography  in  the  J-inch  scale  are  reported  to  have 
been  completed  ;  thus  going  far  to  fill  in  a  reproachful  hiatus  in 
our  present  maps  of  Afghanistan.  The  ascent  of  certain  peaks 
in  the  Himalaya  by  a  member  of  the  Alpine  Club,  Mr.  W.  W. 
Graham,  an  account  of  which  was  read  by  him  at  one  of  the 
Society's  meetings  in  June  last,  has  attracted  considerable 
attention  in  India.  The  classical  lands  of  Asia  Minor  have 
again  this  year  been  the  subject  of  topographical  investigation 
In  the  winter  of  1 882-3  *  fURd  was  raised  by  public  subscription 
in  order  to  effect  explorations  that  might  throw  light  on  the 
antiquities  and  eirly  history  of  the  rcgi -n.  Mr.  W.  M.  Ramsay 
was  entrusted  with  the  execution  of  this  scheme,  and  travelled 
with  this  view,  May  to  October,  1883.  He  invited  a  scholar  of 
the  American  School  of  Athens,  Mr.  J.  R.  S.  Stencil,  to 
accompany  him  during  great  part  of  the  summer.  During  that 
year's  work  the  conviction  grew  ui»  that  no  adequate  study  of 
the  history  of  Asia  Minor  was  possible  till  the  ancient  topography 
was  belter  known  and  that  no  advance  in  the  study  of  the  anaent 
topography  could  lie  made  till  a  belter  map  of  the  country  had  been 
compiled.  It  was  therefore  found  necessary,  week  by  week,  to  pajr 
a  growing  attention  to  the  natural  features  of  the  country,  the 
natural  routes  of  communication,  and  the  natural  boundaries 
separating  district  from  district.  lx>rd  Aberdare  referred  to  the 
work  done  in  New  Guinea  by  Mr.  Van  Braatn  Morris,  Dutch 
Resident  at  Tidorc,  who  has  examined  this  part  of  the  coast,  and 
ascended  the  Amberno,  which  had  always  been  reported  by 
passing  navigators  on  account  of  its  numerous  supposed  mouths, 
to  be  a  large  river  with  an  extensive  delta,  and  to  the  journeys 
into  the  interior  of  the  Rev.  James  Chalmers.  Mr.  Chalmers 
has  visited  many  parts  of  this  coast  along  a  line  of  about  500 
miles,  and  penetrated,  at  various  places  further  inland,  by  land, 
than  any  other  European,  and  his  descriptions  of  the  country 
and  the  habits  of  the  vivacious,  excitable,  and  |»ugnacinu*  race 
of  savages  with  which  it  is  peopled,  merit  careful  attention  at 
the  present  time.  An  attempt  is  about  to  be  made  by  the  ex- 
perienced traveller  Mr.  H.  O.  Forbes  to  penetrate  to  the  summit 
of  the  ranges,  or  plateaux,  which  extend  along  the  centre  of  this 
part  of  the  great  island.  Since  he  left  England  on  this  arduous 
mission  some  weeks  ago  we  learn  that  the  Sydney  and  Mel- 
bourne branches  of  the  Geographical  Society  of  Australasia  have 
offered  to  contribute  to  the  expenses  of  this  expedition,  which  is 
supported  by  grants  by  our  Society,  the  Scottish  Geographical 
Society,  and  the  British  Association.  In  other  parts  of  Aus- 
tralasia the  chief  additions  to  our  knowledge  have  been  a  survey 
of  a  large  tract  of  new  country  in  Central  Queensland  by  Mr.  C. 
Winneckc,  and  the  exploration  of  the  King  Country  in  the 
northern  island  of  New  Zealand  by  Mr.  Kcrry-Nicholls,  of 
which  the  explorer  himself  gave  us  an  account  at  one  of  oux 
evening  meetings. 

In  Africa  1-ord  Abenlare  referred  to  the  work  done  by  Mr. 
H.  H.  Johnston  at  Kilimanjaro.  Since  then  the  brothers 
Denhardt,  who  had  previously  done  excellent  work  in  surveying 
the  course  of  the  River  Dana,  which  Hows  from  the  southern 
slopes  of  Mount  Kcnia,  have  left  again  f>r  East  Africa.  They 
have  been  commissioned,  as  we  arc  informed  by  the  German 
African  Society,  to  take  up  a  line  of  exploration  sirailir  to  that 
ado|Xcd  with  so  much  success  by  Mr.  Joseph  Thomson,  bat  to 
follow  it  much  further  to  the  north  than  Ibc  point  reached  by 
our  English  traveller,  namely,  to  the  reported  ureal  lake  Sam* 
buru,  north  of  I,ako  Bahringo.  Further  north  still  the  year  has 
witnessed  the  accomplishment  of  what  may  be  termed  <>nc  of  the 
most  interesting  and  difficult  feats  of  alt  recent  African  travel. 
This  is  the  journey  of  Messrs.  F.  L.  and  W.  I),  lame^  the 
authors  of  the  well-known  book  on  the  "  Wild  Tribes  of  the 
Soudan,"  who  with  three  English  companions,  Messrs.  G.  P.  V. 
Aylmer,  E.  Lort  Phillips,  and  J.  Godfrey  Thrupp,  organised  an 
expedition  and  started  last  December  to  cross  the  north-eastern 
angle  of  Africa  from  Bcrbera  to  Mogadoxo.  The  hostile  dis- 
position and  uncertain  temper  of  the  Somali  tribes  who  inhabit 
this  wide  region  have  hitherto  offered  invincible  obstacles  lo  its 
exploration  by  Europeans.  Mr.  James  and  hi>  party,  however, 
succeeded  in  i>cnetrating  400  miles  to  the  south,  as  far  as  Bam 
on  the  River  Wcbbe,  a  point  about  215  miles  distant  from 
Mogadoxo.  The  interior  was  found  to  be  a  plateau  of  an 
average  elevation  of  about  4000  feet. 


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Juni  ii,  1885J 


NA  TURE 


137 


With  regard  to  the  more  southerly  parts  of  Eastern  Africa, 
and  more  especially  the  region  between  the  Mozambique  coast 
ind  Lake  Nyassa,  our  knowledge  has  lately  increased  by  leaps 
tod  bounds.  The  increase  has  been  principally  due  to  the  sys- 
tematic explorations  of  Mr.  Consul  O'Neill.  The  general  remark 
may  be  permitted  that,  thanks  chiefly  to  Mr.  O  Neill,  we  now 
have  for  the  first  time  a  fairly  satisfactory  knowledge  of  a  region 
varied  in  its  physical  configuration,  well  watered,  and  fertile, 
which  has  hitherto  remained  a  bl.mk  on  our  maps,  notwith- 
standing the  occupation  of  the  coast  by  the  Portuguese  for  nearly 
focr  centuries. 

M.  Giraud  has  returned  this  spring  from  his  exploration  of 
Lake  Bangwcolo  and  its  outlet,  and  his  unsuccessful  attempt  to 
cross  Africa  by  way  of  the  Upper-Congo  ;  Mr.  A  mot  has  crossed 
from  Natal  to  the  Bihc  plateau  by  way  of  the  Upper  Zambesi ; 
Mr.  Montagu  Kerr  has  crossed  Matabclc-land  and  the  Zambesi, 
and  penetrated  by  a  new  route  to  the  south  western  shore  of 
Lake  Nyassa  ;  and  Mr.  Richards  has  reached  from  Inhambane 
the  southern  districts  of  Umzila's  kingdom.  In  Western  Africa 
further  additons  have  been  made  to  our  knowledge  of  the  Congo, 
chiefly  by  the  publication  of  Mr.  Stanley's  long-exptcied  book 
and  the  map*  which  accompany  it,  and  by  Messrs.  Grenfell  and 
Comlicr's  careful  survey  of  the  middle  course  of  the  Congo  and 
the  Bochini  tributary  to  the  junction  of  the  great  river  Kwango. 

The  members  of  the  French  Expedition  on  the  Ogowe  and  the 
northern  tributaries  of  the  Congo  have  also  l>ccn  doing  good 
work  in  the  survey  of  the  territories  newly  acquired  by  France. 

In  South  America  a  striking  feat  of  exploration  has  been  ac- 
complished since  my  last  address ;  the  sup|>osed  inaccessible 
summit  of  M  'unt  Koraima,  on  the  confines  of  British  Guiana  and 
Brizil,  was  re.iehed  in  December  last  by  Mr.  im  Thurn  and  his 
vi>mpanion,  Mr.  I'erkius,  accompanied  by  a  small  party  of 
Induru. 

In  conclusion  Lord  Abcrdare  gave  the  following  brief  sum- 
mary of  the  Admiralty  surveys  of  the  year  18S4,  for  which  he 
wis  indebted  to  the  hydrographcr,  CapL  Wharton,  R.N.  :  The 
i.-Titinuous  pmsccutions  of  marine  surveys  in  different  quarters 
•jf  the  glol>c  has  been  well  maintained  during  the  past  year.  The 
two  home-surveying  vessels  have  been  employed,  one  on  the 
west  and  the  other  on  the  cast  coast  of  Great  Britain.  On 
foreign  surveys  60  officers  and  500  men  have  been  employed  in 
fcmr  steam  ships  of  war  and  five  other  smaller  vessels.  These 
shi|j>  have  been  at  work  in  Newfoundland,  the  Bahama 
Islands,  Magellan  Straits,  South  Africa,  Red  Sea,  Malay 
Peninsula,  coasts  of  China  and  Korea,  north-west  toast 
«f  Australia,  and  amongst  the  Pacific  islands.  The  most 
important  additions  to  our  hydrographical  knowledge  arc 
is  follows:— The  survey  of  the  Little  Bahama  Bank  will  be 
Jjortly  finished,  and  the  same  may  be  said  of  the  southern  shore 
»f  Newfoundland.  The  survey  of  the  main  s'rait  of  Magellan, 
to  which  reference  was  made  in  the  last  address,  was  completed 
early  in  the  year.  Many  useful  additions  have  been  made  to 
pt-rts  and  salient  parts  of  the  coast  of  south-east  Africa.  In 
the  Red  Sea  the  intricate  approaches  to  Sawakin  have  been  well 
laid  down.  On  the  west  coast  of  the  Malay  Peninsula,  Penang 
harbour  has  been  re-surveyed  and  the  positions  of  the  idands 
lying  to  the  north- west  and  forming  the  eastern  boundary  of  the 
binary  route  of  vessels  to  Malacca  Strait  have  been  accurately 
determined.  The  unknown  western  shores  of  Korea,  south  of 
the  approach  to  Seoul,  for  two  degrees  of  latitude  have  been 
crplored,  and  the  main  features  of  this  island-studded  shore 
bid  down.  New  rivers  and  harbours  have  been  entered, 
ooubly,  the  large  river  Yeun-san-gang,  at  the  entrance  to 
•  hkh  stands  the  considerable  town  of  Mokfo.  There  appears, 
however,  to  be  little  chance  of  immediate  trade  with  Korea,  in 
consequence  of  the  absence  of  any  valuable  products  and  the 
•canty  needs  of  the  population.  The  southern  approach  to 
Hit! in  Strait  on  the  Chinese  coast,  much  used  by  British  trade, 
iu>  been  re-charted.  On  the  difficult  shores  of  Western  Australia 
«ch  progress  has  been  made  as  the  small  means  at  the  disposal 
<f  the  surveyor^  has  permitted.  In  the  Solomon  Islands  the 
frjcgainvillc  Strait  has  been  charted.  This  Channel  will  in  the 
ttrre  be  most  probably  a  highway  for  traffic  between  Eastern 
Australia  and  Japan.  Many  additions  have  been  also  made  to 
-he  charts  of  various  groups  of  other  Pacific  islands.  The  survey 
'■f  the  coasts  of  India  carried  on  by  officers  of  the  Royal  Navy 
tad  India  Marine  has  been  actively  progressing.  Surveys  of 
Rangoon,  Cheduha,  and  other  ports  in  the  Bay  of  Bengal,  as 
■ell  a-»  harbjurs  on  the  west  coast  of  Ilindostan,  have  been 
nsde.    A  re-survey  of  the  great  Canadian  lakes  has  been  com- 


menced in  Georgian  Bay,  where  trade  by  water  is  on  the 
increase. 

Lord  Aberdare  then  intimated  his  resignation  of  the  Presidency 
of  the  Society,  the  Marquis  of  Lome  having  been  elected  to 
succeed  him. 


PROF.  REYNOLDS  ON  THE  STEAM 
IN DIC A  TOR  1 

THE  object  of  this  paper  was  to  define  the  causes  and  extent  of 
the  disturbances  in  indicator  diagrams.  The  theory,  as 
given,  had  been  taught  for  several  years  in  Owens  College ;  but  the 
publication  had  l>ecn  deferred  to  enable  an  extensive  series  of  ex- 
periments to  be  made.  These  experiment*  had  now  been  carried 
out  by  Mr.  A.  W.  Brightmire,  Mud.  Inst.  C.E.,  late  Berkeley 
Fellow  in  Owens  College.  In  the  first  place  it  was  shown  that 
there  were  five  principal  causes  of  disturbance,  namely  :  the 
inertia  of  the  piston  of  the  indicator  and  its  attached  weights; 
the  friction  of  the  pencil  ou  the  paper,  and  its  attached 
mechanism  ;  varying  action  of  the  spring  ;  inertia  of  the  drum  ; 
friction  of  the  drum. 

The  effect  of  the  inertia  r>f  the  pencil  and  its  attached  mechan 
ism  presented  a  mathematical  problem,  by  the  solution  of  which 
it  was  shown  that  there  w  ere  two  disturbances  from  this  cause  : 
one,  a  general  enlargement  of  the  mean  indicated  pressure,  de- 
pending on  the  weight  of  the  moving  parts  of  the  indicator,  the 
stiffness  of  the  spring,  and  the  square  of  the  speed.  The  other 
disturbance  was  a  vibration  of  the  pencil.  Every  indicator  piston 
vibrated  when  disturbed,  so  that  the  period  of  vibration  depended 
on  the  stiffness  of  the  spring. 

The  error  which  these  oscillations  caused  in  the  area  of  the 
diagram  depended  on  their  magnitude,  and,  to  a  greater  extent, 
on  the  sinallness  of  the  number  in  a  revolution.  But  the  evil  of 
these  oscillations  was  not  so  much  an  effect  on  the  area  as  in  the 
disfigurement  and  the  confusion  they  produced  in  the  diagram. 
So  long  as  there  were  thirty  of  these  oscillations  in  a  cycle,  the 
necessary  fluid  friction  of  the  indicator  piston  would  so  far  reduce 
them  as  to  render  a  fair  diagram  possible,  but  when  the  number 
was  as  low  as  ten  it  was  all  the  pencil  could  do  to  prevent  them 
upsetting  the  diagram. 

The  friction  arising  from  the  pressure  of  the  pencil  always 
acted  t»  oppose  the  motion  of  the  pencil,  and  therefore  rendered 
it  too  large  during  expansion  and  exhaust  and  too  small  during 
compression  and  admission,  and  thus  the  general  effect  was  to 
increase  the  size  of  the  diagram.  This  friction  consisted  of  that 
of  the  pencil  on  the  paper  ;  and  that  of  the  mechanism,  caused 
by  sustaining  the  pressure  of  the  pencil.  The  effect  of  the 
friction  of  the  pencil  was  greatly  reduced  by  the  motion  of  the 
paper.  The  magnitude  of  these  effects  taken  together  on  the 
area  of  the  diagram  depended  on  the  construction  of  the  instru- 
ment and  on  pencil-pressure.  From  numerous  experiments  it 
would  appear  possible  to  make  a  difference  of  as  much  as  five 
per  cent,  in  a  locomotive  in  mid-ge.tr  by  pencil  friction. 

The  couclus'ons,  as  regarded  the  motion  of  the  pencil,  were 
that  the  general  effect  of  inertia  and  friction  were  both  to  increase 
the  size  of  the  diagram  ;  that  so  long  as  the  speeds  were  such 
that  the  number  of  vibrations  of  the  pencil  during  .1  revolution  of 
the  engine  was  not  greater  than  fifteen,  the  effect  of  inertia  was  less 
than  one  per  cent.,  but  that,  if  the  number  was  greater  than  thirty, 
oscillations  would  show  themselves  unless  the  pencil-friction  was 
increased.  They  might,  by  this,  Ik-  kept  down  till  die  numlier 
of  vibrations  was  equal  to  fifteen,  but  not  farther,  and  then  the 
necessary  friction  would  affect  the  area  of  the  diagram  aboat  five 
per  cent.  For  the  diagrams  to  lie  sensibly  accurate,  and  free 
from  oscillation,  the  speeds  must  not  1*  greater  than  would  make 
the  number  of  vibrations  equal  to  thirty.  These  s|>ccds  were 
given  in  the  paper  for  Richards'  indicators. 

The  effect  of  the  inertia  of  the  drum  with  an  clastic  cord  was 
shown  to  be  a  nearly  uniform  elongation  of  the  diagram.  The 
result  of  the  varying  stiffness  of  the  drum  spring  was  a  nearly 
uniform  contraction.  With  Richards'  indicator  these  two  latter 
disturbances  neutralized  each  other  at  a  speed  c-f  150  revolutions 
per  minute.  At  other  speeds  the  effects  were  apparent  in  the 
length  of  the  diagram  ;  but,  except  when  the  expansion  was  great 
and  the  connecting  rod  short,  they  did  m  t  affect  the  indicated 
pressure.  The  friction  of  the  drum  w  ith  an  elastic  cord  caused 
the  cord  to  be  longer  during  the  forward  stroke  than  during  the 
*  A  Paper  read  a<  «he  Institution  of  Civil  Kngineer*.  May  i<*.  "On  the 
Theory  o>  <he  Inditat.r  and  (he  Knurs  in  Indicator  Di*gram«,"  by  Prut 
Osborne  Reynold*  K.R.S. 


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t\t  J-i.|  JilT«r<n.c  i.f  >ln.iiliii^  w».  tn  tiukl  ik..  .Inl.rmc* 

in  ukk  .  i  i-trttr. ,  r  iIk-  :«mC.|i.4  tb,  ^j,,,  r,„.  i..m«hmm 

««  ihl*  nk»i  in  .liMiiiiJka);  ifi*'  rrr-tn  Hife-jin!  um  mn 
P*  ■  I  ^K.■^».l!l^v  ivi.it-  ..n  at  ,.m  .imritt  U  mi. 

•  |fr  rftn,  ,  H,  „  w„  Un*iiy  «m/ir  k»un-  (J  fc.t  iii-Ao.  i 
amine  -H  M  ukc  UmiX,  jo      w.u  t  (tk|  n„  vAwwiwAti. 

IO  IMf  I  Oil 

tbM  H«|M  Wit*  W  ill*  ....'!-..  u-itib.  •!.  J  .  ..11  I  i»^  ! 
OLcatn.l  In  .WiB-uy  llir  MM*4n%  IliiWc^,  IhU 

IO  In  *i  |-i  tvW.  hu  4iili  unU  *.M|  f.<i  i(t|(<ili  >n  Vil  i 
■lM  <WM  n*1  .ii  kfMwbM*  .  i.-Ihhi,-.  fej       t,  j.i.  H, .  I. 

In  .literal*,  til  ,r,i,     ..„;,n  ,  ,t  hi^h  ||„  juIkk.-i.^  in«  : 

■  ffllil  .  Ml  l^-  („|  ^fl^i  |„  tr^u  .,!.    ||  MraiM  tbuM.  a  «pCt»M  | 

■MltM  Uf  il.t  nl,  ant  -l«  fifa  ^ilt.iw.tilfcHk...  a-liirt<  I 

1  immi,  il  M.M«..iMni4ik  Un.l  Im  ilir  rvjiin.  .u  l-nr, 
all..*,  it,-  (.  i  A.tn,  mm  ibMMC  (kc  Uim  i*|uji*>hi  lint  M  ike  I 
Ucim  lln.  j|.kii«m  it-v  hi  |hr  ;«s\v  uf  i  «f  aim  in  «i.  r*M.tly  | 
wk.4  witntl  IMh  •*  It*  i|'|UK'lit  cnl-iill  mi  iuMtulv.  fmil  ilil- 
Wj.tkc  t.- n|i  .-J  tli-  Mjcct  ital  fia,l  km  01M-%1br.il.  tlw  «Nlk»  ' 
li-t  .  1  .  ,J  .lUi-inw.,  anJ  I  Mill  tlul  «f<r  (UflYtlwiii  |I|l  | 
ClIUlMMti  lint  v'lw  i»a  wry  iI.im;  In  thr  iwr  vtihv. 

la  nut  li;  llirn  mm^ui.c  tlx  rviJbniltnii  nf   innlhr*  I 
ivi'.ww  .4  .Iii£ti«t.  iMaamw  ip\  aunt     Wkm  itir  !»»» <li>i:n«l 
wrrc  cr.Vi  l  uli  lln  un>    ru.l,  ilioi  w»*    inMitinK.  1  n  ml  •■! 
♦jttiMi'r;  al.«ii  ihm,  m  tintlii^  <>**  ib»  fin-illna*  vb^KT  I 
«  ib«  K.  ^  tv^»  „n  Mv  ,,,,,,  .lii^r,,,,      1 1,„  ||u-  hhIimi  i'- 
till.*)- 1  |a  pta  MtliM  h|  tlx  JTmM  tV  mnl  (mt  tbr  '*rk  | 

Matpui  m  1.  |kAB  Um  (,if  tbr  *n»m.     Whrn  thn  Mil  it»  1 

C*<  thi  irl  Kkvl.np'i\  .4  Ikecit-t  *»rtc  ik*n  ■  i»  lH  Tlnw 
ol*Krraii*.|,t  m«i«  Ulitinlel  in  1  .|ii.;i.nr.  Ifim  "  K*Uil.U' 
Ir.lu*  ,t  '    V«i  tlib  4u4i>ain  a  liwcin:  ■■*»  ukm,  »»■! 


II.  I. 


fc*«jk.  ««|iIm  imtmttnimm  <^ A  i„  „ 

«  A  <ff  J  tkx.  ■■RWllllTlg  Ik,  aHM.e.„  ZT**1T 
«|MMIM  l-nr  .,f  ,l.r  Ufk  *mjm  *Z       *lnt  £ 

.IUCI.H.  Unmt  «.,(„.  „„,.  ^^"J  , 

«<it&4&  U.^^u'Irr, 

.»«,.«<v,„.  .i  ,i     IV  !  „„..,i,;^',,li 

.... «v>ti «, . „.,     ...  u.  „  „.,„',j  , , 


n/£  vtsir.ttiitx  «i  riti  Ann/ 

J-lii  ,...,..,,.».<,.„  Ha^iMMmui  k  ..|«.o,m, 

.Uj  kw.  »»™.  in  ,,.,c  u  ,w,  „„,  ' 
mm  »<MMtan,  >.«Mi,«„.t..„m,.(,.,^  ^7/2 

na  I  In.  .  .fe  K.|K«l„f.i»  A.u  •...i„i.|i.,1»j ...  .!,,  ilJ; 

...  .ii  ...  utum ,(.,,  „  .*«..!,,.  ,,jt  i,CT";t. 

|.wt.  ..I  llr  i  *wr.4i.«|  I.  m  c.»l.ihlilil..»  ffl 

™    I.M  bo.  um  .«« i,.,  i„„.  i  „,„  yns 

.1-  ..41,™,..,..       «rt  „  .ill,  !hr  „„.„  ^ 

.I  j.M.a.  .UrKiu,t.  ...  ,„„.„„,,„,/  ,.,  .4   ,  „      ,  ""L^ 

MlWh  Ikr  kll  |«  in  U>«.l..  „f  aj„,  |„„ 

.»..,  .  m  4.  ,h.  ..j.,,.  n,,.Ws„, 

>.  ,.  .l„  ,..„:„„  .j  .|  IUn,.: 

 Iw  <4Ui.,,n-y  .„,„,„.  I  J  „„ 

|..,...r.,l,i,,  .fc,»r.Um  ..n  til,  ,|T„„„  ..«vo.,»  J  .i^S 

..el..„,»..l.  n  ...  ..Jluu,,.  i,  WW,  iv  .|.r~.n  uf  n.,,,,^ 
Ill,  .»,  MM  I  |.„.    |„  ,4,  ™ 

r**^?  •'<(  .«  .Uw  Si 

<™r,br  .,..«„!,  ,1..   I.i. u.«.*  m«mi«m...  l™ 

■'   «*  I.*-"  i  ii'.  r;^ 

s  f*s  •,  Ss*.*; "  r.  wtsaiMi . 

>.,.....      ... 4..M.,4^r^;'^2. * 

i-^-rrs  ^,.:r::l",!:;-1 

"  ■».  ••  |l«.-  «(..  ,' 

WW  ...  IHc  -Urn*.,,  ,«l  ,1,,.*,,,.  ,  ?*?  I"0l>  <•»«*  4 

./ ,  „_  ,|,„ ".j.,  " "'  *•?  m»W*H»i  «ii 

.J.«.nr.,.lt  d.^,  ,»„7  '^**;'-  •  

Si  S  .  ,w  n,~,?,,2.Ll,-vi "-^-g 


im..  ~f  lna.li  ,he  «.,|_ii  „  .  1-1  lU"'  *>*  >~ 
iMMIal  .hlnn  ^..i;  ,." J"  .'""..<'«|l.  ly  ,.rim  1/ 

.  .1.  M.1 .1  JS, it  .iT .  "  g""N  •  mS 

...  lite  trtA.ti.oue, 


Digitized  by  Googl 


»«f  tto  ciate  cuv»m(-jl.u  Mar*  h*»* 
6Ut  rn  ict  to  Ninwx  rc*olu?nras  of  ihc 
iti  ►inud'r  iKi->t.K.rtf  *  i     f  . 

U»  k#  the  UoiV  MOvUm  Hlft  It  b  thti* 
*tt*t  <A  iei«mte  ot^co.iiivtik  can  be  »l» 
■  mw,  I  potaf  «f  •jieviil  btipurtanra  in 
TW  nulfiv  of  nccr>*Jvc  luirrval-  of  tli* 

k>*»  IrUfj  I  Ml  JltUAf*  f  f  -J-h  '  :  -i 

M»e  (riulMltiftk.     J  tl  •>  (it  *\cry  irntb 

he  enm  uf  c4tcf>*rjua.  T*h#  it:ittn-,  i 
im  ol  \ht  v«i'fc  <jillrm*twr.  tha  av«-j.*r<e 
.iMg  l*to  tonud  ibroagh  Tb*  ••(>• 

nmpoUr  Mm  kj*c  ai*a  tx«n    1  - 
thf  tqitttita  «f  new)  mm  ravulutwfi*  of 
•« rr«,  |N«r  rr*t>»  bring  wry  •.\i:«f*n.irY 
M  '  «(«f  mt;r  mrirr.  al*>>  wrr--  *  *a  1.1:1. 
It  tuI<inMor  on  March  *7  *n»i  f  II'  wit»^ 
jI*  IvMff  mnnurfJ  1-ir  to  '•         1  m  <n 
MM  lium  •  t    tu  lif.     Tl.^  .j'.  >fu-r«  i*  , 
it  *at  in  lh«  ifi'liviflast  ».r.'W-,  »!  \  h 
Im  tlMc  liTJ.  Uwm#thr*f  nf  ii*ma  lb*n»  I 
wi<  !*ifie  In  <ttrfct»>n«  fTur  ifc* 

lit' tniirrtj- «lt«KiitAl«->  tti*trt>*<i  fern 
ttir^  cnur*    Mbuh  ire  |  r-.'-jt  ||  ca-ua! 
i  A>  t»:t  ruvt<!  o"  oj  it  ,m>  ' 

(Hun  <il»»rviinnt  in  the  f"  >  "■  '  *** 
n,  noon,    ftUm-u.  «w   J^r.  tn  -  n-»l 

fr^n  aw.rL.n*  c+tdHjtfe-.  m  h  'i  r  v» 
»'»*•.    A^nol  jV)  »!if.  liiLr  U*«I) 

Lino;  Gmwn«jcb  Cu«ivae  «f  t 
a-  .  .  <n.  •  ■  ■  »v  |v«v*«Mc      It  I*   I  ' 

t.T.  '  ■   .     kfltl>  I 

(impff-1  io  |.         ilcn  Vtl'  • 

unl  f»t*l'^t/-  of  »i  !»•■'*-  .  r  - t  -t»  i^«4 


irnt  4)MH  t**c  IMHtlNn  "1  iiV'.' 
WJ»  »»  thr  !««{•«  I  til*  art  In*  l*^>- 


5J-> 


nftUn  *i^nititl>  tncl<*  Ir-I* 

•in  ibt  m  tir        it  r.  "<       l  "  i 

Uninn  t.i.K^*»t.«n«  «it  -<=!■  t»  ■ 

1 

rttM^ ivxi  ill"  i     ■        *  *r 

tbt*  -li^  mUn ,  M  iHMh  tMM  ! 

<■  Meth  •!  -V  in.  o  ..I  1' 

■inn  ■luil»if  iKc  In.t  i«  •  jrut*  • 

■»C»m  i^ji'^il  M0t     1         *H  u"4 

*MJ  /lib*        >c^-   •»,   Sci4.  ri. 

■ 

•  hul.  i.    •  ...    it     u;t     ' '  -  ■      '  ' 

■ 

ahilil  IV  Htt*M  1 

.L  ima  fr-m  *h.  k  l<  

|..,l„,„.«..fi...M„.  !>..J-lt.  -  ■« 
r.<.  Iu«        IwmUSMi  "  ' 
~.miK  »r.l       ••»  .•'■«■  1 
f*l  kihIi'i  , 

H ..im,.         •  '  •       ..  ■ 

.«*<^|  Ir.o.  wk«P«H  *  J"  ™  J  U 
ib.../,l.(?..  -M1( ^1,„. 


•>l>v<rv*'l'-n*        tft&|  «!n4*iSi«lU  tfcoxscbwtl  tftr  wtl.ilrctlf* 

Of  fcfllttl  Jr-1*0.-»- 

Tlx  I I  f'  '  tl«  rnLuiiudr  fr»m  thr  dpjMHlMI  it 

IS**  «■  5*  tl  Ji  'tl.  -MTmnc-inhr  In-  O  Ol  (twi  tat  lutrnol 
tl'ut  i  IM  "«  rr..-i.  ii  i  .  thx  ts.\.Ju  ut<ij|-4iiy  •  f  th»  «<ll|rtit 
I.  »  o  -571  »4  Mbi  I Unve  Usmtt*  At  n*alu  ttnw  tbc 

|(tnv!i<  Lo^sr  lj'tv         fm  •«!''*  (  «rcv!i(«a|  m 

-  cs  "j  m  k  V  m  I  *  v      a  l>t^it<iJe  A*  ik,5«t.t«l  tot 

. 

_t.  jijMkti  —Tin-  •  ! »         «»  witli  ri.i  iinmnanr  hot-luts 

- 

■■ 


In<  t«.ttt  j<cd  Im 


Tl 


mn  ib*  frinii'l  4-:nn»ragc*l 
t  .  .  a'l.'W  l\m:  t  t  .1  o.-»rr»l  a*c«f 

II 


■  ' 

■ 


■*  iIk 

1 


5] 


.v.  rrt  'A'/z 


•o9 


140 


NA  TURK 


[June  If,  i 


Jupiter'*  nlrlliir*,  h*«r  breu  tt\utm*\  in  ihe  lareUe  oisnlSa 
tni-nv,  l?Hl  M  iv  la.  an-l  the  ul*m»tita>  hire  .'I  .  -i  oim 
pfnetf  rrdncof  I  •  tbr  c»l  nf  HI*.  Cuoc  (s|  |M«  hi*  been 
c*wi»f1  «i  f.it«  tile***,  llit  l-a-arll  red ni ik  M  0M«  th?  other 
tiuar-rcil*  MM  cni^.-ifl,  Ml  »>«ee  MMMMl  v**  -t >t«*vr*  lid 
piii.n-  inf-  '#  -1  ti'.V-  vi(^  irl  it  a  l"*V  nt,<nl*f  >d  ot. 
wrtviMK  iV  lfi»f Mimry  tV  aaAjc-  of  |*%  of  thf  vn«  In 
diffrice*  pirn  nf  rfcc  belt  M  %w*  hirr  h  *en  midr  *nh  the  Any 
ilvil'le-iinicj  aiirr.molri  inrujrr  »>1  nt  irnr  MMMMMfe »' 
Sltvm  4TfUbMiil. 

Mf  -  -it* -i  McMMM  "f  of  tht  uU'llar*  of  Saturn  lin- 

I      '   '  -     ■       ii  ■  I.-  "O  »i\vm  nyhl»  wiii  ihr  lj-tll 

mmM 

Spvlrtu.*,.  rf/ /*t  V<-,***+"  fV-j<-n-jftr.v»<.  —  !W  *.<lir  pni- 
laautiiiH  hiff  ii  ..'..en  -I  villi  (fee  haJf-prttn  ni-^f 
«i  unit  I'M.)  >|jf  v  tfH  (tin*  yujifr..  fnltt.tlo**  haattiC  feewd 
wty  MMMb  -4i  tw-  it*g  i>  »•>••,•"  a^inwil  •lunni;  ihclwa^  urn 
llnael  miiint  n  nf  -  •  >  -,. 

F>>r  lUr  iltWiiiimitnip  <*  notion  t  .■/  mir*  in  the  fefc  »f  *irta, 
jAo  «irA>itf<*>  i.-.i*  Im*.  mi  l*  .1  'i.  tin  I--  ti---'(  nf  V  uue 
t»  the  »j.x:n  .if  «J  .Mr.,  in  I  7 j  nv  i.#r, .  id  thr  f  t.«r.  «t  14 
»  «rs  bewdr.  MMM  nf  lb-  -l^di.  .if  the  *  4*1  F  Ma 

«*  tbt  Mtiif ■  uf  tlu  €%*t  aad       iiinfn  id  liiniict.  anl  ■<[  the 

•ram  irk,  *fv4  m>.t  nf  ik*»  t«c  *d  Muni,  -ml  c  •n|<ii  .-hi.  «>ii!i 
liar*  m  it*  -^mirr.  ul  lb*  {MM*  or      ube  *ly.  trattk  «  th* 

wtqmktmjrf*  ub.rrv.viitM  ,4  nr^HtMii  ■»  <i  ii« 

bllT«nnrj  MiMalliA.  Ji  a  rfirrlt  ..n  ifcr-  |yir-'j|  muinty  of 
Ihc  rmilt.  «tir  m  «i«i^  |"Sw  ol-.tvjh.  h.  .it  ilu  U+ 
t«cm  nmnih*  Crndfr*  I  ha  thing?  m  ihc-  MnekM  nf  •iunik, 
•likfc  WR  *|<|«Mf»  In  ipjiMiihinx  ibc  win  li  llw  t»j 
trf  aIkui   *>  mjff.   a  (  itirtr  t>  rrnri  -bftculi* 

m  llir  tt-r  ,.t  A  |K.nt*n  nr  vMifrMvr*  f  *  ladkintfi  l.ilh 
UK  liroul  Ihip  n  tli*  tt.ir  *  IpUtmm  «»J  lb*  Mm**  Un^\n 
o*fnpinv«  luu-.  Mi  Mj«»Ici  »•*  m^.  -id  ilic  u.»  .»f  a  wi- 
Mm*vr<im  mm  An  4w|l,V  mi  ^  |*iiKii<W  I  *  ll|n<  ^> 
•cr«|on»,  Ml  IW  I'liiilivl  In.  .«  Ilr  Imt  t»-  r,v  r  *  >n 
twcirmi .>jtc  ..r  tli*  thfm|  t'mrntlf  flloTViloi/,  iq  «M|n 
Ikai  the  .kcil.iiily  -il  hn  I  .  >n  ..l  ttiviu.wm  at%y  liM-.-et  (  no 
■Mfmilf  is  of^rrU.41*  ifl  Ua>l<  «V«MIPHMW  M  ff  '  ' 
lV  |irv*«w  ton* 

In  rih  tnttw  MNlto  m.liii^  iti*i  ||#jf  w  (>h)t.^;rj|rt»  ul  ihc 
Will  hay  hern  rjlun  171  i|r»,  «f  ihcv  «ji  |uM  l«xn 
(ckvinl  I  n  |ir---*»ili  .n,  H*-  nv^wl  l.tlnj  mil  n  .<ru|iliic  a- 
twaal.  ^hic  iniilv  |»  |3u-  .*  ..vvml  ihy.  Itnn;  Kit  pfhjj 
mrnt  ..f  tilC  ct-lrirn.nl  .i(|ht  Hc  a«>|iti'4-n  «<*  lh«  ««M(uluy 
•niHnilr-t.  j-jI  fin  liM  t  inlnrc  i-r  I'm  -aj.jilv  «  .1  v  i.ht.-<  in 
J«ry  lw  dtrin;  lU.  .•n*n,f.il  Ht.  MinnliT.  *  I  Vr.-'urf.  .til> 
lwi<  Aij*  ui  wtnh  ih»  um'.  Jidt  mt  nli.iwJ  In  h»  fry*  r.  <N> 
•Jim 

The  mm    |i  ttnl  ir»l  nf  ihc  •  10  «4i  1'1-hfty  lr-«  III  |«| 

dun  i .  llfji  .1  Atiitiy  t/tmm  liaa  in  ivli.  win  ttlrc  nr.»lc 
in  Itti*  ^  .tr.l  i  (liftn  t»T\<)^>  a*  otiiiMic-1  with  isxj.  n»l  • 
•lifh«  l-»«tf  .nf  i»  oni.nitc-1  *j|lt|  IWJ.    It  a  ql-1  1  .il 

IW>  mit^n-iR  linh  of  .afii|>*.»  hbl  IiuiIa-  >»..bii  I  1> -it  \Ur 
rtfi-4  t*S\  nf  Lw^in&rt^  ul 

l  or  < he  Y<tr  iHV|  <;>rt-*«<\  rJi<ifM>i«yyi«  «•«  »ml.il«V  f..r 
mta^iicatot  m  atj  •l<y^l  ml  I*  Ion  |ih  4v^t*\*l-  *!i*»c  n|i  th»- 
in  *.l*  i*ri*M  on  1  \  »  4tMr<h  n..'.in£  .1  loiu  <a  ;n  .dr-  -*it 
nf  _jtr, -n  «hiiS  ljhiai%|fliw»  kit-  Mtf*.  Mt*tM«A.  In 
lbs  nr  njajg  ■!  .tit.  ua.  |^  Ht^i  r.r>vMWKii  -  t.--  :ii 
•fir*.  *m*^iiicnic  1  h>  |«.h*k  ['ii.ro,jr.i|ih«  nx-.-iw!  hoio  ihc 
$U*t  L'o>.tiiiH*v  uii  I  j)  ilava. 

.I/',*wa>'.  AflwVll-tllWfl  — fltr  fnllnifinf  i-r  tlia  (till  t|'*' 
rtr«ih*  f.tf  w  i>nttK  cicMct<.  (r  iHM  - — 


itrr.litiaii-41,  hnrjnr«'«l  f.u«,  a*>l  vertical  force  bav« 
iu*m«I  hy   lh«  *>i|k«I  uf  tufoutnit   jnal)\i.(  ih«  |t4B- 
r«pu'  ihmi  for  the**  itw-|i.iliuc.  brine  r^ajin^l  (ur  much  9 
aail  ftir  ihv  tr.w  with  nry nmcnu  rx|ir««a*i in  4|vwc«it  iuim 
U  «vll  n  im  n.  .r.  •..in  Ifilif 

.l/W.v.Voc*  j.'  *Vimtma.>#i.  — Tlic  miaa  trtiticrat«rr 
V««  IHI*  w.i«  5i>  J,  h-mc  l  -4  hyhrr  ihu  the  txtrtge 
IxMt  4j  yejr*.    Ihr  k^ltf-t!  j|r  tc  MnMM    m  th*  «tinda» 
114  l   M  Aug.   II,  an. I  ih«-  l*w:-t  24'  5,  i,n  N^r 
mean  ■•■nthly  traiprmuir  «i»  n\*srt  th*  .n^i Jlit.  ../-..j 
Ihr  ttnmh.*/  A1.1l.  Jmif.  Oei.  a*l  X<w.  ^' 
Tht  l»«-ill  mmimi  of  l»r  ait  j«  1         |  g|  j)^  . 

IkIiu  1  •y*-««f«»;ai  ihanihe  tttttgr^  ih«  ta«i  17  yWB 
!  ok  t»itiiin  t,„Jr,  nn  Im.  /j.  m,|  it* 

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CONTENTS 

The  D*r«rm  Mceautial  

CUuta  "  BUm*rit*tr  Tf  U  HtX-k  of  Zoology"  ,  , 
Clifford*  Enact  Sclrncr«.     Wt    Prof    V   O  T»n 
Oil*  Hnnh  Slietfi— 

Oin-'y  •     Ni-i  «  'Min-fMil  I  I  iru    M.  ;  l'i  ■  ;     ,  . 
LtHi»n  «»  lire  Editor  ■— 

iVjIm  Afc*r-lni»c>.-.  at*)  l.i;iJidiK  —  A.  S.  Davit  . 
A  l,»*:ii'|««  I  tWiltf  Siratk* ■  try .  -  R    L«wi«  Sturlc* 
tr*nl  ,.».,..,.  ,  . 

Ob»«rv»lioi>«  of  ih^  Tf»T>ptTitufc  of  the  Sea  and 
Air,  in  1-1*  duniiiT  *  V..Vj,;e  frnm  (.  -..-umJ  1o  the 
Kiwi  Plille    in   th«  a  a.  "  l.oibmii.      1. y  J.  Y. 
Borhanan  .........,.,..», 

Thr  Rrv.  T  W.  W**b     I.,  O   P  Chaanbar.  .   .  . 

Th«  Pi«trivait>ti  uf  Niagara    |  Wu»t*  jv,(/|  

Koret  .  .  . 

AairoAO'tiical    Ptienratnma    for  VtfMl  iMj. 

June  1  (  Jii 

Qeocraphical  Malta  t 

Acnivcrtaiy  <*-J  ttie  Royal  G«4<r apb.u al  Sot iely  .  , 
pr»l  Rcvtiv.'.Jt  on  the  Siearat  Indicator     I  f  Prol 

OlN'Tni  R»ryrol,K.  K  R  S  ... 
The  Viaitniofl  of        Royal  Obacrvatory.  Ore*n. 

wich  

ViVlftflXtlflB  

UfiivcrtMy  aa>d  Edncaiiorial  Iraut»(«aic* 
Socicl>e«  ar.d  Academics  .  ,  . 

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nu>  &  1'n.  r.><  ibalr  ><-tii  ('■•*|»i  Tie-  UiUi*^  l.<t«Mim  u 
C'itklintiwl*  I^*^t%*.  •ri-.V**..!  P.**!*.  af*l  *l  llufc  L«Mh*ll»Tt|'L-.||v. 
l.rAI>»:MtAtl  II  ■•*>«-        I.MMt.NHAU.  HlftlCt.  C-C 

SECOND  EDITION. 

GRIFFINS 

CHEMICAL  HANDICRAFT. 

A  CATALOGUE  OF  CHEMICAL  APPARATUS. 

ILUKtMIII'.   l't.»««ll  Ilk    I'l  >i  Kir  I  |«  I 

I  lnt.|  fv>i        |f*  .  I   .  "  .      1  -  K-  I.***  W.,,4  ■ 

.I/!*./  C*~/iS.r.  ■m  l  <-*.»/*it  tiu>  .» 
IOIIN  I.  <;.•  Il  l  IN  av.  -.ia~.  u,CiH*nicK  KTVKt, 

I  1  'MH  IN",  IV  «'. 

C.  D.  AHBENS* 

PKISM  WOKKER  At.ll  PHACTICAL  OPTICIAN, 

jft,  r;ltF..\T  UTS.sEI.1.  sTftriiT,  MiXIn-N.  W.C. 

SMtt&tt  y"rice  -srti- .Vnt  AIM**  ^->  ~. 

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Messrs.  MACMILLAN  &,  CO.S  NEW  BOOKS. 

v>w  kkaiiv.  mm  Tii-ifiANi" 
TEXT   HOOK   o  P  GEOLOGY, 


Will,  i 


ARrinitAi.n  CSBtKMC,  ni\ 


Mlukl'I.V. 

C  L  A  S  S    H  ( )  ()  K    <>  F    G  Is  O  I.  O  G  Y 

IOK  lilt   I'SKIF  COLLEGES  AND  S-CIIOOLS. 

Id 

ARniitiM  ii  UE1CIK,  r.k.s., 

llimlf,  -^n.tl.j  il„  Wj  .'/«(  ;wj  A'ji^fea. 

I Bin. 

nv  rm  AL'Tiiok, 

PRIM  E  K    0  F   G  K  O  L  o  c;  V. 

MM  toMmnHhrtMhM   Hm trt MiwiiigWi  Buhl Mnii«i  (t,f««v/v*«,.,i 

P  S I  M  ER     OK     PHYSICAL    G  E  O  C  R  A  I'll 
LYRICAL  POEMS,    n.v  Alfred.  Lokd  Tknnvmw.  Selected 

_     ....  N,a  ""'"i  W  ll'ttlV  a.  A  nun  r,  ilk 

FRANCIS  BACON!  an  Account  of  His  Life  and  Works    is,  PnJ 

_  »  MAV  In  ink  l>V  I  kol  ISm  ■[< 

C.WlUl.i:.    I'LH^ON  ALLY    AM*   IN    Ills  WRJTINUS 
LECTUREM  (i.\  SOME  RECENT  ADVANCES  IN  Piiyshm 

scum  i    «rM  ,         i«nm  ,„  »•„,.   it,  |.,  tt  nn.  m  , .   ,,  „,  N 

FORENSIC  FACT*  AND  FALLACIES:  a  Popular  roi.M.I, 

_„""•*  '  •  .■II' ...I    ,..|  l  „,..,l.*.    It,  sV  I1M.V  I. .  Wll  .1.1  A  Us,  IIhihi,,  ,.  iajW»r«.    a.  4.1  "'U 

LESSONS  IN    ELEMENTARY   PLIYSlOLOUY      Bi    iu„«  . 

Ill  VltV.l.l.li.l-KS.    lir.,-,1  I  ItalM     *  •        1  ""-''As 

BITPPLEMENT  TO  EUCLID  AND  Ills  MODERN  RIVALS 

til  Mil  >M        •!•  .~i\,  M  1  ,  s  ,  .-.    :,,  I  I,      M    ...  ...     ,1   I     .,        ,f  ,  ,  ,      ,     „,,  ,?• 

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T  II  B     E  X  <;  L  I  S  II     C  I  T  I  Z  E  X     s  |.  |{  |  i;  a 

VMt4  lf  111  SkV  tll.Mk.  M  A  in.  ,.  .  I  I  |<  ,i.l«.c,,.|.  \,„,,-,i 
JUSTICE  AND  POLICE.     II,  R  W.  Mmmam.    itown  8,o.    t..  U. 

DICKENS'S    DICTIONARIES  lfiftc 

DICKENS'S  DICTIONARY  OF  THK  UNIVKKSITV  op  oxf.ihii 
DICKENS  S  DICTIONARY  OK  TriK  UNIVERSITY  OK  CAMBRIDGE 


In  iSbii,  JOJ*f  <**.-..  ...  ...  rxn 

DICKENS'S  DICTIONARY  OF  LONDON 
DICKENS  S  DICTIONARY  OF  I'Ak'IS. 
DICKENiS  DICTION. RY  OF  THE  THAMES. 
DICKENS'S  CONTINENTAL  ABC  RAILWAY  GUIDE 


MACMILLAN  AND  CO.,  LONUON. 


Digitize< 


A'.  i  TtTXM 


>l»ii 


WORKS    BY    THOMAS   HENRY  HUXLEY,  LL.D. 

I'RISltiKNT  f  •  V   NIK  JLOVAi   *  "  1ETV.  *<■. 

ifONS.  ADDRESSES,  AX1>  REVIEWS,  Sfi*t*h  BdUm  xm 
3LECTED  FROM    LAV  SERMONS.  ADDKi-ssi-s.  &-  KIANlAVs 

t.     <_'rown  Svi     l*.  ** 

AM)  Cll.ril  RIC,  ANDorilKK  ESSAYS.    Demytra    ia,  «,/ 
S   AND  ADDRESSES     8vo.  ic 

>I    AI)I)Ki:ssi:s,    WITH  A  UXIIKE  ON  THE  STUDY  OF 

ivu.       «",..  I~>.S. 

•A  I*  I  I  Y.     .\n    Introduction  to  tin   Scurfy  of  Nature.    With  fiJuwwl 

hI.-ui..        N'i'W  .in- 1  *_'ll.'.»|t«*r   Ki  111  >'••'.      CMWH  >■  .. 

I  PC     !•:  I  .  I-M  K  X         l<  V   I'll  YSIol.i  n.V.    With  numeral*  IflaairaiicMw. 

t c  v  i-we< I .       Kc*p.  8vu.     4>.  «W. 

pTORYPRlMER  Ot*  SCIENCE    i8w*  u 
•own  8va     a  j,  o,/.     (••  EogKih  Men  "i  Lurr-.'/ 

|K  OK  PRACTICAL  INSTRUCTION  IX  ELEMENTARY 
>•  r.  ii.  mu.i  v.  i  i  .i»..  r  «  -  .  »  •     'i  n.  m  »i.  n\.  »..% .       i...s- .  MU  ..i  iw. 

»  IM  «?w  Etlii  lun.      Crown  Svi., 

M  M.  Mil  l..tN  A  CO;,  l  "VtuiV. 


S  «J  PJ-M.I  K  KS   OF"  ALL  ELKCTKICAI.  APPLIANCES, 
►  .x    VrcroiiA   SfKKEt,    lt  >".  «■■««.. -Ckfn  ll.ni,  JUnv, iiu„.,  , 

^  I  A       Cirboi.j.  »       But.  ,jr  SiipplU* 

<iwit<li<^  Wlr<"  W    TelrpUiie  Siipptirn, 

1.  SiifVty  Junction*.  ImtrumrnU.  ~     EkItic  BoIIk 

ACTUHtps      Of      THE    WJODIIOUSK   AND    HAW30N    IHCANOtSCr.Nr  LAMP. 


&  RAWSOlM, 

■  "pt.i*  ■■ 

Him 
♦ 


r  HEALTH 
L  EXHIBITION. 


•BAK, 

i  -  ,•    i  iiijfiijiirtiiffr  irTr  **ir~*  '  i  ""  T  ' ■■"■■m  f 
1  ttt/vCBtMrUfc*  rci  w.  i.adi>»  ct>.. 

-  1-  K   f   fc.  T.    KEUtNl    STHI.tr,    L  O  N  UO  N,  ». 

sciKNTIKIC    APPARATUS  OF  ALL  CLASSES  FOR 


R  I  ■  i<  *>5 

SCHOors       COI-LEDKS,  OR  PRIVATE  RHSKAKCH 

riTR^       AND     Voss    rNDUUTIOJi  MACHINES 

l  «_J  tV>  I  4QF     1MPKOVIiD  PATTERN 

////✓>/■►  H*W  «•"•'•'•:» ' ""  '''' 

I       i^A  PEBis   VltEK    niOM  ARSENIC. 

W,LL,A  ivl    WOOLLAMS  A  CO..  HadttteCtariag  Pajwr  Stmner.. 

.  „-,IBTIC   WALL   PAI'EliS,  0aWMl-<4  fVr  fro»  An.nU. 
A  iiioii  stkeet.  manchkvm.k  »gt.M»E.  i.okdon,  w. 

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xlviii  NATURE  \June\\,  i8| 

SMOKE  ABATEMENT  INSTITUTE 
SANITARY  INSTITUTE  OF  GREAT  BRITAIi 

The  Council  of  the  Parkes  Museum 

H  ill  hold  in  die 

MUSEUM,  7i.\.  MARGARET  STREET,  LONDON, 

EXHIBITIO  K 

OF  THE  LABOUR-SAVING  APPLIANCES  OF 

MR.  THOMAS  FLETCHER 

OF  WARRINGTON, 
Commencing  MONDAY,  JUNK  8th, 
And  Ending  SATURDAY,  JUNE  27th,  1885. 

PRACTICAL  DEMONSTRATIONS  OF 

COOKERY,  LAUNDRY  WORK,  AND  GENERAL  DOMESTIC  APPLIANCE 

Will  be  given  DAILY  at  3  pm.  and  on  MONDAYS,  WEDNESDAYS,  and 
SATURDAYS  at  3  and  7  P  m 

M 

MISS  YOUNG, 


THE  SPECIAL  VALUE  OF  THIS  EXHIBITION  WILL  BE  FOUND  IN  THE  FAC 
THAT  LADIES  WILL  OBTAIN  PRACTICAL  INSTRUCTION  AMD  INFOHMATIOW 
AS  TO  THE  MANAGEMENT  AND  WORKING  OF  ALL  THE  APPLIANCES  FOI 
LABOUR  SAVING  BY  A  LADY  WHO  IS  FULLY  I  XPERIENCED  IN  THE  AC'I'UAI 
WORKING  OF  THE  WHOLE  OF  THE  APPLIANCES  IN  DAILY  USE. 


\vj:i;ki.\      II_I.USTRATKU  JmL'kx.u.  OF  SCIKNCJ 

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3  •] 

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R'S 


TMCRSDAV,  JINK  is.  iWj 


0*U.  »  I 


fAT^Nf  ini>i  mk(«  mi" 
OAS  COOKING 
RANGES. 

1 


IfltoWM.MiS  BIKOCULARa 


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ll.\N 


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M|:l>   


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t  > 


►,«..•*»*»/  /•  • 1  **-*■ 


tl  t.i'-M  unti  l-  r 

fciVSr.)  LONDON  BRIDGE. 
•CTION  CUTTING. 


THE    -  liCONOMJCAL      Kite  LI)  CLASS 

J,|  |i«iUi  vln,; .       |«n*  Ai  »».  m*n 


«  »n  ivl  -  I  ii*  4  ■,  j 


t  mli>pi#if  (,>•  Mr- 


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'succkss  -  USELESS 

WMUWU"  ,.|    M  « **  V "  '.  .'. 

nn«,        a  N  I J I    '  tlt 


»  "  ~ii  •r.rfii  <  — ■ 


.«••'   . 


JOHN  BliOWMNG,  63,  LONDON,  W.CL 

NEGRETTI   AND  ZAMBRA, 

A.  VJT  M.ttTKKS  «>A 

1  JORDAN'S  <PAUNT>  SU.VSH'NE  RECORDER. 

TRICK  jfj3». 
N  EG  R£  TTI 

ZAM3RA, 

  Km*j 

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rt* *i  i  ikn  \t  ,iuxt 

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i-i'i  f  / 1  v/iurt  v« 

M  ■  •  "fillip 

1  **■  u 


I 


NATURE 


\  Jnne  iS.  iSS 


VICTORIA  UNIVERSITY. 

r\l\TRslTY  COULBGE,  I  l\  F,KI»OOL. 
MMMrfWOMWIf  Mt  »v;iw  'Mts.. 

Aicfcf****  tf  ■•••wl  t*  »  w.  tA»r  J  I  i|r».mi.  ^brv  iVl 

*  >.,i      .     ■•  -  ......  -I      I  it.  I"     Win  .1  »i  ■    M* 

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Ai««kf.iil.r>  vthOf***!'  l>  <it»  *•<*•         — *.wrtt.*i  JL'IA  t 

UNtVERSlTV   COLLBOK   OF  SOUTH 
WALKS  AND  MONMOUTHSHIRE. 

ti  MM  lit       to  •<*  w  ».r- 

> •<•«!<         -*■■-»  •«>  «*•»  Ut»t  »*»•  i 


LIVING  SPECIMENS  FOR  THE  M1CR0SCOPI 

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n in »ot.TON.  gy,  RWAU  vmv:rT  HftMIMMMI 


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nm  tiflt  n>*  •  -  it  •»•• 

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t%r  ftmhri  Wmvm'.*  «*rA  Hi 

Cantfv  Ji#m  i ._  n*» 


IVUH  milk  R^-t.- 


■  -  .  \  ..... 

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l7»*  mttU  It  ttl*  flu*  alOrtHhaiM  1.  a 


lipcimtii  Tab*.  One  StiUlitig.  post  free. 

—  rw+h  i  r»t*#     m  M. 


UNIVERSITY  COLLEGE.  BRISTOL 

nrvtnv.i  htT<>«hiiii*  i»r  ixri  mimi-.*  im.  nu  *n 


MINEKALOGY  AND  GEOLOGY 


TV.  i  nl  St  tl  "lyi™***.  *W  **•  »V*ir  •!  T>f«*'*M.t<^ 

r*u*«.  v.u*t       •>!■>       .iii>  *ufc*r-'  )»•  *>*•  i.  r 

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MOM  I  MIK 

mi',  i 'i.  mi 

WMOH  I  ... 
'  ^  M  \  T  It  I ' 
'  .  *        M  \I_ 


CITY  AND  GUILDS  OK  LONDON 
INSTITUTE 
CENTRAL  INSTITUTION 

f  lM.ln.tlri  U  Tl  i  "II Nl 


pHort.—Mtts.  i  nu  ti  rot-  *.i  u-ivom  - 
IS vi inn.  |V*P1  I  i  «*»  MI.StWt«c-<  stuck  <4 
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iM>Rirc«. 

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Mi 

6,nM  .»fpi\**m  IU«Nm,OiMli,Ml'.  IUmm*i  «i.a(«a 
PKtVATK  LKSSONS  AND   t.VKNING  CLASsR 

SAMUEL  HF.NSON, 

«7J.  ^rRANP,  ljONrtOH. 


SANDERSON  k  Co 

■•it  ia**ui*ra  1 1»«  f*tui:<*r«'Tti* 
LIGHTNING  CONDUCTOR 


>>»TIkJ  1?  tb.r»l*   ^ 


I  tlr-  ViU  Ct^ft  I'aaw  IJthfaiM  C^lutia 
I  t.AUtNHaXI  II' '  IIS  I.)  MM  I  I  Al  'l-NII  ALL  SI  HKK1,  K.C 

SECOND  EDITION, 

GRIFFINS 


I  ivti.  i     ■        i    i  •    'i  t  .     ■         r  -i        "  \PPU 

By  rvi<  0  llkt.  .  i  II  D.  r  R  S  <inn>NK i*  |m  n 

II  IV,  ik.  ti-hv;  .1  mi|*Uls.f»4>»l>IHi  II. tN, 
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(••f- Ivwl  Uhjt.  ti  I  >(•!•*••.  k-*J  S.W 

1*141 1  IP  U**;M».  I""t.* 

WANTED.  ARTICLES  U.r  PERIODICAL   CHEMICAL  HANDICRAFT 

A  CATALOGUE  OF  CHEMICAL  'PPARATU! 

iiu<t«n 1 1.,  ri.iiiiiiii,  DMoairrrv 

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|nilN  J  <-l  ItHN  Mj,  siAs.  ;.-.(. AUK1CK  STKEI 
Ll iMxiX.  W.c. 

C.  D.  AHRENS- 

PRISM  WOKKKK  AND  I-ICACTICAI.  OPTICIA 

ji.l-.hl  AI  kl  "III.  NTKHiT.  I.OMM.N.  W.C. 

SFF.CUl  Xi  i  riCf.-SH  IH,  AV..  MM  „.f  /%,,„. 


HOW  4  CO  'a 
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.11. U.K. 


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C.nuU..,  ri«»«.  Hi.tibM. 


AUTOCOPYIST. 


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85  3 


NA  TURK 


•alrsS  ti;>  .ninuiii. 


»1WIN    fiH.I  rCII»iN    «i|     i  t  Ml-", 

TEVKNS  will    SELL  by  AUC 

treat  K>>*->h>»,  >H,  KlM(|  Sir«m,  Covahi  <;.i*it*n,  ui 
*  mi  li-alff****  I  x  inc«.<«cly.   lli«j  «  t.fwlwttt  ii.lk.i-.i 

'in*  of  «....!  WuuJ  Mini  ItOTI  W.n  L  lll>«.  (<Im. 
»t^.    |t..«t*    unj  Atv*»,  'Miff»i-.(   Sh.  |   .     |..v.i,ti.  » Ml! 

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MM     4  nnnr    Itrnamrnt  I  »r»m*%    ■*•••!    MMM    \t~—  - 

kxlitfjl  f~UMli*t-.    -»n*J      MM1  lit. til  it** 

tl  Ire.li,  f  «N*K«r.  aU'tl  »llk»*  < ».  >.«Mwt->.  V..IM 
,  fru*u    PV"«»    (lUlnca,  flj).  Kn»'ii..«>.| 

iJ  <iih«f  |  am,  <ull««.it:tJ  !•>    >lr    A     I".  *  •»*»•/••*. 

.  till  i ,      it  I  M  ■•*•>!  it  ■(  »f   r*al*  .  "•.<!«  ■•»ili    ■>-•  I..  ( 


n  i    ma i.k  i*i     .icii  n  ru  n  \IT\KA1 
KVh  NS  icceivrd  rnstruc- 

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IIOM  *«  1.1.  Cl.-ai    ,'  ■  i  '   ■ 

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iui  ami  ItiMH'ul  l  »%  (.•!--  -•  ' 
l      f,  ■   I.I....  M  ■ 

m»|Ti<|to»<  it*  fiwurv  A-*»»  1 1 l»«tt«» t»«»> 

RALS     AND  BTONB 
M  l*L.liM  1-.  N  T  « 

n  r  b*an  ■<•  •  »»  i»J* 


j«»  ,.,ii.vm.  iv..  h  si 
NEW     COMMERCIAL  PLANTS 
AND   DRUGS,   No  «. 

flT  T.  t'll  l<  l>  I  \  ,  I  i.  s..  *< 

>«»Mi      .:.  f.,,r."j.r.  lib. 

|l„  I.,  ,        i  I.J        ......    *-,,..  ^^^^ 

■    MjnSt  LiiT^ 


i 


JOHN  WHELDON  S 
NATURAL     IISTOKY  CATALOGUK 

O.VI  IIMM.  1  III  »fc|r-  ,.f         MM>k*    IJHj  " 
MM  K«  til  I  \  l<\,.  ,..  IM„M..l.oi,V 

I 

CAMtkoN  S  AI'MICA 


ACROSS  AFRICA 

In  UkMI   M'VI  M  •  Mlll.i.v.  i   |i  | 

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NATUKW.    H I  STORY  SCIENTIFIC 

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MEDAL  AWAHDH> 
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NA  TURB 


[7««t  18,  1S85 


BAEDEKER'S  TOURIST'S  GUIDE  BOOKS. 

.•»,  J*. j •«.  r»w«n«<,  Vshm. 


Wltii  Thirty  Iwo  Mip« 


AUSTRIA. 


HUNGARY. 


lll.irw.j  wtStmtwn^- 

LONDON  AND  ITSENVinONS.ineludjag  Eitnruooi 

M  Ik^m*.  1**  t<k  ■!  »<f**  A-    »tth  *■•!*  •,J 

Flai> 

BELGIUM  AND  HOLLAND.    Willi  TwMrs 
THE  RHINE.  FROM  ROTTERDAM  TO  CONSTANCE- 
NORTHERN  GERMANY. 
SOUTHERN  GERMANY. 

AVI.  I  KAHsri.VAvl.v  u.i 

THi:  EA-.TEI.N  ALP?  Willi  Twttilv  ilii  Kip- 
NORTHER N  ITALY-  Willi  rrtl'so  Mips  »nd 
CENTRAL  ITALY  AND  ROME.  Willi  Elf.lt  Mips. 
SOUTH  Ell  N* ITALY*  AND  IICILT.  Willi  Twenlr 
NORWAY  AND  SWEDEN.  Willi  T» mtjr  one  Mipi 
PAR JS  AND  IIS  ENVIRONS.  Willi  Tsa  Mips  and 
SWITZERLAND    Willi  Thirl;  t*u  Mips.Tnn  Pirns, 

MlVitor.vfMl  ]l 

LOWER  EGYPT,  with  tlir  Fiyim  tat  Hip  PunlnmU 

*l<...    W.  I  (..tn*  II  if,  Iktnt  "*»  "  MttUv.'ni-  I 

PALESTINE  AND  SYRIA  iHnndlioA  joe  Travrlleil. 

THE  TRAVELLER  S  MANUAL  or  CONVERSA 

nttCSbSBh umm.  r«*:.  1.1 iSn»*  N*-*.ij.-«-  i. 

nit*  l»n  .«..iir  ►.;..•-«  ,..'.lj.>(.ip.«rin>rf 

MADEIRA,  its  Cl.'ni'i          s.tmr».   A  H  i-.ulu  .k 

I-  ln.,1.   *.#  U..I.  I  •*!»*  I  v#rj,  I.*- 

(lalaiT.aB.  M>l.*~lrT    H«  lAIIHVAIt.  llMI-n. 

THOROUGH  GUIDE  SERIES. 

MmlfN  J  t-MI't'lllV  I!  ft  .  .-i>!<  ■      W.*kl".  »  A- 

THK  r.NGLISH  LAKE  DISTRICT     Ev  M.  J.  B- 

imilMii*  iHli*it>ll*  >W*  IJksjAOv  w 

THE  liibliLANDS  OK  SCOTLAND.  M  f  «r  11  LilTff. 

Wrlh  YKrt*  ».f*  »*.(  T!*fcs  ..».mI  s..|  MMM    1**^1  ■ 

NOHTH  DEVON  AND  NOHTII  CORNWALL,  WM* 


thb'peak  disirict'  of'  Derbyshire  u 

II.  V  i.  H   -  I  .    w  '  ■  - 

— • — •  -*  **r 


MEN.  WOMEN,  AND  PROG  RE  iS     !!,  tlie 

I.  Mil  A  ItlfiKt-N  WXXJl'WAM*,  AutlH->  .1  'Hi:wi„f,^t  Kn 


'23 


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MSMlMHIIS. 

t>*mi.  Sill**  »H  Sr..  Vf.Mf.-A  StruBd.Mu 

w...t.  ii,  i-.i  i-'.i  .r  ...  .  i-   w,.„ 

■■ h. i^.* — I k.  r.J t-i) 'T  -fl  m».  — -  *»••-  v.w  IV.u^itt— W.m  

*.rli.j.  —  UfJ     laul.LlM.      A     H'.lMi  -TA  .t.l    -.1  Arnilui.^. 

OwiiliilH 


DICL0C1A  CENTRALI  AMERICANA:  ut.  Carttribo 

i.,^       l\..«»lci -f  •»*  i.-m-u  ii-.  v  M.,i...  wd  c.  ..ii 

a™—.    I.Hi.1  ^^  r  Ia  Ojo»..  «.i  <•  B.ivm. 

Cim  ri...l  »•  \KAVIII    ^hi.c    IA.ur»k^l A.IMh IUfl» l 

AUDOIN  S  F.XPLICATIUN  KIMMAIKE  DES  PLAI 

.  I.i-l  I.  -l-IAI  X  I'l.  I  I-  Vi'il    II  I  A  *-\  M  ■  It  BHj 

I'AB  HAVIi.1V     U.i-1  A.  A  uuA.%.  .«»,  , 

IIAKTnN  S  ikAOMENTS  OF  NATURAL  HISTOR 

DESFONTAINIS  Ml'.MOlRE  &UI1  QUKLQUES  NOC 

vim  M  vsrr^cKS  1...111  ai  \  did  *■  itui  ms  sa  ft  bark 

rOUTErl  S  ANIMALS  OF  HUDSON-S  BAy".  '  Bdiu 
FORSTERS  CATALOGUE  Or  THE  ANIMALS  O 

\.-,|.|  IttAHltA  n«  IAIKI  LA  AMlSli  %-.  a 

LEALIIS    SYSTEMATIC    CATALOGUE   OP  Tn 

-r|.|MIS«  "»  ml  IShll.trcol  9  VIVUUAl  1A  A\ 
U1UIM  n  1H1,  IOIITIAS1  VII  .11  II     Ai..~l  i^  it  Sslv 

L1CH  TENSTEIN  J>  CATALOHUS  HF.RVJM  NATUR. 

I  II  M    KAKlS-m  ..lll'JI.     «.*..t  <*    r    !>•    C>«t  O..BAW 

SCO  POL  1  S  ORNM  HDLOGICAI.  PAPERS  FROM  II 

IIIJIII  .11     Altll-MNI    IMMMIU'I*  KSu^S 

81R  ANPl-EW  SMITH  »  MISCELLANEDtiS  ORH 

TUNSTALLs     OrlNITHOLflOIA  RRITANNIC. 

VIEILLUl's  AHALYSE  HUNE  NOUVELLE  ORN 

aMimaiai:   !.«..■) u,  11 


WAGLERi 

IK  >M  I  I'l 


SIX 


miNITHOLOGlCAL  MEMOl 


BOOTH  iE   T  1  ROUGH    NOTFS  ON  THE  lilR 

"Tiim.hTh  i-i  aim.  isimi  vi  »i    mt».iivS  ■ 

,  .  1  I  ,  ■  Il\«.  IV    III!    I'MllxM    IMIV    III  d^. 


GAR  ROD     '  ALFRED  HENRY. 

.  ^  ||  -.HI  If   I  M  |.|,t. 


MA, 


r.R 


Htl-RN  W.  P.iO  CONDE  HE  FICALHO  MBMOR 
THE  NURI  HERN   HIGHLAND   AND   ISLANDS.  • 

,i...    niwi.tm  W.  J.  SPECIES  F1LICUM  [  *  ■  J 


•i. 


THE    EASTERN    COUNTIES : 

Ufl«4iil  4J#*^  «i  -IWt  B.«.ll»" 
T..V.  M^.-.nl  iv.i..  ».W 
'•Cmrr*.  -II  H«  .l/  iwi." 


HOOKER 


Ii  inc 


W»t«rlnit  Pl««'- 

«  u,  t  -  wish 


SEEFO'lM 

l'IMI~  -  ' 


HENRY  A 


ih  o«it>.ii  v 
HISTORY 


OF  BRIT! 


SOUTH  DEVON  AND  SOUTH  CORNWALL,  will. 

•Jiurtisd^~~&^ ****** 

NORIH  WALES   P.rt  I.  ChebU..  r»vl  UmMH 


TWEEDDALE    THE   0 II NII'HOLOG I CA L  WOR 


1 .  >l  1 


,  Mlltl'ltlV 
.  J    I  . 


UAkli  VI  A  M.i- 

NORTH  WALES  -"Ml  II.  Slirtw.l.ni  V,  L1»»K»»,'»- 

..,11  MmI.JAi,>  .~:  ">  f  L 


LEOOE  CAPT.  W 

■  it  1 1 1 1 1  .\    \  1 


•Ali|i»:i";.V?  S  A..  mTl."  !  WAIII 
it  J  n.nui  u>  .1': 


.|  >      U  .1.  Itl| 


rOKBIJi  W  A 


A  HliiTORY  OF  THE  BIB 

W  Wn  ^»r^>!  |.  i.h  .*i-  «  ,i\  u^t 
I  MAj  cill  ll*llf  ylari.  .  t,*ir\,i  l.y^ 

SCIENTIFIC  PAPERS.  RojaI  8 


lILLAf  ANU  CO. 


57.  tOHQ  tP.tgfeed  by  (Google 


JVslTl  A/: 


M5 


iDAY,     JINK     IH,  1885 


CT.    F".    Winter.  i*«,V4  *•> 

i»rk     Offl   the  ?owe?*%t    <li\  itiiMi  inf  ihr 
>»t»     which    l*rof.    1 1  ii  t  tfltli,  of  Ilritlel- 
for  the  publisher*  of         wi-ll-hn.nt  n 
r«-;«  t  i  5C -v  originate*  1    by  tlif  J*r«if. 
icvd    it*  to   enable  Ii»  f«'ll»1  MUM 

rtncl    in  call  for    <■  •■ .  c\tcn»Ic  f  IKNfc  r 
»r    l"n»f.  !ttitH«  Iili'a  work  whii  h  \u\w 
ii  <.turJti|>  the  la«t  two  year-*  have  (MM* 
to  form  a  ■  ixt.ivn  of  tjoo  p-i-je- 

li-ofo  f»f  the  PrMOfon  have  hecn  aiv 
OpCibfft  of  the  C'l'^ta,  the  I  >in..-il ....  I 
\  CUic^ftagvilat*  nml  th«  Acfoetarin. 
•OtnpriM  in  it*  Hcope  ili«s  Myrcr.^.n. 
Opinion  of  the  prevent  «nt«'f,  l»c  hi 
.il  kingdom.  Tlil>  i+  Hie  l«M  M  Im- 
xn-Ucnt  work  on  thin  tS**>*P  ■>*•"' 
»y  l>r.  2of>l£  ttf  Itorlm.  * •»  rl»e.**K«ry« 
t-ti9cn%ch.tftcr>,"  **nd  »"•»>  "'•••""d 
btifther*,  lic»cr>»lt,  of  bred** 

MM  Mc    to   be  r«ui*l«I«,rt>*J 

*  i*  the  oj.nn.-n  ..f  n«J  »>idwi||r 

I-»c    Ilnry,  who  h*»s 
r    to    elucidate  tlo--ir 


illlilll  >t* 


dun  intut  ih  hi 
lih.--hi.tMi  v  WH\ 


thoroughly  <Ii  Mais-ted,  retV/cn<cb  hrinu^ivcn  to  the  vmlctj 
x.  .itleie.il  writing*  «if  the  nuittcn  u  m\tit 
have  atlv.incrtl  ihi*  nr  that  vic»  or  uif»eW  tiki*  «  (hut 
i|Uiintum  offjci  to  »>jr  knontcJije.  TIiuh  in  the  puruoa 
■  it  i)i«>  wmtk  neLitmu  t'»  liie  klmonod,-!  nr  tinil- 

(0  'I  he  thtit  Mrurtorv  «f  the  KJniu}>inb    .V  Mjkti  iI 
i.f  ihr  *)irU~^)  vhitiiKiii»  ;      taU-jiruui  ilirll*  t 

(.1  mIm-IN  built  m|j  u(  liirrtj*ti  (oilKlct;  f-Yj  *iIic«im» 
-.lirll*.  II.  I  lie  n*'i|*..t.VJ<.il  vl.n.iurc  of  the  Jtlnti-pod 
shell  >/:  hnt«.i\tirm:  thtili ;  fi»,  mim.Hi>nic  »k«IL  j  .7 
|h<I>  ili,it.iin.*u«  slirll*  ;  (,/|  j*iin<Hii.il  thi  ll  fcrtfutlmi. 

is)  The  MncttNl  «if  the  *A  but*  uf  ilic  h'hu^itHla- 
fjf  /rm-rul  rlunieter-i  <tf  the        UhIj  :  (■*.■  pn>f*-nici  uf 

,  the  |tn.|.|J*-«i  .if  Hit  tOuio\  ml  t>.i|y  m  general.  .) 
i|  nfalMliMNM    'J  »hc  |imloj»b *tll  i«»  IfMW  /unci  u» 

p  t?  i./1! .  iJiH.ifiuti  uf  tin*  |wiri.i)iU,ni .  <V>  pcculur 

IkiiIk*  i  n.  (•••cil  hi   1  fa*  |«u<.t|>l.i*rM.  ninirfj,  oon-coo- 

1  t*-4.  lilc  %j*.i*.ilrta.  nbtkulMfih  <">.!  (wci.^if  |iiu.|nit*  c4 
nid  lUiliiiii,  «.tim.iititc  \acuulex  inulri  ;   f/j  ii*c«Ur>- 

,  |>.m|i.i,  moM$mtW   .imt   Murium  ,4   uumuimt  lit  lh* 
kit  t"\f*d»  1  fjp)  ftfa&imt*  inusJiiiem  •«»'  irW  Wi  InMly. 

;.  Ktl  n  a|  the  ^ift  l»»Jv  It  tin-  .hell  *ml  ftiniMtnia 

of  1  lie  shell  h*  ihe  *ifi  I10U). 

(4)    1 : 1  (  r  .  |...  ii .  1;    ||||CII'<III1  11,1,    l.ji  «ii  fiiVIIKItllin,  Lin] 

t  Mi  1  irbnCM  Mf  t'11'  KIii!o|h«I,i    .1  rejir>>JihtHiii  /«t  «4Ki|ilc 
iluiti.Ki  01  h«j»Jtliii;*  .   .v- <OK«j-fi«ni.itn»M  ill  >  iiiinrrlMifi 
irith    ihe  thUbm  t0  hwhhitjc  <*f  the  Kh^uLi  ; 
rit.  1  .nuriif  in  omni  *iii«n  «.tb  in  »jth.»t  jcp*i«luui..ri , 

,/   t«HMhniaii        o«it«!:.i'  11  •>■  ihr  RfcatMb  i  (.7 

K't'f.  tit  the  .itir>ii|*cnn.iifc  MrBMrM  trW  oi«t<n>  e  uf  j 
«e\iiil  wjitiitliid-Mi  in  lt*e  Kln:'^«*It 

(jj  I1j»iI»k>i.iI  fcii»in*»« ««"  ilie  KNitiiprnJi  luhott 

(  •)  IIIIHl'HI  .  » If  [H- Mil.  IHT  IKI  I  >- 1 1  llle  C"«Jliltj«t* 

.t*    I'jx.iijomif  .if  \b$  kf>iA.i)iiiil.i     I   P.  i^tnf,!  1;  Jcie- 


l|>d  -r^tACtMlfof^*  th-i^h  ol  Ihr     ^MMtl  4ft4j*JW«l  lM.  KftunT.^,.«,yi 

yet  u  nit  *  |^fcrfdMnrt*«l«U*«  Mtt»4|lnMaMi  kMhhhvrif  jma 
»  dlvU  ..I"'..  -   the  LUtl  cM*«TT  1   (fagJiL.^  dNriW»^  inf  tf»  Wttoy  j  it, 

M   ,nt"  ,j    l.l.-.w.,  ..,«W.rflht  JtW.^.j. 

"  '  "I in-  e  .hMivifr       iu-t  t  IM  MOtHflH 

a  I- mi  ffn  HA**  ■■■■•i  (  :  |iIju-,  111  nhn  h  iih  iiKoi  im 
•c  n_iiml    1  In  n..  !it    I.,  k.'  >cln  iri|  froM 

I 

.  ..  ..itli  w^.inl  hi  ilir|it»h^4.itiiii.  Uiili. 

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H*M*PI  irt.Ttu.l    «»f    "  u,lMll     ^,a.Hl.,......f  >,  '  will.. 

..,.iil|.u-l"t"^  J     ",'  ,         fm   Cf.  to  mlo. «-  *e         -^Hl  JhkM 

*ei\.itei|^  <» 


K.i 

Cl>ntali» 
mi  ^irr 


,nt »  .  Kh",k* 

^,ili-.- I  i-- c-^  ».ret;jir-  | 
.irci»*p<w^''1'  .I 


-nl  niiimivtiii  .    .'in.  I'i»*.  H"i«Mt»  u.»k  ih  *Jii..iiIi.t  r\(t|«lit«M| 

II   K.vie-W  cite      l»C**»    '•„,.,,  .  (|..tllir  n.-.t.  ....-ai.h.i-dl.f..'.  "i-i  .u,|  ,|  „,,.•* 


«htch  «• 
ruining       ,cc^  hut 

A^^^rk  

v *  1  i.v ..  "■•■••I"1  


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<  >»>..! I.^ell.i  1. •",u  ,1,,,  -k  Ill 


f..«ni>l  >t|»- 
tc-illi    nil"  ■>' 
tin  1 


1  ,.t.,niif 

111  Ijrti 
>4lt 


itkttli.tl 


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Ii  DM.1 

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mvcilni  iii'  •  "  lie.  Litii*cU  nlr„'.ti>.|.i.lW  Vi'<*n**, 


,     Ifc  .).--A».l»1t.c  .■"'•  •■••>  I 

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1„.  I"  "' 

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ljrl4         '  -   .....I  v.  |.„,  .If  Hi"  "  ■  

ll^nr.  .  .( 1    I  |Utl*hH  I  ,V!r,.-.-  I"  "'"•tW 

Jfc*  ttmnroy  rfiJorfd  1         I .' r,  i»»,i  ......-"■•ni  ;•»« 


rltp  KmIk.Ii.i.i.  «.  ifc*  .ii-r^niiHli  ±r«| 

v^.h.i.j      -i"—  1  ..n  tiic  ir. ...v..,,, 

ii.  iih  iiul'lhhul  k>  .11  lirJ<  nmm      n.  1  In*  (tw 

"•"•i  in^k 

Llf.lle.l  intrreu  ,„„, 


■     -    mi»i  l  i"iiwu"»  MM-m  ,„ 

Lri?S  «■»"  .ill.  »'  ' '  '»  '**  I""""  ■'If"  due 


"'''"•-.■....rnl  "*• 

,v  >.  v.irinti«>,,:* 
11.  S.^_ 


ll.c  Kl^"» 


M6 


.V.//rA7: 


•aim  n*\  m  iW-  Nt  iwttcWi  i»  |tw » •*  »t>n'"*1 

upon  mi-i  i.i.ni.  on  »b»-h  MMMtt* 
differed.    Mahv  of  the  iltnuutimi-.  in  ihe  *dmtrJjlf 
cnjninl  pUir.  .ire  ;il*>  MtflMM 

W4  mm  f*tb*i*  r*mm.l  »mr  milftAaa  n  n  M  Fmi 
llui.thli  thn  wr  owe  the  IM  Ea^MIUM  paper  in  ibe 
recent  (Irtffl'Mimrni  of  orr  kp.**Vr»i<e  if  A*  WwyokwHic 
figuiei  »f  LtlUljH  rell  nmWt  tl  ii  hi-  U.C«l(plt»«n 
whirh  1"*  hicMi»  of  tin-  rhAn^Ci  M  1** 

mutei  nf  L'lll.ile-  lnfu-.«la  with  the  (wrwm*  dbrnlljlitm  »►/ 
Rdtfiul  imiic-  «*i  when  i"  *J  ih*i»inn,  md  trnirt 

Ammj  ulitiii  bav*  n«<n  »       bu^4  10  iht  t*c*»* 

g(  m  r  1:  ■  ■  till  thll  MlbjeCt. 

Oiii  a-tth««r  1.  f.rt  mib  exip-inely  '*>•  a*'  «nir"V-»i» 
m  cinnc  IUmM  able  ».rtlu*tiir»  f.n  the  forti  whiih 
be  MR  f.«ih  n»  M  ihe  Mrortnre,  Ai-nf  pMMMa  Ml 
l-n-lish  mHi>n<M|iuti  nf  nfl  rink*  fcml  theii»*tlTr- 
eiinl  .ml  £ail«  nmvdnetlt,  MM  M  mUUH  wlm-Mlik 

ftMl^ini  lil,  Kll-f't.  r.iiiiiMi  if  li..  lli  llll.t  fil  of  vm'il 

ip»e*tmft*.  He  hn  wiwh/  w.tbhrU  hit.  fuH  linnMiiiwi  ut 
the  limn  »f  tin-  KMinUfu  mv.il  ttifh,  limr  n«- 

1 1  it-  It-  1  -  tStt-t.'JrH&r  witrls  mi  llir  v»«i:ip  i»  publi-liol 
In  ilie  twiittiiiM*  lit-t  iin.ih-.i-  «if  thr  \*nmi«  6«im«  "J 
»Wcl"-*n  »>mh  rvcnr  rn  that  grocij*  i>  *  itu*cerU  owy  | 
«n  .1  if  ry  .JihV.ili  awfajret 

With  rry.ml  t.t  tV*  ir>r<it«t  «f  ih«  .  Id-  <•  yU  11  rof-  ( 
•HI  v  Mm  «f  urn/  I'mIiWim  i*'»n*"l»  nrd  tty  I  If  anil  t  H*i  ( 
(KtrMitir   Mj;.i         u.ilhif  lh»t  I'ntf  llui-ilili  (•■  . 

Iht  nn  cptinrr  nf  ihit  mm  :  Inir  *«*  'kilt  M      *i  IWH  ' 
dcdmte  nid^iiwtit  ff\mi  hitn  in  rctantn  l»  iltiit  n«wci»«  . 
when  be  tun  in  AftMH  *nth  timu     thr  C  It.ii.i,  -VA/tZ-v. 
fttftiitir.  *n.l  t'f  'nJt*'*!. 

U  »•  •v^riiinlliy  Mt.tl  IliW.  fliitirtili  in« h*U-»  thr  \'nl 
ii»  in  1  .mil  »|t<  **  PMMOV  "  f*jmi*  m  On  Kl  i.i  H*t.i. 
Item;  mnvnvwl  nf  llil  ir  iet.Hain.ll tjibrfV  ill  *|n»*  ..f  PMi 
**  b»>V.i|iliytic  "  ntilriiii»t 

ll  ■•uM  be  htrc  l>*  |Kilnt  iHri  llic  nnHf-tini- 

nc«  vim »  i^f  (T.i|inrU(Ke  *hirb  an*  .iih.M««l  In  Pt»-<- 
llijttihli*  mimIi.    It  ihiiI  be  infTiriiiH  l  >  M|  lb»1 
biMik  1*  jUiiliiiefi  Jtitjl'inblc  1<»  i>f.       Ifiit  "f  ll"'"* 
«in|iii  lifr,  .rvtl  •*  |N*rlu|i*  thr  MM  Kiii.«l..itiK  ilinnjii 

j«  ni.nU  hi  4  dMin-i-nJKil  iir^mii  SHKLf 
onJitum  .ml  rcn.Nr -11  i.l.Mr  fm  u«lU  r.n..f  /•.„,„,././,/,■;  ..«//,,«,, 

1  |irclrTC  •-"•*--«  I'*  1  !•«  J»"  lintuM  lilt  I*1!!!  |  .„      Tr.nJnnl   mLm    il...     I  ~  ».   I_  1  .  .  _.v* 


nnl  iiuhtwonh)  iiUormftiH*  f»r  co*np»rnive  invi^tign 
tlmi.  A  uMr  h»  itan  ipvcb  th«-<  pUm*  an<|  tbci; 
}ih«t«  whith  lb*  .iuiIkw.  .iflrr  mtf  '   ■  :  .n...u, 

think*  ibc  fit upcr  fcw  .itViptMin  «uh  »  new  to  inter 
tuiKmnl  rwirtiun.  The  number  i%  fifiy-tlmc»  ami  tHt» 
»r*  imtiecj  accohlins  t«»  lb*"  laknlir,  ii>  f.i*.  tlita.ii 
■baH^Mliiri  •  "bieb  *vflen>  :iiipr>r>«  »nh  rcg.tr ii  tc 
.icciimi  1  i«cfrr  »blc  lo  ao  aljilial^ln  ».l  arr.incrineikt . 

A  -bint  iini.ee  fillnu*  ■)  tli*  iwv*i  inr|Hirtaal  |fvner«i 
rr«iilt*  i»f  iIk  work  mill  re-pwl  H%  tbm«tuli>);y  And 
'..  «lvl.  nl»iranr»l  fntiu  llir  it!»-*rt jdnn  fnrtn  the  wlu>I< 
•!  1  iMpc.  At  the  rml  »if  the  intriiilactiitn  the  uuthai 
|Mnntt  om  tb*  nr-*i  11  .V.  t»t  [J.  1  in. I  jI  me.in  her*. 
The  rem  urulcr  c4  lite LxmA  eunlfitnft  *n  alphabet icat  Hm 

lit  all  |*bn**Vtlttl  ktslMll*  ibl-iii^b.  «i1   |  VT.i|ir  <.tl>oui 

?ooo  ,  uith  thr  iic.^r.ii*.u.il  -ai  t>n  .ir,il  <l*Tatlim  al>ove 
»ck-Ievrl  r«ib»  Met)  •J.itmii  uiv  ut%vn  "•"  :'"  '•pli'tlkctica! 
.irnmucMU'til  the  u*f.m  itjtc»«tf  lb*  Wfn|J>  pbi«cr«  l«tt<i%%»n 
tt*m  thr  |iLwi*,  a  lib  ibc  numbt-i  \4  jrur*  t4  ti'nvrv.itlon. 

ll  i«  t«»  V  «««  tli.it  from  .1  t*(t*i  nuuilwr  of  tbcMi  but 
■  W  nr  t«n  »e.lt»."  iJ»**njlnr.  Iiik    l-,ti  pjjdjjl^j^j 

nhcrtiii  ««ilt<i*  extend  lu  aIhhc  llilrty  yc»r*.  Tlicao 
.Irtlc*  »i<  i»»  to  rmpf-Mcil  tot  iM:it>uun^  4ny  iin^bi  p1.tce 
nub  .\ll  tlte  "tUi*.  'Ibe  eneut  rlMft*  hdp  jjiyli  n»  r<»m* 
idMrif  VI  BM  iblv,  ItnTiMh*  Mrfti CMttfptMMM  .Hi- the  t  hid 
itl-fccl  «f  llw  aiilb.il  f-«  fiublLhln,:  ll.,*  mvli  Tliey  Mr9 
.  ■>  ;i ...  Uil  i--U.i!i.ul.iUiHr<iii  1  ».n  mi  mix  -  ..(  Iim^  Bj^, 
1  |Mh*\l  in  .1       ki  britUal))       ,.   I  HHrfca  <»f  a|j 

Wuli  n.yidt*!  Kpirnu  Ibm-n*,  i  In    1   I.*  Iiim^clr 

f..||.»AV>l  ito  pi  f  1  .imiMr.'i *-•»♦,  prtDIK  anntei  fach 

rjUMMM  WlCBM*  '"f  thr  MMMI  ili>.  the  alnj*]^ 
lytop  i**^'1  Ib^i  ^ >**■■"»-»  -•■mri  «r  !.i  .  1  i!i  W  m*.  i  Iie?^a#j,* 

the  it-iibtat'  of  '.lie  mtthiir,  fr  1  f.n  li  pin-?,  ^unc-rall  * 

i-jK  it.ni;:.  ito  mn»i  nnn|»clien  -.re  fnWH  fttfuM  h.n-c  l>trcn 
laibli'lfit     In  1  " -p»i»V  W*P  "  »»f  i  ni  tpr  il  l|n-  Cluj  ^ 
tin.  Uftk  the  Itiull*  nf  llir-r  ln\ (.Hi^jIi  .ft-  ire  t*ntVrc^ 
by  «b..  Ii  lb*  limn  piiij-r-  ..f  ^.ntiv,  ibi-^li  Un"rVttjr 
i.tsnin-.  m.iy  I"  -*<■*'  •"'  *  li'lll'r 


V<iT».«  rrf  In 


itf  itn.ly 


Liw    Tr«na.nr»l  t         ii.t   1  K, . \,  •„  |  .„j,'  c 

II.  t'  m       l..uilii:  I  .  .1.  ,,.  1  r,,   _    t      .  |jH*fl 

1 111  MMM  Sf  M   r*»i.  nt.  .„i|[:j  i,  1..  twit*  brill •  5 
.mil  muntMiiy  j»t.M  i»r .«!  mtcmvnes       aTMvfcr  i.  nt 
tat.      MWMnceMli  Utn.  tU*  mrtul  huw^  ,ir?J,*e 

^.pul.ll     n.I  ...  in   Mil  JM.niM  ,4  HU  Mf  mil   I.,'''1  * 

.fci/v^vA.  ii.   /            m*4  t$m   *  •          ^  r  |RM  I  ..I  l»  V  •i.-.r.-my  «a  ir.>i.  ......  llr» 

\un  IIt    II    IbiltiAuin,  1-rufi-***  At  |:.ii.n-.k  m    ,llt%  r,|   .t'--»       ihr.  1  .MnmuHeV.  ET»»J* 

i;tCMni    Aniune.  I>f.  M  A^«;.v«.X  «.    Mt«tcl  IM  mi^MMI  be   a  si.!"'* 

tVbi.lv    fankulhuntm.  H)i          MMJI  TtlfclMN   ■  llflfl  ■   I..  1.4.1W  *,._'K"*>I 


/7/.fAi'/iVr 
flit lt> -fit  iAr  tnjfcjMfa^j  //.w  .ir^>t4..ji>^v/».-.»T  f^(M< 

it  f   li.n.ifik  m 


1  „.  p  f..nby  I,*  11  kium'-.J-  H  irMIK.  H,«M  «"^|V**»  * 

J  1"  '•<  i''<  ibivl,.i*»n       pr.V'"  -.  t.f  M  I-.  !  ntlK 

,(i.-i-mt«^  .w.r  .1 11  ur.iut  I  ir  wl  >.  I  !,  1,1 ....  ,c«r,a 

.1  II  iK'rajl  miiIi  M  1  »m  H  m  T  ' 


H-iCiun:  |.  Iliikir^to  Itu.  M.imlltti.i.'.  |W|  ■ 
*T*HU  *M%ilN  of  f.«iy  »««-.' UI»**.Mit»  * 

1    m>«i  1  irtaM  tm^mhm       *N«*»w  ",B 

.  1      *  .      j  ^.11  iiMflu  Mini  m  r.iwi  hi  ,n  ij-.  t-^L.1, "/V" 

traassr—  - »----  -  —  - :  ^.^^r^-SSSte 

..|.U,„.  .|  it«  imi^n^.r     ph..  n.,K '  " •  .,.  \.  ,.•  . -.1  i      .,-.,.„  ,.  „„.  .„,|,-,;;  .  '     "'"  Ihe 

,,..lir„l„l,  »■,!),  reir,nl  lo  e.M«ip»r.»t!.c.  !»»«"*  V  »n"  .nir.r.t.  I.,  lln  -wiiim,:  reajvl  „  „-1!nl|  ^    J"'""  «T 

I  e>    1h<i»  lotto.,  an  in...i«.>t-m  »(  »•         rf  jfc«  M*»»l  "f .  u.^      ,rf  „      ,    '  '""■•y. 

ocwy  ba  U-  .//.AiMd  bl  Wb  '"'J  "f  ^"Mg  S?  MS?*  V  "rvcalnttrtlMl,  „.i  „" ' 't" 


Digitized  by  Google 


nvolh.  »a.l  lk«r  wac  >n  .» 1      ll«  H»  '■  "*,T> 


H»  i/HtPJUtSAl  tfJttfpMW 

A  rTKK  e.»«w  Pr.umina.yka.li»r.llmalt«  lit.  I»IJ«B 
A    .ir.credcd :  -  The  ir-dlnn  a.  "'  ■"•  J" 

mend,'....  cnc.tvl.at  DM  earth         '". £ 
•Luilni  line  In  Ike  zcnr.al  ■—IW—      «™  WSJ1"* 
iaiWaparuKMi  kaowa  ,i.  iku .«  llic/Vaar.  »•"■»•*  •' 

fate.,,,  onrat       oftcnlm..-.  taken  i"  tajj.  *** 

■Mb  acttkd.  ami  a  hit  h  dm  C«W»H ««  ■  •"•yW""  " ■* 

ijuikul  l»  dec  hie.  Sat  l>  aa»  ol  to**  >■<  I'mJ""! 
The  ....an....  .  I...  had        .J.  r  m  »l  matte,.,  pet. 

IKII.  (wloMmrfltm  »(»■««  l«nJ-»  Mldll  ,"tel*Ket; 
II  the  .if  lliP  tlBdl  t«  be  «"«•     Ml'  " ' 

TIM.aaci  him  hnlrroy.  chioe  bum  naturally.  *' 
lli'e  I«wnl  ■•<  departure  fur  limit  kiH(p1iiiW'.  Ih*  turn""! 
„|  il*  »nrM  ataA  ».«  kral  kn.naei  I"  'hern-  "  "  " 
tin,  eairctnUvr   ll  »»t  Hit  »h>th  iu»i»jh«  cn- 

ri.unlercd  t«v..nd  lite  V'll>""<  Heroic.  IgH 
climate,  "lien  ihc  inh.iUl.nm.  freta!  liven  cttty  Ind.  h*«l 
m  peace  .md  hap|»re»  ..n  the  al...n.t..nl  I*'*™"""* 
M&  nf  >  peuo\[al  and. the  lnruir.nr  l.lc,  »  thee  writ 
c.lle.1,  which  pcoci.  pk-.i«d  them-ckei  null  uwmc. 
•«  a  lirul  rratlo.  place  i  Klr-ian  mm  M  *■  ■ 
hctnr. '  .  . 

HntnM.  Ihraiod,  rta*»i.  I  iurar.h,  .peak  l»  W  !»*■* 
Fntlunitc  Mr-,  »huh  were  On*  rc.anld  n-  il«  taiiemc 
limn  of  MM  we*ern  tWinuhn.  <c<  ..f  Uha  ,Mut»..rdi 
Ihrr  .tit  ibe  r.nkn.H.n  aoiilade.     Hie  uctan. 

Ills  from  th.ac  talcs,  then,  lhal  the  v.mlt  heir  of  Ike 
■■■kl  .4  the  lireck-  IWM  hi-  WW*"*)"?  "'  55E 
r,ule.   H«e«:»ili,h...r.«.lh<iui-«ii»c«(  Ihe  .mcimU 

in  ike  nutlet  of  MMHiiMdnl  m*  jtt-  *«  ■  '  ""  "S 

.J  v,  iutot»l |"..nt  .rf  ,le|t«tl«.t  l>'  «•*»*  """J; 
Kflre  nf  lUr  iH..itran  ihc  Pntw»  WB  *53g,ff 
«W.V  .vlem,  anrt  |»^Je  hlrt  M  »rt»  HWMK 
rr>eil  ti  the  n»1lBem  «k»t»  Ihc  mrj.nle»  MM 


mhrt.  ii-iii  »h..iu.j;  itiilniu-  IU  I  nrnrh  Mm  »p|*nnn 
in  iht  an  »«liet  »f  UM  Kim  *  Wap  Imntl  victc,  ■ 
nnim  til  f»tt,  clu«c4  h)  the  h|«ilvuitil«  nnd  dm  I'<irlii|-IICM 

v..  ,        r.ir  i  m.  nil  ln  hul  MdMMdw  I  nokei  na» 

mm  omwii     *»pMf  l^^Jgy^»"2r"' 

winch  on  the  »h.4i'  »«  dl«  ll)jhl  «r  nil  Ike  «uihl,  kkh 
hm  f<o«IM  !•>  •!''•»  timnad  *'eje«e  a  luji.t.me  /one  • 
nrulCLIhek  He  mewdM|l)  MSotiaM  mi*l  ..liumcd  Ih. 
'ill  lkt»  i-Mle  >-S  ilie  |»i  Ma  Mirrtiltiii  h«d  on  Ih-i  HSMti 
.mil  i..  ih«'  Mrk  «d  the  u«»|<ic  e4  Cnncet  cvtri  rrenc 
ahnxnheiu.e»«Yer  ll  mny  have  tetme  and  ukjxcver  »• 
<atc«i,  >!wnilil  he  ..if«  ftrai  Ihc  rut««lt  of 
Ileconil  Ikev:  hunt-  ike  At^niiKTit  nl  the  sMrtigjVM  ivn«  I 
kme  hi.e.  1'tjtu.i.  «ai  «  MM4  «Uk  Spam  BM  l*<«ta( 
mi  ihit  Mia*  At  aM  ,,n  d'e  other.    A  inn.iiu  *tal« 

,,n  i-.r  :  .Ilie.;  lu  voine  e>leni  tit*  »^>id  I'atfa 

■*  \  etat'  en  tW\."i.  etrcnt  a-a  ih'Li !  ' 

U.I  >ct  h.i\e  «e  K.tUi  the  ri^ht  Al  tht>  da>  lo  lot 
•in  un  mranreuteol  of  Ihii  kind  at  tueh  a  »lran;e  oat 
llatx  we  ll-X  nnw  whal  llae  casuist*  t)<  mu^natuinat  b 
rail  the  Maf       f//r.  i.w,'n  /--a  t^att  la  llllue  of  Wkit 

luie  mav  Madaati  the  |«rtaof  a  aackawaanm  aneaa 

anil  tfamaff  Hi  a'tniet,  wilhailt  UM  in  iletliird  wt 
an. I  nitlnail  tea.int;  iliplieoalK  lelatmn  ittlk  it  > 

"I  tic  o*yet  l  nf  iW  i;ieat  HlMMVITM  evn^tnly  to  seca 
a  rehiue  M  ™i  Inaline  till  -with  ttme  aa  it  waa  alakt 
eiinltml  null  nlbtt-  a  tnal  |.j»  vthich  lie  l.il»nited  wl 
suck  aihniraWe  .aim  that  befont  hia  ilt  alk  taar  n»- 
•  ntcinauil'iladjiidthclii'.flaid  uf  lhal  cilunial  RMMM 
wkfcSi caaii  »nh  Laaf*  xi\  .  and  Oolkart 

Sarll.lhfi\aia-  tile  |.Ji1K.d  »i  vr  at  wotk.  liul 

Ttiirttiin^  |Vn* .  j  .it .  i 1  ■  "i  -  a  •  .H.v.i.il  coiiitratfcc  ihc  nuad 
liiilii  xu  »»i  h*  a  moment  lumcil  I"  ietittaiihy.  1 
needed  n  imte  hnc  oi  detnauaiuni,  twi  liable  to  be  d 
iiuted.  aM  aoimd  il  >n  ihe  ancient  rotridiin  of  t 
L'anatiea-  lie  irtulne*  the  i|coc,falwlii  ll  idea  ul  Marin 
,4  Tir«  and  nl  I'toleniy,  lie  pin  ca  Inv  uvtidi  m  aa  I 
lit  Ike  ae*t  at  pnaaikkiia  the  a><  ii.pelafin  of  tneCoaana 
in  the  iJiral  ol  I  eitr>,  sad  the  IntajrtiiJca  an  la 
,   ,1  ,  ,■:   .1   ;.  All-.  l-tt   Idl.  I  lltctmilW 

I  "  Accu'd M l>i  and  I  maul  no  Hie  fa«,  all  the  ipiall6t 
lucantof  a  iimvertal  inrtntiaii,  auih  aa  aiieo-.t  miclil 
aide  tn  c«cabli?l»  at  ll"*  d.i>.  itcie  lonilnntil  m  Kiihriia 


t    1:  placet  (V  hrai  metiilian  iatlie  *t»,aafe«2.rarifc 


ell  ll-  ....    _ » „ 

I  rJWini:  I  .reek  "Wnee  tame  Ihe  inlddk  airs -kro 
the  wrienlilir  ttlea  thaippriml,  .and  »na  letiii-ed  o*«    ^. . 
nliaaeaM  or  BolilKal  idea     The  lit-t  hue  irf  [  ™  „  ,,  ,.  ut.,vrt..l  and  %  I"  lie  a,.,  ..erne  n  pcrwnil 

..o  laken  anclieic.  le..tJe  l.ak  their  l<»tndian>  le-a  ^  ^  ,„„  ,„  „„  t.„„rlr>,  ,1,,  „,„,„„„„«  * 
cacalalt.  or  ttniaikable  placet  I  eaen  inn  raoaa  «•«  "  .  ,|  iminnfclnl  idea  ;  naniel),  Ike  ptmunn  lartlieu 
cc«re,  and  Ihe  rnnlu»a.n  re«  l«  b.  '*i-«™*-  1  J,K.  »,  .,  m  iIk  an.  »m  c.<:.l 

n.ain.nilkt  how  o  wat  »  e»»„i).  A\<*  I  <  .  .  is-  i,iii«i.,l«.n  ..(  the  Vinunedt.  latet,  natut 

lite  rtansraalata  ef  the  -  icnnhi   n'ea  in  tni"  >l"ei.     .  ,1^  i,una»ti..a|a»ciiii malwiii  of  Ike  k»unode  II 

»ndlkitil..t..lhe||..-..lK''htliti.»eoueil.  hamate  ..Hi  th.it  ..I  the  V«al  imae.    It  ael.  funk 

It  Z  l-"T.et.  a  fak.  nlea  id  Ricl.eltrii.aej •  •  w>  ymftmM       ,)„,.,,  .„1CK,  ,„  ,.m  o)u»«.n, 

enn.i*r  It  at  d.trvled  I"  a  lane  inwranm  »'  ckKtloe,  olitn  Ihc.e  la  a  t,.ie.la.in ol Uliltetail STanetaU 

K  Si  '»  m  dene  ah.ne  ...  «J!^ I  *  k„,J;i,.de.. 

,„„,„„.   At  the  |  Jf^StSL. 

i  '  •  t  V<r\  off  f-iiill  :  it » 
■  ICipttl  uf  IU  WlUy  t 

I  in)>irn>  ? .      «  ■  >'»  fi-wnv  ••(  Kjlik.it Mill. 

In  ••lOrr  l»  <^iaUi*li  4  iticrtiliin  Jt  anr  (xnnt  il 

.ft  f-.>  tfV    I      I  aV   J*  ill    t>  I    (•.'IlllClt     lilt**.  fXdHatly  * 

ill  w.-U-kawMiii  |Hiiiia»  fihuh  aitc  i*i  be-  Uiw^lit  idiom 
1  iwn  t<>  it.    N'm.liy  rnwiml  ..ir*«>u»  <iriiini-*-«wc>,cl 
.in  filiM.lt  MtaM  ilif  atiuM  of  ii  .if  (tint  j*m  Mthtft 

1  Hu-r.  *hm  I'-  l^nwWfi  n-tiiiinm*r»  .mil  itamr4h*lt  f 

luni.  ot.itlv  in  the  iMlietaiKi  *nw«M.    .,ritt  »w  then  <ec(M  t»  ib«  l'.m.i.ic»  Itj  ..Met  ol  Hie  km,;  .mil 

I  he  aiVijjliiaO  :iinl  ira#h*  of  tin  ■*  t*,|1"'*  i,  AtJ»k«i>,  -n*"!  llvrie  nwitle  lincfia  tirn.  on  the  <ic<u 

in  i lie   h»niU  *if  the  S|i*ni4i   .ir-l  /  ^rkc  '  ucdi      >»«   -.itciliic-  nf  J  j|ntet,  wli*?r>v  Ik  Oricnii' 

liirtaocr  little  thc>  ^reril  ••nil*  "'K>r'.     vaMkT'        iwntv.n  of  ttfutatH  m  Trneriffc,  iamI  unar>|iCa. 
(„lh  Llted  rthert  ibcre  «...  a  aacMiaa  "I  ...l«d..ll.»a  g 
•  leraw.  I,  II..       ..  a.  4  ■  laai  •  ~™i»kal  ftawnj. 


tnl'.r.l.  Kicliclirii  1^  alnt»e  all 
faaWcal  itxere^a  aaMN  P~ 

nc  lin.r,  hi.aevrr,  ke  ta  a  '" 
ii*.,  wlio  (tel.  «l«  txervailr 


tame  lime,  hnaevrr,  ke 


I", :  ''j    H,-...a.   '  •   alaaa.dev.tad. 

"  "i"„.!ie.    m  <l"n  !     Ik.  ak^jflB^ 

"I  .  .  "  .  ..1  ...aaante..  fat      la  sdaOMC        f  *',n*     n«  ... 


rrante  mide  a  mal  «'  cnanntetoi 


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.V.7  J  t  'AW- 


M9 


e-vux-entional    position  hern 
Kcrro.    In  f.o.l.Jit  tl.e  beejnninjr 
V'  our  geographer  l>cli*lc  i-.  ftmw 
(ie   island  of  Kcrr  »  Iw-i»:i|r4 


lar?  iMmm  To  MCttM  the  arcurac.  ef  .lie  r'mch 
MHM  M.  jf^nM#M  ar«-*].i«tl  die  Jul**  uf  .ei-rcurr. 

The  I  "nt-rc»»  li.lllcj    ,«  |  ntr.i  p>i>nu  4t 

-•hii.^l.ir.  t«.  a»-«i-<l  n.  Che  Kiting',  .uul  i.>  xakr  irirt  i 


il  idrn  of  Klc  lieliou  vvr.  t.  Mgwdfd- 
c»  integrity.      Pari*,  in  lad,  gawa 

pher   of  very  i^reat 
.orm    In    the  scipiit. 
onomic.il  *Jctcrtnin:tli"nt  the 
i»»le  Jin.l  U'Anvillo  ptttced  tr.in..- 
i/  in  iIiit  frtiin  r.mk  in  i£r.»>;i\i|»liv. 
Krance  h.i.l  ill..-  mi  u>v  li-i>  r—l 
the  al  the   -...oie  tint*-  I....L  iltr 
Irojfraphie  mciliod*.  nt'l  |»r.»l'ic- 
Jro^r.iplnc  worl;*,  as.  I  >*-».»  ""  ' 
ice  BI  the  c*» »nir« 
Ubmin  «>f  t-  rnnem  »li.ill«tn.« 

prc-ent  activity  i«t  the  lir.iwlje. 
I  -iiv  Inn  a  w.»r.l  in  p.."...-,-.  I  .it 
r.l.'.liinu  Ktcal  tiling,  ci  jn  H  IIM 
of  the  port  of  K  "  nclv.ci.il>- 
"  jn«l  scientific:  pun'  iplc»  l  Ine 
ami  A/Vic.  <  :  tlie  «»».«  A<  '• •«  ■ 
limit  ;    ilic    publication   »f  Um 

..I  euhcmcrl.le-.,   tit©  "}••;<■   

ewe  J  tl.e  f.iir  fcCrliM  ttj  .1.  ■■  mm. 
..j;!,  praeUloo.  .....l.-ri ..ken  jtmfcn 

r  i.ontfit.t.i..--  i  " 

hid.  a.e  BftiltU  ^-!-|l.o...<..l  .it  I  »; 

»„i.o,.t  i- ,;, 

.....  fttcvel  ilir- ureal  i»i'"i"  -- 
e  leeim  f  >*P  »'«  "•  *',*: 
l«.t  lo  call  il   !<•  iilim«  «•  , 

«,w.«  '■ ';v.u-'ri  «•  — 


lilrci->  winclvoi 

t  C 
■Wei  by 


P£««**£]  |>f  ,|ic 


tin*  UiHTinnoH*.  Anunii:  ihrm  muj  be  cimr<1  Wrw* 
Nnr(.fi.l\  ,\-.i|r|i  Half,  mi  WiUwm  IIi.xb*od.  .tint  ftJt 

On  jgfiWmatf  !he  oinin^iMun*.'  the  MMMMjy  it  »J| 
merit,    Mil     W  *-<"»  •  Knjl.imj  ,tml  Amrru  i  -n-te  tqn- 

l>y  uIwjiv*    »eineil  1  >*%  i>t  nil t«chcfbrvr  Mhi^t  wclia  n.HtloM** 

•iit'l         iT*-r it  tt-jmri-ni  ii  -tn  m.h.  1.1J1  ul.ttrtl  |t>  £]tt  ihriti 

1   III  tllC  tll*LliWiiMl.  tlHTV  W.ll  jlKrml  M  it,  UlllJcf  tilt'  f.trTji  ■  4 

,m  it.ttxwii  tJic  ^4pfH.n  \4  tlir  m<»:  cm.tiitit  inrn  of  Itaiitin; 

I  uc*  AiiM-r-»-«  ««t  I  tiL'iniiJ  jtn*«-i«  .it  U'.lViin|^t«. 

I-'iimIK.  tiJtlix.it  .it  .ill  *UllNtf  |o  t.i3tJ«  i|uril.iin  iJw  in- 

lit  frTlliU  l»  V    "f  .HIV  •Hit:  lif r-H  :  I  «|  ||h>  CtlltgrCn.  it  |«  \tt 

Oiili  .lit  UK       Ixr  ■rnitklis  die  tut  rtf  invituiitfu  l*tHtf 
i    dt'lu  s,(  ■!  t,.  .i.'l  (|»«  .in  i.'I  .m  i  , ,  r»  .'itii  .illy  «*.:h  ihf 

.    Il    U  ||    till'   Win  "H    Which    I  MAC?  M4«  t'.ltkll  lii 

•Irfi-fii]  Iter  iHti  ir-t*. 

Ioil <*«!•>'«  lioncviT,  hi-  hi  \  btfPtcMMl  tn.:.iineii.l 
fir.  Tin*  I  r.iTn-r  thr  iicii'ivtiili  <i-nt«n  »|.ic*  inn,  any 
uitiec  titan  the  I 'r.unv  lt*r  ci^H«<rf||  jiul  Mivmeriiiai 
cent  uiic-.  tiffin  hrr-«|r"viHtilnlt.ti  .iii.iiicTmtiiin.il  micift 
l.l  ijiii  •liiKVi  «r  .1  m<L!lb    4ilil  11111% C**l|  (Jlif.ii  lit 

In  ctt|tf..rMl*it ,  tfarn  f'Mi-.  w.ili  ilir  *f*tU  nliirlt  mK,!  tlir 
ili«titulHtii  <if  ilic  inftrtiikl  i*  *ttfui  IX  f'twli  n-|irt«wa* 
tl.in  (al  | lie  \\\i»Sii'   I'v- «.  t  ,  rr—  -.tlrtt   tui  nl  iHiml  liV 

Brim  'J''*'  "C  -*  iifcrtfli.it>  «wh  a*  wwncu  until  J  drv^itr 
.%iul  wwife itaTinMtl  W  jJv^muijwhmh  t^f  the  hinrr.il 

ii 

\i  ;i*c  otprifWM!  ,'*r  WWtf"*  mK'it'wrW  tl«*  Ainrrv  in 
ll(hjpltii1Mi  V+pttimiW  »"  J-Mttii.  tlir  ktniimciir  .»(  It., 
Orlltr.i'^iie .it  tiitce  rir.i|rt<Ms|  thi'  m>n>'ui  ul  i.i«vn«i<  h 

.i.  llic    :i"rritiint:idl  ■WlallllM     /(  llu>  |HMMfilini  IijJ 
\fttm  .Hltn-Tt  il  the  limn  i|iir-li»wi  nlnrh  •  alk«l  the  t'«in- 
j^m*  Ih^uIIkT  unulil  harVtl  Ut.i  tlei  ttliij.  ^ntl  llkit,  t>t  M 
w>.  wulmiit  tliKil"-»*m.   tmi  nn4>i;*t  \i#  MCMMM  «f 
..n.(  ucKtal  iliioej,  u,v.i>4i>*iklini  l.»  .IrtVitif. 
U       m  ... ...  t.  u  nMctttlt* 

11m:     h-:Mt  ft  I..H.ir  Ittttjhl  No  ivcvc  J^Jlavf  th.-i 


l*n.ie.l  . 


.f 

rhl< 
cnl- 


iu/e.1  oy  u"?   mm.       .       ,,,„.   „„,|  ,  tiiiiM.nii>        iwlwiiijl*  C«|I..kI  .J  |>  im  lie 

brniiwil  by  "'.CC  „.,i  it  ,  r-"""-'      *'i.i»i..''i<,,'i.,J"i,,  l<»""«  wr...iu» 

k   of    *"■■■>'''"       i  tiL-',.,^,...! ...«..«  i»r..  .-..oolnmi*.!  4mMtm 

liietl  .!(•  'm  ».r  n*.t»  i...^.  M  ■*'<  ye-l'"  "rw  wl.U.I  m  the 
.llftruulMe,  jtryMumg  I"  |<MiK.pk»  lilt)  .Inmltl 

.la>..»e  II'..  llK'M.ll.'i- 

Tnc  lr -iihii...  .  .rt  .It  •  J.".  .'"I  »*t  Ol'l.'.il.  Il 
.i...  ,.i».I,"j.mI  I'"'  l"  'l  0,,,,e  .t>«'H  ».  U.fc;.le 


l.l*. 
rXtl* 


»'"•  tlie 
'"cVio..l.. 
I  V'S,rMi-lli'.'» 

.t^.^^^rO.--  ne,  

A.""'  1 


*».I»|M 

I,.  II  I-  Ii'-e, 
re|».e*e.iievl, 


men. '".'i1' 


>ie\i'.  iiiiineron-. 


lie  are  .ie-vt 


'liie.-u"~ 
■  ...I 


i  i*ni[H>.>i. <'.**   '  \x  |i  .  .. 
Tl.e  i, -..I. u  ,|.|.    i«r»'  " 

cccp<e.ll>v  tbe  '*'»*^  e    I  itwi* 

ujtMctlam  ,  a, 

.•rtViivr  tl..*..'1' 


Mk  lip." 
»l  llic 


I,  tl.i«  «-""'; 


M  ihe  •er.^e 

n'.".I.l'Mv.,i»-UMn  .he  rie...l...*.".l'eJ«'2..leleGj»a 


l<m.i»»i.M. 

-  If  ..He. 
in  ...i  .rue 


||W 


,..  mix  trunk*-.."!*.!"'  r»o».leJ  hv  biimi 

,  „,..  ,,   ver.»l  ■.*«      hHtemtk.  IV. 

.>•      ....  Totmiot.  Mm  i«  »"W  "iMftl  il  lu» 
m!o»  i.  !•  rtl.lili.li^l  k 


"   -I  Iuh>  ■>>  the  ivm.  MTh.f>n  ,.| 


,,  |...i<;.  iryffr 

',^j::,r-:>i^^'''.--"i'^ ,",  ass 


150 


AV/  TURE 


[June  It,  1 88 


dtbitc,  .ind  »»  iu<>«ooenllv  inriciiclT  frw  t..  nfr«tt       "  The  »loJy  uf  <!«•«  i|.m»i.*>»  W.  •>  to  oubli. 


*ucmpK«  ib<  miiiiAiiim  ur  k.ni'tml«.and«n  •rwliiittf  I  hc  mcnduni  «  .tii^n.itucie»  hum  be  regarded  i 

incti  ihe  ca**«  of  the  failure  nf  th«*  aiiem^,  tnanv  of  «m«iui.iIN  national.    Thru  office  is  u.  enabV  oWrv, 

them  very  luipp.1v  cuiwcaicd.  one  is  struck  by  the  fixt  tnnei  t«  depend Imi  eachoihet  fur  the  in  ■          of  the 

thai  they  teem  rcdunble  to  twn  mam  came*,  nnc  of  a    rr>*tri .t  m.    n,ry  aU>  «*r\e  as  *  ham  for  geixiei 

scientific,  the  mlm  uf  a  moral  MUM.    I  he  cante  nf  *  ',n<>  »BR F*M  Hbuur*  executed  in  connection  wit 

•oeru.ric  nature  liei  m  ihe  in.ib.htv  nf  the  ancient*  to  tnem.    Tmnr  tmu  1mhi%  howes er.  brine  of  an  entire! 

determine  rxactlv  the  relative  pomions  or*  fwtrrts  taken  sp**1*  character.  ought  in  general  to  be  limited  la  th 

nn  the  tfobe,  pirticitlariy  in  the  ra««  of  an  bland  te-  country  po.te—  nv  them. 

moved  fmm  ■  continent.  »hetc  the  distance  bet*  ten  the  lu*  u,xt  yw^M  iri  te'V^tplij,  tin  the  other  haiw 

lim  *i*n>K 'leterrn'mhlrH  iitnn-.in.  rnris^r".  do  nx*  re-pure  to  he  tut-il  unh  a  preuamn  <t«ii«  • 

-  h  w.i»  Ihut,  £«  rumple,  that  ihe  flru  tfwtid.au  of  drhcjre  M  that  t>\.i>  le d  by  MiOMNqr|  but  m  retur 

Marine  nf  1  *re  and  of  I'ntlcim.  plarrd  in  the  wratttd  diHiu.n  ousht  Ui  Ik-  i  miprehenwte.  and  whdr  it 

Fnnun.tte  iJ.imt.,  i  oukl  ml  OfMN  iu  he  tfed,  M>  pMffimmlml  lo  noilupy  obwivatfiries  ii  H  necessary  I 

wiOituiidiiii!  the  ndtantw  bei'oiiffjnii  to  the  clnmrnfa  tedine  tu  the  MMfl  the  origi^a  »f  Jang-nade  in  get 

poflthm  in  tlic  r*tr«me  «r-l  of  thv  'ln-n  atioutt  »n«VI(  iaa  fjraph). 

ttecowM  nf  ihe  umeita.ritj  attaching  tn  llilk  p*MfU  of  "  It  may  fiathcr  1m- ..n-1  itiat  il  the  -iu-  of  an  ubterv. 

defnnnrr.  lar)  «wjilit  to  be  <MM|  umler  <oe»iihrTation,b  of  « 

Mlhi>\rr»  MgMJttMi  MNH  n-ned  M  fat  i  «tr^  »»» rwwnnicfll  deteriui<a\  a  tmrxli  tn  «(  drnarturn  i 

direct-on  to  the  ipievlton     IV  »ple  nete  nbfigeil  to  rcve»l  J5IHH!  j***  Ul      ">Cv*  un  P*MttW  a  |M|nlfUiM 

iu  ihu  ciinitmnt.    Jahicad  utf  rr^.trtltn^  ,i  (urnntiHi  origin  de4«*ri|<ioA. 

of  lon(riude»  iniliralpjl  hy  niture,  |m<  otlr          lUni  lirtt  "Have  lh**«  tun  *i  itiflrrml  fnncl>on&  al«n>i  b«e 

meridian  fnim  a  rjkpit.il.  fnwn  mnarkahle  plarc«,  fnen  ****  compreKwyJwl,         j   di»t)tntiun  nf  .m  h  v|fa 

obiervatiirit^    'IV  seonxl  mim  *u  nhmh  I  rcrcrml,  o»(Wiien«  pe»K*-rlv  olnervexl '    lit  rf,  manner  «f  mean*, 

thecaxwe  uf  *  m<iral  kini)    naiut  b,  ii.in.ui.il  jrahw-n;  -  "  Senn,;  ilur  uliHrmiirrie^.  b>  rc.i^tfiof  ihr  l;ibour«  ■ 

bxl  to  the  mult  (ilir.itinu  uf  ^-.Tapkicil  ot^ina,  wlirseat  prtctiion  ewtuted  by  them,  futni-.h  admirable  d*t 

the  nature  i/ib.tt^k  u\>okl  hakt1rnun>leij  tHrir  rciturtun  each  ml  nn  m  a  pinion  h>  d-i  to  \m%               u,  |. 

(none  tmjr  on^tn  r*fc*P"  «*hietvai.iry  nut  MA  ihe  |Mmiic  t»c«»n 

-In  ihr  .r.enlcrtiUi  ccwtiirj  Cardinal  dc  KkIicIicu,  "^it*  n^enaVeu  m  bonte    .i  u-k  »ctv  proper  I 

seeing  thu  cMfmiiNt.  vtaniod  to  re**me  the  nlca  nf  rt  i                  "to  iceoetal  «..rk*  of  K<,  ,:»,i;*v  ue  hn 

MarimM.  ami  .i««esnhkd  ai  I'arU kamed  men  *4  Fntn.  t  dr.»,;i..Hi>  tve.uicd  altrnad -a  c.«nfii<.iuu  of  renctiee 

mad  lueetun  emmfrlee.    The  <amouv  nuuulan      the  tiwnwivnc  m  «t  ihe  l>rrmn  nf  all  the  dtrrVultie*  nmk 

Mm&M  IciiHH.nthrnMiltufihcirconferesm'*.  Menu  »*»f*  »•  «••«  lalmnr. 

■lUtmi  «Mfc  m imA*  mil  htllDli  iIlN  uf  ibr  mertdiao  of  Vl"lwfl"J".  thervfiire.  as  cntbiannMB  MH  a. 

iheiilamlufl'emi,  uh^Uh».l  if  t  I,.-  |inre%  ctur-rapW-  r"*u*M*  die  neteiiiiy  uf  crtaWt.liinj  nmiv  m  all  ttu 

Cul  ami  mntlntl  rhirai  trr  ahme  abtetti  rctuhtr  ii,  anil  main  eaptrwlij  10  C'H'i  il  |M«m|dr]  beianie  in>«e  mil 

tain  h  aw,  a  lu,i  inienutiunal  meridian,  una  ilnpiaied  morv        tl,                i"**  ihr  law  Uf  nf  «  un- 

from  it.  (iriiikio  pnkii       by  the  y« -^i  iphrr  GwvmnM  "n"lljn  ■  dc|xaiiu«  lu«  Uen  w»  «lit  n  ram-d  m  r*ca 

Uvlidc,  who.  Id  tiinplih  ihr  b'utr-,  pbnnl  il  in  n-ovd  I  ll,u**- 

MHMXi  io         nf  Varw    Ihi*  unlMpm  dm^m'Jnaim  .  '  Am  '"^  „    •"rt»l»''l":S  ocoipt«|  w>tli  thu  queukt 

.  I. .   i      _t  .  *   -t  .i.  i        i     "  '  ■ ._  ■_      ill  II  in. ii.  ill  .IK  ili-^t-i  i  in-  .in  lllani,.^   •    ■  *  . 


MA  TUR& 


tion  which  ou^ht  to  unite  the  votes 

tiiHulrr.-tiuirf.  of  economy  .mil  •  >!  u,c 
a  blind  u*  to  the  principle*  which 
cation,  and  whicH  c*»n  aIhim*  render 
•  lly  ncceptnlric  unit  fwrm-»rtci». 
r^utncttl  i»f  ct'onomv,  ami  u-*e, 
iced:  as  a  imnn  «>l  rtoivi M»i»dtivt 
i»  true,  for  tli«  mnjnrii  v  for  »1wm 
DMI  for  litem  alone,  (iml  le.iv*-*.  f..r 
rden   of  «h.ink'c    in    I*.i1>i«-,  put.li.  i 

boIrN  us  of  »o  litflil  account  in  tbc 
inert y    10    recall     tl»e    p#W«  IWf 
rojfr.iphv.   nii<l     f»»r   tin**  l»'M'" 
i  cite  a"  few  from  * 

.    tn«l   em-tiiAiii.tt    Iron*  «•* 
er».     *  rr.inc«/     *.■>■*     ■  ■ 


I 

nth 


glnnou*  urv  **e  n«tt.  tJirn,  jutvti.ityj  m  Myirttf  iku  a 

j.n. |»..-. ftirmulJicii  tit  MM  *emc  witul.l  not  lu  accept - 
itliU-  ? 

M  (ATbaa  ui  ibe  */M  sf  ifc«  u»t  tmtmtf  pmek  e«u- 

Mtobvtl  lit*"  niclre,  *1i*J  *he  (itmed!  iti  th*  w.tj  '  l»tl  iht?, 
j*  ,1  mi- curt-  nf  C4>iiii*nty.  -tnil  tt«K  to  cli.in^c  ;tNithiM  in 
her  h.iUii,  |.N,j..,c  ha  *.«»!  rule  to  lb*  mien)  *  YuukrMiw 
ili-  l'  l'.  I'hr  t*-nih  i»,  »»c  itiintvJ  gWtWililm  ,M  hume 
i>»p- a  limy  h.ihit*.  iinl  IdMftfML  Anil  the  intippit 
vIh<**M  rv-Uud,  ;t»  il  l%  iinh  !■»  Ihe  il\mrii.nm>  of  ■  ■. j 

t;In|jr,  U  *'»  ai  II  iHiena^tni  from  vitfj  ftvtm  tfi  ih.«i  in 

hltute  agCS  tin  ir.nelJer  wh»»  «nM  trtmiilt-  mi  the  mini  of 
<iur  i  'Mr.  ndl  W  jlili*  1o  .i*k  Itlnwhf  liy  ti,jt  j<o|.|r  m-ji 
il>*emi-<l  the  in«cr-<:-il  inenurt;  *»huh  In-,  feci  «■>■»  rlWuxe 
to  li^hi  "it, 

I'm  nit  tnr  tu  ur  tli.it  <t  it  in  tliu  u.ty  n  ir£«rm  u 


nf  tun  i  c*4.ihl^he*l  «*■!  trmtrrcii  «frr|il.iMt*.  Ji  i»  In  ••ftting 
•  tr.ttcd     .inr*»l|  tin*  uA.i  MjjIr  »•*  .«?J  uoitV  »  sntl  lay  r  ■[llfirlj 


e«  .iko  the  ..l.lc^t  m»Uti«  ••!  •tMNWWtJi  I  ttt.umi(  orvc-n'lf  n  hi<  m»k  rlt.it  ikuhi  i.il...m»l 

be    w.«  tl.c    «ir^«  «  

•ottelM  ..iier.itM"-^  hwvliw :  »M  *g 

■   arcs    in    ICurOpe,    -\nirr...;  I 

rlc 


..I  arcs  in  Ruropfr.  -^1"'r";  J  ■  ' 
rki  were  .....1   nre   rvK.il-.i"l  > •>  * 

-  ..mi  ••'  "vr  ,r: .".7.."'."!:! 

tViy  arc   frrm  h,  ;< 


„  .ire 
1mU>    •/    | '.iri  t 


4-eyinK'.  1'^ 


il.  Itl.tlCtl  in 


,|  I'oiUc. 


r.,,.M|Jmalc..ll'- 
„  Bbool  afco  tl':V«-    ''  '" 


in  tfrW  F9*l 
ili<- 


innTc  llt.in  .t 
i  f»rcih'n  MH  lo»l 

femain«lrr  itic  >*'"11'  ,\ M.,i  ..m    11  ,r" 

s    of   ili»c.l  — i<"'  (,  MM!Cl»« 

M  iIih  inn  lit '   '  ,    ,f  ,.-  t!  • 

.  .in  I  relit. i  t  ';   »«■.*  I  .Iwmn. 
 npta  -.f  i""  Krinte »»J »w 

ne.l  t..  llic  .:.«  «-'-   '  '  ,|„.   glahg  >•'< 


ml 


iitiil  tli.il  -i  *nu  cr>-  ImtnJ  J*r«J^ie>4  i«  ailtMot 

"  I  luktcn  t-i  vi)  thil  I  .mi  f<er*u,i<le(J  ili.n  iW  urr^w^J 
orfe'l  at  tf.Mtir         noiher  m.nle  m«r  -tt<^*«*nl  Uy  Kojt- 
fiinl.  I(«l   I   ittHi'il  wli.ltur.it  ii<i\Af,1.  ii  mil  iniJer  a 
|  trim  ten  ire  tn  (hi*  l-'n^hth  n.itntn.     \u  iHNMtua  iiiijnnt^ 
•f  ilm  |«jj»l*«f  tile  pMM  n-mu-ile  vrilh  I  IvjUaA  (lUfta, 
u  i.  : ■■  ite.  t.iit  ft  i*  *  fcom-ifip  u»  2wi  refKJriol  in  cli«  i:rr.u 
'  tiMnt'fw  •»>  *»oii  *4 ill'-*  n.it Miti.  Ihr  i|«y,  li»ufvtr,  Mhcn 
I  tin*   b^ftftaocr,  Ircrly   ai-"4»*iWt  u  itu«^e<l  intii  ,i 
•uprrnucy  <ifhVt.il  .unl  «np»»retl,  ll  uin  mitleixo  iho 
1 1. 1  MkiMtl  i'f  ortv  liunuii  |-i-*et,  .tinl  tit.-*  in*i  nut  ion* 
'  ti  hi*  h  (•»■  it*  mliilt*  i*.  >f  .t  pifrly  <«:irnii*t:  iviirr,  Jml  m 
1  whirh  we  oV»in*  tn  a**:rr  .1  l"tl»;  aim!  jo-faMr  fntvre. 
**t'l  l*^'"""'  .in  "h.*'  I       »>«.'i  tn-l  |«r.i '  *•  •  IiwIm  m,- 
I  lie  n.iltttiiA. 

♦'All  tit**  .!»•■•».  fv<w  modi  wi'ern  itwnl  »4  r*  •  i.ike  mt 
the  Dti^iti  "/  terre*i haI  I"n^mt.lr»  a  fttuui  ilititnu«*ril  try 
ictrvfv  *4«««j*r.ir<#il«  aI  euti«i'U:r*tfHri<i,  On*m$jM*  HttUN 
Ii.t«  <w  «|i.t:n«  tl>  ■ '  1 ' ■  !  tl<e  t<viTioeni  mi  >•  hi*. Ii  ihc 
sicxt  A  Will  It  ilM  WWWni  pWC  niM*  ^tnypNjg  tlwin*clict 

Tlt-il  ff«'i«  J  ptCflgBBlW'  *I  f».*»t  •'.  >'*;♦»  tfcetr  MC  E-'rl  tun 

*•  J  lie  lifvt  ,  tint  Km  WmM  CMH>4  »n  WMlTM»4  l<»  fW 

viltrtvita  i*f   Ih*1  *«or*»t*>  nith  m  Utt'v   Iiti.  I'mn,  hy 

irfj.  .n,:  !»>«  nirri.ho-'.  |i«njtxh  rtK  W.  r .  •  .  flu  -c*..nit 
in  ri-htf  -IIHU  "  r"  ,J'  i',<  *f|'  "  ''Hi.  V.rfti.j 

fumi  i<>** mt- the  i  .mlim  •  *•!  tin'  txiidi,  mJktc  the 

New  WWM  reji  lit  *  -"«*  ••  Iwjj  1  *> 

"  I  lie  *-  (no  ■nlu'i'Mi-  !■■•**  '*e  il'^niMit.  in  ihey  hjvr 
the  n(fc«UiWa«l»  rixe.:!,  tow  nVHiinhmtjIilr*! 

^KSrfna1?^  h^%UuSS^SS:  i  fet      ft  rsete  

i  urtwf  "IV..  |  S7   i*r«>.i"    ,  (-  f  „  , -jri»t,  «**fii  n.ili  mi  J  tiirftOiio*  *cie 

of  mtrlii.lr  •-•.V,    |wM1   1  '',        '"  ...  ii,.          H   ■•  bent 

riatVi   ulllrlt     %v    ,    I         1  1      ""  .   

nil  tiic  iirin.1                   I, !-..>■         '"  '■' 

,.f  i,r.7.     I  i'V    '   u  f 


lulf  r«-| 

h>*>** 


,.|.-ix.l  I" 

retriii  .-r.cio.il 


*if  aoo  >c-ir* 


■  Il.il  »ll  .1  KM  "I  *  V  '*'  Jl"'  ""'h  **'**MP* 

,rf  «,,l.j.tmlr  I- J  l""l  '*■  I  ''  "1  »'■"'•"•» 

...  ...*l..u  .U>...M  l.ttii!^  || 


ii.... I" 

I  Irl'it'l  ' 


I  -1.4.1 


...^  -      ,  |f    (#  f,,,,,^.!,  rJt  lit  >x    .iu.  in. 

1*1. .  ..II. 


.,ii,l.l..o.    *  ■*       I    ,  »■  '  '  ,.  .,,( 

I  by  daws'.  I",',".-..-  ,'t, 
,n.l  thr  (*»*»«««»,'*W" 


■ 


NATURE 


[7»w  1 8.  x88« 


o 


GffSSSN&S  AT  TRUTH 
t. 

LD  SPENSER,  la  hi*  wondrous  MSrgaty,  tell* 
u» — 

»•  ,  ,  ,  W,  that  nr*<i  MVH 
C\wA/n*vri " 
We  are  akMDMflb  rrm-nleJ  th*t  w  iiu**t  creep  before 
we  CM  walk.    9»  »»Jt  »*  cannot  hwi.  coldly  nr  **rcaitic 
ait*  mi  •  ,. 

•*  .  .  .  iaxtCo,*  G«nM<  nth"*  e»oyc, 
provided  aluav-  that  we  are  mrt  «f  the  earline**.  Hi 
there  often  fa  a  MM  i»*mWi«c  b«»rrn  the  erratic 
first  fiichi*  of  the  mwiwiux  ricdRrlmi;  and  the  MMM 
e»otV.i.m*  if  'he  time  hardened   I'ar.id^scr  or  U  the 

I'awr-Ri-ieniirt   

llctidcs  thr  mere  itoren  or  *o  uf  rtaHy  sarwtlid 
)1*i  «r.,!x.  til  libit  the  wnrld  ««ms  able  h*  w«d«c  at 
any  one  lime,  nm  in  these  later  years  and  uho»r  nHM 
can  at  the  laru  be  rarely  calb*l  none  than  fJar**/*,  there 
it  an  unto'd  multitude  whose  Gmiifmgt  iirrioewibb-. 
These,  unlike  *oroe  at  lea*  nf  ibr  hMmer.  w«  hide 
Ihtir  kfht  under  a  bur-fat  From  week  lb  week  we  tie* 
with  curium  awe  the  mcrr-jAinc  pilci  of  jsampUiett  under 
which  oar  dwrltct  and  tible  vat;,  ".rum.  and  crack  !  1x1 
v«  make  an  effort,  and  r«  i  rid  of  «>me  at  them  N«x  M 
the  waste- basket  —at  least  iu*  at  wo  --tto  there  is 

>nrnribin£  "i  i"..  l  eiery  bundlr  of  hay  l«  the  SiMjd-in 

it  U  nut  needle),  brt  brira*  ami  d.i«<,  and  thu  1*  u«uah> 
worth  teanhinjf  for,  were  it  onl*  in  :1k  Mmn  *rf  lattice 
to  thu-e  who  have  thus  ( unmsm  imidy  hiild**  them. 
We  take  the  bundle*  a*  they  c»uw  :  inanr  are  nit  ten  and 
tan  be  tossed  aiide  ai  utsce,  others  tenure  mmr  lareful 
Ktutiny. 

The  b'r*t  we  b<.ht  upon  is  by  M*  particularly  nmde*t 
rnntnlHiMr  John  OTonb?  1  |Me  dues  not  seem  »"  be 
aware  of  the  power*  »*f  Fermidc  of  llidmj-m,  *bnh 
i1,...-!'  .  I  nut  |«uclaim  the  fact;  maided  ws  no  a 
former  orcis*-n  easib  M  penetrate  hi*  AtMaa/AK  Mm  aifc 
stern  o  »*fe  *.ib,  us.)  lit*  prrsrnl  work  is  a  *:nt;ub«I» 
ouaini  |Mote«l  a-raimi  ihe  nwdern  abuse  »d  clcmrntary 
dyiktrnwai  terms,  and  at  sack  is  weQ  wnrtbj  «f  careral 
pcmtal  There  can  far  litile  doubt  ih*t,  *I  all  atyajajj 
substcl*,  a*  presented  in  an  clrmrritary  fi*-m  li»  the 
bcclnner,  tjjnumiis  l*  the  ana*  refnUtite  And  K 
at  the  »e»^  tlunhnliL  Mr,  (TMl  »h.m*  thr  n*taral 
wo>k:nc  »^  a  ckir,  kf,£wa»,  nun.1  in  the  nvddV  ol  the 
■MM  ehauv  lib,  imnidifei  ii  abKh  dvmld  be  read 
br  all ;  for,  |M  he  h.H  all  and  RaaMM 

attack*  the  NT]  pant.  .4  Ncirnre,  he  itr.inably  hit*  M« 
M  w««  a«  hard  It  mM  <ake  ■  -k-de  artwte  t.v  di«tt*4 
IV  •  thr        .        he  1  lurfKC  »t  14  >-i)  Jg 

of  the  c-wkfuMOD  which  be  iO  j"-11*  c%|M..r<  i»  that  i.ttir, 
bat  niu»  hafcU-d  w«n!  WwW;  ami  M  ata»M  itu-  MaawMJ 
pretitviat  Mrttatt  a*  duwrins  h»«  autni  of  new  : 

M  \\  k.«  mt  WiuH  ...  i  ipv-t|' '«  w^lta-c  o#  pWrrnwtU. 
we  <awarfcftW  dK«  U  .Mr-'it».  Uviu^  <M  "JJ^Jg* 

eapnirncelhH  d  •«  liiailf  »uW«**U«l  lW-a«im 

«e  rntaifti  h*a>  ar  MU  k*»--  'I"  ••«•»»'^•','  •''  M**"* 

Next  we  bM  a  i  -ulde  of  MUdja^  hnl  more  ambttn — 
Bam|ddci**:-iucach  of  wh.ch  the  VfU  } 

.d.  When 


j  and 

Vutaw  of  the  (Kl  »»e  ^r-aniitly  MM  ih»«yh  jhe 
tmni  of  teitrrmrnt  are  bv  M  mean*  (MM 


nnb/  to  turn  over  a  fei  [viye*  |0  ftftd  i,^  thoroughly 
repealed.  Il>t  hu^bvar  is  the  tittsanation  of  Knrrity  • — 
irA  >irui<-'rm*-  ii!  tin"  r.trrfulCir<uIatxmof  Matter'" 
—in  unuc  of  ttbub  .iU  aggrcKJtioM  such  at  the  Min  will 
uhimiirly  c*pl»d*  into  tHctr  winner  nrbnlnu*  condition 
ti>  recommenrr  tbeir  cundeautuin,  &<.,  i*  .in  immediate 
enn jue me  id  1'Ht  PHISCiri.}  Of  THt  CuNit-KVA  t  tuy 
or  LiuHt  ! 

Our  !>'■  'I  autlbw  tarn*  up  kit  Krctslauf  .r.  fullaw^ 

"...  fifr.  milter,  *nd  ill  t>«*C*.  lie  the  aecr»ary  am 
nrvtlalac  •rjloim?  <d  the  rtUtcfl^e  ■■!  Si'KC  fcfite  <ir  U*x>ua. 
at  t&m  wliunu,  muii  of  mceitny  be  a  *.«•»  of*  Cnrce  o 
tmriy,  ar.1  all  lllifQ>  ait  bit!  cJiaict  ■.€  fttimfnlatiaiu  of  thi 
wi-l.in^  .i  in.  '■>■■  -:  at  -t.'.i.'.r  .  the  rluih  .-  •1iw|yinl>  in  Spao 
hLc  a  tumpoT  Sill  in  Wjtcf.  bit  New  W.>iti>  ut  Wine  f  nm*i 
in  Sjh.  ;  tin-  AmMh  *n>1  (orotbif  |iRi<c»*wiU  aa  Ra;  ever 
■ml  inn«ifuruil)[  life  ■lit  be  elcmft)  i  .  .  ." 
Thi*  it  u  uep  In  alliance  even  uf  l>efttajne«,with  uhort 
Spuceand  Matter  were  the  Mint  We  Wate  to  the  rradc 
tu  jinltrc  anWtt  »f  the  KM  ha*  tbe  more  crnic^Mel' 
j-riniiLtl  tbiuui'h  tbe  MM  cottar,  the  Ciecman  Swiss  o 
the  Scotsman 

On*  neat  *' ■ ,»  i*  a  '  i-  -  im*.  m>  lr*i  than  from  th 
t'aiverwe  to  the  Atmn  1  Tbe  work  uoit  bebwe  us  Is 
\~efy  carvm*  one.  The  author  ha*  hunted  wider?  for  hi 
tiknrru.1*,  >md  (jMRf  n.i"utuK- 1  urb-it*  *«■  h  n«|y  as  sad 
lu.  theory.  So  hint;  a*  he  can  uttl.se  Sir  \V.  Tlmoinoci  o 
Clerk- M»*widl  brd-w--  ta  :  bwi.  when  he  finds  tbciraiatc 
mrnlt  iwiMnpattble  mill  In*  tlievvi.  he  ha*  no  difficult 
in  ]uikiuu  np  "Kit  Ke  wants  froVn  /eutier,  Kuhlmanr 
Ueschanal.  A*:  He  •i-mi»,hi»we*vr,  tux  m  be  a<  quaint c> 
i» lib  thi  elalmr.itc  work  of  Atbanaae  Dunr^  This  is  tin 
fiMtunate,  fur  m  H  be  w.Hiid  have  found  little  iLilYiculiy  ii 
obtaining  wbttcver  he  mi|]hl  rc*|iurv.  The  nb-ect  of  Ut 
titur,  betell)  itated,  is  t»  frauve  a  thei<ri  uf  tbe  lupoid  an 
••lid  stales  i'unev.hai  *'»  the  hnc*  *.4  tbe  kinetic 
iheor)  :- noli  it  wrnii  nc  mail  b.i%e  a  mutual  lore 
b*iwren  uxriclcs,  whone  Liw  u  vuiictliint:  l«tween  th 
tajnjMM  aui  *nd  mier»f  jth  p^WCH  «f  tbe  distance.  Bi 
t«.«netiuu  the  t*«  IbMEM  *ivnr>  tu  vary  mth  tbe  distance 
so  that  "we  m--*t  ApfJi  the  tbemj  id  pmUibilities  i 
ijiirnnioe  ibe  puteniiat  »i  ;ini  i  rntrc  doe  to  the  surmunc 
my  aiom*."  A*  a  sltikto^  Iniianrr  <rf  Mr,  Whltlnt* 
eatrJHive  ran{p~  of  (pintatioa,  we  nutc  tb.it  be  rrfers,  ft 
thi  •uni  <>f  *  romiHiici  •i-nt*  ■  •jnieii  every  where  in  e)c 
tucntary  tru-UxA*  of  TrvjumumMry  i,  in  no  less  atagut 
an  *ail>irjir  1km  Kirmann  in  Im  /".W/./A'  .' '••■r.  • .  ■>/,,! 
tffruAvW*  '  We  du  imt  vrnmrc  firtbtr  to  cniu  im-  th 
work  >d  ii  writer  uho  can,  as  a  mutter  uf  cmirse,  in  volt 
oiitb  irrc-t-tdilr  autb/*nlfe» 

We  mis  i  nine  tu  .»  ulude  ;eric*  ti  memotr*,  tntct 
Irtit-ts.  and  p,imphk-ti.  w*ualty  a|  American  onpn  r- 
v-bu  h  ik-.il  spcuiHy  with  the  te^ed  i-ue>lMin  uf  the  Sun, 
trm|M*raturc  I  nun  ih««  m<>  *rtcci  nor  otdv,  M  the  wot 
uf  die  nvwi  M*Mi-<mt.  if  ih<  tbe  nvmi  lurid  ur  stKcesafti 
Of  tin-  Man  j  iiipic  iiif.un  r^a  tills  •uhjert,"    lor  th 

fillkcr^  run  tab  V'.in  Nosttand'n  A'jii'JM..rj*;'  Si»t£*Hm 
tf/aj  .  Attiiroi.  Siuiu  ibm^,  if  Mn  vrr>  tnui  h.  bis  been  dor 
in  tin.  mauer  in  LwMiie  Iv^lllct,  J  Mrrvhrl,  Crov 
Riisctti,  Vn4V,  and  otber*  have  at  all  nents  ritot  1 
.-.  a  .  .<«.:ir.  n.iy  -ib  o.b  .i-v  n.bviuus  front  Ot 
icmiUs  nf  I'rof  I  ha  day  re«en*bj  i^ivrn  m  mir  rwriimn 
die  salue*  i.t.U.nc.l  1M  tli.  m  r.ui  lie  but  vtrv  rottfl 
appiukiiibitmnv    A  few  id"  Mi.  F^srssoa's  weightier  u- 


Avv.ituBY.f,  we  hcipn  t 

a*4Af4r.    It*  I,  M**%n     tW.  .  IIM»W 


ut.,1  ■3i«.iiMrwra/  |  rettar-l  ibis  ti^d-te /etu.  bnwere 
a*  an  v*f /u**.,  trtiuime  ai  b«  M  «e  ni>|mwch  it.*" 

•  a  Xr*  r*—T«/oa,-,.< 

C  ft..  fu»rmty  t>»*».  Ol.  i 
-  i*1-.  <t.tu 


Uf  UsrUl  *Wv;  lt**»b.i-V 


June  1 8,  1885] 


NATURE 


153 


The  little  -kinematical,  or  rather  quasi-corpuscular,  ex- 
cursus to  which  pp.  71-74  are  devoted,  is  one  of  the 
richest  pieces  of  paradoxing  (in  De  Morgan's  sense)  that 
we  have  ever  met  with.    Here  is  a  little  bit  of  it : — 

"  Pouillet,  having  ascertained  the  number  of  thermal  units 
:i;i[>.irted  to  the  water  in  his  pyrheliometer  of  3'93  'ns-  diameter, 
imagined  that  he  had  measured  only  the  energy  of  the  rays  con- 
tained in  a  pencil  of  1 1  '9  square  inches  section  ;  whereas,  in 
reality,  he  had,  at  the  end  of  his  experiment  of  five  minutes 
deration,  subjected  his  instrument  to  the  action  of  the  entire 
number  of  rays  contained  in  a  passing  pencil  or  sunbeam, 
the  section  of  which  wc  ascertain  by  multiplying  the  orbital 
advance  of  the  earth  during  five  minutes,  28,836,000  ft.,  by  the 
diameter  of  the  pyrheliometer,  0  305  ft." 

Thus  it  is  the  number  of  rays,  not  the  time  of  exposure 
to  one  ray,  which  determines  the  result ! 

One  more  quotation,  a  very  short  one,  must  be  given. 
It  is  from  p.  136,  and  we  put  two  words  in  italics  :— 

"  In  view  of  the  fact  that  projectile  force  diminishes  inversely 
is  the  square  of  the  depth  of  the  medium  penetrated.  .  .  ." 

It  is  not  easy  to  fix  on  the  exact  meaning  of  this  very 
curious  statement.  Hence  we  must  take  it  literally,  what- 
ever be  the  consequences.  Discussion  of  penetration 
would  obviously  be  useless  in  such  a  case,  for  the  whole 
projectile  force  (even  were  it  infinite)  would  begone  before 
penetration  had  commenced  ! 

The  immense  expense  which  has  been  lavished  on  this 
volume,  and  on  its  truly  wonderful  illustrations,  is  calcu- 
lated to  produce  reflections  even  more  painful  than  those 
evoked  by  the  perusal  of  the  text  itself.  From  the  ma- 
terials here  given,  something  may  yet  be  made,  but 
certainly  not  on  the  lines  chosen  by  the  author. 

We  hope,  shortly,  to  return  to  our  store,  and  to  select 
for  the  instruction  and  warning  of  our  readers  a  few 
additional  specimens,  by  no  means  inferior  in  quality  to 
those  just  dealt  with.  G.  H. 


PROFESSOR  FLEEMINC  JENKIN,  LL.D.,  F.R.S. 

ON  Friday  last,  most  unexpectedly  and  greatly  to  the 
grief  of  all  his  friends,  died  Prof.  Fleeming  Jenkin 
at  Edinburgh,  at  the  age  of  fifty-two.  He  had  been  in 
somewhat  delicate  health  for  a  considerable  time,  but 
was,  as  usual,  personally  directing  the  engineering  opera- 
tions in  connection  with  telpherage  in  London  and  Sussex, 
and  seemed  to  have  greatly  gained  in  health  and  strength 
when  he  started  for  Edinburgh  some  days  before  his 
death.  But  blood-poisoning  succeeded  a  slight  surgical 
operation,  and  his  death  rapidly  followed. 

He  was  born  in  Kent  in  1833,  and  was  the  son  of  the 
late  Capt.  Charles  Jenkin,  R.N.  His  school-days  were 
spent  at  Jedburgh,  Edinburgh,  and  Frankfort-on-the- 
Maine,  while  he  took  his  M.A.  degree  at  the  University 
of  Genoa,  and  began  his  engineering  career  in  Marseilles, 
thus  acquiring  a  wide  knowledge  of  languages  and  of 
peoples  which  was  most  valuable  to  him  afterwards  in 
ins  scientific  and  social  life. 

In  1 85 1  he  returned  to  England,  and  was  apprenticed 
:o  Messrs.  Fairbairn's  in  Manchester,  from  which  time 
his  progress  was  rapid.  We  hope  that  the  interest- 
rrg  and  highly  creditable  history  of  his  subsequent 
introduction  as  a  well-trained  mechanical  engineer  to 
^jbmarine  telegraphy  (then  in  its  extreme  youth)  and 
to  Sir  William  Thomson,  which  led  to  his  soon  taking 
'harge  of  the  testing  of  the  first  Atlantic  cable  in  1858, 
iad  to  a  friendship  and  partnership  with  Thomson  and 
Varley,  will  yet  be  told  by  some  one  who  can  do  full 
hsice  to  it.  Our  grief  at  Varley's  loss  is  yet  fresh,  and 
*e  deeply  sympathise  with  Sir  William  Thomson  at  the 
tx»e  of  this  partnership,  the  existence  of  which  has  been 
synonymous  with  the  progress  of  submarine  telegraphy. 

On  the  appointment  of  the  Committee  of  the  British 
Association  on  Electrical  Standards  Jenkin's  services  were 


solicited,  and  the  good  work  that  he  did  as  a  member  of 
this  Committee  is  amply  shown  by  his  large  contributions 
to  the  Reports  on  Electrical  Standards,  and  which  con- 
tain an  account  of  his  absolute  measurement  of  the 
capacity  of  a  condenser,  the  first  such  determination  ever 
made  ;  and  the  chapters  that  he  wrote  in  connection  with 
these  Reports  on  the  subject  of"  Absolute  Units"  formed 
the  only  available  text-book  for  the  student  of  mathe- 
matical electricity  before  about  the  year  1872.  Appended 
to  these  reports  arc  the  Cantor  lectures  which  he  de- 
livered on  the  construction,  laying,  and  testing  of  sub- 
marine cables,  and  thc<e  lectures  showed  as  wide  an 
acquaintance  with  the  practice  of  electrical  science  as  do 
the  other  chapters  referred  to  with  the  theory  of  the  subject. 

In  1865  he  was  elected  a  Fellow  of  the  Royal  Society 
and  Professor  of  Engineering  in  University  College, 
London,  and  in  1868  he  became  Professor  in  the 
University  of  Edinburgh,  where  he  created  a  School  of 
Engineering  to  which  considerable  numbers  of  prominent 
Engineers  and  Professors  of  Engineering  acknowledge 
their  indebtedness.  In  the  following  year  the  Royal 
Society  of  Edinburgh  elected  him  a  Fellow,  and  subse- 
quently he  became  a  Member  of  the  Institution  of  Civil 
Engineers,  having  been  made  an  Associate  of  that  Insti- 
tution as  early  as  1859.  In  1883  the  honorary  degree  of 
LL.D.  was  conferred  on  him  by  the  University  of  Glasgow. 

Jenkin's  book  on  Electricity  and  Magnetism,  published 
in  1873,  was  a  revelation  to  non-mathematical  and  even 
to  many  mathematical  men,  of  the  ideas  which  had  until 
then  been  wrapped  up  in  the  mystery  of  mathematics  or 
in  the  practice  of  the  submarine  cable  testing-rooms.  Sir 
William  Thomson  had  been  publishing  many  detached 
papers  on  electricity  in  the  mathematical  journals,  and 
had  been  applying  his  knowledge  in  practice,  so  that  an 
exact  science  of  electrical  quantities  had  been  growing  up 
among  submarine  cable  engineers  ;  but  the  electricity  of 
the  text-books  remained  as  unscientific  and  primitive  as 
of  old  :  the  knowledge  of  the  practical  men  had  become 
indeed  far  more  scientific  than  the  knowledge  of  the  schools. 

Fully  recognising  this,  Prof.  Jenkin  made  in  his  book  a 
totally  new  departure,  and  presented  electricity  and 
magnetism  for  the  first  time  in  a  text-book  as  subjects 
capable  of  quantitative  study.  To  understand  the  great 
effect  produced  by  this  book,  which  has  now  passed 
through  many  editions,  it  must  be  remembered  that 
neither  Clerk- Maxwell's  treatise,  nor  Thomson's  reprint 
of  his  Mathematical  Papers  appeared  until  1S73,  and  that 
at  that  time  "electric  potential,"  which  to-day  has  its 
commercial  unit,  was  to  every  one,  except  the  engineers  of 
submarine  telcgraphv,  a  mere  mathematical  function. 

In  1882  a  lecture  was  delivered  at  the  Royal  Institution 
on  Electric  Railways,  and  the  system  devised  by  Profs. 
Ayrton  and  Perry  for  effecting  an  absolute  block,  and 
thus  enabling  any  number  of  electric  trains  to  be  run 
without  the  employment  of  drivers,  guards,  or  signalmen, 
was  described  and  exhibited  by  a  working  model.  An 
account  of  this  was  read  by  Prof.  Jenkin,  and  he  at  once 
saw  that  it  contained  the  solution  of  a  plan  that  he  had 
been  thinking  over  for  doing  on  a  large  scale  by  electri- 
city what  had  previously  been  done  on  a  small  scale 
with  pneumatic  tubes.  Telpherage,  or  the  automatic 
electric  transport  of  good?,  was  the  outcome,  and  the 
development  of  practical  methods  of  running  carriers 
electrically  along  a  steel  rod  suspended  in  the  air  from 
wooden  posts,  occupied  him,  with  the  other  two  in- 
ventors, during  the  last  three  years  of  his  life,  the  system 
being  one  which  needed  new  invention  in  every  one  of  its 
details.  His  inventive  power  is  described  by  his  assist- 
ants as  wonderfully  active  and  prolific,  and  he  had 
energetic  characteristics  which  only  seldom  accompany 
inventive  genius,  and  which  made  his  cooperation  in- 
valuable to  the  other  directors  of  the  Telpherage  Com- 
pany. It  is  deeply  to  be  regretted  that,  having  busied., 
himself  so  actively  in  the  long  series  of  telpherage  expe- 

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{June  1 8,  1885 


-  -j-.^zxa.  zat  recently  been  renewed  under  the  clerical 

■g'-i  ir—  jvi  .a  power,  and  unf art tni»ie]v  with  more 

  -  -xs  vne  published  debate  n  a  ciear  that  the 

s  !  «- ?<e  department  the  evma^e  for  the  Geo- 
tz  was  prepared,  and  who  was  officially  bound 
-        esrmate,  sat  still  withoat  speaking  in  its 
irr— --.  ise  at  House,  taking  this  silence,  no  doubt,  as 

-  a  t  the  inclination  of  the  new  Government, 
■trz.       — te.    We  arc  sure  that  this  retrograde  step 

-  .e  T^'-sei  by  all  who  wish  well  to  the  progress  ol 
■tte.     ~~>  tjje  personal  squabbles  connected  with  the 
— 5  we  tare  no  wish  to  enter.    But  as  a  public  act  of 
^masm  tre  rote  of  the  House  of  Representatives  will, 
•  -  .  oe.  3e  rescinded  and  the  prosecution  of  the  Survey 
-  Igl  1  allowed  to  proceed.    If  any  fault  is  found 
--  -e  wxt  m  which  the  map  has  been  prepared,  surely 

*-*»-     ..e  1  .mni^sion  contains  talent  and  energy  enough  to 
-•i  ^re  sto  this  and  set  matters  right  without  practically 
trnm  ,  -5  _ne  Survey  to  a  stand. 

"  , 


re 


.*  • 

•  -»  .'M.t 
...  ■  .      I  t 

>  .  -  •<* 
 Il  OlUW^'t 


?  ■  i:  «/ 

.v.    k.>.  •vvicaJ 
.  •*  the 

•    u*  the 
-  \  the 

_.««.»..«.     v  «o«iC. 

x  rtK-e* 
«m  ••  a 

,       .  i..XHir 

..     >.V.  .Hit 

.  vc« 

  :  Kh 

w  .  ..4.  »>>•.-*  .1 

MM    •  *->J 

•v  .vfs.val 

s,  o<  the 

>  .ftc  liberal 

v*     *»  Authorities, 

t,.  Muvhmne 
^  VI,  l'vrvot  m  pcr- 
.  UHj  .{w  delay  '»>  'be 
jj^  Xl  o»rtkulty  found 
irt\ui,  *crc  used  as 
,o*»  vtf  tiK  *t*tt     I nc 


■ 


THE  COSGOx 

THESE  two  welcome  volumes  from  Mr.  Stanley  testify 
to  the  accelerated  rate  of  event*.  ;n  these  latter  times. 
•  miy  twelve  years  since  LhtacVOM  died  in  the  vain 
«ewcn  :or  the  sources  of  rhe  Niit  a.»»-n  by  Lake  Bang- 
reuto,  and  under  the  bel>es  that  nr«  nver  but  the  Nile 
•uia  s^eep  past  Nyanrwe  v  i.l  su eh  a  breadth  and 
•oumeashe  found  the  _.iu»i*rm  if  bm.    He  was  not 
or  in  cherishing  sock  a  tabs      -.any  geographers 
jeiieved,  like  him,  that  tit  J  rnift  cntui  sai  fetch  such  a 
-weeping  circuit,  and  tt.ic  ~i«  ^uuiktu  must  make  its 
iav  northwards  in  sp.te  *£  uirrcrwni.-j*  X  level  and  some- 
Tow  add  its  waters  to  tiht   llteR  N  ■  a-ira      It  is  only 
U  \ears  since  Mr.  Scaa.*"  awer-<«\:  the  delusion,  and 
-o»*ed  the  problem  bock  -jc       N  i>;  ij^i  the  Congo  ;  it  is 
astaboutsix  years  stttoe  he  .  ceravt  005  as  the  agent  ot 

ne  International  Afr.cas  .Vw*mt"'.tfc  To  judge  from  the 
larrative  of  his  journey  jchms  tie  .-xtttnent,  there  was 
to  blacker  part  of  the  r  ack  C«?c:  --eat  than  the  river 
t>anks  between  Nyangwe  aaii  tie  Kt^uatiC.  and  no  more 
intractable  people  than  nun*  ot  tie  tr-.Ses  through  whom 
he  and  his  men  had  to  na  dhc  cx--:et.  Yet  already, 
almost  solely  by  hi*  caKOxa.  -s  ao«t  unpromising 
region  has  become  "  A  Laa»i  <3t  sectjed  government,"  at 
least  on  paper.  I:  has  er.^a^ed  tix  cv<i:mued  attention 
of  diplomatists  from  all  the  frtat  SUMS  of  the  world  for 
months,  and  is  the  subiect  ot  as  xaasy  treaties  as  if  it 
had  been  founded  a  orr        i  . 

In  reality,  however,  it  is  joaaeti.-^  more  than  a  paper 
State.  No  one  can  re  10  Ml  >ca-.<r>  s  aarrative  without 
being  convinced  that  ail  a  t~e  nver  from  Vivi  to 
Stanley  Falls  there  a  reai»  cvut$  what  may  fairly  be 
regarded  as  an  organised  Government,  earned  on  from 
some  twenty-four  stortoe*  as  cert-e-s.  Hat  with  the  mereh 
political  aspects  of  th:s  sixve>>r--  --undertaking  we  cannot 
deal  here.  It  is  cerratoly  an  ;r.:eresc.ng  experiment,  both 
from  a  political  and  social  pot=t  04  view,  this  attempt 
to  raise  into  a  State  a  region  r>x  yet  redeemed  from 
vivagcry.  What  the  ultimate  roait  will  be  it  is  hard  to 
say ;  on  the  one  side  a  great  mass  of  savagery,  and  on 
the  other  the  most  advanced  European  influences  in 
politics,  in  commerce,  in  indxscry.  in  religion.  For 
already  we  find  bands  of  mi vsxv-oj-.es  everywhere,  and 
as  among  them  are  many  men  of  prudence,  tact,  and 
ability,  Mr.  Stanley  acts  wisely  in  encouraging  their 
efforts ;  they  will  certainly  be  of  service  in  helping  him 
to  accomplish  the  object  he  has  :n  new. 

Without  the  aid  ot  the  latest  applications  of  science, 
Mr.  Stanley  could  never  have  succeeded  in  accomplish- 
ing all  he  has  done  in  the  brief  period  of  six  years. 
Steam  has  been  of  infinite  service  to  him.  and  engineer- 
■  "The  Cows  twd  tb*  ri  ■  tif  «f  xs  Trm  StM*.-     By  Hawy  V 


SUM). 


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*55 


in£  contrivances  in  many  ways.  His  flotilla  of  steamers, 
wot  of  them  most  ingeniously  contrived  for  the  special 
uvigation  of  the  Congo,  may  be  said  to  have  been 
everything  to  him  in  carrying  out  his  work  ;  and  the 
Congo  Free  State  may  be  fairly  set  down  as  another 
"triumph  of  steam."  Mr.  Stanley  claims  for  the  Congo 
Fret  State  an  area  of  over  a  million  square  miles  and  a 
population  of  42,608,000.  As  to  the  area,  that  is  probably 
m  far  out ;  but  the  population  seems  to  us  excessive. 
Mr.  Stanley  reaches  this  great  figure  by  generalising  the 
density  which  he  finds  on  the  banks  of  the  river  itself.  1 
Between  Stanley  Pool  and  Stanley  Falls,  a  distance  of 
about  1000  miles,  and  including  part  of  the  Biyerrc*  and 
K»a  Rivers,  he  finds  a  population  of  806,300,  and  takes 
for  granted  that  a  similar  density  will  prevail  throughout 
tit  whole  of  the  Congo  Basin.  This  is  very  unlikely.  In 
uncivilised  countries  the  population  naturally  crowds  itself 
ikng  the  river  banks,  and  it  would  be  very  unsafe  to 
ukulate  on  finding  regions  at  a  distance  from  rivers 
niualiy  well  populated.  Throughout  the  whole  of  the 
-lilion  square  miles  claimed  by  the  Congo  State  only  a 
Jew  Hks  of  exploration  have  as  yet  been  run,  though  we 


know  that  as  a  whole  it  is  probably  the  best-watered 
region  in  Africa,  and  possibly  therefore  the  most  thickly 
peopled.  But  the  tendency  among  African  geographers 
recently  has  been  to  reduce  previous  estimates  of  the 
population  of  Africa,  and  instead  of  200  millions  it  is 
thought  that  170  millions  is  one  more  likely  to  be  nearer 
the  mark.  But  all  estimates,  except  for  districts  that  have 
been  settled  for  some  time,  are  necessarily  conjectural ; 
and  even  for  Morocco  the  greatest  difference  exists 
between  the  estimates  of  different  travellers. 

On  the  Lower  Congo  the  Free  State  has  been  able  to 
secure  only  a  comparatively  narrow  strip  of  territory  on 
the  north  bank— enough,  however,  to  give  it  the  right  of 
free  navigation  between  the  sea  and  Vivi,  where  the  first 
series  of  cataracts  begin.  From  Vivi  upwards  to  Man- 
yanga  the  State  possesses  territory  on  both  sides,  when 
France  romcs  in  and  claims  the  whole  of  the  right  bank 
of  the  river  to  the  Likona  tributary  in  1"  S.  lat.  Thence 
the  Free  State  expands  into  boundless  and  unknown 
regions,  which  we  hope  it  will  do  its  best  to  explore  and 
open  up  to  science  as  w  ell  as  to  commerce.  The  aim  in 
the  north  has  been  evidently  to  draw  the  boundary  of  the 


PORTUGUESE  3 

wwitout  I  I 

Kic  1.  -P  Utica. 'Uivi»  on»  of  the  Congo 


5u;e  between  the  basins  of  the  Nile  and  the  Congo.  The 
Wtern  basin  of  the  Upper  Nile,  no  doubt,  is  fairly  well 
k»»n,but  the  region  between  that  and  the  Upper  Congo  is 
la*!  that  part  of  Africa  about  which  we  know  scarcely  any- 
^"i-  The  boundary  on  this  side,  therefore,  has  been 
with  the  freedom  of  conjecture.    All  the  rivers 
*a'  are  not  known  to  send  their  waters  to  the  Nile  must, 
1  Mr.  Stanley's  opinion,  come  down  to  the  Congo,  or,  at 
tiit.ou^ht  to  do  so,  and  are  made  to  conform  with  Sir. 
*f»ty*l  idca  of  what  is  right  and  proper,  in  the  large  map 
*osch  accompanies  his  work.    In  spite  of  Dr.  Junker's 
^covery  of  the  water- shed  which  separates  the  Nepoko 
»i*n  the  Welle,  they  are  both  made  to  send  their  waters 
■vJth*ard  to  swell  the  magnificent  Aruwimi.    This  may 
;  only  actual  exploration  will  decide  the  matter.  It 
itaicly  to  settle  this  question  that  Dr.  I.enz  is  preparing 
''Proceed  to  the  Upper  Congo  as  leader  of  an  expedition 
cto  the  region  that  lies  between  that  region  and  the 
PV*/  Nile  tributaries.    And  here  we  have  one  very 
Official  result  of  the  work  which  Mr.  Stanley  has  done 
&e  Congo.    His  numerous  stations  form  so  many 


starting-points  for  further  exploration.  They  can  be 
easily  and  rapidly  reached  from  the  West  Coast,  and 
through  the  agencies  at  their  command,  all  the  men  and 
goods  obtained  necessary  for  the  conduct  of  an  expe- 
dition into  the  interior.  If  every  station  on  the  river 
were  made  the  basis  of  further  exploring  work,  one  of  the 
greatest  blanks  in  our  knowledge  of  Africa  would  soon 
be  filled  up.  In  the  interest  of  the  enterprise  itself 
this  must  be  done.  If  the  manifold  products  of  the 
wonderful  land  over  which  Mr.  Stanley  is  so  en- 
thusiastic are  to  be  brought  down  to  the  river  for 
shipment  to  the  upper  terminus  of  the  future  lailway  that 
is  to  convey  them  past  the  cataracts,  it  is  evident  that 
station  after  station  must  be  pushed  on  into  the  interior. 
Among  the  white  employes  of  the  Association  are  many 
men  of  education  and  intelligence  ;  and  while  their  first 
duty  is  to  look  after  the  interests  of  the  "  Free  State," 
these  interests,  instead  of  suffering,  are  likely  to  be  ad- 
vanced by  a  scientific  knowledge  of  the  country  around 
the  States.  Already  good  meteorological  work  has \  h~ 
done  at  Vivi  by  Dr.  Danckelmann,  whose  recently  f 


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NATURE 


{June  18,  1885 


Fic.  ».— Yellxla  F«ll«  from  Uft  Bank. 


Fig.  >— Hc»U  of  Lakt  Leopold  1 1. 


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157 


obsemtions  we  reviewed  some  time  ago.  The  utility  of 
such  observations  is  evident  from  the  volumes  before  us. 
Mr.  Jtanley  makes  considerable  use  of  them  in  his 

chapters  on  the  Climate  of  the  Congo.  These  chapters 
ire  of  nuch  interest ;  they  are  written  mainly  with  a  view 


to  show  that,  with  reasonable  precautions,  Central  Africa 
ought  to  be  perfectly  tolerable  to  the  European  constitu- 
tion.   What  these  precautions  are  he  describes  in  minute 

detail.  At  the  same  time  he  admits  that  a  lengthened 
residence  in  such  tropical  regions  must  in  the  end  tell  on 


the  Europeans,  and  is  only  possible  with  a  run  home 
t*ery  eighteen  months.  Thus  it  is  clear  that  if  the  re- 
Jources  of  the  Congo  are  to  be  developed,  it  must  be  by 
utive  labour,  and  there  is  therefore  even-  inducement  to 
treat  the  population  humanely. 
Of  course,  Mr.  Stanley  himself  in  his  frequent  jourm 


Fig.  5.— A  Type  of  the  Rasoko. 


P-tndJdoun  the  river  has  added  considerably  to  our 
'■■Mrtulge  of  it.  His  original  sketch  of  its  course,  made 
■we  rush  downwards,  seems,  however,  to  have  been 
•Wderhilly  accurate  ;  though  the  hundreds  of  observa- 
"*»  a*  to  direction,  altitude,  depth,  and  width  has 


1 


enabled  him  to  lay  it  down  with  much  greater  precision. 
It  is  to  be  hojied  that  the  geology  of  the  basin  will  be  well 
worked  out,  and  even  from  a  "utilitarian"  standpoint  it 
might  be  useful  for  the  Association  to  en^a^e  one  or  two 
competent  men  to  work  out  the  geology.  The  numerous 
cataracts  on  the  lower  as  well  as  on  the  upper  river  prove 
that  there  is  much  here  to  interest  the  geologist.  <  >n  the 
lo«er  river,  just  where  the  great  central  plateau  begins 
tn  helve  down  to  the  coast,  they  are  to  be  expected  ;  but 
what  is  the  exact  geological  explanation  of  the  numerous 
cataracts  on  the  upper  river  and  Us  tributaries,  as  far 
south  as  Rangweolo,  let  us  hope,  will  ere  very  long  be 
explained.  The  banks  of  the  river  itself  arc  in  many 
places  remarkably  picturesque;  indeed  Mr.  Stanley 
would  make  us  believe  that  he  thinks  no  other  river  is 
equal  to  it  in  this  respect.  Magnificent  bluffs,  he  tells  us, 
are  met  with  in  many  places,  and  gorges  that  are  almost 
cations.  At  Stanley  Fool  and  elsewhere  the  river  has 
broadened  out  into  lake-like  reaches  studded  with  islands, 
and  at  one  place  a  few  miles  south  of  the  equator  there  is 
a  complicated  offshoot  of  lakes  and  streams  which  reminds 
one  of  what  is  observed  in  so  many  places  on  the  Central 
and  Lower  Amazon.  This  stretch  has  not,  however,  been 
completely  explored,  though  Mr.  Stanley "5  account  of  his 
journey  up  the  Kwa  and  Slfini  to  Lake  Leopold  is  one  of 
the  most  interesting  chapters  in  the  volume.  The  Kwa 
discharges  at  about  30  S.  I. it  .  and  Lake  Leopold,  Mr. 
Stanley  joins  conjecturally  to  Lake  Montumba,  which  is 
connected  with  the  Congo  at  about  fifty  miles  south  of 
the  equator. 


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Jutv  1 8,  1885] 


NATURE 


i57 


obsemtions  we  reviewed  some  time  ago.  The  utility  of 
such  ojservations  is  evident  from  the  volumes  before  us. 
Mr.  Stanley  makes  considerable  use  of  them  in  his 
chaptrs  on  the  Climate  of  the  Congo.  These  chapters 
are  of  nuch  interest ;  they  are  written  mainly  with  a  view 


to  show  that,  with  reasonable  precautions,  Central  Africa 
ought  to  be  perfectly  tolerable  to  the  European  constitu- 
tion. What  these  precautions  are  he  describes  in  minute 
detail.  At  the  same  time  he  admits  that  a  lengthened 
residence  in  such  tropical  regions  must  in  the  end  tell  on 


K10.  4.— Bank*  of  the  L'piwr  Cuago. 


'he  Europeans,  and  is  only  possible  with  a  run  home 
ever)-  eighteen  months.  Thus  it  is  clear  that  if  the  re- 
sources of  the  Congo  are  to  be  developed,  it  must  be  by 
Mure  labour,  and  there  is  therefore  even  inducement  to 
"tat  the  population  humanely. 
Of  course,  Mr.  Stanley  himself  in  his  frequent  journeys 


;'P  »nd|down  the 
knowledge  of  it,  1 
n  one  rush  dov 
'ooderfully  accu 
ions  as   to  direc 


Fig.  5  —A  Type  of  ih*  ftuofco.   

iver  has  added  considerably  to  our 


enabled  him  to  lay  it  down  with  much  greater  precision. 
It  is  to  be  hoped  that  the  geology  of  the  basin  will  be  well 
worked  out,  and  even  from  a  "utilitarian"  standpoint  it 
might  be  useful  for  the  Association  to  engage  one  or  two 
competent  men  to  work  out  the  geology.  The  numerous 
cataracts  on  the  lower  as  well  as  on  the  upper  river  prove 
that  there  is  much  here  to  interest  the  geologist.  <  'n  the 
lower  river,  just  where  the  great  central  plateau  begins 
to  shelve  down  to  the  coast,  they  are  to  be  expected  ;  but 
what  is  the  exact  geological  explanation  of  the  numerous 
cataracts  on  the  upper  river  and  its  tributaries,  as  far 
south  as  Bangwcolo,  let  us  hope,  will  ere  very  long  be 
explained.  The  banks  of  the  river  itself  arc  in  many- 
places  remarkably  picturesque :  indeed  Mr.  Stanley- 
would  make  us  believe  that  he  thinks  no  other  river  is 
equal  to  it  in  this  respect.  Magnificent  bluffs,  he  tells  us 
are  met  with  in  many  places,  and  gorges  that  are  almost 
canons.  At  Stanley  Fool  and  elsewhere  the  nver  has 
broadened  out  into  lake-like  reaches  studded  with  islands 
and  at  one  place  a  few  miles  south  of  the  equator  there  is 
a  complicated  offshoot  of  lakes  and  streams  which  reminds 
one  of  what  is  observed  in  so  many  places  on  the  Central 
and  Lower  Amazon.  This  stretch  has  not,  however  been 
completely  explored,  though  Mr.  Stanley  s  account  of  his 
journey  up  the  Kwa  and  Mfini  to  Lake  Leopold  is  one  of 
the  most  interesting  chapters  in  the  volume  The  Kwa 
s  at  about  3°  S.  lat  and  Lake  Leopold,  Mr 
ins  conjecturally  to  Lake  Montumba  which  U 
-A  the  Congo  at  about  fifty  miles  south  ot 


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[June  18,  1885 


With  regard  to  the  volume  of  discharge  of  the  Congo, 
from  careful  observations  made  at  Stanley  Pool,  Mr. 
Stanley  calculated  that  it  reached  1436,850  cubic  feet  per 
second  when  the  river  at  that  point  was  at  its  lowest 
During  flood  it  rises,  he  believes,  twelve  feet  higher, 
giving  a  volume  of  2,529,600  feet  per  second.  If  these 
estimates  arc  correct,  then  Mr.  Stanley  calculates  that 
the  river  discharges  into  the  sea  three  million  cubic  feet 
of  water  per  second. 

JP  Mr.  Stanley's  new  work  is  so  fully  occupied  with  the 
details  of  the  founding  of  his  numerous  stations,  his 
dealings  with  chiefs  and  people,  his  road-making  and 


other  engineering  enterprises,  and  the  general  work 
of  engineering  the  enterprise,  that  there  is  little  space 
left  for  geographical  details,  tie  does  give  a  list  of  the 
products  of  the  Upper  Congo  region,  but  as  this  is  en- 
tirely from  a  commercial  standpoint,  its  value  to  science 
is  not  great  The  various  species  of  palms,  as  might  be 
expected,  abound  on  the  banks  of  the  river  and  its  islands, 
the  oil-palm  being  the  most  valuable  from  a  commercial 
point  of  view.  Then  come  the  various  species  of  india- 
rubber  plants,  besides  other  gum-producing  trees.  Ivor)*, 
Mr.  Stanley  reckons  only  fifth  in  rank  among  the  natural 
products  of  the  Congo.     He  presumes  that  there  are 


l"ic  8  —Profile  of  Coiiniry  b:twtea  :h*  Sea  and  Ruand.i,  acrms  the  C^ogo  Basin. 


almost  200,000  elephants  in  about  15,000  herds  in  the 
Congo  basin,  each  carrying  an  average  of  50  lbs.  weight 
of  ivory  in  bis  head.  Iron,  he  tells  us,  is  abundant. 
The  copper  mines  near  Philippcville  supply  a  large  por- 
tion of  Western  Africa  with  their  ingots.  Plumbago  is 
also  abundant,  and  gold  has  been  found  in  the  beds  of 
streams.  Mr.  Stanley  gives  a  long  list  of  tropical  plants 
which  abound  in  the  Congo  basin,  while  several  European 
vegetables  and  fruits  have  been  found  to  thrive.  The 
Arabs,  moreover,  he  tells  us,  are  introducing  the  largc- 
grained  upland  rice  with  extraordinary  success.  He  adds 
many  details  concerning  the  trade,  actual  and  possible, 
of  the  Congo  region,  his  object,  of  course,  being  to  show 


that  here  exists  a  magnificent  field  for  the  European 
trader,  European  capital,  and  European  settlers. 

Mr.  Stanley's  work  is  chiefly  of  value  as  telling  the  story 
of  one  of  the  most  unique  and  interesting  enterprises  on 
record.  This  story  he  tells  with  abounding  interest ; 
there  are  many  incidents  throughout  the  volume  told  with 
the  dramatic  effect  so  well  known  to  readers  of  "  Through 
the  Dark  Continent."  The  work  of  founding  the  Free 
State  has  been  well  begun,  but  it  is  only  the  beginning  ; 
for  the  sake  of  its  complete  success  it  is  to  be  hoped  that 
nothing  may  occur  to  sever  Mr.  Stanley's  connection  with 
it  until  it  has  been  firmly  established. 


NOTES 

THZ  Royal  Society '»  (OHttrsa-.unt,  held  on  the  evening  of 
June  to,  was  a  very  great  access,  and  those  who  had  the 
labour  of  bringing  tlie  various  things  togeih  r  must  have  felt 
them*"'--*  amply  rewarded  by  the  great  interest  taken  in  them 
~»  and  guests,  both  ladies  anil  gentlemen,  who 
1  the  objects  exhibited  we    may  note  the 
jical   map  (unpublished)  of  Palestine  and 


Arabia  Petrara,  exhibited  by  Prof.  Edward  Hull,  F.K.S.  ; 
original  drawings  of  the  skeletal,  digestive,  an!  vocal  orga^  ot" 
birds,  made  in  the  years  1842-46,  drawn  and  exhibited  by  Prof. 
\V.  VL  Parker,  F.K.S.  ;  Sketches  of  the  eclipse  of  the  mo  >o. 
October  4,  1SS4,  and  a  very  beautiful  series  of  sketches  of  the 
wonderful  sunsets  and  after-glows,  painted  and  exhibited  by 
Mr.  \V.  A, croft  ;  star-charting  by  photography  (enlarged  print* 
rom  negatives  made  in  l88j  and  1884),  exhibited  by  Mr.  A.  A. 


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June  1 8,  1 885 J 


NA  TURE 


i59 


Common,  FR.S.;  electrical  influence  machine,  exhibited  by 
Mr.  James  Wimshurst  ;  New  microtcope  with  novel  fine  adjust- 
ment «nd  sub-sta^e  arrangements,  exhibited  by  Mr.  Crouch  ; 
large  Ficol  prism  polariscope,  for  projecting  axes  of  crystalsi 
Ac,  en  the  screen  (improved  form),  exhibited  by  Messrs. 
Harvey  and  Peak  ;  Tate's  calculating  machine,  exhibited  by  the 
inventor.     By  means  of  this  machine  long  operations  in  the 
fundamental  rules  of  arithmetic  can  be  performed  with  rapidity 
and  unfailing  accuracy.    Eight  figures  can  be  multiplied  by 
eight  figures  in  about  fifteen  seconds.    New  forms  of  spectro- 
scopes, exhibited  by  Mr.  A.  Hilger ;  photographs  of  fractures 
of  railway  carriage  and  waggon  axles,  tested  to  destruction  by 
Mr.  Thos.  Andrews,  Wortley  Iron  Works,  near  Sheffield, 
exhibited  by  Mr.  Andrews ;  three  cases  of  living  animals : 
<i)  Examples  of  the  Tuatera  (Spktncdon  punttalns)  from  New  Zea- 
land. This  reptile  is  remarkable  as  deviating  from  all  the  lizards 
id  its  osseous  structure,  and  is  considered  by  Dr.  Giinther 
iPkil.  Trans.,  1867,  p.  620)  to  constitute  an  oider  by  itself— 
Rkyttekoeefkalia.     (2)  Large  bird-eating  spider  of  the  genus 
Mygale  from  Burmah— probably  At.  /asciata.   (3)  Butterflies  and 
moths,  showing  the  way  in  which  living  insects  are  exhibited  in 
the  Zoological  Society's  Insect  House,  exhibited  by  the  Zoo- 
logical Society  of  London.    A  series  of  microscopic  sections  of 
vegetable  tissues,  prepared  and  lent  by  Mr,  J.  E.  Sunderland, 
of  Hatherlow,  near  S'ockport,  showing  remarkable  effects  of 
double  and  triple  anilin  staining ;  a  series  of  botanical  microscopic 
preparations,  mounted  by  Charles  Vance  Smith,  of  Carmarthen, 
bong  part  of  a  senes  prepared  by  him  to  illustrate  the  text- 
books of  Julius  Sachs  and  Otto  Thome,  exhibited  by  Prof. 
Moseley,  F.R.S.    A  (cries  of  slides  with  stained  specimens  of 
Tenia  ethinteoteus  of  the  dog,  prepared  and  lent  for  the  occa- 
sion by  Dr.  J.  Davies  Thomas,  of  Adelaide,  Australia,  in 
illustration  of  bis  paper  on  the  artificial  rearing  of  this  parasite 
by  feeding  with  human  hydatids  (to  be  read  before  the  Royal 
Society,  June  18) ;  a  slide  showing  the  same  species  of  tape- 
worm, reared  by  Mr.  Edward  Nettleship,  F.R.C.S.,  by  means 
of  hydatids  obtained  from  the  lungs  of  a  sheep  {Prve.  Roy.  Soe., 
1866).    To  compare  with  the  above :— Specimens,  in  battles, 
of  Junta  terrain,  T.  ttuxrg,na:a,  and  T.  tienurus,  &c,  arti- 
ficially reared  by  Dr.  Cobbold,  by  feeding  dogs  with  the  scolices 
appropriate  to  each  particular  species.    Also  adult  examples  of 
Txiia  tuaimtrin*  and  of  T.  canis  lagoptxits  (T.  Hi /era  a),  the 
latter  from  Iceland,  prepared  by  Dr.  Krabbc,  Bittkrteetfhalns 
dubius,  and  other  species  from  the  cat  and  dog,  exhibited  by 
Dr.  Cobbold,  F.R.S.    Case  of  gems,  including  a  great  Indian 
diamond,  the  largest  known  opal,  a  series  of  cat's  eyes,  and 
allied  mineralogical  specimens,  cxhibi'ed  by  Mr.  Brycc  Wright, 
F.R.G.S.  ;  "  Frith's  Selenium  Cells,"  showing  the  alteration  of 
resistance  and  photo-electric  etirren's  due  to  the  action  of  light 
on  selenium,  exhibited  by  Prof.  W.  Grylls  Adams,  F.R.S  ;  a 
sulphur  cell,   the  electrical  resistance  of  which,  like  that  of 
selenium,  Ls  reduced  by  light,  exhibited  by  Mr.  Shelford  Bid- 
well.    The  sulphur  has  been  heated  while  in  contact  with  silver, 
and  therefore  contains  some  sulphide  of  silver.    The  electrodes 
."ire  of  silver.    The  original  integrating  machine,  invented  by 
Mr.  C.  V.  Boys  ;  engine  power  meter  which  has  been  developed 
from  the  same,  exhibited  by  Mr.  Boys. 

We  give  in  another  column,  on  the  audi  alteram  partem  prin- 
ciple, the  first  part  of  an  address  recently  given  by  Dr.  Janssen, 
putting  before  us  the  French  view  of  the  Prime  Meridian  ques- 
tion. It  will  be  gathered  from  it  that  the  feeling  in  France  is 
strongly  against  the-  conclusion  at  which  the  Washington  Con- 
gress arrived.  Taking  the  world  as  it  is,  however,  much  as  a 
strictly  neutral  prime  meridian  might  lie  to  l>c  desired,  the 
general  opinion  will  probably  be  that  the  Congress  arrived  at 
the  only  ft  astuaJ  solution. 


Wu  are  glad  to  see  that  University  College,  Liverpool,  is 
about  to  appoint  a  Professor  of  Engineering.  An  endowment 
of  375/.  has  been  raised,  and  the  advertisement  of  the  Chair 
appears  this  week  in  our  pages.  We  understand  that  a  certain 
amount  of  professional  work,  such  as  is  consistent  with  a  du.: 
fulfilment  of  the  duties  of  the  Chair,  will  be  permitted,  and 
recognised  as  enabling  the  Professor  to  keep  himself  in  touch 
with  the  life  of  the  practical  world.  The  College  already  has 
endowed  Chairs  of  Mathematics,  Physics,  Chemistry,  and 
Biology,  in  addition  to  the  Literary  and  Medical  Departments: 
it  has  lately  become  a  part  of  the  Victoria  University,  and  in 
many  ways  it  shows  signs  of  health  and  vitality. 

Is  the  production  of  the  first  part  of  the  Philological  Society's 
new  English  Dictionary,  the  editor,  Dr.  Murray,  was  obliged  to 
advance  150/.  out  of  his  own  resources,  and,  further,  to  incur  a 
debt  of  500/.  The  delegates  of  the  Clarendon  Press,  who  are 
publishing  the  Dictionary,  decline  to  contribute  more  than  loo/- 
towards  the  payment  of  this  debt,  and  the  Council  of  the  Philo- 
logical Society  deem  it  their  duty,  therefore,  to  appeal  to  the 
public  to  relieve  Dr.  Murray  from  a  debt  incurred  on  behalf  ot 
what  is  really  a  national  undertaking.  It  is  to  be  hoped  that 
there  will  be  no  difficulty  in  oLtaining  the  sum  required  ;  those 
of  our  readers  who  are  inclined  to  help  should  send  their  sub- 
scriptions to  Mr.  Benjamin  Dawson,  the  Mount,  Hampstead, 
London,  N.W. 

The  Spanish  Commission  of  Medical  Inspection  has  examined 
the  composition  of  the  liquids  and  virus  employed  by  Dr. 
Ferran  against  cholera.  The  opinion  of  the  majority  of  the 
mcmlicrs  is  that  the  presence  of  Koch's  Bacillus  virgulus  cannot 
be  questioned.  After  some  opposition,  the  Spanish  Government 
granted  the  necessary  authorisations  for  inoculation,  which  has 
been  practised  on  a  number  of  doctors  and  four  newspaper 
writers.  It  is  said,  moreover,  that  all  the  inoculated  patients 
experienced  during  the  first  twenty-four  hours  after  the  operation 
all  the  symptoms  of  cholera  with  m  >re  or  less  intensity,  but 
w  ithout  any  fatali'y  having  occurred.  When  twenty-four  hours 
had  elapsed,  a  favourable  reaction  took  place.  The  question 
which  remains  to  solve  is  the  extent  of  the  protection  resulting 
from  Dr.  Feiran's  system.  The  numbers  given  arc  in  favour  of 
the  new  theory,  but  all  the  documents  coming  from  Spain  on 
cholera  must  be  received  with  caution,  owing  to  the  intense 
panic  prevailing  in  that  country  since  the  last  outbreak  of  the 
plague  was  noticed  in  Valencia.  A  fact  curious  to  notice  is  the 
tendency  of  the  rural  populations  of  this  province  to  congregate 
in  the  cities  in  spite  of  all  the  measures  taken  against  this 
exodus.  El  impartial  states  that  not  less  than  7000  people  have 
located  themselves  in  the  chief  city. 

Prof.  Pasteur,  the  Standard  Paris  correspondent  states,  has 
published  an  interesting  letter  from  Dr.  Ferran,  concerning  vacci- 
nation for  cholera.  In  this  letter  Dr.  Ferran  asserts  that  the  re- 
sults obtained  become  every  day  more  irresistibly  eloquent.  The 
experience  of  Alcira  had  been  confirmed  in  numerous  other  tr  wns. 
Ami- cholera  vaccination  had  been  practised  upon  all  classes  of 
society,  but  in  many  places  the  greater  number  of  those  operated 
upon  Ixlonged  to  the  pauper  class,  and  the  results  proved  no  Jess 
satisfactory.  While  of  opinion  that  one  inoculation  is  effective, 
Dr.  Ferran  recommends  that  it  be  repeated,  in  order  to  make 
assurance  doubly  sure.  In  reference  to  the  official  prohibition 
of  vaccination  for  cholera  (which  has  since  been  cancelled  in 
deference  to  public  opinion),  Dr.  Ferran  intimates  that  the 
measure  was  taken  in  consequence  of  two  persons  belonging  to 
an  already  ch .  lera-visited  family  dying  the  day  sihctgf" 
These  casualties  Dr.  Ferran  attributes  to  the  •* 
lymph,  and  states  that  in  16,000  cases,  for  wliicl 
sonally  inspected  the  lymph,  no  evil  results  had  f< 


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NATURE 


[yum  1 8,  1885 


not  claimed  that  vaccination  for  cholera  will  give  actual  im- 
munity, but  that  it  will  alleviate  the  attack  whenever  it  may 
come.  Anti-cholera  vaccination,  affirm*  Dr.  Fcrran,  can  never 
itself  be  the  cause  of  an  attack.  If  an  attack  comes  within  five 
day*  of  vaccination  it  must  have  been  previously  contracted. 
Dr.  Ferran  attributes  the  discovery  of  anii-cholcra  vaccination  to 
the  theories  of  Prof.  Pasteur. 

Dr.  Cornish,  known  for  his  investigations  into  the  nature  of 
cholera,  has  proposed  (according  to  Alltn's  Indian  Mail)  that 
as  between  300  and  400  persons  arc  every  year  judicially  sen- 
tenced to  death  in  the  Indian  Empire  and  its  dependencies,  a 
number  of  these,  say  one-tenth,  be  made,  with  their  own  full 
knowledge  and  consent,  subjects  of  experiments  as  to  the  spread 
of  cholera,  on  condition  that  if  they  escape  their  lives  be  spared. 
An  international  commission  of  experts  might,  he  suggests,  be 
appointed  to  determine  upon  the  experimental  tests  needed  to 
ascertain  if  cholera  is  or  is  not  a  disease  capable  of  being  com- 
municated from  person  to  person.  This  would  do  more  in  the 
space  of  a  few  months  to  help  forward  the  inquiry  into  the 
nature  of  cholera  than  has  been  accomplished  by  indirect  obser- 
vation during  the  last  century.  But  if  the  principle  underlying 
this  proposal  is  admitted  by  the  Indian  Government,  it  might  be 
extended  to  other  most  important  experiments,  such  as  the 
various  causes  and  cure  of  cholera,  the  cure  for  snake-bites, 
hydrophobia,  and  the  like. 

The  following  is  an  official  statement  of  the  number  of  visitors 
to  the  Whitechapcl  Fine  Art  Exhibition  during  the  time  it  was 
open  in  March  and  April  last : — Saturday,  March  28,  1008  ; 
Sunday,  March  29,  2494  ;  Monday,  March  30,  2C22  ;  Tuesday, 
March  31,  3332  ;  Wednesday,  April  I,  3292  ;  Thursday,  April 
2,  1823  ;  Good  Friday,  April  3,  3703  ;  Saturday,  April  4,  3269  ; 
Easter  Sunday,  April  5,  2717  ;  Easter  Monday,  April  6,  4332  ; 
Easter  Tuesday,  April  7,  3720;  Wednesday,  April  8,  2944; 
Thursday,  April  9,  2872  ;  Friday,  April  10,  1942  ;  Saturday, 
April  11,  3348;  Sunday,  April  12,  3345;  total  for  16  days; 
46,763.  The  Exhibition  was  opened  in  the  afternoon  of  March 
28,  admission  being  by  ticket  (<nly  until  6pm.,  6  in  to  p.m. 
free  ;  after  that  it  was  opened  free  from  10  to  10  daily  (Sundays 
2  to  10). 

At  the  meeting  of  the  International  Committee  of  Meteoro- 
logy (instituted  by  the  Congress  held  at  Rome)  in  the  beginning 
of  September  next,  at  Paris,  the  following  topics  will  lie  con- 
sidered Report  of  the  Secretary  on  the  work  of  the  Com- 
mittee since  the  Copenhagen  meeting  ;  report  of  MM.  Drito 
Capcllo,  Hildehrandson,  and  Ley  on  the  observat ion  of  Cirrus  ; 
Should  a  third  International  Congress  be  convoked?  the  esta- 
blishment of  stations  of  the  first  order  on  the  Congo  ;  discussion 
of  the  meteorological  ritumh  issued  in  different  countries,  ami 
eventual  preparation  of  •  more  uniform  plan  ;  the  utility  of 
American  meteorological  telegrams  proposed  by  Gen.  Hazen, 
and  organisation  of  their  distribution  in  Europe  ;  best  means  of 
securing  the  timely  reception  of  meteorological  telegrams ; 
ought  barometric  heights  to  be  reduced  to  the  pressure 
under  45*  of  latitude  ?  Should  meteorological  hours  be  reckoned 
from  I  to  24  in  conformity  with  the  resolution  of  the 
Washington  Conference  ?  Designation  of  a  completely  covered 
sky  as  to  the  form  of  clouds  ;  definition  of  days  of  rain  and 
snow  ;  should  not  a  uniform  height  above  the  ground  be  recom- 
mended for  pluviometers  ?  recent  progress  in  the  more  exact 
Mmn  ni  ni  of  snow  ;  international  meteorological  tables  ; 
modification  of  the  rales  for  administration  of  the  International 
Meteorological  Committee.  Communications  should  be  ad- 
dressed to  Mr.  R.  H.  Scott,  F.R.S.,  Meteorological  Office, 
116,  Victoria  Street,  London,  S.W. 

In  t  rru— ■Iralion  to  the  Physical  Society  of  Berlin, 
on  April  24  Hen  K.iv    :   read  a  note  concerning  his  ex- 


periments on  the  condensation  of  gases  on  surfaces,  and 
Itunscn's  criticisms  thereon.  In  a  paper  published  l.i  t  year 
Bunsen  had  declared  that  the  previous  results  under  this  head 
were  erroneous,  inasmuch  as  the  observers  had  proceeded  upon 
the  false  assumption  that  a  maximum  of  condensation  was 
attained  in  a  few  hours  or  days,  Bunscn  himself  finding  that  the 
condensation  might  go  on  slowly  for  years.  Herr  Kayser,  how- 
ever, had,  in  reply,  pointed  out  that  Bunscn  had  not  been  suffi- 
ciently careful  in  cleaning  the  glass  surfaces  on  which  his 
experiments  were  made,  and  he  now  had  the  satisfaction  to 
announce  that  Bunsen,  after  repeating  his  experiments  with  the 
necessary  precautions,  had  arrived  at  the  same  conclusion  as 
himself,  namely,  that  there  was  no  demonstrably  slow  condensa- 
tion,  but  that  the  maximum  of  condensation  was  reached  with 
extraordinary  rapidity. 

THE  project  to  build  a  "  Grassi-Muscum  "  has  now  assumed 
a  tangible  shape  at  Leipzig,  inasmuch  as  the  site  for  the  new 
museum  has  been  chosen.  The  new  museum  is  to  contain 
the  collections  belonging  to  the  Ethnographical  Society,  which 
are  now  crammed  into  premises  entirely  unsuitable  for  them. 

Dr.  Otto  Zacharias  has  recently  made  interesting  researches 
concerning  the  freshwater  fauna  of  the  Silcsian  Ricsengebirge 
and  the  county  of  Glatz.  The  Royal  Prussian  Academy  of 
Sciences  has  just  granted  him  a  sum  of  money  towards  the 
continuance  of  his  labours. 

Mr.  Howard  Newton,  assistant  municipal  engineer,  of 
Singapore,  has  published  a  series  of  notes  and  experiments  on 
the  different  kinds  of  timber  in  ordinary  use  in  the  Straits  Settle- 
ments. The  pamphlet  contains  observations  on  the  forests 
adjoining  our  colonies  in  the  Malay  Peninsula,  and  the  need 
already  of  conservation.  The  trees  are  felled  in  large  numbers 
for  ordinary  use,  and  the  jungles  are  cleared  and  exhausted  by 
the  Chinese  gambier  and  pepper  planters.  Twenty  specimens 
of  woods  are  then  described  in  detail,  and  finally  an  account  of 
the  mode  in  which  the  experiments  were  conducted  and  elaborate 
tables  of  the  results  follow.  The  breaking  weights  of  some  of  the 
limbers  tested  were  as  follow  :— 1850,  1836,  1656,  1374.  1286, 
and  1284  His.  Notes  on  the  toughness,  fracture,  deflection,  &c, 
are  also  given.  It  is  curious  to  notice  that  some  of  the  finest 
trees  near  Singapore  (in  the  Johore  forests)  have  no  botanical 
equivalents.  Mr.  Newton  specially  mentions  a  tree  called  by 
the  Malays  the  Hallow,  which  grows  from  60  to  100  feet  in 
height,  with  .1  diameter  of  3  to  6  feet.  It  is  a  close-grained, 
tenacious,  hard,  heavy  wood,  very  valuable  for  building.  It  is 
called  popularly  Johore  teak,  although  it  does  not  belong  to  the 
natural  order  Vtrbtnattu. 

The  Russian  Geographical  Society  has  awarded  a  gold  medal 
to  M.  Klossowski  for  his  work  on  thunderstorms  in  Russia.  We 
take  the  following  from  M.  Rykatcher's  analysis  of  this  remark- 
able work.  The  initiative  of  thunderstorm  observations  having 
been  taken  by  the  Geographical  Society  in  1 871,  no  less  than 
1821  regular  observations  were  made  during  the  years  1873  to 
1882  at  176  different  stations.  For  145  of  them  annual  and 
monthly  averages  were  calculated,  and  gave  the  following 
interesting  results.  The  minimum  of  thunderstorms  (5  to  7  per 
year)  is  found  in  the  north  ;  their  number  increases  towards  the 
Gulf  of  Finland  (with  a  depression  south  of  it)  and  on  the  middle 
Volga,  where  it  reaches  12  to  15  per  year,  and  remains  nearly 
the  same  throughout  middle  and  southern  Russia,  with  a  slight 
decrease  in  the  Crimea.  A  rapid  increase  in  the  number  of 
thunderstorms  is  found  in  Western  Russia,  especially  in  Bess- 
arabia (33  at  Kishineff),  as  also  in  the  East,  at  TambofT,  Penza, 
and  on  the  Lower  Don.  The  maximum  of  thunderstorms,  41 
per  year,  is  found  at  Tiflis.  As  might  be  expected,  the  thunder- 
storms arc  more  frequent  where  the  summer  rains  and  the  relative 
humidity  arc  the  greatest.    Their  diurnal  maximum  is  between 


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JufieiZ,  1885]  NATURE  161 


3  and  6  pm.,  and  (he  minimum  between  3  and  6  a.m.  Availing 
himself  of  the  synoptical  maps  of  Hofroeyer  for  1S74  to  1876,  the 
author  compares,  day  after  day,  the  thunderstorms  with  the 
cyclones  which  reach  Russia,  and  he  arrives  at  the  important 
conclusion  that  thunderstorms  in  Russia — without  exception — 
accompany  cyclones,  their  appearance  being  influenced  at  the 
same  time  by  the  local  state  of  temperature  and  humidity. 
Marie-Davy,  Mohn,  and  others  subdivided  thunderstorms  into 
cyclonic  and  local  ones,  and  the  continental  ones  were  reckoned 
to  the  second  category  ;  but  M.  Klossowski  shows  that  even  in 
so  continental  a  climate  as  that  of  Russia,  thunderstorms  depend 
also  directly  on  cyclones.  They  appear  on  the  borders  of  the 
cyclones  and  mostly  in  their  south-eastern  quarters.  By  further 
researches,  the  author  arrived  at  the  conclusion  that  thunder 
storms  in  Russia  are  secondary  or  tertiary  cyclones  appearing  on 
the  borders  of  a  cyclone,  and  thus  explains  the  oscillations  of  the 
barometer  during  thunderstorms,  already  noticed  by  Messrs. 
Scott,  Mascart,  and  others.  Hail  is  obviously  closely  connected 
with  thunderstorms.  It  also  accompanies  cyclones  and  is  always 
concentrated  in  its  south-eastern  quarter,  in  the  zone  of  750  to 
760  millimetres'  pressure.  On  the  whole,  the  work  of  M. 
Klossowski  is  a  valuable  contribution  to  the  study  of  electrical 
energy  in  the  atmosphere. 

In  a  lecture  delivered  in  the  Institute  of  the  Khedive  at 
Cairo,  Dr.  (J.  Schweinfurth  has  given  "some  account  of  the 
scats  of  manufacture  of  prehistoric  stone  implements  in  the 
desert  of  Eastern  Egypt  discovered  by  him  in  1876  and  1877, 
and  again  visited  and  examined  by  him  in  his  last  journey.  The 
two  spots  referred  to  are  in  the  Wadi  Sanur  and  Wadi  VVarag. 
The  former  lies  due  east  of  Beni  Suef  at  a  distance  of  thirty 
miles  from  that  town  ;  the  latter  is  in  the  upper  portion  of  the 
Wadi  at  the  place  where  this  water-course  begins  to  be 
discernible  as  a  longitudinal  depression  on  the  heights  of  the 
western  part  of  northern  Galala.  Dr.  Schweinfurth's  belief  that 
the  two  sites  in  question  are  really  those  of  ancient  manufactories 
of  stone  implements  is  grounded  partly  on  the  presence  of 
accumulations  of  cores  in  the  beds  of  the  streams,  partly  on  the 
fact  that  the  raw  material  is  found  abundantly  in  the  neighbour- 
hood. The  source  of  the  raw  material  is  a  bed  of  flints  belong- 
ing to  the  upper  nummulitic  limestone  corresponding  to  that 
which  exists  behind  Cairo.  Implements  and  utensils  indicating 
a  atone  jwriod  have  now,  Dr.  Schweinfurth  remarks,  been  found 
even  in  the  very  heart  of  Africa,  and  these  show  a  surprising 
resemblance  in  form  to  those  discovered  in  Europe.  Those 
recently  obtained  by  himself  from  Sanur  and  Warag,  however, 
are  of  a  special  type,  and  Dr.  Schweinfurth  regards  them  as 
clearly  distinguished  from  the  forms  already  familiar  by  the  fact 
that  the  facets  arc  usually  only  upon  one  side  and  arc  very  seldom 
seen  surrounding  the  entire  core. 

In  connection  with  the  trial  of  Pel  for  poisoning,  which  has 
just  resulted  in  Paris  in  the  condemnation  of  the  accused,  some 
interesting  experiments  were  conducted  at  the  Morgue  with  a 
view  to  testing  whether  it  was  possible,  as  alleged  by  the  prose- 
cution, that  the  murderer  could  have  g  it  rid  of  the  body  of  one 
of  his  victims  by  burning  it  piece  by  piece  in  a  common  stove. 
The  professional  witnesses  stated  that  they  procured  a  body 
weighing  sixty  kilogrammes.  They  removed  from  it  forty  kilo- 
grammes of  organic  matter,  and  lighted  a  fire  of  wooden  logs. 
They  thus  ascertained  that  in  an  h  <ur  the  complete  reduction  to 
ashes  of  one  kilogramme  of  organic  matter  could  be  effected, 
and  in  forty  hours  the  complete  combustion  of  a  body  weighing 
sixty  kilogrammes  could  be  completed.  The  accompanying 
smell  was  not  disagreeable.  The  bearing  of  this  on  the  question 
of  cremation  is  obvious.  It  is  possible  to  consume  the  human 
body  by  fire  at  a  comparatively  small  expense,  as  these  experi- 
ments show.    In  Japan,  where  cremation  has  been  practised  for 


ages,  the  quantity  of  wood  consumed  in  the  cheapest  cremation 
is  so  small  that  European  doctors  doubted  the  evidence  of  eye- 
witnesses. Cremation  of  the  lowest  class  costs  only  two  shill- 
ings, on  account  of  the  small  quantity  of  wood  used,  and  the 
operation  generally  lasts  from  six  to  nine  hours.  The  smell  for 
a  considerable  distance  around  the  crematorium  is,  however,  of 
a  very  offensive  kind,  and  the  accessories  arc,  as  a  rule,  far 
from  agreeable.  There  is  however,  no  doubt  that  the  body 
can  be  consumed  at  a  far  less  expenditure  of  fuel  than  is  gener- 
ally  considered  possible. 

The  following  appears  in  the  Times: — Last  autumn,  a  book" 
seller  named  Meyer,  of  Ronneburg,  tied  a  water-proof  label 
under  the  wing  of  a  swallow  which  had  occupied  a  nest  at  his 
house,  and  had  become  comparatively  familiar.  On  it  he  wrote  a 
query  in  German  to  the  effect  that  he  wished  to  know  where  the 
swallow  would  pass  the  winter.  The  bird  returned  to  its  former 
nest  bearing  an  exchange  label  similarly  fastened,  saying,  in 
German  also,  "in  Florence,  at  Castellari's  house,  and  I  bear 
many  salutations." 

The  Austrian  Government  has  refused  to  authorise  the 
establishment  of  private  cremation  societies,  on  the  ground  that 
they  might  encourage  crime.  The  decree  states  that  murders 
are  often  detected  by  the  exhumation  of  bodies,  and  that,  even  if 
bodies  were  to  be  examined  before  cremation,  there  would  be  no 
time  to  apply  in  every  case  those  delicate  chemical  tests  which 
are  used  where  poisoning  is  suspected. 

A  telegram  from  Tiflis  states  that  a  severe  earthquake  has 
occurred  in  the  Eastern  Caucasus.  The  town  of  Sikuch  is  said 
to  have  been  completely  swallowed  up.  The  loss  of  properly  is 
estimated  at  several  million  roubles. 

The  latest  telegrams  from  India  state  that  the  Cashmere 
earthquakes  continue  to  occur  with  increased  severity.  It  is 
reported  that  2280  persons  have  perished  in  the  district  of 
Muzufusabad. 

Information,  has  been  received  at  the  Hague  from  Java 
that  the  state  of  Krakatoa  was  causing  some  anxiety.  To- 
wards the  end  of  April  subterranean  sounds  were  heard  in 
the  neight>ourbood  day  after  day,  and  flames  arose  from  the 
crater.  The  rocks  which  emerged  from  the  sea  during  the  last 
eruption  suddenly  disappeared. 

From  a  report  of  Mr.  H.  Walker,  Commissioner  of  Lands  of 
British  North  Borneo,  it  appears  that  gold  exists  in  consider- 
able quantities  in  that  territory.  Some  natives  had  brought 
a  little  to  Sandakan,  and  Mr.  Walker  set  out  to  verify  its 
existence  in  the  Sagama  district.  He  searched  thirty  or 
forty  different  places  and  found  gold  at  almost  every  place, 
generally  in  small  distinct  specks,  large  enough  to  be  gathered 
with  the  fingers,  sometimes  larger,  and  always  in  conjunction 
with  a  black  metallic  dust  and  iron  or  copper  pyrites.  The 
rocks  met  with  were  granite,  gneiss,  quartz,  limestone, 
jasper,  porphyries  red  sandstone.  Steps  will  probably  be 
taken  to  have  the  whole  region  thoroughly  exam  ined  by  a 
competent  geologist  The  minerals  already  ascertained  to  exist 
in  North  Borneo  are  gold,  silver,  copper,  chromium,  tin, 
plumbago,  lead,  and  coal.  Antimony  and  cinnabar  are  reported. 
On  the  west  coast  chromium,  copper,  and  arsenic  have  been 
found  ;  in  the  neighbourhood  of  Kinabalu  silver  ore  and  pyrites  ~r 
a  sample  of  native  copper  has  been  sent  to  London  ;  a  rich 
sample  of  galena  and  silver,  yielding  on  assay  115  ounces  of 
silver  to  the  ton,  has  been  found.  Hitherto  the  officials 
of  the  Company  and  the  other  Euro]>eans  on  the  coast  have 
been  dependent  for  local  information  respecting  these  and 
other  minerals  on  the  rough  statements  of  natives.  It  appears 
certain,  however,  that,  besides  its  great  forest  and  agricultural 
wealth,  British  North  Borneo  is  also  rich  in  minerals— nor* 


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Its* 


XA  TCRE 


[7utu  1 8,  1885 


tvui  -.» 


,\rr.  ,wr>\  Vi-.  •..  .im      i«n*-.f      rw -,-r  •      rr"at  TSZSSKt  4 

\la»*»  u  moving  if    ..•  — itv    :  1  .■  :arr-r   f  :   ru_;    er  t) 


rit^  ;'r-.nt  •  -.-^tit*  1  -.1.,    •  .  *  :  c    et  :s  -t-h 
" trws  :r.itn  ■  -r~e  •   •  -s  -:.•-<.  „t.:  -    nvES  ^-       s»  :  r.-j  --..-i 

Vimnxf  i-nrr  tuaxr.f  —  13  .  >:tr  •ssuirzs   t  '  ns  :  „ae  xa  .arc? 

I  .ess  til  .r.:.-»  •  c  -ea.  mw8  ic«  TfTV9  -  -J  —o.cat 
nanoer.      ';c  ■nrT«  i.-e  '.tii  .     i  -:c3  -_ai  ».  . j  -d  "it 

'.rtre«t  v-ncii  s-moa  ^  rmxca,  "::e  _•  *  -  —  is  •  -«r  -ve 
"*:e              ceacr  -at  l=u    I— -  •  -,  •  ze 


-is  nats  >i  "~e  •      -**t     i«    t  veil  11      ■  ie    jg~3t  ; 
~*ie  !"n  .i  vrrr  — n.-  UJS    — ■  1  ■  m  4  ..i  _•»'—» 

•ams  -i  -on^:x^  ~  ~ -1-  u  averse  -3a  t 
-tut     »    *•    "•tp     'ta    1      cr-vr        •.  ■—»-.—» 

ivances  ■•  tus  -"wwrts   •«  -  a. 


Wore  t.S6c  wtndi  haw  Ven  taocc  defiflit rveJy  determined  during 
he  ?ast  -weats-  years  wuh  1  Sew  orbits  of  ancient  comets  com- 
-nucxj  r,r  he  ir-st  ime  or  founded  apon  better  data,  including 
i  K     Mii'*i  J»  T  -semen!  :  in  a  second  table  are  contained 
r-.e  -Bast  -marie  ir>its  of  ail  — mets  disco  njtd  since  the  year 
!~je  aenimr*  are  y»ea  Ji  an  approahnate  form  only, 
a:  n  tie  lutes  ac=rimpanynig  each  cable  reference  is  made  to 
~<=    uicc  it  irr^rxi  ^ar.ncacon.    Prod  Gallc's  rhumi  will  be 
•1   niLcs  *rTcs  o  lie  stUiient  a  -Jus  branch  of  a  tronomy.  It 
."«-ar«    o    -are   :e=n  trawa  to  to  the  saggntton  of  Prof. 
i*.T2TT.  -ct-^z  aa»  -here  wxs  no  :imne:ate  intention  of  pub- 
-::::oa  ji  'Mbess*  eeiebnted  treatise.  Fhte 
~e-». .  ■cttTfTi  sacs  a  umrt  peru>i  tjgare  in  tbe  second 

Tt,»"  -rv--.—  ~>e  -iiilnwirur  <alcilaced  angles  and  dis- 
arnre  -aon.ly  ^nlT-ng  doable-stars  will 
if  -neaaara  nxie  about  the  present 

lie  lest  ivaaao'e  orttts: — 


P-». 

r>.«. 

AotSociiT 
(or  ortal 

...  093 

.  Seeliger 

—  ©  95 

7**C"t 

0  61  .. 

.  Doberck 

" 

0-65 

. 

-     •»  3 

...  1-49  . 

.  Doberck 

; 

-  !»53 

_  1-50 

...   afc  •> 

...   0  So  . 

.  Doberck 

:?#c  5 

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...  0-76 

1  J     -:-i^x    3urntLim  151)  ^i»es  for  1SS5 -6, 


1 1 


.  .     x     4   ....   » ^ 


■w.  ..  J 


>.  -     *.  .      r  -a. 

~ •  T'  \   r  t«~r  —  5  tie  yrars  ^inoe  it  wa<  shown  by 

.         :    :zi    -n     -evi  was   ;n»er»ol  by  Lindaoer  at 
\         "~    a  ^  - r-r  er  *.  :        inn  1  3  equally  certain  that 
-<?n  ▼  Axz.— it.-=>  at  \ti.~»iaa  at  ax  aeniian  transit  aa 
»-  -»rr.  - ^>        -jjere  ai: rears  to  be  v>me  coo- 

aavtd    i-icm  .s  —J  :ec;nact:n  in  his  published  de- 

n.    '.:  •!>    t  -een  ~r  T/^ao  ami  NoTetrber  11. 
a   «s  •»         V    «  ~s-n.  a  a  work  nnnted  at  Palermo,  en- 
•  -.  -  _  >' acvr«o->  Mattp'iico.    reterrej  to  his  obsem 

•  r>    '■       .  u  vartrr.ir  arrest  m  the  nrst  T^f*  in  a 

u  — v.  -«  •"    :<•.  <t  Maur-ivcas  •  JFmtiOHHi  *aV  auru UilU\ 
.  »  :..e>  a  lis  Ji-'itosrjaphy.  a»l  »ub»eqaently 

1    .   .  ;  .     ;  1  — e  ^cr1- uvaser  w-:r.cn  by  his  nephew.  Ac- 
ta, .•  -n  M-^r  'Jius  reenrrfs  his  first  obserration 
,    «r  -iu-       •-"X"  -as"  «*er!*ai  a  hu«  Messan.e  horiionte 
<*«<%M!»  ■!  -SH.M-  uav  rcamem  crca  terttaaa  noctis  boram 
-  ,  •              ...n  .-  is  *-sc  IS-    L  tfcio  conjecturam  feci  eato 
...  .  .i-v.    1  -«.•.-•-, ,iie  ,;ii'.'in  arcaci,  at  distet  hie  a  meo 
v    -.-    •  •      ■    >  i  ts-  -r  in>ie  ab  *-;'iatore  per  gradas  66J 
.« •  u  in        ja*  fe^*Mu  jjjet  graJus  jSJ.  et  earn  sitam 
1              n  .ir-  .•■iuri>  e-i  r-nuctioram  sccat  arcticum  armlnm, 
,  .         •■  ov-'    -v-n.>»unuai.  " 
...  ■•.  t;  "  v  iTr-aiivieT  "-he  ^laoe  of  ;he  star  for  1573-0  was 
_  1    ^-.•oi'.'tt  .n.  tax.  5->. .  'ieclinatioo  61*  Mnf ;  th« 
.  v  •.    •       u.   mia  accn  a;  Messina  on  NoTcmber  8  was 
v:-          *.-v.  um  ."••c-eq-wnt'y  the  star  was  on  the  meridian 
1  >*.   tui.  1  >.  tie  in  sat,  «r  a:  S.Y  24m.  46s.  a:  ;>arent  time, 
■>    •*!•!           -^irt^ct.  an>.-.   "e  U-  t  j-ie  of  Messina  being  38*  II  • 
•  >.  ik •  ».M1  Ul  -i>-e  was  00   25,  w  hich  was  the  distance  from 
•v  v  >  ••"  C»"!W      Viuf»;r«nri.    Nevertheless  the  Abbe  Scina 
..  ^•»           w;  1  f-Juai  s  soi^estioa  that  there  was  a  tjrpo- 
<t%,  '  v  u  .•••  <•  ji  v.*'avras,  an>i  that  01  j  should  K-  substituted 
<■  .v.             .-nly  alternative,  however,  would  point  to  an 
...  1.4    -t  i'  in  the  isixrration  (^r  estimation),  and  Sana 
«.  .■»  .s  V.urvivctt*  at  this  time  that  he  was  4,tre»-aTance  en 
'  1  >  t.t  ilors       artsl  dernyurru  d'in-trumens,  accabla  d'in- 
.    .        '     .  .    /ach  sought  unsuccessful  Is  for  the  special  work 
*.  V  1  ii"'>su*»  as  well  as  for  his    "life"  by  his  nephew  ; 

t  1  -us-  ^i»e»  a«  particulars  of  the  former,  an<l  hence  lecourse 
< <■  v  i.id  ts-  \.lavius,  who,  as  stated  above,  made  «ome 
„-s  1  is^x  M«'«n  the  JuJ:cim*t. 


A>TKO.\O.MfCAL  PHENOMENA  FOR  THE 
WEEK,  1S85,  J  USE  21-27 
%*.>.*.■     11        VK*.'R  the  reckoning  of  time  the  civil  day,  commencing  at 
s^  V*    .    iK  .  titvviissish  mean  midnight,  counting  the  hours  on  to  24,  is  here 

K%%%<  H.vt%  ^  .s^wets  MiptoyesL) 


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June  1 8,  1885] 


NA  TURE 


163 


Mercury 
Venus 
Man 
Jupiter 


h 

4  38 

2  4 

9  6 

3  43 


Sett 
h.  at- 

19  46 
21  18 
17  56 
23  20 

20  2 


Decl.  on 


At  Grttnvrich  on  Jnnt  2 1 
Son  rises,  3I1.  45m. ;  souths,  I2h.  id.  30" 5s. ;  sets,  2oh.  18m.  ; 
decl.  on  meridian,  23'  27'  N.  :  Sidereal  Time  at  Sunset, 
14b.  19m. 

Moon  (Full  on  June  27,  I  ih.)  rises,  14b.  14m.; souths,  19b.  44m.  ; 
sets,  lb.  5m.*  ;  decl.  on  meridian,  8*  24'  S. 

Souths 
h.  m. 

11  29 

12  58 

to  O 

Jupiter  ...  9  6  ...  16  13 
Saturn    ...    3  43    ...    11  52 

Indicate*  that  the  setting  u  that  of  the  followinglday. 
PAtnomtna  ofjufittr's  Satdlita 


23  33  N. 
23  51  N. 
20  26  N. 
12  9  N. 
22  30  N. 


b.  m. 

22  30  III.  eel.  reap. 

20  23     I.  tr.  ing. 

14  Are  visible  &l  Greenwich 


Juae         h.  m.  June 

21  ...  21    9    I.  occ  disap.    25  ... 

22  ...  20  47  I.  tr.  egr.  27  ... 
The  Phenomena  of  Jupiter's  Satellites  are  such 

21    ...     —  ...    Sun  at  greatest  declination  north  ;  longest 

day  in  northern  latitude. 
24    ...      8    ...    Mercury  at  least  distance  from  the  Sun. 

26  ...    20    ...    Venus  at  least  distance  from  the  Sun. 

27  ...    15    ...    Mercury  in  superior  conjunction  with  the 

Sun. 


GEOGRAPHICAL  NOTES 
THE  last  issue  of  the  Izvts'ia  of  the  Russian  Geographical 
Society  (xx.,  6)  contains  an  interesting  paper,  by  M.  Kosyakoff, 
topographer,  who  accompanied,  in  1882,  Dr.  Kegel  during  his 
journey  through  Karatcgin  and  Darvaz.    The  paper  deals  almost 
exclusively  with  the  topography  of  the  explored  region,  and 
thus  gives  a  plain  description  of  the  explored  routes,  containing 
the  necessary  topographical  data  for  forming  an  opinion  on  the 
much-debated  questions  as  to  the  orography  of  that  part  of  the 
Pauiir  regio  1.    A  route  map,  on  the  scale  of  ten  miles  to  an 
inch,  accompanies  the  paper.     Starting  from  Penjkent,  M. 
Kosyakoff  soon  reached  the  0800  feet  high  lake,  K'udi-kalam. 
Then  he  crossed  the  12,000  fee!  high  and  snow-cove  re  i  Bad- 
khana  Mountains  which  separate  the  Zarafshan  from  the  up|>cr 
Surkhab,  tributary  of  the  Fan,  and  continuing  to  make  his  way 
amidst  deep  and  rocky  mountain -gorges,  he  soon  reached  the 
lake,  Iskandcr-kul,  7120  feet  above  the  sea-level.  Thence, 
crossing  the  Mura  Pass,  richly  clothed  with  vegetation  on  its 
northern  slope,  the  expedition  descended  to  Karatag  and  llissar, 
and,  by  a  route  quite  suitalrfc  for  carriages,  they  proceeded 
further  to  Kabadim.    A  good  route  along  the  Waksh  River 
brought  Dr.  Regel  and  his  travelling  companions  to  Kurgan- 
tube  ;  but,  to  reach  Koulab,  they  had  to  cross  the  Tash-robat 
Pass,  all  covered  from  top  to  foot  with  pistach  trees.  From 
Kulab,  which  is  more  animated  than  Kalxadian,  the  expedition 
Went  to  the  rich  Mumin-ahad  Valley,  peopled  with  Tadjiks  agri- 
culturists ;  thence  to  the  twenty-five  villages  of  the  Dara  district, 
and,  continuing  their  joumey  north-east  on  the  right  bank  of  the 
Pendj,  they  soon  reached  Kala-i-khumb.    The  Pcndj  River 
being  there  but  thirty- five  miles  distant  from  Tavil-dara  on  the 
Waksh,  the  expedition  went  there  before  proceeding  further  up 
the  Pendj,  and  followed  the  upper  Waksh  in  a  north  east  dircc 
tion  for  some  fifty-five  miles.    From  Kala-i-khumb,  M.  Kosya- 
koff made  a  further  very  interesting  excursion  up  the  Pcndj  and 
its  tributary,  the  Vantch,  up  to  its  source,  whence  he  was  com- 
pelled by  a  fever  to  return  to  Kala-i-khumb  and  thence  to 
Samarcaud.    The  map  published  by  the  Izivstia  contains,  more- 
over, the  very  interesting  route  from  Tavil-dara  to  lial-juan,  and 
thence  to  Hissar,  and  further  west  to  Baisoun,  Anarbulak,  and 
Var  tube. 

Among  the  works  announced  for  this  year  by  the  Russ  an 
Geographical  Society  we  see  the  last  fascicule  of  the  valuable 
"Geographical  and  Statistical  Dictionary  of  Russia  ;"  the  atlas 
of  maps  to  accompany  Baron  Kaulbars'  work  on  the  delta  of  the 
Amu  Daria  ;  a  gco^nostic  map  of  the  shores  of  Lake  Baikal,  by 
M.  Cbersky  ;  the  work  of  Dr.  Sperck  on  the  Anur  region  ;  a^d  a 
work  by  M.  dc  Vollan  on  the  songs  of  Ugrian  Kus  ians.  There 
U  promised,  also,  the  long-cxpecicd  results  of  the  great  survey 
of  Siberia,  from  the  Ural  Mountains  to  Lake  Baikal,  accom- 
plished in  1874.  The  commander  of  the  expedition  having  died 
since,  the  work  had  to  be  given  for  calculations  to  other  pers  >ns ; 


but  now  the  name  of  M.  Tillo,  who  has  undertaken  its  publica- 
tion, is  a  guarantee  that  this  capital  work  will  not  be  lost  to 
science. 

Dr.  Fischer,  of  the  University  of  Marburg,  the  author  of  a 
monograph  on  the  climate  of  Mediterranean  countries,  read  a 
paper  before  a  recent  meeting  of  the  Verein  fur  Erdkunde  at 
Halle  on  the  morphology  of  the  coasts  of  the  Mediterranean, 
which  is  reprinted  in  the  Hallische  Zeitung.  "The  Mediter- 
ranean," he  said,  "  was  specially  important  for  some  investiga- 
tions into  physical  geography,  for  it  has  been  the  theatre  of  a 
long  history,  and  we  have  therefore  information  about  its  coast* 
extending  over  many  centuries.  Although  it  washes  the  shores 
of  three  continents,  this  sea  exhibits  a  striking  similarity  in  its 
fauna  and  flora  everywhere.  It  must,  therefore,  in  its  present 
form,  belong  to  one  of  the  most  recent  geological  jieriods,  even 
though  particular  basins  may  be  much  older.  It  owes  its  origin 
t  >  great  movements  in  the  crust  of  the  earth,  and  the  form  of  its 
coasts  is  attributable  to  the  same  cause,  modified  l>y  more  recent 
influences.  In  the  present  coast  formation  in  the  north  western 
basin,  two  different  types  are  perceptible,  which  may  most  con- 
veniently be  designated  as  the  North  Sicilian  and  thr  Languedoc 
types.  If  we  follow  th;  coast  of  Italy  from  Naples,  then  the 
Sicilian  and  North  African  coasts  around  to  the  Straits  of 
Gibraltar,  we  meet  with  twenty-two  smaller  hays  having  the 
form  of  a  semicircle.  Their  sizes  do  not  vary  greatly,  the  chord 
of  the  smallest  being  15  km.,  that  of  the  largest  65,  and  that 
of  the  great  majority  between  30  and  35  kms.  Over  t!iis  extent 
the  coasts  are  almost  everywhere  precipitous,  and  a  short 
distance  from  the  shore  the  sen  deepens  rapidly.  How  has  this 
formation  arisen  ?  "  Quoting  Sue-s  s  "Das  Antlitr  dcr  Erde," 
Dr.  Fisehcr  said,  "there  appeared  to  be  all  along  this  coast  a 
great  fi-sure  in  the  crust  of  the  earth.  The  formation  of  the 
Appcnnincs,  the  Atlas  and  the  occurrence  of  volcanic  phenomena 
along  the  whole  line  would  point  to  this.  But  this  would  not 
account  fur  the  bays  here  mentioned  ;  many  of  these  are 
j  probably  due  to  the  sea  washing  away  the  softer  from  amongst 
'  the  harder  rocks.  The  projecting  headlands  are  hard,  old, 
'  crystalline  rocks,  while  inside  are  the  newer  and  softer  kinds. 

These  inlets,  too,  arc  not  found  everywhere  along  the  coast,  but 
•  only  where  the  harder  rocks  are  present.  That  the  coasts  here 
are  greatly  exposed  to  denudation  by  the  action  of  the  waves  is 
I  shown  by  the  numerous  caves  und  cliff*,  and  the  violent  surge 
I  which  !>cats  against  the  vast  harbour-works  of  the  French  on 
I  the  coast  of  Algeria.  The  prevailing  winds  there  arc  north  and 
north-east,  and  thus  assist  the  waves.  Another  factor  i-  the 
current,  which  flows  eastwards  along  the  north  coa^t  of  Africa 
from  the  Straits  of  Gibraltar.  This  meets  the  projecting  capes 
and  headlands,  which  deflect  part  of  it  into  the  bays,  creating  in 
the  latter  a  counter-current  which  acts  as  a  scour,  keeping  the 
bottom  free  from  alluvium,  and  also  exercising  its  influence  on 
the  semi  circular  formation  of  the  inlets.  The  Bay  ol  Tunis  is 
an  exception.  This  is  much  deeper  than  the  others,  and  the 
currents  cann  t  therefore  exercise  the  same  influence  over  it.  The 
alluvium  is  deposited,  the  River  Medjcrda  brings  down  its  con- 
tribution, and  the  result  is  a  constant  formation  of  land  there. 
This  bay  belongs  rather,  on  this  account,  to  the  second  type, 
existing  on  the  Mediterranean  coasts  of  Northern  Italy  and 
I-anguedoc.  The  Tuscan  coast  wa  originally  similar  to  that  of 
Lower  Italy,  but  it  has  now  l>cen  abend  beyond  recognition. 
Here,  to  the  west  of  the  Appennines  there  is  a  u  ide  district  with 
easily-denuded  rocks.  The  rivers,  especially  since  man  bas  so 
disafforested  the  region,  bring  down  vast  quantities  of  alluvium 
The  current  which  flows  into  the  Tyrrhenian  Sea  is  deflected 
northward  along  the  c  ast,  and  causes  the  deposit  of  the  allu- 
vium in-horc,  so  that  the  ancient  bays  arc  gradually  silting  up. 
In  ancient  times  the  shores  of  this  now  harbourte  s  sea  had 
numerous  bays,  and  Tyrrhenians  were  skilml  na-  igators.  At 
the  mouth  of  the  Arno  the  o|>cration  is  best  seen.  Pisa,  which 
was  founded  as  the  p  >rt  on  the  sea  at  the  mouth  of  the  river, 
was  no  longer  on  the  coast  in  Strabo's  time,  and  is  now  some 
distance  inland.  The  land- for  mat  ion  on  the  coasts  of  Languedoc 
is  even  more  striking.  In  former  times  there  were  s'eep  shores, 
protected  f>y  a  row  of  islands,  behind  which  lay  a  calm  inland 
sea,  on  which  the  city  of  Nar1>onne  was  built.  The  sea  silted 
up  from  inside  and  out — from  inside  by  the  rivers,  from  outside 
by  the  currents  created  by  the  frequent  south  east  winds  which 
conveyed  the  alluvium  of  the  eastern  rivers,  especially  Ihc 
Rhone,  and  deposited  it  there.  The  islands  became  joined  to 
the  land,  and  the  inland  sea  disappeared.  Thus  arose  on  these 
coasts  the  flat  plains,  behind  which  are  small  lakes  and  rr  "  *  '' 


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1 64 


NA  TURE 


{June  18,  1885 


At  the  meeting  of  the  Paris  Geographical  Society  of  May  u 
further  intormition  was  read  respecting  the  expedition  of  M. 
Teisscrcnc  de  B  >rt  to  explore  the  Sahara.  Leaving  Tuggurt, 
they  marched  south-south-west  to  H.issi  OjIcJ  Milon  I,  the  last 
point  visited  by  the  Flatten  m:s,ion.  Thence,  passin;  through 
BerecoflT,  they  ultimately  reached  Gibes.  Near  Gh  ourl-  Rou  ncd 
M.  <le  B  irt  found  well-marked  traecs  of  an  old  lake  of  sweet 
water,  ah  tut  a  kilometre  Ion  j,  and  7 X>  or  Hoi  m  wi I  e.  In  the 
depression  thus  created  there  were  evidences  of  a  prehistoric 
station  in  numerous  flint  arrow-heads,  and  from  this  point  to 
Gal>es  the  presence  of  nun  at  a  very  ancient  epoch  was  attested 
by  chippc!  flints  —  M.  de  Qaatrefagcs  rc.nl  a  paper  on  the  Red 
Indians,  and  on  the  h  ilf  breeds  of  the  United  States  an.l  Canada. 
The  pillion  which  the  writer  maintains  is  that  the  Indian*  do 
not  diminish  so  ra]»dly  a,  is  generally  Ixdicved,  as,  for  example, 
the  Maoris-  The  half-castes  are  put  in  the  census  as  whiles ; 
Indian  women  married  to  whsl«*»  arc  similarly  counted.  "  Placed 
in  favourable  conditions,  the  Red -kins,  far  from  diminishing  in 
number,  have  incr.tas'  1,  an  I  are  increising.  Hut  they  hive  not 
preserved  their  ethnic  parity.  Mixture  with  white  bloo  I  has 
taken  place  even  iu  the  ino.t  rem  r.e  tribes,  and  perhaps  now  the 
number  of  natives  of  pare  b!o>d  is  insignificant  everywhere; 
but,  on  the  other  hand,  the  blond  of  the  n  dives  is  mixing  m>rc 
and  mire  with  that  of  the  white»,  and  the  latter  accept  more 
easily  day  by  day  the  half-breed  as  one  of  themselves."  Al- 
though the  Red  Indians  are  disappearing  as  such,  they  will 
still  live  in  the  future  true  Anglo-American  race.  M.  Henri 
Condreau  gave  a  succinct  account  of  six  journeys  which 
he  male  between  ■  MS  1  and  18S5  in  Guiana.  The 
writer  is  I'rofcssor  at  the  Lycee  at  Cayenne,  and  performed  two 
of  these  journeys  during  vacations  ;  the  others  were  undertaken 
at  the  request  of  the  (»  ivernoe  of  French  Guiana.  The  most 
important  one  was  from  Manaos  through  the  whole  of  Central 
Guiana,  between  the  Rio  Xcgroatid  Cayenne.  He  had  already 
performed  two-thirds  of  liis  task,  an  1  parsed  the  source,  of  the 
TrotnSettc,  when  he  lost  all  his  articles  for  barter  amongst  the 
Indian-,,  and  was  deserte  I  by  his  followers.  Darin*  four  mouths 
he  w.is  alone  am  i  tgst  savages,  ultimately  arriving  at  his  destina- 
tion by  a  forced  march  of  thirty  d»ys  throagh  the  virgin  forest. 

Bekoik  the  Sxiety  of  Commercial  Geography  in  Paris,  M. 
An drcau  described  the  prairies  of  Guiana  which  he  traversed  in 
his  journey  between  the  liio  Ncgo  and  Cayenne.  Behind  the 
enorm  >us  fore  as  which  extend  inland  from  the  coists  he  found 
prairies  wholly  devoid  of  trees,  where  the  air  was  dry  and  the 
climate  mill.  He  strongly  alvicaiel  the  establishment  of 
agricultural  colonics  there,  describing  the  climate  as  in  all  re- 
spects the  reverse  of  that  found  on  the  coast. 

The  well-known  African  traveller,  Major  Serpa  Pinto,  is 
Mated  to  have  discovered  large  coal-fields  south  of  the  Rovuma 
River.  The  Rovuma  is  a  coast  river,  and  its  estuary  is  situated 
ab>ut  11*  S.  lat.  Along  its,  banks  runs  the  ancient  caravan  route 
from  Cape  Delgado  to  Lake  Xyassa,  The  coal-fields  were  first 
claimed  by  the  Sultan  of  Zanzibar,  but  have  now  been  taken 
possession  of  by  the  Portuguese  Government. 

A  scientific  expedition  under  the  charge  of  Lieut.  Hovgaard, 
of  the  Dam  h  X  avy,  is  licing  prepared  to  invcstigite  the  eastern 
coasts  of  (Greenland.  M.  Gamcl,  the  owner  of  the  vessel,  has 
put  it  at  M.  Itovgaard's  dis[v»sal,  and  the  Danish  Government 
will  pay  the  cost  of  the  expedition. 

M.  Ha\si;n-Bla.\(;stku  has  reported  to  the  Geographical 
Society  of  Pans  that  the  first  steamer  c  -ming  directly  from  the 
open  sea  arrived  at  Cologne  on  March  IS.  It  is  called  the 
Juimtry,  belongs  to  a  company  of  Mannheim,  and  is  of  513 
tons  burden.  "  This  is  an  event  important  not  only  for  Cologne, 
but  also  for  every  town  on  the  Rhine." 

Pkup.  Kari.  Gorrscne,  of  the  University  of  Kiel,  has  just 
returned  imm  his  travels  in  Eastern  Am.i.  After  having 
lectured  on  Mineralogy  and  Geology  for  several  yeirs  at  Tokio, 
he  undertook  a  scientific  exploring  expedition  111  Korea,  at  the 
request  of  the  Korean  Government,  which  lasted  until  De- 
cern lier,  1SS4.  His  route  extended  ovci  3000  kilometres.  Dr. 
Gottschc  intends  shortly  to  publish  his  geological,  mineralogical, 
and  ethnographical  investigations  of  Korea.  To  our  knowledge 
this  is  the  tint  scientific  investigation  of  the  great  East- Asiatic 
peninsula. 

Dr.  H.  Z.  C.  ten  Kate  departed  on  May  18  from  South- 
ampton. He  goes  to  the  interior  of  Surinam,  where  he  intends 
to  devote  himself  to  anthropological  and  ethnological  studies. 


A  grant  has  been  given  to  him  by  Dr.  Riebcck  (Halle  a/S)  and 
Prince  Roland  Bonaparte. 

A  telkgram  dated  "near  Herat,  June  9."  states  that, 
pending  the  settlement  of  the  frontier  question,  the  Frontier 
Commi-sion  is  exploring  and  mapping  out  the  country  in  all 
directions. 


ON  THE  MEHO/IOIC  FLORAS  OF  THE  ROCKY 
MOUNTAIN  REGION  OF  CANADA  1 

TX  a  previous  memoir,  published  in  the  Tmnuz :li\>nt  of  the 
A  Royal  Society  of  Canada,  vol.  i.,  the  author  had  noticed  a 
lower  cretaceous  flora  consisting  wholly  of  pines  ami  cycads 
occurring  in  the  Queen  Charlotte  Islands,  and  had  described  a 
dicotyledonous  flora  of  Middle  Cretaceous  age  front  the  country 
adjacent  to  the  Peace  River,  and  also  the  rich  Up|>er  Cretaceous 
flora  of  the  coal  formation  of  Vancouver's  Island — comparing 
these  with  the  flora  of  the  Laramie  series  of  the  Xoith-West 
Territory,  which  he  believed  to  constitute  a  transition  grout) 
connecting  the  Upper  Cretaceous  with  the  Focenc  Tertiary. 

The  present  paper  referred  more  particularly  to  a  remarkable 
lurasso-Crctaceous  flora  recently  discovered  by  Dr.  G.  M. 
Dawson  in  the  Rocky  Mountains,  and  to  intermediate  groups  of 
plants  between  this  and  the  Middle  Cretaceous,  serving  to 
extend  greatly  our  knowledge  of  the  Lower  Cretaceous  flora  and 
to  render  more  complete  the  series  of  plants  between  this  and 
the  Laramie. 

The  oldest  of  these  floras  is  found  in  beds  which  it  is  proposed 
to  call  the  Kootanie  group,  from  a  tribe  of  Indians  of  that  name 
who  hunted  over  that  part  of  the  Rocky  Mountains  l>etween  the 
4')tli  anil  52nd  parallels.  Plants  of  this  age  have  been  found  on 
the  branches  of  the  Old  Man  River,  on  the  Martin  Creek,  at 
Coal  (  reek,  and  at  one  locality  far  to  the  north-west  on  the 
Snskwa  River.  The  containing  rocks  arc  sandstones,  shale*,  and 
conglomerates,  with  seams  of  coal,  in  some  places  anthracittc. 
They  may  be  traced  for  140  miles  in  a  north  and  south  direction 
and  form  troughs  included  in  the  Paleozoic  formations  of  the 
mountains.  The  plants  found  arc  conifers,  cycads,  and  ferns, 
the  cycads  l>cing  especially  alwndant  and  belonging  to  the  genera 
Dioonitcs.  Zamitcs.  Podoiamitcs,  and  Ano.notamites.  Some  of 
the>e  cycad.aceous  plants  as  well  as  of  the  conifers,  are  identical 
with  species  described  by  Heer  from  the  Jurassic  of  Sibcrii, 
while  others  occur  in  the  Lower  Cretaceous  of  Greenland.  The 
almost  world-wide  Padotamitn  ljnc<vt<U*s  is  very  characteristic, 
and  there  arc  leaves  of  Saltsburia  ubirita,  a  Siberian  Mesoroic 
species,  and  branches  of  Stquoia  smUtiana,  a  species  character- 
istic of  the  I.ower  Cretaceous  oi  Greenland.  Xo  dicotyledonous 
leaves  have  been  found  in  these  beds,  whose  plants  connect  in  a 
remarkable  way  the  extinct  floras  of  Asia  and  America  and 
those  of  the  Jurassic  and  Cretaceous  periods. 

Above  these  are  beds  which,  with  some  of  the  previous  species, 
contain  a  few  dicotyledonous  leaves,  which  may  be  provisionally 
referred  to  the  genera  Slercula  ami  Lauras  ;  and  still  higher  the 
formation  al>onnds  in  remains  of  dicotyledonous  plants,  of  which 
additional  collections  have  been  made  by  Mr.  T.  C.  Weston. 
The  l>eds  containing  these,  though  probably  divisible  into  two 
groups,  may  be  named  the  Mill  Creek  scries,  and  are  approxi- 
mately on  the  horizon  of  the  Dakota  group  of  the  United  States 
geologi-ts,  as  illustrated  by  Lesquereux  and  others.  The  species 
arc  described  in  the  paper,  and  differ  for  the  most  part  from 
those  of  the  Dunvegan  group  of  the  Peace  River  series,  which 
is  probably  of  the  age  of  the  Niobrara  group,  and,  of  course, 
still  more  from  the  overlying  Laramie  gronp.  With  regard  to 
the  latter,  the  author  adduced  some  new  facts  confirmatory  of 
his  previously  expressed  view  as  to  the  position  of  the  Laramie 
at  the  top  of  the  Cretaceous  and  base  of  the  Eocene,  and  al-o 
tending  to  show  that  some  of  the  plants  still  held  by  certain 
nal.ro  hi ennists  to  be  of  Miocene  age  are  really,  in  Canada  at 
least,  fossiK  of  the  Laramie  group,  and  consequently  consider- 
ably older  than  is  currently  supposes!.  The  collections  of  plants 
studied  by  ihe  author  had  for  the  most  part  been  placed  at  his 
disposal  by  the  Director  of  the  Geological  Survey. 


H  YDROMECHA  N/CS 

"TTllV.  last  of  the  series  of  lectures  at  the  Institution  of  Civil 
A      Engineers  during  the  session  of  1SS4  85  on  "  The  Theory 
and  Practice  of  Hydromechanics,"  was  delivered  011  Thursday 

«  Reai!  hefve  the  Roy.l  Sm-icly  of  C-uiaJ*,  May,  t»»s,  l>v  Sir  WiJIUm 
Dawsuu,  CMC  ,  LL.D.,  K.K  S 


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June  18,  1885  J 


NA  TURE 


165 


evening.  May  7,  by  Sir  Edward  Reed,  K.C.H.,  M.I'.f  on 
"  The  Forms  of  Ships/'  The  President,  Sir  Frederick  Braniwcll, 
F.  R.S.,  occupied  the  chair. 

In  the  course  of  his  address  the  lecturer  briefly  explained  the 
great  development  which  the  science  of  fluid  resistance  had 
undergone  of  late  years,  largely  owtn2  to  the  lal>ours  of  Stokes, 
Rankinc  and  others,  but  more  largely  still  to  those  admirable 
investigations  which  \\%\  been  carrieil  out  under  the  patronage 
of  the  Admiralty  by  the  late  Dr.  William  Froude,  and  subse- 
quently by  his  son,  Mr.  R.  E.  Froude.    He  likewise  explained 
the  very  great  effect  which  those  investigations  had  produced  in 
the  Rojal  Navy,  owing  to  the  judicious  and  prompt  adoption  of 
Fronde  s  results  by  the  Admiralty  Constructors.  Strcs*  was  laid 
throughout  the  lecture  upon  the  importance  of  adjusting  the 
form  and  proportions  of  ships  not  only  to  the  loads  which  they 
have  to  carry,  but  likewise  to  the  weight  of  the  materials  enter- 
ing into  their  structure.    It  was  a  common  error  to  judge  of  the 
merits  of  steamships  by  the  relations  which  exist  between  their 
displacement,  steam  power,  and  speed,  as  expressed  by  formula? 
of  various  kind*.    Approximations  to  the  theoretical  form  of 
least  resistance  were  sought  by  some  naval  designers,  and  all 
considerable  departures  fiom  that  form  were  regarded  as  objec- 
tionable.   The  Lecturer,  on  the  contrary,  pointed  out  that  no 
such  theoretical  form  was  any  true  or  proper  guide  for  a  naval 
designer,  since  every  change  in  the  average  weight  of  the  hull 
necessitated  a  corresponding  change  in  the  form  and  proportions 
of  the  ship,  and  the  great  merit  of  a  designer  often  was  that  he 
adopted  forms  differing  widely  from  the  abstract  forms  of  the 
schools,  and  presenting  a  very  inferior  appearance  when  put  into 
what  are  known  as  "Constants  of  Performance."   This  was 
illustrated  by  examples  derived  partly  from  actual  ships  and 
partly  from  calculations  made  for  the  purpose.   Two  actual  war- 
ships were  compared,  one  attaining  the  high  figure  of  213  marks 
when  examined  by  the  received  formula;,  and  the  other  gaining 
but  172  marks  ;  yet  in  the  Lecturer's  view  the  latter  was  far  and 
away  the  better  ship,  because  she  perforated  precisely  the  same 
service  as  the  other,  being  inferior  in  no  respect,  and  yet  had  cost 
less  than  the  other  by  £1 14,000,  and  expended  no  more  steam- 
power  in  attaining  an  equal  speed.    The  Lecturer  remarked  that 
he  should  probably  have  regarded  the  abstract  "form  of  least 
resistance    with  more  rcsj>ect  but  for  the  circumstance  that  the 
designing  of  armoured  vessels  in  which  he  was  much  engaged  is 
♦'a  branch  of  naval  construction  of  much  too  concrete  and 
ponderous  a  character  to  admit  of  any  dalliance  with  abstract  or 
fancy  forms."    He  went  on  to  express  his  regret  that,  owing 
largely  to  the  restrictions  which  granite  docks  imposed  upon 
naval  constructors,  and  to  the  absence  of  iron  flo.ttng  docks 
capable  of  receiving  ships  of  any  form,  and  owing  to  other 
causes  likewise,  the  construction  of  armoured  shi|>s— by  which 
he  meant  ships  which  had  a  sufficient  volume  protected  above  the 
water  to  keep  them  afloat  and  upright  w  hile  the  armour  remained 
intact — had  been  abandoned,  and  the  first  place  upon  the  sea  had 
been  offered  to  any  nation  which  had  the  courage  and  the  will  to 
assume  it.    In  his  opinion  this  was  a  purely  voluntary  abandon- 
ment, and  was  not  the  result  of  any  scientific  or  economic  neces- 
sity.   He  admitted  that  great  changes  in  forms  and  proportions 
were  very  desirable  in  ourgrcat  line-of-batlle  ships  ;  for  example, 
a  great  increase  of  breadth  was  necessary  in  order  to  economise 
the  side  armour,  and  to  keep  the  ram  and  torpedo  at  ample 
distance  from  the  boilers  and  magazines,  which  should  be  pro- 
tected by  an  inner  citadel,  so  to  speak,  well  removed  from  the 
outer  one.   But  so  far  was  true  science  from  presenting  obstacles 
to  these  and  other  important  changes,  it  actually  invited  these 
very  changes,  and  increase  of  beam  in  particular  had  been  shown 
by    Froude  to  facilitate  the  attainment  of  practical  invulner- 
ability combined  with  very  high  speed.    Size  and  cost  were 
among  the  bugbears  of  our  naval  administration  ;  by  the  true 
engineer  they  were  always  regarded  as  secondary  to  great  and 
noble  objects,  among  which  objects  he  included  the  naval  pre- 
eminence of  our  country.  At  any  rate,  there  was  no  engineering 
obstacle  whatever  to  England  constructing  and  sending  to  sea, 
not  merely  those  great  and  swift  but  delicate  and  fragile  Atlantic 

hotels  in  which  the  British  Navy  is  now  to  embark  and  fight,  for 
the  want  of  something  better,  but  also  war- ships— real  war-ships — 
almost  as  invulnerable  as  these  islands  themselves,  and  capable 

of  bearing  the  once-proud  flag  of  England  boldly  into  the  waters 
of  any  enemy  whatever. 

On  the  motion  of  the  President,  a  cordial  vote  of  thanks  was 

passed  to  Sir  Edward  Reed  for  his  interesting  and  instructive 

lecture. 


UNIVERSITY  AND  EDUCATIONAL 
INTELLIGENCE 

Cambridge. — In  the  second  part  of  the  Natcral  Science 
Tripos  the  examiners  have  placed  the  following  in  the  first  class 
in  alphabetical  order: — Men:  Acton  (Botany),  St.  John's; 
Eve,  B.  A.  (Physics),  Pembroke  ;  Fitzpatrick  (Physics),  Christ's  ; 
Cordon  (Physiology),  Trinity  ;  Shore  (Physiology),  St.  John's  ; 
F.  M.  Young,  B.A.  (Phy-ics),  Trinity. 

The  Senior  Wrangler,  Mr.  Berry,  of  King's  College,  was  a 
student  at  University  College  School  and  College  ;  the  Second 
Wrangler,  Mr.  Love,  of  St.  John's,  was  educated  at  Wolver- 
hampton Grammar  School.  'Hie  Wranglers,  thirty-four  in 
number,  arc  alone  eligible  to  compete  in  the  third  part  of  the 
Mathematical  Tripos  a  year  hence. 

In  the  Natural  Sciences  Tripos,  Part  I,  the  following  were 
placed  in  the  first  class,  in  alphabetical  order  : — Men  :  Bury, 
Trinity  ;  Couldridge,  Emmanuel  ;  Edgeworth,  Caius ;  Evans, 
F.  P.,  St.  John's;  Oliver,  F.  W.,  Trinity:  Rollcstnn.  St. 
John's  ;  Seward,  St.  John's  ;  Walters,  H.  G.,  Trinity. 
Women:  Freund,  J.,  Girton ;  Willoughby,  C.  A.  J., 
Newnham. 

The  University  Lectureship  in  Mathematics,  lately  held  by 
Prof.  J.  J.  Thomson,  will  be  filled  up  by  the  General  Board  01 
Studies  and  the  Special  Board  for  Mathematics  early  in  the 
Michaelmas  Term. 

It  is  proposed,  in  dealing  with  the  increased  income  of  the 
Craven  Fund,  to  establish  a  new  Studentship  of  200/.  a  year 
for  research  in  the  languages  and  History  of  Ancient  Greece 
and  Rome  and  the  Comparative  Philology  of  the  Indo-European 
Languages  ;  the  Studentship  to  be  tenable  for  one  year,  but  a 
student  might  be  re-elected  on  not  more  than  two  occasions. 

It  is  proposed  still  further  to  systematise  and  improve  the 
courses  of  local  lectures  in  populous  centres,  and  to  give  students 
University  certificates  and  exemptions  in  all  cases  where  satis- 
factory work  has  been  done,  instead  of  confining  these  special 
privileges  to  affiliated  Colleges.  The  majority  of  the  courses 
given  in  the  past  winter  have  t>een  scientific,  and  the  work  con- 
tinues to  extend,  under  the  energetic  administration  of  Dr.  R.D. 
Rolicrts.  Much  difficulty  exists  in  some  of  the  most  promising 
centres,  where  the  students  (miners  and  artisans)  are  poor,  in 
providing  funds.  There  ought  to  be  no  difficulty  in  persuading 
colliery  proprietors  and  manufacturers  to  find  the  money  needed. 


SCIENTIFIC  SERIALS 

Bulletins  dt  la  SotiM  d' Anthropologic  dt  Paris,  5"*  Fascicule, 
1SH4. — On  ancient  superstitions  still  surviving  among  the 
Bretons,  by  M.  Bonnemere.  An  interesting  paper,  showing 
among  many  other  proofs  of  superstition  that  the  peasantry 
believe  in  the  possession  by  certain  individuals,  whom  they 
characterise  as  "  Ribotteurs,  of  the  power  of  injuring  others  by 
causing  their  milch  cows  to  lose  their  milk.  The  so-called 
"Ribotteurs"  are  believed  to  acquire  this  power  by  roaming 
naked  through  the  fields  on  the  night  of  April  30  to  gather,  at 
early  dawn,  the  May  dew,  in  which  dwells  the  malevolent  property 
of  drying  up  the  milk  of  cows. — On  the  uni-discoidal  placenta 
of  a  mandril,  by  M.  Chndzinski. — On  the  degree  of  atrophy  of 
the  olfactory  nerves  compatible  with  the  persistence  of  the  sense 
of  smell,  by  M.  Mathias  Duval.  The  writer  draws  attention  to 
the  number  of  cases  in  which  a  post-mortem  examination  has 
proved  the  atrophy,  or  even  total  absence,  of  olfactory  nerves 
although  there  had  been  no  apparent  defect  in  the  sense  of  smell 
during  life.  M.  Dally  is  of  opinion  that  in  such  cases  an 
excess  of  the  gray  matter  of  the  brain  at  any  one  point  may 
serve  to  supplement  a  deficiency  in  some  other  cerebral  region. 
— M.  Topinard  presented  to  the  Society  a  copy  of  his  great 
chart  of  the  relative  heights,  registered  among  the  conscripts 
and  in  the  public  schools  of  different  parts  of  France.— Report 
of  proceedings  at  the  first  meeting  of  the  "  Conference  Trans- 
formistc,"  organised  last  year  in  memory  of  Darwin.  In  accord- 
ance with  the  scheme  of  the  Conference  an  address  was  to  be 
annually  delivered  by  a  member  of  the  Anthropological  Society 
of  Paris,  who  was  to  indicate  the  influence  which  Darwinian 
( "  Transformist ")  views  had  had  on  the  .special  branch  of  scientific 
inquiry  which  the  lecturer  prosecuted. — This  year's  address  in 
the  Physical  Section  of  the  Conference  was  delivered  by  M. 
Duval,  who  cbo-e  for  his  theme  the  evolution  of  the  eye  from 
the  early  development  of  the  visual  organs  among  the  lower 
animals.    His  treatise  is  profusely  illustrated  by  admits* 


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t66 


NATURE 


[June  1 8,  1885 


cram  mat  ic  woodcuts.  — In  the  Psychical  Section  of  the  Conference 
M.  I  ctourncau  treated  of  the  evolution  of  morality,  tracing  the  rise 
and  progress  and  various  flticiunt ion*  of  the  moral  sense  among 
diflcrcr.t  race*.  — M  Pozzi,  in  announcing  the  decision  of  the 
Committee  for  awarding  the  Broca  prize,  explained  that  he  and 
his  colleague*  had  selected  the  works  of  three  among  the 
numerous  competitors,  viz.  MM.  Collignon,  Chudzinski,  and 
Tcstut,  as  of  pre  eminent  merit.  The  prize  was,  however, 
unanimously  awarded  to  the  last-named,  M.  Tcstut's  great  work, 
"  Muscular  Anomalies  in  Man  explained  by  Comparative 
Anatomy,"  having  secured  him  this  distinction  both  on  account 
of  its  aMc  and  exhaustive  character  and  its  great  literary  merits. 
The  selected  essays  of  MM.  Collignon  ami  Chudzinski,  treated 
respectively  of  the  "anthropometric  differences  of  the  leading 
races  of  France,"  and  of  the  "  Anatomy  of  the  Negro."  In  his 
address  M.  Pozzi  gave  a  summary  of  M.  Testut's  work,  of  which 
he  spoke  in  terms  of  unqualified  praise,  both  as  regards  the 
methods  with  which  his  <.bservations  had  been  conducted,  and 
the  manner  in  which  the  results  were  com|vared  and  tested. — 
Report  of  the  eulogy  on  I'aul  Broca,  delivered  by  M.  Dally  on 
the  day  the  Broca  prize  was  awarded  for  the  first  time.  As  an 
old  friend  and  colleague,  M.  Dally,  in  his  historical  and  literary 
notice  of  the  life  and  works  of  i'roca,  was  able  to  give  many 
hitherto  unknown  particulars,  which  add  largely  to  the  interest 
of  his  address. 

Bultttins  tit  fa  S<vM  a" '  Antkrvfvbgu tU  Paris,  1"  Fascicule, 
1885,  containing  r/xwW  of  the  rules,  organisation,  and  actual 
condition  of  the  Society,  with  lists  of  members,  affiliated 
societies,  and  recent  obituary,  &c,  &c,  &c.  Among  the  works 
pre  entcd  to  the  Society  at  its  inaugural  meeting,  1 88?,  special 
notice  is  due  to  the  "  Dements  of  General  Anthropology,"  by 
M.  Topinard,  who  here  gives  a  rhumi  of  his  lectures  at  the 
Sclw.l  of  Anthropologic  since  1876;  the  "Gitafiosof  Spain 
and  Portugal,"  by  M.  Bataillard  ;  "  Ethnic  Mutilations,"  by  M. 
Magitot;  and  "Cannibalism  among  the  Red  Skin*,"  by 
M.  Letourneau.  In  regard  to  each  of  these,  the  authors 
treated  at  great  length  of  the  objects  aimed  at  in  their 
respective  works,  the  character  and  scone  of  which  they 
fully  explained.— M.  Chud/in*ki  presented  the  Society  with  the 
cast  of  the  deltoid  muscle  of  a  negro,  *howing  an  anomalous 
separation  of  the  bundles,  which  had  a  Simian  character.— M. 
Delislc  drew  attention  to  an  ox's  head  belonging  M  H  <s  imJkus 
of  Senegal,  in  which  a  perfectly  developed  horn  protruded  from 
between  the  nasal  bones. — A  paper  by  Dr.  Hoffman,  of  Wash- 
ington, on  a  curious  relic  found  in  South  California,  supposed  to 
have  been  a  case  for  keeping  the  colouring-matters  and  instru- 
ments employed  in  tattooing. — (In  the  Quaternary  deposits  of 
Rosny  (Nogcnt-sur-Marnc),  by  M.  Kck.  Among  these  finds 
are  fine  teeth,  of  Eltfhas  frimigenius,  Rhinoa-rcs  tichorhinitt, 
Eifuus,  &c. — Report  by  M.  Goutn,  of  Cagliari,  on  the  skulls 
and  objects  found  by  M.  Isscl  in  the  recently -opened  cave  at 
Orreri,  in  the  Island  of  Sardinia.  M.  Issel  believes,  from  his 
study  of  the  prehistoric  remains  of  Western  France,  Spain,  and 
the  basin  of  the  Mediterranean  generally,  that  these  and  the 
finds  at  Orreri  all  point  equally  to  the  diffusion  of  a  primitive 
race,  which  was  extant  in  the  Canary  Isles  within  historic  times. 
— On  laos,  bv  M.  P.  Ncis,  who  explored  the  Laotian  territory 
bordering  on  Csrnhodia  in  1S82-84.  The  author,  as  a  French 
official,  enjoyed  exceptional  advantages  for  travelling  in  Cochin 
China  and  the  neighlxmring  districts,  and  his  careful  study  of 
the  character  ami  habits  of  the  people  has  enabled  him  to  collect 
much  interesting  information  regarding  the  distinctive  anthropo- 
logical and  social  characteristics  of  the  different  races  of  Indo> 
China.  M.  Ncis  sees  no  ground  for  the  opinion  that  these  races 
exhibit  traces  of  a  Negrito  clement,  but  he  draws  attention  to  the 
fact  that  everywhere  the  Mongol  is  displacing  the  Thay  and 
other  ancient  nationalities,  although  this  U  most  evident  in  the 
territories  l>etween  Mam-on  and  Tonkin,  and  he  believes  that, 
unlcs*  the  King  of  Siam  takes  prompt  measures  to  stop  this 
invasion,  Siamese  supremacy  and  French  authority  will  be  alike 
endangered. — Ceylon  and  its  inhabitants  in  ancient  and  modem 
tiroes,  by  M.  Beauregard.  The  author  derives  his  material, 
from  F.nglish  sources — ( >n  the  caves  of  Saumoussay,  by  M. 
Bonnemere,  who  believes  that  these  grottoes  served  in  prehistoric 
ages  as  a  tannery.— On  the  measurements  of  the  long-bones  a* 
a  basis  for  the  reconstruction  of  the  entire  skeleton,  by  M. 
Topinard.  with  plates  nf  the  osteometric  instrument  used  by 
Broca.— On  will,  considered  from  a  physiological  point  of  view, 
byM.  Fauvclle. 


SOCIETIES  AND  ACADEMIES 
London 

Royal  Society,  May  7,  with  a  note  added  May  12— "On 
the  Electric  Resistance  of  a  New  Alloy  named  Platinoid."  By 
J.  T.  Bottornley,  M.A.,  F.  R.S.  E. 

In  the  course  of  a  series  of  experiments  on  the  electric  resi-t- 
ance  of  various  metals  and  alloys  and  in  particular  on  the  varia- 
tion of  the  electric  resistance  of  these  metals  and  alloys  with 
temperature,  the  author  has  examined  a  new  alloy  {called  by  the 
inventor  "  platinoid  "),  which  has  turned  out  to  have  important 
properties. 

This  alloy  is  the  invention  of  Mr.  F.  W.  Martino,  of  Sheffield, 
who  kindly  supplied  specimens  rf  the  metal,  and  wires  specially 
drawn  down  to  the  finer  gauges  for  experiments. 

Platinoid  is  practically  German  silver  with  the  addition  of  1 
small  percentage  (1  or  z  per  cent. )  of  metallic  tungsten.  The 
tungsten  is  added  in  the  form  of  phosphide  of  tungs'en,  a  con- 
siderable percentage  of  which  is  in  the  first  place  fused  with  a 
portion  of  the  copper.  The  nickel  is  then  added  ;  anil  then  the 
zinc  and  the  remainder  of  the  copper.  The  mixture  requires  to 
be  re-fused  more  than  once,  and  during  the  process  the  phos- 
phorus and  a  considerable  portion  of  the  tungsten  originally 
added  is  removed  as  scoriae.  In  the  end  there  is  obtained  a 
beautiful  white  alloy,  which  is  platinoid.  When  polished  the 
alloy  is  scarcely  distinguishable  in  appearance  from  silver.  To 
test  the  quality  claimed  for  it  as  to  being  untarnishable,  the 
author  has  been  keeping  ornamental  specimens  lying  exposed 
to  the  ordinary  town  atmosphere  ;  and  has  satisfied  himself  that 
the  alloy  has  a  very  rcmarkaMc  power  of  resisting  the  tarnishing 
influence  of  the  air  <  f  a  large  town. 

It  is,  however,  the  electric  resistance  of  platinoid  that  has 
chiefly  interested  the  author.  German  silver  wire  has  proved  of 
gTeat  use  in  the  construction  of  galvanometer  coils  and  resist- 
ance coils,  on  account  of  two  importantprop'  rties,viz.,  its  very  high 
resistance  and  thesmallness  of  the  variation  of  its  resistance  with 
change  of  temperature.  Both  those  |>ropcrties  are  possessed  in 
a  still  higher  degree  by  platinoid  alloy. 

The  resistance  of  German  silver  differs  considerably  in  dif- 
ferent specimens.  It  is  commonly  stated  to  be  ari7  X  io"*B.A. 
ohms  between  opposite  faces  of  a  centimetre  cube  at  o"  C.;'  or, 
■  educing  to  legal  ohms,  20  935  *  IO"*  leeal  ohms  be' ween  the 
opposite  faces  of  a  centimetre  cube.  The  following  table  shows 
the  resistance  «.f  a  number  of  sjiecimens  of  platinoid  wire  : 

Spocifyint     in  <Ieci-  Crow 
number 


Diameter 
in  deci- 
mals of  a 
centimetre 


Re*»tance 
legal  ohnu 
per  metre 


Reactance 
between  opfo- 
utr  face* 
a  centimetre 
cube  legal 


16 

17 
|8 

»9 
20 

A 
B 
28 
29 

5 


•1610 

•1430 
1230 
11 10 

0S65 

-°595 
0495 
0402 
•0340 
•0290 
0220 


0204300 
0160200 
01 19400 
0006770 
0058760 

0027180 
•00 1 9  240 
0012690 
"0009070 
0006605 
0003801 


181 

202 
•288 
'353 

555 

1-250 

1  707 

2  605 
3412 

4  371 
8  219 


36  98  X  10" 

32  3° 
3438 
3416 

32  6 1 


34  76 

32  85 

33  06 
3094 

28-87 

3' 24 


X  to 


It  appears  from  these  results  that  the  specific  resistance  <>f 
platinoid  is  about  one  ami  a  Aaifl'xmci  that  of  Gennan  silver. 

The  experiments  on  the  variation  of  resistance  of  platinoid 
with  temperature  were  carried  on  in  the  following  way.  The 
specimen  of  platinoid  to  be  tested  was  wound  on  a  wooden 
l>oM>in.  on  the  surface  of  which  a  screw  had  been  cut.  and  the 
spires  of  the  helix  were  kept  separate  by  lying  between  the 
threads  of  the  screw.  This  coil  was  immersed  in  a  bath  of  oil, 
and  was  connected  in  scries  with  a  known  wire  of  German 
silver,  the  tcm|>erature  of  which  was  kept  constant,  and  with  a 
single  Danicll's  cell.  The  differences  of  potential  between  the 
two  ends  of  the  platinoid  wire  and  the  two  ends  of  the  German 
silver  wire  were  determined  by  applying  the  electrodes  of  .i 
a  high-resistance  galvanometer.  The  ratio  of  the  differences  of 
potential  is  the  same  as  the  ratio  of  the  resistances  of  the  two 
wires. 

'  Given  by  Prof,  Flreming  Jenkin,  F.R.S.,  as  expressing  the  results  o( 
11, «.t;. .  j  —  , 


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June  18,  1885] 


NA  TURE 


167 


In  the  following  table  is  shown  the  ratio  of  the  resistances  of 
2  specimen  of  platinoid  wire  at  different  temperatures  to  its 
resistance  at  t ero.  The  wire  used  was  the  same  as  that  specified  as 
N'o.  20  in  the  table  of  resistances.  The  length  of  the  wire  ex- 
perimented on  was  about  four-fifths  of  a  metre.  The  only 
-rouble  in  the  experiment  was  the  keeping  the  oil-hath,  which 
•  as  filled  with  linseed  oil.  thoroughly  stirred,  and  of 
perature  throughout. 


XrnipcrarutT. 

0° 
10 

30 
40 

50 
60 
70 
So 

90 
100 


Th«  Re*,  at  C. 
being  =  1. 
IO 

I  0024 
I  0044 

:ss 

1-0126 
•  0134 
I  0166 
1  01SS 
1  0201 


r.abcr  than  th 


we  r. :  *  .  2'  . 


'■  '■    :  h  tetzs; 


■A  wv  ,-'  t  :'  r 
;    a  -,  a 
I':..-  ».-r  a 


It-'.-:   ■■  i-. 


1-.  1 


*  ire 


very  muc  h 

rsrtjl>  an<i  alloys  then  examir.c  i. 

The  rtK»i  ili>  of        !::y,         V>/.  r 
•'or  ela« ic  lon^isudina!  w.cs-.  rv  sr.;  the 
■iatjooid    wire  were  aN  .  :rrr.-..r.»:  '1 
■•:'iuo  of  that  markei  ./  !r.  v.v  :'•       .  -  ^  1 
larger  than  Na   24  ,  •'         };.  ±- !  .;' 
;i:;e.  an  1  has  a  d;a-r. o  ;t 

The  rigidity  ro^ulj^  »i-  J  to  47:1  S  1/ .-  —  r  - 
•«jght  f*er  «n.«Are  c-c:  .ir.-;-.--  I  ■  -  V". ,  •  .  .  ;» 
»222"4    •     IO*  gramme*  it..''.:  r,.r  >"•.«.:•:  :t 

The   breaking  weight  o  av..-  6  x  29   •  I  -  -i  •. 

•;-  s.;aare  ci-r.timetre 

The  sptc.fic  gras.ty  •:'  t  ' :t  -  o!  «  re  .  -. 

author  to  I*  S7S  -  t  ;  :r-  '  1 
■  hen  drawn  hard  io  v.:":?r... >.  a*.  c.;  • 

*  ■•■•lias- 
Physical  Society.  May  25.— Tt 


The 


—  !>r.  A.  H    F  - 


f 


'••  e  CTliiT 

rsnciety.  -- 
r^ents  -.h  ovk  jr.*  the 
nj'h  •  f  iron,  .'eel.  ar. 
rie  >a! of  the  ft:  - 
:l;  i  el    ran  :  ■  r  the  »»-  : 
-red  hy  I  I  : 

:v  pr^r.t  e*  j-eTi-arrio 
n-h  the  rt-  of  hrir.- 
1  he  arrara- 


1  --  5Li,-:'.  ' 


r.-m-  hel:T  c :  . 


■vi.' 


r.  i  ■  hr;n;:  '  -i--  . 
m-Ls    n  a  firm  s:.r  - 


This  £ives  for  the  average  percentage  variatku  of  -tar.ee 
;er  f  C-.  between  the  temperatures  o"  C  ail  loo  C.  'he 
riomber  o  020S7.  A  second  wire  le<.feii  very  caicfully  in  a  -:tn  I  ir 
tti>"  tTave  f°r  tri"  average  («rccnta^c  vatntjun  letween  O  an  i 
100",  0  022  per  degree,  with  a  «ca.iJy  increasing  rate  of  varia- 
tion from  the  Heginninc; 

To  conifore  thi^  increase  in  rc^N'ance  -\  :e  t  >  ;:•  uf 
temperature  with  that  o':~«r»-ed  in  other  r:;-:"^>  ar.  !  ai!  -v-  we 
t.r- I  that  the  percentage  ir.crea-c  of  re-^-:ancc  f  1  I"  C.  it  '20 
*  .r  copper  is  0-3SS.  platinum- wiver  ai!  ,y  <->  031,  g  1  i  silver  a"  ,y 
0065.  and  f<-r  (lerroan  silver  0  044  T'".— e  r.:i -.-r-  w-.r  :  </:>■ 
•uned  hy  Matthie^en  in  the  c  ;:r  e  of  hi^  e<  --•:.:::  u'-  f  r 
rj>i!tlj  a.  iuita'r.k-  met  a!  or  a!!  .;.  f  ,r  t!.c  t  ;r;-  -t  c 
■j-.e  Brit:-h  Asvix'tation  st vfci-.-.tr!.-  n--:--  \r.:*  '.•  .-  •  .to 
hat  the  v.irla'ion  of  rt-  ' 


tt  :  -r. :  :r 
i  .  ,'i 


■ 


i  '.f  "_-  r  .;  -1  1* 
*- 1  .  1  .-.  '»-*-•-*- 
e2.r*  a^xio".  a   bra-  i-nrr  I"  t".     •    '--  - 
l.-  fultrjrti  t  the  po  .:  -.     f  -  - 

Ltral  |v>rt»'>n  of  rh    r-'..i.     '.' -  -  1  -  --      -•--■•     »  - 

-V-i'ier  knife  e-f^e  »•  •  -  e    :.  »  J-      .-.  i  ■  - 

•  v-r  -r.  (  Icvrr,  at  the  ti'tt-    7     :  »      -      1  -     ■  -  * 

-•stf.  .-ir.d  vertical  «s>.  t.T_-.r  :  i  - -t  r      t    :-      v  »--.•-• 
•.:  ,U«h-e-t  nv/ye'-o  -.  .rr-.r 

-  -.  an  eJ.^n^ativn  -A  •'  -.  --*.  1-  -     :  ;  '    '  -  ' 

*:kg  ea.*ily  detectcl    A  fe--  -.: 

:--In  the  ca-e  tf  ■■  -  —    •        .•  - 

length  till  nearly  .ar.-i.--t.        "  -  '      '-   '      -  ' 

it,  but  then'r.  rea..  -:  1  = 


tinued  decreasing  to  the  limit  of  the  experiments,  at  which  point 
the  retraction  was  a'  out  double  of  what  the  ettension  had  been. 
The  effect  dejiemled  ujon  the  thickness  of  the  bar,  an  increase 
of  diameter  diminishing  the  maximum  extension,  an- 1  increas- 
ing the  critical  magncti.ing  force,  or  that  force  which  pro- 
duced the  maximum  evtcn-ion  ;  the  result  ,  seemed  to  how 
that  this  extension  variel  inversely  as  the  syiarc  root  of  the 
diameter  of  the  bar.  The  general  behaviour  of  steel  wa.  the 
same  as  that  of  soft  iron,  but  the  critical  point  varied  with 
the  hardness  and  temper  of  the  mcta.,  ap (taring  t.,  \>?  a 
minimum  for  -teel  of  yellow  temper.  The  rc-.ils  of  experimerj;, 
upon  nickel  coincided  with  tho»e  obtained  by  1'r.jf.  h  if.-.  tt.  the 
effect  of  magnetisation  being  to  cause  a  continuous  retrv  tiofi 
greater  than  that  obtained  with  s->ft  iron.  In  an.svcr  to  1'rof. 
Hughes,  who  believed  that  the  crTVct  of  the  c  A  *i,  a'wayt  to 
produce  r/tta<lit»t  of  the  bar,  the  titen-'on  a"  fir,l  tj».jrt/  due  to 
the  molecular  arrangement  if  the  partid':.  during  tiiign< -jtion, 
Mr.  Ifi'lwcl!  further  'lcscril(»-'i  an  exp<:rimefi!  >i  o»ir^;  ifial  the 
action  of  the  coil  was  to  pr<*d-.icc  the  ti'tn.i  j«of  a  t;.3^ri/:t.  Two 


thin  >tr:p.  of  vjft  iro-i  fa-'en 
portioni  l^ein^  a'<  '_t  2  c  n. 
m  .V.in-^  the  i.'Jiirrit  (Vr  er  li  were 
to^eth-.-r.     1'rof.  h  o;  •     s:i;;^'  -;•_• 
was  rcaliy  owin^  to  the  irr'-,; . 
by  the  en  i.,  an'l  that  in  fi;:-:re 
liar  only  -bo.:!-!  !<  cxam:r.--j.  — 
by  a  slowly  rotating  vjt-.-.rr,  ■ 

Note  on  the  action  of  1.^:.'   1  • 
sci-ni-iTi.  by  Mr.  >hcl:.jr-l  « 
v-.-st..;a'.'-.r<  .ip^r.  tie  h:havivir  of 
I»ay  arrtvr  j  at  ti.e  conclaMoft  thai 
r-        r.ece.-..ta:e  the  a 


ti.er  .1 '  tbe  en- 1  ■ ,  tiie.r 
*cre  ;.!  v.f\  in  t  hi<-  I.',, 


Irawn  out,  t 
;•.  I  th  ;!  trie  tf 
ari'.y  ot  rii.i,'7»e' 

'Hi  t'f.-  s.  ".•f  :1 

Mr. 


of  ti 


.a- ion 
ji..  1- 


4  ti 


Mr.te  t 
an  c!-n 


;e  ft. » 1 
tr.e  n.v 
-^-l1  r. 


eljtral 
( )u 

j ill  ing 

''■  I.':  >  v 
,]  .,  ,,j 

,\  he 
!  ..  .e/1 

e  of 

IT.- 

.  : 

'  '  •  '!■ 
.  .  f.o- 
et' t  ■ 

■  ' 

I^rt»l« 


.1  -  ;    r  .•    <.■>:  :  :  •;  n  •  ■  -:  ■»    .    ..   »       ..'   •  -  * 

co-.il.:      j.  fjvr.-c  A.  :  it  !.       %.  ,:  ■  ■  •      :  •:  bo  • 

•:.  -  -t.  i  .-.   a  ■  -   ■  ■.  .  y.u   ■  t  .■  '. 

--"-:••  ••  r   i.i-:     -.'O     •  >     .      r  r     .-.«  :. 

1 .       . '.  a."  :  :  •  -     ---   A  v 

by  c.itt.g  tw  *  *I»*f  »^e.  -.  .e  '.y  s.  J*  .v,r.  a  **t.p  -A  s..*a.  *•.<- 


s:/l-  e. 


-fj  'be  «        v  - 


i:...!.i',>!t,r:t.t  a     » 1. >y  of  .!>  »..»  r-  It 

•  i,  f'.-r,i  r."-.   »ry  to  r«.-i,jt  'a*      !- tf.-.e  '.f  :r<s  '> .!  oj 

a»;i.r..  1;^  te!I  ^.-'.pa-e-.  w»i  *irj  :•  t.  ...e  '.  ,  :y 
b.rtir.^  a          'A  tt.:  r.~ 


Mr.  tj, ;  i 


:  i-  '.e  ft! 


e-r.t».-«r:    --y.       of  c         ^  »_  e»,  1. "■»•.•.*•  \\ 
fet*ar.~ei  «  F*"»iiy  hi  .  »- . »-  ',-«'-  -  .*■!  *Z*.'?r.  •   .a  ; 
i&  -L»  v  !.  *  *V!     vsr  '..,v.       At;.  ^ 

ex.'..  .'-A  tr.r-al.  a.v!  were  \it:'f.    ,•  ^"  ".a 

the  o.'..-ary  -^Irr.i.a  !  Mr  •♦v.f.'  If'. 

fc.'!»»!.  .  :.t-jer  »t.      ••  .  t-t.".'^.  ;  V- ■»•  . -  '■ . >ii 
r;r,'.  '*'*  VV  . -t.  Vft  vf  r.  i     »  4  »  ■  -  . 

r.*i-  '.'.'.;...t.'.f.'/'..,,t».,.tA:.-'!.'   'f  v  •  -V 

.;     v^KV/  .  ■       '//  --. '.  ^.        '  .-*»      .  ■    *  • 
'A':,  y-  "s't  k:".  •  e.  vf  1  •.•  .•»'  »ia    .  i  .*       i<  ,-,t 

</•!-/*  -v*»*.ve.  »-      -'^>'*  -^^i  '  ,  a-  *-*v»o»v... 

>»*a.-:i>  ♦  >»«t,        *:.«  '.-.'r  '/  jj  •.  *  1  ',  -  "... 

•>>c  :( .z.-»rr.\.  or  k*'--'-.  -#  ft  *-•.♦••  r."  *  » 

riefr 1>»  vt'.f<t  '.^r*  tS"tm        »•  « • -»i 

.r.sr  .^i       .r."o       r vf       »o-    .    •*  -%~»~  >^ 

»";  •.'  '  •-  *.    v.  •■  »  *-  o 

.fc4»».*4  .:  #  ■  %  "  »«     ^t  i"  .  r*  "»  *» 

t.M'  vftvf         ^•V.W  '/  /   '.  I."         ^».«.  f 

t  '..:<*.}  I.   0  '••.»*  v^"*       vr.-  .  ".'». 
'J  »  ■•*»,(  .*.  .'A  vf  •»••♦■.•       .- «  i<> 

■■4  ♦*,  'v   >t    v  '*»  ■  "  • '  *f    '»  "I'v  *, 

w".  .*  .  ♦  "*  V."  .*  .   .  «•    '.'    '/  ■  .'*■■*.*,  f 

frt»  s^:t  ,ri,        -•  .     •>     'v*  t     't  ".•   '■   •  /. 

\' .;f  '      9'  r~.  •.-*.*»*.  ■  •»*  y»*       *  .  .  .j, 

:•  '.-  v.-.*      K".    -  •/«  <  * 

'  r'f.J%   ■  1  «"«V."'y'A    «•.*.  ".         *V*"  »  I, 

»v  ot  v.- j         — ;  ve      «^".  '»v».  »j.v  v..:, 
M»> Rv-r  «r«y    '  --     11      '     V.     !         -  •• 

/  r  •.  ■-  -a  .......    ;  •  :  j  ;..-...-»<  >-.•- 


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168 


NATURE 


{June  1 8,  1885 


into  the  Society. — Mr.  Basset  read  a  paper  on  the  potential  of 
an  electrified  spherical  bowl,  and  on  the  motion  of  an  infinite 
liquid  about  such  a  bowl,  upon  which  Prof.  Larmor  made  some 
remarks. — Mr.  Elliott  communicated  a  short  paper  by  M.  Z.  J. 
Rogers,  entitled,  notes  on  the  polism  of  the  inscribed  and  cir- 
cumscribing polygon. — Mr.  Kcmpc,  F.  R.S.,  made  a  brief  com- 
munication on  pairs  of  collinear  points  ;  and  a  paper  by  Prof. 
Mannheim,  liaison  geomctrique  entre  les  spheres  osculatrices  de 
deux  courbes  qui  ont  les  raemes  normales  principalcs,  was  taken 
as  read. 

Chemical  Society,  June  4. — Dr.  Hugo  Midler,  F.R.S., 
President,  in  the  chair. — Mr.  Harold  Follows  was  admitted  as  a 
Fellow  of  the  Society.— The  following  paper  was  read:— On 
the  constitution  of  the  haloid  derivatives  of  naphthalene,  by 
Prof.  Meldola. 

Anthropological  Institute,  June  9.  —  Francis  Galton, 
F.R.S.,  President,  in  the  chair.— Prince  Roland  Bonaparte 
exhibited  a  large  collection  of  photographs  of  I  .apps.— Mr.  1*.  A. 
Hoist  exhibited  three  water-coloured  photographs  out  of  a  col- 
lection of  240,  representing  all  the  tribe*  of  the  Russian  empire. 
—Dr.  J.  G.  Carson  read  a  paiicr  on  the  physical  character! -tics 
of  the  Lapps  ;  and  by  the  permission  of  the  authorities  of  the 
Alexandra  Palace,  the  family  of  Lapps  now  being  exhibited 
there  were  present  in  the  room  with  their  sleigh,  reindeer  skins, 
and  dog.  The  group  consists  of  three  men,  two  women,  ami 
t »  o  young  children.  The  average  height  of  the  men  is  5  feet 
1}  inches,  that  of  the  women  4  feet  1 1 4  inches.  The  chief 
characteristics  of  the  Lapps  may  be  said  to  be  their  low  stature, 
roundheads,  and  large  cranial  capacity. —  Prof.  Kcanc  read  a 
paper  on  the  I-ipps :  after  glancing  at  their  origin,  ethnical 
relations  and  nomenclature,  explaining  the  perplexing  terms 
Lapp,  Finn,  Same,  Sc.,  the  Professor  proceeded  to  describe 
their  present  habitat,  their  national  and  political  divisions,  and 
populati  -n  ;  not  more  than  about  30,000  I  .apps  remain,  and  their 
number  appears  to  be  diminishing.  Their  social  usag-s  were 
then  described,  and  allusion  made  to  their  reindeer,  dogs, 
sledge;,  snow-shoes,  and  tents,  and  the  pa;>er  concluded  with  an 
account  of  their  religion,  education,  present  condition,  and 
future  prospects. — A  paper  by  Dr.  H.  Rink  on  Eskimo  dialects 
was  taken  as  read. 

Edinburgh 

Mathematical  Society,  June  12.  — Dr.  Thomas  Muir  in  the 
chair. — Prof.  Tait  gave  an  address  on  the  detection  of  amphi- 
chciral  knots,  with  special  reference  to  the  mathematical  pro- 
cesses involved. 

Paris 

Academy  of  Sciences,  June  8.— M.  Bouley,  President,  in 
the  chair.— Action  of  chloroxicarbonic  ether  on  the  cyanate  of 
poias  ium,  by  MM.  Wuriz  and  Hcnningcr.  In  an  accompany- 
ing note  i:  is  stated  that  this  important  posthumous  monograph 
was  mostly  prepared  in  1875,  but  that  its  publication  was  delayed 
by  the  authors  in  order  to  complete  their  researches  on  various 
jioints.  After  the  death  of  M.  Wurt/.  the  work  was  continued 
by  M.  Hcnnigcr,  who  was  about  to  publish  the  results  when 
he  also  fell  a  victim  to  his  arduous  labours.  In  its  present  form 
the  paper  has  l>een  prepared  and  edited  by  M.  Edouard 
Grimaux. — Memoir  on  the  temperature  of  the  atmosphere  and 
ground  at  the  Paris  Natural  History  Museum  during  the  years 
iSSj  and  1884.  by  MM.  Edmond  Becquerel  and  Henri 
Ik-cquerel.  This  memoir  forms  a  continuation  of  the  researches 
begun  twenty-two  years  ago  at  the  Museum  by  M.  A.  C. 
Bcc|ucrcl,  by  means  of  the  thermo-electric  apparatus  invented 
by  him. — On  the  geographical  distribution  of  animal  and 
vegetable  species  as  affected  by  the  climatic  conditions,  the 
character  of  the  soil,  the  disposition  of  land  and  water,  the  pro- 
gress of  culture,  and  other  outward  influences  of  the  environ- 
ment, by  M.  I' mile  Hlanchard.  — Propagation  of  the  earth' 
quake  shock  felt  in  Andalusia  on  Dcccmlier  25,  1SS4,  a 
rectification,  by  M.  F.  Fnuquc. — On  a  new  order  of  me- 
tallic s|»cctra,  by  M.  Lccoq  de  Boisbaudian. — Note  on  a 
new  vegetable  type  fiom  tb-  lower  coralline  formations  of 
Auxcs,  in  the  ncighliourhood  of  liaune,  C«tc  d'Or,  by  M  G. 
de  Saporta.  This  type,  by  the  author  named  Changarnicra, 
from  its  fir-t  observer,  appears  to  be  of  lacustrine  origin,  and  to 
bear  a  certain  relation  to  the  Rhizocaulon  from  the  freshwater 
chalk-formations  of  the  South  of  France,  still  surviving  in 
Provence.  It  may,  perhaps,  represent  one  of  those  proangio- 
sperm  types,  the  existence  of  which  has  only  begun  to  be 
suspected  by  botanists.— Note  on  some  recently-discovered 
with  the  infancy  of  Jean   Lc  Rond 


d'Alcmbert,  by  M.  L.  Lallemand.  These  ineditcd  records 
show  that,  contrary  to  Condorcet's  statement,  d'Alcmbert  was 
sent  to  the  Maison  de  la  Couche,  and  placed  with  a  nurse  for 
six  weeks  in  a  Picardy  village,  after  which  he  was  consigned  to 
the  charge  of  Jacques  Molin  (Dumoulin),  one  of  the  most  dis- 
tinguished physicians  of  the  time. — On  a  method  of  rapidly 
analysing  all  the  nitrogen  contained  m  substances  in  the  organic, 
ammoniacal,  and  nitric  state,  by  M.  A.  Houzcau.— On  a  method 
of  employing  the  sextant  in  such  a  way  as  to  obtain  by  a  single  ob- 
servation the  simultaneous  altitudes  or  angles  of  two  stars,  of  a  star 
and  1  he  moon,  or  of  a  star  and  the  sun, by  M.Gruey. — Onthe  conver- 
gence of  a  continuous  algebraic  fraction,  by  M.  Halphen. —  Remarks 
on  the  radiations  emitted  by  incandescent  cartons,  such  as  those 
prepared  for  use  in  lighthouses  for  the  production  of  voltaic  arcs, 
by  M.  Felix  Lucas. — Remarks  on  the  apparatus  usually  em- 
ployed for  the  measurement  of  continuous  and  other  electric 
currents,  by  M.  Mascart. — A  thermo-chemical  study  of  electric 
accumulator-,  by  M.  Tschclirow. — Note  on  the  action  of  silver, 
copper,  iron,  and  some  other  metals  on  a  mixture  of  acetylene 
and  air,  by  M.  F.  Bellamy.  The  author's  experiments  show 
that  in  the  burner  these  metals,  and  especially  copper,  act  on 
acetylene  in  the  same  way  that  platinum  does  on  hydrogen.— 
Note  on  the  sulphurcls  of  cerium  and  lanthanc,  by  M.  Debray. 
— On  a  new  reaction  for  digitaline,  by  M.  Ph.  Lafon.  This 
reaction,  which  i*  extremely  sensitive,  will  enable  the  chemist 
to  distinguish  more  sharply  than  has  hitherto  been  possible 
between  the  numerous  products  employed  in  therapeutics  under 
the  general  name  of  digitaline. — Note  on  aseptol  (orthoxiphenyl- 
sulphurotts  acid),  by  M.  E.  Serrant.  For  this  substance  (so  named 
by  the  author  from  the  Greek  negative  particle  a  and  vrtwtip,  cor- 
ruption) it  is  claimed  that  it  will  be  found  three  times  superior  to 
phenic  acid  as  a  practical  antiseptic. — On  electric  alcoholic  fer- 
mentation, by  M.  Em.  Bourguelot. — Remarks  on  the  tail  of  the 
human  embryo,  by  M.  H.  Fol.  From  his  researches  the  author  i> 
sitisficd  that  during  the  fifth  and  sixth  weeks  of  its  development 
the  human  embryo  is  furnished  with  a  tail  in  the  strict  ana- 
tomical sense  of  the  term.  Being  destitute  of  all  physiological 
use,  this  or^an  must  be  classed  with  all  other  rudimentary 
members —On  the  natural  evolution  of  the  caniharides,  by 
M.  H.  Beauregard.  The  results  arc  here  embodied  of  three 
years'  research,  during  which  the  author  has  succeeded  in 
clearing  up  many  obscure  points  connected  with  the  physio- 
logical life  and  functions  of  these  insects.— Note  on  the  extrac- 
tion and  composition  of  the  gases  contained  in  the  leaves  of 
plants,  by  MM.  N.  Grehaut  and  Pcyrou. 


CONTENTS  Pace 

Biitschli's  "Protozoa."  By  Prof.  B.  Ray  Lankester, 

F.R.S   145 

Phaenolog-y   146 

Our  Book  Shelf:— 

"  Louis  Pasteur,  his  Life  and  Labours. '  —Dr.  E. 

Klein  F  K  S  146 
Lee  s  "Microtoni'ist  sVade-Mecuui.,;-Dr.'E".  Klein, 

F.R.S   147 

Letters  to  the  Editor  :— 

The  Late  Prof.  Clifford's  Kinetic. — R.  Tucker   .  .  147 

Sky-Glows. — P.  K   147 

Flying  Fish.— Alfred  Carpenter   147 

The  Universal  Meridian.    By  Dr.  Janssen  ....  148 

Guessings  at  Truth,  I  ,   152 

Professor  Fleeming  Jenkin,  LL.P.,  F.R.S   153 

The  Geological  Survey  of  Belgium   154 

The  Congo  (tUiutrateJ)   154 

Notes   158 

Our  Astronomical  Column  : — 

Comet  ary  Orbits   162 

Binary  Stars   162 

Tycho's  Nova  of  1572   162 

Astronomical   Phenomena  for   the  Week  1885, 

June  21-27    162 

Geographical  Notes   163 

On  the  Mesozoic  Floras  of  the  Rocky  Mountain 
Region  of  Canada.    By  Sir  William  Dawson, 

C.M.G.,  F.R.S   164 

Hydromechanics   164 

University  and  Educational  Intelligence   165 

Scientific  Serials   165 

Societies  and  Academies   16S 


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WRDJVBSDAY.  Ji  nr  »4. 

Geological  Society,  at  8. — Supplementary  Notes  on  the  Deep  Boring  at 
Richmond,  Surrey  :  Prof.  John  W  Judd.  F.R.S  .  and  Collett  Homers- 
ham  —On  the  Igneous  and  Assijrialed  Rocks  of  the  Brcidden  Hill*  in 
East  Montgomeryshire  and  West  Shropshire  :  W  W.  Watts.— Note  on 
the  Zoological  Position  of  the  Genus  MicroclHrius,  Wood,  and  it*  apparent 
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England:  R.  F.  Tomes.— Correlations  of  the  Curiosity-Shop  Bed*, 
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NATURE,  June  25,  1885 


NA  'J  URE 


THURSDAY,  JUNE   25,  1885 


THE  CHITTA  GOXG  HILL  TRIBES 

The  Chittagong  Hill  Tribes.  Remits  of  a  fourney  in 
the  Year  1882.  By  Dr.  Emil  Riebeck.  Translated  by 
Prof.  A.  H.  Keane.   (Asher,  1885.) 

THE  visit  paid  by  Dr.  Riebeck  to  the  frontier  tribes 
between  Chittagong  and  Independent  Burmah  in 
the  spring  of  the  year  1882  formed  a  mere  episode  in  the 
great  expedition  to  the  Far  East,  from  which  he  has 
recently  returned,  laden  with  ethnological  treasures  of  all 
sorts.  But  this  episode,  carried  out  at  the  suggestion  of 
Dr.  Bastian,  "prince  of  ethnologists,"  proved  from  a 
variety  of  causes  so  unexpectedly  fruitful  in  results,  that 
he  has  been  well  advised  to  publish  a  separate  account  of 
it,  pending  the  appearance  of  a  comprehensive  work  on 
his  general  travels  in  Somaliland,  India,  China,  Japan, 
and  other  Eastern  regions.  In  its  arrangement,  profusion 
of  coloured  and  other  illustrations,  and  especially  in  the 
treatment  of  the  subject  matter,  this  first  instalment 
almost  reaches  the  standard  of  ideal  perfection— of  such 
perfection  as  can  be  achieved  only  by  patient  and  intelli- 
gent observation,  and  by  the  cooperation  of  specialists  in 
their  several  faculties  combined  with  a  generous  use  of 
unlimited  means.  Certainly  the  principle  of  division  of 
labour  in  literary  and  scientific  work  has  never  been  more 
happily  illustrated  than  in  the  present  instance.  Wisely 
limiting  his  own  functions  to  those  of  a  laborious  collector 
and  narrator  of  his  personal  experiences,  Dr.  Riebeck  has 
placed  all  his  rich  materials  at  the  disposal  of  the  fore- 
most naturalists  in  Germany,  by  whom  the  data  thus 
supplied  have  been  made  a  convenient  text  for  so  many 
separate  monographs  of  great  value  on  the  various  scien- 
tific aspects  of  the  subject. 

The  work  thus  comprises,  besides  the  journey  itself 
graphically  described  by  the  traveller,  four  independent 
treatises— by  Dr.  A.  Griinwedel,  on  the  ethnology  ;  by  Dr. 
Rudolf  Virchow,  on  the  anthropology  ;  by  Prof.  Julius 
Kuhn,  on  the  zoology  ;  and  by  I  lerr  von  Danckelmann,  on 
the  meteorology  of  the  hilly  region  traversed  during  the 
expedition. 

The  trip  included  altogether  two  separate  excursions, 
the  first  from  Chittagong  up  the  Karnaphuli  river  to 
Pakhoma  and  Forts  Sirtay  No.  I  and  2,  close  to  the 
Burmese  frontier  ;  the  second,  again  from  Chittagong 
southwards  to  the  Sangu,  up  that  river  nearly  to  its 
*>urcc,  thence  across  the  border  to  Dalakmey  on  the 
Koladan  in  Arakan,  and  from  that  point  down  the 
Koladan  to  its  mouth  at  Akyab.  None  of  these  river 
basins  can  be  described  as  unknown  regions,  seeing  that 
they  all  lie  well  within  British  territory,  and  have  been 
frequently  traversed  in  various  directions  by  Lcwin, 
Hunter,  and  other  explorers,  by  Government  surveyors, 
\nd  even  occasionally  by  military  expeditions.  Never- 
theless, such  is  the  intricate  character  of  the  land,  con- 
Msting  of  nearly  parallel  mountain  ranges  running  close 
together,  mainly  north  and  south,  separated  by  deep  inter- 
vening river  gorges,  often  densely  wooded,  and  inhabited 
by  a  multiplicity  of  semi-independent  hill  tribes  in  almost 
Vol.  xxxii.— No.  817 


every  stage  of  social  culture,  that  the  broad  physical 
features  both  of  the  country  and  its  inhabitants  had 
hitherto  been  but  imperfectly  understood,  while  few  of 
the  details  had  been  fully  worked  out.  Hence  a  rich 
harvest  still  awaited  our  traveller,  and  the  abundant 
materials  collected  by  him  and  carefully  sifted  by  his 
scientific  fellow-workers  could  not  fail  to  prove  useful  and 
help  to  solve  some  obscure  problems  in  the  natural 
history  of  the  country. 

Thus  a  comparative  study  of  the  two  Gayal  skulls  from 
Chittagong  and  Arakan  enables  Dr.  Kuhn  to  clear  up 
several  questions  touching  the  mutual  relations  of  the 
gayal  {Bos  gaverus,  Colcbrookc),  the  arni  or  true  wild 
buffalo  {Bubulus  inJicus),  the  gaur  {Bos  casifrons, 
Hodgson),  and  other  members  of  the  ox  tribe  in  India 
and  lndo- China.  It  now  appears  evident  that  the  gayal 
or  wild  ox  of  Bengal,  Assam  and  Further  India  does  not 
differ  specifically  from  the  gaur  of  India  proper,  as 
George  Vasey  and  others  wrongly  supposed.  "  While 
the  wild  gayals'  skulls  show  all  the  features  of  the  gaur, 
the  forms  of  the  tame  gayal  from  the  same  locality  corre- 
spond altogether  to  the  normal  gayal  type  as  described 
by  its  best  observer,  Hodgson.  Room  is  thus  afforded 
for  the  surmise  that  bjth  types  characterise,  not  two  dis- 
tinct species,  but  forms  only  of  the  same  species  ;  that 
consequently  gaur  and  gayal  arc  specifically  one,  and  that 
the  deviations  of  the  latter  in  its  tame  form  have  merely 
the  value  of  a  variation  due  to  domestication." 

Of  more  general  interest  arc  the  admirable  ethnological 
and  anthropological  papers  of  Dr.  Grunwedel  and  Dr. 
Virchow,  whose  learned  analysis  of  the  data,  and  espe- 
cially of  the  numerous  measurements  supplied  by  Dr. 
Riebeck,  throws  a  tlood  of  light  on  the  many  perplexing 
questions  connected  with  this  obscure  ethnical  domain. 
Accepting  the  already-established  broad  distinction  be- 
tween the  Khyoung-tha  or  River  Tribes,  and  Toungh-thi, 
or  Hill  Tribes  (Lowlanders  and  Highlanders),  a  distinc- 
tion which  has  more  than  a  mere  geographical  signifi- 
cance, these  anthropologists  find  that,  on  the  whole,  the 
hill  tribes  are  of  purer  descent,  that  is,  represent  the 
aboriginal  clement  more  closely,  than  the  riverain  popula- 
tions. The  latter  (  Maghs,  Chakmas,  Toungjinyas,  Sic). 
have  become  more  intermingled  with  the  Bcngalcsc  and 
other  intruders  from  India,  and  are  characterised  by  a 
yellower  complexion  suggestive  of  Mongol,  or  perhaps 
Malay,  affinities.  The  former  (Pankhos,  Banjogis,  Mros. 
Kumis,  Kukis  or  Lushais,  Shos,  Shindus,  &c.)  arc  of  a 
darker  hue,  and  seem  to  approach  nearer  to  the  Kolarian 
aborigines  of  India.  At  the  same  time  Dr.  Virchow  is 
careful  to  point  out  that  none  of  these  Hill  Tribes  lend 
any  support  to  the  theory  of  an  aboriginal  Negrito  cle- 
ment formerly  spread  over  the  whole  of  India  and  lndo 
China,  advocated  especially  by  Dc  Ouatrcfagcs  and  other 
French  ethnologists.  "According  to  unanimous  testi- 
mony they  have  all  black,  long,  and  smooth,  but  by  no 
means  straight,  hair,  and,  although  not  athletic,  their 
stature  still  at  ence  separates  them  from  the  dwarfish 
Andamanese  and  Negritoes.  On  the  other  hand,  in 
further  inquiry  the  question  cannot  be  waived  whether 
the  Hill  Tribes  of  Chittagong,  perhaps  also  of  Nepal, 
may  not,  after  all,  be  somewhat  nearly  related  to  the 
primitive  '  black  skins '  cf  India.    The  name  Dasyu,  or 

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fc.itnrc*  1""U»  itf  ibt  ci«r.ti\  it.  jr.htbiianu  kid 
hitherto  1h*t>  l.ul  mi(«ifc<tlv  VKtcrtXonI,  whilr  rew  r4 
tKr  *ltuil»  hail  turn  fully  unrfcp-l  oui.  Henre  j  rli  b 
h«rvr-<  «ill  n».i  u»)  our  Irai^llrr.  nn»t  rhr  alnmrljiii 
rnii4-n>k  fcdkxtc^l  by  Km  Jteil  <-»nefully  illtcit  Hr  hti 
fOrnMifiC  fcIV'*  n  nrbcr*  rntrM  nut  f.iil  in  (vine  u*c#nl  nn<| 
brl;»  I"    »il>c   KMH  ->"'  |iii'Mnn»  in  tbr  finiwjil 

hlktMr\  of  tlw  mi  ni;n. 

Ittll*  A  rmnit.ti.il  ir  .t'nl>    •!  i\t  T« -»  i .it .il  ikall«  fr> m 

I  te\ct.il  tpM*tr,m*  '-.n-h.n^  tkf  mmm)  rvbitxvti  V 
rt^J*1' A*ilWJtJ*  *  •,,«**iroofcr  .  ibu  »mi  or  tnie  wiW 

■ 

!  HiMft;>iiwT|  rtftJ  nrhf i  I— wWiy  *#  IHImI  in  ImlU 
I  jml  hdrHOHM    II       .ijtpnir*  rvlileni  tint  the  Uiiy*I 

,.f  tttl  "*  «*f  ItoWg      .tv.i  •>  att  l  I  int. Sri  Imfti  tl.f*  not 

•1iti*»  iD.  <i««i  jv  g  ^  Imln  t«'.jwtt  as 

 ,  n  \        ip  .'tuir- •*Twtrf»  «"j"j""'«tl.    '  iv lu V 

ilir  «k*M  Unrfl"         jB  lM  bwrjttt  ul  tKr  k<t«ar, 

tin-  r-irm-  •>#  tbr  t."iw  -;•»•<!  li»m  ih-:  HMl  Ixnliu  ic«v»» 
,|mm>iI  nl|W(|iilWr  t»»tlie  nmitml  .tr.il  iipe  j*  <k.r*a*tt 

tn  i«-  l»**i  •ilMint  i,  H'»L«hi     tjm$m  H  thil*  All.irtM 
til*  .u»mj«rlli*t  It  t\  lip"  ■  li-tr^.trn»r,  Itttt  ttm  ihV 
ItiKl  «| •*<     -.  I  <>*  <"t.n  .t\H  ul  (W-  .tw  -pcfi^*,  tlul 

,..n-«- 1-*  i '!>  '  •  '"  1  •  '**''  "  •'•'•tilt  nn*l  tlut 
Ibr  4t>l»ttWH  M  NttfcW  m  *i-  liiiiitf  ItfM  h.-nr  mcfd> 
ilir  <  jilifr  i/m  t  WjlHlUfl  lllll  !'*«lMHii-»tiCJ,.iaii."* 

m|  m. in-  Hfllfftt  nut  neU  iUT  l&W  Jt|niit>ltk«tbfiiil<t1;#  il 
ami  .inthifit"1"-"  il  |M|tBN  «t  iinjnw«!cl  .intl  Ot. 
Vjn  \\,m,  oln*-*  b  »n>rtl  in-h>*?  *tf  ibe  rftln,  .imt  r^tr- 
<  illy  i«l  li  t   r  ,  tin  i>*  -  IIH4- Ji  iiimt.  -tqi|ilrnt  W  lit 

Kit  It*"*-.  tl"  i r|>4tj      b-lil  «•«  ibe  nuuj  |»rrvV\inc 

<jqp9XM|*  •••'if'tMl  null  tin*  t4«.iiiu-  i-.lim.il  iti w~ 
Ac<«c*tns  f»,H  >ilr-n»^>*r«tiil*V«bt\l  brant  tlminnmn  be- 
inrtii  tlw  Kbriitmi.  m  i  «r  lion  I  nJfff.  jiml  Tmin^b  thX 
«il  tbll  Iii'«  I  •  iii'lrn  ami  lli.bl.ntilif  '.  j  *M<inr- 
li 

I 

. 

1 

I 

■ 

i 

i 


I/O 


NA  TURE 


[June  25,  1885 


Dasa,  recalls  in  a  remarkable  manner  the  word  Pio, 
applied  both  to  (he  Lushais  and  their  speech." 

On  the  whole  the  Lowlanders  appear  to  be  closely  re- 
lated to  the  Arakancse,  and  consequently  to  the  Burmese, 
and  are  characterised  by  distinctly  Mongolic  features. 
They  may,  in  fact,  be  regarded  as  a  Mongoloid  people, 
intermediate  between  the  true  Mongols  of  Northern  and 
Central  Asia  and  the  Malays  of  Malacca  and  the  Kastern 
Archipelago. 

This  section  of  the  subject  is  illustrated  by  very  com- 
plete tables  of  measurements,  and  by  as  many  as 
twenty-six  photographs  of  Lushais.  Pankhos.  Maghs, 
Chakmas,  Tippcrahs,  and  other  highland  and  lowland 
tnl>es. 

I)r.  Riebeck's  account  of  his  experiences  amongst  these 
children  of  nature  is  extremely  graphic,  and  all  the  more 
entertaining  that  the  arrangement  with  his  collaboratctirs 
enables  him  to  eliminate  all  dry  technicalities  and  strictly 
scientific  ma'tcr.  At  the  time  of  his  visit  a  famine  pre- 
vailed amongst  the  border  tribes  in  the  up|icr  Kamaphuli 
li.  1  -in ,  causing  an  irruption  of  Lushais  and  others  into 
British  territory.  Thinks  to  this  circumstance  he  was 
enabled  to  prunirc  many  valuable  articles  from  the  half- 
famished  people  in  exchange  for  a  little  rice  and  spirits. 
The  cireunwaaees  connected  with  tln-se  transactions  are 
related  with  a  frankness  which  almost  s.u  ours  of  excessive 
candour.  "  The  brandy  1  concocted  mvself.''  he  tells  us, 
"by  d. lining  -j>int  i  of  w.nt  with  water,  and  colouring  it 
with  burnt  sugar,  thereby  producing  a  still  more  alluring 
think  for  their  uneducated  palate  In  return,  they  not 
only  parted  with  a  large  quantity  of  their  implements,  hut 
alsn  allowed  rue  to  take  bodily  measurements  and  sub- 
mitted to  be  photographed  by  tnv  fe'low  traveller  Rossct. 
If  fur  brandy  I  had  sub. turned  money,  this  would  have 
soon  found  its  way  into  the  pockets  of  the  I Sengalt  dealers, 
who  1  oiei.i-d  ami  plundered  the  native^  to  the  utmost.  1 
mav  therefore  be  pardoned  if  I  preferred  to  tickle  the 
palate  of  the  Lushais  with  lire- water  rather  than  play  into 
the  hands  of  the  blood-sueking  usurers  *' 

A  tropical  thunderstorm.  In  whi.  h  be  was  overtaken  in 
the  Rum  a  district,  is  described  in  exceedingly  vivid 
language  •"The  oporto !c  which  now  presented  itself 
was  one  of  the  most  stupendous  imaginable.  In  a  few 
seconds  the  firmament  bcame  compietelv  overcast  ;  then 
the  wi  l-  ii,  towered  up,  looking  in  the  gleam  of  the  electric 
flashes  like  mighty  sheaves  of  tlame.  The  weird  effect 
was  heightened  by  the  neighbouring  woodlands,  which 
were  now  all  ablaic.  l  or  the  natives  had  fired  the  snr- 
ro  it  ding  bamboo-clad  hills  in  order  to  clear  the  land  for 
p,i'"d\ ■  fields,  and  sow  their  rire  in  the  ashes.  Thus 
was  mingled  the  crackling  of  the  burning  and  crash- 
ing bamboo  canes  with  the  roaring  thunder  aloft,  the 
whole  producing  a  dm  like  that  of  a  nc  ghbouring  battle- 
field." 

These  p-asvage-  may  a!s.>  -erve  as  specimens  of  Prof. 
KraiK-s  vitv  admirable,  faithful,  and  idiomatic  trans- 
l.-.-mn.  I;  may  be  merit^'-ed  that  the  German  and 
I  >:.-!;  sli  <d:\  -tts,  both  in  fobo  s  zc  and  splendidly 
pr  nti'd.  ■•>  •  :  e  i--'.ied  ■.<inultane<ui-ly  by  Messrs.  Ashcr, 
of  I'll!  a  .  ',  I. on  loa.  The  w.c,.  f.  .rm=  a  sumptuous 
x'-!-:uie  wl.  ■  •,  »bo aid  laid  a  plj'  e  m  citt  well-appointed 

libra-  \  . 


THE  METEOROLOGY  OF  BOMB  A  Y 

Mtigncticnl  and  Meteorological  Observations  math-  at  the 

Gcnernment  Observatory,  Bombay,    1 88  3,  under  the 

Superintendence  of  Charles  Chambers,   F.R.S.,  fiev. 

Fr.  Drechtnan,   S.J.,  Ainayei-  A'arayen  A'ene,  and 

Frederick  Chambers.  (Bombay,  1884.) 
f~\F  the  scries  of  volumes  entitled  "Bombay  Mag- 
^— '  netical  and  Meteorological  Observations,"  the 
present  one  of  forty  pages  folio  is  the  Iwenty-fotirth. 
The  observations  were  begun  in  1R41,  and  whether  we 
consider  the  high  class  character  of  the  observations 
themselves,  the  fulness  with  which  they  were  made  from 
hour  to  hour,  or  the  long  period  over  which  they  extend, 
hey  must  be  regarded  as  among  the  very  best  meteoro- 
logical records  we  possess  In  the  discussion  of  many  of 
the  larger  questions  of  Indian  meteorology,  such  as  are 
from  time  to  time  dealt  with  by  the  meteorologists  of 
India  with  so  much  ability  and  success,  the  Bombay  ob 
nervations  are  simply  invaluable  ;  and  they  are  at  lea*t  of 
equal  importance  in  the  wider  questions  of  the  science, 
and  particularly  in  those  cosmicat  inquiries  which  have 
largely  engaged  the  attention  of  physicists  in  recent  years. 

In  this  report  a  very  satisfactory  account  is  given  by 
Mr.  Chambers  of  the  observatory,  its  position,  and  sur- 
roundings, the  instruments  in  use,  and  the  duties  of  the 
various  members  of  the  observing  staff,  all  showing  that 
a  trustworthiness  and  an  accuracy  is  secured  for  the 
observations  which  leaves  nothing  to  be  desired.  F:ve 
eye-observations  are  made  every  day  without  exception, 
at  6  and  to  a.m  .  and  2,4,  and  10  p.m.  In  addition  to 
these,  continuous  registrations  arc  obtained  by  means  of 
automatic  recording  instruments,  consisting  of  the  mag- 
nctographs,  the  barograph,  thermograph,  pluviograph 
and  anemograph,  the  first  four  registering  photographi- 
cally and  the  last  mechanically. 

From  these  observations  and  registrations  hourly  read- 
ings of  the  various  instruments  are  obtained,  and  from 
them  the  daily  means  are  deduced.  These  daily  means, 
together  with  the  monthly  means,  arc  published  in  a 
series  of  tables  appended  to  the  Report.  The  daily  re- 
sults of  the  wind  observations  arc  given  with  more  than 
usual  fulness,  these  consisting  of  the  mean  velocity  in 
miles  per  hour  w  ithout  regard  to  the  direction  from  which 
it  blew  :  the  aggregate  and  mean  velocities  and  relative 
frequency  of  dilferent  winds  ;  and  the  mean  daily  veloci- 
ties of  the  north  or  south  and  cast  or  west  components 
of  the  winds  which  blew  each  dav,  in  miles  per  hour 
At  Bombay  the  greatest  mean  daily  velocity  in  miles 
per  hour  was  31  3  on  June  it,  and  the  least  5'2  on 
<  ctober4:  whilst  the  mean  hourly  velocity  from  June 
to  August  was  16  s  miles,  and  from  .September  to  May 
it  was  only  10  9  miles. 

Cnderground  observations  arc  made  at  depths  of  1, 
20,  60,  and  133  inches  below  the  surface,  the  first  two 
depths  l>cing  observed  rive  times  daily  and  the  last  three 
once  a  day.  inasmuch  as  at  these  depths  no  diurnal  varia- 
tion is  shown.  At  depths  of  1  and  9  inches  the  monthly 
maximum  and  minimum  temperatures  occurred  in  De- 
-  ember  and  May.  but  at  the  depth  of  132  inches  these 
annual  pha-.es  were  delayed  till  March  and  July  The 
mean  annual  temperature  of  the  air  during  18*3  was  ;S  ,S 


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June  25,  1885] 


NA  TURK 


171 


and  of  the  ground,  at  .1  depth  of  r  inch,  80  -9  ;  9  inches, 
So' 7  ;  20  inches,  82°-6  ;  60  inches,  83 "8  ;  and  132  inches, 
It  is  desirable  that  the  errors  of  these  underground 
thermometers  were  ascertained. 

Down  to  the  close  of  1864  the  hourly  observations  made 
at  Bombay  were  published  in  e.xhnso,  and  these  twenty- 
four  years'  hourly  observations  furnish  data  for  the  prose- 
cution of  many  inquiries,  the  value  of  which  it  would  be 
difficult  to  over-estimate.    From  1865  to  1S72  the  indi- 
vidual observations  ceased  to  be  published,  but  the  hourly 
means  for  the  different  elements  continued  to  be  pub-  . 
iished.    From  these  the  hourly  means  of  pressure,  tern-  1 
pcrature,  humidity,  cloud,  thunderstorms,  &c,  can  be  ' 
obtained  for  a  period  of  more  than  thirty  years.  From 
the  beginning  of  1873,  however,  no  hourly  observations, 
or  even  hourly  means,  appear  in  the  reports,  want  of 
funds  presumably  being  the  cause  of  the  omission.  Irre- 
spective altogether  of  the  length  of  time  over  which  the 
observations  have  been  made  and  the  immense  value  this 
single  consideration  gives  to  the  Bombay  observations,  1 
the  position   of  this  observatory  with  respect  to  the  j 
monsoons  and  other  vital  elements  of  the  meteorology 
of  India  render  the  maintenance  of  a  first-class  meteoro- 
logical observatory  in  this  part  of  the  empire  indispens- 
able.   Itis  in  truth  simply  necessary  in  the  interests  of 
Indian  meteorology  and  its  satisfactory  development  that 
the  Bombay  Observatory  be  kept  in  a  state  of  high  1 
efficiency,  and  that  the  individual  observations  made 
there  be  published  and  distributed  among  men  of  science 
at  least  as  liberally  as  they  were  previous  to  1865. 


OUR  BOOK  SHELF 

Supplement  to  "Euclid  and  His  Modern  Rivals"  con- 
taming  a  Notice  of  HenricPs  Geometry,  together  with 
tectums  from  the  Reviews.  (London :"  Macmillan 
and  Co.,  1885.) 

We  noticed  the  original  work  at  such  length  in  these 
columns  (Nature,  vol,  xx.  p.  240),  that  it  is  not  worth 
» rule  on  the  present  occasion  to  do  more  than  draw 
■mention  to  the  issue  of  this  "  Supplement." 

Prof  Hennci's  "Congruent  Figures"  was  published 
nearly  contemporaneously  with  Mr.  Hodgson's  book  and  1 
jo  he  was  unable  to  discuss  the  methods  employed  bv  the 
rTofcssor,  who,  in  the  words  of  ihe  present  preface,  "  fills 

tS;fis?r  functionary' dcar  ,o  parisian 

The  discussion  forms  scene  vi.  of  Act  ii.,  and  is  headed 
Ireatmcnt  of  Parallels  by  Revolving  Lines."  and  an 
extract,  as  usual,  leads  the  way  from  Hernias  Art 
•>»  Dining  {so  our  humourist  puts  it),  viz.  "  in  order  that 
an  aggregate  of  elements  may  be  called  a  spread  it  is 
necessary  that  they  follow  continuously." 
It  will  thus  readily  appear  to  the  readers  of  the 
Luchd  and  his  Modern  Rivals,"  or  of  our  account 
relerred  to  above— which  by  the  way  is  honoured  bv  a 
partial  reproduction  amongst  the  review-selections -tdat 
Mr.  Dodgson  is  still  himself,  and  that  his  hand  has  lost 
rtone  of  .ts  former  cunning.  We  should  have  liked  him 
0  nave  given  his  opinions  on  other  parts  of  the  Pro- 
'«sors  book,  but  it  has  not  seemed  good  to  the  author 
'••)  to  act,  and  he  has  confined  himself  mainly,  if  not 
*mirely,  to  the  Lobatschewky  treatment  of  parallels, 
j  il»  J*0  such  combatants  now  fairly  in  the  arena,  we 
•''■ail  be  content  to  act  as  a  mere  onlooker  whilst  the 
'  fife  wages  fiercely  between  them,  cagerlv  noting  the 
^nyand  the  thrust,  and  ready,  if  need  be,  to  use  the 
^nge  as  this  or  that  combatant  is  struck 


It  might  be  a  mighty  pretty  encounter- Modern 
Treatment  versus  the  Euclidian. 

Mr.  Dodgson  inserts  remarks  here  and  there  in  the 
text  of  the  reprinted  criticisms  :  he  does  not  notice  that  a 
complaint  he  makes  against  us  was  in  great  part  apolo- 
gised for  on  p.  404  (vol.  xx.,  see  above). 

Leitfaden  bei  soolo^isch-tootomischen  Priiparhiihun^en. 
Von  A.  Mojsisovits  Edlen  von  Mojsv.ir.  2nd  ed. 
(Leipzig,  1885.} 

We  are  glad  to  welcome  a  second  edition  of  this  work, 
which  is  a  very  useful  manual  for  museum  curators  and 
for  demonstrators  in  the  rapidly  increasing  number  of 
zootomical  laboratories.  Although  it  appears  to  be 
designed  for  use  in  high  schools  we  cannot  think  that  it 
is  likely  to  displace  the  manuals  already  in  use  in  this 
country  :  it  wants  the  didactic  character  of  Huxlev  and 
Martin's  "  Elementary  Biology,"  the  simplicity  and  direct- 
ness of  Prof.  Milnes  Marshall's  admirable  little  book  on 
the  "  Frog  "  (which  is,  we  are  glad  to  learn,  to  be  soon 
followed  by  others],  or  the  detailed  directions  of  Prof. 
T.  J.  Parker's  "Zootomy."  We  may  note  by  the  way  that 
these  works  appear  to  be  unknown  to  our  author,  whose 
knowledge,  indeed,  of  English  works  on  anatomy,  or,  as 
Messrs.  Wilder  and  Gage  call  it,  anatomical  technology, 
is  very  incomplete. 

So  far  as  German  authorities  on  "Museologic"  arc 
concerned,  the  second  edition  appears  to  have  been 
brought  up  to  date  ;  some  additions,  not  always,  however, 
improvements,  have  been  made  in  the  illustrations ;  some 
of  the  English  authors  whose  works  are  neglected  Would 
have  provided  the  author  with  a  better  figure  of  Astro 
pecten  than  the  shocking  "representation  "  which  is  copied 
from  Bronn.  When  the  third  edition  is  called  for  we  hope 
we  shall  find  the  grave,  but  perhaps  the  onlv  important, 
defect  which  we  have  noted  corrected  and  accounted  for. 


LETTERS  TO  THE  EDITOR 

[  7  ht  Editor  does  not  bold  himself  responsible  for  opinions  expressed 
by  his  correspondents.  Neither  can  he  undertake  to  return, 
or  to  correspond  with  the  -.enters  of,  rejected  manuscripts. 
No  notice  is  taken  of  anonymous  communication*. 

I  The  Editor  urgently  requests  correspondents  to  keep  their  Utters 
as  short  as  pontile.  'I  !u  pressure  on  his  space  is  so  gnat 
that  it  is  impossible  othet-o  ise  to  insure  the  appearance  es en 
of  communication ;  containing  intert  sting  and  novel  facts.  ] 

On  Watering  the  Coal-Dust  in  Mines 

Referring,  to  an  explosion  that  happened  at  Lievin  Colliery 
in  the  Pas  de  Calais  on  January  14  last,  my  friend  M.  Ed'. 
Sauva^e,  Ingenicur  des  Mines,  writes  as  follows :— "  Some 
experiments  have  been  lately  made  at  Lievin  Colliery  ( Pas  de 
Calais:,  where  a  disastrous  accident  happened  a  few  months 
ago.  I  do  not  think  any  report  of  these  experiments  has  been 
published  ;  but  they  found  the  coal-dust  inflammable,  and  the 
watering  of  the  ways  in  the  mine  has  been  resorted  to  as  a  pre- 
caution against  future  accidents." 

Twenty-nine  persons  u,  ,.re  killed  by  this  accident,  that  is  to  sav, 
all  who  were  in  the  mine  with  the  exception  of  one.  The  survivor, 
a  miner  named  Cornet,  and  one  of  his  comrades,  had  prepared  a 
blasting-shot  for  dynamite,  and  called  upon  the  shot-hrer  to 
ignite  it.  The  latter  examined  the  place,  pronounced  it  to  be 
free  from  fire  damp,  and  lighted  the  fuse. 

At  the  inrpicst  Comet  stated  that  he  saw  the  shot  go  off,  and 
had  just  time,  by  a  quick  movement,  to  throw  himself  under  a 
heap  of  straw  lying  near  when  the  explosion  took  place.  I  Ic 
remembered  nothing  more,  ami  attributed  his  escape  to  t'ie 
partial  protection  afforded  by  the  straw. 

After  investigating  the  case  and  hearing  Cornet's  evidence, 
the  Government  engineer  and  those  of  the  Company  who  owned 
the  nunc  came  to  the  conclusion  that  the  explosion  was  cause  ! 
by  the  ignition  of  the  coal-dust  that  had  been  lyiug  upon  the 
timbers  which  formed  the  supports  of  the  gallery.  In  corro- 
boration of  this  opinion  they  pointed  out  the  fact  that  the  current 
or  air  which  swept  through  the  gallery  in  which  the  cxnloMi  n 
originated  was  too  swift  to  admit  of  firedamp  lodging  there 


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172 


NA  TURE 


{June  25,  1885 


For  some  year*  past  n  s\  >tem  of  more  or  less  careful  watt-ring 
ha*  been  practised  in  some  of  the  largest  and  driest  of  the  steam 
coal  collieries  in  South  Wales  as  a  precaution  again*-',  explosions 
-ami  the  recent  occurrences  at  Usworth,  Licvin,  Cam  ph. 111  sen, 
anil  lYndlcbury  seem  to  show  that  similar  measure-,  are  greatly 
wanted  elsewhere. 

Should  watering  the  dust  (locally  in  the  neighbourhood  of 
blasting-shots,  or  generally  in  the  workings)  ultimately  prove  to 
lie  the  panacea  far  great  colliery  explosions,  tbcit  it  is  obvious 
that  the  responsibility  for  the  holocausts  that  are  now  occurring 
lies  almost  as  heavily  uj>on  those  who,  having  the  power,  fail  to 
hasten  its  adoption,  as  upon  tho-e  who  continue  to  offer  it  a 
selfish  or  factious  opposition.  \V.  Galloway 


The  Colours  of  Arctic  and  Alpine  Animals 

I  Mi-ill  regret  that  I  have  been  too  busy  to  reply  to  my  friend, 
Mr.  A.  R.  Wallace  (Nature,  April  16.  p.  552),  till  the  present 
moment,  but  this  delay,  unavoidable  on  my  part,  is  the  less  to 
be  regretted,  since  it  has  given  an  opportunity  for  the  interesting 
facts  recently  adduced  by  Sig.  l.oren/o  Caroeraiio  (Nature, 
May  28,  p.  77)  to  be  taken  into  consideration.  As  Mr.  Wallace, 
with  that  keen  penetration  so  familiar  to  all  who  know  him  and 
his  writings  goes  to  the  root  of  the  matter  under  discussion  and 
raise*  a  distinct  i^sue.  I  w  ill  now  Iwg  permission  to  offer  a  few- 
words  in  reply  to  both  these  gentlemen. 

First,  with  respect  to  the  physical  side  of  the  question,  Mr. 
Wallace  is  perfectly  correct  in  supposing  that  colour  per  se  has 
no  influence  upon  the  radiating  or  absorbing  power,  of  bodies 
.v.  far  as  regards  obscure  radiation.  Dut  1  would  |K>int  out  that 
in  the  present  case  we  arc  not  concerned  with  colour  alone  ;  wc 
have  not  merely  to  consider  whether  black  or  white  U  the  best 
radiator,  but  wc  have  for  comparison  two  surfaces,  hair  or 
feather*,  as  the  case  may  Ik-,  having,  as  far  as  we  know  at 
present,  the  same  structure,  and  differing  only  in  colour.  The 
•picstion  before  us  is  whether  this  colour-ditTcrence  in  Ike  same 
\ul>it*Hft  is  .associated  with  any  difference  in  radiating  or  aW>rb- 
mg  power,  and  the  final  answer  can  only  be  given  by  carefully 
conducted  experiments.  I  may  add  that  I  have  long  been 
waiting  for  an  opjorlunity  of  conducting  the  necessary  investi- 
gation, and  with  aid  that  has  been  kindly  offered  from  several 
quarters  I  hope  l»eforelong  to  lie  in  a  position  to  arrive  at  some 
satisfactory  conclusion.  The  form  of  experiment  suggested  by 
Mr.  Wallace,  although  decidedly  worth  the  trial,  does  not  ap]>ear 
to  uic  to  Ik;  very  safe,  inasmuch  as  the  natural  structure  and 
arrangement  of  the  fur  would  W  lost  in  the  process  of  weaving 
into  cloth.  Mr.  Wallace's  strictures  as  to  the  use  of  artificial 
dyes  arc,  however,  quite  sound,  an  I  in  these  I  fully  concur.  I 
may  further  state  that  when  this  question  was  raised  some  years 
ago,  I  searched  literature  (although  by  no  means  exhaustively) 
to  sve  whether  any  experiments  had  been  recorded,  and  although 
many  hundreds  of  olfscrvations  upon  the  radiative  and  ab>orp- 
tive  |iowers  of  different  Indies  have  been  made  bv  various 
physicists  from  the  time  of  f  ranklin  downwards,  I  have  not 
i>een  able  to  find  any  experiment  bearing  directly  upon  the 
question  under  consideration. 

The  point  to  be  decided  is,  not  only  whether  dark  hair  or 
feathers  are  better  radiators  than  white  hair  or  feathers,  but 
whether  the  radiative  power  of  these  white  coverings  is  less  for 
that  particular  kind  of  radiation  which  is  most  greedily  absorbed 
by  th^  substance  (snow)  among  which  the  animals  have  to  pass 
their  winter  exigence.  Till  this  problem  is  solved  physically 
we  have,  as  it  seems  to  me,  only  the  purely  biological  considera- 
tions to  fall  back  upon. 

Hcfore  passing  on  to  the  more  strictly  zoological  side  of  the 
subject  I  should  like  to  disclaim  the  notion  to  which  Sig.  Camc- 
i.vno's  letter  may  give  rise,  that  the  radiative  (as  distinguished 
fi  jtn  the  protective)  theory  of  Arctic  colouring  is  original  as  far 
as  concerns  myself.  With  resect  to  the  white  covering  of  the 
warm  blooded  animals,  this  theory  was.  a»  far  as  I  knew  at  the 
time,  original  when  first  broached  in  18*0  ;  but  I.ord  Walsing- 
ham  afterwards  showed  that  the  same  conclusion  had  been 
arrived  at  in  1846  by  Craven,  with  whose  name  it  should  be 
more  fairly  associated.  The  application  of  tins  theory  (in  a 
reversed  sense)  to  explain  the  mcianum  of  Arctic  insects  is 
•-ntinely  dut  to  Lord  Walsingham,  and  is  my  friend  Mr.  Wallace 
is  .hs|«,-<d  to  give  the  weigh:  of  his  authority  to  this  extension 
•f  throry,  there  is  no  occasion  to  d.scus>  this  |K>mt  iurthcr 
»n  the  presrfu  occasion. 

It  n  .w  remains  to  point  out  some  of  the  considerations  which 


have  led  me  to  the  belief  that  the  protective  theory  of  white 
colouring  is  not  wholly  sufficient.  Thus,  among  birds  there  seems 
to  he  a  tendency  among  the  falcons  (/•'.  eanJuans,  F.  itlanJui, 
&.c.)  to  become  white  in  high  latitudes — a  mode  of  coloration 
which  does  not  appear  to  me  to  be  of  much  use  in  such  species. 
These  birds,  as  far  as  I  know,  swoop  down  on  their  prey  from 
above,  under  which  circumstances  the  lighter  colouring  would 
be  of  no  advantage  in  enabling  them  to  approach  their  prey  un- 
detected ;  on  the  other  hand,  it  can  hardly  be  maintained  that 
these  birds  are  subject  to  any  persecution  which  would  cause 
their  lighter  plumage  to  be  of  protective  value.  When  on  the 
win,/  the  back  only  would  be  seen  by  another  bird  hovering  over 
the  falcon,  and  it  is  noteworthy  that  this  part  of  the  falcons  in 
question  is  darker  than  the  under  side.  The  same  considerations 
apply  to  the  snowy  owl  (Nye tea  uandiaea).  In  many  other 
birds,  again,  such  as  the  plovers  (CAaraJrins  plnvialis,  Sjuata- 
rota  c  inert  a.  Sic)  and  various  species  of  Set<L>fsteiJ<r  (  Tnnga 
variabilis,  T.  subarquata,  &c),  the  under  side  only  changes  to 
white  in  winter— a  change  which  it  is  impossible  to  associate  either 
with  protection  from  foes  or  with  predatory  advantage.  On  the 
other  hand,  it  seems  not  unreasonable  to  suppose  (on  the  radiation 
theory)  that  the  under  side  of  the  bird,  being  nearest  to  the  snow- 
covered  surlace  of  the  ground,  would  require  the  most  protec- 
tion. It  is  of  interest  also  to  bear  in  mind  from  the  present 
point  of  view  that  many  mammals  are  known  to  become  white 
on  the  under  side  during  winter.  Thus,  Surgeon-Major  Leith 
Ada-jis,  F.  R.  S.,  states  in  his  observations  on  the  natural  history  of 
Kastcrn  Canada 1  that  "  there  is,  moreover,  a  seemingly  strong  dis- 
position for  the  lower  parts  of  animals  to  become  white  in  winter 
— i.e.  the  parts  in  closest  contact  with  the  snow  ;  thus  the  under 
surfaces  of  the  deer  tribe  are  always  whitest.  And.  as  if  from 
its  habit  of  constantly  digging  among  the  snow  with  its  snout  in 
quest  of  food,  we  find  the  cariboo  with  a  white  patch  on  its  lip> 
and  around  the  hoof,  &c."  Such  facts  as  the>e  cannot,  as  it 
appears  to  me,  be  explained  on  the  protection  theory  ;  but  if  any 
connection  exists  between  the  mode  of  colouring  of  an  animal  and 
its  external  conditions  of  life,  the  theory  of  preventive  radiation 
or  even  the  direct  action  of  low  temperature  on  the  formation  of 
the  pigment  seems  to  be  more  applicable. 

The  objections  raised  by  Signor  Camerano,  although  supported 
by  some  interesting  observations,  are,  I  venture  to  think,  some- 
what wide  of  the  mark.  The  writer,  indeed,  endeavours  to 
bring  within  the  scope  of  the  radiation  theory  classes  of  facts  which 
I  for  one  should  certainly  never  dream  of  attributing  to  this  cause, 
even  if  it  had  been  demonstrated  on  a  sound  experimental  basis. 
There  can  be  no  question  as  to  the  truth  of  his  concluding  state- 
ment that  the  causes  tending  to  modify  the  colours  are  of  an 
extremely  complex  character.  It  is  this  very  complexity,  indeed, 
which  renders  it  so  highly  important  to  thoroughly  investigate 
any  explanation  which  bears  the  stamp  of  truth,  though  per- 
haps applicable  to  but  a  very  limited  group  of  facts.  In  view  of 
these  difficulties,  and  bearing  in  mind  the  inexhaustible  re- 
sources of  nature  in  adapting  organisms  to  their  environment  by 
apparently  opposite  means,  it  is  not  at  all  surprising  that  cases 
should  exist  which  stand  apparently  oppjscd  to  the  particular 
class  of  cases  here  dealt  with.  There  are  many  conceivable 
ways  of  enabling  an  animal  to  struggle  against  a  severe  climate 
besides  that  of  lightening  the  colour  of  its  fur.  and  natural 
selection  would  take  advantage  of  any  and  every  means  pre- 
sented for  securing  this  end.  To  say,  therefore,  that  some 
animals  become  darker  in  winter  (Ctrvuj  maiiJarinti),  or  that 
others  do  not  change  colour  at  all  (Kupicafra  eurofiea,  Ci/m 
ibex),  is  no  real  objection  to  the  radiation  theory,  but  simply  an 
illustration  of  the  principle  that  there  are  many  ways  of  securing 
the  same  result.  Thus,  in  the  case  of  the  two  last-named 
species,  Sig.  Camerano  himself  states  that  there  is  a  great  differ- 
ence in  the  thickness  of  the  winter  covering.  Then,  again,  the 
statement  that  a  more  or  lew  distinct  scason.il  change  of  colour 
is  observable  in  many  animals  appears  to  me  to  have  no  precise 
bearing  on  the  question— rll  that  can  be  said  from  the  point  of 
view  either  of  adaptation  or  climatic  protection  is  that  in  such 
slight  mutations  wc  have  given  to  us  a  hint  as  to  the  method  by 
which  the  more  striking  seasonal  changes  have  been  bioughl 
about.  We  must  regard  such  changes  either  as  the  incipient 
stages  of  a  seasonal  variation  which  could,  if  necessary,  be 
worked  up  into  a  more  perfect  adaptation  ( frvteetive  or  climatieS, 
or  as  the  vanishing  remnants  of  a  seasonal  variation  formerly 
important,  but  now  useless.  The  facts  that  some  animals 
winch  arc  not  polar  or  alpine  arc  permanent!*  white,  that  the 
•  '■  field  and  Kor«t  RamMc,,"  ,!7S,  v. 


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June  25.  1885] 


NATURE 


«73 


colours  of  some  Alpine  Coleoptera  are  brighter  than  those  of  the 
warmer  plains,  and  that  the  species  of  small  islands  often  show  a 
tendency  to  melanism,  are  at  present  simply  inexplicable,  but, 
as  far  as  I  can  see,  do  not  tell  for  or  against  either  theory.  It 
would  certainly  be  a  strong  case  against  the  'present  view  if  any 
animal  could  be  named  which  became  white  in  winter  and  was 
not  an  inhabitant  of  a  country  subject  to  cold  winters.  As  far 
as  my  knowledge  extends  no  such  species  exists.  The  light 
colour  of  desert  mammals  is  most  probably  due  to  predatory 
advantage — the  melanism  of  desert  insects  mentioned  by  Sig. 
Camcrano  is,  I  must  confess,  a  new  fact  to  me,  and  not  at  all 
in  accordance  with  my  own  limited  experience.  The  strongest 
objection  raised  by  Sig.  Camcrano  is,  perhaps,  contained  in  the 
statement  that  in  the  birds  of  the  Antarctic  region  black  is  much 
more  prevalent  than  in  those  of  the  Arctic  regions.  It  is  un- 
fortunate, however,  that  the  writer  adduces  in  illustration  such 
countries  as  Australia  and  New  Zealand,  which  certainly  can- 
not be  considered  within  the  Antarctic  region. 

In  conclusion  I  should  like  to  emphasize  that  the  theory  of 
climatic  protection  is  not,  as  Mr.  Wallace  appears  to  believe, 
tfposeJ  to  the  theory  of  adaptation.  If  my  first  letter  gave 
nsc  to  this  impression,  I  will  take  the  present  opportunity  of 
pointing  out  that  the  animal  kingdom  al>ounds  with  cases  of 
what  our  German  colleagues  happily  call  '*  functional  change  " 
(Fumticwrtt*thtti)—\\\M  is,  the  conversion  of  a  character  (or  I 
function)  originally  acquired  for  one  purpose  to  a  totally  new 
me.  It  is  thus  not  at  all  improbable  that  a  mode  of  coloration 
originally  acquired  as  a  climatic  protection,  may  afterwards  be 
found  to  be  of  adaptive  value,  so  that  climatic  and  natural  selec- 
tion would  in  such  cases  work  together.  1  fully  concede  that 
many  of  the  Arctic  and  Alpine  species  now  derive  such  advant- 
ages from  their  white  covering  ;  the  question  is  whether  this 
colouring  was  originally  acquired  solely  for  this  purpose,  or 
whether  climatic  adaptation  may  not  have  had  an  equal  or  even 
1  greater  influence  in  its  production.  R.  Mei.dola 


Clifford  and  Professor  Tail 

May  a  "(so-called)  Metaphysician  "—who  has  modestly 
waited  to  sec  if  some  one  for  whom  Prof.  Tait  could  have  more 
respect  would  anticipate  him— venture  to  remark  upon  a  passage 
in  the  review  of  Clifford's  "Exact  Sciences  "  that  appeared  in 
Nature  of  June  11  ? 

Prof.  Tait  first  calls  "  awkward "  and  "  unnecessarily 
puzzling  '  Clifford's  statement  that  '  if  we  can  fill  a  box  with 
cubes  whose  height,  length  and  breadth  arc  all  equal  to  one 
another,  the  shape  of  the  box  will  he  itself  a  cube ' ;  and  then, 
declaring  with  greater  emphasis  that  it  "at  first  sight  seems  to 
be  nonsense,"  he  adds  : — "  Read  it,  however,  thus  :  4  If  we  can 
fill  with  cubes  a  box  whose  height,  itc.  .  .  .  the  shape  of  the 
box  itself  will  be  a  cube,'  and  the  absurdity,  suggested  by  ibe 
collocation,  disappears." 

Now  Clifford's  statement  is  not  sufficiently  guarded,  l>cing.  as 
it  stands,  not  true  of  the  cube  only  ;  but  it  surely  conveys  a  real  I 
meaning,  in  a  "collocation"  of  words  as  plain  as  possible.  It 
i'  something  (whether  much  or  little)  to  be  told  that  a  cube  can 
be  made  up  of  a  number  of  equal  cubes  ;  especially  in  view 
Of  the  context  (p.  16).  But  does  Prof.  Tait,  with  his  sentence, 
tdl  us  anything  at  all,  except  that  a  cube  is — a  cube  ;  or  say  even 
that  plainly?  R. 
June  22 


Unusual  Atmospheric  Phenomenon 

The  accompanying  drawing — a  copy  of  a  sketch  taken  at  the 
time — represents  an  unusual  atmospheric  phenomenon  witnessed 
by  several  friends  and  myself  during  a  recent  visit  to  Ireland.  It 
occurred  on  the  6th  inst.,  a  bright  warm  day,  with  a  light 
breeze  blowing  from  the  east.  The  sky  was  free  from  clouds, 
excepting  a  few  cirrus  and  cirro-stratus  collections  on  the 
northern  horizon.  Kngaged  at  the  time  in  fishing  from  a  boat 
on  one  of  the  Irish  loughs,  I  was  conscious  of  a  change  in  the 
character  of  the  light  reflected  from  the  water  and  distant 
objects  and  looking  towards  the  sun  (/),  noticed  that  it  was 
sorrotinded  by  an  exceedingly  brilliant  halo  (a  />)  of  about  4S3 
H-ameter,  the  contained  space  (g A)  being  filled  with  vapour  of 
»  dull  leaden  blue  colour,  which,  by  obscuring  some  of  the  solar 
rays,  apparently  produced  the  peculiar  light  effects  that  first 
attracted  my  attention.  The  time  was  1.30  in  the  afternoon. 
Calling  the  attention  of  my  friend,  Dr.  Simpson,  to  the  pheno- 


menon, I  recorded  the  accompiiying  details.  The  primary 
liula  {<ih)  consisted  of  a  brilliant,  well-defined  band  of  about  8 
width,  composed  of  the  spectral  colours  in  the  usual  sequence, 
the  red  ring  being  nearest  the  sun.  The  whole  band  was  most 
vivid,  but  the  northern  half  the  brightest.  At  about  two  o'clock  I 
noticed  a  bulging  («)  of  the  leaden-coloured  vapour  of  the  primary 
halo  [at)  to  the  extent  of  6*  or  7',  and  in  its  south-eastern 
quadrant,  and  this  protrusion,  at  first  only  faintly  fringed  with 
colour,  soon  was  bounded  by  a  spectral  bow  (<•)  at  le.vt  as  vivid 
as  the  brightest  portion  of  the  primary  halo.  The  adjacent 
portion  of  a  b,  whether  by  comparison  with  e  or  whether 
because  partially  obscured  by  the  protrusion  of  the  vapour 
around  which  e  was  formed,  I  cannot  be  sure,  seemed  much 
paler  than  the  rest  of  at>.  Simultaneously  with  the  formation  of 
this  secondary  bow  a  large  white  ring,  represented  in  the 
drawing  by  cd,  slowly  formed  around  a  centre  to  the  north  of 
the  sun,  and  rapidly  assumed  a  well-defined  contour.  Its 
diameter  was  72°.  Had  it  been  complete  it  would  in  its 
southern  portion  have  passed  through  the  sun,  but  after 
cutting  the   primary  halo   (ah)  at  the  points  (m  and  n), 


which  it  rendered  more  faint,  it  gradually  disappeared  before 
reaching  the  sun.  This  latter  ring  (c  d)  began  to  disappear 
about  a  quarter  of  an  hour  after  1  first  noticed  it,  its  no  th- 
westcm  portion  fading  first.  I  noticed  no  mock-suns  at  the 
points  of  contact  of  either  of  the  excentric  rings,  and  was,  un- 
fortunately, unprovided  with  my  small  pocket  polariscope,  and 
therefore  unable  to  ascertain  how  much  of  the  phenomenon  was 
due  to  double  refraction.  The  portion  (r)  may  have  been  thus 
produced,  but  it  certainly  appeared,  as  drawn,  to  be  a  portion 
of  a  ring  of  smalltr  radius  than  (a  b).  The  Rev.  T.  G.  Bern- 
moot,  who  also  observed  this  spectacle,  states  that  he  saw  the 
primary  halo  (a  />)  gradually  start  from  a  much  smaller  ring 
around  the  sun.  The  accompanying  drawing,  though  rough,  is 
as  accurate  as  compatible  with  the  absence  of  measuring  instru- 
ments. ALKX.  HOPCKINSON 
26,  King  Street,  Manchester,  June  16 

Sky-Glows 

Your  correspondent  of  Clairvaux-sur-Aube  says  (Nature, 
vol.  xxxii.  p.  147)  the  sky-glows  arc  again  visible  in  France.  1 


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in 


AV/  TURIi 


[June  25,  1885 


.-*n  to-toUoi  itc  ilk  1 11  1  a,  legn.b  I  In*  v.ilh-y  nf  Lake  I.etnan,  in 
,s«  K  .-.-i  lainl.  At  iii'iu'vj,  a  noa  -} >.i| it-r  has  described  the 
.1Kriii1111.1l  1 11  |'ii  iiil.t.  glow*  of  fune  2,  3.  4,  and  13.  At  Mur^c* 
(4».  ;o  \  l.t.f,  IV.:  C.  II.  Onfom  -T.n  l  my-elf  have  <g)  erved 
llivm  mi  il>c  ijrd  ..nil  13th. 

<  >n  the  12th  tin-  v.;n  iliiajijtc.it c<l  lejyotel  the  Jura  rin^e  about 
7I1.  'Oin.  p.m.  ;  ;'.t  Sli  IO111.  my  attention  was  called  l>y  the 
brdlmit  illumination  uf  n  s' range  pale  yellow,  the  *atiK'  which 
in  I  ■eeend.cr,  •  SS and  January,  18S4,  alwayi  foretold  the 
i;riiit  ( fc -.i.ul.ir  gl.ov-i  ;  at  oh.  the  western  s'^y  was  coloured 
by  l/rilli.int  purple  w-d  tints,  which  ,pr>  .1  1  a-i  high  as  the  zenith  ; 
lli'  n  il  colour  only  v.uii-h'-  l  fr  un  tin*  horizon  .it  yh.  30111. — /./. 
(wo  full  hour,  if-cr  ..;n.«-f .  i  lie  scv  ee-,i  ve  phase,  ol  the  phe- 
nomenon were  t  J 1  ■ — .is  in  the  winter  iSS  *;■  1SS4  ;  the  brilliancy 
of  u.i-  colon i,  ».!•>,  ieoc.  vex,  fainter,  hut  they  were,  perhaps,  of 
gr«  r*  r  'In  mi  ion, 

<  in  th<-  1 tin  -  line  j-lowi  were  "L  et ved,  with  decre.i-.ing 
Htf  'M'y  ;  -li-  t  .::  -wing  day,  nothing  citraordinarv  ha,  ln*en 
riou. ,  ,['.  I  ,  A.  1  ■okKl 

Mor.o-.,  S»  i'.'-iI  u, d,  June  21 


////.  IX I LRXATIOXAL  F.XUIIUTIOX  MUSIC 
l.UAX  COLLECT/OX' 

rl*lil.  Htoiy  runs  that  a  countryman,  visiting  London 
*■  for  tiit  fir,t  time,  .mil  feeling  hound  to  see  West- 
mu.-'er  Abbey,  by  1  slight  mistake  overlooked  the  Royal 
f  arte,  and  .1  if '-in  led  sen  ice  in  St.  Margaret's  Chinch  hard  by. 
lie  t< <)•  I  In ,  friends  m  the  shires  on  coming  home  that  the 
an' i'-nt  edite  c:  was  sadly  «>veriated-  I . \.ic ily  a  parallel 
t,i«'  to  tin,  has  jn  a  occurred  to  the  writer  of  the  present 
line  ..  H<  n  a,  informed  by  an  unknown  fnend  that  the 
small  <  olh  •  tion  of  iml.ilielled  instruments  in  the  basement 
of  the  Alb'  rt  II. ill  was  unworthy  of  the  occasion  ;  and  he 
only  nude  o  it  <.n  <  L.-c  mquiry  that  the  person  in  question 
was  i|ie.ikin-  m|  one  out  of  the  two  "  overflow  rooms '  in 
wtmh  the  superabundant  stores  of  the  Loan  Collection 
;ne  huiiM'il,  and  had  never  seen  the  Loan  Collection  itself 
at  all.  'I'b  *■  was  the  more  remarkable  as  the  said  indi- 
vidual *  air  nal  the  proof-sheets  of  Ins  guide  book  to  the 
Inveiitone  ■  wlin  li  In*  was  in  the  act  of  sending  to  the 
printer,.  It  is  therefore  dearly  n  u  s  tpcrlluou <  to  state 
that  this.  pn.biMy  the  grandest  and  most  complete  illus- 
tration of  the  history,  pro-re^.,  and  dev  elopment  of  music 
rvrr  furnished,  occupies  the  whole  of  the  circular  gallery 
which  forms  the  top  storey  of  (  apt.  Fowkc's  gigantic 
building,  and  runs  ovct  into  two  large  rooms  at  a  lower 
level. 

It  is  im|Mis,iMr  in  a  short  preliminary  notice  to  do  more 
than  call  eat  l\  attention  to  the  vast  mass  of  priceless  mate- 
rials hete  1 1  lie.  ted.  and  soon  to  he  again  dispersed  :  nor 
can  MiMn  lent  <  tedit  be  accorded  to  Mr  Alfred  Maskcll.vvho, 
aided  In  In,  le.oned  father,  has  been  mainly  instrumental 
in  .-uiuugihg  and  bringing  it  into  order,  lie  has  been 
»ci  onded  signally  by  Mr.  I  lipkins,  representing  the  old 
anil  hoiioim-  l  htm  of  liro.idwood  and  Sons,  so  that  the 
1  ollei .  tiou  ot  am  lent  spinetts,  v.tgmuls,  clavichords,  harpsi- 
1  hotils,  ami  the  like  is  the  most  remarkable  ever  brought 
together.  I  lu  te  is  at  hi,t  one  such  instrument  lent  by 
its  noble  ownet  I'tom  his  family  scat  in  Ireland  which  is 
all  but  unknown  c  en  to  connoisseurs. 

The  Kel  an  1  .nv  eminent  have  most  liberallv  lent  the 
whole  of  the  gtahd  museum  of  the  Brussels  Conserva- 
toire ol  Mii*u  ,  o-  .;  tiallv  presented  to  that  11 1  t  ,> m  :, ,-_\  by 
M  \  ictot  Matnllot)  l  his  m  itscil  ;s  a  "  .s  r/:.'  /^ ma 
M-t  ;.  ..  like  the  m'.ikc  work  of  l'ra  torius.  but  prc- 
sentio/  the  \  cry  tlti  tu; ,  themselves,  not  merely  their  graven 

Ifl  ',  ,>  s 

I  he  le.ci-m  of  the  exhibit  is  carried  to  the  h -jicst 
device  In  tlwce  heaotiful  model  e»m:,,  ile,-.;ne<l  with  the 
la-ae  and  ,1,11110  for  w  W.  \\  Mr.  1  i,ivi,:..mi,  himself  an 
exhibit..-  ot  s".',;e  _:.uid  tnKiles.  ;s  >„  j-wtlv  not.  d,  ca  di 
'  11  s-howir^  li:tn;:i:ie,  dev.. ta-.ion,  and  lusttuments  of  a 

W  ,  1.  « ,  j.1,  rhi«  p,  limliiwy  ,i..i.-  ,  •  •>•  ,1--.  ,  .1  n^licr 
»#  «h.  ,,„  .    ti«irau  .',.!         i.e...  lo,:i  -lis 


great  epoch  in  musical  history.  The  visitor  can,  if  he 
choose,  yield  to  the  pleasant  illusion  and  revel  in  the 
madrigals  of  Orlando  di  Lasso,  " //  pi  a  dolce  ii^no 
//7/if//  /,  '  the  motetts  of  the  Lluabethan  age,  the  Lulli- 
inspired  melodies  of  Furcell  ;  or  sit  at  the  clavichord 
with  Handel  and  grand  old  John  Sebastian  Bach.  Of  it> 
kind  the  thing  is  as  nearly  perfect  as  can  be.  and  the 
undersigned  takes  the  first  possible  opportunity  of  prayin- 
his  brother  and  sister  amateurs  not  to  let  slip  the  unique 
privilege  of  seeing  it. 

W.  H.  Stone 


THE  MEASURE  OF  FIDGET 

T  ATTERLY— no  matter  where  I  was  present  at  a 
crowded  and  expectant  meeting.  The  communica- 
tion proved  tedious,  and  I  could  not  hear  much  of  it.  so 
from  my  position  at  the  back  of  the  platform  I  studied 
the  expressions  and  gestures  of  the  bored  audience. 

The  feature  that  an  instantaneous  photograph,  taken  it 
any  moment,  would  have  mo,;  prominently  displayed 
the  unequal   horizontal   inu  1  space   between  head  and 
head.    When  the  audience  is  intent  each  person  forgets 
his  muscular  weariness  and  skin  discomfort,  and  he  hold, 
himself  rigidly  in  the  best  position  for  seeing  and  hcann;" 
As  this  is  practically  identical  for  persons  who  sit  side  by 
side,  their  bodies  are  parallel,  and  again,  as  they  Mt  at 
much  the  same  distances  apart,  their  heads  are  corre- 
spondingly, equidistant.    Hut  when  the  audience  is  bore;! 
the  several  individuals  cease  to  forget  themselves  anil  thev 
begin  to  p;.y  much  attention  to  the  discomforts  attendant 
on  sitting  long  in  the  same  position.    They  sway  from 
side  to  side,  each  in  his  own  way,  and  the  interval, 
between  their  faces,  w  hich  lie  at  the  free  end  of  the  radiu- 
formed  by  their  bodies,  with  their  seat  as  the  centre  of  mu- 
tton varies  greatly.    I  endeavoured  to  give  numerical  ex- 
pression for  this  variability  of  distance,  but  for  the  present 
I  have    fatted.    I    was,    however,    perfectly  successful  m 
I  repect  to  another  sign  of  mutiny  against  constraint,  was 
:  much  as  I  found  myself  able  to  estimate  the  frequency  ot 
fidget  with  much  precision.    It  happened  that  the  hall 
'  w  as  scmicircularly  disposed  and  that  small  columns  under 
the  gallery  were  convenient  as  points  of  reference.  From 
J  where  I  sat,  50  persons  were  included  in  each  sector  of 
which  my  eye  formed  the  apex  and  any  adjacent  pair  «1 
columns  the  boundaries.    I  watched  most  of  these  sec- 
tions in  turn,  some  of  them  repeatedly,  and  counted 
the  number  of  distinct  movements  among  the  persons 
they  severally  contained.    It  was  curiously  uniform,  ami 
about  45  per  minute.    As  the  sectors  were  rather  too  lo:ig 
for  the  eye  to  surely  cover  at  a  glance,  I  undoubtedly 
missed  some  movements  on  every  occasion.    Partly  on 
this  account  and  partly  for  the  convenience  of  using  round 
numbers  1  will  accept  50  movements  per  minute  atnot:- 
50  persons,  or  an  average  of  1  movement  per  minute  m 
each  person,  as  nearly  representing  the  true  state  of  the 
case.    The  audience  was  mo, tly  elderly  ;  the  young  vvod  1 
have  been  more  mobile.     Circ  umstances  now  and  then 
occurred  that  roused  the  audience  to  temporary  attention, 
and  the  etlect  was  twofold.    1'itst,  the  frequency  of  fidget 
diminished  rather  more  than  half ;  second,  the  amplitude 
and  period  of  each  movement  were  notably  reduced.  "I  h,' 
swayings  of  head,  trunk,  and  arms  had  before  been  wide 
|  and  sluggish,  and  w  hen  rolling  from  side  to  side  the  hid:  • 
,  viduals  seemed  to  "yaw";  that  is  to  say,  they  bngcre  ■'. 

in  extreme  positions.  Whenever  they  became  intent  tins 
I  pecubarnv  disappeared,  and  they  performed  their  rid,r  '- 
smartly.  Let  me  suggest  to  observant  philosophers  wU  1 
the  meeting,  they  attend  may  prove  dull,  to  occupy  the  ', 
selves  in  estimating  the  frequency,  amplitude,  and  d  ." 
1  .  n  of  the  fidgets  of  their  fellow -sufferers.  They  m.i-t 
do  so  during  |K.T!"d--  both  of  intentness  and  of  inditiet' 
etue,  so  i5  to  eliminate  what  1n.1v  be  styled  "natural 
fidget.''  and  theu  I  think  they  may  acquire  the  new  art  «/ 


Digitized  by  Google 


June  25,  1885] 


NA  TURE 


'75 


giving  numerical  expression  to  the  amount  of  boredom 
expressed  by  the  audience  generally  during  the  reading 
o  any  particular  memoir.  F.  G. 


RECENT  EARTHQUAKES 

THE  shocks  of  earthquake  in  Cashmere  continue  with 
*  unabated  violence  and  even  appear  to  increase  in 
frequency  and  force.  Three  severe  shocks  occurred 
during  the  night  of  the  13th  and  a  smart  convulsion  on 
the  morning  of  the  14th.  It  is  now  ascertained  that  2281 
lives  were  lost  in  the  Muzzafferabad  district,  where  at  first 
it  was  thought  there  had  been  no  casualties.  The  earth- 
quake was  also  felt  in  Gilghit.  Another  very  severe  shock 
at  Baramulla  on  the  17th  demolished  all  'the  buildings 
which  escaped  former  shocks.  At  Skardo  on  the  14th 
and  at  Srinugur  on  the  17th,  18th,  and  19th,  shocks  were 
felt.  In  the  Kamraj  district  the  loss  of  life  exceeds  2700. 
The  Jheelum  Valley,  from  Srinugur  to  Dopatta,  appears 
to  have  suffered  most.  It  is  stated  that  both  sides  of  the 
river  from  Sopur  to  Baramula  have  been  scared  with 
cracks,  as  also  the  low  alluvial  hills  in  the  vicinity.  The 
available  data  fix  the  centre  of  the  disturbance  in  the 
vicinity  of  Gurais.  It  thus  appears  that  in  extent  and 
amount  of  destruction  the  Cashmere  earthquake  must 
rank  amongst  the  great  seismic  catastrophes  of  the 
century. 

On  Thursday  morning  last  (June  tSJ  a  portion  of  York- 
shire was  visited  by  an  earthquake  shock.  The  reports 
from  outlying  districts  show  that  the  shock  extended  from 
the  east  coast  through  the  Wolds  and  westwards  as  far  as 
Headingley,  near  Leeds.  Signalmen  on  the  North-Iiastcrn 
Railway  speak  positively  as  to  the  vibration  and  noise. 
Crockery  and  glass  rattled  on  the  shelves  of  houses,  and 
ai  Knottingley  and  Ferrybridge  persons  ran  from  their 
houses  from  fear.  At  Easingwold  desks  and  tables  were 
seen  to  move,  and  there  was  a  rumbling  noise  as  of 
thunder.  In  some  cases  there  was  a  severe  shaking  of 
houses,  and  doors  were  moved.  The  various  reports 
concur  as  to  the  time  being  10.50,  and  it  is  said  there  were 
two  shocks.  It  is  a  curious  coincidence  that  about  an 
hour  previous  to  this  on  the  same  day  and  in  the  same 
region  the  frightful  explosion  at  the  Clifton  Hall  Colliery 
took  place.  Unhappily  our  knowledge  will  not  permit  us 
to  connect  seismic  disturbances  with  disasters  or  mishaps 
in  mines,  but  we  have  here  a  violent  and  unusual  disturb- 
ance in  the  crust  of  the  earth  in  Yorkshire  and  an  almost 
simultaneous  mining  catastrophe  in  Lancashire. 

We  have  received  the  following  communications  with 
reference  to  the  Yorkshire  earthquakes  :  — 

A  slight  shock  of  earthquake  was  felt  here  yesterday 
morning  in  the  favourable  stillness  of  the  "Friends'" 
meeting  for  worship.    The  time  was  observed  to  be  about 
10147  a.m.    I  was  seated  with  my  back  to  the  north,  when  j 
a  rumbling  sound  appeared  to  be  swelling  onwards  for 
about  two  seconds  from  the  south  or  south-west.    I  then  , 
noticed  that  the  hanging  leaf  of  a  small  table  in  front  of  | 
me  its  plane  lying  cast  and  west)  w  is  rattling  very  dis- 
tinctly,  and  immediately  I  became  aware  that  the  back 
of  my  seat  was  shaking  me  perceptibly.    Others  heard 
some  of  the  windows  rattling  on  both  the  east  and  west 
Sides  of  the  house,  and  were  shaken  by  their  seats  moving 
slightly  ;  these  seats  were  some  of  them  at  right  angles 
to  mine.    Some  of  these  persons  thought  the  rumbling  1 
came  from  the  east  ;  others  from  the  west.    One  gentle- 
man, sitting  in  a  corner,  thought  that  his  right  shoulder, 
against  a  north  partition,  was  shaken  mure  than  his  lelt, 
against  the  east  wall.    He  also  thought  that  the  rumbling 
came  from  the  south  end  of  the  house.    The  place  of  j 
worship  is  about  two-thirds  of  a  mile  to  the  north-east  I 
of  our  observatory,  which  is  in  lat.  53  3S'  40'  S,  and  long.  I 
t:  20'  32 "75  W.    Nothing  was  noticed  at  the  time  by  a  I 
man  and  a  boy  working  in  our  garden.    It  is  reported  in  [ 


to  day's  Leeds  Mercury  to  have  been  felt  at  York,  Leeds, 
and  Driffield.  William  Scaknell  Lean 

Flounders  College,  Ackworth,  near  Pontefract,  June  19 

Caht.  Staveley,  at  whose  house  the  recent  earthquake 
of  June  18  was  felt  in  a  marked  degree,  gives  me  the  fol- 
lowing information  respecting  it.  His  house  at  North 
Dalton  (seven  miles  south  west  of  Driffield)  stands  on  a 
slight  elevation  surrounded  with  undulating  hills  common 
to  the  Cretaceous  formation  of  the  Wolds.  The  shock 
occurred  between  10.30  and  1045  a.m.  (the  exact  time 
was  not  noted),  and  lasted  about  three  seconds,  travelling 
from  west-south-west  to  east-north-east.  Mrs.  Staveley, 
who  was  in  her  bedroom  at  the  time,  felt  a  slight  shock, 
then  a  rumbling  sound  as  of  thunder,  and  after  that 
another  stronger  shock.  The  servants  downstairs  felt  a 
distinct  rocking,  and  the  bricklayer's  boy,  on  a  ladder 
level  with  the  roof,  saw  the  whole  roof  heave  up  and 
down  three  times.  In  the  dairy  some  dishes  firmly  placed 
on  a  high  shelf  were  thrown  down  and  broken,  and  at  the 
inn  on  the  other  side  of  the  road  the  walls  trembled  per- 
ceptibly, and  the  bottles  and  glasses  were  shaken  and 
knocked  against  each  other.  The  inhabitants  of  this  and 
neighbouring  villages  felt  the  vibrations  more  or  less  dis- 
tinctly, but  the  shock  seems  to  have  been  greatest  at,  and 
in  the  direction  of,  Capt.  Staveley's  house.  The  colliery 
explosion  near  Manchester  happened  about  an  hour 
earlier ;  is  it  possible  for  there  to  be  any  connection 
between  the  two  ?  J.  Loveli. 

Driffield 

The  following  extracts  are  from  the  Hull  Express  of 
June  20:— 

Information  which  reached  us  yesterday  shows  that  the 
earthquake-shocks  experienced  on  Thursday  in  York  and 
Market  Wcighton  were  also  felt  in  more  or  less  degree  in 
other  parts  of  the  great  shire. 

Mr.  W.  Potterill,  of  Parliament  Street,  Hull,  writes:  — 
"On  returning  home  (Newland  Park)  from  business  last 
evening,  my  wife  informed  me  that  during  the  morning 
she  had  for  some  seconds  very  sensibly  felt  a  vibratory 
motion  in  the  house,  w  hich  she  fully  believed  to  be  caused 
by  a  slight  shock  of  earthquake,  and  added  that  -.he 
I  should  confidently  expect  to  find  in  this  morning's  papers 
I  notices  in  confirmation  thereof.  It  was,  therefore,  no 
surprise  to  learn  from  your  current  issue,  atid  other  papers 
of  to-day,  that  similar  effects  had  been  experienced  at 
York,  Market  Weighton,  and  elsewhere,  about  the  same 
hour  of  the  day." 

A  North  Cave  correspondent  says  that  at  about  eleven 
o'clock  in  the  morning  nearly  every  house  was  subjected 
to  a  slight  shaking. 

A  Driffield  correspondent  says  that  at  the  village  of 
Mutton  several  residents  felt  a  severe  shaking  of  the.r 
houses,  and  at  the  same  time  the  inner  doors  were  sud- 
denly moved,  crockery  upset,  and  other  signs  o!  disturb- 
ance were  observed.  People  were  so  terrified  that  they 
cannot  very  accurately  describe  the  shock,  but  state  they 
felt  a  "  reeling  sensation. 

Another  correspondent  writing  from  Driffield  says. 
"  Yesterday  morning  a  somewhat  severe  shock  of  earth- 
quake was  felt  at  North  Dalton,  a  village  about  eight 
miles  from  Driffield.  The  shock  appears  to  have  been 
the  most  distinctly  fell  at  the  residence  of  Capt.  Staveley, 
which  stands  in  an  isolated  and  elevated  position,  ami 
the  house  vibrated  from  basement  to  roof  for  several 
seconds.  A  bricklayer's  apprentice  who  was  repairiti- 
the  roof  had  a  narrow  escape  of  being  thrown  down,  an  I 
the  greatest  alarm  was  felt  by  the  villagers,  who  'ran  out 
of  their  houses  in  fear  for  their  lives."  " 

The  shock  was  also  distinctly  felt  in  Leeds.  In  Delph 
Lane,  Wood-house  Ridge,  the  occupants  of  three  houses 
which  adjoin  each  other  noticed  it.  It  resembled  the 
effect  w  hich  would  be  produced  by  the  violent  shutting  of 
doors,  the  windows  rattling,  and  there  being  a  perceptible 


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•  7b 


NA  Tl  '*£ 


l7uHf  25.  i8«5 


vibniMotif  tl.clw  Wm^  Hie  aamr  iwmukiui  motion 
was  aJ-w  Mi  in  Victoria  Road,  HudmElry,  no 
fk»iSi  m  <<liei  port*  .'f  i!ic  Io»il 

At  So-nth  a=J  B*li(hb-.iiirh»m|  aiitiibr  cflecis  were  pro 
dwetd.  Mr.  barren,  ihr  pOMMUM!  of  (hit  Hr*n,  M 
■hock  MM  Ml  -Mrrcte  UN  c  juv  m£M  1  MtM  with  MM  (ood. 
on  the  thene.  tn  hit  *h.ie.i  v. ■"•  dow  vibratm-.1. ajt»iI  lie  felt  tin: 
•oor  under  him  *h*Xe4li*tinciW.  At  ioa1 » .iiLonTwrndty 
nuifunjl  .is  tinhnu.ike  wi»  dtuincilj  frit  .it  Thome. 
HatlteVi,  Epwotth,  and  K.i*-nfi  A*  \jr+m%  parK  of 
Ttiutue  crochery  and  fttt  rallied  up^n  the  d»ebc-i  in  ihe 
hniMO,  fanbtoxe  di-fte-l.  a*l  mum  -if  the  mhabiiao-w 
•etc  greatly  alarmr.1  In  the  tV^r*  ih-hlly  d«wcnilln« 
At  Hutlirld  Lmclt-  aim  »«t  run*rrna!ion  MB  cwtrd 
b>  iheeanSiuAkf.utwt- >  was.  felt  »en  jKT.xj»tihli  We 
haw  n<-*  Waul  of  ai\)  ilaiv.i£e  hfiiif  ikrte  ky  the  shock 

About  one  oVImk  mi  the  muininff  M  ihe  ink,  cunti 
we-tcn.  Af/*.fcibiie  «n*  "WMj  by  a*  canr*q»<jl-».  The 
■bock  «*!  Hi*nnclN  tclt  M  UjlLuhuh-th,  nnd  in  inanv  id 
tin- li.  m-c.  1'.  tin:  n't  irrj  i|i»-,iii  t  *  1  <;ic«K'<-  II' 
ibncL        frk  wjik  di*tmi  in  C'K-k.ii£  Inn,  illKr 


o-iM  Alibi  Head,  the  **.*-l«iti.>iii  thr^buut  .in  cxt**n* 
five  MM  (uo.iai  of  10ft  black  mud.  A  quajituy  nf  tin* 
mud  «,u  br-HiyUt  10  ibe  ra*i...-o  with  the  living  ipecimen.-». 
and  *  layer  id  it  6  ue  s  UKMM  in  depth  pWcd  ;«  iHc 
beium  of  ike  tank  in  wU\h  the  Myxine  were  to  be  kctn. 
Tke  animal*  arc  n<»*  tliWUly  -..i-atie-rcd  through  the  layer 
■il  mod,  bVc  earthworm*  in  carden  mnI 

Nome  of  tht  •k  i!i>»  tank-*  i»c  ticiiiK  u*cJ  fiw  the  stud  v 
«d  the  reproduction  of  tke  miter.  .Stjpph-ct  ul  ny-sicr* 
are  be-mj;  ueeained  fruen  MrfMfl  **mrrr«,  ami  before  lori|* 
a  ?CTw*uf  c»j«tiK*mi&  u»  10  ihe  * -u»ndi.iu-nt  nc-.-r--.vtry  t*- 
Ibe  Lft  of  tbe  <i)tter  l.irv.v  be  carried  out.  ft  (> 
tn<CKd,  **  tkf  leait  icbiilt  (imiii  iliuw\irk,lhal  new  interc*! 
w.U  !»c  KWIImI  in  this  GQMrtCT  in  the  <|U«>Uihi  of  ll)^ 
icicntilk'  nnilii  Ml  -  u".-,is.tt  of  ny**cr>. 

Tkr  oMMMMWkM  iDaitled  U*  teicaivlt  by  iHq  lar>i>r.k 
torjr  ana  new  ai|«j.in«tn  cjtinni  1m*  fully  utilised  by  thi>%(, 

mm  tkutkin-^  ul  the  Sl«l*>iii,  ^fid  binli^iat*  wha  Would 
mow  And  riiri  ow  oti^inal  nark  at  ihe  Stalk oti  tvould 
be  t'-fUy  wrtfimn-J, 

A  teiiiL»i«.i*N   hrjivcb  otf   ibr  ual^ui  b 


Libot.Kory  kivi*ii  at  ibr  "Aik"  Mill  be  iikmireU  iivxi 
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..f  Mill|.jit.  ami  the  Utort  j  *tf  be  HitlinMll  t.  !..  , ,' 

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jtmly,    .Sei«T.U  MbMaliVM  Mnm  MM  VMMMJMMMJKH  tu 
on  mirk  Jt  Millport  during  pari  of  whole  t|a_ 


Ih.  Fuiri,  ul*  Mur)(cc,  vir«et  tli.it  a  |»lr?ty  Hweif  Okk'-c 
wu  fek  on  the  nmrnit'ii  of  J«t»r  M,  at  5  16,  to  the 
MMMMJ  of  N'euiJviicl,  t'oud,  llerne,  rribuurj;>  a*"' 
<;«nc»a,  ihe  M-itmic  ivntre  Innni;  |oxi*t»My  the  mi^bltour - 
bt«d  of  the  l--»lot  «d  Nr.-«li.itH  Tlic  jnletuity  has 
.Na  I V.  of  the  n  Ale  ul  »r-iiiiK  inicnv^\ 


I  tinte  that  the  "  Atk    will  be  there  .  amuagM  •  it  her  3  iilT 

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••—  iiat.ie.  Aat  nuloiu.h-1- uhn  may  MM  to  Jar*  v- 
'"MMtt)  OAtM<i  nt  inv-iteti 

\llItTJt 


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J.  T.Ct'»»lx,.i,AM 


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wlwie  it  l  -  vtf*  t :  -      wc*e  .'it-  c.Jull) 

tra^hialivo  mill. -A.t"  tin  itotmg  I..  at...  l»      ////  tfATJOKMACAOKUl  01-  SCS/Hfcgf 

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eta.  in  the  I1llj|l1|-|lll  111  ..f  IM  I  mil  "I  l<-nl'-  namcl;, 


iii.-IV*!  mill  I. 


al-ic  m  oU«iimiVa',"iiL'T^!|Jij-.fh'- 
..f  <li«  f«letnal  .lMratl«,«|c.  al  any  iZZZZFTfr* 

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June  25,  1885] 


NA  TURE 


177 


Galton  reminds  us  that,  during  the  first  days  of  a 
traveller's  meeting  with  a  very  different  race,  he  finds  it 
impossible  to  distinguish  one  from  another,  without 
making  a  special  effort  to  do  so  :  to  him  the  whole  race 
looks  alike,  excepting  distinctions  of  age  and  sex.  The 
reason  of  this  is  that,  by  short  contacts  with  many  in- 
dividuals, he  receives  upon  his  retina,  and  has  recorded 
upon  his  memory,  a  composite  picture  emphasizing  only 
what  is  common  to  the  race,  and  omitting  the  individu- 
alities. This  also  explains  the  common  fact  that  resem- 
blances among  members  of  a  family  are  more  patent  to 
strangers  than  to  the  relatives. 

The  individuals  entering  into  these  composites  were  all 
photographed  in  the  same  position.  Two  points  were 
marked  on  the  ground  glass  of  the  camera  ;  and  the  in- 
strument was  moved  at  each  sitting  to  make  the  eyes  of 
the  sitter  exactly  coincident  with  these  points.  The  com- 
posites were  made  by  my  assistant,  Mr.  B.  T.  Putnam, 
who  introduced  the  negatives  successively  into  an  appa- 
ratus carefully  constructed  by  himself,  and  essentially 
like  that  designed  by  Mr.  Galton,  where  they  were  photo- 
graphed by  transmitted  light  The  arrangements  of  the 
conditions  of  light,  &c,  were  such  that  an  aggregate 
exposure  of  sixty-two  seconds  would  be  sufficient  to  take 
a  good  picture.  What  was  wanted,  however,  was  not  an 
impression  of  one  portrait  on  the  plate,  but  of  all  the 
thirty-one  ;  and  to  do  this  required  that  the  aggregate 
exposure  of  all  the  thirty-one  should  be  sixty-two  seconds, 
or  only  two  seconds  for  each.  Now,  an  exposure  of  two 
seconds  is,  under  the  adopted  conditions,  too  short  to 
produce  a  perceptible  effect.  It  results  from  this,  that 
only  those  features  or  lines  that  are  common  to  all  are 
perfectly  given,  and  that  what  is  common  to  a  small 
number  is  only  faintly  given,  while  individualities  are 
imperceptible.  The  greater  the  physical  resemblances 
among  the  individuals,  the  better  will  be  the  composites. 
A  composite  of  a  family  or  of  near  relatives,  where  there 
is  an  underlying  sameness  of  features,  gives  a  very  sharp 
and  individual-looking  picture. 

It  would  be  difficult  to  find  thirty-one  intelligent  men 
more  diverse  among  themselves  as  regards  facial  like- 
ness than  the  academicians  entering  into  this  composite. 
They  arc  a  group  selected  as  a  type  of  the  higher 
American  intelligence  in  the  field  of  abstract  science,  all 
but  one  or  two  being  of  American  birth,  and  nearly  all 
being  of  American  ancestry  for  several  generations. 
The  faces  give  to  me  an  idea  of  perfect  equilibrium,  of 
marked  intelligence,  and,  what  must  be  inseparable  from 
the  latter  in  a  scientific  investigator,  of  imaginativeness. 
The  expression  of  absolute  repose  is  doubtless  due  to  the 
complete  neutrality  of  the  portraits. 

Fig.  3  contains  eighteen  naturalists  and  thirteen  mathe- 
maticians, whose  average  age  is  about  52  years.  Fig.  1 
contains  twelve  mathematicians,  including  both  astro- 
nomers and  physicists,  whose  average  age  is  about  5 1  ij 
years.  Fig.  2  is  a  composite  of  sixteen  naturalists,  in- 
cluding seven  biologists,  three  chemists,  and  six  geologists, 
with  an  average  age  of  about  52A  years. 

I  may  mention,  as  perhaps  only  a  remarkable  coin- 
cidence, that  the  positives  of  the  mathematicians,  and 
also  of  the  thirty-one  academicians,  suggested  to  me  at 
once  forcibly  the  face  of  a  member  of  the  Academy  who 
belongs  to  a  family  of  mathematicians,  but  who  happened 
not  to  be  among  the  sitters  for  the  composite.  In  the 
prints  this  resemblance  is  less  strong,  but  in  these  it  was 
observed  quite  independently  by  many  members  of  the 
Academy.  So,  also,  in  the  positive  of  the  naturalists,  the 
face  suggested,  also  quite  independently  to  myself  and 
many  others,  was  that  of  a  very  eminent  naturalist, 
deceased  several  years  before  the  sitting  for  this  com- 
posite. 

There  is  given  also  a  composite  (Fig.  4)  of  a  differently 
selected  group.  It  is  of  twenty-six  members  of  the  Corps 
of  the  Northern  Transcontinental  Survey— an  organisa- 


tion of  which  I  had  charge,  and  the  object  of  which  was 
an  economic  survey  of  the  North-Western  Territories. 
It  was  a  corps  of  men  carefully  selected  as  thoroughly 
trained  in  their  respective  departments  of  applied  geology, 
topography,  and  chemistry,  and  having  the  physique  and 
energy,  as  well  as  intelligence,  needed  to  execute  such  a 
task  in  face  of  many  obstacles.  The  average  age  of  this 
group  was  30  years.  Raphael  Pumpelly 


HOW  THE  NORTH-NORWAY  FJORDS 
WERE  MADE 

T  N  Nature  (vol  xxx.  p.  202)  there  was  published  an 
*■  article  by  me  "  On  Northern  Norway  under  the 
Glacial  Age,"  in  which,  among  other  subjects,  I  referred 
to  the  course  of  the  travelled  granite  blocks  in  the  neigh- 
bourhood of  Tromso.  The  researches  I  had  then  made 
in  this  direction  were,  however,  confined  to  a  limited  area, 
whilst  last  summer  I  was  able  to  extend  the  same  to  the 
point  whence  the  blocks  started.  Although  one  of  my 
assumptions  in  the  former  article  has  not  been  confirmed 
by  my  last  researches,  the  conclusions  I  then  arrived  at 
have  in  the  main  been  corroborated.  And  as  I  believe 
that  this  subject  is  one  of  considerable  importance  to 
science,  I  venture  to  give  an  account  of  my  last  re- 
searches. 

In  order  to  understand  the  subject,  it  is  necessary  to 
explain  the  orographical  conditions  along  the  course  of 
the  travelled  blocks  from  the  Swedish  frontier  to  the 
Arctic  Ocean. 

From  the  eastern  end  of  the  Alt  Lake,  near  the  Swedish 
frontier,  and  northwards  to  the  Store  Rosta  Lake,  the 
country  on  the  Norwegian  side  assumes  the  form  of 
an  extensive  alpine  plateau,  with  broad  depressions,  the 
average  height  of  which  is  about  2000  feet,  running 
between  low  rounded  ridges.  In  the  south-eastern  part 
of  these  plateaux,  not  far  from  the  eastern  end  of  the 
Alt  Lake,  the  Divi  River  rises.  Having  for  some  10 
graphical  English  miles  followed  the  plateau,  this  river 
flows  gradually  towards  the  Divi  Valley,  which  it  enters 
and  follows  throughout  its  whole  course  in  a  north- 
easterly direction,  flowing  eventually  into  the  Maals 
River  at  a  height  of  260  feet  (82  m.)  above  sea-level.  Its 
length,  from  where  it  leaves  the  plateau,  to  the  spot 
where  it  joins  the  Maals  River,  is  about  30  geographical 
miles.  In  its  upper  course,  where  the  Maals  River 
receives  the  Divi  River,  the  former  flows  through  a  wide 
I  plain  or  low  plateau,  the  so-called  Overbygd,  which 
gradually  slopes  down  to  a  distinct  valley,  the  Maals 
Valley  proper,  which  runs  in  a  westerly  direction  along 
the  southern  slope  of  the  high,  island-shaped  mountain 
ridge  called  Mauken.  The  latter  begins  about  5  miles 
west  of  the  spot  where  the  Divi  River  enters  the  Maals 
River,  whence  it  runs  in  a  direction  east-west  for  a  length 
of  about  1 5  geographical  miles,  the  highest  tops  being 
upwards  of  4000  feet  (1255  m.).  On  the  north-western 
side,  however,  the  Overbygd  gradually  rises  towards  the 
broad  mountain  depression  filled  by  the  Tag  Lake,  7  miles 
in  length,  which  runs  in  a  direction  east-west  along  the 
northern  slope  of  Mauken,  viz.  between  the  latter  and  the 
more  northerly-lying  ridge  Omasvarre,  which,  with  tops 
upwards  of  1900  feet  (596  m.)  in  height,  also  runs  in  a 
direction  east-west.  The  bottom  of  this  depression  is 
filled  with  the  imposing  Tag  Lake,  which  lies  on  a  height 
of  about  600  to  700  feet  (188  to  220  m  )  above  sea-level, 
and  thus  about  400  feet  (120  m.)  higher  than  the  Divi 
River  at  the  spot  where  it  enters  the  Maals  River.  At  the 
western  end  of  the  Tag  Lake  this  depression  takes  the 
form  of  a  broad  mountain  basin,  the  so-called  Tag 
Valley,  which  in  a  north-easterly  direction  descends  to 
Balsfjord.  The  distance  between  the  Tag  Lake  and  the 
Balsfjord  is  about  10  geographical  miles.  The  Tag 
Valley  is,  on  the  western  side,  bordered  by  the  lofty 
Maartin  peaks,  and  further  to  the  north-east  by  the  Slet 


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1 78 


NA  TURE 


\June  25,  1885 


Mountain,  which,  like  an  arm  of  the  Maartin  peaks, 
gradually  slopes  down  to  the  Balsfjord. 

The  line  of  depression  from  the  spot  by  the  frontier 
where  the  Divi  River  rises,  to  the  bottom  of  the  Balsfjord 
which  we  have  thus  followed,  is  about  $0  geographical 
miles  in  length.  The  course  of  the  balsfjord  is  north- 
westerly, but  very  crooked,  between  mountains  upwards 
of  4000  feet  (1255  m.)  in  height.  The  latter  are,  however, 
not  continuous,  but  separated  into  island-like  parts  by 
deep  depressions,  which,  in  a  recent  geological  period, 
when  the  level  of  the  sea  was  300  to  400  feet  (91  to 
126  in.)  higher  than  at  present,  must  have  been  sub- 
merged, thus  making  each  part  an  island.  In  spite, 
therefore,  of  the  typical  fjord  character  of  the  Balsfjord, 
it  was  originally  only  a  number  of  sounds,  by  which 
it  was  once  connected  with  the  Malangcn  Fjord  on  the 
western,  and  the  Sorfjord.  Ulfsfjord,  and  Lygenfjord 
on  the  eastern  side.  This  is  a  circumstance  of  great 
orographical  importance,  and  which  deserves  every  atten- 
tion, particularly  because  it  does  not  apply  to  the  Bals- 
fjord alone,  but  is  a  characteristic  of  the  formation  of 
every  fjord  in  the  north  of  Norway  from  Saltcn  (Bodo)  in 
the  south  to  Lyngen  in  the  north—/./,  from  67  to  70"  N.  lat. 

From  the  bottom  to  the  mouth,  in  a  sound  between  the 
mainland  and  the  south-eastern  side  of  the  great  island, 
Kvald,  the  length  of  the  Balsfjord  is  about  30  miles.  At 
the  Troms  Island,  which  lies  about  five  miles  to  the  north 
of  the  mouth  of  the  Balsfjord,  this  sound  is  divided  into 
two  narrow  sounds,  about  five  miles  long,  on  each  side  of 
the  Troms  Island.  From  the  northern  point  of  this 
island  these  sounds  reunite,  and  the  sound  becomes  the 
broad  Grot  Sound  on  one  side,  which,  running  in  a  north- 
erly direction,  joins  the  Ulfsfjord  at  its  mouth  by  the 
Fugle  Sound— a  broad  arm  of  the  sea  cutting  into  the 
land.  On  the  other  side,  the  sound  is  also  connected  with 
the  open  sea  by  the  Kval  Sound,  to  to  15  miles  long, 
which  runs  in  a  westerly  direction,  between  the  two  great 
islands  Kvalo  and  Ringvadso.  The  length  from  the 
mouth  of  the  Balsfjord  to  the  end  of  the  Kval  Sound  by  the 
ocean  is  about  30  miles,  or  about  the  same  as  the  length 
t»>  the  end  of  the  Grbt  Sound.  Thus,  from  the  bottom  of 
the  Balsfjord  to  the  sea  the  distance  described  is  about 
Go  miles. 

As  regards  the  depth  of  the  Balsfjord  and  the  adjacent 
sounds,  it  miy  be  mentioned  that  that  of  the  former 
varies  from  80  to  100  fathoms  (480  to  600  feet  =  151  to  j 
iSS  metres),  but  from  the  mouth  of  the  fjord  towards  the  1 
Troms  Island  the  depth  steadily  decreases,  being,  in  the  1 
sounds  on  both  sides  of  it,  not  more  than  20 10  30  fathoms  • 
(120  to  180  feet  -»  38  to  56  m.).    To  the  north  of  this  ; 
island,  in  the  Grot  Sound,  on  the  other  hand,  the  depth 
increases  to  100  or  120  fathoms.    In  the  eastern  half  of 
the  Kval  Sound  the  depth  is  from  20  to  30  fathoms,  while 
in  the  western  half  it  reaches,  at  the  mouth,  1:0  fathoms. 
It  will  therefore  be  seen  that  the  depth  of  this  channel 
in  the  main  increases  seawards,  if  we  except  the  two 
places  by  the  Troms  Island  and  in  the  Kval  Sound,  the 
shallowness  of  which  may  be  caused  by  narrowness  of 
the  *>unds,  and  the  consequent  opportunity  for  the  deposit 
of  marine  tU'brii. 

Tims,  the  entire  length  of  the  line  of  depression  we 
have  examined  from  the  sources  of  the  Divi  River  to  the 
ocean  is  96  geographical  miles,  while  the  bottom  of  the 
same  falls  from  2000  feet  above  the  level  of  the  sea  to 
720  feet  below  it    i.e.  a  total  fall  of  2720  feet. 

The  geological  structure  of  the  mountains  here  is  very 
remarkable.  A  large  mass  of  granite  which  appears  at 
each  end  extends  inland  far  into  Sweden,  and,  on  the 
Norwegian  side,  reaches  the  upper  Divi  Valley.  The 
rock  is  composed  of  orthoclase,  microlin,  plagioclasc,  a 
great  deal  of  quartz,  but  very  little  mica.  The  colour  is 
reddish,  the  structure  granulated.  At  the  other  end  of 
the  line  we  have  followed,  on  the  Kvalo  and  Ringvadso 
Islands,  there  arc  several  masses  of  a  grayish,  streaky 


gneiss-granite,  rich  in  mica,  closely  allied  to  the  gneiss- 
masses  found  here.  Rctrographically,  the  Divi  Valley 
and  the  coast  granites  are  so  different,  that  it  seems  at 
first  sight  very  easy  to  distinguish  them,  but  this  is  not  so 
easy  with  the  variations  of  the  two  kinds. 

The  mountains  which  project  into  these  granite-masses 
are  built  of  layers  of  crystalline  slate,  and  travelled  blocks 
of  this  material  may  be  found  everywhere;  but  as  it  would 
be  a  matter  of  great  difficulty  to  refer  these  to  their 
original  birthplace,  I  shall  not  take  them  into  account 
here.  We  will,  therefore,  only  follow  the  course  of  the 
granite  blocks  travelling  from  the  Swedish  frontier  to  the 
coast. 

There  are  two  mads  by  which  they  might  have  moved, 
viz.,  one  from  the  southern  part  of  the  granite-mass  along 
the  Alt  Lake  to  Bardo,  and  so  on  ;  the  other  more  north- 
erly, along  the  Divi  Valley.  It  is  the  latter  which  I  intend 
to  discuss  here. 

1  he  above-mentioned  alpine  plateaux  are  strewn  with 
travelled  granite  blocks,  and  that  the  same  have  travelled 
westwards  from  the  granite  masses  by  the  frontier  cannot 
be  doubted.  The  same  applies  to  all  the  blocks  strewn 
along  the  Divi  Valley.  At  the  spot  where  the  Divi  River 
joins  the  Maals  River  the  travelled  blocks  have  followed 
two  courses — viz.  one  through  the  Maals  Valley,  along  the 
mountain  Maukcn -which  we  shall  not  follow— and  the 
other  in  a  north-westerly  direction  across  the  Ovcrbygd 
to  the  Tag  Lake,  the  lower  parts  of  the  Overbygd  being 
thickly  strewn  with  granite  blocks  which,  judging  by  their 
petrographical  composition,  I  am  sure  belong  to  the  Divi 
Valley  granite.  Hence  the  course  of  the  blocks  can  be 
traced  along  the  depression  in  the  mountain  by  the  Tag 
Lake,  not  only  at  the  bottom,  but  high  up  on  the  moun- 
tain sides.  Thus,  the  northern  slope  of  the  Mauken  is 
everywhere,  up  to  a  height  of  2500  feet  (784111.),  strewn 
with  travelled  granite  blocks  ;  indeed  the  brink  of  everv 
terrace  looks — seen  from  below — as  if  it  were  faced  with 
travelled  blocks,  which  everywhere  seem  to  belong  to  the 
Divi  Valley  granite.  Travelled  granite  blocks  were  found, 
too.  strewn  up  the  slopes  of  the  Omasvarre  Mountain  to  a 
height  of  1200  feet  (376  m.)— viz.  as  far  as  I  was  able  to 
carry  my  researches.  I  believe  they  would  be  found 
right  up  to  the  top. 

From  the  western  end  of  the  Tag  Lake  the  blocks  have 
moved  along  the  Sag  Valley,  and  then  to  the  bottom  of 
the  Balsfjord.  The  flat  stretch  of  shore,  210  feet  broad, 
high,  and  covered  with  loose  tfJbris,  is  strewn  with  blocks 
which  without  doubt  belong  to  the  Divi  Valley  granite. 

From  what  I  have  thus  explained  we  may  safely 
assume  that  an  enormous  mass  of  inland  ice  has  once 
moved  from  the  frontier  through  the  above-described 
channels,  down  to  the  Balsfjord,  and  that  it  must,  along 
the  Mauken,  a  distance  of  10  miles  from  the  fjord,  still 
have  maintained  a  height  of  at  least  2500  feet  (7^4 m-> 
above  the  then  sea-lcvcl. 

Before  we  follow  the  course  of  the  blocks  further,  I 
will  refer  to  certain  circumstances  connected  with  it  thus 
far.  About  five  miles  to  the  westward  of  the  mountain 
plateau  near  the  frontier  rises  the  isolated  mountain  Store 
Jerta  to  a  height  of  4500  feet  -471  m.)— viz.  about  toco  feet 
(314  m.)  higher  than  any  of  the  surrounding  mountains. 
The  Store  Jerta  is  throughout  built  of  hard  crystalline 
slate.  On  the  very  summit  of  this  peak  1  found  a  large 
block  of  granite  which  I  feel  confident  is  a  travelled 
block  from  the  granite  mass  to  the  east  of  it. 
Its  birthplace  must  in  that  case  have  been  at  least 
loco  feet  (314  m.)  lower,  and,  as  the  Store  Jerta  has 
been  situated  right  in  the  track  of  the  ice-stream  from  the 
east,  I  am  of  the  opinion  that  the  ice  has  been  screwed 
up  here  to  a  very  great  height  ;  but  I  confess  it  seems 
hardly  possible  to  understand  that  it  could  be  to  such  an 
enormous  height. 

I  have  stated  above  that  the  Tag  Lake  lies  42  feet 
higher  than  the  spot  where  the  Divi  River  enters  the 


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JUM  25,  1885] 


NATURE 


179 


Maals  River,  and  supposing  that  this  was  also  the  case 
during  the  Glacial  age  the  ice-stream  must  have  moved 
up  an  incline  before  it  could  reach  the  depression  leading 
down  to  the  Balsfjord.  This  cannot,  however,  have 
been  the  case.  As  long  as  the  ice-stream  had  perfect 
liberty  to  travel  down  an  incline— here  present  in  the 
shape  of  the  broad  Maals  River,  along  the  southern  slope 
of  the  Mauken — it  would  hardly  ever  move  in  the  oppo- 
site direction  up  an  incline,  leaving,  however,  local 
accumulations  out  of  consideration.  It  might  therefore 
be  reasonable  to  suppose  that  the  configuration  of  the 
land  along  the  Divi  Valley,  and  especially  the  Overbygd, 
was  very  different  during  the  Glacial  age.  A  continuous, 
though  slightly  inclining,  surface  must  under  these  circum- 
stances at  that  period  have  extended  from  the  alpine 
plateaux  above  the  Divi  Valley  to  the  depression  along 
the  Tag  Lake,  and  the  present  configuration  be  caused 
by  subsequent  erosion.  It  should  be  stated  that  the  out- 
let of  this  lake  does  not  now  follow  the  course  of  the  ice- 
stream  towards  the  Balsfjord— which  might  have  been 
reasonably  assumed— but  is  at  the  opposite,  eastern, 
end  towards  the  Maals  River.  This  seems  to  indicate 
that  the  present  declivity  of  the  Overbygd  in  an  easterly 
direction  in  any  case  cannot  be  older  than  the  close  of 
the  Glacial  age. 

As  stated,  travelled  granite  blocks  from  the  Divi  Valley 
are  found  in  great  numbers  along  the  northern  slope  of 
the  Mauken,  towards  the  Tag  Lake,  upwards  of  2500 
feet  (784  111.;  ;  but  that  these  should  have  been  raised 
from  lower  levels  to  their  present  height  seems 
improbable.  The  northern  slope  of  this  mountain 
does  not  lie  transversely  to  the  course  of  the  ice-stream, 
but  longitudinally  to  it.  Of  course  the  screwing-up  of 
the  ice  may  also  take  place  in  the  latter  case,  but  I  should 
say  only  in  isolated  spots ;  this  cannot  have  been  the 
«:asc  along  the  Mauken.  Neither  is  it  possible  that  the 
bottom  of  the  lake  lay  at  that  level  in  the  Glacial  age. 
It  must  then  have  lain  lower  than  the  alpine  plateaux  by 
the  frontier,  and  even  if  we  allow  for  enormous  glacial 
erosions,  it  would  be  impossible  to  believe  that  the 
bottom  then  lay  at  such  a  height.  As  the  blocks  on  the 
Mauken  cannot  thus  have  been  deposited  along  the 
bottom  of  the  ice-stream,  nor  brought  thither  through 
screwing-up  of  the  ice,  we  must  assume  that  they  have 
been  deposited  from  the  surface  of  the  ice-stream.  The 
Latter  being  strewn  with  blocks,  which  at  the  frontier  was 
above  3000  feet  (941  in.)  high,  has  therefore,  at  40  or  50 
miles  therefrom,  had  a  height  of  2500  fect.  The  surface 
can,  therefore,  under  this  long  journey,  only  have  had  a 
very  small  declivity  outwards. 

From  the  western  end  of  the  Tag  Lake  the  great  ice- 
stream  has  moved  forward  to  the  Sag  Valley,  which,  being 
then  as  it  is  at  present,  has  been  able  to  receive  it  and 
turn  it  in  a  north-westerly  direction  downwards  to  the 
Balsfjord.  That  the  Sag  Valley  cannot  be  of  glacial 
origin,  produced  by  erosion,  is  clear  from  the  very  nearly- 
acute  angle  it  forms  with  the  Tag  Lake  depression.  It 
might  also  be  assumed  that  the  ice-stream  here  might 
have  moved  forward  across  the  Slet  Mountain  and  the 
long,  narrow  peninsula  between  the  Malangen  and  Bals- 
Ijord,  but  that  this  was  not  the  case  is  proved  clearly  by 
the  circumstance  that  travelled  granite  blocks  are  found 
on  this  peninsula,  or  only  at  low  levels,  which  I  shall 
presently  explain. 

It  may  be  probable  that  the  ice-stream  from  the  Tag 
Lake  has  met  another  descending  from  the  Maartindcr 
in  the  Sag  Valley,  but  there  is  no  middle  moraine  proving 
this.  On  the  other  band,  travelled  granite  blocks  are 
but  sparsely  strewn  along  the  north-western  side  of  the 
Sag  Valley,  at  the  foot  of  the  Slet  Mountain.  Should 
the  Sag  Valley,  therefore,  be  of  glacial  origin,  it  might 
more  naturally  be  attributed  to  the  ice-stream  from  the 
.Maartindcr,  but  even  then  eroded  before  the  great  inland 
ce-stream  entered  it.    If,  however,  this  was  the  case,  the 


former  ice-stream  must  have  been  in  motion  long  before 
the  latter,  of  which  there  is  no  probability. 

We  therefore  come  to  the  conclusion  that  the  basin  of 
the  Balsfjord,  viz.,  the  Tag  Lake  depression  and  the  Sag 
Valley,  cannot  he  the  result  of  the  erosive  action  of  the 
inland  he,  but  that  it  existed  prior  to  the  Glacial  age,  and 
that,  in  fact,  the  depression  in  question  was  the  cause  of 
the  ice-stream  taking  this  course. 

We  will  now  follow  the  depression  through  the  fjord 
and  adjacent  sounds. 

As  soon  as  we  leave  the  true  bottom  of  the  fjord  the 
travelled  blocks  arc  differently  situated  to  those  inland. 
There  are  plenty  of  granite  blocks  to  be  found,  but  they 
are  everywhere  confined  to  lower  levels,  vis.,  from  the 
shore-line  up  to  120  feet  {38  m.).  Above,  there  is  none, 
and  the  line  of  disappearance  is  very  marked.  My  re- 
searches have  extended,  on  the  eastern  side  of  the  fjord, 
from  the  bottom  to  the  sea  ;  on  the  western  side, 
though  they  do  not  extend  so  far,  they  go  to  show  that 
the  conditions  there  are  identical  with  those  on  the 
eastern  side.  It  is  particularly  significant  that  neither 
here  arc  the  blocks  found  above  a  height  of  120  feet  along 
the  low,  transverse  ridge  which  runs  from  the  Balsfjord 
on  one  side  westwards  to  the  Malangcnfjord,  and  on  the 
other,  eastwards  to  the  Lyngcn  and  L'lfs  fjords.  Thus,  the 
outer  Malang  isthmus,  which,  rising  slowly  to  a  height 
of  400  feet  (125  m  ),  leads  from  the  Bals  to  the  Malang 
fjords,  is  along  the  former  strewn  with  blocks,  but  only  at 
lower  levels.  Above  120  feet  they  disappear.  From  this 
also  it  is  clear  that  the  inland  ice  cannot  have  moved 
forward  across  the  Slet  Mountain  and  the  isthmus  be- 
tween the  Bals  and  Malangen  fjords,  previously  referred 
to.  From  the  bottom  of  the  Nordkjos,  a  short  bye  fjord 
of  the  Balsfjord,  running  eastwards,  the  Balsfjord  isthmus, 
two  miles  long,  with  a  height  of  250  feet  (78  m.),  leads  to 
the  bottom  of  the  Storfjord  in  Lyngen.  Here,  too,  the 
blocks  are  confined  solely  to  lower  levels  towards  the 
Nord  and  Balfs  fiords.  The  blocks  have  not  reached  as  far 
as  across  the  isthmus  to  the  Storfjord. 

The  blocks  may  in  the  same  manner  be  followed  along 
the  Ramfjord,  which  as  a  bye  fjord  runs  from  the  mouth 
of  the  Balsfjord  eastward  to  the  Bredvik  Isthmus.  From 
the  southern  side  of  the  mouth  of  the  Ramfjord  the 
Anders  Valley  runs  in  a  southerly  direction  between  lofty 
mountains  and  with  a  steady  incline.  Here,  too,  travelled 
granite  blocks  are  found  to  a  height  of  120  fect,  but  not  a 
single  one  above.  The  case  is  the  same  along  the  sounds 
around  the  town  of  Tromso.  Further,  I  have  followed 
the  blocks  northwards,  on  the  mainland  to  Tunnes,  about 
five  miles  from  the  town,  but  whether  they  have  travelled 
further  along  the  Grot  Sound  I  have  not  yet  been  able  to 
ascertain.  The  same  applies  to  the  Kval  Sound.  But 
researches  made  on  the  islands  outside  this  sound  prove 
beyond  a  doubt  that  the  granite  blocks  from  the  Balsfjord 
cannot  have  reached  these  islands  by  way  of  the  Kval 
Sound. 

The  greatest  number  of  travelled  blocks  along  the 
Balsfjord  belong,  judged  pctrographically,  to  the  Divi 
Valley  granite,  blocks  which  might  with  certainty  be 
referred  to  the  coast  granite  not  having  been  found. 
Along  the  sounds,  too,  the  greatest  number  of  blocks,  if 
not  all,  may  be  referred  to  the  Divi  Valley  granite  ;  but 
blocks  belonging  to  the  gray,  streaky  gneiss-granite  of 
the  Kval  Island  are  also  met  with  here,  some  of  which 
may  even  be  referred  to  exact  localities  in  the  island. 
Among  the  rocks  along  the  Troms  Island  and  adjacent 
sounds  blocks  of  a  coarse  grained  syenite  are  also  often 
found.  In  the  Divi  Valley  no  varieties  of  syenite  appear, 
but  they  are  often  encountered  combined  with  gneiss  and 
gneiss-granite  on  the  coast.  Although  I  have  not  yet 
succeeded  in  finding  syenite  in  place  which  with  certainty 
can  be  said  to  be  petrographically  identical  with  that  of 
these  travelled  blocks,  1  have  every  reason  to  believe  that 
they  hai!  from  the  west. 


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tTVR£ 


We  base  n.v*  foiWed  ihr  fourte  of  the  blocks  alov  a 
roniinnou*  di-Mnre  rtf  vj  ^eogranbKnl  -mil  *  -  »u  l* 
the  mainland  and »6  on  tlir  <-**>t**  of  fjords  am)  >irnds 

Kmm  what  I  him  adonred  here  as  reipimS  flto  iMAi 
during  iheir  Journey  ihnm£h  ihr  luXfjnrd.  it  seems  char 
ilmi  tnriT  tnn^i»-<n  here  cannot  be  ascribed  t*  ■•  mm*! 
viream  ui  inland  ire.  Th*  tJurp  hnr  til  demarcation, 
aWn*  whirh  *w  blocks  are  hvjnd,  see«M  in  it  si  if  t"  ilc- 
monsaraie  this.  The  !ine  rstrndlng  hit  «  k>  .it.  e.r  aloei-; 
Ijunl  ami  c-itrn-iie  sovnds,  arid  being  *o  sharply  iVfmrd, 
bespeaks  that  the  lrttft«*pnnin^  »£ewy  .it  mri  here  must 
have  lwwn  far  mere  regular  during  a  length  *«f  tt*ne  thin 
a  stream  of  mUnil  icr  jr.-,il.:r  rotiM  It  Wr  I-.MI-  there, 
fur*  rtrry  rrawM)  to  comhwic  /#**/  tkit*  Hriki  4rtV  rVtTAT 
ctrrirt  Wiuji'  /Ac  Z/rr/  i//,*V  v.*  ,«*  .fr/^-f.v  i  |.  iAiw-j.c 
At  l he  hWk-irmspcet  appear*  Irum  the  fust  *imul- 
Uneoush  the   Irww;  -ircon  of  *hcue  f'^m  die 

lU2<ljmil,3m|  |uk  '.he  Ti  01111  Idaml.a  -inmg  to*  Mi  Mb 
dowinc  current  dining  the  diurnal  tides  has  in  all  p*i>Ki- 
InJily  I*it-.  nt  work  it  J  pti>.*l  nlirn  thr  V%rl  itf  lite  h  i 
wi*  l?o  tef.  higher  thin  nt  ptTMM.  And  ihr  NfMJI 
drift  erf  the  ice  oulwardi  ttttf  icv  rSv*  toWWfNwt  AW 
*w<«^>''  traieUed  Uatkfc  «i|  the  KvaJ 

Island  ,-ti  ■  tic  arc,  Itirxefnre,  av//>nW/i»  /A,  tnUri*<r  ,'f 
lAy/tivJ,  hat  the  CMC  it  different  along  thr  htixiil  tmindt 
atknH  the  mouth  of  the  Jionl ;  heir  the  in- and  mitnW '>c  1 
current*  hasr  h.>d  alternate  %nxy,  .i*w  Men  iirr+ho  f.-uvJ 
M^jf  j/ZAr  pfn  l*ifa;<4S  6.1V.' #ic(  '/Ac  xvff  er,ittits.  t 

There  u  ancchrr  important  1  ircvtnscaroe  winch  Ih-hthI 
a  doubt  proves  that  the  inland  icr  ihrrmg  the  t  i.il 
cann*^  hate  mnttil  along  lh:»  (jord.  wmiri«t  thr  t-<i.<ni. 
Thvstfwr  consider  the  |itr*<rt  drrth, abuui  Vo  fwt,  attd 
remember  that  ihe  tnel  d  tin-  Ml  dnrinj;  the  GIkM  >>:«  1 
•*»  abvw  fwo  feel  lusher  than  ai  iirr^nl,  ami  fcitbrt 
ihdt  mai  quantity  of  i'mmuw  hat*  brcn  rfcptucri  , 
atthebnehwn      thfire.it  t«  esidem  th.il  an  ite-«tsr.im 

rnliipinfimli  ilif  |mI'  ton  iiiihiUii  tf  mim i»Iimi 

ic^  jImht  the  iht*  va  hrvel  m*u  luic  tr*:hc<t  wwal 
haodtcxl  frn  .ilmvc  ihe  fotmef— thiir  is*  the  tmtcliitmg 

-  i     i  i. 1  have  rejehrd  Mvrtal  Jnin.'mt  (ret  nlnwr  j 
l     feet,        line  irf  MlMICMM  *  -r  llic  blocks  a*  11  lh«i»  , 
L)  al  tra-4  :rr>  fcet  hi^.n  the  «j.     if,  hwcter.  ihi*  ll.id 
been  the  granne  hkok*  diuiiM  imr  be  fomnt  at  » 

greater  hpight   than   tao  h-»f      \nthrr  ran  ihr 
dlinit^  (hr  CtarM  age  hnt«  fotioe.l  a  wflty 
fchiog  which  the  island  i»e  might  tnnie,  as.  in  thi*  «:aT, 
tratetlcil  hlocks  nniild  hate  Iwm  futtod  alnnc  lb*r  •  !<  - 
al  e*en  lar  greater  hn,-htv 

I  have.  Uinvfore,  after  ihe  most  urefvl  rtManh«  « 
here,  yanlbv  Mil  rstfTwhr-j  nvrr  many  year*.  r«mv 
to  thr  r«ni  lliw4)  /Art/  /«/   H*Jiff.'t.(  f.  i'/  yfi>r.'-' 

**VA'«  fS^MV  f»(rui<Jt  at  ■< fr,  i:->i  in  Mi' 
MYinrw/.r/ivr  mfUt?  **i£in  list*  tAs  ii/tnuu'  «r...-.  Anil  Ihe 
cnnittfiniri  I  Itrlmy  m*r.  #V  /Ac  w<^4*M^&Mf/<fc^frW! 
h/  /**  /«noti/i,  v  .•/  a//  ffrt.h  ta  /A«  »■'*/*  AiCftMA 
Ihii  MMM  11  it  ajtfilirable  !•»  all  QnrtU  1*  jfM  M  1 
,\'.'n»-.y  |  •  h '  I  ik*  a>tetn|it  t«  MM| 

Thrtt-  may,  however,  he  reason  to  omw  that  the 
explan.Kioo  «if  the  fi-iul  f-rni  Umn  m  om  -i  .i'i  have 
htm  «nder  an  ejrtteri.l.v  ilagea^  bring  nf  gluud  origin, 
it  rat litr  h»»rd  mi  *iw -ilaMon  thin  »ui  h  1  -trliil  .ind 
minute  research**  M  ilo-x  1  hiie  trfVired  t«»  here,  and 
which  may,  perhaps  coninbute  to  jmnr  the  MffKS 
Ihenry.  K\*t  fmtUOM/* 

Trmnv.  MMl 


A  rataliMjnr  nl  thi*  charaiter  fuinu  a  ^ahiaVilr  *< 
catalogue  ft  ihe  ultwrvrT't  ii^.    Hy  furthei  ..l»-^r%a 


rkin. 


Academy,  January  1^  1  RR$-  It  mmatm  *  liM.  inclutlin 
lettered  numbett,  «f  Mj  on  iu  which  v<tne  rh tinge  t 
macni'tide  is  M**pcctec1.   The  itaf*  areiahulated  in  »rc!c 

. .(  Kn  hi  Weit^nm  fur  the  1  \><<i  Ii  1 F  ■  r.  1  |n  t.  .,r>,  t' 
rcdvmn*  «re  «•>  lie  found  (Mniculart  uf  the  suitposc; 
t h.ie*r  of  magnitude  and  the  MlMlft*  on  whtrh  the  -its 
p««ed  chatvje  resi*.  In  the  -  Note*  and  Obierv^iiio»« 
hv  whir  It  thr  Catalogue  ii  fidh^wed  are  gitati  pitticulnr 
of  the  hiuory  ol  eaih  \uir,  together  with  nbseoaiinnfc  H 
Ihe  author  of  such  nan  as  lu«e  teimvd  aitentum  fror 
Ii  1.  The  w»ok  it  arrmncnnied  hi  a  map  •houinig  th 
dtMrdnrtiOfl  of  klliwan  and  tu^prctrd  vjrial<re  siATt, 

MWRtol  WrittfM  will  nt  Hiiue  ratri  be  prosed  to  |> 
rral,  and  Ihe  Katt  <!arm  a  pine  lis.  a  latalo^iir  i<l  knosvi 
variables,  \  >  hum  i4  lh*t  bind  might  i*wlet>l  ilrtrsdv  t> 
rn-idr  in  Ihe  <as<  of  Nr>s  2M.  A 5i,  and  (rfj  of  Mr.  «UW«' 

li«i.  ^  It  may  t'i>t  lw  mtniiitfted  la  paituiHi  that  th<  |ifaici 
<*f  N«»  JJ|,  C  Ctmt  MMarlKj  i-  iixnenpVtcl)  gKfM  in  iht 
Catalogue.  It«  more  evatl  pla<  v  for  1  vo  i«  R.A 
?h.  yw  jojb  iVck  «►»*  W  j.  There  M4  mh-r  cue,  j» 
whirh,  thiHigh  ihe  period  K  nfc  jrt  tndeterm.n^tr,  the  far 
of  ■  at  totiM  ami  bt^  -sm-rtnt  m*v  »ir  ttated  wnh  v>mr  con- 
rUSwe.  On  the  other  hand  furlher  "hser%aium  may  tcne- 
to  OtoM  a  dmth*  ixi  the  stn*j»tn.n  *<  *  lviA>*e  in  the  ca*c 
>4  mUci  wtiri,  and  a«  our  .I'^thor  oli*er*e*i  "  these  mutt 
of  course  he  rrtnmed  from  fr.nrre  ramh^tirt"  In  the 
mnrt  |o  So.  3S-  of  his  Catflliviir  Hydra.  Mr.  Gorej 
•  tuoics  trin.it k»  by  Sir  Jv.hn  llerw-hel  hr.  S^hmuli,  and 
l»r.  «>ould  In  ihe  eStecl  lh.it  the  suprMi»cU  1  ■•tstiijiiv  rs| 
fh..  vat  may  potsibly  be  due  to  tlwr  uHurnre  .if  il*  nsddy 
.Jwi  mi  the  esimnaietnf  >ts  Snghlrer^t  1.  it  rv.tpoMihlJ 
thit  the  etren  c4  ccajftr  «n  cumaies  ..f  inacmtude  «4 

w-ptrlt    thtTrrrtit    ob»*r,rt*.  .»r    -It^    -.-.ir*   i.lr^ner  at 

diflnenr  iimr..  tol  h.mlly  reie^i ed  to  itsiult  attention  u 
It  ile>erv«  * 

l.\r-<  »•  it  rlir  r.timbrr  of  stat*  mrholt^l  n<  Mr.  t  .itre'tt 
Cauhrgue,  fcrtl.ct  addnioot  might  1*  made  1o  H.  Com- 

ivjiioe  n,  hu  m^auce.  woh  the  Tilde  o!  *>u-r>e<iet| 
V'wtohffs  rvtr.H'eii  inm  Mr.  Oa^nOtft  u*MhAfM4 

■  w  di  gne  hy  1'nrf  IVkerin*.  ind  («  utol  m  his  "  Keeenc 

'Hi.  tlmis  ..f  \  utMiJr  Star*"  m  ihe  />»•. f.diurt  <tf 

•he  AlMfixM  .\mdrim.  «e  hud  ho«W  \o  stars  which  are 
n*<i  trttwthrd  tit  Mi.  I'.itte't  h-i.  st\\\  it  to  pfdtoUt  that 
MVfi  iiughrt  he  fisqwrl  in  «tl»rr  ij«tnei*al«x  Indeed  ih» 
e\|wiirri»  -rmiiM  variaKV  *t  »r  o-i-rrtrrs  wouVI  MMMUV 

-ir^nrst  the  view  irui  ciiw.  ..f  d:shi  bin  divusctlv  rectte- 
■HmIi  IfanH  variation  are  tela  tit  elf  n*nneii'Sfa. 

\  ui-d  m  m-^ioJ  to  \,v  4J;  „,  -he  intalnum  may 
|,..,-  ,Mv  l.ilp  i..  o.  rt  the  .h.i?H»  .,f  m  miti  HMMM  in 
thr  fuuitr.  Tho  »ui  *ai  t  nurrd  a,  1  f in  Trot 
S.V  nfihK  Calaliw-ue  re  Viriahle  St.irv,  hut  wn 
rrwrtfd  l.y  ban  >n  |.  '7wT;fr,  <:  ttillnSj  There  M 
Miwhrr  star  railed  Mr  IkixrnuVfl  m  amptTin 

tht  M»nthr-trr  lit  arw]  I'hil  Sue.  /'jh,J((i;i.  wi  \si. 
\..  11. the  pi  ire  t4  which,  rmotghi  HfJ  hi  1  < Vi"  H  R^V 
tih.  |^m  4?..,  llrrl  +  IV  in'  o,  T.tv  h:.a  1  penod 
.rf  i-i  i  ilas*.  w.h  aro.ge.,r  MMwIlpM  fn.m  .  ■  «1 
at  minimum  to  about  iy-a  at  ■■■jMMi 

In.. -in  lu^.n  m  rontraend  to  the  uttertion  nf  ||  who 
are  interested  m  the  v«h|ect  of  rariaMe-  ti  it. .,  M,„k  the 
prrparatiim  of  wh.ch  now  ha»e  rnude.l  ..n  ihe  author  a 
0-w.der^Ue  MMM   of  tnl««,  both  a.  tmittet  u4 


VAHUt.U  iTARX' 

THIS  r»t.iN<g<*  m:ty  lnTtx>T'W  t»l  cnmptrfntntnl  m 
lh»  "lai.lv™-"'  Kr<mii  VMiuhle  St«f«,"  by  JJ 
wine  nuihm,  whi.'b  was  rejMl  t*fr«w  'be  kopl 

^  ».ni«ll»  l  .r  «...,. Vu-jHi  !tor..        K^-  "b?r™; 


.vorss 

h  B... "«.*■».  Minwtw.  rt»  kMi  .Imb  ./n,.  Ewl 
I.Ml,„b  ,»„rW„. 

H  MM  *<  *.W  ^b,  „,        kMMr,  ,„„,„„ 

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f  *rf«  of  ''»c  *«>rl 
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«»|.|r,»wwirif<h«il  nt  I  >r.   Rich**-.  •  H. ••.<.'■> 

1  lafTIi  O  -  lo***  to        |.  [..  . 

MM  i*  ™n™»™'.  ■<  *•  •*«  of  -in-ly"**''" 

\V.  Vaux.   P.K.S..    Ihr-   *v.ll-hn..wn  tiutm-niil... 


aaWtnJ 

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MA  TL  'RE 


lit-  iil»t-ral  p*(jNH1 


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r«r.     Ifc  bom        Dunkirk  in  IS,  ,        M  If'  *  - 

CI,*  *icl*.»>l.                lr»vl..K  "  ••>•---■'   ■»"--   >••'."  • 
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l-'tt-i.   1 1 
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trim*  irnrk.  may       ntt-nll.  .n.-l  I 

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iitow  WCT-*  ■'"  ,  „i....  » 

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Hlnr*.  r.u.t.1  hj»  "vcr*; 

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lust- it  t.  ii>.l.wt  Woiitmnncclirviwlic.  wc«  |wtim(  Turn* 
|  IV  n.i.tl  ..I  ij  ln.lil*.ml  rirMn  u4  iMirarlii«<.  «  It 

M  'r  lr--v- 1.  Jiarr.  4t,i  M  J«,|  tftr  (iliir  ..f  |hM  rmM 

anil  r»i|.-.  ,  .  oirlli.n.il  >V'ii>  tnj  .tf.li<ti»e  rca«in4i(  ihai 
mrm  »b«<  r.|ol.v-  ,a  .InJa,;  with  ihrnif4i«rl  nr>lri,  m  atvMH 
4 'In.  titt>l  ll  I.  t.-i'^.nhf  iImiiV^i  ,hi...|.\.H  .«  hi. 
.«vrtir.l  iatNp  tMatvai  -Uaild  in  wbka  .M-fli>*c  k  .nr- 
p-i.l  i  •  '-  ak'CinW  I'l-  I-' <lcl  nrrji  «».n  Ik  ajwian  ait 
0.1.  <t  ihi  in*c  i  in4  il  » li  W  a  rorievt  dltiaiiniin  u|.it  \ht 
Utc  li%li.sililcj  Niunifi  I"  lh>  llia.il  (illir  Mhucr  i  ,u)c  w* 
Ihr  •anm  iiail  ii|Kai  llr  nfhtf  ajiliUc.  di^nit.  pi)  i|ir  ,  ...nirr, 
ih.ii*!  il  trin  MimUti  tin-  li.i-Vnl  J*ini»lim  a.n  a.<  .rvuntiil 
hjr  a  ^.il  lill  wa*  .lnrt*>mr  IHlm  aar,  mil  I.  iIh  i(ai.ina 
Ufa  In.  il  .idiinaitxtiai  -  t  l.tr  >bm|i,  W't  rtir.tn  iha  ir^Jl  »l 
the  inantf  with  r.iy  cn.il  altcrm. 

Ml  J.  K  lliil  li. .m,  \l  H.  (tifH  \  F  L\,  >|>4<<JU  at 
thr  hinrtiJ,  Maflitr  MnUhaij  r.linliirc\  a*,  lava  .,^..iata>l 
t^iiN itlMigf  ht A  i  hiijno r.u^.  \irii*..  iiu-i,, 

ip  u»UT.i  -jkl,  tlir  in  l'i  >(. nntaiip  nf  II.  |i^  «l,ka  ha.  Inn 
(..ID  t.'l  "I  Inilll.  Ml  N.n-kPKII  hoi  .  arit  -Ii*tir«ni.lir4 
otrrt  ln't.'  I  WI.I..IJ.  k  "C  l».iiilr.l.  rtiirtK  -ih.f  t,^.  .„. 
in  aattl.il-.*  Kr-tti",  .!•>  It'-'ik.  tSaattfl  laijl  alnlit     ||,-  „  at 

I         ta  lauiix^  in  A-Mtil.nr  Ihr  Altattiri  i.JU'r.1  Imrt;  rha 

I  fatajfttyrf  1  »|*ihli'* 

ta.il.  I.i  Hlii"  M'MU  ftl  Ihr  t'latti^ir  tl  t.4n*ttaas 
atja  i., ..t*. I  in  mic> .it.  Hill  ia  nauittlirra  wuh  ihc  t'aiu.l 
V'l  f  *Sgl  Mi  ■<<■*■'  I  k.  i.  an  aMr.fim  i,.r»l.ti  t  ■  iat> 
^Mlili  l.  ■' ill  nf  ilr  M«-...*lityfUI»eatlir  wflht  rnri»il  tiat., 
ani  I*  Mtataa  ...  tc  M  ''-.'  .liMntnt.l  iKii.r  r.nrinl  atH  hf 
Initial  lli'.n.  iIk  I  hi.l  -«.Etl  ulitit.  11^  liajli-cb..  tin. 
tnltlla'n.  *•  *».'r  *.*'CJ  »"  mitt*  fi'.ai  Mn^  )..  tin.'  irta 

1M  It.  .Inii  W  .Vf  i.Ar.t/  /arm/  fat  |.ru  Vt.  II. 
UaEttllnitl  ^i*"*-  -I  I"  Np  itraiv^iai;  n.rtiriiii  •  l .  . .  ..n 
ifaiai'li. -  ti.i-ai.l  in  I*       'i    'flint  1*1 -i.iiiii.  any  I.  .litiltil 

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.  uii,-l  r.iri)  Irt  ■>--  Im|«c«I.     Fnm  tkc  KpMll 
(Ik  «na*»»n      %«■»*  *«*  ai*.»n|Wiwl  *y  Ttaeaai 
til  unci  tkc  •«««-*  part     Jaw     A  ui»i  .1-  rather  Wtf. 

hakklri  rat  Inm  I*'  l'rvir.£tr. '»          lata  ;  I  rutfino, 
Uiac  »e»l  ol  lie  ttViAp  •  it*n.  i*t 

(MMfc<i«it*Cn>ul  tcstf«ti>l  Hi'.'H>,  m  Li*  Kfctl.  fartkw'olV 
tmL  LaMomilt,  l)s*C  'til  brtfaci  tftitwanl,  rWwi  "«l 
•l»  »it.  cf  Jrrl  IK  K<rti,  nn  t4a«i|  mar  Tira»r,  m   I  *»• 

it-u-J  from  llu  4  U  of  *  nvitrttaih,  Ml  km  orartnatnl  a  AMU 
•lf*utbc>l  ky  rk-  tuiivw*  a*  iwruir  miauio'  (oirntt  in  hrcvlik. 

M.  G.UTQ?.  favMttal  mt*U;  >*  Frulay,  J  tat  in.  Hi  iKvlH 
Willi  a  i^it>\;tj|  hk  Ifajutrjoii  t  Ac  tfi«Mir;inr.tat  wV*«  Sol 
U-h  thin  taunt? -fnrr  »*a»  utnaaixtl  »n  tlic  rrt|i,  wkich  >-*:»»  »' 
j  IfttWfc  a*|  ufi  |n  <*    TU  Urtutliiic  t  «ik  |Uc-  ll 

I'oini  tin  )••■>  (Ta*!*!,        .ke  -li-vw  in  lk*  vicinity  of  tttwiat*. 

Mi  K-  AXItl  I  t.  *.,  t.C.S.,  ien  ttt  ll*  |UC**  l  nt»  ml 
tf  illicit  I  cHit  n  »■(  >..*  ».d<  nn  M  Ucrtniag  CimlutluK,  (k:n 
Huh*).  Vttnr.  ai>£  M.-Je      A|f  hcati  Ufa"    M«"«f.  %Wl  o™ 

Ma.  HoMftit,  the  i**cfflinetf  I-j-jiiU  of  J.ikm.  1.  •Ivfarif**! 
tn  »-l  lu.t  Ufon  the  limit i  U.tlluli  m  iht  Jlh  iliftto  .«  ittf 
HUnnH;  m.iHi  •hint,  anl  MV3  l.i  lit  lyku  •  •tihJi.famnt. 
ir*««  *<*oillf  in  fK.-  licit  tiuvtiii  The  l«u»  •*  *»rOt  in 
■  I--.-  of  I  1:1.:  1  .r.  hit  .taring  iW  (-air  ivat.  ik.-r.-  hr.u 
law*  liiuruln  i'c*rJ>t*  fi4fcxil«««  xf  'he  M,  Ufdk,  Mtls 
•IkIIs  a«l  >ab  tllft'lTaliri  eoU<<riat  nf  tiiaa>l  janlutlkiFrv 

Tlw  .1  c.la-cl-«*  •»  ■!(.:. I1»-l  r  In  Hi;  n|  j  in  ■  t  (  .« 

|Jrtr  ill  MtfM  dllMCiu,  It  A  v.  t»:l  'inl»  tlx  n«im-,  A5»  . 
aul  iianc'i  i<f  th*  ra«j(«,  rVi'  i-iinirJ  rmitnaKs  fitMil 
i—nttfl's  -irrl  ia  ntf  1!  w.-di'i.  t.at  4U .  <Uil>  wxli  nrli  t«f4o  »• 
th«  u'aat  an  I  art^m  «a'  IrU'  ci.*Ja--.-i  ■*)  <jaAliiy  of 

Uilllitt*  Ac    Tlif  .  fitailnfi  «f  JaiantfJ  Ufih  «n«?in« 

al»xii  l«D  ■|ir.im«ni.  1.  utii^  **i  anil  In  b«  1  UH  tuf-iie  it  Cin 
W-  nifaM  1*  omt|£au.  Tl«  MTH.V  ,  «'f  Ir.fiAKI.  Mr.  Vinri* 
aay.,  sr>  r.m.fata-iwll  tit(t>.<  tn  «d  t  »  trvtii*.  sal  ill).  f..l  l  l> 
M"<!'!  ICvutnauailrl  M  Utd  t  ItWdflfA    I  r  I"  0  f?w  >  " 

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liiw  mItmcc  |0  i»".*rK*»»  m  if  it  <**-  i«  «a«iiiB««  .lUtritaJ-c    Sine  n}> 
11*11  »*c»  a  e»wt»i<iin  1     '?  *  "  aa 

"  *4*n  '  **«-  »«  M 
lily  W  I  **9W*(f|  '•• 


—  I  I  I  —     —III  — 

amxtfdifttf  t-»  iW  «  fin<y  <>l  the  writer.   I'rxctitril  <«ub- 

nuint  JLf«iiiin*  witciht  fci»!  !•  v..  *l,t.  uri  turn  anil  h.ititly 

w.iy  •»*  t'l-ii-  t+ii .%  1  cu->  ami  11*  1  "ie«.  nil         .  n«l*.|.t<nl 

lite  formvi  i:c:ti'tl.  «  'X  llir  k*C  vmktl  Car  f-n  ihtv  i>|.uv 

wIkic  iV- itnttni  l»iw»t,  ar»*  «ir  tliwl.  •!»  cl  1am  ft*  iSc  tOnt«« 
■  Ikk'I<  ••iiu-*U  liturmto  tb*  lurttiy  W  hy  Jumlil  \\\\*  |,  (V,„ 
Item  ikv*iiv-1  ff'in  .'    h  i»  1  Mt  lttttY  IMMjMMMa  I  ml 

being  k  rwt-i  iiiiKtttltni  ^jmb-**,  (r  A>«ili|  I«e  Uw4  m  .i  utiifot-B 
MmShl  Mi.  )•  tin  M  iitiM  (.!•.[•  ibil  ihv  .ymTn)  f0r  a 
MLJ4»Uiy  ttiu^if  i!k«jM  \k  ■      llfiivl.m  uf  vn,t 


the- 


I 

llirCJfH'l  MMMi  <U  evfi  |ttun»4«iie  fmifl  Ibc  Inn;  Une 
*3v<n  |W 

1^  -•  I'mjUK  I  niiuu, "  *mmmnm  an,"  '"I'Mji  Mtmit," 
t.»  (\    '*  •l.rit.  l  ciiitai,'  MulMM  citv**?,  '  41c  <4|I  «\|«t.-««|. 
1..  •U'*'r  l""!J[  tWJtil  'ft-  *'*u-  *»hii-    lie  -»(-lv-*iMO 

*  »htii«t  mini, '  n«ulj  .1 
14,  "  I'ubnoii'in 


a  MW  VMl  «■  in  my  illilnea  IMtMal  

b«  «MB>itV,  ih*   Mlr/i-aiaun   •!  I.itiuy  piair-,   nr  ,|<a,| 
l^.  tl.itw.n 'l»V  I"  •  kiteiun  i  t*    .(  MiMirf.tiii  i  r-tfltl riaJf.S 
4  ll^i  >lnv  I"  Mf^HN.  *«  .  ii  i  IV  hUi 


"M'tMilveiH. 


iwy  <ltJW 


MlvH   '   ll.l  1 
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.«    ml       11  •;  !  ihiino. 

"iiitwii.  itrtMmtiarw1 
m«  tu«i  1  .   1.)  'fiYiiruii 

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Here  t*  MM*  llif  |vr  -illll- *  tiiuv  "fthr  enlb.-kr.  Ill  |  HA  *i>frrnt..i    t.  w  •,|*»*:U,  nwtivifif  .ff-r-y  .,r  _ 

drai»*WkaMiHiUer4ir»»Uy**i>f  ^efcwW  iWl>ay  "»»*MU*  A»    •*t'-ltM  lUWu,  mi  enriity  u(  iwii«  i  nU»j»,  £^4  it 

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M  rhr  acac^n^^      1  ilm.  ».!he  fm*    li».w,  a»llWnfm  X  •lUV.irl    U ,ul  i'n-  xmjbjj  

rvae     cuimIi  nil  t.l  i  In wlli  t.  i  l«fl  «.tti  ilmlKT.  n  *»My  I'l-i f  11  U«f>Mf  Ul  lM*i-  itttu  iVceii.'^  nhu 

Mum* 
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j«..rttT,  l;r'».hctifiirua»  «'rtjld n- "".•ul*          ''libit  .miM  JtW 


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iVl-  tlltlf  111      '  11  ■ 

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"tlic  ).../.».•  tli^'i  .1.  -I  .1  •) 

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iKl  1  _.  r  ■.(..:,  I  Ml.  'V  •  ■  im  II!  ml"  » -  wti  m  b  "Ij 
|.*m<I,  41  w\j*i  iic  -el  4»i-  ll»  i.-ii;  t>.  .  •'  '»  *  ■  '  t  , 
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thr  v.  t-  W|.-i'.  l,  if>  H^Ub  *»-r  *  I*  MM  «■  W*" 
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van*>r>i  wire  cv  -J« 


R,  ft-  H.  ,,    lUtxtatv*  of  amtat'JMi  pp»*sh*»,  »ft>l  **-  ' 

urml  nnmt  r(«|m,ttVf  |i 
C«  r_  C,  „    Ciimn*  u)  arnaiitrr.  inignet*,  in<l<**fflMl 

tinu  n*.i*m»tly. 

L*.  „   unfit!  »t<    imruU  inAutyin. 

In  tae  atvny  nnjitl  n  ike  (m  latin-  rif  ihr  nvwt  im|ttan-»m 
taml.  |rj  t.-tn  mol  MMCM  it  »a»  f  n*-l  )*».tkiHlr  tn  *». 
«H  the  rrornnce  «•?  the  ««■  lm«r  n*>lrr  *imtiir  (ir(nun»»  ' 
t*<Jt|f  1 a*  m»Kh     '.••-('■I*.    la,  ot*r*  aihete  no  tmhvtiity  (**  | 
new,  «ikIi  i*  If  U*t  ilw  bra;  in  J'«tl<%  aMIHnr  th*  h"HMmi 
ini«*«ity  <#"  fhe  u-*rr*ttial  n*pu*t*m  1  «*  !•«  <«irtrc  nt>t  #»  f,n  I 
macnrtic  MfrHjiS  i.f        ;  \  f„,  vrWtta.  j*.|  v  ft*  *ott*.  It  1 
mm  he  otxrttr*  1  thu  ihr  mm  Ur*m  >|t(«M  ia  tsrit 

ML  Un»('ll*»r.  '**  Swm.irrrtH  ih*  I'i«ik1i  Owiirtlc?  , 
taaM  Mthfcecl,  cuwnvrt  hunt  I'm.  \]-^n\\j  b,  rakr  i«il  Ih  tfta!  I 
I'^i'-'Ht.  111  I  r.-hf  I  wlin   I.t  ,    ,|,.-i1v  Uvn  •  !  ««■  |i>  Infw  iti 
ram. 

IV*  FnrS™,  Mr,  Mm  Maorn.  r*  4.  Avnvti,  Dr.  Hmtitar.. 
IW.  Muck.-,  nn»  ttiin-  Thorni-nti,  a*4  olharstnali  part 
is  tht  ili«cn«nn.  mH  iinwrallv  a^t>*.|  ihir  1  iiaMirw  «t-irm 

•Tit  mnfl  •,')>. lU'f,  Tb-  |);  .V,  V  ■  II  1.  'i  '■ '  ;  ■■■<  R  i  V  It  t  f . 
Mftlt  lit  X%r.  'vsttf  «tv  *tl|ilt»V*-.t 

Tt*  tilth' n  vrpfol  thtl  hr  «ki  t**'  tW  SmkkIT  Il»'l  «S»Ct>l 
v>  pM'lilf  io  fr*m  a  iluifotqtilr  tv|***nilalivp  nHnm*fr»f,  «n>l 
bafol  tni  ihrir  «..fk  wrmM  »*  t>  i  ««|jr  -(•.■^-lilv  MMMlfilfe*! 
twf  •iii>bc?«nr  in  nil  «  •  ti- tfTK.J_ 


run  jrHtt.EE  or  the  rrATtsftCAt 
st  'a Err 

•PlIESltfMu!  ShUijt  lu.lrmhiMirti  I  •tt«*«f  mmdfr* 
*  ilMiiRC  Ibr  pi^nl  »wU  -n  irV-liAikM  ti(  iIk  t-f 
*t«  femlMbM.  TV  MmiAh  i»  r»»IIy  is  hi'r? ttit>«fol  I  <«c«  •« 
•4  Si MMm  n«i  i  4  tlir  <n«-t  ttiiliKirt  (  *itfin  .-it  i*i«r»in«  lttfi£ 
prt^rnt  ffl  llif  K>r*i*  >4  life  S.»tlilr  ;  MMH  -ihir*  ^H:■  l-*1*^ 
tj  tLmr  ;  MM  KvMt,  K»'*»*l,  i»M  I'M.  N«imwi- 
Ml  |N>I  UWJll  IjMMM  Md  M    4i  K-<«Be,  uf  firi» ! 

<i«n-  F.  A,  W.ilkt*,  nl  <v  I  until  *im»*,  <»n.  Lw»r.  »n  ! 
"itirr*  Thr  eoCTtm-t  hny  \*ttn  h»Ll  •«  llir  t|i«j»r  •(  L>'M'"Ii 
I  'mrvcmty,  sn>l  **wp»l  h1kc>  *4  mtuh  ««r»tnt*7*l  (»«[•«•'' V»  ■* 
Hut  tt«n  nti.»tjr.-l  t.'i  JftotfjffMl.  in*  «f  tht-ii  »»•  *ti» 
cUlm  of  iimivfic^  !■*  h*  (HiHi(|<iefl  .in  a  mmir,  itrHOTM*]  (It 
>oow  Vrhgth  In  t**  kMrr«<  »<  thf  I'tT^lttit.  >*«  R-tMofl  W 
Kkwuto,  Ruivlics  tt*.  iMIitlf  UMNM  in  lhi<  iMtRlIf^  Mm 
it».r«  (Km  Ihr  n«nr  ti'i*itUtf«!  of  Mtrfil*^*,  •*  .1  mav  tfH-chint- 
<ll  i  |tr it»n  ;  btr?  nY.*.\.  Itrtrinl  l«  *  •*"  tb*  m  n  »-*«■»■  t" 
•Utrt«  *ntr  Ipnlwl  it.  *»  tlriat*,!  M|1^  •l"'"fiTr  bn«c« 
w<ietf,  lJw»  it  (vitainH  t*mwi»4HteftiMc  M  «caea*ifc,  iwrtb.*)*- 
KkwnnKiwMnriilvml  fintbMl..lbr*Mt  (4nn£t«ivii>»nin 
tht  o-II«nit»»  ar*!  |t«AiM-miMi  uf  "fbcnl  »l slMic*  in  tbrt  tMmnt 
wil  f icbtlt- 34tiK4t«<i  tvf  fi»>  in  tk*-»T«[*eti.  Amt«B  ibe  «<h*r 
(upen  Pnil  Mr«>H*  wrr-n  »k«*h  o<  ibt  bi.i-iy  "I  'h* 
!((<teiir.  b*  |ir.  |",  f,  M.noi ;  "  N^li»tin!  I«c*c4'p»rtt*» 
M"'i»l  fefir«iK*  to  W.ltl«1li»  ScKtlf*,-'  by  I".  XV.  -X. '•'it", 
r.ks.  «  sawl  «,«  "*t»*iJk»  in<1  thfir  Imtnie^"  by  ■ 
r<mlfc.    <       ./  tV  |'f  mt^Al  fi|«M       Tiir»li»  "ra»  W  Mr 


In  whirh,  avif  r«H<r  thtnjp, Xv  i#fi  -t*.T  fn  thr  tlf«il  tntrrcn%**  « »f 
f'tr  fMftttblum*/  FiirojM  ihirrac  th«  ffmmj  cumiinrnl 
with  th«  inrtciM  in  Chtnt  intl  n'hrr  \«siit  omririt-*  {rti  i>ni 
I  r.<  irxl  in  Afrar-i.  Sheultl  t)w  ptntnt  -n-  of  ftTurapuan  in- 
cr«i-*  ccntwtM,  tbr  r»rtJil»n  U  wr  mmtmi  )n  Jtn*tiH«>t 
nfMW|  will  W  1000  aiibms  w>.^l-i  that  nf  iht  Unitr.i  Ktntc?« 
wniiil  lc  **jo  wiUittto.  Mr,  (XtSett  m>inti«H  tlni  ih«  inrrwatnc 
in  Ciir^ichcJ  Imii  iuucv<n|ianictl  \f  a  mrrr«r<in>^i'«  tficrt'tx^J  in 
lit  rarim      mi  I  i^i  Irarv  ar»<!  wtipr  TrNimt  in  the  |>*l'»ovi  r.f  n|| 

Mr  1.  1r*t.«  n*l  a  fotMt  "  Vnifnnnftj'  «|  Slnttvt  ic^.*' 
lie  lul  l  iXc  <h«f  VfnAraf*  rr--nirr>l  wiih  ft  in-*  la  tht;  irr» 
rto^nHvt  ami  «»-iinlinU«nn  nf  thr  <-m-i».-il  m  nut,  1 1  . , 
>>  hftrirttt  ti'ivemitifnt  tiirtut  «wp:  ||)  an  acnr*«itrnt  t\+  t«r 
t>»-  if«K«  fft\^ •  netexnry  to  lit  rtillmr*)  fnr  rich  4«-  i *t  (^.|>:ir|  m 
M*mi  <4  UftlMtct ;  1 2^  aaifc^rnaiiy  in  tb»  proci^r*  *hich  t  hVsc 
&Mt»  *tre  c*  I'Crtlfr  :  01  cr*-«rt>linartii<n  t><  tin-  n»*.tiSr,.|» 
*lwy  *hc  mu«tul*  thw*  c»IUvikI  wrrf  Tj»tcwa i Ia^I  ntitl 
«N|f  ih  ^f  i  14V  lllr  n-»^49tn,  a*  far  a*  pt-uldf.  tif  ilic  C.llcn«|ar 
ff-M  ftUhi  unttraul  uatlMlcaJ  prvini,  «n  that  ■h««  MMamil  |nnTT_ 
*rrc  (Ki<h  lkr|  %ti<iiM  nlcray  rrlan*  tn  the  omcr  ;  tc>  ( 

H»nfiil  .l-.j-llri./  ihr  iiKiritaJ  .jvtra  of  Wfl(<ht«.  mtAourc. 
.in')  CMtTrMf.  * 

lln»  K..f>A|  ihr  I'mh,  r.tn.n  nf  CflMM    IN  ■111  J 

Tt' lr*  n<  intntUtoja  antl  itih^Va  (tn«in  rtMtll*  i.f  t|I€, 
n'/hl  wtrr.  he  *Mit»l.  i#niicaJly  aaMfcajHMfMlhy  mii|  he  i»rr» 
«t»lrtl  l<»  tiict\%  A  noifortfi  t<hrtnr  -i  r»r.>f.1  |,ihlr«  Sy  nhlcli  w«» 
«hn*|i|  nnivf  nl  otH-Kitail  at  thr  hi^t««  atm  uf  •4«tt*t*tr*« ifcl* 
PMHiflMI  •  f  I  Ulif'tm  •Ir-cri|itK<n  <4  th«  •IIITtrnX  naii..ri.  ati«1 
.4  til  aiMbm  l  *■  MMMM  iMt^MB,  MHttM, 

I  r,  .  \.  '  vww 

\U.  h\  V,  fatoyHh,  in  ft  |ta»-i-r  ♦nJtilnl  -Tbr  Tihlhtiili  of 

M«h«itv  tMifihr-l  hnaMff  tn  :hf  tieitn«ni  rrf  nurnvrlcnl 
n#W:  lie  *Vwanl  thai  if  «*  tal*  KWftl  ukm*  <.f  i-hcrar* 
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V''v"«  *■  *   » •  :I  1  '  ■  it"  "•->  ■>(  r-..  .1  .  . ,~_ 

;i|i*«  in  ^lw  I  |<|Kr*4<r||fi>4  iV  liiv  i/UihllH>l  Mil  mmb3 
ftf«l  .|ir  wire  .l  i  ^.ikruMli  a  ilu  Mil  II.  Mlmun  «T  .lnr.|nc,' 

Cilv.i  k *,  ? nt».v,  ISi-tt  mi>c^  •It.t.ir.  ni.  imiin-  ;1  i«*rrv«> 

mil  uvuf*  tM>^nimitb.4n  Any  tU»t»  <AWi  i|^n  lJl4I 
Iv.-uMti.  i*|  ,lu  tr-ull  M{  tlwif  .1  ^ty  «  &mUm  *i,«ta 

4  MMXt«.    TliC  VVUIm 
Mh  ■«  far  a*  U  1 
4  in 'fit.  toil  rliv  1   j,  , 


m  l  Hit 


Mk)U  Ni 

•»»■     iio^wn  «f  irw  v.»i«^.«  kT, "|.rcirio*.|y  *irhuTi»i'^rr»hi  « 
 Is  .<  iHo-mliir^O  ■*  lb7«uL.  rti  11 

Ei)|>HI'«4l|| 

Royal  iocttlr.  j«ur  |,-K..Ur.  i.ny,  V|«  rr»  M  leni 
ilit  *lmr,-  IV  \  LI -n  MM  ib'/ilw  NWI&MlfcliltiJ  il„-  Sli!? 
-|r^llliw.  ^.l^-iet'l  lj-t  iVif  If?  l.im,   Ir.iun  in  «  iK  ho  , 
Iiirsi.     Hi  OMttiCH  1  *illi  ill*  MM       w,n  |...  |  »_™ 
pM  lliil  «•  **N.n  hr  l hMW  MMM  ifi<.,  a  ihrailLt 

.  Iiic*  Umg  Im  .li^rnwuj  ilu  in.vi  »l  Ibr  pi«.  m  »»-i|i (,  ,ll(  , 
-rW  Till  t,«t  *  im»Wr  ..I  (.ai.ill>  fcMtil  winho.l,  *,*f 
*  ■>  r.i.y  ..|.|ct.  ni»  I  }i.„me<j 
ijrri*  Htiy  In  amy  rntj  |T 
«K  fMlimo  i*  RHWt  in:l| 
I  V..«ta*minti-»lr  I  .t 
■«  «rnniij.  »•■  J.-IK' 


— A  few  ■irtcici-kvuii  ■■Un%;i!ii.m  *.■»  V  "B  A    Wlif*  «|" 
Id  I  ,  r.i..fj  .11,1  M..i.  L.  i\S(,,  '  y  hi,  W.  M nut.  »  .K  • 
•atkiir.  tin  a  MMtMl  n|i       Silr  frnin  I  MM  i"  AMMM>>  tnul*-  * 
••■nt.  "f  ■n.((tintli;iiu      »i*  iltnO'.  '(vl  in  ll»''        i"l  |-'i,T 
lbs  rovt  *  >J  ib<i.*>  Muuiite  itmnlt  to  wttiiimal  t»'U»m»i 
Hi  I      h.  i.l  tk.  «»it  1^  I|k  Silr. —  »'•«' »»"  *l"^f 

to  I  (iiiwi  tiMrU.**r»r  r.rni|v.  I7  I'i.  II.  Iti  Hilkl'»nbl»-»^it 

HmlMmm  li.Mn.^-,    ilu  lutUUi  itlbm4* « 

HlrtcrvilMt*  i»  IV  M'HiWiW.  i.l  it'll-  IrtCT  V«l*«* 

nil.-  /  liiinn.f,  Mil  ti'<:i  .li-.«--tt*;  t-1-.'tft  It*-*  wwtM  Al  the 
|«>«iti|l  «-nlt»j  m.  thv  mm  aw  |ll  Ullil  ■  'I  'I'  «ul»«i»  «*• 
Ill  Wjnh  Wl  al  :  l»l      »*itl  M»  (Mil  w»w; 


UinU-Mr  I  1 

ikr  lt»(vtii|  <:oJi'c>il  JiSfvlL 
•  U*m<l  lu  HUMpI  nf  .1  umti  .t.i.Ac 
j <..(.> I m,i  t.t  a  Mrootno*.  1,.,'  ... 


mm.:* 

rinwrMilt*  tw-  ,nr>|Aiilfii 
'  it  I  tin  iwiK*l*  in* 

lrac>>Miniiitl  im<>  I'lhci  nm} 
I  nm  way.- Mi  Itiittl  K«W« 
<m  lk«  ibitiimry  Jnptnr 
I  Mildci  \\»hi  it,  ckrmi-A  1 
.   Vt,      I*',.'"*    I  iuiipwwi  fi 

3m*«  m  i"lbf  •wbliU.w.  *  ilu.uni.W  hi  I  t,.  ,TLV 

ntvi.lii.  k»1  '*<«•«  »-f  Aw  nm.Vca.<i.  MilMttn^  i,»  ,1 

IMMJ  •!  «M  mvI  m-Ubic,  a  nun-Ui  ..f  MVfMMttli  .liMin.-»1 

!•  i  UK     i'.fiinaia-  ..f  liyimUHn.    C>J|lM,i1  J 

.m  mi.lr-i^ite  *\Utlm  .*  rr*lak  .Ui(  ,w|„l,^Vs  -u  -^J  I 
•    -I.   |mk«.  wlilili  fiwni  rm  nUimi  u|-w  ilum,  (MMm  ,n  .V' 
u«  ..f  •  l-Ul  li.M.,ft.  tin  ,,.!„«  .if  Wbu-h  »«  .tM  J?e 

ihvawuc  «l  urvubtMn  nl  lion  nnitncril  W  lU  .-hMlll/in  i>r  1 
hliti£.  •  •  tin-  |m>  —In  a  }uini   #i  it«,-.i.|.Mlc  elLHtneli*.1"11 

u..w~u>.  it.«(  t.  m-aJ  Bk  _im?K  vr*;! 


Uiwtvn  -  nth  m.m    i.l  h«tti  n.  a  :  ..*t  in  MM  i«M  '  (i.^Ulta,  IM.  Ci  MmU!  "in.fili 

fc^wi  1  M*M  t-.-i  lint  Is  •iHix-HiiR,  .-"Ml  im  .iniirKi  fr»«*  a  n»«*  j  niHih!>vnUrAi,l.«  1  mi  am  .intr  ^T^im^\\t\    VI  ,,>rc- 

-«lh.^;  f|,  In  W*«cf  .1  Ilu.)  .rtmrJirUI  I*  C»'fr  •■«•  f         .„  ,  .  „„„„„  ,t  lW  ^fcJJ  UIJ."''  f"^'"»*l 

|U  HSb  AnildK  wx.liu.^1    I  tn  U.  lmn:...i.i  .  i*l  lb.  m.  ui  ,,„      ,  tH„  "  ^  ElSStSFJS^^ 

.tuid.  n.  d  iLj  u|(^t  iWiKWi  f^orlj  ^mu.lr  with  (Kv  m.«*   ^.    ,  mtteB1||l,  '  L^J_\,"*1M,1*3«»n. 

tiiit»Mfw^Mr^i»n4  0>'MM*^<»"^K^.<r?gTy  ,  NMri  AmiwmSE  CI«7mw!2? 

teavl  m(?r.#.rtl^*.w,«yirn.«  A«m  m*.  ^Jm^^  '  cm..  -n.c^rtW,    TU  .,(',,  .,,  ?  f  ^ 


iMnwrf  to  a  ■<>MHni?iK  -j.,,  m  l  mm),  rt|.rtt.  ,fM  v.,^, 
RttM 


mttiiiit  .*t|-nr«ii.»>  nul«al  ihr  ujilb'*-  Miitwt  li'MMwV*  ill- 
wtiiib  ibtr«  i.  nn  cksuUnn  ««  (ti*M«re.-l'W  '»«•  mJtumx  nl 
AAmnUiai  «al  »n«w  ■«  dimu«,  t-jf  f*.  A-  W*mm£* 
II  .  V1,  *.K.  M«i.>oe  —  N"'*1  MM      *«»tWi  J  Imusay,  INll. 

by  Mi  1  iiititirv.  f.U, M«i.n**.  h >» wmMj^wi 

lU;  wuiiftbttaf  IsMAiy.  l»l,  wi.  ua.iiljl.l-  fm  ihc  |.i..i-«<t. 
isn  1  «u«iHti.MAUy  uwm  f*»^  IW  m«av)  ^kb;  "f  ibe 
li.ti,  llui  tit*  uiiw»iiinn< 

S^WIt*  I'M  11*  N'llli  Mhttm  — 

•Ml.  *n  I  om.fiKil  ii  wiiH  iimiljt  ilnni  i»tUut**J  »  "U"' 

He  »W-w»          :!:.  *  ■•  !•»!♦«  "'  * 

1.  •  1  ■!  ^4  the  n  *tml  tuwlii*  *».  tKr  .itiiiu-nSfrir  r*rt-*ll«  ^"It 
hb>  bi  tfc*  n-^ih  uil  k«  »  iJ*  *Kith.-lorwili«  nijmt**mT'  1  ■ 

bloltlMiitiiuNaAV  In  iba  ToV^nnn  lltwijs  l*M-«4,  by  |  um.    t*>  MM)MM  t»)xrtf.r«^et|iati(1 

Digitize 


.     Ilj.  ..rl,.-  I...  |.K|«rjrf  1-Mwnc       Atidtmy  of  ScienceiA,  |«u-  i?.^\„i«  «  MM   |',„i  ^  , 
11.  ■irlc.Uiiini  t..ntimtiMfr  J4MM*.     pwMrrllrtr)  «  ift»«*!ii.1„  |^«|..SmI,|u^||,,hrw»en|vl»Iu  1 
-     |aa  XI.  mgm -    Thr  Mi^w  mSSiJ  ft  i»k  iBttk? SC 

irMlW^U^^  ,„  ihr  lillcrtlb  maL*nU.,,l.  j!'n 


the 


WCMA 

rt§K 


mm  15,  i9*S 


.Y.  t  TUKf. 


191 


Iw  nt-nt-i  .ml  IAt-  jWllill ,    lit  II.  I|,L-  l.i.l  |„  „,,  , 


.-llk.lic-al    ell  It  It*.        WVlu  III.*  wuili  11. • 11*,  Ill  '  r.  KtM!l  l»  (he  rtl.il  ol  Ihr  jJlSSi 

^rvaotrir-;-  »».->l  -.mi  u.  Mil  *•  Hnl  Mil  1 >i".  .Milirt.  111. 1  mt^rupinr,  titf  -iitul  tt*>n|,i  an  tire  im. 

Ik-  rr>ne-lu.|t:«l  In  .11. ..nl  fi.-.-  ••»  «rt  1  I  I'r  ... -I.  .|..     I  .0  ..ir  hint  linL  *.  1  trut 

ling  tin.-   r.li..i..i;i.i|.|>-  -.i  •■<■>  — • t+r  '  1      -*  •(-•■ "■■■•)  — -  'in  i  if  ■  iIimUt  hi  i  Tm 


-.....•I  the  nim-imrnl  Ilit-rc  wilt    I  »0  nucWJ  tM_tt--)>  .im.L-.i  -re* 
I  .-mjinit  i^iki  «»f  rnir  .-..-llk.lic-i.1  clnirl. 
imltri       *i»        rich*  i.Ii.«t 
■.litre*,  the  wli'.Ie-  might 

-.    Such  a  arr.il.,   i-.fil  .lining    ill.--    pli  i:i.l|l>-  •••    ■  M  ■•< 

a  sun  rlmtn  M  HM  l*ll»  or  151I1  MlllMMr,  M*4  wl...  X 
MkiM  I"  fotnr*  a«lr«»n.rmi.-t»  .tn  «.-  »  t.  '  ••ItfUMtf  l<f  IN  ••  '.>  1MV1 
a.  u lftV  clo.e-  t>f  lh<»  nini-t«rrf  ntli  nr>  .  %* -uil-l  .  ra  iinli  ••-  lii.t  -i. 
-n-tfctt  n.iion.iniu:  nniicrlaking  cut  «-.iiri.-.l  i««.     Re  i»)  .. 

«.  Mu.lt  of  ih.-  taii.nl-.  l»jr.»i   .ml   ft.it>>  f.  m  1I..11  i-  •••  •      ■•!>•     .    ..  ......   ,,. 

in«>'K<-<-tTr.->|)lty  <ml     the   c.-"l.-)>y    ••!    tin    ul-.U:  "ft*  "  tl.tT«-.-.i«-  I  .inr-l  •.He,. 

BSimrT"     f*l  : " ■  -■—  AfJr.-.l    1  it.n.liri.i  •    ■  .In     till    neftiea          «r  *  ,, ..  »t  ,•,.„  ,,  ,|^imni| 

V*l«.la»?»i*.ii.     «nti,|l.lin,;  ll.o  llili.l  -til-'  I  ■-'  v..|,.u.r..|il.  .  1   ,. ...   I  ,|..n  1  ,.  „.,..  I     ...  (:.„,„ 

jM^BtVl  w..lk  .m   III'      •  Phy-lc.ll    .m.l    I"  .lllkrf  lli-l.lt  I   I  ill  m  I...    I  lp»tlu  E  rtltU  <ll>4.lt>»  r^tt.l 

.»     ......      tiir....l.M..nnlL-.N     1  MtMn  Mil  *..     Tl~  —  -'  •-  1L1  (-,„([,„ 

'I  «thr 

-».«• 
.J  |«w 

I  .Mitt 
-lllS. 


uio^.t.'    I.y   M.  .Ml.11.    Mir.it-  I -:.i«nt  I..-   

TsrS.he  9.1.  ...  aUih  t-.  11..-  ••  .i.  .'  i  s  -,';v „'" 

jjinMl  lllllt  iflf'f    t  1---*  I hO     Hilnnnr.;  M    ■  ••!  Ir  


WonnJ  dii.i  iMrri  -liwct.  ..r  ilifl  <  wnniiw  ..)  .•••■ 
Su  thf  Acrtemy  i.y  M.    I'..   >  "i  •«** 

nM.iht-.i>|tMh<rric  mi.ci  1. ..I  .-.ti.i.i  .1-  ' 

Of    |i,-.li«>.nc-.-.  Kto^-M^^,«jll|t2* 


1 

■ 

I  1 


4  Hi  ih» 

xW.fi 


..     5     M       Willi-im     ft.  Mil.—  .      If"'  (|   

xmmm  4*  c>ni»-.U'-t  »'>    "V    *-       1     i,, ....  ill    .■  ■ 

r«7«pp««i  <  .wit... 


•  •  t.  '  .lu-  ».'A.t».  .in,  hr  lU 

■ 

■ 


noh" ,j.,..V,?i.  r.-»  " 


1J-  jTrr-ll.-r  l 


l.L-l.tilljKlU  ' 


1 1, . 


eci>ll.tr    I"    tin-  -.  , 

llic  |>r..-.iil  ti'»°- '  .      "   .  ,,  |...  I.  tl<i 

.,    W  (..I.-    U.-lHilMj.    ••>  I      1  t   Itt      »      X  . 

 i  i        v     '  " 


t.-l.lCti"ti 

ili.  tt.  •>  iniitf 

„rr,    >1  •!)••  «f 


rnn.i:al  Sj(I>I/.  Mil    "     j>i  i 


■  nnHnnt.  - 

If  l*    W  .1 

lit...  ..I')' 
lit 


I •  .111.-1 


If. ... ... 


r..ur."  '"i'''^,,;,  ,  •!    I  , 


I  •  - 

il  r 

 ^"hWr.   

.r  t. ,  , ;   


tit  i.tn 

Ihr   l.|..'->  1 


■ 


1 


1 


NATURh 


\Ju»C  2  J,  1X85 


»o*»(ntit«!»Vt«i'*iniiji»lf*!»  «*J  -t  ilit|il»rt^  !•»«»»' t<.wr.nl« 
tW  *Mittr  (/lijlii  *nh  i*>*»  -lii*  lym;  a,,tww  ■  PVM 

fnr  ii«cvai|>>.»iry  Tft?  iw  .  .•.nil**  *4  incrlcM  riyx  hh1  I  «o>i»4 
rnUm»i«  t*he,  Wl  thr  W  "'  »ln;h  ih«*ii*.  I**  *l>l  upptiwl 
tvn  tiwctn  *l*"»int;  m>  im<nx1  h*tw*ro  ihm.  hrfswr  •  Im« 
rflhr  <ku.ii  «'Hl»M1'i»  **»•  |<lwl  a  lw«  ]*..i*.  lie  W»l  pt«m< 
,V«tiiih-..l*  lhn»  i<<ntcxin£  «lc"  >  <■»  3*  w*tc  iriuntot 
trtpthet.  By  tin*  twin  pei«ro  r*<h  *prtln»  v*n>  •tecimi|n*rn' 
into  i«u  iMtlrt.  in«l  lh#  4»n»>ii.a*      th*  l«nin  |*l*n> 

d#t*Ilnrr^l  I*"  "|i  h  »  t...t.t>-i   ihtl      It  lW  I  'I    <>l    ' '  n    i."  ■  ■  1 1 1 1 1  >  I '  ■  I 

tmr  Bpcvtruin  *»  urialnl  ahort-,  ih*  -<Wn  btlow,  wtuV 
in  Ihr  n«Mlr  •!*  w.»ftl  <]<vinm  <«f  lW  (fl-cr  Uic  i>  looki! 
Willi  the  w       -|w>rirtt»  ei"  ilir  hi»r»  !•  Ihr  lut  nf  the 

octiht  Hit*  *  «  il  l  '_«ninc  I*  ttinK'  <at!ifi.-;  i*f »  »  wit  II  pieve 
of  t|tt<Twitlt*<  »iv«4.-»cia  fnim  iln  tliinli'  *(vcir«m  1  mi 
Vxik»4t  thmigli  »  \U»  lull  "f  *to*i  w.ttM  Ic  w«ii  ilKitv-l 
ISy  *me  i'be  ntVuii*);  i<lcn  uf  llir  twin  privwi  lnt<»  lw*- 
t»*l»n,  l>tlh  i<l  t»»-  iw  *  Ann**.  IWfiw  *»fc  i  f  lh*  Ml 
•lilt  nf  *tir  irifjHttvf  Mftii  ))»•  *  W.H  i V.-  Tifhl  rftl.it<1  «M 
placed  II  I  [fp-'ii  in  •iwh  a  |»  -»♦■■■«  llul  f*T|>ti|iliflilul) 

(Million)  light  <rtrirf  «n|  on*  4m  xni  hrawatjUy  rn-ltn-H  U*hl 
the  ott.it .    TV  mi>l-tV  inapml  •scr-rom  1,  iIi.tc- 

fmc.  nf  f.  |wii<»ill(tiV"lj  -'ft*  >  luM-ji.toiHy  pnl«i-*J  -f*«-ir»m, 

IH'l  lH  It*  fill'l  "I  HUD  iHr  IWir  IlLi-  crJiHtml  lul***  Mrtr  nl«» 

toluhol  i««|M>it<tlCf'iiV  '"  **"*'  "»h*».  Knim  the  &rH  t( 
ft>to*i  *it«nl.  ti «  'lifvctly,  Imi  ihi-m^h  1  Nm<I  |iti*iii,  ihrn, 
Mcocrilim  n  ^lie  i^niUuft  "f  iHm  iif>m  **«M  thr  -«f  hkM  A1 
use  liar,  the  «Mi  hdt  M  inmliri  lime,  he  witMrwMl  mn 
»ifhl ;  ml  if  thr  lw*  rHciM|<  tty\  i<f  f<{li1  >>|  thnf  *pt*tM 

mmwiI  >Sfimti  4qgkm  i  iw-rtuf,     rttmittc  '■■  ...  'n- 

S'iml  lW  \w>  haltr-  .  f  the  fiiH  irf  iM  «i  >MM  W  Tt»lc  rim), 
mil  fr<oiita*  nuium  ihr  iitaiiv*  .ffjrw*  /  in'Tt-nv  <tf  llir 
ivi>  I  <ir»'V»  ■  (  »->i  ■  ■   i  H  !•■  tl.ii  i.tui. 

VfeiBV  * 

Imperial  Andtfnjr  of  Scivncv*.  ilfcfl  Ht  -  ^tarfhp  >  n  -  V 
lium  of  (Mnmb  «<ii»-Vr  m-\  Ijtfp.'i  AmrtU  fK<h«Mtr  IuiIik, 

hyO.  b.  liiAnf.—  <fntfcr  attbH  »f  |*.hi.mimi  |MMN%Bfltt 
b}|»o.ii1|ikx<  ct  M.  iHa^t  -'tit  inthntU-t'  1-  i  •!»! 

Hinrnl  «  lu*ih.  hy  V.  r.  A|ititr«**i.—  hn*»'l  wiiH:  fftjl 
invcK  m  ihr  fitn  nf  f  +  t**t*i  ■{..>. ij  I<y  A.  W«i»-. — '"hi 
Ihe  ti-\illnA  vV  Wrhct"'  (WM|rW  iV,i(...ljniniir»  In  ll*n*'- 
letfhiiilr*  i-f  tW  Mitt  if  rli\TitJ  fefllt  ft  hn\nc>r.—  \ 
omtril'rti  a  m  »'«n  >»il.  !jr  ■  /    hi  0»Ik»       I'M  *t-lriti  i-f 

|t.>h<imt,  hr  ti,  IjmI*«.~*Hi  tW  n-inH«iHil  .liM  I  <in  I  t* 
Vtjum  ai-.i.|fH««,  til  T   *ti  |n»t.-  «*i  t  mm  -I  fm 

•lift(a*.nvt-«i  ■  /  lit*  tiw'nl  Hixlntih*,  lii  I  cnir.— *<n  ■  nrw 
lnnitr>|'u«itl,  h>  T.  /iluiii'.r.  A^pir>'«»ii:al  r»«»«H"  )!«• 
E^j]  Imi  iiitptr  i*ftr»«!  I"  in  lh.-  IU'  Ic.  '  v  )  ,  Milil-* 

Ajml  tHi  •|<(trr^jniiliirtl  <>•  triimtit'    "  ri^fTO'l  \*'lt 

wntrt-*,  m<I  m       RffinNNH;  <itlK  Ultri  f-i  ft)  *»^BflMnl 

ncLcrimmt  a|  lK*>«.«H(M'ilitr.  hi-  T.  M  E Jan. ■  f h*  kn>i«. 

Mflr  <4  thv  iimlninKkl  a  uit-irr  mr  Lm«r/hi(r  »  .  >¥  '* 
Mnul  llitiil  Tiirm.n-chct.  -  lUwmh.  wn  i**tU%<iH  an*\  hr 
1.  Ilum^-t  jirJ  A.  t.kleti. 

Maj  7.  -4Ht  lar  ntmnf  MUffcq         Mt\:'.»%i*r  C-rti|-"i»»  *• 
tvknK,  lir  I-  tMitwimnft.— !*j«lf«une  *..th«ti*t  h> 
V.  tWw*  — 4>n  ftiti&bl  vrli  Oft*  iwihyiuc:!  hiw  »^>h. 

"|H£iran'>rei  t  i«-t»-niltr*,^  liy  r*.  I  ij««i  '  ..mtihi 
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I't-.r  a  i^.t  ITtwJrtl  iv/  t  Hi  ixii»  MiW. 
V<**i$n  CiirrripnBflmi*. 


May  \nni*vt«try  M«tt ing.  —  1h?  >i|^nmc  a  I. In.,  wat 

VM  liy  thr  <  •«».«'•  ti»UKf,  A.  r.m  VWtio>Iinc  t  h«*n  lh<- 
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\y  tli«  BfOMttl!)  >•  ,h*  *ljtS««i»tic*l  L'Ism,  I'r.if.  SiVfnn 
(ihilntry  ft-***  mitt  i^v*ii  In  lh«  |**tct  ■  u  II i*th* letter,  h'tt*'- 
•  »*P  ;*'»^  **l  IHlWWi  A  J*t«  -of  IQno  flntini.  Wi* 
■WWikltU  K  M»lv  HiMtTi,  hi  hi*  Hte  "IU««M<bn  .m  ,h_ 
Uoiitioti      ^r«inriitby  l'  '.i(.,Hi  r*Tu*nex*at*.'* 

SlO'KHOlM 

Acadamyof  Sci«nc««,  M«J  lS.  -  r..r  lh*  Tr.t*t*tt,tH ,  „f  th 
J  Ad  linr  *K»t  V(rf<eil :  Hr*c»tvl»e*  un  tW  ilMinouiv*  rlrctio- 
I  Bitrnw  |-**»r  (•»  the tlcttr       'Hrlng  ik»  pvt$t  <•!  pleutrlcllv 
tW.M(;h  an  of  ui*u«f  «.i  Iran  tmhfi  *7  I'rif.  1  r  i,i  1  t„Ji 
1>Iv<4k  Ktmeihltt«inufu;  ilalroj-ithix-^i  wwiih-aotivdM* 

*»1  .IrMliti-i  i  *|KUtnitt  nf  wranirr>i*ni4|  <4  Th»Wcll'*  c.ft. 
t|i»*i<«.  itiflr  hi  llcn  Nr*v»»r»  f  it  ;hr  Kfnfvr'Jt  Itril/i)  -' 
Tft/.  Wrtntins  =n»ir  un  UmWtm  mi  'lit  NitaiiHk)  tr^nfch-fc 
■iftVitikdi  '-y  Me**-.  L,  V.  \«m»w  aitJ  li.  A.  Ti««|iu.  ll 

(}tmfm4  MM  Mr.lcttvH! 


Ihe  S«w*b*h  t«tvincf> 


Irllmti  ■»»  tctU  kni>«h<lc<  pi  Itr  IWttCMW  nt  the  ltvric  in. 
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•  thrf(tiM»%}  >yiri>-1V  NWHTLHiJomjU^t^! 


>*<n-t»*y.  I'ftV  Un-lh^eo,  («v-^n  .-I  («  [wihlk^iutti  knT^ 
Atv^ft/N  lltr  llttiMM«  |ttm»:  -TV  WWHWr^lrtcai,.,!,—. 
In  1  thin  ii}*Ml|lftr  iMtitu  wtih  iW«  |J,m«  ,4  iiwiiwiiu  ,n  1 
rIli|«Hil  hmtmh*.  »7  K.  *m^V.-Attto«i%**MUn£kffi 


*l(Jii  Mli'tiiMtrrl  1 


Mi  i-'tn.ik  IrU-in  avKhl  t  n»(il,ih&lin nl{<>iiinacUU  |« 

Hi-n  K.  A«kU.—  1  »a  NaMfMWlfff  t«->  ni|4iiV»  ir*l»,  W*  !»/  V 
IJ.  tlflfiiil  —  >itir  inft*.ilii,n,  oil  m»rn»rm*i[  .«-..fi,-'  *** 


(ihlli*,  !■}    I  *r.  A.  \lilni 

m  ill*  xauAcmni  pwt*  1/  \itrnj?,  tir  lit 
tm  !in«fth«\  «fcxk,  l.y  ttt.  A-  Malm 


ictitarftMc  towifChe*  _., 
t.«.lt«t,lr*.  I.,  lV  fl«-.,  of  r)inj[l 


6.  Uennifii!. — 


•rr. 

.  v.»- 

■r,  intl 


CONTENTS 

The  CluUkfiofiK  Hill  TnbtN  ..... 
The  M. IMfMMy  u(  Bembiv 
Our  Book  Shall  ,— 

Sni^fW^M  m  *'  r.Nelt'l  *»t  hw  MolrTH  Kl.  ll*  "  ,  . 
INMri    "Lellh,lett    bri  J»»l'^l«Jh-r>4>«u^l|cn 

l~M|-.(ir>Atll.geJkM  ••«••......  . 

Lellc.t  to  ibt  Eil.for  ■— 

■  m  \V»-jrint  lh.  <'.itl  l<u.i  in  M«.  -  W  Oallo 

w*r  

rt-  t*.,\-ir- -rf  Armc  .tt.l  Ahiift:  At.iiro!..— Prof 

R.  McMtit.  .  .  . 

CMM  snl  IW.  Tilt.—  R.    .  .  .  ■ 
I  r,  ,       \,  „..,..,.,  hrHni* «t , — Ales.  Ho4>- 

kinften.    i/.V*«>fMAVI  .... 

*••••••<      -■>'  k.  a  r«Nt  .  .  .  ;     .  '  " 

Tt>«  Intn^atinnet  rxlDbltion    Mluic  Loan  Cotlse 

Hot  I'.  l>.  W  II.  Sl„n«  1 
Th*  M«»^ur»  ,  , 

K«cenl  Katthqubn    II,  Wllll.m  icatii.il'  l_..n' 

J  Lnv.ll  .    ' 

Th.  Scmi.3!  Ma.in.  Statioe    |ij  y  T.  Cunmnir 

ham  

Comnnnt.  Potttj.l.  n(  M.mh.W  of  th'.  Kailo'nal 

Acad.rnv  ol  Stien.,,    R.nha.l  Pumn.tly  . 
tpe  No.lh  Nor.ay  Pjotda  «■«..  m.j. 

Dl     Kill  \  ■■   .  r  ■ 

Vutijol.  Stara  ,  . 

Nut.*    " 

Out  AUtnnomical  Column  •_ 

TV  [••  n.rfkii  Cowo  nf  |i,  Vic.,avl  tlanu.,1 
II..  iMihlr^lai  •n(lln.ic.,iml..liu,|. 

X  l>rjM<!Mc.n|iMI,Anl  Al.trtenv.  . 


Pa«i: 
•«9 


It 


r 


»   Inr   th.   W..I  inSi 


>74 
'74 


■7« 


'7J 
l»c 

•*3 
■«J 


Aalraromtcal  PctmoiMfi. 

Jan.  j*  to  July  .  ... 
Qcoctapnlcal  Notat 

KW.lri.al  D-,,m„on,   Nl)^f,lcUl  Rj  N 

Ilea..  I.,  Ptof  Antltcwj.n.i^on.C  t 
Th.  J»h,l,c  ol  th,  St.l.,i.<al  Sn..„, 

Sct*»ntlfte  Serial* .  .        ,  S  " 

»^i»iiM«aiA€mVv^iig,ti2ed:by  .viQOfl 


J»*t  35.  IS85] 


fruwiwiii  lat  t**Cifcw»t   IN  |i*J_*  WMMMM  «»•  A*(m<*  lt«- 
■•.Mfc.  inl^i'"  F.**«<ii         twp1  ■      Hit*  Awjfiirf  !■•*♦»?«, 
1  St  H  •••»«  ■  *  l  *rt.»«»*i,  *V 

I      Ihr  Ik*y  C  ••«l"J*«,  4*iU<     it*  M»r"»'»  5  **'  hMMMW  J  

,  <»*•  K***M  tti'iitM.hitr  *  *«>•-»  IhWrt  C^m-     *»  I 

*»«r»»>-  ft  «  *       >wr  **I0  (cm  !*t*  I  0«»U 
I      -•'      «    --n«.     ,  H«»«."<oJ#r»l»ilT  CfT 


NATURE  Ixi 
hTnsrR/PTIONS   to  "  NATURE."    SANDERSON   &  Co., 

»U  «|  *  WKIllrtlllrfllllilTllll^l 

Vwly  -  "4   *  LIGHTNING  CONDUCTOR 

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™   30    0  ,>,  ii„-.m  .!  ,.1 

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SECOND  EDITION. 

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NATURE 


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Ixxvi 


tTA  TURE 


[7.A  9.  1885 


Now  Re»'lj .  M*i«ti  410.,  1'iJce  14 l 

AN  ATLAS 
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BY    G.    6 .  HOWES. 

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MACMM  I.VN  .V  O'.  iJ'SlmS 


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NATURE 


THURSDAY,  HIV  «,  msj 


in  1X51,  in  nidi  1   lit  .irrin.  ill    -Ml  ir  i»iim.iD 
•tlilV  it*  In  i|it.ii.irilinr.  mil  !>•  ili-ttl.r  tjtiiMi* 
■«f   h><i«ni',  *-   "V\\         ,,1C  atWknf!}  "f 

n  1«51  5/.  n»jr,.|ic  w.n  fit-iltl  il.ill.1  l»  iMk.i 


III  lijj  I  .  ,ir>il  >i  r<   ii»|'""  ",!  k"»* !••«.■'•  *       <*»»  |in.t  f.i    ,     >■„,,  „|UI  ,Pf,0() 


nl  j- l.nln- ihiiim  re  rttimw* tttfcffti:  U«een 

viniliti)  1  iml.tinii-  ;iiii1  ill*-*  -fifci'l  ml  

*jve  Aln-r  il.r  »v»t  .i-iinn.n  -t  I  "i  .|-  '•• 
ft  iHAf  *<   tlic  m  iiiiit  Huffiwttnwri  Sawttarj 

l«-t.ii„^,^.^|lil»  0>"fclri«.  i-  ll.n.   1 

iini>irtiiM.    The  Cimietriii '*  UAU  1 

«•,  inch  l(  Hum  "■  •"n^  .im/hi'i  111,1 

uVjicmU  m  11  KrcM  iiip.i-""' 

miahn  •«*  h  .i.ii.H       ut.vi.iw>-  mi  m 

i»n  »ikl  .  hi-.  Is  ibr  i»i  i«  »'  **  J  "'"I*  P  '  ", 
■e  CMtnn  ap-ccil  1  "55*  "r  1 


u\  1  ■   •»  ...  »4r«Vtv"',i.'"irl!! 

1 

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1     •  .1  *  '''y.v  mi 

■ 

1  , 

iiniln  ifir 


M>  Jvcil  the   Hilr«»  liii  l  "',n 


rj-i'ml  iruT.!..   

MMm  1. Vmfrw  -  '  ' 

1.  Confi^n,-,;.  «ll.l*  •  •••<•»-  **  " 

rntHiiK.  ,,|  j.-  |i»ri!ri  r- 

r^n<lii«i*in«  riri  ei*  '.he  i  »l." 
>.    An  i»t..r.l-  it* 
t  ill  mriwiit-i  i.f  <| '  "  '"'  '"' 
u  an  Gn.u.i.u-  .in«l  ■w'rtJM'w 


 ■  *'■  ■  '"•I' '  •''»  M  I-  .I.  i...„,|  .•»!  u  j,™** 


'  |t  It  'H 


'  iin> 


rV  ......       .„„,  ,trit 


e..,f  iu„i  ,,„.r:,.,<  ..t  •»•  '"..'.j  „:;.;;"« '..««.      «j  «  ..» ...j..?..,..  „  i.  ,„,„";*•"» 

^"5552  h««  ■■-  I?5  !""•'-•  '  s  £ 


tin  ft.1 

xxmi.-Nh.  *"' 


f"  "  "  «")  i-nJ  mn„i„w  ,,„a„„. 

v/r  i*mt»XA  r/,  >x.u.  sAmrxitv     ;  w,  ,  '"'    "      '*** in  r~»«. 

.  ( WrjrJtBXl  /  /.V  K<  KVK  I  7"    ,  , "T  "'"""^'*  »'<•  .l.nUm  ..{  \t  F«,.|, 

,  .     r-     c.                                 ..   .   ,  ™  t  *«  III, 

"It  Conftrcnie  in  Komc.  »(u  li  (.<  •«,.■  1.^,.,  m.;l  im.-.r..  ,„  M«.^,u.  mil  A 

.1c  n-iiin  in  Novrmlirr.  Im  ir'nr.l  .:   e,i»„,    km  |w  \,  .,u,  rMira,  ill  mi  iiiiauni,,""",™ 

«r  ArOlO*       wkleh  nrc  mil  puhl«.*>M]  m.  ..ml    .n»^r  iiir»  ,.(  (Injurs  In  Kijviil  in  iJSt,  h  lit 

full  in. I  Ji.lhrnl.i  :,lnl   rcprtfttt  nt  luml  11  mxill  1  |.i!ifiTi  jinl  l,u|  lnv.i  ,  1, . . , '  |  „,„     ,  i',rMk  ^V^' 

tili.llilr  ii.  .uh^cl  tlirm  t.i  1  mi   Cm  i-Cr  .1.    |«.tl.  «nN  ^icl)  ,,^„ur     |  u.n  nnt  ,a^myxlk  JJJJ  7™* 

«  ir-iill*  tirllirvrit  mil  lltt  oirll»»l»  f. •n>-»a-l  l.y    1 1  (iilr  .|  VI  . Iir  u  |>V  of  |.,n,l  i|iurimmc  (aid  S 

firmer  have  already  hecome  lni«»ii  iIhlu^Ii  thi*    l»  r.i».r,  ItjIi..uhI  spun  m  ivh|-  tn,|  4I  .|u,  n(  "  ' 

ml  in  ihe  iLuli    fljlilMi  Thcrr  14  NO  n-A-iK.f.1  WlNMIIl  jiri.t  1.  I  |l    Sji  mi    III  lu-ncll..,,  f^i^,,,^" 

AftM  rr„.|t,  uiill  .111)-  |H.  nil  II  vlli.l                 \.  ....  1         ...  .  ■«  Inn  -  u  .ill  I,  ,::r».l.ni  IlniiM,.,  ,„,J),.i' 

.«»  PJIn»  tlic  ptbittMnif  at  ll>c  I... nil  led  •      .ml  Il --...li,.l.i.i  ,|„,  Jr|  iiiilm1;n|v.iil,|i,P,, 

»»ia»ni»j  ottai  he  cn-i.trii-.l  ait  nlvaacc  im   m  t ...... .•...i.iiui...ir.i  hrim-Mm  taaaaiHaalk 

II-  prrHrrc<*..|t  lirl.I   in   C.IIM.IIIim..|.ll-  I.  |tU     in/  .1 ...  am  ;  |il..|»  It. in.  ill  iV  Marm  ...,|  ..n,,!,^  Z,  Ljl 

ilat jaw >i*l canTj  KMrajaB*!** t*tm  nanril itn   »Hainn  au  >...  -  until  i|n<.ini.n<,  im  ^,«|,  •  ' 

'Ii..|it>.  unJ  aftw  ilif      "i>.l  M-ii.it..m  1  <4"  gal    >li"»  :.  m  ..ml . .......  I.«  nxil«.il  fni(MiMji||  ,'r  j||  Jn.„.)L 

nlcrn.il. on. il  s  111,1. ir.  CrmrViencc  w  mnn  aril    m  .<  nliim     .1-.  I. ..  i„«, ,n,,|  /„t  fr. „  , ||,4,7Ti2 

1-  4         Il.ilii.il.,   VrftHMMn])  .1.  iu  „„„„„'. 

...  .mm ap»  M  .  tqarai  mi  tm  -rt.i  h., 

I..m.  tr,n  ►  Wtrft  Mtak  Jw|  ,..„„,«.',,,„ 
,  "f1'.'.'''!;       »  "I  (a.h  111  ihc 


_ 


>ogIe 


X.i/CHJi 


[?»fy  9.  1885 


that  1*  mure  hktrj  t«  further  *wli  ■  fcuauidoLn  ami  ttaiv  I 
crtoua  object  In  i.irn  d*d  l>t.  limine,  one  uf  the.  ; 
Knutifth  delegate".  »*s»-  ilir  Cinftfime  the  iniquity  | 
and  danger  0/  ihii  tn  ■  imttwmluUw.  'J  lit  Fnrnrli  •Irk  1 
..<■•■  leading  the  m.i/»rty  liirticil  u  ur.if  c*f  in  Any 
rri*m»lilr  Miggr*..n.ii  .   lift)    it-cni  In  ll.l\f>  IwtWil  liit 

k^nrnim  tlir  ihhi  ii  thai  |j|.»ftUft»,  fumigation*,  und 

all  oilier  tm  IMM9  of  |m|  t|  Aii;iriti*r.  niltuHIt  pupping  ! 
the  immdiiclim  and  .pir-id  uf  •  h- Y:.i.  bite  »n  tin*  |u»t  , 
mnincd  on  thru  cmnitr; 

If  w?  Mtft  mir-rlve-.,  WI1.1i  w a  fun,  what  «■* 
CtKr*  h.ivr  n  ihr  l**l  1  htilrta  c;v.Kmii  in  l^ij,  bun 
fsrnnl  in  nnW  t<»  ja-My  lire***  i«<«mendatrnn»  of  »ru: 
majnritynfthcCnnfrrrmr  >  «r  bate  loan****  -  None  ;  ami 
tho*  Ot.it  have  Irrciwia  lia*>Hii  (limn  >n  ike  nt»po*ite 
dirvriinn.  TV  rciwuriimilaf inn  a-  in  Tut  to  tmdj»«. 
<|n  ir«til>nr  tiff  Sum  ft*  *\rp.  ■  inning  d-rext  fwej  Indij 
Mtim  1. 1  imply  lkil  the  I  itr  .inlLt  1.1k  uf  1  lintel  1  in  Ljjl  |>l 
lined  tin  <irigin  ti>  imp  iri  ilinn  fr.tin  Imli.l  'I  tit*  1  >tti  lini 
during  iSSj  84  brr*  tt.ltnl  and  tr-«-nlvd  In  French 
wrtlrr*  mtli  their  iihi.iI  •eH^i'nfiitcmf ,  ltui  nut  4  tint*  uf 
•vidrnrr  ha*  horn  krntigki  fnr*-»nl  Ii  viptpirt  h.  Miwt- 
mrr  thrrccni**"*  a  p»»l  deil  0/  c*>lcnrc  ilmwinj  thai 
thai  iitHbrtak,  irhvK,  a*  i*  urll  known,  1  WYmcnred  fit 

1rim.fl  ■  m*.  .|    tN.itl:;:-  t  i   itl;  ■  in  f/  lUgi  I  hi  ' 

dtiTrrrn*  dtKcU'vn  —  m,  mrfUml  hi  pi^|VMM  frum 
Mecca.  A%  l*rcrf  Lewis,  another  dc'cgair  frum  l.ngbnd. 
ha*  nrgrd  n  the  t'^lrun-  c,  n*»  |.ut;'di  d»tp  ii«tnir\: 
fmin  lndtah.it  cicr  hrcti  ktMitt  i<<  have  Impurit-d  1  h.drr.1 
inio  tjf *  |tt  and  Ktifitpc  :  and,  riui-uh*ring  IV  rm.fn*  m* 
ntmlM*!  ••f  vr-*r1*  .t«T  img  rtoin  Im.liiin  jf»ri*»  in  l-gyyi. 
the  Mrditernmnn  cmmiriet  and  L«»"i>t.  it  n  <ett-iinJj-  n 
sen  1  •  'ii  ■  1  *,  1 '  .>  U:t  ilui  ii)i(k>tii<  .«t,  if   i  ti.i|*peoc*J  in 

lliiw  m.m?*rr,  *|>*>bVI  lint  tw  nf  1  ittltmim      rtitrrm  4". 

TV  tM?  dangpf  frrii  eh-drrj  F>r  TuHt?,  .ind 

rumpi:  li'tn  n.x  lie  .1;  Son  ami  tlic  Swi  Canal.  MH  -*1 
Vleced  nnd  thr>  rminiiiea  .ib>ui  lite  Set,  thi* 

lieing  tin-  f«««!r  111  n  Ii-  h  1  Itidru  ki-  |iitlint>*  if.tieUcd- 
\it.t  firnm  Mrrc».  ^I»v>jr-'t*im.a(  aivl  Fa9tN|  mm  'lie  Ked 
Se.»  cociM,  Kjopl.  S^Tsi.tlie  l  et  inL  Turkcj ,  and  Ku^a 
ar*d  tlicrcnire  ihe»e  «rr  the  yor.il-.  if  in>,  wh>li  il* 
Kinupcan  fowtin.  *»ii;nj  M  Kiiint  .\*  K»vUml  lti» 
«l*Cil  til  ttir  |ui-l,  atid  a.  il  li.i*.  al«*t  iirjrd  mm  itlil 
ttirn<*m,  r»et>  «r*m1n  !•»**,  .mil  lu*  1  njnt  in  [itntfr'i 
tt*w¥  4*  ri  think*  !»*•.!  I  r  »ni-r  «nd  -ijum  ni-tt  mikrtbetr 
imn  nuir-iiinr  irn*nni  ittr  a*.  nj;*iiini  *.  nW-r !  ind  »|ii.ir.iiMi*»» 
a*  wnit imu-  M  tnt  *  rl»t»»rfi  lint  lti.it  tin***?  DOVMrfea 
dionkl  dlil.Ur  tn*.i*jrc.  In  iilhci  v  vim  Ii  |  ..»t  •  *(«  '  < 

tM-t«">»l  t<>  be  IaII.ii.ixu>  and  fntiV      jtfatri*  the  mil 
tliey  aim  .it,  it.  a*  in>i|iiii*Mi<  .v  <*  i*  »gxm<i  r«itiinvin  •«•>"*■ 
CTi.tlt  fj  in  IQUMft  Mfl|  -kin  mini'   Ml  hn^flMUMfl 

Imn  «m-  Fa-*,»t  hto^w  rtiw  rfm  iWinMa  |m*«mmii  nf 

tuclt  tmp-nii-nn  wimlil  ih*t»et»rilh'  In  the  «d«- 
<uaid  I  hut  thrn  ih*  in^itHi  ;iri*#-.unil  H  i«t»«e  ikal  liA* 
l.rrn  ii|ptJi«ll>  a*kctt  i  if  .  -  an  life  1*  r#;u  Im .1*1 
■lU«lMl  T»"»t«i|i  tinr.inrfilniii*'l>  evi'>  Ml  Own- 
IIUMti.al.on  nith  M  IwfeWtf  Inrilllt  inmlvr*,  ***** 
tW  K»'d  i»™-tir*l  ihlnii.ti.i--  m  ran.Ottf  il  s"'" 
rmirmim*)  lmni«lu]i*.  nin»«nV  k*«-  -W*  mt*er»',  tk*t  tni* 
trmr  f-.  it<MiV|  entail  greJirr  miiVwIifit'  «kin  iSr  r\d  11 
Mtl  kbCVpE^mtl  ItHWlWJt  fiWllM  -akeof  .irgumml.tlut 
Il  1*  ca|wildc     M<  (kiln". 

I'i«f.  «.n  I'ttttul.itrr  111  liia  varnnH  VTrt"m»  ,H« 


•itKft<-i  n|  i|UtV.intir«<  h.i*  fully  arvd  1  UmHi  sutcd  ih«  ca<*« 
nnd  thru  |«rut-i)vi>nld  h.ue  niaicti»|lj  enh^htmed  nuny' 
ffltit  iLvmWn  i/the  Lue  Cuofeiunxc  They  would  «J*k> 
•'-ml  tttltioKwruin.^1  wli  i*  ttxy  imghl  k.ncfouiuj  akeady  in 
the  pNiMCBb  «f  ihe  fi^rmei  ti>ttferi  nre<i  m  Cuom.imi triple 
>nj  Vmni!,  vif.  tKat  ulic  <d  l he  .^//'  and  Jirtl  Attitt  nf 
tke  Si.iie  in  mdei  in  [xcsrnt  ami  check  the  9pce«d  n< 
t«M.lr«»  1*  a  /"A*  A'-  w.-r.*/  >  imj/>,ft,<n  Make 

ymtr  uiiliLiry  turvVm*  aa  *lrirt  at  lnu  |tlen*x.  «n(,  an»| 
ir  [w.:  1  all  l*.ifln  Ii*  rfji  ant  In^d  ,(*  iiiui h  a*  yon  like. 
fynug.il*  fam  tidnay  t»i»ellcT<  nnd  nmi1«  n*  <4refutJy 
and  tigitfuu-tr  a-  ntfuldc,  yni  will  lan!  krreby  UKeeed  In 
Uni^n^  .ill  .  iiiriim-.t-.iri. in  unh  .in  infected  ciuinlTv. 
I  in  Ihr  tilrwr  h.md,  g:»r  up  .itl  tb<»r  •tfly  nratt  haruiing 

timiUMiv  ,  1.  :  Werp  i  g  *  !•* \ f-,r  .nlected  «hip* 

lowing  t->  am  «f  ynnr  pmtm  4nMu  the  infected  |*r.mu 
iu  a  apcciAlly  tilled  tn.-^nl.  d.«infeci  the  akip  M<j 
*ilt.l.  .,  but  alhM  ihe  **-!  <if  the  pUH$90r%  *nd  rren  tn 
drtutl,  kerpin*  thrii  nunr-  .mil  mtilr«9te«(  and  notify 
Ihtit  ntni.il  lit  thr  vanllnry  autlMMtlu*  of  tl.r  |d.ire  thpv 
arc  b>mnd  t't  I  tirthcf  th-m  dm,  *r  tknt  yintr  duelling^, 
JTMN  VnW  MMl  air  i,rr  in  vinitary  rrS|wcu  longed  after] 
,ind  lh.it  rVlh  U  pnfnfjr  **  .[•"-'  1  "f,  nnd  ;.h»  will  lirreby 
hms  dom  uftti  t»  r.itnpjuhoV  with  nil  |ia^  s„d  **re*ent 
vvpcniiiic  in  Oldlt  f»  ikt*:'.  ll.r  rrnrnmr  tnr|  dr,»eininu- 

Ui«  uf  cMia    It  h  ad  tul  ,^  .ill  kand<i  that  jmefai 

in*.ia4l.u>  <i«mIKiii««  •4ituclUng<.  uaUT,  ,-inri  ■fcriM  the 
Mffaj  jHitaetftl  .dU*i«l»h.iri.i  wiilkiiii  '  1  ■  1,  eKnlera  <■ 
«*>  miaidv  M  -prrait  tM  tyjKiid  fct-ier. 

Thr  pnnnph  *  pi-i  mrnumrd  bit  pitajlljigi  ,hoi«  on 
whiththp  -imt.vi  .vnhoTii.r.  .»  th;»  a.wury  Itaraa]  h*en 
twxiHtf  m  the  p.vi.  -itv)  .in  wh^h  -be*  ans  nomg  rn  ilrr 
pf««W  Thr  H.m;et  ko  (Ma  .1.  aj|  |  k.-in  ttn|>.*rm'irm  ..f 
rh.ilrt*  ftmii  S|aiii  l*  gnr.HM-  th  .n  |/erhi|K  I.,  an,  «her, 
-enng  th»  rnirtninrr  riawnwiilf  ilhaiH  |  i|I>^(|m  betwevn 
thi*  mniitrt  ;in*l  t|ir  »  i<  ^nil  ^miii  «-.a*t  .*f  .Siuin  1  bal 
there  i  .m  l<  It'll*?  drtiria]  tkit.  ir  . !»  dera  ahoukl  utiinrtim 
oieJy  iii.p'itied.  it  r.in  nnit  a-unw  th  .  ^  I^Mte 
lit.iptirwin*.  ikiti  it  ha*  ni*ithnil  m  fi.inrr,  It.iK,  anil  thi! 
r*  b>  a>f>i  .i*»iuutng  <n  Spam 

If  one  rea.l'.if  the  unNpr.V.ddt  (ftfe,  mmlitton*  H*. 
•  "  '  '  "    '  -■'  "'*     itm  nme  ,.f  the  tdh 

unJiirhitrin  pt.i.fcdm^v  •  J  th«>  .mih»riiir»  in  rarnmg 
1**  .|inr  .utin.,nnr  mttiruird  n|  ihe  llencralwho  in 
tryil*;:  to  keep  orrt  a  p...iri M  enemy  U  jMUOm  up  >m  \hr 
fmniitt  a  frn  Hmnmy  oddirr.  n,|  l((>  c..,,,t  iw,  hl% 
.-iiltte  I  t«t  pMi  Alc  ibe  inti-riiK-  r*f  ihr  .roimirv  mil,  a  ^ 
IflN)  ind  ^itn*  The  t.  iiih  |»,  ,4  nmtW*  tt**f  ihr 
roctny  c-iniwi,  l<  )T«>«iu**i1  fnwi  ant<rin«  and  haw 
mend,  ^nrwuil  l<  ktp.  In-niovcrnmnln.;  .md  iln'aitJI-J 
ibi  1  mntry  ~ 


A  SATL'KAJJSTS  II  .I.V/^A'/.V^V  /v  r//> 

tT  z\  :UwAon'  "Nww  ».»*i 

1>I  >b.M,  6„„  ,„,,  a  h,„  >cn„iduji  *J 

tune  ht  ,he  K<,clii.„  ),l»n<K  j.„»,  S*muJ 


Google 


1*85] 


A.//V  7.7- 


3  I  0 


Ml  Tiiium-  i.-iut,  Hum,  nml   TtoWfc     In  Ui.i. 

I.  Hut  H.  iiml  Tiiimr  lie  mulr  r»!«.i,...n-  itilttul 
«  ilinut^li  iliifri.i.  i.itely  .ir  n"rr  lir  fiir«  i  ■-!■).! 

n.unnli>l»  :  jml  ,ii  lu  •  ■  Ik*  wllwwd 

i.I;  .mil  olixryll  iilttlliBi  ulh.  Inr.  If- i"il  «if  lii» 
l*"c«.ccdinsly  Inu-re-imj.     Ilk  »pcrM  itMttn 

Mnl.il  .lli.l  .  I Ki...t....i.-  il.        i"  ill iNlMflm  

ltfldr.1   llliM.ll  iMrc.nl   l-i ...  1 1<     .-.  II.. 

:ioti.  mi  ilic  lu.irinci.  nrul  ni-l"i"».  'Ik  m.ili^  .in.| 

II.  Mi.  of  l  lie  »ilf""t*  IriliMiltni"!.-  wham)  tir  It  .  .V.I 
,-llcil  mil  ••(  K'r.'l  ,  '"  ■"'""•»•••■•.•'■•'-• 
.llirui.li  r.ip„-c  ..r  In.  nli-rri  M .....  ■'  '  I  P 
,1,1c  he  ilin.lc.l  Mi  llir  in.i,ulr>  I"  »*fcW't»  <M 
<l  l.ilKch .  jii.I  iinln.il  I  •'■••!•!>  "•'[•-'•I< 
|»di><o,  -into  lllc  i>inliru>nii.  Ulmur  iii  l  .iiicih 
.Ir.l  In  Lilt"  ••    "«»  mf*F**i   I  I"  *t 

..ii.ii.-rt.il  clM»MiM  mil  •**  ii'»'«  amtfrO) 
j„,ni,  kmc*  iba  ti.nclM  w  Kit* 
,..  ,.,i..r  tlui.itmnctiri  •■»  iinujii  !■«■•■ 

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thr  it  ill*  In...  ••!  I  In    Ii^lil      Hr  *mtit  (Mivrii^  th.n 
NfUCi'MiU  i»  •  Aiuvl  \n  Ihr  •iBiult  tiw-.iii*  .|  im|x>>r  »f  Hit 
I  iJcmk  CTtfMtl  ><f  llm  ir.riJf.l  .lii.rr  Mil>i  I  lit  ii  .UfHmy, 
jn.i  «.".ilun  ilie  4<i"t  til  ttlwrif  the}  lull,  W/ti.  t\K  \Met7  ,tf 

fUtk  '**••  I  <■'•«  U  ,4  »  ilt.lt  pink  -  «J.wf. 

nfenwlb  MffHt]  ittt  rmr.im  L'Ct^i  (it  u^trc  ■.nrji/nl 
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NATURE 


[7*4'9,  1885 


in  ihr  drt.l.ip..u>nlal  lir*-hiW4ir>-  of        -t\    Tlic  titec- 
whelming  amount   of  evidence  which  hat  Mil  lirm 
obtained    nf   ada|i«atlttns  fur    Chars  fcnil.S.IIKin,  Itxl  in 
■'ill  -  nol,,  but  throughout  the  nli.oe  tctiei  of  lln 
plan!',  and  Ms*  aluiu.1  constant  asnn  iat.un«fitin.iii.j.*.s 
form,  cossw.  anil  minor  with  n.Llprarvins  fuj  iutr.  I  fertil- 
isation, *nv.'  us  hi  the  ronrhs.inn  th.it  in  ulmott  .ill  the 
an  adduced  by  Mr.  Korbci  w*  bate  specie*  .Itth 
swtre  no.  r  udajnixl  fur  insectdcTtibsali.,.!.     Il.pt  in  the 
Irmn:  »tmyxle  fur  cuttencc  net  t;>iiuy  itn  in  tropin) 
re**ioni,  m»exts  are  subject  perhaps  in.**  than  any  other 
Ctoup  of  organisms  to  snrcsstve  iluctiuiirms  rd  numbers, 
sometimes  ritlni.nal.fj,;  in  the  ci.mphr.c  rctrrmmatinii  uf 
species  .  became  Ike}  are  c.|uali>  l,..l»v  to  .mere  .tu  :n 
by  physical  anil  organs!  causes    by  adverse  seasons  I 
srhich  destroy  thetn  in  wine  of  then  earlier  tlagttx  or  b>  J 
Ike  exrcsss.e  ntl.11  is  of  inteciii.m.i,  animals  in  Instil 
their  final  and  prrntrt  MtM,    It  tn.i.t  therefore  often 
happen  thai  certain  species  of  insects  aliuc!  disappear  in 
districts  where-  they  are  n»ai)l)  al>utsd.ilM.  ami  If  any  | 
pinu  nlit  plant  ha>  h.nl  11.  flutters  „,  highly  Sfstsrinllted 
■  IK  be  .iiivc.1  fur  fertilisation  h,  one  of  the*  insects 
nob.  It  n,uciut,:..,ncc«l.<Kr  srnlr..  ,t  occasionally  produces  ' 
varlesieswhirharecapilaWarlffrnilitaluin.  ihcsp.-t.rs 
of  ..rinds  in  whirb  a  sere  small  pcrimt.igr,  of  rWrn 
proiluce  seed  capsules  am  evideoll.  tbusc  in  whlrb  the  ' 
special  miens  adapted  to  feitili.*  them  ha.e  lnronw 
either  uMupolarily  ur  permanciilly  scant,  and  if  that 
scartih  goes  im  mrfeasins;  one  of  thru*  things  tiiatl  1 
happen -either  the  dower  mist   become  trstdined  sn 
as  !■>  be  fenihscO  In  smite  rave  ohanttaiit  insect,  <ir  n 
mut  bernlue  rap.blr  of  setfsVTtiltsatum,  ,«  it  „„,,-  1 
become  eatinct.    No  doubt  all  tb»  time  cases  occur, 
bul  it  is  of  the  second  alone  that  ne  1  an  <ibl.i;n  any  tnnn 
ledge,  became  tt*  there  rami,  at  iti  ,»«r  own  ber-or.ftL,  I 
the  s*""l  atlraelmns  nf  con.piciaus  farm  and  c.J.«rr 
srhicbkiie  vet  ctatcd  tn  be  of  serine  l.»  the  species. 
Hut  rw>  nnur.il.cl  ..in  1U1CC  that  the.,-  atlraclinna  were  I 
nrKe  senrtvahlc  ;  and  vt*  are  ibsn  led  to  1  .include  thai  . 
all  such  Mitt  am  c-.  are  lurtiss  of  f  .mc  ttotul  tkgciic.tl,.,,, 
stsSu  h  nniler  .r\ant,isl  cordttinns  id  the  rfttinouociil  bate 
alfurdcd  the  »snl»  rutin.  <•!  prtafctl  In  :  1  lie  -tweie* 

Mr.  forties's  record  uf  In.  (Inner.,  oi.tiih*  -J  tiasel  lit 
S-imalra  ate  pcthapt  the  itwiti  inirr.-«tiug  |*.*t.oe>s  of  bit  I 
lunik.    He  brrc  mil  tank  fWlL-  of  the  null  ■narvsJkiiis 
lit  fl'i.  t.  ui.  ..|  iht  tr*c.*hlr  kiii.:d"«u    .(rain;?  parasitical 
Kttik-iai  e.c,  an  e<<  entrii'  tut  nh.ch  r.m  insderxftiund  and  1 
•here  pntiuced  11s  frail.  Jtru  sh'.t  int;  their  lops  abate  the 
iiirfare.  and  the  £itnt  arum  (.■|..i.-i/A'viV.ri'/a»  ItMitvm'.,  I 
t, .me  of  st huh  were  teicntccu  fsvt  I11/I1  and  nth  tuU'ii  | 
tn  fen  tit  mi  lu-%  111  rlrcumlercrtte.    In  The  ume  forest 
bsye  eanb-st.inns  raised  lubes  id  iu-mI  luar  an.1  a  hall 
niches  in  r  irrsimrerencc  and  ci^ht  'n.  bj..  It-^b  .  and  svetsr 
■o  ttumeroiit     In  rentier  the  uhtilt  surfai  r  id  the  ijiauud 
si  much  and  hnmmockr  as  Ikai  ..f  ■  rte»ly  pliiu<brd 
ntld.    Here  li«.  as  sacll  as  ill  J.11  1.  he  fuuisd  a  uomlcrfnl  ( 
sase  as*  ntintKry  In  a  ilaslm  svlncll  deceisesl  liim  esen  > 
•ecurvl  tunc  :  anil  he  here  obtained  Ihr  rare  ih*il*»f*rn<  \ 
''•"'*"ni.  perhaps  ihc  mutt  rh.TKcly  beautiful  .d  otl 
hullrrrliew    <;rJri.l  llaHTlni.  lltTT    fl  '.*.■"***** 
s>»r«>tt  scceirsi .  strange  unit. pic  itsmiil'lUs,  ami  iiluiv  in- 
lere>iina;  races  of  men,  combine  10  render  Sumaira  one  of 
•  he  linest  huntioaj-powls  yet  left  lor  the  naluraljil,  «luk 


..ter  the  Krcaler  part  of  a  there  ate  facilities  foe  s_».|  ,„ 
f.»  resKlcnct  raret,  to  U  fixrnd  „,  so  |in|E 
i.mntry.  * 
In  his  late,  aisd  m,»e  adtettturous  rtplnwi,,,,,  „, 

Tnnor  Lau.  o».|  Tin*,,,  Mr.  ,.Wb<,  rLipan  rf  £ 

h,s  stife...  I.,.l,  who  scrm,  ,„  hate  endured  all  ,he  rZJg 
ance^  priyalu-n,.  and  iagpn  „f  Mh  ,  jo,,^"'^ 
m,S  hoou,  fartnurfe.    Ahku„ch  the«  iilaivd7l«  ,„ 
lest  Iniswu  m  „„a,ali.„  ,ha„  „|mj.,  nDV    h  ™ 
.he   Vrilnpela.ps.  Kcm  «J 

naiuralhisl,^  u.»nl,^VK.     u  ' 

t ,be  r",vndJr,tt,"■" «" 

 the  colbxtions  were  «:anti  and  .1,™ 

freely  esidcsr,  the  cr^nttj.  ami  ,m  Xx  ,„„„„„,_  „ *g 
Mr  l  ..,bes,tu  a  limited  Hail  m(  ,„  „,s., '  *  rf* 

..f  mimicry  am.„,c  |.„.,.,  m  „h;cll  , 

o„,d.  muurcs    new  honey.u.  ker  ,  at  .1,,  corr^LU 

ins;  ipece.  .„  feram,  Hum,  fjikrat,  ,„d  Tntso,  T^L 
.oleresin;!  .as,  of  protect,,,  tol,  „ra„o„  al  JT 
-;d,,i!.r,,;,e.1.e.dedfmi,,.w>n,;;,r,  «^ 

state,  tha.  ,t  .at  «„l,  the  difficuj  /tia  eitkefbe 

«  In,  sbarp  e,ed  M.c  tersanl  could  drte.  1  thll 

,".ilr..tcd  while  and  da*  „-  Tl'^.0*™ 

J^fahe  ,,  a,  ^X^^ 
tin  .  nii.piriinus  plumsje,  and  mieltr  ulvTs 
h.,  ...theorv  „f  prute^tise  SC5*TtSilta 
here.  >  ct  it  tor,..  VM  it.  „  „,r,c  M,  ™  *  '«"">1 
».«xtl,  M  »M  Ihe  col.., £T3 
slsetiee.  .hid.  it  ^..p,.,,  l.".^^- 
tr..p-  ol  „n,  as. a  be  cmuph,,,,  t„MMiye  kal„7.^7 
ha„  another,  lu.tr.i.i.w, .  ,f  |k.  m^„hltl  J  £*Z 
a..,  ,  .ores,  fodgnarn,  .us  tl„,  ^u„„  JJg    '  JJJJJ 

The  baity  snirnct  ll  Kh.t'^VTmta^ 

tc.ll.r.r.1  :  -h,le  the  Olo,         "      "'  T'"""" 
Oif^mh  ****  mad,  and  '  o  '  L  ' 

 -  — -'^^^ZZZXl 

Ihc  lj*>>k  K  «n  the  ul.i,l» 

*<  .i.c  rettu,  .,„ r'  2fi!i*a 

k  » I-",  c  .„c  mm..  ',  ;'  .  ;.,r. ^,ht^ 

|«rt  of  it  ate  Ihe  ill»,,,.,ti,J  „ 7T*'.-  I* 
'm.a,  to  be,..  gS?^^l^^ 

sr.|.hi.  I...ll„,,;,ea«,r.„„     .'   "V  "*  •'"•aailKo. 

scetwr,  b.    ha,   ...  I  """"'""•BU 

eoecUsW  kffi?  Je^S  "  5  — 

•ft*.  na.,.«  are,  h,.»ete,  ?,„      ,,    I-'TIH.  «f  .u,, 

risr  ^ o^'r"  ^^Attel 

.h..b,.olt  a.a»Hfol  "orlsofrrfrtc.,-,,^  »«'«lae»f 


Aims  i.  R.  Wat  i  »ri 

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xi rem-: 


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il»  ami  C-nWtiB** 

ulenl-  prfl'arin,; 


aj.ijiioI  Oh  i  «  i" 
and  -mini  i»  lhr  Rufilmam  ■ 
f.n  tla-  (Xaroii.tiiiiin- m  Ht„»-'ir 
and  Art   I »e|v«imci>l.  .Vc    "l  Aci.lrc* 
K  K  S.  K.  Fit  s 

."„,  j    II.. ......  Murhy  > 

.   _        *  _t fa -fa     IWI'M    '  ' 

iiwl 


(|,,.nil«>t»:  l-nii^twiv-,  *  <ictT>, 
\V.  II-  Outm'UJ.  M  V,  M.l» 


"The  Ltw«  t4  llnhll,'  by  IW.  CorheU.  M  U  .  it  ■ 
t*tv  »nlu.ib*r  liiitr  «i«k.  *ml  j»ltlvi:jih  m  nr«in».llv  in- 
»ci«lrtl  i<»  fi« m  n  cUm*%*A  f"r  the  Science  *t*l  \rt 

I  irji.ittrornt,  i«  admin  Mi-  .iitar**-!  1m  tin*  pirp«v»*.  || 
nuM-all'*  nrailv  .ill  il  -i*  II  >•  imit— »ir»  lit  Iltkik  in  a  vrrj 
•  in. ill  ivaii|xi»k,  I  ml  l«..ri  thtiiit/lnttll  tlir  imjnr-*  iif  lW 

Utah  n  nfiiiiii  tiiuniK<m»  iinl  (it n  I.: nl  Vnn<«lcd|:<-  ••(  '.he 

Allltr.lt      Tilt*  ihl-JilL-l  ill!  SftLlU  I'iIX  V-MlUM!*-*!  c% 

I  -;n-  i  ii'  i   *:  I .  Jtnl  Ilk  ;iV  i.  IK***  ttf)     "(l.I:  -:u'jI 

-  l  hr  I'iiiii  i|ilffS"fli  .i;i<  in  ,'lw  \ll<n  C.ilC)  .l'  R.li.S  . 
Is  •nih  <»f  MbM  ibe  iir  t  «r  dctWMi.ir>-  «*{e  in  II vj*ne 
•if  if*  t>f|uniiM:m,  ,ilihmi(;h  it  h  *■<  «•  *nieil  in  the 
(•fCl.icr.     I  hi-  IHhM.  i*  mth"i|l  i!lu«tnrll(WM(  .1  gre.il  dri*- 
•  Ikit  k  ii«  lietnenury  vtuiWii-u  ;  >nil  1  -i*-*!  tW.it  »f  tpa<c  n 


jtcvueil  i>>  nutlet*  ft'  mily  Mrnni|.u>  im|H>Tuncc.    Ii  rt 
\ppl:cl  f*  I'uWm  llr.iltlt.  ,  ihi-rehve  imi  n>*trtnel|  *« Mq4  f-r        CNN  of  rrirJen 
■.      It*   *  r»nc _» iuircl„*nt»  of  lhr  r .lemnn.it>  .i-vd    k„|MI(  1|(U^nin, 

(a  tlie  *s.«r  1  Scien^caiHl  An  ln^mncm,      -  |  he  l'f.i»ci|.lo  of  ll.^nr;  f„  R  F.  WHlMdHVi 

and  C.  I  .  ./-.^.w/W/Wfc""*  "> 
-..t*.   !  >  ...r,|v  ,1  H"1"  'f'1"'  '»«".lc>l 

It  b  i«i  r-wniui, 

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nl> 

ami'Vc...!  .'''-;  " 


the 

icnl,   S..»ih    Kc"',."^|lW  lhc  i.ui<»T  Uc  i»i  m  > 

that    "'•«   ""■>          ,Kll         ilICtr  »l«>iW  '« 

tirW>  .  inti.^  br 


In  firt  Ii.*" 


rrm»r 

«•  ro-»i;n',i<'  ||lc<1  „,|,«t 

,v    ,,0—0-*  ,„.,,  |  .hDiriiliy  m  .npvnrins 

trlnted  '"  •  _„  ,,MI  ,]„.  thftv  ■'  ™ 


1  thai  n.iiii;"'- 


.lid 


  ,  And,.- 

.  Kl-f  •  , 

i*"1""  '1  f  1  ,;„i,  ,c  m  '  • 


M.I  I..  IkSc  C  I. '"i'l  -V  Cimk.  iturniled  fur  the  u*e  nt 
»liKtmt<  i4  .i0  ihrri'  *iagr»  1  In  Sirme  10H  An  lie- 
l»*rtrmnt.  It  U  nl*»  \m  nrll  •mini  tm  the  |in-|ur.itiim 
«if  c.mdiiL-ttr^  f>^  lhr  I'nivif.iu  Lx^iiiinaiinnt  m  I'nhltr 
Ile.ikh  W>  frtii  *nr.ik  lnt*W>  "*  wiirk,  »hi«:li  "in- 
Mirt*  «nnnil  *m<l  n««fjl  iiifiamslion  «n  eiery  v^bicct 
n«M^ir>  f"r  ihr  »lnt%r  ■  rniiv.,  xtiil  is  wcl!  up  to  the 
Ute»t  lni|T»«vnnml-  wtti  MM  yrnrr-iPi  rrteurti  >v|iini>^t 
hi  the  »oe*f»!  nf  ■luclt  it  trr.««-  In  *nir  Mj union  it  u 
|tri>M|>v  hdlcr  i«l*|itpt|  fur  tbr  «dv«nretl  .um!  h»r»«iir* 
.t^li  tiK  ihin  fur  the  Wrmrnt.irt.  *•>  ~mtr  pin*  nin-nJcil 
fur  ilic  l.iHer  are  M«nr*h.it  nctv||fi«|y  <nm|ile«.  fbc 
r  h.ijuci  1^  \  1i.1l  M.iuaici  h  l<krV  M  be  eMrettirh  u«e(«l 
tn  the  L'mvertin  t .milliliter,  thu  wne«hjt  •.liikitk 
•nliicvt  be«ne  fcrn*  .•!•«*  HM|  inlellt;enil>  tr cited 

"  ll»;iiw,  j  M.itut.il  .r  |V*«mil  ,1  -I  I'uWu  Heilib," 
|„  \  \r».W<linr,  M  l»  LomIi  i-  kp  nell  HHMNi  f«r 
•lUilcnt*  «i  the  flcrnml.in  jti  I  iih.i^ceil  fct*s*"»  Tliry 
4.||i>ml  lure  .ill  lit M  ihcj  rn|Uinr  if  Lihw.  hi  mR  r.t«i|y 
««9imlUt4r  fiitm.  UV  ihi  iM*t,  l»Kirwi,  jr^tee  «itk  l»r. 
VVi.l<on.  I  Ve»  *l",l»,<     ifcMdlWJ  I  ftp  "  r%MMH  I  '  ••  •h  im  .  *  ijhltllMjy 


„  hc%Wi«l*"'J«Kr,,Hn'  "5? 


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■  »nr  !•>  lie  "  "'innit  n.lril,  -iinl  MM  MMMM  n  n!r»  -ith 

1li.1t  «<f  tvHMM  1*  licit  npjtyMfciwj,  In  net)  «thtr 
jkipllt  itit  rartjrrT  t"  iM^  m-»tc.|  l«  iSr  Aiiilim,  kit 
wart  ilt  -enr.  .1  **  -h?  rvewUHH  «ii.rx*l  tl<r  Mimif 
rr-utiet*  i* lhr  i^min. 


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*  «'"' 


acrt.  f..i.lii.l'^. 

„.  V.i.  ii 

tfcrflfcfll"  


(Wfll  ROOK  SIIF.l.t 


TAW 


Imi  ill. 


.1  n>  I 


rl.l* 


in 


Uc.iral.le  n«      _„„.„  H  

iisclW" 

good. 


/•.  f  »•!  ..  t',.*./,,/.t/.  ^..»„aiA- 

,11.  ..'I  rJLl'Hf  'k.l  'mMm, 1 1  '., »'•>/»»..  Ajy,,,,,,. 
/.  .•      II)    |:-.i.|i-»  me  Allim,  M  A      »  «mln>l-t 
imthl-w.  IVj 
.\.  ibc  •t.nii''-..i.,ii*.       «bK^  llii.ni.rk  i*  inn.iiUil  t>. 
imi  |Mir.  |nl|ill.  ftfillJ'    lr.|^.il.   nli.il  ql.  .  ilV.I   1  in  ln|  . 

m*  Ii  im  line  M—h'h  -xi  ffflinun  HMiMH  >.n  lb* 
I       .'I  >.rn-.iti'.  U  .I     II*..  I.AI      ..i  r«r.|'i.Uil  llul  .lie 

.«,..|lll.U  <*»|W«    I-".'.    V.        |.,|..  Il.-lll|,...y 

,.  .1.  .11  Ja*  '<«  ■  <  ">  "'   1  "  .'li'f.  I-         lliat  .4ti 

nmMM)  .w  ir\i ,.  —  |  i.i".  i  .i-  r-firf  in  if  »it»irf«iiiui 

■  if  CX*I,W.,, 

It,.  .-..-It.  |...     •!  '  •  .(.M  ••■   "I.   »^b..l.l  thr 

tnr..rl»»        KM  I"         '•  *•  ,|M»I.J  t>..m.liri  .If..,,.  |„  ^  „ 
|„..L.  a  ofi.  rfh  .«»  1l|.  m  ll»-  rr»..ilin.,:  iU,mrt1), 


.  lit.  Ii  .ik  ii  ""■  |mJi  ,„„.  ,s<  ...  .itr  .......  il.  inm  i  >t.ll>-  nib.»ijni 


4 


WkJ 


AW  7'1'A'/: 


m-v.ter-,  jmmI  l..r»«rv  |w^c  lt»n*»  |ir.r.i.c  "  Jimp  "  Tlir.t 
arr  nieviU  wUtrti  tin'  c4ih*  n/htlj  .i|^-i*wti*  tf 
hmittlf  '  whicll  lie  il      Iti  lr«  iNel.ne 

On  tht  "Inlet  tu^cc.  '#  onitnr  /•.•£•*.  owni  |W  "rcfcf- 
cikci,"  saving  inc  pii|*l  the  S*utHl  miitowc  i>t  lu/niiit; 
hacW  pM  l»  In-.  |M-.nif  -tii  ii*  gruuri'l  m  »f<  "  •l«r. 

I»  •  I*.  ADil  Ibt*  Vilod  *  ■trt:  m  i»  r*irirO  «m  t«t  I*«o|l  48. 
*>n  tll.it  if  tlii-  DM  iVtin't-Mi  Lm)  «i*le»!  .UeHtnlo  each 
praputitiutfl,  ll  miulil  lust  tern  tir<ntf«t  f<itr-ri^ki  liinr- 
ami  CVCT  V»v»l  «I  liaif  jrCClcU  I  tic  tlio&M  mill  1  1  llt*1| 
*  Heir  we  an,'  .ij*.iiu  *  " 

bm  lhn  11  *  fault  -unl- f»  *ll  tin-  m.i  ln*»k  i.uM  V 
nrintnl  «r»  unr  -ulv  <•(  -*  net  !■■<  uiirVirWv  ft j/e  -  n  h  *  h 
Mr.  Ameti'j  ho.it  tnuit  lie  *««aii;ni  !<•  *hair  with  mir 

**  f<r\i  Hililr  "  trft  i«tt- 1 .  Iti  .a  t  «nil»  .t»  "  *U.e  "  f->r 
ihr  \  >  .  '*  MfUBj  " 

lhilnvk  the  "  rrforvmc*  "  enrno  a  »«r>  cikvoiii  riiUccimn 
•4  ralrrt.  We  lu>c  Linked  ui  %Uv  ImUnwi.  ml*-  i»f 
mittr**,  but  it  *uolil  bf  dmiitf  Mr.  Aflicli  .1  mi  jcrcnt 
tujiikinc  if  *v  lunfuu'il  iwr  itlniMiiHi  (11  oil  the  #>rtv 
iviitmcei  Ik  hit.  |)<m  i.;.:u!«-  la  r.i-t  ihr  imm-Ic  ■  ■!  thu 
<!.<>.  f'  -imli-ni",  irf  utv>rn  At**vt  i/rii/rl  tvfit/mfrt}  ut> 
hue  e\|»rtn.thr  ir  lim»  |*Mt.   in  £«tiili;  ii|i  itm 

I'J  I    :  MlllJOCt. 

Tin  11  nt limit  there  it  rAetit)  ul  <->.U  m  j^ilwilfiW 

and  ii!ii«u.iiimii  :  ihr  i..»m  ni.  *rc  ^t •••»)>«. <)  in  »•  c  1  i-.ns  •>( 
*r*ty«:i -flutter,  .1*  tl»te»  1  ind  mnvurv  uVp«i-m».  *.«  jrv 
the  iWfUrni-.  bj  MCtmnt  **l  ,ls<*e ;« *  wmqlivfc.d<lian 
iht  lua  UKtMy--it(  |ntrmvi|K<n*  In  f«  1  miiltitij  .-, 
•1 4fn|K.«1. 

Ti>  irtiini  i.i  ;Imi  drV.ct  |u^t,thc  r^k-r»  M«  fi.:cfxlli^t» 
varied  j&l  ih-D  ji^iI,  tmi  nre  uhiinl  tti  i|r,iw  »Hti 
ihr  inn  lli^cn-i  .»l  J  IS  .^hl/nl  (*^|iil  ,f  >:m1iuii  hiih  ««r* 

the  *hmI 

If  thrftf.i  tn*  tic  ttf  |K-  -hxwii*  "  l  l.inniti-  mnx  ht 
edited  M  wkIi  h-li^h,  hi-  mminciiit  Mt.  Atn»1l  -  clitimi 
lolhiiM-  «|m  Mrifg  U  -pn.),,  .1-  lirhrrr  -  ;.(iUi!, 
ftehlik:  ■  mi. ir.  1  il  )h*l  it  1  In  1  1.111:1.11  mirier  :he  -|»i*»," 
with  lllf III.  ltieii  Ihr  .iinh  .if  -ClHIltllr  I.  rk>|  |X0.<| 
work 

A#M*ri   A  S/riiAc  S*to*4      tm**MM  (*  HvM 
Litmrutaty  .WiU»/i.    Jtf  Vim -mi  T.  MuilIu'  l,tft* 
do«.  IUjkL^  iihI  Sm,  1883.) 
J  Ml  pvcl.ii*  lo  ihU  Imli:  M.htmr  -.i.iic  tli.M  -ilw  ihr.c 
bn,x,  «h*h  fum  tb*-*  McHrJ  w  rmiiK»ir«IK  .  MMatm1* 
.....I  nut  u-o-Vnl,  f.tr  Si-itli  KVn  \*Xtm  Kii* 
rm»      A*  Imit;       ihr  laihnt  conlinr.  hitnu'tf  In 
fMrt  nf  \hf  Kirnre  nli^h  lv  (n  our  ■•iii.tMiii.  I»      ,„)  im^I 
M  fm  mi 'nil  ul  it.  h.  LI.  hi-  "thJIIv.rvi^fimeiiljIittftlMW' 
NU)  hm  i.n.KiWji  ^i.h  iu  .Tttmi.o./^.Hnl.ful  ir..l,ts 
Tbc  M.i  f.inv.  y|,t  iu^..«bHlbbc  Je\.H^  m  i-kUtitM 
IM.-ia,.r.-v.nrc«nKrktiti..i..,n.-  NKOmM,    \\e  m... 

WWwbfcHm  iVj.Ki.-r  DMM  I'm.-  ten  u 

gffffl  '.^^..ai  ......  tmmmm  uk! 

Ihr  fat*  hi-  -.kc»»  hr.iMM  tlUtt  .feed,  |,r  m  tl*.  ,t,  „ 

5tt3rJ?tf  a  t ;i ","  ••"•'"<-'  1-  s 

■>w«Hi>"    n  ^L  .'L     ''T""'  <,">*     "«  l>n»»-  "I 

iSrStoL  „!  -   >  ""  '>  "»•.'«  ««"  •••«"«i. 


 [?"fy9.  1885 

maiiMM -d  ..„  1     i.,»ir  („rmi  „r  ,,fc,or> 

■W8)  .,r.  ...ii  ilK  .„„,  criur.  .'  r  o  ll. 

Till,  jiiiifnnl  lull,  m.iir.u.i,,  illc  l,|uh  t|ui.rl«  u  I 
Iwmlit.l  |.<c,        m.  luJ,.,  ...,„,  r,..|..       .  '   „'>  h1' 

gjS «» S  SiTStal  SSifirS! 

S.  II.  S.  Dnif«.  H.lni.HT-a(.Li,.,  I,.   '  ,•  11 

 *q*  raXUM  Ml  ,r„,.„L.  X£i  '>  1  *  V."'" 

-Sotlol;  k«  MH  HCCIld;  «.lr:ll^  In  lllc  L.wndl. 


Lerrr.Ks  to  tuk  tuuroH 

t~       »»■■■■  I  .        ....  -  ,ifj,  .  .  ,      "  "«r^w, 

.    ..^1  VM.MI/A.NI, 

•'  toy 


•■  An  E«rlh.|„.i,  Inucmioii 

Willi  win"'*'.'  '"  .llr  . n  !.-»..-       il(u  . 
mat',  N»IVM  (>»l  •«•.      Ji.i..  «,;!        ...  ' 


D.  «»'s5j 


A' ATI  'A'/j 


—3 


o  .r..(  ....  •!•■•<  "    „„,         „„, ,.  .1  .,. 

*»-■    >«    .l.fii., •*-...«•  ....-««•-  • 
*         ." ;  '  ,.  li-  it  i.i  .4  ••••l'      I  l"«f 


-*   ii,  I,   I  u.  iiiy  !•  »**  <K?v  J,,'i 


■  Jt.wn.-i  •»«••».. i  .  .i.  l  li-Ut.1,  Mr  Mw'*  iht  t*>t 
c«w  tW  Vm.in-1.     U-    •i.n.iin        j  j  mint  m  l.T^ih, 

1*.   II  If  li,  \     M  I'.,  I.  I  llin*    K  ft  'lilt  *mr    u  Ihc 

J  ili  tiriitifM  nv-  .J  il>.-  ni*i  -u»t  Hiatal  ■lu>«i)  nn* 


l  *  »\l  H  lift* 


l|  |.v  f.  3.lil>-  l»  '1'^„l7|\,.,,.™iM.lU-  0»t  •**  H, 

.   !_.«>■■.  .1      I  ...  ■  '   T...H     mikli  .  »  r  ll.tl 


$«*UOIM 

I  I  It  a. II..  I  til  i>vi!liiv'i  h^l  i//imi/i'  *'M  ii 
ifltgtllv  *".»•       i"'mn  '•*  "I  ...  lw        fin!  *V<  tmtne 


n  thai  »  ••»-»»•• 
i  ii  ii  ■■  if  »  ■ 
II  Imp  t«  •  t*l>  ' 


ICO!.—  " 


C  ui.i.  t","-l,'7^V„.i  i..   ..-<..    -  1 

M  .....  «/; .1  I.,  -  -•»   1 


lIl'iM  III    *"  J**}'         '  I 

uitint*  i«i- •) 
...  in      ^  1  1  '  •• 

,n...  ;>.'>'  « 

Occurence  ^  L»-r«n<  lf  AbuJ,.„ 


.-  r-.i  .|  I 


!  tin  Mdlm   .i  *  ifii  lli<)  urn  j  4.  ivj*. 


.  .in.  (U  pui\.        t-.*tuili  "  I .  H»S 
i  <)■->  i|-[.t.jjti  u  •••»■  vi.iitf  In  *lnt\> 
-    ! -  III.)  .ii*  iHUrr*if£''lnMt«  Cttitl* 
I,  j»b1  n  i  tLli«i  In  t  usj3U4Mly-f<*  mil 

*#A  *«C«  I..IM  <^n  in  Jiaj.  uitckillCr 
f4M  H  ftif  iLut  «*Tilt.i|>>  .In  t>>|  k.v.h 

l<>. It.  *,  >«n  4i.nl.iti>  itttiii  Im  l'ir  tin-i^ 
Viyli  -t.tm  •  I  '.til  l>  »..(  uivwitf  in 
im}  >^'ili»4l  tWif>  i»  Hvt  .iNitM  nf  iMdl' 
■ 

ptplmi,    1 1-  liii     iiu  ptfmni  inaUt 

•  ti.ll.iW,  into*  ibv  mjll-.tV  ncn  llu 

mi  in*.  |  ta**  r»-.-,»  ti>  ifc*-  BWfnM  »l  «ir 

1 

■ 

nv  -<t  i*-n  ii  »**.!»  *tn  iim-  In  wtiw  fm 


,  i sum        n';1    .      i  ....I  « 

 -i   <1'  "  *'n \i    |ui  b, 

fe£?  """I;;;.; 

mebo-  »  *.  ,- 

.11.  .«<  ..,„  -i,.  . ii  " 


in  i'" 


■ 

1  in  f.  \S  ,\ln\  UHmOM 


Mi 


"Tht  l.vilun.iii  o|  Vrcctilloo 


N 


I  I' 


M     ww  -  -  - 

'  III.  I 

lir.i  1"    ,   1>,.|,,  «.■.-•»  "  '  ,,  ,,  , 

«»*r"  '   .mi, 

J,..v  


•  l*'^'  »     '   ..III  It  -    I  *  I 


I 


AW, 


JJ4 


A.i  i I'M/-: 


[7*fy9.  1 86  5 


Thcinr.fi  fiuvr  lldl  ib "foul  *i*4t"  Ki»  an  mimou.  tied 
Bfun  thrtf  Utile.  ft»t  «lw  W«Mfli  ihrfl  >jLt  of  uhr  Uii  h  tif 
M)  l(  loMibln  tm  MOM  i  Murrli  uitl  iWt  ift  nyiwu.  Tbl» 
y«*r  I  hive  litd  ir.d  (till  Ime  «m*f  «4  «ln  :>cam-«ii*  »n<lii 
■fiMHipIc  at«vjl>i«.  mi*I  |  mi  »rr>'  m*— ««  iu  kii'W  if  lliey 
h*K  *l*e*Jy  tma  the  *ulftxl  •fitiuinr  mh|b*y,  m  hi*  t  jihI 
fttxi  infMiiuli'tK  •  ibe  ilnri-T  n-l.*  il  a-Vo'i*  uf  iWa  >l<dtiit «. 
'Sfeeiurrw*  Sen  iV.  H  MUilwU 

Coir.poa.te  !■.■!!:  .  1  . 
It  i>  iifjoI  unk«iuiu<r.  Nh  ah  »t>i»»*  b»*t.  th»  in  Hir  <h>Ml 
of  OMflMbl  I'uiliiiu  of  Ato«=iU*»  iit<i>M!it«^  m  Nt-tua**** 
Jmt  i$.  Ugh.  2  Mtt  J  fee  in>|«t*wi|i«  li«4ii  •*«•  will  tht  *juh« 
•eyitur  Nut  mill  *iv  t|tt>  <lii>t.  Nn  iliry  ,»tfi-.ir  iIm  >mic 
peC*lMiKi?s  i«n  tbt  mhtf  'tvlrft*  II  It  Idr  IH*  mi,  iImJT 
■wM  Htir  !(•  Iibjw  M  »lil*W»  the  -U*k  k  I*-.*  fiNM'tVI  Vfut 
**th  Kitfi|}c*  i  i'-r  II  it  MiioatN*  ,n.t  it  /a  1'kiiiKiiin  |-ifi*iii 
l»n  •i.ir<r*>«<r«  wliijti  .«<  i»luiinA-ii«t*ilOc.  t«  wlul  |><i|i,a<  l. 

C  M.  ISo.LtM 


tMf&£$C&/CT  CAVST44S  of  CffaOMAT*  Of 
tor ASM 

*T*HK  jippeATAme  <A  Ml  tftW.MTl  |"Htr  ■»  Nmvm, 
*  ml  MXti  |v  n>;,  tndntc*  im*  u»  i«flrj  «hiic  aiUli- 
tion.il  rcimtLi  un  ilu.  itiMvct 

In  the  dticniMiv)  tluc  (.ilbmril  Ibc  rtailat£  *4  tm  nipt* 
Ml.  LriMifceF  referred  to  tht  tfatjl  MtfiflpMt  (ymfil 
cvhibtlt^l  In  v|i«U.  .U-cnbetl  in  In*  |U|irr  j  Pm  .  AVj'. 
.Va  .miI  i,u„  lliii  (lAjH-r,  tlni't^h  it  e.iiue  before  me 
At  ihr  tunc  when  it  »i»  icil,  u.i»  mil  in  in\  rnit  <l  «lii-n  I 
wnxc  mi  i**n  I  ntkil  tliuctlv  ..f:vn«4itl»  M  Hi. 
or*  ill  %  |  lixix*.  a  nil  •,i"t  |hr  *.  |»t «  i  i  >i|  ln>  trills.  > .  ji 
I .  -  „c  th.it  there  t.e«  MtiTtncntAruuinl>lditlie<  iniuimnh 
itccist-0  ttln  th.it  tht?  culmif  |  hi  ibr  i^il  ore  due  to  lit* 
lube*  in  tin*  imnt'iAl.  «c  iv.ii  .i<  Ok  thnr  ominit 
lh.it  the  |ilicri.Mittn.t  omfd  be  the  uuw ;  uni'  Jl  e>«  fur 
Ihfi.  I  »limilit  iefi*in|o  h.ise  inlotc  tn  tin  iu|hi  .i  refci- 
etii.c  to  that  »i  Mi.  CiiHikri 

Mr.  CKoVe»v.i»  m  v-MhI  a*  ti-  Irfiil  inc  Ml  ■jrifc  Kto 
muie  kttureh  -tiidj.  Hie  dtrtlirr  c\.iirun.itmn  hut  *» 
unpfc»«Ml  ii ir  dhIi  ibc  kiituUiiu  *if  charKtcr  i>f  '.he 
ipcctM.  tiui  I  4tn  stron^lv  itikfuWit  hi  ihittk  ili.it  the 
illfs  of  (he  «i|kiI  Mtt.l  thine  of  die  chliiMlc  vi^rt^U  in.i) 
lw  ilnr  1  ■  the  uw  iim      I  II  >  o.ir  I,  tnueli  i.  k».'l 

iiw  In  attribute  tuU.-.  uritrU-  :o  the  chiorjtL-  cnrkabi 
tbe  .triKtiirc  uf  wtutU  cut  camrurjlncfi  twil*  be  iii.mW 
■•■a,  l«it  ii.  doubt  i«>  eir.itlv  the  theory  »lnch  .ilmbutei 
the  «,&ur«  or"  opil  to"  tIftr  tniwi. 

Mr.  Mml.in  iloe>  nut  i-mu-.,  ti.  hmejetiulty  Ken  In 
Iht  chlnr«te  .  n  ■;..!-  jiitfi  tnbei.  ti*  be  wiioiw*t  tn  ruiL 
Ilnr  K»iU  I  •«  anything  of  the  knuj  nn  e-IJJWtHlfli  »mnie 
of  the  drMw  I  b.ive  cut  After  the  -jirc.ir.iiiirc  nf  lili 
|..;,-r  rlj,  the  ulher  hnul  I  inoie  th.it  UlMjUTgg 
mil  »uie  tint  |ie  hitl  .iLlu.illi  xeu  the  i«|ij»»^ciS  tube-*. 
Inn  ii-ictvU  inferretl  lNe>r  e\Memc  f|o*n  a  i.ilii|un«uii  nf 
Ibr  *|i|ieir.mie  mnki  iWtn..»'.  luir  of  tbe  pre1  mil-  ,i|xl. 
null  11,11  uf  h)illu|ill.iu*.  Anil  Mr.  Ctm4te»  Idb  »ne  lll.lt 
»n  op*!  ts  nut  seniiled  or  .inix'leil  lo  l>euy  innnerMiJ  l« 
■rater  or  eien  iil  fbc  fail  bj  lli.n  It  k  ettirmelY  ihrTii  nit 
l"lll.iU  out  what  ill*  Arfual  •litM.tuie  l»  wilb  nli^h  tie 
have  to  deaf  in  the  ia-e  >4  iIk  ujuI.  tdnfMAj  I  ■IJ| 

ul  if*  •  Morale  tf]  Hal.  II  n  ueauiil.ik.i1ur.  Miilnne.,  In 
the  i  uf  the  thlnrate  iti  ilal»  llirre  i.  a  womleil^l  urn 
lueiruti  In  the  |ihemn:ur.i'(.H  viimi^I  b>  the  mi«c  trjital, 
cxlcmliii^.  it  um       „vcr  nr.nK  llic  whole  i<  lira  a 

■Dpi  n>!i«l  nkmim  m  ibr  awl  if*  ntaM  otanat 

iiiitiroaiatnely  muJI  |MlcUe.  :  amt  ei«  a  Mmjle  I"'""  n 
seen  sniler  the  tuu-to^uec  lo  lircsenl  illttemlei^ of  ilwe- 
tuie  In  ililfeieiu  «  firm,  if  Ihe  toliior.  in  uf»ll  aud 
tho^  m  the  chlowe  erywtjiK  arc  rcallv  iluc  lo  a  »iui'lar 
cauic.  it  ftemi  niwh  nkire  likch  tliat  a  if^ly  ^  thn 
|ilirn. .iixi  ,  „|  i he  ehloiile  rnilaJ.  "ill  lhr"»  hlfhl  »n 
thoieuf  the  u|iul.  than  that  the  iifieiwmcna  of  the  up.il 


tbadd  fwniih  the  bey  lu  the  tviilaiuiinn  of  die  colour. 
<rf  lh«  rhbirare  cryuals.  * 

In  liuth,  :   I       how  tbe  Mm  ut  HkM,  If  nul, 

there  Ix  in  tbe  nfxiU  ooulri  nccuuol  Hir  tbe  lifurwiuen  I 
MlwuceialK  fnr  the  leii  netuliar  lKc,  trtim  exhibiiKi' 
IP*  iupi.„iti»u  ,,l  llir  e\t»lero»  of  row.  uf  tube,  lemii 
one  to  V.,k  m  the  Unci  li.m  of  anfuciiim.  Bin  1  J„  nllt 
m  ho.  MMdnHll  ffght,  or,  a.1  leaK.  hirht 
mrmrxflrueruM,  ,an  be  obunnd  by  JirTmction  iS 
Tien  imtependralli  nf  thi.  . oii.iiScritincl  there  It  ,„„ 
feai.i.».rf  di«|iruilueliuii,»  clou,  m  ,bt  Lhlorale  cnt- 
la!i  ulilch  ihim.,  at  once  .mil  dcenuvly,  thai  al  lea*  ,n 
/»V«  cum  the  <uloun  nnn.il  be  due  tn  ililfraeliaitt     If  ,„ 

ri.ut»e  ol  handle  u,  »  daik  nx.ru  be  ne.e.I  bv  rclleenin 
m  ,t.  It  ,»  fuu^illha,  tlre  Ufm  i,  >etu  i„  the  iiieec«i«W 

he  re.-nhily.ijeJee,.,!  |,K»,L    ,„  f,a  llw  coJoulr(| 
lorn.,  a  Mil-defined  Vm*,  of  ,hu  n.lroe  1>f  ,,  j^Jg 
""K!,,,r":  »i'  fj ■"«U,.,.nK.  the  clourlew  imiiw  dui 

-.  rnlcetiuo  from  the  6r,t  r.iirf^e.    I  |,rfei.  ahcSelhei 

fiou,  *hal«Tj;ct  in  the  »  n,jnnc  or 

motl*,^  pearl  ,n  l.abiaxl.K  Hur.    It  a^e"  ,o  f  ,  »\th 

I-  1  lb'  col  Al^l*  ede 

l«.n  by  eenam  qu..l-i»,talltt  ..ilmaluc,  ,u,h  LJ*  J,r„l 
i**,; «  •»>".''■•  n.-l.  the  (.rodueliun^uVo^Tr. 
IbcK  Ihlce  <a-e,  ..  du  hree  lotalti  *Ek*M  ZSk 

Liloni  in  the  thbirate  of  pcaSl  emah  t»  in  •  Ve,.  ,h.» 
•Mn  -.al.rn  :  and  I  en.cn.or,  „ly«M  bnle  „  lidotb,  a 

Urn  of  the  ;>uitr^<if  i««.iiji>,»ii.iii  in 

11  »»   »  lw  ^oe..,,..„,  „  ,„K  2  , 

....l,l...,l>  Mlar^inad*.  M  tSSic.^  bao-th  an  Hhe 

tr.imvii.rii;  .in, dim;  about  n  t„        i..,„„,  . 
..,11  I  liinhtrmr  uiHm  ,.  hen-  "  !"«■«• 

In  ion.  hiu.il,  I  "ouJd  ii><Tii,.m  an  imereuirur  an 

«-n,e>I«.i.,,,...itilcN  , 

a  tup.  nf  «t„.  h    ha.e  brM  revri.eU  b»  ,be  bin EZl 
the  audi...    U  thU  p.1)Jct.  tt,„tll  „  ^S^jffrtJStW 
~  r.  .M. «  )*>  Mm.  rai"K.  A.  .i 
£»  nali  ulli  nn^.u.iaoed  ..i.,   if  S!  **P> 
.heohc  .Mte  .„.  .,»,,  ,,„  oj ;„,;;,, ^' k»Mj -j- 
IK.tuli.il  iiiecira  of  «vr.il  u,„k  ,,.  0.«rS«»» 


/. T«  A/ 1//  .\  r. II-  F.I A  UI.u; 
pMII  IMII  farmer,  are  UM  KMla±    They  do  »,rl 
biv;i«,  jiip..iniih.  tbit  tlo-i*  ,   ...    i  ,,,c/tu" 

.be  mawi  ..I  .he,,  2i  .i  v     £  iirSE  S 

*«»  *■ *-  ^cioielveriubTcii^hJeibttSe 
in  uiu.^pei.,  ihey  aic  „„,  molu,,|ac  „/ ".^..L  !"a 

oulltilUt  d -I'litinanlait.,  Ui  i.r.M.V  l.,  o  -. 
u-ful.  I  fHoiViin-Utiiim l';™".,"""«a>» proved 
(am.  Ill  liiiiamf !.. ...  L'  i.  Z 'i.  ™  "■'  "'»:,u"«lrtJ1 

K.',„.io,„  .a,,  I...,,  :?f  aij.Y  L','  rr^: vn,"ed 

K.yl,.„.,.|e.'  .  «..l.„n..»hi.l,  ..  lb,  Uut  f  Wi** 
rnui,.l>.ci»i.,bai  tacruiu,   [TS    .        k"  "' 

u-..,  a.  „i . . *. 

...1...U  ,„l„l,r.,l.  ui.l  a,,  N";""-,,1  Ihu/dof  tda- 
Su.-i  v.    It  i7  i  .1..,  . lhc 'V>'>dluial  A,jocial«in  of 

^cmZ'L'^X „:;;';, -»  t"*"* 

d.e..  e.laI,l„|„uvrHSUC|,c"  ,  "■' 1?V*^"«  .«"''«  uf 
Kotiuniurd.  lu,  l„ „  ,  ''  ^  ,S"  H"'  •-«•«>.  «■ 
|....i,.U  v.ale  livtlve?..^  "^    7  "'•lll>'  }'""  "»  3 

Ihe  Kuiiunu'inl  Motion  J  ? 


NATURE 


"5 


•t.ni.,  !.  a:i  hCujue,tlicqtictu.jn*1tttheT  |il»nti  atHtniUle 


 .  At—  maMitluncill  m  the  «.«U.  ,  Mulls  !'»■>  u 

,.<t  prominent  IM  ■  ■■■■ s           u  t„„nt„ieo  «„>,  *,  ft«nili.'«cli.«li^lx^,r.iinlill..mdllw*i.leofiiiiiuI.n  in 

i»  n.»t  :»  iincle                         )  in  ^  1||C  fofmini  „„j  l.ind-4rjau(<  ».ut»    it  Li.  I*rn  tuiej  ibit  wmt  u(  the 

.intt    m.inurmK            ice.iiii"'..f  inun  iii,  ninth  I  vl>b«>l.le  int-miRjtwtni  wkxh  h*vc  Iwen  MMhiCMi  -« 

cut  "f  p.t»iuro»,  ■■»«>"            e-himilic  ctiwnmrM  i  K.Kli»mJtr)  nt»  i.«.  --icni.tK  ■  fot  humblci  emtiluli 


i.l.  l  t.tWcll 


tb.lt>!>'        AM  fur  in-ir.i. 


-  etWM  pi  Men  lo  Mr 

'«l*U-lv  .h-tllWcl.  Mir  «..IltUM|.«t. 

lIU^l^l        "*  '*<  ,,rc 
line  bebill  they 


„,    th*    Ion*  tn»''V 

one  ,«r  ccn..  ofl>>fi*. 


into  ^K*ricu!tura  «*iom».c  njSRi 


itwtKt.  If  by  Kietice  vc  im.in  a  ttnnplvu,  kmiwlrdfc  "f 
t.i-:it  ilit  i^r.i'w  i*  lunlly  unutACr,  bui  ki  doit*  sotne  uf 
th«  KmIIuim«cJ  c«(«rimcm»  were  iwrompwnieil  l*y  lb* 
atuJf-K*  of  juimxU,  nUntk,  unit  toils,  .uiJ  coal  a  nut 
tltcndrr  l*c  it'pc.it«tl  *l<>riirt«r>  nation*  l>n  th*  «hrr 
liaiiil.  tlx  iiihv  u-rful  t'\f«f hi'jciu  t  Um  the  mttf  uciion  of 

I  mi.:       t.     |i  I      li    ii«  lt:C    cMVl)    »f  ill* 

iliiHici'i  *«r»iU  c*n|iln)«i*.  fur  ntim*  *nj  jnunaU,  «ad  in 
■bc«c  <  i-  *  faiiiici*  can  ilitm«cUY>  f<irm  «wim.ii«s  of  tbc 

Trtiilt*  aIih.Ii  u«it  |*ik(  t'^b.i«ntU'  MLUiAicdK  |ita>clirjl 

ifcifturi  Mi4       wd  tu  'It  satinc«i  tMilliiiniwKkcharr 

MM  ■OaUUlh  m  .met  ihrMH^h  iln:  Lfnurxal  ok  of  ni*nur*« 
Aiiit  ibifirupcr  fatslii^  •■)  amiiuK  It.  L. 


»uch  men     /V^'j'*  ^'^1.1  U- *;ro«-n  v.«i.nu 

^   .......  M.-iti~-r*^_ 


aixTKiatr  at  rut  ixrexnoxs 

£XHWITh>X 

■•Mug       IIicim-    /-.s,  ,  v*A>/y  li.th'rM^ri  *•/  \ttw-i,  u,tut^1 


„  mcitn-  of  •'"•''.'.."IJ  .,  "i  v 


iii  tru*5  '';<•;"  ,V;.".i  ■>  '••» 

M.lP.»lt..i-  ■•   W  ™ 
„H«  r«:-t  tO  "  ,;„..,,  U-.l^ 

the 


"  vital  Hii|*wi««ft« 
wHfnimwcty  few 
If  Din  ti>nm-,  «><'» 


HlIIM.IiTO  llwrr  hue  t<cn  iw.i  liK4tu  coipli^v<| 
i       ilium   Ki'ni  'mi  ilitckurii  triniiuduo.i 


rent  r«CViVMV 


^  Ibr 


nfrnti^'i     Vil  Mm|)Ha|        rleiUitlu  ro>|inn.xl  f.*  the 
luusii*  Mf  iMlirr  MipadFtfi    i   ^lirea  lr>mt  iW  ilwumn 
hurt  tli-fl  [3  ft-'m  TKCumLin  li*ttrm>  rli.x.t  :  by 


ink  .itid  »il«  "f  wiiiitt 


the  lW»ttU»* 

ltirwly  ^'"tr:t,,;,^ 

3  an  HMn*£S 


i  Ow 
i  ilia 


•j&gS'K^  

,.,11  "^."1;;i:l;:,.,,<1i,;.r.-.,.,:- 


,«ai«p«e  ril.X^  SBv«t*  i-M" 


Kill" » 


.!■«.  tia^Cil  i"  n.ill.f.  V':       ....... i  ^...^1% 


i»c 

«ic!»  u»  •        i  ^  'i  — 'V  \iu'i 

,.,.|.cr..tc    "       .-r'->-"-,M •  u'iVj  -l  SU«    ■  ""' 

.  i,  B*»|»tu*,,rL1S    "  ilir  """:'->Tf".:J 


.li.tri.  !»• 


I« 


1  il  •■<«-' 
lIvcJ 


<■  """"  .  !«: 


in  n""r 
olici  ' 
lie  p» 

:.,ih.it"w5*-«     ,.,.,.» til '**  1  ,.ih..|.'"l' 


■  tat 


ill.  n.-»-      " '* 
ftmy 


.iit»c 

..d,  r-r  ,rj •  .,f  th* 
r.'.^r.rrv.i.i-."  >•• 


k'"-,1,M..«.'"-  

■   111.  1.'  _     *  „ 


.c.n  ..lit* 


i  in.). 

tlic  «** 


mcm>  of  d)TMPM^    4  ^"'^  |U*|1»',J  1-1     '  '  "  "  ■  "' ■> 
Uitr>«l<IOt*l.  In  HICJM  i4  9C<utKt)>if  urfttT.iUin,     *lmti  ^ 
,tn:ill  m. I  iLiil"tl  ti  n  bnn  iii.nlr  .it  Mir  ImrntKin^  Exbi 
1  bit  mil.  H  <*htih  v.t  |ii«i|mi»v  t.i  fekt  IR  tliU  AtUtlt. 

The  trf  dpi  inM-ntMin  i<*  it*  'tipptt  j  turrcai 

l<i|:C  i  -I  (iitnlili.  MH  thiiilK  tiude   ii<(iln  Alilr  in  ».wk 
,ti  tlW  iMN  tiutc  Aft  I  Hiiji*.  inr«ntlr*i<M  Uniji*.  onj 
'  t»ui>j«^  Rttuik-  l>)  wbhh  ilui  tcviih  h.i«  bom 

.  r:.  .  I  •  t'  Mferi  ■■■."*  li.  |j.-..ti  tin-  tlytt.inw  tUOkltinp 
.iml  lltv  Ijihj'  «>f  ullm  rciciict  •>(  rlnlncity  4  tupfle- 
IIKitt-C    *p(t  it -*1«*.   b>    t>rf   «*C  '4  ttiilill   Utt  itt.'.mi! 

nurfcol  »•  |itiiJut.ixl  i«uf«r  tn  iIk  |suucnl.ir  rtfetvor 

tin  .(-miaI  L-iiiiiiiai  tm  ilic  I>wit^ni>.iit  ,i|  l:Jc , - 
in  1  it*  li)  M>  ontiin  l.incr.iiMf^,  *(m  U  w.«n  ||M  |t.tretkt» 
i*f  \|c-»»-  *hl>;ll»l  .•<)•!  <*lhtf.  •••/^iii.illt  UhVtl  »«{.i|ii|.iry 

nNMPMri       ■  tbiiL  11  •lil-.ttfd  0|MI  "l:t,  •uiiituiKln) 
li.  .111  iRtfl  0«H  fititicil  't(  4  mmtbcT  t4t  llnri  Ml*uUlc<i 
■  »p|«r  tkffVt  1  ibr  *b<>  k  Tfitril  nrirc  trretuuc  ide  cufftat 
I  CruOt  tbt  tltoxmi,  hU-U  w.i-  (UtttllMtPtl  tllltMi^h  the 
(  tC,  MMJH)  Hit*  inrtb*«li4  *:mi\tftAlinn  brrn 

n-|rl  t.  '  >l    It      WM   «*1  t*W«Wbj    .tm|.llt|IV.  In   n|urh  ibe 

I  tlllllttlllt  •if  til  Mil  ■MUM     I"-!   OHIflK  .llhin  r-    1     .:(.,,;  ,,, 

l  4>  iii,  t*rtjW^I  tuaa itoK     jy  wti.li. 

|V   .  .in.l..  H  ftf          |ittii!a?»  .  Jrtxm    ilil  tlir  «<«■ 

ihh't-tr  m  nil"  li ttw  'iJui  n|  «  iimn;  1*  pfuOm.nl  coa»i< 
^rt»wf  ttWMttiW  •l»->:i  "l  i.h|rt  J  iiMllitneire 

I  M|  LkK'VMN<  iml  ^»    etilnintrv.  mi  /   I  !,.  .;  •  lUr»u  at 
,«cum  .mJ  f'ifm>hi  J  *n*i  |u...t-:i-iv  i»c«.  c\tnMb»>£ 
,  ,  „,|.  ..11  rilhrf  »tJe  ••!  llir  4n,  «<milii>  t.*r  1»i 

llu  primiM  milkU  M  mWqtMofj  <el U-.  uf  iIk<<  inilwUt 
disk-.  J*'1*  l,,c  *o***1»'  t«t*  f'«i  Uir  III  Jin  «.il  .  itrrrnt  i.  m  n)c 
.m  .0   1  -t*  .mil  »NMMf  M  T»r.,  ibr  l*  i  >cit*.  bemj  «■ 

nttrAw*   "m.       •  'ft'.-  MiMm  ..t  tbe        fiwinVpI  h 

tlwiii'l-*^  ''"  K^"*"  t  *  un  ahnn^te  niiU  llir  ,,tti 
...l.itr-.i.t  ■*  H«  IhI'v  t.tiueil  bv  t|ivdi»kt  <rf  the  inUuit*! 
irmit      \^  ^mitilJI  iHV,  i<  innWrni  iiMfL'iul,  «nt|i  u 
„,.(    mlb«nL     rfMrf  lO»w«  «Mk  Miiu.4Tnt.tn 
'4  il«  »l..tibtr  Itufc  il*.  1  >«BwtU  .«  at  1*1  pictnil  .h..i> 
|Mi«utn  ibt  bclu c»  *tiil  iW  ■vtrr.it  ionvulu 

•  btt-ihmiif.  l*f»prtinu  fr«»  erf  .iB  the  ditbk 

.„  itirtvm  uirrmi  j*f  ^-klcKtl  t.i  *Vt.tiM4Uy  n.n. 
hTck  I  yttbtfi  ',nJ  tLt  l""11'      i**1**    oil  the  diAt 


226 


NATURE 


[July  9,  1885 


for  the  induced  current  are  similarly  electrically  con- 
nected. In-  constructing  the  secondary  coils,  they  are 
fixed  together  between  two  insulating  surfaces  by  bolts 
and  nuts,  the  projections  by  which  the  several  conduct- 
ing disks  are  connected  projecting  helically  or  spirally 
around  the  coil  (the  projections  of  the  primary  alternating 
with  those  of  the  secondary  coil),  and  form  convenient 
means  for  connecting  up  any  number  of  convolutions  as 
required. 

The  end  disks  of  one  of  the  helices  thus  formed  are 
connected  to  the  leads  of  the  primary  circuit  by  binding- 
screws,  and  the  end  disks  of  the  other  helix  are  similarly 
connected  to  the  leads  for  the  induced  or  secondary  cur- 
rent. In  the  centre  of  the  disks  is  a  hollow  cylinder  of 
paraffined  cardboard  or  other  suitable  insulating  material, 
around  which  the  helices  are  arranged,  and  in  this  cylin- 
der is  a  core  of  soft  iron,  or  of  soft  iron  wires,  which  is 
capable  of  being  automatically  raised  and  lowered  in  the 
cylinder,  so  as  to  regulate  as  required  the  current  passing 
through  the  coil. 

The  main  wire  from  the  dynamo  is  connected  up  in 
series  to  the  primary  helices  of  a  group  of  secondary 
generators,  and,  in  passing  through  the  primary  helices, 
induces  a  current  in  the  secondaries,  the  tension  of  which, 
according  to  the  experimental  investigations  of  the  in- 
ventors, increases  first  with  the  intensity  or  quantity  of 
the  primary  current,  and,  secondly,  with  the  rapidity  of 
the  interruptions  or  alternations,  or  the  variations  of  its 
potential.  Each  secondary  generator  forms  a  complete 
installation,  and  can  be  put  in  or  out  of  circuit  at  pleasure. 
The  secondaries  may  be  connected  up  in  series,  in  mul- 
tiple arc,  or  in  multiple  series,  as  desired,  the  connections 
being  readily  altered  by  means  of  a  switch-board  ;  tension 
or  quantity  is  thus  obtained  according  to  the  nature  of 
the  current  required.  The  lamps  or  other  receivers  fed 
from  the  secondary  generator  can  be  connected  at  will 
to  their  respective  circuits,  and  are  also  independent  of 
one  another. 

These  generators  arc  made  to  work  in  connection  with 
alternate-current  machines,  because  the  latter  can  be 
constructed  up  to  almost  any  power,  as  no  two  parts  of 
the  machine  having  great  difference  of  potential  need  be 
in  close  proximity,  and  the  alternation  of  current  may  be 
made  as  quickly  as  desired.  The  generating  dynamo  is 
so  constructed  and  operated  that  the  quantity  of  current 
is  preserved  constant,  and  the  tension  is  varied  to  caro- 
tins current  through  the  primary  conductor  against  the 
varying  counter  electromotive  force  due  to  variations  in 
the  work  done  in  the  secondary  circuits  of  a  number  of 
secondary  generators.    If  /('  represents  work,  C  current, 

electromotive  force,  and  R  resistance,  and  if  cither  of 
these  factors  be  changed,  the  others  must  be  altered  in 
the  same  ratio,  according  to  the  formula — 

IK-  CE  m  C'tf-^' 
A 

if  uniform  effects  in  the  secondary  circuits  are  to  be 
desired. 

One  of  the  chief  characteristics  of  this  system  is  that  if 
the  primary  current  be  kept  constant  the  loss  due  to 
resistance  remains  fixed,  no  matter  what  energy  is  trans- 
mitted—so that  if  an  increase  of  energy  is  desired,  the 
only  factor  that  has  to  be  increased  is  the  electromotive 
force,  which  bears  no  ratio  to  the  loss  in  the  conductor. 
This  circumstance  is  of  importance  in  any  house-to-house 
lighting  scheme,  where  a  conductor  may  be  laid  down  to  • 
supply  a  certain  area,  and  if  the  lights  are  not  taken  up 
at  once,  the  necessary  current  can  be  supplied  later  within 
the  limits  of  the  dynamo,  by  increasing  the  electromotive 
force,  without  increasing  the  sue  of  the  conductor,  the 
strength  of  the  current,  or  the  loss  in  the  line.  , 

As  regards  the  very  high  potential  r<  quired  upon  the 
>ecoodary  generator  system,  the  danger  is  limited  to  the 
as  between  the  two  poles  of  the  main 


dynamo  there  is  an  unbroken  metallic  circuit,  which 
maintains  the  continuity  of  the  flow  of  current  ;  and  as 
regards  each  secondary  circuit  the  work  done  is  repre- 
sented by  a  secondary  generator,  and  the  only  danger 
would  be  in  grasping  both  primary  terminals  at  once, 
which  may  be  made  impossible  of  performance.  It  will 
be  necessary  as  regards  the  dynamo  that  it  shall  be  insu- 
lated from  the  earth,  and  also  that  such  parts  of  the 
circuit  as  carry  high  tension  electricity  shall  be  so  pro- 
tected that  it  shall  be  impossible  to  make  contact  between 
them  and  the  earth. 

In  comparing  this  system,  in  which  there  is  a  loss  in 
the  transformation  of  the  energy  by  the  secondary  gene- 
rator, with  the  direct  system,  this  loss  will  have  to  be 
balanced  against  that  caused  by  resistance  due  to  distance, 
whilst  as  regards  the  regulation  of  the  supply  of  energy, 
this  is  effected  by  means  of  a  regulator  working  (he 
exciting  machine  of  the  dynamo  at  the  station  ;  by  its 
means,  when  a  secondary  generator  is  cut  out  of  circuit, 
a  proportionate  amount  of  power  is  saved.  The  secondary 
generators  also  regulate  the  energy  absorbed,  so  that  a 
perfect  control  of  power  is  obtained,  which  is  especially 
important  for  domestic  supplies  of  electricity,  as,  when  a 
suitable  current  measurer  has  been  designed,  consumers 
will  be  able  to  pay  simply  according  to  the  amount 
consumed. 

At  present  the  extreme  northern  end  only  of  the  East 
Arcade  at  the  Exhibition  is  being  lighted  on  this  system  ; 
it  is  proposed,  however,  to  extend  it  to  the  full  length  of 
the  East  Arcade  and  to  the  concert-room. 


THE  AFGHAN  DELIMITATION  COMMISSION 

WE  arc  indebted  to  the  courtesy  of  the  Kew  authorities 
for  the  opportunity  of  publishing  the  accompanying 
letter  from  Surgeon-Major  Ailchison,  CLE.,  F.K.S.,  which 
gives  the  most  recent  account  of  his  work  as  naturalist  to 
the  Expedition : — 

Camp  TirPhttl,  Northern  Afghanistan, 
6  miles  from  Khusan 

Dear  StR  JOSEPH  HOOKER,— 

I  am  now  able  to  write  to  you  with  some  pleasure,  as  1 
have  been  able  to  put  together  this  year  some  300  species 
in  all.  The  last  100  I  obtained  on  a  ten  days'  trip  that  1 
made  from  this  camp.  I  left  this  on  April  25  under  very 
bad  auspices,  as  it  had  blown  all  night  and  was  blowing 
a  terrible  gale  with  every  chance  of  a  heavy  fall  of  rain 
from  the  north  Hut  I  started  and  got  as  far  as  Khusan, 
in  the  vicinity  of  which,  beside  the  ruins  of  an  old  "  serai,'" 
1  halted.  I  picked  up  a  few  odds  and  ends,  the  chief 
attraction  was  the  Rosa  margerita  (if  a  new  sp.)  miki.  It 
covers  the  whole  country  in  localised  patches,  and  being 
very  dwarf  in  habit,  not  above  2  feet,  the  flowers  arc  seen 
to  perfection  ;  they  open  out  expanding  almost  flat,  when 
the  brilliant  eyes,  formed  by  the  claret  colour  of  the  bases 
of  the  petals,  gives  it  quite  a  character.  Amongst  my  rose 
hips  sent  to  you  last  year  this  was  one  of  the  species, 
hope  to  be  able  to  supply  you  with  a  lot  more,  it  would 
make  a  lovely  flower  border. 

I  marched  next  to  a  place  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Han- 
riid  River  opposite  Toman-agh.i,  fifteen  miles.  Our  route 
lay  over  a  plain  that  had  once  been  the  bed  of  the  river 
where  the  river  had  made  a  great  bend  ;  the  river,  after 
silting  up  this  bend,  had  left  it.  The  most  characteristic 
plant  here  was  a  Rhubarb,  usually  with  3-root  leaves  of 
immense  proportion  for  the  size  of  the  flowering  stem ; 
these  leaves  are  so  pressed  flat  to  the  ground  that  it 
reminds  one  more  of  the  Victoria  rtgia  leaves  .without 
the  margin),  and  this  is  the  habit  of  the  plant  ;  the  plant 
was  fruiting,  having  large  winged  fruit  of  a  most  brilliant 
scarlet ;  it  will  make  a  grand  thing  in  gardens.  The 


7u/y9,  1885] 


NATURE 


227 


beautiful  colour  of  the  fruit  is  much  helped  out  by  the 
splendid  green  of  the  leaf  background.    There  are,  one 
may  almost  say,  no  leaves  on  the  flowering  stem  -one  or 
two  most  minute.    I  measured  one  of  the  largest  on  the 
ground  :  it  was  4  feet  from  the  base  to  apex  and  5  feet 
across  ;  the  other  two  with  this  one  were  a  little  smaller  ; 
the  three  together  gave  it  a  very  curious  look.  1  hope  soon 
to  get  the  seeds  home.    1  have  collected  a  good  deal  of 
the  root  ;  it  is  called  "  Fool's  Rhubjrb  "  owing  to  its 
purgative  qualities,  and  curiously  enough  the  fruit  is  cin-  , 
ployed  in  preference  to  the  root  as  a  purgative,  given  as  a  I 
decoction.    With  the  exception  of  an  occasional  woody 
shrub  that  may  rise  to  five  feet,  the  place  was  covered 
with  a  species  of  Artemisia  (probably  several)  about  2  feet 
high,  and  occasional  Umbellifcr.v.    There  were  no  trees  \ 
of  any  sort :  these  arc  only  to  be  found  in  the  river  bed  1 
— vii.'  Populus  euphratiia,  and  two  species  of  Tamarisk  j 
and  a  Lycium.     At  Toman-aghd,  in  the  bed  of  the  > 
river,  was  a  woody  salsolaccous  shrub  which  1  do  not  : 
know.    1  got  good  specimens  of  the  wood  and  flowering  _ 
branches. 

1  left  Toman  agh.l  on  the  28th,  passing  the  remains  of 
some  old  ruins  two  miles  frotn  my  encampment,  and 
turned  east  by  north  towards  "  Galicha  "  (a  carpet).  As 
we  marched  along,  fancy  crossing  the  markings  of  two  : 
pairs  of  carriage  w  heels  !  These  had  been  made  some  , 
months  ago  by  the  carriage  of  a  Persian  Prince  who  had 
come  to  our  camp  at  Gulran  to  be  doctored  The  route 
lay  now  across  towards  the  base  of  the  Paropamissus 
range  over  a  most  extensive  plain  on  which  the  attraction 
was  a  miniature  forest  of  a  species  of  Umbcllifcrse,  ex- 
cessively like,  but  not  the,  Assafcetida.  This  was  in  full 
bloom,  the  stem  and  flowers  being  at  first  all  of  a  light 
orange  yellow ;  as  the  fruit  ripens,  the  whole  colour 
changes  to  a  russet  brown.  Each  flowering  stem  is  from 
3  to  5  feet  high,  and  there  are  usually  50  plants  to  100 
yards  square,  the  interspaces  being  altogether  filled  up  by 
a  grass  of  a  foot  in  height.  On  the  29th,  left  Galicha  for  | 
the  Kambao  Pass  to  enable  me  to  cross  through  the  ! 
range.  Our  march  lay  over  a  plain  the  continuation  of 
that  of  yesterday,  and  which  from  its  extent  is  lost  to  the 
sight.  This  is  celebrated  as  the  plain  of  the  wild  donkey, 
and  here  I  counted  sixteen  herds  of  at  least  10,000  in 
each.  The  nearest  was  a  mile  off,  and  their  presence  was 
recognised  by  a  cloud  of  dust  rising  in  a  swirl  on  their  1 
galloping — like  the  smoke  from  the  chimney  of  a  steamer. 
It  was  a  most  extraordinary  sight,  watching  these  clumps 
moving  from  place  to  place.  They  are  occasionally  shot 
and  eaten.  I  forgot  to  tell  you  that,  except  my  own 
party,  there  was  probably  not  a  human  being  within  thirty 
miles  of  us.  The  country  has  no  inhabitants,  and  until 
the  nomads  turn  up  with  their  flocks  from  the  lower 
regions  it  is  a  desolation.  The  last  part  of  our  march 
was  for  six  miles  within  the  ridges  of  the  base  of  the  hills, 
and  here  in  the  stream  beds  Tamarisk  was  the  only  (woody) 
shrub.  I  halted  some  five  miles  to  the  west  of  the  pass, 
hoping  to  make  a  great  haul  on  the  30th.  From  the 
moment  of  entering  these  valleys  they  seem  a  mass  of 
colour— one  from  buttercups  (one  species  only),  another 
from  a  poppy ;  the  bed  of  the  stream  purple  with 
a  tall  onion,  and  the  interstices  green  with  one  grass. 
I  had  previously  got  most  of  the  things  so  promising 
here,  but  saw  signs  of  getting  into  a  very  fine  new 
lot.  On  the  morning  of  the  30th  a  regular  hurri- 
cane of  wind  blew  from  the  north,  so  that  I  thought 
the  best  plan  would  be  to  move  my  camp  across  the  pass, 
and  get  a  better  and  more  sheltered  locality.  1  just 
managed  to  get  to  the  north  east  side,  when  it  did  come 
down — such  a  torrent !  but  as  all  preparations  had  been 
made  we  were  comfortable  ;  had  1  remained  on  we  must 
have  been  swept  out  of  our  old  camp. 

May  1  proved  a  most  superb  morning,  so  I  was  up  and 
out  at  6  a.m.,  went  straight  back  to  my  old  encampment 
on  the  west  side,  and  from  there  collected  back.    I  got 


some  thirty-five  species — a  second  Arum  ;  a  Prunus  ;  an 
Ekuagnus,  of  which  I  sent  you  the  fruit  last  year ;  one 
Pistachia  bush,  a  large  number  of  Astragali,  which  I  feel 
sure  will  stump  Baker  ;  a  curious  Rubiaccous  shrub,  a  fine 
Orobanchc.only  five  grasses,  and  a  most  lovely  everlasting 
pea,  like  the  ordinary  English  cultivated  one,  only  dwarf. 
I  believe  everything  here  is  dwarfed  by  exposure  to  the 
winds.  You  cannot  understand  the  difficulty  I  have  with 
it  in  collecting.  To  save  my  plants  at  all,  I  have  to  put 
them  at  once  into  paper.  It  takes  three  of  us  to  do  this, 
and  not  allow  paper  or  plants  to  blow  away.  I  must  say 
it  does  not  improve  one's  temper. 

I  got  one  or  two  species  of  a  very  nice  Gentian 
like  Gentiana  Kurroo  of  Royle,  the  altitude  of 
Hari-rud  River,  2000  feet  ;  Kambao  Pass,  west  side, 
2900  feet;  pass  itself,  3550  feet;  Kambao  on  north- 
cast,  3250  feel.  Not  a  fern  of  any  sort,  not  even  Ophio- 
glossum,  which  I  looked  upon  as  a  certain  find.  1  spent 
my  second  day— viz.  May  2  -  at  the  camp  on  the  north-cast 
side  of  pass  ;  here  there  is  a  fine  hawthorn,  from  which  I 
collected  flowers  in  bud  on  the  tst.  Along  the  whole  of 
this  range,  well  within  it,  where  the  water  is  sweet  and 
the  air  cool,  the  hawthorn,  a  common  plum,  and  Am\£~ 
dilus  eburnea,  are  more  or  less  plentiful.  I  picked  up  an 
Oxygraphis,  an  J  a  very  pretty  geranium  with  a  most 
curious  potato-like  root,  only  the  tubers  are  heaped  up  on 
each  other  when  there  is  more  than  one  to  a  plant.  You 
know  they  made  ine  naturalist,  so,  in  addition  to  collect- 
ing plants,  I  have  to  shoot  poor  little  birds,  and  1  hate  it. 
I  got  two  bee-eaters,  the  one  more  lovely  than  the  other, 
and  a  nightingale. 

On  the  3rd  I  marched  to  a  place  S  miles  nearer  our 
first  Gulran  encampment.  I  had  picked  up  most  of  the 
cream,  and  there  was  not  much,  except  additions  in  the 
way  of  fruiting  species,  to  be  made.  This  I  did,  and  got 
a  venomous  snake  which  may  be  a  cobra  -  all  but  walked 
on  to  him— 5  feet  long  and  6  inches  at  his  thickest,  fangs 
three-quarters  of  an  inch  ;  a  most  unpleasant  fellow  to 
meet.  I  shot  him,  and  after  fancying  1  had  killed  him, 
cut  off  his  hc.ul  and  neck  to  keep  (I  could  not  keep  his 
whole  bodv),  when  lo  !  his  body,  minus  his  head,  walked 
off  searching  for  escape,  the  head  trying  to  fang  its  own 
neck. 

On  the  4th  I  moved  still  east-by-north  some  12  miles  to 
our  first  encampment  at  Gulran.  I  got  some  nice  things 
en  route,  and  had  just  ticketed  and  arranged  them  pre- 
paratory to  great  work  for  the  morrow,  when  in  came  a 
letter  from  Sir  Peter  Lumsden  telling  me  to  return  at 
once.  Alas  for  my  great  expectations  !  I  packed  up, 
and  we  moved  camp  at  2  a.m.  on  the  5th,  marched  up 
the  valley,  passing  our  second  Gulran  encampment,  and 
on  south  to  the  east-by-north  side  of  the  Chashma-snbi 
Pass.  I  had  no  time  to  halt  and  collect.  I  passed  a 
Gladiolus  and  an  immense  number  of  things.  On  the 
pass  I  collected  the  "  Siah-chot,"  which  is  to  mc,  in  all 
probability,  Cotoneaster  nummularia.  I  had  collected 
its  fruit  and  sent  it  to  you  from  these  very  bushes.  1  got 
it  in  this  pass  last  year.  It  is  from  this  shrub  that  "  Shir- 
Khist,"  the  manna  of  these  parts,  is  collected.  I  have 
sent  vou  a  bottle  of  it  packed  amongst  some  other  things. 
Thev  have  two  other  kinds  -one  from  a  Tamarisk  and 
the  'other  from  Alhagi.  I  myself  collected  it  from  a 
Salsola.  1  got  across  the  pass  by  2  p.m. ;  halted  until 
8  p.m.  and  got  into  Tir-Phul  at  8  a.m.,  the  camels  at 
10  a.m.  of  the  6th  ;  did  60  miles  in  34  hours -good going 
for  camels,  and  men  more  or  less  on  foot. 

1  am  ghd  1  am  in,  because  my  plants  had  to  be  looked 
to.  1  got,  as  1  said  before,  100  species  in  this  tour,  not 
less  than  1200  specimens.  It  is  much  harder  work  than 
Kuriam  ;  the  fact  is,  I  am  not  younger,  and  my  back 
wants  a  good  deal  of  oiling. 

Yours  very  truly, 

J.  E.  T.  AiTCHlsoy 


Digitized  by  Google 


NATURE 


\Julyc).  1885 


AX  OLD  DRAU'/XG  OF  A  MAMMOTH  1       ;  Part  a  quarter  in  diameter.    The  hole  in  which  tht 

marrow  lies  is  so  big  that  a  fist  may  be  inserted,  other-  j 

AS  an  addendum  to  the  historical  review  of  the  wise  the  legs  bear  no  proportion  to  the  body, being  rather 
mammoth  discoveries  in  Siberia  and  the  traditions  short.  The  heathens  living  by  the  River  Obi  state  that 
to  which  they  have  given  rise,  which  I  have  rendered  in  they  have  seen  them  floating  in  this  river  as  big  as  a 
the  "  Voyage  of  the  J'<y<»,"  I  have  the  pleasure  of  pre-  *  struus,'  i.e.  a  vessel  which  the  Russians  use.  This 
scnting  a  curious  drawing  of  the  animal,  discovered  among  animal  lives  in  the  earth,  and  dies  as  soon  as  it  come* 
the  Benzelian  MSS.  in  the  Linkoping  library.    My  atten-   into  the  air." 

tion  was  directed  to  the  original  by  the  president,  Herr      On  the  reverse  of  the  drawing  we  read  :— 
Hans  Forssell,  who,  in  his  memoir  of  Erik  Benzelius  the      "  This  drawing  and  description  is  given  by  Baron 
younger,  has  given  an  account  of  the  proceedings  which    Kagg,  who  has  just  returned  from  captivity  in  Russia  and 
it  occasioned  in  the  Upsala  Scientific  Society.*  Siberia,1  1722,  in  Dcccmbri." 

The  drawing  bears  the  following  inscription  : —  |     This  drawing  was  exhibited  by  Benzelius  at  the  raeet- 

"The  length  of  this  animal,  called  Behemot,  is  50  ing  of  the  Upsala  Scientific  Society,  December  14, 
Russian  ells  ;  the  height  is  not  known,  but  a  rib  being   The  statement  referring  thereto  in  the  Journal  of  the 
5  arsin  long,  it  may  be  estimated.  The  greatest  diameter   Society  is  as  follows : — 

of  the  horn  is  half  of  an  arsin,  the  length  slightly  above  "Herr  Benzelius  exhibited  a  good  drawing  of  an 
four  ;  the  tusks  like  a  square  brick  ;  the  foreleg  from  the  animal,  transmitted  by  Baron  Kagg,  who  has  just  re- 
shoulder  to  the  knee  \  \  arsin  long,  and  at  the  narrowest   turned  from  captivity  in  Russia  and  Siberia,  which  tht 


Siberiaks  call  Mehemoth  or  Mammont,  which  has  caused 
many  to  believe  that  it  was  identical  with  Behemoth  of 
Job.  Herr  Prof.  Rudbeck  and  Dr.  Martin  maintained 
that  it  was  a  sea  animal,  moreover  as  Herr  Kagg  stated 
that  it  was  found  at  the  River  Obi.  To  this  was  added 
that  Capt  Lundius  had  said  that  its  bones  were  mostly 
found  in  the  earth  by  the  river.  With  regard  to  the 
animal  being  drawn  with  claws,  Prof.  Rudbeck  pointed 
out  that  as  yet  no  animal  cornigerum  had  been  found  also 
to  be  unguiculatumy  without  being  palmipis  or  having 
sxin  between  the  toes  like  geese,  &c.  It  was  decided  to 
write  to  Herr  Kagg,  requesting  some  information  about 
the  figure,  and  asking  how  he  had  obtained  it,  so  that  it 
might  be  ascertained  whether  it  was  reliable.    There  is  a 


1  Pu>>li»h«l  in  IW  (Journal  of  the  S»rdi»h  Amhnj>  lo£v  at  and  <  ■ 
£»p»u<al  S..itiyX  1864.  r*»'l*  ?  and  ? 


\  Part  S!. 


(Trjn.'jui  li.  iinvjti  r*rr,l  t.y  the 


l«83.  |..  ;,,J. 


description  about  this  Mehemot  in  Capt.  Muller's  account 
of  the  Ostiaks."2 

At  a  later  meeting,  January  11,  1723,  Dr.  Martin  stated 
that  he  had  carefully  examined  works  of  zoology,  whether 
there  existed  any  sea  animal  like  that  shown  at  the  last 
conference,  but  had  found  nothing  like  it,  although  the 

j  head — excepting  the  horns — and  probably  also  the  feet 
and  the  tail,  were  like  those  of  the  hippopotamus  of  tht 
River  Nile.  At  the  same  meeting  Benzelius  announced 
that  Lieut. -Col.  Schonstrom  had  promised  to  forward  a 
whole  tusk  of  this  remarkable  animal. 

On  later  occasions  too  the  animal  was  discussed  by 
the  Society.    Thus  on  January  18,  1723,  a  letter  »i« 

j  read  from  the  learned  linguist,  Sparfvenfclt.  wherein  be 
explains  the  derivation  of  the  words  Behemoth  and 

'  M»j«r  I..  K-^s  ...  taken  pri^nct  at  the  Riwr  I>n«p«T  tn  ■  W  *** 
t.r..u,;lil  10  Tot»..Uk.  whrnrc  Ik  returned  in  „  . 

'  J  B.  MuJUr  <  "  l*l«n  und  O.onheitcn  d*r  O.naW.n  nnier  d*» 
Arctito  wohnendc,"  t<c.    Ikrltn,  i?»o. 


- 


Digitized  by  Google 


yulyg,  1885] 


NATURE 


229 


Mammon t ;  on  February  15  a  letter  was  read  from 
Benzelius,  stating  that  Kagg  had  received  the  drawing 
from  a  Capt.  Tabbert,  and  that  he  could  give  no  informa- 
tion as  to  its  correctness.  Again,  on  October  3,  Benzelius 
exhibited  a  large  bone,  almost  petrified,  which  was  the 
jaw  of  a  Mammont,  or  as  it  was  called  Behemoth,  received 
from  Tobolsk  in  Siberia,  through  Capt  Clodt  von  J  iirgens- 
burg,  and,  on  November  22,  Benzelius  exhibited  "part  of 
the  tusk  of  a  Behemoth,  which  was  exactly  like  ivory." 
Finally,  Benzelius  communicated  with  the  Russian  Chief 
of  Mines,  Tatischew,  who,  in  a  letter  dated  May  12, 1725, 
had  given  long  and  important  information  of  the  history 
of  the  mammoth.  This  letter  is  printed  in  "  Acta  Literaria 
Sueciae"  (vol.  ii.  p.  36,  1725). 

A.  E.  NordenskiOld 


NIAGARA  FALLS:   THE  RATE  AT  WHICH 
THEY  RECEDE  SOUTHWARDS 

""THE  diagrams  are  from  the  map  issued  by  the  New 
1  York  Commission  for  the  establishing  a  State 
reservation  at  the  Falls,  based  on  surveys  made  in 
August  and  September,  1883,  by  Thomas  Evershed, 
under  direction  of  Silas  Seymour,  State  Engineer  and 
Surveyor.    The  scale  of  the  diagrams  is  one  half  that  of 


I 

the  map,  which  is  on  a  scale  of  four  chains  to  the  inch. 
To  have  given  all  on  one  diagram  with  the  intervening 
Goat  Island  would  take  up  nearly  an  entire  page  of 
Nature,  and  if  the  scale  were  smaller  it  would  fail  to 
show  clearly  the  distinctive  features  of  the  changes  in 
progress.  Fig.  I  shows  the  Canadian  or  Horse-Shoe 
Kail,  Fig.  2  the  Eastern  or  so-called  "American"  Fall — 
a  misnomer  too  deeply  rooted  in  usage  to  be  now  sup- 
planted by  some  more  fitting  name. 

The  rate  at  which  the  Falls  are  receding  has  been  a 
matter  of  interest  to  geologists  for  over  fifty  years,  but 
the  results  so  far  reached  have  been  conflicting  and  in- 
conclusive. The  manner  in  which  the  Falls  work  back- 
ward, undermining  their  brink,  is  so  well  known  from 
Lyell's  clear  description,  that  I  shall  not  repeat  it. 

In  1830,  Bakewell,  on  the  basis  of  such  information  as 
he  could  gather  from  old  inhabitants  and  from  his  own 
observations,  concluded  that  during  the  previous  forty 
years  the  Falls  had  receded  at  the  rate  of  three  feet  per 
annum. 


Lyell,  from  such  materials  as  he  could  obtain  during 
his  own  visit  in  1841  and  1842,  estimated  the  annual 
retrograde  motion  at  only  a  foot.  It  is  sufficient  to  recite 
such  discordant  results  arrived  at  by  two  careful  investig- 
ators to  show  how  imperfect  were  the  materials  at  their 
disposal,  nor  will  any  one  who  has  been  on  the  spot 
wonder  at  their  differing  so  greatly.  It  would  be  possible 
to  roughly  compute  the  southward  movement  of  the 
innermost  recess  of  the  Canadian  Fall  by  referring  its 
position  from  time  to  time  to  some  fixed  points  on  the 
adjoining  shore,  but  any  conclusive  determination  of  the 
movement  of  the  entire  Fall  could  not  be  obtained  in  this 
way.  The  map  referred  to  gives  the  outline  of  the  Falls 
as  determined  by  three  surveys :  the  New  York  Geo- 
logical Survey  of  1842,  the  U.S.  Lake  Survey  of  1875, 
and  Evershed's  Survey  of  1 883.  The  contours  of  the  brink 
as  established  by  these  enable  us  to  measure  the  total 
movement. 

I  divide  the  contour  from  £  to  Goat  Island  into  thirty- 
three  sections,  disregarding  for  obvious  reasons  the  over- 
flow north  of  0,  on  the  Canadian  shore.  From  0  to  t  are 
eleven  sections,  from  *  to  f  are  twelve  sections,  from  (  to 
Goat  Island  are  ten  sections.  It  is  obvious  that  much 
the  greater  work  has  been  done  between  0  and  f,  and  that 
the  innermost  recess  has  kept  in  the  same  relative  posi- 
tion. 


new.  vonx 

"  ORE 


LUNA  ISLET 


The  means  of  the  measurements  on  the  sections,  along 
perpendiculars  from  the  contour  at  the  date  of  each 
survey,  measured  on  a  tracing  of  the  published  map, give 
the  following  results  for  the  Canadian  Fall :— 


114 


Mean  aggregate  recession  along  con- 
tour of  2000  feet,  from  $  to  Goat 
Island  =     80    ...  - 

Mean  aggregate  recession  along  con- 
tour of  1 200  feet,  0  to  i  =   — 

Mean  annual  rate  of  regression  along 
the  whole  contour  where  a  visible 
change  was  effected  ~   2  J 

Total  maximum  regression  at  the  in- 
nermost recess  =  118 

Annual  rate  of  maximum  regression  -     3  J 

The  "  American  "  Fall,  measured  in  ten  sections,  gave 
a  total  mean  recession  of  37I  feet  in  the  41  years  ending 
in  1883,  which  is  at  the  ra'te  of  about  10  inches  per 
annum. 

I  do  not  know  that  1  have  seen  any  estimate  attempted 
of  the  relative  volumes  of  water  passing  over  the  two 
falls.  From  such  imperfect  data  as  1  have,  referring  to 
depth  and  swiftness,  1  should  think  that  the 
erosion  for  each  fall  gave  some  approximation 


60  ...  — 


7i  2J 


ring  10 

Digitized  b|  Google 


NATURE 


i7-<T9,  1885 


xilullir  KJICJ  |]  xiur^tJ  m»r  1  .  !> .  tint  IS  to  Mr. 
:J  fcrt  j*r  anmm  ftw  the  Cnuiiiaa  F*H,  ^  f-»»i  |n* 
annum  f.K  the  "  Scnc3K.ni  "  1*11.  would  •igtufy  iKit  the 
(tinner  p-jr*  over  tti  brink  ttarw  time*  a*,  much  *  iter  M 
lh»  1  alter. 

Ai  thr  i*tet  trf  ■■■  ■  .11  jV-n-e  shown  it  I*.  eviil«.i  thai 
•I  »o  vtn  rtro-ie  ncc  the  »«**>  Mb  ««c  wnitetl  in  un* 
when  niveau  uf  Ihr  |wint  tn  r'lg  :  marked  **  New  Votk 
Short*.  Jtr>d  thr  entirc.  width  w»»  .iVmi  lb*  nine  a»  1h.1t 
■*f  iKf  prr-ftM  C^n.Hlun  1**11  ii-cii:  Murctnct,  thcrnr.in 
width  *A  the  LiU.  limn  the  tin*  n  ovmmcncrd  m  "*»"•.  •'" 
till  "letigfatV*  wu'ii  mile*  heli/w  it.  |*c>rni  mMm, 
HMiRil  hi,  lu  LvrU'k  *l*ieiiicnt  .1.  let  the  ^"i.t  uf  Sia^nra 
Rntr,  wan  not  greater  than  the  prt-<rit  t  .itudMti  I'-ilL 
AilrlitiL*  t'njvlhfr  thr  iiftmnt  wurk  ihvw.  h>  Uith  l-ilb,  we 
tbnuld  b.ive  aIhiui  j;  fact  \*a  Annum  .1-  the  hjckwanl 
work  ^ifoniKtt  when  the  rnttrt  u.hitnc  iwnfrtl  MH  * 
tliwk  1*11  of  the  nul'h  uf  Irw  |tir»e»l  CntUtllAII  1  jU 

\t  tln>  me  iodoj  )tm  would  DM  lulfiiicnt  tim«  fur 
thr  tutting  awi  uf  the  |imtr*"  p"%*»"  terminating  si  ilw 
**  height. "  ummd*  U»kr  '  )nUr.«,  mttt.fl  •<  l.iell'* 
e-<iiratr  uf  15.000  mm  Alt  uticiii|rt»  lo  i.ikulitc  the 
rate  nf  itutvt-mrwt  proceed  mi  the  aiwrnjiti  m  1h.1l  the 
banlnm  of the  hmr-tnrk  mid  nhilc.  thr  tnlumr  i>l  **wi, 
nml  :he  height  ot  the  Ull,  were,  fur  the  <*Jn«Y  diiume, 
much  '.lie  Mnie  th.it  ihev  now  .ire.  I  inertly  use  ll*t« 
Mine  .i««umftiim<  It  in  M  Wet  trfcel*'  mi  I  m-I!'« 
jitdjpiirat  Ihil  he  ^Miihl  Imvc  runt  -n  ".-rath  In  Jilcimu- 
■n^  10  oinn.ite  *he  tu/.c  \4  ictjtr.-taii.  white  let  the 
r  Ml  turn  iif  llir  till  At  ifiJIrreni  |n  n.tdi  hail  not  been 
fi«d  (71  injj^ittntion.  fie  teat  ever  the  nut  Ih  In  mmJc 
j  i.*r>jo-tnre  wbe»i  he  ionhl  by  hub)  uf  M.irm»thim,  nnvc 
fetid  la  Mi  tie.it.,  and  a  nai  by  W  iiaatlo.r*  nml  wwinil 
jmVmi  nt  111  il  -i  tMKOj;  rvuur.il  |thcaon«efM  thftt  m; 
mteie*;  in  »tiih  i"n..it«-r-  *    rlnet'i  au-,tkcneil. 

The  itjtimcnt  nut'.r  In  him  th.it  |!,^4,*r.  hi.  umiJe  in 
tMt.n-li.vted  11m:  jo  nnkm.ii-Hi  >4  40  h-:t  hid  brxa 
m*«tc  in  the  **  Aimriran  "  rail  tince  1 S 1 ;  «e«mn  tn  ron- 
tain  ihr  bnA  «"•«  *hirh  hee-Mimilctl  ihcr.ttet*f  rfxfr«M»rt 
for  l>*h  1. ill  llit-  1 111.  -  m  «  in  1  little  n\rr  <»■  '  *>-■*  1"  ' 
annum.    A  Kferrtirc  In  the  re*""i«  ri«4fi  bj  n»c  *h«»y  rht* 

t<i  in  if  }K*n  $jmmmnatA  ctirr#  i  r«r  1hemnnr4ite.1t 
the  ".Vnmnin  l"a!i»  bu  «h- lit  iiuniilu.iblr  uKcn 
a|f-l.rtl :«  the  much  more  impLitu- 1  Cjivulnn  r  iti 

A  11.. w.  nf  bi»  »ect»-.f.  uf  the  Ktatra  Kl»rf 

leMl»  n»  to  »up)Hi»>  th.it  the  fnlS  in  thr  c.uhei  i»ir..f 
tlmr  hisioft  worked  e-ivtt  nmrc  t.  |»'IK  tlui  ■  •  n  nn- 
drriiit-iin-  the  'br.iik.  but  I  win  *M  »t«iurv  furttnt  KaM 
yum  .«.irr  nt  ■  -  ■  i  ■  f.l>u  M.  t»  WtStfOM 

l't.i\i.twti»-r.  I<,l„  UJLAn  June  t 


tin  it  h  fcHtm  M*.Ui;«  M   4  dei  neiilrii  «f  the 

9vKai*  '4  *7d».*>  I  mtiToiy  lu»-  m  \a  /.l»li  [oyiv*  fawCII-'w- 

*ht|'«.  u|  *-V.  nun  i^  h,  m  mi  in1  -  ejMV«  «»l  i  <  V  jtii**  h  a 
•nm  .«.<tM. mi  |e  »->  Utmt  |«.inii'i.-.'tj  In  nmN  fHiiul 
«li)  v«|t|  I'ri:.^*,  wrotv  i.  Id,  fr.«  1  l>hnu  -ftartrffl  «x»  ihi* 
liain'tHM.t.,  »<  ni|.ttlik~  tlij'.  lilt)  mm  ■  I  I.MrlA  11  lir  dr^ive 
ul  H.A.  In  'he  I  ntrrrMt).  itnnl  it  •  .muIj  cafi^tJ  *•  wfflial 
.in1  re»nr(h,  k»l  in*»l  m*  v  .1 1  my  nlho  In  t Alive 
4|>|«**i«uc ,  Mil  the  *jjr*iitr;tTKiil.  j\:  In  U  t.-itiMi-l  even; 
)v«,  ■  ■  *  l4«>trabii|i|>«1UI)liyf<-i  fimvlhi|Jli)  r'«*. 

Thi  fui«m  Mt-fa1-f'«.W  l>r    1^   M»Uu.l  Inf.*  -f 

*HMO£il..  'S.v  t'.ic,  in  h  ino.il  tj  lb.-  ;  ■  n«Mt!tJ.  •*  f«r  tl.r 
en<«*iii^i<*wni  nt  <>rx;inil  toy  u«h  — 'vtn  .iwanM  fiU  the 
timiin  t^-ii  | .  Mr.  \V.  .1   IIjm..  .<■.  I  '.  S..  ->f  It  ili^hnn 

I'm.  hiitf  nowkhM  of  lire  iW.il  AaM*»U'»»  ilw*  X**' 
»«  **  t..  UttKlm  Hlir  Mcok.-  M  I  die  AnienivrK  IhwMela. 
tiwuM',  KiBMe,  Ute  Miettricbil,  urtlvt  l"»e  dimiitei  <*f  ^ 
t'1   I>j(ium  1 1>  ..f  the  Wmmwii  l*""^,v-  *W  *•'  ,B* 


Iblfea  r**i.V^li»l  IhJWftA  IMt  A.  Kewud,  In-.  K.  |»UrvP^ 

mil  l>ul    J.  C..r«,lr»,      TlK  |«Jt)    MlU  IWM4   lu   UlJ.^K  jgjj 

M.iiihy.  Aie>4  to.  aftl  will  |»uw.l  i»e  Mae  eventnw  i„ 
Chulmn.  Fnnhrr  T>irii<nUr*  i*  In  lirex  r.r«<v  iC  (  Wl()  ,^ 
Ci«w  in  i  -j^-l  tlrciilir,  •l.iL*  «kl|  »)«>  tnnintr,  Y,,].  J 
IjCBJar.^fthr  c*"V^y.  with  r&uirraihiftt  m.t  rrfrrcn,^..  Thr 
l-^.-l  .A!-.!!^  .I'lilV  *'»'  »•"-■  i-f  Ihf  «iCBnlun  fT"MI||ij  to 
SkUBeetfl  wiflturi  h  «  i>i.  In  Kir  i<t  ,U,  fur mcb Twe«tvt  Th;, 
mrlwfci  pintrf****  i  *U»  a  nwebl  4' a  met  r*)  (ri„  Ifcfcjgj 
Mefc4»j  it  the  uttew  »f  wrecu.  ik  Mi  iet^MecMH 
much  mm  let  m««  m  »  »wi  iimt  The  piptt*  on  the  Meeeefl 
of  It,  \gftm  rtail  at  the  J^ly  wuntin:  will  1«  iwiwo*.  Wedj  w,*!. 
fefjl  illu«nriii*s  »v  ihr  ol  llir  mi-mi-. ,  4MutCt*te  e«cundnn 
T%mm  |nn|— iiir  *»  fva  thl>  oi.iru-.o  Ate  rfrec-trt  I.,  ah. 
cttl>  i.  lotlK  MiTFury.  wlowUl-»r«4y(uii»wi  lnfWi,iaiit« 
ii  r..jnin  1 

A  .r.i.M  ...  „„iM  Uv.  »«.  .1  ,>.,  N.„m,)t 
P»ih.  i-  Hfc  Tkuilliw,  ihc  mI«  of  |W  French  ^ZZ 
«o.»«n.E3|.|  .lw.lk.l.^di'.ln»M  Alcuiultu  .m  i<tS} 

Iul  unixrotr  ,|ic  SuniLuj  tiuiiiu,.  u  lo. 

,y  4  *■  U.,,.,l  „  j  p.,,,    T1„  ,,,.,„  w 

*  1  ""  1         ••  "»<-.  BMCJ-,  Kk.)^    An  -IiI.lj  .ii, 

in  .m..,,«  1 1,     w.  i  c«0ai.  u,     m  b .  i,M 

••  1U- \V„c,  „,  .U,i.n,  «,  „  .  ..i,  ,-  ' 

In.  lit.  MUnw  .*,!,  iu„  Ura  ,„  Vh 

FAMac  Line  fc..ht  criini  ..l  ih.  mtktm*  l,t™„ 

.  ..nt      1.H  ,  ,v  U,  I W..  ,.f  AH,*,,  ...m,!..  ■■  ^St' 
■Un  f«i<=o.l,.|mi.  i.iWm  HWm      ,„r  |,i.. tv 
.1.;  i.fl.ch-..,...  nr.1  „u  thr  three  O.WN  «'...„  ..,  ifc,  £Z 
A  .„•.  ./  ,„.  ,„„  n,(wM  ^ 

»  I  lh.)  «  InUttluL 

rut  M',11.1  li.wnun.ot  Imw  ,1.  .;o-.h..l  (  n»  |<  Xj.„« 
UKU»I  llnmhnn,  r..  :t„  .j  lU, . hi  ,»,.„„„,  rt.*,,, 
l^U.tVn,  m  l  uu,  .,!at»j  tlw...  A  ,llm  ^-  ^  iT 
t.vn  flirl.l  MM  L-.j,  <tkt»  l.it  hi.  «h<(v-,» 
V«L,I.  MRncnolol.  -^1  auc^lic   „h.„M..  .!„„„  „„ 

'"'■<  ''«•'•;».■«  >MU  A  f „;,„,., 

K..  .!.,.  I«n  ,.,  Ut,  U  TWi...  f.„  ,|u  .,»,,  ,,.„„. 

.h.  ~nra  ,f  ii.  .iu»r,.  i,  ,TJin.„  ,„  m ^  g 

J  l.,,  „,  ,„„„..  ,„«,  MBfcfc  jpl  .  Mk.'  ,., 

52  L ' '        -i  •••«•  n..m.  wit.*™,  m  .h. 

tnmfcm  nt  » ■*»•    M  kn.  f.mh,,  i.„   „,       ^  M 

^'"'t;  V"  "  "uJ»  »*<  "t«.n  «.  theAMk 

M.I...VI.         s„.h.  .M  ,  „.!ll4>li  mi  <kj! 

Ttmh..,U.kii.«t^WBto„s,ul,r,|,K  LW;l|«MM 
y-^ijo/ ..  .n  iJ«,..o,„hu  ....I,  ..llr,,  ,„,  ^,  .Eg*"! 

S.ol«».  ....  Hm  |aa  Mi  ft*  ma^tal  ...l.cIr.L 

H  .Ui.Jm.  u,  ihr  ^h,  1^.  J"" 
^    .   .        ^»      "JWr'Htir.     It  uinr  rnnn 

'! "z  , ":"  '""      "  »•«'  ■■» 

iw  J  ""r  r,,,h *  *  S 
: , . T" 

..,:...,  ,;■„:,;, '■;.;.•„  ■  ••••••  

kwimi)  fi.„.  >!,; « i,n  i  r*"""cr.u!'''  - -•  'M"? 


7*/V9.  1885] 


NA  TURE 


the  fishing  has  in  consequence  been  very  bad.  Agriculture  ami 
cattle-grazing  are  also  very  backward  in  consequence  of  cold 
winds  and  night-frost.  In  many  places  cattle  have  died  from 
starvation,  and  if  things  do  not  soon  mend  there  will  probably 
be  famine  in  the  island  next  winter.  In  some  valleys  the  snow 
was  30  feet  in  depth  in  the  middle  of  June. 

We  have  received  the  report  of  the  Liverpool  Naturalists' 
Field  Club  for  the  year  1884  85.  Steady,  quiet  prosperity 
appears  to  lie  the  order  of  the  day  in  this  and  similar  associations 
in  this  country  and  in  America.  An  elaborate  system  of  prizes 
has  been  carefully  organised,  ami  the  society  appears  exceptional 
in  this  respect.  The  report  of  the  committee  draws  attention  to 
the  fact  that  in  botany  alone  h.is  much  work  been  done  ;  in  the 
wide  fields  of  loology,  geology,  and  microscopy  little  has  been 
done.  The  presidential  address  is  very  interesting  ;  it  is  called 
"  Ornithopolis  ;  bird-life  under  the  shrubs,  and  what  may  be 
seen  from  my  study  chair."  For  the  rest,  there  are  the  usual 
reports  of  excursions  and  of  the  evening  meetings,  and  a  list  of 
books  and  scientific  apparatus  useful  in  the  pursuit  of  natural 
history. 

A  sharp  shock  of  earthquake,  accompanied  by  a  loud 
rumbling  noise,  was  felt  at  Kopreinitz  in  Styria  on  the  night  of 
June  28,  which  was  followed  by  two  others  the  following  morn- 
ing. Several  houses  were  thrown  down,  and  other  damage 
done. 

A  new  theory  as  to  the  origin  and  cause  of  earthquakes  has 
been  propounded  by  the  Viceroy  of  the  Chinese  provinces  of 
Sbensi  and  Kansu.  In  a  recent  memorial  to  the  throne,  pub- 
lished in  the  Pfiing  Gazette,  this  high  official  describes  an 
earthquake  which  occurred  on  January  15  in  various  parts  of 
Kansu,  and  summarises  briefly  the  various  reports  which  he  has 
received  on  the  subject  relating  to  the  motion,  the  damage  done 
(which  in  some  places  was  extensive),  and  the  measures  taken 
for  the  relief  of  the  sufferers.  He  then  proceeds  to  say  that  for 
years  past  earthquake  shocks  have  been  so  frequent  in  these 
regions  that  people  have  grown  quite  accustomed  to  them  ; 
indeed,  one  officer  informs  him  that  in  certain  villages  there 
were  indications  of  a  movement  of  the  earth  every  night  during 
the  fourth  watch,  but  these  always  ceased  after  a  heavy  fall  of 
snow.  The  memorialist  concludes  by  attributing  the  earthquake 
to  the  mildness  of  the  winter,  which  caused  an  excess  of  the 
yang,  or  male  element  of  Nature  ;  "  but  it  was  due  in  a  measure  I 
also  to  the  perfunctory  performance  of  their  public  duties  by 
the  local  officials,  who  thereby  failed  to  call  down  the  harmonising 
influence  of  Heaven,  and  the  memorialist  can  only  endeavour  to 
remedy  this  fault  by  encouraging  his  subordinates  to  cultivate 
habits  of  introspection  and  examination  of  their  own  short- 
comings, himself  setting  the  example." 

On  the  morning  of  June  15  a  lovely  mirage  was  seen  at  sea 
from  Oxelosund,  in  Sweden,  representing  two  islands,  covered 
with  trees,  on  one  of  which  there  was  a  building.  Two  monitors 
were  seen  steaming  off  the  islands.  It  may  be  of  interest  to  add 
that  two  Swedish  monitors  are  at  present  cruising  in  the  Baltic, 
and  were  about  that  time  several  degrees  further  north. 

THE  second  annual  issue  of  the  "  Year- Rook  of  the  Scientific 
and  Learned  Societies  of  Great  Britain  and  Ireland  "  (Griffith 
and  Co.)  has  appeared.  We  must  still  express  surprise  at  finding 
the  Royal  Institution  placed  alongside  of  the  Royal  Society  as  a 
scientific  society,  while  the  London  Ins'itution  is  omitted 
entirely.  A  list  of  the  papers  read  at  the  various  societies  is 
given  this  year  ;  but  it  is  difficult  to  see  what  purpose  the  publi- 
cation serves  in  its  present  form. 

Herr  J.  Mknges  describes,  in  a  recent  number  of  Globus, 
the  language  of  signs  employed  in  trade  in  Arabia  and  Eastern 


Africa.  This  appears  to  liave  licen  invented  to  enable  sellers 
and  buyers  to  arrange  their  business  undisturbed  by  the  host  of 
loafers  who  interfere  in  transactions  carried  on  in  open  markets 
in  Eastern  towns,  and  it  enables  people  to  conclude  their  busi- 
ness without  the  bystanders  knowing  the  prices  wanted  or 
offered.  It  L  especially  in  use  in  the  Red  Sea,  and  its  charac- 
teristic is  that  beneath  a  cloth,  or  more  generally  part  of  the  un- 
folded turban,  the  hands  of  the  parties  meet,  and  by  an  arrange- 
ment of  the  fingers  the  price  is  understood.  If  one  seizes  the 
outstretched  forefinger  of  the  other  it  means  I,  to,  or  100  ;  the 
two  first  fingers  together  mean  2,  20,  or  200  ;  the  three  first,  3# 
30,  or  300  ;  the  four,  4,  40,  or  400 ;  the  whole  hand,  5,  50,  or 
500  ;  the  little  finger  alone,  6,  60,  600  ;  the  third  finger  alone, 
7,  70,  700 ;  the  middle  finger  alone,  8,  80,  800  ;  the  first  finger 
alone  and  bent,  9,  go,  900,  while  the  thumb  signifies  1000.  If 
the  forefinger  of  one  of  the  parties  be  touched  in  the  middle 
joint  with  the  thumb  of  the  other,  it  signifies  J,  and  if  the  same 
finger  is  rubl>cd  with  the  thumb  from  the  joint  to  the  knuckle  it 
isj  more,  but  if  the  movement  of  the  thumb  be  upward  to  the 
top  instead  of  downward  to  the  knuckle  it  means  i  less.  An 
eighth  more  is  marked  by  catching  the  whole  nail  of  the  fore- 
finger with  the  thumb  and  finger,  while  the  symbol  for  an  eighth 
less  is  catching  the  flesh  above  the  nail — i.e.  the  extreme  tip  of 
tlie  finger  in  the  same  way.  It  will  thus  be  seen  that,  by  com- 
binations of  the  fingers  of  the  seller  and  buyer,  a  large  range  of 
figures  can  be  represented.  It  is,  of  course,  understood  that 
average  market  value  of  the  article  is  roughly  known  and  that 
there  can  be  no  confusion  between,  for  example,  I,  10,  too,  and 
1000.  This  language  of  symbols  is  in  universal  use  amongst 
F.uropean,  Indian,  Arab,  and  Persian  traders  on  the  Red  Sea 
coasts,  as  well  as  among  tribes  coming  from  the  interior,  such  as 
Abyssinians,  Gallas,  Somalis,  Bedouins,  \c.  It  is  acquired  very 
rapidly,  and  is  more  speedy  than  verbal  bargaining ;  but  its 
main  advantages  arc  secrecy  and  that  it  protects  the  parties  from 
the  interruption  of  meddlesome  bystanders,  who  in  the  East  are 
always  ready  to  give  their  advice. 

Tiik  additions  to  the  Zoological  Society's  Gardens  during  the 
past  week  include  a  Collared  Peccary  (Ditstylfs  /i»/,r( «  $  )  from 
South  America,  presented  by  Mr.  R.  Forrester  Daly  ;  a  Common 
Peafowl  {P,ivj  (riiMui  &  )  from  India,  presented  by  Mrs. 
Courage;  two  Black-beliicd  Sand -Grouse  arenarim 
9  9),  two  Bonham's  Partridges  (Amm.'peiJi.x  l-oithami  6 
from  Asia,  presented  by  Mr.  \V.  K.  R.  Dickson  ;  a  Siamese 
Blue  Pic  (L'rxissti  ma^nii  slris)  from  Siam,  a  Hunting  Crow 
iCi-fsa  ifti.tii'ria)  from  India,  presented  by  Mr.  C.  Clifton, 
F.Z  S.  ;  two  Rooks  {Cori-tti  /rut;i/sfus\,  British,  presented  by 
Mr.  C.  A.  Marriott  ;  a  Lion  {Mis  Uj  9  )  from  Africa,  a  Great 
Kangaroo  {.\fin-n<fui  ,,'/,-vi nttut)  from  Australia,  a  Grand  Eclectus 
(Et/fctut  watut)  from  Moluccas,  a  Red  and  Yellow  Macaw 
{Ara  chlorophra)  from  South  America,  deposited  ;  a  Striated 
Coly  ((>//«/  striitfus)  frou  South  Africa,  purchased;  a  Mule 
Deer  (Qiruuus  matroth  I  ',  a  Mcsopotamian  Fallow  Deer 
(Damn  maofot'i'nun),  born  in  the  Gardens. 


OUK  ASTROXOM/CAL  COLUMN 

The  Comet  of  1472. — M.  Celoria  of  Milan  has  discussed  the 
elements  of  the  last  comet  observed  by  Toscanclti,  which  is  the 
celebrated  one  of  1472,  also  observed  by  Rcgiomontanus,  whose 
description  of  its  path  in  the  heavens  enabled  1 1  alley  to  make  a 
rough  approximation  to  its  orbit,  as  he  states  in  his  "  Synopsis  of 
Cometary  Astronomy."  The  Chinese  account  of  the  Comet's 
track  contained  in  the  supplement  to  the  great  collection  of  Ma 
Twan  Lin,  of  which  Edouard  Biot  published  a  translation  in  the 
appendix  to  the  "  Connaissance  de-  Temps"  for  1846,  enabled 
Langier  to  make  a  further  calculation  of  the  orbit,  though  the 
somewliat  full  description  of  the  comet's  course  amongst  the  stars 
is  unfortunately  very  deficient  in  dates. 


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232 


NA  TURE 


\July9,  1885 


M.  Celoria  remarks  that  possibly  from  the  advanced  age  which 
Toscanelli  had  attained,  and  the  inclement  season  at  which  the 
comet  was  visible,  the  Florentine  astronomer  has  nut  left  for  the 
comet  of  1471  a  representation  of  its  track  relatively  to  the  stars 
as  he  has  done  for  those  of  1433,  1449,  and  >4$7>  nor  an 
cphemeris  of  positions  as  in  the  ctse  of  the  comet  of  H alley  at 
its  appearance  in  1456  ;  but  two  pretty  definite  places  are  as- 
signed  iu  Toscancllt's  manuscript  for  January  9  and  17,  and 
with  the  help  of  provisional  elements  a  third  position  for 
January  22  is  deducible.  Still,  in  determining  the  most  probable 
orbit,  M,  Celoria  has  found  it  desirable  to  utilise  the  one  definite 
observation  on  January  20  which  has  been  left  by  Kegioinontanus. 
The  principal  available  data  are  : — 


January  9*6326 
1 7  "6007 
20-4021 
22-2347 


CoDVCt'* 

longitude 

■  * 

IO0  20 

no  30 


Comet's 


+  13  O 

26  JO 
+  oO  32 


Two  orbits  result  from  the  discussion  of  these  positions,  and 
M.  Celoria  concludes  that  it  is  difficult  to  decide  which  is  pre- 
ferable.   These  orbits  are  as  follows  : — 


Orbit  11. 

Perihelion  parage  I  y  h  ^ 

Tans  mean  time  J  *><*wi 


Longitude  of  perihelion 


Inclination 
Log 


39  14  56 
*f>    7  49 
14  11  46 
distance  9  6S072 

Motion— Retrograde. 


ORBIT  III. 
Feb.  29.94555 

»        i  « 

39  46  27 
»5  53  25 

US 


Both  sets  of  elements  have  the  degree  of  precision  compatible 
with  the  nature  and  number  of  the  observation*,  and  beyond 
doubt  afford  a  closer  approximation  to  the  true  orbit  than  either 
of  the  previous  computations.  Perhaps  we  may  attach  a  slightly 
greater  weight  to  M.  Celoria's  orbit  II.,  from  which  it  appears 
that  the  nearest  approach  to  the  earth  took  place  at  midnight  on 
January  22,  when  the  comet  in  right  ascension  293  5  and  de- 
clination +  76'  6  was  distant  0-0652.  with  an  apparent  motion 
of  40  of  a  great  circle  daily.  On  this  day  Toscanelli  refer*  to 
the  interference  of  moonlight,  and  it  appears  certain  that  the 
presence  of  the  moon  must  have  greatly  diminished  the  imposing 
aspect  of  such  a  comet  while  in  the  earth's  vicinity.  In  fact  we 
find  that  the  moon  was  at  the  first  quarter  on  January  18,  and 
consequently  at  full  soon  after  the  nearest  approach  of  the 
comet,  when  the  theoretical  intensity  of  light  was  one  hundred 
time-  greater  than  at  the  end  of  the  first  week  in  January. 

One  of  the  Luro|>*an  chronicles  dates  the  first  appearance  of 
the  comet  on  December  25,  1471,  when  it  will  be  found  from 
elements  (II.)  that  it  was  in  right  ascension  1 94'  4,  declination 
+  5  -5  at  6  a.m.  in  London  ;  intensity  of  light,  0-38.  In  a  quaint 
description  of  the  comet  s  track  l>y  John  Warkwoith,  Master  of 
St.  Voter's  College,  Cambridge,  and  a  contemporary,  which 


published  iu  the  Pkih't.  Ma-,  an  I  /ourtta/  of'  Stintft,  vol.  xiv. 
(1830).  we  read  :  -  And  some  men  saide  that  this  slerre  was  seen 
ii  or  111  oures  afore  the  Sunne  rysynge  in  Dccembrc  ii.i;  days  before 
Chry^.ynmasse  in  the  Southwest  .  .  .  ;"  calculating  for  6  a.m. 
on  December  21  we  find  the  comet  was  in  right  ascension  193°  8, 
declination  +  5'-2  :  it  would  consequently  be  near  the  meridian 
two  hours  or  so  before  sun  rise,  instead  of  the  western  quarter  of  i 
the  »ky.    It  is  clear  that  as  regards  position  it  might  have  been  '■ 
foun  t  three  weeks  earlier  than  Toscanelli's  first  oliscrvation.  '■ 
Waikworth  say>  the  comet  disappeared  on  February-  22.  The 
Chinese  saw  it  on  February  17  approaching  one  of  their  constella- 
tions composed  of  a,  i,  &c  ,  in  Pisces,  and  it  is  added  in  Biot's 
translation  "  elle  fut  lougtemps  a  s'erlaecr  ;  "  calculation  gives  the 

gate  in  right  ascension  If- -9,  declination  +  0^7,  intensity  of  > 
jh(  3  3.  in  the  early  evening  at  I'ckin  on  that  date. 
M.  Celoria's  notice  contains  the  geocentric  track  of  the  comet, 
according  to  both  sets  of  elements,  from  January  9  to  February  I 
27     There  is  some  reference  in  Pingrc  to  a  comet  at  the  beginn- 
ing of  May,   1472,  when  the  comet  of  Rcgiomootanus  and 
To-«*iielli  would  rise  in  Central  Europe  liefore  2  a.m.,  with  an 
intensity  of  light  about  equal  to  that  it  possessed  at  the  previous 
Christmas. 


ASTRONOMICAL  PHENOMENA  FOR  THE 
WEEK,  m$,JULY  12-18 

(For  the  reckoning  of  time  the  civil  day,  commencing  at 
Greenwich  mean  midnight,  counting  the  hours  on  to  24,  is  here 
employed.) 

At  GreenwuA  on  July  1 2 
Sun  rises,  3I1.  59m. ;  souths,  I2h.  5m.  207s.  ;  sets,  20b.  11m.  ; 
dccl.  on  meridian,  21*  56'  N. :  Sidereal  Time  at  Sunset, 
I5h.  35m. 

Moon  (New  on  July  12)  rises,  4h.  31m. ;  souths,  I2h.  20m.  ; 
sets,  20h.  2m.  ;  dec),  on  meridian,  16*  47'  N. 

Deti-  OQ  meridian 

..  20  23  N. 
..  19  30  N. 
..  22  54  N. 
..  1052N. 
22  32  N. 


Planet 

Rise* 

Souths 

Sets 

h.  in. 

h.  m. 

h  OL 

Mercury  .. 

5  18  .. 

■    «3  «4  •• 

21  IO 

Venus 

5  35  •• 

•    «3  25  •• 

.   ai  15 

Mars 

1  28  . 

•     9  40  •• 

.   17  52 

Jupiter 

8  5  • 

15    4  ■ 

.   22  3 

Saturn 

2  32  . 

10  42  .. 

.   18  52 

July 
18  . 


Occultation  of  Star  by  the  Moon 
Star  Mag.       DUap.  Reap, 


dinf 

fur 


Virginis 


nzi 
iowtedi 

K.   in.         h.  m 

10  10  ...  10  27  ...   184  215" 


Phenomena  of  fupUtrt  Satellite* 
July        h.  m.  July       h.  m. 

13  ...  20  50  II.  occ.  disap.    15    ...  21  '5     L  lr-  CST- 

14  ...  21  38    I.  occ.  disap.  - 

The  Occultations  of  Stars  and  Phenomena  of  Jupiter* •  Saiellites  are  soih 
as  are  visible  at  Greenwich. 

July  h. 

13    ...    12    ...    Mercury  in  conjunction  with  and  5°  39' 

north  of  the  Moon. 
13    ...    15    ...    Venus  in  conjunction  with   and   5'  22 

north  of  the  Moon. 
15    ...      7    ...    Jupiter  in  conjunction  with  and  3*  7'  north 

of  the  Moon. 

17    ...    14    ...    Mercury  in  conjunction  with  and  0°  II' south 
of  Venus. 


GEOGRAPHICAL  NOTES 

Dr.  Gottsche,  formerly  a  professor  in  the  University  of 
Tokio,  has,  as  we  have  already  intimated,  returned  to  Europe 
after  a  long  journey  in  Korea,  during  which  he  acquired  much 
information  with  regard  to  that  country.  The  length  of  his 
jouincy  was  over  two  thousand  miles,  and  he  visited  all  the  eight 
provinces  of  Korea,  as  well  as  84  out  of  the  350  districts.  The 
main  object  of  Dr.  Gottsche's  explorations  was  to  ascertain 
whether  coal  and  other  useful  minerals  existed  in  the  country  ; 
but,  on  account  of  influential  support  which  he  received  he  was 
able  to  obtain  from  the  native  authorities  information  with  regard 
to  the  population,  taxation,  harvests,  trade,  &c.  He  has  also 
collected  much  statistical  information  which  is  wholly  new  and 
which  it  is  expected  will  show  that  the  recent  English  consular  re- 
ports are  quite  incorrect.  Amongst  others  the  population  of  the 
peninsula  has  been  greatly  underrated.  It  has  generally  been 
put  down  at  nine  millions,  whereas  it  really  is  over  twelve 
millions,  for  the  official  census  from  which  the  former  estimate 
is  taken  only  takes  into  account  adults.  Dr.  Goltsche's  principal 
stations  on  the  journey  were  Soul,  Ichhon,  Kwisan,  Mangyong, 
Kyongyn,  Pusan,  Chanjwon,  Cwangyn,  Chinsan,  &c  He 
was  138  days  en  route,  and,  although  this  was  not  rapid,  he  was 
compelled  to  neglect  some  branches  of  investigation,  such  as 
botany  and  zoology,  for  his  main  business  was  with  geology. 
In  this  respect  Korea  appears  to  belong  to  the  bordering 
Manchuria.  He  found  but  few  traces  of  the  high  develop- 
ment which  the  art  and  science  of  the  country  reached  in  early 
ages,  and  which  made  it  the  instructress  of  Japan.  Dr.  Gottsche, 
it  is  said,  intends  publishing  an  account  of  his  journey. 

Prof.  Rlusjentkitt,  in  an  article  in  GMut  on  the  Negrito* 
of  the  Philippines,  points  out  that  the  notion  which  was  general 
at  one  time  that  these  aborigines  of  the  Archipelago  were 
almost  extinct,  or  absorbed  into  the  Malay  population,  is  an 
error.  It  may  be  said  with  certainty  that  they  no  longer  exist 
in  the  Babiuyancs,  Batancs,  and  other  groups  lying  to  the  north 
of  Luzon  :  but  we  know  too  little  of  the  interior  of  Samar  and 


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NATURE 


233 


Leyte,  as  well  a*  of  the  great  island  of  Mindoro,  to  say  this.  Wc 
know  from  Montano's  explorations  that  they  live  in  great 
numbers  in  Mindanao  and  elsewhere ;  but  nevertheless,  the 
Xtgrito  furo  sooner  or  later  adopts  the  dress  and  customs  of  his 
Malay  conqueror.  All  the  efforts  of  the  Spanish  Government 
and  of  the  Catholic  missionaries  rend  to  efface  the  peculiarities 
of  the  Negrito  ;  and  the  Professor  therefore  states  that,  before  it 
is  too  late,  some  scientific  traveller  should  visit  Mindanao  to 
study  the  Atas  and  Mamanuas  thoroughly  ;  likewise  an  investi- 
gation of  the  Negritos  of  Panay  and  Negros  is  much  to  be 
desired. 

M.  Le  Mo.nnier  contributes  to  the  last  number  of  the 
Deutsiht  RunJickau  /ur  Gevgrtiphie,  &.C.,  an  article  on  the 
Island  of  Hainan,  off  the  coast  of  China,  to  which  some  atten- 
tion was  recently  directed  on  account  of  the  rumoured  occupa- 
tion of  it  by  the  French.  It  has  been  known  to  the  Chinese 
since  110  B.C.,  but  it  was  not  till  the  13th  century  that  it 
received  its  present  name.  From  the  earliest  times  to  the 
present  the  aborigines,  the  Li,  who  inhabit  the  mountains  in  the 
centre,  have  maintained  a  struggle  against  the  Chinese.  It  is 
even  less  known  than  Formosa,  Tor  no  Europeans  have  travelled 
in  it.  One  port,  Kiungchow,  has  recently  been  opened  to  foreign 
trade,  the  north  and  south  coasts  have  been  surveyed,  but  there 
is  no  survey  of  the  east  coast.  As  to  size,  it  is  a  little  smaller 
than  Formosa,  and  is  larger  than  cither  Sicily  or  Sardinia.  The 
centre  is  exceedingly  mountainous,  and  from  it  rivers  radiate  in 
all  directions  to  the  sea.  I;  is  so  near  the  mainland  that  its 
tlora  and  fauna  arc  in  all  respects  continental.  The  direction  of 
the  mountain  system  is  from  south  west  to  north-east.  Volcanoes 
have  been  examined  there,  but  they  appear  to  l>e  now  extinct. 
Earthquakes  are  frequent.  As  in  Formosa,  the  population  con- 
sists of  three  elements— the  Chinese,  the  subjugated  and  the 
independent  natives.  Amongst  the  former  are  the  Miaotsze, 
who  have  crossed  over  the  narrow  strait  from  time  to  time  from 
Kwangsi  and  We  tern  Kwangtung,  and  have  taken  pos-cssion 
of  some  of  the  smaller  hills.  Their  language  is  said  to  be  similar 
to  that  of  the  Li  ;  they  arc  good  husbandmen,  and  are  on  friendly 
terms  with  both  the  Li  and  the  Chinese.  The  indcjK-wicut  Li 
appear  to  be  an  aboriginal  race  which  has  been  driven  back  to 
the  hills  by  the  Chinese  immigrants.  Information  with  regard 
to  them  U  very  scanty,  but  they  appear  to  have  a  reddish  skin 
and  to  be  of  small  stature  ;  their  language  resembles  that  of  the 
Miaotsze  of  the  mainland.  The  women  are  tattooed  after  their 
marriage,  and  they  paint  their  faces  with  indigo.  The  Li  ate  ( 
cx|>crt  hunters  and  shots ;  the  weajx>ns  are  bamboo  bows  and  | 
arrows  and  a  shoit  sword  in  a  sheath.  The  main  sources  of 
information  with  regard  to  Hainan  are  a  paper  by  the  late  Mr. 
Mayers  in  the  Journal  of  the  North  China  Asiatic  Society 
(No.  vii.,  1S73);  one  by  Mr.  Swinhoc,  entitled  "  Narrative  of 
an  Exploring  Visit  to  Hainan,"  in  the  same  periodical  (No.  vii., 
1871-2);  and  a  map  of  the  Kwangtung  Province,  and  other 
publications  by  Dr.  F.  Hirth. 

IlEJtR  G LASER,  the  Arabian  traveller,  has  returned  to  Arabia 
to  resume  his  explorations.  This  second  journey  is  to  be  mainly 
geographical,  but  arch.cology  will  als  >  receive  attention.  Besides 
visits  to  Marib  and  Nejdran,  Herr  Glaser  contemplates  a  long 
journey  through  the  interior  from  Hadramant  to  Omaun,  and  a 
second  across  South  Arabia. 

M.  lUi'X.  member  of  the  Geographical  Society  of  Paris,  has 
been  despatched  on  an  ethnographical  mission  to  China ;  and 
M.  Gucrne  proceeds  to  Kiel  to  take  part  in  the  labours  of  the 
commission  for  the  scientific  examination  of  the  German  coasts. 
The-e  missions  are  undertaken  by  direction  of  the  Minister  of 
Public  Instruction  of  France. 

PkuF.  Seelsthang,  of  the  University  of  Cordoba,  has  been  I 
appointed  by  the  Argentine  Government  to  superintend  the 
publication  of  an  atlas  of  the  Republic,  and  a  considerable  sum 
has  been  appropriated  for  the  work.    It  is  to  consist  of  twenty- 
seven  parts,  and  four  of  these  arc  already  in  hand. 

At  the  last  meeting  of  the  Geographical  Society  of  Paris,  M. 
Alpbonsc  Milne-Edwards  in  the  chair,  M.  dc  ^aint- Pol-Lias, 
who  is  now  in  Cochin  China,  presented  a  map  of  the  upper 
course  of  the  Red  River,  prepared  by  the  Annamites.  Another 
map  of  im|>ortance  is  that  of  the  navigable  water-ways  of 
southern  Indo  China,  prepared  by  M.  Kueff,  who  has  established 
a  company  for  navigating  these  waters.  A  letter  was  read  from 
Jeddah  stating  that  the  collections  of  the  unfortunate  M.  Huber, 
including  his  remarkable  examples  of  Semitic  epigraphy,  were 


safe  in  the  hands  of  the  French  Consul,  and  that  the  explorer's 
remains  were  buried  in  Jeddah  on  May  27. 

The  last  number  (Band  viii.  Heft  2)  of  the  Gcographische 
Blotter,  published  by  the  Bremen  Geographical  Society,  con- 
tains a  study  on  the  Congo  region  by  Dr.  Oppel,  dealing  with 
the  scientific  and  economical  importance  of  this  district.  The 
paper  is  divided  into  two  main  sections  :  (I)  The  discovery  and 
investigation  of  the  Congo  (<»)  between  1484  and  1872,  (t>)  the 
systematic  exploration  since  1S72  ;  (2)  1  he  extent  and  bound- 
aries, geology,  &c  ,  of  the  Congo  region.    Prof.  Seelstrang 
writes  on  the  Argentine  province  of  Buenos  Ayres  its  geo- 
graphy, fauna,  flora,  climate,  inhabitants,  trade,  industry,  &c, 
in  short,  a  kind  of  encyclopedic  article  on  the  province. 
Another  pajrcr  on  South  American  geography,  or  rather  geology, 
is  that  by  Dr.  von  Thcring  on  the  Lagoa  dos  Patos,  in  the 
I  province  of  Rio  Grande  do  Sul,  the  largest  lake  in  Brazil  This 
1  is  accompanied  by  a  map  of  the  extent  of  the  sea  in  the  province 
at  the  beginning  of  the  alluvial  epoch.    Herr  Zoller  writes  on  the 
I  Baianga  River  ;  the  number  also  contains  a  report  of  the  late 
1  Gepgraffuiftag  at  Hamburg. 


OX  A  RAD/ANT  ENERGY  RECORDER 

CUNSHINE-RECORDERS  may  be  divided  into  two  classes, 
viz.,  those  which  roughly  measure  solar  energy  by  the  burn- 
ing of  card  and  wood,  and  those  which,  by  means  of  some 
photographic  process,  yield  a  record  of  the  relative  intensity  of 
I  some  more  or  less  definite  ray.    The  principle  of  the  instrument 
which  1  am  about  to  describe  differs  from  those  referred  to  in 
I  this  respect — that  it  depends  upon  the  evaporation  of  water  »« 
i  :./i/<i',  and  its  indications  are  therefore  readily  expressible  in 
heat-units. 

The  form  of  instrument  with  which  I  have  sought  to  test  the 
applicability  of  the  method  consists  of  a  Wollaston's  cryophorus 
(of  the  form  pictured  in  Ganot's  "Physics,"  p.  272,  edition 
1872),  in  which  the  vertical  tube  and  lower  bulb  are  replaced  by 
a  simple  glass  tube  graduated  in  cubic  centimetres.  The  bulb 
containing  the  water  to  be  eva|K>rated  is  blackened  by  holding 
it  in  the  smoke  of  burning  camphor,  and  is  then  exposed  to  the 
sun,  the  rest  of  the  apparatus  being  silvered  or  properly  pro- 
tected by  bright  sheets  of  tin.  At  sunset  the  quantity  of  water 
which  has  distilled  over  can  be  read  off  on  the  graduated  tube. 

An  experiment  on  June  6  showed  I 'Sec.  to  have  passed  over 
from  a  bulb  of  about  2  inches  in  diameter,  and  to  have  condensed 
in  a  narrow  measuring  tube  between  the  hours  of  10.40  and 
3. 20.  The  instrument  seems  very  sensitive,  and  may  well  find 
many  application  '.  In  a  suitable  form  of  instrument  the  total  nett 
solar  energy  gained  by  the  blackened  absorbing  surface  will  be 
almost  exactly  represented  in  heat-units  by  multiplying  the  num- 
ber of  cubic  centimetres  of  water  distilled  by  the  latent  heat  of 
steam.  To  measure  the  loss  of  the  earth's  radiation  at  night 
a  similar  instrument  containing  alcohol  or  some  other  liquid  of 
low  freezing-point  might  be  employed.  In  either  case,  when  a 
continuous  time  record  is  required,  the  graduated  tube  might  be 
used  as  a  cylindrical  lens  to  condense  light  on  photographic 
paper. 

Hie  following  arc  the  more  important  conditions  which  the 
apparatus  in  a  future  form  should  probably  fulfil  :  — 

(1)  To  present  a  constant  and  known  absorbing  surface  to  the 
sun. 

(2)  To  preserve  a  constant  surface  for  evajRiration  which 
should  be  the  same  in  the  condenser,  so  that  a  reversal  of  the 
direction  of  distillation  can  take  place  under  the  same  conditions 
when  the  black  bulb  is  losing  energy. 

(3)  To  give  rise  to  the  minimum  of  reflection  and  convection 
currents  on  the  absorbing  surface. 

(4)  The  apparatus  should  be  so  screened  as  to  be  at  the  tem- 
perature of  the  air  apart  from  the  gain  of  energy  at  the  blackened 
surface. 

Some  of  these  conditions  seem  likely  to  l>c  more  or  less  fulfilled 
in  au  apparatus  consisting  of  two  glass  bulbs  of  equal  diameter 
connected  together  by  a  tube  bent  through  an  angle  of  about 
150  ,  to  bring  the  bulbs  near  together,  and  thus  keep  them  in  air 
of  the  same  temperature.  In  the  bulb  containing  the  water  to 
be  evaporated,  a  black  bulb  might  be  fixed  to  absorb  the  solar 
radiation,  whilst  to  the  upper  part  of  the  second  bulb  should  be 
scaled  a  graduated  tube  in  which  the  distilled  water  might  lie 
measured  by  inclining  the  instrument.  If  metal  globes  were 
employed  the  connecting  tube  might  be  made  to  form  the  beam 
of  a  balance. 


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NATURE 


[7*fy9.  1885 


The  tumplctioo  of  other  work  will  prevent  my  return  to  this 
subject  at  present— perhaps  altogether— but  I  have  ventured  to 
publish  this  incomplete  account  of  an  apparently  promising 
method  for  the  measurement  of  solar  radiation,  in  the  hope  that 
it  may  lie  of  use  and  interest  to  others. 

University  College.  Liverpool.  J.  W.  Ct-ARK 

f'.S. — It  may  perhaps  be  found  advantageous  to  use  an  appar- 
atus like  an  inverted  cryophorus,  in  which  the  absorbed  radiant 
energy  generates  a  vapour pressure,  and  is  made  to  lift  a  column 
of  water  in  the  tube— the  height  of  the  column  and  the  time- 
being  registered  photographically. 


THE  GROWTH  OF  CEREALS 

PERHAPS  nowhere  is  the  influence  of  the  different  climatic 
factors  on  the  rapidity  of  growth  so  well  illustralcii  as  on  the 
plains  of  Russia.  Therefore  W.  Kowalcw  ski*  careful  researches 
into  this  subject,  summarised  in  the  Ai'tmcirs  of  the  St.  I'etcrs- 
burgh  Society  of  Naturalists  (xv,  1),  are  especially  worthy  of 
attention.  The  author  has  gathered  all  necessary  information 
for  showing  the  periods  of  growth  of  various  cereals  on  the  soil 
of  Russia,  from  the  far  oorth  of  Arkhangelsk,  to  the  southern 
province  of  Kherson,  and  he  has  arrived  at  most  interesting 
results,  of  which  the  following  is  a  summary.  If  the  periods  of 
grow  th  of  the  same  cereal  be  taken  throughout  Russia,  it  appears 
that,  altogether,  it  is  in  the  higher  latitudes  that  it  ripens  fastest. 
Oats  and  sr. ring  wheat  take  123  days  and  barley  110  days  to 
ripen  al>out  Kherson,  and  only  qS,  88,  and  oS  days  at  Ark- 
hangelsk, the  difference  in  favour  of  the  north  being  rcs]>cctivcly 
thus:  25,  35,  and  12  days.  'I  he  intermediate  regions  show- 
also  intermediate  differences,  while  for  each  latitude  :hc  growth 
of  cereals  proceeds  faster  in  the  eastern  parts  of  Russia  than  in 
the  western.  It  it  obvious  that  if  the  rapidity  of  grow  th  were 
due  to  tempt  rature,  the  phenomena  would  be  the  reverse  of 
what  they  aic.  Moreover,  the  want  of  moisture  in  the  southern 
steppes  is  als.i  a  condition  in  favour  of  the  rapidity  of  growth  :  so 
that  it  is  in  the  insolation  that  we  must  seek  for  the  cause  of  the 
above-stated  difference.  In  fact,  oats  being  usually  sown  about 
May  17  at  Arkhangelsk,  and  the  harvest  usually  occurring  about 
Sept.  I,  the  in-ilaiion  continues  there  for  2000  hours  in  98  days, 
not  to  sjKcak  of  the  240  hours  of  bright  nights ;  while  at  Kherson, 
during  123  day*  ifr,.jn  April  l  to  Aug.  I)  the  insolation  la* ts  only 
for  1S50  hours.  The  difference  in  favour  of  Arkhangelsk  is  thus 
e<|ual  to  150  hours  (to  400  hours,  if  the  bright  nights  be  added), 
anil  it  compensates  for  the  influence  of  temperature.  It  is  use- 
less to  add,  moreover,  that  the  cereal*  cultivated  in  the  north 
have  already  undergone  a  certain  accommodation  to  their  con- 
ditions. As  to  the  intensity  of  light,  Prof.  Famintzin's  work  on 
the  subject,  corroborated  by  ulterior  researches,  shows  that  the 
great  intensity  of  light  in  Southern  Russia,  combined  with  the 
great  transpaiency  of  the  atmosphere,  is  rather  a  condition 
against  the  rapidity  of  growth,  the  intensity  of  light  exceeding 
the  limits  of  the  maximum  of  decomposition  of  carbonic  acid. 
Winter  rye  shows  the  same  difference*  as  the  spring  cereals.  It 
appear*  from  M.  Kownlcwski's  tables  that  in  the  Arkhangelsk 
district  winter  rye  lakes  375  days  to  arrive  at  ripeness,  of  which 
there  are  202  day*  of  »  niter  rest,  6S  days  of  autumn  growth, 
and  105  day*  ot  spring  anil  summer  growth,  making  thus  a  total  ' 
of  173  day*  of  growth.  At  Kherson  the-  total  growth  lasts  for 
290  "!:!>*,  of  which  only  lo|  days  of  winter  rest  ami  |8<)  days 
of  productive  growth  (03  during  the  aitumn  anil  126  during  the 
summeri.  The  difference  reaches  thus  16  days  in  favour  of  the  | 
north,  arid  it  would  rise  to  20  or  25  days  if  only  spring  and  | 
summer  be  taken  into  account,  'I  he  g«a)  hic.il  repr<  sentation  of 
all  these  data  is  must  intcn-*ting.  "H  e  lie  Kins  •  f  simultaneous 
sowing  of  winter  rye  from  north  west  to  south-east  crre-pond 
to  the  isochiincnes,  while  the  lines  of  simultaneous  ripening  of  1 
the  spring  ei-ieals  oat*,  barley,  sirr.i/in,  wheat— run  hum 
south-west  to  north-east,  corresponding  to  the  lines  of  C'|ual  ; 
summer  temperatures.  The  retarding  inlluencc  of  rain  comes 
out  also  pretty  well. 


THE  ROYAL  SOCIETY  OF  A  Ell'  SOUTH 
HALES 

T'lE  annual  general  meeting  of  the  members  of  the  Royal 
Society  of  New  South  Wales  w.-.s  held  on  Mav  7.  The 
president.   Mr.  II    C.  Isus*cll.    H  A..  K.K.A.S.,  occupied  the 


chair,  and  delivered  an  addrc.,.  from  which  we  give  the  following 
extracts  :  — 

'•  There  is  a  very  general  impression,  borne  out  by  the  evidence 
which  geology  has  furnished,  that  at  least  the  east  coast,  if  not 
all  Australia,  is  rising  in  relation  to  the  mean  level  of  the  sea. 
The  late  Rev.  \\.  B.  Clarke,  in  a  report  to  the  Tort  Jackson 
Harbour  Commission,  said  that  the  coast  has  risen  in  former 
geological  epochs,  and  that  it  ha>  risen  during  the  present  etn>ch 
is  capable  of  distinct  proof."  -  K.o-cd  bcachc*  of  shells,  which 
are  not  kitchen  middens  may  tie  seen  a!>oiit  twenty-five  feet 
above  the  sea,  near  Kyde.  on  the  I'.tramatta  estuary,  ami  at 
Mobsman's  ISay,  in  Tort  Jackson,  at  a  height  of  132  feet  aUjvc 
high-water.'  Again.  •  regarding  the  whole  coast  Irom  Broken 
Hay  to  Botany  Hay  as  mere  pcnin-ulatic  fragments,  united  only 
by  low  isthmuses,  bare  or  covered  with  sand,  as  they  actually 
arc,  one  may  still  sec  that  there  must  have  l>een  oscillations  of 
level,  and  finally  elevation.'  Speaking  of  other  portions  ..f  ihe 
coast,  Mr.  Clarke  says:— 'At  Adelaide  in  1855  the  railway 
between  the  city  and  the  port  v  as  being  constructed,  and  Mr 
Habhnge  has  ,ince  shown  that  in  four  years  a  difference  of  four 
inches  of  rise  between  the  levels  of  those  place*  has  taken  place. 
And  again,  'according  to  Mr.  tilery,  the  accomplished  and  ac- 
curate Wtllianii.own  observer,  the  self-registering  tide-gau^e  ai 
that  place  indicated  a  rise  of  the  bottom  of  Hobson's  Hay  of 
four  inches  in  twelve  month",  and  a  deposit  of  recent  shell*  and 
iml>cddeil  bones  of  sheep  and  Imllocks  which  had  t«cen  thrown 
into  the  bay  is  now  seen  at  a  level  above  the  reach  of  the  side* 
Again,  quoting  from  a  letter  by  the  late  Mr.  John  Kent,  ot 
Urishanc  :-— '  A  survey  was  made  of  a  shelf  of  rocks  in  Brisl  ane 
River  in  1S42  by  Captain  t.ilmore.  Mr.  Tetrie.  and  myself,  and 
in  making  a  rc-survcy  in  1S58  Mr.  Roberts  found  the  relative 
depths  were  singularly  correct,  but  that  the  general  depth  ot 
water  over  the  shelf  of  r  >ck  had  decreased  eighteen  inches  in 
sixteen  years  since  the  first  survey  was  made.'  Sir  Roderick 
Murchison,  in  the  f're,  <r/rY*%\.  of  the  Royal  Geographical 
Society  of  London  (vol.  vii.  p.  42)  quotes  from  a  tetter  he  had 
received  from  the  late  Mr.  Kent,  of  Hri*bane .— '  I  have  lately 
drawn  the  attention  of  the  Rev.  W.  B.  Clarke  to  the  fact  that 
the  eastern  co.vt  of  New  Holland  is  rising  at  the  rate  of  (say. 
one  inch  per  annum,  as  ascertained  by  the  height  of  rocks  in 
the  river  Brisbane  above  tide  levels,  through  a  pcri--d  of  twenty 
years,  and  he  assure  s  me  that  to  the  south  the  same  re-suit  ha* 
I  ecn  inferred,  though  the  observations  have  not  extended  over 
so  long  a  period.  At  what  rate  the  rise  is  now  going  on  there 
are  no  data  to  establish.  Till  a  scries  of  mean  tidal  levels  are 
marked  on  the  rocks  of  the  haibour,  and  the  alteration  n  ade  a* 
distinct  as  that  in  Hobson's  Hay,  any  deduction  as  to  the  rate  of 
rise  inns1,  be  conjectural  and  unreliable.'  I  have  but  taken  a 
few  extracts  from  a  great  mass  of  evidence  which  Mr.  Clarke 
brought  forward  in  proof  of  the  rapid  elevation  of  the  cikis-.  of 
Australia.  I  was  deeply  interested  in  th:*  report  when  tt  was 
published  in  and  as  soon  as  1  had  opportunity  determined 

to  make  such  observations  with  a  self-registering  tide-gauge  a« 
would  determine  the  rate  of  ri>c,  if  any,  and  in  collecting  infor- 
mation bearing  u|kjii  this  subject  during  the  past  thirteen  year*. 
I  wiote  to  Mr,  lillcry  and  asked  him  for  further  particulars  of 
the  rise  going  on  in  Victoria,  and  in  reply  he  *aid  that  Mr. 
Clarke  had  in  some  w.-.y  misunderstood  his  remarks,  which  hail 
reference  to  the  silting  up  of  ihe  harbour,  not  the  elevation  of 
the  land  ;  and  he  at  the  *anie  time  sent  me  a  copy  of  his  pnj>er 
on  '  The  Tidil  datum  of  llobson's  Hay.'  read  befoie  the  Royal 
Society  of  Victoria,  August  14,  1S79.  After  giving  the  history 
of  the  tiilc-g.auge,  which  was  started  in  |S5S  und.r  the  llnliour 
IVpartment,  and  was  not  tinder  his  control  till  1S74.  Mr.  lillcry 
says  :  — '  It  is  to  be  regretted  that  no  precise  references  to  mean 
t.de  level  in  ihe  earlier  days  can  be  found.  Where  measurements 
do  exist  in  II  bson's  Hay  they  arc  lacking  in  accurate  informa- 
tion as  to  the  slate  of  the  tides,  and  I  find  nothing  trustworthy 
upon  which  to  base  any  s;:(;Criicnts  as  to  change  of  sea  level 
since  survey*  have  been  made.  I  think  it  desirable  that  perma- 
nent bench  marks  on  the  natural  faces  of  the  rock  in  r <>m  -hould 
be  established  around  our  bay,  carefully  connected  by  ai  curate 
levelling  with  one  another  anil  with  the  tide-gauge,  for  it  i»  very 
doubtful  if  l>cnch  marks  on  t  nil. lings  can  be  assumed  to  afford 
a  permanent  datum.'  'Ihe  first  sel|-rcsistering  tide-gauge  in 
Sydney  was  erected  on  I'ort  I  lenison  by  the  late  Mr  Smaliey  in 
lS«>7.  Unfortunately  the  design  was  so  faulty  that  all  the  records 
of  the  heights  ot  tides  ma  te-  i  y  it  arc  of  no  value,  although  the 
tiiiH-s  of  high  and  low  water  are  correct.  The  reason  for  this 
fault  in  its  records  was  that  an  ordinary  hempen  con!  was  used 


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235 


to  connect  the  float  and  the  pencil,  and  this  gradually  got  longer 
by  use,  and  also  varied  with  the  weather.   Fin  ling  it  impossible 
to  remedy  this  fault  satisfactorily  in  view  of  the  necessity  for 
exact  retards  of  the  heights  of  the  tides,  in  1872  I  had  a  new 
gaii.'e  made,  which,  without  losing  the  accuracy  of  the  time 
record,  whiidi  the  old   one  possi-sscd,  insured   the  correct 
record    of  the  height  of  the    tides.     This  instrument  is 
figured  and  described  in  the  '  Sydney  Meteorological  volume 
for  1878.'  and  to  that  work  I  must  refer  you  for  particuhrs. 
The  record  by  the  new  gauge  was  begun  on  June  27,  1872, 
and   at  that  lime  the  precaution  wa->  taken  of  measuring 
the  length  of  the  chain  connecting  the  float  and  the  wheel, 
v.i  that  should  any  change  take  place  its  exact  amount  could 
be  ascertained.      The  wisdom  of  this  has  been  evident  on 
several  occasions  when  the  chain  was  broken  by  accident,  and 
the  exact  length  restored.    The  well  made  for  the  tide  gauge  is 
in  part  cut  in  the  solid  rock,  and  from  the  rock  to  the  surface  of 
the  ground  the  sides  of  the>  well  arc  built  up  (round)  with  solid 
masonry,  so  that  the  top  ring  of  the  well  is  practically  part  of 
the  >  did  rock,  and  cannot  move  unless  the  rock  does  so.  On 
this  ring  the  frame  of  (he  tide  gauge  stands,  and  the  instrument, 
therefore,  has  a  permanent  relation  to  the  rock,  and  there  can 
U-  no  change  in  its  pans  which  might  be  mistaken  for  a  change 
in  sea  level     I  have  been  particular  in  detailing  the  condition* 
under  which  the  tide  measurements  have  been  made,  to  show 
you  that  sufficient  precautions  to  ensure  accuracy  have  been 
taken.    In  each  year  the  mean  of  all  the  tides  is  taken  a>  the 
mean  sea  level  for  that  year,  and  when  these  results  for  the  past 
twelve  years  are  placed  side  by  side,  it  is  at  fir>t  sight  lather 
ptu/hng,  for  although  the  greatest  departure  from  the  mean  of  all 
<  iily  one  inch,  yet  within  this  small  range  the  land  seems  to  rise 
and  Jail  in  an  erratic  way.     The  cause  of  these  variations,  how- 
ever,  was  found  in  the  varying  relative  positions  of  sun,  moon,  and 
earth,  ar.d  perhaps,  to  some  extent,  in  the  effects  of  heavy  talcs. 
Taken  as  a  whole,  these  results  seem  to  prove  conclusive! v  that 
no  change  whatever  has  taken  place  in  the  relation  of  land 
and  sea  during  the  past  twelve  years.    Of  course  the  question 
is  not  settled— a  slow  change  that  would  be  visible  in  ccnturie 
might  be  altogether  hidden  in  the  re-ulls  ltcforc  us  ;  but  so  far 
as  they  go  these  results  will  be  interesting  to  scientific  men, 
for  they  are  the  first  that  have  been  taken  with  such  accuracy 
as  the  investigation  demands.    Mean  Sea  Levels:  1S73.  2  feet 
5-9  inches;  1874,  2  feet  7  inches;  1S7C,  2  feet  6  J  inches; 
1876,  2  feet  5  5  inches  ;  1877,  2  feet  67  inches  ;  187S,  2  feet  6 
inches;  1S79,  2  feet  55  inches;  1SS0,  2  feet  (>2  inches; 
l88l.   2  feet  52  inches;   1882,  2  feet  61  inches;   iSSl,  2 
feet  6  S  inches  ;  18S4.  2  feet  6  95  inches  — 2  feet  61 1  inches. 
In  examining  this  question  I  looked  for  some  nurk  of  old 
Mirvess  which  might  show  what  the  evidence  of  a  bnger  period 
would  be.  but  I  have  failed  to  find  any  mark  put  in  with  such 
care  as  the  investigation  demands.  There  is,  however,  one  mark 
on  the  north  east  fice  of  the  round  to.ver  on  Fort  Deni  on  which 
was  put  in  by  II. M.S.  HtraU  during  her  survey  ..f  Sydney 
harbour.    It  is  cut  in  the  stone  three  feet  above  mean  sea  level, 
arid  is  marked  with  the  broad  arrow  under  it.     I  have  been  at 
some  trouble  to  find  out  on  what  observations  this  niaik  was 
based  :  but  although  I  have  learned  that  the  survey  was  nude  in 
1857,  and  that  the  HtraU  was  in  port  from  February  26  to 
December  21,  1857,  I  cannot  learn  how  long  the  tide  observa- 
tions wcie  continued,  but  1  hope  still  to  do  so.    The  time  and 
method  of  taking  mean  sea  level  might  account  for  a  dsflcrencc 
from  the  true  mean  of  four  or  five  inches,  as  is  shown  by  the 
dillerent  monthly  means  from  the  recording  tide  gauge,  and  until  I 
can  learn  on  what  observations  the  HtraU s  mark  depends,  it 
cannot  be  used  as  evidence  of  change  of  level  of  the  land.  I  have, 
however,  connected  it  carefully  with  the  zero  of  the  tide  gauge, 
and  if  it  exactly  represents  mean  sea  level  in  1857,  it  proved  that 
the  land  has  ii,cn  five  inches  in  twenty-seven  years  ;  but,  since 
the  tide  gauge  shows  no  change  whatever  during  twelve  of  these 
years,   I  think  the  evidence  of  the  mark   cannot  be  taken 
without  full  particulars  of  the  observations  on  which  it  depends. 
In  the  course  of   conversation  with  the   late  Rev.  \V.  B. 
Clarke  on  the  question  of  the  elevation   of  the   coast,  he 
pointed  out  to  me  evidence  not  only  of  the  elevation  of  this 
coast,  but  also  of  its  subsidence,  and  expressed  his  convic- 
tion that  Port  Jackson,  llawkesbury  River,  and  other  places 
on  the  coast  had  liecn  cut  out  by  the  action  of  frch  water,  when 
the  coast  was  much  higher  than  it  is  at  present— in  fact,  that 
these  inlets  had  been  at  one  time  gullies  exactly  similar  in 
character  to  those  which  nou  exist  in  the  Ulue  Mountains,  and 


which  have  been  so  obviously  cut  out  by  fresh  water.  Since 
that  time  many  bridges  have  l>een  made  along  the  coast,  and 
the   l>orings   made  for  foundations   for  these   bridges  have 
special  significance  in  connection  with  Mr.  Clarke's  opinion  ; 
and  by  the  kindness  of  the  Fngineer-iu-chief  for  Railways 
and   the  Fngineer-in-chief   for   Roads    and   Bridges   I  am 
able  to  quote  here  some  of  these  measures,  which  prove  con- 
clusively that  the  sea  was  at  one  lime  much  lower  than  it  is  at 
present.     The  soundings  taken  for  the  Parramatta  Railway- 
bridge  show  26  feet  water,  32  feet  mud  and  silt,  8  feet  loose 
sand,  12  feet  hard  sand,  10  feet  loose  sand:  total,  88  feet. 
George's    River   bridge— 8   feet    water,   87    feet    mud  and 
sand,    9  feet  black  clay,   16   feet  sand,  4  feet  hard  sand  : 
total,   121  feel.      llawkesbury  River  bridge — 44  feet  water, 
3t  feet  light  mud,  87  feet  black  mud,  8  feet  very  hard  sand  : 
total,  1*0  feet.    In  the  road -bridge  over  the  Parramatta  River — 
41  feet  water,  16  feet  shells  and  mud,  15  feet  sand,  9  feel  blue 
clay,  6  feet  clays  and  shells  :  total,  87  feet.     Ironstone  Cove 
road-bridge — 26  feet  water,  7  feet  stiff  blue  clay,  36  feet  very 
stiff  blue  clay,  15  feet  yellow  clay,  5  feet  stiff  black  clay,  II  feet 
sand  and  clay,  2  feet  clean  sand,  3  feet  gravel  and  wood  .-  total, 
105  feet.    Shoalhavcn  River  road-bridge — 14  feet  water,  103 
feet  mud  and  silt  :  total,  117  feet.    The  lx>ttom  of  the  llawkes- 
bury, therefore,  where  the  railway-bridge  is  to  be,  is  170  feet 
below  the  level  of  the  sea  to-day  ;  and  when  the  rocks  were 
washed  away  to  form  the  river-bed  to  that  depth,  the  sea  must  have 
been  at  least  170  feet  below  its  present  level,  and  the  bearings 
in  Sydney  Harbour  and  George's  River  indicate  a  similar 
fact,  if  not  to  the  same  extent.    Without  going  further  into 
this  question,  which  is  foreign  to  my  present  purpose,  I  think  I 
have  said  enough  to  show  that  the  evidence  for  elevation  and 
subsidence  of  the  land  are  about  equal,  the  question  before  us 
being.  In  which  direction  is  the  change  going  on  now?    In  esti- 
mating the  value  of  the  evidence  quoted  as  to  the  rate  of  rise 
in  Queensland  and  South  Australia,  we  must  not  forget  that 
when  engineers  adopt  the  usual  rule  as  to  mean  sea  level— that 
is,  as  to  the  mean  of  high  and  low  water  at  any  time  of  the  year— 
they  assume  that  all  such  means  are  equal  or  represent  a  constant 
level,  when  in  point  of  fact  two  such  determinations  of  sea  level 
may  differ  by  S  inches  or  even  more,  and  in  the  absence  of  a 
self-registering  tide  gauge,  or  constant  observations  extending 
over  a  year,  no  levelling  referred  to  the  sea  in  the  usual  way  is 
of  any  value  whatever  iu  such  an  investigation  as  that  requited 
to  determine  whether  the  relative  level  of  land  and  water  varies. 
I  have  already  shown  that  Mr.  Kllery  thinks  there  is  no  evidence 
of  present  rising  in  Ilobson's  Bay,  and  the  fact  that  at  the  time 
the  engineering  levels  referred  to  were  taken  in  South  Australia 
and  Queensland  there  were  no  self- registering  tide-gauges  to 
determine  accurately  mean  sea  level,  is  sufficient  to  warrant  us 
in  hesitating  before  we  receive  the  evidence  as  to  the  rate  of  ele- 
vation furnished  from  these  colonies,  which  I  quoted  from  Mr. 
Clarke's  report.    Some  few  months  since  it  occurred  to  me  that 
it  would  be  desirable  to  nut  a  self-recording  gauge  on  Lake 
George,  with  a  view   of  keeping  a  continuous   record  of 
evaporation  and  other  changes  of  level  in  it ;  and  as  soon 
as  the  instrument  could  be  got  ready  I  put  it  up  on  the 
west  side  of  the  lake,  in  front  of  Douglas  House,  which 
is  about  a  mile  from  the  present  southern  end.    The  work 
of  erecting  the  instrument  was  completed  on  the  afternoon  of 
February  18,  and  the  pencil  was  put   down  on   the  paper 
to  begin' its  curious  record  at  7  p.m.  on  that  day.    At  the  time 
the  lake  seemed  calm  as  a  millpond,  and,  looking  at  its  smooth 
surface,  no  one  would  have  dreamed  that  such  changes  were  going 
on  in  it  as  liegan  to  reveal  themselves  so  soon  as  the  pencil 
touched  the  paper,  and  in  two  hours  the  pencil  had  recorded  a 
rise  and  fall  nf  abntt  2  inches.    This  is  not  a  motion  like  the 
ordinary  wind-made  waves,  which  pass  by  in  two  or  three  seconds, 
but  a  slow  and  gradual  rise,  occupying  an  hour,  r.nd  then  a  car- 
respondin;  fall  in  about  the  same  time,  to  do  which  a  current 
must  first  have  set  from  north  to  south  for  an  hour,  and  then  re- 
versed ;  and  if  we  consider  for  a  moment  the  force  necessary  to 
put  a  body  of  water  18  miles  long,  5  wide,  and  15  or  20  feet  deep, 
in  such  motion,  we  shall  get  some  idea  of  the  magnitude  of  the 
forces  at  work.    The  record  had  not  been  going  24  hours  when 
it  became  obvious  that  these  periodic  motions  in  the  level  of  the 
water  hail  a  period  of  about  two  hours,  and  on  the  afternoon  of 
the  second  day  a  heavy  thunderstorm  passed  over  the  sjuth  end 
of  the  lake,  and  threw  a  lrttc  light  on  the  cause  of  the  pulsations. 
The  -toi  m  rain  was  very  heavy  and  much  of  it  must  have  run  into 
the  lake,  tending  to  raise  the  waters  there.  With  the  storm  there 


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NATURE 


[7uh  c,.  1885 


came  a *i»ilehl  a-riall  i*T  «tir»!  fens  the  Kallh,  tea  In  llic  -Melt  tn.l 

•  I  the  late  .111  1  fr*r  mini'  -  ■  .--1  fntni-trr*li*i  aavc*  1  iM  he 
wvnm  llit  ntkMar.  nl.1  '.he  retia>linr  gauge  **        ■honeo*  a  bit 

•  aa  the  realtor  :  ll>t  aelil  hail  It)  aau  the  vutr  sway  fr>.m  Ihe 
..irik  rial  ilrl  mlUm!  the  gcsaral  Mm  1  t  hvrr-.  la  lt>  uiinjle* 
the  ••|*--»n  wit  nice,  ufel  llic  water  lertn  to  recover  it*  unci,  in 
OMitc  ntiKti  llir  toncai  >cl  luwanl*  IK  iwailh  «ral  nf  the  lake, 
anil  inrlil  la?  aeca  luttnttae  etui  til*  wely  al  Ihc  rat*  uf  al.iot  tar. 
nruV*  (,«  la-tn.  Hit  It  (bit  m*  amp'  uhrn  th<  nhl  hrril  era* 
reachoA.  Ihc  reiitacnlrnt  tanieil  it  I*  t.tr.1  that  |*cta*l,  aaal  ravbeil 
the  a  JI11  up  at  the  math  ana  nf  the  laaYv.  1  aaaaa  n  ramnl  aral 
taa  lank  again,  letculin".  ihi*  |imci*«  treat'  after  tirar  at  intcrtal* 
of  Jhntil  nan  hoar*,  ihc  inc  anil  tail  rytlaat.  gr.t.laaltr  bat  until 
en  alalia  ctthl  bout*  the  water  an-  aaaiint  ttill,  wltrn  -orl- 

■  trala,  il  II  JO  1  .m  .  leal  wain  lagaa  f0  aiat  laalrr  than 
c*et,  ami  aft  »i  iniliatca  lava  riaan  4  inchft  1  M  thfn  tuiarl 
aitl  fell  neatly  a.  Im*  a*  it  hal  rattan,  anil  rea.+.e*l  ai 
k.ar.1  final  tit  I  hcrjt  41  nrauti*.  havai|>  iaHm  ea.vlly  * 
*ft*.hc*.  At  ti.'j^Ut  Hntoc  la*  nig!.'  ait  linr  mil  ci'ln, 
without  l>c  tign  *e  a  tlcvm.  V*-1  it  tcrtnt  |«ntn>lile  thai  J 
atiam  e***c*l  oral  ilia  north  ana  nf  the  like,  aaal  tuitnl  the 
vtirthaa.  alirth  kcol  ua  at  inurt-ntt  i4  atn«  taju  train  ha  14 
knee*,  the  r  be  III  J  fall  rrreaVitly  ffHr  in*  i-vt.  |  wit  fortunate 
rtuicgh  tit  be  fervent  aaal  •»  mi  niaat  e<  liar  teeimt  ami  the  e*e- 
tra,*int>eg  atc.ilhrr     V«u  hate  an  it.*ih|  Itxkeil  that  ten- art 

•  •I  r-iUiti..ft.  a/i.  ataatol  ha  a  iiaMcft  l.tll.  atal  thcvthcrlifa 
taiMtfl  tne.  In  the  laae.  alal  than,  the  linfailac  wairh  caiaaal  ilie 
aalet  lo  riae  tana  greater  than  Che  ulhn.  Snailar  minlv  hive 
kc|K  the  lake  in  altaKat  (nervini  In  -tain  vara  mhct,  m.l  aaVa 
*el(f  umlea  wij,  th-y  will  gii  -el  throrarhiirr  a  fjale  <4  anal  »n* 
nlal  a»  eeaiih  rrfptlircy  it  In  a  calm.  I  tnltnariljr  atth  ■  act  nf 
•autnaaa  Una  in  ur  u  laws  ibrtra.inc  crutuilly  it  If  the 
flirt  rat  of  tlar  WAI11  tlujaanl  a  1  Ian  na  aeVfl.lt  nccnunni  tlira 
kn»  k>f<  eat  ft»  ila|t  Inerthef.  |ht  mM  nil,  11 .  jl  Ir  aaiFuU< 
art  raemiltil  w.tt  ha  ihc  l*ih  c(  Afail,  atiea  the etuci  »ia  icaark- 
ahlgr<l<l.  »r.l  an  J  Umai.luiin.  tl«  t  lib.  12th.  ami  1  uk.  At 

■  lata,  ua  Ihll  iliy  all  Glnaet,  »bu  J»-  tlllaey  nf  the  eaueia,  Ota? 
a  thaaVlervtiitra  unsrat*  it.ian  Ifjn  the  ninth,  anil  arora.  intn  tlw 
tec-^aliati^iiiaaa  tn  are  lit  cfctl.  The  LaLe  t«at  riiirc  fait,  tint 
aa  Jfi  annate*  row  4  aathra  ;  a.  lU-  .i.cTn  |vltaeva  neeihelil  the 
naine  ratarH,  ami  lite  laltc  al  .airy  l«e,ji,  \„  U\\,  p-ttai«  In.  a  l>. 
*»  I'feeioit  level  aa  15  rninare*  1  |iv  .n^  ikaa  radni  it  fell  2 
lathtt  Btilre-  in  all  6  radar*— oral  tbm  l«f.ui  u>  rrr  aajara,  at 
Mftitnti  a  -erica  raf  I  .„  that  laate.1  Sea  «tayv  K.ain  narae 
*7«h  thr.  tlitna.  aaal  on  thr  |«ih  aa.1  ft,ih  ttiaatim*!  rycaii»Vt  a*, 
i  i.li.i.l  r  Ihc  ttbt  |-|o  lace,  earn  Ml.  jn.l  >bit  ni-ciU  live  ..I 
I)  incbre  in  the  Itkr.  ahirh  can  hr  .ti.tci<tl|  tttM  In  the  trum! 
a-  wiraellilivl  iaal.T-cailcnl  ia"  the  Ulutaila.  With  ihc  ram  Here 
an*  1  In.tv;  lerear  iaf  atlmli  lail fa/  Lac  tblrj  ilty  after  < U  avalir 
hlil  lefBmnl  In  u.  i.ll  level,  all  the  riin  liaaint  rvaiirealail  in 
Ikare  cfaia.  |n  cttb  nf  the  »-r.  1  lure  aarafttievtl  a»  Cirtbr  in. 
nnhea  *»e-at  tu  htre  hecat  rrara  hf  .t  ■laiiea  tint  at  Im-tLinx  narr 
the  like.  I  itl  thrre  ate  mne r  inatintet  In  vblth  tlrf  ini|iohr  art* 
taf  a  tntifty  thlTrvCBt  rharae-rf.  Hill  It  iceint  It  af  a  ratal  I  forte 
|Mi|«iti  iraantricil  v.71,  ar.-iiit  to  ibi  ilnty  hrr  J  lilaT  one,  |nu  t. 
ate  Anull  aal  a  bitty  avl£at  VIIHaatirl  I7  a  alriial  mne<n.in  *V 
fllvita!  it  nrar  a  liltar  rMjiTl,  mil  tlttn  n'llrraf  111. |  i.'.    al  cttfl 

•  nine  So  la.'  force,  taktlcarr  U  If,  abith  aa  tie;  c  lAvrt  «£•* 
•aa  the  ataarr  m  the  lake.  Jlvet  It  «  ar.llc  atul  oral  crailtlltly  erta 
il  in  toilum.  Iht  lieu  Uiitaace  of  Ihl*  uxviare-t  on  af  rr 
IKaaU  taf  Ajaril  y.  at  thr  tune  lie  Inkc  aaa  veff  unlrt,  aaal 
•tahlenly  tilt,  ataarr  rote  lit  Inth,  mil  fell  aiiatn  arilhin  |o 
niinatca ;  ntat  tinir  It  r.ne  an  taeh  aa.l  a  half,  anil  frit  J 
racWt  in  llirre  i|nintr»  nf  nn  hntrr,  tar  neat  traar  il  r>r  t 
irtrttr*,  an<l  fell  }a  llnlie.  In  an  boar :  it  then  nne  |]  iltcaa-  aa 
«0  alLBUIe..  alfl  m>  tlartc.1  4  atir.  of  jctt.ataait  aahich  ■aallnl 
iloan  to  lao-hnar  aalcnala,  an  I  la*laal  tavtcy  eattr-.  aTaaJMR 
the  rt-e  aaal  fall  lalv  alalM  eiml  lilacs  brr  »«a  ami  tlrti  It., 
arhii.-  fall  wJt  taltc  JaXtte  la)  14  <•  15  minrxt*.  .in!  ih*  mrrr- 

■ 1  '  ^  1  ■  '  lluniinaiea,  jjnllt  It  t>4  tery  tmnre.il  i.tf|ial 
•oar  an  a  .el  .4  Iv.  ier  lite  latiial  of  Ibr  irthrla,  »*  if  orat  bail  le-cn 
tell  0411.  In  favt  thr  rartatraa.  ttt  thr  cotaialKaB*  of  illit.tlion  tH 
ttfy  lattclin*.  W0I1  1  tirvtof  tin  tirt*  ntt  la*'  aiiht  nimann 
RMaal  1  hate  m.  .  or  I  tj  of  thr  leM  .leaaril  iniia^t  Ih..^ 
talrvatly  aaa-itticrl  rjf  Hror  Ja  hive  1  ntratal  of  4  a.inr*  II 
tainulr.,  file  I  |rr«rl  of  2  knnr.  a  liraanteV  lit  a  ja-fii»l  nf  4 
hail*  iy  n.. antes  an.1  nn  a  la'tiir-l  of  I  lr*ir  14  aalnoli-.  Th* 
(■eianal*  nf  tbitat  on  the  1  ale  of  ternrea  are  74  lulliuv*  tail  » 
arinole.  tt|  tb.i«  ot  Ijbr  liaori;*  ahirh  hate  •  |rtln.l  nl  | 
•for.  It  axinille*.  Mieav  are  taar  larri*i  yet  remnlttl.  aflil  iKaaall 


eatly  «  hitf  or  a  .tttartrr  nf  .an  inch  me  anrl  fill ;  ...  that  ,hrtr 
no.t  >e  ^onelbtnr;  «h„o  mike,  e  learla  u.  tnalro  thf  taeeirrl  a 
btailt  llaalnuli*.  Il  .1  aaaeaonhy  thtt  u  Laitv  Ireota  a. 
attll  .1.  the  Lake  r*T  IrenetTi.  the  arrart  *rarh  I*  taot  half  the  I  n  • 
»e  .  Ir*  tkey  aenr  alana!  the  .eae  {aa.|K>niam  .na.  to  the  other 
Incntll  .taa.  A.  10  Ike  c«l*e  of  Lhe-a  coo-,,,,  in  the  lalv  I  ,„, 
n  «  pre|iarvj  to  aay  aamli  11  |  tewnt.  f  uriher  invealiicili.,1,  L 
liriilrl.  aii.l  1  h  ...  .  I,  IV  t.t  ,,f  a  r,cr...|in(  nn....l  I  »],.  „t, 
llltre.  ami  a  tae.mllli,  aaraaranrter  rn  he  ereeta-l  .bollty.  to 
a  h-  :,■  toaacarr  tl«  tl.ance.  nf  wind  and  earftlre  with  tin 
thanee.  in  t)a,  U*,  bat  I  fa  n  )l  nneal  la  timl  evrey, l,|,_ 
Chtnc--.  of  IctH.  i...  an,  e-«|!  nn  in  the  rank  War? 
ailiiill,  intra  nn  tor-aiinnttal  t.  ..r,t  taf  view,  arc  antetl.elt 
inlmtnnc  betui-i  they  arTert  the  in<rarnrmt.  ami  tbee.' 
fum  Ik.,  m-i-nr*^  Thrj  are  vtvy  mlnuir.  4»l  n,  hue  tin 
mean*  of  lurieevf-  a  rornmilfaa  tccoetl  of  Ikcaa ;  bat  il  u 
NMlUl  lhv.1  tf  mcb  rktmrjea  aajeti  tkat  htLv  they  will  h,  to  anat: 
n.  «.|  1 1  n.  „,rt,»e.riv.|>  cnritnrxtt  ratrnt  at  to  ahrtta  ibr™ 
arlta-t  on  tire  revneelini  ln*triiimntv  thne-  Tkar  haittrrnnrt  tar 
>(  Inrs  l.n.l.oalraj  ir.ee  that  tkoa>lert|ttraaa  ovaae  «n  .rth 
1 .»■{*■»  ,W  nl  tbr  looime..,.  «M3  al  lh»,  S  S  I 
t-xl.  ..f  an  anca.  If  aejt  a  ehanr-e  tnnl.l  aHVel  eaie  era.1  „f  ike 
like  fir,  a  fa.  ajjnolo  it  w.tnl.1  1*.  rpaiur,,  ||.W||m  IgllfciT 
train  ri  aa  inch  or  .anrc.  tathlcll  nmkl  make  SS  km.ao  at 
intax  k|  nih  10  the  citarr  rn.l  :  bnl  alth>o.h  aaek  (h.tnrr. 
matt  hate  eUtrt.  I  fa  ere  think  .-  ,.„  I.  Vn?..»cea3C 

Irata  i*.  1,  |  hive  tl'rwhcie  vttn.n,  Iheae  Hoenit  taaave  al  Ibi 

*  «"">■«  00  tnilr*  per  h  .ir.  aa.1  are  ..lien  70  rmle.  wal,  a 
Wat  mm  i  ttnera  roatiag  net  |.,  th,  lake  votil.l  aprmvl  all  over  t 
M  llt.illy  lo  m»  aautft  mnlotn  10  Ike  water.  1  am  lam 
«-»-iik-  thai  tl-  tlot.t  ther.  .4  ,he  .taa.  chlMtl.ra*  Itora. 
akltb  mt  Hy.lrarv.  kail  they  aaiy  U  ouffrr  wbrn  r»t.„, 
Ike  lake,  ar.1  travel  nor,  *ov|y  Certairtly  |he  -orn.  alhich  f 
..»  toavtat  iloan  Ike  lake -  -ta.1  ...  Iravtl  .i,(,  aMtkiri.  bke.,.,1 
a.t-i  y     M  \  turh.t,  «ho  „„,br.l  fn,  y>r», .  ,hr  Mb  ,J  E 

konaclf  latufco-  „  *,,,„,..  i.-n,,  CJ,  i(  gfZ£H  .brat TSt 
SHH   .  -^l  bacaate  of  the  vwaa,,,.  nrev,,,,." 

i  nn  trhtl  I  hate  .ten       fat.  tl«  Ural  pan  of  III.  1,  „« 
Like  r-enajr.  lut  l'.  1.  am  la*tm^  ,h.  Ve.r.aac'.ir  r.  un.:e»», 

lul  l.canar  K  «.h  'ina,.  the  tt.r.1  t.  «,«.  .,„|  ,„^|c  'i 

naataal.  to  the  water  11.  nttn  |.efjl-.aritT,    I  if  the    ,^  Vh, 

«i  '  *cl  ll.r  ttaire  In  „„,linn  f  lave  ■»„..,  „.  «  ..vara. 
lOvtirar.l.tnirk.,  whlth  I  net  1  «.<  riaatat.  baa  |  aur  aafi  thtt 
Ibr  lino-  laa-ntw.  <,nnr  frnta  the  Meth.  ItatameJ.  It  »  ^t,m,  lt 
aae.  IKi  MM  M  thai  .tlrtctton  attaaac  <m  the  atter.  the  tthok 
hiiph  .4  th,  laja,  ,.„„„  .  ^„  fa  whM1  ilm 
the  -..til.  o.rv  0  tkajtt  onirh  atf  ».„„,  the  -an,,  i,  f,„.|" tboM 

1  oil.  Ir  0,  fc*.,lh.„l      |:;,„  .l-hoigt,  ,k«. ml   h  an 

aeara.il  tin-  .«•  the  nhtmitneiii  tauter  illaeaiaoira,  I  <bnvt  itr 

',"  •""    '     '  J"''  ■   '  «-  '  •'-     .1  .'.  ami  nine  ire   

<nt>ltrf..je*.«l,,|,kaeh.  to  far.  |  ,m  „„.>,  I0  ^  ,„  g 
ctuje  Mr  Ko-.ll  , he.  mm*  inl..oVl,.|,.i<Ihc.utr„,m|,m>. 
IB  <.e..r».  »*u,h.  he  «ntel,at,  .Jl  ,„y  p«a,  Jg3 

Ihc  aimmnl      rnnfajl  aa  the  tohmy  .,«;  (..„,  ZuJ  lTk 

,Ke-..t.e«.  nf  i-tel  in  Like  r.e48c.  hf  w.  „ 

nmtt£  .ttilcn.e  m  favratr  nf  the  lie.  1K11  ihtre  ha.  I„ 

ami  rrnl.iMy   w  uav  „„,  ,.;         .,(  A,ltttJaL 

'•  -  -     «i  K......1 ..  .. ...  .,.„,.,; 

■l.raMr  he  avaract  t.inttll.  »hi,b  it  2t  InchT*.  ant  /  kSS 
rain.  It..,,  a.  .  «m ^,„,  ,„      u,fc  JJ»HJ 

!  iXlT'i^larlVtll**  'W»  t-m«!S 

aavrti  n'  h  ?.      4  ""'''m-'  **n?        ^         P  >' 

aaanain  ih.  rata      olr.,„w  J  A  * 

CJE7-,n^.  .V,  ."'  '  Wrlilacas  .mne  of  lie  kM  .4.1 
v..,  I.   nn. o,.U,l  l;n.t«.„,.<,,hiarn,«,ofL    U«  Uy,,W 

X  "  t  *  i  ""•"•■*■'•  "f  nin.t,iie,  al  caah  eml  ol 

•  "*  ""'  h~  -        *«  ""J  the 

SknaiS  Xi 'm  n,y  fes ,%« 1"D-     ,!^-"*"-  "«• 

,'.  .J,,,"  "„  l  "."'1  '*  r""  ihc  lakeku  k.<  b, 

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li        I  A  Itntl-flt  >>f  ifct  UM 

.«iV  'I-1 'tier*  .(Kh'ww/.^j,  h*  i>f 
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three  Mttt>  «f  |air.,  m  itir  b.lei  I  or. 

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CONTENTS  ft*, 
Thr  Int.matinnftl  S.mtAty  Confrr.nceln  Ron*..  ai- 
A  N  i-  - 1-  n  «  W.tideitnt;a  in  tti<  CtMern  Atchi.  ' 

pcUco.    lb  AKnJ  R  W.ltic.   2t» 

Fiw  Elem.tiLt.-  T.xt  Rnokv  ol  Hyuicne   221 

Our  B..uk  Shrll  1— 

.Xriair.  "  Cnchrl,  ItaA  t"  ,  .  .  ,  

Xlm.Wi  uH...iay  '..   ,  

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MMl    ,  .....  11.  ......... 

Lrtw*  tn  tha  Cdilot  -.— 

"  An  I'lltlnnuil.  In.vnli-nl. M  

Mr.  CHI  ■  .  -  i.n.n.- ..I  /nn./ia.vr  ta*f/tr1/,*utt.  find 
v.  ,.l..ii  -Krinclt  Oar 

f»lll,.«.-Wa  Willi:  O  &   * 

"  r*T J '»•*•■»     <  V.frlnt.  ti. --J.  CUytOCI  . 

rial  Vatar — W.  M  j.n.t|ti  ..... 

.  "••»  J-  -  Or  C.  M  Itmlatw  .... 

Crid.wcm  Ctynulft  ul  Ch^r.tt  oC  Puta^i    hi  Prof 

C  G  BloV.a.  S.c  R  S  . 
Expeiim.ntjl  Kktmmc; .  . 

El.tlinity  «  the  li.v.nnoni  Eahibilion  ".'."!! 
^A'i"*"   D«liai".«l«n  Commi- tion.     T.r  Dt 

j  t  T  Aitciiiirn  rns 

An  Old  Dtawln,  al  ■  Mammoth     By  Baton  A  R 

■WU  »'*""  '  '<«  "aW  »l*  wMch'thfy  Rtctdt 
t  ,  Eda.td  Wc.ann  .;/r,„ Jnttwi 


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Out  AHlonoteicilColiarnn,— ' 

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S;  •  rR'<!'"l  f-""tr  R.toMer.' 
Tot  Gtawih  of  Ciruli 

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NATURE 


Ixxvii 


SCRIPTIONS  to  "NATURE. 


TICINE. 


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.„„  Trl  ti.i.-  MNlTtll  STATUS  I'MAKMACnfil  IA  IIV  KKANCIS  H.  WILLIAMS.  Ill 
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XII 


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NEW  tt'oKK  (IV  MR  MATTHEW  ARNOLD. 

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etih  ipreir..  ami  hp  nl.V.  I...  m-t.w. ■< .  t»  infer,  fn.m  the 
edemifnh.ei*  of  Mieh  riml  Sorb  xti  inr*rt,  that  *iufc  ami 
tnrh  a  liifti  nktr  h*  etcperted  10  feed  on  et.  Such  a  en*j-  | 
Imtrnua  ran  IH*  he  tntml  in  fe«  iml.viil  alh  i  hot  If 
even  r..n  in  bi»  lenutr  field  nnl.s  woiiW.  ami  t«rjr.  '»»! 

 1 —  ^.1,  uk  !<•■•' J. \.-f  »l  oaMntoHj  nutc  the  - 

In'tltmunrc*  al  the  time  ft  hi*  fint  ^ectnf 
iU,  a  tn.l«  "f  mfdrtvulion  •ntil.l  nr  (jo* 
mhle  M  llrt>  AlMMir|  of  the  !*■■«  ol  (pro 
mpMriii  .I'.trl.niinii :  tmJ  «ftlJ  lomethina  of  tb*  tnn  i* 
.lone.  .."el  melt  mmmtkn  ><(«•>  ar»l  ttotjawd  I  hrhe« 
Ibn.e  •ill  reni.rn,  ^.  tl.cy  jir  m.'«  .lut.imi-  in.l 
ranjfnitral."-/B/ee.f»  /.'i;.-,  |U>  it.  «. 

In  th*  hiitlin^rttphiiAl  |M>rtl>jft  itbn  w.irk  >lr.  M.I. 1*1! 
Ufc.nt  hiitwelf  t"  I*  nell  iei.1.  inn*  the  -^V.  i  .m.  lie 
nt'lnfrmtih*  «riion-..f  hit  |«vilerr-eHi"  •itm  n>  be 
Mtniiiitr  r«h'h"f.    If  he  en.  .1  .11.  "'■  .rh  ».■  .ue 
1 

el...  1 11  o'^lhtt  lii-nv  rc*.|cr.  win. hwvr  n.rt  aeccv  ton 
_,|  Ulr.irv  ••.inl.l  t"  Ifiief  |.l.  fr.1  h  ul  h  ■  e^tr»-i> 
Suj,)imiH  Uen  lonte..  f>  lint,  »nouh>  hit  htt'e  1-fA 

M|M  mi  t.t  to  borne  i«  .uln.1  hy  the  »   lh~:  ;h  «c 

.  .r.tm  tin.!  11  11.  e,nr«!ve.  le.  hlime  him  1I11.  .t  .■fint'. 
k  •  Ik*  tetirJoiMvi..  nMriWrj ••■Writ  |*tv*Jh  ..iu.mii 

liMUbk  tnorit  Me.  Mtiehtll  Me  t«  Ire. 

fr.rn.tlie  »l*  »•  evW.a.e  the  itm»»tJl.if  nfh.«  ..'•».  I, 
the  kith  .4  llM  tnilKlt.  «<      mim<  t. .ni|».leei  •*  Iwil 

tU..  htvr  .l.«e.lir  U"».lf»-*         "«■•«•"  ***! 

HBM«  ■«*  r™**"      ttennl  uu  M  lie.     In  in 

en.e.in.l.r.l.beieem.f  «■  <•'  '•'•<  >•"/-"-'•  •  1 

  '  -  ,,n..l.«*J  *«  ■■  -I  h«««  <»"'•*  '*  I""'"""'1 

,„..,.^.  n,»t  un.entert.neilix-i.l.  ti.e-t.ilfem.  ,eM. 
rtneeln  «B  i»f..n«J  pa*m  f  "V"*1  »  <""'*• 

thtt  .et*  then  awl  in-' '  ?J*t5' 

UmjJttrr.  h.nn.  Iii.hilnt.tl*.  top*  the 

 n,l«e„«,m..  »  Itm  k  Iter  M*  "far*; 

MtoUM  Wh..il»e  .ml  tlw  VVnll  ^l"-*^" 
m.,,le  ...  ,he  kWT  »  "<*«..»  t»  h«*  ■•*.•»  *«ied  » 


16.  188 


Nnrfnlk  nrAtly  »mc  huivlrtd  **>m  aj;»>— and  krciifilmM 
a  cutoiifetl  tijiifc  :bt  Mf.  Koulrmitts;  of  each  of 
ipecirs  U  irttfodured.   trMM  c  ircfally  dr»*n  .thmrAiicm 
i-f  ckcuyt.  ii  uc!l  «•  M-vrrtl  nth«r  inj^nttiut  mod«><>  «■ 
tullitv:  »'  W*J  WnK  nre  aHo  ji.ee,  and  ihc> 

add  ftot  ft  IiltU*  M  thr  nilrrr*4  *i|  the  twok  ;  for,  «i(h  th 
cx(«tJtl<w  i-f  tli*  |d;itc-«  in  Ritevley  *  not  vary  arrcnih] 
"  <  tmit>i illicit* .it  MiTclliny."  we  arc  tmt  an  arc  irf  »n 
trpn*«'nlnl^iii  of  ihe  mo.fr  «f  cipiuir  by  "  flvncit,"  r»)u 
»«  HiinL  m  iilirr  llic  "'.oulitt-nci  "  p»nil« 
taw  eiee  hren  rt^eureil  tofore  ;  ^mt  •  .th  re^peei  1..  thtt  bt 
lenn.«hieli  Mi  Mit.hell  Jcilte.-renm the  Aoghi- Norma 
'turner  -  n  net  n»  .r.tre.  "  »e  mn  otiier.e  t!,.i  uluui  t 
'''--«  -in'-  W  lh-  ;h'o  .f  ee  hint.  .-.ill.  i  .  eri.i.n  biml  nf  iu 
<afi  In  Ukm-  .larhei^v  noiiikixks  »nd  <«»**  birf 
fijmtni  i  -j  •..ol  uhirh  teeuik  ucltii  nn»  in  luhtn  .- 
^•«<rnr.'  <M  e.uine  >  mmk  an  the  InriUof  Unctihir 
enuhl  n  .t  l»  erenpiete  «M»al  1  rtferenec  tnt'.emnic  am 
the  file  nf  I luiMertt  whcrenn  hrmneln  tinned  to  gene 
Inn  •*  itr  ;lni  to  >ec  thtt  Me.  Mitelve'.l  il..t.iin«  feoi 
wertiv  nl  tbe  i*l  heilullv't  rredublj,  M  in  mar 
tne^Jern  writeri  h.i.i-  .line,  though  m.iv  pntnt  ttW  , 
him  th.n  in  the«  hi  5pcA  of  a  herntrle  1,  '■ 

cprciet  nf  atrfuutk*  -  i,  (,.  n*  a  «>m*i>rat  i-ijue  if  n. 
in.-11.-ie.1te  e<|.t-..i..n  Let  lei  tfl.l  ttuil  a  tni,.  of  i> 
r.unt)  jnd.  W  f...  <i,  «c  h..i*  tntrxl  it,  an  c.erlbmt  inett) 
lie  imonii  the  merit,  of  tin.  viti^factoiv  btile  hmk. 


unit t 


ef  CdTJMtu  /;  of  cjxAi,U.\  rutin* 
CiMfKhU  mV  .Vrfi..-,.,'  ft/,r.,n  Jtonw  e/-  <rjMdi 

Alfrcl  It,  l.  Sel^n.  tl.O.,  e*.K_H,  r.r,  S..  Ibeteto 

"Citvik-yucof  C.mulun  I'l.m...  fan  II.  nu>npn»l.e- 
Ilt  John  tt...  .„,-,,  U  .v,  K.I..S,  F.K  S.C  se»  n, 
Montirit:  lt.nioii  Hrothet..  t<*4. 

A  I  rii'.i  r,||  rM,  ,t  „n),.  ,  tatatarta  ,y  wmat  »n 

.  »  h..al...ev  1  h  1  -if  tnto-h  .ntetcst  .mil  «w  the 
hi-  heen  ure.tMy  neoh.,1  \^    lm^„  bounlsti  tn 

'"'  iw»i»i»i>  ~-  f  in  nr  tin  »nin  ummn 

... .1  ut  mi  br™i.,j,r,t. ,-,  v,  4m  Hmil:ir  „  enxr_ 

eluwoiee  tn.,  r-ejr!;  kaU  „f  ,|,r  „r  lht  c.ltl1I|u 

,1.1  .....  ..  l.r.,  ■•.mr.|m  orih*»|i*riMr«ul>t«>eia»  th 

•^.j-  frntn  rtfitatit  uernv.  I.iminn  ami  throitch  Mh«ia.a> 

!  the  tenraatoMc  len^n.-||.„|  Iblltofr^atiM  nf  the  ««ri  e 
tlte  IVitt.l  Nine,  ren.he.,  a  n  matter  at  mndi  iMetwt  1 

«  ,W,!  "  '        "»«  :b.  .lcuer^on  of  the  ««cei  thmnj; 

the  Ml  D.i-'.e,,,  „,  „  „(  ,,,,  rj^Mlsenl.  Tlw  "  Km 
lh«r.l|.  tomtrlt  out  "  ,.r  sir  Wu.  Il,«ik-rr  i«  nun  f.»-t 
»-e..r-  tihl,  nu4  .11 1h.11  hit  ,lBnt  (.jr,  .orkrd  «*  al»n, 

I  IS*  Canfh.m  ,|n.  .imt  it,,,,  ,h.inbuti.n>  h»  nei« 
In-mpni  IMMtol  Jntl  (,.iU..Se,|  It)  thtt  It  «.n  t\a.libt 

,  me  teaeral u»e  The  hen  pnn,.oi  „r  the  |tie<MU  c.t  v 
IWW*  •»>  i~tt*.l  In  iltft  ai'iinltohl  itoMrn 

nnmleirof  fohpeulmi.  ceoeia  *n.  an,  tml  ri  .pecie 
•jo;  The  nrf.ent  fort  cnntale..  the  finnunn-il  r.  an. 
e.rtiei  ;,|,  -l„  ,„  nU  .  .  ,f  ,.,.,„.,  ,  ,.,  4„t  >n,|  „(  ^tj,,  , 
I'll.  So  Autl  the  1.4 »l  n'UII>>er  of  flnwerns  plow  %a\ 
lTtn*-n  |tj  lte  i.,1,  Kwik  \enrri.  I  m.i>  be  eHinuohl  g 
abniti  j...  kpaj  «.  nyjinx  MkfJM  nr  tj,ooo  Ma  knov 
.11  tlw  I  niirj  Sjntr.  1  tja  „f  the  mm  rrmaiLihlt  p«m 

••,w„*  ,  '  l  '"**'!'Jik""'1'  time*  '- 

Digi'tizeH'By'CSogle 


it*.  tSS$ 


NATUfOk 


the  Ciin.ktif.-iu  floi.i  u  lnw  nMMri^fta  *ft*J*t  •'-.'<  »  I  . 

Ilto  it  cli.it  -ire  not  ftttfltij  In  i!k'  I  "nilr.1  -ir..i^*    Tin*  *"!'  J**  '"  "  " 

I  tjucMion  of  the  »:h.ir.ii.it:riw(ii .  ,*{  >i,,    v.tih  JJJ  i 

itin  llor.»  «.t*  r*ntl>   iliwr.x^cil  l»v  Dr.        i.mi  ,,i  ^ .f  iiuij  ",»•< 

t.'  -  -  to  (fir  b#|>tl*Jftenl  Mn  it'Ht  itf  tin-    tlrtTith  A*«i-  "        -  1 

.11  MiititM-.il.  w  hu  ll  tv.i»  |iu*iflwli«>|  hi  :lw   Lit  "  ' 

l>rr,    l*tf-4.  1  if  tliu  -'Iw.          7»-if>x.p/  .v\*iA«.v.  iu~  Imwmt'wVi 

f   if-    rV-l<ltii^      •  ll.ll*,li  !«?lMl*  *    J-   •  ••'i||<iitl   *»Jl?l  k«  "',ti;/'lJr  |. 

.-»rc  il»n  .ilmiiil-tiii  »lfi vtaftaMM       poi'ttHar lynM  *>>■ 

|Ki<it  c  nmt    Iliu  arcr      It  U      tit  l*  iihn  it  ncLV  I  sH, ,',  !  |    I  *  *  " 

i.it  HC  inttM  titui  f«i«  full  ilct_*jl.  *-i  «•  J|  iM.itKf*  '  c&lb4         I.f  t'|, 

t  111  ,ip|i|i*:.iti*in  |a  the  ti*i#ihern  aiv.i-    IJmi  r4  lite  j  '"«'< 

■rtou*  inM.inr*3*  **t       HJtuWtj  fi«r  .»  ni-H  m.iffcnl  I  -* ^'"i"'    1 '"  " 

iiffly  ili<»t.ini  *»«««  IW  miin  .ium  |.  fiimi»H<.|  )•<  i\i..^  "LV.T 

irrt-m  o  of  t-.t/SffM't  •'•#.>* -i**A  Hi  irry  -*n.in  i|  mint)  I  -l«jn 

mmill.tlid.  i"-»|»r  llrctttii  Kl  titil,  tr*!  \.n  •  vwm,  1           ftt«l  -i  ■;  1 

1*    fcmmn    011    the   Amrritviii  i:ittiiiiii-iii.  ,m  I  -  ft .  J.-Ti  .'! 

61rfa*   ih   1  1 1 1           j»I*««iu.     A  Lin.-*  iidiit'Lir  ot  -y  "1. ,.,.1. 

I  l:.lirn|H'tH1  |»l.»nt-*,            a*  /•'.///•                 i*HTl-  *«trL«*,  11  l.'.J,  u 

MM    /.*V/*  itftff** -tttMVt.    TxttsAtf  /VVf.j.  //f.  .  f-  j^"'  V"/**^ 

CV*"*  »»n<l    . -i****^'*//**  4»*t\U^/,  MC   r-lll)    niltur.ll.fi  ,,-.,t.  |m  III;! 

»Lt,      S'tino     ItrilUh   *|Nxlr*.  tiu  h   17.1*1 .  I  *  *■;■'.         m  .' 

ami  ///.-#*./■  '"*«/  itwAVAtfiruf  *tr  irpnc^HMol  in  '  J1""*'  *  '**'»  •  •  * 

l»>-  r»i4etftt4  ttio-tiy  rewlU)  .h-tin-ui.:(  ,i.v  t*xn  /!  ...i 

.fMMII  t>|H>.      <>f  J**-'!"*  .»l|ti«r  111  I  1m  i  KWWpCM  j  H«1*»w4t^  lite* 

.ur  u>.|rU    -p.i  i<l   -i  |li.f-h  N  -  I.  \i<-      1  *  ' 


I         „         -   "  ■         1  t  ..  >;h 

'.      •     1      r. 1  ■  •■«:'»  «K 

!  "  f*'r^  'ii  kw,  M'l  In, 
1   r  J*"1"1'  ;,,»| 

1 

w«  sate  m»  <«»..f.f/ ir  .1 . 

H  hU'iImi  toi  A.u-Aiii. 


r  Mi 


11-4  . 


I.  Wjl 

itl'.'jl.f.  \  mi*  vil».ili.. .  «itn. 
in  1  |« i|u  1  <>.ln  it*,  |Ln  !Mw| 


I 


in-t  iili  1 li» 

W  Af/<V/"*"  V*"'    1,1,1  f? 

.urnpc.in  .iim 
.1/////*  * 

. 

mmi  h.i-  .  ..n-nhcl  tir.         *.t  "  -nil  I  "  ^tt^-i 

.11  .ill   IHMIlt--  1'f  »l"USlli|I    ..k  f  I"   M   '  '""I 

„M..Kn.  biiiiv  **n-l  ■*!  ni  l.it  I   ^    | . . ...   1  j  - 


>|  J'.nlt.ti    iliHp.  r*n.ii  .11  I  |t*4Tl  'r--<     ■'■  ' 

I 


,,^w  ^MJ^J  ."..v._. 

: 


■ 


Tut  FMMU  «4  tiie  ttiiMT. 

I 


1 


^44 


NATURE 


ifuU  ibi*  u*-*1"*-''*  rmtttj  ■■*  ihr  pari  tit  •  JiUWta  Wlt« 
ilrnuen>  nf  ihr  #  -any  •iwituthrteaU  <*  >»)••«<-]  an-ftv  -hftr^ 
fine  WMhM  »9  Jnir»Al<  vnfutcl  tu  meet  Ok  vv*w  «lll  mou  the 
■icmlit  nl-Vilh 

The  pfinr  ftn^Miiy fw  «-».▼}•  im-tdUt  ul  Uir  1t:tm  il  fjta*  i. 
the  <  >>f  -i,;  i  ait-wL.  .  I  *4V>  « ;  -r. !  twiy  ilrwtl  ■  • 
mm  «n1  v in v l  it  urtVrc*i»  hy  tncfe  lit'  *  it  t.\*nx  murf  >>f 
K\c»l')  l.itt  Ivn  <vir4  «|i  imIii  that  utiKftiaft  cm  ml  nf 

ll,  *t  I  i  ■'   M -  -  i-i  till,  us  It  wa*  In  lW    '  r<  m  .  .  . 

ititl  ill  it*  ift*in  0->jj>«  t**  idr  .inuul  kin^t-nn  hr*t  ia.*n'  intn 
•*liflirn«t*  »<*  *»*J  If"  fawni*  ant  viyihtt  i Sw -*  mini  gn.ifH 
«ir4rlU4  (if  the  tyswrUm  aokat  >/tm  ».  »*  lh***  m  MM 
i*m  **tt  l«iw^'b  iK.t  1-ir^»  lij  mit-t*  uinwl  dy  wall*  Wji, 
\\h*  ihi  ftittj  nf  |MHI  ONI  In  »ina»*  hirk  .U#«lij, 

hy  ihc  lint-.  ■  I  mul  ml  ■        m  the  uin  mmU' 

<lir|k4j|<  ihn  I  hivf  n*T.i  itiUt-hct  my<ttf**  ***-»  reux*-!*-! 
tiy  trim,  »  ft--  nm>iM  c  nil*  t  tt.v  rnkj  ' .  J*rnfl  hftwirti 
waer-  /«il  »-t»<ti.  I  Hi  nuii|tW,  »  with  i  n»let<«lif  ■ 
■trtrlril  niyr.  It  in  M.  UK,    filtl<m>,  un> 

*tin>r  -i  wr>i*«*y  i"«vtl'  tli'  .hi-tum  •>!  *  *«((»:  form  at*  I 
wnt|<i»r.  In  lb*  <lr*r-«r  vw*f  t  •hrteis,  Icmm  irk-  nut  I. 
thv  RM  nitl  rhfk.  In  MM!  HUH  fcWP  <lx  fid  the  liHr 
wniM  Mintftililcty  rftwk  <n>  with  vuiiiltin  In  Miilniatr, 
the  uttw «l  rami  «'•»!•)  I  ••!»£•«  lc  1  «.••*■  *uilr>*  lit  the  iNMf 
ifcotc     ..    ■ .  ; 

V   r.  ,.  Hit  I, I'm  •«•!  >uitrl  In  lult-n^nk*  »■    tun  ir. 

OMlfhVt  wait  lUt  (k-i  »u«  I  t»  ilmtf  mUi,  (hr  Wm  itf  t 
.(■;..  !  ■  ..i  !«ttrm  li.l< KtlAt  iP^'ht  -"»^  A\i*T£r  lltH 
uf  ihr  >tai*  ^tiwi  fofifMting  mgtf,    A»  A  |»f*uMe 

MktiiiK  I  vtultl  »-W«cv  the  aw  nf  7V*4n  .■/.•y^(vi-Mi  jni 
r.£****'*tm       rttr ~«i;i->tiiiifi-l-tu>r  I  Mv«r.  Urn 

ci«Mt<l(tT'l  >li'itMw*  »jrs;fcf»  ;  tiK  ]  liitv  in  ni  Iflfd' 
mtn*  ff'Wl  nUcrti  filAnnt-,  .W-»tn^  4   uVlHiil  |u>vt;< 

twtWcrfl  tttc  •■»i4lt  fvy|t\nm*  tml  lk«  Kdj«nn>l  grA».tl-*»in«, 
it«t  tlii.  \*AS     ■  Mjllim  -tr,!  .ulct.ii>' 

1  rq^Kt  thil  I  bsv*  b»r«  4itiMc  tu  ..liittTuj.Vth.^  .J  thr 

Monnnlidv  t»m»  tv.^r  i-n  if  fhty  <<«ttiiM  lt»c  i«*->i^c  (t<nft 
tk»  Mlf  •f«K-*»-.  |lir>AWf.  Itl>,  I  ihmk,  t  ii-lftll  Ihx*  lt»n*;S 
T,  ttif/hmtu  inn  rttatn  iu  ft«m  In  iln.^  «  iter,  T.  ;»n/v«i 
uul>l  li  <  rti.tlH  n»  tiintwtr»£il  ^nimUlx!  «rii'  It  tu 

.•f3.li  llu  l*lal  •tmiJ. 

Tfc*  %*n»ty  M  n*itit>1  cthlbitr^l  Itf  ll*  till  til  tmr.i  in 
rniv>ln£  wnctirntlt.  .ttl-t-.l-  a  t«<*l  alci<-:iiv  mjImmI  nf 
tCWlfdi.  Tji*  nil  ihHAiuM  in  win>»al  ic\y  nf  n<V — tt»  hj]>v- 
iladk*!  cite — »uk  <c*nly  linf^tt  liwfi  rt"  it,  tiu-  friplf  /  iaV- 
J'lJn*  f*fy**cM  luitv  in  k«  ind  tht  Im  H  Intlt  /**r.r<¥4 
V<A«.in)  (imi;lt«;  to  tbc  »r*-»fit|.  A  MM  slifa-V"  lU-lmi,  u<l 
KM.-  tlnii  Ktnil  tncllml*  »/  >lt4rncc.  Tfac  Unbti  i*  >*fc  ■« 
itc  nxk,  tltr  l'\..U  lnKa  in  it.  Mil  thr  Ijmnti,  if*  ugh  ai  >  ntc 
MMW     H  fecNc  >n|>[*<f  t.  U  'rtfc,  lh»fti.t  i->  lit  -u.il, 

ftOlli  tlr  m»M  YttfelfcX  nf  lie  Hnnti.  T'Ur  ItI.icI-iP»  \k>M  *i 
'\*t  lint|<Yl  *«  tk*  aoliil  rcW  anl  tin  fcrUc  ullieivnir  thi 
Mlt-triiu  In  th*  -  i  t.*t  it.1*.  it.-  wry  n|-pxllc  iir-llin-l*  *d 
rootling  a  r"tinv<n  ■I.Tawi-f . 

In  iittKlw|i>a  I  n  «M  iW  4  i  |Jt>i  fni  w<iil.it>4-m»'lcU  »f  Itx 
d  m  -»>iic  if  ncii  neti  njitmini.  \\in-n>:nF  MM  In  »  tiafiml 
link  -Jitli  *  rV>||  *\  ilie  |I"tiJ'-1  »||S  i»  in  .t^ri  tliifi  fci*Vr« 
t*»*y  to  >«iily  ll  tlf  iukI  '«ri><int;  »iv#'t-jn:ii>,  >  iir  » 
Iri*  >•■  «  II*  m»  V-triy  timi^U  |ii|U  nt1l»n  A  itmllt  iving 
inj  n.  urn  otitt      *»  lly  imfitlft  in  |h«  »»«n«i4  ■  taftl,  «t»l 

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I'rnf.  N1WI..H,  VjIv  Cntk)|(- 

l.'l.mi-  .|r.i„|,|,.  n_ji  „  t.  , 

fin       li  I'aJcti'  H'J- 

*»i^J"lVi!Sl,ji.V5    diiaii"  "i :  .'"Ti."'  nun  u«  oi 

•VmIxm rtiV «•»•  *. .h«w- ■  «  >.-..•...  i,  ,.r,i„,r 


lie  ciiilnifht  *m  tbr  . 


bTgitlzecf  ByXjOOgle 


to,  iHS5i 


WtTLftr. 


cKiN'.lt'V,  Ann  .\rl>or — 

•  A*  lircvMur.t.h  -J'H*. 

i.imn,  Wathborn  1  Mwervatory— 

i  lK.*x 

fVi;,  I'rinccion  — 

r,  Warner  I  M-<  t  %  it.*ry — 
itnttty  I,  iSHj. 

...I  i.v.  .\iit  ii11-4") — 

.nit.UV  I.  iSS*,. 

I  K,  C.ncinii-itJ — 

k  mi  i  i,  \v.i*lMM^t<»o  L'niw-.i}  •  >\x*t\ :ii.»r>  - 

cutr  .11  )■  ■!•»         tfriiL'nl  c»»nt»:n»tt*. 
i  ,  -,  Clinton.     U'c  extrntt  hi-  hUM  - 
ft  „..  t^i*iiililMir.  :»M.<aIh  I  »«  ty  fttll  lug  ■ 

pJnSSSSS      *  hwV.Mii.il  

i..n-  -tn-1  ..MT-.nwrM-n  la'i.r-  u*i<+  Ititf  ihr 
prtnclpiilly  u-  «*"•• 

{PS.  .um.  •">< « ;; ; T,i 

.1,   la  Hi*  «■.'>  '!      i  '  ti.,    J-«»rW  i«*i 

......  n~i...».  ''•-•.i1;;'- f ...i,  *«  ••••• 

  ini.inU;''1      I  i  ,1,]..  i ,i  i  .  1  " 1  '-■   -  •  •  ■'• 

.•«.-"••»•'.■  ,. ,. ..  i. 


"T"*"** .itilMUtWu»i.^i<c:Ui»«m»  111  id:  la-fe-faj 
Ml  Ilia  .nuuftifaxal  4ijr        ihr  >cir  iSav* 

Mun  icicllll;  Imi  KwiilNua  <itnaunx<<  lun  it- 
iw<kU  Uiv.t  iflltll,  |W  vim*  in  i  iM.ni.l.ki,'  ml 
l'n.f.  i.^ci  ,„  (In  JbWty  AM*  TM  f.-nntr 
llnuri|rtciin  kn  vtMnvt*** 


w     mill  u".  Utli  lii.ttu.iii  ii  ....I m- 1  Anffar -unfcoe 

1 


I'l.tl.  I  >|.|«>lirf  .  .'|tiiit.»t  «.  i.  f  Imki;- 


■ 


m.ntiKH*  g/tMLVSli  CIS  LAUr 

.1 
■ 


.     .vti.I  »»f  «-•««*-  V\    .,  i-,.t  i  M'  ""•4l 


i  i'-n 

w-*%y  *  :'  ,,MV  m  i*fi  *" 
ih.nC  |i  <>;♦;• [     i.  1 

il»cltt»*^*  1  ,1,c 


■ 


i 


■ 

/M  •IimiiIiI  l«  ■•(  MlMetuUI  IWMktffJ  inr 


A'.-/  TV  HE 


Y7*iy  ><>,  18S5 


the  purpotc.  rcuwued .  and  thai  the  lirsl  com  and  the 
uulistcnance  of  the  plant  employed  ihuuid  bw  very 
moderate-  tii  public  estimanon,  wmplacity  u  the  lint 
Jcudit'tfmw  1  anil  hence  a  sampfe  aid  direct  form  of 
illum-natum  ha.  alwa. .  been  iirewreil  10  a  more  cninph. 
..led  auanaeineut,  eve*  when  the  lallet  hat,  been  found 
■tore  ecimunsttal  m  rejrard.  fird  coal  and  m.iintcimncc, 
Mrnl  mure  brilliant  tn  it.  elicits.  .V  the  prrtrnl  t.mr, 
llosveicr,  in  addition  m  ibes*  rermiretTirTit.,  .1  purer  atmi. 
sphere  :init  a  mote  plri.aiu  irsupcixtiare  in  our  apart- 
ment, are  dctlrcd.  ntlrth  naatter*  rc'ei'.tvl  rery  little  or 

no  attention  in  former  days,  when  |ic.iple  were  (onteitt 
WTih  .1  simple  dim  l<£ht,  and  took  Ultle intctcil  in  sanitary 
•sarirrw  Tlir  rr^triciativc  icas'Somei  may  lac  lecanled 
aw  lofllbaicd  lijitin^  and  vcntilatine  apjiualu..  Dy  lb* 
rrnirdoirrirrtt  nf  ninth  ihci  hoc  oppressive  .ituussphcrr,  so 
uraplrasanl  at  lai^-  yatlicriltits,  nut  be  entirely-  avoided. 
In  fact,  a  11  the  outcome  of  ihe  ilrm.iul  oar  ioo4rc  and 
paster  air  in  our  ipailmi.-.l..  runiuiticd  mill  hifhl  of  high 
latently. 

The  lamp  hat  heen  designed  with  a  view  to  prulcci  the 
.Nf  from  the  direct  ni  loin  of  llie  source  of  hytht. 
wvtliotat  ilamlMldMnt;  lit  pooi-i  ;  it*  ciiusrni.  twin  mil  he 
und<r>:ood  bom  the  following  dr  scr,|><iuu  ■  -  r'nor  li.md  •, 
•»  J.  Ji  4i  of  sheet  iron  or  other  .aiioble  toateiLal,  ore 
arranged  within  one  an.ilbce  in  null  a  unannct  that 
the  piodu.1.  off  toenbuittoa  Iraiet  tl.miiwai.1  between 


1  and  \,  ojiiI  uiinar.1  between  >  and  J.  while  the 
an  to  fac  be.ilcd  for  fuelling  tin  rtiior  |Ka..c.  ii|i 
tsard  between  I  nnd  Si  On  tin  vippc-iluosl  li."I.  a, 
a  chinanc. ,  it,  i«  pi>..-iil.d,  while  li.c.1,  J.  N  "h..ll 
•ned  Iwlow  M  a.  to  all  oi  a  rVtr  yaM*at<  l"r  tile  t*rs> 
duel*  uf*  1  •  anlw  .to  <".  ft  mil  the  tpuir  IkCwccii  1  and  I, 
to  that  between  3  and  4.  and  ihn.  I"  the  chimney  Tin- 
hot-xl,  |»<nrro-.  ..t  0.  ijiiv  an  itiwatdh  pri.|..tu»e  outlet. 
$,  tlwiotjCli  wha-h  Ihe  prod  1,1.  of  ■  ..iir..i.ii.<ii  i-as-.  away 
a*  dct.  ribeiL  first  dounmird.  aiuj  ibc-i  srpu.iid.,  MfW*W 
Ihe  paisaajes  bctwwcll  the  thiee  up|«rr  lotods  into  the 
chimney  llie  rowci  «r  inneniwul  lrooil.  1.11  «|ient  .0 
lh.it  the  air  i.nt  |at»»  u|o*.inK  Iwtwean  the  h...t-  1  M  1 
J,l.  indo  aled  fay  the  .trrww..  to  llll  the  inner  .IMi  e  -I  ll"' 

bawd  nith  br.ued  air.  Tht  iniver  •  irtue  of  thu  lo.«l 
acta  ua  n'lector, ami  in  II*  Meal  K*  |d.«ed  nn<  or  mote 
rVihtad  hurneta  of  Ihe  11tu.1l  ryue  M  """1  a.  the  bood. 
i,  hvcotnci  tfNtHmj  heateil.  thronfili  the  MM  M  MM 

prodn.  1,  .4"  r.imooi  1  |M«vnii  Irclwwn  it  and  J,  UK  101 

between  I  ami  )  mil  lietrnne  beatol,  ami.  oaMMtmUIH  U 
«1«  >peciht  jraeit..  will  aoltomatKoll)  lf<  and  bll  M 
u|ijirT  t-irtooa  of  Ihe  <»«e  ms-K'  Hie  WMh  '•  '*) 
an.uvenitnt  the  (M-Mta  hum  witbui  .in  almon>hire  M 
heated  air,  oali  «Mi  ll  tber  are  iuniei|o«i«lv  perin-iroeiilly 
npnluiil .  At  temiM-raturc  .d  tlK  air  Ml  reoiini;  01*  Ihn 
of  the  B*aj  unci,  .ir.f  the  hriBiant  <  of  the.  Iicht  uicreaa 
mc  111  ih,  lotoc  ratiu     Ihe  attloii  b  perfcclli  atnonoatie^ 


for.  a»  the  products  of  BMMIwmJm  put  away  thrinlvli  the 
1-n.rnney  *i,  fredi  Ite.ttrd  air  coniev  in  at  the  wame  rale 
into  the  inner  >|uie  of  the  hood  1  l  ontaieone  the  coa 
rlamcs  to  occupy  the  »|Hu.e  which  nuold  utherwn*  be 
tilled  with  c>ld  air  from  the  ulunoiphen:  below  The  l.ot 
ail  wkoh  r.  wndied  from  the  column  of  hcaird  air 
formed  Uel*eea  the  lt»di  I  and  •  will,  on  accoont  of 
/oarr  ,/,,-ra,  Xr,r.ltj,  alway ■  III!  the  upper  spart  in.oie 

tlie  loawj  1,  ilii><  pmenting  Hie  .  ,.|  a„  ofthe  MtM 
t|dierc,  which  la  .it  Ica.t  ihrre  timet  a.  lit,,,)  fTOra  , 
inrajc  the  hood.  I,  above  ,1 1  rrl.tin  lescl,  eicn  In  cue  of  a 
■*■•'"  •"■  ■  "  '  <<■  -idieie  .,f  the  con.  Tlrat  n  a 
|Mia  parutoon  to  rtrlwle  the  cold  air  is  reunited  V& 
rlarrvt  relletts  lit  llyiht  diretlly  downwards,  o.  also  f„m. 
Hit  le.ner  strrfati  uf  the  hood,  there  bema  coiutnuentli, 
un  enlarc  alowm  e  ni  shadows.  ™  ' 

The  llijhl  can  be  more  or  less  com  entrateal  or  diffused 
.19  desired,  by  lajiing  the  .hape  of  Use  hood  «r  reltr.ioV 
H*  In  woiK  cases,  where, 1  1,  recjuired  to  d.fTuse  the 
bfhl  widely,  or  .1  01  null  the  downnanl  radiation  uf 
heat,  a  bell  shaped  Kla..,  with  ,ta  apr«  upwards,  and  it. 
•  ol.i..  rnmrtK  narjbolK.illy  in  tlve  d.iwnword  direcnon 
may  bt  cmphsjeol,  so  as  to  cau»P  all  the  r.11 1  of  ln-bt  2 
ictntca  estber  111  he  refracted  111  tn  be  rellectcd  huti 
tontialy.  If  11  is  onh  rtr.iml  10  reduce  the  intenury  uf 
Ihe  downward  radiumm  of  he.it.  .  tear  ,.|a,j  ijViuld  be 
■MfMIM  :  iri  lliwcver.it  11  al-.  desued  to  dilTuse  Ihe 
hgbl.  .ipa.pur  i .  .c i|. :e,  .1,.:  the  IirIiI  ma,  l„  ,h„, 

litore  or  less  dilltascd,  a.  may  1<  icqalml.  The  jla..  bell 
nMMHlttJtin  .1  one  net  of  ln^c  Inch  .111.1,  bed  1.1  a 
metal  r.nk'  helow,  upon  olucll  uruj  upon  the  nctloi  •  ih, 
«Lis»  teiti,  hi  that,  .n  cm  of  a.<  ,denl.  the  Iwuken  elau, 
IMI  n.K  fill  otlori.    It  allow,  or  free  a,.e,s  1  "ihe 

n.o.o.„ol  d,w.  .,,,1  r..l  1  inlcjial  part  ,4  l|,<  atioa 

lata.,  so  lh.il  11.  (i„,a,.  mn  .HI  r„,t  cause,  any  |ianicJb,r 
trouble.)!  io..»traieiKc  .\,  ,|„>  intennly  ,4 \\w 
depenth  emuib  wpon  the  up<orieni  ,.f  Iteolrd  ,u,  "h, 
lu.xl.  may  h.ve  aii-.y  -hape  mini  ciiiahlrt  fur  ifcr  rerleclnr 
.ilw!  l..llhepurpiH.  of  .hhusioij  ,he  llehl.  proy  idcd  that 
the  M|p>l  of  the  Utmm  of  low:  an  tx^weco  the  ba.irlw  1 
nnil  2  Ik  nor.  reluiiclv  ilomnisheU. 

Vm  fltl»«ll»ie  tcau'of  thu  lint  p  h  isw  Wm  mailt  The 
Iwirner.  or  ici.riiiKiied  front  tlw  dome  were  toted  with 
the  rays  h.ilitoinaL  The  oaisuiopi.on  •(MM  w.is  sj  tui.: 
feel  pet  h  ull,  irwl  the  illuunnatlnj  power  j-  c  ,  mllr* 
1  itr>  •  mdhrt  |wr  (1Jbii:  fool  They  were  t'lse,,  SES  at 
.10  ik-.atluo  ol  1  foot  1.  iiuhra  ikiih-ikIicuUiIy  oier  a 
plain  cliiH  i»irror  pi.,., I  ,„  an  anule  .1(45  ,  ,ln,l  i„  .  !„„ 
,ob  IWsMi  ..Mk  |dun,«nclcr  TIk  .listame  fr„i„  ,bi 
.t  ,.u laid  Ml  ...  th-  .:1a..  .,*.„„  „,  i|  ,„     „  '™ 

.llkk.  nMerl  to  the  i  f...,    ,„.  be,  tl.n  ihe  bua-nrr,  mS 

P'»"''   5  'I"  «lle.         niailr  loa-elhrr    »  f.r|  ,h. 

.    .  al  which  the  l«ht  t..  |»  i,  ,„d  haa  to  be  fixed 

fi  .ili  Ass  tluasdu  I  tgk)  „,  ,|„.   ,,,,  rpifiiji  " 

lh„  ,,.-,h-  .««..»        ,,,  ...  .....„„  )„  i.alTii'feei  iw, 

hour,  and  the  •ll,iruui..l.nx  ,..„..,  |,„md  ,„ 

..,...ll.-  .a  .  i..|rwlles,u.t  cwhl,  f,.w.  „,,),„  „  „„Jft 
appear  that  the,.  ,.  ,1,,  al,.,„rm..„  l„  ,l,c  4|a.,  ,n  ,n|«. 
r'l*4  .  -y- t,«„,rs  liavire/becn  lived  % 

Ih.  .I....W  redect.w.H.e  l.ioiK  tin,,  aitai^ed.  was  lested 

a«aiii  a.  ■  Ik  b  .1  cvpeiinKcL    Pve  ,  o  ,.,.Kiuo  .4  m 

Id  I  |K  f  hour,  arvl  Ihe  iH.1ltam.1rmj.  i.„„ 
••<  candle,  ivr  cuhir 


avtalli 
was  >i 


•  audi. . 


1  »>-."',l  i"Oi.ln.lles,.rc.:bu  f,oK  if  the  a  k  isrt 

Um  faUMlta  be  .bwwfa,d  he  tlu,.  eiu.  ale  .1  Ided ^The 
|  .ImcrerKc  bet..«n  and  J-,*,  caradlr.,  or  a  we 

.atwUe,  p..  cubic  fool  K.c«  the  „,     ,„  a. 

Ulieuseo  lis,  rcrecl,.,^  ,.,„,,  bn.n.nu  f .,  ^,„P 
I  "mc;,w  'f''*  «  "  •'.•>".  lested.  Ho-  convatnpLn  .rf  Z 
the  .lloiootalini..  i.mo  ...  I-     .  ■? .  '       •  .  a 


Ibe  IMMMMdAJ  (o«cr  to  br 

bemfl  an  ovca^e  of 

allowing  f.r  li...  by 
loot 


leaicd  to  l||  randbrs, 
..  ..iuIIci  |wr  oibic  fu.i  ,M 
.  Jtaa.i.|<ion,  ;.;4  candles  per  mbic 
Ihe  .litsereiue  between  ,has  urvtl  }  ,«o"  ,,!d|„, 


Google 


jru/y  10,   1S85  J 


NATURE 


1  4?<*->  cimlles.  Kives  the  gala  In  light  (nil  i  ■■!«  In.*  >.f 
as  due  to  the  resetter. ttive  .smiiceincnt.  the  |tu  h  irnm.i 
ithiti  .t  I11  :        -lie.ileo  .ittlio.uhesi!. 


y  *,  4J1J- 


*A9 


ISO      l.»l.»ll  ^ 

U'.»|>  

.s.*me/.-..  r»Wil  »:  liu-b*. 
!.•  H..  :      light  M 

MM  ■ 
n  mi.-  i«.|.  Wmiii.-  hi  uM 
1  .  »|i     .  ■  • 

s_.'n»-  r.  t»  l.uniinj  111  li-4 
- 


tf  course   light    ntni   he  .limiseit  it  uulim-ih  I  ht- 
fitly  liy  other  lttc-»it»  tli.ui  tli.»s«- ife-.  r.lKil,  ihm;jh  not 
in  -i  more  w)nt(*t«  ..r  e.  ■►ii>mn.\i.- ...n     J  la-  iliv- 

liJhi  his  bc#fl  1  in  on  i-.tnii  iiu  uli  tmnatm-a 

l.-tr  w.iy  Ijv   *u«|>emliiii:  .«<■   l<|(Ma  .it  Uir.»l  iinni.!, 

hv  m'lwtff  •  ••  ren**  '"»  n'eiumivg  the  Uijhi  ii.iim 

,  'ceri  iiii   Ari.i-.      IM  [orattiM   In.  kma.  In  1I1  • 

is    to  1  IJllinm-itt-  »  In  ile  f"»  ii-inli-lliLl.  «J  '..»i,.(i  .in 

e  sources  rl,i'  "v"!- *«  »  '   

>ne  If  1  ho  coin.oiitt.ltloii  -.1  tin-  K»M  "  PKW  "I  1 

rut    1V..V  from    wll.ll    I"-    l'-"'"'  "  a««al|<r.l; 

ih.-  eliiiil.mmni  of  V«TJ   in  nil  I  H.-r  MKIIICk  Ill 
till-  liJ"  of  light  siil.MI  I>-  .II..I  Ilie  iUv,!  .ll.l.lm. 
j  ,  U.cn  ,,r...l...  eil  "ill  lie  im-JO.    It  miller...,, 

,  \Tl«..t  height  tlte  h^l.i     H*»J.«he<*W  VMM 

ll.  ..  I  ?>■'■-  to  lie  ilhtuMH  Il  •"»'  1'n-nll.i  l.i.m 

lo.  I.Vr  '-.nt.ll.le  lol  the  |..ll|H.V  .       In  c  'r.il. 

upon-  .in,!  bo  eMwWMlMliiM  llul  HVwfcimtiW 

boie  "  '  ,   !,",,  .1.  rllt.   is  N'WM  hers  H  i  -  ■ 

one  «  .  ,1, .tribal  tu  eHwu.L 

eh  the  ■»•■-'  1    '  ■   .eHo...         Hi-  .1 

'  '""oVrVo'o  l"  .."'.I  tlH  ruJ.^.mlr.l 
ere  .111.1  .1  ',1.^1.1  i"  ■  mi  mtoM  M Ma 
^..o/.V.s'.Vml  I  Id  tin-  -l'  1111-!  1 

jndis  ulu<u  • 
r7uiWt-A  «v-  //s*  ">//,ttu..u;>.< 

■     B    ■  ,„  ,1,1-  ituiutm  •■(  ikt  1 

«*  r«,-.»«««j»-  in  I..  -  i.ime.:   uhI  k  m ...... 

1  o  ..1  «'tc  •  «-•'  -;r; 1V1.  ^  i,*...,.  1  c 

„.  vv»-r.-    .if««.."  .  ,,   .„  ...  .,  ,.,.i%  ri  

.|.ltMi«-   t"  ,m   1  liltk-  I. 

.UU-....CS    I.        '  „„,.„,,   |l 


lent] 

.■ii.t  -"' 
OI,c-...l  ■■."I''. 

it  ■«*■'.  «*' 

>|jt.«lii«--t,-1 
.  t )  s  ■  ■  1 1  >  »»■!' 

I  n 
11 


I   ..i"Vhe  nii'i'li-""  ">■••"  "!  '"f* 
,.lil|ii-  ..I   t to- .1 


«*"7     _   .      ;  ^    ,1.1    ij.nl ...         I                                n  jl  .  1.  ll  li»,  ln« -1. -I.           "'   .  .  l:rlloftK<  -,,,u 

•a'nfS' „',.  1    the  .....r..'-«-  »'•»;  •;  'J  "It  U  .   -.1  <^   !          "  -  -u-i^ir 

•»«•»«>:  "ill."'  ". ,.,(..  *  us  I.. 1  ikt  in-,  iimr.     V^WHJHh  tJ~ 

in  »  '  "."fue   1  .  ..Mil-i.  Ii*n«»»  7;'  ,,'  „,'. j.  „.    irtWUI*  '        "l  l'l«   >  l-.Hno.mw 

,vthi"K  "  .V',,,,!,.!".!.!"^'"11"1     1  »»..(.lij.l.  -i.  1  .«i.ii.in  (j-.,.  Ui  r,  A  t..i|Knlcr  4 

i-»»>  •**-  ,    .  _ .  .-    •  I'ul  I         "  '  «.|."-  'i.rii.nj<ii.rato 


i-t>> 

.UI.I.'  .... 


.,.,;,.!!..V.;.-5.»>- 


.il.li  ni  ll.  U  I...H  MM  mJcHu  MMHlWll  -.'nltoUcoanni. 
in     t  n  h  Ili»^  t^rtrM-iilnu  .-  ill)  ill  iltrm-inae  ftauut, 

reitntifiK  pmi  ui  lite  me  inwtu  1  i.tnml^iiic  mentiun  of 
ulu.b  Iij.1.  In    .Mimsio  6..11  1ft.  I*.  A  Caijiuuer  am* 
I   wailn  ."'I'll.  1  !«•  |»«r . t>|>«. tJ.r kiI«ji_hie lo imr 
■*i«llill..  ..I  IWRCtWet   IUHM  bl  the  CAiieiluiuL 


250 


NA  TURE 


[July  16,  1885 


geologist  of  the  familiar  Liassic  Extracrinm,  and  give  a 
singularly  antique  aspect  to  the  fauna.  Not  less  interesting 
is  the  living  Hhizoerinus,  » Inch  is  a  dwarfed  and  degraded 
descendant  of  the  well-known  chalk  fossil  Beurgetiirinus, 
as  this  in  turn  appears  to  have  been  a  dwarfed  representa- 
tive of  the  Pear-encrinites  of  the  Jurassic  rocks.  The 
genus  lialhyirinus,  previously  known  only  from  a  single 
immature  specimen,  is  now  shown  to  have  a  wide  exten- 
lion  in  the  Atlantic,  but  is  not  known  in  the  fossil  state. 
While  the  stalked  ennoids  have  been  dying  out,  the 
Comatular,  or  Feather-Stars,  are  probably  more  abundant 
now  than  at  any  former  gcologiral  period,  no  fewer  than 
four  hundred  species  being  now  known,  and  three  of  the 
six  genera  into  which  they  arc  referable  having  been  dis- 
covered by  the  Challenger.  In  connection  with  the  subject 
of  recent  crinoids  some  interesting  observations  arc  given 
regarding  the  Myzostomid  parasites  that  infest  these 
creatures  and  produce  singular  mal-formations.  The  re- 
semblance of  these  distortions  to  those  found  upon  many 
1  Palaeozoic  crinoids  no  doubt  indicates  the  presence 
of  similar  parasites  even  in  the  waters  uf  the  Palaeozoic 


oceans.  From  the  rich  trawling*  below  water  we  are  led 
by  the  narrative  to  the  abundant  bird-life  «i  the  Southern 
Ocean  and  to  the  conclusions  regarding  the  structure  and 
affinities  of  the  Petrels  reached  by  that  able  and  lamented 
naturalist,  the  late  Mr.  W.  A.  Forbes. 

From  the  pages  of  the  narrative  a  good  notion  ol 
Kcrguclcn  with  its  snowficlds  and  lavas,  and  Heard 
Island  with  its  ice-cliffs  and  glaciers  can  be  obtained. 
The  profusion  of  life  in  these  southern  waters  is  not  a 
little  remarkable— sponges,  alcyonarians,  holothurians, 
ophiurids,  asterids,  echinids,  annelids,  amphipods, 
polyzoa,  gasteropods,  cephalopods,  and  many  other 
invertebrates.  Iiut  the  Challenger  now  pushes  southward 
to  the  Antarctic  ice-cliffs,  and  as  these  seas  are  but  little 
known,  full  details  of  this  part  of  the  navigation  arc  given, 
w  ith  the  soundings,  dredgings,  trawlings,  and  temperature 
observations  taken  along  the  route.  Numerous  woodcuts, 
phototypes,  and  chromolithographs  of  icebergs  observed  in 
the  Antarctic  Ocean  are  inserted,  and  a  special  chapter  is 
devoted  to  the  history  of  exploration  in  these  seas,  and  to 
an  account  of  observations  made  by  the  scientific  staff  of 


the  Challenger  on  Antarctic  temperatures,  the  density  of 
lea-water,  the  true  composition  of  sea-water  ice,  Ant- 
ar<  iic  icebergs,  the  deposits  formed  on  the  sea-bottom  in 
the  icy  tracts  of  the  Southern  Ocean,  the  surface  organisms 
of  these  seas,  and  a  detailed  summary  regarding  the 
hcxactinellid  and  tctractinellid  sponges  collected. 

1  taping  from  the  perils  of  the  ice  fields  and  Antarctic 
gales  the  vessel  bears  away  to  Australia,  touching  at 
Melbourne  and  Svdney  and  then,  passing  between  the 
North  and  South  Islands  of  New  Zealand  and  northwards 
lo  the  Fiji  Islands,  turns  westwards  again,  through  the 
Coral,  Celebes  and  China  Seas  to  Hong  Kong.  The 
account  of  this  portion  of  the  voyage  is  enriched  with  1 
descriptions  of  numerous  groups  of  animals  collected 
during. the  expedition,  particularly  macrurous  and  brachy-  | 
urous  crustaceans,  butterflies  and  moths,  medusa.-,  star- 
fishes, zunphipods,  lamcllibranchs,  annelidcs,  calcareous  1 
■ad  horny  sponges.  The  next  track,  from  Hong  Kong  by 
Manila,  Zebu,  and  the  Admiralty  Islands  to  Japan,  t.ikci 
up  nearly  too  pages  of  the  narrative  Among  the  more 
interesting  observations  recorded  arc  those  relating  to  the 
volcano  of  Camiguin  Island,  which  burst  forth  upon  a  low 


o,  Camiguin  I  UnJ. 

plain  in  the  summer  of  the  year  1871  and  in  four  year* 
and  a  half  rose  to  1,950  feet  in  height,  with  abundant 
discharge  of  steam  and  with  glowing  lava  at  its  summit 
1  5)«  The  mountain  is  a  dome-shaped  mass  rising 
from  the  seashore.  It  consists  of  various  andesitic  lavas 
but  seems  to  possess  no  crater,  resembling  in  this  respect 
some  of  the  trachytic  domes  of  Auvergnc.  The  lava  is 
described  as  having  apparently  "issued  from  a  central 
cavity  and  boiled  over,  as  it  were,  till  it  ?et  into  the  form 
of  the  dome."'  Probably  the  volcano  is  an  example  of 
the  extravasation  of  viscous  lava  in  successive  shells,  of 
which  the  outer  arc  pushed  outwards  and  upwards  by  the 
arrival  of  fresh  material  from  below,  as  illustrated  experi- 
mentally by  Kcyer.  Mr.  Husk  supplies  a  n'sume1  of  his 
Report  on  the  Polyzoa  of  the  expedition.  Professor  E. 
Perceval  Wright  gives  one  on  the  Alcyonaria;  Dr. 
Rudolph  Ucrgh,  one  on  the  Nudibranchs  ;  Professor 
Turner,  one  on  the  crania  of  the  Admiralty  and  other 
Pacific  Islanders;  Professor  C.  O.  Sars,  one  on  the 
Schizopods  and  other  crustaceans. 

From  Japan  wc  arc  transported  to  the  centre  of  the 
Pacific  Ocean,  and  learn  much  by  the  way  regarding  the 


July  16,  ■1885J 


NATURE 


-5' 


distribution  of  temperature  in  this  vast  expanse  of  water. 
A  series  of  soundings  taken  from  lat.  40  N.  to  lat.  40"  S. 
affords  a  section  of  the  very  centre  of  the  ocean  through 
the  volcanic  peaks  of  Hawai  and  Tahiti.  Perhaps  no  single 
part  of  the  sounding  work  of  the  expedition  offers  a  more 
impressive  example  than  this  of  the  boldness  and  success 
with  which  the  problems  of  the  deep  sea  can  now  be 
attacked.  Down  the  middle  of  the  widest  and  deepest 
ocean  on  the  face  of  the  globe  a  line  of  temperature 
soundings  is  taken  with  as  much  precision  as  if  it  had 
been  an  inland  lake,  and  information  is  obtained  that 
furnishes  a  clear  picture  of  the  depth  of  the  water,  the 
form  of  the  bottom,  and  the  manner  in  which  the  layers 
of  different  temperatures  are  superposed  upon  each  other 
from  the  surface  downwards.  A  careful  survey  of  the 
coral-reef  of  Tahiti  by  Lieutenant  Swire  and  Mr.  Murray 
suggested  to  the  latter  observer  the  view  which  he  has 
already  published — that  this  reef  and  coral-reefs  in  general 
may  be  formed  by  the  outward  growth  of  the  living  coral 


upon  a  talus  of  coral-rock  broken  off  by  the  waves,  and 
do  not  prove  subsidence  as  was  believed  by  Darwin. 
Among  the  corals,  briefly  described  by  Mr.  Moseley, 
probably  the  most  beautiful  of  the  madrepores  is  the 
delicately  fragile  I,rfitof>,ntu  trawled  from  a  depth  of 
2,160  fathoms  between  Juan  Fernandez  and  Valparaiso 
:,Fig.  6;.  I'rof.  Hubrecht  of  Utrecht  supplies  some 
notes  on  the  NtlHtftta  in  anticipation  of  his  detailed 
Report  on  this  subject.  A  summary  is  given  of  Mr.  H. 
B.  Brady's  studies  of  the  Foramiitifcra,  which  are  so 
abundant  in  the  surface  waters  and  play  so  important  a 
part  in  the  formation  of  deep-sea  deposits  ;  and  a  digest 
of  the  Report  of  Dr.  G.  S.  Brady  on  the  copepod  and 
ostracod  crustaceans.  But  perhaps  the  most  generally 
interesting  section  of  this  part  of  the  narrative  is  that  which 
treats  of  the  nature  of  the  organic  deposits  now  forming  on 
the  floor  of  the  deeper  parts  of  the  ocean.  The  important 
results  obtained  by  the  Challenger  expedition  in  this  novel 
department  of  enquiry  have  already  been  m  rde  familiar 


Frc.  C—lf/ti'/fnus  hyfoaelHt,  Moieley. 


by  the  writings  of  Messrs.  Murray  and  Rcnard.  Hut  the 
reader  will  be  glad  to  have  them  re-stated  in  the  official 
account  of  the  voyage,  and  to  find  them  so  admirably 
illustrated  with  woodcuts  and  a  lithographic  plate,  which 
enable  him  to  realise  exactly  the  nature  of  the  evidence 
for  the  extreme  slowness  of  deposition  at  these  great 
depths  and  so  far  from  land.  From  no  fewer  than  1 16 
sharks'  teeth  brought  up  with  over  two  bushels  of  man- 
ganese nodules  in  a  single  haul  from  a  depth  of  2,385 
fathoms,  Fig.  7  has  been  selected  for  illustration.  It  differs 
in  no  essential  particular  from  the  tooth  of  Canharndon 
megalodcm,  so  common  in  Tertiary  strata,  except  that  it 
shows  no  large  base. 

Quitting  Valparaiso,  the  C/t  tlh  nger  pursues  a  southerly 
track  to  Fort  Olway,  and  then  winding  through  the  long 
line  of  sounds  between  the  islands  and  the  mainland  pas- 
ses through  Magellan  Strait  to  the  Falkland  Islands,  and 
thence  to  Monte  Video.  During  this  part  of  the  narrative 
we  learn  from  Dr.  Hock  what  he  has  found  out  regarding 


the  Cirripcdes  and  Pycnogonids  obtained  during  the 
cruise  ;  from  Mr.  F.  E.  Bcddard  regarding  the  Isopods  ; 
from  Mr.  R.  1$.  Watson  about  the  Scaphopods  and  Gas- 
teropods ;  from  Mr.  J.  R.  Henderson  about  the  Auomurous 
Crustaceans ;  from  Dr.  Gunther  respecting  the  deep-sea 
fishes  ;  and  from  Prof.  E.  Selenka  regarding  the  Giphy- 
na.  The  course  is  then  shaped  eastward  from  Nlontc 
Video,  across  the  South  Atlantic  to  Ascension,  and  during 
the  account  of  this  traverse  wc  arc  shown  how  the  fora- 
1  miniferal  deposits  of  the  deep  sea  were  collected  and 
investigated,  and  are  supplied  with  a  useful  summary  of 
\  the  results  arrived  at  by  Messrs.  Murray  and  Rcnard 
'  regarding  deep-sea  deposits  in  general,  illustrated  with 
an  excellent  coloured  plate,  which,  in  default  of  the  actual 
objects  themselves,  brings  their  characters  very  clearly 
before  the  eye.  As  the  narrative  proceeds  with  the 
account  of  the  homeward  voyage  from  Ascension,  wc  are 
told  about  pelagic  diatoms,  marine  infusoria,  cocco- 
spheres,  rhabdosphcrcs,  bathybius,  and  the  land-plants 


Googl 


NATURE 


{July  '6.  1885 


rtillrvtfrl  dnnnr  the  who.'*  of  the  rrilive.  till  a!  Iaat  the 
voyage  endv  at  SpuheaJ,  on  al.ij  I***.  Front  thr 
start  mt  l>er.ctnber  "lit,  1K72.  till  that  dale  the  veivel  had 
tra. cited  f.V'a*  naatx-nl  milev,  ami  .it  mterv.vlv  a.  rvr.trlj- 
uniform  a.  potnUr?  h.id  c*tahln.hrd  |'i2  eilWTvini,'  Ma- 
twn». 

The  litul  elu|Hrr  f  .v.  *  1  tiimnury  of  thr  re'id.* 
nhtarnnl  In-  the  ohirets  ol  the  !.vr*tdilrf*.,.ir*l  lis  e*|itiu 
subieqvKally  etnpbned  in  the  inveftij;altr.n  >*  I  tie  ilenvllt 
of  -en-water,  the  conif»*itMin  ..f  thr  valu  of  thr  ocean, 
thcgr<arra|>hii-.t]auil  bath,  metrical  diMnb.itinii.if  tneohf 
ernvitc,  the  tattawix  at  id,  mtn-yer,  and  r.v)r;en  present 
to  *e.v  water,  and  11  dm  Matran  of  tvawcuuV^lv al  nlxrva* 
tlnnv  in  tbett  hratinr  upon  orennir  <irciltat-.>n. 

In  Ma  fl"<ic<  .e  have  rtidcacmtcd  mrrrtr  to  ennviev- 
In  the  cenrtal  in.lrr  "itw  r,.,n.t,..f  i!-^  :int.iV  th. 
rwr.  north/  volume*  mKkm  i  out  tin  the  initial  narrarive  of 
the  ou*e  import  tr.r  at-etuier  evprdltum  who  h  ha.  eve. 


hern  dr.p.itrbi.l  lis  .if..  i;<.irrn.i.vni  l»i  tl-<  mv  equation 
of  i!u  .:.  :  :  ■  r-rrin.  I  lie  ni  tie' Met.  ..or  n..t  jH 
ready  h  f  ,1  ...ni|.rtc  ll^t-l  -if  thr  wlu^e  moA  .11  Im  M.I. 

I*ol  K  would  ha.r  i..m  uui>.iiljni  addition  t.i  the  value 
of  Ihe  Narrative  fu.1  the  author,  iiv«ir*v«tiiie.l  to  /ivr 
weh  a  tliprvt  a*  fir  »<  the  maletnif-  ate  now  in  their 
hand*,  tn.ira.inK  ib,.»e  portion,  fet/jedin^  arm  h  thr  liit.il 
report*  hod  nut  uttti  rtvxiv.d.  a  ■MWiyiyrjM**' 

fully  arranged  In  MttHtti.  and  with  preci-e  rv"»rr.ncr.  to 
the  detailed  f(.|.ni.  ».  i  fuller  infnrtavilioei,  ««iH  have 
been  of  gtrit  .etvtce  to  tli.wc  who  ..mnnl  h.llou  all  lite 
•reJmical  drtait.  of  tltr  Hi  rtwll.  .1-  Ml  a.  i"  'he  afwiat- 
Mt  who  ».i.|i  to  learn  to  nh.it  M*>!*e  they  MM  it*  nrm 
anrtheir  tian  requirement-.  I.rt  vrs  hope  th.lt  in  a  furore 
edition  of  ihr  RmfjK  tin*  anal  wm  he  MMMM, 
Meanwhile  nr.  roe  ran  r*e  from  the  reruwal  re  the-e 
mewmcv  with.aM  an  adtmiajiro  fut  the  ...h.1,  |iainM.ilnni;. 
anil   ..  unt  .11  ninth  their  eumpdaiinn  hav 


reetmUfthe  ^  E.nnlirK.n  win.  h  they  .  hrmlK  I,  S 
NOTMS 

Tt.1  (uH.,t.,nih  atrctmc  ,.f  ,hc  hnKh  »)---  f-  .,„ 
vca.|,ni,        Mediiin.,  »m  1.  ftev^nt.  Ik. 

J«IM7.fF.a.l..ao,ll,,U.  WaoJ. Or^taf  liwr^w 

N  -I,.  XanMa-s  ..f  ftua...  A  U^;e  nun, Z 
thecntir...    It,  ».„.,„  „  „fnmw,,  m  ™ 

m  Mt~  n»*r  rantmil  tndun  a.  f„  a.  1  haml^j. 

N  ,1,  iv^r-r  .  I  ,hr  ,.,e»r.n  ummr.  the  Cov^aa/  .l/a„ 
•ill  I.  tvica.r-.tr  ,co.  ,*l     IM„„S  „,,,  ,    ,,f J"' 
 ■    .ad,...  It.,  ,   ,  ,' 

'is?     :  ■  -      '  •  ^  -*  k": 

artaa,,  .r.^,^,  av  ,..a,.u,v        ,,.„  t  1111^.^1^ 

;..«.Mc.cd.  ,M  -a" ,,.  j*.  ,.,  S 

MJ.    A  IM  I  tail  hi.  I..n  *,„,„!.  „,„,  (Yajrjl   ii,      '  , 

v«v«lar,  a,„l  ,„^u,„  ,4  ,h,  -^^H,  ,       y  1 

a  I't'lV"  '"iT"."'  &2*V!*>  "  ,B*  "".Woo. 
a.-.l  of  Sapr.,  rail.  I,,  ih.  f....,ul  ,„..]„  ,„  ,  J, 

!riT" N:*  %"k  vik  u '"  u'f  *  *i.on.r 

h.     .11.  .a,  ,hr  A.„„„  T.,i.  .,,„.  vvd,  ,.t  thn.nn  ..,  rn 

...  *.  f.  ..r.  (,.r  ,.,  Ihr  ,  .,0a,      ••  Thr  N „„.,.,  ZSZ 

la.l       '»«I.VM.'  »..,[.  ..i  KMnnnu  V.I,  »Jrw  y    .  ^ 

-'  «2» «  1 i  ....  J.  ,k„f.",: 

jo^a  a...m,uo  ,.  ,1  ,^1.  ..  ,\«K,„.-.t,„,  ^ 
JJW *  -'  I"***  ...,l!h..a1.hr.>lX  ,hc 

..LlHTiv^'fT'of/  5  ,t'•I^,A,,,•"*^" 

"  :"•  '  '•*  H»t*  i  th..  „.„  ...     Jn  ; 

Am. th.  |.>..  I.  i.  i„,  it  |,     ....       ,   '  J-- 

 «s  ',..:„••  s*^£ss 

....a,c..h^,..u,,,.llld,/r:,,^. n—h. 

aid.  all  p.r.d.1.  sair  .w„  .„,„     ,  "  *    a  '"  "•"-<»■' 

iknhiM.  *i...r.,  ...■.!.■.:  n J    5"  ''"  "K  •**  - 

i. ax« „.. a.,^, a»,„ r„„'r. r:.". ; :r  "7\-"~- 

ronl...l.v..J.,„«.|„>l,.,l„.     .  ",*^  !*«.,  at  »h,ch 

3--w  -V.-...O.I.,  E^ttV^aJR k""* 

of  lie  .!•>.  .,|  f„„  '    ,       '  J,'s  **»     ' '»  '«<• 


Digitized  by  Google 


Ymiy  1 6.  I  885] 


If  A  TURJi 


>5S 


"""""  frnm  <•■->>•'••»»  ••>  Berlin,  lal,  «,  J  t,„, 

will  reel  ...nr.,,, ...    „  ,M„,  r-a.itouii.la.  a,  fc^. 


arrival     I  lit.  r 


.f    the   Nrw  Lilian  C.i 


mnj.tny'.  .*t«M.liiji 

r*....  with  l»r.  I'~ir»*«  h  r.n  ltoar.1,        ,.  Kimt^;  t*  Einvf* 

■  nt  hi*  fcitnl  e.|.|>>rtrte.  .•x|e.li1inn  nl.iin;  ^ntb.v*  ,  i 
nt  caf  lha>  cn.-m-t  nf  Kaiier  W.HwInt.  I  an.l  t.tiireit 
irh  are  .ilualeif   l«e!Mveen    \*tr»-l.t<  Ikty  itnil  llnailWilt  Hty. 

I  11  I •  rrintt.  tin-  «li-«  '.vcij-  ..f  ..vrral  grrt.1  liwWt  tail 
a  nuvlna'-le  rl.er.  The  iMtfl  K  flriMMl  f.alt  far  lartlitiltntei 
'  llorfc-rai-inj;.      The  nail..  •  ■>  rtr  fortully. 

"Ill   <"« imptr.ill.-r  lirntul  i.f  |  i.trltr.*.kta£B*,  aa.1  triil.  ae.il. 

i..uril,  ...  the  foiiti  «if  -a  I^Mfiaaanilary  ia|«.|,  hi 
■n<J  More  the  |*a.-.ini;  .»f  lite  A.I  »f  t-Vtl.     7>ill  l»c  ilea  Ail 
wvurkrif  *»ell   III   llie  Interv-t   i.f  inrrnt- aa  nwi  U  ...nfr  <i, 
"act  ihJI  (he  nuniU  r  •-(    t|  ,|  .li.  .-.t|.  .a.  I.,t  |u-.  a-.,  nl.lji  •  i  ' 

,  with    ~ mie  w*ll  latitat...  airmail   lofltl.tllly  la  Ihr  uaia  -f  j 
r  vrata.  frnm  •  SI  I  in  lite  ft  U  I**/.  I  ■  wit  fa  iMl  l>  i|  .'t 
a  faionif  (•»  I7.IIO   ill    lfc*-l-      Hut  IMEMM  ...  |a  I,,,, 
■en  yr«r%    laH.I   ami   |8R«.  >f.  k—  tlua  105  ret  eiat.  j 

■  ly-riine  |-*r  ecltl.  •  •!  (he  itlilili.  tri..a.  art.  niaV  la  jet.....  I 
nl    III   llie    I'ltite.l  Kln*;it.m   -Hianlv.   Kf*J$a  t«lff4g  an!  I 

111     I'JnjjI.-inil    is f I •  I     W.iliM.   'Kit   in  Snrl.ra.l,  mil  *Jf  .1 

■  I,      I  If  tile  ic^t  lite  lar|J.'-l  mtinler.  a,ete  fl.ra  tllo  l'nllel  ' 

.  iisi.  Dim  tJerm.iny  *>-.  aa.1  rraat  Verne*  ?»*.  Ii.-i 
front  lwi<nly-4crrn  ..liter  r..mttt.e*  .1  i.tr  i|.|>li.  vi  a.  •.. 


Mp  .blaatr.1 
'      %■  irr.nl. 


I  'li^w.,  <>  .»,.  II..  -'.,ren«,.  a(  ,l.«.  „„,  „a 
S*1  **  "**      «  "I*"*  naaOa,  aadtar  «,aa  ,(,„.  fcl 

JS1  S£*S  - *  tv  »». 

flue.  ..I  til  ttt,  .<»,,  .,„.  ..I..^)  „,  |U) 
11.  ^aasahauaa)  Mwaa  ToUr  l.»i 

*t  iJaMha  al  faeatr  ^  —TV  an.  R  A  akl  N  >  Di 
M  H  i  I  ,h  «IM  „,  ,|,  ,„.,,      ,„  „  ,„„  Jni 

<U  H~1f«ml  K.  V  tt.1  N.I'  t>.  lu,hr  «.l  ,.l  ism,  ^| 
naarnaM  aa-  bl  ,.|»a»n  ,|  „  mlliaiM1. 
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H  1  mk  -lull  I*  ti.uiiniu.t  ihf 


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t  Jf  .  •**»  fr-  i:.||.|  r..  tx  |h>r>c  *Ho 
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iiuuw>l      Kill  i 


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hj  lW  l"ntil.-JA  .rfiln  |u.ii|* 

|-    *JUl     U.lfUIJ.tAt*    Kill*  I 

w>Mt  nv.Hiiru*)**!  11 1  In 

.(.  I  W  tliir  l  i$WM  4iIm  ( 
|Jm  --mi.  |U  ruir.'  »-uh  yur 
tutr  Irintn  I  «>(*••(  in  •■vile,  or, 
(nr  'lie  o o*.  ^riitl,  in  Im  i 

y    I1W  -«x  HfimnnliUiM 

(%  1'iitrfr  In  h!l  U|i 

•    t^Mci  to  ii-aiinoul*i  jh  1  nwbit. 

h.  }n  ilu  t«r-4  |il*b«,  tW  fnually  mi  •••D«a;f  nuin  «t>  in  ra 
AiliU- 1  In  ll*v  1  u-uij;  .  .  I  mi  ■  ii*i«ilMti  In  Im  ko- 
|m*i|*>|  t>|-  iIk  I  t  mtx  <i  4~oa»i^if«»((II  llw  iianiln-i  *>f  I'mtrta 
ill  I  I  t.hi.n  rHrM  hinil'i-  if(-.i  :i»*ly  hi*  Illicit  1*1  -*  >m  juJ 

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i 


NATURE 


M  Thr  inaj.;..,.  fimi.  trhithtba  I'nitrttitv  l^-i.v.c.tih. 
at*.  W  .tr(prr.  in  Mr.1u.nr  iiWinalirr  rjllttl  tK.*  m.trni.r.1 
MtHn  il  {.niriujtri.i  |f  Mian  il*ir  ivhl  U  K'*"»i:  wli  uamicn.n 
•liruW        |,c  ar  hr  n.«  mrnlituraa  n.H»C" 
:  **■  H**  mriiKal  it.tiititu.ht  la  bf  .uhtr,!  M 

•br.millM;  -....a  nf  irthiua.  but  ..  ,h.t  r|«  JWnal.  J.J  n« 
K(..r.  IMHI  wrh.«i|  |I,C  ,|,lIt  ,/  ,ar  ,„,,i„  „f 

Molmn,  (*«  Clun«  o|  )  intaay  h,  ,tr.i,  HiUa  Jji 

IV.—  Facri-rila 
«    tarn  akall  It,  km  larullin— iv.  Ill  Ar;. .  Ill  Latat: 

I  Vj.*?1  d,.F»'«M"U  ..Ikmialrjjr  in  «»ul.  r.im.nii.*,.  „„ 
»  lull  hf  lav  1  nllwaily.  a»l  r.  .  iml.lel  ,„  .„„  ,.i  ,s./r 
lacult,^  .Ull  h,  |ncl„K,l  r>  ih,  'Mat)  J  A,, 

a>  l.*A  faruHj  .hlllo««*  .<l-..l  l»ri»nr..ml<rtw.  if  ihr 
STL'S  If?        "841111,,.  II,  ihrfaillll)  .tottuMlM. 

HS  ri  •*»«  —I  hW  Trm  illcrnai.lt.  Kt.liil. 

no...lit«  ni  in  .,.,.,>„  a  tU-  |M,,t,,  „,„  ^  g  , 
|«n.-l.  .„  ||„y  „ui  Ja,,^,  '  ' 

t*  fculif»4lri  *J|»Vo_,Jra  .loram  fciOirt.  twr.; 

..»£?* *"  of  ■ " Sauw;  vi      «•  >  '-'»•"  «• 

'»  It  rlMH  m  In        Uti  .|aa.r  nilJ  |_ 

* ^ii» »« »~>i!  ..!■««•..  I.  ,*,r.  „,i  m 

■g»#  [««*«!•  "ill  >M  Ihnr  ..«,  .Unn,„ 
iiiui.Uk/  ihc  trnilrnr  l-m.l 

.alt  I"  ""' "m".  «'•»  «'  •  ai.nh, 

jyV"*'.1 1  'l'"!* Illln»l k> k<  I. «,.|  ,4  j„|„,  .Jl, 
••■ijiin  i  Jit,1 , 

V.—  Ih.ttlr. 


\7»b-  iS85 


/M.WiW  kESF.AXCHES  tfi  GKF.F.VI  A  w. 
1tmiw:A.i_  i_  .       .    .  •■■•I'.i.iii 


.  mi>~. 
Ilr*  m  nil  nifno* 
.<BI|«M«x  „|  U.1^,,1!  tf,  icjnrMllt  II.  V|r».  b. 


«.  lllm  .lull  |.  ,  I....J  ,.l  .,„  u.  in  .H.  IjvuIi,. 

Inpilirt  utiili  .^ir  imnJv,    j  c..l...«alrm  i,.  I«  tEkal  B 

•   Hg  •<  *r  tuullr  ■MO***  .lull  «ajn)  «<■  T.«. 

10    lotmrmlHi  rlr.it  I  f;  •  Wi  imtl  .bill  lit  (U  ll.ir, 

r«»*f  lu  fill  kj;  .huimuiuI  iinnirv 
rw*n  In  i.-W.^i. 

bAlr*M  JUllrlnl  »  iliutinui  rrrrv  <>  || 
lu*  l..„,|  u|  .m.^  ,|„u  k..,.  ,v.  ,.,.„, 


I' 

II 

it 
il 

M. 

UnCIci;— l«l  T 


I  trra 


I  Ihr 

**  Iw  Ihr  «v 


l»r  r^rului  fi.  m 

iw.  inn.  U.tiliY 
in  tt«r  Mul  ^inril  n 


UMIci;— i«l  Tw  i.nrvln  Ihr  ta.Himta.iklOI.il..  ..I  lit  faulti  i 

i'  I..  ...nuili  i.v„l,.,  „  j||  ^„  w„r,.|  . ,;l,  ilu  -uli.ii. 

of  IJtnlli 
iKttr  /:  |.  f  t, 
its  it*  M  »»f  nr.. 

I  id.  >.»-nr  .UJI  n.. 
niltci.i.  It'll"  tt^i.iki  rtrh  jml  ^tn-*  ll.- 
niilmirrv  a  iln  (t.-ihr  .  |.  i  m  ii|nvwin  0-  mm.  ■«  .im  imiin 
n«n.^irU  villi  ln<  *»tJtrvt.  V  it.  ijnittv  l>.  Ik  vnm  |  if,  i. 
mikr  n.ty  ..I  i.|>i.i  t.i  f.  Lu-jhi  .j.n  .rruinKvuLnuin.  i«  n 
n.iy  'hli.v  ni.  » .-h  i"i,  ,.(  in-uiAt;  miudl.  inl.tii^i. 

UvwhiK;  im  I  k'  -.V.  .  nt  n .  u  ifr..inl  (..n.'.'All.  iniv|.«l  |.. 
ill  nKMky  .«  all  ^Mtoti  infill!.' *J  Wd  h  lu  Mllirr.t.'a.  IlK'  I.  tinVj 
ln.i>  ihinl  .Ir-lt  il  it  .  I  s-  1-5  •..nin.n  j  u..unc  n|  n-  Hq  Ii.  f .. 
Ihr  il.Ktlnlirf.  i «  nuv  iiiu..r  r.Uun*  I't  il.  m.i.|..t. 

Jl    ljVar.lt  .if  tludir.  mty  It  1I..1  Mr  any  «i  th~m  Jl.ill  i.ura 

Itmr  I-  lint?  Html,  it  Jt^iiil'li.    in  I  ni  .  t.  n.  -n  U  . 

|tjriiiilar  <nl.jn I .. 

VI  -LatMINL!.. 
tn   Tltr  miinnri*  m  mill  f*;iA|'  mat  lli.nt  milt  I  ■  linit 
nil-.    ..;,!|  fl     ...  .,|.i  |,    -  il  1 1  r .  I .  .  - .    In  ll;     llinllj  ui  :!• 
In.ii.1  ttf  tttlSm  at  Ihct  nuy  ihinn  fcl 

VII  tlllHIII 
V   1'M.ililAir*  i-j  l«  inidiU '.rtl  ..■  iml.ieilniMtn  in>l  all  ilrrtvrt 
tmU  i Inn  iK^rrt-.  a  lbs  MvU.il  l  auiliy  ttf  li.'.i  Irfiiri  In  tb< 
lOa^o  ..I  i|,n,  nltiiali  « 

l41   (.'aatliilau .  I..r  Orifrort  in  ihrj  I  Jtutl>  "4  Mr^Vartr  |.|  rhtita  - 
that  ih.y  hire  yia....|  thr  n>|uirtf  I  t  urtr  w'f  Ultiracri  fi  it  .1  (im 
tlltat^r  rydrvr  in  th-  Mr.lu.il  I  ji:  Jtr  .  r  m  a  rei-MillhoI  w*t«-nl  , 
istnaitilioa, 


nUKINliiWlM  !„,  ^  „K  , 
•|.«*r  I-T.I.-H  .if,«,i,n„.  r.^in   f  'tif'  ,■'r,-■*, 

I  .l.«it.,lTy,  OS  r».|,  Saw    '     h^7n  i  .  T ■»"'»■ 

c«ir.  ,«„r=r-«.|       g?"    »*■>  1^  h.  wh.rh  B  lhc 

 rji.nl.,  ,„r  l„rh  STlfS  «Lr£,  t*  ■""U,,«,,  ,h« 

n.uthrii  hrmi.,*cni.       '  B"*mi  natlmnv  u,  t>K 

tt   '  k.  pastas  tttoot  s-  3 

Urn  |>iil.b>V>l     In  fclitaUnii  .    til      "'.  w,"-".v"'"i"o>  hnrr 

•■•         tlta  favM,  whtrh  M,   i>    it',     •  "'  Mftl  •*•  »l~ 

m  I     .1  nlii.h  «a,  milthd       ,  'T",".U»,V'~~ll..  an 

»  Pi  IStrni'  ti    i1"  'il   5f"t«E3  of  ,hr 

A",:^^  -«i^*...-.«k 

•  Iiininr  Ihr.ltj,^  r„  ,u  *  "  "«-i«^  »  "pl.trr^  ^.1 
Wl  II -l.lrir.S.,.1,  ,6,1  Vs  l.'  i  T  *««k<n<.l„. 
.al.ilX  n..i.,l..,r-l  L.  "'■'■«h"'*r,c  -  .  Hri..,v 

ltaStw.1,,,1.      •  ''•"•""""i:  npia.lia.nl  Kjomilr,  „,,„ 

<  7,"i.!;n.'.''i„ IZi'u'^'ZT ZSz, t>  '-f';"u"-  **  "» 

"uii.l   I        ,r.„  l-fi'-      "■irrnlar.l  mr  a,,., 

.  ..  a  "nunilaV.-  v„  ^VV"  l'~o.hl  onj  thr  tin,, 

».,.  ,..IU,..  I     |,„,   ,'"  ■'•;'""■""«  aUvrr  ,h,  uafan.l  K,. 

tntai  .  |Mlr  mil,,.     1  '       *        »i«,  rr.lra.anj  .lV.nt 

.iin.i.n.r-  Kail  ItrrataP!.!!'.*  j  M"  ■       O0*1*1  >•  «. 

m  l  Ii.  I  itth.  |u  •'"  ni.~.Vt».  .u.  U.w  tinrj, 

<"  N  '..^.  il,.,|Mll.  ii^1,'  "  X—mnlik  jbt. 

nut^KU.  »l  ilt^aw^^^^^  -«"«*wal, 

»  Mtta  im  „  '~  m''  •"rillK.  aim  ham  tainiITt,j 

  ,"..r  Ih,„r-.    ".'LT  -'all, 

"  '  •  in  on.  ,  ,      ,   »«  !•■  :hr  ..a,  ,nd 

"I*  to*»di  a  iOkc,7  O 


u/y  1(5,  18S5] 


X.l  /  f  Hh 


*57 


Unite  !«.l|  ..ll*  .alia....  l.ml..l,„h.M.,».  „  „~ 

Ml!' 'lis  -J  !>-     i»<  ,„  ,h, 

tt»irap^ji  Ml  m  ....a  I  m  w>l«  .ir,.ii,».ia«£».,ia, 

•  Ml  !h«  *rtJ>  ■■•Mtdaic'imdlliloilkC  aia-  YV  iliac 
*-"*•  »  J*»  |l«»«>in-;  t»>n.  .Vi.a  n  „,  ,|7;, 

1>|--.  B,».  «hai..  r»  ..*«•«,.  hal  p,„|„„|«  ,M  ,&m  Z 

tajta*  >  iir.iv  Inam.  j^j  full        ».,.  r..««J,  aa.|  It  haa 

l«.n  H«.«r.nlh)fiW^i.Vi  KapaJaaari  lint  «  ika  m«*h. 


i;n- it.  .altk.  if)  I.ll.  '*e.t'  N*.  .  l»-f.ir«*  llir  aiiltct.  wh  i.  lit...  i. 
.fr.'ruiant  »rl  I  >r  ccltl  in. Ic t      1'in  whtth  Ita.  lw»«  ai.iu.l 

r~i,r»j>ran--      fl    lit-*   near  |.la«-  tvli.ra  X.n.Ln.1.  J.t 

lr-1  ir,  iNM  will,..,!!  tatSiiM  my  |Mmi  In  ihi-  .priiie  ..I  tin 
j  ni  >.-ii   ilia  Mill  !•€.•  i-«|>l»r»»il.  Iwa  a,.-  .hall  tta.v  nit 

%.4"  ilw  jvarit  until  they  icl'irn  hi«w     I.UMr  11-4-  mxm 

l^r  cut  I  .ra-antan.lcr*  WCtf*  vvry  kwi'l  an-l  HI.  a-lty.  'I»».|- 

.ill  heathen*      TlNPf  *»t-ae  |».trtlcularty  ivin.irL*IJf  la- ihnr 

it-,  i  -        lall   iMaiiil.:.  item-rally  Willi  .l.uk  .•*<«  m  I  *aii 

ailhuul  any  late*   .if  III*'   fc.klnn.     I|..»r<vrr,  tint  ihry 
hi  lar  .le.iemlint-  '•(  Nurture!!  -.nmi  aa.  Ily  pr-roMa 
Ml  ttf  llietr  uiiti.;ll< in  on  .m-l  win'  ..I  nll^ni«i.  N-aw  tin- 

Dad ccadMaM.    rii«  patty  "  >!  »•••-• « *.ir»-l  .. 

Urt.il  fj.af.la.  uelaveen  lat,  «JJ    .ir»l  '■'!   N  i  IB*  •  ■  i'  i  I..  *  "I  l«o  1-  Lic.hil.ii..,  t  aim.,  -avaruas  Ml  Iokii 

m.  ta-ilrioiil  lmi]ini{  the  |ajftr»  Irate  »a  V.rie  ium  wall  Inta*  Sliait,  ml  that  trrtinl,  Helen:.  „r  j  r>,ealn 

e  e*.rM-.lilii»n  may  lac  capet'lun  In  tcturfi  nl  iVrnt  ..I  IXSJ.  Hr  i.v.»il  Int.  |u.inc  t>.«  itit  ji^u             l«AJ«rii  rate 

•I*.   hAWtfVrr.  i;rcal  j.f  ,,l  ^Kility  i.l  llic  |.  uif  "n.t.  *  I  ir^i  il,.-.^t.,».    IuI^ib^.  i*  tl*  ,ruJ|i,  ^  t»r  nii.irtmw,  ^  te 

.i.-i. to  4j*vn.1  .innlllrl  Jt-ar  .in  lliir--  l»l. tl*r  J|..i~>,  Uti;.  cffLit*!  .Inmt;i.v..u  >ni.  Ill  Iht*  fit*.l  t.j  Pi.,r  0tMMW| 

llio  KSffO|t<ea1»i  iltoi.lcr  lO  v»i*t.  IHM  l-ilncltkrlllc  »  tUIMi  il»l   I  mil.  Ilumitf  W  l».  piifh*.*  trf  MrTUiMc  Ihf 

il<-  lit*  alio* e-nufnliixtvil          .-ai^lui-iii*  *«"  iltu'i  i.  «i  \-  "t».n  l.ttuv-ci.  m.  jui:  al.A..  ,n|  i]w  ,„n          tar  „(rfjtc 

..  exLilurali.illt.  ill.'  Ilnnl  ..lie  .l.  »l .u*lu:.l  U<  rnU'rol  h|«al  »J  m         '.  h  In.  Im.h  I-im-I  tlui  «n|c  KtUvy.  a-al,  tn 

..i  unlinikcn  ri^l-t  fur  rc^cnicli.        IW  ^a  >.li  lb.-  i*v^  4^.r/f.-  »i-4tlii  »l^.i-  tlw  .iiIkv  «i  i$u  Ui*  .i»  tl^at  mi  rU, 

Uctwcvn    »S7'i    in  I    |S7»|  ic^i'attli*'.  •*!  tin-  Iknmifl  -lnolt  4-1.  lU  |>n^.         U*Ncm  lltr  pan  il«#»w  uj  tU  mrt 

— ir       *\\*t    -*a   ln.-l»..n    ICrldMW   -tnl  ' .t  •  ulato! -ai-ii  ktM  •*  iin  Uift.  ■  t.i  *  *— f  f.  t  :>i  al  f.ir  W'.lml  rluwt 

I  i.y  ih*.  DhnHH  A-li.iitaltv  K*tjNalMaa.  »!ui.'i*  Cu%>-    '  -"I*- r1'"1^ ~' "Utina liTliTMi    ftt  wsajrim 

in. I  II  llhll  -  lb}-  Il-IH  '<nlT  lift-H  iilr-aily  -ta  la-L  j..  I  •  i  •  *rV  i  tan  -ilin*«.  ill  I'J  Jvi  tvia.  llr  p»i,.in im  i.  <a|v 
*    1%    II  M  I*.  t'.t'^'.'H    tin   II"  l»*l"rn  J^inaiy  In  1*71.  I:J"1'> 

iviriit    |i».,ii,i.<m  I     ""it    licv»ii«   N  >n«.  anil  I7  Ik  j     Hi          1  .«■■  !.  ■  ..f  Mg  tatan  au  1H1 Mdatraii 

.1.1.  .1.1   KaianlllliHI  i.f  .  _  '•'!  ..    «l  itfc-mi.  Inn  ilip  K  .lurltit  It  •..„,;,  k».  u 

vmtalonil  In  li'I  yiir-  t«-»      <•••  »■■•        n»i  "  ™J  """"Vllr         I  *  "•''  I't"  Hit.  In.  I«ti>  *Mir,  it 

II  in  .  ...i.i.i  .ikI  0.>l«.  C.  N...-iii.itiii  I  ••  -  i'n  *  -tatf  I-  *•■»•■•>  i»-«14r  ij^aj  aariluiu  ilrinitr  ..  m  idr  MMh  u 
•r  ,r    I       WantiillK-.  l-.lnll-t  I   Vr.   Ill    II.I111,  .-  '  I'MW  I  I  •  ill  .1.  kflliN     IM.  tnu*  1-.  ■  .a.in.  nTlim— lint 

|i"     -J-  .„     ,1,(1111-1   all'   tnilK,  -.1.1111  t      Hi'  ItTli.^  !  I  uitm»;  »inar»ii.ti  .,(  ail..  Iill.  ,1,;  ,,,wr«  aa.1  «B,nl 

I  r  ,.VIk'.  '».  ,.-  Ilivlat  l.y  III*  iltK-T.l  ra.1  •»  thi  l'"l'  "I  <h-  n31.»...l  anai  .1  In.,.  SUjal -a.  lu  a.  Uu 
I        ,1,, .1. Hi  '  il..-  II  "  1  -1"  1  f""M  ~"  '•"  '"p"  I  *" ''"         J  '  -"at  11.111   V  il„.,a». 

.'  nrovillanj  u  i.l.  UrlTWla  -ml  ..  ..li'.i-  "'  1"  •«  •■■•!-••      I     f'.tl  l«"  .=|alii.  »iM  .Mt,  .1  ,.,^1.'  .,!  I,„.  I,.  I  Ilia  ....  n 

II.  in.  .in!.  I   I  I  I'M  '«".<:-' 

l/..l|.ff..li.'«-.  ...I>t   •  ' 
an- 1  . 1  C...»I  «  .»•■  il  '"  rfllWIlaW" 
■iiinail|..n  ui'  «'•=  l'  '  '  {" 

„i  a..a  *u»j«*  «••  -  r;:-';^,;;';1^  .,I.l.a..,,,.n.v.„...i 


".ff     n.            I.J  Ml  "i-i  «-•»-••""  """" 
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I 

..i.it. mt..  ..11  "•••.'*'';';.'„"[ ,.;,;n^!i7.'"i" »i* <^ > 
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3  to 


NATURE 


\7uly  16.  1885 


\ <*  a  \mf  111m  iSrv  lorli  *r*r  irnullct  hfraeiik  ra*<i  0*1  » 

ctAitm  I  ttilly  Unt  in  n.-  I9  th*  I'r  i  Nlttril  I'tnl  |>)  t 

in  thi  Inparal  I'tJIrgt  *t  tnQ\r**rm£  K-i-t-.  %  tcfiumot 
ftc  itfTT  ■  Tf*-'.  afln  *  tilth  |s> j  mi. It  t.-arif  jutfDt)/*.  At  OK 
tine  lhn>  w*ir  tumly  ij.uni  f»rt  short  *4-Vtnr4  on  Cbe  tiipof  the 
conical  r  uji*ao.  At  in<*Vr  liiM  ihcy  t»r»r  vhm  hunJtctit  of 
led  Icfetr  «i  I«nI  41  thr  U-turn  <>f  thr  fit.  it  him*  mint. 
Thoc  ulitrmiinM  aturuiMi  ih>  .viral  »mi  »f  ihe  Jut li tl 
the  linden*;  OlwrrrKonr^  »h».  rnT^pitilnn  Urulnfl  ihty 
mi&*  lu»«  ti|»-n  wnric  «hirh  «»*  Suok.  *»n  wt  lhe  ''Mf«K  *y, 
they  •■i|t}jmmlnl  n»  i.U(tnfv«i  utih  4  ufufti  K1  of  Irvcl*. 
All  I  he  inml  f  (muti'ity  »f  ir  lacro  to  ftit*<)  •V*tt>l  llic  cBotli 
oTtMMnurc,  AMlob^rruxmtwrtv  carrinl  o«  rvefj  tutor  hum  • 

!   -  1    <UJ  night  OVUv     Lm   ■  JCAT.     A*  IK  buA*  nf 

feMrrb  accimuljinl,  iaultkr>  f,.rwe«  ^tr*  11tf.il  write  of  ihrtn 
•ttr  )o  lu  40  rVct  «  Unph,  «t|*rt«lK*  Iha*  iIk  rm« 

ihicfly  i«c  i»  ihinc"  m  tf  mntf.iturr  mulif  V  ci|iul  to  ji»J 
r»eii  cauccd  ihr  *K  ,-t*  whi<h  wc-Tr  h*Uj|"  u{  "  Now,  I  am 
Indite!  lu  *m  tittouin  (■•nvniiMfiilrt  lo  nx  is  g  Viler  fnim 
M.  d'Ahbttiic.  wfc.i  iravUI  In*."  M  lc-rrl»  taptn  thr  airr 
t'&ima  tsi|;l.!  t*  x«H>.Url,  «r»t  j«  ihcu  >*il.lde>  'mijht  rr»w  a 


;  /_-  -■  '        ~*»*.  «•*  luiwn  uWrven  1 

•ttir.nl  kr  my^M  *>iir  Vilic  iivor  tmtttfttsM  t-^]u  whkh  h  J 
l<mi  fertal  in  I  grtfv.  1 

F  *  «  «tiit  vern  1  -.it  1  tie  i»tB-M*m,  mm  •  ■!  1  n 

ML    Searm,  <  W  .„,ll  ,.,kt  ,.|»c.  .i,b  .  IM  GST 


iftl 


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.  ,'r<"l«"'  ta.lnim.nl  wkkk  Lai  I,:,,  ,r,,  „„l 

*  '■■•'»  m.  1  m.i.,.1...  wi„.., 

"■™         •?»  "'I '•>■  M.  »..»,,,!  ,1,  I,  U"V  WhJI 

«...  n  the.,-.- ..( „n«.,uj.r.  1  .„,(<.^ 

*si  85 » 23  .*!  u,  ESS  -XiiSirtSVfi 


nf)(MHit«  Jiwiiutif.  \  <*ii^(at»lmi;  tk».  ib«  u!tMivitr4it  .  I 
ItVfU  luv<  k*I  to  kanr  mtcmiinf  r«*«-t«. 

Flnt,  ihm  h  the  C-n  tkti  Wvrl  |iol44m  wit  wiO'ltr  »  'it 
Iflnv  t»<c«*-.trttf  littj;  a  rhanpf  nf  Irtil.  Sc.'««lt  thai  trirl 
lr*>Mm  (Vfttuiitt  t"  m-w*  V«»i;.i«c«  tlir  *m*iliW  initin«tt/<n  tiinli- 
tpnkr  his  ihtt*  .  ■  " .  Itf  »  Hf«n»  >-4  tA^tnioi!  the  iit»it* 

■irni>  .  /  |i«|>  |rtu>l*  ** Imli  t-.ii illy  tmni;  ihr  |.h«r>iicttiiii  ■  I  .tit 
nnkiuUnlu  a  i-Ium.  Mict  ihccnt  j Mr  ihr  NilihW  will 
IMICS  ultv  tip  a  (M-ttxw  0Mt§  iluTrrtfll  10  ihu  «!»•'>':  ■>"> 
'•♦(■iht.  CVanur*4  *>  thr  fnmiitn  ■  /  htiVJc*  hn»r  l*»n  <.l«ct  »t*l 
•  short  titnc  Kitfc  tone  »f  out  nuthipukn.  Ao-lltrt  ir>u& 
it  th«  i%t\  tliu  ihr  {tralrvl  mri;iilirrit<  «•  lh«  vwwt  »ho*«g 
the  fmtUm  tt  thr  lul.liV.  ill  *  \fK-.\  **vm  ohefl  r«nh 
•i»kr«  In  mawiM*.  Th».  t.  Ittirti  "k^  «inirt  t*">nlh*- 
A  I  mi  t«>«It  *  |k«  (an  I  oat  ilurjftg  *  lyptrm.  M  « heft  ihr 
■**'"«f<T  i*  iiMtcully  |a«  ani  Autwinc.  *  lc«ri  IMMm 
y  4*aia«.i|y        |rt  puiutc  ihtoiRh  *  r»nc*.  3*  'r  'I'"' 

•rrr  chUnuiki  thtinjlr^  wf  k:\tl  it'ittif  i«- 

>Mult  «<trkinc  mm  the  Irtrl*  4r»«h»t  kiml  t*  inrfnitntnt 
*h  |  tmplrtjtil  Ml  a  (Kafluluir  tit*rcailcl  f'1  Ml  K  »'* 


tKhr.  m  thi.  km...  rrtiiott  „n  kwHm..  «  


'Ml.  Ill  tlx  iMlpji 
an i'w»nif|in(;  »l*i<hi 

ESS   SI        Akfi^  itfgiZStlTi 

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i  .  Il»n  ihr  hvon  m.1   .1  the 

n-  t„  i.  ta 
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rr»  M  fir-.  Mil>   l-r  ttj.lmj;  >  ..r  iiiiIIhiiwk.. 

mil  iho  rod  "f  >•>«•  |...»««.  I  «!"-"•«;:•  •••■■«•»«  iti. 
I...  imiin»«««-.«i  Miw«€tni«.  Wk« 

n  tin  hour.  ..r  ..l-.  r«.ill..n  »  >.  u«lli.i«».  wl.il  > 
.  uln^li   >».•>■•   .ni.-lv  ImW'-  "'  «««■>'' 

i..  .!.«  nlKtrrgr-     "•  "f  "'  *•*  '•"  """ 

i.»i    W..uM    fCH't^-t    tl«.    ..|.-viv:l   MMOTMH 

,  ...  .i..-  «.-i  it*  m*  i-«»>"  •'»'•>' "  '» Jsgg" 

mfeec  ••■"->  -miikfl  «!••<•  "V"'*"1  "•  '« 

,.\  tt'.ul.l.  — n.e    I"    l*e  «i»|J.ijr*'l  ■■•  I  *«*•*»    •  '  N 

j  .,'„  <l.c  ...Vf......  ..r  >  ihfck  hi...  W»~ 

TIm  MHtt  «<  J"*"*.  « i.kli WJ  •- » 

„  !v,.l  .l.'ulv        cl.uliw.Ml.  l.n.Jlh.lit  i.i. ! 

.  i.i.t    i-..ulJ  I" .  .Inol  I  .»u  I  •  f.  

?'T.Y....  l.v  .he  Ii-."  «*  11"  "  "  "•• 
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hmfl  kMlk  l^f^l  tkt.offt  >.r«  .«  rwiinwfc  ..I  in,  Ihpmiuj 
«i  «t.?i  up  lantK  Ir-ti  fitr..  ,  i  ,  .my  wuum*%  1 fii. 

Ih  NjgM  lW.«nir«»,v  ilir^-  Ujw  Mk>  IIMruMiWt  tk 
ll.r       •  t.<rit*.  u)->  -tn.i-ojlljr  (  muli. 

\.  1  <  NtKlbct  lIlCT  4lv  M'.lNt  t-.  !«■  ffClp|r.|    |«  l|i>f  .U.tUdi 

Mirf  ■>.  Ir-»«I.  in  «Wi|«J/  M  hi '•TciMl.  .1m  Iii  Itol  | 

.lllll  V  U'llUf  lUIr  lU  »|«li  *f*|  ,  H,  T;  K*,,f»:  tktmiUllllft.J 

4.  >n»rtir.  1 1*|  tU  lunl.  .4  pt^tt  yni  +it«l  tWn 
-f  "l  l-tv-jllh  ty  »j«r»,»  in  ill  -li'nt.  ti^  Tlw  m.1kjlt>lkM 
*»<Jrtln<*ie  In- ikv  ir  .  I  m.1  Hir  |..niiT  hi. 
i  tv  II*  5-  «■!•■»*  •>  Ur-mi  >lt  ihr^  h^itu.  k»«v  iccaTit? 
Ii  'i  i-i.'-iiii*  llirj^h  !.  tt^  ..,^iml  Jht 
.  nli-.L  I  litr  a  —  1  ut  nu  I*  lnMii  wnill  \»im  in  *4nmm 
.-sluu  in  U(U*  iI-joi  ifc.  rAl  -fUt  luul  <<»l  **  tfae 
(►4ti-.r  «#iln  Hi-j'wUi.  fipir*!.  u.l^.linj  (Ira*.  M.tWiUirt 
A  Km  I  l»c  (Mil-  *kwli  I'.u.  in  «  *tln;  »m  i|,  imImhA 
ii.  v&$t  I  Wife  <*cui»l.  i*  35  jy*.  m  ^4  |o.    In  I  jipftM 

•  •I  IIWlllll^K  »f  IwllCT  l«Kl-iTlKl|c-»  A;tM  .,,,1  t|*  ,rr  Ihtf  (if 
r|«  CUMHU*  -Hi  *«lli.li  in  m*  T4inr«  I'  (4lti~l  nKM»<  *.if-l 

I  I"  "    '  I  j  h.t1  Ai,;W     It  i- *  «.fntiel  .4  UKL  m  l  r<tf> 
nifOHc     llir  Mt&ff  (••jitit.  which  *Ui  r?it<  urn  *nH,vtlr.  h 
ii. 1 1-  ..I  It  nici.it'.  •  hvi  »  «hti  X  2  Uti  j  «i(itr> 

mi  I  I.  *l«<  5  ki«  .«  W«ln. 

1       l»n-:l  4>tttlM  I*  fltlllf  Ii*.  Jiffa,  «•  |  (.itH|  |hll  «*rO 

itw  h*«,*iim- u  •*)  ihmti  U  *nfkwui    i-mmc     |*.<i«±ir  «rf  ilw 

•» .'i  i. unit      •«  iir  »•>•!•  |  imlliiKtm 

AlUmtft        «  »>•>■  |»i*Jti|jr  bn  i  |ii.irilL*l  n(c»v»l  m 

1|j.  Milt'^f  ik>  lh.-v  tusr  t  •  .1**1  miiS  Hum  oiircullt, 

I*  tbi  inUnin»  *4  M»r  ~t  *?\n  Gavtb*  in  N'ati  ti.  «  ilv 
.V  V'-t  7# *t>l  utliEt  |ii|«i%  rr4im  . .  luw  U.-^n  m»U 
t*  ■ ' 1  *  KMU|fl  N  PMHW  cml  ,r  MM  m  l  prilm  \t)wtl»tntttt»  in 
iht  Til. |.li»« *  L'  thiny  nen  X>ri*>44     ,V  thr  %  MIujuA  * 


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nmaU  •»«         '  V,'.-  ...»'  1 1,  «...  •■ 

rt;-t..i ....  *        „  • 

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|t-jM1'-.t*H  llnlwli    \*4»VM|.N,  |HK4,    n  li,..  rattIl'|UiL.«  mI 
,  l**i<<<*«  *  Uv*  i  MM  Mi.  J  Ii*  v..|.|ir|,  ih,  if.ui  rt^in*'i  n 
lint  twrntS  icll-iK  ilur.  .-win;  N  ih*  i  ^rc      ik  mm-  in* 

OM  '*      n  ini  Hi/kr  iii^Dvati.**.  tt.ii 

■  !>  tie  UKIiftmfll*,    II-   '••iifinv  f«u|*i«r>  ii«  n  in  il»-  m 

ltiltn-*»*  1"  l*MU  >ll£ll|T  H-fi<M,  1— <tn»*>  lllll  j  i)  kllilUl 
 in  It  ftt-ittttHux' lii-Uif  ■  in  it.  tiiim  vi  I  U  ji'lm^fh 


U.  iImM  >rl  Uiv  Mr.  Hi.i 
KmMIi  i  f  I  j^IjiiJ  Idi.v  -Y  Mmii 

■ 

■ 

ikm  u**«itl)  liMiic  wily  I. .ii..  ii 
1  «  HMHWlfll    I  hit  I  ■  i  i       I  '*j 


■ 


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NATURB 


[?*fy  16,  1 885 


JU  Irt  wfc.it  mmy  \<  the  <»uic  nf  dnMmnm-  I  tm  r.»\  fff 
t»         *  di-*wilc  itt«n(or» ;  hir.  M.*jnnrfc  »•  thrii  jtmtli- 
U,hi  with  Kuii«tr»  flWiuilium  rc*»Irn  (1  |>cmOJ*-  thu  in  lltrli 
ncromiK*  ihry  11  »Y  J*  '*  u»««ulc«l  with  thr  r»r*re  tar- 
dwuv   ihiwl  which  nc  law  ->  lUllr  Lfwwtefcr  of  frtiUljl  j 

Whcihir  thr  rculi-  >.f  .u.b  1  -  1  >y  »<-iM  I-  -  f  jwIImI 
value  1 1-1  ihr  ntiiMt  i*  o«d  kirn**  l<*  IRK  imAi  •<(  »»ml  At 
V*I*C  wm.  J  h  M<li*|'4ljt>lf. 

As  ihf  vuhini:  »r  •»  I.  n>i»;uln  Air  ntitVt  *  miittt  "I 
trt*it4t  nr  Mnam  ri|  in*,  I  »nwen*|  lti-i  'Mi  ihry  nny 
tli.ttfUktn.  '  't%  *c*m  *jIui*  «.-.>....  n  I  )•  ;■■  •  ■  .lit<n>*- llw 
eil>«inKnf"  wrlick  I  mull  ni'ti  Kif  *tl  thr-*-  invtnnwiti  "«  thr 
tUinfMi  of  |-*ji)*fu  •  U..*5-$  fm  v  whetc  <ii..»n«"**«  w*r*  rt  ft 
»tfy  ami  i#ii.W-l  Jut uttt. 

Tofci",  Jipsn  1<  'is  MUM 


SOCtfiTiUS  ASH  ACADEMIES 

LOKDGK 

kov*I  Suvicly,  Iuk  "TV:  II  il ..f  Micw-  ic»««-«- 
bum  "    lly  Ivu;  F.  ntfillMUl.  Hi  l'  .  KSr..  5".C.!v, 

Am  o*tc     thr  kuv.il  schm*l  ••(  M  .«* 

It.r  »uh.4  Iim  *-»*..iCi»i.I  thr  cffiit*';.  i«  n-CMiU  ill* 
kmhmI  i.f  inki>~ffi*»-m%  iu«ih>«4«  »l  w.iter  jwnfKilan 
•lrpc**linf*  ii|*>n 

1*1  Fillf*tK41 

1*.  Agilxiitw  writ  pqJuI  ;  arlvJet 
<|  IVfnpit.Ti'«. 


•In* tnin Ifti;  «t« 
OTf  ihr  Willi 
►  itin{  tra'le  t  j 


TV  mitN.l  •  f  ir.n-'injvi-rt 

r:  !■     ■  r  ul  t --<■(*  III 

r*mr*  in>l  ili«i  'n'l'mm',  •}% 
Koch'«  pf<T *  ■  (  ciiliP^wllr^ 

7»*K**.*tt  f  «V/*  A|  /i,'-., if.'.-*.— Tli»  til-.-f.nr  lMlf*t>». 
«:illll|rf1  *<K  ptlHWij  iflvM  |«'»il»wJ  itfiu,  »«ift* 

I:-!..'.,  i  11  11. 1'    '  iK  ■  .  '.      I  •(•'i^v  Huh.     Ihri'  H'lIdUtK 

«.tt  ill  *m-i  in  ihw  ^nu  iM  -f  Mkm  o.  '»im       io  »i« 

lkrt»»i;li  1  'i.Tt  r,f  jo  »«-hf  !■»  >lw  i»»W,  JUtil  in  <[»\jmn.  U  ft 
«hcbr>  in  .Icjrh      |ht  Hn  nc  Ti*iih»  win  .At.-iiiwl  *  — 


firmniM  I     ...    ._  ... 
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.1iit..<iftti  ;  «iteb| . 

.Xmitiil  •  hJiv  I 
tictM  Cilm  12  .lay.! 
.  ufirr  •  wnlfili  i 

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Hon.  1  hmr  <iit^v*tcn<r  ;  $  r    w  -  ■ 
pun  i!w»|)   ) 

N*'nc»  I*""  '*?  mlliMr*'  f<Wi'  J 

tioA,   i  >*ntf  ial«i<lf«tt ;  5  J  609 

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itjibditiii.  \  H-'if-  *ul'«»WtK»  1 1  ^'"> 
Cokr  115  iMMlaV  ,ijr»ir*.      k  Tft  tuiravroii* 

biwr*'*ul<^ilrW(K|  .,,  I  Ic  hi  ci>nni*.l  Q 

<  kin  Om  IIJ  I  _  Toft  Q«nw„ 

ii.in.  5  .lay*  . i.iv  r  1     ...  1  10  t<  ccn,^,,,! 

In  •«  kf  t"  MOri  illt  «*lu*[icf  ntvultr**  al  irn-  «>m].|  <1itmniJi 
thr  m«il«T  ^TmCMAUM  ti*.i»>J  in  tlir  n(i|Kt  4iMn  pf  wmct 
Ulilc*  <i«Lilnifv  ilifix^'l  wjWm  MM  itlurl  tr»  rvttaAin  ,i 
1  .tlril  M,  anl  th«-»  ili»  ht»<  Uy*n  in  the  lennl  ><«il<^  w«i 
le*t#d  tut  MgyUMM  ji  .litlmnt  intcnkK  fl  tint*     ThS  1— 


tin  i*  -4  tnl 


•Mil*  I 


* 


•  «tir 
'i.ojS 

26a 
•  >1 


4*.  I 


1 wnbiMl  4(>H»i  ™  wiih  u<Jkl  |umi(lr>  ta>1  WjImmmh  ,„u 
M.lt-i.  k  ..I  thr  tn  M ,  tin  1  t«  MJ  Timlnnlvwv  i«  <m  iK»  cuntrin 
in  «am<*  in  th*  nrmtwt  •  f  urgmiimi  m  the  irj.t-i  Mnt4 

Wile. 

"  I'lfiiV.  |inirc*.'"  in  nmiiwc  it.'  .iii  .n-  Imm  w«tet  wm  invn 
WMH  <»  ihi  HMMHn  .it»1  i.n  thr  Utjtv  nnlr.  tn  ihi 
lilnMH/fjr  *i|-n«inii.  4m  t  .tk-wim,  rv<ilu  trie  Mlnind  -— 


•  ... 

t  minuM  w*r*r  „  s- 

•lilt»  <vftef  rt  >.tur»'  toll      . .       ,„  1  g4J 

ttahnafhn  i  iitt.'.  |        m  l  m  i,inm'  .„(H 

1m  n  ••Otil  **ri»*    «  •*|wilnwm;  "In  f..|l.<«itiii  «»nlti  mtn: 

nl<l*Tne»lr— 

tan. 

Cttrvilfl  "U-i   ..  fc  ,„ 

M»*  Uti"  21  li"ii<"    *  *  K 

•\*u>  1  .fiii  4t  li»i*»*  n**>     ...  jTji 

Wilel  m*  I  (ill-.  :  .Mil  j|  hour."  miC 

tii'«i  ■*  fi  4*>  'i  .it.  it^lilmvt  |AA 


ll.ihl  wiior 
w  tki  .iln  t  «*.iii- 


■C  -nil  I         nj|..ii»n. «  1 


4 


,  elici*wt,  .ttfl  Ok 
,.*  hhr»*il  iW"#i!h 


.ncih.ii.ci.  Ao^bfj     1  *-i«h"  -■"""i<*.y?^: 

,«T*«r  «»  »  ««¥  «.w.  1-l.tK-  Iir4*..*r*ifti  -i|tl  ^^1. 

llr  ricili-  1.  1  '-I  ''UkiI.i  i  «*"■  ii"  1 
liinnU-i  «rf  '.rvinim-  *  '^«:  h 
Mimul  ekiroeal  w...  « «*t*         In  ,fcr  "n**"^*1  ■y*r- 

n>»  1£ltilH  WKl.  ilit-ir.  wtl  Jinn-  -  "      1  "        '  ' 

4*  ttwwst  mil  *ftn  ih.  •uliwitoKi'  '  UN  «.|«n  -J  '"?,,„.„; 

"he  i.n.,1..  ..f -,(-,n.  "  -hr  w  l»n  '  »*»"•  TT"'  \ 

.tmnp..^    I  ct.»  »(  "J:;r.l*'iL  in  t««ly 

4aWimrwt|i^M.  .1  *Hei     thr  »«»»«■•  **7Jr^"»^ 

•II  OM1  o.mMJtll.l  W  1$  H»  ^S»ll 

IM  th»  w.tlei  MlUl  <h  "      Tl"  ,r*,M* 


yrdrtt  «^AWmi  «tf  Chtk\  fUmmm  i«l»»,l  h,  fUMm  m 

! I .    w.»i  il»..  ..,..1.. 


lute 
4 

n  111  lU  wiu.l.o  ,4*  nrxtw^—  nrcwm 
'  "'"""iiiniil  U>  Uwk'f  pfiKe*^ 

IV.-  '.  .,|    -    ,.        I   fll    ,  ,j,f 

«i  it»>l  1 .11  h  mv  ..1  itm^,  j-»  nihcr«i«*- 
y*2f  ',Mn,'""l  ih«'Wi|;li  ihc  wralci 
''^  ihc  rtumtwi  nl  .w^nnnnn 

i»i  ir«  Ksi  t«n  kiermliml  I  y  |kc 
fexlu*4  .1  ihirMlilj  «mmm»in.n.  i» 

liw**^..*^,;..*^;,^1^'"  >-•""'■■»  *>* 


II m  t  WMa 

s..n  mrn 


j  I  M        H'l-'ti*  liny  t 

j  in  tillM*!  wa«r«.4 
I  Mini*.  «Kti 

lit*  ■•>|«xi,  r4  th 


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l;Jue  ""Hi"  .irt—ii-  -I  «•>■•«■       'Y  T'-r 


Mm  >  i  h 
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fta  «M.r..|*o  *•*•>*""'  ''"MW   M, 

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>^>U  I"  Cn|«.  AWmjt  it 
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v  .1  i  ttih»r« 

.  |.n.n  n-.-tl  n  K»ffll 
1.  «-nCt  tl£  t<1M  lit- 
!C    *  •4KII*  «UI>  J  llC 

...  if   •*!«/  in  kttw 
tin   Lit.,  lli* 
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Hi  M>m  n>  Mitlti 

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lii  i •  ii  *  riiwUf 
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II.  Ui*c»ri->  mm  DM**  «*th»  (jrMl  ■w^rwoil.  *t  thf  uitm- 
I  ■  ■  trf  M.  frJY<.  H«Wl«h»«  m  wfittfjofl  r  «D  »t*  OU- 
hmw  »  hy  MM  ItrithcW  mil  An\ie.    In  rhit 

P*T«t  Ibe  juttx*.  niitiin  ibe  nwthi«l«  fcH-Mtrd  l<y  ilinii  in 
Arurninuu  .I*  ijuirnfiy  «l  wn^iU  "rpauc  wui.  «"»  Lfty»R 
toivhrftrly.  at  i»-t  uhm  evilly.  <Mi»nl  U.r:«i;*it*  iW  seiy: 
ali'v  Lim'l<rtt.  —  Ant*  4ii)  ..i-'l  [JlY«nI«£y  r4  Vh  tUutmj..  1 
r*n.n'.tliV-  (tri'ilc  :•••■!  \n'*lj  *vm-.-.ii.iI  wrh  octt  iin  tii.l 
Iu»"*'.  \if  M.  ilr  l.ut/i  Ihnhlffv— <ln  itu-  (ktitBDcrefAj  »f  t»<. 
wibl  l«.'lirv*y  M.  S|l*v^J*i  -Krfwn  *.n  (Wr  •rrfcriiiitnl. 
t*  IIiAIupI  MH  ltel(»ilfi  <m  An  *|<|0k if  k<i  <-4  ill*  farm  »■•  >t  aHt.- 
ttl-t*  hT  tiy,lrili>k*  .yvrw  (fit*<ni.-t*J  if  the  •icirc.  •  /  iW 
A»l*.i. ;  fntrtif  m^li'iiMmi  1.1  liar  ~j-un>.  I.y  M.  A- 
Cltltmy.—  H**!""*  nh  'Jt*n**!   I>t/  i*\«'i»i4  nf  ikr 

ta>lutt*l  ctrtrM,  ty  M  UiiVtaHlrafi, — K  pnwr*«  <«' 

MaittqltCfk  (MCOMlMl  nj.<V|f>l  •  ilrtlM»r  -1  risiixra  |t\-i.  I.y 
\|  A.  <"*i*v»\f  iu  11k  ponlw.ty  nf  iai~  |n«v«  o»r.>«t»  in  im 
iii'tf,  .t  *4  fur  (fu+uumg  Tt*«  rjt>-i>U*i  linn,  wW\  h 

efftttfl  l»J   llr.HI*  o|    ismj^f*-*!  .nl£tl|         ftlU"«  J*  nfi* 

»«iMiv\.-i  ;  (it  lt.11  it  utHiv*  r  .  «o<iiI*h-  mimil«  *  .ti^lr  ti".- 
»«f*1  <f>.^t!j  t«  JV«Xt  lllrfn  l"tli  !t«i«.  «  »[  .. 1. i.-I  tl  r- 

.a.ultr>.m  •  lib  m      uruK«ftnir>t  iWm  «t»l  fhxi  ik  HTrci- 

■  4  •|M«iat<>  «i  <■  titAgiiih  i  1  i>  ititt  llrt  tiiv.  aitctviteil  In  a>raie 
*#  ««i|h,*««H  M»>t.o  |.  * .  U;r .ilr.  tlt.1  ■  (jt»*  I  \fj  iihn 
awtal*  <nto|iritj^[  *hu  r.*it'>*ti;t.  irtrlifl  t.liiil*<ri  HMHM  1 
^jt  ihil  MM  .iTitfimivt  tin.  diuittto  >itll  rum  mA 
*«t%tcril<W'  Ifftf  -»(irt  e.  |>nfwt.'M<i.— Rimirl-:LI  ..I:,  (t 
lul*ra*crvnl>-«*%r<l]t  .lunMiikalir  Hfpa^H  ptint-  mi  Am  <ll  t 

'fl  I      f  J'J.  Ill  t'jrK.  (l*  M.  1.  I,    '|(M4T«ll«.  —  l  Ifl  «MJM  lor. 

b»  ta    l.e  t}*-ty  mI  k-fi  itirte,  ly  M.  I't.  GjpCfJ  — f  If*  An 

■  ItllKlitr  ironic*  if  irtf.fjiUnl  J    i'-  r-.-.-n  k|i  tl  til-- 
•rtM  o  (ij«r.  It;    U\l    |\  f  wir>if  ml  ♦;,  |.«hh.^i* 

l-tlwren  t\m  ti*vii«t>t  tiC  Inm  Uil  .*i-ti  nit "n  lW 
uftrti  <«*  tmv  sml  in  >»>>m>^  -tiii;  llrr  li>t<>wlriiiii*  >.f 
Mkburu  .ir»t  H*JMkMV  M.  R.  M«lt*:»  I1ev.y._ Jlc^moxn 
■J  1  am  w<h'l  ■  f  iJMMMlBfW  uk«I»  .i>  *-«  Ritanm,  dy  Sl\|, 
A*t.  (  1: n.i  lit'  |*.  31.  Vffjmini  —A  11  f  immMm  f.ir  - >tc\i Kit 
■M  fn|»i»I5j  RMloiiu  -mil  <|iitnii->  ■  N)  Ptinraol  *»  iVr  Lt, 

•  tut*  v-MtK  A*-  ,  I7  MM  Al  (>nt»<vtl  utn  II.  ~<lrt 
lie  f  milium  <rf  lat|:i  Iij*-ii»  -  4  ii'i.v.i  in  Vvf>-miiI«.  il.. 
Airirs  llii  l  Hiti'o  l'»-in.  in  I  'hri  liilnir  -  it -.1  •itu*-,  |ry 
MM.  A.  31ut«f  iml  \  M-. |V*n  llinr  ••l»imii>nt* »h» 
aitW  roiiu-Wr  tint  tllr»»  HI  11".  Inxv  a  |>tm)f  MAflpI  .^[(jift. 

>\»  J    .1  tMih*Mt  ilr  i- .-.i  1  ■mi .  ti  -A  ,v!..   j  I-  1  ro  y 

TWir  |«nll|i>n,  tlw  CnjrUaM  |>re«*..-  Utfy  i|MMUm  «1 
■■NlwIlU  in*  "f  (Sr  Mnf/inc  iH^iniMk.  <<«iMtv«l  miiIi  ik> 
tliMiytf  tlic  (tbtmwtna  vWrtnl  In  l|tf  j<W  nun  in  MnpM  irf 
rtimtitMi,  4ft  k»>I«  im  ciKlnlr  lb»  >m*Mly  jilvnnoe<l  hvf * .1I1* -■  • 
■  /clfiiut  •!■::.■--  itu  tin  tlwttjli  wIMtip  tn<  I  f»«tm  titar  n«  (J 
ttflrttTvtrvl  «x|rsr  ;  a  i-»Jy  *  .  M.  Mm*<»',  ti|  M.  I  m.  |1  iii'iif- 
Vit__0«  -I..  bnm.-K.U4t  tm  tW  ■»  t.tinfv  |^at»,  ^  MM  J. 
Brtknn))  in  I  \   liiiuitlik,  —  1 «  ttw  (f.tMiiuin  «f  IV  *>.1i,itt- 

•  4  rrj-iAllMil  *U|;ii^iM«l   l.-wtifWiil  lwiin'^1  mrl   itf  llir  ||S 

4ne*  ti   qrynlMnal  tvltan         i.j    M.    A  MnScII 

!•*  the  4cHnt>Huiiirfj  ul  iIm  mifwil  yi  *i|i  «(  mdfir«  in 
lav  il»-«^  .<  tidrrmnalar  rrywillkir  U*tim,  hf  M.  A. 
I  .i.i..,  <i|,  jitr*  RMHI  of  £*if4»  i«el»  In  Ine  -ILhnt 
»f  PWW'ttnJ«|Mt.  rity-i-  l'..i(r,  l  »  M.  r.  i--mmL-i*« 
Hit  i.|  MMtv  «nt,«iit«r  |.<<lt<  f4l  the   ti.nl  l«r«tr« 

yWlM*  |u-»ja>  llw  *>Htli  rf  llir  (wxrihew  id  IWrmv^a, 
mbl,  !.|  M.  XV.  KitiM,-  ih  the  aac"*  fciwnliV:lrV  VftOJ 
•ive  t..imu*«.  <.llorr.^  an  t  x.T,.it.iM,  V.  in  iht-  <|tf|j  itt-  IVru- 

Ali'Uki.u,  ;,f»4  -ai^c  k-.n.-i,  m  l  .It^rtnmit.in  of  .y»4 
ilirwicW  iitviutU  fcy  M.  A.  f.  Wn^— C«Btn'«il«*i.  1-. 
thr  n.|y  nt  t»r«ihtirfl*i  *y  XVotfnna.  I-|  M  I .  I  r«  - 
,  "fe..,,YI,"»"*'  «r.*ih..f  wKilrtV«rin  il,r  ltikfM.,.trr*, 
'•I  M.  V,  I  vU^.  <in  ihf  «nm»t  at>t  Jtttin  of  tIk  oylf K  « 
llir  ..f  the  t«v.  Iiy  M  C.  Cirlrt.  -Im  rhc  MaWlM  hMk 
PR*  '*  '**  •*!!*«*£  JlN»  -olinr  -ctuti  |  »v<nl  in  ihr  vinr, 
'7  MM.  K.  I'l-ay-iti.llV  ABi«ri.-l*.i|.|^Vv-iiirr«:rJhi.ml;in: 
\  '  '^,J'V' '  *'*  J  ,lw  ■"'  l>      »*M|<k«^  lUiiKiAir  .  ...iff».i.'iil. 

n^i(ki^t>;ii   lip^ffx-.ic.  a|'|iln*'i.' 

1JJM.  M.-,u...rt.    Ih,  j»t|,  ,  ,(,„  ut.m  t« 

— -  I  ™"  """'">•  ^lu.rfj  vmutr  in  Ik*  wi*  •< 
^in'.r'""  9"  '^*n  .nrwintj  tRUt I  li>  k»  «r« 

imt^V!r??r|'nr"'*  --C1,"'al  ""I1"-  l«?t»f 

—  f<—t?  o.  ^Lk^fHK  iaxi.J«.  fIMi  Ihr  «..ttl«T  10  llw 


fcrlK.  I.J  H.  K.«kr«dlL  -M.  Onr.ili.lxr  »n  rlrr-.rd  a 

Ihr  hex!!-*  1«  r>i.cT»|i>ir  mil  Na«i|;Mii>a  ali.licc  .4  the  I..- 
M .  lhj|.t|  «lr  L.'««. 

S*I«*T 

Ko.»l  Socmy  ot  lit.  South  Writ*.  M«  r.  _  Anim.l 

M.....W     IC.f.K  II.  !•  V,  F  k.A.S..  I'.^.|„,i. 

•  lull ^.-TV  rr|.«  ..I  IW  C—J  ->Vft  II,.-.:  M  t,.„  nv,,,,!..^ 

4I».    *m  ti.  B.  Airv,  k.l,  t!  .  I   U  .  .  uul  I'n  <   |..|m  |  »„,|,I| 

r.k.s..  i  i   ,,. , \h,  ; 

'  '  I    »  tlwl  •    I.  '    M  «.  I  '-   ..<.-  II.  mI  j.t  ,  I    M  | 

I.  k.S..  .lrcc«M.I.  tin  ..,.„  ,.|  jSo.'.  h»i  Iwrli  IMMJuj  m! 
Ua^«  U.I  Faw.tkil.  Antic  lliv  |r.(.     Ihr  (  biL.  «,m.-:. 

M».i.ii.„iVi5h„ii„1,J.!;,i„i,;,si,i.  i.  n..i.t.  k  ,  ;■"*' 

C.U.,  Jit.l  Ih.-  !*.*!<■>  .  MiJ.,1  :lt.  :  ^  [Vi^r  >>l        1.,  v(  ' 
.  AU"0  (■«  hi.  i.i|« _..  ,lu-  ..■.,.,.,,!,  „  ih.  „, 
!  V»  KA.     Tlir  >.•»!.  rail  |.|<u>Lr.l  II.  Y*Mr*.,J  .7. 

|1J  MNMl  MOrJlct  ill. I  in.mtni..n<.  1*1  K.tfivy.l  114;  v  .lunw.. 

.-A  I   .1, 1,1.1.  ...  i.Iuii.     |  t<  l.,ll,.»uic  larwi.  Im,|  !»,„ 

.  ->  11MM..WM)  >r,iu,(,   ir>im  a.i,ii,.i.  i.  n.4  fry 

I  I  >  «    ,h.||.h-,.  .  VM.I.l  .r.  i  rra«  ,«  C..M.  1,,  th. 

,  fiut  {.HrV  ito  !  >l«  »WI  wall  „f  .kncteincl"  i2 

MM  Mk  l.  Il»,p.,r:  4         £«a  ,J  »,„„„,,  "" 

II.  1.  ltii—  II,  II.  .1.  ;  »,„,,  r„  „1MC  „ «,,,(    .nllll.1  in  il.' 

n.c,. .n  Ut^wc  «     i.i.s.'  »»w.,„ 'r.*v 

j  A  •«•»  Mil  IfrWIrlbait  4n.u1  „;,,  |„   ||    ,     kj.,«l|    II  . 

rin..h,.  „,.  n  ilw  nd.i.j.w  Hk|  lurl^uriit  ih.'suV.',. 
1          '   11,  1  1  .  »    II  1  ,  \,  1 

I  llrCwcil  I...I  1..1..,  ,W  I*«IUC  li.l  ^UrrT/JIirS. 

tu-llh-  H«  I.  -I.n  ,1,..  ,W  >        g-  UliTlrS 

iaiMwlHtAi|  Wltwli.  Iir.,ii.  „,  \,;  N.,,|,\;,|   '  „ 

tomiri  n.i  hdMwt,  .iih  .w,,,,,,..,.  J  i,7hJ^3!r 

Hilwrro.  *c.iiu  Iw  win  In  Hut  lucf  ikw,  X)4J1.  mj,,'.  „„ 
■I..        ,„.  .i>, .1  Xtm  .,.«ih         .  .View.  MuiiiS 

»W  .  iiilWr.*  ..t  ilw  A^.i.jIi.h  J„„i.  ,„  (ip.t^.^,  LtS 

,-»lu.l|.  H  <ll-.*.tv  ;  i— .4-  1^1..  .   I..  J\ 

I  klllWiM  .(.l.i.i 
*..|»  "trout  I 


CONTENTS 

TTif  UirJi  ot  LttpttlMN 
A  C.it4lo(uc  ot  CanjJian  PU,n, 
Letirti  10  iht  Kitiior ,-  ...... 

,\.t"'"S,,  "!•"';  "Jill.  Hill 

••  llw  F  ilm.  -J  dki  ira^H..,,.     Arthur  *  H^m 

I    "o.rtrti"'.  riUV'.; 
ntiMi,  Bite  c  Lcnik 

|V.wkar.l«l.4,     Col.  Win   E   W»„.r  I    '  '  ' 
"ImlWiMn    -.Hribrtt  C  ChxdwKk 
I  ,,.1,,,  ,l.-l,..,l  l!.„ll„„..  _Wm.  Mm,  ; 
Thr  WWM  ol  Ci.il  4tid  AMrottomleul  Tlmo 

Mr  ii«j.titksi™tB.,cMt.im.  ra.*~*  :. 

A«tronowi,<al   PbceuRvina '  for   the   Wtth  ilii 

Jyly  1^  Ji   J* 

A  Teaching  Umvci»nr  lot  Lnojon  ■  •  •  . 

Datlah  Rriaatchck  in  OrecnlanO 
Thr  K„/j:  Kociny  of  Canada 

On  th«   Ot4.nv4l.on  ol  Eanh  T.p«   and  P.Mk 
Trrmora.    ft  P,„f  .„„„  „,,„,.  y^***"*** 
Soclalm  and  Acodemiea .... 


PaVM 


Jit 


Ui 

u\ 

Ui 
Mi 
Mi 
M7 
M9 
>M 

til 
US 
j.i. 
15" 


)igitf^t3dffy 


|885 


NATURE 


Ixxxv 


Ri  IT  IONS  to  NATURE." 

|.   J»  o 

Lj*  ......   .    .   •   •  •  •   >4  » 

tiTted  Slates."  the  ContiMtii,  »t"l  »" 
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CONTENTS 


N  d  i  llie  I  nivtrjily  at  London  . 

Tin      .  i  I  I  fbN  ...  ..... 

I'       1  i)    i  i .«  tiulir/o.  i  i  F.j.  AHtti!  !  !  '. 

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K  ft  b 


«   i     l    I    MM  O  Walker  . 

■ilWMfl  C.  Tliompt-on  

•   1  I''  llJl  rti  Brother! 


i  I  Co 

1        I  Cmlion  Dliulphiclc  in  Prisms' 
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11  .  I..i  ;  ■      Clluntf  K  Anu  .'.'"'*' 

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Antionotnical    Phenomena  for 

July     to  A  -i;  ,  i   

O  -  .k  ■  - 1:         llotca   .  . 

Annual  Her-Oll  oi  the  FnHery  Board  for  Scotland 

i»a  -   - 

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*  .VAC.v/f  t.jjf  &  ro. 

,r.  -i:  it  >  1 1.  r  i;r,  s  iiani\  W.c. 
D  EDITION. 

F  F  I  N  1  S 

HANDICRAFT. 

-  CHEMICAL  APPARATUS; 

i 


105.000  ACCIDENTS 

TWO  ViLLWS  HAVE  flft/V  PAID  AS 
COLtPEKSATlOU 

Railway  PUMB£C»'  Assurance  Cmuimny. 

o*.  ^OBNHILL. 
ACUDKNTs   D»    ALL  KINDS 

1 

ItM  OU.rt    El.  CciuhiU  Loiilon.  E  C 

BEST    BLACK    INK  KNOWN. 

DRAPKKS  INK  iDICHKOIO 

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MINERALS  AND  FOSSILS. 

aroncies  for  the  Lantern.'        **»M  -i  n  rvi     ..n  .  ,.i  1 1  *  m  a, 

r.    11.    BUTLE  It, 

Assoc,  R.  Sen.  Mines  Lond 
M  A  (l\ar  ji.J  LS  A.  I.ilu).. 

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180.   B  RO  M  PTO  N  ROAD. 

LONDON.  S  W. 


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[July  23,  1885 


OFFICIAL  REPORTS  ON   WATER  PURIFICATION. 


SPONGY  IRON. 

"XIX.  Army  Medical  Report," 
pp.  170,  171. 

"This  is  a  very  pownful  filtering  sub- 
stance. .  .  .  The  water  filtered  shows  no 
tendency  to  favour  the  growth  of  low  forms 
of  life,  and  may  be  stored  with  impunity  ; 
water  mav  also  lie  left  in  contact  with  the 
medium  for  an  indefinite  period  without 
undergoing  any  deterioration." 


ANIMAL  CHARCOAL 

"VI.  Report  on  Rivers  Pollution," 
p.  220. 

"The  property  which  Animal  Charcoal 
possesses  in  a  high  degree,  of  favouring 
the  growth  of  the  low  forms  of  org.inic 
life  is  a  serious  drawback  to  its  use  as  a 
filtering  medium  for  potable  waters." 

See  also  "  XIX.  Army  Medical  AV/W," 
/  170. 


CHARCOAL  IN  POROUS  BLOCKS. 

"XIX  Army  Medical  Report," 
p.  170. 

"  Water  filtered  through  them  and 
stored  shows  signs  of  the  formation  of 
low  forms  of  life.  .  .  .  After  a  time  the 
purifying  power  becomes  diminished  in  a 
marked  degree,  and  water  left  in  contact 
with  the  filtering  medium  is  apt  to  take  up 
impurity  again.' 


7q      Is  it  reasonable  to  assume,  without  proof,  that  Animal  Charcoal,  which    q  q 
f    upon  the  above  official  Evidence  FA  VOURS  the  development  of  Bacteria,     t  i 
■   ■    will  DESTROY  such  Bacteria  as  the  Bacillus  of  Cholera  or  Typhoid?       1  1 

CHOLERA  IS   A   ZYMOTIC  DISEASE. 

From  "The  XIX.   Army   Medical  Report"  for  I      From  "  The  XX.  Army  Medical  Report"  for  1878. 

1877,  /.  143: — u  Fort  George  was  the  only  station  \  /».  1 56  :— "  Fort  George.—  The  Water  at  Fort  George 

where  zymotic  diseases  threatened  to  become  epidemic,  has  at  length  teen  remedied  by  filtration  through  Spongy 

and  where  a  positive  insanitary  condition  has  been  Iron  Filters.    The  analyses  after  filtration  were  very 

reported — vis.  the  Water  Supply,"  I  favourable,  and  all  complaints,  so  hud  before,  have  ceased." 

I 


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Formerlv  Scholar  of  Christ's  College,  Cambridge,  Master  of  the  Military  and  Engineering  Side,  Clifton  College,  and 

S.  R.  KNIGHT,  B.A  , 

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I  or  resolution  into  factors  being  for  a  time  postponed.  The  writers  are  thus  able  to  treat  resolution  into  factors,  and I  the 
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Tli    Evolution  of  the  tNuneti>c4i ■ -.    I  .  I  51...  • 

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tl.ll4tr*,|»e  e-J  03cl.i» 

Om  Hnolc  Shell  _ 

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Letter* t»  the  LJitur 

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1    I  •  AllicJ  W  1:  -ip    .  .        .-  .1 

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T!-»  P.ul.c-  rtjr.l 

Tlx  I'.chp.i'.  of  Ajr.unt,  isv,   !  .  .  . 

Ii.r  enM:nnal  ItMwtieen  Eviction     j»  Hemj 

Dem  Otft4tter  . 
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„,  I  The  IIijIut  M4li,en..iticv 


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Editors  of  the 


flu).  4  *e  ti'""-  ■  r 


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Un.vet.l!7  >nj  tjucatlan.i  Int,ui,,„„ 
Scientific  Srrl.il. 


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ESSAYS  Wl>  MIm  1  I.I.WI.oi  >■  w  l;in\i.s  n\-  VKUK  II  F.NUY. 

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ON   LIMIT     rtuinji  H»«    Uurn'-'l  ImtIiiwh     By  CijcnmiB  Oarmbl 

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NA  TURE 


337 


THURSDAY,  AUGUST   13,  1885 


DR.  LAUDER  BRUNTOWS  "PHA  RMA  CO  LOG  V  " 

A  Text-Book  of  Pharmacology,  Therapeutics, and  Materia 
Mcdica.  By  T.  Lauder  Brunton,  MA).,  D.Sc,  F.R.S., 
&c.    Pp.1139.    (London  :  Macmillan  and  Co.,  1885.) 

IT  is  nearly  twenty  years  since  Dr.  Brunton,  then  a 
student  in  the  University  of  Edinburgh,  commenced, 
by  his  researches  on  the  physiological  action  of  digitalis, 
which  were  followed  soon  after  by  others  on  nitrite  of 
amyl,  a  life  of  laborious  work  which  has  been  marked  at 
every  stage  by  contributions  which  testify  to  his  scientific 
acumen  and  his  burning  love  for  research,  and  which 
have  enriched  physiology  and  many  branches  of  medicine 
with  newly-discovered  facts. 

Now,  when  the  second  decade  of  his  professional  life  is 
drawing  to  a  close,  he  presents  us  with  a  work  which 
stamps  him  as  a  teacher  in  the  highest  sense  of  the  word. 

It  may  appear  to  some  that  an  apology  is  needed  for 
introducing  into  the  columns  of  Nature  a  review  of  a 
work  dealing  with  departments  of  medicine.  To  any 
such  we  would  reply  that  it  falls  within  the  scope  of 
this  journal  to  review  the  progress  of  all  departments  of 
natural  science,  and  that  large  sections  of  Dr.  Brunton's 
book  are  full  of  interest  to  all  biologists,  and  almost  as 
much  to  the  specialised  physiologist  as  to  the  practical 
physician. 

By  the  term  "  materia  medica  "  it  has  long  bc:n  the 
custom  to  designate  the  study  of  the  agents,  whether 
derived  from  the  mineral,  vegetable,  or  animal  kingdoms, 
which  arc  employed  in  the  treatment  of  disease.  By 
"  therapeutics"  we  understand  the  study  of  the  application 
of  these  remedial  agents  to  the  cure  of  disease.  Until 
very  recently  the  study  of  therapeutics  was  based  entirely 
on  pure  empiricism,  and  under  conditions  where  em- 
piricism (i.e.  experiment),  uncontrolled  by  theory  and 
unassisted  by  proper  methods  of  observation,  could  not 
but  yield  misleading  and  contradictory  results.  The 
physician  employed  a  drug  because  others  had  pre- 
scribed it  before  and  found  it  useful  in  certain  diseases, 
possessing  but  rarely  any  knowledge  whatever  of  the 
mode  in  which  the  drug  would  affect  a  healthy  sub- 
ject, or  of  the  manner  in  which  it  affected  the  diseased 
organism.  All  that  was  taught  concerning  the  action  of 
drugs  was  based  upon  successive  individual  experiences, 
accumulated  by  individuals  who  were  of  necessity  desti- 
tute of  the  scientific  knowledge,  as  yet  unexisting,  which 
alone  could  make  them  "empirics"  in  the  best  sense  of 
the  word. 

These  observations  are  not  intended  to  disparage  the 
work  of  those  who,  sometimes  possessed  of  marvellous 
intuition,  worked  in  bygone  days,  nor  to  lead  to  the 
inference  that  old  therapeutical  experience  was  barren 
of  useful  results.  However  great  the  knowledge  other- 
wise acquired  of  the  action  of  a  new  drug,  however 
stringent  the  reasoning  which  leads  us  to  surmise  that 
it  is  likely  to  exert  a  valuable  influence  in  the  treat- 
ment of  disease,  yet  ultimately  it  is  by  a  rational 
empiricism — i.e.  by  a  rational  and  cautious  series  of 
observations  on  actual  cases  of  disease— that  its  value  will 
Vol.  xxxii.— No.  824 


be  determined  ;  and,  further,  he  alone  will  be  worthy  of 
the  name  of  a  good  physician  who,  irrespective  of  theo- 
retical considerations,  bases  his  use  of  remedial  agents  on 
the  results  of  rational  empiricism.  To  the  older  thera- 
peutic studies  we  owe  our  knowledge  of  the  usefulness  of 
such  drugs  as  iron,  cinchona,  and  digitalis,  a  statement 
which  of  itself  is  sufficient  to  express  our  obligations  to 
the  empiricism  of  bygone  days. 

There  were  many  causes  which,  until  lately,  stood  in 
the  way  of  a  proper  study  of  therapeutics.  It  was  only 
when  the  natural  history  of  disease  came  to  be  studied  by 
men  imbued  with  physiological  knowledge  and  furnished 
with  all  the  appliances  which  physiology  has  borrowed 
from  chemistry  and  practical  physics  that  it  became 
possible  to  lay  the  foundations  of  sound  therapeutics. 
From  such  studies  it  appears  that  a  morbid  process  is  not 
to  be  looked  upon  as  a  morbid  entity  to  be  destroyed, 
but  usually  as  the  resultant  of  complex  deviations  in 
physiological  processes ;  often,  it  is  true,  associated  with 
structural  alterations  of  particular  organs  which  stand 
more  or  less  closely  in  the  relation  of  proximate  causes  of 
the  diseased  phenomena.  They  have  shown  that,  in 
general,  in  the  treatment  of  disease,  the  scope  of  the 
physician  must  be  to  combat  particular  phenomena  by 
the  use  of  agents  affecting  specially  the  organ  and  function 
which  are  the  principal  factors  in  the  production  of  the 
morbid  process. 

In  order,  then,  to  place  medicine  on  a  proper  basis,  it 
was  needed  (1)  that  the  functions  of  the  healthy  organism 
(physiology)  should  be  studied  in  the  full  light  afforded 
by  anatomy,  chemistry,  and  natural  philosophy  ;  (2)  that 
the  exact  deviations  of  the  several  functions  from  the 
normal  standard  which  constitute  particular  diseases 
should  be  ascertained  with  the  utmost  exactitude,  not  only 
so  as  to  permit  of  accurate  recognition  (diagnosis)  and 
classification,  but  to  furnish  the  elements  for  a  philo- 
sophical treatment  ;  (3)  that  alterations  induced  in  the 
structure  of  organs  by  disease  (pathological  anatomy) 
should  be  minutely  observed,  and  that  by  the  light  of 
experimental  pathology,  the  course  of  these  alterations 
and,  if  possible,  their  proximate  as  well  as  their  more 
remote  causes  should  be  ascertained  ;  (4)  that  the  so- 
called  physiological  action  of  drugs  and  other  remedial 
agents  should  be  submitted  to  a  searching  investigation : 
to  this  study  the  vague  and  misleading  term  of  pharma- 
cology, previously  employed  by  German  writers,  has, 
unfortunately  as  we  think,  been  applied  ;  (5)  that  the  sub- 
sequent application  of  drugs  and  other  remedial  agents  to 
treatment  (therapeutics)  should  be  studied  not  only  with 
the  object  of  showing  their  influence  on  particular  diseases, 
but  also  the  way  in  which  individual  phenomena  of  disease 
have  been  modified. 

All  the  above  branches  of  inquiry  are  now  being 
pursued  by  men  imbued  with  the  scientific  spirit  and 
furnished  with  all  the  scientific  knowledge  of  the  day. 
As  a  result,  in  spite  of  the  great  difficulty  of  the  task,  the 
physician  is  acquiring  more  and  more  that  power  of 
anticipating  and  predicting  events  which  springs  out  of 
a  knowledge  of  principles  and  distinguishes  science  from 
mere  empiricism. 

Until  a  comparatively  recent  period  the  study  of  the 
physiological  action  of  drugs  and  consequently  ©f  then* 
peutics    remained    in   a    backward  condition, 


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HOft  hi*  uilArrtii  litre  v^A.  ■*«  inil  d.ttr*,,  tine  there- 
to -if*  icrutcil,  r.ithn  than  £icil  tesxuli  nnd  ilurulifv, 

ar»i  M  kj  Li*riri«f,  kite**  t»  be  *  mnUMMt 
lirtrifc*]  for  (•.•ting*  nfeanh  u*A  nun.  CnncunoUr 
*ltfl  StW  v^t,  *Uxl  /UjAi  Ki«  rrwfealU  Ik™ 
CaMWtf  m>4c  uiil  ro.irc  Wn  jvmr.it  xttfii  tine  iml  licUt  .tic 
•Wk,  •.helC  tU«l  It  ft*  nHlkklcMKun,  rtfid  tunr,  ^,.„  ... 
■aH  npsr^j.  ■<.  hil<Jcii  vt the  TtTV  crtMMT  i«^Hiuaf«, 

Htf.lhf  IK  ,!.,  on  -mil.  *nil  t5  tttliunr.  Ml  .rfiC 
iliiwclniB  m  Miithcr  i  llim  it  it  ntun-f/l,  intiMf  |„t 
tucli  M**k,  Mil  i*  n.tiurjl' .'  MMr<«iJiii|:  it ,  iii»|*Vnrti 
The  i>*iHn<MA  «#  thr  .  rWriit  itt.  tlie  uilnril  uf  tht 
nuplwTHMnl  ■>(  rr..r.  jml  m  the  -irtt  i.  imr  In  whirli 
litem  full  IMmImMMM  *U  m++  j;|«r  vu.  thil  ihc  lit* 
of  Ckl4«Uli&^r.  .ml  .4  tit*  «miw!  nf -U  tiii*.t,  .iimiS 
«|uill>  m  mcuUm  in  o.ii.itr,  i<ul  iV.ii  M  ilit,  |„ty 
tks  Mini  tliilcn.il  -ill  pro  ml  «<-im|in£  t..  i|.  (K-.d,.,, 
then  Jin)  nio  of  uith  |cmi.  «|.,f . 

fllMKitplfCrMi  0  llleilltr.m;  Mt.i  H^j,,,, 

M  F  .l»fc.i|.t..<  ..|  ti,.».„  „..|  *U,t.,t..'tf.;ii„  n*.v,.  ' 

lbt<  mi'linn  im*i  Ij*  «jVw-nA»U  fnMtUll  ■•mslttin- 
uLl  f1"'*^  n*,,M-^'H  *ninyht  -run  Ir.-tu.  m<M-mM  3 
nbcttt  \»n  ihc  W  kui.i  )....••!  tlir  ciij.-m-  ;  a  iVc 
lh.nl  wwi  MCs  a  tu^hr  in.t  t»A«f  umiiv  tlir  MM 
sen*  "I  i  <i.uic  ihr  l..t.<r  |ii...|  tiT4Ti«i  .ii  .jinlm 
ln*n  !•»  'V-  liiAin  ft.TTfw-.  'IV  jiS  it  <if  i*im  il<Hll'KlSlL 
ta«t;  <.^n|..^i l(w  <,,(,.,  miit, |  m,|,  ,,  ,[„  jn,| 
Jl  ih«  MM  rnJ  nr  |wnt ;  MtTMftfl  them  U  .*  (Let,; 
m  iv«Hh  jrt  tim  i.f  ,i,.j.;*iMr  kiu'h. *»Wl  WHlMj! 

fhim  A  f«fuiimii.*<l  nr.  lln  .t,^.,  i.HtiiWr  .rfihr  i.<<  .in  I 
J<  llie>u-c<tf  ilm  |ir.»  >«  i  cm  Mill  (iliUUin,  >n  rKm  Ii  « 
nun  HMMN  >-<  tec**-*"*  »f  MWn  'J  I  limil  n^«wl  tW 
"in.i.'  mi  IimIi  ..it..;    .„|ii,.  „  ,  |t,, 

IhHict  Ii  Mm|  4t  tl«r  bmwfM  ••(  tlir  mu,mi  m  ■  I 

■cluttiv.l  !»■  »Ik  miiuj  IHMI  |»^ttm  «»ri  ihu  rvfhtimtv 
«4  Ok  j*U  Hit  ».irf.l,  *i  ilit  iii-ncnitnl>  jrc  i.n!*..lb<l 
In  MM  tic.-,  (  illt. I  Ilit  '* all »'.«:*  '  t-i.l  (In  -twtlmiii.' 
T*W  ilrittjf  iitui-«llic  «*w|i  nhik  nitlmi;  lit  km.  mimic* 
a  Mimt  iiiin  ukimiki  *j»  tt<n-Virni»f,  .mil  link  pBM 

.iftf*  *nU,  jmI  V-nt.  il  «t>«ii.  ikv  «tinfin.inri1'ntiiv> 
"Ik  -)..<»     I  I'.    ,    I    -iM  i.-.t  <.  r:  In    llrw  m| 

the  ItjiiV.  .inU  ••]•  ir>  il»  |ttfn  m  1*4  tgr  w»«»  iriiny 
a»  Kitrinl*. 

N«ff»>n.ti^  tl«r  nit)  >»  ■'»■  mi  |»>ut*>4|,  HA  in  -I"  Ml 
twirtiiy  It  it  fulfill t .  -  flir  tm  l«i  •  liti  K>i  bin  kiudiil 
tiV  n»  Attn  1 1  iAM.il.  i*f  vim  <•>  in  f(_iUiu  >  iUi  Uiii.id 

nf  tilt  «nn  In   mi  u>.  nf  llU  I  NtteVlj        t"-"1  ''•* 

CMtlUt  nki»  ■'**  tlir  i«»ik«  »lit*l  «i'  i'  *  |«"M,»»t  xnp 
mil    Tl«  din 

.nut  tiic  mtm 

chmi,  lit  4  nli. 
the  Umr  ■!  ii 
■ill*,  i.  I  i  -j. i 
Mr«U«  L  m  tin 
•ViuiUi.iki  *<!•■ 
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•  «•«  i.  <hi  imiusui  Ht«mitr  ilhfi  llil^fih 
IkII    .Mill  •  lltl    )il»  I'M  -  *|J«r*i  niil  ■«  ihr 
i<       ilit  Vmlinkr  •  #  il-'ih.iin  Jmin.  linn 
Unkr*  m  i|t»-<'nl  tlM  .«a*li  '  I"*1 
ht  l*mc-  "  'i»  -hi'i-n  ^  i*«  *i,1,n 
Mum  ii  ta>.  <a.iat  n.""!  '*  >  «'t^  tk«  I  til  Ii* 
W,  UaV.  #•  tn  m  I.mt*  t(«  Wikd  lit  tit  lint 
inJtrW  thrn>*ht  ruthtrf  irm  f  n  ilit  nrtt  <U|. 

«  oft  ti«         tU  hu-kti  iJ»m*«  -*d 

•Mat.i..m  Ii,  NJ  «-*nwntf(il    .imJ  «• 
tt'i«i.imik'  lS"  nie-i-Hma 


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t|i*>.iltl.'c  j  (ihii  let      lln1"'  iM»^h*e*«  **«  "*'* 
«t«.  ihr  MMh  m  t.Mkii  Iliii.i.n.-iMil  »h*  iim.ti"*'f  " 
mr»Hii|ufUniil«<i..ikL  L 

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HA  7VJU5 


roxxosAx  eritxoiOGV 

RECK  NT  |KJiiif.i|  cvcM*  i»  rk»  F.*w  buff  rfirrord 
|ii.M,i    A:ictit»ti    in    I Wf*.  mure  e»f«oally  [ 
Franc*,  m  the  Vtrjjr         import.tnl  t-«m.1  o|  Fwrnnw  i 
Tbf>  tuve  HWW  lutt.  trantr  nti  kin>*Wxj£r  r*a&j  tt  <d  \ 
ivcr)irimc  rtlmr^  t.>  m.  Uaid  nlncli  li**  tatn  kirn** 
in  I' ir^r.in.  d.t  »UmiI  litter  ■  rtihiiK',  ur..rli  kj.  Urn 
arttulk  Mil  fc*  .in  Kur»|Min  |n»*c»  M  Wtntt  )«*«»,  ; 
xnd  ra  nkh  fur  nlwwl  a  ijufcHcf  <i  3  ^mury  tlwie  h.i*e  j 
ben  lltiee  (Mm.  ofcsfrO  t.t  lire  «r.n.i"  ri  iltr  ***M     V*  li 
IUMf*fc4t|t  m  ir«i>tn-ifn  li  Ann  .ml  trtmt  llir  work*  «l  | 
tWr\  wtltm  *>f  ihf  r*omnnrtwnS  vl  til*  vr*nlr»mii  ; 
rentiin,  »nl  (mm  Aipmc  H*I*'t*  t« t»y  »>«r  <•*"  1 
Vurr»H  mw-wIh**  a  t.im>fM  MM.  Hit  KaVi  «"l  *%I«i»I>i  I 
ln>  i-Mf.il.  nh«l  in  vmIh»*  mji-  nf  ilir  far  1 

J...  .  rln  •/  -    ■  t.  in  Ut'M\  knumr,  fertitnil  » 

llmlfftl  rlr.lt  nl  mom  kuImun  "f  iliitu  Ujnr 

eciin.t  W  >*mv     ftii»  pMni  ot  inifntiivn  rtVAiillnr 
nix      llir  iivhI  unit  r Ijl-w  i^mI>  in  trre  «*«M,  *•  lit'  It. 
inoft'iiR,  In*  in  i)m  fmt  n.iv  iJ  i  r«*«iikr*Mt  |>  -*•  «*i  "I 
the  li.»>  «f  llu  <nvkl.lt  k»I  il.c  U*  Licit*  -«i|mi«f  •  <« 
M-.l.  t..<  Ii>  (•(.•  v  il  nil  ttlinu>>^K<t  nlnj.ti  !c«  in  the 

tlnn  ■■rnaltj  l<  .Jj.,im<I  frmi  iIk  muhki  lift*  irni'inurf 
* nli  rtc-u4  t.i  tin  titmnSip  •  -!  t-u*ii»*wi  li.**  \*in  *•**- 
|irt#il  hv  M.  ■  .r  .:  .  dc  Ki.tfte,  ftM  drr.ift«?r>.l  in  !«•< 
arurl*.  nimrili»t«it  t«  the  l.ic»t  iwiiitrer*  •«  the  AVm> 
/Xwi^tAv^  J.tnnif;  mil  >|nil.  HXj>  Itir  v*in  *| 
lltta*  utu  k*,  kw<MW«  irJln«mj  ,-,t«I  wl'.ify  mtr  !•  •>  ..i 
tf»f»l  liifnmirfiiif.  nut  Hp  lit)  *..miI.K»i  -t •! 
»H  C*<C-pt  Hi  the  r««Ht>rrlnn*ivi'  nttnt.il  lilnrtl  *rt. 

Uim  ibr>  r"*ii*iii  j  MM  *ttttitnc  tl»(i\  m  <m*  >*  IV 
I  -  p|. -■■>..,  MMffM  Hf  Mlpn  «i|tn.-Jop,  vd.  Iffcc  iMl(,'lll 
■TMaUin  ht-U  LnnAr.li.la'.  mlatntiai;  |.>r  llir  in»M  |nn 
tl*  NtMfeM  t<  tht  irtikMj  <if  MittMMiin*  rmwinchi«»r^#ilt 
■•  -m:!i.  I.  ■  i ...  .  |.,  tin  n\n  riMi  lr*f  ne-I  («u*t  ■< 
r<Mir>t*j,  :iih|  t,4inrJI%  kT4iwn  .1*  ifc*  |'mm«uii  ntf  i- 
JlMt 

riruiilly,  tt»e  |«»piiiitwin  "  f  I'muiii.i  In/)  rw  tli\rVil 
trrf..  tin*.  r|)«rw  |V  w,!!,^,.,,,!.  fr.rmCl.illft.  ilnm^ili^ 
•*!»•.  \avw  •nhtmird  inCttinrtr  rulr,  ;ind  llu 

M  *»ukl  U  ijvtlr**  to  jit^m|t  to  ilii  mIc  wltteli  ■< 
•tttmilf.  of  t|i(  rrmmbtr  nf  lV'  MfHUtiMI  i*  p"> 


«hf*Ur  p*,fcap*  kn,  „  to  lh#  Philippe  wmm—i. 

MM  nr«  nnt  u,  ancm*  that  it  mm  nS  |J  ■ 

....  M  i-ro  c.wit,,,.-.  U  Men,  e«plo,„.  i_T^ 

mi  ..nii.i  lAirl  i«.-.An,t 7l  i.  ^ 

ik.k.,i,«  .(«„  it,,  Ms*™  5i£iJ5  pi^^:2E^!^,',•,^ 

Mcisviml  in  4l».U<l,  avt  MtMf  clhn<.ll...,  i  ' 
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tl»  .Jural    lliiuni  I  I  In.  m«v  Me.  ih.tc  V.  n« 

.<  il,.  «.u  imi     ,.rti,c  OmAiSCm 

>I*J#*  ilf  A 

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C|0HHi 

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■  itminulnl  In  ink  ■iib^rof.li  U  »tut|„„,_ 

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August  13,  1885] 


NATURE 


347 


Pepo-hoan  do  the  southern  half.  The  Sek-hoan  settle- 
ments arc  mainly  in  the  neighbourhood  of  Chang-hua, 
slightly  to  the  north  of  the  24th  parallel,  and  in  the  hilly 
districts  dividing  the  mountains  from  the  plains  in  the 
west.  They  appear  to  have  fully  accepted  the  Chinese 
yoke,  and  even  the  village  headmen  arc  appointed  by  the 
Chinese  authorities.  These  tribes  are  absolutely  sedent- 
ary, and  devote  themselves  wholly  to  the  cultivation  of 
rice,  sugar-cane,  and  indigo,  which  they  have  learnt  from 
the  Chinese.  They  have  adopted  the  dress  and  habits  of 
their  masters ;  they  shave  the  top  of  the  head  and  wear 
long  queues.  The  women  also  dress  like  the  Chinese,  but 
they  do  not  deform  the  feet.  The  type  of  these  Sek-hoan 
appeared  quite  distinct  from  that  of  other  Formosans  to 
two  travellers,  Mr.  Bullock  and  M.  Ibis.  The  former 
describes  them  as  tall,  but  feeble,  with  a  comparatively 
clear  skin,  large  bright  eyes,  the  mouth  extremely  large, 
with  thick  lips,  a  projecting  upper  jaw,  and  teeth  long  and 
piominent.  The  lower  part  of  the  face  is  as  ugly  as  the 
upper  part  is  prepossessing.  But  although  they  bear 
little  resemblance  to  the  aborigines,  they  have  still  less  to 
the  Chinese  and  Loochooans,  the  only'  peoples  amongst 
whom  wc  should  seek  for  their  origin,  if  they  are  of 
different  blood  from  the  other  Formosans.  M.  Ibis  states 
that  the  Sek-hoan  present  a  contrast  to  the  Malay  type  in 
the  case  of  the  males,  although  a  resemblance  may  be 
found  among  the  females.  He  attributes  their  anthropo- 
logical peculiarities  to  mixture  with  the  Dutch  two  and  a 
half  centuries  ago.  He  states  that  there  arc  still  old 
Dutch  books  and  documents  amongst  them,  and  that  the 
method  of  cultivating  tobacco  (which  they  call  /<imak<>, 
and  not  by  a  Chinese  name)  is  similar  to  that  of  the 
Batavian  colonics.  In  the  extreme  north,  around  Tamsui 
and  Kecking,  there  are  also  groups  of  Sek  hoan.  Driven 
from  the  coast  by  the  Chinese,  and  prevented  by  the 
savage  tribes  in  the  mountains  from  penetrating  into  the 
interior,  these  have  been  almost  exterminated.  The  rem- 
nants live  in  scattered  communities  among  the  sandy 
downs  or  in  the  rocky  islets  otT  the  coast.  M.  Ibis  visited 
one  of  their  villages  on  a  small  island  in  Keelung  Bay, 
where  he  found  them  in  great  destitution,  but  bearing 
evident  resemblances  to  the  Sek-hoan  further  south,  lie 
also  noticed  the  Caucasian  features,  which  they  got  from 
the  connection  between  their  ancestors  and  the  Dutch 
and  Spaniards  of  the  seventeenth  century.  Around 
Tamsui  the  Sek-hoan  arc  rapidly  becoming  extinct ;  ab- 
sorption into  the  Chinese,  and  opium,  alcohol,  and  small- 
pox will  soon  do  their  work.  Many  of  their  most 
prominent  features  are  Malay,  but  the  form  of  the  skull  is 
quite  different,  if  we  may  rely  on  two  specimens  brought 
to  Europe  in  1S6S.  Dr.  Schetelig  found  the  cephalic 
index  of  the  living  males  to  average  77,  of  the  females 
76  ;  but,  on  the  other  hand,  there  were  the  Malay  physi- 
ognomy and  the  language  of  these  Sek-hoan  to  render 
difficult  their  ethnological  classification.  On  his  return 
to  London,  however,  Dr.  Schetelig  saw  the  collection  of 
Polynesian  and  New  Zealand  skulls  in  the  Museum  of  the 
College  of  Surgeons,  and  he  found  amongst  these  remark- 
able analogies  with  the  skulls  collected  by  him  in  the 
north  of  Formosa.  On  the  north-cast  coast,  at  Suwo  Bay 
and  the  neighbourhood,  there  are  other  subjugated  tribes 
called  Kabaran,  Sui-hoan,  and  the  like.  They  are  all  of 
the  Malay  type,  and  appear  to  be  rapidly  disappearing 
through  contact  with  the  Chinese. 

The  whole  mountainous  region  from  the  north  to  the 
extreme  south,  forming  nearly  the  eastern  half  of  For- 
mosa, is  inhabited  by  aborigines  who  have  accepted 
neither  the  yoke  nor  civilisation  of  the  Chinese.  These 
are  called  the  Chin  hoan,  or  "green,  unripe  barbarians," 
in  contradistinction  to  the  Sek-hoan,  or  "  ripe  barbarians." 
These  live  in  a  state  of  perpetual  war  with  the  Chinese, 
and  it  is  alleged  that  the  latter  brought  tigers  to  Formosa 
and  set  them  loose  in  order  that  they  should  prey  on  their 
enemies ;  the  latter,  however,  succeeded  in  exterminating 


them.  They  are  determined  head-hunters,  the  youn^ 
warrior  commencing  his  career  by  securing  a  certain 
number  of  Chinese  heads.  Under  these  circumstances  it 
is  not  surprising  that  our  knowledge  of  these  tribes  should 
be  exceedingly  limited.  A  Spanish  priest  visited  some  of 
them  in  1875-6,  and  they  have  been  occasionally  visited 
by  Europeans  who  have  touched  on  the  east  coast.  They 
are  represented  as  like  the  Malays,  but  much  fairer  in 
colour  than  even  the  Chinese.  More,  however,  is  known 
of  the  tribes  in  the  extreme  south  than  of  those  on  the 
east  coast  or  in  the  mountains.  They  have  been  heard  of 
in  Europe  chiefly  by  their  various  murders  of  shipwrecked 
seamen. 

The  various  tribes  are  known  as  Kalis,  Bhotans, 
Koaluts,  &c,  and  their  districts  have  been  frequently 
visited  by  European  officials  desirous  of  obtaining  from 
them  some  assurance  of  better  treatment  for  mariners 
thrown  on  their  coast.  The  late  Mr.  Swinhoe,  who 
visited  them  for  this  purpose,  states  that  some  of  them 
approached  the  Mongol  type,  while  in  others  there  was 
an  enormous  development  of  the  lower  jaw.  After  new 
observations  he  described  them  as  resembling  the  Tagals 
of  Luzon.  In  1874  the  massacre  of  the  crew  of  a  Loo- 
chooan  junk  by  the  tribes  led  to  a  powerful  Japanese 
expedition  being  despatched  for  their  chastisement.  The 
Kalis  and  Bhotans  suffered  so  severely  that  their  sub- 
sequent subjugation  by  the  Chinese  was  rendered  easy, 
and  the  Chinese  Customs  established  a  station  and  light- 
house on  the  south  cape.  An  account  of  the  expedition 
despatched  to  arrange  this  latter  enterprise  was  read  before 
the  Royal  Geographical  Society  in  January  last  by  Mr. 
Beazeley,  the  engineer  employed  in  the  work.  Soon  after 
the  Japanese  expedition  M.  Paul  Ibis  visited  the  south  of 
Formosa,  and  has  described  nine  separate  tribes  differing 
in  linguistic  and  anthropological  details.  He  thinks  their 
dialects  arc  connected  with  the  Tagal  language  ;  seven  of 
the  nine  had  little  physical  resemblance  to  the  members 
of  the  other  two.  Several  other  tribes  have  been  de- 
scribed by  other  travellers,  and  in  most  cases  they  are 
marked  by  important  peculiarities.  It  would  be  im- 
possible, even  if  it  were  likely  to  serve  any  useful  purpose, 
to  go  into  details  of  the  habits  of  each  of  these.  All  that 
is  necessary  for  our  present  purpose  is  to  note  that  there 
certainly  are  numerous  distinct  tribes  amongst  these 
independent  aborigines,  and  that  in  describing  them 
various  travellers  refer  constantly  to  their  resemblance  to 
Malays,  lgorrotos,  Tagals,  Sooloo.ins,  Dyaks,  and  other 
peoples  of  the  Malay  Archipelago.  'I  he  reader  will 
therefore  be  prepared  for  M.  de  Rialle's  conclusion  that 
these  aborigines  belong  to  the  great  ethnic  family  known 
as  Malayo-Polyncsian.  MM.  0_uatrefages  ar,d  Hamy 
speak  of  them  in  the  "  Crania  Ethnica  "  as  "  analogous 
to  the  Acheenese,  Lampongs,  and  Eastern  Sundanis. 
They  arc  Indonesians,  closely  allied  to  Polynesians." 
But  there  are  ancient  mixtures  with  other  anthropological 
elements.  Whether  these  took  place  in  regions  from 
which  the  ancient  immigrants  came,  or  in  Formosa  itself, 
will  probably  never  be  known  positively.  The  peopling 
of  Formosa  is  probably  due  to  successive  invasions, 
doubtless  far  removed  from  each  other  in  point  of  lime, 
by  Malayo-Polynesians.  and  this.  M.  de  Kiallc  believes, 
is  sufficiently  proved  by  the  great  differences  which,  not- 
withstanding their  common  anthropological  origin,  have 
been  observed  by  travellers  amongst  the  various  moun- 
tain tribes  in  the  island.  Whether  a  comparative  study 
of  the  Formosan  dialects  with  those  of  the  Philippines, 
Borneo,  the  Celebes  and  other  parts  of  the  Malay  Archi- 
pelago, will  carry  the  solution  of  the  problem  any  farther 
than  this  remains  to  be  seen  ;  but  there  appears  no  im- 
mediate prospect  of  any  student  being  able  to  study  the 
independent  tribes  of  Formosa.  They  are  as  remote  from 
us,  for  any  purpose  of  accurate  investigation,  as  ever  thev 
were,  and  far  more  remote  than  they  were  from  the  Dutch 
and  Spaniards  nearly  three  centuries  ago. 


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34* 


X.ITCkf- 


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•f.  Brel  CCflir  t<i  thr  il'yeir  per»M  On  itua  tlir 
fnr<tu|fu  pertitrM  remark*  *r*  mir|*}— 
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August  13,  1885] 


NATURE 


349 


parallel  with  the  inclination  needle.  The  luminous 
matter  in  these  sheets  is  either  even,  diffuse,  or  divided 
into  streamers. 

"  Everything  now  depends  on  the  position  of  the  ob- 
server in  relation  to  such  a  zone  in  order  that  it  may 
appear  in  one  form  or  the  other.  If  he  be  very  far  from 
the  aurora  he  will  see  an  arc,  diffuse  or  radiating,  accord- 
ing to  the  nature  of  the  luminous  matter.  If  he 
approaches  he  will  most  probably  see  several  distinct 
arcs,  the  phenomenon  gathering  more  force  and  the 
colours  more  life  ;  and  when  still  nearer,  the  aurora  will 
appear  as  a  band,  and,  if  the  luminous  matter  be  radiating 
and  passes  the  magnetic  zenith  of  the  observer,  he  will 
behold  the  auroral  corona." 

He  thus  holds  that  a  "  band  "  is  a  near  arc  occupy- 
ing a  higher  position  in  the  sky  :— 

'  The  aurora]  band  is  oftenest  seen  in  those  parts  of 


the  globe  which  are  considered  to  be  the  true  home  of  the 
Aurora  Boreahs,  but  seldom,  or  hardly  ever,  in  southern 
latitudes.  What  is  chiefly  characteristic  "of  the  band  in 
opposition  to  the  arc,  although  no  sharp  line  of  distinction 
can  be  drawn  here  cither,  is  its  great  height  above  the 
horizon,  but  at  what  elevation  it  ceases  to  be  band  and 
becomes  arc  is  naturally  an  arbitrary  determination.  The 
band,  as  well  as  the  arc,  may  consist  of  equi-luminous 
matter,  of  streamers,  and  of  so-called  luminous  clouds, 
and  it  is,  to  a  higher  degree  than  is  the  case  with  the  arc. 
subject  to  the  most  violent  changes  of  position,  form,  and 
motion.  Particularly  when  the  band  consists  of  streamers 
it  displays  the  richest  variations  and  greatest  beauty,  the 
folds  of  the  streaming  drapery,  the  prismatic  play  of 
colour,  and  the  light-waves,  which  with  marvellous 
rapidity  course  through  the  graceful  undulating  rays, 
forming  a  spectacle  of  light,  colour,  and  form  which 


A,  at  jK  mi 


B,  at  jK  33m. 


C,  at  Sh.  10m. 
Fig.  5. — Phases  of  an  auroral  arc,  December  1,  1878. 


makes  this  variety  of  the  Aurora  Borealis  the  most 
charming  of  all. 

"  The  perspective  fundamental  form  of  the  arc,  and  also 
the  band,  may,  in  my  opinion,  be  explained  by  the  aurora 
forming  one  or  several  rings,  or  fragments  of  such,  which, 
with  the  magnetic  pole  as  centre,  or,  more  correctly,  with 
a  point  in  the  magnetic  axis  of  the  earth — viz.  the  straight 
line  between  the  two  magnetic  poles — lie  at  a  certain  height 
above  the  earth's  surface.  On  account  of  the  great  cir- 
cumference of  the  earth,  in  proportion  to  the  height  of 
the  aurora,  only  a  small  portion  of  such  a  ring  would  be 
visible  at  one  time,  and  each  observer  only  see  his  own 
portion,  the  situation  of  which  in  relation  to  his  horizon 
and  the  zenith  will  depend  on  his  position  in  relation  to 
the  auroral  ring." 

The  auroral  streamers  are  closely  associated  both  with 


arcs  and  bands,  an  arc  or  band  composed  of  streamers 
often  forming  the  basis  for  a  colonnade  of  streamers. 

Before  we  proceed  to  the  consideration  of  the  corona, 
the  following  extracts  concerning  streamers  and  their 
apparent  motions  will  be  read  with  interest : — 

The  streamers  embrace  a  number  of  varieties,  which 
have  only  one  peculiarity  in  common — viz.  that  the  direc- 
tion is  very  nearly  vertical,  and  that  the  length  is  always 
greater  than  the  width.  The  length  differs  greatly,  from 
2*  and  38  to  30°  and  40"  or  more.  The  width  is  very 
difficult  to  estimate,  on  account  of  the  constant  motion  ; 
a  single  streamer  thus  may  form  only  a  slender  thread  of 
light,  while  others  may  have  a  width  of  from  10'  to  i',  or 
more.  Short  streamers  form  often,  as  I  have  mentioned 
above,  bands  or  arcs.  The  long  streamers  gather  gener- 
ally in  bunches,  which  may  either  remain  isolated,  or 


Gc 


35°  NATURE  {August  13.  1885 


particularly  when  the  aurora  has  previously  formed  an 
arc,  stand  parallel,  in  such  a  manner  that  the  lower,  in- 
tensest,  ends  nearly  follow  the  track  of  the  former  arc. 
Bunches  of  streamers,  standing  high  in  the  sky,  are  often 
fan-shaped,  the  broadest  part  pointing  downwards.  The 
intensest  streamers  have  very  clearly  defined  edges,  but 


from  these  there  are  all  sorts  of  variations  down  to  the 
streak  of  light  hardly  visible.  At  the  side  of,  and  between 
very  intense  and  defined  streamers,  the  sky  seems,  by  the 
contrast,  unusually  dark,  and  this  may,  perhaps,  explain 
the  black  streamers  which  some  observers  claim  to  have 
scrn. 


Fic  6. — Aurora  (KoutoljcinoV 


Flc:.  7.—  Strr.imcr*  (Kout  LxinuV 


r  lu.  S. — Hand*  an*!  !MMflMefB(JUjttiQMMSO} 


The  points  of  the  streamers  are  usually  faint  and  with  | 
no  sharp  line  of  demarcation.  The  stars  shine  through 
the  streamers  as  through  all  other  forms  of  the  aurora, 
and  it  may,  indeed,  be  a  matter  of  doubt  whether  the 
strength  of  light  of  the  aurora  is  ever  gTeat  enough  to 
outshine  a  bright  star."  .  .  . 


44  The  motion  of  the  streamers  is  twofold.  First,  longi  - 
tudinally,  as  they  strike  upwards  or  downwards  ;  and 
secondly,  laterally,  as  they  travel  parallel  either  to  the  left 
or  right.  Sometimes  this  motion  is  slow,  sometimes  very 
quick,  and  particularly  in  the  latter  case  the  observer 
obtains  the  impression  that  the  colonnade  of  streamers 


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August  13,  1885] 


NATURE 


35i 


is  funowed  transversely  by  waves  of  energy  following  in 
rapid  succession,  under  the  influence  of  which  the 
streamers  momentarily  flare  up.  If  this  be  the  case,  or 
the  streamers  really  move,  it  is  impossible  to  tell. 

"  The  longitudinal  course  of  the  streamers  is  not  appa- 
rently only,  but  in  reality,  very  nearly  vertical,  as  several 
facts  prove  that  they  point  in  the  same  direction  as  the 
magnetic  inclination  needle."  ..."  In  regions  near  the 
magnetic  pole,  where  the  magnetic  inclination  is  greater, 
the  streamers  stand  more  perpendicularly  than  in  more 
southern  latitudes,  where  they  form  a  smaller  angle  with 
the  surface  of  the  earth. 

"  Some  students,  as,  for  instance,  Baron  Nordenskjold, 
have  advanced  the  theory  that  the  streamers  do  not 
occupv  this  position,  but  lie  more  parallel  with  the  earth  : 


and,  indeed,  when  observing  an  apparently  perpendicular 
streamer  in  the  north,  it  may  in  reality  form  any  angle 
with  the  horizon,  and  still  seem  to  the  eye  to  stand  per- 
pendicular. But  from  various  circumstances  it  is  clear 
that  the  direction  of  the  streamers  is,  as  I  have  stated 
above— viz.  parallel  with  the  inclination  needle  This  is, 
in  fact,  demonstrated  not  only  by  the  streamers  high  in 
the  sky,  which  form  the  upper  part  of  the  corona,  but  also 
by  those  which,  under  intense  aurorac,  stand  either  in  the 
east  or  west,  and  which  are  then  seen  'from  the  side,'  so 
to  speak,  i.e.  they  stand  very  nearly  perpendicularly,  as 
indicated  to  all  appearances  by  the  streamers  seen  to  the 
north  1  in  front' " 

The  auroral  corona,  the  grandest  sight  of  all,  is  found 
at  the  instant  a  band  or  broken  band  forming  a  colonnade 


n 

PlC.  >— Corora*  (KautdkaanoV 


of  streamers  reaches  the  magnetic  zenith  in  its  progress 
from  the  north  : — 

M  Quick  as  lightning  streamers  break  forth  at  the  same 
moment  on  the  southern  side  of  the  magnetic  zenith, 
and  as  the  aurora  travels  further  and  further  southwards, 
the  corona  becomes  more  and  more  complete.  In  northern 
regions,  where  the  aurora  frequently  appears  high  in  the 
sky,  in  a  northerly  or  southerly  direction,  there  is  often 
an  opportunity  of  seeing  this  form  of  the  phenomenon, 
when  a  band  of  streamers  passes  the  magnetic  zenith  in 
its  course  north  or  southwards.  It  is,  however,  not 
always  that  the  aurora's  passing  of  the  zenith  has  the 
effect  of  producing  the  corona  ;  it  is  seldom  the  case 
when  a  band  constituted  of  diffuse  luminous  matter 
passes  this  point.  It  is,  in  fact,  the  streamers  which 
create  the  corona."  .  .  . 


"  If  it  be  borne  in  mind  that  the  course  ot  the  auroral 
streamers  is  identical  with  that  of  the  magnetic  inclina- 
tion needle,  it  is  easy  to  perceive  the  origin  of  the 
ordinary  radiating  aurora  as  well  as  the  corona."  .  .  . 

"  This  form  of  the  Aurora  Borcalis,  which  generally 
indicates,  at  all  events  in  southern  latitudes,  the  culmina- 
tion of  the  aurora  as  regards  splendour,  colour,  and  deve- 
lopment, is  produced  by  the  streamers  shooting  from 
every  part  of  the  sky  towards  a  common  point — viz.  the 
magnetic  zenith.  With  this  point  as  centre  they  seem  to 
radiate  in  every  direction  ;  some  are  very  long,  others 
short,  while  some  form  rays  or  bands  one  above  the  other. 
The  heaven  thereby  assumes  the  appearance  of  a  huge 
cupola,  or  tent  of  fire.  In  reality  the  streamers  are  all 
parallel  ;  their  appearance  of  radiating  in  all  directions 
from  a  central  point  with  various  angles  being  due  to 


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Itrrlj  Ail*  I  "11  «  no*  M«  '*  «!•*»  'f  Ul-  Jm** 

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NATURE 


{August  t3.  ,8*5 


h*t  hai  H|mk  ttramrtmiT  «'  ■  lU  |-arr<*a***  «*J«h.<«> 
liy  rmm  t#*  fno*,  Iwvmria.  ice.  Mil  an 

m*i»H  <l*l*ar.  frwn  wofl  tmiarn,  w«»c  «(  nlttdi 

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ttiftio  ikta  ih*  <•••*  i«  trtr  •"»(.  "kita.  ■••!*■*»  ttty  Uta?  •*? 
»|isrr.  w-mM  Uvr  I  trr*Wa.|  til  rwrWa  llw  «tjr«*  it  tljjai 

-       .         I     i        in*  it,  AlllMH  MMJftfJtt  '  ■"' 

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1u»7.  *"*H  MM  n»n*U  1  |»»l  r\*.  I  iiwWi.    Mi*  itiii.ti 

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SCHOOLS.  COLLEGES.  OK  PRIVATE  RRSF.AKCH 

VriMSIICItST    AND    V'is>    IM»I  <Tlo\     m  \imii\ks 

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Ilfvitmh-J  EWa%M^  A'.nv..-.'  *Jtti>m,       ^tf  Qjt 
AV*  Awr/v  AMnm  te.4.  /Vtw  jj. 
K  r,\  PHARMACOLOGY   THF  R  A  PKUTICS.         MATFK1A  MFDIC* 
l.i  r  1,  \ I  I'l  l;  I'lUMdN.  M.I.,  n*[  MATERIA  WEI/ 

'.  Ilf" 


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u(.k.  Ln  it»  t'ti 
t  I  tv-K  «» .  l-.r»ti 


I  •""•«y..in.„iMr<h, 


ADAPTED  TO  THE  UK.TEO  »TATF S^H A»«A COMg ,»  8V  rRAN<;iR       wauAM8  „  „  . 

-u .    . — $«&^«^t^^  ..i  mm  «»•"*  •••• 

\  i  I       ((|tVr  in  -hi  ""1  "  ** 

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iORDERS  OF    DICKSTION     THEIR  CONSEQUENCES  AND  TREATMENT- 

T»h  »«.  i.,.!,..  |n  ,.  ih.  ■l  '5JjyB^"    "If         >»  U.  M«,  „,  OTl„ 

Digitized  t 


IIV  Till  "AMI   \i  rll"K.    his.  is. 


MACMM  I  AS'  A  Ci>, 
>IAM< 


tie 


mil  13.  l8»j| 

Messrs.  MACMILLAN  ,V  CO.'S  NEW  BOOKS. 

V»U*  1:1  M»V     I  II  III  I  IMI'vtSI' 

T  V,  X  t    BOOK    O  I  -    G  E  I  >  L  O  G  V. 
am  iiiivm  i'  i;kiv»k,  k.k.s.. 

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CLASS    IKiOK    <>  V       i:  0  I-  O  G  V 

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AKI'lllll.M  II  UKlttll  .  I  K>.. 

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M  M  l>"K  t  \  ••tk  J  111 -•»  I  1 1  'U'll  »  -II  t'lll  V 

S  STORY  OF  M  Nc  (>M.\i;   \M»  THE  IMPRACHHEXf  OF 

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«  Pitl-^Sl'ltK  IN  lll'.M  KC|UMI|»«  IN  DENMARK.  Ill 
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by  Google 


cxx 


NATURE 


[August 


OBJECTS    FOR   THE  MICROSCOPE 


Kiredy  tKxn  r-r..  U  :  ______ 

Common  Blue  Bux:erdy         —       —       .„  ~ 
Gml  f'.v  iwhoia)  •  -      —  — 

Mj.c  .  h~'.mn  wtihuut  Eyes      _      _      ...      _      ~  ~ 

1     .,  I     J I  .  i   r..:-  _         _         _         —  ~  ~ 

rr*L.1ca.  .vxtKin  it"  Dynsou  jeetle  ._  J™ 

S«j;_«ac  it"  T*pu  Wjna.  tajwia;  — nil  jr-xu  _       Z  Z 
F*.ujk;  "rum  ?n*rp  _________ 

>iua  a-itn  >>W  Jl  K  »c  ieep  aa^  «:«-_.  jvhi  iiiferr.s_uei" 
Btioc  ji  <qy  jiU  Man  _       _       _  _ 

'  eta.  line  | H  lmrr-a*)  _  _  ~  ~  ~  ~° 
S-.-aua  arott^n  eaj.c  Fjuc  jf  Fmu,  tttt 


a       Prehistoric  Lira  frira  Mjuat  Sjnuna,  Napia     _      _  _ 

a       1  »■  iti  S-4Ji<i  eritJt  »_nart«  Rock   _      _      _  _ 

■J  A  l  A '-KlL^CTUt  S  utrLAHIU  _  _  _         _         _        _  _ 

-       B  uti  ire  Plana  trim  Mrnocrochm  rinfcn.  Wf  —      _  _ 
a       ':  Via*  taa.l'l>JL  Xawi.y  Puruus  Bota.i.cal  If 

■>       Season  at  Mju.  M  mun  Wmm,  (nutriaf  Amitmda  —      _     _  : 
i        M-t_;erU  fiuxata.  vivjwma  Chlorophyll    —       _      _      _  - 
i       -"•pirjityra  aisii  ia  cuuja{acua,  >rincrl     _      _      —      -  . 
V  jivjji  {locator—       ~      _      _  _____: 

•       Yea«  Plant  i  .   t  .    mpUi)       _      _      _      _     _  _ 

j        A-uytqy  jf'i  Leaf.  I  piece*  ja  joe  SUiis  —       -      _      -     -  i 
6       Marine  A-ri  n.'eramiujn  niiarntn)   _       _      _      —     —     -  i 
VIT  W      r  »  ■  ■rrrirr.  .  .  .  ±i^J  Jr*^'fV?,ri.1"'"      .m-%i_»e  jt'erery  jranoa  jt  «-jjy.  firota  u.  eaca. 

>tw  CUAHFEED  LI>T  »fOJTE,r»,  ukIj  La;  :.ie  MOOtly  4C__re-l  acock  of  Mr.  E.  Whiile*.  ia:e  of  IWLr™. 
ILLLsTRArtlU  CATALOJLE  OF  MICRObCuPE*  AND  APPARATUS 
__,  t.t_:^r  jt        i  ..>«*  *cm  poet  free  M  any  part  ot  the  — orid,  oa  appiicattoa  to 

II  .    WATSOK    &   ?>0X$,  OPTrCIAXS  TO  HER  MAJESTY'S  GOVERyilEST 

 313.   HIGH    HOLBORX,  LONDON,  W.C. 


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PATENT  SPRING  MATTRESS 


AWARDS : 

F  .<  ::  ■  Ms:  al  - 
Foc»n*5 

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or  Mia: r 


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<af  arxaagoBat  pr^mfe  tie  tree  tnj«ement 
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of  each,  and  ef*tm*i:j  frmrnsj 


Tmm 
Excelsior 


The  Lead-ag  peculiarity  of  tMl  Vartrea*  is 
■  '•S.nif.iH  .it  a  wo»ea  wire  cearrxl  p«irta:n  »sJ  kta 
isrji^i  of  __rear  Mrcn^-h  ami  reliable  teajR  Pf 
Matlock    '  1'  mi  Ijll  posaeaaeil  by  no  other  make. 

*pnaj»  obT-_ue  the  tendency  in  all  wo»eB  »-t 

_  •  "   BE>R£iIS..J  :ccjm<  hollow  and  *o  caoae  Ueepen  w  iJ »» 

T  tE  ••EX^EL»»OR'  4  "MArL  . >CK-' Col-CKEa-  in-i ile  of  :he  bed. 

aacaafratn  Caitaet  Maker*.  Upaolsterer*.  4c.  Him  - 1  ..-J  V^nftjrt  CtrcmUrt  *mJ Pncib&f* 

_  CHORLTON    &    DUGD ALE  MANCHESTER. 

ARMSTRONG 
BRACES. 

ELASTIC,  WITHOUT  INDIA-RUBBER. 

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SOLD  BY  ALL  HOSIERS  AND  DRAPERS 


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CONSUMPTION  of  OAS  giiAranteed  to 
b a  25  to  75  less  than  ANY  other 
Qas  Engine  per  brake  horse-power. 

CROSSLErS  PATENT  TWIN  •  OTTO  ENGINES 

!s:i  s<  e»ery  KeT-.-^a:.ca. 
Tj«  steadiest  raaaiaf  Gas  Erj  =e  yet  tzadt 
CKOSSLEY S  PATENT  SELF  STARTER 

Tae  >a5p»f,  >.3i.-."e>:.  aad  b<>: 

wlOSSLEVS  NEW  VERTICAL  OTTO  ENGINES 

i^"^^  Rrumj  -ajjf  :ir::e  Grwd  5ra»T 


ch<stcr. 

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OVER  16.000  DELIVtHtif 


$»KUft  i  H.?.  OTTO  bNM  enweans^  7  "V 
LAXjaxt  .  *ar  :■«  F»rTar»  ^<tms  ron  liscruckm»_ 


H  it 


t,  ji_  j«  Ory  tt 


A  WEEKLY   ILLUSTRATED  JOURNAL  OF  SCIENCE 


"  To  the  toiiJ  wound 
0/  Naturt  trnsls  the  mind  which  builds  for  aye."—  \Vo*M,WORTH 


No.  825,  Vol.  32] 


THURSDAY,  AUGUST  20,  1885 


[Prick  Sixpence 


Reentered  at  a  Newipapcr  at  the  General  Pom  Office) 


[MI  Rights  arc  RtrwJ 


.  MICROSCOPISTS, 

ASTRONOMERS, 

SURGEON  DENTISTS. 


GRACE'S  N  EW  IH  RECT  VISION" 
SPECTROSCOPE. 


i 


HE    SWAN  LAMP 


AND  FITTINGS  may  be  purchased  at 
MAWSON  AND  SWANS  STORE, 

31.  FARRINUDON  . STREET.  EC,  *  M  I  ,  STREET. 
 NEWCASTLEtDN-TYNE. 


Mr.  JOHN  BROWNING  begs  to  direct  attention  to  the 
advantage,  of  this  verv  |io«crful,  portable,  and  efficient  Instru- 
ment, which  will  divide  the  Sodium  lines  ur  the  1)  lines  in  the 
Solar  Spectrum,  and  -how  the  Knin  Band  as  St  par aU  Limes  ;  it 
is  provided  with  a  line  motion  focu>ing  arrangement,  and  it  Is 
•tpplicaMe  to  evrry  purpose  for  which  a  Direct  Vision  Spcctro- 
scojve  can  l>e  u»ed. 

Price  in  Morocco  Leather  Case.  £3  8b.  6d. 


ti  »*■  fit  fcit  f*ew%  itxjcfrmct' 


R.  &  J.  BECK'S 

MICROSCOPE, 

"THE  STAR." 


PRICES 

Stand,  with  I -in.  Object - 
B<«*«  

Stand,  with  i-in.  and  \-\xk. 
Object  glasses  ; 

Stand,  with  Rack  and  Pinion, 
coarse  adjustment,  a  Eye- 
pieces, and  1 -in.  Object; 
glass  


Full  Dtttriftiw  Pamphlet  sent  on 
Applitation  to 


•J*  OHN  BROWNING, 

O/fieal  and  I'hystral  Intrument  Maker  to  11. M.  Government, 

63,  STRAND,  LONDON,  W.C. 

NEGRETTI    AND  ZAMBRA, 

SOLE  MAKERS  OF 

JORDAN'S  (PATENT)  SUNSHINE  RECORDER. 

PRICE  £3  38. 
NEGRETTI 

AND 

ZAMBRA, 

Sl'IBMTiriC  INSTKI'MBNT  MaKBBS 
TO  TMB  QlrBBM, 

HCT.BORN  VIADUCT 

Brjnehto 45,  Comhill. 
■  as,  Recent  Street,  t-twl^n 

ItiHifttd  lUtertftion  Pttt  Free. 


R.  &  J.  BECK,  68,  Corahill,  London,  E.C. 

OOLD  MEDAL 
International  Inventions  Exhibition,  1885. 


NEGRETTI  &  ZAM BRA'S 
>rw  Illustrated  Catalogue 


PtUl'l 


cxxii 


HAT  VMM 


BK1TISH  ASSOCIATION 


ADVANCEMENT  OF  SCIENCE. 

At  utmci  r  nun;  iMMoli  n 
kmilrniV  ANSt*'  «km*ai  mrrnvi:  -1  w  „ 

A1E.MUI  I  M.  ^mmtm        Wt  M  HUH  »  , 

r»viif«T  ft«r- 

i>ri.»>i*n  h  1  »i  r- .  f.u,  u  h 


Ib«  Hurt  M.t  h* | »X1Ma.mJ 
1  niv  11  ...    1  _ 

1  ti  mxvi  1  h.  H  ..— 
UNIVERSITY  COLLEGE.  LONDON 


■ 

aMlm  n  t«.  ■   .v 


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OWENS    COLLEOE.  VICTORIA 
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MANCHESTER 

1 


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SLHOOL  AI"  MEDICAL 

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.  ...  'r.-  •  .f  .1. 

■ 


"•-  M.,|i..,^.„ 
M  K  Li  I  1:  A  I.    S  C  M  o  o  LT  A  ** 


August  20  1SS5] 


NA  TORE 


CXXUl 


EDWARD  WARD  has  pleasure  in  an- 

Bouncing  the  issue  of  a  new  Micro-Slide  of  Zoophyte,  with  tentacle* 
out,  in  the  special  manner  10  well  known  to  hit  numerous  patron*. 

t.  H. 

Plumulsna  sirnilis   „    (post-free)    1  8 

AKo,  quite  new  :— 
Gorgonia  verrucosa  (i*>l\.r*r  stained)     ,,  it 
Po*!aliru»typicu»  (Spectre  Shrimp)      ,,  1  9 

EDWARD  WARD,  >4>.  OXFORD  STREET.  MANCHESTER  [503 

MINERALOGY  AND  GEOLOGY. 

PROFESSORS.  COLLECTORS  anJ  VISITORS  to  LONDON  n:r 
INVI  I  1  11  to  INSPECT  Mr.  HENSON'S  STOCK  of  CHOICE  MINK 
RALS.  ,1.  .  &c.  At  the  PRESENT  TIME  he  has  a  PAR  I  ICt'l.ARI.Y 
FINL  t  'RVSTALLISLD  NUGGET  of  NATIVE  COLD.  WEK'.HT  o  nr., 
PINK  AP  'PHVI.L1TK,  CHESSVLITE,  EMERALDS  on  MATRIX. 
PYROMORPHITE  (vgav  hark  fokm).  CERUSSITE,  CRYSTAL!.- 
ISKO  MALACHITE,  and  HOTRVOI  DA  I.  CHALCEDONY.  ME- 
TRORIC  IRONS  and  STONES.    POLISHED  AGATES  and  LAUR  A- 

DOR  PTES. 

A  LarSe  Serir*  of  ROCKS,  also  MICROSCOPIC  SECTIONS  of  the 

sam*-. 

l.ittt  »n  A/fKcmlion .         Hammer*.  Chisel*,  *n.|  Hammer  Straps 

PRIVATE  LESSONS  AND  EVENING  CLASSES 

BLOWPIPE  CASES  AND  APPARATUS.       Catalogue*  free . 

SAMUEL  HENSON, 

277.  ST  RAN  D,  LONDON. 

Opposite  Norfolk  Street. 

SIX  PRIZE  MEDALS 

AWARDED  FOR  GEOL  iGICAL  COLLECTIONS 

Geological  Collection*  especially  ad.iptcd  fur  Teaching  a*  supplied  tn  Science 
and  Art  Department,  and  u*ed  by  all  Lecturer*  and  Teacher*  in 
Great  Britain,  &r. 

New  and  Rare  Minerals  con*tantly  arriving  from  all  part*  for  selection  of 
Single  Specimens. 
ROCK  SECTION'S  AND  ROCK  SPECIMENS: 
The  largest  Variety  in  England. 
N«w  Catalogues  and  List*  on  application  to— 

JAMES  R.  GREGORY, 

88,  Charlotte  Street,  Fitzrov  Square,  London. 

Established  17  Yeart  in  London. 


CABINETS  FOR  MINERALS. 


FOSSILS,  ftc. 

6  DRAWERS,  ao  INCHES  HIGH 

»0  ..  39 

8  ..  a6 

12  „  39 


it 


21s. 

45«- 
28s. 

5" 


NATI  R  M  ISTS'  GLASS  CAPPED  BOXES.  ROUND  AND 
RECTANGULAR.    FROM    ONE    SHU  LING    PER  DOZEN. 

THOMAS   D.  RUSSELL, 

78.  NEWGATE  STREET,  K..C. 


MINERALS  AND  FOSSILS, 

SINGLE  SPECIMENS  OR  COLLECTION'S. 

F.   H.  BUTLER. 

Assoc.  R.  Sch.  Mines  Lond., 
M.A.  Oxon.  and  L.S.A.  Lond., 
Successor  to  the  late  R.  TALLTNG, 

180,   BROMPTON  ROAD, 

LONDON,  S.W. 

Fire  minutes'  walk  from  the  Natural  History  Museum,  S. 


HOW   &  CO.'S 

Geological  Transparencies  for  the  Lantern. 


WALKER'S  SPECIFIC  GRAVITY  BALANCE  FOR  ROCKS 
AND  MINERALS. 

HOW  ft  CO.'S  POCKET  MICROSCOPE  LAMP.  Br.  Id. 

MICRO-PETROLf>CY. — Sections  ol  Pitchstones,  Obsidians,  Gtmnitts, 


•tones,  ftc.  price  if  rW.  each. 


JAMES  HOW  ft  CO..  71.  Faishngdok 


PATERSON  &  COOPER, 

76,  LITTLE  BRITAIN,  LONDON,  EX. 
Electric  Light  and  Power  and  Telephone  Engineers 

New  Electric  Light  Catalogue,  post  free  It. 

PATERSON  ft  COOPER  l>eg  to  give  notice  that  they  have 
the  Philosophical,  Educational,  and  Experimental  Part  of  their 
Messrs.  J.  andT.  MAYEIELD.  41.  Queen  Victoria  Street,  E  C. 


CHEMICAL    APPARATUS,  Wholesale, 

Rcuil,  fur  Co'l^jes  Schools,  and  Chemical  Work..    New  Catalogue  of 
pAjes   and    sot  clear    lllusiral  mi*,    tost    free.    Si/— WILLIAM 
I 


HUM 


jo?  clear 
'nun  Street. 


Illuslrat 

Lil.nl' 


ICROSCOPIC  OBJECTS  FOR  HIRE, 

Histological,  Botanical,  Geological,  l>y  the  Lest  Mounters.  I  .el 
out  on  mo, I  moderate  terms  Particular*  uf  II.  Wru  s,  Dalmain 
Rosd,  Forest  Hill.  iya, 


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the  chief  Agricultural  Journal  in  Scotland,  circulates  extensively  among 
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The  special  attention  of  I  .and  Agents  is  directed  to  the  AGRICULTUR  1ST 
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Science.  Art.  Varieties,  Note*.  Price  td ,  through  Booksellers,  and  - 
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LA  SEMAINE  FRANCHISE.— " 1  La  Semainc  Fran- 

falsa  *  has  been  brought  out  in  London  for  the.  benefit  of  those  Enghsl. 
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MAGAZINE. 

Price  Sixpence,  M  >othly,  14  pages  8 to.  with  occasional  Illustrations. 
Conducted  by  C  G.  Baubrtt,/  W.  Douglas.  R.  McLachlan,  F.R.S. 
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IIImIMxM  >.!.'.. :&..-.,:lK  Kit'h  Tlnmu.1      M*4|MBi  Uto  3 

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NA  TURE 


361 


THURSDAY,  AUGUST   20,  1885 


PROFESSOR  STOKES  ON  LIGHT 
Burnett  Lectures,  Second  Course.    On  Light  as  a  Means 
of  Investigation.    Uy  G.  G.  Stokes.    (London  :  Mac- 
millan  and  Co.,  1885.) 

THE  interest  raised  by  the  first  scries  of  these  lectures 
is  fully  sustained  by  this  second  instalment,  though 
the  subject-matter  is  of  a  very  different  order.  Then,  the 
main  question  was  the  nature  of  light  itself ;  w,  we  are 
led  to  deal  chiefly  with  the  uses  of  light  as  an  instrument 
for  indirect  exploration.  It  is  one  of  the  most  amazing 
results  of  modern  science  that  the  nature  of  mechanisms, 
too  minute  or  too  distant  to  be  studied  directly  with  the 
help  of  the  microscope  or  the  telescope,  can  be  thus,  in 
part  at  least,  revealed  to  reason.  This  depends  on  the 
fact  that  a  ray  of  light,  like  a  human  being,  bears  about 
with  it  indications  alike  of  its  origin  and  of  its  history  ; 
and  can  be  made  to  tell  whence  it  sprang  and  through 
what  vicissitudes  it  has  passed. 

The  lecturer  begins  by  pointing  out  that  this  indirect 
use  of  light  already  forms  an  extensive  subject  ;  and  he 
then  specially  selects  for  discussion  half-a-doien  important 
branches  of  it.  Many  readers  will,  we  fear,  be  disap- 
pointed when  they  find  that  Dispersion  (whether  ordinary 
or  anomalous)  is  not  included  in  this  list.  It  is  tantalising 
to  feel  that  we  are  not  (for  the  present  at  least)  to  have 
the  opinion  of  the  author  on  the  classical  researches  of 
Cauchy,  or  on  the  more  recent  speculations  of  Sellmeier, 
Helmholtz,  and  W.  Thomson.  It  would,  however,  be 
unjustifiable  to  construe  this  omission  into  an  indirect 
assertion  that  we  do  not  yet  know  for  certain  'what  Dis- 
persion tells  us :—  though  the  parts  of  his  wide  subject 
which  Prof.  Stokes  has  selected  for  discussion  are,  each 
and  all,  such  as  give  indications  of  a  definitely  interpret- 
able  character. 

The  first  of  these  is  Absorption.  Here  we  have  the 
explanation  of  the  colours  of  bodies  ;  the  testing  ray 
having  gone  in,  and  come  out  "  shorn."  This  leads  to  the 
application  of  the  prism  in  the  immediate  discrimination 
of  various  solutions  which,  to  the  unaided  eye,  appear  to 
have  the  same  colour.  It  is  shown  how,  by  a  mere  glance, 
the  chemist  may  often  be  saved  from  fruitless  toil,  occa- 
sionally from  grave  error. 

From  the  study  of  what  rays  arc  absorbed,  the  transition 
is  an  easy  and  natural  one  to  the  study  of  what  becomes  0/ 
them  when  they  are  absorbed.  Here  we  have  heating, 
chemical  changes,  phosphorescence,  &c.  The  remainder 
of  the  lecture  is  devoted  to  an  exceedingly  interesting 
treatment  of  the  beautiful  subject  of  fluorescence. 

The  second  lecture  begins  with  Rotation  of  the  Plane 
of  Polarisation  of  light  by  various  liquids,  with  its  im- 
portant application  to  saccharimetry.  Then  we  have 
Faraday's  discovery  of  the  corresponding  phenomenon 
produced  in  the  magnetic  field,  with  its  application  in  the 
discrimination  of  various  classes  of  isomeric  compounds. 
Hut  the  author,  true  to  his  system  of  mentioning  practical 
applications  only,  omits  all  reference  to  quartz  under  the 
first  of  these  heads  and  to  gases  under  the  second.  And 
he  does  not  even  allude  to  the  interesting  questions 
recently  raised  as  to  the  form  of  the  general  wave-surface 
in  these  curious  circumstance-;. 
Vol.  xxxii.— No.  825 


Then  comes  the  "still  vexed  "  question  of  the  history 
of  Spectrum  Analysis.  The  present  view  of  it  must,  of 
course,  be  carefully  read  :— it  is  much  too  long  to  be  here 
extracted  in  full,  and  to  condense  would  be  to  mutilate  it. 
Of  course  the  claims  of  the  author  himself  are  the  only 
ones  to  which  scant  justice  is  done.  But  the  President 
of  the  British  Association  of  1871  fortunately  gave,  in  his 
opening  address,  the  means  of  filling  this  lacuna.  Just 
as  the  Gravitation-theory  of  an  early  Lucasian  Professor 
was  publicly  taught  in  Edinburgh  University  before  it 
became  familiar  among  scientific  men,  so  the  present 
Lucasian  Professor's  suggestions  for  the  analysis  of  the 
solar  atmosphere,  by  means  of  the  dark  lines  in  the  spec- 
trum, were  publicly  explained  in  the  University  of 
Glasgow  for  eight  successive  years  before  the  subject 
became  generally  known  through  the  prompt  and  wide- 
spread publicity  given  to  the  papers  of  Bunscn  and 
Kirchholf!  The  following  are  Sir  William  Thomson's 
words  of  1871  :— "  It  is  much  to  bo  regretted  that  this 
great  generalisation  was  not  published  to  the  world  twenty 
years  ago  .  .  .  because  we  might  now  be  [sic]  in  pos- 
session of  the  inconceivable  riches  of  astronomical  results 
which  we  expect  from  the  next  ten  years'  investigation  by 
spectrum  analysis,  had  Stokes  given  his  theory  to  the 
world  when  it  first  occurred  to  him." 

The  third  lecture  is  devoted  to  the  information  which 
spectrum  analysis  afford?  as  to  the  chemical  composition 
of  the  sun's  atmosphere,  and  its  physical  condition  ;  the 
classification  of  stars,  the  constitution  of  nebula-,  and  the 
nature  of  comets.  Those  who  still  maintain  that  the  tem- 
perature of  the  sun's  body  1--  comparatively  moderate  arc 
very  summarily  dealt  with.  Then  follows  a  passage 
describing,  in  homely  language  fitted  to  be  understanded 
of  all,  the  state  of  the  sun's  atmosphere.  This  is  specially 
noteworthy,  as  showing  how  efficiently  a  Master  can 
impress  on  his  readers  the  most  vivid  ideas  without 
requiring  to  use  any  but  the  simplest  of  language. 

The  remarks  on  the  nebul.e  and  on  comets  will  be  read 
with  great  avidity  :  and.  by  the  majority  of  readers,  with 
some  surprise.  For  it  is  .stated  that  the  planetary  ncbuku, 
"making  abstraction  of  the  stellar  points,  consist  of 
glowing  gas."  And  of  comets  we  find  :  — "There  can  no 
longer  be  any  doubt  that  the  nucleus  consists,  in  its  inner 
portions  at  least,  of  vapour  of  some  kind,  and  we  must 
add  incandescent  vapour  .  .  ."  An  ingenious  suggestion 
as  to  the  source  of  this  incandescence  is  introduced  as  the 
"  green-house  theory."  The  nucleus  is  supposed  to  be  sur- 
rounded by  an  envelope  of  some  kind,  transparent  to  the 
higher  but  opaque  to  the  lower  forms  of  radiation.  Thus 
solar  heat  can  get  freely  at  the  nucleus,  but  cannot  escape 
until  it  has  raised  the  nucleus  (in  part  at  least)  to  incandes- 
cence. The  coma  and  tail  arc  formed  by  the  condensation 
of  small  quantities  of  this  vapour,  so  that  they  arc  mere 
mists  of  excessive  tenuity.  Ilerschcl's  suggestion,  that 
the  development  of  the  tail  is  due  to  electric  repulsion 
exerted  by  a  charge  on  the  sun,  is  spoken  of  with  ap- 
proval ;  and  the  production  of  the  requisite  charge  of 
the  mist-particles  is  regarded  as  a  concomitant  of  con- 
densation. Nothing,  however,  is  said  as  to  the  opposite 
charge  which  the  comet  itself  must  receive,  nor  of  the 
peculiar  effects  which  would  arise  from  this  cause: — 
whether  in  the  form  of  a  modification  of  the  shape  of  the 
comet's  head,  or  of  a  modification  of  its  orbit  and  period 


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August  20,  1885] 


NATURE 


363 


made  to  put  a  value  upon  these  increased  quantities.  In 
valuing  wheat  at  5*.  per  bushel  and  straw  at  2/.  per  ton 
the  compilers  of  the  report  made  a  great  mistake,  of 
which  their  critic  has  not  been  slow  to  avail  himself. 
Here  he  "shells''  them  unmercifully  and  effectually, 
especially  as  the  straw  at  2/.  per  ton  turns  out  to  be  the 
chief  item  for  turning  loss  into  profit. 

This  is,  however,  entirely  an  artificial  value,  the  result 
of  restricted  supply,  and  Sir  Thomas  is  perfectly  justified 
in  dismissing  the  item  entirely  by  compounding  it  with 
the  cost  of  the  farmyard  manure,  letting  straw  and 
manure  mutually  discharge  each  other's  claims. 

Another  point  successfully  urged  is  the  smallncss  of  the 
plots.  What  possiblercliancccan  be  placed  upon  plots  1 12th 
of  an  acre  in  which  pounds  per  plot  arc  at  once  alleged  to 
represent  hundredweights  per  acre.  The  multiplication 
of  unavoidable  errors,  and  the  exaggerations  of  extremely 
local  differences  in  the  soil  itself,  arc  simply  fearful  to 
think  of.  The  larger  the  area  the  better.  If  acre- plots 
could  be  used  so  much  the  better,  and  10-acrc  plots  would 
be  better  still-  the  only  limit  in  size  being,  to  our  mind, 
convenience.  But  112th  parts  of  acres  must  induce  a 
feeling  of  distrust  in  the  breasts  of  those  who  arc  practic- 
ally acquainted  with  land.  The  sources  of  error  may  be 
enumerated  as  follows :— imperfect  distribution,  unavoid- 
able waste  in  distribution,  minute  differences  in  the  soili 
it  regular  germination  of  the  seed,  partial  insect  attacks, 
direct  accidental  injuries  or  the  reverse  'as,  for  example, 
an  animal  trespassing  upon  a  plot,  or  a  horse  dropping 
his  dung  upon  it),  errors  in  weighing,  errors  in  severance 
from  the  ground,  and  other  unavoidable  difficulties  which 
belong  to  the  carrying  out  of  field  experiments, -  all  of 
these  errors  are  magnified  in  the  case  of  small  plots,  and 
minimised  by  the  use  of  largo  ones.  In  these  directions 
the  criticisms  made  by  Sir  Thomas  Acland  arc  valuable: 
but  we  should  like  to  have  seen  a  greater  sympathy  with 
an  honest  effort,  and  less  anxiety  lo  hold  up  any  results  of 
value  as  stale,  antiquated,  and  unnecessary. 

Any  one  who  has  lived  as  long  as  Sir  Thomas  Dyke 
Acland  must  know  that  the  proclamation  of  things  old  as 
things  new  is  not  confined  to  agricultural  chemists,  and 
he  should  be  more  ready  to  accept  as  inevitable  the 
dictum  of  the  wise  man,  that  "the  thing  that  hath  been,  it 
is  that  which  shall  be  ;  and  that  which  is  done  is  that 
which  shall  be  done  " 

THE  NEW  EDITION  OF  "  J  'A  R  REEL'S 
BRITISH  BIRDS  " 
A  History  of  Briliih  Birds.  By  the  late  William  Yarrell, 
V.P.L.S.,  F.Z.S.  Fourth  Edition,  Kcvisc  l  to  the  End 
of  the  Second  Volume  by  Alfred  Newton,  M.A.,  F.R.S., 
continued  by  Howard  Saunders,  F.L.S  ,  F.Z.S.  Farts 
xx.— xxx.    (London  :  Van  Voorst.) 

THE  students  of  British  birds  have  at  last  received  the 
two  final  numbers  of  the  new  edition  of  Varrcll's 
celebrated  work  on  their  favourite  subject,  which  was 
commenced  as  long  ago  as  1871.  Fourteen  years,  it 
must  be  acknowledged,  is  a  long  time  to  wait,  but  on  the 
other  hand  the  subscribers  to  the  new  "  Yarrell have  in 
compensation  of  the  delay  not  what  would  be  called  in 
ordinary  parlance  a  new  edition,  but  what  is,  in  fact,  a  | 
complete  and  exhaustive  summary  of  the  present  state  of  . 


our  knowledge  ot  this  subject,  prepared  by  two  of  the 
greatest  living  authorities  on  British  ornithology. 

The  two  first  volumes  of  the  fourth  edition  of  "  Yarrcll's 
British  Birds,"  which  were  brought  to  a  conclusion  by 
I'rof.  Newton  in  iS8>,  were  devoted  to  the  birds  of  prey, 
the  passerine  birds,  and  the  plcarians.  In  June  of  that 
year  Mr.  Saunders  'undertook  to  finish  the  work,  "  not 
willingly  nor  with  a  light  heart,"  but,  as  he  tells  us,  "after 
considerable  pressure  and  at  much  personal  sacrifice/' 
Forewarned  by  what  had  previously  occurred,  Mr.  Van 
Voorst  insisted  that  time  must  be  part  of  the  "  essence  of 
the  contract,''  and  stipulated  with  the  new  editor  for  the 
completion  of  the  third  and  fourth  volumes  by  June  iSs'j, 
which,  after  allowing  for  six  months'  leave  of  absence, 
gave  Mr.  Saunders  only  two  years  and  a  half  to  prepare 
his  account  of  nearly  two  hundred  species.  It  cannot  be 
denied  that  this  was  somewhat  severe  upon  the  new 
editor,  and  that,  considering  the  pressure  brought  to  bear 
upon  him,  the  mode  in  which  he  has  completed  his  task 
within  the  lime  assigned  to  him,  deserves  our  highest 
compliments. 

As  has  been  already  pointed  out  the  so-called  new 
'•  Yarrell  '  is,  in  fact,  a  new  work.  The  vast  amount  of 
knowledge  of  British  birds  and  their  distribution  acquired 
during  the  forty-two  years  which  have  elapsed  since 
Yarrell's  original  work  first  appeared,  rendered  it  abso- 
lutely necessary  that  such  should  be  the  case.  It  would 
have  been  much  belter,  in  our  opinion,  to  have  discarded 
the  name  of  Yarrell  altogether,  and  to  have  employed  the 
leading  ornithologist  of  the  period  to  write  a  new  work 
on  British  birds.  But  as  Mr.  Van  Voorst,  doubtless  for 
sufficient  reasons,  preferred  to  retain  the  lime  honoured 
name  of  Yarrell  on  the  title-page,  the  new  "  editors  "  as 
they  call  themselves  have,  we  think,  sunnountcd  the  diffi- 
culties of  their  position  with  singular  success.  Where 
practicable,  we  arc  told,  the  original  phraseology  has 
been  followed  with  due  modifications,  the  opening  words 
of  the  sentences  have  been  preserved,  and  extracts  from 
the  authors  and  correspondents  ((tinted  by  Yarrell  have 
been  retained.  "  This  work  of  selection  and  adaptation 
has,"  we  can  well  believe,  "  entailed  severe  labour."  It  is 
obvious,  in  fact,  that  it  would  have  been  a  much  simpler 
task  to  write  mo^t  of  the  articles  new  from  the  beginning 
than  to  adapt  those  prepared  by  the  original  author  fifty 
years  ago  to  present  use.  The  former  plan  would  also, 
we  think,  have  been  more  satisfactory  to  the  reader,  who 
between  the  ''author"  and  the  two  "editors"  and  'he 
friends  and  correspondents  of  each  of  them,  is  in  many 
cases  likely  to  be  misled  as  to  the  real  authority  quoted 
for  a  particular  statement. 

While,  as  we  have  already  said,  the  general  execution 
of  the  "new  Yarrell''  merits  our  entire  commendation, 
the  systematic  arrangement  -  an  unsuccessful  effort  at  a 
compromise  between  the  old  fashion  and  the  new  docs 
not  seem  to  deserve  equal  praise.  No  doubt  the  order 
adopted  by  first  editor  for  the  three  groups  treated  of  in 
the  first  two  volumes  placed  the  second  editor  in  a  diffi- 
culty. But  we  cannot  think  that  Mr.  Saunders  was 
thereby  justified  in  relegating  the  Steganopodes,  Hcrodi- 
oncs  and  Anseres  to  the  end  of  the  series.  With  these 
groups  he  should  have  begun  the  second  volume,  not 
finished  the  third.  At  the  same  time  it  must  be  borne  in 
mind  that  the  primary  object  was  not  a  strictly  orthodox 


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NATURE 


[August  20,  1885 


classification,  but  a  good  and  readable  "  History  of 
British  Birds,"  and  this  object  has,  we  think,  been 
attained. 


OUR  BOOK  SHELF 

Melting  and  Hailing- Point   PUi.      By  T 


D.Sc,  K.C.S.  Vol.  1. 
1K85.J 


C.irnellcy, 

(London  :  Harri»on  and  Sons, 


This  is  a  very  large  and  important  work,  and  tine 
which  cannot  fail  to  be  useful  to  the  scientific  chemist. 
It  is  divided  into  several  parts  and  contains,  or 
rather  consists  of,  tables  of  the  elements,  inorganic  and 
organic  compounds,  their  constitutional  and  empiric 
formula?,  melting-  and  boiling-points,  and  the  authority 
and  references  to  the  journals,  &c,  in  which  the  data  are 
given. 

The  compilation  of  a  work  ol  this  nature  necessitates  I 
an  enormous  amount  of  labour  and  care,  which  in  this  | 
case  seems  to  have  been  expended,  for  misprints  or  mis- 
quotations appear  to  be  absent. 

It  is  the  only  one  of  the  kind  in  English,  although 
there  arc  several  German  works  of  the  same  class,  notably 
one  by  Richter,  but  of  carbon  compounds  only.  The  only 
fault  possible  to  find  with  a  book  like  this,  designed  for 
use  in  the  laboratory  more  than  anywhere  else,  is  its  large 
size. 

The  present  volume,  the  author  tells  us,  contains 
19,002  data,  melting-  and  boiling-points,  and  with  the 
second  volume  there  is  to  be  a  total  of  about  50,000  data 
of  this  kind. 

American  J  our  nil  of  Mathematics,  Pure  and  Applied. 
Published  under  the  auspices  of  the  Johns  Hopkins 
University.  Vol.  vii.  Parts  2,  3,  4.  (Baltimore  :  Isaac 
Friedenwald,  January  to  July,  1885.) 

Thk  first  sixty-seven  pages  of  Part  2  carry  on  Prof. 
Cavley's  lectures  on  the  abclian  and  theta  functions, 
before  the  Johns  Hopkins  I'niversitv  'see  Nature,  vol. 
xxxi.  p.  189)  to  "  the  end  of  Chapter  VII."  Other  papers 
in  this  part  arc  "  Solution  of  Solvable  Irreducible  (2uintic 
Equations,  without  the  Aid  of  a  Resolvent  Sextic,"  by  G.  P. 
Young  'the  same  writer  furnishes  to  Part  III.  "Solvable 
Irreducible  Equations  of  Prime  Degrees";,  and  "  Notes 
on  the  Quintic,"  by  J.  C.  Glashan.  Mr.  C.  S.  Peircc  com- 
mences an  article  "  On  the  Algebra  of  Logic,"  which  runs 
into  Part  III.  ;  it  is  in  part  concerned  with  a  discussion  of 
De  Morgan's  logic  of  relatives.  M.  Poincarc*  contributes 
a  paper  of  fifty-six  pages,  "  Sur  les  Equations  limfaircs 
aux  DiffeYentielles  Ordinaires  et  aux  Diftc'rcnces  Finies." 
Capt  Macmahon  adds  a  short  "Second  Paper  on  Per- 
petuants."  The  Associate-editor,  Dr.  Craig,  likewise 
briefly  writes  "  On  a  Certain  Class  of  Linear  Differential 
Equations."  Other  short  items  in  this  part  arc  :  "  Prufung 
grosserer  Zahlcn  auf  ihre  Eigcnschaft  als  Priuwahlen,"  by 
P.  Seclhoff ;  and  "  Sur  les  Nombres  de  Bernoulli  "  (fol- 
lowing up  a  paper  entitled  "  Some  Notes  on  the  Numbers 
of  Bernoulli  and  Eulcr,"  by  G.  S.  Ely,  in  vol  v.),  by  Prof. 
Tcixctra.  of  Coimbra. 

The  first  thirty-four  pages  of  Part  IV.  are  taken  up  with 
a  pajicr  by  Mr.  A.  Buchheim  entitled  "A  Memoir  on  Bi- 
quaternions,"  in  which  the  author  carries  on  his  investi- 
gations in  a  lield  first  opened  up  bv  Clifford.  In  it  he 
aims  at  giving  "a  tolerably  complete  development  of 
Clifford's  calculus."  Mr.  J.  Hammond  carries  on  his 
labours  on  the  lines  of  some  recent  papers  by  Cayley  and 
Svlvcstrr,  bv  contributing  a  memoir  "On  the  Syiygies 
of  the  Binary  Sextic  and  their  Relations."  Prof.  W. 
WooUcy  Johnson  writes  "  On  .1  Formal.!  of  Reduction  for 
Alternants  of  the  Third  Order,"  and  "  t  >n  the  Calculation 
of  the  Operators  of  Alternants  of  the  Fourth  Order." 
Short  notes  are  communicated  bv  F.  Franklin  "  On  the 
Theory     ^cosr  +  /' sin  j-,"'  and  a   "Proof  of  a 


Theorem  of  Tchcbvchetf's  on  Definite  Integrals:"  and 
\V.  E.  Story  supplies  a  paper  on  "  The'Addinon  Theorem 
for  Elliptic  Functions."  The  remaining  article  is  an  addi- 
tional Bibliography  of  the  kind  of  which  the  Journal  has 
now  published  sonic  three  or  four  most  useful  specimens 
On  thisoccasion  Messrs  Nixon  and  Fields  have  compiled 
eleven  p.v„'e  s  of  "Bibliography  of  Linear  Differential 
Equations  ''  All  such  lists,  if  fairly  complete,  are  bound 
to  be  most  useful  The  authors  solicit  corrections  of  and 
addenda  to  the  list  for  future  publication. 

A  Guide  la  the  Universal  Gallery  of  the  British  Museum 
(Xaturat  History).    By  L.  Fletcher.   (Printed  by  order 
of  the  Trustees.) 
This  excellent  little  guidebook  is  worthy  of  the  highest 
praise.    It  is  a  good  deal  more  than  a  book  which  tells 
you  the  primary  facts  respecting  the  objects  in  the  cases, 
inasmuch  as  it  contains  a  simple  and  elementary  intro- 
duction to  the  study  of  minerals.   For  such  a  purpose  the 
principal  crystallographic,  physical,  and  chemical  charac- 
ters should  be  explained,  and  the  way  in  which  these 
characters  serve  as  a  means  of  classification  should  be 
shown.     Mr.  Fletcher  has  done  this  excellently.  He 
shows  how  the  science  of  crystallography  grew  by  the 
discoveries  of  Steno,  Rome5  de  1'Isle,  Haiiy,  and  others  to 
its  present  state,  in  which  it  serves  as  a  most,  if  not  the 
most,  important  element  in  the  discrimination  of  mine- 
rals.   The  way  in  which  Brewster's  discoveries  in  crysu!- 
optics  confirmed  the  results  of  crystallographic  investiga- 
tion is  pointed  out ;  and  a  brief  sketch  of  the  progress  of 
chemistrv  from  the  days  of  alchemy  is  also  given. 

This  all  leads  up  naturally  to  the  ultimate  purpose- 
that  of  classification,  which  is  so  essential  in  the  proper 
display  of  a  mineral  collection.  Finally,  in  the  deu\\ed 
account  of  the  minerals  in  the  Museum  attention  is 
specially  directed  to  the  more  unique  specimens. 

Die  Sfialtpilze.  Von  Dr.  W.  Zopf.  3rd  Edition.  (Breslau. 
1885.) 

This,  the  third  edition,  differs  in  no  essential  respect 
from  its  predecessors.  Zopf  still  adheres  to  the  original 
proposition  of  Von  Nageli,  that  the  various  forms  of 
schyzomycetes  are  not  permanent  species  (Cohn),  but 
various  stages  in  the  development  of  the  same  organism. 
This  proposition  is  derived  from  observations  of  thf 
morphological  characters  only,  and  is  not  based  on 
sufficiently  exact  methods  of  pure  cultivation. 

The  sections  treating  of  the  physiology  and  chemisirv 
of  the  bacteria  will  be  found  very  valuable.  A  complete 
and  alphabetically-arranged  bibliography  at  the  end  of 
the  work  is  the  best  as  yet  published.  E.  Kliis 


LETTERS  TO  THE  EDITOR 

[  The  Editor  Joes  not  hold  himself  responsible/or  opinions  *j 
by  his  cot  respondents.    Neither  can  he  undertake  to 
or  to  cot  ret  fiend  with  the  writers  of,  refected 
No  notice  is  taken  of  anonymous  communications. 

I  The  Editor  urgently  requests  correspondents  to  keep  thetr  tettrr 
as  short  at  posiibte.  The  pressure  on  his  space  is  so  gnc: 
that  it  is  impossible  otherwise  to  injure  the  appearance  en* 
of  communication  s  containing  inter,  stiny  and  novel  fact:  ] 

The  Evolution  of  Phanerogams 

Much  .-is  I  dislike  controversy  occasions  arise  when  it  nau  ' 
he  faced  ;  and  Mr.  Staikie  (lardii'r's  notice  of  the  two  n:» 
volume  by  MM.  Marion  and  N,i|.oria  (p.  2S9)  calls  for  »  rep> 
Persoii.i'ly  I  a-n  obliged  l>y  Mr,  Gardnei's  obvious  ilesirc  to 
justice     my  \iews ;  Inn  he  must  nunc  ine  if  I  say  that  souir 
(lie  "in.i»n  f.i<ts"  on  which  he  p  lies  are.  like  similar  one  em- 
ployed by  (lie  two  French  write!-.,  charmingly  independent  >' 
anything  that  I  can  hcid  existing  in  nature. 

Thtoiigh  the  kindness  of  my  a :'o  ■  ii|  li-hed  friend,  the  Mar»<  -  ■ 
of  S.i|>< .rt.i,  1  received  copies  of  lu>  two  volumes  as  soon  a»  thes 
were  published.  [On  |>crusing  his  description*  of  l' 


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365 


plants  I  found  numerous  statements  with  which  1  could  not 
agree.  Some  of  these  statements  refer  to  questions  of  facts  ; 
others  to  inferences  drawn  from  real  or  imaginary  facts.  Having 
long  enjoyed  the  valued  privilege  of  a  correspondence  with  my 
distinguished  friend  I  sent  to  him  a  lengthy  criticism  of  parts  of  his 
new  volume  which  I  thought  to  be  seriously  misleading  ;  either 
because  matters  of  fact  were  so  cxhihitid  as  to  convey  erroneous 
impressions,  and  hence,  practically,  to  Income  not  facts — or 
because  they  were  made  to  justify  conclusions  which  the 
facts  themselves,  rightly  slated,  would  not  do.  At  the  same 
time  I  gave  my  correspondent  warning  that  I  might  have  to 
correct  what  I  regarded  as  his  erroneous  or  misleading 
statements. 

Mr.  Gardner's  article  leads  me  to  fulfil  this  announcement 
sooner  than  I  intended,  since  he,  in  tum,  has  so  far  countenanced 
some  of  what  I  regard  as  the  errors  of  the  two  Trench  paleonto- 
logists as  to  make  them  his  own.  Like  Mr.  Gardner,  M. 
Sapirta  had  previously  pointed  out  to  me  that  the  aim  and 
obiect  of  his  volumes  did  not  necessarily  involve  interference 
with  matters  that  have  so  long  been  in  dispute  between  M. 
Renault,  M.  Grand'-F.ury,  and  myself.  To  this  I  could  only 
reply  ihat  in  his  new  work  he  had  retealedly  shown  his  ac- 
ceptance of  views  of  these  two  pala-ontologists  involving 
both  facts  and  inferences,  which  I  believe  to  he  seriously 
erroneous.  The  space  which  NATt-'KE  can  afford  me  will  not 
suffice  fully  to  review  all  of  what  I  regard  as  the  objectionable  parts 
of  the  two  volumes  under  consideration,  but  I  may  be  allowed 
to  make  some  comments,  including  some  extracts  from  my  letter 
to  M.  Saporta,  indicating  the  nature  of  my  objections  lx>th  to 
his  conclusions  and  to  the  comments  made  upon  them  by- 
Mr.  Gardner. 

The  latter  gentleman  make--  one  statement  which  1  cannot 
endorse.  Kecause  MM.  Renault,  Grand'-Lury,  and  Saporta  all 
adopt  the  views  of  M  Hrongniart  he  thinks  it  hardly  possible  that 
they  can  all  be  mistaken.  This  argument  cuts  both  ways — 
Mr.  Gardner  applies  it  to  the  subject  of  Calamitc*  versus  Cala- 
madendron.  On  this  subject  I  may  retort  that  when  such  men 
as  Schimper,  Weiss,  Stur,  and  perhaps  niy  prolonged  investiga- 
tion of  the  subject  justifies  my  adding  myself,  take  an  opposite 
view-  of  the  matter  in  debate,  it  may  possibly  l>e  equally  im- 
jH>s«.ible  that  we,  with  our  vast  array  of  s[>ecimens  in  our 
cabinets,  should  all  be  mistaken  !  This  argumeiitum  ad homintm 
therefore  falls  to  the  ground.  I  may  be  allowed  to  wonder  that 
it  should  ever  have  been  advanced. 

The  first  point  to  which  I  would  call  attention  shows  that 
such  men  as  those  quoted  may  blunder  and  have  blundered. 
I  now  refer  to  the  subject  of  the  relations  of  Lepidodendron 
and  Sigillaria  to  each  other  and  to  the  rest  of  the  plant  world. 
That  1  have  for  many  years  insisted  upon  the  cryptogamic 
character  of,  and  the  close  affinity  existing  l>etwccn,  both  these 
genera  is  well  known  ;  and  equally  so,  that  many  of  the  French 
palaeontologists  have  followed  M.  A.  Hrongniart  in  regarding 
the  lcpidodendra  as  Lycopodiaccous  plants  whose  stems  con- 
tain no  exogenous  vascular  cylinder,  whilst  all  those  plants  that 
possessed  such  a  cylinder  (a  product  of  a  Cambium  layer)  which 
they  believed  to  be  the  case  with  Sigillarix  must,  de  facto,  be 
Gymnospcrms.  That  this  dispute  has  now  been  settled  in  my 
favour  by  an  important  recent  discovery  does  not  seem  to  be 
known  to  Mr.  Gardner.  M.  Zciller  has  obtained  strobili  of  Sigil- 
laria which  have  settled  the  matter  even  in  the  opinion  of  most 
of  the  Parisian  botanists.  Those  strobili  contain  spores,  not 
seed*.  This  discovery  demonstrates  the  cryptogamic  character 
of  Sigillaria,  and  deals  a  final  blow  at  the  Gymnospcrmous 
hypothesis  held  by  the  four  observers  in  w  hose  combined  in- 
fallibility Mr.  Gardner  expresses  such  confidence. 

My  first  friendly  complaint  against  the  authors  ;(  the 
"  Evolution  of  the  Phanerogams"  is  that  they  disregard  proven 
facts  when  such  facts  inconveniently  oppose  their  theories. 
Imprimis,  they  became  aware  of  M.  Zciller's  im|x.rtanl  dis- 
covery whilst  their  volumes  were  passing  through  the  Press. 
Though  this  is  a  sufficient  reason  f  >r  only  noticing  it  in  a  foot- 
note, it  does  not  justify  their  very  slight  recognition  of  its  bearing 
upon  so  many  pag^s  of  their  arguments,  of  which  it  effectually 
disposes.  It  absolutely  establishes  the  fact  that  some  Sigillaria-, 
at  least,  arc  not  Gymnospcrms  but  Cryptogams  ;  which  fact, 
superadded  to  the  many  identities  of  structure  in  Sigillaria  and 
Lepidodendron,  which  1  have  repeatedly  shown  to  exist, 
renders  it  increasingly  probable  that  the  above  statement  is 
applicable  to  all  Sigillaria.  At  least,  it  now  throws  upon  the 
opponents  of  that  statement  the  onus  of  proving  the  contrary 
to  be  true,  which  they  have  not  done. 


Several  years  ago  the  late  Mr.  Binncy  described  what  he 
believed  to  be  two  plants— the  Lcfidistcndrvn  vasculare  and  the 
Sigillaria  vascularis.  That  the  only  difference  between  these 
two  was  the  |M>ssession,  by  the  latter,"  of  an  exogenous  /one.  not 
seen  in  the  former,  «as  recognised  by  Mr.  Kinney.  I  have 
shown  in  a  way,  which  I  claim  to  I  e  unanswerable,  that  -hesc 
arc  one  and  the  same  plant  which  the  external  and  internal 
characteristics  alike  demonstrate  to  be  a  Lepidodendron. 
Hence  I  complain  to  M.  Saporta,  "  You  continue  to  speak  of 
Sigillaria  vascularis.  I  reply  that  there  is  no  Mich  plant  ;  and 
to  speak  of  the  Lcfisithteudron  under  that  name,  after  all  that 
I  have  done  in  illustration  of  its  oiganisation,  is  unfair  to  me, 
l>esi<tes  seeming  to  support  M.  Renault's  ab-urd  conclusion  that 
an  exogenous  or  centrifugal  zone  is  incompatible  with  the 
possibility  of  a  plant  iw.sscssing  such  a  zone  being  a  Lepido- 
dendron." I  then  state  "further,  after  enumerating  M. 
Renault's  three  supposed  types  of  I-epidodendron.  from  which 
he  excludes  all  possibility  of  the  existence  of  an  exogenous  zone, 
you  say,  '  ce  sont  les  traits  enottiWs  des  types  caulinaircs 
Lcpiilodendroidc*.' 

"  I  reply  in  language  as  strong  as  I  can  possibly  u-e  that  this 
is  not  true.  The  development  of  an  exogenous  zone  in  the 
more  advanced  stages  of  a  Lepidodendron' s  life  is  the  rule 
rather  than  the  exception." 

After  citing  numerous  proofs  of  this  statement  1  say  in 
reference  to  Sigillaria:  "It  is  further  a  mistake  to  say  thai 
'  ccs  liges  nous  sont  principalcmcnt  comities  par  les  Sigillaria 
clegans  ct  spinulosa.'  We  i>os-ess  the  vascular  axi*  of  the 
Sigillaria  figured  in  my  Memoir  II.,  Fig.  30.  This  axis  is 
identical  in  the  minutest  details  of  its  organisation  with  those  ot 
the  Diploxyloid  Lcpidodendra,  and  I  have  sections  of  Sigillarii 
reniformis  which  arc,  in  stiucture,  equally  Lepidodcndroid. 
I  ask,  therefore,  what  arc  the  '  divcrsites  appreciable* '  to 
what  you  refer  on  p.  25,  and  what  ground  have  you  for  saying 
that  this  double  fibro- ligneous  region  is  '  sans  analogic  avee 
cc  qui  existc  dans  les  tiges  conmies  des  Lepidodendrees  '  ?" 

On  this  part  of  the  disputed  questions  I  must  object  to  a 
statement  made  by  Mr.  Gardner,  in  which  he  says  that  the 
structure  of  Lepidodcmlron  "  presents  nothing  unusual  to 
Cryptogams."  Surety  a  thick  exo-tnously  developed  cylinder  of 
scalariforn  vessels,  arranged  in  radiating  lamina?,  separated  by 
true  medullary  rays,  the  entire  structure  being  produced  by  a 
Cambium  zone,  is  very  unusual  in  Cryptogams.  Mr.  Gardner 
then  proceeds,  as  M.  Saporta  would  do,  to  describe  a  contrast 
which  has  no  real  existence.  "  Hut  in  Sigillaria,  a  plant 
strongly  resembling  it  in  nearly  every  other  respect,  we  find  a 
radiating  vascular  or  woody  /one  in  the  cellular  stem  with 

I  unmistakable  exogenous  growth.     It  is  richly  supplied  with 

1  medullary  rays,  and,  Prof.  Williamson  allows,  presents  clear 

i  evidence  of  interruptions  to  growth  succeeded  by  period-,  of 
renewed  vital  activity."     I    allow,  ami  never  have  allowed 

j  anything  of  the  kind,1  if  this  means  my  admission  that  some- 
thing exists  in  Sigillaria  that  does  not  exist  in  most  I.cpido- 

I  dendra.  Mr.  Gardner  further  represents  me  as  believing  that 
"  the  typical  Lepidodendron  never  produced  a  ligneous  zone."  I 

!  l>elieve  the  reverse  of  this  ;  viz,  that  a  development  of  such  a  zone 
sooner  or  later  was  characteristic  of  most  Lcpidodendra.  True 

I  there  are  some  Lcpidodendra  in  which  I  have  not  yet  discovered 
such  a  zone  ;  but  I  am  far  from  supp..sin^  that  even  in  them 
such  a  zone  will  not  ultimately  be  discovered.  Anyhow  the 
typical  Lepidodendron  can  no  longer  be  regarded  as  one  from 
which  this  zone  is  absent.  Mr.  Gardner,  after  the  passage* 
quoted  al-ovc,  says  :  "  In  Diploxylon  there  is  a  further  de- 
velopment, the  woody  zone  being  made  up  of  an  inner  or 
medullary  vascular  cylinder  either  interrupted  or  continuous, 
com|K)sed  of  large  scalatilorm  vessels  without  definite  order,  and 
an  outer  cylinder  of  scalarif  irm  vessels  of  smaller  size  arranged 
in  radiating  fasciculi."  What  does  this  "  further  development  " 
mean?  This  description  is  simply  that  of  ivery  exogenous 
Lycopodiaccous  axis  found  in  the  coal  measures,  whether  of 
Lepidodendron  or  of  Sigillaria.  Piploxylon,  as  a  genus,  has  no 
longer  any  existence.  The  term  i-  now  u  eful  only  as  an 
adje  .-tive  descriptive  of  a  condition  of  growth  common  alike  to 
Lepidodendron  and  to  Sigillaria,  ,a>  well  as  to  several  other 
genera  of  Carlxmifcrous  plants.     I'idcss  I  misunderstand  Mr. 

1  t  may  here  observe  (hit  cnrniii.  u  .u<  i>r  even  vi>ible  interruption*  to 
growth  ate  very  rate  aiiuns'i  ihtsc  ej»;  plants  Ihry  a/e  only  very 
ceosf in  my  genus  Amycloii  1  hut  we  al->  find  traces  of  them  in 
Stigmarinn  root,  ami  in  l.yjccmnleiutrun.  < V.ner.illy  these  Cafboniferou* 
mem*  suggest  the  reverse  of  changing  se.isixii  - 1  periodic  interruption* 
of  growth. 


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Preventing  Collisions  with  Icebergs 

Al.THOlir.H  it  is,  I  believe,  ascertained  that  fogs  arc  often 
higl  ly  athcrmanous,  I  would,  at  the  same  lime,  like  to  ask 
whether  a  thermal  radiation  method  might  not  serve  to  show  the 
pre  since  of  a  large  mass  of  ice  in  the  ne  ighbourhoud  of  a  ship. 
I  venture  to  make  the  suggestion,  as  I  know  of  no  experiments 
on  the  degree  of  alhermancy  po-scssed  by  fogs,  as  tested  by  such 
an  instrument  as  the  bolometer  of  Pnf.  I.angley.  The  use  of 
this  instrument,  or  even  of  the  thermopile,  in  conjunction  with  a 
large  reflector  and  an  alarm  circuit  close  t  by  galvanometer 
deflection,  might  be  worth  trial  by  anyone  possessing  the  oppor- 
tunity. J.  Joi.y 

Engineering  School,  Trinity  College,  Dublin,  August 

Monkeys  and  Water 

Is  it  a  usual  thing  for  monkeys,  either  in  captivity  or  in  their 
native  condition,  to  take  freely  to  the  water  ?  Some  relations 
of  mine  have  a  small  monkey  that  was  brought  to  them  from 
Java,  and  which  is  a  great  pet.  One  day  it  ua>  thought  that  he 
should  be  bathed,  ami  he  was  put  on  the  edge  of  the  l>ath.  In 
a  little  while  he  hung  down  froui  the  edge  by  a  foot  and  hand, 
and  drank  the  water,  ami  then,  plunging  in,  he  swam  backwards 
and  forwards  under  the  water,  with  his  eyes  open,  with  great 
enjoyment. 

After  the  first  time  he  was  frequently  bathed,  ami  a  day  or 
two  ago  I  saw  him  go  through  the  performance.  It  was  very 
pretty  to  see  how  he  enjoyed  it,  swimming  under  the  water  and 
diving  away  from  a  hand  put  down  to  take  him  ;  then  going 
head  over  heels  at  the  bottom  and  lying  on  his  back  to  bite  play- 
fully at  a  fin;;er  ;  then  he  would  run  about  on  all-fours  with  his 
head  held  out  of  the  water,  and  then  go  under  again  :  an  1  after 
it  all,  when  he  was  taken  out  and  dried  with  a  towel,  he  lay 
wrapped  up  in  a  shawl,  •dec-ping  comfo|-:able  and  happy.  I  should 
like  to  know  whether  he  is  an  exception  to  the  rule  in  his  love 
of  the  water.  JekkY  BARRETT 

15,  Avenue  Road,  Regent's  Park,  August  6 


A  Correction 

I  have  very  stupidly  made  it  appear  in  my  note  on  pitcher 
plants,  printed  in  last  week's  NATURE  (p.  341).  that  Dr. 
McBiide  was  President  of  the  l.innean  Society  in  1815.  I 
ought  to  have  written,  "  In  1S15  the  then  Prc>idcnt  of  the 
l.innean  .Society  read  a  communication  from  Dr.  James 
Mcllride,"  &c  I  suppose  Sir  James  Edward  Smith  was  at  that 
time  President  of  the  Linnean  Society,  and  that  Dr.  McUride 
never  was.  W.  Watson 

August  15 


A  MODEL  UNIVERSITY 

THE  following  information  for  applicant:,  for  admission 
to  the  Johns  Hopkins  University,  printed  in  the 
University  Circulars  in  response  to  letters,  we  arc  sure 
will  be  read  w  ith  interest  and  profit : — 

How  was  the  University  Founded. — The  Johns 
Hopkins  University  was  instituted  by  the  munificence 
of  a  citizen  of  Baltimore,  Johns  Hopkins,  w  ho  bequeathed 
the  most  of  his  large  estate  for  the  establishment  of  a 
University  and  a  Hospital.  The  foundation  of  the 
University  is  a  capital,  in  land  and  stocks,  estimated  in 
value  at  more  than  3,000,000  dollars  ;  the  cai  ital  of  the 
Hospital  is  not  less  in  amount.  The  University  was  in- 
corporated under  the  laws  of  the  State  of  .Maryland, 
August  24,  1S07,  and  it  was  opened  for  instruction  in 
September,  1876.  The  Philosophical  Faculty  {of  Letters 
and  Science)  is  now  organised.  A  medical  department 
will  soon  be  instituted. 

In  what  is  Instruction  Given.'— Systematic  instruction 
is  offered  in  English,  Anglo-Saxon,  German,  French, 
Italian,  Spanish,  Latin,  Greek,  Sanskrit,  Hebrew,  Arabic, 
and  in  other  languages  and  literatures;  in  pure  and 
applied  mathematics ;  in  chemistry  (inorganic  and 
organic)  with  laboratory  work ;  in  physics  (including 
mecltanics,  light,  heat,  sound,  electricity,  magnetism,  &c.;, 
with  laboratory  work  ;  in  biology  (including  physiology 


and  morphology)  with  laboratory  work  ;  in  mineralogy 
and  geology  ;  in  ancient  and  modern  history  ;  in  physical 
geography  ;  in  political  economy  and  in  the  elements  if 
international  law  ;  in  logic,  ethics,  psychology,  pedagogics, 
Sec.  Occasional  courses  of  lectures  are  also  given  upon 
special  themes  in  literature,  science,  history,  archaeology, 
art,  etc. 

To  whom  is  tin's  Institution  offered  ■  -  To  all  young 
men  who  are  prepared  to  profit  by  it  and  who  will  conform 
to  the  simple  regulations  which  are  established  by  the 
authorities.  Graduate,  Undergraduate,  and  Special  Stu- 
dents are  received. 

Those  who  have  not  already  received  an  academic 
degree,  should  aim  to  secure  one  by  pursuing  a  liberal 
and  prolonged  course  of  study,  at  the  close  of  which  the 
degree  of  Bachelor  of  Arts  will  be  conferred.  Those  who 
may  be  prevented  from  seeking  this  degree  will  neverthe- 
less be  welcomed  to  the  I'niversity,  provided  that  they 
arc  in  earnest  and  are  mature  enough  in  years,  attain- 
ments, and  character  to  profit  by  the  adv:  ntages  which 
arc  here  afforded.  Others  who  have  already  taken  their 
first  degree  arc  encouraged  to  go  forward  in  advanced 
lines  of  work,  and  for  them  unusual  facilities  arc  pro- 
vided. Young  men  who  are  to  pursue  the  study  «f  |;nv, 
medicine,  or  theology,  or  who  have  entered  upon  profes- 
sional lives,  and  others  who  expect  to  become  teachers, 
if  they  desire  to  become  proficient  in  literature  and 
science,  have  easy  access  to  the  class-rooms  and  labora- 
tories. The  degree  of  Doctor  of  Philosophy  may  be 
obtained,  after  three  years  of  advanced  study,  by  thoie 
who  have  met  the  required  conditions. 

Hew  is  tin's  instruition  given  /—By  all  the  methods 
w  hich  experience  has  shown  tobc  useful— varying  accord- 
ing to  the  preferences  of  the  teachers,  the  subjects  taught, 
and  the  number  of  scholars.  There  arc  recitations,  lec- 
tures, conferences,  prolonged  courses  in  laboratories, 
exercises  in  special  libraries,  personal  counsel,  study  of 
nature  out  of  doors.  The  usual  four-year  classes  arc  not 
maintained,  but  in  all  the  principal  subjects  taught  there 
are  beginners,  intermediate  students,  and  advanced 
workers  ;  so  that  even-  scholar  is  assigned  to  that  posi- 
tion in  each  section  of  the  University  which  will  yield 
him  the  greatest  advantages.  He  may  be  far  advanced 
in  one  subject  and  only  a  beginner  in  another.  This 
result  is  only  secured  by  the  engagement  of  a  large  staff 
of  teachers. 

It  hat  ore  lite  I.al'oratoi  y  and  J '.a ■'■>-<  try  Fiiei/ities  /  —  The 
scientific  laboratories  arc'  thtce  in  number.  They  arc 
open  throughout  the  day  ami  are  fully  equipped.  For 
chemistry  there  is  a  special  building  arranged  for  about 
ninety  workers,  and  well  adapted  to  all  kinds  of  chemical 
and  mineralogical  work.  A  large  building  has  been 
recently  constructed  for  a  biological  laboratory,  with 
complete  arrangements  for  physiological  and  moi  pho- 
logical  work.  The  physical  department  is  furnished  with 
apparatus  selected  both  for  demonstration  and  investiga- 
tion, and  especially  valuable  for  researches  in  electricity, 
magnetism,  light,  and  beat.  The  construction  of  a  new 
building  for  a  physical  laboratory  is  now  under  way. 

The  library  includes  over  z(">,coo  bound  volumes,  and 
650  serials  arc  regularly  received.  It  is  open  thirteen 
hours  daily.  The  library  of  the  Pcabody  Institute,  with 
80,000  volumes,  and  the  other  Baltimore  libraries,  arc  of 
easy  access.  Washington  is  so  near  that  the  Library  of 
Congress,  the  National  Museum,  and  the  other  libraries 
and  museums  of  the  capital  may  be  readily  visited. 

What  are  the  Neeessary  Expenses  of  a  Student  /—The 
charge  for  tuiticn  in  all  departments  iim-lmling  the  1  <>t 
the  library,  anil  without  any  extra  charges  except  im- 
material* consumed  in  the  laboratories),  i5  100  <h  liars 
per  annum,  payable  one-half  October  1,  and  the  other 
half  February  1. 

Young  men  living  in  any  part  of  Baltimore,  or  in  the 
immediate  vicinity,  can  lodge  at  home,  as  the  first  lessons 


by  Go 


Digitized  by  Google 


August  20,  1885] 


NA  TURE 


369 


corresponding  advances  in  connection  with  the  spectro- 
scope and  sidereal  photography.  The  three  combined 
constitute  a  distinct  feature  in  the  more  modern  methods, 
by  which  we  arc  gradually  becoming  better  acquainted 
with  the  infinite  remote.  So  soon  as  molecular  physics 
shall  have  made,  as  is  promised,  a  like  advance,  then  the 
infinite  minute  also  will  be  brought  more  distinctly  within 
the  human  ken. 

With  regard  to  the  Harvard  volume  on  Sidereal  Pho- 
tometry, without  unreservedly  conceding  to  it  all  the 
accuracy  to  which  it  lays  claim,  it  must  be  gratefully 
acknowledged  that  it  provides  astronomers  with  a  con- 
sistent and  valuable  catalogue  of  stellar  lustre  which,  in 
a  complete  form,  had  not  hitherto  existed.  It  dispenses 
with  the  too  often  unreliable  and  discordant  estimates  of 
the  past,  and  replaces  them  by  scientific  measures  pos- 
sessing, to  say  the  least,  considerable  precision. 

The  two  parts  of  the  volume  contain  together  no  less 
than  512  closely-printed  pages,  many  of  them  abounding 
with  models  of  condensation,  and  constituting  in  them- 
selves a  remarkable  instance  of  sustained  and  successful 
scientific  labour.  They  embrace  not  only  the  general 
history  of  the  subject  to  which  the  volume  refers,  but 
they  at  the  same  time  combine  elaborate  criticism  and 
valuable  comparisons  of  the  results  of  preceding  labour- 
ers in  the  same  field. 

In  the  first  part  there  is  given  a  description  of  the 
meridian  photometer,  with  which  the  measures  of  com- 
parative lustre  of  the  stars  are  obtained.  In  it  are  most 
ingeniously  combined  the  more  valuable  and  least  dan- 
gerous devices  which  are  found  in  the  instruments  devised 
by  Sir  John  Herschel,  Steinhcil,  and  Ziillner.  Taken  as 
a  whole,  the  instrument  may  be  properly  regarded  not 
only  as  ingenious  but  as  original.  Roughly  speaking,  it 
consists  of  two  contiguous  telescopes  placed  horizontally 
nearly  in  the  meridian,  each  of  the  object-glasses  being 
armed  with  a  reflecting  prism,  so  that  the  light  from 
Polaris  and  any  other  star  may  be  brought  into  the  same 
field  of  view,  after  having  passed  through  a  double-image 
prism.  The  images  are  then  viewed  through  a  Nicol 
prism,  and,  by  means  well  known  to  physicists,  the  light 
of  the  one  star  is  reduced  by  a  measurable  amount  until 
it  is  adjudged  to  be  equal  to  that  of  the  other  star. 

We  trust  we  may  be  pardoned  if  wc  suggest  that  this 
construction  of  the  instrument  may  possibly  be  too  com- 
plicated to  admit  of  that  amount  of  precision  in  the 
measures  which  could  be  desired,  and  which  might  be 
obtained  by  simpler  means.  In  fact,  it  appears  from  the 
volume  itself,  that  at  the  commencement  of  operations,  it 
was  necessary  to  abandon  the  results  of  several  months' 
work  with  it ;  and  although  an  improvement  in  the  use  of 
it  was  subsequently  adopted,  we  think  there  still  remain 
traces  of  the  possibly  inherent  difficulty  of  precise  adjust- 
ment. The  rapidity  also  with  which  the  equalisation  of 
brightness  of  each  star  with  that  of  Polaris  is  made, 
seems  hardly  consistent  with  the  requisite  precision. 
It  is  to  be  inferred  from  the  volume  itself  that  as  many 
as  forty-eight  final  determinations,  each  consisting  of  four 
equalisations  of  the  light  of  a  star  with  that  of  Polaris, 
are  frequently  completed  within  the  hour,  in  addition  to 
the  consumption  of  time  required  for  finding  and  identi- 
fying the  successive  stars  and  adjusting  them  in  the  field 
of  view.  Hut,  we  cannot  doubt,  this  point  has  been  well 
considered  by  the  Harvard  astronomers  themselves. 

In  the  determination  of  the  magnitude  of  a  star,  it  is 
the  usual  practice  to  rest  content,  generally,  with  the 
mean  of  three  determinations.  Each  determination  is 
made  on  a  different  night,  and  consists  of  the  mean  of  four 
equalisations  of  the  lustre  of  the  particular  star  compared 
with  that  of  Polaris  in  the  field  of  the  photometer.  We 
venture  to  think  that  the  general  limitation  to  three  only 
is  too  restricted  for  the  purposes  of  accuracy.  The 
reason  for  this  opinion  is  derived  from  the  fact  that  on 
examining  the  numerous  cases  in  which  as  many  as 


fifteen  determinations  of  magnitude  are  made  on  as  many 
nights,  it  is  very  frequently,  and  in  fact  generally,  possible 
to  find  three  consecutive  determinations  which  would  of 
themselves,  in  the  mean,  lead  to  a  magnitude  widely 
different  from  that  ultimately  assigned.  Yet  these  three 
consecutive  sets  furnish  no  circumstance  of  inter-discord- 
ance among  themselves  which  could  lead  to  suspicion, 
and  which  might,  consistently  with  the  usual  practice, 
have  finally  settled  the  magnitude  of  the  star  in  question. 
We  regard  this  not  as  hypercriticism,  but  as  being  the 
only  sufficient  means  at  hand  for  the  examination  of 
accuracy  furnished  by  the  volume  itself. 

Independently  of  the  several  catalogues  containing  the 
results  of  three  years'  unremitting  labour  and  persevering 
skill,  the  volume  abounds  with  the  intercomparison  and 
reduction  to  one  scale  of  the  work  achieved  in  a  similar 
direction  by  many  preceding  astronomers.  The  result 
is  that  astronomers  who  are  desirous  of  information 
on  the  subject  of  stellar  brightness,  will  probably  not  be 
disappointed  if  they  turn  to  the  pages  of  the  Harvard 
Photometry'.  Combined  with  a  memoir  by  Prof.  Pritchard, 
contained  in  vol.  xlvii.  of  the  Memoirs  of  the  Royal  As- 
tronomical Society,  it  is  perhaps  not  too  much  to  say  that 
all  that  is  known  upon  the  subject  up  to  the  present  date 
will  be  found  easily  accessible  to  the  student. 

Towards  the  conclusion  of  the  volume  Prof.  Pickering 
has  drawn  up  a  very  important  table,  which,  though 
short,  must  have  given  him  very  considerable  labour  to 
compute.  It  contains  in  one  summary  a  critical  com- 
parison of  the  average  results  of  all  the  principal  cata- 
logues of  stellar  magnitude  hitherto  published.  The 
Harvard  Photometry'  is  taken  as  the  basis  of  the  com- 
parison, and  the  difference  between  the  mean  or  total 
results  of  each  catalogue  and  that  of  the  Harvard 
volume  is  given.  From  the  inspection  of  Table  Ixxxiii.  it 
appears  that,  taken  as  a  whole,  the  Harvard  measures 
indicate  in  the  mean  a  brightness  of  the  stars  compared 
greater  than  that  indicated  by  the  estimates  in  the  Durch- 
mustirung  of  "14  mag.,  brighter  than  the  mean  of  the 
Uranometria  Nova  of  Argclandcr  by  10  mag. ;  of  Heis  by 
12  mag.  ;  and  of  Houzeau  by  '11  mag.  These  differences, 
it  will  be  observed,  are  all  in  one  direction,  and  might 
appear  to  indicate  that  there  is  a  generic  difference 
between  estimates  of  star  magnitude  by  the  unaided  eye, 
and  measures  carefully  made  with  a  photometer  such  as 
is  the  meridian  photometer  at  Harvard  College,  because 
all  the  estimates  are  apparently  fainter  than  the  measures. 
Hut  this  can  scarcely  be  the  true  explanation,  since  the 
photometric  mcasurrs  also  of  Seidel,  Zollner,  and  Peirce 
indicate,  like  the  eye  estimates,  a  brightness  less  than 
that  of  the  American  determinations.  Moreover,  the 
photometric  measures  made  by  Prof.  Pritchard  at  Oxford 
agree  in  the  mean  of  the  whole,  very  closely  with  the  eye 
estimates  in  the  Durchmushrung  and  the  other  cata- 
logues. But,  whatever  the  significance  of  this  fact  may 
be,  it  cannot  be  doubted  that  the  Harvard  volume  will 
ever  remain  a  most  valuable  addition  to  our  knowledge  in 
an  important  branch  of  astronomical  science. 


f'.S.  INDUSTRIAL  STATISTICS1 

TO  all  who  study  anxiously  social  science,  this  is  a 
very  promising  publication ;  its  indirect  testimony 
to  the  advantages  of  RcpuMn  an  i-titutions  will  be 
weightier  to  any  reflective  man  th  in  the  el  urades 
that  arc  so  usually  bestowed  upon  them.  It  defines  its 
object  to  be  the  stimulation  and  assistance  of  the  wage- 
worker  in  his  endeavour  to  reach  a  higher  position.  Its 
information  respecting  work  :  men  is  all  taken  from 
their  own  contributions,  a  do/en  pages  of  small  print 
being  filled  with  verbatim  quotations  from  the  replies  of 
workpeople  in  every  trade  in  the  State,  who  h 

1  "Sixth  Annul  Report  of  the  1       ui  of  Statistic*  of  L 
ndustnc*  of  Nc*  Jersey,"  i5Jj."  I 


w 

^■/Google 


370 


NA  TURE 


[August  20,  iSij 


varied  accounts  of  themselves  that  the  independence  of 
the  testimony  cannot  be  doubted.  That  its  work  is 
popular  is  indicated  by  the  wish  expressed  by  one  of 
them  that  "there  should  be  a  National  Bureau."  Factory 
legislation  is  printed  in  it  (even  1S04  legislation,  although 
the  printers  date  is  i8Sj !) ;  the  factory  inspector  has 
become  a  popular  institution,  and  much  testimony  is 
borne  to  the  smaller  hardship  of  factory  laws  uniformly 
than  loosely  enforced.  The  more  educated  and  more 
prosperous  workmen  are,  the  more  ambitious  and  aspiring 
they  become,  and  wc  seem  on  the  eve  of  their  blending 
with  their  masters  when  complaints  are  made,  as  here, 
that  many  of  their  fellow  workmen  arc  satisfied  with  only 
66  shillings  a  week  wages  :  and  a  caution  is  held  forth  to 
such  not  to  spend  their  money  in  foolishly  aping  the 
rich. 

Yet,  though  the  teacher  here  is  no  longer  one  of  the 
fatherly  governments  of  the  old  world  using  his  paternal 
authority  for  the  good  of  a  rather  refractory  son,  yet  the 
teaching  is  most  satisfactorily  similar.  Drunkenness 
could  not  be  set  forth  as  the  prevailing  cause  of  pauper- 
ism among  the  men  or  the  evil  of  a  lack  of  artistic  taste 
among  the  masters  in  more  vivid  or  unqualified  terms 
than  they  are  here.  The  sad  combination  of  progress  and 
poverty  is  bewailed,  but  wc  fear  that  co- operation  urged 
here  as  its  remedy  too  much  overlooks  the  control  of 
fashion  and  its  effect  upon  supply  and  demand.  A  most 
practical  power  put  in  the  hantls'of  this  Bureau  is  that  of 
examining  the  accounts  of  co-operative  companies. 
Any  five  members  of  a  company  may  require  such  an 
examination. 

The  principal  industries  of  New  Jersey  are  taken,  and, 
after  full  statistics  of  their  amount,  prosperity  ami  pro- 
spects, with  the  wages  earned  by  each  class  of  workers, 
an  interesting  account  is  given,  commencing  with  a  short 
history  of  the  methods,  improvements,  and  general  posi- 
tion of  the  trade  in  the  I'nitcd  States  and  in  other 
countries,  and  their  experience  compared.  Any  one 
casting  about  for  an  eccupation  in  which  he  could  take  a 
satisfactory  pan  would  find  in  this  "  Book  of  Trades  " 
mud)  to  supply  the  information  first  required,  and 
much  to  encourage  him.  Among  them  wc  find  a 
review  of  the  silk  trade,  which,  under  the  .egis  of  60 
per  cent,  duty,  has  made  the  wealthy  city  of  l'ateison  ; 
of  glass  making,  which  at  present  does  not  extend  much 
beyond  window  glass  and  bottles  ;  of  the  cultivation  of 
sorghum,  still  in  its  infancy  in  N  ew  Jersey  ;  and  of  the  pot- 
tery trade— after  its  account  of  which  it  perforins  the  very 
useful  function  of  a  publication  like  this  of  appealing  to 
such  a  trade  to  take  the  steps  necessary  for  raising  their 
standard  of  art.  An  appeal  is  made,  not  from  a  (iovtrn- 
mcnt  department,  or  from  an  interfering  iliqut  as  South 
Kensington  is  occasionally  regarded  as  being,  but  by  the 
organ  i  f  his  late  fellow-workers,  that  the  maker  of  one  of 
those  large  fortunes  so  common  in  America  will,  for  his 
country's  glory  and  their  help,  found  a  technical  school  ; 
while  hands  are  led  to  feel  that  intellectual  training  and  not 
mechanical  energy  alone  is  wanted.  The  idea  is  shown 
here  also  to  be  making  its  way  that  the  school  should  lie 
made  the  basis  of  technical  as  well  ns  of  mental  training  : 
that  the  dextrous  use  of  the  body  should  form  part  of  the 
school,  as  well  as  of  the  playground,  teaching.  More  th  in 
this,  it  is  felt  that  they  should  not  he  two  <o  distinct 
branches  of  education  as  in  past  days,  and  that  the  mem- 
bers and  muscles  of  the  body,  as  well  as  the  brain,  should 
receive  elementary  instruction  at  the  school,  anil  that  the 
former  should  be  placed  more  deliberately  under  the 
control  of  the  latter.  It  is  felt  in  America  that 
"  The  cultured  mind 
The  skilful  hand  ' 

go  together,  and  not  that  one  should 
;  of  the  absence  of  the  other  ;  that,  there- 
should  not  mean  little  more  than  a 
"Jchaniuan,  able  to  understand,  make  or 


ought 
fc 


1 


repair  the  giant  body  that  is  using  its  limbs  to  save  in 
exertions,  and  therefore  a  man  more  on  a  level  w.th  ot)«: 
men  whose  time  has  been  given  to  the  cultivation  of  llit  r 
minds  only,  and  more  justified  in  insisting  upon  then 
equality  with  the  latter.  It  is  urged  in  this  Report  tint 
elementary  technical  know ledge  valuable  to  all  the  Nr» 
Jersey  trades  may  be  given  in  ordinary  schools;  1h.1t 
technical  learning  is  popular,  frequently  most  sototvw 
who  are  slow  at  books  ;  and  that  successful  manual  occu- 
pation improves  the  morality  of  the  worst  of  such  boys 

A  very  favourable  not:ce  of  the  Reformatory  school  m 
Coldwdter;   a  sad  talc  of  jail  arrangements,  and  «: 
methods  of  keeping  the  poor,  all  lead  to  discussion?  « 
economical  difficulties  felt  long  ago  in  lingland,  no:  h-. 
any  means  avoided  in  America,  and  showing  how  litic 
forms  of  government  can  modify  human  nature.  Am<« 
hopeful  view  of  that  is  afforded  by  the  account,  illu«ra:al 
w  ith  three  engravings  and  three  plans,  of  aworlang-nvn- 
Institute  at  Millville.    At  this  one  establishment,  *b;u. 
seems  to  have  cost  little  more  than  4000/.,  arc  combine.!, 
besides  large  grounds  used  for  field  sports,  bicycling,  & 
a  gymnasium  and  baths  in  charge  of  a  barber  in  the  Ui* 
ment,  while  on  the  ground  floor  are  a  conversation  row 
hung  round  with  maps  and  supplied  with  musical  in  la- 
ments on  which  performances  are  given,  where  alio  It 
Hires  arc  delivered,  discussions  held,  and  games  «»f 
played.  Side  by  side  with  it  is  a  library  and  reading 
Upstairs  are  four  class-moms  and  a  large  hall  searx;;.i 
persons,  besides  a  gallery  over  the  rear  half  of  it 
other  end  of  it  is  a  stage  with  two  dressing- rootrr  • 
other  necessary  adjuncts.     This  room  is  used  on  .Scub- 
as well  as  on  weekdays  by  various  societies— a 
class  among  others— and   is  a   convenient  so-jat 
revenue. 

It  is  impossible  to  lay  down  our  Report  without !«  ; 
that  if  each  department  of  its  work  is  by  itself  <* 
importance,  it  will  doubtless  be  a  useful  agent  111  tiui... 
every  inhabitant  of  New  Jersey  and  of  the  I'm  ted 
a  more  intelligent  worker  at  his  trade  or  surveyor  uf 
economies  around  him. 

I'll-RCLXu  T.'fj;  IS  T//M  i'S  OF  PAS  AM  A 

'pHRKIi  years  ago  the  work  of  cutting  thro^;h 
*■     Panama  isthmus  had  barely  commenced.  I 
equatorial  forests  on  the  neck  of  ' land,  73  kiloiW'1 
long,  which  marked  the  axis  of  the  future  intcr^d 
canal,  had  hardly  been  laid  bare.    The  tr.ivellcr  *- 
followed  the  primitive  road  met  here  and  there 
groups  of  cabins,  w  ith  roofs  of  branches  on  poles.  :a.i's 
the  site  of  a  sounding  or  the  improvised  dwci ■■•«-- 
a    portion   of    the    operators.      Culebra,  L.iiii*-'": 
Corosita,  and  Gamboa,  which  arc  now  full  uf  ' 
were  then  almost  desert,  and  on  the  coast  of  Colon  n" 
tie  excavator  traced  in  the  marshy  plains  of  G.ito  ; 
great  track.    The  contrast  to-day  is  great:  a  lur.ji  r.-: 
workshops  covers  the  space  between  the  Atlantic  a :- ^ _: " 
I'acitic.      Twenty  thousand  workmen  toil  on  the  ' 
dillcra,  making  the  deep  cutting  for  the  canal.  M'-U' 
side  with  this  army,  another  more  powerful  arw 
colossal    machines,   c cavators,   dredges,    loconu>'  •• 
waggons,  all  the  materials  for  transport,  thousand 
pairs  of  wheels,  hundreds  of  kilometres  of  rails,  re  - 
tains of  coal,  and  shiploads  of  dynamite.  Am*t 
twenty-five  workshops  of  the  peninsula  the  atteni  ^ 
chiefly  attracted  to  two  points:  the  great  rocky  cuiim- 
Culcbra,  which  is  to  penetrate  to  a  depth  of  i;oiW-: 
into  the  Cordillera,  and  the  dam  of  the  Chagrts  at 
boa.    At  Culebra  the  previsions  of  M.  de  Lessep? 
been  realised:  the  mountainous  mass  which  the  '- 
will  traverse  is,  for  the  most  part,  composed  of  r 
which  arc  not  very  hard;  repeated  soundings  by:"f' 
of  diamond  perforators  have  shown   that  down  • 

'  :Wtr;v.(  from  l.n  XnlHtr. 

Digitized  by  Google 


August  20,  1885 j 


NA  TURE 


37 1- 


considerable  depth  the  rock  takes  the  form  of  schists  in 
horizontal  strata.  There  is  no  doubt  that  it  can  be  cut 
through  with  rapidity  ;  it  is  a  matter  of  perforation,  either 
by  mining  and  ordinary  explosives,  or  by  shafts  with 
larger  quantities  of  some  explosive  to  displace  great 
masses.  Here  30,000  cubic  metres  of  rock  have  been 
displaced  by  an  explosion  of  dynamite  ;  and  unquestion- 
ably this  colossal  channel  connecting  two  seas  may  be 
executed  by  simple  methods  and  with  economy. 

At  the  end  of  the  great  cutting  of  Culebra,  6  kilo- 
metres from  Emperador,  is  the  great  workshop  for  the 
dam  across  the  Chagrcs.    This  gigantic  basin,  containing 
about  1,000,000,000  cubic  metres  of  water,  the  surface  of 
which  is  60  metres  above  the  water  of  the  canal,  has  a 
bank,  the  content  of  which  is  7,000,000  cubic  metres. 
The  volume  of  water  kept  in  by  this  exceeds  a  hundred- 
fold that  of  any  reservoir  in  the  world.    By  means  of 
this  work  inundations  in  the  river  are  prevented,  currents 
impeding  navigation  and  introducing  rough  water  into  the 
canal  are  avoided,  and  there  is  no  fear  of  the  accumulation 
of  alluvion  in  the  bed.    by  regulating  the  flow  of  the 
Chagrcs  and  of  the  neighbouring  streams,  the  dam  at 
Gamboa  assures  the  regular  service  of  the  canal.  The 
method  of  constructing  this  work  of  proportions  without 
precedent  in  the  annals  of  public  works  is  a  very  simple 
one.    From  the  great  cutting  at  Culebra,  near  Gamboa, 
and  the  neighbouring  cuttings,  about  50,000,000  cubic 
metres  of  rock  are  removed,  while  only  about  7,000,000 
are  required  for  the  Chagres  dam,  and  therefore  the  work 
is  one  of  transport  only-  a  colossal  one,  it  is  true.  Even 
the  site  of  the  dam  is  formed  naturally  by  the  disposition 
of  the  bed  of  the  torrent,  which  is  contracted  at  this  place 
between  the  lulls  of  Obispo  and  Santa  Cruz,  which  arc 
distant  about  1 50  metres  from  each  other,  and  on  which 
will  rest  the  front  wall  of  the  great  reservoir.    Behind  this 
first  barrier  will  be  thrown,  as  they  are  taken  from  the 
Cordillera,  the  7,000,000  metres  of  rock,  and  the  dam  will 
be  complete.  The  originality  of  the  project  is  that,  strictly 
speaking,  there  is  no  masonry  at  all  in  this  enormous  mass 
of  rock  of  all  sizes  and  shapes  ;  the  accumulation  alone 
.jives  the  mass  firmness.    The  plan  given  here  enables 
us  to  follow  the  sinuous  course  of  the  Chagres  River. 
Like  all  torrents,  and  especially  all  torrents  in  equatorial 
regions,  it  is  subject  to  considerable  variations  in  its  flow, 
and  to  enormous  and  violent  floods.    In  winter  its  flow 
is  1600  cubic  metres  per  second,  while  in  spring  it  is 
barely  1 3  metres.    Its  tributaries,  or  rios,  arc  of  the  same 
character— the  rio  Trinidad  and  the  rio  Gatuncillo  have  a 
flow  in  winter  of  400  cubic  metres.    It  would  be  imposs- 
ible to  divert  these  impetuous  masses  of  water  into  the 
canal  without  producing  currents  and  deposits  and  im- 
peding the  navigation.     The  overflow  of  exceptional 
floods  will  be  conducted  to  the  sea  by  secondary  water 
courses.    These  latter,  which  vary  in  breadth  from  8  to 
12,  and  even  to  40  metres  near  the  Atlantic,  are  easily 
made  by  utilising  the  portions  of  the  bed  of  the  river 
situated  on  the  same  bank,  and  connecting  them  by 
appropriate  trenches.    The  enormous  reserve  behind  the 
dam  will  flow  regularly  in  this  new  bed.    Of  course,  the 
bed  of  the  canal  will  be  completely  protected  from  these 
deviating  waters,  in  the  trenches  by  the  slopes  of  the 
latter,  and  in  the  lower  parts  by  banks  which  will  soon  be 
covered  by  a  vigorous  and  indestructible  tropical  vegeta- 
tion.   With  the  construction  of  this  reservoir,  assured  by 
the  clearings  from  the  cutting,  and  the  water  regulated 
and  controlled  by  these  courses,  the  work,  like  that  of  the 
cutting  at  Culebra,  is  only  one  of  time.    One  objection 
which  was  raised  when  the  public  became  acquainted 
with   the  almost   incredible   magnitude  of  the  work, 
in  which  a  reservoir  becomes  a  great  lake,  was  that 
this  latter  might  itself  be  filled  up  with  the  alluvial 
deposits,   which   it   was  constructed   to  keep  out  of 
the  canal.  It  is  true  that  in  its  tropical  floods  the  Chagres 
carries  along  a  large  quantity  of  alluvion  ;  but  this,  which 


would  be  an  insuperable  obstacle  in  the  canal,  becomes  a 
secondary  consideration  in  the  reservoir.  It  has  been 
calculated  by  the  chief  engineer  to  the  work  that  the 
Chagrcs  can  bring  into  the  lake  in  a  thousand  years 
30,000,000  cubic  metres  of  atluvion,  while  the  cubic  con- 
tent of  the  lake  is  1,000,000,000  cubic  metres. 

Culebra  and  the  dam  at  Gamboa  have  always  been  the 
two  principal  points,  the  main  obstacles  to  the  canal.  But 
there  are  thirty-five  other  principal  working  stations,  all 
connected  with  the  railway  between  Colon  and  Panama. 
As  the  illustration  shows,  they  are  sufficiently  near  to 
each  other  to  be  considered  uninterrupted.  Fifty  exca- 
vators and  ten  dredges  work  at  the  canal.  Up  to  the 
twenty-fifth  kilometre  we  meet  with  dredges,  at  first  at 
Colon  for  the  port,  then  at  Gatun.  As  far  as  the  Panama 
Plain  there  are  more  than  sixty  excavators.  In  the  three 
workshops  at  Culebra  are  now  installed  the  contractors 
who  cut  the  canal  from  Amsterdam  to  the  North  Sea.  At 
Corosal,  at  the  sixt  ieth  kilometre,  the  great  port  for  access 
to  the  canal  from  the  Pacific  is  to  be  placed,  and  there  the 
great  American  dredges  work  in  the  swampy  ground.  It 
has  been  calculated  that  the  work  done  up  to  the  present 
is  half  that  required  to  complete  the  undertaking,  and 
that  this  new  maritime  route  to  the  Fast  will  be  opened 
in  188S. 

The  work  stands  at  present  in  this  position  :  it  involves 
in  all  the  movement  of  about  100,000,000  cubic  metres  of 
rocks  of  varying  consistency.  Of  this,  70,000,000  are  to 
be  raised,  according  to  the  contracts,  in  successive  instal- 
ments in  1835,  1886,  and  1887.  The  remaining  30,000,000, 
which  form  the  actual  canal,  will  be  raised  at  the  expira- 
tion of  this  time  either  by  the  same  contractors  or  by  new 
ones.  Knowing  the  amount  already  raised,  the  contract 
periods  for  raising  a  certain  other  quantity  and  the 
amount  remaining  to  be  done  at  the  end  of  the  present 
contracts,  we  can,  by  a  sum  in  simple  proportion,  calcu- 
late when  the  whole  should  be  completed.  In  1888  it 
should  be  ready  for  traffic.  T  his  simple  programme 
could  only  be  applied  to  a  work  so  colossal  after  a  long 
and  laborious  period  of  minute  study  and  preparation. 
The  period  of  installation  is  always  the  most  important 
in  all  these  vast  enterprises  :  the  study  and  command  of 
the  appropriate  material,  the  reception,  testing,  arrange- 
ment of  the  machines,  the  construction  of  the  workshops, 
accommodation  for  the  workmen,  &c.  ;  it  is  only  when 
all  these  have  been  completed,  when  all  have  been  made 
ready  for  work  and  tested,  that  the  real  work  can  com- 
mence, and  that  progress  becomes  sensible  This  period 
of  installation  lasted,  for  example,  in  the  case  of  the 
St.  Gothard  tunnel,  for  fifteen  months  ;  but  the  Panama 
canal  calls  for  ten  times  more  capital  than  the  tunnel, 
it  is  executed  in  a  country  which  has  first  to  be 
cleared  of  a  luxuriant  tropical  jungle,  thousands  of 
miles  away  from  all  industrial  centres.  The  preparation 
for  this  gigantic  work  under  these  circumstances  was 
a  most  important  fraction  of  the  work,  and  it  is  the 
opinion  of  competent  men  that  what  has  actually  been 
done  during  the  installation  period  now  brought  to  a  close 
is  equivalent  to  half  of  the  work  necessary  to  achieve  the 
canal.  In  the  case  of  the  Suez  Canal,  70,000,000  cubic 
metres  had  to  be  raised  ;  of  these,  50,000,000  were  raised 
in  two  years  after  the  apparatus  had  been  put  in  working 
order.  Seventy  million  cubic  metres  must  be  raised  by 
the  drags  and  excavators  of  the  twenty-one  principal  con- 
tractors; 18,000,000  arc  to  be  raised  by  August  1  of  the 
current  year.  These  21  contracts  represent  an  outlay  of 
about  240,000,000  francs,  of  which  65,000,000  have  been 
tendered  by  French  contractors;  55,000,000  by  Americans  ; 
20,000,000  by  Italian,  Swiss,  Swedish,  and  natives,  and 
90,000,000  by  an  Anglo- Dutch  Company.  All  nations 
are  working  therefore  at  the  task.  The  French  con- 
tractors are  at  work  at  the  cutting  at  Emperador ;  the 
Anglo  Dutch  Company  has  to  remove  1 3,000,000  cubic 
metres  in  the  great  cutting  at  Culebra.  Practlca'' 


Digitized  by  Google 


NA  TVRE 


\_.itqpul  JO,  Itl 


Ihc  »>.fk  italaBot  it  urirtr  attained  MtiiuRtamutlY 
tit  4  rtinetenlt  the  Murk  at  tut  nation  irf  Eoi- 
twraftar  tl  It  (tautrcitd  In  tftilt.  on  ankh  loto- 
tAeiivti  run  with  oilier  ti.uinrit.  .iim1  »  tli  the  Ctton- 
l.immt  fcltraar,  Tlte  material  tike*  <Nt I*  ro«t*)td  to 
ilir  (T*at  o.nri,  ahull  I*  to  keep  in  the  Mwr  ni  thr 
t  tupr*  ktinrr  Hie  catling  .11  ►  mrrr  nloi  m  smi  mturt 
•  ik  n  rrniiR  plirtA  Sou  tc  lk>«  1  MtMi  lilt  <tr.it 
•■.Htm  of  Caftan     Vlievrixo  tiaiunn  .irt  iriarotnttn 


"  •'  'I-'"-'  "M    »kelch«.     Wlnl.  til  tkn  atrtrj 

«M«t>|  ttrf  novatta*,  mukintj  c«tifViXtr.ui 
""  •'•   •^•'"•1.  the  iwi  fort.  oJo^.1 

hr .MUaicjod  Ike  IViclfic  «f»  belt*  Mm»l  . 
.„iJJ*"*T  <I,"'i:>i>K  «"»*a  at*  opened.  A  - 
l  -  m  trtotkt  nuwo  altfe  hra  mo*.  S  bra  £ 
•n  .III.  1.  .,  or.  -„»  ,.  <  I,,,,,,,,*.,  (Mt »  pMt 
V  Jo  t1"^  ""=  v"^sl>ofus  xoraa,  naW  turn* 
■        til  Ihc  tmi-.-r  nit  torts  arc  cosncctoi  vttk  ikt  m 


I*.  •  -taa.f  Cav*  ir«  t.tl.  •  1- 

rf  Bfc.  fiaatat.traKt: ».  t  ..trait  Jfr  *  Ita 
•a  it  it  i..,**,.  ii   »a  tttaWM    1    I  Hi 

'-LtfcWIinr..  a*,     n  Uiaht-a 


OUaht:  •  I  *a  i,^  •» 


«»  arret  ikr  1.1I0..0.  t  -'  <*-" '*  ,  J  "  , 

tiraaltu  MM  MaatM  of  »  »"    M  ■•  -         "  "  "X 

|<ttnb  ,m„  ti„  m-j.  jiul  iini|i1il*|  tW.'Si  -TS 

"■ltd    ti„  ,l„  |..,r,„,  „„,!,  It...  ■KMN-tr*  1        ■  '  " 
— •  n.  ttaoVt,  „r  ..o.  at  ..ok  -'»^«  "'!'.'„"'.„  .,. 

l«tt.  rtett.,1 ,0  ,le.,l  onh  Ihc  <n,^;„u !j "no.  Ml.  Hit  ...,irai„,e  an  »  ,k».  ' " "»  t«tmr»L>t» 
MM,  and  ttjflir    The  .«lin-.t              ■  rterj 


Ilnte  •a>rlii.|ii,  a  vli  a  , 

Iht  L'nttl  en'toiUutr   '..t  ll!  *'■"•« ''lit.  as  lilt  W  a 

the  "tkr,  ,  „  J2»*J  etetnttiiaHl 

tanniast.  tto.  ne  nn.,.:.^'^-  Th»  ,„|.„ of  » 

battum  fit,,,,       **  *•  t»rtS,». 

^tntta  Aorat. 


NATURE 


Toyim  ni>,  man  Lkitnl»«  iblMlnif  l>«  wc-Hm!  making  |  *lthmn.  M^l.m-0,.-trj  iw'^v^,  M  ifci,  „_ 
tluj  (Will  i*  t»x»  to  occtiltro.  under  fritm**1  «"t»C*'nr*ii»    ,«.>|.^d  iu  he  call«.|,  b  rrm*rk.«.Uc  u  betimsla* 

villi  <-onn-.u*.*».    The  i  ■■  i.!-", ,  «V  ilir  rarul  kit  Iwr,     .  r*;t*.l  a-. ,,!.«»  iif  tt«  It,,-  «•--  k  "k 

.:«;■,<..  iti  *ntKi|ifc  'ITlt  j-tPm.  trl  inniHatmo  cr  f*oar- 
tt.oa  lie.  teen  <oc<c*«le6  d;  anr  «c  ma  »tiu»,  Ui*eJ  on 
j  dcMnitr  |ifn^3tmn«'.  jcrvtttrti  Hf  iln**  who  muri 
■  j(tV  II  <*it,  lt«  C«*np.r.y  il»t!f  iiuinLiiiiii^  *»  ■Uliluilr 
■tl  I  .£•*«•!,  torvtilUnrv 


a0t  ,88,  I 


-  JW  tut). 

V«nr  IUi»,  which        ix.t  p^^J 

.^.^^..d^^teAu.^.^  3SSLV2J2 


ji  »tt.      mm  it  sn**^.*j.*, 

■.'  lUnc-  ul  '..tit  l< 


■  I  - 1  i  i  it  i ■.ii.'  i'ii   f.m     I  i  i  ,;nn"  t  •.'■»! 

WttJTj  al  Ana.  A»N* .  Tl*-  n*.*iiru  wB  be  vaflta.  to  t*>ln  "* 
t'.VIo-Oa*.  ArpJil  K»  <il  10  Ul ,  F« /.  Ia<**J  wUI 

Mat  •*«!  I"  I'lriilKhlK'  fril.  N^lio  il*  Nto  lli*ti.. 
•Ul  il»-  .»-rl  aaftwiia  .«f  mIi  ik  will  t-  1«  \>" 

"ri.iv   I     f  mil  jjri .  Hi*  »«-        "       talilit**.    '  *J 

IT.ii.Uy  c>4«iu  thcuiitai-  i<  A«fi  At!r*«  •»*  lt-l*»  *  ivuf 
t»»n at  U«  C>««(  ||  nit,  >n1«t.Fl*lt)  ►  l>  |».ia*'Ja  lltfl  t 

|wi|  «  m  o  pnti  «n  *w  l  utmri  p  mi-,  •  s  s^unlti  * 
n.ia««,  m  rnitfuJ)  aawmtsc-i  *JI  ill"  I'twt  i 

4  Jmtnttti*>i      Hl»anl  Mui».«l<'l-Ji 

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w»l  ii  I*....''  1.1  •»'Hrn»— c»  (kite**     |'tt«««-  - 
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gl.l.l'iti  ..l.f..  •<  lM.  iJ 

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*.n.,k..«  .  .I,»...l».«  ./•»'  »" 

■  r.-..J  n.l.-..  l,  II    A.  I..»«l-       *  ,  .ilnl 

„r.  J  31  ..I  ,«-D-  b.  II*  «»I«-W  „.,  ,,. 

^tw>i/  f.*i'i't»"       «i"i«»*«  "Tl  lVSV^-1'" 


i  ll.  ...     rii|.mi,in   in  a  ili^oHnv  '«c      *»  »» 
M     IIiimUUV,       "ii    .    H.IU4  d    nil  ( 

^■l«I.H   .  .Ii  ;   mc  ef  (HT*tl«r.  M  ^ 

— I*lwl«iu  m(  ItW  Mriuua  •(  arixm  Vy  At  (INTM 
»i>  iii.n  nii.Al  w4«.lu%.  »7  M  A.  MUUt-Hi  bum 

•  •J'iIijji.I  I.y  VI  1;  l.railnrif.    TW  lM  « 

rrit  ..I .  .1.  ■)!  1.        iilwl     inrxuty  itx~+*i  U-i 
•  i"i^ic  nMlIk*.  MnllriMt  it  tttiMrf  «njfr.  * 
MM  .(t.ii.  m   Ultn_       ]t   misll  l»  l«l«H  nni  I  ■ 
m— —MM  «l    itirt%  ivilr*^.  Mil  I  poK 
n.«»  arti.t^.    |n   ^„(r   ».c.  .  On  tw  tew  l*---i 
iii.ti       >kr  Inm.linnuuina  o/  iKc  pnl^ht«*  J 
ni  .  .     , .  i-ii-rMnibN,,   |v    K,  Kmm^k  ik  irnk 
Cl.ii4it.:  .Suirlcr.  nf  liir  »ilTJiWI»l  iirmlM.  « 
l7  MM   !■  Cmniuv.    sail  I.  »ml  J»  1  •> 
**  l*n*  nmU  I  TWwA.  y*,/L*a\  tmejlt  M  H  ,— 

f  "i*    •  .  i-  t.,    IJ*r.l..    nil    Vi**mari  h  »»  '*  • 

Njr.nl  III11.H7  M m-UM  .4  I'jvis  bj  M  I»  i**"-* 
lU  H-.Mnj,,),  „..  f,,,.,,  (mi  irtHV*  nfc»« 

l-.|.-l«i.n.  I,  M.  I  IVmcr  -IWrt  * 

11.I  (.in  „f  ,|w  m  /*.ivV-"^ 

•i,*.ii..  i|,r  tl.i>,  ,.1  b- 


tltii.trl.^c  tit-  nln.lV  dit'nKKti  Mil  rt.ftu-1  J  M 
''  t  |<ir|t-.^  i.l .lift-tnlnnc tht t"0  niijfca»i**l 

1.'...-.  tin  .  tt;,..,  j,„.,f  ibr  «#x. ,ht  r**-^*  C  ' 

.11''.?...  "i  l  1l.1i  „ft|.,  nwtt.f Ml  .«f*in-ci.  - 
'■■ii  ..„„,,  |„  n,..t.  .1  «ni-*l* 

in.,  il  if,  k  M  k.  l.i....  1^,  ik.  i-i.-i-.  i""'**  , 
Jttf-I  in  -I.-  Ir.|il..  H(11MA]  ik^iimb  lfibc«ii"*»,.M' 

I—  I.U.,,,1         ...s,,,..  „  ,fc,  _n,M  JilfWr" 
In  nlimtlni  att.1  tuatlnit.  Ii  ■<  Ti-» 
..I  rB-.eil.lb    m.,..l„  fM~  J— •  "  '~"„ 

b.Hl.t.-  F.-  \n  ixd-Mlli*  •!  ibe  ikMPtl  *gCS 

■    .  ■■  '---'•'.■.: 

ii  .-    H  W    I    ll,  Mt|„it,,-l»i>|i|l 

.'.'-.,  It  ,.  »-,|,.  ,        „      ,,rtt|v- »«•»*» —* 
M.  I  til  I  niTMbt  IV,,  ,.« the  «.!*•»•»"  *20 
l->*T  1^  llu  f«|.,...  „(  (4fnMrbM]  1  ft— ■  IT-" 

t~«i  «n-i  i.mtittii  l..u+t.  I7  M.  CV  T«l>» 


CONTENTS 

Pmt*i*.-r  IVdU.  on  K.fGhl  I't  PiM  t  fl  W 
Aci>;i.llctil  I'-kbcnmrntn  -  -      -  •  .  . 

I  hi  Ml*'  KilMion  of  "  Yi-ncll  1  Bflii.b  M— I 
Out  A..nk  IVWII  - 

i4j.1t1.1-.  "Mtii^.^1  MoVwMM  t»  ' 

'■  \i..n,in    |,...ntl  M  .il.'t. .  it 

Alvlml  "  .  .  .  , 
"     '  ,       •         •    ,hr  l'-»«v.l  lMtaJ'1* 

,  *"»*  *  •!  IX.li.rf  Mi~nrl'   -W.. 

'  .      •  1..  v    .  [1.  it  K:«. r»* 

1..  is,  i:,t„,.,' 


•  i.ii. 


B*kj  m„iinirui,'  p,„r  siivn.ii P  » 

'.  .      •  •■-,.,.:„:,.)  I'll 

m  .  ,  w',w'r"yB""" 


u  s  it.au.ifu)  *«*tf.i^; 

Pl»rtjn<  it-  |.;|„„U(,  " 
MM 

•i™,:1,^,  "•»»»•■.  I-  *«»  *! 
t».  h.^ck  A.«;i.,r!r  H'"1"  T  ■ c  . .  ■ 

»«iv.mti.i,M|„   1 

Uniidii*  ."il  A^idtHtm.   •  -  ' 


tized  by 


J 


NATURE 


mgaii  so.  1885] 

iUBSCRirlMONS  tn   •  \ATrUI-:."|     "ON  MAGNETIZABLE  WATCHES 

«.  4. 

\.nlT        .     -   .    H  • 

ll-ir  ,wif  h  ♦ 

<.itt»rl«r*y   f  ft 

TO  the  I'niir.l  -Stain,  the  Crmir*«t,  ind  ill  pUc«> 
Inn  th»  I'lmuI  Union:- 


M>«1  4*»*«>4        ......    .1  ,v 


II iM  vctilr  . 


B3 

ft  « 


iakgks  f  .r  \i»vi:ktisi:mkn ts 


■Mnul  MM%»|  *•  r.t  . 

t.  HIS  I  I  I  11.  tUm 
|.faliU>»«nt.  gllinlil 

I  os, 00*  ACCIDENTS 

TAV   UlUWNS  HAVE  BttH  PA»D  45 
CQUPfHSATtQH 


BnM|  Pirr-riifiris'  Auuratur  Conijiauy. 

04.  CORNHlLL 
ACCIDKKTK    OP    Al.l.  KINDS. 

■ 

\.t  o,*  *  Onto*  fajwfib  t»  WACWI 1 4tf  iV  CO      '  m*rtmf  l  frit  il.  fc*..»W         /.«»*..-,-.,.  C'1*' - 


Quvi-r  11m       Hill  »  «  ■  li' 


.•luiltli    .  . 


ami. 
*  IS  • 


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,        4  ft  o 


Of  V  ICF  •  Hi  l"1*  t '•"■>< tt  <i«i<r,  fMANft,  W.C. 
SECOND  EDITION. 

GRIFFIN'S  i  ORME  4  CO.. 

JEMICAL   HANDICRAFT.   I, tumtu. mm 


Htid  a»ct  -  44.  Ctrtihitl.  Uarfen.  tC. 

»'|t  If  *M  I  »  I IX  • 


3ATAI OGUE  OF  CHEMICAL  iPPARATUS.  IWITUFACTUWM 

■ 

„  ,,.,.„,  !S-  «.             «..«•».«.»•  II.  <«»'*<'" 
'                   I  i  iN  li'iN.  W.I  . 

CHEMICALS 

V  N  DE  H  SO  N  A  Co.. 

•r.H  BAKER'S 


LICiHTNlNG  CONDUCTQK 


man  cauihihetit. 

H. 


II  I  1  I  k 


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....  I  mi*»«.lMVUl  '■«•>'••    J  (  ",  ,  ^WA|tt 

ST     BLACK    INK  KNOWN. 

PKAPKK  S  INK    UICHROIC.  J.  ORME  4  CO  .  ^ 

Cnynp iAJETRbfc "flSC'.Jf" »i«>«"fl"*«""«*«       Cuinplclr  PriM  Lilt  of  Arpanitin  anil 


in 


Chrmicj.Ii,  it  M 


FRY'S 

COCOA 


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LCUTTA,  ■■<< 


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****   4  .   «•  ,.       ,,  ....<.,.•... 

SrTU  r.-»— •-■*-«• 


EXTRACT 


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■ 

Nln*t0in  Frti*  MrdAli  Awarded. 


PRIZE  MEDAL  * 
AWAKDRD 


KEU.1l 


tARVEY  SC  PEAK,  [ 

sixc»*nfcs  To  w.  t-Aiin  a  CO., 

•  AAK   nilM.   HtllEHl   STIIIT.    LONDON,  W. 
MANUFACTURERS    OF    SCIENTIFIC  APPARATUS    OK    ALL  CLASSM  ' 
SCHOOLS.  COLLEGES.  OR  PRIVATE  RESEARCH 

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A  TLXT  BOOK  of  PHARMACOLOGY.  THERAPKWTICS.  and  MATERIA  MEDKl 

|l|  T  l-*rDK«  HIUSTON,  v.n..  |)  Sr„  K.R.S.. 
rdfem  ./  If  lUtrilOHa.  t-IHij-l.bM;  AmMMI  !♦»>.*••.,  ,nl  l.dtuei  M  HimU  M^-twi  it  51  1 
t.uuntt  n  ■  V.  ilri  In  .».  I  r-  . '  •  i    II .-.!.».  Ii.  .1,,  \  ,. ......  r    .      .  .  ir.: 

APArT|i»  70  thi:  UK  I  Tt  P  >I*1(!  MUMOMM  RV  KXANCIS  H  WlLLIAHl" 
BOSTON ,  MASS. 

rtlrti  in*  th^o^lfWW* 


itljr  ] 


■  i 


■in.  In  |  hv..ai.iar.  » 
•  lne  |-         »l  plpi 
■  I  mcil!,,,,-.     |i  |.  «...  .  „#n  <a*7*J[^  M 
i  it.-  ni  I   .1           unlrr.OT  i»P"»  -i"""^ 


IIV  III)   MM   At  limit.    |i,,|„  f  

IJ1S0RDFRS   OF   OIGtSTlON     THUR  CONSRQUKNCES   AN U  TREnT*^" 


MM  Mil  I  \N  k  eri  .  | 


VII 


FLORA  OF  BRITISH  INDIA 

lu     I.  M  liMKEk,  I.  ft*  I  •  I  "  •  • ' 

I 

ELECTKOLYSIS    -  Pr*ct.c*l  Tr*ni. H  n 

■ 

BLACK  COPIES 

..,^.»^.'[I'IV,V.*.'"'^  «TiWH« 
,\.        ■    .    .■    -  -  M.  •     I  ■  1  ' 

MINERALS   AND  STONE 
IMPLEMENTS 


V  I*'  Pt  »Mli|».|.iL  AM%T|VR  Ml'"" 


[HOLLOWAYS  PILLS 


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•  .I.......,.-,' 

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AN  ATLAS 
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BY     C.     B.  HOWES. 


- 


Ill  MtV.   V  II. -v 

■ 


1 


1 


S  C  I  E  X  1 1  V  I  C  W  OK  I'll  I  K5>. 

■ 


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,  II  .i|«i. I-   '•  M  '  '"  ' 

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f,,;    Vlt.l  |.\M    HI  ■*     '  II 

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Til*  uilllllll.lil  MAX  HI  HAD  .-t  I  A  ■  IT1  I  I,  I'klLt  «a. 
Ci>,M  1*4  I'XI.O't  /wwMr  A-  it.1C.VIU  IX  «?0- 

ici'  W  '  '  •,TI'R'-"  H"  MJWWWO  stutft,  sihaxu 


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NATURE 


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ASTRONOMICAL  TELESCOPES 


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tilt.  'niH.AUliU.iriI,  '  1  V*.r^,nuu  t:**rtr^t-it>  tlifwHiMiii  mwiHi  I        .  ■ 

«i*»wi»rAit  rt-'-^mihK^Art^  ^sAf..  c<«t|**<-   ««»»pt 

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Tl»:  -ISsrANTOtikAI  M,   «"lli  tall*,., ...w-n.  .......   ...„-,.  .        »   , !  ;  '.I  V  r"«,|»  «*>  '  11-u « ,  Ac 

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"•4-1. 


No.  826.  Vol.  32] 


THURSDAY,  AUGUST  27,  1885 


[Price  Sixpence 


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RIBBON  SECTION  CUTTING. 

The  Cambridge  Scientific  Instrument  Company  have  designed  a  new  and 
itnple  Microtome  for  cutting  continuous  Ribbons  of  Section*  or  Microscopic 
Vrparations  on  the  plaa  first  adopted  by  Mr.  Caldwell.  The  new  irtstru- 
nent  has  the  advantage  over  the  original  pattern  of  dispensing  with  the 
ndless  band  altogether,  and  consequently  not  only  avoiding  the  trouble 
f  lifting  the  series  of  Sections  from  the  razor,  but  also  of  allowing  them  to 
all  00  to  the  glass  slide  in  their  proper  position  for  mounting.  Price  of  the 
Microtome,  £i  sr. 

The  Company  are  appointed  Agents  for  the  Microscopes  of  Zeiss,  a  supply 
if  which  i-  kept  in  stock. 

THE  CAMBRIDGE  SCIENTIFIC  INSTRUMENT  CO., 
Cambridge. 


Prof.  Lolsette's  DI8COVERIK8  THE  PHY SIOLOOrc A  L 
ART  OF  NEVER  FOROETTIMO-wholly  unlike  mnemonics. 
Uwt  niemoniM  restored— the  worst  tmvdo  good,  and  the  bail 
etter.  Any  book  Uarntd  in  out  nailing.  8peakma;  without 
notes.  A  ft/oMcXina  ntthod 
Jor  all  tul-,((U.  Iiiraluablu  to 
the  Loral.  Medical.  Clerical. 
I  all  other  Professions  *  Bimi- 
A.VI)  Desses.     The  Lessons  contain 

M  w  w  _     Oru^Thonsand  Application «  ■" 

SUCCESS,  vaom  tc-TL-y  i-uHv  mtt, 

.   with  opinions  of 

„    Mr „R  A   PROCTOR.  Dr.  ANDREW  WILSON.  «<• 
WEVER  KOROETTINO  .nd  CURE  for  BOND- WANDER - 

INO  ta.nrht  thoroughly  by  Post,  in  Classes,  and  Prirately 
P ltOr_LpiSE1TE,  n.  New  Oxford  Btreet.  London   W  fl 


better.    Any  book  Uarntd  in  on* 

MEMORY 


BINOCULAR  TELESCOPES. 


These  Instruments  are  the  most 
powerful  Binoculars  that  can  be  made 
to  be  sufficiently  portable  for  the 
tourist's  use  ;  their  magnifying  power 
is  very  great.  They  should  be  re- 
garded as  Telescopes  ;  and  where  there 
is  a  sufficient  amount  of  light,  objects 
may  lie  easily  made  out  by  them  which 
would  be  invisible  with  any  ordinary 
Binocular. 

BINOCULAR  TELESCOPE, 

with  turning  motion  in  centre 
to  adjust  it  to  the  width  of  the 
eyes,  in  Solid  Sling  Leather 
Case   £5 


Illustrated  Catalogue  of  Binoculars  post 
free. 


63,  STRAND,  LONDON,  W.C. 

NEGRETTI   AND  ZAMBRA, 

SOLE  AfAKERS  OF  JORDAN'S  (PA  TEN  I ) 

SUNSHINE  RECORDER. 

ICE  £3  38. 
G  R  ETTI 

AND 

M  B  R  A, 

ic  Instrument  Makes! 

TO  THE  Ql'KKN, 

BORN  VIADUCT. 


Branches: — 45,  Cornhill ; 
Regent  Street,  London 

tUttttratt.i  Often,  lien  Pott  Fnt. 


EG  RETT  I  &  ZAM  BRA'S 
Illustrated  Catalogs. 


Silver  Medal  awai 


6x>  Pages, 
1  toe  1  ngravinjts. 

Piiee  fl.  tat 

it  ions'  Exhibition,  1885 


^BGooglc 


V.  /  TURK 


CITY  AND  GUILDS  OK  LONDON 
INSTITUTE 


iw  a.,  v.  h  .  ii*  » tm.  .r  *p:  n.'n\r,  tit   cu»  .■  t 

■IK  I  »|  |4  1|.  k  !  tMI*M  U  |  |1  '    M  th-  f  T  ,n.n..  ,|V 

J*MIM         VI  \  I  -  »  .  i 
II-  I  !  -  'II 


CITY  AN  Ij  QU1LUS  OP  LONDON 
INSTITUTE. 

>  I  Mi         11-TIH  M'.N.    f.\HttCII<>N    hO>fi,  v». 


CITY  AND  OUILDI  OF  LONDON 
INSTITUTE. 


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NORMAL  SCHOOL^-  


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CITY  AND  GUILDS  OF  LONDON 
INSTITUTE. 

KOHtiiuiMraii^iktfrt  h  mum  M  ^l. 

WiiMY,  iv  . ■  r  »«-.!•! 

CITY  AND  GUILDS  OF  LONDON 
INSTITUTE. 


"     ti.  M  ii  i^^^ 


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BIRMINGHAM 


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August  27,  1885] 


NATURE 


cxxxi 


ST.   GEORGE'S  HOSPITAL 
MEDICAL  SCHOOL, 

HYDE  PARK  CORNER,  S.W. 
The  WINTER  SESSION  will  commence  on  THURSDAY,  October  1, 
with  an  Introductory  Address  by  TIMOTHY  HOI. MI  S,  Esq..  F.R.C.S., 
at  4  p.m.  A  Prospectus  of  the  School  nnd  further  information  may  bit 
obtained  by  personal  application  between  1  and  j  p.m. ;  or  by  letter  addressed 
to  the  Dean  at  the  Hospital. 

THE  LONDON  HOSPITAL  AND 
MEDICAL   COLLEGE,  MILE  END,  E. 

The  SESSION  1885-6  will  COMMENCE  on  THURSDAY,  October  1. 
1885. 

A»  the  College  will  be  in  course  of  enlargement  there  will  be  no  Public 
Distribution  of  Prizei  t hit  year. 

FOUR  ENTRANCE  SCHOLARSHIPS,  value  £(*>,  £40,  £30.  and 
£*o,  will  be  offered  for  competition  at  the  end  of  September  to  new  Students, 
r  eet  for  lecture*  and  Hospital  Practice.  9 >  Guineas  in  one  payment,  or 
l»  Guinea  in  three  instalments.  All  Resident  and  other  Hospital appoint- 
ments are  free,  and  the  holder*  of  all  the  Resident  Appointment!  art  provided 
with  room*  and  board  entirely  free  of  eapense.  The  Resident  Appoinl- 
inentt  consist  of  Five  House-Physicianctes,  Five  House-Surgeoncies,  On* 
Accoucheunihip,  and  One  Receiving  Room  Officer.  Two  Dresners  and  Two 
Maternity  Pupils  also  reside  in  the  Hospital.  Special  Classes  for  the  Pre. 
Hantaan  a  jafltM  !  and  Intermediate  M.U.  Examinations  of  the  University 
of  LonAin,  and  for  the  Primary  and  Past  Examinationt  for  the  Fellowship 
of  the  Royal  College  of  Surge-wit  of  England  are  held  throughout  the  year. 
Special  entries  may  be  made  for  Medical  and  Surgical  Practice. 

The  London  H0tpit.1l  it  now  in  direct  communication  by  rail  and  tram 
with  allparttnf  the  Metropolis,  and  the  Metropolitan,  Metropolitan  district, 
East  London,  and  South-I -astern  Railways  have  Stations  within  a  minute's 
walk  of  the  Hospital  an  1  College. 

For  prospectus  and  particulars  apply  personally  or  by  letter  to 

Mile  End,  E.  MUNRO  SCOTT,  Warden. 

THE   MIDDLESEX  HOSPITAL. 

The  WIN  I'ER  SESSION  will  open  on  THURSDAY,  October  1,  with 
an  Introductory  Address  by  Dr.  J.  K.  FOWLER,  M.A. 

Tht  Medical  School,  which  has  lately  been  considerably  enlarged,  proiidts 
the  most  complete  means  for  the  education  of  Students  preparing  for  the 
University  of  Lwdon,  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons,  and  the  other 
Licensing  B  odies.  Two  Entrance  Scholarships  of  tht  annual  value  of  £1$ 
and  £*>,  tenable  f  >r  two  years  and  an  Entrance  Science  Scholarship  value 
jfijo,  will  be  competed  foron  SEPTEMBER  »o  and  followin g  days.  Farther 
information  may  be  obtained  from  the  Dean  or  the  Resident  Medical  Officer 
at  the  Hospital. 

ANDREW  CLARK,  Dean. 


J.  ORME  &  CO, 

65,  BARBICAN,  LONDON. 


MANUFACTURERS 
IMPORTERS 

OF 

Scientific  Apparatus 

ANT 

CHEMICALS. 


BAKER'S 
PATENT  CALORIMETER, 

A  NEW  APPARATUS 

For  dentonstr.i'ing  to  Science 
Classes  problems  in  Specific 
Heat. 


Fi>r  ful!  far'iiulart  tcrite  to  th> 
SOLE  AGENTS — 

J.  ORME  &  CO., 

65,  Barbican,*London,  E.C 

Complete  Price  List  of  Apparatus  and 
Chemicals,  2s.  6d. 


MINERALS  AND  FOSSILS, 

SINGLE  SPECIMENS  OR  COLLECTIONS. 

F.   II.  BUTLER, 

Assoc.  R.  Sch.  Mines  Lond., 
M.A.  Oxon.  and  L.S.A.  Lond., 

Successor  to  the  late  R.  TALLING, 

180,   BROMPTON  ROAD, 

LONDON,  S.W. 

Fi»e  minutes'  walk  from  the  Natural  History  Museum,  S.  Kensington. 

HOW   &  CO.'S 

Geological  Transparencies  for  the  Lantern. 

Dascriptive  Catalogue  oo  Application. 

WALKER'S  SPECIFIC  GRAVITY  BALANCE  FOR  ROCK>: 
AND  MINERALS. 

HOW  ft  CO.'S  POCKET  MICROSCOPE  LAMP.  it.  U. 

MICRO-PETROLOGY.— Sections  ol  Pitchstone*.  Obsidians,  Granite, 
Syenites,  Diorites,  Gabbros,  'Dolerises.  Basalts,  Tachylites,  Trachytes. 
\ndesites,  Porphyrites,  Rhyolites,  Lara*.  Ashes,  Gneiss.  Schists,  Llmr- 
itooes.  Ac.  price  ti.  td.  each. 

I  AMES  HOW  ft  CO..  73.  F  am  1  no  don  STtarr,  London. 

SIX  PRIZE  MEDALS 

AWARDED  FOR  GEOLOGICAL  COLLECTIONS. 

Geological  Collections  especially  adapted  for  Teaching  as  supplied  to  Science 
and  Art  Department,  and  used  by  all  l-ecturers  aad  Teachers  Id 
Great  Britain,  &r. 

New  and  Rare  Minerals  constantly  arriving  from  all  parts  for  selection  of 
Single  Specimens. 
ROCK  SECTIONS  AND  ROCK  SPECIMENS: 
The  largest  Variety  in  England. 
New  Catalogues  and  Lists  on  application  to— 

JAMES   R.  GREGORY, 

88,  Charlotte  Street,  Fitzroy  Square,  London. 

Established  tj  Years  in  London. 

CABINETS  FOR  MINERALS, 
FOSSILS,  &c. 


6  DRAWERS,  ao  INCHES  HIGH 
10  „  39  h 

8  ,,  26       „  „ 

'»  ••  39  H 


ais. 

459 
28s. 

5"- 


NATURALISTS'  GLASS-CAPPED  BOXES,  ROUND  AND 
RECTANGULAR,    FROM    ONE    SHILLING    PER  DOZEN. 

THOMAS  D.  RUSSELL, 

78,  NEWGATE  STREET,  E.C. 

EDWARD  WARD  has  pleasure  in  an- 

nounciog  the  issue  of  a  new  Micro-Slide  of  Zoophyte,  with  tentacles 
out,  in  the  special  manner  to  well  known  to  his  numerous  patrons. 

t.  d. 

Plumularia  similis      ...    ...    ...   (pott -free)   a  8 

Also,  quite  new  :— 
Gorgonia  verrucosa  (polype  stained)    ,,  is 
Podalirus  typicus  (Spectre  Shrimp)      „  11 

EDWARD  WARD.  149.  OXFORD  STREET,  MANCHESTER.  [503 

MINERALOGY  AND  GEOLOGY. 

PROFESSORS.  COLLECTORS  and  VISITORS  to  LONDON  are 
INVITED  to  INSPECT  Mr.  HENSON.S  STOCK  of  CHOICE  MINI  - 
RALS,  &c  ,  &c.  At  the  PRESENT  TIME  he  has  a  PARTICULARLY 
FINE  CRYSTALLISED  NUGGET  of  NATIVE  GOLD,  WEIGHT  o  or. , 
PINK  APuPHYLLITE.  CHESSYLITK,  EMERALDS  on  MATRIX. 
PYROMORPHITE  (vaay  hark  roastX  CERUSSITE,  CRYSTALL- 
ISED MALACHITE,  and  ItOTRYOIDAL  CHALCEDONY,  ME- 
TEORIC IRONS  and  STONES.  POLISHED  AGATES  and  LAURA- 
DORITES. 

A  Large  Series  of  ROCKS,  alto  MICROSCOPIC  SECTIONS  of  the 
same. 

l.iiUim  Affixation.        Hammers,  Chisels,  and  Hammer  Strap* 
PRIVATE  LESSONS  AND  EVENING  CLASSES 


BLOWPIPE  CASES  AND  APPARATUS.  Caul 

SAMUEL  HEN8ON, 

277,  STRAND,  V 
Opposite  NorfoP 


-T*P-N 


GoogI 


cxxxii 


NATURE 


'August  27,  1885 


WESLEY   COLLEGE,  SHEFFIELD. 

^AFFILIATED  TO  THE  LONDON  UNIVERSITY,  1844.) 

GoT**w<jt  ajro  Ckapuux    JUr.  W.  H.  DALLINGER,  LLD.,  F.R.&.  *t.  kc 

H LAS'  Mastz*        _       ._       .„       ...    H.  M.  SHERA,  Esq..  M.A..  LLD. 
Stcom  Mi>m   JAMES  SHEARER,  Esq.,  M  A. 

Frirr  Classical  Mi«tu  ...      —       ...    D.  J.  HINT,  Esq.,  M.A.,  late  Scholar  of  Tesw  Cotlcfe.  Cuton. 

Fiaxr  Mathematical  Majto   THOS.  HL'GH  MILLER,  Esq.,  B.A.  (Wnarjer)  Cash. 

TWENTY  ASSISTANT  MASTERS  and  PROFESSORS. 
I»  aaldraon  to  Oaaactl  Mathematical,  Enwti>h.  and  Comoerail  Subject*,  BIOLOGY,  PHYSICS,  tad  CHEMISTRY,  that 
Meiers  Liapages  of  Earoce,  Hebrew  sad  synac.  Vocal  and  Instrumental  Music,  and  Drawing  are  tang  ht  by  An 

Frofeaaori. 

The  Err.  W.  H.  DAIXINGER,  LLD.,  F.R.S.,  haj  andertaien  the  PROFESSORSHIP  of  N  ATURAL  SCONCE  ;  aawl 
  ^  eekiy  Lecnres  and  Clasa  Instractioa  in  PRACTICAL  ZOOLOGY,  BOTANY.  4c 

CHEMT-TRY  if  taagfe.  by  R.  W.  LANCASTER,  Esq.,  B.A.  (i<t  Claw  Nat.  Science),  Chn-t  Ch«rch.  Oxfcrd  :  and  a  Cmm 
•f  LECTURES  on  PHYSICS  a  dein-r~i  eath  Term  by  A.  H.  ALLEN.  Esq.,  P.C.S.    SCHOLARSHIPS  are  AWART  ET. 

a  -be  awyyae,  300/.  a  year.  DRAWING  11  tacght  by  JOHN  THOS.  COOK,  E'Q.,  Head  Master  SheftcVi  ScbcJ  .f  Ar-_ 
Tze  UNIOR  SCHOOL  u  m  eaceiUnt  efficiency.  Permanent  Stan,  T.  S.  COX,  Esq.,  B.A.  (London),  and  three  other 
TRAINS  Muter*.    CHEMISTRY,  R  W.  LANCASTER,  Esq.,  B.A.   (Oxoo)  ;  MUSIC  and  SINGING.   F_  H. 

MIDDLETON,  Esq.,  Bac  Mas.  (Camb.) 
PROSPECTUSES  may  lx  obtaitud  by  Application  to  tJu  GOVERNOR  or  HEAD  MASTER. 
THE  NEXT  TERM  WILL  COMMENCE  ON  TUESDAY.  SEPT.  22. 


i 


J: 

Ik. 


DAVEY  SAFETY  ENGINE 

"  DOMESTIC  MOTOR. 

The  »o*t  economical  mall  motor  for 
pumping  water  an-!  'innng  imall  machinery. 
Cu*t  ot  faei  one  far.hicg  per  h--r*e  power  per 

»  USE  FOE  ELECTEIC  LIOHTXHG 

"  See  F.th.'  .*s  at  *ta-->l  No.  1195.  Wed  Annexe, 
and  a.--.  ~  \-.e  EuecUjg  Lighting  L'cj  jr.mect, 
Ia»en:>^ts  Ljt.-.:"  i:;on,  Loo'ion, 

SILVER  MEDAL,  ROYAL 
ACRICCL  TL  HAL  SOCIETY,  I  ALSTON. 

Catalogues  on  Application. 

HATHORN,  DAVEY,  &  CO.,  LEEDS. 

[500 

THE  CELEBRATED 


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U  — IwaBwl  far  GiHoni'.  Faresrrrs',  Firann',  Joiners",  and  Amateur, 
use  I:  requires  mo  01L  Sharpen  with  a  spittle  or  water.  Pats  on  a  keen, 
•ban  ec«-s ;  aa  haatfcru*  ahou:  this.  Has  stood  the  test  of  too  years.  Cm 
in  Howes  far  Asas,  H«i<«  El»-»,  Raaors,  Peoknises,  sad  Plane  Irons,  Ac 
HoaosnhJ*  Mriioo.  Paris  Es-.  Mioo.  «•!*•  :  an  Broare  Medal.  Larxioa 
I  Slei  aai  m  wis!  E*h.»:>oa,  1 41*.  A«k  your  Iroononccr  or  other  retail  hc«» 
to  jet  j     oe«,  sad  (>**•  wy  address  ,  if  he  aval,  drop  ase  a  aotsv 

JOHN  C  MONTGOMERIE, 

Tsss  0"5haater  Stow*  How*  Works.  Dalmore,  Tarbcltoa  Station  R.S.O- 

ArTshire,  J  soj 

The  ACTOCOPYIST  .from  »*i  >  funu.hes  escellent 

BLACK  COPIES 

ia  Li 
A-mhsc, 

CO  ,  rs,  I  — Wail.  Loodoa. 


•he^raphK  «tr'«.  of  the  ORPINARV  WKIT1NO  Shorthwad, 
C  £c  V,  Sketches.  Mime,    fcasy.  EcvocotKal— lh*  Al  1'  >v«.>PH  1ST 


SANDERSON  &  Co., 

Sola  iBTtalara  of  the  Solid  Cowwe'Tsp* 

LIGHTNING  CONDUCTOR 

U  Pusaniiil  iswihi         r  |-J~  nf-'^-k  s.-ss.^-v  I 

0  j  .1  ssi. si  sadtle  Cwsoases  |  the  ItsJsss  &   iileHL  the  Ar«at«M  K  t  I 

..\Mr  —  -»— »—  ami  sWetaawJ Ciwasfjswlw. S>w«. 

Oi*  H.»sv.  eT  Pmrhsssrel.  «e 

i  the  Resort*  of  the  InirMlvusl  Teftrs  o» 
I  Medal     Class  l« 
*  Csva-s»*"  i  Oma  I   Tars  Lsxhtalae  Coadsx.  . 


s.tm<  Wl 

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VXAOCMIIALL  STREET.  B.C 


BOOKS  (Secondhand).  Miscellaneous,  Re 

Trial  an  lr  '"  HERBERT.  Englith  and  Foretrn  sfaweawBar.  jxv 
Goewell  Road.  Lowdoa.  E  C  Ck«aiogwl  free  ow  receipt  of  two  scawaws. 
LiSrarics,  Old  Books,  and  Parchment  | 


PATERSON  &  COOPER. 

76,  LITTLE  BRITAIN.  LONDON.  E.C. 

Electric  Light  and  Power  and  Telephone  Encineen 

Sew  Electric  Licht  Catalocsc,  seat  few*  u- 

PATXRSOV  ft  COOPER  beg  to  riee  soriea  that  they  hw*w 
the  Patlosoehical,  Edocational.  aad  Esperuneata!  Part  of  their  Rw 
J.  aadT.  MAVFIELI).  41.  Q«tea  Wtoru  Street.  EC. 


CHEMICAL    APPARATUS,  Wholesale. 

Retail,  far  Coheres,  Schools,  and  lical  Works.  New  Catalowue  c( 
ae  pazes  aad   y»  c.cat  ITlatltll  i  ta   post  free.   »ef  —WILLIAM 

HL  ME.  t,  Lotiisn  Street.  Edic  ijjfa 

SCIENCE    MADE  EASY. 

By  t.  twining. 

Anther  of  "  Tech-. '.  at  Tniaia(.~  Ac 
A  PVoereasire  Coorse  d  E>taeotary  Let^rr«  r  Physic*.  Cheesistrjr,  Xa 
Hi»u.ry,  aad  Phyv^.  XT.  fa*  Lecnr-.r.;  a:  :         lo.iroctKXi  oa  C 
pTTi.j.^-es,  far  xjvx..  C  -»  xr.-i  Hosac  Srodr- 
Sis  Pasts.  \m  ia>  It  M. 
44  TshJeci  aad  tia^-sais.  in  F.lfecuvt  M  .  t    special  Sets  of  Appwnras  far 
Sale  of  Hire    Pr  :t  t-at-  post  free. 
Loodoa:  J.  /.  OklFriN  A  «OX*.  ra,  Carrkk  Street,  W.C 

Secnnd  Eagiish  Ed>tk.a.  R  I)  si  Iro,  Price  afa. 

SENSATIONS    OF  TONE 

AS  A  PHYSIOLOGICAL  BASIS  FOR  THE  THEORY  OF  ML'SIC. 
By  HERMANN  LF  HI  LMH  'LTZ.  M.D.. 

Proicvx  of  Phy^cs  ia  tSe  I  Biseruty  of  rlertia. 

See— J  F-^^«^  F  :uoo  Tr»n«!a-r-!.   Tv  •  u^hly  Revised  aad  Corrected 
irr.!rfr>!  <  rf  weaaVSa  to  the  r  arta  and  -s>(  <  "rrmaa  Editioo  of  1677.  with 
rsj  tew  as  A*:c  ctcnai  Nctes  xr<l  1  \r  »  A   :.u>  aaj  Appendix,  briaifiw*,  dosrn 
|jk<sote»  to  Ifiji  aasl  cspcwa.is'  mfafT-l  ij  the  l  te  of  Mawal  Studcats. 
BrALEXAM'ER  J  El. LIS.  K>  k.,  F.R.S.,  Ac 
With  *l  Firores  Engrsred  ct>  U  >sd  tad  44  Passarea  ia  Musical  Notes. 
tsWOew:  LONGMANS.  GREEN,  ft  CO. 

MINERALS  AND  STONE 
IMPLEMENTS. 

M  R   MtYCE-WRtCHT  beft  to  call  the  attention  of  hit  Clients  aad  th 

P«hlk  to  has  large  Senas  of 

MINERALS  ASP  STONE  IMPLEMENTS, 

ftom  whSoh  ssaafa  specimens  can  he  selected 
E!ee>*atarv  CeAactssws  of  Mnscrala,  Fossils,  aad  Rocks  frosn  £1  apaajda. 

.V  «  —  rirtr  Ctilmlimm  r^Msaesf  tie  Primi  Mt<Ui.  ti6s. 
GEMS  AND  PRECIOVS  STONES  OF  EVERY  DESCRIPTION. 
KRYCE-WRIGHT, 

Vtswvu.'.v'  f         F.xftrt  t'sj  Prtcitmt  Stonej, 
. REGENT  STREET.  LONDON.  W. 


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NA  TURE 


385 


THURSDAY,  AUGUST  27,  1885 


THE  LIFE  OF  FRANK  BUCKLAND 

Life  of  Frank  Buckland.  By  his  Brother-in-Law,  George 
Bompas.    (London  :  Smith,  Elder,  and  Co.,  1885.) 

FEW  Englishmen  were  unacquainted  with  the  central 
figure  of  this  admirably  written  memoir.  His 
ubiquity  as  a  lecturer  and  inspector,  the  happy  self-forget- 
fulness  and  adaptability  of  manner  which  associated  him 
with  royal  princes  as  readily  as  with  seaside  fishermen, 
and  the  strong  personality  by  which  he  permanently  im- 
pressed all  who  came  in  contact  with  him,  made  him 
beyond  all  other  men  of  his  time  the  representative  and 
the  preacher  of  the  subject  to  which  he  devoted  all  the 
energies  of  his  life.  That  subject  was  natural  history,  a 
term  not  without  meaning  even  in  the  present  day  of 
minute  and  subdivided  scientific  work,  but  conterminous 
with  science  half  a  century  ago,  when  comparative 
anatomy  was  hardly  known,  when  the  microscope  was 
costly  and  imperfect,  when  the  provinces  of  nature  had 
not  been  mapped  nor  its  workers  differentiated. 

Frank  Buckland  was  born  a  naturalist,  into  a  home 
crammed  with  animals,  living,  preserved,  fossil ;  his  mother 
a  woman  of  rare  intellectual  accomplishment  and  scientific 
taste,  his  father  the  first  geologist  of  the  age.  At  three  years 
old  he  could  "  go  through  all  the  natural  history  books  in 
the  Radcliffe  Library";  at  four  we  find  him  lispingly  ex- 
plaining to  a  Devonshire  parson  who  had  brought  with 
pride  to  Dr.  Buckland  "  some  very  curious  fossils,"  that 
they  were  the  vertebrae  of  an  Ichthyosaurus  ;  at  five  he  is 
rapturous  over  the  teleology  of  the  "  tongue-bone  "  in  the 
skeleton  of  a  whale  ;  and  in  the  archaeology  of  Worcester 
Cathedral  can  find  only  one  object  of  interest — the  figure 
of  a  lady  who  had  been  starved  by  a  disease  in  the 
throat. 

At  twelve  he  went  to  Winchester,  not  the  least  bar- 
barous school  of  that  barbarous  scholastic  time.  He  was 
"launched,"  and  "tin-gloved,"  and  "toe-fit-tied,"  and 
"  tunded,"  and  "  clowed,"  and  "  watched  out  "  at  cricket, 
and  "kicked  in"  at  foot- ball, living  for  two  or  three  years 
the  wretched  life  of  a  college  junior  amid  a  mob  of  boys 
not  overlooked  by  any  master  and  influenced  by  the  bad 
traditions  of  a  savage  past  He  used  to  say  that  it  had 
done  him  good,  had  cured  him  of  "  bumptiousness  "  and 
arrogance,  but  he  cherished  painful  memories  of  indi- 
vidual tyrants  and  of  special  acts  of  tyranny,  and  was 
wont  when  a  senior  boy  to  criticise  with  a  bitterness  alien 
from  the  ordinary  conservatism  of  schoolboys  the  coarse- 
ness of  a  system  which  turned  a  gentleman's  son,  bred  in 
the  refinement  of  a  cultured  home,  into  an  abject  domestic 
serf. 

Buckland's  fagging  days  over,  he  was  happy,  for  he  could 
follow  his  bent  undisturbed,  and  the  pages  which  describe 
his  later  Winchester  life  are  amongst  the  most  amusing  in 
the  biography.  Fond  of  school  work  he  was  not  ;  he 
was,  in  fact,  looked  upon  as  a  "  thick,"  and  his  com- 
pulsory fagging  experiences  had  given  him  a  dislike  for 
games.  But  he  wired  trout  and  eels  in  the  clear  Itchen 
streams,  dug  out  mice  on  "  Hills,"  chased  badgers  on 
Twyford  Down,  skinned  and  dissected  cats,  moles,  and 
Vol.  xxxn.— No.  826 


bats,  articulated  skeletons,  baked  squirrel  pies,  and  cooked 
mice  in  batter.  A  buzzard,  an  owl,  and  a  racoon  tenanted 
his  lockers  in  "  Moab,"  a  viper  lived  in  his  "scob" 
amongst  his  books,  his  hedgehogs  kept  open  a  perpetual 
fosse  at  the  base  of  the  college  wall,  and  a  regiment  of 
tame  jackdaws  looked  up  to  him  as  their  patron.  On 
"Saints'  days"  he  attended  the  Winchester  Hospital, 
bringing  back  gruesome  fragments  of  humanity  in  his 
pocket- handkerchief,  talked  medical  language,  treated  con- 
fiding boys  professionally.  Applying  for  admission  to  the 
sick  house  on  behalf  of  a  patient  who  had  partaken  too 
generously  of  "husked  gooseberry  fool,"  he  informed 
the  surprised  second  master  that  the  invalid  had  a 
"  stricture  of  the  colon  ;  "  he  was  wont  to  offer  sixpence 
to  any  junior  who  would  allow  himself  to  be  bled  ;  and  he 
treated  surgically  a  football-wounded  shin  with  such 
results  that  the  leg  when  shown  eventually  to  a  doctor 
was  pronounced  to  be  in  imminent  danger  of  ampu- 
tation. 

The  Winchester  life  found  fuller  development  at  Oxford, 
No  one  who  knew  Frank  Buckland  there  will  forget  those 
merry  breakfasts  in  the  corner  Of  Fell's  Buildings  ;  Frank 
in  the  blue  pea-jacket  and  the  German  student's  cap, 
blowing  blasts  out  of  a  tremendous  wooden  cow-horn  ; 
the  various  pets  who  made  it  difficult  to  speak  or  move  : 
the  marmots,  and  the  dove,  and  the  monkey,  and  the 
chamaeleon,  and  the  snakes,  and  the  guinea-pigs,  and  the 
after-breakfast  visits  to  the  eagle  or  the  jackal  or  the 
bear  or  the  pariah  dog  in  the  little  yard  outside.  His 
Long  Vacations  were  spent  in  Germany,  whence  he 
brought  back  little  besides  collections  of  red  slugs  and 
green  frogs  ;  in  1848  he  entered  at  St  George's  Hospital, 
and  in  1854  was  gazetted  Assistant-Surgeon  to  the  second 
Life  Guards. 

The  next  eight  years  were  very  pleasant  ones.  His 
father's  position  as  Dean  of  Westminster  threw  open  to 
him  all  the  best  society  in  London  :  we  read  of  parties 
at  Miss  Burdctt-Coutts's,  at  the  Duke  of  Wellington's,  at 
Chief  Baron  Pollock's ;  microscopic  evenings  at  Dr. 
Carpenter's  ;  walks  around  the  Abbey  with  Prince  Albert ; 
conversations  with  Sir  B.  Brodic,  Mr.  Gladstone, 
Whewell,  Whately,  Prof.  Owen,  Sedgwick,  Bunsen, 
Ruskin.  He  was  beginning  to  feel  his  strength  and 
strike  out  his  line  in  life ;  in  these  years  he  wrote  his 
first  magazine  article,  delivered  his  first  lecture,  published 
his  first  book.  In  1865  he  resigned  his  commission, 
married,  took  the  house  in  Albany  Street  which  he  has 
made  historic,  started  Land  and  IVater,  devoted  himself 
to  fish  culture,  became  Inspector  of  Fisheries,  and  worked 
in  his  vocation  till  1880,  when  he  died  at  the  age  of  fifty- 
four,  worn  out  by  excessive  overwork  and  by  the  exposure 
to  wet  and  cold  in  all  seasons  which  his  professional 
duties,  as  he  interpreted  them,  involved. 

His  power  as  a  lecturer  was  unrivalled.  He  could 
keep  an  audience  in  ecstasies  of  laughing  enjoyment  for 
two  hours  at  a  stretch.  He  had  inherited  his  father's 
remarkable  felicity  of  illustration  ;  his  own  keen  delight  in 
his  subject  was  contagious,  his  comedy  incessant  and  irre- 
sistible. Never  was  a  memory  more  stored  with  interesting 
facts.  He  was  all  eyes  ;  noted  everything,  remembered 
everything,  used  everything.  Through  London  stree' 
as  he  surveyed  them  from  his  favourite  seat  on  the  k' 
board  of  an  omnibus,  on  the  walls  of  exhibitions,  on 

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(iMni  nfil  lift  h'ltbii"!  CWWH  Kll't  ;t*nt.  and 
llir  T.n  headed  rfl^Mn#Av  '"""I  *tam*rf  Twin*, 
mil  tar  Nr.  /.etlm.t  riiitft.  ||M  I  ..tlnu,  ami  /-mill. 

mil  Uua  I'ltttaci  llir  In  •>  w  n.  fill  IVned't'.i  the 

•rail  ••ill.iawl.  and  Ike  «  i|  Mm  n(  Ike;  Yt'-Md 

mrni«mlil  drink  i  leifiU  nl  milk  umki  niter.-  all  luokul 
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de|>»line  eu'M  who  note*  ._• 

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vmihl  tuil.  il  ■  tf  Dtlmcd,  lie  «f  uiftti.it  i'#rt*i. 

The  umunr^il  M>>imr,  t>t«|utnl  md  i«uwit  urnh*  thnc 
riit-tutnutfef**,  mntain  oviy  vm  nip«J*  [nblnhtil  bj 
rothti  in  rjirirrcw  I«r1>iilic*1*  from  |!;$  lSS%3.  The 
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hiifxUlrx|M<litiiinu|ithr  St-rt.  I'.irhcv tfr*d *1  St**i£i. 
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lit  another  kati  CtOCfcllti  lbs  J.mir  |  »  ,  mK't<- 


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Mt.  K.  Knuki,  Ii  A  ;\U»Jjn,  iMj  I 

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«hwil  u>»     In.  Ihr  ...mhocd      k  "I  MM  Mm*  « 
hue  l.kl  (,ii.».lrMhh  ninwt  ■>(  "  "«", 

in;  ,„|„i  „  l  ,  ,.|>   <  „l        Ml  »'  Ihc  jrr-*'  •>"» 
„|  ("ift  «  L\4o<r    «>.l  U.-»r1,,e* 
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B—i  ii»iii  ■£■*•■>;  ii»    t->"  *!H?  ETS2 

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mm  r«p>-  *,"u."*r'i  *  ^.ii»  "•» 

,|„  „.„,l,k  nf  c  *..ll«l.-.  «  **HJ  S 

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w  ho  4o  fM.  I "Ktl  thi  J  |».p"l*  wi'nW  r 
m.J  Kl.^c  tWm  tin.  uu 


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.■•cicr,  uiir  «l»  lu.  .m  «„_,'..   ■*  •'"»  '»  l*H"f 

>i  I  .V:  ...m,      „',  „ !S7,  '"'r'  ">  IhoIobK»1 

i   tlnl  4..  IIMH-  „„,  "  '.  *  »»flST.cnl  uu. 

4i..r.i[V,  il  tMtujin^  tlw  in,  exrc'le*<« 
imMim  i_.  ..SV1,*      which  •  ■ 

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JjJJj.  .  ,„>y  ^.^^".^.u-l 

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i, _i.   ...     ,-  i..  c  r.  iiJ  im>i«fti]tnM«.      The  riiM«>«n  ibt«M 
>  Z  tf.i*  '--Vi  i  ti»  >•  *  «•»    (hw*«boilli.     "Mm  HlMiiag  • 

laMi  to  I*  .IrtvcWi  (ftn  the  |bn  by  ■JheifcWl  *•  A*  4a  I 
tlx  ((uiitwri  •■'■»«.»  It  ifirwrtly  to  I  be  bMb  «f  n* 

  lapMH  Mtlll  MMh  «t>»l  e-l**1*  UpliM  he  mm 

m.V.  <>i"  C"M""'  I*1!**1*  1  »uch  a*  the  wiar*rir*  of  «  Am< 
C^-Ui  e.i*»|*»  »*>nlt!  I*m*  |»(i4c<<«  ibe  uJnnaff.  •»  lb*  b 
Mtvfl  »m  ba  Mil  r*|»c*lc«Jly.  and  their  woMbta*  dvpi  « 
ii»n  i.  itif  !»  ni|nmt ;  where**  without  tlbaa  prctMwO' 
[fwt  U  n«ill  ■  »|' pi  lent  ion.      Any  uicWr  ejMift* 

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*<h>«A  m  Hiw<at  K^btbat  ■•  curvvonteiti,  hjM—^a  by  *»  «■>  » 
„w(.,  mij  !•*  "-nl"b»wn:  It..., Lit-  *l>ilkc<]  f*«o»  oat  ^ 

ii  ->c  m  ltdi       *  i-1        wbrre  iHe  vt»w»  pbwewB  ■ 

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«(.•(.  imp  ttc  »|','M*«  «^  iltc-  veins  it  augthl  be  aytaW  * 

J.  ULrftusi 

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I  Va»  eri>eu   In    -i.     u..  ■.! 


I  ..fibr  <>• 


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iu  ihr  ■  aton-lol  K««f  W  Jc*n»»*» 

uiw*  ikM  tirm  M*llli»i    ' '  Jeen  *e»  "  *'»  Om 
Ml        l—t»i>  i.-  •  j^^ic.  •     Mr.  HedwK  •  * 
III  flw|*n|uJ  it  m  ii.  f.niitioti  iMfiWHlw  w 
ib*  *%<«ii         Utmrii  ii.lt;  nuib. 

-*  ih.  w4*f>irt*Hn  tluiwfbn*!  by  •«•■»• 

■   I.  -  in.,  r       i  ■  i»  ....  ««.-*-■" 

it  *f  •*"-«--  ii*  ib»  n<.*t«l  %riti  rwH  —in  ■»••*•* 

I..  !. ....  r..  V.M.I  »  ,IWb,  t  .f  l.|*l«BC*.  »*raM*f^ 

*»»'.    •  inr,    *<curlm^     to  both 

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tin  »V-i  I  tn*.ii^ liifct  »l  .h-i-iTUm.,  Uh,  MicuAtlbiit  io  ibr^rrff^'' 
I  _.^-J  l'  I  ■artM  Unit..  «b  » >ir*  (.»  Mi.%We   i1i««aae)««*  **  1 

I .      I      M     ».    \  .*      \  -.  .  ..  .  m„.  afibf 

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I  |'«'*"^  '  y^.U-uiti^t..  f.ec  (tjr.»  .Vt^U  »>ih  fncmrtin  of  A* 
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tenjffhl  C.unr.  J^w  In  tlitir  iiitribtfrtl  lulkiUr  Mr.  C     «t»r»  MHI  enough  |U  receiw*. 

.(•r-arfU  to  be  >!»•  ,nd  l.kcly  lo  1 
|k  iU-co^o.  MM       -frlfiiTL  of  * 
p.p*-»wui*  nude  frtxn  «. 


Casl-frm  i  ■MMi  tkai  ike  ffam  Kid  twn  .im.rdtKnt  into 
France  at  tfcal  dmr.  *r*l  MM  .irtr-dlj  «n  wle  In 

Ac  nvwm  wjt  Antibe*. 

N.irim..  :.->■- .  ■  nil  1'iiir  m-cnity,  «fpmr«  in  h»v» 
tnwn  kn-iwn  ti  t»  the  e*i'i«i**«  ihr  m|UN  It*  to*,  hi  i» 
Croea,  frv«u  *«hlcll  (muln,  kwrrrr,  it  i»  rkUenMlv 
prili j Nt  it.il  the  J  »;«ae»r««  prorwed  rt.  Th**.  Mr.  F.  it 
Fwrfcc*.  *h""«  prr»ii».il  Lriuwlc^c  ■  4  itit  t'kine«e  llur-a  it 
■mil  «t-ood. ntrr»»p«,wltiiidl>i  H*rK«,tnfiM«»itie.  - 
"  |  h»Tf  im»r  *rr»  the  v|aii«  tnn.i>-«»  (.'■  ■"••it.  fend  I 
km*  )d«r.i*.  tiippiK'l  IKii  n»  '«^Mmy'arjtnt1ltliljll> 
prudBccd 

The  tirrt  tnhrmii  aiis*itn  »f  tu  mrvirnrv  in  (Vai 
u,nr  irt  I  ktinar,  ikic  1>j  Mt.  Frederick  S  A.  Iluaiw 
<jf  II.HM-  ClttncK  0«i»<tlw  Senile  Mi.  l'«wnr 
«r<*c  i»«s  '*>  ttrtvr  ij.  iMi.ih»lhcli*4in>dc  »  |mu.ic*. 
few*  F<«Kh«i*'  »»  a  d(«l»*<-*  ut  V»»  ri>b_n  in  ibe  weOeie 
ktihtei  tbc  r  Jura  (MMrMfti  r«i.  |iiir<  VV«  i-Vtrry.  (Ik 
MMMIMm)  nw*t*«UrT  n»  ibt  i --!<*  i  bill*  -  i  t>  .  i.  Mr. 

Iliiuiit  Ojjt  ..  "md,  tin  km  liy  A  F.nr  '(k  mi  .mmc  Inn*  ■ , 

I  bcl<*c   ft  In  Mi.  Fi<itii«e,  jlxist  ik«  >w  it  it  \\> 

lhe  nudtn*  "( l^- n»t>M«M  he  Iuiim.  Miml  rkimp*   *    b*r«w,tt.  uii*u*lvd.     It  It,  rl.VuT  m  "*  Ipwi  

%.,,ur#  l»*«h.M-.r..*  .Cl.»Urs  kcVlii  uf*  jl»m  n^kt     mml  in  Ufenfcn*.  Iti  temple  ■.ouri"  £          clueflj  U 

_  1    «initiim*4  ,h  MMOli  aB  u  i„r j,  *  * ,r*  J   the  target  yjtai 

Tta  l^fi..  *!  A.r*  .■..,.„>,/  j.t  ^.•urliiitK  rciMtiimof  .  uicd  lot  ,  (hr  MBallrr  lE2  ■  llJ1,f  lhroM<l  in 

runiMv  in  ut  .iwc  fui  KMn*w,  i»i  t»  ni.  mi   '.  ...i..  .  "■"■Ml  *nd  |e»»  hmbM 

tgfljm IIIIIM  llTi  11^1*1  f»lmU.H.«n».l  ,  ,|„  lW«   lu  .-'  S™ 


<.uiuiuiit,».ili. «  »,lh  »hii-h  Of    mLTT  ™«o^ 

-  lu  »o«.0|.lMfil  MM  b  from   2t-,„_,„  ... 
.!!«.»«.   IM&  mht,  SSfciig?  J.  *!^.>MjUBi 

llio  .,,r.n,  fn|l...,„fc-  r'°  ,OL"  I. 

Ikr  »™i  o,  AM  >.»r  ih..™  " JTu« 
Miikii^  iki.i  »><i,  iim«WJ  .^^u,,' 

ib.ii  N..il!i.  i.  rtMciiniet 
ill'Vnl*.  them 


ntcnest  it  rw  bi 


Ili*  lirrx  ufmnl  in  Ik  mint.  1ln  I  ^nMfMJ  ktr>T 
mile  indued  -X  lu*  .nbiraLitila,  aim  wcrv  \flvHttt£  billl- 
MMMj MMWiMHCil  the  YirnrjA  % >».|.  <M  i*p|^  )h  *.m  hi  , 
lwnnc4«iitKttnirM  •rier.d  nrinukiUlr  ^  V>eltiti£  1 
111  pulu  J.11  fitrai>liiil  .iw  1W1I  *  i*  jii  «»r.nmjiiiMnr  ; 
OJAHM/i  in  luu  it  *r.t*  MMMMJr9Ml  llf  tK.it  MMM^MM  I 
Ki  |Kffcu  «7*tj;Vlnc.«  n  t*  muik  «imTnc4  li>  dti<er<  and  1 
■  t.  J.,.  flirj  MM  lold  he*  tliM  It  wj*  ««rJ  num  1 
ptrpiii-v  '4  do  -j*aini*.  .•»-)  irtdltv.  iniVlilinc.  ar»<»ii,- 
mlrtft.'.tiit  -4  trtinz  m*H  ink'—titt*  rvjtMci|urntly 
HHCmicBv  »<!<  uhi.Hirfd,  ^«il.-Jkt>1.  -(tit   Lm  Int 

in\»f»ly,  wki  thchLNM  ...'iiiitr'l  Ml  t*  MKI  f<»r  the  Mfei  k 
by  raUiirif  ink  witb  kit  i-wn  Wind  Ml  ike  mkrioetl,  *m1 
MjPAJ  *•  «•««)  t*ti  (be  tUrMrttj  lii  hyt  *>i  ikr 
r«bin»n)f  fcimperer  Mni  i  euiiinb  i-»  t  litViAtti  "•iJrt.ii" 
IpCfJuun*  Btftkr  |tm>iI.i1  I'jik  lli-.nltr.  leir^  tmn.l»ed 
fli«*  wju«iciI  ja)|fiutt»  td  Iki*  prcnuur,  ll  It  l<»nd  ui 
1 1  •.in.  SrttliiMn,  \uru\in  .tittl  llinuin  ;  in  tV  I'"'*' 
|»'Hiri.c  il  .imwjit  i.ij,K.«tii  11.  «fa.ir  tlut-iiwri»i.t 
Hi  l  Imrkcd  Ur-^nr.  U,ty  t.itutr,  «iib  MMttfeMM  «• 
•rtll  dctiiild  IfCMl  *><li  -  Lnife  Llrr  I  Wkut.f;  V 
hite  kktrbrly  inuiKkd  ■•■tni.nt  jnil  (MMjMM  ibry 


1  purr 

^.  M^MuilM MJHMMMH  MT  the 
n  nboJ  ilie  brad,  nf  b.ii.if,,^,    ...  . 
miit  M  |tr«M  le  iHiUik.;        IlouK.V?  >°nu.m'c  . 

/l       f  -     ~.  ' 


lm  rrfcttl>cc  tit 


MB  the  " 


1  m  4tft 

.ki  IJc.  Lb.  j.n.t)i,  )n  „„|v  lmr   TriV/         """  ****  " 

u  .in. .  1  ,k|..tt  tnm  iLi  ii,ibj',  ,y ill""''  '*  «» 

liMrCtll.it  Lui  i.-u„,1  ,1c,,,.    imj  »3  "Uci  inlurx) 

MOMUU  r*,l/„:.„*„,M  .,,icl  ■'"')•  <Kxur.  I.  tbi 
l.lrt»«T  IIUlc»«il  11k  vtntt.  „,  .,"! *i,ar»  IMJOirtr** 
.it.  olun  utttl  111  hiit..|«  lot  .jlk.nJ '''"''••••V*  «1T» 

11,11  I  do  M  tlimk  the  uiurc  lu,..!^, 

•  hull  i.  .l.,:lnC>n>ml  <iun  .11  „.  .31  ■"»■■■ 
1»ih,  l>.  .,1  ,!,c  l.ui^li ^  »n;uUi     Thl.   i     f'  h»» Ibij  Iht 
cikv  lit  dttftUrxi  „f  .ttia  rrhttlt   I    I     1   *  on'» 
MM!  tl«  Iftit  //.IW.UII  ^  Iwve  «li«C0ttftPt) 

tlmtlci.  lac  ,«J  aal)  I.Hr*  MM,  «lK<»i-»!''  I     l'<««lK.|»««tii.  M.mj  ,,„.f  ,(,. 

.tern  UM  :.  bjm  Willi  i.i  tana  •»*««  »•»  tbc  '  n,^..-«iJ>T  .iJta«VMf,.,.,,.  "PJI  b»  kn«»« 

«4   lniix.il,  u.ii«  i.l  ijMT«i»ilir»t.i»n.lt'"',,*T  WtTt,  Tttimfl!*** .. 

an>MM,g    ,        . ., ui^bna —  .  "_,u" 

«»=■'  i  jtivjiHci  i...ud,itia»ii>  uu^«'J     roKttA-r/M.  ut  UMAJa  of7T2~1  

fill.  «t'«.«..lTilt.i|  uitit.  K..  1 

,W',  »bi>*  fjM  U.«  ,«*V*J*  ■«  H'MOMf 


iitttt  it  I*  th«ny.  JfcMniltitfi  »  >' 


•(1 

ttt-UJi 

MtMMi 

otter  kiiiib  «f  |, 
»|<nt«' 

Dt  ll*,?*.,*  Uilni  -ell  llMM  >»  }HutSSSr^S. 
liilcbvnt  hm  ,„  j|l  Uul  Kbit-     <•«  i'L 
ihuliun.  „|  i,!,,,,^  |  >tn,.lttJ  w  .„,,  to  km  It;  " 
Md  III  Kitcutmg  kvlltt  rnuiltltm  nl  IV.  ^»*l'«f,~ 

»'  >-  II  r»i»«.  lu.  «.unt  e*'»l  •>  w«" 


_by  Googk 


X.I /I  HI. 


in  jitwii  <4  ilir  ifetilnii 

*    «Y  *»JH*    M  *HWJ»tlt 

>t<ll  0*1"  toil  dun* 

*»»  lit  ;t«r»  «fci  unit 
-in  ut  tfmttk  fttrtuwirt- 
ii  mm         »l  tlimifi'T 
TaCjT  .ttilrj*n*enl  am 


inlit  ntuil>  hi  -cm  iiii 
■OA>  ill  lot  .'•Kill  Kir,; 
»  ItffMhrlH  Mi  I.HIIl'l 
■  I  l!..   ,      ,1,  ,u|    t.      -  , 


■ 


i 


I '.i«      n.i  il.iTtnn**  Unw-  hii&i>  neither  iinJ  j 

«trm,*uv|«  in  iiui  |oni^rti  >  iii«i|  and  in  thi* 

I  itumrt  .1  «jui|M«t  *»rfjc  jml  nm^r  fill  .ir*  i.(iultv  lh> 
[•  •hut  4  .  it  fcn...  .1  fit i  i.  r,  iii  mim.iiv  Kcmi- 

,  W  turn,  i  ill  n  jr.  MtfMla  n      i*vt.t*uy  ir*  «*il)  lu  f-«c**r 

|  I  *     «  r,  Iiii    .1  dm  ja+*  tiilf,  tfflt 

,  intto*itt  MtCVM  **  t  itr.  ai»J  in  tM.-kaM*  iuIuiin  n  hy  n>» 
iiKin«  »►!! .«..  i*i  ii  t(K  ■       •«it'Ciii*ct  *  tlunti  Jutov 
.  tlai  of  U*  cxi.1i  tin      t'ttH-.-vittwft  111*  jhoilwttll 

I  'tut  i  >k-«|«;ni«u  >|C>wil  i.  imwiii;  in  inutility,  wbtV- 
Mtf  *!u.  It  •  ■  WUne  B|i  H  'It  Wlirn  in  W.itrllinc 

tar  (iin.i r**  ■<(  ■  \  .  I  »i»  -  *.,  '.  K.r n  i*  tvty  irapor i*nl 
M  i'l'i-.ixirx;  fn  mm  rfl Wpfi  ti.  .l-jnti,  a>  *vfl  ii  i)n> 
.  mlm  tnJn.-iin«.  «l*int<l  Ann  a«<  t  tiMigurvttltt*  of  thr 
j  (»-Ji>r^  t*  tmt  Vain  t  (>r>v»-»tn%  whnli  c«l«*n 

i  on  In-  •Ihmii  to  w  i»*  »  btoi  fiili  itnottity. 
,  I  bttifa  tl*  ,r  ■»  r  .1 .  h.  1 1  icti  «t .  .  of  *  <  *  •  i-iit  .tic  ill 
idHtiUf  InJtnt.iinr.l,  Mill,  irUi\fct*tl  C  iwt  Slf*  aiiKh  M 
•V|-.tl  Jltr^ii-  t|itl  Miivif*  «/  i  iiL.mon  Hlir|i  ti.-l.t. 
I  Ihi  «k»tui(  *><r.<lx  f-tmtil  i  iMRMAItWn  *rr  I  -I,  di« 
"(•*    i,  tto;  »*trnn*>  ;  t,  tin  «*c  :  4,  Mil )  1,  iliwnJ; 

|  .V-..  WW  ..  |b-  iu.*mUn  •*  a  -*t  itl  <u  UtttnrtMil 
mi  ****  >4  •(  Ct'jW  tt»r  (flw  Ii  1. 1  tllitl  iUi  *'  (KiMutt.' 
SfMMftillii  t»r  dUfi  -t  i»v  uiiNy  (•ttiHitl  cXlirt  4htf«|lne 

.    ...  |.  ,)<••■■         'In      i         i  .i    i  k>|it,  itr«l^  iiR  l!  ■'. 

•uli'  ut  llf  |<  it. ii'  *  1    L  .i.lr  «n»  i hi  KiHti  -i  i.l|t.*in 

|Ni...utt     I  i*r  mmi  HaHMPtaM  huteiM  «luut  ikn  i.  ibs 

hi  "ut  in  tin  k  it*  t  -  i  IV-  i  ilt»  ItHhlfl  */  |tir  ^(liiifv. 
•  i«  Mm  .in  Mn  ■•!*  «li<Sl  <r«bfWt  i«4  h*m  »«kl| 

i<«  tin  Milr  •  4  tl.t  — -  -tut an  iitti  ilwprtnun,  anJ  j  ini 
i*f  wt***1''  t**J«rMit  .iM  «l'i«\ttt  tia*4h  t^l  the 
Iiii  I*.'  -t  liit  i        (•until    Urn  iwifmn  (t  litMlIf  (til.illfl 
"  ih.H  '4  IHl*  (itmum       Hit  inm  •Irilm^  tLiTrnvawv 


.  .1  . 


i 

1 


1 

■ 

in  u>|in>nl  L**tr* 


t«niur>  <^«Vi«ir  ■■  the  tc  . 
It  Mloitn     >H  mrtJ  •  ]c •  t\htfft  *| 

.  ii-  t.  -   >  >  'i  mil  .  Ixt.t  Ini, 

1 

I 

t  (iRiliaf)  ts<knr.  Ini«r- 

I 

■tl.t^-rin*  ini«pwilfr  ,  m*\ 


•  •(,  -  *  ■  i  l  - 1  _  t  t    !.  itn.  I.ii  n,  c  fd( 


Hit 


IHil' 


■ 

I 


:;t»ti.D,  l*l|»r.l 

..tin  »■     i  ■        I    ■  -      I  tint  lit  *i  n  ^rm:- 

■ 

ft  .iflrti  ^||i*tl-lntAl.     Ilte>  .n*  lnUttt|  Dtn> 

(lie  Its*  u|  in*-  ir.u*k,.  tl.»>  H.hiiti  il<>  bun 
,tiii«k*  mi  tin-  liar  «k«ii<  till*  ti  ikn  u«vtict 

1 

I 

1 

■ 

■  ' 

■ 

■ 

I 

I 

!•    •     f-  '  -i   —  llir*  ...n»'rf  u(  iwikir-  r  rr;«j 

jittwit  toil  »mm.i,  tra;  cniH'nio       it**  m  t^h  (ifev.m. 


NATUR& 


\ -  >*£>•>'  77.  i«s 


ike  tJrte  W  the  V*.    The  I  Ab«n:i<*t>tM '»  opinion  i»  ihat  ho*»  cm.  .  -  .-/_n   .      .  . 
*e4>«  •«»  m  ihiwt  op  .«  Ironi  «*  iyek«M«  »nd  V  de>  (  erfaeethi*  lu  i*«L*r»  nut  k»e  defin J.  1  - « .4^1? . „ "!T?" 
pnnMt  and  in  Unci  .ilunfc  befoit  ifera     •  n  lb*  IniM, 
or  ra«l  tale,  llit  fteUhei  i»  *«ff  bnr,bi,  Ml4  tht  emd  i* 
aimb-veU  iml  ifMdtfM*-,  »|iilr"  ike  tampar-al *rt  «  1I1M 
L'it  m  t»n-  <(  '         i '■'      '  '•  dn   '<»».  "i   »«  *' 
•bat  lite  h*imiNMr  top**  In  (nil,  ike  »  nd  lurn.  u> 

WJUltl  lit  -k>  l«fi.».t*  111  tlut  |<t>lliAI  IlkUIIICT 

*  lech  Tin*         a  t.dn.andtkcn  ici.i(]ujIIv  btuwue*  link. 

in  ifnwl  &«  :he  o.J<>«  ,i| i|iro*t he*.  At  die 
extreme  norih  pun*  ef  di«  *e»fcc  J  »K.-«tl  cr  thmdet- 
tirrrsi  j.  nomct-eir.  »c4 

ATnu/itt  AhI  M  th  MM  Tiir  |nv*uirt  >•  hi(h  nn  one 
.'.'t  »  ■!  !u«  on  iko  v*t«-T.  »ithnii  hii*  di  (ji«  cji km*, 
ibtlMito*  hwinine  *CMirU  nwti  Ibc  *ky*  *h«U  iniiit 
UlC  re„«nt  ul  tut*  t"r*  Slf*njlil  iW.er» 

are  am  p*T>(.trM.  *mt  tke  Jft*  wIikIi  'U>  Iimc  «<u- 
pwd  ie  utinll>  i  -  t  ^  iyd»M  ••■  gnruef  m  k»» 
illicit  uh     I  ■  '  I-  --*<r.. 


It. 

t  A,1  T eWB>  »S  Hs-tfimmg** 

Tu  f|V  net  ld(  J*,|el  U«  luriHni.  tfc  i  . 


iihIw.iii..m  «>e  i  7W»«       I-m;  --it":  ^4  »lrnii|icUy  thai 
rnr«»f,(lmdY,iinMlt><t«i*diir.tl>t  •rir«ilninnif*ierj|«  (  I'm* <h*JT.utf,  u»  llmt  no  bi  at    iam    tL_       LL  T 

«.•  be  fidu«i.|  «m    MMMiMl  |uiixlt*  w/  — 
wft  [  «e  |iu  n  i«fid  U  dy 


W  h-r*b.  aemnlin,;  In  thw  ^tulirxi*,  tn  be  fii£u«id  « 
fcy  rita,  a*  lljtm  fc«iu*  iir  kmc* 

tWi.  -  I*bt  tiMot^l*  <rf   A  link   itf   l.n»   ItmallfW  .  ICAcIt  lt*Vt 

UrlvKn  l«u  *«iK>\kaiCK    'Ihc  nit*.  k>|bl  jrtd    *  i1.ftt-n»-M  i4  tUe  ^ixirtna 

llit  *fc*l«<t  i|uCI,  lt<e  ij.n.ntfe  til  HMnmSi  titiux 

llnnyb  lite  f^ntitl 


t  y.  Ihc  vcoihci 
Un*UHM.f  *4  ill*  -Jf UH!i.»ifi 
»drttbi|i  «  ttt>in4ary  la  lV«> 
mi. -a  II  h  |*  "-ilil*  m  t* tt 

the  <>d  At  .(ii>  iftamim.  the 
Mibkt  i  to  much  niKt  i iM%ty. 

■     ii.  r   ;•  ■     ■  '   (4  III* 

work,  to  tt  dhCMJNM  vi.illir»-lit»o  ind  «ri|i«TKc 
Wm  ieA:icwe  H  WtMcio  Kiininc,  there  mr  Jt  U*<*  fmn 
••ell  naikcl  «■<  M*U«f  L  'lU  ?»*ntit«li,m,itif  Ii 
an  init>>.\>itr  In*  to  ibv  r.i»i  nr  MdHftoi  rt  *>ititi 
lltluin,  »k<  i>iIiim»  MMM|  n  Itvin  ihc  AWMAh  rt*0 
heal  up  j^.umi  t  hi  |  ;  ■  •  aid*  the  tiuith  (AH-  i-  Mil 
Woleily,  in  »hxh  OM  lllffcil  >ck  uf  jiiM>'  >«i 
>«.[..!  t»  (he  mill  ill  r.il.iin,  ti«3  Hi»  t>iIi»*-» 

•tKh  itc  futniti  in  lU  «mul  Atlmir  |u>* 
<ut  nr  inn.  -t    i      i    He  Nnrttrrb,  «■  »hrh  tU 
.VtUnlH.  until  jtlnsc  utiti  Ik*  f.H  M  itn  >••*•' 
WCVuft^i.il  tii-  i  n  tfrst,lih  imct.i't'hv  .\ll»"'^  < 
Ifc  itf  WM  tj  fl'«M  ■j^q  <■»     ifW  n«U--<  »•-•  •l' 
■n*J  tii her  n.ah  ar«ui»d  ilw  .intk  |ih>nt  u»tl«  — f  ;;1* 
cr  but  *  m4  IfMejl  np.dk  WWI<I  ih«  f*a*    4  Mm 
e^ih.i.  ^heih  J*  aM.».iitN  U..0  ItiV''  ■«2'  K 
apuear*  a  tk.      nh  I  ...  -4  EcMMf.  "»'V  «^»»'»  ^ 
heU*>d  iko  em.:  ber, -Irk-  thi  Aiunlii"  ..." 

f.  t..|.ill'  jbMUl  'l   in  Ike  Hi)  -I  I 


.ni  ,  .1.1    *i.n<le.r  fheMI  cifCumsiBrn 

:   i-.i'r.  ii.u     '.  , ^r.1,.^.'um'  •«  *»nue  af.bK.™ 


•.ill  L«  ei|u*)n\  ..(  Kinpvr.Hufe 


ju.ini.r^i  eejuilibiium,  m  nrtia* 
nr.  iTttlrpentlentlv  t.id.-te.  km  I 

•><1  tliv  only  Jifto««i 


i»  lieal  iu.i>  be  ■  .  n.n  ,red  1*  / hi!  *'"t'*r4""«  wAimjm 


m»*irj  *?». 
Iw  |e  i.t-  Ih* 
vliiTia*  In  ttej 
Idiriiaw  tht  icwrtl 
niilbat  ikIiii  r»  r 


ryilnne.  thr 

MMLk  «-*(    U"'(IV    the  Si  'l» 

cvihim*,  m  tit*,  litre  J****1' 
aiiticil  <«  JelViied  h<  iln 
tJM  t«ir*t«-  SHintltmi-.  ' 
C«  ike  RHftk-«x«  tetefi  kriid  l 
the  |ui,  or,  in  »tr»|  »ftit  m*tii 

Me,  AbditmeA'/  not  rtpU 
to  ittre: 
Bpreeta 

In  Ml 
nttiAik* 
eaunv  <««c 


>eup»d,J-,Uf  "* 

IMMiiOl    "'  n"nlT 

m\  e  tkeiied 
id  idv-ilnf  -V«*IH"»-i<«e» 

,p«  KM.ird*  the  . 

4AII»U>  *-»■• 

•k>h*  id  -4' 
Mr.  AWnmlliln 


"I   telka  tin,  llf 

■■>  ■':'  j*rtMt  noV",^;;^ 
S  u r« Sh  v;"1-1  «  -v 

in-  ..lici.cKinj.^,,  ■■  *****mmfy* 

..i  ,„j,>  uuin  "i,. Y,.,y,*  3 "* 

> ,  t^wBte  «*5J»i  ,,UM  "*  ""«"'  I" 

.,  I.      «5»   .  L,  .  ,!f   '   'I"  '-.J.. in  Ml 
lr..  .I)».,.„.  ,1 ,  ,r  ,  ,  '  '""'^  •  >»iti  «l..«y  Jl  4  a - 

■   ,  .„  ,"„':,:  «      n>«»  l»"  ••• 

U|~M»I  <-r"l-»«luj»      ||,2B*1,h5»  Himirf  i«Mr»l 
».iu,l  !      U;",>-    'low".  K 

r  much  una! 


'•.•i.r.k.,.,,r,  ' 

"'!  MllMWdl  I..  I*  .S 
-«..t^l  .n  .1..  .i         -  "*l 


••I  •Ihi 


'"■•II  ' 


<MHiUiicti| 


ny<un  .<  .null m-i""""^  —  •■■  ~~ 
be  l»»dv«tv  Vnc  m  .„!.-.«r    «l«  ™Z  lil.:.l 

""""  *"\«>,r*u^"*"','LT^,,J:  i-v- 

(HnMKO.  ^t|.l""|nn  ihc  m.«i  in*!' '"I.  V!™~,  . 

•Ml  m  ita  ml  .ri.i  .1  •>■<«'•  U 
<fVl<»tl»l>[  r.<VjM  nil  •  »  1*11 


(tMt.   u.il    i#,Vi*  ■'     '*V  .""k 

»3  i.cj "'nr,?';!*  sris 
'«i>  *n  fc'.fflr  "  * 

e>iMMj  3 ,  „„  ' 'i'*  5jgyi.il.>  7S 

'I  -  »i.|„:„  .M 


'!••  '"    »«.l  mlbin,  ij  ' 

•u<li.n<l>  n...v..iH.I  ik, 

IllMhMM  Ur.  ,iih1  1*1,*.  I 
lllut  ill  il  tM  U» 


iir  t.»  .'  l-i  (In  f-m  »• 
•  <«c  lit  W  iJ  l>i 


K  ixlltf  |**1*t-|>  »W 

Utk  i..  itir  mini  <  ..  m<l 
t\A  •'»  .•  MM)  li*  >■ 


i 

I  I  t  itw  u'Mt  lr  n»iiinn 


■ 

■  I 


h!.iH  i 


■ 

■ 

i 


■  ■  i ,  . .  r  I  Hc^ciin* 
.'  • .  tkt1  »'l  •  lim|t- 
!  •>[■  •  iM  Ml 
m.  ■  'It  li.  Ml  r  111*  if 
■I  *i  • .  I  lirM 
tnitttif.  ill**,  it  l*«Jktt 
tabs  '  K •!  il>f  Mimiif  iheivn 

tir;n|l>l*f  I      t  i;f|fi»*m»ili  th»«» 


i  m  |r.n  li  Hi  MM  wt^h*4* 

r|tTt  i  .if»  rjitii»i  DM* 
'i       |r-  i  t..  iittnoMi)  3r>i| 
*  i*in;  l'>*n  mi  |>*t<im  ul 
I  ..I'l-tllt  IIHi|t  t  il-i»* 
tM  mi  lt  Mj  tpW  up  lb* 

Imu  »•*«  ii*  «trt*»iwpnt  nw- 

■  •I  tt»  n        •>lin«iii  id  tW 


•  j»tmirt*l 

•ten*  in  h4*c 

I 


I 

i 
1 

■  I  tlr   I  t.'.nr.!  lb* 

■ 

■ 

■ 

■ 

■ 


1 

I  ■ '.(.  It  ■  iitmi-i.i  *i  ik<  V  tl«t-»  >U-*Jtmr.»  fc«*v 
MtaiKl  I    ft  ihi*  Mrttrttr  it  »»»*  *Kwn  fci  *  •iMfar 

|M  ...  .if  r»   Ill"  (K'l-Mlidnmi  »"i*l  hnI3 

i-r  rMPfl  ittlm.lnl  .1i»TttKi;»t  .»*  Iwt.JU'l  «tni  n%  I 

II 

I1.it*  »r»  I*  J      lltr  l.-l-.in.  III". 

; 

1 

■ 


■ 


■' 


~  imiH 
|,< ....  I-  ■  i  >i  >  hill. Iff.  .-'lull*  1 1. 

ihr.*  •>  ill.  jtr  UMtM 


Google 


39* 


HA  TV  Ml 


the  iemp«r«tve  of  tt»  C  Ihe  im»W  »c  thkJ  %api*»c 
in  be  *  nvMfn  l.«  u«  in  |W  liw  pl-r«  b.iry:  irp  in  ihi» 
<hiifrA*T  tarn  tVmirtrmirv*,  it*  cm-mi  tm  the  txilttilc 
i>f  It*  bulb  limp  hlirk.  ihr  utavr  with  r*th*t*Ml  wlver. 

'Ihe  fcmwr  of  ibeui  will  i>«mb  ill  i  V*  r*y*  that  bllup.rfi 
it  fretn  th»  «k>«  cf  tVc  ibanArr.  the  ViUcr,  •yi  ilir  \*t 
hand,  will  atoirb  \*n  lew  »(  ltir»*?  raj*.  l"llmu,r>T, 
bi«tw,  both  tfenttiimjMeT*  »■  ■**  ilLim  the  itiii|Kt**.uf«  >.f 
>bt  •■  i  •■  :  -  ;  i  .-lirtc.  IfitwAai  t->  ihc  thtwt  nf 
evxfcirtfe.  the  et|uAixnm  «*f  'cmprfinie  t*  lc|>i  *i>  hr 
«■■  cuwllty  or  almnptmn  mil  Milutrfei,  N  .*  mvvfctt 
ilui  idc  rodtUkxi  ft  urn  ilir  l»m|r-.iUf  *  thtnnrntrttr  inuil 
l<  fiteit,  Ifow'f  »b»  aturerriiw.  i*  |*re:»t,  **<t  the  r*J..|. 
linn  tmrn  thf  *.l(t<tj  tlirrm «nttcr  wn&H  Iwianet  the 
*h-<irf*icA  »  email. 

It  w»4  be  aotueJ  tbul  thi.  nifiiiexU*.  between  iW  two 
■  ■ml.  lie..  abwirpCxM  iv'uIluii,  n  ilt.tbn.vi  Ircen  a 

hy|>*hctiiul  Cjv<  *..it*t  ev^i.ihm-  11  at  4  <oMJant  1m»- 
l«iA.urc     To  fl  e  tp<fim(fiMlli  »c  ftwy  tvilhust 

.»ny  l.nrackee'  Micwih'  propriety  tAe  out  the  l<*a  tier- 
rMMntt*n>  frren  ihr  tntlovirr,  t«|i>^«i;  tbeiii  to  a  Ittwct 
irmpevaiurr,  and  nnitriny  t>c>r  tt'wft)  of  cooling,  thin 
it  will  im  hund  ihu  tW  Mickvrwt  ihtfmcntcMr 
inter  rapidly  thin  the  •ilvrn-i  «i« 

Or  wa  nuv  il*»  tb**ir  imiIikk**  in  hN  *pon  &  iter**)' 
pile,  and  to  lie  rcj*i«lrr«><.  hy  i  cMf**«Knctrr.  whrt  K  w«JI 
Iw  6:unJ  ihkt  th**  i  ml  trait mi  H  ih«  raUartiaM^t  r  vtll  be 
much  -pvater  for  the  hlictene<l  thin  |nr  the  itlinnd  1 
ihermiimftrf, 

Lrt  o«nfU  banc  "P      •>'!  tni'»tmt  .i  |«ul« 
M|  hm  nrp»th*b««l  r«rk-utl. 

Tim  ptKr  £b»<  w4  jiniirti  ill  or  nrarlr  ill  dbe  tJM 
d&xk  h*U  lUl  iill  ii|imi  It  't  ■■,  the  Mile*  «<*  LtK  Cfr 
dMWK  1hrjAito<4  nuk  Nib  uill,  itn  the  uiber  hl'ul, 
jbsvtboniv  a  lev  uf  ihr«(  Of».  A  uitiikt  cii^virmK  lo 
llijrl  iIicj.I,  i;i\rr.  will  tnM»  ii*  to  llul  if  iht  ihtort 
uf  ctikunj**  b*  true,  th*  nHt.ninn  fn<m  «  of  rmk' 

»»k  mmt  W  dtodtdly  k>*i  iban  6nm  tac  <<  (jIim,  *M 
tlm  i*  bHind  Im  he  the  ON 

NfM,  kt  ii  kjnj  t<p  iwiipltw*  */m*k'»»ill.»i  ifcck  wr 
a  tb*  one.  The  thick  cue  »tll  »h—t\*  ni.nr  r. 

|t|»n  the  utif.  ».f  -l.tll  ihfrrfiot  erj»M  it  ).. 

tulLile  ifturc  Thth.  tew,  Mill  *«it*l  u>  h»IJ  e<p?rt 
nifjililK.llni  ptminc  llit  fti.1  nl  lniem»l  rjiliUNA-  <>■ 
lU  ntbct  hand.  *e  »h.l .  1>*it» «  tin  HfltUl  *S'iter«ry»  «• 
»c  h«t  up  IM  I**!**  ««*  K'*«"-on«  ftwl  "J  1,,,n' 
U«  ituuin  bmi;  thit  thr  ikut  pt*'.t  of  k>^>> 
.tlitMb*  mII  tfa*  kui  nkM-h  f»%>  ■'|,"»  M  ,L"  n" 
<!«nirnl>>  »b*wj»ttfT».  H)  br»r«  «l  r»hjll»«,f»n  1"^ 
pi irt  tr\  tkmMM  tKf  tfcu  bw—  ,b«*  "**  *?'  **  '* 

ntJfm  ibe.:1«..f.l.«tKrminirt*b.H|tt.tKi.ihi  t.-l-H  .  «. 

SrWilll  *tth  the S knm 5S ii™'""  tm ,H"** * 
|!*eie  li  nu  tuch  ttir«*«  ,  ;i  i  mkM 

We  H|  nnw  In  j  Wtier  p-ii*»f-«  *mm$***¥** 


'u  "r"m  °r  n»rf»*ni  brat 

*MI»l»M>„e         vc    left   »«,  nf^^L; 

^> trit*  irAin  of  ihourU.M« 


»J,.i^  l.«  «  .         "Avon  tiu  a 


b.»  .n  nlu|,ir  „l.,v    GUT  P!     "g  no1        ■  ""^ 

i       i       ,         ...      .  1      •'-•■■:l>  KtamM 
 *i  '  •!..>  ms.  »l„.'l>        .  T  c,,r«*'n«  lik».-«  i 


'lb*  tniviiitii 
that 


.,.-«„,«■  .c  „..y  '  J™ 


thai  n         in  MwAtv  ,  JgiW  rr/irtuii  II 

lafcUMUt  .rch  „,  ,,1^  ,  «•  interim  4  • 

"I  t mti  p»n„|c  ,.k*-h  \r'  ~  ">c.n  •»«*!,  the  111* 

•1rn«>«. »  rtm  £  t,^;rbHn«, 
Mnkw,  Im  onwOa  ti„  gWriitai  Unnabili 

»  M  lUKt    Al,,,n.  :  „.TTl*  ?'  ,,r"   pun  „|  i,7 


^  in,"  Tl-V 

..».iu*t      .w.m  ..ii  i«  i~^  »**»?»'■" 

Ml  br  whu.lii.1 1 II  ill' Bill       fn™-"5'  •"'"'.E? 


U.  tiltKUmum  IhM  „;  ,|„  1„tL'™"n."M1  '«  •»<  

•iron  ..(Iiuii  ,|k,.i.|  i„  ,,„  "  """        «  lulnl.uxt  li» 

ftHSW  MiMun  r,;.,:!"  :,n  •■xToime  cra- 


i.i  tfce  l«n|vbi, 

^li.U  in  At  ««hr.t  thwe  *  w BI ^y.  ltl-Villi 

......  imw  x..,  .,u  ^-S-fS.'^r'' 

1^  allctni  lir  Itin^rn 
(Mm  Hlid  th.  h>H)< 
l*iat.  oa  it.  uvn  jirfimil  fw~  — 

Mm  i««  wis  )>•'" '  "l"<, 

hr  ih.  unit  a<  it  ihr  tiair  •««  "«f"  ,a"JV  ,„  ,.,r  ,„..,! 
.  lur  r»n»rk.  lu.r  h.lh.r...  ",,H  '  " 


cU..  »h.M,  mf,.,,,  n  an  iikUr  a. 

•  '"!«   .•     .  '"    ','  t.»l...ii|.  „[  ™ 

!.,..„.„,  ,5'  Wirujihllit.. 


Google^ 


August  27,  1885] 


NA  TURE 


397 


the  wondrous  power  of  the  eye  can  aid  us  to  an  extent  far 
surpassing  that  of  the  most  delicate  pile  and  galvanometer 
for  the  dark  rays. 

Wollaston  and  Fraunhofcr  were  the  first  to  show  that 
in  the  solar  spectrum  numerous  dark  bands  occur,  which 
indicate  the  absence  of  certain  definite  kinds  of  light. 

Sir  David  Brewster  afterwards  showed  that  similar 
bands  make  their  appearance  when  the  spectrum  is 
made  to  .pass  through  nitrous  acid  gas,  and  it  was  thus 
rendered  probable  that  the  bands  which  appear  in  the 
solar  spectrum  were  due  to  absorption  likewise. 

Brewster,  J.  Herschel,  Talbot,  Wheatstone,  and  W.  A. 
Miller  were  amongst  the  first  to  make  observations  upon 
the  luminous  spectrum  obtained  by  heating  various  sub- 
stances, and  it  was  soon  perceived  that  such  spectra 
consist  of  bright  lines  on  a  dark  background,  and  thus 
appear  to  be  a  reversal  of  the  solar  spectrum,  which  con- 
sists of  dark  lines  on  a  bright  background.  Fraunhofer 
was  the  first  to  notice  a  coincidence  in  spectral  position 
between  the  dark  double  line  D  occurring  in  the  solar 
spectrum  and  the  bright  yellow  flame  produced  by  in- 
candescent sodium.  Swan  afterwards  showed  that  the 
correspondence  between  the  two  black  lines  and  the  two 
bright  lines  is  very  exact,  and  that  a  very  small  quantity 
of  salt  is  sufficient  to  call  forth  the  bright  lines.  Ang- 
strom {Phil.  Mag.y  May,  1855),  referring  to  a  conjecture 
of  Euler  that  a  body  absorbs  all  the  scries  of  oscillations 
which  it  can  itself  assume,  expresses  his  conviction  that 
the  same  body,  when  heated  so  as  to  become  luminous, 
must  emit  the  very  rays  which  at  ordinary  temperatures 
are  absorbed,  and  that  the  explanation  of  the  dark  lines 
in  the  solar  spectrum  embraces  that  of  luminous  lines  in 
the  electric  spectrum.  Probably,  however,  the  first  to 
give  definite  expression  to  this  conception  was  Prof. 
Stokes,  who,  about  the  year  1850,  commented  on  an  ex- 
periment recently  made  by  Foucault.  This  observer  had 
found  that,  when  a  voltaic  arc  formed  between  charcoal 
poles  was  placed  in  the  path  of  a  beam  of  solar  light,  the 
double  line  D  is  thereby  rendered  considerably  darker. 
If,  on  the  other  hand,  the  sun  and  the  arc  jut  out  the  one 
beyond  the  other,  the  line  D  appears  darker  than  usual 
in  the  solar  light,  and  stands  out  bright  in  the  electric 
spectrum.  Thus  the  arc,  remarks  Foucault,  presents  us 
with  a  medium  which  emits  the  rays  D  on  its  own  ac- 
count, and  which  at  the  same  time  absorbs  them  when 
they  come  from  another  quarter. 

The  explanation  given  by  Stokes  of  this  experiment 
assumes  that  the  vapour  of  sodium  must  possess,  by  its 
molecular  structure,  a  tendency  to  vibrate  in  periods 
corresponding  to  the  degrees  of  refrangibility  of  the 
double  line  D. 

Hence  the  presence  of  sodium  in  a  source  of  light  must 
tend  to  originate  light  of  that  quality.  On  the  other 
hand,  vapour  of  sodium  in  an  atmosphere  around  a  source 
must  have  a  great  tendency  to  absorb  light  from  the 
source  of  the  precise  quality  in  question. 

In  the  atmosphere  around  the  sun,  therefore,  there  must 
be  present  vapour  of  sodium,  which,  according  to  the 
mechanical  explanation  thus  suggested,  being  particularly 
opaque  for  light  of  that  quality,  prevents  such  of  it  as  is 
emitted  from  the  sun  from  penetrating  to  any  consider- 
able distance  through  the  surrounding  atmosphere. 

It  appears,  from  the  historical  sketch  here  given,  that 
two  independent  lines  of  research  were  progressing  to- 
wards the  same  conclusion.  The  one  of  these  had  for  its 
basis  the  theory  of  exchanges,  and  endeavoured  theoretic- 
ally and  experimentally  to  render  this  theory  complete. 
The  other  was  founded  upon  spectroscopic  investigation, 
and  endeavoured  to  apply  to  light  an  analogy  deduced 
from  sound,  believing  that,  just  as  a  string  or  tuning-fork 
when  at  rest  takes  up  that  note  it  gives  out  when  stmck, 
so  a  molecule  when  cold  absorbs  that  ray  which  it  gives 
out  when  hot. 

'Jctober,  1859,  Prof.  Kirchhoff  of  Heidelberg  made 


a  communication  to  the  Berlin  Academy  on  the  subject  of 
Fraunhofer's  lines.  His  observations  were  made  on  this 
occasion  by  an  examination  of  the  spectrum  of  coloured 
flames  made  by  Bunsen  and  himself,  and  he  derived  from 
them  the  following  conclusions: — He  concluded  that 
coloured  flames  in  the  spectrum  'pi  which  bright  sharp 
lines  present  themselves  so  weaken  rays  of  the  colour 
of  these  lines,  when  such  rays  pass  through  the 
flames,  that,  in  place  of  the  bright  lines,  dark  ones 
appear  as  soon  as  there  is  brought  behind  the  flame  a 
source  of  light  of  sufficient  intensity  in  the  spectrum  of 
which  these  lines  are  otherwise  wanting.  He  concluded 
further  that  the  dark  lines  of  the  solar  spectrum  which 
are  not  evoked  by  the  atmosphere  of  the  earth  exist  in 
consequence  of  the  presence  in  the  incandescent  atmo- 
sphere of  the  sun  of  those  substances  which  in  the 
spectrum  of  a  flame  produce  bright  lines  in  the  same 
place. 

Carrying  out  this  train  of  thought,  Kirchhoff,  about  the 
end  of  1859,  shows  that  as  a  mathematical  consequence 
of  the  theory  of  exchanges,  a  definite  relation  must  sub- 
sist between  the  radiating  and  absorbing  power  of  bodies 
for  individual  descriptions  of  light  and  heat. 

It  will  be. noticed  in  this  historical  statement  that  I 
made  my  first  experiments  on  dark  heat ;  afterwards  I 
proceeded  to  the  subject  of  light.  Meanwhile,  however, 
kirchhoff  had  independently  been  led  to  experiment  in 
this  direction,  and,  although  his  memoir  slightly  preceded 
mine  in  publication,  I  shall  now  give  the  experiments 
which  I  was  led  to  make,  more  especially  as  they  are 
very  similar  to  those  of  Kirchhoff.  In  February,  i860,  I 
communicated  to  the  Royal  Society  of  London  a  paper  in 
which  I  showed  that  the  light  radiated  by  coloured 
glasses  is  intense,  in  proportion  to  their  depth  of  colour, 
transparent  glass  giving  out  very  little  light.  I  also  showed 
that  the  radiation  from  red  glass  has  a  greenish  tint, 
while  that  from  green  glass  has  a  reddish  tint.  It  was 
likewise  shown  that  polished  metal  gives  out  less  light 
than  tarnished  metal  and  that  when  a  piece  of  black  and 
white  porcelain  is  heated  in  the  fire  the  black  parts  give 
out  much  more  light  than  the  white,  thereby  producing  a 
curious  reversal  of  the  pattern. 

Finally,  in  a  paper  communicated  in  May  of  the  same 
year,  it  was  shown  that  tourmaline,  which  absorbs  in 
excess  the  rays  of  light  polarised  in  a  plane  parallel  to 
the  axis  of  the  crystal,  also  radiates,  when  heated,  this 
kind  of  light  in  excess,  but  that  when  it  is  viewed  against 
an  illuminated  background  of  the  same  temperature  as 
itself,  this  peculiarity  disappears.  All  these  facts  are  a 
natural  consequence  of  a  movable  equilibrium  of  tempera- 
ture holding  separately  for  every  variety  of  heat,  the  word 
"  variety  "  embracing  any  difference  either  in  wave-length 
or  polarisation  which  is  the  cause  of  unequal  absorption. 

The  theory  of  exchanges,  as  here  exhibited,  has  been 
founded  upon  the  fact  that  in  an  enclosure  of  constant 
temperature  all  bodies  will  ultimately  attain  the  tempera- 
ture of  the  walls  of  the  enclosure.  This  is  the  experimental 
foundation  upon  which  our  structure  has  been  built,  and 
we  have  not  attempted  to  work  under  it  or  to  find  whether 
in  its  turn  it  be  not  founded  upon  some  principle  of  a  still 
deeper  and  more  fundamental  nature.  We  shall  now 
briefly  indicate  that  such  is  the  case,  and  that  this  law  of 
ultimate  equality  of  temperature  is  a  consequence  of  the 
theory  of  energy  in  which  we  are  told  that  no  work  can 
possibly  be  got  out  of  heat  which  is  all  at  the  same  tem- 
perature. For  if  the  ultimate  result  in  our  enclosure 
should  be  a  variety  of  temperatures,  then  it  would  be 
possible  to  utilise  this  temperature-difference  and  convert 
neat  into  work,  so  that  there  would  practically  result  a 
case  of  perpetual  motion.  Now,  it  is  one  of  the  most 
fundamental  axioms  of  physical  science  that  such  a  motion 
is  impossible. 

I  have  endeavoured  to  make  use  of  this  method  of 
viewing  the  problem,  in  order  to  point  out  what  forms 


39« 


NATURE 


[August  27,  i88> 


the  natural  limit  to  our  conception  of  a  movable  heat- 
cquilibrium.  Suppose,  for  instance,  that  we  have  a  large 
spherical  chamber  of  the  temperature  of  100  C,  and  that 
this  chamber  is  removed  from  all  gravitating  influence, 
vj  that  a  »ohd  spherical  body,  also  of  the  temperature  of 
loo;  G.tnay  rotate  on  its  axis  in  the  centre  of  this  cham- 
ber without  requiring  the  support  of  an  axle  The 
chamber  may  likewise  be  supposed  to  be  void  of  air,  so 
that  there  is  nothing  but  the  ether  to  bring  the  revolving 
bidy  to  rest.  Now,  if  a  sort  of  diaphragm  or  nm  be  in- 
troduced into  the  chamber,  as  in  Fig.  y,  the  result  will 


I 


Fie  9. 

i»e  that  the  particles  of  the  enclosure  to  the  left  of  the 
diaphragm  will  only  receive  heat  from  that  portion  of 
the  revolving  body  which  is  approaching  them,  while 
those  to  the  right  of  the  diaphragm  will  only  receive  heat 
from  those  portions  of  the  same  body  which  are  receding 
from  them. 

But  the  wave-length  of  light  is  altered  in  one 
way  by  a  body  which  is  approaching  us,  and  in 
another  way  by  a  body  which  is  receding  from  us, 
so  that  the  particles  to  the  left  of  the  diaphragm  will,  in 
reality,  receive  a  different  kind  of  radiation  from  those  to 
the  right.  Here,  then,  we  have  something  which  upsets 
the  temperature  equilibrium,  and  we  may  even  conceive 
1I1  it  the  particles  to  the  left  of  the  diaphragm  will  absorb 
more  heat,  and  therefore  become  hotter  than  those  to  the 
right.  If  so,  we  shall  have  the  possibility  of  creating 
work  out  of  this  difference  of  temperature,  or,  in  other 
words,  of  starting  a  kind  of  perpetual  motion. 

Wc  thus  begin  to  see  that,  somehow  ,  the  revolving 
body  must  lose  as  much  energy  as  we  gain  by  means  of 
these  difference*  of  temperature,  for  otherwise  we  should 
ha\e  the  transmutation  of  heat  originally  of  the  same 
temperature  into  work,  which  we  cannot  admit.  Hut  this 
means  that  a  revolving  body  placed  under  these  circum- 
stances must  gradually  part  with  its  energy  of  visible 
motion,  although  it  is  not  in  contact  with  anything  else 
than  the  ethereal  medium. 

Before  concluding  this  branch  of  my  subject  let  me  say 
a  few  words  about  phosphorescence  and  fluorescence. 

It  is  well  known  that  certain  su'j-un  i  s  rem.i  n  lumin- 
ous— that  is  to  say,  continue  to  cm  l  lighl  lor  some  tune 
after  they  have  been  expos  d  to  the  light  of  the  sun  or  of 
some  other  powerfully  luminous  boJy.  Such  substances 
are  said  to  be  pktuflkartscetit. 

It  is  likewise  known  that  o.licr  substances,  more  espe- 
cially certain  liquids,  cm  t  light  in  a  |>cuili.ir  way  while 
the  lumino.is  source  acts  upon  them,  but  do  not  enjoy 
this  property  for  an  appreciable  time  after  it  has  been 
withdrawn.    Such  bodies  are  said  to  be  jlu  wttctmt. 

It  is  manifest  that  the  difference  between  phosphor- 
escence aid  fluorescence  is  one  of  time,  the  bodies  ira-i 
plied  by  the  first  term  continuing  to  give  out  light  foa 
some  time  after  the  exciting  source  is  withdrawn,  whijfl 
ih ojc  implied  by  the  second  d>  not  letain  this  pr.qicrtM 
for  an  appreciable  time  after  the  withdrawal  of  the  himin-1 
ous  source-  I'rot  Stokes,  who  has  done  much  to  advance 
this  subject,  hat  shown  that  the  c\<-:'' 
pli  irescence  and  fluorescence  is  * 
of  high  refr.mgibility  —even  raj 


•«ise  ol  pho»- 
'    the ia>s 


visible  spectrum.  On  the  other  hand,  the  rays  which  the 
body  gives  out  are  generally  of  a  lower  rcfrangibihty  than 
the  exciting  rays.  Hence  invisible  rays  may,  by  means 
of  a  phosphorescent  or  fluorescent  body  on  which  the 
fall,  render  themselves  xisible  This  phrase,  however,  u 
perhaps  not  strictly  correct,  inasmuch  as,  before  becoming 
visible,  they  have  been  changed  into  other  rays  of  lower 
rcfrangibihty. 

The  object  of  introducing  this  subject  here  is  rather, 
however,  to  discuss  its  bearing  upon  the  theory  of  ex 
changes  than  to  treat  it  as  a  separate  branch  of  inquiry-  . 
and  I  may  commence  by  remarking  that  at  first  sight  rt 
seems  to  contradict  the  general  law  that  the  quantity  and 
quality  of  the  light  and  heat  given  out  by  a  body  depend 
upon  its  temperature,  and  upon  this  only.  Thus,  a  ther- 
mometer at  100  C.  is  supposed  to  radiate  from  the  su: 
face  of  its  bulb  heat  which  will  be  the  same  in  quantit) 
and  quality  whether  the  instrument  lias  been  heated  by 
the  sun's  rays  or  by  plunging  it  into  boiling  water.  Now 
in  such  a  body  as  luminous  paint  we  have  the  light  which 
we  usually  associate  with  a  high  temperature  given  out 
long  after  the  sun  has  ceased  to  shine  upon  it,  and  when 
wc  know  its  real  temperature  to  be  that  of  the  bodies 
around  it.  Do  phosphorescent  bodies  form,  therefore,  an 
exception  to  the  general  law  which  represents  the  qualit« 
of  the  radiant  heat  as  a  function  of  the  temperature  } 

I  think  we  shall  hnd,  on  examination,  that  in  this  gene- 
ral law  it  is  taken  for  granted  that  no  chemical  change  is 
taking  place  in  the  body  in  question,  and  no  other  tncdecu 
lar  change  than  that  implied  in  the  cooling  of  the  body.  In 
a  chemical  action  we  have  generally  the  transmutation  of 
chemical  energy  into  heat,  and  in  molecular  action  wc 
have  generally  the  transmutation  of  molecular  energy  into 
heat  likewise  That  is  to  say,  the  body  undergo.ng  these 
changes  becomes  heated,  and  so  gives  out  light  and  heat 
peculiar  to  the  temperature  to  which  it  has  been  raised. 
Hut  there  seems  to  be  no  reason  why  molecular  energy 
should  not  be  somehow  changed  at  once  into  radiant  light 
and  heat.  In  this  case  there  would  no  doubt  be  an  apparent 
breaking  of  the  law  above  mentioned,  which  associates  a 
certain  temperature  with  a  certain  quantity  and  quality  of 
radiant  heat,  but  the  exception  would  be  only  apparent 
for,  as  we  have  stated,  the  law  presupposes  that  no 
molecular  change  of  this  nature  is  taking  place 

In  like  manner  our  argument  regarding  an  enclosure  ol 
a  constant  temperature  and  the  thcoiy  of  c ; changes  in 
general,  while  il  allows  of  the  greatest  possible  variety  of 
substance  and  form  in  the  enclosure,  xirtually  assumes 
that  no  chemical  or  molecular  change  is  going  on 
amongst  the  substances  introduced.  \Ve  are,  in  tine 
supposed  to  be  dealing  with  radiant  energy  and  absorbed 
heat,  and  with  no  other  form  of  energy,  and  indeed  wc 
have  just  seen  that  if  wc  have  a  body  in  visible  motion  in 
the  enclosure,  the  equilibrium  no  longer  holds. 

Thus  w  c  get  nd  of  the  difficulty  by  rejecting  the  bodies 
in  question  as  not  fulfilling  stiictly  our  requirements  V 
doubt  the  phenomena  of  phosphorescence  and  rluor 
escence  are  comparatively  trivial  exceptions,  but  we  max 
irna  ::ne  an  enclosure  in  which  all  the  substances  are  at 
the  temperature  of  too  .  while  some  one  substance  U 
gradually  changing  its  molecular  state,  until  at  length  wc 
have  a  violent  explosion  accompanied  with  light  and 
heat.     Here  the  result  is  so  obvious  that  we  have  no 
hesitation  in  tc<  ogm-ing  such  a  body  as  an  exception  not 
4_by  the  theory  QCjOnhnoges.    Wc  are  per 
ent^a^M—age equally  an  exeep 

■to 


the 
on)» 


Augusi  27,  i3S5] 


NA  J  URE 


399 


that  matter  during  one  second  is  equal  to  its  radiation 
during  the  same  time,  and  this  holds  for  all  kinds  of  heat. 
On  the  other  hand,  if  we  take  a  single  molecule  and  a 
billionth  of  a  second,  we  cannot  affirm  the  same  equality. 
This  is  no  doubt  correct ;  in  fact,  if  the  equality  between 
radiation  and  absorption  were  to  hold  for  the  smallest 
conceivable  mass  and  the  smallest  conceivable  increment 
of  time,  our  equilibrium  would  in  reality  be  a  tcnsional 
one  instead  of  being  movable  or  dynamical.    I  shall  con- 


clude by  repeating  the  words  of  Tait  l"  Heat,"  p.  253)  :— 
"It  is  vain,  at  least  in  the  present  state  of  science,  to 
look  for  a  truly  rigorous  investigation  of  the  relation 
between  radiating,  absorbing,  and  reflecting  powers.  In 
all  the  professedly  rigorous  investigations  which  have 
been  given  the  careful  reader  will  detect  one  or  more 
steps  which  are  to  be  justified  only  by  the  statistical  pro- 
cess of  averages."  Balfour  Stewart 
( To  be  continued.) 


THE  LIFE  OF  AQUATIC  ANIMALS  AT  HIGH 
PRESSURE* 

'THE  magnificent  expeditions  of  the  Talisman  and  the 
*      TravailUur  have  called  the  attention  of  naturalists 
and  physicists  to  the  conditions  of  life  at  the  bottom  of 
the  sea.    A  learned  physiologist,  Dr.  Regnard,  has  con-  | 
ceived  the  happy  idea  of  studying  experimentally  the«e 


condition  of  life  at  high  pressure.  With  apparatus  de- 
signed by  M.  Caillctct,  he  has  subjected  aquatic  animals 
to  enormous  pressure,  such  as  prevails  in  the  depths  of 
the  ocean,  and  has  examined  the  results  when  those  in- 
habiting the  surface  are  suddenly  placed  at  great  depths. 
Since  his  first  experiments  Dr.  Regnard  has  invented  an 
ingenious  method  by  which  he  can  see,  notwithstanding 
the  great  pressure  what  goes  on  inside  the  apparatus. 


Fic  1. — General  View  of  Dr.  Regnard'*  Apparatui. 


Hitherto  the  operator  simply  placed  the  animals  on  solidly  fixed  a  cone  of  quartz,  B,  the  extremity  of  which 
which  he  experimented  in  the  iron  block  of  the  Caillctet  joins  the  edges  of  the  hole  which  is  pierced  in  the  screw 
pump,  and  subjected  them  to  the  pressure  corresponding  nut  E.  A  ray  of  light  thrown  by  the  orifice  r  will  thus 
to  I  given  depth  ;  he  then  released  them,  sometimes  very  traverse  the  apparatus  and  emerge  at  r.  Experiments 
slowly  (after  several  days),  sometimes  rapidly  and  even  ,  have  shown  that  a  similar  apparatus  will  resist  easily  a 
instantly.  He  examined  then,  physiologically  and  micro-  pressure  of  650  atmospheres,  which  represents  that  of  the 
scopically,  the  lesions  produced.  But  all  the  intermediate  greatest  depths  that  have  been  dredged— about  6500 
stages  between  the  entrance  of  the  animals  and  the  time  |  metres.  Across  one  of  the  quart!  cones  are  sent  the  con- 
they  were  taken  out  escaped  the  observer.  But  now  the  ccntratcd  rays  of  an  electric  lamp.  These  rays  cross  the 
apparatus  in  1  ig.  i  allows  him  to  follow  each  minute  the  block  full  of  water,  and  emerge  on  the  opposite  side, 
effects.  The  following  is  Dr.  Regnard's description  ol  1  where  they  arc  received  by  an  achromatic  object-glass 
apparatu  \r.ulemy  of  Sciences  : —  which  projects  them  on  to  a  screen.    The  observer  there- 

Two  holes  are  pierced  through  and  through  across  the  fore  works  at  a  distance  from  the  apparatus,  where  he  is 
xt  of  the  Caillctet  block,  M  (Fig.  2).    In  these   sheltered  from  all  danger  (Fig.  i).    This  arrangement  has 
line,  are  inserted  two  tubes   another  advantage.    The  orifice  pierced  at  r  is  hardly 
hate  are  hollow,  and  in  each  of  them  is   half  a  centimetre  in  diameter,  and  one  can  experiment 

with  animalcule  so  small  .as  to  be  scarcely  perceptible 


400 


NA  TURE 


[August  27.  1885 


with  the  naked  eye  in  the  vessel  immersed  in  the  block  M. 
By  projecting  them  with  a  lens  they  are  increased  about 
200  times,  and  it  is  even  possible  to  see  by  transparence 
the  state  of  their  organs."  In  the  experiment  represented 
in  Fig.  1,  one  of  the  operators  is  occupied  in  regulating 
the  electric  lamp  and  in  setting  the  microscope  of  pro- 
jection, while  the  other  commences  to  apply  the  pressure. 
The  animalcuLe  projected  on  the  screen  are  the  Cyclops, 
small  crustaceans  which  are  met  with  at  this  time  of  the 

!rear  in  brooks,  and  which  arc  scarcely  a  millimetre  in 
ength.  These  are  so  enlarged,  and  appear  with  such 
transparency,  that  we  can  follow  on  the  screen  the  move- 
ments of  their  branchia,  and  even  of  their  heart,  during 
the  experiment.    Dr.  Regnard  is  pursuing  at  present  his 


Flo.  J.—  DeUiUuf  afi       u.  1  j  Vig.  1. 

studies  into  life  under  high  pressures.  He  showed  last 
year  that  the  unequal  compressibility  of  the  liquids  and 
solids  which  form  the  organism  caused  the  latter  after  a 
long  pressure,  to  be  soaked  with  water,  become  turgid, 
and  consequently  lose  their  lunctions.  But,  with  the 
apparatus  here  described,  he  has  been  able  to  follow  the 
phenomena  which  precede  this.  From  the  pressure  at 
1000  metres  (about  200  atmospheres)  the  object  shows 
inquietude,  at  2000  metres  it  falls  to  the  bottom  of  the 
vessel  struggling  ;  towards  4000  it  remains  inert  and  be- 
numbed. When  its  normal  pressure  returns  it  recom- 
mences moving,  unless  the  procure  has  been  long  and  its 
tissues  are  not  soaked.  This  seems  to  show  that  the 
effect  is  a  compression  of  the  nervous  system. 


NOTES 

We  understand  that  Mr.  Francis  Gallon  has  already  obtained 
valuable  results  from  the  Family  Records  sent  him  last  year  in 
response  to  his  offer  of  prize*,  and  that  he  purposes  to  make 
much  use  of  them  in  hi1.  Presidential  address  to  the  Anthropo- 
logical Section  of  the  British  Association  at  Aberdeen. 

We  have  already  intimated  that  Prof.  Bonncy  has  decided  to 
retire  from  the  Secretaryship  of  the  Association  after  the 
Aberdeen  meeting.  We  understand  that  Mr.  A.  T.  Atchison 
will  be  proposed  as  his  successor. 

MANY  interesting  excursions  have  b.-cn  arranged  by  the  Local 
Committee  of  the  Aberdeen  meeting  of  the  Association. 
One  of  them  will,  of  course,  be  to  the  great  granite  quarries  in 
the  neightsourho  >d  of  Aberdeen.  Her  Majesty  has  invited  150 
of  the  members  to  Balmoral,  where  they  will  l>c  shown  over  the 
grounds  and  have  lunch.  It  is  not  to  be  expected  that  the 
Queen  will  personally  receive  all  the  members,  though  it  is 
possible  that  a  few  representative  men  of  science  may  be  pre- 
sented to  Her  Majesty.  Other  excursions  will  be  to  Haddo 
House,  Dunccht,  Dunnottar,  Drum  and  Crathcs,  Loch  Kincrd, 
on  the  Saturday  ;  while  on  the  Wednesday  and  Thursday  of  the 
second  week  parties  will  I*  taken  to  Braemar,  Invercauld, 
Haddo  House,  lluntly  Castle,  Fl^in,  Banff,  Portsoy,  and 
other  places,  The  efforts  which  the  Local  Committee  are 
making  to  render  the  meeting  a  success  are  all  that  could  be 


desired.  It  is  only  to  be  hoped  that  they  may  succeed 
in  persuading  the  Aberdeen  hotel  and  lodging-house  keepers 
to  reduce  their  exorbitant  charges.  The  arrangement*  fur 
important  discussions  in  Sections  A  and  B  we  have  already 
referred  to. 

In  connection  with  the  meeting  we  venture  to  recommend  M 
our  readers  the  new  edition  of  Baddeley's  "Guide  to  Scotland, 
Part  I ,  a  copy  of  which  has  been  sent  us.  It  includes  all  the 
country  from  the  Borders  to  as  far  north  as  Aberdeen,  Inverness 
Gairloch,  and  Stornoway.  No  more  useful,  practical,  and 
trustworthy  guide  to  the  region  exists,  while  the  thirty-seven 
admirably  executed  maps  and  plans  will  be  found  a  great  com- 
fort and  convenience.    Dulau  and  Co.  arc  the  publishers. 

M.  Janssen  will  shortly  begin  a  new  series  of  experiments 
on  the  influence  of  gases  in  spectrum  analysis,  in  continuation  of 
those  which  he  made  about  fifteen  years  ago  at  La  Villette 
gasworks.  The  tubes  in  which  the  gas  will  be  contained  and 
compressed  will  have  a  length  of  more  than  too  metres,  and  "< 
able  to  liear  an  unusual  a  noun t  of  pressure.  Thus  a  new  degree 
of  accuracy  may  be  expected  from  these  researches,  which  are 
progressing  favourably  at  the  Mcudon  Physical  Observatory. 

Fok  more  than  a  year  some  important  measurement's  of  the 
altitude  and  movements  of  clouds  have  been  carried  on  at  Upsala 
by  the  aid  of  two  theodolites,  one  of  which  is  mounted  in  the 
Linnxus  and  the  other  in  the  Botanical  Gardens.  These  instro- 
menls,  which  belong  to  the  Academy  of  Science,  were  used  for 
auroral  and  cloud  measurements  by  the  Swedish  expedition  la 
Spitsbergen,  1881  83.  The  object  of  the  measurements  of  th< 
altitude  and  movements  of  clouds  is  not  so  much  to  obtain  the.: 
mean  altitude  as  to  derive  s jmc  knowledge  of  their  m  > vcmen:> 
in  the  upper  part  of  the  atmosphere,  a  matter  which  is  of  great 
importance  to  meteorology.  The  researches  have  advanced  M 
far  that  it  has  been  found  possible  to  fix  astronomically  the 
movements  and  altitude  of  the  cirrus  clouds. 

According  to  the  TiiglUhe  Rundschau  the  population  ■ 
Katisbon  has  been  greatly  frightened  by  the  sudden  disappear- 
ance recently  of  thousands  of  jackdaws,  which  dwelt  in  the  spirr 
of  the  cathedral  of  the  town,  on  account  of  a  similar  phenomenon 
occurring  before  the  outbreak  of  the  last  cholera  epidemic  in  the 
I  J.Kc.  Mn  Munich  a  similar  phenomenon  is  also  stated  to  has"e 
taken  place. 

Referring  to  "sonorous  wind,"  the  report  of  the  secretary 
of  the  Smithsonian  Institution  says  that  an  interesting  problem 
to  physicists  and  geologists  has  been  the  sand  found  in  certaa 
localities,  which,  when  placed  in  motion  by  sliding,  sometimes 
produces  a  very  sonorous  or  resonant  sound,  peculiar  in  character 
and  difficult  of  explanation.  Prof.  Bolton,  of  Trinity  College. 
Hartford,  desirous  of  making  researches  on  the  subject,  and 
especially  of  studying  the  microscopical,  chemical,  and  physical 
|>eculiarities  of  the  grains,  requested  the  aid  of  the  Institution  u 
obtaining  materials  for  the  purpose.  A  considerable  variety  or 
specimens  was  collected  in  the  Sandwich  Islands  the  coast  .* 
Oregon,  Germany,  and  many  other  places.  These  are  now  in 
Prof.  Bolton's  hands,  and  he  will  prepare  a  report  00  the 
subject. 

The  Chesapeake  Zoological  Laboratory,  as  the  marine  station 
maintained  by  the  Johns  Hopkins  University  is  designated.  ti 
Science  states,  established  for  the  present  summer  session  a: 
j  Beaufort,  on  the  coast  of  North  Carolina.    Dr.  W.  K.  Brooks, 
j  the  director,  who  was  prevented  last  year  by  ill-health  from 
1  giving  as  much  time  as  usual  to  the  laboratory,  is  fortunately 
quite  res'       !  to  In-,  usual  strength,  and  is  in  full  i  I  his 

pott.  Twelve  collaborators  are  with  him.  Several  of  these  are 
already  teachci    in  various  branches  of  son! 


all  of  them  are  well  prepared  to 


Goc 


JLu{rust2T,  1885]  NATURE 


401 


which  are  afforded  at  this  station.  An  unusual  number  are 
engaged  in  original  researches.  The  season  of  1885,  although 
uncomfortably  hot,  has  thus  far  been  exceptionally  favourable 
for  collection.  The  weather  has  been  calmer  than  heretofore  in 
June  and  July,  and  specimens  were  found  in  June  which  have 
usually  not  appeared  until  the  middle  of  August.  The  com- 
pany, notwithstanding  their  personal  discomfort  from  the  heat, 
have  maintained  their  full  enthusiasm  in  the  work  upon  which 
they  are  engaged  ;  and  it  now  appears  as  if  the  eighth  session 
of  the  laboratory  would  be  more  fruitful  in  results  than  its  pre- 
decessors, good  as  they  have  been. 

A  Dunfkrmlink  correspondent  writes  to  us  that  one  of  the 
most  important  and  certainly  the  most  complete  cemetery'  of  the 
Stone  Age  which  has  been  laid  bare  in  recent  times  has  just 
l>een  discovered  in  the  grounds  of  Pitreavic,  Dunfermline,  Eife- 
shire.  In  connection  with  rebuilding  operations  a  sand-pit  was 
opened,  and  here,  in  a  space  of  15  yards  by  10  yards,  no  fewer 
than  five  cists  have  been  discovered.  The  cists  were  constructed 
of  rough  sandstone  flags,  and  four  of  these  measured  about  42 
inches  in  length,  20  inches  in  breadth,  and  16  inches  in  depth. 
The  fifth  was  little  more  than  18  inches  square.  A  cinerary  urn 
of  baked  clay  was  found  in  each  of  the  large  cists,  but  in  the 
small  "grove"  nothing  was  found  but  a  quantity  of  apparently 
calcined  bones.  A  couple  of  flint  scra|>crs  and  a  bottle-shaped 
piece  of  limestone — which  may  have  done  duty  as  a  hammer — 
were  also  among  the  finds.  The  urns  measure  from  5  to  6 
inches  across  the  mouth  and  from  4}  to  6  inches  in  height,  and, 
strange  to  say,  the  construction  of  the  bowls  indicate  that  they 
have  been  made  at  different  successive  periods.  No.  I  urn  is 
an  unshapely  piece  of  sun-dried  pottery ;  No.  2  showed  an 
advance  in  the  shape  ;  and  Nos.  3  and  4  arc  neatly  formed  and 
ornamented  with  a  simple  dotted  pattern.  The  explorations 
will  be  continued,  and  it  is  expected  that  several  other  important 
finds  will  be  made.  L>r.  Munro,  the  author  of  "  Ancient 
Scottish  Lake  Dwellings,"  has  visited  the  tumuli  with  a  view  to 
place  a  report  in  the  hands  of  the  Antiquarian  Society  of  Scot- 
land. A  tradition  exists  that  the  site  of  the  mound  was  an  old 
graveyard,  and  some  people  who  have  been  engaged  in  the 
district  in  agricultural  pursuits  for  the  past  half  a  century  stale 
that  numerous  flagstones  and  pieces  of  urns  have  been  turned  up 
by  the  plough  or  grubbed,  and  Dr.  Munro  attaches  great  im- 
portance to  the  flint  scrapers,  and  was  of  opinion  that  the  bones 
found  in  the  small  cist  were  human  bones. 

At  the  recent  Railway  Congress  at  Brussels  the  question 
whether  it  would  be  economical  and  desirable  to  use  iron  or 
steel  instead  of  wooden  sleepers  was  fully  discussed.  It  was 
stated  that  metal  sleepers  of  various  patterns  arc  being  used  in 
Holland  and  India  to  a  considerable  extent,  and  that  they  arc 
l>cing  tried  experimentally  in  Belgium,  England,  and  other 
countries.  An  opinion  was  expressed  that  sleepers  of  the 
description  which  is  being  tried  in  England  would  afford  good 
material  support  for  the  rails  on  main  lines,  although  some 
inconvenience  might  be  fell  from  a  quoin  of  wood  being  used 
with  it.  It  was  also  considered  that  other  metal  sleepers  which 
are  being  tried  in  Holland  and  elsewhere  had  given  satisfactory 
results.  The  cost  of  metal  sleepers  is  higher  than  that  of  wood. 
They  require  good  ballast,  and  there  had  not  been  sufficient 
experience  from  their  use,  in  regard  to  their  duration  and  main- 
tenance, to  enable  the  section  to  state  specifically  the  relative 
advantages  of  the  new  description  of  sleepers.  It  was  therefore 
considered  that  further  experience  is  necessary.  The  difficulty 
of  arriving  at  a  conclusion  as  to  what  would  be  applicable  in  all 
countries  and  under  all  circumstances  was  exemplified  in  the 
discussion  of  this  subject  by  the  representative  of  the  Egyptian 

>:<*..)».     IK   -t.-.u-'J    I  1    ii  iteel  sleeper*  cannot  be 

ik.ii  :i  illy  used  in  Egypt,  because  they  become  corroded  by 


the  sand.  The  representative  of  the  Indian  railways,  on  the 
other  hand,  informed  the  section  that  iron  or  steel  sleepers  only 
can  be  used  in  India,  because  the  white  ant  destroys  wooden 
sleepers.  Considerable  discussion  took  place  as  to  the  construc- 
tion of  railways  in  regard  to  the  curves,  gradients,  and  works 
generally,  including  the  question  whether  lines  with  a  compara- 
tively small  traffic  should  be  laid  with  heavy  or  light  rails.  It 
was,  however,  found  impossible  to  lay  down  any  general  pro- 
positions which  could  be  adopted  under  all  the  circumstances  in 
which  railways  have  to  be  made. 

It  may  be  remarked  that  Erancois  Arago  was  born  at  Esiagel 
in  the  beginning  of  Eebruary,  1 786,  so  that  a  centennial  cele- 
bration may  be  expected  next  year.  A  statue  was  erected  in 
this  place  twenty-nine  years  ago  at  the  expense  of  the  late  M. 
Pcrcire. 

An  exhibition  of  labour  was  opened  a  few  weeks  ago  at  the 
Palais  de  1'Industrie,  Paris.  An  electrical  railway  with  a  single 
rail  was  exhibited  by  M.  Lartigue,  and  is  carrying  passengers 
with  regularity  on  a  zigzag  line  of  about  200  metres'  length.  A 
scries  of  popular  exhibitions  with  magic  lanterns  on  the  new 
fcatuics  of  microscopy  is  largely  attracting  public  attention. 
So-called  antediluvian  music  is  played  on  a  scries  of  irregular 
stones  which  have  been  selected  so  that  they  represent  two 
octaves  when  suspended  by  strings. 

The  American  Ornithologists'  Union  will  hold  its  next  meet- 
ing in  New  York  on  Tuesday,  November  17. 

We  have  received  catalogues  of  electrical  apparatus  from  two 
new  firms  :  the  first  of  these  is  the  Kinetic  Engineering  Com- 
pany, who  are  agents  in  this  country  for  the  well-known  firm  of 
Breguct.  They  arc  now  exhibiting  Lippmann's  ingenious 
mercurial  galvanometer.  The  second  catalogue  is  that  of 
Messrs.  P.  Jolin  and  Co.,  of  Bristol.  This  enterprising  firm 
describes  several  instruments  of  great  use  in  the  physical  labora- 
tory, especially  the  dead-beat  galvanometer  of  D'Arsonval's 
type,  and  adjuncts  therefore.  This  instrument  appears  to  be 
specially  adapted  for  private  laboratories.  We  arc  glad  to  see 
new  firms  taking  such  good  standing  in  the  character  of  the 
apparatus  they  offer  to  the  scientific  world. 

The  Java  newspapers  report  that  volcanic  activity  in  the 
island  continues  to  increase.  Another  mountain,  called  Kaun, 
broke  out  on  June  21,  casting  out  much  steam  and  ashes.  In 
the  eveuiug  smoke  was  ejected  in  such  quantities  as  to  darken 
the  horizon  on  the  windward  side,  until  a  shower  of  ashes  fell, 
upon  which  the  sky  cleared  up.  Raun  appears  to  be  an  active 
volcano,  but  no  such  violent  eruption  has  been  known  in  recent 
years.  On  the  ni'ht  of  J  uly  8  a  new  eruption  of  Mount  Smeru  took 
place  ;  it  was  a  heavy  explosion  followed  by  a  stream  of  red-hot 
lava,  which  came  down  to  the  same  spot  which  was  laid  waste 
by  the  former  eruption.  In  the  evening  of  July  9  another 
explosion  followed. 

"  Results  of  Twenty  Years'  Observations  on  Botany,  Ento- 
mology, Ornithology,  and  Meteorology,  taken  at  Marlborough 
College,  1S65  84,"  is  the  title  oi  a  large  pamphlet  embracing  a 
summary  of  twenty  years'  work.    The  tables  are  accumulations 
of  facts  properly  registered.    In  the  l>otanical  notices  the  first 
appearances  in  each  year  are  given,  the  day  being  noted  as  the 
day  of  the  year,  not  of  the  month.    This  method  is  readiest  for 
comparison  and  for  striking  the  average.  In  addition  the  average 
for  the  twenty  years,  the  earliest  and  latest  days,  the  amplitude 
and  the  number  of  observations  are  given.    The  entomological 
ire  arranged  in  the  same  way,  except  that  the  earliest 
.in  1  latest  appearances  and  the  amplitude  arc  omitted  ;  these  are 
.it  loss,  for  they  can  be  ascertained  from  the  tables  in  a 
moment  by  any  reader.   In  ornithology  the  observations  include 
t  when  first  seen,  and  when  an  egg  and  the  young  have 


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402 


NA  TURE 


{August  27.  18S5 


been  found.  The  meteorological  notices  include  for  each  month 
of  each  year  the  highest,  lowest,  and  mean  readings  of  the 
barometer,  the  maximum  and  minimum  temperature  in  the 
shade,  the  number  of  times  the  thermometer  stood  above  certain 
points  varying  with  the  seasons  of  the  year,  the  maximum  in  the 
sun,  the  minimum  on  the  gnus,  amount  of  rain  collected,  and 
the  number  of  rainy  days.  The  wettest  year  of  the  twenty  was 
1882,  when  the  rainfall  was  43-79  inches  ;  thedryot,  1870,  with 
23*41  inches.  The  weather  records  in  these  tables  have  been 
kept  by  one  observer,  with  prorierly  verified  instruments,  and 
ail  the  observations  have  been  critically  ex  amined  at  the  Royal 
Meteorological  Society  ;  the  botanical  notices,  though  obtained 
by  a  large  staff  of  observers  have  all  been  recorded  by  one 
person,  who  saw  all  the  sjxciuiens  ;  but  entomological  and 
ornithological  notes  were  taken  by  a  scries  of  recorders,  and 
there  is  thcicfore  not  the  same  uniformity  as  in  the  two  previous 
cases. 

We  have  received  the  annual  report  of  the  West  Kent  Natural 
History,  Microscopical,  and  Photographic  Society  for  the  past 
year.  It  contains  abstracts  of  several  pajier*  read  during  the 
year.  It  is  a  pity  there  is  no  abstract  of  the  discussion  intro- 
duced by  the  president  at  the  annual  dinner  at  Gravcscnd,  on 
"  Bacon  and  Bean*/'  There  are  two  papers  on  subjects  con- 
nected with  photography. 

Mr.  W.  F.  Stanley  has  recently  brought  out  a  new  form  of 
protractor  and  goniometer,  which  has  the  -pedal  tnetit  of 
measuring  an  angle  right  up  to  the  vertex.  This  new  form  of 
protractor  will  he  very  convenient  to  civil  engineers  in  measuring 
angles  upon  ordnance  map*  which  are  most  frequently  subtended 
by  short  lino,  and  many  other  case*,  Used  as  a  goniometer, 
it  will  be  very  convenient  to  measure  the  angles  of  large  crystals 
and  planes  of  cleavage,  also  to  draw  the  same  direct  from  the 
instrument.  The  instrument  consists  of  two  concentric  circles, 
the  outer  one  carrying  the  graduation,  the  inner  a  Vernier  ;  each 
supports  an  arm  with  an  edge  extending  to  the  centre.  The 
angles  are  measured  by  slipping  the  inner  circle  with  its 
attached  arm  and  Vernier  round  the  groove  on  the  outer  circle, 
which  keeps  it  in  position.  We  believe  the  instrument  has  all 
the  good  points  which  Mr.  Stanley  claims  for  it,  and  it  will  l>c 
useful  to  artists  as  well  in  determining  angles  of  perspective. 

Tut  whiteftsh  {Csrs^j/ms  albuj)  now  in  the  ponds  at  the 
Delaford  Fishery  are  growing  rapidly,  some  of  them  reaching 
seven  inches  in  length.  It  will  be  remembered  tint  the  ova  of 
the  c  fish  were  brought  from  America  Ia<t  spring,  and  hatched 
out  at  South  Kensington. 

A  ktM.NANT  of  the  great  forests  which  once  covered  the  -outli 
of  Sweden  was  recently  dug  out  of  a  l«ig  .it  Kiuucvcd,  consisting  1 
of  a  boat  6  feet  in  diameter  hollowed  out  of  a  log.  The  tree 
from  which  it  was  obtained  must  have  been  20  feet  in  circum- 
ference. The  wood,  which  was  blue  in  colour,  was  very  hard, 
and  the-  twat  so  heavy  that  two  bullocks  c  >uld  not  move  it. 

Ma.  Henry  PutLUis.  jun ,  one  of  the  secretaries  to  the 
American  Philosophical  Society,  has  performed  a  very  u-cfut 
work  in  compiling  a  register  of  all  the  |>apcrs  published  in  the 
Iran  Oifioiu  and  Pr.vn.hn^s  of  the  Society  since  its  commence-  I 
ment.     The  "register"  forms  a  small  pamphlet  of  fifty  >i\  ' 
pages  -he  titles  being  arranged  according  to  the  authors'  names.  I 
It  is  therefore  an  index  to  all  the  publications  of  the  Society— 
but  a  name,  not  a  subject,  index. 

THE  additions  to  the  Zoological  Society's  Ceardcns  during  the 
past  week  include  a  Rhesus  Monkey  (Mmacui  rksjus  i  )  from 
India,  presented  by  Mr.  F..  Pelditch  ;  a  Bosmani  Potto  \Pero- 
dvtietu  fttte  4  )  from  West  Africa,  presented  by  Mr.  C.  R. 
Williams  ;  two  Gerbillea  (Gtrbtllm  — )  from  Suakim,  pre- 
sented by  Surgeon-Major  J.  A.  Shaw  ;  two  White-faced  Tree 


Ducks  (Dcnd>\\y&na  -iJuala)  from  West  Africa,  presented  ^  . 
Mr.  Cecil  Dudley;  three  Green  Turtles  \Chtlont  virtJii)  it- .l. 
the  West  Indies,  presented  by  M.  C.  Angel,  F.Z.S.  ;  a  Boaas 
Monkey  {Ma.acus  simicus  *  )  from  India,  pre-ented    by  M 
J.  C.  O'Halloran  ;  two  Narrow-barred  Finches  (Mmnitt  «tu"- 
from  Java,  an  Indian  Silver  Bill  (Mania  maltiUtrua)  from  Ld'Li. 
an  Amaduvade  Finch  (Estrdda  umaMd,t:n)  from  India,  pre 
sented  by  Mr.  Horace  Sanders  -,  a  Short-toed  Lagle  (O-ri 
ga/iuut)  from   Southern   Lurope,   presented   by  Mr.  Henri 
Sotheran  ;  a  Mona  Monkey  (Ctr(of>Ukt(Ui  mama  &  )  from  We: 
Africa,  presented  by  Mr.  White  ;  a  White-necked  Crow  (  Cmfrz.  u. 
scafuhUus)  from  West  Africa,  deposited  ;  nine  Gold  Phea-^:. 
(T'hatifnttifti  pido)^  received  from  the   Right  Hon .  t_reorijr 
Sclater- Booth,   M.  P.  ;    a   Barred-shouldered   Dove  (&«>u 
humtralii),   a   Coqnercl's    Lemur  ( ChirogaJtut  corner nLi  >.  i 
Collared  Fruit  Bat  (Cynonycteris  collaris),  bred  in  the  Guilena. 


OUR  ASTRONOMICAL  COLUMN 

Tub  Bin ARY-STAk  70  OiHti'CHl.— Notwithstanding  the  ca.- 
with  which  the  orbit  of  this  double-star  has  been  discu^*e-l.  -- 
companion  appears  to  lie  again  deviating  fiom  its   prcxtK- •. 
position  to  a  consiilerable  extent.     It  will  be  remembered  :ri 
from  the  anomalous  motion  of  the  smaller  star  Madlcr  »i. 
to  the  suspicion  that  the  law  of  gravitation  does  not  apply  in  \  - 
system,  while  Jacob  though:  there  was  indication  of  disturbed. t 
from  a  third  body. 

M.   I'errotin  gives  the  following  epoch  resulting  from  :. 
measures  made  at  Nice  in  l&J>3  : 

18S3  49    ...    Position  45  6    ...    Distance  2  jS 
On  comparing  with  the  orbit  assigned  in  No.  I  ot  "  A  v.* 
noinical  Observations  made  at   the    1'nivcrsity  Oi^'rvi: 
Oxford,"  which  accords  closely  with  the  measures,  up  to  |S-» 
and  witli  the  orbits  Flammarion,  Ti-seranJ,  and  Schur,  we  •■- 
the  following  differences   taken   in  the  order,  obscTvaLr-n- 
calculation  :— 

l\/~tLiu:i.  L>.,Lar 

The  Oxford  orbit                   ...  -  9  0  ...  -0  60 

Flammarion    -  12  »  ...  -o  ii 

Tisscrand    -  1 3  5  ...  ..57 

Schur     -  17'4  ...  -  o  73 

It  is  very  possible  that  iti  this  case  the  dift.cilty  of  rcj  :e-n 
ing  the  position  of  the  companion-star  may  be  attributed  :o 
I  paucity  of   measures  near  the  p*-ri-asiron,  r.ither  than  :■>  . 
anomalous  motion  which  !>..-  not  been  remarked  in  vn<~:  ot  ' 
other  binaries      However  this  may  l>e.  the  object  no  JooL<  . 
one  deserving  of  continued  attention.     The  Oxford  orbit.  »  h^.:. 
it  will  1<  seen,  is  the  nearest  a-  regards  the  t>- ->H ---n  irg^  :r 
'•^3.  Blv«  'or  iSSS  S  —  position,  44  6  ;  distance,  2  04. 

Ti'  ill  k's  Com n  — On  September  to,  at  midnight,  fhn  comr- 
wil!  l>e  in  about  R.A.  1  jo  33,  IU>  I.  ■*  y  48',  rising  at  iirren- 
wich  tw'»  hours  before  the  -un,  an. I  with  an  intensity  of 
one-third  greater  than  when  liist  observed  at  Nice  on  August  3 
It  may  perhaps  l>e  observed  after  perihelion  in  the  s-juthcrr. 
hemisphere  if  the  more  powerful  telescopes  are  utilised  Or. 
August  13  the  correction  to  Merr  Raht's  ephemeris  was  -  rj* 
in  right  ascension  and  +5  -5  in  declination.  The  come:  t 
about  2'  in  diameter,  without  very  apparent  central  condentauati 

The  Cn\u  r  ok  1652. — At  present  we  have  only  one  calculi 
tion  of  the  orbit  of  this  comet— that  of  Mallcy,  founded  uper 
the  observations  of  Hcveiius  in  the  scarce  volume  of  tht 
"  Machina  Cujlcstis.  '  It  would  be  interesting  to  invrstigat. 
the  orbit  anew  from  the  observations  made  by  Richard  WL'. 
at  Rome,  though  he  gives  no  nearer  time  for  his  distance-,  of  thi 
comet  Irom  stars  between  I'cccmV>cr  2t,  l6$2,  and  January  3. 
1652,  than  "  hora  2  post  oeca*um  iolis."  The  observatiooswiii 
be  found  in  /afnArift  Jur  A  trrnomif,  vol.  iv.,  where  ihey  »rr 
entitled  "  Otiservationes  C"mel.v,  qui  exeunte  anno  l6v2cuai 
paruit,  habitx  kouue  per  Riccar-.l-am  Albium,  Anglum.'  Zaci 
supj>osed  the  observer  to  be  Richard  White,  and  there  ear  S 
little  doubt  that  he  is  the  Mr.  White  repeatedly  mentioned  bs 
Kvelyn  in  his  Diary.  Zach  has  the  remark,  *'  Diese  Reohadit 
ungen  konnen  Icidit  besser  als  die  des  llevebus  «eyn, "  »am  an 
examination  of  the  latter  will  show  that  there  is  tome  foundation 


August  27,  1885] 


NA  TURE 


403 


:-ir  this  remark.  On  December  21,  according  to  H alley's  cle- 
nents,  the  distance  of  the  comet  from  the  earth  was  only  0-14  ; 
>  n  January  3  it  had  increased  to  C42. 

The  fact  that  the  place  of  the  ascending  node  of  the  comet  of 
1698,  as  it  is  printed  in  HaUey's  "  Synopsis  of  Coaietary 
Astronomy,"  is  180°  in  error,  or,  in  other  words,  the  place  of 
1  he  descending  node  has  been  given  tor  that  of  the  opposite  one, 
furnishes  a  hint  that  it  is  not  safe  to  accept  a  single  calculation 
•  ■f  the  orbit  of  any  of  the  earlier-computed  comets  without 


ASTRONOMICAL  PHENOMENA  FOR  THE 
WEEK,  188S,  AUGUST  30  TO  SEPTEMBER  5 

(Fok  the  reckoning  of  time  the  civil  day,  commencing  at 
Greenwich  mean  midnight,  counting  the  hours  on  to  24,  is  here 
employed.) 

At  Grtttrwuh  cm  August  30 
Sun  rises,  Sh.  nm.  ;  south?,  uh.  om.  23  0s. ;  sets,  i8h.  49m.  ; 
decl.  on  meridian,  &'  52'  N.  :  Sidereal  Time  at  Sunset, 
!7h.  26m. 

Moon  (at  Last  Quarter  on  Sept.  2)  rises,  2oh.  28m.*  ;  souths, 
3h.  15m.  ;  sets,  loh.  12m. ;  decl.  on  meridian,  8"  n'N. 
Planet  Rise*  Souths  Sett       Decl.  on  meridian 


Mercury 

Venus 

Mars 

Jupiter 

Saturn 


h.  01. 

6  1 

8  7 
o  36 

S  4* 
23  43* 


Souths 
h.  m. 
12  17 

>3  57 
8  48 

12  2.S 

7  52 


Sett 

h.  id. 

18  33 
«9  47 

17  o 

19  8 

16  1 


•  Indicate*  that  (he  r.sing  ii  that  of  the  | 

OccMltationt  of  Stars  by  /At  Moon 

* 

Ma«. 


2  28  N. 
2  47  S. 
22  SO  N. 

7   0  N. 
22  25  N. 

day. 


Corrupoiding 
an^tc.tfioH!  ver- 
tex 10  right  for 
inverted  image 


h.  m. 

<P  Tauri    4$  ...  22  I 

V  Tauri   44  ...  22  2 

I  ...  B.A.C.  1391        5    ...  23  1 


1  ... 
1  ... 


1  ...  81  Tauri  5A 

1  ...  85  Tauri  6 

2  ...  Aldebaran      ...  1 

2  ...  117  Tauri  6 

3  ...  B.A.C.  172S  ..,  6 

4  ...  26  Gctninoruni  ..  5 J 

5  ...  68  Geminorum...  5J 


h.  m. 
22  52 

22  51 

23  32 


62  247 

S2  227 
117  189 


23  9  near  approach  333  — 
23  21  ...  o  it  ...  20  284 
1  40  near  app.-oach  154  — 
22  34  ...  23  20  ...  84  221 
o  13  ...  o  4S  ...  9  28* 
4  57  near  approach  146  — 
o  58  near  approach  323  — 


1  Occur*  on  the  following  day. 
11k  Occvliatiom  of  Star* 
h. 

2    ...    18    ...    Mercury  in  inferior  conjunction  with  the 
Sun. 

4  —     3    ■••    Saturn  in  conjunction  with  and  4"  17'  north 

of  the  Moon. 

5  ••■     7    ••-    Mars  in  conjunction  with  and  5*  33' north 

of  the  Moon. 


GEOGRAPHICAL  NOTES 

Sad  news  has  been  received  from  the  Dutch  African  Expe- 
dition ;  its  leader,  Mr.  D.  D.  Veth,  died  from  disease  on  May 
19,  in  the  camp  on  the  banks  of  the  Kala  Kanga  River,  between 
Benguella  and  Hump.ita.  This  is  a  real  loss  for  science  as  well 
.is  to  his  venerable  father.  Prof.  P.  I.  Veth,  who  has  given  his 
whole  industrious  life  to  scientific  work. 

The  Austrian  Government,  with  the  consent  of  the  Porte,  has 
undertaken  to  make  a  geographical  survey  of  the  Albanian  coast, 
with  a  view  to  preparing  new  maps.  Two  Austrian  gunboats 
have  accordingly  left  for  Corfu  with  officials  of  the  Chart  De- 
partment on  board.  Here  they  will  he  joined  by  the  Turkish 
officer*,  under  whose  superintendence  the  survey  will  t>e  made. 

It  is  stated  in  the  latest  Er^uizHngske/t  to  Peter man  it's  A/il- 
iheitHtt^en,  that  there  arc  in  Peking  four  institutions  at  which 
astronomical  and  meteorological  observations  have  been  made 
for  a  number  of  years  :  (i)  the  Chinese  Observatory,  called  Kuan 
sanj  tat,  which  has  existed  for  about  six  centuries.  In  1674  the 
Jesuits  provided  it  with  new  astronomical  instruments,  with  Hit 
lenses,  which  are  well  preserved  to  this  day.  It  is  situated  on 
the  eastern  wall  of  the  Manchu  town.    (2)  Bethang,  or  the 


Northern  Church,  the  Collegium  Gallorum,  near  the  Imperial 
palace.  Here  in  the  middle  of  the  eighteenth  century  the 
Jesuits  erected  an  obscivatory,  and  made  many  astronomical 
observations,  amongst  them  the  transit  of  Venus  of  Jane  3, 
1769.  Besides  these  Pcrc  Amiot  made  meteorological  observa- 
tions for  six  years,  from  1757  to  1762.  (3)  The  Russian  Lega- 
tion, near  the  southern  wall  of  the  Manchu  town.  The  astro- 
nomer Fuss,  who  made  a  great  journey  between  1830  and  1832 
from  St.  Petersburg  to  Eastern  Siberia,  and  by  Kiachta  to 
Peking,  at  the  orders  of  the  Academy  of  Sciences  of  St.  Peters- 
burg, spent  seven  months  here,  and  organised  astronomical, 
geographical,  magnetic,  and  meteorological  observations.  (4) 
Beguan,  about  300  metres  from  the  north-eastern  corner  of  the 
wall  surrounding  the  Manchu  city.  Here  the  members  of  the 
Russian  missionary  body,  and  the  native  Christians  under  their 
direction,  carried  out  a  series  of  magnetic  and  meteorological 
observations  between  1841  and  i860.  In  1864  this  Observatory 
was  separated  from  the  missionary  establishment,  and  in  1867 
the  St.  Petersburg  Academy  of  Sciences  selected  Dr.  II.  Fritsche 
for  its  director,  a  position  which  be  held  for  sixteen  years.  For 
twelve  of  these  he  lived  in  Peking,  while  the  other  four  were 
spent  for  the  mast  part  in  journeying  through  the  Chinese 
Empire  and  Siberia,  in  order  to  inspect  the  meteorological 
stations  and  the  three  magnetic  observatories  at  Ekaterinburg, 
Barnaul,  and  Nerchinsk,  to  establish  new  stations,  and  specially 
to  obtain  astronomical,  geographical,  and  hypsometric  observa- 
tions in  as  large  a  number  of  places  as  possible.  His  investiga- 
tions into  the  meteorology  of  Eastern  Asia  were  published 
by  the  Academy  in  1877,  and  be  now  publishes  in  the 
Erpinzungsheft  above  alluded  to  the  results  of  his  sixteen  years' 
observations  in  other  departments.  He  describes  his  numerous 
journeys  in  China,  Mongolia,  and  Manchuria,  and  gives  a  mass 
of  data  with  regard  to  the  latitude  and  longitude  of  places,  and 


their  heights  above  the  sea-level.  There  are  also,  in  the 
part  of  the  paper,  a  large  number  of  measurements 
with  earth  magnetism.  The  title  of  the  paper,  which  is  a  long 
one,  and  represents  a  vast  amount  of  travel  and  labour,  is  "  Ein 
Beitrag  rur  Geographie  and  Lehre  vom  Erd magnet ismus  Asiens 
und  Europas,"  von  Dr.  H.  Fritsche,  Petermonn's  Mit'kttiungen 
ErgantuHSikeft,  No.  78. 

In  the  current  number  of  Prtermann's  AfittheilungtH  the  prin- 
cipal article  is  an  account,  historical  and  geographical,  of  "a 
lava  desert  in  the  interior  of  Iceland,"  and  the  largest  lava  area 
in  Europe.  The  "  desert  "  in  cjucstion  is  situate  !  in  that  part 
of  the  plateau  in  the  interior  which  lies  between  the  Vatnajokull 
and  the  rivers  Skjalfandatljot  and  JokuUa.  It  is  known  to  the 
inhabitants  of  the  neighlwuring  coasts  as  Odadahraun.  The 
author,  Th.  Thoroddscn.  describes  his  journey  from  Myvatn  in 
detail  —Prof.  Nell  explains  Fischer's  perspective  projection  for 
maps,  and  gives  a  map  of  Asia  on  this  system  ;  while  Herr 
I  lcgel  describes  his  journey  in  1879  with  the  Henry  Venn  expe- 
dition up  the  Pico  Grande  from  the  Cameroon*. 

The  Zeitsehri/i  of  the  Gescllschaft  fur  Erdkundc  at  Berlin 
(Band  20,  Heft  3)  is  almost  wholly  occupied  with  an  account  by 
Ilerr  Schmidt  of  the  travels  of  the  friar  Rubruk  between  1253 
and  1255  into  the  heart  of  Central  Asia,  and  to  the  borders  of 
China.  This  remarkable  journey  is  dcscril>cd  and  explained 
with  much  painstaking  learning.  The  only  other  contribution 
to  the  number  is  a  table  of  lengths  of  the  principal  Russian  rivers 
from  General  Tillo's  1 


From  the  latest  reports  the  Australian  New  Guinea  expe- 
dition appears  to  have  progressed  satisfactorily  so  far.  The 
Government  of  Queensland  had  offered  to  hold  frequent  com- 
munication with  the  ]>arty  by  means  of  the  steamer  A  faunce, 
with  a  view  of  obtaining  information  of  the  progress  of  the  work 
of  exploration.  A  branch  of  the  Geographical  Society  of 
Australasia  is  to  be  formed  at  Brisbane. 

A  Parliamentary  blue-book  (Corca,  No.  3,  18S5)  lately 
published  contains  the  report  of  a  journey  made  by  Mr.  Carles, 
the  Vice-Consul  at  Seoul,  from  that  place  to  Phyong  Kang, 
where  some  gold  mines  exist.  These  lie  to  the  west  of  the 
main  road  between  Seoul  and  Gcnsan,  and  were  stated  to  be  of 
greater  extent  than  any  existing  in  Corea.  They  are  in  the 
Phyong  Kang  district,  in  the  neighbourhood  of  the  town  of 
Pai-namou-tjang,  about  100  miles  from  the  capital.  Part  of  the 
road  lay  across  a  vast  lava-field,  which  appears  to  exceed  in 
extent  even  the  largest  in  Iceland.  Between  Chhol  won  and 
Pai-namou-tjang,  a  distance  of  40  miles,  there  is  only  one 
break  in  its  bed,  which  Mr.  Carles  attributei  to  the  actim  of 


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40» 


NATURE 


 1   IA 

«•»»        (.».  iui  rivric        .  the  oa,„.        I   — —  -  

■  *-|— ITlfnMiiiT JTr  "'*'""■"'""«""'"  —-  3.  i  II.,..  _V™?'".""'  P~>u«  i 


fT«llil  ■  W*»|l~  Ih*  WbVk  *  £|gd  m.rmut.  •*  i 

r«lii*  U|»l  h  nwMjwi  «ra  <w,  k«*>  M*  null 

*J>»  I-  k-«.  to  ion  fc«  b-rVm  |I» 1 

i!..r 


»7v  i« 


Fink.,  wll.,.  ,L  .wt«m  »,*iii.r  n  ..,.11^ 

tin  >M|  «nil»Mi  iV  «int  n  ■  in  ■Willi  .,„,. 
Ural  Mr*    it*  in.  »iv  nUr 

■   •■       .    r  t„  ||m  ,1,  i,, i  Mm       »T  fc, 

L.i"»I'     »  H'f  «•  'W  llo.  ki.  rx.w  t^,t  |„a 

•fli-ltmiw  .  mhrn  UW  <*(af^  KtfvW  •cur  ktv* 
'«««"*t.  «r,    iil.-i,  #*iiiwt4  «  «iils  t*«ti'i.  p. 
k"\       *******         l*«»»,*,t»c  it  .it  .1  <-*f*-r.  ml 

•  •it«i  lie  w  .*|      ,  ,T, ,i,       i  unit, 

Snttlrt  : 

Md«i  

I I »r.  MM^tiw,  ... 
MMMi  fcj.  >lrtcrH  thn  > 
Uf'^     *,*r.^».  lt«  K*.-.l  MMMW  K 
n  th<         in.^ttjp.  »l|«,rt  tft*  ><0«Y7 
lk«  RM*  trf  Ni>iUi*I  t»i  itrt.ift'l  »0 

AocutbiRn  u  r«xm  »*»*«•  b-**  tht 

Iwibmk  tan  i!rm<*-»*-<l  itwtr.  .— »  *— "~ 

•  t^c  Mi«k,*  u«ilr4  jI-mI  h»»  mJi^  -'«t1-  1,4 
l««Jn  wjrt  ..irty  im  l..t.  <M  *U  t'l»  •*  tl  l»j  •»«•• 
bip.  NMkn.  *lfti  r..(U  U  .Uilwilr.  XUf>t  t.'i 
}*4t  p*M  «f  I|m>  A>y  IrQ  iliMf*  !<■  !bc  !•       KMaiWtl  W»m  Iw 

/At#vi/  t'ftx'tKXT^  of  mi.  t'Sirti* 
STATSM 


•   ■'"  ...  .M 

»l_„^i  .  J.  .tank,  a 


 :.^  a  ■„, 


."'"•I  .,.,.     *;?.«.•«>  Iro  e 


405 


fttofe  .1  him  t  nr- 


-It.  \,,  ,!..„  sjjt.m  1       „.„j,  Si-j.t.n 

IM*»  ti  M  am  ui  ».«-.  ( tWiu«ih*nilKiMv  tie 

'i  '"  •'«|»»**mw  <ri'4i*i> 

w f*  1  /^'K  S,J*,X-  10  VWMgb 

•urt>.|,«s»n.  i,,LL  m«|,  „|  iwu  tt*tPt>.m 

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la  .Sc  n  n*ic«J  MMWI  •nirfftlha  I  ha  fcwMheriKaf  Nifactfi 

«-a  to«nil  10  K*  ll  nti  hci(r*St  »>f  aSout  jnoo  to  41m  mm, 
nc.t*-mtV,f  »ini«  <v>n  xt  ihi«  mti  hi  aboal  MOO  ■■ 

s.«-  futl  lVm-  |hc  t.-»  -I  t-l  I  ha  ir,v  tt  -pa-aeraJly  rac  ■ 
1  411  «^  -4*1%*  fi«TCT>'*m,  on  it,  apfvAr^mly ,  m<*n*  -*-i*.lt?  a>* 

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to  ,h«  n(Mllre ,i 

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11   1-  . 


GooqU 


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NATURE 


{Aug™!  j;,  I 


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Sj£tfHlM|tt    i>.*n  l<  iIk  AiIktiiic    »•  ■      ■  i  ■  I       I  >  i  -  - 1'-  '  •■■  ■ '  ti 
m,  .  cViAcil.  ti|  MM-  r.iwi  l«itii»r  tnii  «%tn  t  jm*n{im 

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/i.nt.  Ki^«-tU.  17.     HkJiti  iW  juiitaI*  »n  •ntch  thvtr  tipinnmu  b»*« bo» - 
llrtwi  ^Mr<MN  I  --<>l«€i»«i»'m  nt  luiiU't  cuniM   mMf  »t  UwOlMnw 
.   Iiv'twL  .t.iutitr  *  c*l*Miufi<*II.  l»y    M.    1  "trttiUa. — 1 

w!..J*/.(i>|-  :     .pttttt.m  nl  Uimxil'*  ckmI  {«)   mail*  at    rh#  <Hnpm< 
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l>ni^>tun  (4  t><Kr<n^i^<4t:  cA>)4«t«  u  w«ll  m»  at 

.Iir»i»   K  MM    RmMH   J»rvl    AIHr>fi  p«M('- *'. 

jtit.o     the  rnlMr  "*  iifcn«iilinnlwi«(   on  ill*  oxide  m  tA 
l«f  M.  |.  i|»*»imnl      •*«  lite  rite.'.      .       t  ■ -i.    :  ci.-.j 
I'j    M    11    t    ,  A,:-tii..(     rt..       .l.jci  i  «•  i 

IV.tfi^tiik4  ml  M*.*.-iw   ihr   Aullitrr   auintain*  trva  !■ 

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n'»  '  't  M    I'  .1.  ...    ..,1   nmliy  «M 

fe  uWtUiltc    *tt1iowsh    hllh.  1'  -r. 
the  or£i»i*altnn,    -tn Atomy.   •»!  < 
r.i  MtW  m.4i/.^-^..  by  M.  |f#««T  Mfe 
tl    llll  •.■4lii,aisilr>f|    of    lh«     u  •   .  -  «v*« 

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1  II.,  »* 


M- 


IP"'  ',. 


CONTENTS 

Tfc«  Life  «t  rr*n.k  UuckU:n$    py  Rav  W 
CwKimHii'n  <»f  Cnmp»ttr» 
Tkr  VnfJ.i*  MtniMi  >)  V otnms  »•■-»•'« 
Our  Bool)  VMM  1— 

"  *  k-rtr.i  .i,  AU-*\.r>  f,.r  Sch.x.U  "  ,  .  - 
MMkV"  *' rJ»«»em»  of  Fuel  id  "  .  * 
*Mkdk>'^H  I  '•rnul*  nf  1 1  ototomy . "  Dr.  |Q| 

j  -\ikU«f         1*  rftiininaij'  bln'in0 

Ldt«*«  tn  tliB  r.dlinr  . 

t:  rihtt  t  itlti  aw  Hr-jt.. 

lout  btcwfcit,  FR.II, 
fiborilM  u,  Uk-  \>im  -  J  Hipptsley 

l  >i«  -  Arthur  R  Hunt 

■►■   Uiitiiu.l.c\  <•[  the  M--.it.i-...  ,: 
rkiii     William  8uth*r<*nd 

V  .('li-iiC  'T^nlif      .  . 
-  IU  blnli  J.         NhrlforU  Midwcii 

T^-Hr"'r2*«,,r;..  hF^f    T-  *»»»«li«D; 

cmc«  r  k  ■ 

r  .  FonMAtltl  * 

R».Juiit 
,  I      fttVWMt.  ] 

T      '■         1   *   Am rr  .■  K  »i  HiEh 

H&tt*     .  .  .  .  !        '.  \  '  *  *   '   '  1 
0-w  A«ntirwmK»l  Column  t— 

T»#  Tl*ir>  H«  ikOiMM  .... 

Tkt  C>^nrt  ul  mi]  IT""  * 

AfctitjnutmtBi    lfiti.omin*  fol' 
i      Aot-B>t  ?•  1  ■  S^pltwihif  ^  . 

.  ..|  :  .[,1...  '.,,1,. 

'  M.M..Il>T.4uci.  ol.r,,  Un«.d  «i.,.i   •   •   -  • 


ktni  l-v  Mt.ri  of  Wtnh»r  Chart • 

«^r"S.^1^:,','::i;.;1,  "> 


lh.  Wc.k 


KIcclTlcily 
Ct.'olnh. 


•   

>y  GooqU 


NA  TUttB 


rxxxiii 


UBSCVtllTlONS  to  "NATURE."  skcond  edition. 

...  ,..k*  GRIFFIN'S 

5W!  .■•}.       CHEMICAL  HANDICRAFT 

a  the   L'nrtc.l  Statr*.  ihe  Cmtinw,  ami  4L1  lAut*  l-Siii.  ,,.,,».,.„ 

in  ih«  Po-IaI         -t,  — 

v„„r  -„i         A  CATALOGUE  OF  CHEMICAL  APPARATUS, 

ifj',...'.    ,  (j  e  rtiftTKATrri.  ctrMtirica  buuiniti 

l.iuirtf.l.  |    #  ^^^^  WjJwt  fcW^,^. 

IARGES  for  ADVERTISEMENTS.  "ms  M*"*"*  ^{gg \f; mm. 

Thw  Llw  I"  r..EMt.»  ».  W  t^t  I  ni  illrr   

Ill  III  ii   .  ,  ,  AS 

lt.lt  *■ ■■■ ■ • ■■ ■■■ ■MaMl  RIMEt'T 

wv.i.  ttm   .  •  1  o       rir  atn  i.K4.  mo  ixikti.  us  wmn.  iohij  Ui 

M  <>/«•«  I  '-'<r.  .«.•••'*  '•  MACMH  l.t.Y  J-  CO.         H<F1A   U  ■  |lin[  r.\WH  ,„  ,b.  I~>  u*  CVnl.  «  m> 

■oac  niBOArA  bbohcmitii.  ,:on,  h.  .m  coluj  ;  ui  r,, 

ornrr.  i  *»,  titif'tr.  Surer,  sn«n  «  i  uuvj.  aiitmurita.  ui  m  ran  » ......  ,..  „  u.(u.n.i, 

MP. da l  i      HARVEY  «fc  PEAK,      r  health 

WARDLD  l*J-f^~<W-~,/ft«,ir,M.v«j«>«u.«./<;«»J«rttai.,|  1-EXHIBITION 

iiri--.il.-.  TO  W.  LAI>CI  A  CO., 
Bl  AX    STREET.    IICHI   STItIT,    tONnUN.  W 
NUFACTURERS    OF    SCIENTIFIC  APPARATUS   OF   ALL   CLASSES  FOR 
SCHOOLS.  COLLEOF.S,  OR  PRIVATE  RESEARCH 

WI  MSIII  UST    AMI    VOSS    IVIMTTION    M  ACIIINRS 

OF   IMPROVED  PATTERN 

/OODHOUSE  &  RAWSON, 

SUPPI.IF.RS  OF  ALL  ELECTRICAL  APPLIANCES 
m— ti.  g«a  v..-t,„nji,„...  EC,  ».».....•„.«  ii,,,.  Ilwwnm  |„„„,  ,v 

Lamp..  .      I  »      C»K»  a  E.n.,,- 

Djrauwi  ^    Ij*  A    w  n  ▲  . 

AccimitUton  B«fc«j  Junction*     ^     Iiitruii.nl.  ▼  Mli 

LE    MAKUEACTOIIEIIS   OF   THE   WOODIIOUBl:  A.HD   rUWSON    INCA  HIIFSCIN I  LAMP 


STOUT. 

In  B.ltl,..  :i  I  prr  **■  Imp:  Pr  ,  • 


WALT  R  A  W  n.  „  . 

tut  •lutMnmri  alk  uctat  un 


WAIjL  papers  free  from  arsenic. 

1    1  WILLIAM  WOOLLAMS  A  CO.,  Mumtactnrln|  pjptr  SlAir.cri. 

^MJ  ARTISTIC  WALL  PAPLM.  tairwtMd  Vr*.  frro  Amnio. 

i^MI  <!=lc  AJJ,.»I    Ii.,  HIGH  BTKI TT,  MaNCHE S1t«  r.gtlARR    LONDON  W 

r  a  m  ' ' 

r/ll.P  MrPAt-  IWtriVlTIORAL  ICTAITH  f  A  II  ll,|  t  H>K 


NA TURE 


Messrs.  MACMILLAN  &,  CO.S  NEW  B00K& 

A  NF.W  NOVEL  BY  THK  LATE  HUGH  CONWAY. 

\  FAMILY  AFFATK.   BY!  HUGH  CONWA 

MpN  '    ■L-fl<*\  tW-V,"  -*I>«iL  fcc     JwW    CnwRftro.  jlcftrf. 


...l-i  .  MM        »o  l«  tirnfl  « ilk  1  fx-  «nlbur'«  •fcnnrfe 

n.  »  ImM  i->.  »nl  ii  ii---iinu  t!-aj-^fi.  liul  titer  \ 
■  mn-'U  f.t-f/r jrunn  .if  It <■  tn  tit  naliu*  "  —  Ttaw. 

k»  enri,        wliw  lf»  «>*  mKi'  l.c  i-  nimi«c  IIcwmbm 

»ll  ...talk  M*~V  ,  >wtj  ,  „„„  Jul  .i  +\.r.  Wmu.)  «    In      -A  Fimilr  A  Ann     U  one  of  Uw         «rf  im* 

„,i  h  wu*"     7  .jT-....  -  -  !    rnti  " v  1  '•      "  '  ,u   "''   >a  l  l»«  ■■»**•      1-    praiuw  !— *  4m 

Ti.  .  ..,      Mil      "»  i,  UtunuA  Mlh«  **rtr  ilmnn   *n.f  r,.tn  mm* 

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FLORA  OF  BRITISH  INDIA. 

By  Sir  J.  D.  HOOKER.  K.C.C.I.,  C.B.,  &c. 

A«i>'ri  by  various  Botanists. 

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PHYSICO-CHEMICAL  CONSTANTS. 

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These  Tables,  which  have  taken  eight  yean  of  almost  constant  labour  to 
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SENSATIONS    OF  TONE 

AS  A  PHYSIOLOGICAL  BASIS  FOR  THE  THEORY  OF  MUSIC. 

By  HERMANN  L.  F.  HELMHOLTZ,  M.D., 

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Vol.  I.    Dcmyfjvo.    154     Vol.  II.    iu.      (Vol  III.    In  th<  r>vu. 

A  HISTORY  of  the  MATHEMATICAL 

THEORY  of  I  I  \  S  I  ICITY,  from  Galilei  to  the  Present  Time.  By 
the  late  [.  TODIIUN  I  KR,  D.Sc.,  F.R.S.,  edited  and  completed  by 
KARL  PEARSON,  M.  A.  [/■  tk*  Pit*. 

A  TREATISE  on  the  GENERAL.  PRIN- 
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Fellow  and  Prelector  in  Chemistry  of  Oonville  and  Caiua  College. 

DIOPHANTOS  of  ALEXANDRIA:  a  Study 

in  the  History  of  Greek  Algebra.  By  T.  L.  HEATH.  B.A.,  Scholar  of 
Trinity  College,  Cambridge.    Demy  ftm.  7f.fi/. 

NOTES  on  QUALITATIVE  ANALYSIS. 

Concise  and  EapUn.Uury.  By  H.  ).  H  FENTON,  M.A..  F.I.C. 
f  {  -    1  )i  1 :  1  1 1  hcmistrv  in  the  University,    Cr.  sto,    «.  <W. 

The  SCIENTIFIC    PAPERS  of  the  late 

PmC.  J.  CLERK-MAXWELL.    Edited  by  W.  D.  NIVFN.  M  A 
In  j  Volv    Royal 410.  '  '»  >**  Prtu. 

An    ELEMENTARY   TREATISE  on 

QUATERNIONS  By  P.  G.  TAIT,  M.A..  Profeswii  f  Natural  PhBo 

tiphy  in  the  Univ.  of  Edinburgh.    S«rnJ  Edition.    Demy  ?vo.  144 

The  ELECTRICAL  RESEARCHES  of  the 

Honourable  HENRY  CAVENDISH,  F.R.S.  Wntten  between  1771 
and  1781  Fditrd  from  the  Original  Manuscript*  in  the  ts-'SNession 
of  the  IluWe  of  D. »  rehire,  K.O.  By  the  late  J.  CLERK  MAXWELL, 

F.  R.S.    l<cuiy  Js-o  lit 

A    SHORT     HISTORY    of  GREEK 

MATHEMATICS     By  J.  GOW,  Lilt.  D..  Fellow  of  Trinity  College. 
Demy  Svo.    to/.  <-i 

The  ANALYTICAL  THEORY  of  HEAT. 

By  JO>EPH  FOURIER.    Translated,  with  No«es,  by  A  Farrsia*. 

M.A    Je.L.w -f -t.  I  hn's  College,  Cambridge.    t»emy  evo.  tU. 

HYDRODYNAMICS.     A  Treatise  on  the 

Mathematical  Then  of  Fluid  Motion.  By  HORACE  I  AMB.  M-A. 
PrViftssoT of  liathcsnatica la  tlsc  L  niv.  srf  Adelaide     l>emy  Sto.  iaj 

A  TREATISE  on  the  THEORY  of  DE- 

TFRMINANTS  and  their  APPLICATIONS  in  ANALYSIS  and 
GKOMETRl      II)  K.  F.  SCO  IT,  M.A.    Demy  8vo.  It* 


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NA  TURE 


409 


THURSDAY,  SEPTEMBER  3,  1885 


THE  ANDAMAN  ISLANDERS 
On  the  Aboriginal  Inhabitants  of  the  Andaman  Islands. 
By  Edward  Horace  Man,  Assistant  Superintendent, 
Andaman  and  Nicobar  Islands,  with  Report  of  Re- 
searches into  the  language  of  the  South  Andaman 
Islands,  by  A.  J.  Ellis,  F.R.S.     Reprinted  from  the 
Journal  of  the  Anthropological  Institute  of  Great 
Britain  and  Ireland.    (London  :  Tnibner  and  Co.) 
"IN  considering  the  habits,  customs,  and  physical 
*■    peculiarities  of  a  savage  race,  it  is  important  to 
acquire  as  much  information  as  possible  regarding  the  . 
land  they  inhabit,  and  also  to  ascertain  the  nature  and 
extent  of  the  influences  exercised  by,  or  resulting  from, 
their  intercourse  with  other  nationalities." 

The  author  of  the  work  from  which  the  above  extract 
is  quoted  has  proved  himself  fully  qualified  to  treat  of  this 
interesting  race  of  people,  among  whom  he  resided  for 
four  successive  years  in  his  capacity  of  Assistant  Super- 
intendent, from  the  scientific  point  of  view  which  he  has 
so  well  defined  in  the  foregoing  passage.  The  volume 
before  us  consists  essentially  of  a  series  of  papers  com- 
municated at  various  times  since  1880  to  the  Anthropo- 
logical Institute,  and  now  republished,  with  the  sanction 
of  the  Institute,  in  a  separate  form,  with  an  introduction  and 
fourteen  short  appendices.  The  report  on  the  language 
of  the  South  Andaman  Islands  concludes  the  volume, 
and  bears  a  separate  title-page  indicating  that  it  has 
been  drawn  up  by  Mr.  A.  J.  Ellis,  F.R.S.,  from  the 
materials  furnished  by  Mr.  Man  and  Lieut.  R.  C.  Temple, 
of  the  Bengal  Staff  Corps. 

The  Andaman  Islands  consist  of  a  group  situated  in 
the  Bay  of  Bengal  between  the  loth  and  14th  parallels  of 
N.  latitude,  and  comprise  Great  and  Little  Andaman,  the 
former  consisting  of  North,  Middle,  and  South  Andaman, 
together  with  the  Archipelago,  Interview,  Rutland,  and 
many  other  small  islets.  The  entire  area  of  the  islands 
is  estimated  at  about  2508  square  miles,  of  which  about 
2000  square  miles  are  comprised  in  Great  Andaman. 
Some  pages  of  the  introduction  arc  devoted  to  a  descrip- 
tion of  the  physical  features,  climate,  and  scenery,  the 
author  calling  special  attention  to  the  numerous  fine 
harbours  which  offer  safe  anchorage  during  all  seasons. 
With  respect  to  the  population,  Mr.  Man  estimates  the 
total  number  of  the  aborigines  of  Great  Andaman  as 
probably  about  2coo,  and  of  those  inhabiting  Little  Anda- 
man 1000  to  1500  ;  the  aggregate  population  of  all  races 
is  about  15,000,  nearly  four-fifths  of  this  number  being 
made  up  of  the  convicts  inhabiting  the  penal  settlement. 
A  succinct  history  of  the  settlement  is  given,  from  which 
it  appears  that  the  modern  history  of  the  Andamans  dates 
from  1857,  although  a  previous  attempt  to  found  a  penal 
station  had  been  made  by  the  Honorable  East  India 
Company,  but  this  was  abandoned  in  1796  on  account  of 
the  high  death-rate. 

The  author  recognises  eight  distinct  tribes  of  aboriginal 
inhabitants  in  Great  Andaman  and  one  in  Little  Anda- 
man. The  natives  with  which  the  officers  in  charge  of  the 
Station  at  first  came  into  contact  displayed  much  hostility 
and  considerably  harassed  the  operations  of  the  working 
^^^Jfot.  xxxii.— No.  827 


parties  ;  but  improvements  have  gradually  been  effected 
in  the  relationship  between  the  aborigines  and  the  settlers 
chiefly  through  the  establishment  of  Government  homes, 
and  now,  as  Mr.  Man  states  in  a  passage  quoted  from 
Dr.  Day,  "  the  convicts  are  left  unmolested,  the  imple- 
ments of  agriculture  are  not  stolen,  the  fishing  stakes  are 
left  undisturbed,  the  gardens  are  no  longer  pillaged,  run- 
away convicts  have  been  recaptured,  and  shipwrecked 
sailors  assisted."  The  author,  who  had  charge  of  one  of 
the  homes,  also  states  that  these  "  have  effected  good  in 
bringing  together  members  of  the  various  tribes,  between 
whom  the  way  has  thus  been  paved  for  intermarriages, 
which  were  of  course  formerly  of  rare  occurrence  ;  tribal 
feuds  have  also  here  been  amicably  arranged,  while, 
through  visits  paid  to  Port  Blair  and  other  homes  by 
members  of  all  the  Great  Andaman  tribes,  as  well  as  by 
our  visits  in  the  station  steamer  to  the  more  distant 
encampments,  the  knowledge  of  our  power,  resources, 
and  kindly  intentions  has  spread  throughout  their  re- 
spective territories."  The  aboriginal  inhabitants  of  Little 
Andaman  are,  however,  still  unreclaimed,  and  all  attempts 
to  civilise  them  have  hitherto  failed ;  their  hostility 
towards  strangers  is  such  that  any  persons  unfortuate 
enough  to  be  cast  on  their  shores  would  be  as  ruthlessly 
slaughtered  now  as  at  any  period  prior  to  our  annexation 
of  the  islands. 

The  effect  of  the  contact  with  civilisation  upon  those 
more  friendly  tribes  who  have  accepted  the  advantages 
offered  by  the  homes  is  however  similar  to  that  which 
invariably  results  from  all  such  attempts  :—"  in  propor- 
tion as  they  gain  in  intelligence  and  tractability,  the  more 
fat  and  indolent  do  they  become,  and,  having  no  incentive 
towards  exertion,  frequently  lose  in  great  measure  their 
quondam  skill  in  hunting."  Still  more  serious  is  the 
moral  deterioration  which  has  taken  place  through  con- 
tact with  the  convict  population,  and  Mr.  Man  is  careful 
to  point  out  that  his  observations  have  been  confined  to 
those  primitive  communities  which  have  not  yet  had  time 
to  be  affected  by  the  virtues  and  vices  of  modern  civilisa- 
tion. One  interesting  point  which  has  been  brought  out  by 
an  attempt  to  educate  the  native  children  is  that  up  to  the 
age  of  ten  or  eleven  they  are  as  intelligent  and  can  learn 
as  well  as  the  children  of  civilised  races,  but  after  this 
age  no  further  progress  is  possible.  This  feature  in  the 
mental  evolution  of  savage  races  has,  if  we  remember 
correctly,  been  observed  in  the  case  of  many  other  un- 
civilised tribes. 

In  the  succeeding  portions  of  the  volume  we  have  an 
immense  amount  of  detailed  information  upon  all  the 
points  which  are  likely  to  be  of  value  to  the  anthro- 
pologist. With  regard  to  the  vexed  question  of  the 
origin  of  the  race,  Mr.  Man  considers  that  the  natives  are 
the  direct  descendants  of  the  prehistoric  inhabitants,  that 
they  all  belong  to  the  same  race,  and  that  the  tribal  dif- 
ferences are  the  effects  of  isolation  by  the  natural  barriers 
of  the  country  and  the  constitutional  jealousies  and  hos- 
tilities which  formerly  prevented  the  tribes  from  living  on 
amicable  terms  with  each  other.  Ethnologically  the 
author  regards  these  people  as  Negritos,  and  "racial 
affinity — if  there  be  any — may  possibly  some  day  be 
found  to  exist  between  them  and  the  Semangs  of  the 
Malayan  Peninsula,  or  the  Actas  of  the  Philippine 
Islands." 

1 


Digitized  by  Google 


NA  TURJi 


{Sept.  3.  18S5 


Following  the  section  on  the  ethnology  of  the  Anda- 
manese we  have  an  excellent  description  of  their  form 
and  sue,  fort)  -eight  males  and  forty-one  females  having 
been  most  carefully  weighed  and  measured,  with  the 
result  that  the  average  height  of  the  men  is  4  feet  \o\ 
inches  and  of  the  women  4  feet  7^  inches,  and  the  re- 
spective average  weights  084  lbs.  and  93;  lbs.  To  give 
an  idea  of  the  thoroughness  with  which  the  author  has 
dealt  with  his  subject,  under  the  heading  "  Anatomy  and 
Physiology,"  we  have  a  scries  of  live  sets  of  observations 
on  the  temperature  and  rate  per  minute  of  respiration 
and  of  the  pulse  on  five  subjects  ranging  in  age  from 
seventeen  to  twenty-two  years.  Descriptions  of  the 
pathology,  medicine,  physiognomy,  physical  powers  and 
senses,  psychology  and  morals,  magic  and  witchcraft,  of 
the  tribal  distribution,  topography,  arithmetical  faculties, 
and  of  their  habitations,  government,  laws,  crimes,  &c, 
complete  the  first  part. 

With  respect  to  diseases  it  appears  that  pilmnnary 
consumption  and  oth^r  peetoral  complaints  are  or  were 
the  chief  causes  of  mortality  among  these  people  ;  to 
these  have  unfortunately  now  to  be  added  that  "terrible 
scourge  "  which  has  spread  ov  er  the  greater  part  of  Great 
Andaman,  and  which,  as  in  Australia,  unless  successfully 
dealt  with,  threatens,  as  Mr.  Man  informs  us.  "the  early 
extermination  of  the  race." 

The  morals  of  the  Andamanese  in  their  primitive  state 
appear  to  be  of  a  distinctly  high  standard,  as  will  appear 
from  the  following  extracts  :  — 

"Much  mutual  affection  is  displayed  in  their  social 
telations,  and,  in  their  dealings  with  strangers,  the  same 
characteristic  is  observable  when  once  a  good  under- 
standing has  been  established  .  .  .  every  care  and  con- 
sideration are  paid  by  all  classes  to  the  very  young,  the 
weak,  the  aged,  and  the  helpless,  and  these,  being  made 
special  ohjects  of  interest  and  attention,  invariably  fare 
better  in  regard  to  the  comforts  and  necessaries  of  daily 
life  than  any  of  the  otherwise  more  fortunate  members  of 
the  community.  Andamanese  children  arc  reproved  for 
being  impudent  and  forward  .  .  .  thev  are  early  taught 
to  be  generous  and  self-dcnvmg  .  .  .  the  duties  of  show- 
ing respect  and  hospitality  to  friends  and  visitors  being 
impressed  upon  them  from  their  early  years,"  fee.  With 
regard  to  their  modesty  Mr.  Man  states  that  the  esteem 
in  which  this  virtue  i>  held,  "and  the  sclf-icspcct  which 
characterises  their  intercourse  with  each  other  may  even 
be  said  to  compare  favourable  with  that  existing  in 
certain  ranks  anion.;  civilised  rare*."  It  is  much  to  be 
regretted  that  the  jo-called  "civilisation"  with  which 
these  people  have  been  brought  into  contact  should  have 
lei  to  the  moral  deterioration  which  the  author  with 
scientific  candour  does  not  scruple  to  disclose.  It  is 
l»erhaps  hardly  nece«<ary  to  add  that  the  stories  concern- 
ing the  prevalence  of  cannibalism  among  these  tribes  have 
been  completely  disproved  both  wk 
present  time  and  to  former  periods  of 

In  the  second  part  of  his  inter 
author  treats  of  the  language,  reW 
IttAtory  ceremonies,  marriage,  dead 
Mitions,  religious  beliefs,  demonology 
the  third  part  we  hav  e  an  account  of  t 
of  the  Andamanese,  their  mode  of  life, 

■"©Is,  and  a  description  of  their  weapons, 


&c.  Want  of  space  forbids  anything  more  than  a  mere 
mention  of  the  ground  covered  by  these  sections,  but  it 
will  suffice  to  say  that  they  are  characterised  by  the 
thoroughness  which  is  such  a  valuable  feature  of  Mr 
Man's  work.  The  few  slight  defects  which  we  have 
noticed  arc  on  matters  of  quite  minor  importance,  cue1!, 
for  instance,  as  the  statement  in  the  introduction,  that 
"the  water  in  the  harbour  of  I'ort  Hlair  has  been  found 
to  be  remarkable  for  its  high  density,  as  is  evidenced  b) 
the  rapid  oxidation  of  iron  immersed  in  it;"  in  its  present 
form  this  reads  rather  like  a  case  of  non  stquitur. 

It  remains  only  to  add  that  in  the  fourteen  appendices 
we  have  a  mass  of  most  valuable  information  on  vario  is 
subjects  connected  with  these  islands  and  their  inhabit 
ants:  most  of  these  appendices  are  philological:  orve  is 
devoted  to  a  list  of  the  native  trees,  and  another  to  a  list 
of  the  shells. 

The  Report  on  the  language  of  the  South  Andaman 
Islanders  is  reprinted  from  the  Tr,tn*vrti<*ns  of  the  Phtl  »- 
logical  Society,  before  which  bidy  it  was  delivered  by  its 
author,  Mr.  A.  J.  Ellis,  F.R.S.,as  his  retiring  president'.!: 
address  in  188;.  The  volume  is  illustrated  by  a  gt>od 
scries  of  typical  photographs  of  the  native-  and  five  platen 
of  weapons,  ornaments,  &&,  and  a  map  of  the  island* 
forming  a  frontispiece. 

In  concluiing  this  notice  we  must  not  omit  to  mention 
that  Mr.  Man's  mode  of  treatment  is  based  upon  the 
instructions  drawn  up  by  Col.  Lane  Fox  ;now  Genera! 
Pitt-Rivers)  on  behalf  of  a  Committee  of  the  lint:*'' 
Association,  and  published  among  the  Reports  for  t*~ 3. 
This  Report  was  afterwards  issued  in  an  expanded  form 
as  a  Manual  of  Anthropological  Notes  and  <2uer'es'  nnc: 
the  work  now  under  consideration  may  be  regarded  as 
one  of  the  most  important  practical  results  of  the  labours 
of  the  Committee  referred  to.  We  believe  that  Mr.  Mar. 
is  at  present  engaged  in  a  similar  study  of  the  inhabitants 
of  the  neighbouring  Nicobar  Islands,  one  of  which  — 
Camorta—  was  selected  as  I  station  by  the  Eclipse  Expe- 
dition of  1875.  We  shall  look  forward  with  much  interest 
to  the  continuation  of  the  author's  labours  in  this  ne» 
field.  R.  M. 


COMMERCIAL  ORGANIC  ANALYSIS 
Coftmerciaf  Organic  Analysis.    Vol.  I.    By  Alfred  H 
Allen,  F.I.C.,  FX'  S.    (London  :  J,  and  A.  Churchill. 


HIDING    the  fact 
ks  on  chemt 
t  years,  a 
merciai 


that 


enormous 
ha  vr 


Sept.  3,  1885] 


NA  TURK 


411 


quently  leads  them  to  devise  or  modify  processes  without 
any  record  appearing  outside  their  own  laboratories. 
Almost  every  analyst  has  his  own  manuscript  "  process- 
book,"  according  to  which  he  expects  his  assistants  or 
pupils  to  work,  and  so  it  becomes  a  matter  of  extreme 
difficulty  for  an  author  to  produce  a  work  that  shall  be 
generally  acceptable  as  a  laboratory  guide.  The  too 
frequently  occurring  discrepancies  in  commercial  analyzes 
may  in  a  measure  be  attributed  to  the  same  cause,  and 
there  can  be  no  doubt  that  a  unification  in  the  methods 
of  conducting  and  recording  analyses  is  greatly  to  be 
desired.  This  end  will  doubtless  be  greatly  furthered  by 
the  production  of  standard  books  such  as  the  present  one. 

A  first  edition  of  the  work  before  us  appeared  in  1879. 
It  has  undoubtedly  taken  already  a  very  high  position, 
and  has  been  welcomed  as  filling  a  conspicuous  gap  in 
the  literature  of  analytical  chemistry.  The  value  of  a 
division  between  organic  and  inorganic  analysis  to  the 
ordinary  analyst  may  not  be  great,  but  it  is  useful  to  the 
author  in  enabling  him  to  keep  his  work  within  bounds. 
The  first  edition  of  the  book  appeared  in  two  volumes  ; 
in  the  new  edition  a  rearrangement  and  extension  is 
being  made,  and  it  will  now  occupy  three  volumes.  The 
first  volume  deals  with  organic  bodies  of  the  fatty  series 
and  of  vegetable  origin,  and  includes  chapters  on  the 
alcohols,  ethers,  and  other  neutral  derivatives  of  the 
alcohols,  sugars,  starch  and  its  isomers,  and  vegetable 
acids.  The  second  volume,  which  is  to  appear  shortly, 
will  be  devoted  chiefly  to  coal-tar  products  and  bodies  of 
the  aromatic  series,  to  hydrocarbons  generally,  fixed  oils 
and  the  products  of  their  saponification,  and  the  tannins. 
Nitrogenised  organic  substances,  including  cyanogen 
compounds,  alkaloids,  organic  bases,  and  albumcnoids 
will  be  treated  of  in  the  third  and  concluding  volume. 
This  arrangement  of  the  subject  is,  we  think,  a  great  im- 
provement on  the  previous  one,  and  makes  the  book 
much  more  convenient  for  reference. 

Mr.  Allen  treats  his  subject  in  as  scientific  a  manner  as 
possible,  and  this  gives  quite  a  peculiar  character  to  his 
work.  It  is  not,  like  so  many  books  on  analysis,  merely 
a  series  of  receipts  or  processes  of  chemical  handicraft ; 
but  a  work  assuming  the  possession  of  some  really  scien- 
tific knowledge  on  the  part  of  those  using  it.  It  would  be 
easy  to  go  too  far  in  attempting  to  generalise  in  such  a 
subject  as  commercial  analysis  and  in  introducing  theo- 
retical details  ;  but  although  the  author  goes  soIt,  for 
instance,  as  to  introduce  structural  formukefor  many  of  the 
substances  dealt  with,  it  cannot  be  said  that  he  demands 
more  knowledge  than  should  be  forthcoming  from  those 
engaging  in  this  difficult  and  often  obscure  branch  of 
lysis. 

introduction,  extending  over   thirty-five  pages, 
>ces  a  description  of  some  general  methods,  such  as 
termination  of  specific  gravity,  of  melting-  and 
Joints,  optical  properties,  &c.    The  rest  of  the 
v  devoted  to  a  consecutive  account  of  substances 
'jhc  several  headings.    After  the  author 
Etly  but  sufficiently  what  the  substance 
the  methods  for  its  detection, 
intersperses   the  account 
fjt  likely  to  be  of  value 
ipt  to  enumerate  the 
lucts  dealt  with  in 


the  course  of  the  work.  Wines,  beers,  cordials,  tinctures, 
chloroform,  sugars,  confectionery,  starch,  vinegar,  the 
commercial  acetates,  tartrates,  and  citrates — are  example  . 
taken  at  random,  which  will  serve  to  give  some  idea  of 
the  variety.  They  arc,  however,  treated  in  a  connected 
manner,  in  illustration  of  which  we  may  refer  with  special 
approval  to  the  division  on  sugars,  and  starch  and  its 
isomers. 

With  regard  to  the  methods  recorded  by  Mr.  Allen  we 
may  say  that  on  the  whole  they  arc  such  as  have  borne 
the  test  of  experience,  whilst  new  processes  or  modifica- 
tions of  old  ones  are  duly  referred  to  and  discussed.  The 
author  acknowledges  assistance  from  many  men  of  expe- 
rience, ami  has,  we  think,  used  it  to  the  best  purpose. 
His  descriptions  arc  clear  and  concise,  and  the  book  is 
remarkably  fiee  from  errors  of  any  kind.  We  think  it 
really  an  excellent  enterprise,  excellently  carried  out,  and 
congratulate  Mr.  Allen  on  having  produced  a  scientific 
and  thoroughly  practical  book  which,  we  are  confident, 
will  find  a  place  in  the  library  of  every  practical  chemist. 


RECENT  TEX  T-  H 0 OA'S  OF  DE  TF.  R.\fl NA  N  TS 

Li  t  t  tenet  de  Coordinatoria  Con  las  Determinants  y  sus 

principalis  aplicaciones.    For  D.  Antonio  Suarcz  y  D. 

Luis  G.  Gasco.    (Valencia,  1882.) 
TraitS  F.lementaire  ties  Determinants.   Par  L.  Leboulleux. 

(Geneve,  1SS4.) 
Die  Dt  terminanten,  lur  den  ersten   Unterrieht  in  der 

Algebra  bearbeitet.    Von  Dr.  H.  Kaiser.  (Wiesbaden 

1SS4.) 

Lessons  Introductory  to  the  Modern  Higher  Algebra. 
Mv  George  Salmon,  D.D.  Fourth  Edition.  (Dublin, 
1885.) 

THF.  first  of  these  works  is  outwardly  a  very  handsome 
volume,  and  on  examination  we  find  that  the 
authors  have  also  done  their  part  in  the  most  painstaking 
anil  methodical  way.  The  main  part  of  the  title,  "  Coor- 
dinatoria,"  is  apt  at  first  to  mislead,  and  indeed  after  a 
cursory  glance  at  the  contents  a  cosmopolitan  reader 
might  be  pardoned  for  thinking  that  "  Coordinators " 
was  a  misprint  for  "  Combinatoria,"  for  what  our  grand- 
fathers spoke  ol  as  the  Ars  Combinatoria  is  the  subject 
of  the  o|>cning  chapters.  "  Coordinatoria  "  it  is,  however, 
and  in  the  preface  it  is  placed  as  a  science  side  by  side 
but  in  contrast  with  the  science  of  Quantity. 

There  are  in  all  twenty  chapters  in  the  book.  The  first 
seven  (146  pp.)  deal  with  permutations,  combinations 
derangements  or  inversions  of  order,  substitutions,  and 
difference-products  :  they  form  a  lengthy  and  most  care- 
fully prepared  introduction  to  the  theory  which  follows. 
The  next  ten  chapters  (242*  pp.)  deal  with  determinants, 
and  expound  all  the  more  important  properties  in  the 
most  methodical,  simple,  lucid  and  ungrudging  manner. 
The  learner,  for  example,  is  prepared  for  the  evaluation 
of  a  determinant  whose  elements  are  expressed  in  figures 
by- 

\  327.  Simplification  by  addition. 
\  32S.  Simplification  by  subtraction. 
\  329.  Simplification  by  addition  and  subtraction 
§  330.  Simplification  by  multiplication. 
An^  so  on,  up  to — 


412 


NA  TURE 


[Sept.  3,  1885 


§  335.  Simplification  by  multiplication,  addition,  and 
subtraction. 

An  impatient  Union  might  be  tempted  to  call  this 
"  simplification  to  the  death,'"  but  after  calmly  perusing 
the  whole  he  might  be  induced  to  confess  that  he  had 
said  so  in  his  haste.  The  last  three  chapters  deal  with 
applications  of  determinants:  one  is  arithmetical,  and  is 
mainly  concerned  with  continuants  and  magic  squares — 
a  rather  invidious  juxtaposition  ;  one  is  algebraical,  and 
gives  the  detcrminantal  solution  of  a  set  of  simultaneous 
linear  equations ;  and  the  last  is  geometrical.  A  very 
valuable  feature  of  the  book  is  a  resume"  in  40  pp.  of  all 
the  definitions  and  theorems  given  in  the  preceding 
410  pp.  No  one  but  a  most  enthusiastic  and  painstaking 
teacher  would  have  thought  of  adding  such  an  admirable 
abstract. 

The  next  book  on  our  list  might  have  been  more  accu- 
rately described  as  a  very  elementary  treatise  :  it  must 
have  been  intended  for  pupils  with  exceedingly  little 
algebraical  training.  The  first  18  pp.  are  occupied  with 
determinants  of  the  second  order,  and  they  arc  followed 
by  33  pp.  treating  of  those  of  the  third  order.  It  may  be 
safely  affirmed  that  the  pupil  who  requires  18  octavo  pages 
to  teach  him  the  theory  of  such  abstruse  functions  as 
determinants  of  the  second  order  would  do  well  to  re- 
direct the  expenditure  of  his  mental  energy.  The  book 
is  carefully  and  accurately  written,  and  there  is  a  wealth 
of  simple  exercises  in  it,  worked  and  unworked. 

Dr.  Kaiser's  pamphlet  i»  of  the  same  ultra-elementary 
character  considerately  restricted,  however,  to  23  pp.  On 
a  former  occasion  (Nature,  vol.  xxix.  pp.  378,  379)  we 
drew  attention  to  the  fact  that  a  new  Introduction  of  this 
kind  ap|>cars  every  year  in  Germany,  and  that  of  late 
they  have  not  been  improving.  We  merely  notify,  there- 
fore, that  this  is  the  production  for  1S-.4. 

The  preparation  of  a  new  edition  of  Salmon's  "  Modem 
Higher  Algebra  "  has  been  entrusted  to  Mr.  Cathcart.  It 
contains  about  40  pp.  of  new  matter,  the  chief  increase 
arising  from  the  expansion  of  the  chapter  on  "  Applica- 
tions to  Binary  Quantics"  into  two  chapters,  the  first 
with  the  old  title,  and  the  second  headed  "  Applications 
to  Higher  Binary  Ouantics."  The  changes  made  on  the 
portion  which  deals  with  determinants  are  slight,  and 
consist  chiefly  in  the  insertion  here  and  there  of  well- 
chosen  examples. 


OUR  BOOK  SHELF 

Th,-  Three  First  Years  of  Childhood,  fly  Bernard 
Vctci.  Kdited  and  translated  by  Alice  M.  Christie. 
With  an  introduction  by  James  Sully,  M.A.  (London  : 
W.  S.  Sonnenschein  and  Co.,  1885.) 

Thk  earliesl  years  of  infancy  are  of  importance  to  two 
classes  of  inquirers— to  the  educator  who  knows  how 
much  evil  results  Irom  the  wrong  treatment  of  young 
child! cn,  and  to  the  evolutionist  who,  rejecting  the  tabula 
rasa  of  Locke,  looks  to  infancy  as  the  time  freest  from 
any  effect  i>|  artificial  training.  In  the  study  of  other 
mens  mind*  the  observer  is  as  likely  as  not  to  be  pur- 
posely deceived  by  them,  whereas  deceit  is  an  accom- 
plishment »'Im  h  lew  infants  have  attained  to. 

Mr.  Bernard  I  crcz  seems  well  to  combine  these 
characters.  Ho  is  an  educator  who  has  published 
various  w>irk*  >n  school  matters  and  he  des> tribes  in. in 
asanan1111.il  ulmh  ought  to  be  reasonable,  while  he  is 
not  neccssaii..  so,  as  criminal  scandals  and  the  success 


of  bad  novels  prove.  He  notes  that  the  preponderating 
elements  in  a  child's  will  are  impulsiveness  and  stubborn- 
ness, incapability  of  fixed  attention,  qualities  most 
opposed  to  the  temperament  of  philosophy  and  discipline. 
Much  of  his  book  is  advice  to  practical  educators,  whom 
he  urges  to  study  the  manifestations  of  infancy  and  to 
endeavour  to  lead  their  youngest  pupils  by  example  and 
not  check  their  behaviour  by  authority  ;  their  intellect 
should  be  helped,  not  controlled.  He  specially  points 
out  the  danger  of  deceit  before  even  the  youngest  of 
children. 

But,  on  the  other  hand,  there  is  little  of  the  tone  of  the 
pedagogue  in  his  book.  Far  more  is  it  a  book  of  sugges- 
tion than  one  teaching  with  authority,  and  it  will  en- 
courage the  spirits  of  fruitful  doubt  and  inquiry  in  the 
mind  of  every  reader.  He  enters  heartily  into  the  leach- 
ing of  modern  science,  even  to  using  the  argument  that 
infants  have  not  certain  sensations  because  they  would  be 
of  no  use  to  them  at  that  age  ;  and,  thinking  it  necessart 
to  caution  his  readers  against  leaving  everything  to 
hereditary  dispositions  and  powers.  He  urges  the  im- 
portance of  comparing  early  human  life  with  animal  life, 
thus  making  cats,  dogs,  birds,  and  babies  more  interest 
ing  than  before.  We  may  enjoy  his  book  without  accept 
ing  the  teaching  that  human  language  has  grown  out  (S 
such  involuntary  signs  as  laughter,  sobs,  and  scream* 
afterwards  performed  voluntarily.  No  doubt  these  :r. 
voluntary  sounds  are  of  more  use  to  an  infant  than  more 
sober  utterances,  and  have  therefore  become  innate  and 
involuntary,  while  language  is  an  artificial  acquirement 
We  think  that  few  who  have  watched  their  vigorous 
antics  will  feel  sure  that  a  state  of  equilibrium,  a  passive 
state  of  health,  or  even  that  of  moderate  and  appropriate 
exercise  in  moving  their  limbs,  is  the  most  enjoy  able 
sensation  to  infants,  though  this  latter  pleasure  is  sufficient 
to  explain  many  actions  of  infants  for  which  our  auth»x 
seeks  a  deeper  reason.  On  the  other  hand,  we  think  that 
the  moral  sense  has  become  more  deeply  impressed  than 
he  suggests,  and  is  far  from  entirely  the  result  of  approba- 
tion and  disapprobation. 

Attention  and  vivid  perception  seem  strangely  shaken 
up  in  his  remarks  ;  the  latter  faculty  explains  the  dislike 
which  children  have  to  hearing  a  tale  repeated  with 
variations.    They  have  indeed  got  it  all  "by  heart . " 

Mr.  Sully,  in  his  very  suggestive  introduction,  rai*r> 
the  question,  Who  is  best  qualified  to  follow  up  th;- 
delicate  business  of  observing  and  rightly  explaining  all 
the  movements  and  utterances  of  such  young  objects  ; 
Neither  father,  mother,  nurse,  nor  doctor  is  completed 
qualified  for  the  study.  Mr.  Sully  concludes  that  the 
father  and  mother  must  conjointly  undertake  the  work, 
the  cooler  intellect  of  the  one  checking  and  steady  ing  the 
close  and  loving  knowledge  of  the  other.  Let  us  suggest 
that  an  elder  sister  is  most  likely  to  succeed,  and  thus 
indicate  a  oath  to  intellectual  usefulness  and  even  emin- 
ence well  titted  for  a  lady's  sphere.  It  will  elevate  e\ery 
little  labour  from  drudgery  into  a  scientific  study  of  varia- 
tions and  resemblances  of  the  greatest  importance,  and 
add  immensely  to  the  interest  of  nursery  life  in  a  large 
family.  On  such  observations  may  be  based,  by  herself 
or  by  more  ambitious  philosophers,  theories  of  racial 
varieties,  of  biology,  and  of  education.  Sir  W.  Hamilton 
points  out  that  the  study  of  the  human  mind  requires  no 
scholarship  or  costly  apparatus,  and  the  principal  acquire- 
ment necessary  for  success  in  the  study  we  suggest  is  a 
little  close  knowledge  of  one's  own  thoughts  and  feeling* 
In  recording  observations  Darwin's  golden  rule  must 
always  be  strictly  adhered  to  :  Theonse  freely — every 
I  other  observer  will  help  to  demolish  anything  that  win 
'  not  hold  water,  and  whether  true  or  not 
geslive|| 
as  a 
pr 
tru 


Sept.  3.  1885  ] 


NATURE 


4i3 


Un  Capitolo  di  Psicofisiologia.    Da  Enrico  dal  P0220. 
Foligno,  1885.) 

A  good  book  on  abnormal  mental  phenomena  of  all  sorts 
was  to  be  expected  from  Prof,  dal  Pozzo,  one  of  the  very 
oldest  living  investigators  of  this  branch  of  physiology  in 
Europe.    The  present  excellent  little  treatise  comprises 
the  substance  of  seven  lectures  delivered  during  the 
current  year  to  the  medical  students  at  the  University  of 
Perugia  on  "  Hypnotism,"  "  Animal  Magnetism,"  "  Som- 
nambulism," "Human    Radiation,"   and  "  Psychism." 
The   whole  field  is  thus  covered  from  the  time  of 
Mcsmer  down  to  Mr.  Crookes's  experiments,  and  the 
still  more  recent  "Thought  Readings"  of  Mr.  Bishop 
and  Mr.  Cumberland.    As  a  philosopher  of  the  monist 
school,  the  author  naturally  rejects  the  spiritualistic  con- 
ception, accepts  the   term   "psychism"  only   in  Mr. 
Crookes's  sense,  and  regards  all  these  manifestations  as 
strictly  co-related  and  explicable  on  physiological  grounds. 
Human  radiation  he  is  also  disposed  to  admit  as  a  bio- 
logical property,  hence  has  no  difficulty  in  believing  in 
such  well-attested  facts  as  may  be  explained  by  it.  Hut 
whatever  cannot  be  so  explained  he  regards  as  unworthy 
of  credence,  and  treats  the  terms  "  spiritual,"  "  transcen- 
dental," and  the  like,  as  synonymous  with  ignorance. 
The  power  claimed  by  paid  mediums  to  hold  commune 
with  the  departed  is,  of  course,  emphatically  denied,  and 
it  is  cogently  argued  that  the  medium  can  tell  us  nothing 
regarding  present  or  past  facts  of  which  the  audience  may 
be  ignorant.    He  cannot,  for  instance,  say  how  many 
chairs  arc  in  the  next  room  if  the  number  is  unknown  to 
all  present,  whereas  the  somnambulist  will  often  tell  it 
exactly.    Hence  if  these  psychic  manifestations  did  not 
depend  on  human  radiation,  but  were  the  work  of  spirits, 
it  would  follow  that  these  spirits  are  more  ignorant  than 
ordinary  somnambulists.     And   to  the  assertion  that 
psychism  produces  phenomena  absolutely  inexplicable  by 
human  radiation,  the  answer  is  that  who  cannot  do  the 
less  can  scarcely  do  the  more  in  matters  of  this  sort. 

At  the  end  of  the  work  a  chapter  is  added  on  Giordano 
Bruno,  and  his  philosophic  system,  which,  although  not 
directly  connected  with  the  subject,  will  repay  perusal. 

Die  Sutzbaren  Pflanzcn  und  Tiere  A  wen  kits  und  den 
alien  Welt  vergleichen  in  Bezug  auf  ih'en  Kulturein- 
fluss.    Dr.  L.  Hock.    (Leipzig  :  E.  Engelmann,  1884.) 

In  a  pamphlet  of  fifty-eight  pages  Dr.  Hock  institutes  a 
comparison  between  the  useful  plants  and  animals  cm- 
ployed  by  man  in  the  two  hemispheres.  Although  the 
comparison  is  made  in  a  somewhat  rambling  manner  in 
the  text,  the  conclusions  arrived  at  are  clearly  tabulated  in 
the  form  of  an  appendix.  The  influence  of  useful  plants  and 
animals  on  civilisation  seems  almost  lost  sight  of,  except 
on  p.  10,  where  guesses  at  their  mode  of  influence,  rather 
than  evidence  proving  it,  are  offered.  Only  those  species 
considered  by  Dr.  Hock  to  be  the  most  important  to 
mankind  are  noticed  ;  hence  the  comparison  can  only  be 
regarded  as  approximate  to  the  truth.  The  author  finds 
that  the  Old  World  or  eastern  hemisphere  affords  269 
useful  plants  and  58  animals  against  52  plants  and  13 
animals  derived  from  the  New  World.  In  consideration, 
however,  of  the  larger  area  of  the  eastern  than  of  the 
western  hemisphere,  which  he  estimates  as  being  in  the 
proportion  of  9  to  4,  he  concludes  that  the  New  World 
only  affords  rather  more  than  half  so  many  as  the  Old. 

The  tables  in  the  appendix  indicate  a  certain  amount 
of  carelessness  or  confusion,  which  slightly  vitiates 
the  conclusions  arrived  at.  Thus,  Citrullus  Colocynthis 
and  Momordica  Elaterium  arc  classed  under  fruits  used 
as  food,  instead  of  under  medicinal  plants ;  Runtex 
Patentia  is  indicated  as  English  spinach,  and  Haema- 
campechianum,  which  is  stated  in  the  text  to  be 
'orld  plant,  is  given  in  the  appendix  as  belong- 
( 'id  World.  It  is  difficult  to  understand  the 
n  which  the  "  more  important  "  plants  have 


been  selected,  many  of  them  being  by  no  means  so  ex- 
tensively used  as  others  which  are  omitted  ;  this  is  par- 
ticularly noticeable  in  the  list  of  medicinal  plants  and 
those  used  in  the  arts.  Hut,  in  justice  to  the  author,  it 
must  be  admitted  that  the  task  he  has  undertaken  is  a 
most  difficult  one,  and  cannot  be  fully  treated  in  so  small 
a  space  as  he  has  given  to  it.  His  claims  that  the  greater 
proportion  of  the  present  work  was  already  completed 
before  De  Candolle's  "  Origin  of  Cultivated  Plants  "  fell 
into  his  hands  must  also  be  allowed  due  weight. 


LETTERS  TO  THE  EDI  TOR 
[  The  Editor  does  Hot  hold  himself  responsible  for  opinions  expressed 
by  his  correspondents.  Neither  can  he  undertake  to  return, 
or  to  correspond  with  the  writers  of,  rejected  manuscripts. 
No  notice  is  taken  of  anonymous  communications. 
[The  Editor  urgently  requests  correspondents  to  keep  their  letters 
as  short  as  possible.  The  pressure  on  his  space  is  so  great 
that  it  is  impossible  otherwise  to  insure  the  appearance  etren 
of  communication  1  containing  inter  1  sting  and  mntel  facts.] 

lona 

B&PORE  the  clo>c  of  the  season  when  there  is  easy,  and  indeed 
luxurious,  access  to  the  Island  of  lona  l>y  steamers  from  Oban,  I 
woulil  call  atteniion  to  the  high  interest  which  attaches  to  its 
geology  in  connection  with  the  rocks  now  called  "  Archican." 

Although  the  rocks  of  lona  are  lithologically  very  distinct 
from  the  old  gneiss  of  the  Hebrides  which  is  the  true  '*  Lauren- 
tian  "  and  closely  resembles  the  rocks  near  (Quebec),  yet  they 
are  equally  distinct  from  the  mica  slate  series  of  Argyllshire,  and 
I  have  always  regarded  them  a>  11  idoubtedly  belonging  to  the 
pre-Camiirian  horizons.  I  had  never  seen,  however,  until  last 
week,  the  beautiful  sections  exhibited  in  the  precipices  of  the 
south-west  corner  of  the  island.  Tourists  often  visit  the  little 
"  Hay  of  the  Coracle,"  where  St.  Columba  is  said  to  have  landed, 
an.l  I  had  not  myself  gone  farther  west.  Hut  the  very  calm  sea 
of  last  week  tempted  me  to  boat  round  the  farther  coast  to  the 
south-west,  and  I  was  much  struck  by  the  sections  there  seen. 
The  locks  arc  (piite  free  from  vegetation,  and  the  exhibition  of 
the  strata  is  very  striking.  They  are  intensely  hard  and  highly 
silicious— beautifully  coloured  «iih  red,  green,  and  black — and 
the  beds  dip  at  a  high  angle  with  remarkable  flexures  and  faults 
of  all  kinds. 

On  the  side  of  the  island  whi  rr  the  cathedral  is,  and  which 
loumls  visit,  the  rock  is  entirely  different  in  its  mineral  aspect 
and  character— l>cing  a  dark  or  black  slaty  rock,  thinly  bedded, 
and  with  no  bright  colouring  at  all.  It  Itclongs,  however,  cvidenUy 
to  the  same  series  and  has  generally  the  same  dip  and  strike  as 
the  beds  farther  west. 

I  should  lie  very  glad  if  some  geologist  acquainted  with  the 
different  horizons  of  the  Archaean  >erio  so  largely  developed  in 
Canada  could  visit  lona,  and  determine  to  which  of  these  horizons 
its  rocks  belong.  Between  them  and  the  mica  slates  of  the 
mainland  of  Argyllshire  there  interposed  the  massive  granite 
of  the  Ross  of  Mull — which  comes  up  clo-e  to  the  eastern  shore 
of  lona,  and  on  the  other  side  of  which,  near  Boruepm,  the 
mica  schists  are  in  the  same  relative  position  ;  while  underneath 
the  granite  itself,  and  sometimes  inter  bedded  with  it,  there  arc 
some  beds  of  a  dark  hornblcndic  gneiss. 

The  whole  neighbourhood  is  evidently  one  of  great  interest  in 
connection  with  the  oldest  mctamorphic  rocks  of  our  island. 

S.s.  Columba,  Campbclltown,  August  30  Aki.vt.L 


Radiant  Light  and  Heat 

TttERK  arc  two  points  in  my  article  of  last  week  which  I 
should  like  to  have  the  opportunity  of  discussing  at  somewhat 
greater  length. 

(l)  In  this  article  I  made  use  of  the  following  expression, 
having  especial  reference  to  phosphorescent  bodies  which  con- 
tinue after  excitement  to  emit  luminous  rays  at  a  comparatively 
low  temperature  : — "  There  seems  to  be  no  reason  why  molecular 
energy  should  not  be  somehow  changed  at  once  into  radiant  !is;ht 
and  heat."  Let  me  now  explain  what  I  meant  by  this  state- 
ment. The  concluding  quotation  from  Prof.  Tait  leads  us  to 
sec  that  the  definite  connexion  Ixrtwccn  the  quantity  and  quality 
of  the  heat  and  light  given  out  by  a  body  and  the  tempcraiure 
of  that  body,  which  the  theory  of  exchanges  asserts,  is  only 
statistically  true.    I  can  imagine,  therefore,  a  few  ncighltourin  g 


4'4 


NATURE 


[Sept.  3.  1885 


if.  ice -les  of  tome  (t*ptvnctiii  substance  to  he  in  a  state  of 

cr.r.vrain*.  and  to  relieve  xlres,  thu»  caa-tr..;  ri!  ra- tor.*  which 
are  c:ttrr-an»catcd  to  the  ether — the  whole  c>.:-.-e  taking  t  lace 

-picklr  ic!  00  »o  *trui"  1  -caletha!  the  't»:i-::cal  Inr  a*-ore- 
c-  .tiaeed  does  no:  apply,  ir.d  is  tot  therefvr?  \ro  -en.  Nay, 
t.  -i  er.  I  can  imagine  an  enclosure,  the  »al»«  of  which  arc 
coated  internally  witn  an  ex:;tci  pho*j>hire»cer.:  b-dr  perform- 
t'jr  all  practical  pur-.  »e«  the  part  of  an  MCk*OM  of  low 
ten.  <-ratcre  under  the  the-  :;.  of  exchanges,  ani  xc*.  it  may  be 
coctnuing  for  soaie  umt  K  emit  risi!  !e  ray*. 

I21  I  can,  however.  ima^..-.«  the  following  ,a<:\>D  to  be  put : 
Let  there  be  a  ph  "fhorc-.ctt  stan:c  »....:.  L»  ca- a' le  of 
be:n$  excited  h-y  certain  ra- .  :  x:r^  fr  m  a  51a.«t  b  *•>  at  the 
temperature  T.  these  ray-  :  .-:s»  a; ;  xrer.-Lr  cor.trrte  i  let  ■  •'•there 
of  i-»er  refrar.gv  .l."y  w  .-.  v  r.::r.--  l«r  ^.  rt  .  :t  fx  <.rrie 
time  by  the  ph-"*jh  PevLitt  l-'-y.  Let  f  ■•.'_»:  ;..*e  that 
the  pho-sphore^er.'.  bud)  i.«  t..t  t&Sct  fSfi* Tt  -lecoa.}^ ~i:i <r. 
at  the  temperature  T. 

Now  imagine  a  ten. j  era* -ie  en;!  rtStfc  'kept  at  terc:eraturc  T, 
the  intenot  walls  of  wr...-.  arc  lined  in  pan  with  this  phos- 
phorescent subvanre.    •sVfci;  w  .!l  kap7<en  ir.  this  enclosure? 

I  trunk  there  can  b*  L.Tje  tJuKbt  that  if  there  be  such  an 
end  rture  car.a:!e  of  ex :•>•:•  ,•  -■crr-.anently  an  i  without  dcom- 
p-o-.t./n  of  the  --b-tinto  mzii,  coir.po-c  ::.  then  tlie  ray*  which 
it  gi.es  but  n._.t  be  :'r.^-e  .c  j-:red  by  the  theory  of  exchange*. 
But  if  the  further  qnetoL-e  be  a-lccd  in  what  way  doc*  the 
phosphorescent  I  «!y  c  >W  ..rrr.  to  the  theory  of  exchange*,  we  may. 
I  ih;nk.  J  les  !  ig-.vrar..?.  A  -  fir  as  I  am  aware  »«.  have  ex^eri- 
tnen'allx  lirle  or  no  iiD.  \!c!i;f  of  what  the  phosphorescent 
»rl -"ance  will  »•  vt.'.-zt  'hr^e  c«c  litior.x.  prc-unung  that  it  can 
exist  ■i»le..»m;-.--i.  A'.!  "jr  icnowici^e  i«  limited  to  it*  be- 
haxi  or  at  a  fow  :en.i<:a:ure  when  acte.t  on  by ;  temperature 
ray«.  an  '.  it-  jtv.ar  be.  i\.  it  un-lcr  tl.e><  c--n  l/.i'^n*  cannot.  1 
Lhxka  be  x.ewvi  ->  a  xjiti  .^CattttO  to  the  (Lu  ry  «f exchanges. 

liALfui  k  STLUAkI 


Tee  Eleven- Year  Mehd:onal  Oscillation  of  the  Auroral 

Zone 

This  xcry  rctr.ariia1  le  law.  in  fjm.ur  of  wh.:h  Mr.  Trom^Mt 
qao#e»  a  «h>n  «eTie»  '4  ob«er»ati'-n>  maHe  a»  <>.<rhaab.  which. 
1*  ^:»S  arc  »-f»t«  rted  '<y  1  few  ir.  Otbef  F'  /ar  .c^-.  -r..,  «i>:|.|, 
il  itHi  t  >  mc,  ;f  »a::-fa«.- •  rtly  pf-xed,  r»:  v/r.ly  aivance  the 
xtietice  -'f  ieirr»i:u;  n.i^ne^-ai  a  stage.  l>ut  a!--  mitena'ly  help 
to  cittudttt  ti.e  eacr?  nng"y  my«tenou>  b»-nl  r  i  union  >>e":ween 
the  aurora  atvi  «ra:tier.  A«  kng  a-  we  *:tT)^'.•  ^nc*  that  the 
wanJeftfiua*  uf  the  A  won  T'llaris  increa-e!  ar-1  tlim:r.:»hed 
rrr^rrr  '.wwith  the  •p/ie'  :re»  of  the  n>!ar  surface,  we  we-e 
obi  i;ed  to  cr.vlj-le  that  there  x»as  a  *im:iar  inctra«e  and 
dexreaxe  ir.  the  clecincal  enenry  of  terTe*tr.al  currTn:*.  and 
mereorol...,n.ai  cxi  ler.ee  di<i  not  tax-r>ur  the  idea  that  the  eleven- 
year  «oria'.h4|  in  terre>:rial  curTer.t*  »ax  on  vjih  an  ex*er.«.:ve 
Kale  at  the  anii-htude  <ii  the  aarnral  o»ci!la:'.' >n  wo;'H  im;  !y. 
bu:  tym  if  the  law  «h:.h  Tvtok'M  hi-  m  lic.«t  I.  really  exi-:v 
a  i;rTa'  «lial  of  the  difocahjr  in  CxMTcla'taj  the  :»o  j  he::-  irena 
di»a;  |«*Tk|  'ii.ee  it  u  u/V  -u*  that  a  xx»mi^ra:ively  xmall  ri.s- 
piacenicnt  of  tnc  iottc  ».jui  l  ca..*e  the  ann-.nl  axera^e  n-:m'<r 
of  auiorjr  to  :ni.rea«e  or  !:mini«h  \>y  the:r  normal  am->uni. 
lLa»frMS>  laf.  00  N.  to  la:.  tty  N„  a  di-'arce  ..f  . -ly  350 
miles,  the  annual  average  number  of  a-jr  • 
So  to  40. 

I  will  not  n  »  dwell  9|<  n  ar.al-<g>>u<  ele^r''-•^.  u 
of  iv  at«,  *ul1.  a.  bianf"t  l  «  A*tatk  »ee>aw.  and  'he 
Of  similar  xeiu.jr  tli'placcmc'.t*  uf iheAtlan'.  IT* 
Allan  Hn*n  and  ••thers  «*  up»»n  the  ntranrdinan  roemhlanif 
is)  tutM  t<:»cei.  ihx  a'jr 'ra!  .•••re  and  the  ■  track  : 

the  n^rthttn  hcnu«;  licie  cLutcd  by  I'r-f  I  hi  his  latest 

contribution  t>.  tnct«>w> '.  .^j  ;  lut  I  w»ul 1  mere!)  va»  that 
Tiomholt'x  di-covciy  wtn.<  lueljr  lo  l«.vmc  the  touchstone 
whiih  may,  in  thi  han.:»  .f  an  intelli^rn:  i  ii  ;  tdwasivt 
worker,  dear  up  the  entire  ;i'esti'.n,  and  1  eamoily  ho-*  that 
no  efforts  will  \<  «|-arr!  t->  t)rr»ibj»tC  It. 

I  will  condole  by  aiding  my  mite.    In  !•    -.n^    \ct  FriUi 

monogt  j|  h  >>r.  the  1  >nnecn>'n  l<etween  v>lar  spots  and  terrestrial 

magnetism  an  I  iiictvorvl««gy,  I  have  found  a  cei.e*  0 

lions  at  ddthaali  and  Ja»o>t>havn  ttxj  1:  N  iUrt 

which  do  not  apjjcar  to  have  been  utilised  by  Mr 

and  which,  when  C>ml4t>o!  :n  the  forni  of  percctitan 

space  "f  ten  years  and  a  H  -trong  ootrubutltion  '  I  UU 

cattd  t»y  'I  n.i.ch-4:.' 

■  "VeMfSB  .  atOww  ■»        lit.  .»<-<i»r>  ■:-  M  U 

»wl  bcIiuu^v,.    m.  tr»  •        ■:-r  r  r  •«•.  p 


T.\*LE    I. — tj  Amrtr*  um  annm&i.y  at  G*dtkm*i  mtmd 

Jit. is-,  m,  tsmfcred  art*4  ff>vj/"j  Sun; pot  .Yumttrt 
V*a-.   —  tUt    41     4J     43     44     45     «i      47      4I      ♦*  >» 
•  -     «oiii4!7:«>J_    —     —      —  — 

Jac.'Mia«w.  rs      15     15     it     w     »4_    at      17      14      it  »» 

itSafMSi  _  ij-i         i4-a  i£y  15-*  4.77  ti'i       4  tavj  9$-*  **t'j 

Table  II.  —  Tkt  aSrrv  mumic,  «y  Anrtrj  ttnitrted  imt+  frr- 
«  HJjfi  /  Wxv  »irtmj  4t*W  cimfarti  after  tmMthimg  -SLttk 
tm<fc:ktd  Sum:/vt  Sum^ert 1 

V«*n    _  41      4:      43      44       4;       4fi      47     «•       «••  f 

ri«.:'*»sJ_  _  &4  131  11I  in  |j«  45  —  —  —  — 
t-     -  a.  •_  <»     ;j  111      •«     t>i     •>      «»J    **       M  ly 

■.tabsaf  j   to'S  !t  ia6'i   i»   tsw   1091   101*1  95*7   fe'i    3 J 

'■■iimiiii'I  **"♦     ,3"j  act-"*1*  »■»  **'3  »•*  "aT  »$•*  J*  J 

The  figures  in  TaMe  II.  *peax  fir  themselves 

To  orroS'jrate  this  law  by  further  ol-serrati-jo  will  necessitate 
a  prolonged  *o;ourn  in  vorne  regi  '-n  mertk  of  the  tnaxxmna 
auroral  tone,  and  Greenland  appears  to  be  almost  the  only 
rest  on  where  this  could  be  done  in  the  absence  of  a  rcguLar 
I'oiar  expedition.  L.  Dol  glas  Aacitii  alij 

lunbn'i^e  Wells 


On  Cases  of  the  Production  of  "  Ohm  s  or  Langber<  s) 
Ellipses  "  by  Biaxial  Crystals 

I>  examining  the  macled  crystal*  of  poiassium  chlorate,  wbicb 
are  so  extrcrueiy  common  in  the  ordinary  crystallited  salt.  I 
have  founi  that  all  :h  jsc  which  conxixt  of  two  hcmitrop*  plates 
only,  neatly  c.jal  in  thicknes.-*.  give  the  at>ax-e-met>tiooed 
secondary  intcrterence-curxes  when  placed  in  bonx>gene<>sa 
convergent  1  lane-j-olansed  light. 

Thi-  re-ult  i»  no  B  .re  than  we  should  expect  if  the  crystals 
were  u:iu\.al.  as  I'tof.  La'g'scrg  showed  \P-\±<-  .V<»«<«*'/w 
£•  •j*:um^  ;..  I.,  540'  mar.y  years  K-fore  tlie  curxo  were 
isle|«aieu!j  discovered  by  I'rof.  G.  ».  «)hm  -ec  N  xii  xt 
fsr  NfX'eml<r  27,  INS4.  p.  83.  Put  potassium  chlorate  is  a 
biaxial  crystal,  the  rct^'e  fatcta  ie-1  by  the  optic  axes  beinv-  2>'  30 
obtermir.eJ  in  oltve  Cll»t  an  1  I  do  not  find  that  the  pn>!jc:i»n  of 
the  carves  in  such  crystals  ha>  t«een  hitherto  noticed. 

The  plane  cf  the  o:>tic  axes,  however,  makes  so  large  an  angle, 
ri/.  IS  30  us  determined  in  olive  oil),  with  the  normal  to  the 
surfaces  of  the  plates  in  which  pormuim  chlorate  Usually  cry.tail- 
i-es,  that  the  i»r<hrrs-r.atic  curves  in  the  xnanity  of  thi<  n  <rmaJ 
belong  to  a  x-ery  h.^h  ••r.'er.  and  i!  >  not  sensibly  ditt'er  from 
portion*  of  circles  ot  larvae  radios  Thus  in  a  made,  in  which 
the  ct» stall-  vrraj  !.:c  potrttwSQ  o!  one  of  the  component*  ditlerx  by 
ISO1  from  tlui:  of  the  other,  the  piano  of  the  Optk  axe»  make 
e-;ual  an^'.<s  of  38'  30  w-.-.h  the  normal  on  oppxsite  sides  ofit, 
at.i  *o  the  c"r.  !/.ion»  '.eterrrir.el  l  y  I  ar.ghvrg  for  the  t-eoductioo 
of  the  «ec*>r. '.ary  cVi-^e*  are  fulsTledl  I  hare,  in  tact,  made 
artinstal  t«in»  of  th:»  Kir.  I  by  ccnectinc  to,jether  plates  of  the 
salt  oncnted  as  ahoTC  in  iicatcd  ;  and  1  tin  1  that  they  show  the 
ellipses  preci«elr  as  the  natural  macles  do.  Ol  coarse,  in  order 
to  see  tnrm.  the  comr<ound  plate  must  he  so  placed  that  the 
plane  which  induces  the  noraal  an-i  the  two  acute  bisectrices 
makes  an  angle  ol  4;  with  'lie  p'ane  of  polarisation  of  the  light. 
It.  a  „■  poWisoapc  the  four  optic  axes  and  portioos  of 

the  lemnisca'ex  immc  '.lately  surrounding  them  arc  risible  at  the 
ed -;cs  of  the  ncl  J. 

It  i-  px>ssible.  but  not  common,  to  find  crystals  of  poLxxnum 
chl  a!t  -  :    ~ting  of  three  plates  nearly  equal  in  thickness. 

Ron    plates   »«cing  symmetrically  disposed, 
while    the    intermediate   one  differs  from  them  in  cmt»Jw«V 
graphic  posit  ion  by  iSo\     In  such  cases  the  sexoodary  ls> 
tetference-curves  are  much  more  complicated,  two  sets  of 
-  -    King  generally  xisabk,   one  on  each  side  of  the 
afliv  iieici  ..-.be  exact  position,  of  coarse,  depexf ling  on 
*SBstksateMi  of  she  ptwfcaa.  HkiAfBKbtlM.  has  shown  V. 


Sepi.  3,  1 885 J 


NATURE 


4'5 


symmetry  is  cither  parallel  or  perpendicular  to  the  plane  of 
polarisation  of  the  light  (the  analyser  being  crossed],  a  few 
broad,  black,  curved  bands  crossing  the  main  black  hand  lying 
in  the  plane  of  symmetry,  which  are  probably  portions  of  the 
is*ochromatic  curves  of  a  very  thin  plate,  but,  <>n  the  other 
hand,  some  non-iridescent  crystals  show  these  bands,  and  some 
iridescent  crystals  do  not  show  them  at  all.  Also  the  iridescent 
crystals  which  reflect  I)  light  at  moderate  incidence*  show  very 
perfectly  the  circular  band  described  by  Prof.  Stokes  (NATURE 
for  April  16,  1885,  p.  566,  par.  9;  as  sharp  black  crescents,  tin- 
horns of  which  nearly  touch  each  other  at  the  plane  of  symmetry. 

Almost  the  whole  of  the  ordinary  commercial  crystallised 
potassium  chlorate  seems  to  consist  of  macJes  ;  so  that,  in  order 
to  get  a  single  individual  crystal  for  examination,  I  have  always 
had  to  cut  away  one  component  of  a  twin. 

It  seemed  worth  while  to  try  whether  other  biaxial  crystals 
would,  when  similarly  combined,  give  similar  phenomena.  1 
took  a  crystal  of  barile  (barium  sulphate),  the  angle  included  by 
the  optic  axes  of  which  is,  according  to  Groth,  63  in  air,  and 
cut  a  plate  of  it  in  such  a  direction  that  the  plane  containing  the 
optic  axes  made  an  angle  of  53"  with  the  normal  to  the  surfaces 
of  the  plate.  I  then  cut  it  in  half  and  cemented  one  of  the 
portions  upon  the  other  in  a  reversed  position.  The  compound 
plate  thus  produced  shows  the  secondary  ellipses  (which,  how- 
ever, arc  very  nearly  circles)  in  great  perfection,  t  have  also 
made  similar  compound  plates  of  borax,  nitre,  and  citric  acid, 
and  found  them  to  give  similar  results.  II.  G.  Madan 

Eton  College,  August  24 

The  August  Meteors 

Between  August  4  and  20,  174  shooting  stars  were  recorded 
here  in  I6J  hours  of  observation.  These  included  al:out  37 
Perseids,  chiefly  seen  on  August  5,  S,  and  13,  but  the  shower 
was  not  well  observed  owing  to  cloudy  weather.  The  following 
arc  the  chief  radiant  points  determined  from  the  paths  regis- 
tered : — 

o  o 

1  ...  16-20  ...      5  +  12  ...  Meteors  bright,  max.  Aug.  20. 

2  ...     13     ...    51+58  ...  Perseids. 

3  ...    4  17  ...  292  +  52  ...  Near  x  Cygni. 

4  ...    5-13  ...  296^0    ...  On  equator  near  tj  Aquil.c. 

5  ...    5-20  ...  317  +  22  ...  Meteors  slow  and  faint. 

6  ...    8  17  ...  318-9    ...  Slow,  S.YY.  of  3  Aquarii. 


7  ...  15-17  ...  328  +  27  ...  Slow,  faint 

8  ...  II-15  ...  329  +  8    ...  Slow,  bright,  K.  off  PegasL 

9  ...  16-20  ...  345±o    ...  Rather  swift,  bright. 

10  ...    8-20  ...  345  +  53  •■-  Very  swift,  short. 

11  ...  16-20  ...  351  +  38  ...  Swift,  K.  of •  Andromed.v. 
Many  other  shower  centres  were  less  distinctly  shown.   No'.  4 

and  9  fall  exactly  on  the  equator,  and  were  sharply  defined. 

A>  to  the  shower  of  Perseids  on  August  10,  I  believe  it  was  more 
brilliant  than  usual,  though  I  made  no  regular  ol«crvai  ions  on  (hat 
night  this  year  in  consequence  of  overcast  sky.  Many  meteors  were, 
however,  noticed  in  the  clear  spaces  which  n  jw  and  then  occurred, 
and  judging  from  the  frequency  of  the  apparitions  the  display 
was  a  fine  one.  As  to  the  duration  of  the  shower  it  was  still 
visible,  though  very  feebly,  on  August  20,  for  I  registered  2  un- 
doubted Perseids  during  a  watch  of  3I  hours,  when  31  meteors 
were  rccoided. 

With  regard  to  the  minor  displays  of  this  epoch  they  nrc  more 
remarkable  for  their  number  than  for  individual  intensity.  The 
most  active  of  these  radiants,  as  recently  observed,  was  No.  10 
at  345°  +  53' ,  which  supplied  about  10  meteors,  but  the  rate  was 
less  than  one  |>cr  hour,  so  that  it  cannot  be  ascribed  much 
importance.  W.  P.  Denning 

Bristol,  August  25 


Disinfection  of  Sewers 

IN  the  last  number  of  the  Lancet  (August  15,  1885I  I  have 
read  of  the  measures  taken  by  the  Metropolitan  Board  of  Works 
for  the  deodorising  and  disinfecting  of  Ixmdon  sewers.  |ic- 
30,000  to  40,000  tons  of  sodium  manganate  and  from 
>  to  1  J, ox)  tons  of  sulphuric  acid  are  daily  poured  in  the 

I  has  it  been  ascertained  that  the  quanli- 
1  are  sufficient,  and  how  is  it  proved  that 
'  disinfected  i 


I  need  not  point  out  the  difference  between  the  deodorising 
and  the  dir infecting  of  sewage.  The  latter  may  be  perfectly 
deodorised,  and  yet  be  quite  adapted  to  favour  the  vegetatiLii  of 
bacteria. 

The  oxidising  and  deodorising  action  of  sodium  manganatc 
cannot  be  sufficient  to  prevent  bacterial  life,  unless  when  the 
salt  is  present  in  large  quantities.  Considering  the  enormous 
volume  of  London  sewage,  it  is  not  to  be  believed  that  even 
such  a  vast  amount  of  manganatc  xs  40,000  tons  per  Jitm  would 
suffice  to  destroy  bacterial  life  in  the  ewers. 

The  adding  of  sulphuric  acid  to  the  manganatc  must  certainly 
enhance  the  disinfecting  action  of  the  latter.  Only,  I  do  not 
understand  why  the  quantity  of  sulphuric  acid  is  relatively  to 
small  in  comparison  with  the  quantity  of  manganatc.  I  d  •  not 
sec  why  manganatc  should  be  used  at  all  when  sulphuric  acid, 
a  more  powerful  and  less  costly  disinfectant,  can  be  used  alone. 

It  is  well  known  to  all  who  occupy  themselves  with  the  culti- 
vation and  study  of  bacteria  that  these  micro-organism]  do  not 
grow  well  in  acid  media,  and  that  the  addition  of  acids,  tape- 
cially  of  mineral  acids,  checks  their  growth  completely. 

It  can  be  said  that  the  antiseptic  action  of  acids  is  of  house- 
hold knowledge,  for  vinegar  is  constantly  use. I  in  the  prcserv.t 
tion  of  animal  and  vegetable  products.  That  mineral  acids 
have  a  greater  disinfecting  action  than  vegetable  acids  is  also 
well  known,  unfortunately  even  by  deafen  in  vinegar,  who  give 
durability  to  this  condiment  by  the  addition  of  a  tiny  prop  jrt  ion 
of  sulphuric  acid. 

It  is  probable  that  pathogenic  l»actcria,  even  more  than  the 
bacteria  of  ordinary  fermentations  and  of  putrefaction,  are  in 
need  of  alkaline  media,  and  therefore  arc  more  sensitive  to  the 
action  of  acids.  In  the  animal  body  bacteria  invade  those  fluid-* 
and  tissues  where  the  alkaline  reaction  prevails  ;  and  it  is 
proved  that  the  germs  of  disease  are  easily  sprc.nl  by  milk, 
a  liquid  generally  alkaline.  Moreover,  it  has  been  proved  by 
experiments  on  some  pathogenic  bacteria  that  gastric  juice, 
although  of  so  slight  acidity,  easily,  and  sometimes  effectively, 
checks  their  development. 

Sewage  contains  all  the  elements  necessary  for  the  nourish- 
ment of  bacteria,  and  its  .Jkaline  reaction  renders  it  very  favour- 
able to  their  growth  and  preservation.  Disinfection  means  the 
destruction  of  existing  bacteria  and  preventing  the  development 
of  newly  sown  bacterial  germs.  Therefore  1  am  persuaded  that 
the  cheapest  and  more  simple  method  for  effectively  disinfecting 
sewage  is  to  render  its  reaction  permanently  .i.7</  by  the  addition 
of  a  sufficient  quantity  of  mineral  acid. 

There  arc  of  course  disinfectants  far  superior  to  mineral  acids 
in  antibacterial  energy.  Put  they  are  generally  costly  substances, 
that  cannot  be  applied  to  the  disinfection  of  such  an  enormous 
quantity  of  matter  as  the  sewage  oi  a  town.  As  for  cheap  dis- 
infectants, such  as  ferrous  sulphate,  ferric  chloride,  sodium 
manganatc,  their  action  is  inferior  to  that  of  mineral  acids. 
Especially  oi  the  two  former  it  can  !>e  said  that  their  deodorising 
action  is  due  to  their  saline  constitution,  and  their  disinfecting 
action  to  their  add  reaction. 

The  great  difficulty  in  extensive  disinfections  is  to  ascertain  if 
the  disinfection  has  been  complete — i.e.  if  the  substance  disin- 
fected lias  been  rendered  unfit  for  the  development  and  prcserva- 
I  tion  of  bacteria.  Even  laboratory  experiments,  to  ascertain  the 
minimum  of  disinfectants  necessary  for  the  destroying  of 
bacteria,  are  not  easily  conclusive.  But,  in  using  acids,  the 
disinfection  can  be  considered  complete  when  a  permanent  acid 
reaction  is  obtained. 

I  do  not  believe  the  quantities  of  sulphuric  acid  imiircd  in  the 
Pond. .n  s.-uer  sufficient  to  give  a  i>cnnaneni  aetd  ie.uri  at  1  • 
the  sewage.  Disinfection  must  be  done  completely,  or  not  at 
all  :  there  are  no  half  measures  in  disinfect  ion.  Therefore  I 
maintain  that  the  London  disinfection  is  useless,  and  the  sewage 
remains  likely  to  become  the  culture  tluid  of  infectious  germs, 
unless  the  sewage  is  rendered  permanently  acid.  All  the  sodium 
manganatc  added  to  a  .sewage  that  remains  alkaline,  gets  dc- 
com|K>sed  ;  the  manganese  precipitates  as  sulphide,  or  is 
deposited  in  combination  or  mixture  with  the  organic  sediment. 
The  tew  age  will  thus  be  cleared  and  deodorised  for  a  while ;  but 
it  still  contains  in  solution  all  the  elements  necessary  for  the 
nourishment  of  Bacteria,  and  is  still  favourable  to  their  growth 
and  preservation.  The  disinfecting  action  of  sodium  manganatc 
would  avail  only  if  large  quantities  of  the  salt  remained  dissolved 
in  the  sewage,  over  and  above  of  the  quantities  decomposed  in 
deodorising  and  clearing  the  putrid  fluid. 

It  might  be  objected  that,  even  if  mineral  acids  stop  the 


Google 


416 


NATURE 


{Sept.  3.  1885 


development  of  bacteria— a  point  that  cannot  be  doubled— they 
may  not  kill  the  spores,  thus  j>crmitiing  the  germs  of  disease  to 
escape.  There  are  no  experiments  (of  which  1  am  aware)  to 
answer  this  objection.  Hut  there  is  reason  to  l>clicvc  that  patho- 
genic germs  do  not  resist  for  a  very  long  lime  when  in  unfavour- 
able media;  even  in  sewer>,  that  are  not  over-filled  and 
stagnant,  and  that  arc  well  ventilated,  infection  does  not  easily 
linger.  If  inside  the  sewers  disinfection  is  complete,  and 
bacterial  growth  checked,  and  all  disease  germs  rendered  in- 
active, until  carried  for  away  from  all  populous  centres,  I 
think  we  can  leave  it  to  air,  and  to  the  other  natural  agents,  to 
ultimately  destroy  the  surviving  germs,  or  completely  alternate 
their  pathogenic  qualities. 

Amongst  the  mineral  acids,  hydrochloric  would,  of  course,  be 
the  cheapest.  But  I  think  sulphuric  acid  ought  to  be  preferred, 
nitric  acid  being  too  costly  and  too  corr  >sivc.  Sulphuric  acid  does 
not  attack  easily  calcareous  cements  ;  and  if  the  sewers  have  their 
walls  well  plastered,  the  action  of  a  slight  excess  of  sulphuric  acid  in 
the  sewage  would  be  very  slight  indeed.  Cements,  more  resisting 
than  plaster,  could  be  prepared.  Moreover,  if  some  portions  of  tch 
sulphuric  sewage  get  carried  in  the  air,  or  are  dried  in  the  higher 
parts  of  the  sewers,  the  germ-laden  particles  do  not  rid  them- 
selves of  the  acid  by  evaporation;  on  the  contrary,  the  acid 
becomes  more  concentrated  and  active,  am'  finally  must  dis- 
organi  c  and  destroy  the  noxious  germs.  This  it  very  important 
in  preventing  the  effects  of  sewage  air. 

Since  1881  Prof,  Bcilstcin  of  St.  Petersburg  (Naturk,  vol. 
xxiii.  p.  394),  experimentally  concluded  that  sulphuric  acid  is 
the  best  disinfectant,  although  he  did  not  advise  its  use  tiecausc 
of  its  c  >rrosivc  action.  Strange  to  say,  iicilstein  thought  that, 
practically,  aluminous  sulphate  was  t<>  be  preferred  to  the  free 
acid. 

It  is  not  only  during  the  fear  of  cholera  invasions,  but  at  all 
times,  that  I  would  wish  the  sewage  to  be  slightly  acidified  with 
sulphuric  acid.  Strict  supervision  should  be  maintained  over  all 
the  sewers,  to  ascertain  that  the  whole  mass  of  flowing  sewage  is 
permanently  acid.  I  am  persuaded  that  this  simple  mode  of 
disinfection  would  diminish  considerably  many  infectious 
diseases. 

1  hiring  the  cholera  epidemic  of  1884,  in  Naples,  I  did  my 
best,  in  a  -erics  uf  letters  I  then  published,  to  |>cr»uadc  the 
sanitary  authorities  of  this  mode  of  disinfection.  Hut  a  strange 
confusion  of  ideas  was  then  pi cvalcnt  in  Naples.  Through  the 
goodwill  of  Prof,  Cantani,  Member  of  the  Sanitary  Commission, 
some  trials  of  the  method  I  proposed  were  done,  but  not  in  a 
complete  anil  systematic  manner.  Such  experiments  cannot  be 
done  easily  in  Naples,  and  the  results  cannot  be  conclusive  until 
the  system  of  sewers  is  in  good  working  order.  Indeed,  in  I04DC 
parts  of  the  -oil  of  Naples  it  is  difficult  to  know  if  there  II  more 
sewage  inside  or  outside  the  sewers.  It  is  no  easy  problem  to 
disinfect  and  cleanse  such  an  impure  soil,  and  it  is  indeed  to  be 
wondered  that  the  ravages  of  cholera  were  so  limited  in  1SS4. 

My  letters  caused  sulphuric  acid  to  be  »■<.  1  abundantly  in  the 
sewers  and  p*>— 1  neri  of  I'ortici,  Castcllamare,  Taranto,  and,  I 
believe,  in  other  places  ;  but  this,  like  all  other  disinfections, 
was  done  underpressure  of  approaching  cholera,  and  abandoned 
as  soon  as  the  danger  passed,  no  observation  being  made  to 
measure  the  influence  of  the  sanitary  method  adopted  on  local 
infectious  diseases.  The  defective  system  of  sewers  and  of  drain- 
age in  many  Italian  towns  readers  thorough  disinfection  scarcely 
possible,  and  prevents  precision  in  testing  any  kind  of  disin- 
fection. 

In  I'.nglith  towns  scwci<  are  generally  well  arranged,  and 
often  well  ventilated  ;  and  vital  statistics  have  taken  sufficient 
development  to  jvcrmit  the  testing  of  sanitary  reform*.  When  it 
is  proved  (and  1  think  the  MOW  can  be  easily  given)  that  the 
present  systems  of  sewage  disinfection  are  not  sufficient  to  prevent 
.«:•.'»  bar  ti  rial  development  in  the  sewers,  these  systems  cannot 
be  considered  good,  1  venture  to  hope  that  beneficial  results 
would  soon  become  evident  if  the  sulphuric  acid  disinfection  of 
sewage  were  thoroughly  applied  in  English  towns. 

I'ortici,  August  20  Italo  CiltfLloLl 

Ozone  at  Sea 

The  pretence  of  this  element  in  the  atmosphere  it  alleged  to 
lie  indicative  of  its  healthiness,  arid  it  has  tiecn  investigated  on 
la n J  frequently  by  observers  with  varying  ami  uncerlain  results 

Kecordt  of  it*  presence  may  be  teen  daily  in  the  Timti, 
furnished  from  the  Olnervatory  on  Ben  Nevit,  but  as  yet  little 


notice  has  been  taken  of  its  prevalence  at  sta,  though  it  has  been 
supposed  to  be  more  plentiful  there  than  on  land. 

During  a  voyage  around  the  United  Kingdom  on  the 
Ceylon  in  August  last,  we  entered  into  the  investigation  of  its  est  v. 
encs  at  sea,  and  used  Moffatt's  papers  for  the  purpose,  obtained 
from  Negretti  and  Zatnbra.   They  were  exposed  in  a  perforated 
light  wooden  box,  hung  up  in  the  open  air  on  the  deck  of  the 
ship  in  the  shade,  and  noted  and  changed  twice  a  day. 

It  was  found  most  prevalent  in  Cork  Harbour  (4),  less  to  in 
Bantry  Bay  (2)  and  Oban  Harbour  (2),  and  nearly  absent  M 
Kingstown  Harbour  (1)  and  Leith  Roods  (1). 

In  the  open  sea  it  was  most  shown  in  the  lruh  Channel  (41 
and  off  the  Lands  Knd  (4)  ;  next  in  the  North  Seas  (3)  and  10 
the  English  Channel  (2),  and  least  in  the  Irish  seas  (I)  aad 
western  coasts  of  Scotland  (1). 

Oz.me  was  found  to  be  indicated  in  greater  intensity  during 
the  prevalence  of  westerly  winds  in  the  English  and  Irish 
Channels,  and  Atlantic  seas  and  Dutch  seas,  and  less  with 
easterly  winds  prevailing  in  the  Irish  seas.  Firth  of  Forth,  and 
west  coasts  of  Scotland. 

The  veL\ity  of  the  winds  seemed  also  to  create  a  higher 
manifestation,  as  was  seen  during  the  gale  from  the  south- west 
in  Cork  Harbour  and  the  fresh  north-westerly  breezes  on  the 
south  coasts  of  Ireland  and  cast  coasts  of  England.  None,  how- 
ever, of  the  observations  approached  those  registered  in  the 
Times  from  Ben  Nevis  (8-9),  which  amounted  to  double  those 
noticed  in  the  seas  around  our  coasts  during  the  same  pen.-! 
(August*,  supposing  that  the  same  papers  and  scale  (MotTatt '»> 
were  used  for  both  sets  of  observations. 

Ozone  was  also  found  to  exist  in  the  cabin  of  the  ship  both  da» 
and  night,  but  at  a  half  intensity  to  that  on  the  dec  k,  i!jc  |  r 
to  the  great  difference  in  the  movement  of  the  air  in  the  two 
places. 

The  degrees  of  manifestation  of  ozone  at  sea  here  shown  (7 
no  means  iconic  up  to  expectation  that  it  prevailed  in  all  its 
potentiality  on  the  ocean,  but  of  course  a  whole  year's  observa- 
tion would  I*  required  to  enlighten  the  subject  and  furnish  a 
comjianson  with  that  on  the  land. 

Again,  it  may  he  possible  that  altitude  may  have  something  t 
do  with  its  prevalence,  more  or  less,  as  it  appeared  more  on  the 
top  of  Ben  Nevis  than  on  the  level  of  the  seas  of  the  same  coasts 
near  it  and  at  the  same  period  of  the  year  (August). 

Should  this  idea  lie  of  any  significance  it  might  be  as  well  to 
search  for  manifestations  of  ozone  at  the  ba«e  as  well  as  on  the 
top  of  m  mntains,  and  if  similar  results  followed  to  these  here 
pointed  out  it  would  establish  the  reputation  of  kith  level  sites 
for  great  salubrity  of  atmosphere.  \V.  J.  Black 

August,  18S5 


THE  INTERNATIONAL  HOTAXICAL  AXD 
UORTICUL  Ti  'HAL  COXu'KL'SS,  AXTU  A  A'f\ 
1 8  i  5 

THE  International  Botanical  and  Horticultural  Con- 
Press  met  at  Antwerp  on  Sunday,  August  2,  in  the 
hall  of  the  Artistic,  Literary  and  Scientific  Club,  the  open- 
ing meeting  being  honoured  by  the  presence  of  a  g«H>d 
main  ladies.  The  gathering  was  a  representative  one, 
and  included  many  well-known  European  botanists  and 
horticulturists.  The  Burgotn  istcr  of  Antwerp  opened  the 
proceedings  with  a  few  appropriate  remarks,  and  Prof. 
Ed.  Morrcn,  of  Liege,  having  been  made  President  of  the 
Congress,  took  the  chair,  and  a  discussion  was  held  on 
the  ilora  of  the  Congo.  After  a  short  discussion  the 
meeting  adjourned  to  the  Exhibition  building,  where  the 
International  Horticultural  Show  was  being  held,  and 
which  was  formally  opened  at  one  o'clock.  Many  of  the 
plants  exhibited  were  of  great  interest,  and  the  whole  uf 
the  collections  were  nicely  and  artistically  arrangojdrw 
five  o'clock  the  Congress  visited  the  P. 
old  printing  office  of 
Museum  is  full  of  intc 
w  hich  the  works  of  Lc 
doubly  interesting  to 
<>t  the  Burgomaster  ol 
otT  for  the  jpjBhnfti 
present* 


Sept.  3.  1885J 


NA  TURE 


417 


In  the  evening  there  was  a  concert  in  the  garden  of  the 
Exhibition  in  honour  of  the  members  of  the  Congress. 

During  Monday,  Tuesday,  and  Wednesday  the  two 
sections  of  the  Congress— the  Botanical  and  Horti- 
cultural^met  in  the  Botanic  Garden  in  the  upper  and 
lower  hails  of  the  Botanical  Institute.  The  different  sub- 
jects contained  in  the  programme  were  duly  discussed, 
and  a  resolution  of  Congress  on  the  different  points 
raised  terminated  each  discussion.  The  method  adopted 
at  these  meetings  was  one  which  might  well  be  followed 
in  other  assemblies,  and  is  one  which  reflects  great  credit 
on  the  President  of  the  Organisation  Committee,  M. 
Charles  de  Bosschere.  All  the  subjects  to  be  discussed 
were  treated  of  in  longer  or  shorter  papers,  all  of  which 
were  printed  in  the  four  fasciculi  of  the  Preliminary 
Reports  issued  to  the  adherents  of  the  Congress.  In  this 
way  all  the  members  had  the  subjects  before  them  in  a 
tangible  form,  and  discussion  was  easy.  Might  not  the 
British  Association  take  a  hint  from  this  ?  Without 
giving  up  the  method  at  present  followed,  let  the  British 
Association  add  to  their  work  a  discussion  on  one  or  two 
subjects  of  importance,  papers  by  special  men  to  be 
printed  beforehand,  so  as  to  be  in  the  possession  of  those 
who  can  discuss  the  subject  at  the  meeting. 

The  subjects  of  discussion — twenty-two  in  number — 
were  mostly  of  considerable  botanical  interest,  others 
being  purely  horticultural,  the  question  of  the  Congo 
being  general.  Perhaps  the  most  important  subjects 
were  the  discussions  on  botanical  laboratories,  on 
the  amount  of  instruction  in  cryptogams  to  be  given 
in  different  parts  of  the  botanical  course  of  study 
and  the  recent  progress  of  botany  in  different 
countries.  It  is  important  to  notice  that  the  general 
opinion  of  the  Congress  was  in  favour  of  two  kinds  of 
botanical  laboratories,  those  of  instruction  and  those  of 
research,  and  there  can  be  no  doubt  that  in  every  society 
research  should  be  encouraged  in  every  way  and  be  the 
highest  object  of  their  organisation. 

On  the  evening  of  August  3  the  Burgomaster  of  Ant- 
werp held  a  reception  at  the  Hotel  de  Ville,  which  was 
very  largely  attended  by  the  members.  On  the  evening 
of  August  '4  Dr.  Henri  Van  Heurck,  the  Director  of  the 
Botanic  Garden,  gave  a  most  interesting  series  of  micro- 
scopical demonstrations  in  the  meeting-room  of  the 
Botanical  Section.  The  application  of  the  electric  light 
to  microscopic  work  was  shown,  and  nothing  could  exceed 
the  perfection  of  the  arrangement  employed  by  Dr.  Van 
Heurck.  Suritella  gemma,  Amphiplettr\x  pellucid*,  and 
Noberts's  19th  band  were  shown  in  a  manner  which  left 
nothing  to  be  desired  ;  and  in  the  case  of  Amphipleura, 
not  only  were  the  stria."  shown  as  distinctly  as  one  is 
accustomed  to  see  them  in  A'aiicula  rhomboides,  but,  by 
illumination  through  the  object-glass,  the  stria?  were  dis- 
tinctly resolved  into  beads  ;  by  oil-immersion  lenses,  of 
which,  as  of  other  object-glasses  by  all  the  best  makers, 
Dr.  Van  Heurck  possesses  a  remarkable  series.  The 
electric  li«ht  employed  is  obtained  bv  a  bichromate 
battery  .Trouvc's)  and  Dr.  Helot's  photophore.  As  the 
photophore  works  equally  well  with  an  accumulator,  and 
where  there  is  no  difficulty  in  getting  the  accumulators 
charged,  no  better  illumination  can  be  got,  and  this  I 
would  strongly  recommend  to  all  microscopists.  Alto- 
gether Dr.  Van  Hcurck's  demonstration  will  be  remem- 
bered as  one  of  the  most  interesting  things  connected 
with  the  Congress.  On  the  evening  of  YYeilm.--d.iy  there 
was  a  grand  banquet,  when  the  member.-,  spent 'a  \crv 
plc.1s.13jt  evening  together. 
On  Huirsday  morning  the  Congress  lelt  by  tr.un  for 
On  arrival,  the  members  went  10  the  .Natural 
jseum,  and  JW re  shown  through  the  building 
10  kindly  admitted  the  members  of  the 
rly  hour.  Ne\t,jlie  party  proceeded 
■ 'hey  wtiargccived  by  Prof, 
museum,  ^'uden,  and 


hot-houses  were  all  inspected,  and  then  the  Members  of 
the  Congress  were  entertained  in  the  orangery  of  the 
garden  to  a  luncheon  given  by  the  Members  of  the  Royal 
Botanic  Society  of  Belgium.  After  luncheon  the  party 
proceeded  by  tramway  to  Laeken,  to  visit  the  Winter 
Garden,  which  had  been  opened  to  them  by  his  Majesty 
the  King  of  the  Belgiums.  Mr.  Knight,  the  Inspector  of 
the  Royal  Gardens,  accompanied  the  party,  and  pointed 
out  the  objects  of  interest.  Friday  was  to  be  devoted  to 
an  excursion  to  Ghent,  and  Saturday  to  a  botanic  excur- 
sion in  the  neighbourhood  of  Herrcnthals,  Dolen,  and 
Gheel,  where  the  Members  of  the  Congress  were  to 
disperse.  I  left  the  party  at  Brussels,  spending  Friday  at 
Liege  with  Prof.  Morren,  who  showed  me  the  splendid 
new  laboratory  in  the  pretty  little  garden  under  his 
charge.  I  afterwards  visited  Prof.  Suringar  at  Leyden, 
and  saw  some  of  the  treasures  he  has  just  brought  back 
with  him  from  the  Dutch  West  Indian  Islands,  where  he 
has  been  able  to  make  extensive  botanic  collections  of 
living  and  dried  specimens.  W.  R.  McNab 

August  31 


THE  FAUNA  OF  THE  SEA-SHORE' 

Hp* HE  marine  fauna  of  the  globe  may  conveniently,  in 
the  pursuit  of  certain  lines  of  scientific  study,  be 
divided  into  three  groups  according  to  the  regions 
inhabited  by  it.  There  is  the  littoral  fauna  comprising 
the  animals  inhabiting  the  sea-shore  and  the  shallow 
waters  in  its  immediate  neighbourhood,  the  deep-sea 
fauna,  and  the  pelagic  fauna,  the  latter  occupying  the 
surface  waters  of  the  ocean.  Each  of  these  regions  pre- 
sents certain  marked  peculiarities  of  conditions  of  exist- 
ence, and  exhibits,  in  accordance  with  these,  certain 
special  characteristics  in  the  composition  and  history  of 
the  origin  of  its  fauna.  The  deep-sea  is  devoid  of  sun- 
light and  therefore  of  plant  life.  It  is  dark,  cold,  and 
monotonous,  being  devoid  of  day  and  night  and  periodical 
or  irregular  changes  of  any  kind.  Its  habitation  probably 
dates  from  no  very  great  antiquity.  The  ocean  surface 
can  support  only  a  peculiar  fauna  of  animals  adapted  for 
floating  or  constant  swimming,  and  affords  no  shelters  nor 
resting-places. 

As  Prof.  Lovcn  writes*  :  "  The  littoral  region  comprises 
the  favoured  zones  of  the  sea,  where  light  and  shade,  a 
genial  temperature,  currents  changeable  in  power  and 
direction,  a  rich  vegetation  spread  over  extensive  areas, 
abundance  of  food,  of  prey  to  allure,  of  enemies  to  with- 
stand or  evade,  represent  an  infinitude  of  agents  competent 
to  call  into  play  the  tendencies  to  vary  which  are  embodied 
in  each  species  and  always  ready,  by  modifying  its  parts,  to 
respond  to  the  influences  of  external  conditions."  It  is  in 
this  littoral  zone  where  the  water  is  more  than  elsewhere 
favourable  for  respiration  because  of  its  aeration  by  the 
surf  and  where  constant  variation  of  conditions  is  pro- 
duced by  the  alternation  of  the  tides  that  the  ancestors 
of  all  the  main  groups  of  the  animal  kingdom  came  into 
existence,  and  all  the  primary  branches  of  the  animal 
family  tree  first  commenced  to  grow.  It  is  here,  probably, 
that  the  first  attached  and  branching  plants  were  deve- 
loped, thus  establishing  a  supply  of  food,  and  rendering 
possible  the  colonisation  of  the  region  by  animals. 

The  animals  inhabiting  the  littoral  region  are  adapted 
in  most  various  ways  to  withstand  and  endure  the  special 
physical  conditions  which  they  there  encounter — the 

ti on  of  the  surf,  the  retreat  of  the  tides,  the  numerous 
enemies.  Either  they  burrow  deep  in  the  sand,  or  cling 
i  ,;!it  to,  or  even  bore  into,  the  rocks,  or  develop  hard 
shells  or  skeletons,  or  protect  themselves  by  other  modi- 
he.  ttions.  Probably  all  hard  shells  and  skeletons  of 
limine  invertebrata  have  thus  originated  in  the  littoral 

I      ■  \  Friday  evtning  lecture  at  th<r  Royal  Institution,  delivered  January  aj. 
.•:    by  JW  H  N.  Nowley.  F.R.S. 
"■On  P<  uitaK-ia,  a  K««u>  of  Lchinoidia."  by  Svto  Lovcn.  (Stockholm, 

.Si.V,  p  So.) 


Digitized  by  Google 


Sept.  3,  1885] 


NATURE 


419 


as  Appendicularia,  have  never  rcsought  the  shore,  and 
consequently  have   never  degenerated   to  qualify  for 
littoral  life.  The  peculiar  breathing  apparatus  adopted 
by  the  vertebrata  occurs  nowhere  else  in  the  animal 
kingdom  except  in  the  extraordinary  worm-like  Balano- 
glossus. Tbe  apparatus,  as  is  well  known,  consists  of  a 
series  of  slits,  opening  from  the  exterior  at  the  sides  of  the 
fore  part  of  the  body  directly  into  the  throat,  the  anterior 
part  of  the  digestive  tract.    The  water  to  be  respired  is 
taken  in  at  the  mouth  and  ejected  through  the  gill  slits. 
The  late  researches  of  Mr.  \V.  Bateson,  of  Cambridge, 
have  shown  that  Balanoglossus,  besides  breathing  by 
gill  slits,  shows  many  other  remarkable  affinities,  both  in 
structure  and  development,  with  the  vertebrata.  Now, 
Balanoglossus,  a   shore-inhabiting   form   which  lives 
buried  in  the  sand,  is  developed  from  a  most  remarkable 
larva  known  as  Tornaria,  which  is  intermediate  in  form 
between  a  Trochosphere  and  a  star-fish  larva.    It  is  quite 
possible  that  this  extraordinary  larva  Tornaria  may  point 
to  the  former  existence  of  a  primitive  pelagic  ancestor 
common  to  the  Annelids,  Echinodcrmata  and  Vertebrata. 
Possibly  the  use  of  gill  slits  as  a  respiratory  apparatus 
first  arose  in  a  shore-inhabiting  ancestral  form,  such  as 
Balanoglossus,  and  hence  their  presence  at  the  anterior 
extremity  of  the  body,  that  nearest  to  the  surface  when 
the  animal  is  concealed  in  the  sand. 

It  appears  not  impossible  that  Amphioxus  may  once 
have  possessed  a  larval  stage  somewhat  resembling 
Tornaria,  following  on  its  gastrula  stage,  and  has  lost 
it  just  as  one  species  of  Balanoglossus  has  lost  the 
Tornaria  stage.  The  developmental  history  of  only  one 
jpecics  of  Amphioxus  is  as  yet  known,  and  investigation 
)f  that  of  other  species  may  yet  reveal  something  of  the 
cind  suggested. 

The  littoral  zone  not  only  became  itself  stocked  with 
m  immense  variety  of  specially  adapted  inhabitants,  but 
las  given  oft  colonists  to  the  three  other  faunal  regions, 
"he  entire  terrestrial  fauna  has  sprung  from  colonists 
ontri buted  by  the  littoral  zone.  Every  terrestrial  verte- 
rate,  every  frog,  reptile,  bird,  and  mammal,  bears  in  its 
»rly  stages  of  development  the  gill  slits  still  perforating 
s  throat  as  in  its  aquatic  ancestor.  The  tadpole  still 
ses  them  when  young  for  breathing,  though  they  close 
3  completely  in  the  adult  frog  and  in  all  the  higher 
srtebrates  before  birth.  In  some  of  the  tailed  Amphibia, 
:e  the  Axolotl,  the  breathing  is  by  external  gills  and 
so  by  lungs  which  arc  modifications  of  the  air-bladder  of 
h.  In  these  the  gill  slits  remain  open,  although  they 
ve  no  longer  any  respiratory  function.  It  is  amusing 
watch  tame  Axolotls  when  fed  in  aquariums  with  large 
this.  They  snap  the  prey  down  hurriedly  and  close 
•ir  mouths,  but  usually  in  a  moment  or  two  their  throat 
jins  to  twitch  uncomfortably  as  if  intensely  tickled, 
I  one  end  of  the  worm  appears  out  of  one  of  the  gill 
s,  and  the  worm  soon  wriggles  its  way  out  again, 
en  the  Axolotl  catches  it  again  by  the  free  end  before 
other  is  completely  out  of  the  gill  slit,  and  begins 
1  her  attempt  to  swallow  it,  and  the  process  is  some- 
es  repeated  several  times  before  actual  deglutition  is 
cted.     The  gill  slits  are  evidently  a  considerable  incon- 

i:  to  the  Axolotl.    The  frog  is  much  better  off  in 
hem  closed,  but  man  himself  is  not  in  a  position 
to   despise  the  Axolotl:  his  lungs  are  derived 
same  source  originally,  namely,  modifications  of 
'"*der  of  .1  remote  aquatic  ancestor,  an  inhabitant 
W,  and  they  open  into  the  throat  j  i-t  behind 
,r»  man  there  1-  a  lid  to  close  this  opening 
vce  to  pull  it  under  the  tongue  when 
*ce  ;  bat  every  one  knows  the  agony 
"rumb  the  wrong  way— an  accident 
*  of  the  Axolotl,  and  similarly 
•*lc  passage  for  two  different 
~«ion.   At  such  mo  ncnts  of 
"ncd  to  turn  traitor  and 


long  that  he  had  been  produced  in  accordance  with  the 
hypothesis  of  special  creation  rather  than  evolved  under 
the  laws  of  natural  selection.  The  existing  arrangement 
must  not  be  regarded  as  of  inevitable  necessity.  The 
vertebrates  are  the  only  animals  which  breathe  through 
their  mouths.  All  other  animals  have  separate  passages 
for  respiration  and  feeding.  The  common  snail  has  a 
separate  breathing  passage  completely  apart  from  its 
mouth,  the  land  crab  breathes  by  openings  at  the  bases 
of  its  legs,  the  scorpion  by  openings  on  its  abdomen, 
and  the  insect  by  numerous  apertures  on  the  sides  of  its 
body.  All  these  animals  cannot,  like  man,  choke  them- 
selves. 

Only  the  pentadactyle  vertebrata  have  adapted  them- 
selves completely  for  terrestrial  respiration,  but  several 
fish  have,  by  special  modification  of  their  gills,  become 
able  to  remain  out  of  water  for  almost  indefinite  periods. 
Most  remarkable  amongst  these  is  Pcriophlhalmus,  one 
of  the  Gobiadne  inhabiting  mud  flats  on  the  sea-shore  in 
Australia,  Ceylon.  Fiji,  and  other  eastern  tropical  regions. 
It  hops  along  the  mud  with  the  greatest  agility  and  so 
fast  that  it  is  most  difficult  to  capture,  and  even  refuses 
to  take  to  the  water  when  driven  to  it,  skipping  along  its 
surface,  and  resting  on  projecting  stones.  It  even  climbs 
high  up  the  mangrove  trees  and  sits  on  the  branches. 
All  modes  of  air-breathing  arc  derived  by  modification 
from  aquatic  breathing  apparatus,  except,  perhaps,  in  the 
case  of  the  air-breathing  tracheata,  the  insects  and  their 
allies,  in  the  ancestor  of  which,  represented  by  Pcripatus, 
the  respiratory  tubes  or  trachea;  were  probably  first 
formed  as  modifications  of  skin  glands. 

Littoral  animals  of  most  various  kinds  have  taken  from 
marine  to  terrestrial  life  no  doubt  by  gradual  adaptation, 
owing  to  exposure  by  the  tides.  Crustacea  seem  to  have 
the  greatest  power  of  thus  adapting  themselves  to  aerial 
respiration  by  slight  modification  of  their  gill  apparatus, 
so  as  to  permit  it  to  act  as  a  lung.  Nothing  is  more 
astonishing  to  the  naturalist  in  tropical  countries  than  to 
find  large  crabs  amongst  the  vegetation  far  inland  and 
high  up  mountains.  But  land  crabs  are  not  confined  to 
the  tropic*.  ;  in  Japan  they  may  be  met  with  walking 
across  the  high  roads  far  inland,  and  4000  feet  above 
sea-level.  One  of  the  most  remarkable  instances  is  that 
of  the  cocoanut  climbing  crab,  Birgus  /it/ro,  which  has 
developed,  as  Prof.  Semper  has  shown,  a  regular  pair  of 
lungs  out  of  the  walls  of  its  gill  cavities.  The  animal 
was  originally  a  hermit  crab,  but  got  too  large  for  any 
shell,  and  thus  developed  hard  plates  on  the  surface  of 
its  body  for  protection  instead.  Close  allies,  but  of  much 
smaller  size,  swarm  in  some  Pacific  islands.  They 
always  bear  shells,  and  carry  them  with  thcin  when  they 
climb  the  trees  and  bushes.  I  have  caught  hold  of  the 
shell  of  one  of  them  as  it  clung  to  the  top  of  a  branch, 
thinking  that  it  was  a  land-mollusk,  and  have  been 
astonished  by  receiving  a  sharp  nip  from  a  pair  of  claws. 

The  oldest-known  air-breathing  animals,  so  far  as  geo- 
logical evidence  goes,  are  scorpions  and  insects.  An 
ally  of  the  cockroach  and  two  scorpions  have  lately 
been  obtained  from  Silurian  strata.  The  close  affinities 
of  the  scorpions  with  the  king  crabs,  and  thus  with  the 
Trilobitcs,  is  a  most  interesting  matter,  which  has  lately 
been  urged  by  Prof.  Ray  Lankester.  He  suggests  that 
the  lungs,  bv  means  of  which  the  scorpions  breathe  air, 
are  modifications  of  the  gill  plates  of  the  king  crab,  which 
have  become  inverted  for  the  purpose.  The  lung  open- 
ings of  Scorpio  correspond  with  the  gill  plates  of  Limulus 
in  position  and  number.  Hence,  possibly,  the  scorpions, 
and  with  them  the  rest  of  the  Arachnida,  are  sprung  from 
ancestral  allies  of  the  king  crab  and  the  Eurypterids, 
having  passed  from  a  littoral  to  a  terrestrial  existence. 

It  seems  possible  that  birds  were  originally  developed 
in  connection  with  the  sea-coast,  and  were  fish-feeders. 
The  tooth  bearing  birds  discovered  by  Prof.  Marsh,  such 
as  Hesperornis  and  Ichthyornis,  were  marine  aquatic 


Digitized  by  Googl 


NATURE 


[S<pt.  3  1885 


birds.  Hesperornis  lived  in  .1  shallow  tropical  sea  sur- 
rounding the  present  Rocky  Mountains,  then  a  group  of 
islands.  The  modem  penguins  show  some  remarkable 
points  of  affinity  to  reptiles  in  the  structure  of  their  feet, 
and  probably  their  embryonic  development,  when  worked 
out,  may  throw  much  light  on  the  past  history  of  birds. 

Some  of  the  extinct  Dinosauria  which  show  remark- 
able affinities  with  birds  were  at  least  aquatic  in 
habits. 

The  fauna  of  the  coast  has  not  only  given  origin  to  the 
terrestrial  and  freshwater  faunas,  it  has  throughout  all 
time  since  life  originated  given  additions  to  the  pelagic 
fauna  in  return  for  having  received  from  it  its  starting 

E o:nts.    It  has  also  received  some  of  these  pelagic  forms 
ack  again  to  assume  a  fresh  littoral  existence.    The  ter- 
restrial fauna  has  returned  some  forms  to  the  shores,  such 


as  certain  shore  birds,  seals,  and  the  Polar  bear ;  and 
some  of  these,  such  as  the  whales  and  a  small  oceanic 
insect,  Halobates,  have  returned  thence  to  pelagic  life. 

The  deep-sea  fauna  has  probably  been  formed  almost 
entirely  from  the  littoral,  not  in  most  remote  antiquity, 
but  only  after  food  derived  from  the  dfbris  of  the  littoral 
and  terrestrial  faunas  and  floras  became  abundant  in  deep 
water.  It  was  in  the  littoral  region  that  all  the  primary 
branches  of  the  zoological  family  tree  were  formed  ;  all 
terrestrial  and  deep-sea  forms  have  passed  through  a 
littoral  phase,  and  amongst  the  representatives  of  the 
littoral  fauna  the  recapitulative  history,  in  the  form  of 
scries  of  larval  conditions,  is  most  completely  retained. 
It  is  for  this  reason  that  the  researches  carried  on  at 
marine  laboratories  on  the  coasts  have  yielded  in  the  last 
few  years  such  brilliant  results. 


BALLOON  PHO TOGRA PH Y 1 

D  FX E NT  experiments  in  photographic  aerostation,  car- 
A  ried  out  by  M.  Gaston  Tissandier,  with  the  assistance 
of  M.  Ducom,  nave  been  attended  with  very  complete  and 
■satisfactory  results.  The  photograph  reproduced  by  helio- 
gravure in  Figs.  1  and  2  was  taken  at  an  altitude  of  605 
metres  over  Paris  ;  others  which  were  taken  did  not  give 
such  perfect  results  ;  nevertheless,  some  of  them  surpass 


in  distinctness  any  yet  taken  by  the  same  method.  The 
ascent  took  place  at  Auteuil  on  June  19,  M.  Ducom 
attending  specially  to  the  photography,  while  M.  Tis- 
sandier looked  after  the  balloon.  The  photographic 
apparatus  arranged  in  the  car  is  shown  in  Fig.  3.  The 
ascent  took  place  at  1.40  p.m.  with  a  south-west  wind. 
Ten  minutes  alter  starting  a  first  photograph  was  taken 
at  670  metres ;  soon  afterwards  another  was  taken  at 
about  the  same  height,  in  which  a  bridge,  quay,'  public 


Fig.  I- — R  rficofiurt  on  by  hrliagfOTOT 


of  a  pUtc  taken  at  a  hear4' 

r 


-bort  Parii.  1S0* 


office,  fifteen  cab*,  a  tramway,  and  the  peo 
•treeti  were  clearly  reproduced.    At  605  1 
photograph  here  reproduced  was  obtained,  but 
•tely  heliogratTire  does  not  produce  an  exact  /at 
the  fineness  of  the  details.    The  smaller  plan 
•hows  the  exact  topograph v  of  the  place.  Whi 
photograph  itself  is  examined  through  a  magnifying  ^ 

'  AUtract  fruca  La  S.it—r 


Sept.  3.  1S85] 


NATURE 


421 


photographs  were  taken  at  greater  altitudes— one  at  1000, 
and  one  at  1 100  metres.  Hence  in  crossing  Paris,  between 
1  40  and  2.12,  or  in  twenty-two  minutes,  five  photographs 
were  obtained.  It  would  be  easy  to  have  two  or  three 
photographic  apparatus  with  an  operator  in  the  car  for 
each,  and  thrs  to  obtain  a  series  of  views.  By  this 
method  a  series  of  topographical  documents  of  incom- 


Fic  3.— Explanatory  plan  of  above:— 1.  Gate  of  the  Hfltel  de  Ville.  1. 
Quay  6f  Hulel  de  Villc.  3.  Rue  de  Bro«c  4.  Old  Lohaii  BaxTacW*. 
5.  Rue  dc  I'Hotrl  de  Villc.  6.  lx>uis  Philippe  Bridge.  7  and  8.  Bath*. 
a.  Rue  de  Bella)',  to.  Quai  de  Bourbon.  it.  Qua!  d'Orleans.  13. 
Pont  St.  Louts.    I]  and  14.  Boats.    1$.  Pier. 

parable  precision  might  be  obtained.  Amongst  the  views 
taken  during  this  ascent  those  which  are  perfect  in  point 
of  clearness  are  those  taken  at  the  moment  when  the  rays 
of  the  sun  fell  directly  on  Paris.  Good  light  is  absolutely 
indispensable,  and,  in  spite  of  the  photographs  being 
instantaneous,  the  car  should  he  kept  perfectly  free  from 
oscillation  at  the  moment  the  picture  is  being  taken. 


The  operator  and  occupants  of  the  car  must  at  that 
moment  remain  perfectly  still.  The  movement  ol  the 
balloon  has  no  injurious  effect  on  the  clearness  of  the 
proofs  obtained  ;  in  the  present  instance  the  current  of 


Fir.,  y — Arrangement  of  photographic  apparatus  in  the  halloon. 

air  was  somewhat  rapid,  for  the  balloon  traversed  Paris 
at  its  greatest  width,  1 1  kilometres,  in  thirty-two  minutes. 
The  rapidity  of  the  wind  increased  subsequently  to  much 
more  than  this.  After  taking  photographs  of  the  earth 
below,  the  apparatus  was  turne  l  upwards  to  obtain  views 


Fic.  4. — Diagram  of  the  ascent  of  the  "  Commandant  Riviere  "  balloon  from  Paris  to  Lei  Rorais.  near  R Helms,  June  1*  1B85, 


.  but  the  white  clouds  which  reflect  the  rays  j 
ith  great  intensity,  did  not  give  good  results. 
•  will  require  special  arrangement  for  this 
»ir  next  expedition  the  aeronaut-photo- 
"*btain  something  more  complete  than 
■eir  experience  on  the  whole  is  that 
'  'lined  in  a  balloon  as  beautiful 
 A  on  terra  Jirma.  Thanks 


to  the  instantaneous  process,  to  the  extra-sensitive  plates 
produced  to  day,  and  to  other  modern  improvements, 
aerostatic  photography  has  a  great  future.  It  will  give 
plans  which  will  exceed  in  precision  and  clearness  the 
most  pains-taking  maps;  it  will  be  a  powerful  ally  of 
military  art,  for  it  will  admit  of  obtaining  a  reliable  plan 
of  fortresses  or  of  hostile  works.  At  a  height  of  600 
metres  a  balloon  has  nothing  to  fear  from  artillery  fire, 


422 


X.-i  TCRE 


[Sept.  3f  1885 


and  the  photographer  can  operate  as  safely  in  his  car  as 
in  his  studio.  It  will  also  add  to  the  resources  of  photo- 
graphy, for  there  are  no  places  on  the  earth  s  surface 
inaccessible  to  a  balloon. 

The  ascent  here  described  hid  for  its  main  purp-ue  ' 
photography  ;  but  it  had  also  some  meteorolca-ical  ' 
interest.  The  ascent  began  at  1.20 ;  and  at  3.20.  at  an 
altitude  of  1 100  metres  above  Meaux.  another  balloon, 
which  ascended  some  time  after  them,  was  met  with. 
They  were  actually  in  a  frequented  aeronautical  route — 
an  aenan  nver.  At  Meaux  Nadar  descended  in  1863;  , 
M.  Tissandier  himself  landed  at  the  same  place  in  lS-2, 
and  several  other  descents  were  made  there.  A  little 
farther,  at  Chateau-Thierry,  on  a  prolongation  of  the  line 
from  Paris  to  Meaux.  M.  Tissandier  and  M.  de  Fonvielle 
made  an  extraordinary  descent  in  a  storm  in  1869,  when 
they  were  draped  along  the  ground  four  kilometres  in 
five  minutes.  They  travelled  from  Paris  to  Chateau- 
Thierry,  a  distance  of  Ho  kilometres  as  the  crow  rlies,  in 
35  minutes — the  most  rapid  balloon  voyage  on  record. 
On  the  present  ascent,  at  an  altitude  of  1000  to  1400 
metres,  an  aerial  current  of  considerable  speed  prevailed  : 
it  was  estimated  at  about  40  kilometres  an  hour.  At  1400 
metres  a  mass  of  white  translucid  clouds  stretched  across 
the  sky  and  floated  in  the  upper  part  of  the  aerial  current. 
Above  this,  again,  the  air  was  calm  ;  small  white  clouds 
remained  immovable  at  2000  metres,  and  the  sun  was 
very  hot.  After  h  iving  descended  close  to  the  earth 
above  Chateau-Thierry,  it  was  decided  to  rise  above  the 
clouds  amongst  which  the  aeronauts  had  just  been.  At 
6  o'clock,  at  a  height  of  1900  metres,  they  observed  the 
shadow  of  the  balloon  projected  on  a  white  ground  of 
clouds  ;  the  latter  formed  a  small  greyish  circle,  sur- 
rounded by  an  aureole  of  the  seven  colours  of  the  rain- 
bow. When  they  approached  the  clouds,  it  was  only  the 
shadow  of  the  car  and  of  the  lower  part  of  the  balloon  of 
which  the  projection  could  be  distinguished,  and  the 
aureole  assumed  a  larger  diameter.  Tin*  remarkable  and 
beautiful  phenomenon  resembles  that  of  the  spectre  of 
the  Urocken.  At  6  10  the  descent  commenced :  the  balloon 
crossed  the  bank  of  clouds,  and  the  surface  of  the  earth, 
when  it  came  in  sight,  looked  grey  and  dull  compared 
with  the  magnificent  regions  of  the  upper  atmosphere. 

RADIANT  LIGHT  AXD  HEAT* 

III. 

Radiation  ami  Absorption— Ttrrestrial  Applications. 
I_I  AVI NG  now  established  the  Theory  of  Exchanges, 
■  1  let  us  inquire  at  greater  length  into  the  nature  of 
the  radiation  from  bodies  of  different  kinds.  For  this 
purpose  we  shall  adopt  the  well-known  classification  into 
solids,  liquids,  and  gases,  and  shall  select  as  the  type  of  a 
solid  body  (as  far  as  radiation  is  concerned,  a  black  sub-  . 
stance  like  carbon.  We  must  do  this  because,  in  order 
to  obtain  the  greatest  amount  of  radiation  from  such  a 
body  at  a  given  temperature,  it  must  be  of  sufficient 
depth  to  be  practically  opaque,  or  athtrmanous,  for  the 
heat  of  that  temperature,  and  it  must  have  a  non-rc- 
tlective  surface.  Now  carbon  or  lamp-black  possesses 
these  properties,  if  not  completely,  yet  to  greater  perfection 
than  any  other  substance  that  we  know  of;  and  on  this 
account  we  shall  select  it  as  the  type  of  radiating  solid 
bodies. 

Then  as  regards  liquids,  we  have  no  doubt  an  amount 
of  surface-reflexion,  which  will  have  the  effect  of  diminish- 
ing the  radiation,  and  also  of  polarising  it,  to  some 
extent.  In  this  respect  a  liquid  surlace  may  be  regarded 
as  equivalent  to  a  polished  solid  surface,  so  that  liquids 
and  polished  solids  may  be  classed  together  as  giving  out 
an  amount  of  heat  somewhat  less  than  that  given  out  by 
the  typical  black  surface. 

But  while  there  is  no  marked  distinction  ia  radiation 

•  CeotiniMd  from  p*t*  yfh 


between  solids  and  liquids,  if  only  the  depth  of  substance 
be  sufficiently  great,  the  radiation  of  gases  is  essentially 
different.  This  difference  consists  in  the  fact  that  while 
solids  and  liquids  radiate  all  kinds  of  heat  possible  to  the 
temperature,  gases  radiate  only  a  few.  We  shall  best 
perceive  this  distinction  if  we  confine  ourselves  to  rays 
which  ari'ect  the  eye,  and  view  these  by  means  of  the 
spectroscope. 

We  have  already  explained  how  this  instrument  draws 
out  a  thread  of  white  light  into  a  parti-coloured  nbbon, 
red  at  the  one  end  and  violet  at  the  other.  Now  if  our 
thread  of  white  light  be  a  thread  of  platinum,  or,  better 
still,  of  carbon  rendered  incandescent  by  means  of 
electricity,  we  shall  no  doubt  obtain  the  spectrum  above 
mentioned.  But  if  our  source  of  l:ght  be  a  row  of  in- 
candescent gaseous  particles,  we  shail  obtain  something 
very  different  Instead  of  a  long,  continuous,  variously- 
coloured  ribbon,  we  shall  have  a  few  discontinuous  threads 
of  light  emerging  from  a  dark  background,  each  such 
thread  or  image  having  of  course  its  proper  spectral 
position  ;  that  is  to  say.  if  the  gas  gives  out  a  yellow  rav. 
this  will  appear  in  the  yellow  region  of  the  spectrum  ;  if  a 
red  ray.  in  the  red  region,  and  M  on.  Such  spectra  may 
either  be  thrown  upon  a  screen,  or  viewed  through  a 
telescope — sometimes  it  is  possible  to  throw  them  upon  a 
screen  and  render  them  visible  to  a  large  audience,  but 
sometimes  this  is  not  possible.  In  all  cases,  however, 
they  may  be  thrown  into  a  telescope  and  viewed  by  the 
individual  observer. 

We  arc  thus  in  a  position  to  formulate  the  distinguishing 
characteristic  between  the  spectra  of  solids  and  liquids, 
and  those  of  gases,  the  former  giving  out  a  continuous 
spectrum,  consisting  of  all  the  rays  of  light  possible  to 
the  temperature,  while  the  latter  give  a  discontinuous 
spectrum,  consisting  of  a  few  bright  lines  on  a  dark 
background. 

We  can,  in  an  imperfect  manner,  assign  a  reason  for 
this  behaviour.  In  a  solid,  or  even  a  liquid,  the  various 
molecules  are  near  together,  so  that  no  individual  is  free 
from  the  trammels  of  its  neighbour  in  its  vibrations.  On 
the  other  hand,  it  is  not  so  in  a  gas.  or  at  least  in  a  gas  of 
which  the  molecules  are  very  far  from  one  another. 

Here  one  indiv  idual  is  for  the  most  part  of  its  existence 
free  from  the  trammels  of  its  neighbours,  and  is  able  to 
vibrate  after  its  own  fashion  and  in  a  way  to  suit  itself, 
just  as  freely  as  a  bell,  or  the  string  of  a  musical  instrument. 
It  thus  gives  out,  as  it  were,  its  own  peculiar  note,  or 
series  of  notes,  these  notes  being  here,  however,  rays 
which  have  a  definite  place  in  the  spectrum,  instead  of 
sounds  which  have  a  definite  place  in  the  musical  scale. 
But  whilst  there  is  a  great  amount  of  freedom  amonftt 
the  molecules  of  a  gas.  »c  must  not  carry  this  conception 
of  things  too  far.  or  suppose  that  in  a  compound  gas  at 
ordinary  temperatures  we  have  nothing  but  a  scries  of 
perfectly  similar  molecules  practically  independent  of  one 
another. 

The  particles  or  molecules  of  such  a  gas  are  far  from 
being  in  a  state  of  rest,  and  we  may  imagine  them  to  be 
running  about  in  straight  paths,  except  when  they  are 
deflected  by  dashing  against  a  neighbour,  or  against  the 
sides  of  the  containing  vessel.  It  will  thus  be  seen  that 
the  molecule*  arc  not  quite  free.  In  fact,  a  molecule  per- 
fectly remote  from  neighbours,  travelling,  for  instance,  in 
free  space,  and  remote  from  the  sun,  would  have  no  more 
inducement  to  vibrate  than  a  bell  would  have  under 
similar  circumstances  It  is  the  collision  wMMlaJrilows 
that  will  generally  cause  it  to  vibrate,  bu 
independent  to  \  ibrate  according  to  its  OJh 
we  are  in  a  position  to  assert  that  a  £*^| 
energy  w  hich ; 
from  this  1 
again, 
of 


Sept.  3,  1885] 


NA  TURE 


423 


Now  in  a  compound  gas  these  collisions  sometimes 
cause  dissociation  of  the  compound  molecule  into  more 
elementary  constituents,  which  constituents  will  probably 
afterwards  combine  again,  so  that  we  may  imagine  that 
in  such  a  gas  (see  "  Heat,"  by  Frof.  Tait,  page  203)  equi- 
librium is  maintained  by  a  constant  amount  of  dis- 
sociation, accompanied  by  an  equal  amount  of  recombi- 
nation. It  is  thus  apparent  that  wc  have  not  here  perfect 
simplicity  and  uniformity  of  molecular  structure,  and 
without  discussing  the  question  whether  a  simple  mole- 
cule might  or  might  not  be  expected  to  vibrate  in  only 
one  way,  we  can  readily  imagine  that  the  spectrum  of 
such  a  gas  should  present  us  with  more  than  one  mode  of 
vibration  ;  that  is  to  say,  more  than  one  spectral  line. 

Again,  circumstances  which  conduce  to  proximity  of 
molecules,  and  to  the  action  of  molecules  upon  each  other, 
tend  to  bring  about  a  state  of  things  similar  to  that  which 
we  have  in  liquids  and  solids ;  that  is  to  say,  they  will 
favour  the  emission  of  various  kinds  of  rays,  while  on 
the  other  hand,  the  characteristics  of  a  gaseous  spectrum  I 
will  be  best  shown  by  a  perfect  gas,  that  is  to  say,  by  > 
a  gas  which  is  far  removed  from  any  tendency  to  con-  , 
densation.    A  rare  gas  at  a  high  temperature  will  possess 
these  properties. 

Haying  now  defined  the  characteristics  of  the  spectra 
of  solids,  liquids,  and  gases,  let  me  say  a  few  words  about 
the  methods  by  which  we  obtain  gaseous  particles  heated 
to  a  high  temperature.    These  are  obtained  in  two  ways. 
First,  by  means  of  flames,  such  as  that  of  a  Iiunsen's  | 
burner,  into  which  the  particles  are  introduced.    In  such  1 
flames  we  may  imagine  that  we  have  before  us  a  certain  ! 
number  of  the  particles  of  a  certain  gas  all,  or  nearly  all, 
heated  to  a  temperature  somewhat  approaching  that  of 
the  flame.    The  substance  will  probably  have  been  intro- 
duced into  the  flame  in  a  different  chemical  state  from 
that  in  which  it  appears  in  giving  out  the  light ;  for  in- 
stance, we  may  introduce  into  a   spirit-lamp  a  little  I 
chloride  of  sodium,  or  into  a  Bunsen's  burner  a  little  bi- 
carbonate of  soda.    The  flame  becomes  immediately  of  a 
yellow  nature,  giving  us  the  double  line  D,  or  the  yellow 
line  of  incandescent  sodium  vapour,  and  this  affords  us 
evidence  that  dissociation  has  taken  place.  In  like  manner 
the  red  line  produced  by  salts  of  Lithium,  the  green  line 
produced  by  those  of  Thallium,  and  so  on,  arc  indications  , 
that  the  compound  saline  molecules  have  become  disso- 
ciated in  the  flame. 

The  second  way  of  producing  gaseous  spectra  is  by  an 
application  of  electricity,  as  when  a  high  tension  spark  is 
sent  through  a  tube  containing  a  small  quantity  of  a 
given  gas,  or  a  vacuum  tube,  as  this  is  sometimes  called. 
We  have  then  a  momentary  flash,  consisting  of  the  rays 
which  characterise  the  spectrum  of  the  gas  through  which 
the  discharge  has  passed.  It  is  probable  that  in  this 
case  only  a  portion  of  the  particles  filling  the  tube  have 
been  brought  to  the  high  temperature  which  is  denoted 
by  the  discharge. 

Before  proceeding  further,  it  may  be  well  to  mention 
that  while  from  the  title  of  our  subject  wc  must  neces- 
sarily consider  the  spectrum  to  some  extent,  yet  this  is 
not  to  be  regarded  as  a  treatise  on  the  spectroscope  and 
its  applications,  which  formed  the  subject  of  a  previous 
set  of  essays  in  the  NATURE  Series  by  Mr.  Lockyer.  We 
shall  discuss  the  subject  in  a  somewhat  different  manner,  I 
and  also  give  more  especial  attention  to  those  branches  ' 
which  had  not  yet  been  developed  when  Mr.  Lockyer  ; 
wrote  his  work.    With  these  preliminary  remarks,  wc 
shall  divide  the  subject  before  us  into  two  sections. 

(■/  Radiation  and  its  consequences. 

(2)  Absorption  and  its  consequences. 

In  the  first  we  shall  discuss  radiant  spectra  to  a  con- 
'^derable  extent,  but  shall  not  entirely  confine  our  remarks 

^bese  phenomena  ;  while  in  the  second  we  shall  dis- 
^^porption  spectra  to  a  considerable  extent,  but 
"qrirely  confine  ourselves  to  spectral  absorption. 


There  is  likewise  another  convenient  way  of  dividing 
our  subject,  namely,  in  its  application  to  terrestrial  and 
celestial  phenomena. 

Combining,  therefore,  these  two  principles  of  sub- 
division, we  shall,  in  the  first  place,  treat  of  terrestrial 
applications  of  the  laws  of  radiation  and  absorption,  and 
in  the  next  place  of  their  celestial  applications  ;  and, 
finally,  we  shall  discuss  the  light  which  both  of  these 
branches  together  appear  to  throw  upon  the  ultimate 
constitution  of  matter. 

With  regard  to  our  own  Earth,  it  is  abundantly  evident 
that  the  great  bulk  of  the  heat  which  it  receives  is  from 
the  radiation  of  the  sun,  while,  on  the  other  hand,  the 
great  bulk  of  the  heat  which  it  loses  is  through  radiation 
into  space. 

There  is  a  sort  of  balance  kept  up  between  the  gain  on 
the  one  hand  and  the  loss  on  the  other,  in  virtue  of  which 
we  arc  placed  under  conditions  in  which  life  is  endurable, 
and  for  the  most  part  pleasant.  The  variations  in  these 
conditions  in  temperate  latitudes  may  sometimes  cause 
distress  to  the  weak,  but  they  are  not  less  the  source  of 
enjoyment  and  vigour  to  the  strong  ;  and,  as  a  matter  of 
fact,  the  most  energetic  races  of  mankind  arc  they  which 
dwell  in  those  favoured  regions  that  are  neither  too  cold 
nor  too  hot. 

Inasmuch  as  the  regions  near  the  equator  are  hotter 
than  those  near  the  poles,  it  follows  that  there  is  greater 
radiation  into  space  from  the  former  of  these  than  from 
the  latter.  If,  therefore,  wc  could  imagine  an  observer  to 
be  placed  many  thousand  miles  above  the  earth,  having 
an  eye  capable  of  distinguishing  dark  rays,  and  to  regard 
that  portion  of  the  earth  unilluminated  by  the  sun,  his 
eye  would  receive  more  rays  from  the  equatorial  than 
from  the  polar  regions. 

On  the  other  hand,  the  polar  regions  being  manifestly 
colder  than  those  of  the  equator,  we  have  convection 
currents  of  hot  air  passing  in  the  upper  atmospheric 
regions  from  the  equator  to  the  poles,  and  currents 
of  cold  air  passing  in  the  lower  atmospheric  regions 
from  the  poles  to  the  equator.  These  latter  are  known  as 
the  Trade  Winds,  and  the  former  as  the  Anti-Trades.  In 
like  manner  we  have  in  all  probability  currents  of  hot 
water  passing  in  the  upper  oceanic  regions  from  the 
equator  to  the  poles,  and  currents  of  cold  water  passing 
in  the  lower  oceanic  regions  from  the  poles  to  the  equator. 
It  is  not,  however,  our  object  to  dwell  on  these  phenomena 
here  ;  suffice  it  to  say,  that  our  well-being  depends  on 
the  balance  between  the  radiant  heat  which  we  receive 
from  the  sun  and  that  which  we  give  out  into  empty 
space. 

The  phenomena  of  dew  form  an  exceedingly  good  illus- 
tration of  the  laws  of  radiation.  This  subject  was  first 
investigated  by  Dr.  Wells,  an  English  physician.  When 
the  sun  has  sunk  beneath  the  horizon  of  any  place,  bodies 
of  small  mass  and  great  radiating  power  for  dark  heat, 
such  as  the  leaves  of  plants,  become  quickly  cooled  by 
their  uncompensated  radiation  into  space.  They  thus 
cool  the  air  around  them,  until  this  air  becomes  so  cold 
that  it  can  no  longer  retain  in  the  viewless  state  the 
aqueous  vapour  which  it  holds  ;  part  of  this  is  conse- 
quently deposited  in  the  form  of  dew,  or  of  hoar  frost,  if 
the  temperature  be  sufficiently  low. 

The  following  are  the  laws  which  regulate  the  deposition 
of  dew  : — 

(1)  Dew  is  most  copiously  deposited  under  a  clear  sky. 

(2)  And  with  a  calm  state  of  the  atmosphere. 

(3)  It  is  most  copiously  deposited  on  those  substances 
which  have  a  clear  view  of  the  sky. 

(4}  And  which  are  good  radiators  and  of  small  mass. 

(5)  And  which  arc  placed  close  to  the  earth. 

The  first  of  these  conditions  is  essential,  because  the 
cooling  which  precedes  the  deposition  of  dew  is  owing  to 
radiation  into  free  space. 

If  there  are  clouds,  these  will  radiate  back  to  the  body, 


Digitized  by  Google 


424 


NATURE 


{Sept.  3,  1885 


and  thus  prevent  it  from  cooling  fast  enough.  We  see, 
likewise,  the  necessity  for  a  calm  atmosphere,  when  we 
reflect  that  dew  can  only  be  deposited  by  means  of  the 
body  cooling  the  air  around  it ;  now  if  this  air  is  con- 
stantly renewed,  it  cannot  cool  this  large  body  of  air  to 
any  great  extent,  and  hence  dew  cannot  be  formed. 

It  is  very  manifest  why  the  body  must  have  a  clear 
view  of  the  sky,  and  why  it  must  be  a  good  radiator  in 
order  to  promote  the  deposition  of  dew.  Also  why  it  must 
not  be  of  a  great  mass,  for,  if  it  were,  the  heat  from  the 
interior  might  be  conducted  to  the  surface,  and  thus  keep 
up  the  temperature. 

Finally,  the  substance  must  be  near  the  earth,  for,  if 
not,  the  cooled  air  will  fall  down,  giving  place  to  warmer 
air.  The  body  will  thus  have  a  larger  mass  of  air  to  cool, 
and  it  will  less  easily  succeed  in  bringing  this  mass  below 
the  dew  point.  I  shall  return  to  this  subject  at  a  later 
stage,  when  the  part  played  by  the  aqueous  vapour  of  the 
air  is  taken  into  account.  Let  me  here  state  that  there 
are  regions  in  the  earth  where  dew  forms  an  important 
factor  in  agricultural  operations. 

The  artificial  warming  of  our  rooms  is  at  present 
accomplished  very  much  by  radiation.  An  ordinary  fire 
of  coal  or  wood  acts  by  this  process.  The  heated  car- 
bonic acid  gas  which  is  the  product  of  the  combustion  is 
carried  up  the  chimney  and  out  into  the  air,  so  that  all 
that  remains  to  heat  the  room  is  the  light  and  heat  given 
out  by  the  glowing  fire. 

It  is  by  no  means  an  economical  use  of  heat,  but  there 
are  other  considerations  besides  those  derived  from 
economy,  and  an  open  fire  will  always  be  cherished  by 
those  nations  whose  social  life  is  greatly  within  doors. 

The  burning  of  gas  in  order  to  obtain  illumination  has 
nothing  to  recommend  it.  As  it  is  used  at  present,  it 
gues  out  a  great  deal  of  heat  compared  to  its  light,  as 
well  as  a  quantity  of  carbonic  acid,  and  other  products 
still  more  deleterious. 

It  ought  to  be  replaced  by  some  kind  of  electric  light, 
such  as  that  proposed  by  Swan,  where  a  thread  of  carbon 
is  kept  at  a  high  temperature  in  a  glas*  vacuum  by  means 
of  an  electric  current.  There  the  luminous  effect  is  Vtty 
large  in  comparison  with  the  heat  produced,  besides  which 
there  is  no  foul  air  or  other  hurtful  product. 

If  we  regard  radiation  as  a  means  of  increasing  our 
knowledge,  apart  altogether  from  its  primary  and  indis- 
pensable action  in  rendering  us  acquainted  by  means  of 
vision  with  the  objects  around  us,  we  cannot  have  a  better 
instance  than  that  which  is  given  us  in  spectrum  analysis. 
Here,  in  the  first  place,  a  little  reflection  will  convince  us 
that  we  can  gain  hardly  any  knowle^e  by  this  means  of 
the  nature  of  a  luminous  solid  or  liquid  body,  for  all  such 
bodies  at  the  same  temperature  will  give  out  all  the 
various  rays  which  are  possible  to  that  temperature. 
There  is.  therefore,  no  means  afforded  us  by  their  spectra 
of  distinguishing  one  from  another,  so  that  spectrum 
analysis  is  here  impossible. 

It  is  very  different,  however,  when  we  come  to  gases 
which  give  out  spectra  consisting  of  bright  lines  in 
a  dark  background.  Here  there  are  various  laws  which 
combine  not  only  to  make  spectrum  analysis  possible,  but 
to  constitute  it  an  extremely  delicate  instrument  of  re- 
search. In  the  first place,  we  have  the  law  that  the  lines 
given  out  by  an>  one  elementary  vapour  are  different  in 
spectral  position  from  those  given  out  by  any  other. 
Secondly,  as  a  rule  such  bright  lines  remain  in  their  places 
throughout  a  great  temperature  range  Thinlly,  an  ex- 
ceedingly small  amount  of  the  element  in  question  is 
generally  sufficient  to  produce  the  lines. 

It  is  stated  that  by  means  of  the  spectroscope  the 
presence  of  less  than  one  two-hundred-inillionth  part 

(100000000)  °'  a  8"'"  M^  s°d|U,n  nu>'  be  detected. 

the  difficulty  is  to  get  rid  of  the  sodium  line  in 


an  insular  climate  like  ours,  surrounded  by  sea-water 
which  contains  chloride  of  sodium. 

There  are  three  chief  points  for  consideration  in  the 
study  of  gaseous  spectra :  — 

(1)  The  effect  produced  by  increasing  the  pressure  of 
the  gas. 

(2)  The  effect  produced  by  giving  the  gas  a  motion  to 
or  from  the  observer. 

(3)  The  effect  produced  by  increasing  the  temperature 
of  the  gas. 

The  effect  produced  by  increase  of  pressure  consists  in 
a  widening  of  the  bright  lines.  This  subject  was  first 
studied  by  Frankland  and  Lockyer,  who  found  that  all 
lines  arc  not  affected  by  pressure  to  nearly  the  same 
extent  The  F  line  produced  by  incandescent  hydrogen 
was  found  by  them  to  be  peculiarly  subject  to  an  increase 
of  pressure,  widening  out  in  certain  cases  to  a  really 
remarkablc  extent. 

Lockyer,  who  has  since  greatly  studied  this  subject,  is  ot 
opinion  that  it  is  not  pressure  per  se  that  is  influential  in 
thickening  the  lines,  but  rather  the  frequency  of  encounters 
of  precisely  similar  molecules.  An  important  application 
of  this  law  of  pressure  has  been  made  by  Lockyer,  who 
has  for  this  purpose  used  the  electric  arc,  placing  the  s!it 
of  his  spectroscope  so  as  to  embrace  a  section  of  this  arc 
mid-way  between  its  terminals  and  at  right  angles  to  its 
length  Now  in  the  heart  or  central  axis  of  this  arc  the 
gaseous  particles  which  give  out  the  light  may  be  sup- 
posed to  be  somewhat  near  together,  whereas  at  the 
border  or  circumference  they  are  comparatively  far  apart. 
When  the  spectrum  of  such  a  transverse  section  is  taken, 
this  is  found  to  consist  of  a  number  of  bright  lines,  some 
long  and  some  short.  The  long  lines  are  those  which 
remain  visible  even  when  the  particles  are  far  apart,  w  hile 
the  short  lines  are  those  which  require  a  greater  nearness 
of  particles  to  come  out,  and  are  therefore  confined  to 
the  central  regions  of  the  arc. 

Suppose  now  that  we  take  the  spectrum  of  such  an  arc, 
from  terminals  composed  of  absolutely  pure  iron,  and 
that  by  this  means  we  obtain  a  number  of  long  and 
short  lines,  characterising  the  spectrum  of  this  metal  in 
the  state  of  vapour. 

Suppose  next  that  we  obtain  the  spectrum  of  some 
other  metal,  such  as  copjicr,  which  is  not  chemically  pure, 
but  which,  we  suspect,  contains  a  little  iron.  We  shall 
obtain,  of  course,  the  copper  lines  well  defined  and  in- 
tense, plus  an  indication  of  the  iron  lines  j  but  inasmuch 
as  the  iron  particles  are  here  few  and  far  between,  the 
iron  lines  which  make  their  appearance  will  be  those 
which  do  not  require  great  nearness  of  particles  in  order 
to  come  out— in  other  words,  they  will  be  the  long  iron 
lines,  and  not  the  short  ones.  In  searching  spectro- 
scopically  for  an  impurity  it  is  thus  only  necessary  to 
direct  our  attention  to  t^e  long  lines  of  the  various  metals 
which  we  suspect  to  be  present.    Thus  the  whole  process 


of  comparison  is  made  much  s 
likewise  to  obtain  ui;h  coiupai 
of  the  various  1  limcnts,^^^! 

Let  me  now  say  a  (ei 
by  a  motion  of  the 
Suppose  that  a  tram 
minutes  in  a  certain 
briskly  towards thisst 


id  we  are  enabled 
sc  the  true  spectra 


Sept.  3,  1885] 


NA  TURE 


425 


advanced  one  inch  during  the  time  that  the  last  blow  has 
advanced  13  inches,  and  thus  the  distance  between  the 
two  blows  will  be  12  inches,  or  one  foot.  Jf,  therefore,  an 
observer  be  standing  on  a  railway  platform  and  a  railway 
engine  be  advancing  at  full  speed  whistling  as  it  comes, 
the  interval  between  the  blows  will  be  less  than  usual,  or 
the  note  will  be  shriller  than  if  the  engine  were  at  rest. 
On  the  other  hand,  when  it  has  passed  the  station  and  is 
rapidly  receding  from  the  observer,  the  interval  will  be 
greater  than  usual,  and  the  note  le^s  shrill. 

It  is  precisely  the  same  with  regard  to  light.  If  a 
luminous  body  emitting  rays  of  definite  wave  length  be 
moving  towards  the  observer,  the  wave  length  will  be 
lessened  and  the  ray  pushed  forwards  to  the  more  re- 
frangible side  of  the  spectrum.  If,  on  the  other  hand, 
it  be  moving  from  the  observer,  the  wave  length  will  be 
increased,  and  the  ray  pushed  backwards  to  the  less  re- 
frangible side  of  the  spectrum. 

The  only  difference  between  light  and  sound  is  that  the 
former  moves  so  fast,  that  in  order  to  get  an  appreciable 
alteration  in  wave  length  we  must  have  a  luminous  body 
moving  from  or  towards  us  with  velocities  much  greater 
than  we  can  produce  experimentally,  whereas  in  the  case 
of  sound  we  can  make  the  experiment. 

Nevertheless  if  we  go  to  the  surface  of  the  sun,  or  to 
the  fixed  stars,  we  shall  find  luminous  objects  moving 
from  or  towards  us  with  velocities  sufficiently  great  to  suit 
our  purpose. 

Let  me  now  say  a  few  words  on  the  effect  produced  on 
some  gaseous  spectra  by  increasing  the  temperature  of  the 
gas.  It  is  quite  certain  that  at  comparatively  low  tem- 
peratures such  spectra  arc  more  complicated  than  they 
are  when  the  temperature  is  high.  In  the  former  case 
they  frequently  present  a  fluted  appearance,  while  in  the 
latter  we  have  spectra  composed  of  a  few  bright  lines  on 
a  dark  background. 

In  some  cases  an  increase  of  temperature  entirely 
changes  the  character  of  the  spectrum,  so  that  certain  so- 
called  elementarv  substances  may  be  said  to  have  two  or 
more  spectra.  In  general,  however,  we  have,  notwith- 
standing these  remarks,  the  great  feature  already  men- 
tioned of  a  persistence  of  the  more  permanent  spectral 
lines,  more  especially  in  the  case  of  metals,  throughout 
a  large  temperature  range. 

By  means  of  spectrum  analysis  we  have  discovered  the 
existence  of  several  new  elementary  metals,  all  of  which 
are  very  sparingly  distributed. 

Bunsen  was  the  first  to  detect  two  new  elementary- 
metals,  ccrsium  and  rubidium.  Shortly  afterwards  Crookes 
discovered  thallium,  Messrs.  Reich  and  Richtcr  indium, 
and  other  elementary  metals  have  since  been  discovered 
by  the  same  means. 

It  is  now  time  that  something  should  be  said  about  the 
phenomena    of  absorption.     Since    j.,.ises    have    bin, ill 
liating  powers,  they  ma\  natnralU  In-  m.|)|k>->i.<1  t<>  h.tcc 
'I  powers  of  absorption.    Wc  kno'.c,  (or  1  nuance,  h,  o\ 
feeble  IB  the  absorption  of  pure  an  fir  luminous  ra)  <<: 
...CTCP  for  ordinary  heat  rays.    Tyndall  lias  studied  the 
aljjurjMye  power  of  gises  for  low  temperature  heal,  and 
has  eonHilo  some  very  interesting  conclusions.  The 
following  Bh  embodies  the  results  of  In*  experiment-, : 

>»/Mjm  of  i<ark>ut  t-i-.-A  <</  thr  ft,  . 

Of  I  Mitt. 

I    Nitric  oxide 


phen 
radia 
*maJ 


Nitrous  oxide 
Mphide  of 

— 

Ammonia 
lefiant  g.is 
"  urous  a 


l  jyo 
iSdo 


Of 

Small,  while 
ndall 


imagines  that  the  molecule  of  a  compound  gas  may  be 
more  inert  and  less  nimble  in  its  vibrations  than  that  of  a 
simple  gas.  That  is  to  say,  the  compound  molecule  will 
vibrate  more  slowly  than  the  simple  one,  and  will  thus 
give  rise  to  rays  of  great  wave  length  ;  and  inasmuch  as  its 
absorption  and  radiation  are  connected  together,  it  will  be 
peculiarly  liable  to  absorb  rays  of  great  wave  length. 

Its  absorption  for  dark  heat  may  therefore  be  very 
great,  even  although  it  may  appear  perfectly  transparent 
for  ordinary  light  rays. 

Tyndall  has  found,  as  the  result  of  his  inquiries,  that 
aqueous  vapour  absorbs  many  more  dark  rays  than  dry  air, 
and  justly  concludes  that  the  aqueous  vapour  present  in  the 
atmosphere  plays  a  very  important  part  in  terrestrial  eco- 
nomy. Being  transparent  for  rays  of  high  temperature  it 
stops  but  a  small  proportion  of  those  which  come  to  us  from 
the  sun  ;  on  the  other  hand,  being  comparatively  opaque 
for  rays  of  low  temperature,  it  stops  the  radiation  into 
space  from  the  surface  of  the  earth.  To  speak  more 
accurately,  it  does  not  absolutely  prevent  this  radiation, 
but  absorbs  it  and  returns  as  much  or  nearly  as  much 
again.  Its  action,  in  fine,  is  virtually  the  same  as  that  of 
a  cloud  in  preventing  the  refrigeration  which  accompanies 
dew.  Tyndall  remarks  that  in  those  regions  where  the 
air  is  very  dry  the  nights  are  often  intolerably,  cold,  owing 
to  this  uncompensated  radiation  into  space. 

Such  regions  are  those  in  Central  Asia  and  the  great 
African  desert,  in  the  latter  of  which  water  can  readily  be 
frozen  after  the  sun  has  sunk.  The  glass  of  a  greenhouse 
acts  in  the  same  way  as  the  aqueous  vapour  of  the  air.  It 
allows  the  sun's  rays  freely  to  penetrate  and  to  heat  the 
air  within  ;  but  it  stops  the  dark  heat  of  the  plants  and  of 
the  soil  from  being  radiated  outwards  into  free  space. 
Even  a  loose  frame  of  glass  may  save  the  tender  blossoms 
of  the  peach,  and  other  wall  fruit,  from  being  destroyed 
by  nocturnal  refrigeration. 

Balfour  Stewart 
( To  be  continued.) 


NOTES 

On  Monday  Prof.  Michel  Eugene  Chevrcul  entered  upon  his 
100th  year.  Apart  from  the  fact  that  among  men  whose  lives 
have  been  devoted  to  active  scientific  research  no  one  has  before 
attained  such  an  age,  M.  Chevrcul  stands  conspicuous  for  the 
vast  amount  of  work  he  has  done  and  for  the  great  practical 
effect  his  work  has  had  on  the  industries  of  the  world.  When 
Dumas  in  1852  addressed  M.  Chevreul  on  the  occasion  of  hand- 
ing to  him  the  prix  of  1 2,000  francs  accorded  to  him  by  the 
Socielc  d' Encouragement  pour  l'lndu-strie  Nationale,  he  said  : — 
"  Lc  prix  eonsacrc  l'opinion  de  l'Europe  sur  des  travaux  servent 
de  modele  n  to<is  le«  rhimistci ;  e'est  par  ccntaincs  des  millions 
•  p»*il  faudrail  numbr.-r  les  pioduits  quon  doit  a  vos  decouvcrtcs. *' 
M"ri-  rc-ci  iHly.  in  1 S7  j,  when  the  award  of  the  Albert  medal 
w.is  -1 1 ;  1 . '. ._•  liy  ...u:  Society  of  Arts,  the  terms  in  which  the  Council 
u\j  ri^i  I  :K  -n  .ir.  U  of  the  award  were  :— For  his  chemical 
n-e.iivl.>-.  k>[vi  Ully  in  reference  to  saponification,  dyeing, 
.1-1  iLuluuc.  .-■.];•  I  ii. it, 11  al  history,  which  for  more  than  half  a 
l<  iiuu)  li.ive  atitiT -I  a  wide  influence  on  the  industrial  arts  of 
the  wit'  His  ,.,;  iitific  work,  apart  from  its  commercial  out- 
coal,:,  w  1  in  ;  n;>  e  .::ntry  recognised  l>y  the  Royal  Society  as  far 
hack  i$i(>.  wlu-:i  I.  -  was  elected  a  foreign  associate.  In  1857 
the-  t.luj iloy  medal  w.i-  awarded  to  him.  Other  countries  have 
also  paid  luni  hon  >.u,  while  the  distinctions  of  his  native  land 
have  showered  upon  lam.  Born  in  Angers  in  1786  (on  August 
31),  where  his  f.vhcr  was  a  physician  of  note,  he  wa>  but 
seventeen  when  he  went  to  Paris  to  be  "  manipulateur  "  in  the 
laboratory  of  the  celebrated  Vanquelin.  At  the  age  of  twenty 
he  published  his  tlr»i  chemical  paper,  and  in  the  next  half  doien 
yean  he  had  published  more  than  a  score  on  different  subjects. 
Then  began  that  series  of  papers  (commencing  in  1813), 


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I  r r*f+*+m*mi  .-w ...      Sro  in  itw  Mm 


ASTKOWOM/Cti.  PHIL.XOMENA  FO*  TBI 

Wom.  the  ti<ckoniw  11  f  'ima  tW  cni  iff,  »«■■■  »HM 
■>ica«ich  mru  rr>iilni|(V.  tiHiivma;  fha  ta««ft  ft*.  »  am 

At  Crwmmv*  *«Si/*miwi 
«i»n  riae*.  5h.  » #m.  ;  v..,jt>...  nh.  <,»«>.  t  >  ;  nr»,  l*k  )*a 
«fvl.  on  nirr-ii«n,  6*  18*  H.  :  fa  ■  mbs. 

l)h.  pti„. 

>!■■>.  I  New  oa  Sn|ir*ml«r  J»j  Jh.         . « 

Mii,  lyh.  Cm.  ;  >lrcl.  on  iwMnn,  14*  f  R 

Rum  hum 

k.    M.  h.  IB. 

4  51  - 

5  J9    ...  14  » 

Hlh                o   tft     ...  •  40 

J«|i*cr    in     5  JO    ...  ■»  •> 

Suum    ...        |«*  j  17 


ilvmna 


'  ttM      "  ■•»  «  t**i  at  ike 

Ij 
4 


k  a.         .  . 

it  J  -  -M* 

rft«i  .  OMj 

if  -  **'* 


IlltL  Md  Kaaati,  ml  <ci  ihr  iWt.«ir»j  ilat  at  K  air  Ma. 

'.  1  .;>•  eo  the  ie»*.h  Wf  ntrra  rvaknaa  by  ih*  aaa.  Al 
blcr«i]>  oT  *h**«  tH«M7  nimlx  the  >»  rteeial  lu  ■  ..aaUacs 
aa*  J»  y»'(V  frn»  low  ran  (rank,  ml  trtir*Jr>1  k*  v»*r- 
flaw  to  a  eaa/th  M  W  frrl  Ihc  In*.  (Ami  rnwr  lh»  h* u t,  t.t  rtu 
nalr.  «al  of  Kayrii.  Till  pr**w*i»*H«  4naa  ant  antjaar  1a 
latae  i«n  (raenl.  Ut  1«  coannni  iraaif  tn  ihc  LrcaJtij 

n*-ejt.tftr> 

E**Tlli<r*U  aandta  ntrr  felt  <«  Ai^wn  al  In  the  •kllry  c4 
the  Iff  lie  riw  Mwt  ia  Start*.  TUy  raa»»4  r*i  .uta*(<t  h<^in>l 
k*«<*.r*;  iW  f.nr.l»iU«-  rrat-sjcv    Sranl    1.  . . 

•are  Uk  la  :U  una  tjMtrxt  lata  Maj 

Till  A«i*w..lt;#*r»i..It;it^  .1fUiUl.f  ih>-  ffuji.ntif  iir 
PkttJM  »*Cnkap«it  tarty  an  lk»  vtming  ti  \%ly  Jj     It  tlalia  | 
ual  slant  erai  o'Jnca  in  lha  nuDii{  F*c?W  **ir  mJnnf>l  1-y  | 
a  au«M  k*  t>f  Stavy  mmrr*  hrr,  a|v tttr^tly  Han  ftaaa  <**  tl>? 
l*B4*keH  a>T*t«     TW  r»j4i*t'#n  fiiTanwl  »k-  atoitarr  with  . 

«  i.lriAj!  [i  1 '  '  t .  *  «.»tJn>  1  i  .I'tfii  M  •lulrt^ 

lha  raitk  and  u:r.|t^;  iha  »  ni-  >n  1  u<  1  •!<■•>%  ..f  ilic  li  'm  ■ 
tunlllr.  Al  Chiaib*,  which  »  •nnti>l  iln.nl  ae  ihr  Ax<  r# 
Ihc  tjcafn.  thctc  »u  ajkil  thr  jrolrTT-  along  lka>  n**f  \  afta. 
Va»y  cafl  U)  "aJu*if«i  *  Hlf  rhraianrfttai  m><oD*I  u  i--.X\f 
Ihf  «•"  -1i  '  'M  araich  *- -■:  t  !-  lha  i>  tirm  llfaaai  n.  tr.r.,; 
lha  nV%  aalVch  >  I*  C«*m'l.  rrt-l  |«"H*n  «l— »n  •  I  fx 

anrhitan  n«M«  Im,  ttut,  MfttS  *MI  •H*t*aiitl*^a«a<rair.ati-<| 
an  a*  pna*i**i.  tr-*rqtf*>  fiCa  h,il»H  ll»-  ■amutt  ihil  »k» 
•hack*  pnalncatl  tf  tin-  at|<>t^.<a«  .Itolr^  »St  ni^ht  Ten  iv.m-1- 
ir,.  1  ir».  far  *nwitr  Iiihj  hi*  1  )*J1  >'*<t  iht  fur  i4  )tc 
CMitlr*.  Mil  ika'  vault;  fall  (I*  ia\»»  ihmam  oikttiwl}  tail  <at 
ihc  eeitAk  itaict  ialm^fiol  *lt  'lii»»r-«.  Af<«iali  li-m 
1         -1  ■  lha  .  •  i|  ;(  t.  •<(   >  »■     a  in  tit.-  ■Iran*. 

T  'i-    ■••!(<.■  Unt  -  ii  v-rt-tlirj'Jt.       tin  namtaf  «f  ticinaa 
U  (mi  ki*jaiaj     A  itniUr  f  aiaaiMflK  ,*t.n»4  am  Juaa  1S7J. 

Till  **  Rifcn  SciaauufM  Cnlrtl  Nr^» I rtajMWieJ 
m  iS'i  it  llauUai,  after  thi  (rati  >*  *•  *r>l  fW.-!».  Ihc 
licaarna-l  ISaf.  K  H  *-*»  KaaMfnirr.  Km  takn  ai  hifri 
ha  I  If.  P.  I*.  C.  IU«k,  al  Uabnv    Tfcr  Hnraie  la  rt  ralitaaft 

•t.h  Oa  SaahhwaUarl  Itwlhatnaa,  WaTlaflffn^  Ur,  ^>T«h.tf«  .  5T.-ja^"^  -j       ■  y  ^.'X.-.^ 
ila  1  ln>lPinian  paaaliiua  m  Fraaxr,  '  i»i    "  L'«»iiai»*K4i  .lit  .  .fj^j^  „         (kj^aj—  pa)  tbr  ran  lh»  L'"*r'*T 

Exlnaax*  lniamatiraiiai  a  Uraadtr.  "  Win  tai.ru-  In  Uinau-  j  4M|«>ilP>||  il.Maaiaa,,  •aiiaraiirc  ■  fr-kf  ihc  fcuauaa  ggS 
Mia.  ^k\iaa,  Ccianftaern,  4i  I'lfha^ra  »*«i  aa  .//«in>a><  j  P»«rm*..  in  iar  «Mtj,  ,U  Tlariara  »ni  WN  ^TJ^riai 
H  nrii^,  amil  aVaiiarn  f«  IhrH*  k^t  •»  !  !g"BS%jN  Vrlh.n  Sr4  fn/ .he Laa»tM>-  . 

ItatS  hriKaAfTlh  kra  In  I*  >cftl  M  1 1-  t-ra  Pinrl.a  »l  U*«aai  M 
lo  la;  Wl»rr*!  k>  ihr  attir  »l  ih.  rkifW"  *l  J 
a.Antr.    The  a/cat.  -f  .W  Puraxu  >» 
N-H«*lr.  14.  Ilcnritlla  t :.ra»ki  <-*"**•  laaaatM 

Tk»  IkaVtaVW  Man  Ti't  gr'  j! 

na-l  Mkkh  lulula  a  taaaMM  M.«.cy  laafcli!  W  !■!  Ma\li  f 
C  U(n.  |«-n,.H  I.,  M».  H  / 

lA~if>H,  tjiatnii  im  Mtrm,  Malaaa.  r—'"^1  »T  " 
,  .  Gc«i  Kam»f>M'   .If-v-aavaw  ««- 


MMlh  uf  the  Maaaa. 
Tm*l  r<U|rw     Han,  wnt**  •»*?  * 

n«-Ji  ihr  hnaaa.  ' 

Jjl«»Tr  aa  rmtifa.la.ai  »ah  ■  *T  " 
r.mranalaoft  attth  a»!  f  JJ  »-rt  ** 
V|  ..„ 

Ma^ry  atalitaar?  1| 
V  n   *j|.«*t,i«i  •«*  an  a  »i 

.if  tha  Muoa. 


Uk  (.an. 


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uiMiihu.lr  t.7,cn  lhi.mir|Cluraa,       M**V  '  g  TT^ 
MMMMal  ******  citm-ait*  ilik-mt.  nauhra  ' 
M.mrhftM     [1  ti>u,\tM%  u  mi  <«*  aKtat  J.  _ 
M  l  iH.4l«Mf,M,m|1„|  •  v  :U  Krtaiart  I'alKUaaaaaaaaa- 
...  .a,  »aHa.  thi 


aiaaa*k>  I 
ajalaa* 


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ttiraarr       '»«  **5"  ,JJJT 

11..  i.n.  kJ'i  ; 


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.  H.l«kt.l>  .  »  <  """"*  L"' 


litt^mnil  17  Mr.  C.lliWt*  IK  

ir»n,Vi  rnmia  u<»«h.  |r« oioi  ■  »  a 

(«^w..^  j..l.mri  jj  In  (Ml  tll'iM  g  g  N.„h 

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sail.  KtHwa.  ^u.»-««i  a»a  nnw  i*~-  ..  

r<~«>i '» ii»  Bel;  11  1  na,CJM* 
k.<a.i  im...  ,,^.,v».i  k»  Maa 


11k  r*i««ti 

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k»lc  Uru;  ih. 
tKl.  Tbt 
Mm.WIi, 

t*V  "^"fr'  ha«aa  gjlp 

— M.  nl  N..nl«m<  hl^.  JJg" 


Wt.U  «t  o*«««M  I 

-   — Ul  . 


1  Naai  «^tM*-  a.  • 


#«II».  ruling  / 

SJ-tt^^'r^^ariss 


^a,  tl«l  i-. 


DigitizecJl 


■ 


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In  ni4  11  »r  itttf  •|*t*4M)  tfnikiitf  li^u-..,  |«tsJiat  In  citfc 
trlN*.  mi*l.tC"»»  l"  l*>«"  ut<mn>      ik*  Xmk  .\iratw«ii  t«.h**> 

1'Iict  • •  <i-*l'i  *>■  kir»l  ul  rW:  f.««i  tMfcnuv  \H  *rrt  Wfi 
iiKinkry*!  aHakra,  «il  «w,-itM.  vfcufc  tU*jr  kill  by  «mj»«  ■**  > 
M.KW-rV*'<  ih«i«inu  *  tUn  |>.i<»4*rl  <t/MVii«t  ik"ikrr 

I'l-i-  itvr.  1W  |iri*r  bfiMr'lt*.  •*•*  «  Lnl«l  *  1  oftM 
1*4;  i«f  »  «I».ih— »d  IntW— «<  ^t»ai  pUt^-l  liuMfc  *.\*y  mi  a  p««ci 

»C  kivl  R  latttl  all4tll«t»a.~th«T.  lif  Mllllf1f-M-I.  1Mm»I'I 

i.  -Ufoit  h»-!  »,*•>*»  «  jnlk  an  the  f*iw,k.  ttil,  •  «  Utt*£  MMp| 
n>lriM%  It**-  tiitfaac'  fnl  xjh.vnt  1-  .bur  (I  tf»/f*»ft| 

li#iiuf;li  1  •)>*'  *  t*»i}      lie  -aikm  |t*<  ta  •mil  hit.  luit  -I 

i.«t  t  tl-.iiHtr-l  niik  Lou*  .1  ih*  |l  it-.ai  |a*n.  iu«.l 

,v)m  If <  t  HI  WiuM-alam  lia  Ji  ■•(>•  |hrj  *r*  -\>  #« »  t«  .'t 
f-IUhtrtle  I,  t,Ul  JW'f'H*  Irwtalr-*,  tlvl  *'t    jriluilv  Hire 

-mair-a-vl       luttiM-riii>,  *a  wUiU  tkay  .Ma  *M(4ufr|  |t|  ti^C 
I)  .in*  ,in.l  I-  »  K  |-4lh-  iir>»«(^i  ifer  j>f»ij*.     tln*f  HW  pMjIm  m 
-I  II  «it-,  I *U  m«t'llC3*ri>C'wr  iMUiarmaiMatMvriiillM  U*h<k>,  1 
li..n  ■Im  hi  l*ti|  'I1IV.1.  Ii. •*<»■,  tin  ..ilk  liitllfj  •>.<)  Ib.lr'H 

iaf  ui.tlyltt  c"***-^  *■**"  *c*  MtNr*  »■  niwWnii 
■*s4cfi  pMNmMiniy  v»  in  a.  u^^[**»m  h.  H»  *ab>  .a* 
I». ••«•,•,  »M'l  Ikr-  Ij>-  irxu-tJ  if-.-vJil  it'rtuictK  ' 

|'liH»vl  alvY«(Mj«  lljlrv 

1  ill  1.141  M*i«r  IM.I  i*>M.  V-  J  ml  ft  *4  ib*  Vmiu  il*-*-  > 
I  IH-  fl  J«i»  .t-MillMH  I 
ull  rnl-.ikttr 
«.*<  |iM» 

«  ..1    fi  1*  k |Uk  i::i--jn  -t4^.uil|.  a>Y.  IV- 1   U  Ht 

11:1  kW  "*  I"      *tn»r-«Ui  H|  tt*..  |||iifc^tti  ml  M  ILruo,  , 

».  b«  Ii  *ltij  -t»l"ii|»Mll>  Ii<l  *  »t  |l|Vt«a 

Ibr  mii:«i  4llW1l  iIm  bbM|  >4  il.-«  >,tl  .Ir-ti*-. . 

i*.  11  ni'*H»i«  •»>»k  f  I'1'  "It*-  *^(imi  vipirrf  hue- 
t,  ,.,nrl  it.i«  .rtiJI         ■<  iU  UfMMl  t  l^i.1.  -  Mi  II 

tliMitMr*  rU-  Mj  il  s-'iw  -I  tKr  Sfamiih  Itm*. 

 "fw-wIrM  ti«.-  -iinxf!**        !fiiautnt«  '  " 


.r>rr*l  iihi.  •»*U"  tjf  lii»r.  iW  ft.ofUrt.  —  lull 


|«M  Mt 


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«i  ..f  it. 
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M'll  I 


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pwriifP  I"*"  I**1"- 

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i«'ifi"»--l«»«   ■*•'"•"»*  «*■ 

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\r»  It.Urrl.  J  I""  ■  ' 
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I* 


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f  tin  au»  (ktvuicJ  ni 
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1U  -Mil.. d  M-^.,1. 
w<4ih<  *>«ict4ivI 

11*1  •!«  t,i«m4< 


b|tff    I'i-iU.  .Mil  M  infills 

ikr  iivi  if  1  •**•»•!  i- 1  •(>»**  **•«*  tiu'  >"t  1  ttJi  ul  IirlinJ. 
|  Mt  A»<V  ,|tM  ,kv  ,au  Itwiigw 

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,  ...  in.     ■■'    ■    1  ■:     I  -       1  ;  ,l" 

if,-  .li-ir*l      \»rtiU»|.^  -*«"»  '  Hm  IuUm  m.1 

ilf  |i'il<it.i.     I**' cWr  .trilir  .  utu.r,liar'vr,»i.*.»ii.M. 
UM  1W-1  »  »U  •«!         «     >>***t  *■«  »*n  »''- 
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<^'k|  -  A»ifl»s  wrtti  ili-  murt  J  i.'.niiMtf  1..  I  Ii 

-i^w  ih«  C«k4" 

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,  m3m5  5  In  lit  lii-  n*Un-liH«  imV  it*  M*t  U«k«il»  * 
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>*  iln«  um 
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H»M  Hi  lut  piHUr-l  e 
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1 


/ iidutten  at  ikki>«4  ■uiwmi^lMt, t*M  Inrrt  fi^lvnir^  ]•*/**• 

f—r  I' 4.1,  fj  nki-N  «lnlf*a>  WWSlMaTHIM. 

iM  nSr  /*•-•  />*/*•  V*'wr*.  S*  Mt.  I  J  R->««*.— 
Tk«  ajllor  <ti4s.it ••  -.W  lcatt.rr  ul  inM  tMkrM  ill"  tt-i 
|.  -  .  ,| .    1!.  1 1,  xi,  i.i.l  Uf  rtU    «u  MftrtM 

.(■  I1.1t  c.  .  i>  I  tl.  '  1  ^  ..«  .  rl  win  Ii  *.  Wflf'.  |4*  ••hL- 
lt»j  ti.  «t>pkir*<  ik  ain*liMt.«  ul  lh»  lot-lib*!  in  ilja 
tlwra  "tt  t-<t{  Ikr  «tU,t  1  A|  iht-  |**ii  <t  ihw# 

a«wt  in  NLtxlwl  /J  hlnl  frrn»*T»  mittny  Jj.ttno  Mt*  t  II 
j  •  •■    1 1. 1     .>.    .Jil  IIjj.  t.  1  1  .11  imi  iji  |>  .  u!  7111 

l>49tn«*  *xvk  rttli.  ir.l  r*w  \*t  I  llrij  '.itN4»  ti  11  n<Mk,  v«>,h 
j-..W.i«C  jmtJllf  T|i  ttffaV  'Ihrn  h*>  U\n  1  >ftr>ly  <n.T»ac 
in  «W  |ii»lti  t» a  |a«  (•»••  ••  it»l  rr<1*nk(t  a  rt*  »r»<«n*  ni 
id  u*c*l  1*  |«t.liKr  1  1  •*  i«g  Il<-  Itilct  ipmIi  l*n«r 
i|«*  l»  lit*  iutokicit«i  •<  ck»«3  tofti,  ti/ln  tjirmi, 
litiki*  t.*i<|»t <«f«ii-.  .1  I.'... 1,  AIh«|  tff.1  iImJ<  ul  iW  ,.it| 
rr.wi  lux-  lain  fn-ti  iSr  ■  •«»!  «tea>«rrrs  ***!  i«r  ll»*-l  frua 
liar  CAit-ikJfituat  Itt^uita*  uim.  Ii  a  imuiLiU.  thai  ib* 
irtsi(i>*>l  ■•■■tttviaai  ul  inl  id*  I*'  MMM  i*i«n  !*•■*  M 


1      ii  ii  '1 1  •  .  'In.,         •  ,t  hf  Utti  1  rti|*n>HiH  l»f  »«r  tSi 

rtllTtmVif  In*  I***  tMAtU'ttrv*  tfctfatUUlktUKii  biln  lilkn 

ruttag  rMtxnx^  in  Utm  >  In  ilrc  U«  inrtrit  A»«-  yv>*^.  Tkc 
Mtflbil  »li4M«  lit  ,vi*l<id  j  pixttKunl  -I  tlimumtu  ml 
Mif«Hi«*trH  iki'iNipiitM  *iiiiikritt»r.  jr».|»— il«i  nitiiibtlrt- 
'■)•*>■*£  th*  htV  »-t  uf  im  vul  is  i'f  t4l«t  lira  tit, 

ike  •Tfaahittry  -I  l.'*klu»i  i..«t<tia«  lif  I"jsi-I  hj4hi,  ih* 
*i>itfiM  .ii  il>-  V>«  itW.i  if  NttUtft,  4*>l  '  >    ■     ■  1. 
unlrtiluM  i*t  in*  i:n*>  hviu  tk»-  lumrf-hcji.     I11  •frinl  uf 
itlitrtW  b  >*M  ;**\Mi  >i«wt  tMnibtiti,  **M  II  bt 

h  |>»i   w» 'it    |r*'|>*i«t<  Km.  mil)  •!«■»>  1  i>  I  finkxr 

•  i«i«lMt-  tki  riM()  *M  «i4iiy  «h«h  ttm  m  I*  t<*%*  I  lt>  4P 

•  iiji.V-  n|  ll*  >.  11  ttt-L*  n  T*«i«l«ni 

H*  ***  t^-ft  -  ■ '  * '  ** «  **'  "  '*•  )' 
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itmiuI.  cm  tt.ollr  |«  ntappnini. 

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li«rr.iA**,  r  R,*.  |-rr>i.>nl,  m  ih*  >tm  —A  |«?rt  *u 
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til  tat  |Mlir»i#<  wutiia  Mi^  >i-i»«*it. m  U  iki  ilmik  ij  ihr 
nottts  mi  tWf  ruWi  ««J«I  kt  Isnt  Aim  ft*  wntk  m  a  Iwjjw  ! 
«ilr 

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—A  papri  a*»        U  Mr.  II.  C  hr.^l.  H.  A.,«»Wil  v«b 
lK«i«  mi  ■  ii   mi  tU.-  ortli't  HtW 

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Wfam  MHTHftKMUM  01,  ihr  •*  l,r.iir*W.i«.*l.a 

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«pw.    TU  r»pr»  U  illMr*nt  Mj 

V<«  m  >  mm  t*\»V  a  rtifUat:  <•«•' 

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i<«.» .( ih.  >Mk«  <<  ii~  «c™"7-.  rv   ■  ,  ^  n ., 


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J—  L^NTEN-rs 

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Ott  Book  »h«u._     '  °*'""n>n»nl. 

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TS.K«"hS^«." ■  :  -' :  : : ;  •  ■  ij 


Sffit  ?.  i8S5]  NATURE  cxli 

SUBSCRIPTIONS  to  "NATURf.      BEST    BLACK    INK  KNOWN. 

v.„lT  ,'i  DRAPER'S  INK  IDICHROIC). 

Haif-y*».ty  i«  *  MTvBHOM  nov  anvtrixg  lust  itxs  pVaflMwn 

,^**f1"  T  74   ■  tlwm  ■  »«»  «a—  Iti  !■  wwj.  'T'-   ti     -Ti-  r 

l      H  .  J.-    .         .      _  i     ..     «  I  Wn*KR%ll  hilt  r .tit  l  •*■<*  ■  »<  ttJ*i|CiUu4ii>lM.!.>i 

To  Itvr  ummm  Suit*,  ika  Cununant,  and  all  pU<»»  1..U1.: 
aHthin  tS*  1'o.t.il  t-'mon  '  —  I.  mi»t  lia^i.Mfcuilr  I  .<  |IV 

f.  UMMMtaktMlAn.  II  «i»g  a^*.  »a,  ..........  . 

Vaarl*  •  J©    •  U.Uaal»l.  iinliiU  -..It.  |  mWriiNii 

U.I..I   ■  it  *  r«ti*itM«ii  L-fk*«.ili.««l  *v*».  ru.ii.tA  Im  l«i 

i  .i         v  .........  .     Id  '"»"  .  ■  Iwim.'im  riww  :  I  >>•...,  k  -  ...  ti*in. 

^  *  ....  -....I.  |  Vmtiv  *  LI  .  IvA.  111..  I.  !,•■>».  I    I.IIII.  bliHl 

■  1  -LI 

OFFICE  i  M,  n»r*niin  >iawar,  *rga*n,  W.c.  linn  a  tiuu  I       'i  It.iii. 

r-DV'C  GOLD  MEDAL, 

THE   OWENS  COM. EOF.    CALENDAR    "nT   O  CALCUTTA,  il». 

COCOA 

Bl  DFOKD  COLLEGE  l.ONnON      FOR  CVTDA^T 

N      •■■  .-,  Pnie  Madola  A*  I 

VV  E  S  I.  E  Y    <  1 0  I.  L  E  <;  E.   S  II  E  E  f  I  E  1. 1). 

{AFFIl  rATEf  TO  THE  UOXlnlX  VXI  I'fiSSI  IV,  lt44_> 
l.ovaa*..!  A.M»  Clim  »ia  Jttv.  VT   If.  DAI.UXIJEII.  I.I.K,  F.K.*.  A«,  *«. 

Il>. I.  V«'i»«        -       -      ...  II.  H  Mil  HA,  Km),  M.A..  I  I  I' 

K>r»NI>  Matin  I  AMI  *  Mil  \nm.  El.*.  HA. 

fH*l  CU..II.1I  MiMII     .  I».  I  HIIS7.  I.I....  M.A.,  fea*  VliAHi  i*  lr.».  CAVm.  Itt.n 

lift  Main. nam  «i.  «oiu  Mil*  111  I. II  MUXES,  »».■.  ii  a.  ,*-,ii>.|t>|t.iB*. 

A*J  TIVF.STY  A.tSISTAXT  MASTrx*  ttv/«i,'».v 
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t|.-.i«m  I  anratu*   -t  I  ami*.  HHira*  aitil  Splat,  Viaal  m4  |i-tlmiii]  ati.k-,  n.l  pajwrtm  *>r  'itarll  It  Aa.tt€i|4it»«.l 

I'  lnto>«rtts 

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»«»Hy  l»:li«»  ii.l  <!>■■  InlFicii.n  la  IHAITI..AI  /OOI  lil'.V,  lOI  AKY,  ax. 
II  t  t'l     '  '  '■    ■•  ua:t<  lir  fc.  VI'.  I  ANI"A>TI  II.  I «.  ,  I1  A  III  i.'lit.  N-.i  MiftaM,  t'laiuli.  Oaa.ia  t  it.l  •  Cram, 

fli.   I  l'RI'<       MUSIC*  '  .1.H..I.I  i«l   Iciai  lir  A.  II.  Al  I  IX.  ».l  Ji,    MIIOI  AKMI1IS  ,rr  tU.ml  I  I 

/oci'*.  in  rtia  m<K»i  joof.a  r"'.    I'KA»  I^JHIIV  Illllii.COl  4L  I.   .  II. ..I  Wa.l.t M.H.I.I  SM  i«  A.I 

tw  ll'NIOh  SCIIIIOI.  I»  m  •■rcllitii  rfic^ai;.     I>r..ii.ni  *till,  t.  *   t  CiX,  1 1.|,  RL  A    |l..,|.|,ni.  ti.l  iW  nail 
IkAIMIi  Mt.lta.      IIII.MIMkV.  K-  W.  lAMAMia,  I  ....  .   |i  1    Kx.ali    Ml'SIC  n.l   SI.V.IM.    I  II. 
MII'I'I  KTr-N,  F<».  Bar.        il  iMI 
r&OWMCTVSMS  mar  h  .*lM»r,l  *r  Afpli..w.-*      (*,■  tKH  /  A-.MiA'  cr  A>T,l/i  HAJtTSM 
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TEXT  BOOK  of  HOT  AN  Y.  f°ry*£'B! 

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COMPARATIVK      ANATOMY  ^,J.V 

VL.  11.111,  I>«.;.»N»  .1  il<  '•HA.A[A;J<.>«','7,  Bj 

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IN  THE 


A  TREATISE  on  RIVtRS  .nd 

ji.v.  jTTc  i,  r.»A ik  c» 

HARBOURS  AND  DOCKS. 

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M.NKRAt.b  AND  ST0»E 

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NATURh 


433 


THUKSIMY,  SKPTEUIII.K   10,  lilt 


IF  it  hi  ft  it  Mi  l-'tetMM  the  MitiM  of  *  mretii-x  nf  the 
*  llnitOi  AuartMiM  b»  the  .(» •!'(>  of  the  «Uiw«i 
tlcUvriof  by  ibe>  varum.  ( >■■>-.«.  ■..„  m  ;  . 
ikat  (lie  niectini*  nf  ilu*  >nr  at  Aherdtci-,  nfcrh  tve-jra 
tn>tvnLi<  ,  mil  *t.iml  mil  mi..f.;  i|,  dCn,  \\>  •  ■  I  ,[ 
wwuhj  Ml  J'       i*>  Anil  t>pj         MMM*  nn  uliiih  w«h  a 

high  «mmI«m1  -»f 

Thv  i;rn<tin((  M*e  **  nell  at  the  rruwmc  lltbag  for  thr 

■  i    M-irntilli  MMMl  ft  i*il  In  d  ami  rmbiv 

t.tLalaV  «ay,  uUilr  tbcnr  hj  mi  h--ir  iktl  cube*  br.vth  m 
rrjcJi  f  »lH  I*  ■"£*-■!  -i  Site.*  H'dlan-  id  uilffiUwM 
. -r  a  n-.l-.inil  Irt'-tkinkfiit  letltrii;  I  .m  tint  nwli  ictilim* 
hi  I*  J.Mir  c*rn  tot»*»«|  v4  imiwil  nrpmi  **!*<■>  bnth 
«#  ie*rhin£  *'«wbmt%  It  ft.inkK  at*)  fcirbuly  .nknnn< 

ledUnl  Im  ••■vrr.tl      ihr  »|«skvr> 

Ttrt-*e  |itr*r«l  ticeiU  nut  will  MCMM  nut  attention, 
,iml  *r  IMS  trt'B'w  b*  l**"r  |nnml  MM  In  tin  I'reiidatt 
■  •I  | hp  A.«»"t.l'i"»  hwrW.  n|>.  »|vih»  bilk  j«  a  injii  <«* 
S4-.PM.I  .it«l  ■*  MMMM  N*i  i«  kn«w.  Ik  tin  tlun 
Sif  Lj'Wi  ri.»>'*"r  »««-*  Stimr*  cia  *M|  !|m-  fed) 
jMiltlK.  MM"a>l  Unit  l*.»  rath  Mftt  mImii  m  .anr* 
iKtfkrt*  <it  nir«  itiiw  |*F»pr#aI  anpa*  a^etlie  union*  c*.mI 
He  he-tin*.  l>5  f|M«t«t«  ilir-c  m*Ue  «ntd.rnitii  thr  addrei* 
.tfllir  hlMM|HM  *•  Ahtnltvh  N«rtnic  in  i*j>i  ihe 
Uin-mird  I  nn*  e  f  novel.  "We  nut*  he.  fit  Med  n» 
liofiit.^  ■  tl«-"  *hf  I>c>llXiac  and  <hr  .M  itr  mil  Him  I 
.mil  him*  tc<  ■'«!»'•»  lb*  cUMik  rt  SnfMrfJVtfMi)  Jlttn- 
IWtll,       <h*t        ,,u»  twjntrT  thv  littU  ^U 

hnl  -prate  I"  *hr  bk«  ti  htminft}  i  h  If  M  it*  |ut«ni. 

MM       bM  JiAlrnt  il  x-Wiin<k  *w  lit  wdCttr  |  ikit  ibr 

Sllte  wilt  iitohii'-*  <n       tixc  -  t   it.  vhmtnti  n| 

•Itclifatli  p»"*l*'^>.  '••  f««trr   * lii.Ii   ilir  ikuN 

<J|CtslC4  of  arlf-mlnr*!  J«mani|." 

« Mtc  •  >n  fit-'  n«»  bnl«r  mU*  <»(  tlrt  lliUhlMM  nmilitMW 
ill  lite  '  iiiM'tiwi»o»«  h—i  at  ike  Hmiw  iif  Comniw  hi 
m.tll«-r-  t*t  »*  '■  "* p  '*•'«  frum  ihr  f*n  llui  timi  ft  ti  *hal 
ff.lt.™  |i  m  the  l*m*Artn,»  •VMrvti  Ki»  am  hem  onl  m  iU 
If.Mtc  il-*rlf  Hi4l»*U  nl  -tt  At*l*fccn  Thr  tft'  tti*..u 
pc(h-tp-  i»  N  btf  t  »"*'eil  h-iii  a  imitL  made  In)  l*»ol 
i  ht\  vr.il  in  lii1*  -aiIiItu  in  Sett  mm  A 

-  \\-c  a||  hue  «  K*rjl  rr*pcr1  hu  thr  intryrit,  4**  um 
llilltth  Wj:i-Ul"t-.  *l"Htwt  MM  tm.iv  In-  '  * 
[HjUnlty  J*  i«  iMiucily  -  iff*lr*.  The 

MMMMWI  *4  *^  tbem  tt MOMg  MM  uf  tlir  m«l 

i-lerticiit  jo  <*»  I*  btyf  wi  ntrj  iU|  lifr  »»  irr> 
lifiv.n^  S<fcm««*Oj  Sfcalunc,  uT«.li*.iml  tlftmuSrs 
th»v  Mrein  lu  thmb  Ih^l  MM  %:tt  <*ith  1h*  eth<i  .i(  4  l*rl 
,4  ihe  wilulMin  i*!  J«  MMMMjqfl  ;  t..  ..-  hj  MMb|| 
ihrll  ral*  •»  ^  """rftllB'ffcdi  irf  UflCiMcMMl  [ruhhC 
M»SbW  When  I  nlncrve  llr  pr«c«M  wlmfa  mm,  »i,h 
,K-ir  f  em|*-y  *nlsint  «  -hu  tv«-f  «MMMJ  MM,  I 
,rft«n  thiiit  «l  ■•  1  041  r*  bCJfJ  <*"  in  ttccttlrtr  *inr. 
nun  MMtftM  u'  «h","»»f>  Thp.  cvntFeamm  u»i  MM, 
ikk,  UM  -»»  bit  nalUNi.  lyilevut*  When  U  h..,l  .  (,tc- 
«|Mli«c  IO  weth*b,  n.lnU  uf  rr«nrtm«  u»  bit  hiLintr.  he 
.vnubl  n*>  *br  nw»»di»fthrUbr»r««v1hI»U.i|nlici*rt  tuta 
*4nrc  c*eh  •«*  hlv  fclbtw  UuiIcm*  11  tufn.and  x-Jt  him 
VOL  HWttb— rMl  »»* 


in  t|iir*»  Ihe  vr/ufat     ||a  «n  *>*tt  all  ihe  Jc|ie«.  titofc 

thr  MliMjA  -'twl  micretl  the  rtwli  la  lid  aaal)^»." 

So*  il  Hii  (lc<k  „f  y.j,  ftjfUjuc*  11  ^Mretl  b) 
air*./  ituli  MMMM  M  S«f  l.>un  l  .  1  ,.t  .  .■  .  ,  ,n 
ih»  MitrK-  uf  C<»niHn«  B*nre  *»  bit  ••Ktiidittl  with 
metre,  «(  i«n  urll  iiiidrr*tunil  tb«r  -  t  :  in  ihr 
tifajrm  i-Minnl  <4  (be  linllun  which  ki  hlik  ntwrmhb> < 
!f  «  \\  M  MMjMjM  "t  I'niiiet  li«ac% 

In  hh  ajr.ulittx  t**  morr  Sl.-»ie  nrn^iflnn  M  tCMnce 
the  I'rckidrm  t»itnl«n*l  i*»  ptrwni  attnitf  W  tieinuni 
■  <  .i  f'rancr.  .mil e»uct.. illy  uf  Ihe  I'ttiietl  :->:*!r» 

"  .  I  -  tk  I  ttriix  ainl  t*eTitu=i  nukr  tnrr^tir  cnoff  > 
i«  jilvjntc  nne»re  with  tin  »■*!  uf  tlir**  rut-n.il  re- 
•■it  M  It M|  irmnktble  li  11  to  *ee  4  yxjnr  uium 

ike  thr  UnlMd  Hinet  RMrrMn  ifv«mjv»  fttfM  uf 

t-.liuiiil  liii.lt  l*  ihr  f*tiif>i4aMl  vf  fCicminL  eAw-iUon. 
In  tMM  i«>|K<t.  lUi»  c<*a-ttiy  li  III  Jilvdiuc  itf  all 

I  viifvin  t.i>  um  in  Mtiin^  N.itme  k  •  il>  uIiiimntiMup 
utt»:<\  h*  .rirtitAic  |iiiltlKAtiwn>,  like  the  k***  palawM- 
1»l«W-il  wurk  «mlh»tritt|:  ihr  t«-t.it<hr*  <4  l*rnf  MarM 
jnj  In*  MMjlHibH  >n  thr  ( «tiil-%jir.il  Hiirirj,  .ire  4fl 
MMMf4|  M  uitii  i  UmMMBMII  11m  Mniiilrr  ut  Ajjtl- 
rnkwr  I*  f HUMirxInl  »rth  4  ttalf  nf  hMnnlil»  uul 
« Vii.i.i.     The  llutnr  Srvirt  it|  l-.-l  by  4  .[«■  .1 

^  milifti  CimimuvMt  In  imrrit,Mli'  ihe  habitt,  micra- 
Imii*.  I  «nl  uf  nabr*,  utl  Ihr  Utlcr  Ki»  41  it*  .!  ■ 11 : 
Iwu  *fwiiih  <fincrcj'tril  »l«>inrr<  itf  lugr  imint|fr. 
The  It-.'  St,ite»  **l  lftT4t  llnum  pniittirtr  lnVtio 
n«  di-tfitw!  tt«tein*  In  Ihr*  nHinit>  »e  4it  (C'K  ■ 
i*«*inu  r%ue«««Tr  t- 1— ■  imtt  to  \aA  the  umiU  in  npaVr 
t'trti un  ihr  rtrrnrnrr*  ul*  ItahvtnMcn,  I  Uitc  arln4 
A%  <  Vuimirt  >4  uiir  uf  lW<  K*«>«l  CmwMMiiitii,  an*l 
MMWl  thai  th*  luimnrn,  hanri|;  •mil  a  knunlcilj;* 
n|  «  «m.iI|  m  i,  C  t,v  *br  tncnl  1  "iilrjuln  toc\  4nil 
unt4li<linuri  ««  .b-n.  <  In  liwrn  tlir  i|uc«tHMi* 
air  I'll  M  TfMUHj  i^l  fi>t  iu  it*bfim«n.  and 
wari'liito]  iiur.t.KJluiti*  ate  Itia-V  i«v*tke  life  hiwoti  vrf 
Ihr*  t-^i-.,  intu  Irw  tcrnjUTAtutc  uf  tlrf  w  1  In  ninth  tlxi 
In  ml  *ftiun,  into  tlit  nitiat  id  thru  fi*»l.  -ind  inln  tlat 
h.ibilt  <d  tVit  wMMl  mriMi  lie  tin*  pirpt-r  ihr 
Gmctrnnrat  -fne  the  ■  ii  ■  1.  id  ilw  Naty,  and 
|tnviH|r  ibf  l'<vt4<uiuinii  nflh  a  »|mkil  coips  of  (killed 
lUtwalhtit,  nanP  uf  whuiii  c**  *bt  MemiJnp*, 

ind  .laer*  »*ek  in  (In  In  inrval  bluuuluf  «•  »1  Wi»jJ  . 
KuQ.M.it^iihi.hflu.  M  11  Waihuifi"'  -  .  ■  The  practnul 
tr*ulii  riuwitu  fr-itn  tbe*c  fMMafc  imt«n  it»m*  have 
been  utiji  rt.mi  in.  inU-ul  waif*  .ind  iis-;r*  h.i>.._'  b«n 
MCcMd  >*ilh  fidt  \4  tlK  itr*  .ind  murl  tuiUtiW  kmdk. 
I.irn  tbr  ;n  »i  mr4ii  wlmh  >*atbe»  Ibf  r»*»«u  of  ihr 
t'niird  Scum*  Iwyinniiic  tobt  40otle»lb^  lliekn  **h;di;< 
thn.  as-wtiLinl  a  MtUUl  '»  altex4»  f«odi>:td 

u|ine  lb  fmW  impHilutf  «4  iH  bOniw*.  Tlit  t'nucd 
Klnedot  latjceb  drpcrnd*  uimm  lb  tiOirtio.  bat  at  iei 
om  own  Omtfltment  biwa  MaK'rl>  et  iliwd  thi-  *4lur  ul 
Meji  v  letttaja;  pjtt«Hf.H»Ki»-t*  tb.'»*  ^r.nrtl  with  WM  ce« 
h»  the  I  nurd  State*." 

He  t  *nh  anntiiV4l  4  pntMCe  fr-wii  Wn»hir>|taa)'« 
tirrwrtl  M  hi*  c<nnmnwrn  .  "  r>itmate  a*  -m  nhant  of 
friniarr  imfnittax  t  lanclliilwri*.  tor  the  fcnrral  ditfutKn 
.if  knoabrdfe  III  MMMf|Ml  a*  ihe  ktr-Mlure  tM  4 
IXHfinimni  jnr»  fuive  lu  |>ubbc  o^ta-Ki  it  If  c«>«rttul 
thalpublk  u(iiniim*t>.iAhl  lienilicblCfted,'  Hf  weft  l>Hnt» 


434 


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M  pifco.pfrvBi,  ihcc.jliiuihrM-lunr  i,     •  „,. 

7"  **  Ml         »f  nrakirw,   , 

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■npmrte    Mr  l,,rr.,r.  it,,  itoliai  il.tt  «Kk  an  imct- 
****  cVfa.r   IHllll»|m»M  .if  Ih.n  |m|,. 

tirtilltey,  lm  ba  ilnx.  Ikil  IhU  hum  vi'vult  tnll,,., 
•■I  «t  klww  ni>  ue.  ■  fcr.  |u»  a  bold  i«lu  ■  up.  m 
pd  iiwh  4  •fAfrit. 
SrtTW  mn  iixlml  tt  XinL  ArmnniiM  •  iMnn  I. 
tmAlf  reoJins    IV  |..cm  tK-m.r.l  nkr-Mmn  MM 
1I14I  «%.iliiin.iinit<  rn  Ihi*  (nnirlry  nrr.  .uiottliaf 
— ,  to  I  Uir>t  nl.nl  dims  in'l  »<»w.    T»»  tlurir.1.  ' 

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ni"itr,  .r.  .jrted  „  ,„  ,i«  ontar  A<k  »■  nr 

Ikllilj  ihji  |,  j„  mlr  Klocrtoul  (amtlMlrl  1 

tk»  ali.urd  pn.miiic,  •  ..  ,.,„ 
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bunion  : 

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i^ifd.  illuuruct  In  •  •in(uwnV  kamxt 

r»Mofnur  l:otl,J.  .y-.tw.nf  il  im  T*"*l 

•led,  I  Tuno  ,  m  ih.  C.mtiioVe  Mmliimi  ilti»»fc| 

"""Minn,  ..  .  r.itio.n  in. 
k.».k«i„k.  ,„d  1h,,  b„v,  kuw P.- 

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n'.nlicynn,  km ktn a  jood  thins.  **«»*J 
iradfcni,  ^  c.inbtiilt.  ...  m|  l*  mr 
Iwi  raukl  .,„k  pIonltnUi.tfc»»Knaal< 
"  ...  tlul  j^lr.!  mxr^  Md. kk.fl" Vm  I 
'1'kj.tt  tn  in  .ttfih  iij  brrnh*.  c«K  i«*  •  I 
"e.rlvt  tkuM  lew  nftnl  .,tk  tkit  fot-t*"''! 
•onetfci.i  ,l„r(m.,^    „„,  ,„  tfj.  a4,c«.a1>i*| 
«tw    »,  .rrt  j.^.ej  |„,  ,,.!,,„., 

J"  '«""  »«y  a.  (.»  Ii~A»iA    Wa  1  

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•lay  and  tke  «..inin«r  hid.  in  truth,  nwcti 
iMklon  rr.cr^.l  Mi  proturm.  ..  at  • 
I  ,mlV  diflrnmc  [  rmlhl  r»r»  «•  kal 

a~l  Innkmnk         ,hr  Jn.»rr  unik»l»nnr«  < 
"I""'1'!  rkiineni  of  Vr.k  in  the  fcrmn.   Tha  •*«•» 
1  *"*         than  rwpmwd  fat  by  Ik. 

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paini.cMi.  aniaifiu  u.<ii)  m«trts  ilif  hi  .i 

Muvnf  (hr  »t-l*-fi  li*tiH»*|»*<re(  9iMUfrirU>  tt  itetlhr 
ililKnattttTa  ft*  liv  ntrnckl  Mfl     <»•  tW*  (rtfiU  ihtWnl 

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to  idr.f,  anil  Irilil  nim  »>titML     •..(.,,.  |u>« 

tl.til  iheir  iri.il.    in  (iartritt«r.»i-«««iiit«4  txiiiuniiii.*  hiv* 

tMi  n  iftcd  .ir.1  »  .jn,|  *.if,i  1 1,  neurit  c* <-n  t  i iliwn 
C(nintr)        ill**  h***"  n|  tht  itsfih.* 

\\  fi-.i  h  i  Ii.ne  fi  ic  k  li  iliinr  hIui  fV«nt  f-n  tVmiV* 

in         Mi.iifrt  ..!..<!  i*\-*r-  nrwO*  hi«  l» en  jr  ltd  i' 

Ahrlil'i-n  »»»r  tfeMM  nitbrmt  liv_ftirf  fu*  Hit  mhamr 
mrnl  tnf  *»  lenrr  Nrrrh  tht  flur-e  «Mieiwt  in  which  we 
Fi  ik  «|*tiitli  M*-M*  1  i  (he  jrr-c-M  uiirlj  •u^-co  a 
K>il<  in  If*"  M^Mfi  llliril  •  <  lite  Amvialiiin  Why  -W-ilJ 
tlictc  IW-I  IW  «  *-■  <iw*l  *fcrulljr  wllh  i»*  MMftM 

7//A  *■  /»>  .  o\fr>Hjrh'\  •  i>a  movm \\t 

I  T  X  |  •  I .  U  liKr  itkMB  I  ilk  it*  CAywm  ,W  #.i  h  | .  u«itll> 
V»*  »*  i^HVUJ  frum  llui  livwr.-Jve  J<itM<$^  4  I  Witt  c  <4 
All  Mn|-Ml.t*H  pirrerf  w<*k  r*e*nir>  retnnmnitttttl  lit  |hit 

VitfMtf  \- I't"""  '••  PM  *  rapW«UttA 

.t|i|H-.n<  i"  lin' ",*jl**il  in  ibt  itm»wtry  Uwl  th»  M*pJ 
«ir  iiiti'l  i  t)  nit  rd  "  •li>lt-ttniiM  »ifh  **  "alum*  *«ittd  "  •** 
4>i  or  '/<•.  fctTi  .i'i.*ih«.  In  lli»  UM-bnM.*,  im^o'trd, 
;mtl  whi*  Ik  *trwe  Hi  *t  (iintkM  In  M^wntW  III  iK4t  In. 
Item  in*  -"*.iitf.nr%l  **>  M-irifnor,  Merman*.  W*tt»,  Owmoi, 
Ih'tilli  .  *  f*"  fitttiti**  in«f<i  Mtkcrx.  M  •«» 

tShtmtml  .11  'i'fi  '*  built  up  -J  Mm  niuMMcf*  which 
ran  *'C  *L;ijratcUf(wiiiejii<«iWi-lij  uturilm»n,  ihriuii.il 
|HTnrt*»*.  Hi*  " *lux*n»wMJil.tin  *  w*i  ||i  fail  f«etl*tl  bj 
ttM-an*  «»*  the»  dWtie  .imnnMiijiii  itt  mJumh  nllrttcw  in 
^  ..■-..<:  »if  l..nth*wn»  •»»» 

Thr  •  ■  it'tttt  »  ■  **  lM*  ■  ibr  |M  MiNtMMi  ttr  ijmir 

<1i/TliVOI-  thr  MlH  »f  tluf  vtm\  ijyrruj  hr*  Untli.iiinM 
ill  it*  itit.n»«  clui*-  ti-rLj4jt»  Ml  *4  a  W<k-uttc«.  ilm* 
«tf  ih«  •*<.!»>*  »nl»-*«*  *  •»»' '* -MiKilitw  rrj.  mi.l  •  i* 
il,,  .  -.ill  .Mutr  »+w»li  v*t-t*  in  {t«ii**i  i|utniK«  in  ilslf  - 
MMlMi  l*ti("^'»  (••'  IWk  l*u  v« 

•mlnUlKf*  il-i'uri  ■•(  "  |n  iihwImbibw  '   iiinl  "  lint 

|«  I*t  i*«nl.'i  »r*rri  iKit  fr>t«i  tb»>  fhw  Jl  p  »f 
«l«*t  ,»(•■»••  '*ih*i«  irt  uf  »cr»  Inch  iMoMli  Inn 

lli«  it-   ■•  4<t*'i''<'  wli)t^  (Lev  amiiiiii'  a  t«>  i;r«ja 

MMp-.ll  M»C. 

I  it*  •*  rlmxm  rfi.Uw  rti  Jinn  n  *  i»  -riurMttt  ti* 
jlir  rnr'ii.*'  ^"^  '"f"  n.imltd  mn  In  Ihr  pti>»ui^» 
i  ■tnl**,,,ic«        '*l,rSf'         ^mnnir  ihr  tir«t  f$  n")r  ihr 

f  haim  Htjt^H3  .il*nrui"»«  rpt'inirart*  Mi*  m!i%    In  ih«*  ' 

Hint.  !>•■   *  1  *  *«  lu.lir   (  HiiiYwtt,  l  < L  iml 

nlluc  I'hiik".  irrrrrwsictt  lU  kp&th  »|>n  iram.  ajul  in  ' 
■mi  mt&l9*&0t  ltteuli*r  sli.ltw*  iu  Ui*  ukca  H.  |itu«  ; 
|n-  tl>e  '•pl't»<i*H  "d  ••»»«  J«     rK»nift»n«if  t 

if  ii  II in  I"  N  e,rtnrr* 

\,iy.  nie  ■•<  tfe  *fi;mrnni-.  wliiih  Lu  Usn  >n 
mnr.  i*  ill-'*     '»"«*"  hrm  W*rl~«  ihr  m»i"»  ainuikpbm  J 

tm   l«rilt    CWlIC1'   l*t-*0««   Ht    ••»'•       .ir,  .  .   in    r    nilltl  (CI 

lintK  f  »"*  ''iikb,  arwl  «t|  hist  mr  w.  nl  •VtrrswrtinK  | 
whiih  >*«ni*  hM  hrtlrr  rf^t""*    iml  *fcir« 

i)v*C«n>>  ft^,M1  i,*J**f  K»»         MM     lite  .pr< 

lrwm  imT  ■  ■uO»Mnc«(  lo  iij  i  run,  in  il  *i  another  «e 
•rei  irfbrr*  :  »*» ,K,t  '*  K«  th«  c«mpta«  «f*rinm.  «l  inm, 
aa  vtr  *<*•  '»  *hc"  "e  W         "*        l*hnf»<0ll*5,  ncklkt 


In  *J»t  In^clhct  ibe  l*u  »«»  nl  lint*  »ccn  in  the  tpeiti* 

•  /  |ur I*  M  thr  •»«  ItMfl  !•>  be  t:  ililTrtol  lc«fct«lurck. 
1    nukr  fi'  ^4lfrmnt»  n>-«t  }*r»  i««  »n  m»y  ui  tlut 

tht  I.  ic*  of  irwm  mm  brlcht  in  the  •prrtra  nf  trthr 
l*mniintitir>  *r-3  ih<n*  Ktn  «ldcwc4  m  the  ijnxua  »f 
ytUt  »|ut»  «rc  mj  Uifltffcni  ill* i  it  nuf  he  uui  lh*t  Own 
i.lu-Jh  t  lilir  •.  .cuuuiti  In  Uilk.  (ft  ninth  ■  Ihjl,  a» 
n«b  *ui;i  j*ir»  Jf;u,if  **  Jul  »n  kmrn-  n>ti  kw,  asJ  thr 
In-  tint  it«  *u«ar«ni  tnnt>tin*  l»Vh  *r^«  nf  line*,  wv 
*vmk1  m>  lh.il  't>»  jinw^civf  yfiJ  irna  t unt»imHl  niw 
MWMClv  .ni'l  ihr  H*tift  v**'  nun  «nkjmk4  MoCMr. 

TUk  In  u  not  ctff.niiril  tr»  ^hl  hipmhe»ii  lh*t  ihtw 
xriciiillic  -it  tllnl  tlnm-.M  item  t.  kU  |v  I  JiMeiC'/I 
-itHUfptr*  M  mMKHtir  <T»Ml|l*\;-.  nfrf  >4  which  .»lir%f 
t-juld  viihatAxU  tin  higher  tiiM^ci^lulc  uS  Ihe  uttHhtfV 
gmu  lln  rtAMi  ifc.ii  V.t'u  «cl»  nf  hue*  ouil  niiny 
iihrr«  arc  mid  W>  |k*  ■prrirmii  <«  trim  in  I  fa*  hirh- 
taiiiiiM  -itut  i*  (ha  flic  imi(i»r«iins  tf  iW  )p4rk  I* 
•«ilfiii<«W  M  •  Wn  lilt  *  J*'l  ind-il  ihin#-k)  flit  Kiici  ol 
MinplifK.ii mm,  wheiaci  mm>  oi  ft«,  nhcih  lc  U:wtcn 
tic  Iiinl*  h<iiuttl  In  the  vil ul  »**tt  ami  il*  leni(*eiitut: 
nf  i a    )>i-  -ii.-u  v.t» 

I  n  lain  *  hnt  Ucw  wlyxlod  ikil  U  ilir-c  iluii|{»  nikl  in 
ii«m  thr,  «liitaul  W  imUtftl  .mil  }mii  in  htiiiW*  T*  ilni 
it  r.;  1... I  iImi  fhr  >n'h.  ivmnMt  MMt  b* 

llu«i«,V«<tUt,  nf  Ihr  -Ihliy^"  n4l  UlUfe  4<IIB  M  tfcf) 
hot  4MM  Uhitr  to  fVjfin  I'lin  t*  wf  krXM  a 

.N  lln  il-*  ini|K>uiiir  nl  Pt.  s  u  Wel^lMih'k  «uik 
!■  I fa.il  vtiii  lu*  nul  tnl  lifin  tliinr  fir  iron  -  to  pmv* 
Iw>imiiI  -ill  riiil  ihe  -Innra  li>^Atwtt*  -  lir  hi*a»ii>  I'm 
•4rJ>Hii  iiii  Ht  Ki*  ^ni  uca  i«.i>  i.mlr*,  which  we  jiuy 
lurnuHi  lihc-l**if»M  Untie,'  " |H'».iuiirjKt  bottle"  twu 
•wlriLjnit-  Irwin  the  "cViikhi  "  ilnlyiiiiiiMCtti.il  uf  ohich 
lu>  *i  ■  .•<  <■  i  ■  ■  .i  ■  -i-i  ■  i .  i  >  •  ■  •  in,  td  ihlltTvwt  |uut» 
•4  tin  -tinm  nf  ththimiim  jual  .i«  I  he  «3*tli  ami  prtacMS 
nntt*  ttivi  ^mrir%  fJt.l  rmn,  wlnrh  ire  Ojflrrrni  fun*  nf 
i In  tpfrrri um  irtn.  I  nrthtw,  hs  imuwg  iIh  •*b*i.tn(ti 
in  ibtv:  fwtt  Umkrt  In-^tflrr  in  |>iii|»ri  rtfojainiiifi*  lit  <M 
tft-uUtie  i  iliilil,  *X>.1»  itm  the  nii,ipr<t  apecuutfl  "I 
ilnliiniiro  t vixlK  »•  in  Ihe  cjcnerMl  tpCitiM  vt  IBM  tuti. 
In  whirh  trt  ytn,  i>fahnl  ln^xiW-f.  the  jhvjrftliini*  nf  lift 
linlter  itj  (iNH>r  VVJPMM  »rpri>w*nlril  In  prnfninfnr«t 
»|»>l K  "*  V,,,J  lnir.,«intfiiiiii;ri.M  iinh%«  ifc*  MK 

•priirjni  nf  (hi*  Mih*t*»vt 

rhcrr  bp  tin  tlunhl  thit  the  intetetl  uf  Ixilti  themi*** 
ami  f^i)iHi*l>  till  he  kte*>h  rtritnl  In  \<m  M'rUunh  » 
wwk,  »n«]  thai  ll  wlD  he  ci*h«II*  riamitMil  Mil  re- 
•Mtatnct  If  it  Im>  rnnhnnad  wn  inn  hncte  thu  tmm  rtir 
timilif  mirk  mil  he  ^i-It  »«n,  here  Thai  w>i  n  nprn. 
vwt  Hp  MM]  cleirtil  m  »  retnatkihlf  njfjti  f  urmerl*  •« 
nib  uiitjtrurJ  ihal  my  liijch  Irliiutt *li:te.  ami  uf* 
tlirtiiual  nKlh*/<U  were  thr  *nk  iuvwi*  m  whi-h  MMMti 
i  uiM  ht  m^ae  in  tiirh  k  r  t*e  .  rj  iray  turn  nut  tfa«t 
llwrt  in-  rr.,i.*nlv  M  h  iml  if  (helium*  >.  ill  fnm  thf* 
iilienlinri  to  ihr-a. 

If  li  further  rbn   fhit  Ihc  "  rkmrtii.  *  mtb  hi£h 

■lulHK  we«k&  il  ki  hs  IW  Urtl  tu  Ik  pjfMj  *«4     I  hone 

whti  inn. .Jet  the  *pC€UH"t  Ol  rtfium.  luf  <ri«i4cf,  mtuek 
m  tfjr  blur  iml  nakl  ikurtuM  r»  nrher  lino  fhu  the 
*|*ftniiu  nl*  the  MM  it*rtf.  he  reuJnct]  by  ihe  "V* 
tinrt  irl  "  thr  rhrntn-jl  icne  *  tit  **  fheihemtf*!  riK>«tcult," 
•»  nuncr  nliKh,  will  fiml  tbrifiH-v«»  in  A  btifKitM 
wnMiity,  nu«r  tlifti  ilic  simptre  ttpUrairtt  of  «  miteU 


45^ 


NATURE 


\Sept.  10,  1885 


<n  lias  apparent  received  confirmation  in  the  case 
■*,(  .metier  *i:bstance. 

E  i^ri»n-:irh  we  have  chiefly  confined  ourselves  to  the 
«wcr:s-.:r beanng  of  the  work,  it  is  not  too  much  to 
sax  :f .:  :ia:.  f  this  separation  be  in  the  sense  as  indi- 
cir~i.  •  r  :h<  most  important  work  in  mineral  chemistry 
we  hai  f:r  many  years.  By  patient  work  the  group 
ex  d  iyrr,:  ;m.  &c,  metals  has  yielded  several  new 

;  oi:  ies,  ti, tiering  considerably  from  didymium, 
the  same  general  reactions,  being  members  of 
"«  satne  -p  in  fact.  The  difference  in  the  ordinary 
-.-<rrr.  :x!  reactions  of  cerium,  lanthanum,  didymium, 
v%r.-'. .-rr..  terb ytterbium,  and  probably  samarium  is 
fe=era.~T  very  slight,  and  they  can  only  be  separated  by 
'x7r.^-r---z'-.^d  operations,  nearly  always  cases  of  frac- 
•_.-r.ai  *epant:i-n.  The  close  relationship  of  these  metallic 
c-rde-s  has  been  :o-.g  recognised,  and  the  gTOup  has  been 
cccnc«red  pec_!:ar  in  this  respect,  and  in  consequence 
zz  :~.~jemf-f  amount  of  labour  has  been  expended  upon 

rr.r,r*  than  has  ever  been  expended  on  groups  of  other 
nseta.'  c  oi;des.  Indeed,  the  notion  that  heat  is  the  agent 
cd  chemical  resolution  seems  to  have  gained  such  a  hold 
that  apparently  for  the  last  two,  or  three,  decades,  with 
the  exception  of  the  cerite  metals,  it  is  the  only  reagent 
the  action  of  which  has  been  taken  as  definitive  in  esta- 
blishing a  thing  to  be  an  element.  We  are  not  aware 
that  any  records  of  patient  work  on  chromium  exist, 
attempts  to  isolate  any  other  substance  from  chromium 
oxide  other  than  our  ordinary  chromium.  The  general 
properties  of  this,  or  these,  oxides  surely  invite  to  further 
investigation.  And  in  the  case  of  nickel  and  cobalt, 
which  appear  almost  to  be  isomers,  there  is  a  fine  field  for 
investigation  which  might  be  as  profitably  cultivated 
perhaps  as  an  almost  infinite  series  of  carbon  compounds. 


OUR  BOOK  SHELF 

Annttaire geologique  univ  *  . .  et  Guide  du  Giologit  autour 
de  la  Terre.  Par  le  Dr.  Dagincourt.  (Pari* :  Comptoir 
geologique  dc  Paris,  1885.) 

This  is  the  first  annual  issue  of  a  geological  guide  edited 
by  the  Secretary  to  the  Geological  Society  of  France, 
which  cannot  fail  to  be  of  the  greatest  use  as  a  book  of 
reference  to  those  concerned  with  geology  all  over  the 
world.  Multum  in p<ir~.o  would  be  a  very  suitable  motto 
for  the  book,  for  the  amount  of  information  which  it  con- 
tains in  a  small  space  is  really  marvellous.  The  editor 
does  not  profess  to  have  carried  out  the  whole  of  the 
programme  which  he  has  set  before  himself  in  the  present 
issue  ;  but  it  was  decided  to  bring  out  the  volume  this 
year  on  account  of  the  meeting  of  the  Geological  Congress 
at  Berlin,  and  also  in  order  that  be  may  be  able  in  the 
ensuing  issue  to  profit  by  private  and  public  criticism. 
The  best  criticism  of  it  will  be  a  bare  statement  of  its 
contents.  It  first  describes  the  history,  various  meetings 
and  utility  of  the  Congress  of  Geologists,  with  the  pro- 
ceedings at  the  meetings  in  Paris  and  Bologna.  It  then 
takes  the  continents  in  alphabetical  order,  and  the  countries 
in  them  in  the  same  way.  and  supplies  a  mass  of  geological 
information  of  all  kinds  with  regard  to  each.  Taking 
as  an  example  the  first  country  under  the  head  Europe, 
which  is  Germany  Allcmagne),  we  find  a  list  of  books  on 
the  bibliography  of  German  geology,  of  general  'as  dis- 
•mguished  fioin  spc<  1.1I  and  detailed)  geological  maps, 
^  of  the  leading  works  on  certain  districts  ;  these  are 
ceded  by  a  ^ruer.il  sketch  of  the  geological  features 
iennany,  and    of   the   occurrence   of  the  various 


geological  systems' ;Jthen  a  detailedjaccount  of  the  organisa- 
tion for  the  production  of  geological  maps  in  the  various 
countries  and  provinces  composing  the  German  Empire . 
then  a  sketch  of  the  institutions  in  which  geology  is 
taught,  the  various  universities  with  their  professors, 
laboratories,  collections,  museums,  &c,  the  professors  at 
the  various  polytechnic  and  agronomical  schools,  the 
public  and  private  geological  collections,  with  in  some 
1  cases,  brief  descriptions  of  the  principal  features  (the* 
occupy  a  considerable  space),  then  the  various  geological 
I  societies,  with  their  organisations:  next  the  periodica! 
1  publications,  their  prices,  size,  general  nature  of  the  c<w- 
I  tents,  divided  into  five  classes— (i)  those  specially  ge-> 
I  logical,  (2)  those  containing  from  time  to  time  geological 
papers,  (3)  geographical  periodicals  containing  geological 
papers,  (4)  those  devoted  to  mining,  {5    collections  nf 
geological  and  palxontological  memoirs.    These  lists  are 
succeeded  by  others  which  form  a  very  important  feature 
of  the  work— viz.  the  names,  addresses,  and  special  nekb 
of  all  the  geologists  in  the  German  empire  ;  and  finalh 
the  titles  of  all  the  books  and  papers  which  have  appeared 
during  the  past  year  on  mineralogy,  petrography, geology. 
,  and  palaeontology,  arranged  in  alphabetical  order.  Th;> 
,  description  of  the  volume  under  the  head  "  Allemagne/ 
will  give  an  accurate  idea  of  the  scope  and  arrangeme-'. 
of  the  book,  for  although  circumstances  have  prevented 
the  scheme  being  carried  out  with  the  same  degree  <x 
I  thoroughness  for  every  part  of  the  globe,  the  volume  will 
,  year  by  year  approach  nearer  to,  doubtless  even  improve 
;  upon,  this  standard.    In  the  case  of  Great  Britain,  Li 
instance,  the  issue  for  1886  will  contain  a  thorough  stud; 
1  of  our  geology,  and  its  teaching  in  our  universities  and 
other  public  institutions.    Its  ultimate  completeness  mc»< 
,  naturally  depend  much  on  the  assistance  which  the  editor 
!  receives  from  geologists  all  over  the  world  in  supplying 
j  information,  making  the  necessary  alterations  required  bi 
time,  offering  suggestions  and  adding  corrections  :  and 
the  volume  is  so  useful  and  full  in  design  that  we  have 
little  doubt  Dr.  Dagincourt's  fellow-geologists  will  willing 
help  him  to  carry  it  out  in  all  its  details.    We  observe 
that  Tasmania  has  by  an  error  been  put  amongst  Asiatu 
countries  instead  of  in  Australasia. 


LETTERS  TO  THE  EDITOR 
[The  Editor  does  not  hold  himself  responsiblefor  opinions  express* 
by  his  correspondents.  Neither  can  he  undertake  to  return, 
or  to  correspond  with  the  writers  of,  rejected  manusenfts. 
No  notice  is  taken  0/ anonymous  communications. 
[  [  The  Editor  urgently  requests  correspondents  to  keep  their  iti-'tr 
as  short  as  possible.  The  pressure  on  his  space  is  f  pi" 
that  it  is  impossible  otherwise  to  insure  the  appearance  ere 
of  communications  containing  interesting  a  nd  novel  f<ul-\ 

The  Meteoric  Cycle  and  Stonehenge 

Wk  arr  now  passing  through  the  hundredth  meteoric  cycle 
nin  cen  years,  which  commenced  with  a.  d.  i88z,  and  *^ 
terminate  with  A.r>.  1900.  These  cycles  began  with  the  year  <4  <*■' 
Saviour's  birth,  and  our  prayer  books  contain  tables  showing  ft* 
!  many  successive  years  00  what  day*  Easter  days  an.)  ow 
movable  festivals  will  occur.  At  the  end  of  every  such  cjd* 
the  new  and  full  moons  happen  within  an  hour  and  a  half  ui  thr 
same  time  of  the  year  as  they  did  at  the  beginning. 

With  these  cycles  is  commonly  associated  the  name  of  Metoc 
;  an  astronomer  of  Athens,  who  wrote  a  book  on  the  subject.  b» 
which  the  Greeks  regulated  the  recurrence  of  their  fes!:«k 
He  flourished  432  years  B.C.    Bat  the  knowledge  of  thesecy^es 
exited  in  England  centuries  before  the  time  of  Meton,  ai  I  *i- 
presently  show,  and  it  is  probable  that  the  four  very  anoes' 
erections   *u|>i*iscd  to    have   been  temples  of  the  sun  new 
Perm  nee,  had  reference  to  this  cycle  of  nineteen  year*,  as  the; 
I  cacli  consisted  originally  of  nineteen  stones  placed  upright  wl 
I  rising  from  J  to  6  feet  above  the  ground  in  rude  circle*  vary>e>{ 
j  in  diameter  from  65  to  80  feet.    "I  hoe  temple*  are  still  existiaj. 
1  although  some  of  their  stoiio  have  fallen,  and  they  are  miJ<* 
from  each  other,  but  are  all  called  in  the  printed  maps  a>  w.! 
a>  immcmorhlly.   l.y  one  and  the  same  name.  vu.  "A** 


Digitized  by  GoogI 


Sept.  10.  1885  j 


NA  TURE 


437 


Maidens"  which  is  simply  an  abbreviation  for  Nineteen 
Matiem. 

The  following  quotation  from  Diodorus  Siculus  (Book  II. 
chap.  iii.  Booth's  Trans.,  page  139),  who  flourished  about 
forty-four  years  B.C.,  will  be  an  historical  confirmation  of  what  I 
have  alwvc  stated  : — 

"Amongst  those  who  have  written  old  stories  much  like 
fables,  Hecatarus  (born  549  years  B.C.)  and  some  others  say  that 
there  is  an  island  in  the  ocean  over  against  Gaul  (as  big  as 
Sicily)  under  the  Arctic  pole,  where  the  Hyperboreans  inhabit, 
so  called  because  they  lie  beyond  the  breezes  of  the  north  wind  ; 
that  the  soil  there  is  very  rich  and  fruitful,  and  the  climate 
temperate,  inasmuch  as  there  arc  two  crops  in  the  year.'' 

This  description  does  not  apply  to  the  whole  of  the  island 
referred  to,  but  represents  Mount's  Bay,  its  most  south-western 
extremity,  and  we  may  therefore  conclude  that  those  from  whom 
Hecata'us  and  the  others  derived  their  information  were  the 
Phoenician  traders  who  for  centuries  previously  frequented  Mount's 
Bay  for  tin  and  fish,  and  who  imagined  all  Britain  to  possess 
the  same  rich  soil  and  mild  climate  as  Mount's  Bay  where  still 
"  there  are  two  crops  in  the  year."  But  to  proceed  with  the 
quotation : — 

"  They  say  that  Latona  was  born  there,  that  they  worship 
Apollo  above  all  other  gods,  and  the  inhabitants  demean  them- 
selves as  if  they  were  Apollo's  priests,  who  has  there  a  stately 
grove  and  a  renowned  temple  of  a  round  form,  and  that  there  is 
a  city  likewise  consecrated  to  this  god.  The  sovereignty  of  this 
city  and  the  care  of  the  temple  (they  say)  liclong  to  the 
Boreades." 

This  city  and  this  "  renowned  temple  of  a  round  form '' are 
doubtless  those  of  Old  Sarum  and  Stonehenge,  the  inner  oval  of 
which,  immediately  around  the  altar,  consists  of  precisely  nineteen 
stones  (see  the  plate  in  Dr.  Stukcley's  "  Stonehenge,  page  20). 
But  the  four  temples  of  the  sun  above  described  of  nineteen 
stones  each,  placed  upright  "in  a  round  form  "  to  represent  the 
cycle  of  nineteen  years,  arc  not  mentioned  by  Diodorus,  as  they 
were  probably  deemed  not  worthy  of  notice  after  alluding  to  the 
renowned  temple  of  Stonehenge.  The  passage  concludes  as 
follows  :— 

"They  say,  moreover,  that  Apollo  once  in  nineteen  years 
comes  into  the  island,  in  which  space  of  time  the  stars  perform 
their  courses,  and  return  to  the  same  point,  and  therefore  the 
Greeks  call  the  revolution  of  nineteen  years  'the  great  year.'" 

Plymouth,  August  K.  Edmonds 

Nebula  in  Andromeda 

Last  night  the  nebula  in  Andromeda  was  observed  here. 
The  stellar-like  nucleus  was  distinctly  seen.  It  appeared  to  be 
of  a  reddish-yellow  colour  as  contrasted  with  that  or  the  nebula. 
We  think  that  a  change  has  certainly  taken  place,  no  such 
stellar-like  centre  having  previously  been  seen  in  the  nucleus. 
The  stellar  point  was  examined  with  a  small  prism  held  between 
the  eye-piece  and  the  eye.  A  continuous  spectrum  was  seen. 
Dr.  Boeddicher  and  I  were  both  convinced  that  there  were 
considerable  inequalities  in  its  light,  and  independently  formed 
the  impression  that  there  was  at  times  a  bright  band  or  line  in 
the  green.  The  colour  of  the  stellar  point  appeared  much  the 
same  as  that  of  Aldebaran.  Rosst 

Observatory,  Birr  Castle,  September  8 

SunBets 

In  July  of  this  year  I  spent  a  short  time  in  the  Schwarzwald 
of  Baden.  For  more  than  a  week  the  sky  was  cloudless  day 
and  night,  yet  the  heat  was  not  oppressive.  The  sunsets  were 
beautiful  beyond  description,  and  the  after-glows  magnificent. 
One  evening  in  particular  will  always  remain  impressed  upon 
my  memory.  It  was  that  of  July  26,  and  the  place  was  a  few 
miles  from  the  town  of  Neustadt,  nearly  in  the  centre  of  the 
forest.  Wonderful  effects  began  to  appear  so  soon  as  the  sun 
touched  the  crest  of  the  western  hills.  But  these  were  as 
nothing  compared  with  what  followed.  The  moment  the  lumin- 
ary had  disappeared  behind  the  hills  long  streamers  began  to 
radiate  high  up  into  the  heavens,  and  for  a  time,  as  the  daylight 
diminished,  they  increased  both  in  length  and  intensity,  rivalling 
any  description  or  figures  of  the  Arcic  auroras  that  I  have  ever 
seen  ;  at  the  same  time  the  most  vivid  and  ever-changing  glow 
lit  up  the  whole  western  heavens.  The  scene  lasted  more  than 
an  hour,  and  its  effect  was  heightened  by,  and  perhaps  partly 
<Uie  to.  a  nearly  full  moon,  which  rove  from  behind  a  slight  dip 


or  pass  in  the  hills  on  the  eastern  side  of  the  valley.  The  in- 
habitants of  the  Schwarzwald  are  indubitably  phlegmatic,  and 
not  easily  moved  to  excitement  ;  but  this  display  of  celestial 
pyrotechnics  was  too  much  for  them,  and  at  a  small  roadside 
inn  the  carters  and  others  who  were  enjoying  their  beer  inside 
turned  out  en  masse  to  witness  it.  I  am  not  a  strong  admirer  of 
Turner's  pictures,  but,  in  comparing  nature  with  art,  one  idea 
came  uppermost— the  scene  was  "  Turncrcsquc. " 

Lewisham,  S.E.,  September  3  R.  McI.achlan 


Pulsation  in  the  Veins 

Mr.  Hippjsley  will  find  a  very  simple  way  of  showing  pulsa- 
tion in  the  veins,  as  well  as  in  the  arteries,  by  fixing  a  long 
bristle  or  thread  of  sealing-wax  over  the  vessel  by  means  of  a 
little  tallow.  The  end  of  the  lever  will  vibrate  and  produce  all 
the  movements  of  the  sphygmograph.  This  method  was  adopted 
by  Mr.  Wilkinson  King  nearly  fifty  years  ago,  and  the  instru- 
ment styled  by  him  the  sphygmometer.  In  his  paper  in  the 
Guy's  Hospital  Reports  for  1S37,  "On  the  Safety  Valve  Func- 
tion of  the  Right  Ventricle  of  the  Heart,"  will  be  found  much 
valuable  matter  and  discussion  about  venous  pulsation. 

August  29  S.  W. 

Red  Hail 

Vu  I'inte'ret  que  pcut  offrir  la  coloration  de  la  grelc,  j'esperc  que 
vous  voudrcz  bien  inserer  ces  quelques  lignes  dans  votrc  journal  : 
"  La  gride  colore*  en  rouge,  observe*  par  Mr.  Mullan  et  dont  il 
est  question  dans  le  No.  812  dc  ce  journal,  n'est  pas  un  fait 

isolc.    On  a  observe  un  cas  analogue  en  1880,  lc  2  juin,  en 

Russie.  Les  grelons  de  cette  chute-la  etaient  interessants  sous  plus 
d'un  rapport.  Leur  forme  se  ramenait  a  trois  types  :  paralfeli- 
pipede,  cylindre,  sphcroide  tres-aplati  et  munidecavite*  aux  bouts 
de  la  petite  axe.  Certains  de  ces  grelons  etaient  pcrccs  dc  part 
en  part,  le  long  de  la  petite  axe,  ce  qui  leur  donnait  1'apparence 
des  anncaux.  Certains  des  grelons  etaient  colores  en  rouge-pile, 
d'autres  avaient  la  couleur  bleu-pale,  mais  pour  la  plupart  les 
grelons  e'taient  gris  ou  blanc.  L'observateur,  M.  Lagounowitch, 
crut  avoir  remarque  que  la  couleur  clait  liec  a  la  forme  des 
grelons.  Jc  cite  ces  faits  et  j'en  propose  (  explication  dans  ma 
brochure,  '  Sur  I'Originc  dc  la  Grelc/" 

Theodore  Schwkdoff, 
Professcur  de  Physique  a  I'Universite  d'Odessa 

Odessa,  le  15  aout,  1885 


On  the  Terminology  of  tbe  Mathematical  Theory  of 
Electricity 

Mr.  Sutherland's  letter  on  terminology  (Nature,  vol. 
xxxii.  p.  391)  leads  me  to  suggest  to  Mr.  Scott  the  employment 
of  the  term  low-pression  for  depression  in  his  weather  forecasts 
sent  to  the  newspapers.  It  is  nearly  as  easily  pronounced  and 
written,  and  will  not  have  such  a  tendency  to  mislead  the 
general  public  as  to  there  being  a  depressing  of  the  air  where  it 
really  ascends.  Henry  Muirhead 

C'ambu  slang 


THE  BRITISH  ASSOCIA  TION 

Aberdeen,  Monday 

'T'HIS  place  has  evidently  been  astir  for  days  in  antici- 
*■  pat  1  on  of  the  present  meeting.  Already  arc  the 
directions  necessary  for  visitors  finding  their  way  to  the 
various  sections  put  up  in  conspicuous  places  in  Union 
Street  and  the  neighbourhood  of  Mariscbal  College. 
The  accommodation  in  the  fine  building  for  reception 
rooms,  committee  rooms,  reading,  sectional,  and  other 
rooms,  seems,  so  far  as  can  be  judged  at  present,  every- 
thing that  could  be  desired.  It  is  evident  that  the  Local 
Committee  have  been  working  in  earnest  to  make  the 
second  Aberdeen  meeting  a  success,  and  their  efforts  have 
been  heartily  supported  by  the  citizens  and  country  people. 
L'p  to  Saturday  1000/.  worth  of  tickets  had  been  sold  to 
local  people  alone,  and  many  more  will  be  sold  between 
this  and  Wednesday.  Of  old  members  of  the  Associate 
750  have  already  written  that  they  intend  to  be  pr 


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Sept.  10,  1885] 


NA  TURE 


439 


was  lost  to  sight  during  the  revival  of  letters  in  the  fifteenth  ami 
sixteenth  centuries.    Germany  and  France,  which  arc  now  in 
such  active  competition  in  promoting  science,  have  only  publicly 
acknowledged  its  national  importance  in  recent  times.    Fven  in 
the  last  century,  though  France  had  its  Lavoisier  and  C.cnnany 
its  Leibnitf,  their  Governments  did  not  know  the  value  of 
science.     When  the  former  was  condemned  to  death   in  the 
Reign  ol  Terror,  a  petition  was  presented  to  the  rulers  that  his 
life  might  be  spared  for  a  few  weeks  in  order  that  he  might 
complete  some  important  experiments,  but  the  reply  was,  "The 
Republic  has  no  need  of  savants."    Earlier  in  the  ci  ntury  the 
much-praised  Frederick  William  of  Prussia  shouted  with  a  loud 
voice,  during  a  graduation  ceremony  in  the  University  of  Frank- 
fort, "An  ounce  of  mother-wit  is  worth  a  ton  of  university 
wisdom."   Hoih  France  and  Germany  are  now  ashamed  of  these 
utterances  of  their  rulers,  and  make  energetic  effort-,  to  advance 
science  with  the  aid  of  their  national  resources.     More  remark- 
able is  it  to  see  a  young  nation  like  the  United  States  reserving 
150,000,000  acres  of  national  lands  for  the  promotion  of  scien- 
tific education.  In  some  respects  this  young  country  is  in  advance 
of  all  Euro]>can  nations  in  joining  science  to  its  administrative 
offices.    Its  scientific  publications,  like  the  great  pallcontc logical 
work  embodying  the  researches  of  Prof.  Marsh  anil  his  asso- 
ciates in  the  Geological  Survey,  arc  an  example  to  other  Govern- 
ments.   The  Minister  of  Agriculture  is  surrounded  with  a  staff 
of  botanists  and  chemists.    The  Home  Secretary  is  aided  by  a 
special  Scientific  Commission  to  investigate  the  habits,  migra- 
tions, and  food  of  fishes,  and  the  latter  has  at  its  disposal  two 
specially-constructed  steamers  of  large  tonnage.    The  United 
States  anil  Great  Britain  promote  fisheries  on  distinct  systems. 
In  this  country  we  arc  |>crpctually  issuing  expensive  Commis- 
sions to  visit  the  coasts  in  order  to  ascertain  the  experiences  of 
fishermen.    I  have  acted  as  chairman  of  one  of  these  Royal 
Commissions,  and  found  that  the   fishermen,  having  only  a 
knowledge  of  a  small  area,  gave  the  most  contradictory  and  un- 
satisfactory evidence.    In  America  the  questions   arc  put  to 
Nature,  and  not  to  fishermen.     Exact  and  searching  investiga- 
tions are  made  into  the  life-history  of  the  fishes,  into  the  tem- 
perature of  the  sea  in  which  they  live  and  spawn,  into  the 
nature  of  their  food,  and  into  the  habits  of  their  natural  ene- 
mies.   For  this  purpose  the  Government  give  the  co-operation 
of  the  navy,  and  provide  the  Commission  with  a  social  corps 
of  skilled  naturalists  some  of  whom  go  out  with  the  steamships 
and  others  work  in  the  biological  laboratories  at  Wood's  Moll, 


etts,  or  at  Washington, 
best  naturalists  to  aid  ir 


I  he  different  universities 
in  these  investigations,  which 
1  of  Mr.  Baird,  of  the  Smithsonian  Insti- 
tution. The  annual  cost  of  the  Federal  Commission  is  about 
40,000/.,  while  the  separate  States  spend  about  20,000/.  in  local 
efforts.  The  practical  results  flowing  from  these  scientific  in- 
vestigations have  been  important.  The  inland  waters  and  rivers 
have  been  stocked  with  fi-h  of  the  best  and  most  suitable  kinds. 
Even  the  great  ocean  which  washes  the  coasts  of  the  United 
States  is  beginning  to  be  affected  by  the  knowledge  thus  ac- 
quired, and  a  sensible  result  is  already  produced  upon  the  most 
important  of  its  ti-hcries.  The  United  kingdom  largely  depends 
upon  its  fisheries,  but  as  yet  our  own  ( Jovernment  have  scarcely 
realised  the  value  of  such  scientific  investigations  as  those  pur- 
sued with  success  by  the  United  States.  Less  systematically, 
but  with  great  benefit  to  science,  our  own  Government  has  used 
the  surveying  expeditions,  and  sometimes  has  equipped  special 
expeditions  to  promote  natural  history  and  solar  physics.  Some 
of  the  latter,  like  the  voyage  of  the  Ckalltn^rr,  have  added 
largely  to  the  store  of  knowledge  ;  while  the  former,  though 
not  primarily  intended  for  scientific  research,  have  had  an  in- 
direct result  of  infinite  value  by  becoming  training-schools  for 
such  investigators  as  Edward  Forbes,  Darwin,  Hooker,  Huxley, 
Wyville  Thomson,  and  others. 

In  the  Unites!  Kingdom  we  arc  just  beginning  to  understand 
the  wisdom  of  Washington's  farewell  address  to  his  country- 
men when  he  said  :  "  Promote  as  an  object  of  primary  import- 
ance institutions  for  the  general  diffusion  of  knowledge.  In 
proportion  as  the  structure  of  a  government  gives  force  to  public- 
opinion,  it  is  essential  that  public  opinion  should  be  enlightened." 
It  was  only  in  1870  that  our  Parliament  established  a  system  of 
national  primary  education.  Secondary  education  is  chaotic, 
and  remains  unconnected  with  the  State,  while  the  higher  educa- 
tion of  the  universities  is  only  brought  at  distant  intervals  under 
the  view  of  the  State.  All  great  countries  except  England  have 
Ministers  of  Education,  but  this  country  has  only  Ministers  who 


are  the  managers  of  primary  schools.  We  are  inferior  even  to 
smaller  countries  in  the  absence  of  organised  State  supervision 
or  education.  Greece,  Portugal,  Egypt,  and  Japan  have  distinct 
Ministers  of  Education,  and  so  also  among  our  Colonies  have 
Victoria  and  New  Zealand.  Gradually  England  is  gathering 
materials  for  the  establishment  of  an  efficient  Education  Minister. 
The  Department  of  Science  and  Art  is  doing  excellent  work  in 
diffusing  a  taste  for  elementary  science  among  the  working 
classes.  There  are  now  about  7S,ck;o  persons  who  annually 
come  under  the  influence  of  its  science  classes,  while  a  small 
number  of  about  200,  many  of  them  teachers,  receive  thorough 
instruction  in  science  at  the  excellent  school  in  South  Kens 
ington,  of  which  Prof.  Huxley  is  the  Dean.  I  do  not  dwelt  on 
the  work  of  this  Government  department,  because  my  object  is 
chiefly  to  point  out  how  it  is  that  science  lags  in  its  progress  in 
the  United  Kingdom  owing  to  the  deficient  interest  taken  in  it 
by  the  middle  and  upper  classes.  The  working  clashes  are 
l>cing  roused  from  their  indifference.  They  du»v  this  by  their 
selection  of  scientific  men  as  candidates  at  the  next  election. 
Among  these  are  Profs.  Stuart,  Roscoe,  Maskelyne,  and  Ruckcr. 
It  has  its  significance  that  such  a  humble  representative  of 
science  as  myself  received  invitations  from  working-class  con- 
stituencies in  more  than  a  dozen  of  the  leading  manufacturing 
towns.  In  the  ne\t  Parliament  I  do  not  doubt  that  a  Minister 
of  Education  will  be'ereated  as  [a  nucleus  around  which  the 
various  educational  materials  may  crystallise  in  a  definite  form. 

HI.  Stiet!i( arid  Stctndary  Education. —  Various  Royal  Com- 
missions have  made  inquiries  and  issued  recommendations  in 
regard  to  our  public  and  endowed  schools.  The  Commissions 
of  l86l,  1864,  186S,  and  1873  have  expressed  the  strongest  dis- 
approval of  the  condition  of  our  ichools,  ami,  so  far  as  science  is 
Concerned ,  their  state  is  much  the  same  as  when  the  Duke  of 
Devonshire's  Commission  in  1873  repotted  in  the  following 
words : — 1 '  Considering  the  increasing  importance  of  science  to  the 
material  interests  of  the  country,  we  cannot  but  regard  its  almost 
total  exclusion  from  the  training  of  the  upper  and  middle  classes  as 
little  less  than  a  national  misfortune.  ''  No  doubt  there  are  excep- 
tional cases  and  some  brilliant  examples  of  improvement  since 
these  words  were  written,  but  generally  throughout  the  country 
teaching  in  science  is  a  name  rather  than  a  reality.  The 
Technical  Commission  which  reported  last  jrear  can  only  point 
to  three  school,  in  Great  Britain  in  which  science  is  fully  ami 
adequately  taught.  While  the  Commission  gives  us  the  conso- 
lation that  England  is  still  in  advance  as  an  industrial  nation,  it 
warns  us  that  foreign  nations,  which  were  not  long  ago  far 
behind,  are  now  making  more  rapid  progress  than  this  country, 
and  will  1000  pass  it  m  the  race  of  competition  unless  we  give 
increased  attention  to  science  in  public  education.  A  few  of  the 
large  towns,  notably  Manchester,  Bradford,  Huddrrsfield,  and 
Birmingham,  are  doing  so.  The  working  classes  are  now  re- 
ceiving better  in-tniction  in  science  than  the  middle  classes. 
The  competition  of  actual  life  asserts  its  own  conditions,  {jt  the 
children  of  the  latter  find  increasing  difficulty  in  obtaining  em- 
ployment. The  cause  of  this  lies  in  tin  fact  that  the  schools  for 
the  middle  classes  have  not  yet  adapte  I  themselves  to  the  needs 
of  modern  life,  It  is  true  that  many  of  the  endowed  schools 
have  been  put  under  new  schemes,  hut  as  there  is  no  public 
supervision  or  in-j>cction  of  them,  wc  have  no  knowledge  as  to 
whether  they  have  prospered  or  slipped  back.  Many  corporate 
schools  have  arisen,  some  of  them,  like  Clifton,  Cheltenham, 
and  Marlb-jrough  Colleges,  doing  excellent  educational  work, 
though  as  regards  all  of  them  the  public  have  no  rights  and  can- 
not enforce  guarantees  for  efficiency.  A  return  just  issued,  on 
the  motion  of  Su  John  Lubbock,  shows  a  lamentable  deficiency 
in  science  teaching  in  a  great  proportion  of  the  endowed  school  I. 
While  twelve  to  -ixtecn  hours  a  week  are  devoted  to  classics, 
two  to  thiee  hours  are  considered  ample  for  science  in  a  large 
pro|>ortion  of  the  schools.  In  Scotland  there  arc  only  six 
schools  in  the  Return  which  give  more  than  two  hours  to  science 
weekly,  while  in  many  schools  its  teaching  is  wholly  ouiitle  i. 
Every  other  part  of  the  kingdom  stands  in  a  better  position  than 
Scotland  in  relation  to  the  science  of  its  endowed  schools.  The 
old  traditions  of  education  stick  as  firmly  to  schools  as  a  limpet 
does  to  a  rock  ;  though  I  do  the  limpet  injustice,  for  it  does 
make  excursions  to  seek  pastures  new.  Arc  wc  to  give  up  in 
despair  l-ccau-e  an  exclusive  system  of  classical  education  has 
resisted  the  assault)  of  such  cultivated  authors  as  Milton. 
Montaigne.  Cowley,  and  Locke?  There  was  once  an  en- 
lightened Emperor 'of  China,  Chi  Hwangti,  who  knew  th  .i  his 
country  was  kept  back  by  its  exclusive 


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i  ^tchtajmul  iti«*tH|pr.  <kry  wt 


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NATURE 


[Sup.  io,  1&85 


U«i  c,,vrwnV<***  tor  m  tdkjmhm    In  Metei  ihne  h  ft 

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l»<l«j  Jl.t  lw  |rv»t  Ukf  •1f|*r>tlcA.« 
c  .r  11  it  lUikutratf  1W1.I1  IMmBM 

•  «arrt  nnrm. 

Mil*  Knc-ITH Wrr  t'llrd 
tl  I  •  t»l"  6.l> 

•    niMwll't.  n  i  11^  dlll.tl 
lit-  -       tt.tl  mm  -« 
Iltflttls  IM  |»WM.  **  M*- 
t.  'III.,  tlr  -(10.1  .  W  .il 

J.      IttH'tk.  WC  tftNMt  t4 

■  k»M.  ml  Mirtv  min  MmV 
•  L-  IfTtj  I  Mj||  fh»  *».. 
n» I.  .  '  .  1 1  fm.  fc? 
■'.   -  r.1,  1  i|.  1.  S||.      Kilt  1. 

1   Mm|  *k   lr  ItiiUifmli 

Pit,;.       i    4  :.  1   mil  1  1 

■mikiv'I  •«  lFn  aiitiriM  .4 


,  IM 


p  i»n> 


1  itm  «  .  tM«  lUw4  tt-Jtv  1*4*1  i|k  •intfrtitint  tt  *Dirk  u 

KV(>  »tr  .1U.1U  iht  .it*-  ■!  ji..*7t-  i»  iUi  t/lv  rrrn 
h. tin  Ibtf  «v  iJ-itiii.-l  I7  -I'M.,  Wir  iii^tnitMrfli  trrn 

ill  lit.-  *u  Jtu'i  ii  -I  RMMI  IMII  ■•!  VMM  inhiJ  |*m«i. 
I.  MM  lit*.  iW  i—l  t*ir  «tlm  -1  kr  .U|ln>  '•'  fWrnw  Ikt 
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rttt  i».»i  ■> 
imimImi  I 
.1  Mr*  .  1  •  AMI 
U  -.11  -  v  - 

111  UVtkt.l. 
«llh  |*-i"  tw* 


It*  Italr  • 


1 1  i.Mi.  v 
t-n  .tf  4  MU.I  ,  nf 
u.        whcpi  Mm 
I  m  a  p»m  >«■ 
1      M  MV 

■1  #t.l  PWfM.MMi 


Mii-i^i 


MM 
Chrii- 

ibr  |'i»'|"-'^lt* 


uti-  lir^itnl  i-mI.i-.  Intuitu  J}*  ,  p  i-hI-im;  u  .m.i*  ,  im 
•Ma  lUc  «tVit  tiK'n  >•(  -i  iiVI  -t»c*  n  iMfri  Mt) 

lwt*Ar  nn.h.  • 

All  ll-nr  M^t>i>  At  ..|>*n  iittflitol  «Iki  *  tittle  ml  |. 
ntiunnl— «  aJ  r»r»ls  tin  «i'  (nMt.tlM-  « 

iII.m     ri-tiUy  i-A.A.  ttlMI  mtual  lufitsi  MMf**™ 


MUtilMc  lm*«  *Mln*l 


oogle 


NATURE. 


na^rr.. I 


tie*  ct ill  .ill  it  the  M  Gmd 
ttl»i"Aili|*i*".'  «h>«  vstacn  *»»  i      t»a  •int&rf  .1 

wmMC  i*>*  *raii>l(*aetf'*  i'-*  dailf  xafl^T  »'  *■"»*»  "  W.jtaat*  ' 
ZainU  h*>t  twtkirta  hml  l><  |m4  MM,  Ut  r-»j»  arm  n-al  frit 
tJr  finr*  ll  ta  *•  V*i£r4  hat  timi  the  Unit  h»wkc 
tfem  ««te»  the  ilin  «  lie-  owtirc  OPH  ***  ••rdrmt  iK* 
»i*rnin/4i  I"  ■"a*  tl**  Kra»»  twllantfan  inri  petfttm  yjw 
Ubiw  *  Vrflff  bal  l*tlst  *U«fH  t  >  (P«4  t*nt*ot  haf  tan  all 
kia'fUiU.  Dtarraf  V  «i»xi  |r->^«nx»  tin*  J  Allien*  i( 
minalrt]         AfK  «ctv  laroMj/  tine*  l»  ra*tt  ha*  ciliaaw 

V...  »      m  M-    -    M**»ttlM*,    ml    imlmr.  ICllltTT  itrrcat  tvsr 

Ml   Tb«  l.«am»..f  AM  J***  .  ■>-  ■>''■*•       Span*.  I  ha 

CM'lt*  aUw  'if  K'i««,  tht  aetft  "f  Lunye,  Ma)  mrdualol 
UbNrennl  tta  pmrvi  •!*>  *U*  aaa  tW  aLiira  nt  >C*"'"»". 
hat*  a*»inJ  n-i'.knj  t  -  rwoan  (**«**>*  Hal  a.  ttetwil  |<*<n 
•tJMLttr*  aaal  term*  <U*«i*a  r  than  J*r»  l)ta<ar.  IrWrt*  btU.vt 
ainacrae;  (i*il*u|»^t.  MiJtaae*  ipwiff  nlu.«lrJ  *er«Ttr 
X*»t-ai..  »  aac  Jim-  tuiiwj  m  Ha* an  by  at  troebian  JctM  lb* 
>tf  th*ny  tk«»j'*iil  tiicnn'acrt  in  Part.  «lr>  l*i»e  tiitl  i-» 
pi  ihteaarh  the  »e»»y  div-very  ul  n-*h.iac»i  Ubout,  T%i> 
•  una  (■•■•'I  >'  tin  *>icM,  airiiaf  liar  lit  l*tnl>  ir>.  la* 
litro  fr>m  Hi  mi,:.  *.  '•■  i,  iti*Ii.n  i..  -  ,..***.  t*  iji  i-*i 

ML 

I  at  Otr  *  >inyV:  nani|te  uf  >■•»  Ml  a  pally  im«up 
faetwt  laaprtnol  Uf  the  la ulanfa  a/  aoance  affcvl*  the  ninft«W 
mA  rall'if'*  It  rrwauic  »r  naknd  Whe»  I  aanhii  ibr 
«nty  WJf  i/m.jmhi;  a  |q]U  **<  ly  llta  ire>l<>  box,  *<n  ka 
qwfVtfde  miirmla,  rial  wi  •>*«),  httml  itfiv  "t  tlralff.  at»J  a 
wlflrar  «a»ck  If  cttnrtaiiv  »»rf  ML  ib»  Iwt  tia 
i.-ir  I  a»l  iIk  til  *m  Hry.  *  oialJ  lar  MMMl  ■  '■** 
MOni  Imi  tiryjfiin  IW  near  iXiajtW  <raa  muk  l'«crT. 

iho  woccm  Ininx  4  iiaJ  ibe  *r*»iijf  *l  Majftk 
Tka  navniimcr  *|  itti.  treat  »  fire  .*  a  lij«ii«  Ui*+.  v  M 
kept  tkrM  ihttwh  tW  Jav    » H<1  «  hr.  IkiWI.  icfli 

lar«  MM!  langt  *««uwi1  V  «a»T  aW*M»  f"  g  *■ 
unvrt  M  tha  tA»cf.  tltilra  lai*  ^.aC  IkH  lit  ^m^.. 


nuMl^-rtirr  Itl.r^t  irM]aWiic*ihr«ao*>air  <*!  tawaa!Ma« 
|>ft4tA«>l  (ir  tha  AprJlc4>Mo«i  <*  wixuitc  daewmn  "  W*- 
fcjl  n-iiuriHwl.  Th«»  the  dwwrj  .»f  la  lata  kaK  >i  *ta 
U>I  lu  Dm  inawutiona  of  Watt  i  xHfta  tiHalM  i*M 
•7iiv*tani  «|  )tc*>t  hj  joule  haaa  l«n  lb«  hwkcajtW^N* 
nap*w*irwrst  (a  lite  rttntl  Mtglnaj  whack  aMBW  fMVkb) 
iiiaairwl  f-y  ■  ti>a»«um|it>nn  of  fuel  Ira*  ihaai  <a>M*> 
MMMM  ia»H  rarfMy  year*  ntftt.  It  mif  ha  tfcrt  tW  «pa  a 
Wait  at. I  Mcpferoann  will  yi*Ut  in  ihtit  lamw  —  1— ■ 
«..|i«t ;  ttdt  lraty  have  nlretMly  r»paMd«l  tb*  ftMk.  'niia 
an  J  ivtii  I  he  lemtmw^  nf  KsafUnd  «a.*t  th-a  al  OB  MM 
f.Mt>l  by  hit  viliert  or  bO  Uic  UWKtaa  1"""  *»  » 
.li|.(.«naf«Jt. 

TfccaxeU  aahkh  bat  hUhcatn  l«n  itt.  OiaJ 
jwt^*Uy  rmwiiK  lh-r  |>tt-la>Tt    nf  fiat  «  ■»  ■»?>>Jg 
■Hrtt*:  atkUtrt  the  tun  ahnttt  ttp«i  the  nUnta  M 
l-r^.  -tnl  Mn!  taft  tit  cltctxy  M  thia  «<ia<^f»p^M 
->c  are  Mn(  i hit  oon«*rv*d  farcn  tr«JttAaPy  a»W  l—ft**  w 
a.Vf.>«^h  hi>TM  rattacr  in  alcnin  enejlnM  ha>  «a>  tarfd; 
tine«  14*4,  t*,.  mm  <rin|*  now  jwtadtacr  «*«  uW  f  1 

1«      -t.lt/  thtec  It-atrilavt  |a-ara  alias  M 
tauiifiit-nii^  ..minify       AccoMiotf  lu  IVrf  I>aw»*._W aaa m 
l»«  '     '  '    '  >»»»t  iti.tr«  tfer  i  ■  -jI  *4  thta  MM 
.t.r.it.r..|.  «!,;]  H  h.tlf  thAt  til 
<  *a»  rac4  trry  itHr.ru  il< 
VV1..1  *j4  iw  tfc. 


thia  caMMrf  **i  ■  " I 

win  if  aiffcrt  w  imw 


it  tiini  tt»*i  "in  i»      — — ■  _ 

-viiM  i  *"Lr 

'NMM«t  I-  ikat  <|.tr.licM  1t|if  It  UMM  f««  tntathanaallM^ 
...tit  tl  <>w  tuuon  w  llvu  time.     Tne  »*'a»  «l  n»  nf**~ 

latt.it  /  -  <■  -I.-        ut  c.witinuan*  itiittHuun*  ; 


a  I  taf  «a»t  .^xtjlivw  may  Largely  •whlliwz  tin  abaMMTM»* 
t  irKrrw.lr.Hj  i»  fu.t  |l. H  thia  W»Ja*a  tha*  fMM  **P» 
r     nattr.  U  |  r^lin.l  wTII  turn  wtoae  rtlllchtrtt-J  ■■■■  ■ 


.  in  !*■!»■'« 

■  AaMvmrf.  *"f  II  li 

ar.1  w*»  rr«lc«wH  ly  His*'*. 
Miirrot.  in  tf*>.  Othji 


;k  hi  lla?  imaVa 

V4.aiU«l<|l>  MtJ^faMtfi 

>laM»«4  ty  a»  ^tab^» 
|1ita»\t(  il  mt  Irr^Uici. 
tatat  m»l.  u  i*  <4  atty 
■bM-tatrat  t.»l.  ».•**«**,  lit 
latrin  n.v.  ha*.  ITttMatae/ 


u^raacwii  »>  a.  In  «tMiir«  at  l«ell»l  *  t*f«**>  j 
I'fOrrr-et  of  mtitl  mUUh  |>t^.VthOf  »  di»V^«aa*7  «  ' 
rai«Cy  n  ^  ,,|f,|  in  !>*-  pgrxt.  for  »Hw  ***  ^ 

'k  *!*««.  '*a.t«  .if„|  ralitwna  of  r***^,- 

nvralni  Mtvt,  «  ta.tVttM-  nt«  erTejrtv.  nr  M 

1  1  I  »       Jtii  .flWnl  w»f.    I*        9*  If^TLrf 

■~  "**r*1  •t'fcawi  m»A  kno«l-^»e*/  ?TjJw»* 

•  •t  ti.    .-^nii.  Tj  tm(repf,.|iwJitr  •»«*>  "«*" 

tt„  .»i.,t.  -^luth  h*  ««mwrJ" 


ttat  UM*  - 
aVatf:  tea  ♦reiHC  •»» 


""•^**  :;'iL  \v':  ";„"""  ~' 

iHttattr-    I"*  •*  ,,M      .         ...I  -ttalih  a  .iM 


.-.in,,  it- « *  -    ",^,;7»i  «""ti . 


:.         —  r  .  tMiM1M| 


•■I  .1  .,  . 


•(•|M«nl  many  pMf 
Mnn^.tfs  what  h«'i  li 

wlttl  I 


tohaftr**..     TV   MMr  *«4  lire 

1  bat**  (ft  V-«tfc  *"  •  |K  11*4  *>  ft*  It.Wt 

fllC  Nt*i**|ll  *  i**  ihta  roWKlybt  it**  raMMBt  Talr. 

lurifhi  I,  m  l  a  MM  than  >**fir**>l  ih*  Ian-tint  f  - 
tit*  iiii**uni  M  lit*  l«*  *  iMMrio  b*  tftifti*  I 
t-*c«ai«li  mn»«ito  Iuut.  In  I  rft*U*<t,  a*lht  ii*  r»i.h  |ny«u 
Ikxi  .if  il-  II  ay. mm  ■>  it  vl  r*>*  Mtixf *.<■!•. >v  r*t»-K-i.t.at  I 
nt-ah  il.-m  OMM  ,a*  *a«*i4ia-t  1/  uMMt.  W...I  Mat  -ill 
CoUiaa  ftnnl  w*ili  torn  *a*l  ar*a»J  Uuim  Itofy  M«M,  tot  il  w»* 
•ml*  !*■■«  171*  u>  ina  *i*l  •<  ib*  ««itrrr  ikv -.kr  iBMalim*  »f 
Wjfjli.  .*,*!<  **>*<*ft*.  1 1  t>v'*r  i*r%1  *H*t*ut,uit  l  'tii«n^il  v  nl"t 
•to  «r.o>l(ilul  nnalrra  laNatojaara*  The  l**»  *-*.l<ci  at*,  im 
1«<H--'  fr  >ii  !••  l>»  M  *•***!.  ii  l>H  lliai  fjcl  M  tap*J<a**f  >*JM 
.1  unill  lulur  in  ot*aryart».«  «  ■*  lh>  inukii  ir>»*it'H  In  a.i*avrrt 
II  lulu  A  Mtlhlf.  *«**•*■  hMlkiM  U.I  hatalrcat  )im  alnml 
■Ihftjiihct  llir  *4.|  a.  »f  tr.Ja.inii  c«raia«*  *r»a,    She  l*u 

1  tha  n*J*'l  n»c*a*t  in  o»My  m!  tatfm.l  •  ■*!  itoachs  1 


il».i-i,v      ITi*  imvi*.  alula  ,«-»,r  n*lr  (fit  tatiftuy  ia< 
an.  I  i.  Oitnl.  I»  »••*  tl-  *r*»  lift  •■!  I  n^bbl,  jnI  ..I 

iht  C"  ***  >  nftjml  "*  V  i«  *lr  Hi  11  ti  i|j 

llir  (J..  -I  1  n  to- -ill  *.[.iii>,  ml  llitittjfc  11.f1v.Kncc  ipi-lr- 
tari**.  fnrw  1.1  ■■  iti  rtrtaVia.  «••!»  thaU.ty  n-Jiru  .«*  f  t^l(«>| 
'Mil  M«  |«fl<*e»"»«r»»n'ii€is  U.tm <•*•<•  itv  ajroitoary  «.( 

tltrtmiiy  I mt  a.-a  •  •  -t'lttii  Ik  1  I  ii4.<,  (••i*t 
,  .u*.  ...  1  iIim  Mutt  mm  muruJ*  ...  tktii  ihicf  •  r»ro.-»  it) 
wealth.  Wto*.  iWf  IftMMif  itoy  mil  4ataBKrW  lit*!  11  m 
».  1 1  in  i\r»c,  Ifit  in  tl«-  mharvitf  •<*- aiit*.  ira.r.fi,  ran  1M1 
•alar*  |irtn*»»lljf  -Up.  a  I-  lltto  1  n>  «.  m-ijMrvr  llm  1*  thv 
haw  ill  1  I  'pr"  «*••!•'  IhlM  *av  .at  .  in,  t-  Id.-  .*tla>at  i.i.lt 


•I'KMI  UM    touftttotftt  i*f  t**-al|t.    k»"ftl».toc  it**U  It* 

■  iMirftI  mi  ilw  tomtit  iVfiM*  itc.  »ftr»  wt  ikitk  di*  Huyiw, 
«*»int-li  A,  Ki|rtt.  I. «,.!!.  \|  Kit.-  »    u.l  Ibfwts,  tui  «i>4ll 

S«  1*  liMn  i        t«    u  ■l^.-sMff.  .t  "  Mill  >t%  ■•'-.urt.  w«> 

■  Ml  ■  ft.Cift  «•  1/  lV.    itntiJi  »l.i  tAii*  iktir  rtr».  Mkl  Wck 

MrJi  •»•.  *>*ijj  ft*  Ktl»k  urk-l  Pbr  ithtV  KftflNUkM 
ir«  Ucfcril  UftCni  In  il»-j  U»*e  !■*>>  frw  MhmiIi 

mk  -  itp*l  M»i>.fi  Wr  nafflt  htjt<  «n  trwaf  m  ui,f>m  «f 
i f  n.- 1!>  m  KlfiM,  a«  (nrftihf  l*.  /.■»»,  *t»i  M  r**ilK<  l«  ftfra 
ii>«f>  **  -ImiM  taifto  MMg  %>»«M  rauukl  R*rif  hi 
1 1»-  r/  •  »ckaliftv  ftjf     |i  h  «*i:l  tSt>  <(<1m(  thai  Hi 

Ui*n  «<■«*--  "  Il»  aciivii  *i  tW  aiiftJ  u  Lir  xW  «n»«ft  1/ 
'  I.     .1--     "  «     -1  ^.     l.i.ll;     1.     il  .1-  tt,  ,^-1  i.  Irr  t. 

iW  *tu  id!  t»"itli  wx-ii  *i»  l  .  u  it.Mi  ii.  ««<J  ikit^i  (Jm*1  m 
1  f«lr«V  i>t  ill  1  trn  vm>  tnX*4t  »tf  Umi  ...II  ■  .-il-  ,  1  .1  * 
hMKlinl  mil  <Jtllr  a  hrtl  AAf 


inimc  a*  'in  til 

tiuf  Jj  HH  n^nl  mnih  In  omrjr  ami  **o»>l        ttotfjitt  rvcn  mLr  j  ait.ai  ml  an  i«  U»  tl.if  umi  tUat*  anJ  a*aiiuiM  «ftsft 

(m  t hr  MM  >h>tAft<  BMht  anl  miiIim  Ir*.  Imr-,  »o  KfinaUi*  I  paMRHl  II—*"' 

«*ir  f>*w».      1W»  iMa*«lrari  aMcUaiMn  W  ■toidaltt  tot  V|,              liwmt  t±r<.+Jifi,m  jvr  trtftn.  —  atiaaa 

.to*init-\ft   It-  liim  u*l  1.  ■[.*>- 1. *       i>oriftMrftl>.  mUU  :l        a.Un*u  »u  U.«t  1st  r*U»n»  .if  tikMi  Id  (ft*  **M. 

i!  ha>  •)  Ike  * hn*  1  In*.  •!  I  tie  ftVJr  |naainm«|  (^aaut.u  m^l     T»*i  |.  n  »rty  <4I  tW^fftd  If  arircl  fir  lac  )iu  lUj. 

toJbMjJvBji    nil  rl<iitinl)r  hm+t^  U*»i  i*l  umA  JUM<  I  U^m  il  lir  i#.<un*.ili«  «»«»|.  »r  m  lUmlioaa  |«iu*.  Ilia 

•.'iiKi*  in. tin  '  .-lib*  in  al  ltd  1             m  a 


Mil*  •*  -••  ruu  1 

-IK  iKr  |JirMf»"  H*r».ft,  t(  n*l  (it- 
lt*tfto  >  ••ha.-Jllttft  •-  ibv  %>«ib*ai  id  1 
naliMft  **nft  Wt-ctolt  f-t  •Vir»<|v,4r 

i..i»1  «  Kol  N  J.I..J*  it*.  r*<  nl  .,  tsHt 
t  ilbv  moil  to  nvc.ixiMil  If  ffiantir 

ilftMl  it»U-4lkU  ItT^ftfalft*  at  fhr  |ft|f 

xuiti .  1*11*1; !•  «ttty  nmi  ftlii  aj  tlw  ? 
fin  !•  ■'  i>  iiujik  »•  (Hi  <*ftw  InU 

^CCtHtlllU    lV    I**    t****"*  --#  |l»t-'*t.  1 

»m.|.  lajlil  ifti  MftWitM  immii<i.< 

Ii  r«J  •ytf«fMl*Jl..H<i  Cham. 

|Tu  .1  m  (Wtmt  r  nu  u««  ./  wtk 


1,  ....i»ii  n  •    •  >>  ilruio  .  *.!  ..!  mi.<  .  .1O1  lioai  (Pt-.t 

Vi'... 

limi'  n.  Iiw*t-rrit  iiaw  ifttnna^i  1  iMctti.ti  Ularm 'drtii 
m  I  u>'. tiii)  n huh  1  b.^ur  wiD  Uj  mnt  at nmn  .1.  .<wi'ai> 
icill'ii  l«r**«rr»  Mmm  pnYjtVnt  m.**  iti«p4>a«il  minrti- 


;.    ,1  ».J 

l\         !!l.l    »  !      I. .11  •» 

»toi  1-  -j.  t-».  tnl  l\r 
in  II-  11I  1 1.  ■  *  r  !«■■ 
1  aianl  .lilt  II  .r  fall 
tfia  ra>  I  j  t.nttr,  thai  d> 
r  mUr  U ■  f-ftft-asl  l  • 
'-"■Inn  i*T  i|«  itrr  nl 
jtw  11..  "i».  fiifal  U«r 
v*  irhrr  rV  aVilu 
lito  tit  ^tLttn  -aitittt 
\'.l|.<t.  NV.U;{,ll* 


■  1 .  r  ol  <««  1,'.  -  1,  nttt  1  ii.-  •  I  »i  ii,  ito  *a»a)t  «*'r*Xl 
man  iL«i  j  J  •!(..■ «  f*ti*r  t*a  jnr.  af  j  Mai  hr  wta  cad  la* 
It  .1  |tin» .  nl»>  .i*  hma  (l»«ty  uiift<  u  fttuaJ  aaji  »uh  ik* 
wMu  -I  H|»Vl  Alt  thrt.ii  aalaaa  .«*  Wth<MH«.  Mac  fxHb 
iMHnM  M  <lac  l~ila/ta«v,  trjt^l  t|n«  hi*  fu*li««cf"  1 1  at  lua  ■* 
tt  xntt  aaal  ilaaar  oWi/***  (jir#  aarai*  to  Imut  pay  aw  Aa* 
»'«*aj  n-  mi.  '*  I  rawmtr  in  idtM  KlKf  h«^rai  .rf  I* ■(*****«' 
•  II    he  n  -  *ii       ,..  I  11.11;       Ii  ..l-j.ii.i, 

l  <ai  ujtta  it'Sta  aatfi  **  lha«r  (ay  [W|«*a*  «*t  it.  iltiat  V./«  im 
ftiic  at  tt  to  rjaajorri  la/  ha  Ihr  tn*ram1  maarrh  --l"  aaraca/ 
*l.  i  lavni  ulUv  I  11  )•  m  I'  ■  a-  11  ir.;  thai  irwaJlrr.  «i 
tlUli  V4ftr>  tn  a/tttrtHt  l*t**n  «*».  «iat*t  a»l  *>i  ii]ri**.(  iba 
luamtov  -(  hi«**a1krhtc.  K/t/liJi  '.i'<imirti.  akaaa  Ui  c* 
r«av  l,w  1*,t  thai  tW  1  iifiirc«a>*»  mi  -a.  IftftfM  hit  tr\<«ne  « 
*-.av*tiltoi  a*  liaVtVtl  Mud  .if  I  In.  •aAlTarrn.r  u  ilat  Ikib 
Mm  .J  iiUuitw  1  hit*  al  MM!.  )  ia.y  luran*  <  h> 
■  liiaaiat;  tit  M-*trat-  *  lafjfri  atorr  M  latlata.  rthaat1at*a.  1  tatrar  ra 
■Tf  «•  a;  'lsi«v-i«ict  Inaiilanr,  aai.  la>  |4aih>t.apliT.  to  rttif  »aaV 
i-  -  t.tt.1  ,1  I,  ,  .arai-  ,nN  rt  l..*am  It  *■  I. yairM  \  ttij 
"  till  11  (tiltit  1  lit  tli.-n  ll«ff  ah  lajtl  •«  «  fur  ylai  l« 
lit*  •a».»lll>  Bftiikf,  *>t  I  Its  tat  i-aaftt  ■*(..  pru*H  tt  JaftaAl 
h-atinhv  f itftiar**  »f  iHrii  |..^-v.ni  .tttn^j  iht  r<totirvc  am» 
Mfta  t la  •!>•*  faialtitt  *«ha.h  ntair  ft  >iinL  i^ail  111  ra%  aalh 
.1  W*-1.fftX  l>*r«  ••(  ItNh,  »l<h  hWjhiWIII  )*H|>«*a|  In 


'■l^aitri.  1  * •«•  ft  Mini*)  « 
«Uli  II..-*  >•*  to  (a*ia..1oi*>  o 
■»-t  aabch  tsa*  |*a«lt  thr  jt|il«- 
itaa  W*ai**f  ^l.iaiv  (HJftWhf  '*'|< 
all  |iirt.  ^thriia>1aa,aaMft*t  a* 
1  iit.aia.aa  l>  liat  ximi  *bi*il 
•U*  -at  a  ]T»rth  wWrli»< 


tot. 
V*ftb~ 


«<t1  u  |<m*lhit  i  tarrr 
\v<ixfl  ^.iitk^  <lf|«til..«th*  *l|r*i>  '*  'iar«  •*!  (  Uliai{  bi  llrr  ota>i*«a»li«. 


r/Jaat  iltrta*-lni  guaftntaaf  haati^  (tofttaVl  h*  th*-»  llaa 
■utif  livanc  avaifttii:  ttmiftt;  am  ito  |t«i>ai|*  •/  aim* 
im  hit*-t  'IV  (tut 1 1  .if  t«  ,.«(-,  irijftHt-  t  *»(*- Aiilp  •»(  a»«illli 
an  ftOf.iiftitftti  torinf  tn*  Nwl- -tl  r-huwa  b|.  s,.t 
Hiftf  1  il  "  MaarsMWf  I  1  a»i,  tk,»vh  it  j..t-j.  ,w  1  aifttaai  f  » 
•  alo'  l-  1  t**n-lri,  «UU  *n  iMii  1  ftWna;oi  la  awwy  tw- 
it. iaiut.U.1*,  «•,  an  tr(jnl.  ihft  *to..trut.  i  rtiaailt  rm 
• J  aiCM     In  i.M.it,  atlaii         -.  .'.I      anl  ..tuift- 

•.t-  ■  ■    •  «*.  '•  i:-  l.^t-.-  ,         j,,t  .1,.,   ,   W1. 

...  1.  .1  .a  ii.  .  t.a.a.rftaaaXn^a.1  i.#  i|„.tyh  1  >||i^l)t„, 
t.»|.l.r.  if  I  a  fftai.  ■»  nan  *<U<.,\y  ,..  «,^..t, 
l  .r«:*i  .fttna.l  .«  il.  tt  mil  a.- nr.  .#  |i.,ti«riJ1(.  ,ia.| 
WM-ft.l.l.  alftfr  hihati.  iianhtartt  iI.ihi  mT  |  ftpX  ftSSTalAlit 
siaA  I  -»l  at,  an  k  tol  «-i4lr*i  «iitaaU  im*ks  ..*av  i«s  _*.J«| 
fclfl  ..It*,  itaj  at  aaal)  aj  -In, '.  ..I  l.v  IL11  SttoilaUM 
a.tr  ahr  -ra  »il  Utf&inx,  ml  MMaaM  t  »t.  a->t  .1  |l.t  Hwttv 
tat  I'n  11  liTiavTk  TtoVs  a*a>  a  ttavaflrtJt  ml  tiifihin  m\-< 
In-aafl-1  'av.>.  atamtw  a.  aill  a>  1.1I  tV.ra.  lt;r,i  hI*i  ml  In. 
MM  .l.ttttitani  KftAl  *.  trrll  a.  /.ra.,  *,,tv  nn  >n  omauin 
S'ttr  -  ",».  a  •iimni'ia  ,  laaftr  lika  a  ntkl-raur-a  1  hmMlt 
tol*  a  fttlOfatt*  ahiaa  mill  Mrtastltr  rrii  «<  l  hira  mih  lli' 
aeihh  I  Ati*  IDtoCaacralMka.il  -(|. ,  t -4 .  . a  ,|||, 
Ml  to  au.  -iia*K-^l  ka-rtoi  1**  il,^.  ?(ll#t  ,/  mnm'. 
\K\  ta|a.4t  **ral»t|  tli-t  to*  it!  taWftar  athuk  a  U.a.1 
aftiiiftt  «*aihl  a.ulv  inyita.  a*         «**  .UL*,  **a4  ton-r 


r  *hui  im  tVara 
••^rattt.  In  iha> 
fK  vara  .hnuM 
rjaa>  aaatfti*  to* 

hftr-artar  'iiimb  ihr  *ij*  M  aala.lt  *•  !»**  nil.  ■* 
v.tarr.  cars  ata  rcniaW  t* 
ifttcat  M  ■  ■  ,-■  ,1  1  .  .1  !. 
■1  alrrrria-l  w«h  i*.imtaii 
taalitalUM,  i\al  m  w*ajta  «■ 
1/  ihri  •iii-Ui-K'.itc  irtMi*  in  ihf  Bi j..m/ ..I  tiailtaalina.  In 
'1  -ii  .<-.  .»  i  ma  ia  tn,  a  aiai*lii>l  ■>!  **i*Itot«  ha»  l««« 
iM.t»rtrt  »fnJt  aw  *fr«MN*atl  *■•  inulftiar  Woe*.-  «e  haar  Wca 
tntl'-  aatroa*.  fr*  thrtc  1*  In  a«*k  ti  >>  ' .  :  aa  .  -t.  . 
1*  lllll  Jilt.  *hv4  Ihr  itohi  <Ih>I  a  J*  h»ra»:  'llt'^jlnl  athh*.  hat 
i/.tiaaarf  th*>  ft.aaTtanx  -f  *Mm.r  al*l  Haaaaaj  Ha*  <iHt<i«i  mJ 
Ir  r.t'inr  >•*  |l»*  IK  .■■»»>  ittl**!  lallaan  hftil  a  i*a*«La>l  l*rt**f*.t 
ft)  j  I- u..iit<  aititiialtfta,  >  t'laiaitofta  aalflrl  irach 

1 ,1  -I.  it,  ■  \,  |r  ,1.  .1  mi.  1  ..n ,r.  •l(t*iii  i»*-  -nuj  »-t.ltAr  ifc* 
atVfttil  MfttaJi  *  I'*'*.  «  l^tt*  w*chl  'tl*a"»rr  <a(a*-a  «*? 
1      ...    tit  I  LtahValiin  *.»»-..i  .».it«*»t  » '  ■"»«  '* 

.-».i  ui  **.>  h*p1a  >ii'  *a  nitrainai  t.,  >i-ji.. ».  WHa-ai 

•iiaaa- waail  |»  ilaca     >.*.»iiUlr—.  thf  totttar  nfl*  rallaar  anJ 
•  u  fthh.1  ia*  |««t«ta  alair  ■-*  r<toii»>4)  aa  that  ivaaiinj 
»t*vl«  t  •  i"'ilt-».  I*  -tol'lf  i"  to  'h-jl  rfl, «a»c  a  culraiau 
.,  iltl.tati    il  l-  2<--arlf  I"  l*i*  4n. I. tarsal  .if  tb*  *\ iff*. ate 
unit*;  mlhsaaa 


xatir  i*  a 

- 


14  aa 


,  I  .- 


pat  t 


oogle 


i 

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NATURE 


rrapte  of  my  | 
«klU  ih*.)l« 


It  .nir»i;  .f.1         bm  W>n  ft*  i 

I,    IT.  i  dlWfrpw  IB  SB*  Jlr  i** 

a  (M  of  Mini*  rmtik  i*Mlinltv  *nM  >U  tha  ttwcl*  uf 
In  in  AlafrtWn  1  isnwwtt**  <W  ike  Inrvt 

I    ,    .tt.i    I     .  *•       ■it...'.--!    '-.    f-rl,t,t    -T  llw  »f. 

.  ij-ij»n*Ti:  wtitti  n  iM.ln.l  -r;«.  It.--,  i  ll.rt  r. 'ihr  Pm- 
hi*.  <f  K  i»£'*  i   ilrfr  m  ill*  Unixr***,    V>l  cvm  In  <\r 

•  m*  «f  Eibrw-  ■  •*»  iui{ti.  l.t**k  u  i'Antwitct  •.••I  4>l  in 
■r*ch  tot  the  -> .1  i .'  ' •  i<  (I  Ihcntar?  m  mm  sa  at  n.  , 
*>-i1mi  >  pnrutl  lrc*il:n-  -km  lltiU  V*a  rtrfrwtdiM  **cri-c 
m  tim  r»  crt*ni«*K'<i  wkd  ike  >lfic«win  nf  two  Hhtr  i"»iw- 
w.lfT  m#n,  Nntim  ml  CinB*k«k.  II*  cli<.  nwrrlr*  ./  Nrw- 
"  "  wTHiifr*^-*  ih*  .trv-*l-»  */  *mtllftt  '..<  ihe  irrf  nf  in* 

Whca.  hr  rval  Ji>hrl  *.Lr         Iff  vhuh  ib*  mfrm  -if 
ihe  ptii  vi»*n  if  hwji  It,  ihf  nalnnc  ir  (mtrMl,  ht 
.InltliV-  Wt*-T.i  urn&        nif4t*rtuil  4rr«W>- 
trrtil  mI  'U  MUM  •»•*■     **  tfi^W  <lb».*«v  Battel  n|nt)  ihr 

•  i*ll  u  •».<-,  ji-!  i'imf<«c  rVj«r'»  toe*  >rn  Nmoi  <rtr  otJf  c 
P>«nf  fin.-*  — 

t. .)-..;.-  «rr-f.  w.  K.  ti 

Na  iVnbl  lb*  Ml  ty«t  w.icfc  W>  tnvnrEcl  Stit  Im  .n**>  In 
trctMlllMI  I'J  I*****  rt>ot.    Tic  nut  otWrrxttotM  .if  t,,s„ 

IWW.  (-»»l*l  with  '!»'   '.initii'i     (  f  j— it;  -.  J..  Ktjilrr,'  -,T  I 

vriktril  ihM  ff  Ukf  Om.iIi  lid  •  ■•u|Jt  Ikt  mfctfilirm  of 
ibc  irtimw  mm  ihn  kfu«l«nAl,  »nn.ir>t  ia.l  i..i  f(i  r>l 
rk*Orte»»fv  i if  rht  MM  d«l  Ihc  fw«rr*  tc*  t*r  «h«  r .r  nvif  -i.l! 
frpil*-»l  k.y  •prc*ot<pr,nit  |ititt.V«<«t.  F.ffti  k<|>ki  nr  *r<l 
the  yttkHi  try  •|"t*s  *i<t  tt  Imk  huh  'km  Uj  Wirxk  lti»«- 
f«V«ilil  ti  i  <a  :V*  Wf<  t*cvni«H  «t»>  fttllt  <IM  m 
a  ucV  fcy  kit  Mrsiip  lii  tin.*  l-  •  i-.r,,,.-,  thai  [  .i-.- 
Dantfunt*  JiuiVl  W  dt  J I  •>  in  irflrvit)  MMm  <r> 
«ml|ifi)t>,  1totr>l  iV  MUtrw  *<  ■  trurkiw.  iha  nk**U 

at  vlith  M**t  i']t  a  Bttii<«  ihe  cacuwiu  r*FMt*c  » 
4t\\t*  |r,»rv  i  ct  xirk  tSurr*  *mt  •  «lf  *n  »»«t|«  in  tffij. 
hue  lie  ti*i«r«*  ^>  <Ht«*.J  iiir1li[>TKM«  ItU  ««r  «"»n.  »ml  (r* 
il*ni«»/H  vrkm  s«  tXfc+i.  It  mjuKil  lltr  iWvMfy  "f  »i  »1( 
pFniilnc  ikn»«rfHUl  ill  S«t»,  M  ^rfir^i 

lhacB*W  of  «rn.  stml  .«tr  «*ti(K  «f      it  witlraH  't't  ufKTf- 
lit«>  of  1h«  uil*riK.  ici1»<M  ih»  rarth  Mi         *y«tiw  i»  m»> 
■itiff^m.   I:  h  k*  tk»  irrr«.iipiAi«  •<  ikf  *nt«  <in  ill 
■hil  »•  nUiin  »  f««Lr  uncrptUti  ■*       aifaiilf  - 
*  WJ-  i»      »  -liri.a 

Fxd(«a>iKal  ti'  v.  I.*-.  WMiaWn-h  «»4«mi»c»l  b{  tutrrf 
i*lMttv  •»•*  ••  Ujllifa  m*1  ll«t».  Lv>»i  in- 

tUlw.  >4  t«»  Viliuis     Tlirf  f\tt.*»<»  •«  it">'^. 

dMvstrf  Ud  n*n  »  Bind*  Mrt*  «*  MNMI  "H 


•  n«rw  tutth  Ma 


'""■''■"i.'  "tile*  w  7^^"^"  "»'i"l>«-»3i» 

■  .  "  C l-i  rim. 


■i .  i.i ....  i 


MKCTIOM  A. 


*"°  '"»«£«.  »cim»cm. 


M.A..  r.ut. 


k»v  .ItHM  in  t 
lilt  »Llrt«x%  itt 


,"n'«l-cle<lly 


"•I  pneo^t 


•f  i.l.ln-tv 
Ik. 


*B.I  .Vet, 


r.  |l.iwi«|.  vaav  diUtt 

f~  *«r*B 


-it 


turn  for  ll 


-  t.u  M|  ^ 


— tp 

M  link, 
Ibt  tltlhma  <t 


.1..  r.„  Ti;  . 

I  hat  (hcotlk#t»# 


lit-  lu.t rl.  , „,,„., ta       „.._'k,  •»  Ihe  -      i  ,  |  ■  mtJ 


-  '"V-tn  ... 
itrf  ne>l.iMKMV.  In  ' 


■  J»»ll  Out,)  | 

 <■  »v».r  ^T..rs*  ssss**. 


"  —  I    l-t  t  m  M 


nanknl  iM  •uh'M  M?j"Sa    VZl  .1. 


■  1*11 

Tie  net**  1,1  W          i  .. 


:uit  I*  t*v«J- 


.u  >..■.  .f... t«w  p>"  ".« *?T  - 7 


—  fw  ihe  a.!.,.™™ 

""•I  icU  „f  , 

'/  '■■ 

>f  .11. 


heat 


•  f-Ua, 


Vac  Ifli  i'"Oaa  f  aun.  ■ 
A<  nuUia"  Iralh  »  ~ 
man  a  aamii  V  ."j;.-  aatcm  la 


-  kicflK.  «•*!<  ti 

JtA-O  k". 

.    ,iJr«rt«i  '« ibu««'»" 


»p'«i''.t«aei 


"  .'..'.'■.'.'IT1,  7»"  *ci»oa»  „ 


:u.1"1-  'n   !..,'.  .  , '.•'•■"« 'r«le  ll  a,'* 


IhH-i^-ajtC."^1 


~"al 


m.  a  .1|  I, 


rt  »»»lal  .J  ^ 
1  .KIT>'"»M«  *>iraa« 

"  ™«i|>eoaai«l  l7 


Sepi.  10,  1885] 


NATURE 


447 


the  continual  increase  of  those  who  have  received  higher  educa" 
lion  of  some  kind  or  other,  and  whose  daily  occupation*  give 
«h  em  an  interest,  direct  or  indirect,  in  one  or  more  branches  of 
science 

It  uny  not  be  amiss  to  insist  for  a  little  on  the  a  Ivantage*  to 
science  of  a  great  body  of  men  unofficially  engaged  in  scientific 
research,  in  writing  regarding  science,  or  even  in  merely  turning 
scientific  matter  over  in  their  minds.    It  will  not  have  escaped 
the  notice  of  those  among  you  who  have  studied  the  history  of 
•sc  iencc,  that  few  scientific  ideas  spring  up  suddenly  without 
previous  trace  or  history.    It  is  perfectly  true  that  in  many  cases 
some  mind  of  unwonted  breadth  and  firmness  is  required  to 
f  >r  imitate  the  new  doctrine,  and  carry  it  to  manifold  fruition  ; 
but  a  close  examination  always  shows  that  the  sprite  was  in  the 
rur  before  the  Prospero  came  to  catch  him.   It  is  very  striking  to 
notice,  in  the  history  of  Algebra  for  instance,  long  periods  in 
which  great  improvements  were  effected  in  the  science,  which 
cannot  be  traced  to  any  individual,  but  seem  to  have  been  due 
merely  to  the  working  of  the  minds  of  scientific  men  generally 
upon  the  matter,  one  giving  it  this  little  turn,  another  that,  in  the 
main  always  for  the  better.    Like  every  other  thing  that  has  the 
virtue  of  truth  in  it,  science  grows  as  it  goes,  not  like  the  idle 
ossiping  lale  by  the  casual  accretion  of  heterogeneous  matter, 
■at  by  the  chemical  combination  of  pure  element  with  pure 
clement  in  reasonable  proportion. 

I  know  of  no  greater  advantage  for  science  than  the  existence 
of  an  army  of  independent  workers  sufficiently  enlightened  for 
self-criticism,  who  shall  test  the  results  and  theories  of  their  day. 
Great  and  indispensable  as  are  the  uses  of  professional  schools 
of  scientific  workmen,  they  arc  open  to  one  great  and  insidious 
danger.  The  temptation  there  to  swear  by  the  wo.-d  of  the 
master  is  often  irresistible.  Not  to  speak  of  its  being  often  the 
readiest  avenue  to  fanu  and  profit,  it  is  the  perfectly  natural 
consequence  of  the  contact  of  smaller  mind  with  greater. 

There  are  few  things  where  the  want  of  an  enlightened 
scientific  public  strikes  an  expert  more  than  the  matter  of  scientific 
text-books.  If  the  British  public  were  educated  as  it  ought  to 
he,  publishers  would  not  be  able  id  palm  off  upon  them  in  this 
guise  the  ill-paid  work  of  fifth-rate  workmen  so  oftcu  as  they  do ; 
nor  would  the  scientific  articles  and  reviews  in  popular  journals 
and  magazines  so  of  lea  be  writt  ;n  by  men  so  palpably  ignorant 
of  their  subject. 

\Vc  all  have  a  great  respect  fur  the  integrity  of  our  British 
legislators,  whatever  doubts  may  haunt  us  occasionally  as  to  their 
capacity  in  practical  affairs.  The  ignorance  of  many  of  them 
regarding  some  of  the  most  elementary  facts  that  bear  on  every- 
day life  is  very  surprising.  Scientifically  speaking,  uneducated 
themselves,  they  seem  to  think  that  they  will  eaten  the  echo  of 
a  fact  or  the  solution  of  an  arithmetical  problem  by  putting  their 
ears  to  the  sounding-shell  of  uneducated  public  opinion.^Whcn 
I  observe  the  process  which  many  such  people  employ  for  arriving 
at  what  they  consider  truth,  I  often  think  of  a  story  I  once  heard 
of  an  ccccntri:  German  student  of  chemistry.  This  gentleman 
was  idle,  but.  like  all  his  nation,  systematic.  When  he  had  a 
precipitate  to  weigh,  instead  of  resorting  to  his  balance,  he  would 
go  the  round  of  the  laboratory,  hold  up  the  lest- tube  before  each 
of  his  fellow-students  in  turn,  and  ask  him  to  guess  the  weight. 
He  then  set  d  >wn  all  the  replies,  took  the  average,  and  entered 
the  result  in  his  analysis. 

I  will  not  take  up  your  time  iu  insisting  upon  the  necessity  of 
the  diffusion  of  science  among  that  large  portion  of  the  public  f 
who  are,  or  ought  to  be,  appliers  of  scientific  knowledge  to  prac- 
tical life.  That  part  of  my  theme  is  so  obvious,  and  has  been  of 
late  so  much  dwelt  upon,  that  I  may  pass  it  by,  and  draw  your 
attention  to  another  place  in  which  the  shoe  pinches.  All  of  you 
who  have  taken  any  practical  interest  in  the  organisation  of  our 
educational  institutions  must  be  aware  of  the  great  difficulty  in 
securing  the  service*  of  non-pr  ifessioual  men  of  sufficient  scien- 
tific knowledge  to  act  on  School  Boards,  and  undertake  the 
direction  of  our  higher  schools.  It  is  no  secret  among  those  who 
carefully  watch  the  course  of  the  timss  in  these  matters  that  our 
present  organisation  is  utterly  insufficient  ;  that  it  has  not  solved, 
and  shows  every  day  less  likelihood  of  solving,  the  problems  of 
higher  education.  This  arise-,  to  a  great  extent,  from  the  fact 
that  a  scientifically  educated  public  of  the  extent  presupposed  by 
the  organisation  really  docs  not  at  present  exist. 

If  the  existence  of  a  great  scientific  public  be  as  important  as 
I  think  I  have  shown  it  to  be,  it  must  be  worth  while  to  devote 
a  few  moments  to  the  consideration  of  the  means  we  adopt  to 
produce  it  both  in  the  rising  and  in  the  risen  generation. 


It  would  naturally  be  expected  that  we  should  look  carefully 
to  the  scientific  education  of  our  youth,  to  see  that  the  best  men 
and  the  best  means  that  could  be  had  were  devoted  to  it ;  that 
we  should  endeavour  to  make  for  them  a  broad  straight  road  to 
the  newest  and  best  of  our  scientific  ideas ;  that  we  should  exer- 
cise them  when  young  on  the  best  work  of  the  greatest'inasters  ; 
familiarise  them  early  with  the  great  men  and  the  great  feats  of 
science,  both  of  the  past  and  of  the  present  ;  that  we  should  avoid 
retarding  their  progress  by  making  the  details  and  illustrations  or 
particular  rules  and  methods  end  in  themselves.  Granting  that 
it  is  impossible  to  bring  every  learner  within  reach  of  the  fullest 
scientific  knowledge  of  his  time,  it  would  surely  be  reasonable  to 
take  care  that  the  little  way  we  lead  him  should  not  be  alon  j 
some  devious  by-path,  but  towards  some  eminence  from  which 
he  might  at  least  see  the  promised  land.  The  end  of  all  scien- 
tific training  of  the  great  public  1  take  to  be,  to  enable  each 
member  of  it  to  look  reason  and  nature  in  the  face,  and  judge  for 
hitntclf  what,  considering  the  circumstances  of  his  day,  may  be 
known,  and  not  be  deceived  regarding  what  must  to  him  remain 
unknown.  If  this  be  so,  surely  the  ideal  of  scientific  education 
which  1  have  sketched  is  the  right  one  :  yet  it  is  most  certainly 
not  the  ideal  of  our  present  system  of  instruction.  To  attain 
conviction  on  that  head  it  is  sufficient  to  examine  the  text-books 
and  examination  papers  of  the  day. 

Let  us  confine  ourselves  for  the  present  to  the  most  elementary 
of  all  the  exact  sciences,  viz. ,  geometry  an  l  algelwa.  These  two, 
although  among  the  oldest,  are,  as  Professor  Caylcy  very  justly 
reminded  the  Association  last  year,  perhaps  the  most  progressive 
and  promising  of  all  the  sciences.  Great  names  of  antiquity  are 
associated  « ith  them,  and  in  modern  times  an  army  of  men  of 
geuius  have  aided  their  advance.  Moreover,  it  cannot  be  said 
that  this  advance  concerns  the  higher  parts  of  these  sciences 
alone.  On  the  contrary,  the  discoveries  of  Gauss,  Lobat- 
schewsky,  and  Riemann,  and  of  Poncelct,  Mobius,  Stciner, 
Chasles,  and  Von  Standi,  in  geometry,  and  the  labours  of  De 
Morgan,  Hamilton,  and  Grassman,  not  to  mention  many  others, 
in  algebra,  have  thrown  a  flood  of  light  on  the  elements  of  bath 
these  subjects.  What  traces  of  all  this  do  we  find  in  our  school 
books  ?  To  be  sure  antiquity  is  stamped  upon  our  geometry,  for 
we  use  the  text-book  of  Luclid,  which  is  some  two  thousand  years 
old  ;  but  where  can  we  point  to  the  influence  of  modern  progress 
in  our  geometrical  teaching  ?  For  our  teaching  of  algebra,  J  am 
afraid,  we  cm  claim  neither  the  sanction  of  antiquity  nor  the 
light  of  modern  times.  Whether  we  look  at  the  elementary,  or 
at  what  is  called  the  higher  teaching  of  this  subject,  the  result  is 
unsatisfactory.  With  respect  to  the  former,  my  experience 
justifies  the  criticism  of  Professor  Hcnrici ;  and  1  have  no  doubt 
that  the  remedy  he  suggests  would  be  effectual.  In  the  higher 
teaching,  which  interests  me  most,  I  have  to  complain  of  the 
utter  neglect  of  the  all-important  notion  of  algebraic  form.  I 
found,  when  1  first  tried  to  teach  University  students  co-ordinate 
geometry,  that  1  had  to  go  back  and  leach  them  algebra  over 
again.  The  fundamental  idea  of  an  integral  function  of  a  cer- 
tain degree,  having  a  certain  form  and  so  many  coefficients,  was 
to  them  as  much  an  unknown  quantity  as  the  proverbial  -r.  I 
found  that  their  notion  of  higher  algebra  was  the  solution  of 
harder  and  harder  equations.  The  curious  thing  is  thai  many 
examination  candulates,  who  show  great  facility  in  reducing  ex- 
ceptional equations  to  quadratics,  appear  not  to  have  the  remotest 
idea  beforehand  of  the  number  of  solutions  to  l>e  expected  ;  and 
that  they  will  very  often  produce  for  you  by  some  fallacious 
mechanical  process  a  solution  which  is  none  at  all.  In  short, 
the  logic  of  the  subject,  which,  both  educationally  and  scienti- 
fically speaking,  is  the  most  important  part  of  it,  is  wholly 
neglected.  The  whole  training  consists  in  example  grinding. 
What  should  have  been  merely  the  help  to  attain  the  end  has 
become  the  end  itself.  The  result  is  that  algebra,  as  we  teach 
it,  is  neither  an  art  nor  a  science,  but  an  ill-digested  farrago  oi 
rules,  whose  object  is  the  solution  of  examination  problems. 

The  history  of  this  matter  of  problems,  as  they  are  called, 
illustrates  iu  a  singularly  instructive  way  the  weak  i>oint  of  ojr 
English  system  of  education.  They  originated,  I  fancy,  in  the 
Cambridge  Mathematical  Tripos  Kxaminati  in,  as  a  reaction 
against  the  abuses  of  cramming  bookwork,  atv.l  '.hey  have,  spread 
into  almost  every  branch  of  science  teaching — witness  test- 
tubing  in  chemistry.  At  first  they  may  have  been  a  good  thing; 
at  all  events  the  tradition  at  Cambridge  was  Mrong  ui  my  day, 
that  he  that  could  work  the  most  problems  in  three  or  two  and  % 
half  hours  was  the  ablest  man,  and,  be  he  ever  so  ignorant  of  V 
subject  in  its  width  and  breadth,  could  afford  to  despise  tbx 


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ti«t  itf  a  udtr,  ami  lb*  neat  baa*  to  haw  contact  ant*  ■ 
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hahm.  llwl  k%i..««  -HmW  '"i»*n*  ,J;  *  '   '  . 

i>«»l  in  *»rty  vat-WA  I  «"«JI).  k***    ..'  J^L,  Ji.aiU 

,iujr  10  M**™*;^.  £    » ; „  

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I  f  •  -I  t>t  S»%c 

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in4  l..ir.'.  » inline  m  many  rv-ry  clvlllaeil  cx-antxy  «•  •* 

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unutlrf  I7  l"U«k'  <■•'   •  t-'ri    itnix. rattier    r ■>         .  .  ,,  tha  :  — 

1  ii-indu-f  their  a<1vani«uca  to  }^r*na>*  f*vtf*n  * 
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a«ixtraara«.  oaart  aumiaane  »«f*«ly.       It  baa  tlona  aa  »*■ 
jil"iina«t»  in  the  »»j  "**  'j»»etn~irm  ahl.  cluc-aatm 
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kjj       U  i'  ■    •-■  1,1  iltnc,  aiih  |Ti .«  ui..|,„n,  tha  inaaafltfa*' 
ihil  »<humi  lian  m  almnl  tlaa  laalt  uf  rr-ally  nttiaw  I  P 
1    •     1  I)  ,h-t  ^-tut^.  t«  - 

tlrtag,  Bmy t|Wl  mnht  -pi«n  the  hiKhur   «Muc3i1>uai  4-M  af  0* 
pi«f(  U-nrfilv  »t  ha»  art  rrcei-aad.      Tb<*y  have  alt  oiaml—*! 
......  thaaa nl  l*-ltr.  ninc  tti-  ,t<m  tyrant    Eaaaninatton  *haa  •> 

tntljr  eanhlAr.  *Itii-  tmnrnirnt  ia  only  una  nf  tbr  1  ■  '  "' 
l^f-^.  Aiw  nc  .hry.Ma^ar  |>rnrt«li..n  I  find  law  or  r—***t 
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v.a  "  *l—.r»  ,  aiwl  araal)  >aoa.tet.  for  tbary  ham  taa»l  tht'-*»- 
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MlM  1.  \  ««n  hi.kV*  U«ntatr.  vacrpi  in  the  minda  l3  *«<r 
mm)  cLImIt  t<"fK--  wb"  n.n  unnaniv«Jly,  i«  tbr  4p< 

,,-.1  Ij. U4>i~  Mlldl  Man  ya.»£  «.hcn  iha-y  warn  ao. 

All  i»r  >»inr.  Ihr  Ia4>  rf  laaarnaataon  a»  not  an  eaay  oat  & 
...  ha>^  a  ar.,n.  I«a  1  hi.«  u.,  for  varinwa  traa.a-.aa- 
1  w;c-d.  ».«tat  >wl.  In»  ill  |.  w«rfuL      In  lh«  hi  vl  flaca.  thai 
I  in  at  aa  oaxWi  tnan  il»  «y*trot  of  |>atmnaatc.  which.  — 
'••J  which  are  tM»w    ■  t.-k  '. 


ai.l  hithn  tntn  tbr  MM  **  d»> 
rHbuhlnl  an-  b*  Wtfk\  ""^  ■ 

o*it»»*>.  _a  kAaitWl-n'!' 

nlara  --JI  *****  -.TJaSK  "  *  ^  ^ 

rMiNntarv  im)i  tnw«Hb>  t<-Kt"i  SSSlH,  MJg 

amArtWI  **  lli» 


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to  r 

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|.*t  tlu  1im.  ULfMif.  pud  vLiI  h mm*  * 

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lit],  .iti  t  mt  1 1  vi.'ttitir  ■»  I  •«  lUr  mittf  tt*  ihit. 
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i  u  U.I  at  III  ii  fan  >d  ilt  r|wliM  •  t  Hffjf  •>•.•!••  |  :  -  In  •  t«li»,l. 
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i*i  id'-iac*  *at »•:• ,  «m*i}  i*m  it  i  t.tm&J  >Im*  m  ra*ae  *w 
!•>  ihr  vUMhhl  i»t  t  n*Ml*i*C  t*4v     <u  Im  U  tat* 

tarrW  ta  ih<  ca*«  *.!  lit*  tl<<r  il  w-ji>  «f  L"*i!.«u  tb*r  ilw 
>•.*)  tiii*:  t.tt*|t--4-  ■*>  i  ."'I'nti.  ii  .a,  it*  »*««li  ul  wktik  a 
trtlun  mni*rr  itl  .iitf^d  itnltlur*  **«  mi**Uj  ir*t****j 
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tKMMI  'I*'  *t  rt?|«T*».|«  l«li«ix  llr  |>j|*IUry  a«M  t*tti al mm 
the  fr*rtal  I 

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i<***ilaiM  hi*  nut  tt-aanli  ilv  {t*m  *tal,  Wtf  |«"*r*  lay 

I  ,*■.,  i.d.i    ...       I  !  i'.  .  ;  ■  i    ,,   -  -.j  ..  f.  ,i  it^  |<--{*  r  .-.i-t 

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t taw i  nl  t.t  t!t*t't-.  t  |J..*  (>r  tr  ilu  i.r**»iri^-  ,  laJ  fa*  :l*r» 
la?  al*>*  a  t'Urt  m!  in.'  i  rtutikt.  **licf«  tf*HC  wfcina  f*l*  **<t*ar 
ihuivv  li  m  i*>  *w*a*  i  t*t*.t  **aAm>.|  paay  tnt  a  *Tto*iae  lavrtf 
tun  I  l*A*-*c  lli»*  >W  vliqli'*  rtf  Inl*  •**^pr*ajK«  »»*«|.| 
rfntni-i4y  it.tI  tit  L-a-lilu—  ■<  .rar  i;m  it  *  rntrtt  ^ 
ant  c-tf  M  ila«i  *-t.- a  *4Hcki  via* It  n  it-**i  l*a>l  tafiaa.  Al 
*H  o«R!4.  *f  tVr  hrtMlaal*  itl  kirtat  Ufrrt  it**>tn 

Ml  .tut  I  ecu  itajf^uflua.  ttVtaiil  aartcal  thnn  tnm 
l*t.*.|rai*«j  Hot  tt«*  In  ||tf  »-j  1  ******  lit,  a«*hl»(  ir.wnit 
llir  l*ri>i*h  S >M«t*1M*v  m-mh  d*  mm  IfWtal  oa-tt'ilHti  ■»*** 

clrlltrn'  *jfaa  *■*»!  tv  t.«r  kH  ihr  St  t*l*JI(  |iki«UL 

11*rn  M  i*r  tiNMi  lna*«*  *.f  iht  DfHi**  AwhM*  « 
t  nuiiMi  ».  **  *i>fk  I  naik  In  *tt.  -■  n  ■  -.i  >i\x""'*' 
thiii***  r»»  ani.nf  *t. (!■*«;.  hIcMII*.  cm*  kt**-  an  ..(i.tnuaiiy 
-/  t*i.kit*ji  mmmma  *  UfUtaittwr.  Itml  tactit itlwap-  •(*>**, 
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**>mI|  m  J  rrltatn  *CTW  01%**  tin.  wit  M*tfM  lPr-"*C*  ihr  •rk.t'r 
!#-»(     t  lui.  .In nl*  itl*Ut  -ibii*  than  uaa*  in  ttk*  ilrltrtlit-> 

t.[  i»*    *t. mmt    •|lw  l  1r.i1. i«  1  •  **.-. tA*j  •*•* 

Ift-uirtly.  M  fitl  *!i  rti  t*a  link*.  t*f  MWtri  lit**  in  Vrrj.ig 
MM  nak  nuia  *h  *r*^  iv  1  u  mi  I*/  |.a  iU»  ki  haw  *a 
iri*tvrta*ti|  tiiillli*.*  It  IttW  r*TTJ  I  HJjr  KM"  t*f  1 1  a-  ka{h>* 

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a  ha  li*.  itrna  *na.*tel  wf*i.  *****  tl*. 
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wft-r.  Inr  liiArvr  •**  •t***u«,  Sal  ihr  |»r*V.  »TtKtiii-«> 

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mm  **D  Uj  llli  nl  iNn  iim*  a**  «  lulu  (  *  «fM>r  **;•> 
t  #.t*  1*1*  •  iti  t.|  a  |"i.i|«t  uivil*Uh)j  M»  Vim*,  lira  nA*rc*r  ttl 
<i»7J  •titaUi  Mr»  *viy  •  ftirt'lt*-  9*M  •artt-itf  tMlil  tht*  *n* 
t\r  <**k**rl*  1**  ikw  taav''  *****  tt"**  >a"1(  '*•  "»•" 

nl,c(t  t/  *|*ti  I  tt* ■*>-**■  i-  in  Malvt*  l tar**  wcti  *«■»*  -t  a  *V 


-li  \U'S  II 
t  iiataavAL  »:it*Ml 
•  li  mm.  M  i>*»4.  «»  I'kut.  ||t*.av  r.  Aiti-ti  .i...  fti  U 
f*.lL-*.tf  r»*%*i:a»il  HI  IM  **fi  Mir* 

Itt  ti*  t  IrcMtk'fl  Tpor.ta  il  t*r  krilhtt  AM^litMh  Im  Ota 
\.U *«.«•*•  m  ■  I  Mr»arj  if*-  ■->*i»**n»TOt  .*■'  chrai-try  ihn«r(*k- 
•*ai  lk*  rVtii.h  F«i|<iv  iujt  W  a  MktOC*  -*f  iiftaiiiftrlMC  |« 
**%!*'  "*n  .*(va*Vt«Mi*t*  an  ftxi  wttimf,  — It- 
raaail  t^l**<W*>afM  -/  «*rt»r  vMkqc*  hi  t*r  •fin  a*i'hrt  of 
..ii  tup  1. .at*.  :  the  «>i|l*  -*ii*fti:  •*  ***  *»  «in>  •(  Chaataai 
li.t.i  lit.  -atfli  *•«-«",  mJt  r*  itat  Mt  )MI  i4  II*  <*ahln*T, 


lltlr*  .4  I  ■ 

A*  W.  I  ■ 
tt*  i.in.t|'. 


ioogle 


450 


NATURE 


[Sft.  ia  IBs 


DiM**r*  tATt  J.noo  narrtef* :  lh*  6™""!  1  ^*T>I  tinner  to 
ImJliw#«/Ctor»*<i7  :  ibr  tfcanprv  iu*fl<Kfl  «  i»#Ur»i.»n 
L'iin«n*lv  n  tie  trpibuvin  I**  the  iJ.St  dtp**  ;  lie  rrpcel  of 
ire  rV-ju  CMointxi  ot  TnJinaal  t*«»tl««.  In  »hkh  the 
*el<*  to  cbi»iK*!  HMfMI  «*  »tva»c»d  theawil  kan*. 
|rl_»  „  ¥i  f«JI>  r»©**tfvV  .  «-"»•  iinooeUl*  tvaftitfKe  «•  e>UMa- 
IfaaWd  «  the  !W*n*  Li"iH«*<»  l*it  y*ar  ;  lb*  nwcaj  igr.siiue, 
an  banal  l  Kutint  mUcrdi}  m  1 with  iAe-)t»«ie  ff»-iv>«i 
f»r  tr*»irf>— 5»S  **  ,rc  *'*"* ,W  ,h*  "' 

r taajgEi  *•<  and  *i!L  trc        U  rtMiiilr  MMtittl 

rbf  OnjWr*  -if  ilewwrai  )«■-:. m'-  II.         Hl  J.-t.  whlrtll  la- 


any  mm 

bin*.  • 

S-ich 
oiahr  1 1 


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ill  iuIm  hi 


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[>i  ■  >:>  i  ill, 


ci;>cr*tO». 


r  it  •  t 


ml* 


.......  t*  r*Ai», 


at  an  tru^gm)  porttrm  of  tme  nn*eaf  i  *■ 
eetlaf*  wroth  Ifotoa.  to  ra>m<aU  sUmtm.    It  ag  tat  «r**  | 
oeenomlh  to      a  [>r«>  nialng  *ru-inM  m  Uiurjfati.bciaa* 
of  ti  ■  I'ni i,  a>  wall  ju  the  -tatT.  nN«  aJ»*r»  «*■•*• 

ortgmil  an**     III   fiact,  **  /  «Wfl«<^ 

/%/  <^v'-  l>  cumnt  hat  too  cJnrlrnMCMM  M* 
which  «h«iv«nvri  and  iMi ti«jnli*'T~  oat  OsnM  anaaah**: 
|*^*m  limi.     I  ho    ■  ,.  l .■  n-  .  1  ..  .  not  lonrfl  •*  »—  ■»■ 

-">:  '  '  -■        wuh  which  lir  m  oo.-rp.rl.  t«  • 

of  lit*  filtoo.-*»l»nr*  Itclnc  *••*•*  «Jn»U«r#jr  eng^rad,  tt»  fat  * 


>•■  ■•totwr. 

at  ordr  n-trtd  ret»#waoi  a*  a  ]  iwjejry  i«  itfe  throughout ~t mm  \ah  **rarj 
RimUncKi '  ltd**!,  »»  lW  ImnUt  of    Irtaay  euamiltoa,  ana  they  lhavt  rnaaoant 

iSo»Uil  imhiarin    Tlicte  am  W  t»i  j  ai«^N>«1»  <A  the  old 


cuaiH  |««  frv 
h  id  p«o»l»»'  ■ 
raituA.I«t  »1- 

lhAl  rf'rtT  '-*'  "", ' f  ,h*       c>r»r<y4rnQr<  in  mr  c**u  rj      '  mi  aalr»>  ihajatowttory,  Umt  ihoD  Aal  mm* 


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ha«-  ">  «Mlu4;         Mil-fiM'K'j  Un  |tfiMtH*<1     tf irr.-n.    |  •  < .       ■  1 , 

.•^irariti'ih  «"         «*n.t  i  mi  l)n1  «adi  cncucrifa-  |  «f  U*'|«i»U*cnaM  ia^a 

weal  to  uh«  |UW  «■  tW  tVv.  f»rtwwhmr*ttnx  it»  win] 
■liliuJue*  W-  'l-v  way.  *rt**  «"»*»»'l)' ■!«•*"«  ^  lh«i«asT«i  ti 
roniirK  aoti*  I  ■v*ftim  «Wthct  lir  *■%>«  </  •n.tt  wml  In 
l  bcvalriH^i  W  !>«■«><« g*r*«lh,ki  il.««th»i*jh>c 


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nttlyit'itfei       tuilt  ci-nj*1 


*biil<1  i«eanr*  i 
•7  Ml  p*o.".ki  ' 


hemmd  And  aaaiOMtwd,  aWll  ■  ff*»M 

|  I*-.  -«ii»»  .  hitrii.     IkroSablr  there  la  Ir-«  aeiarf  nmtom  **mn 
V  lh«  «talT  u  the  German  «ho*d»  lh*a  «*  "JtaC 
I  if.  owtimr  wlaba*  inaw  to  o«ae  .»f  ihca.  **',e*VTT 
lit»nu-»rti        that  |  never  tru'r  r««/w«i  "hai  WJ  »»" 

t       .  •/  <hrnii<tTf  «nii|  1  mma  undn  ti»  imr>a<«s«- 

1  ■    .     ..  iv  . .  ,  whi.  i  i  ii*«  I-  V7*J 

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tar/,  '  lo  th*         H*£K' "  .^1 

thu  ibe  avifaia  coane  to  ih*m  Uctwr 
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"»»7  ooVmIi.  ir  ••KiiopoaalMa,  in  iSc  tia»«  «t 
•Kfc  v-rlire-axy  liwniciion  at  It  itUuyto^t  "gfLTS 

»n     .     .     ,  „,       1.      -T  I,,,,,   mJ,A--'  -      -  '  • 

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plod  wmipJ  l<  *H  i  Iri  *y  hi.  tl 
nh iv  lln        vi. ralalMtalajir- 

he  i«oiAar*  >.V.»  K#t  |-(  inaiM  of  Iht  W^.-  anl  Ve»l  ,  htmtain  an  n;^r.«cat  or 
Had,  tan  »«il5  mw-M  »lw»  fiwulr'  r^**>  a  NMi  wi  I  fr-'HiaJ     jn  --Ji  otv.ri  «     Mm  tav 


jAcfnaia.il  toMWrjfePf 

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t       •  i'   .    :  j*  ni  irr  often  iti"  »*«  ** 
I  -       MhwU    Thr>  uo  lrratand  a  Imla  f  K**  : 

lit}  ilini-t  >*  .Allnl  the  UogoaCf  •»<  fj" 
|  U  iwlratl  an  oahn  »«n  loragu*  to  them.    T  d»  ■»  ^^""-T 
i*Ui  «t  kit  ha>  iv-.ti.  "In  a  »  ura  i  >Va  mm  of  1>  ray  ha  tap  .»f  tctcrxc  aubject*.  *mt  of  °* J 

C«wral  iiuaroi  hi  fiD  w«h  '  -tirrr.ih:  nvtnu*  in  ahxh  thvy  Kara  bee*  Irmind  *} 

■    c*?«i.t:Y  of  ihr  BitHMa*  in  nh\eh  lAc  ^ "^''"I^L, 
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"  ■   ■     i  ..■  i      i    ..I,     ibrekaivcna  *- 

itilriV  hJmt«  of  wMhti  M  tint  |Wi  «oM 
i.vhtr  Am  t.iiVai  id"  Oaw-drivei  lnma-1      l"  %t"£J*2!m\ 
WkOI  i.  Terlup»«ofat  m  their  n>irkr>l  iniWhr, 
tnCt*  >l.>ara#i^it  tcfcraal.  mn\tmt  to  Ut«  |tw;«t  ••*»**  w  ~ 
Waai  mnj  Ir^nii  tj«^** 


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sreoiri*  rtf  «nfnjl 
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ftmt*  aW  »•«  * 
olo  Vaa  wi  law 
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\Mtii*ivia,  ml  t 
acrSin*  Willi  kuE 
aay  <ilrt'  fft»«h  ■■ 
i*  lipi  a*  f*1  " 


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„ .  f  1 1  .  a-'-  *" 


f  tf  j  thai  » !*•  f*r 

tbi     •*  '        i'  v.  -..  ,  Tiiin 

hit^  nf  fmji  dry  laosi,  aavl  mi 


rtw 


fai 


i  HI 


paj  n»  «W"r* 

ii«ed  M 


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>n  juil  in- 


lo.rtl  tin  V<  I'nlfhf 


\*f  the  vniil-  tn  iljyi,  to  by  mw'l  train 
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W*  sloait  nildfy  (  oloxirr  |»»nt»  ^i*> 
if  tW  «i*r»(>nirei  u«,1ew««<1  ht*  bn 
in  hr  ttvifl— nhfcA  rwia>«  he  vane  » 
arhitk  br  i»  noiktac  i«  uadetv.  * 


IV—  are  h*rA  aMfds  hjJJ 

IfMUiU  than  u  cimol  i*  to*  pkn«Jt  *S5C2 

'•'  -  "  b,UB1lht  h.11  fete*  ,  it  iMt  *J~rLt 

■tmnrt  »:ca«,  ihey  dn  nae  tihAi"* 

>ia>l*<IK«. 
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*«. .  I  rrittval  leranca  Trains t,ta  „^.^Laf 
ib.  a  c»al- ;  o.a  arutid  b<  tht/  ,l 

aukt  ia  a  f*_* 


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.       .    -    I      _.n      the  cbuaiW  tf 

— .      .i7--*  in  n  u  mntmlm 

orce>aki>  «  »'.">  »;«(■.    V -  iiu/ur.  '<  . 
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kt  ni  ••ch  MtMIMH  |-wit*-1  v 

ttlr.--     -    '         I      UlW  Oil 

nw>*l  earrfitl  wi.uh.in* 
■fit*«*l  tin-  m-irr  aim! 

Art  tMi'C       -1  *•■*"-*' 
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«hll    V1'"    tl'C  tla«ji 


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—  iUut     l  it  •  >i| 


t  fTy  .  .|Mf r  1  mm     M.-tv  1  am  i< 


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lo  *    fl'^j    *M'  *****  **  "  «*'i»C 

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cantol  ■«  dfMlf  •tait.l,  rK*  |u^ahl  to»—  im  (aaltP  fcntffi  , 

ht*ii>i«"*  ■("J""  **■    ,,|r».  -f»M.   !■  ».  !• 

cti.t.<t  UfiK  *'  Mir*-  "  1  ib>t  it  >.  jtaal  um  mmt  *t»i  *M  nK^I 
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nit  I  I  ff-"  Mvn  "I  «i«h  "•««i«.t  "  «huli  t»  al 

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■         t>  miik1  tlmf, 

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I.*  forc'li  tt  ill*'  I*"  liuti«C'>'  idWWmU  ngr^tthh  . 

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in  •  »-»l(f*  ■fci  lW  '"•^•'-iin.  Atlilt.  rt*illtli.«.  1  iv  t ... 
uffrii  MKrW«-1   '     I).  ■--       ■  fc*»il«in»iil  »«-nirt«t, 

»M  "►•'»  nni"!***"1*  roJt*  :  Hi 
r      ixfif      itw  x^tKilA  miii  -a  mmit' 
thv  **.MtH«all»li*  »"  «  ,,»*  ,-**'*'  *'  H«*  "I*nl* 

|M  iwni'l  A  UW  t<  lh*»  *■»>'■  "U^i  "Mill l- 

u  ^Kv>l  .1-  milt  I'  <*■  fi"«  l*H  'li»U»/-,  »"> 
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I.  -.tiriC.  «*;  •- -    .vtr.lt,  rtli 
It.  «•  i»t*rr»i  iW               «-ttT«iltn  UtftM  «  »i 
SS   rvf.«t«re  In  «JH/Jt»f»*  »ffjir»iwnl«.  iiH 
i/.lmi    ,1               Ih'  .   I  "  *>'  **M  ** 
(|ftl*-f»aw'*»*J  to""**'**-  . 

1         «  ■  n  r1***  ****  »k««£>'  Hi  tit 

^1^^  ,4  Hi*  MMhImNHN  Hi  it  S^»d»«*»  »  hi»^ 

(■Bin!  «**t  ■•tl>*'l.  vrll  t|t*«*  f>«  <h*  nrrwltxi         m  H 

In  ll#  "I  **V«t,  »"  '•»•  *"  i***-  m-U-Mliiw  ih 

f.  nl  l»*  |rrf>vr      nr»^»t»  il  l  *r-»  niitmv 

inn...  MjoHHl  mi  i'kh 'V\f  l»c  r*       "*      ISo.  *•*  ■•tl1  m 

ltd  thr  £m^i  •!».•■»■'*' ■•'  J  t'*-*i»  [*••  "7*!''*', 
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It— .  »hf^.  AK"  l««nr^»e^>H^-...»-io.t.-.lrt 

«.ln.h  th»y  liwa  ».tftrnt  r.—'tl  «<  »tn'nt.  ihft.  i  im.  1 
n  ,|.ail.l  •!»«  ft  •*»"  I  ih».i.«innfii'i  t«  1  kt»f  W-l;r  "I 

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lUl'or. 


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•  *  l*rff.ltrr 

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:  ill'lfc****  ■MHtMM  ■!>•>  H  be  ■'*  drp.ltm  *%il 
titiiti  ttitrH  l«-      l»4l.»t«-  itw  <.fti..'-,  »»• 


b>  11  lui.  W  .«  iti  t  li.  I  lhir«vli  M>>31.  I  Vw  .i  (.»• 
.tlrt  lire  m*t  m  ft*  u»l»«««v  to 

ttt  mj't  iire^iiMr  t-f*M«  IriM  »«iMr«1  tnih  llat  Mtt 

f.it..|..i.  .1  .<«*  i4  nu'a  -<wtR  Mtaaart*  «lniW  >cn«W can 
">nlin  1  —it i-  •-(  llatv  tatui  ittmatmtiv  *l«iaiw  tla  itrtiatai- 

,.l    .  .  ;.f  >.  l.r.rv;  , .  -  » J]  .  >»  .  it  I    laffa.trft'lt  l*«< 
tl'f,l     II-..      rJ.jJ.l--      »...  tin  l»a—  tni  1  (»>t  TT*.  irr'T 
(in.  liaa  t.-:  — •.■•r^tf  st  •  t  •  «  **V  l^al  4  *<r*  lariat  lul  taa 
■  •-..|t  -  ..'.s.i  aj.aft  ut  --lAlhin.    I  t<a>t  lh«l  tt  ^  f4 

kit  14  iMTv)y  |aj  «rt  I •<«  (i.  |atrf4(o  rac| {it\  lie.  *a  In  mkt  rt 
IvUlvtata  *tt*:i  [4*MtlttX  tn  •ar»|»rtH'fl  **  lUlf  tMalty 
tatcttiVIr  latrai  -ti*.  -aa  I  nukt  lac  tklllf  ttl  itir  ■ah*^t^*«lft 


1  l>  ..•-.n«n    it.  -W  «4ar  iwjuCl  */  .laarl.t.aif  cnrrita 

W  -il:arv  I  td.<t»r»i'tU,  ra...  tmt  4H«aWt«s  Mini  m  the  «m 
il  ,  f  -  n-'.'  >S<  «r>t<  *«tulaV  u.it.  an4  .4  •  niMMU 
<y|'S  .a"  ■-•t  flive  uUNv  fr  -f»  ibr  (■aavl  <•*  ai-#»  h-aat  i.1< 
a-ailr-il  ;  ftal  .ft*  ttHMlrf win  at*  fW  gniaajauta*  «wJ  <C%tr 
lUnM-avtc  Ua4iM.  Ua4h  kail*  ml  fa.  anal  rut  Watt  aaaa  «l  law 
f  <**•>!  a  uWQilH  '•>*■  <uc  >hv  'fajoiJlta.  hat  +1  h> <I  iwl 

,    ,     ,  .  ;         ■   .   1  '.«.  t  .),.  »i\  ki.  .1/  falh  e*- 

iinawi  t»v  taut.  *n  il»<  wilam  at  s  tr**1  «•  I  Ajr»- 
[| ><|| j  t  ,(f,i.iti-  *i  l.aial.fl  ll>t  T**'-  -\lllt»*f*i  nm.li  fa.»f 
it  1  flit  t*  -•  ■'.  [  w l\  n.-  uty  a<  >itain<t  \u  tsa  ir»^>»ftiRt 
*«a*l,*  %(tkH  aji  aaay  ravlrt  tta  rrrawvy  ifttta  .laft^alrltV 

I  1.  (<  wi  t*-*<t  .••an.lf  ntaaM,  an  a/fetti,  /at  ttarrtaWta  *A 
Uu>  <  nm'ii  r.  *  '  mt-if  .l.-ajt«i'.  aa«  ara  ail  ran-i  tn- 
lrtr'lr<,  I*  ih«  .atraiiaKraf*  1/  mim  •ft»can  aaha.h  aAimwa  . 
|Mit,*ct  lrmif\]  It  W  a-ttaia  I.  ia.*»a#«t».  liarfrtA.  o*4tnt  tarn, 
'Aarant).K-**.  tu*t  ■a-/<mltr  ••"•.ulrl  llarOtarla**  In  1 1«1  n> 
«-.1>. ...  a  Vii  h  »  >!■*  ttnaa  *la>  -Lr.irr  n.  Lrin  Ibr  pualM  •  | 
■  IttU*  a  -t  IM  ifl  'It*,  t'i  tl  .  r»f  tl  .ftaaai  la  »n»  ■  -  n;  In  I  - 
HiM  ittnaa^lt  rh  tt»»ita  Lhrmnirr-  t*'l  Ht»*-I#»i*»n% 
•lltrta^t  MMAfn  iff  H  pai'ialtyrSa  rn>  1  tnr*atit^>r. 

nmttaai,  laxltl,  nth  hm*nir«*4t  >•  •»»•  <t  **r  |»  4aaaai«a,  kj«a> 
i>  r:'  •  1 1  ' ■  t.t  L  1..,  •  ..ran  n.r  aailtailiiai  l»  n«a»t.  *  •*#-)( r I 
...  m  ■         ■•  ■    '       >!'  1       '»tll     n<k  ■■!  41  .t.t!  V 

t..ly  ltiura<t  *Mnlf  iht  Itatr  hr.  rr»fT  »J»>t|  thr  a*r»«» 
nu>(  iconw  fill  fal*.  tiltnuaa  (  csa  ii.i.trt  tajta./.  naae\ 
!■*»•.  t  a>  ai  iib  <  ailtnt  '\¥  •  Vr  fit'  ill  ti  nl  all  tr«l  ttiaaa  nf  «*> 
MM  Ml  'tit^l-aaa  «ta>  ^>MVtVl  t%»  ft—U1  v  «*  lla-  aartaa-nl 
U  irl  J  -M  '  ■■  -I  '*»  "ith-rt  lar  {'man     ''if  il  i.  Srttt; 


[--»»-'  a«  t«t-  «ti 


llll. 


'■at  vjatftat  rrf taarhtfa]. 

M  l»tit(  »•  aift.it  tlaw 


>.i-«  mA 

■c-riiaic  at-t 


s-*»  lin- 


age aniJi- 
tY4TT*lr 


l.tl.  MHl  Iwflllf  »ta*«»«r*.  flianr'S  «wi  •  > 
,*rn      llltr  «a  ^ihairWh  r-a»*«.ifH  <h*  **  ' 

t  A  tiu~  tv.  <n  .liw  *    I  .al.441',  ajr.htl  -Im 
thai  *>t  l.»<f  n  »"    *m  •"•nii^t  U-  (•«*»  — .  -tJll-arh 
.  ih.-  ;  it*.  »n  "if  -J  'If          •ssl>w  :  ihr  t*- "•,UP* 


.  f  1 


r.t|l    ■  • 


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Tr>fM«  Otatlarr  >l  ■■  t-    I   .     W»  Mtttl  rati 

•  I  ihr  yl  n  1  lr-  frt  1  t.lla  6feCt>  <•  --cr  w-anacT, 
■  thf«*  h*m  <Sa  kwirivr  -I  ■1<tr  Wta  ai>( 
rti  ••■■■ar.l  :  tral  <hrf  twtw  la»  mi  -IrilnJ  aa  to 
.  ™'ra«>l  M  ih*v  anv»Mcr     "TW  p*an 


ioogle 


: 


4S> 


NA  TURF. 


w.pnty  nillii.l'-r  t^'aliftt-i  perii.rta  awi  tnahwa,  nther 
iM)il*n  r  or  qaanitiaJiie ;  ii  will  In  Miftiiet*  I ■»  ib-ai  w  ha* e 
pi  Of.  |  iutt  tli  '■■■>■'  a*1  ..mal  ei  famine*  thai  they 
tSiracHI)  «rd*r*M»i  tlic  iravutMO  trtalym ;  l»ai  ibet  Unit 
\|xr  to  aafaetaMC  the  .acradttewa  id  unncy  j  ml  ihai 

•  t+y  dial  I  Iihi  aojeirwl  itAbciil  wi  turpi  la  ll»e  ».>ll  !■■  I* 
«aa»  (tin  wieaUiai  (tijaim  w  <W|  w>i  imiu*  *bm 
.<...!■>  il  |*>m>m  ■.  r  :.  then  bcit-bmau  leD  tWin  U  •fiJii- 
»Var,  at»l  wr*s.  If  ric;Mi<v  r.i  I  leafy  iW  Jimaiu  tw  uin 
dMWtiKM 

Cbaawfctrr  u  bu  baiter  •  dew*i»W»t  «<l««c#.  Thw 

«i»lv  if  caraxti  <-inip**»Ai  u<t  MtnlHiaH  •  gtocTiJualiua  hare 
im*latrd  •  cxanptcic  rc*tiVt.n  '  The  f«ul»  in  |ir#vni 
,Hin  w  yt\i.v**1f  il«»«*  wturh  hate  duraninul  (be  leaching 
■if  p-"fi*(tiT  titd.ny.  aaH  abut,  ate  laata  hrcnaitrif  to 

^tt.nllj  rcvi;ti""^  ittol  •  .ufcnnc.  im  tart,  m>  Witt  tiair- 
taetri  1/  tha  itanacr  tn  whkw  I  iwaeeAe  tfcewirtOt  vViiH  In 
tt-i'fi:  :  ■_'■!  I*-  ;ii»n  ;l*-t»  lit  luu*!.)  il  |.  . i.>  tfar  tt 11  tin.; 
•  rf  .haatiatry  whtl  waa  rati  ey  IVifeta*  *teeWf  *T  iW  MM 
MtMtal  C'i»it*»»*  ""  nUcatiut  Ii 
•Hi  ibv  t#*ctim  rf  kittety . 

H»c  M<rviRf  h«  »■«**  ehatv 
pairi*  '  1  iJ  tfc"ic)rlftJ  Unban 
•    art  1  tllri         tt  fUnl  lb*  jurtf. 

railwit  t«ul-uatf*  h»«  mi*  w  aoitauial  wwb  *"  t*nht»i  *t» 
<f  all  nrti.  bal  If  I  be  **Oirfea»4im  of  a*  r.a-aaun*'  "  «»  l« 
be  *i«r«  that  Wtaibi  Iw  tar  nana  tuarl  ratal  it<  tint  ray. 
I  hi  luman  at  tbratrdry,  tc  h«  c«  wbrtt  h#  will,  war/*  It 
Im  1  to  aaa,  •  |naa~i»»a  w  wit!--*  ik  nxiit  uni»i  be  directly 
neat  .1*1  from  a  teal  >t»k.  Hr  will  lie  had  "thai  mil 
•eth  •  a.i4nj«*jM  *•  franeil  I11  Ik*  aoim  at  •»  mm)  **  trfft  *i 
awl  to,"  lu  be  wdl  uMiFlf  bail  liana  urn*****  '*<•  pb<ax 
"  by  lit*  a/ika  a(,"  amd  a*  i>i  tb*  im*1c       iKtaimirag  ifcc 

.  1      The  o  »it»bl.  iMMMMi  l»  U»aaad  IH  *Crv~ 

with  ikf  1  tun  tt  I*  alau-l  itst««<«L>k  tm  sniatt  J««tl» 

«•  M«k  «i(ormiii«  iMiibUihrlraarrh-fn,  ai>t  «»r«pt 
■aJlMry  tram  fanl-bcoV 
la  wrwttr  (Acwli 


•  uUcc  «1  a  wry  early  . 
rf  thaw  n.l.lk-<  t:<>»t*Ct;inJ  wMh 


lu  uu«n.      AtlcfittiMi  wnu  tmtx 
•1  .  Ii«*naa*  tajr  a  «ciea«i6c 
haal  .fieri   felt    a»lo«Uh#«1  il>«t.  *Jtt-Kh  u  |" 
•leal  <rf  che«ni«iry,  tba  tlxwirnry  0/  iaebrtwk(a**i*W  rw 
i.c.llr  a  tcabnl  bu»k  to  htm,  cvmrnm  •**  baa 
-/  wliKb  be  fell  bo  knew  MWrlMac- 

I  kit  here  urea.*  (ha I  irwr*  U  aaw  gt<NA  am 
***b1  wi  tbe  nat«f«f   «h-xi  M  «"<i»flrkiaBj  aaj 
taaaa  af  mWmjtm  them  tn  pay  ailaaatiai  la  aa» 
atliiK.    Tlifa  ir.|..r>c  m,^wlmfba»t*i«f*^; 
.  i.  .1.,  awl  1M,  .i....|  klwilcttl*  ara  peeabwlj  u»W 
ll  U  ti>  w»awtc  aatarn*  ivex^«"i«il  bf  »• 
>r.iry  adacatb-m  at  mi  »iw»bj-ti  ;  Wt  I  ■aarax**1* 
ifrcd  1 


•  a  j 


tt-»j»e\l 


atda  c«lrM  im  ™z| 
I- in  wtU  ««t  .a>  eaaai 

Haaa  .**  bM«M-«  "f 


tt,  a>i4>.ku  a  ii  iKtxki-  toe«|ie>ei  lltcoa 
nftbiav  MM  n  will  |«»f  in  ■  ■kbwM|ia>at 


eJI>  drr«wila  in  a  o»mi«)r*»*i 
luv*  inAnaiot  bcteag  liKtoJi 
Ii",  <■  that  x  lir^a  *itanit<cr 

*(h.i>U,        arllli  lite  lau'nlaaa   mt~Zl~mm  %• 

cjux  it  wdl  >•«  tW(...,*%vi*aMl  iwax  ibe  traaW*;  »-«  £»  f 
b»ih  «>bi«MMa1  «alwc,  an.l  ihal  *  ktitta-lrdfe  uf  daa»w* 

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IihiV  tm    taiifa  in  ■«.«  tlt.V't"  •k»Ht*»  '«  -n»tilU« 

S)>.  ■•<!-<'  ii.hdH  'I  ""' 

All.  &  *  *rM»  wjliiww.  ■ 

■i  i  ii<  rl  »vj.'«  Mo-  >•  " 
...i  iu  n,»  »►>>"■'        I"  : 

[M  "I'm  MM  ttimv*"..      IfcWJ  I'**"" 
II.  .I,.«J^  .J  ibc«.l;  ir'l  pf^  *"«»__,  « 

,  J  -W-Lm         .Jx.ll.1.1  I.H1I.Y..I 

„ ,. »; *\  ••>)..." « «— '-o ■  i« j"  ,t  .„ 

««\»i..i>  .h.««.i  >|>«''  •»«  ** k"  3S5 

Jj, ~h  *tM  •  rik  «i  ib.  ii«"«i<i 


.<  ainuk. 


1 54 


HA  TURK 


[Sept,  io,  il 


•  I  1 1)  (I ;  Thmi.  of  Sm,  ft.  •*),  ,„  t  jlt  uu«m 

ow-l-wl  llbc  warm  ant  •  port  u»f  N:it|^i  ti  k  wVm>  «.* 
at  the  nawiwc  talkie**  "  M*n(  .ir  uf  Sir  KaMc 
li»75".  *ol  il  ».  aon 

\ io-J,  mi  ittr  ulhrr  h-aattt.  ApOMn  to 
•1i.**ll.i»c*J  «nh  -ha  mmIu  of  lht«  hMty  ak<I  if-**.* 
tn  >«h*fUn.t  While,  hi.wcvci  arii.l*ii.  .ktaaar  h 
Hi  tlir  ajp«  of  tW  aatt-atttl  tiK'k  ni*^.  be  uuml-  1 
in  in*  rti-w.  .f  MwcWno  *twl  SaWwick,  taaaa  lb 
•ml  >craf->  of  U».l  SamMuoM  Ua  AMkcraai  m1  ' 

'•'  •  '  "  I.     '"■  -      Ul     ttw-     .,._.„  I,  ,lr 

IMC  Mini'.  '"ti«*«»  of  lh*  Nurtn  of  *um 
Apr  iHi,  ».  a»). 

In  lh*  winiM*  cf  iW  mh  year.  IB  5  A,  9ftc*i,  t»  ■ 


II*  tu  fwlhc*  •»  •{■if  It**  ih«  rpurlcMt  of  hi-  "  VHfi«rj 
tU-i  Sii-1-wt*  r.itm*»-i»*  coaUin  '«P*»t  »»m«a-.,  mw  <c 
■.tick  be  rcf-rcil-  IMM  *•  '**  k"""*1  -*»  nitrate  itv»rt«a. 

SMMM  <wlta«.  i  •»».»«--.  *--f*»  M-tcw-lltat.  .htroi 
E5  -  «»*-y  4  thi  «tly  *cufc*h  P-^^tl^ 

SMitl.fK  *"  •Mh  it*  **  *^!r»»v  ,  ml  tha-  fl-  «IUtt 

,(u(il«iy)«r*il^l«'?^»rt,r'v< 

•ml   ural»^l"Ji        l*M  "»  rroinl,  »*■  oi«t>nan-H*,  • 
^.i,  --.|.**;tL  ml  Vwrtj-in.  th»  that-M  tha 

EPS  it-*?.  aSHram.  ih»i  Miiifaaiij.  h-i  faiwn  \m 

fk*.m  »mf.  ml  iS«  Ml "  Pnwj  H*»  n«,U..«  f.inrjtium  ' 
„.  in  1 1. 1  r,  .    ilwi  ''  I""*  -  •''    '        1,1  I  Rcl 

TWf-U**  » n  urtmnV  t-r-*r**-'  itf*-1  W  '  iii'in.'lum. 
nS-v  wrnnr  ft  if  Jtt,  »«>  a  orrfta  *ar«n  rrf  SMMhtrtkwl, 
nwwirilfi  jt»lire  t(t  MiM>ilh<ti'i  wMnHrMt,  ttf  \  rr*n 

•  rfl  i  'b      .  ti     -  "••II-         *-'V  !'•  .•'»"• 

ti  n  hn'mxru  lb-  «  tir»  *«r^i«»    !!•  clorfc;  tll^iratnl 

t  urDM.^n  wN-Trtu  iV  irv«ii»i»iift«  <«(  lb«  "  PriMMy  Kn| 
^tit.f-ac  Fi«niti»i."  :  rr»t'iatt  n'  •tr»t»»>*if.  •riir'rtc, 
u>l  tiit-nV**,  una  *W  fn««*M«  m\>,  tut  'i*-  amavtmlt 
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I "  "n  r  ta*  -.■'■•!■'!  Mrr,"  'if  K  1  H  <  *riUNC- 

nin,  M.W  %\TimmHmt  ti       I(»£hto»t  ml  jaftifatUM 

..f  Uiritllicl*  )j  rtr-  .llwntwir  baltfrl 


Klratol  I-  -i.  hU  u*.  u*nX  w..,U   m'lkaa.   mi  "i     ru.      i  m 
th*  W.-.'fih  Hmhl*n^a   lo  try  «nd  tatultt  tuo«  W  a» 


V  .Mill  -I-rx-it  l  h,*ll1  |  imh^hhjj  ,_, 

laa  t»:«.     ThU    utHncr'*  lartuar  wa«    i -i vvTim.4>*t  of  naM  akt 

MiUMl***  ditevactan.     In  tha   nrv(  «*a  aUa  at 

t«i.!rAMi«iV  B*il«i«|l0r  M*««uJck  ami  tUtd 
Ult.  laM  <•//  lh-  k«|  SuKUUMtC   ul*  thr  \V«r«4c<»  - 
!(u  ««r»iitun  »f  fine  ttn.il!  |— -hin  of  *•  N«ar 
ilke  i|«an«lic  mm! 


■     iarfttitaan  IWaWatjwM 
hi*  i*a*4r»hrt  «)m.  mabfewf  kjm 


"  I'tatarv  Kail  Saau'tt' 
tUi  U*i- to  which 
r  *-ralnrt  *>irtiUiniK- 


c      in  1     ■  I  ■  *  v  of  fat 

'7  ,nC    'iBc.Kil.KmaUt    an  U 


«lr*  t,Aj  nr***t~\  I'M  «hi  ■»>  »«|Vfr**r» 
Peach.    71-**  luwtlt,  -V.ki.Ii  tnv«A*t.  «fl*kwllo 
I  Ml  It*  wnu  OallihIU  thru  rrrjJ  W  if  ft)'.*-*-*  »C» 

Tlf«*f  lh*  UfVa-i'if  fi7i><fMil  it  Ititt  «l«y  i|t«-M 

hi»        rfm^T  i*t-af*w>l  *«h  tttr  i«|Mttj|w  of  iho  U. 
rcaan  af  M(    Pt«»K«;  tal  (r«  i  Una-,  w  WaJ.  ittt  'rati. 
ih*  .fi*nfiy  tm  iTi»H.  ihnath  the  «."-«-» ruin  fiir.^<W 
lrt*hflr  tf  MRWMI  «'»  MtfAi-^  in  iWJ. 

Hie*  MUI«.  ■»■»*«  »iiVwVl  itMarcac.  In  0*  'M.I  H^l 
<ut«l4<w  tni  a»ar  Mtt  r#>r)f  w  tt)i**f  Ay 
bttanJinr-.  wpj-*'!-!        the  li*ul»  <'  I*tran 
I  •  ih>'  n*Hri#  Wwtnn 

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fkriMttfai  a  kircaVan  ni  SAirii,  »M       HMUtitW  atauantaafi 

'  _(_  *  mMcS  •hnlil  tniHVT  *U  tac  IvMCtf  filanwiMC 
•aakwf  t*»  Chhr— ara*  r»**  manthnx  •■•  «*•">  •»!•  Billte  Hfrffc 

Efca**al«J  iSh        C'*"*:   .  . 

'  inn  M(  '.  «t»»  Kal  S*r»  tim  .t.t^w  «tMitoli."  .» 
Ihi  «».-..  =f  lh»  ««.*r.  h  |t^ltt.I.»».l  ll»t*wi*iir«.i 

,,lr  Vln......^.  «  «.l  I,        WT^.-W^^^-Jr  »J 

-.U  *H  <  *■  «t  'he  tNWa^  ha  AC  ft-- ,:*~T(J5 


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_'T?«_t^*  rim  |  f**^ 


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v.  ktn^  '  ' — 


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*n*\ly  tin  M<]U  U..!, 


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M 


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.<k->ll  »  nl  1»        -.14  tnn.l  Xk  I  »>'  Ultaflll  «»1  I  MJ£***S* 




1"^'  I      .pMClHMMM  4 

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sail  tha  n*. 
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VafMlBOilrly  'he  lirnr 


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tacit  «  »Jf 


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»!jt  4.T-  . 

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mt  tH.  «  tbe  wm  '.m,  iwiit.lr»-l  th"  M  ■  .  _  M 
Ibn  tta  n4  talnn  .1  An**"-"  ° 


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i  i»s;, 

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f«i*  <™*<  "tit*-*  «»»  t"k[  <*  HtitA 

(m  »  lt»*t(j  >»ti«  Vwatfti  ftUHiM||a 

I'm  mil  nra  l*«  J*  •*» 

Iwviiif—  »  >ent» 

I.  If    luaini.-tlif  J  itwi  t|.v.i-li»l!  v 
*»l  ill  . 
frraft  »n*  Mm* I 

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lltllol-fte  a,  I'  »••' 

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a.  II  a* «tn I  *U*  *«rir*  ••' <ir«j  mil)  •  4S4.ii  •  -  •».. 
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••huh  >y  "I***1  '9  ...  p*M  M  l»  IjN  ! 

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lht<  "  i  |  (Ml  |  4t(  *  "I  tllll  MtH  Imiwl  m  1m'« 

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iHit  ,    II,    lilt  "  ••"  ■ 

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Mt«iM%  '"i     lJ"       ff*  '  "■'  "  " 

.itunhti-*.  l*>*N- 
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.  »<4.  »i 
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W«  »..*  1 


oogle 


456 


NA  TURE 


Mv*t  oop'jrttfj  have  these  anticipations  of  Nicol  been  ful-  | 
-  —t-  I  ~r.a%  the  List  seven  years  many  of  the  sections  of  the 
Viev'rm  Highlands  have  been  visited  by  different  geologists, 
Lt.  Hic»*  leading  tbe  may,  and  not  a  few  papers  have  been  pub- 
!.-hed  ero!»iy:ng  the  results  of  these  new  studies  of  some  of  the 
d.(^a;ed  potnu.  Such  an  able  review  of  this  recent  work  has 
been  laMy  drawn  up  by  my  friend,  Prof.  Bonney,  in  his 
Anniversary  Address  to  the  Geological  Society,  that  I  need  not 
<j»er  the  ground  again,  bat  will  content  myself  by  referring 
to  that  address  and  to  two  exhaustive  papers  read  by  Dr.  Hicks 
rWore  the  Geologists"  A«>ciation  for  full  details  concerning  this 
Ia;er  work.  It  will  be  seen  tha'  while  new  methods  of  study 
have  enabled  them  to  improve  or  correct  Nicol's  penological  ! 
nomenclature,  the  principal  conclusions  of  nearly  all  these  writers 
concerning  the  relations  of  the  se/eral  rock-mas*cs  entirely 
support  his  views  on  the  subject. 

Hot  very  recently  Nico!'*  work  has  been  tested  in  the  way  I 
which  he  himself  so  earnestly  d<,-sired.    Prof.  Lapworth,  who,  ! 
like  Nicol,  was  especially  prepared  for  the  task  by  long  and  I 
patient  study  of  tbe  crumpled  Silurian  rocks  of  the  Borderland,  ! 
taking  advantage  of  the  newly  published  Ordnance  maps  of 
Sutherland,  proceeded  in  the  summer  of  iSSi  to  Kriboll,  bent 
on  the  task  of  unravelling  the  complicated  rocks  and  of  mapping 
them  upon  the  large  stale  of  6  inches  to  the  mile.    Proi\  1 
Lapworth's  detailed  maps  and  sections  were  exhibited  to  the  , 
Geological  Society  on  May  9.  ii>J(j,  during  the  reading  of  a 
paper  by  Dr.  Callaway,  in  which  the  views  of  Nicol  also  received 
a  considerable  amount  of  valuable  support. 

In  the  sane  year,  1883,  a  detachment  of  the  Geological  Survey 
of  Scotland,  under  the  superintendence  of  Messrs.  B.  N.  Peach 
and  J   Horne,  commenced  the  detailed  mapping  of  the  Durness- 
hriboll  district.    How  admirably  these  gentlemen  have  per- 
formed their  task  we  all  kniw,  and  I  hope  that  some  interesting 
information  concerning  their  conclusions  will  be  laid  before  the 
present  meeting.    In  offering  them— as  I  am  sure  that  I  am  i 
empowered  by  you  to  do— the  heirty  congratulations  of  the  . 
Geological  Section  of  the  British  Association  upon  the  auspicious  | 
1 jmmencement  of  this  great  undertaking,  I  cannot  refrain  from 
reminding  you  that,  of  the  leader*  in  this  important  enterprise, 
one  is  the  son  of  the  discoverer  of  the  Durness  fossils,  the 
veteran  Mr.  Charles  Peach  to  whom  we  owe  so  much,  while 
the  other  is  a  very  active  and  efficient  local  secretary  of  this 
Section. 

Nor  should  I  do  justice  to  my  own  sentiments  on  the  subject 
if  I  failed  to  liear  tribute  to  the  judgment  displayed  by  the 
present  thief  of  the  Geological  Survey  in  his  choice  of  a  base 
from  which  to  attack  this  difficult  problem,  to  his  loyalty  in 
accepting  results  so  entirely  opposed  to  his  published  opinions, 
and  to  his  promptitude  in  making  his  fellow-workers  in  geology 
acquainted  with  these  important  discoveries.  Unfortunately 
called  upon  while  still  young,  anil  with  but  little  of  that  ripe 
experience  which  he  has  since  gained,  to  grapple  with  the  most 
intricate  of  problems— problems  which  the  most  practised  of 
field-geologists  might  be  forgiven  for  failing  to  solve— his  own 
judgment  yielded,  though  r.ot  without  serious  misgivings  (see 
"Memoirs  of  Sir  Roderick  Murthison  "  (1875),  vol.  ii.  p.  238) 
when  opposed  to  the  anient  confidence  of  a  companion  and 
friend  wh'isc  n-put.ifi.iri  in  the  sdcnlific  »orM  omiiiandc  !  his 
n'.pci-t,  .ml  ;.u  %         .1.  >m\  enu-M-  b:i 1  sv  n  l.i-  i  . .  r  j  -1 1_- :  ■ - 

rrli.in.A-,  If,  Iik.  -  > .  j .  1  r  i.w:>  I'.kiI  .u  I  i.mii'  .0.  'Mir  11,  ■, 
"lost  a  n,c  ii  .111  his  ch.»|.ki  "  ;u  tji."  c  .11:  ui-r-.i  t  rn.-ii-  f  l:ns 
t;r.'j(  >  I  i-hl.xrv:  .  .1  n, ,  .*c,-c  w.,li  :>--uic  I  tin'  I  l.r .  ■  r  - . -i  will 

|.r  w.rthily  irp.uu-i  111  H-  mi       |ii.-r.l  -tip-. 

I  !»■  1'iln. !  isi  <mv,.|  .,!  |,\  Ni,  ,1,  1 7  Ii  ,f,.-s()r  I. .-..v. ---Mr,, 

;ir>.|  by  the  ..nicer-  -I  »h'-  '-."I.  .,;ii  .1 1  <vj:vc>\  nr.-,  ,:1  rh.i- 
rn.iin  ft  il  111 1  -,  ,ili..,l  ,icl\  i.]r:i,iu  .(I  ;  ..h.ltli.   M ;,i  thi-.>:n,,ii  '  lc  iv 

llirdil.U)  I  -Hi  c<--i  'ii  1-  11.. l.j  ■.;:;i»iT>..|  v  ■>i-orir.  alati  io'ic-1. 

In  t!iC  sco.li.l  cf  ill':  y;r.  :•  „  aiTuciMc  I  wbicli  h.ivc 
Alluded  ;is  hi.  111^  ii]  i'-.l  tin-  :il[.-ii:i"ii  .it  th:-.  < ■  ■}■  u  .1 1 
Sect i. ni  in  I  —  Ihil  v  m<  lt inr;^  tin-  u^c  ;m  1  nil! i. m -  "I  Mi. 
K«-ptilifvr  hi  ,  S.ijidsti.r.v  i.f  M^ri-  ■  I  lie  o  .ml  ..il.mls  wo.  l".  - ;  1  r ■ . I 
.aii^l. .  I  II)    J  J  I' !■  .1  ■  I.  Hi:  .1:1  1 .;-.!(  1        \  |.       i-  :rr  ri  \,.t; :  I:nr;  ."'i    :-.|.  kv 

t..  --h.tul.lcr    s  j  [  J 1  M  .1 1  ch  i>.  hi,  H  iiiiviv,  hi  I   !l:ukn.-^,  m  fn..'ii 
of  (lie  /•'•'-.   ■  ■>■  ::tii'  ..f  riv  '--'I-  i:i  .|(n-.li..ri  ,  »lii>  I  w-'i, 

poll?.  I  1  ■)•  >j  ll|..Ii  I*  i.l '  I        I...  k  .ill.l   M',.  .ii-  .,(   1 1. 1  ill.   1-  :i-  --  :  ■  ,  l  r  r  I V 

ni.iiiitaiiiin./  ih>  jr  S'.-->ia'-i>v  .igr.  -  .. 

'I  he  lulling  1-yM:.   I'.ilriik   I  MlT,  m  lb.-  year  1 8; 


little  fossil  lizard  called  TV.Vr/rfow,  and  the  determinatwo  <4  r 
true  nature  by  Mantcll  and  Owen,  constitute  a  discovery  c  1 
parable  in  importance  and  fruitfulnes*  to  Mr.  Peach's  detec" 
of  the  fossiliferous  character  of  the  limestone  of  Durneo  ;  j 
that  time  no  doubt  had  ever  been  entertained  as  to  the 
Red '"  age  of  the  yellow  sandstone  of  Elgin.    For  be  t  \ 
together  the  remarkable  fossils  of  these  rocks,  gcolc*;^  -■■ 
indebted  to  the  untiring  labours  of  Dr.  Gordon  of  birroe  -  «t.  -.. 
full  of  years  and  honours,  and  the  object  of  such  aiuvervd  ren<- 
and  love  as  indeed  make  grey  hairs  a  "crown  ol  glort.  •• 
rejoice  to  have  still  in  our  midst.    Studying  Dr.  Gi-roV-r.  >  -x 
portant  collections,  Professor  Huxley  was  able,  shoi-ly 
the  previous  meeting  of  the  Association  in  this  city,  to  im>.;-  ■ 
that  a  crocodilian  {St ago *d efts),  and  a  second  lixarxl  of  Tr_i 
affinities  {Hyperodaptdcn),  existed  at  the  period  when  the* 
were  deposited,  so  that  even  in  1859  the  palaeontolocical  rr*W: 
"  "esC«oic  age  of  these  rocks  was  admitted  to  ' 


in  favour  of  the  Mescwoic  age 
almost  overwhelming. 

But  this  evidence  his  been  very  greatly  strengthened  ancr  -ii: 
date  ;  for  Professor  Huxley  has  shown  that  the  genus  Ilrpx* 
ptibm  is  represented  in  the  Trias  of  Warwickshire.  0/  Dr»  : 
shire,  and  of  India.    In  the  same  reptiliferous  sandstone.  » 
its  abundant  footprints,  the  teeth  of  Ceraiodmi,  a  hsh  auk*  »i 
in  the  Palaeozoic  rocks,  have  been  found,  together  with  iIk  n- 
mains  of  a  reptile  which  Professor  Huxley  permits  me  :«  «:r 
in  his  opinion,  probably  Dinesamrian.    I  am  sure  that  ycx.  »- 
all  join  with  me  in  the  hope  that  the  health  of  the  Prrsxiea'  ; 
the  Royal  Society  may  soon  be  so  far  restored  that  he  cut  !* 
able  to  return  to  the  examination  of  these  fossil  reptiles  of  tip: 
in  the  study  of  which  some  of  the  earliest  of  his  great  r»>  - 
logical  discoveries  were  achieved. 

The  manner  in  which  the  yellow  sandstones,  wh.-ch  i:* 
yielded  these  reptilian  remains,  are  at  many  drffcren: 
found  associatctl  with  lie  Is  containing  /A'/.'/r>.*'«"  cttc 
Old  Red  Sandstone  fish,  appeared  to  many  geologists  xliogr-*; 
inexplicable  on  any  other  hypothesis  than  that  the  >tr»u  i« 
of  the  same  geological  age. 

In  spite,  however,  of  these  appearance*,  and  the  inierrsrr, 
oliservations  of  Dr.  Gordon  and  Dr.  Joass  on  the  rock*  ^ '■' 
Tarliet  peninsula,  which  seemed  to  support  the  hypothecs 
referred  to,  I  am  able  to  announce  that  proof  of  the  mo»t  cia' 
and  convincing  character  now  exists  of  the  distinction  k***^1 
the  fish-bearing  "  Old  Red  "  and  the  reptiliferous  "  Ne« 
of  the  neighbourhood  of  Klgin.    In  the  year  1873  I  showed'" 
rocks,  identical  in  character  with  the  reptiliferou*  sandttoaf  • 
Klgin,  and  the  overlying  calcareous  and  chcrty  rock  of  s>t.oe>- 
exist  on  the  northern  side  of  the  Morav  Firth,  in  the  cc*anr<' 
Sutherland,  and  that  they  there  conformably  underlie  Kira 
and  Liassic  strata.     Very  recently  Dr.  Gordon  has  ad'W  : 
crowning  discovery  to  his  long  li*t  of  previous  ones,  by  *St**'''* 
in  the  same  quarry  the  rocks  containing  the  reptilua  «w 
remains  respectively.    I  find,  however,  that  while  the  twn  x"1" 
of    beds   present   well-marked  differences  in  then .' ir-Jo** 
characters,  the  yellow  sandstones  with  fish  remains  clearli 
lie  the  undoubted  Upper  Old  Red,  and  are  separated  froo  t  ■' 
a  well-marked  Iwrd  of  conglomerate.    In  other  quarries  ir  - 
district,  the  manner  in  which  these  two  series  of  *t«u  s» 
l-.cc!)  thrown  side  by  »i.!o  >iy  the  action  of  great  fad*  «»  * 
clcurly  cAliiliitcl.    'l  Ii.^l-  that  full  details  of  tbe 
:li.~  inttri-stini;  >ul  fc'  will  U-  laid  before  you  duritl »* 
merlin^. 

T.'ic  relied  iiiimii  l.y  the  F  lI.i^Dtologkt  tl»  *j 

C.:-i|.l.i^  rc-spettivfly  are  I  bus  found  to  be  no  Iflgfg  ■ 

anoth.-r.    Hy  .1  explicated  scries  of  vmM  ^ 
J  icvLiumi  nnd   l  imbic  sandstones,  whkb  IW^^^^B 
^nu  iiil  reseinliL.incc  in  their  mineral  CJ'.ir.ifteTS, 
nr. I  .in.iin  ilir.iwn  Mile  by  side  with  oar  another  ill 


tiKt,  s  i  thnt  the  error  into  wfcfcft 

ili-c  niry  of  the  distioctim, 
a  very  pardonable 


eologisU  kit  1 
two 


■  I, 


'  .1 


!l,r  llv.-.l  .  <  -A„-  - 
1  I  In-  u  f.jui..-l  v>  I     sli.ii    '  N  1.  -  I. 


i  |..i[icra 

I,   1   I.-.. I  ..0 


L 


Sept.  10,  1 88 5 J 


NA  TURE 


457 


thickness.  Resemblances  in  mineral  character  have  been  proved 
not  only  to  have  been,  at  their  best,  very  unsafe  guides  indeed, 
but  to  have  actually  betrayed  those  who  trusted  in  them  into  the 
most  serious  errors.  But  for  the  discoveries  of  Charles  Teach 
on  the  one  hand,  and  of  Patrick  Dull'  and  Dr.  Gordon  on  the 
other,  geologists  would  probably  still  continue  to  class  the  sand- 
stones of  Torridon  and  Elgin  respectively  with  the  "Old 
Red." 

Hut  perhaps  the  consideration  of  greatest  importance  which 
is  imprevsed  upon  us  by  this  retrospect  is,  that  in  these  High- 
land districts  we  must  be  always  prepared  to  meet  with  rock- 
masses  of  very  different  geological  ages,  thrown  into  puzzling 
juxtaposition  by  the  gigantic  movements  to  which  this  part  of 
the  earth's  crust  has  been  subjected.  He  who  enters  on  the 
study  of  Highland  geology  without  l>cing  prepared  to  encounter 
at  every  step  complicated  foldings,  vast  dislocations,  and  stupen- 
dous inversions  of  the  strata,  can  scarcely  fail  to  lie  betrayed 
into  the  most  disastrous  and  fatal  errors. 

The  early  history  of  Scotland  is  inextricably  interwoven  with 
that  of  Scandinavia.  This  proposition,  true  as  it  is  of  the  in- 
significant periods  of  which  human  history  takes  cognizance, 
applies  with  even  greater  force  to  the  vast  e|K>chs  that  fall  within 
the  ken  of  the  geologist.  To  us  the  separation  of  Holland  and 
Scandinavia  is  an  event  of  very  recent  date  indeed  ;  it  is  not 
only  an  accident,  but  an  uncompleted  accident  !  The  Scottish 
Highlands,  with  the  Hebrides  and  Donegal  on  the  one  hand, 
with  Orkney  and  Shetland  on  the  other,  must  be  regarded — to 
use  a  technical  phrase — as  mere  "  outliers-  "  of  the  Scandinavian 
Peninsula. 

We  must  acknowledge,  at  the  outset,  that  the  study  of  the 
geological  history  of  this  Scandinavian  peninsula  and  its  outliers 
is  a  task  bristling  with  difficulties.  The  problems  presented  to 
us  in  our  Scottish  Highlands  are  vast,  complicated,  and  at  times 
seemingly  insoluble.  But  they  are  precisely  the  same  problems 
that  confront  our  brother  geologists  in  Scandinavia.  And  if  our 
tasks,  mir  doubt*,  our  perple\iti«<  are  the  Mine,  we  epully 
•dene  in  the  advantages  and  triumphs  of  discovery. 

Tin.-  neolti^i-is  of  Scandinavia — and  right  worthy  sons  of 
Thur  they  an-— have  the  advantage  of  possessing  a  territory 
almost  limitless  in  its  vastness,  ami  -cemitigly  infinite  in  its 
variety.  Hut  the  vc-ry  extern  of  (heir  splendid  country,  with  its 
spars,-  population  and  restricted  mean,  of  communication,  in- 
ciea-.es  i JitTicilties  of  t he-is  task.  "  The  harvest  truly  is 
plmli'inh,  hut  tile  labourers  are  fe.v  !  "  With  our  smaller  area, 
if  »a-  cannot  cxpocl  -o  much  variety,  we  may  hope  to  gain  some- 
thing from  the  number  of  our  students  and  the  greater  access- 
ibility «f  on:  field*  of  lab.  nil. 

Nor  would  I  undervalue,  in  this  connection,  the  importance 
of  the  union  of  this  country  with  Kngbrid.  I  allude,  of  courses 
not  to  events  of  ye-terday,  tike  the  Accession  of  jatilcs  VI.  to 
the  English  ihrone  and  the  Parliamentary  Act  of  I'nion,  but  to 
operations  that  preceded  these  by  many  millions  of  years  '.  It 
is  no  small  advantage  that  a  country  like  Scotland,  in  which  the 
rock-formal  ions  are  found  hnpelesdy  crushed  and  crumpled 
together,  or  broken  into  a  thousand  illfitting  fragments  that  seem 
to  defy  all  attempts  to  reduce  them  to  order,  should  be  united  to 
one  like  England,  where,  by  comparison,  all  is  orderly  and 
simple,  the  strata  lying  in  regular  sequence  like  well-arranged 
volumes  in  a  library,  and  only  await  the  touch  of  the  geologist's 
hammer  to  display  the  wealth  of  their  fossil  contents 

The  great  Scandinavian  mastif,  with  its  outlying  fragments, 
comtitata  the  '*  basal-wreck  " — to  employ  Darwin's  expressive 
lum  .  irf.  a  great  Alpine  chain.    On  other  occasions  1  have 
endeavoured  to  show  hatfW  Uncb  Our  Study  of  the  nature  and 
products  of  volcanic  action  Jk  dttcUit&ted  by  the  existence  of 
itnilar  "basat-weccks"  of  volcanic  r.i'>un;.vi^.  . i.  .  tk 
exist  in  your  beautiful  Western  Ides.     In  th        e  way, 
Iwrlicvt  w«  may  learn  more  by  the  suniy  of  tin-  t.s     ►  n 
tain-chaio,  concerning  the  operations  by  pfeMi  'few 
toimw*  Of  0*P  fW*  hxft  Originated,  than  by  the 
Jottt^-raaMfeBitHB-Of  tie  inperfkiid  characters  ot  the  Mp  oi 


rapidly  that  within  a  very  short  period — geologically  speaking— 
the  vastest  mountain-chain  is  razed  to  its  very  foundations— 


"  They  melt  like  miUx,  the  wlid  land*, 

bike  clouds  they  shape  themselves,  and  co  !  " 

It  is  not  surprising  then  to  find  Powell  and  Gilbert,  fresh  from 
the  study  of  the  grand  mountain-masses  of  the  American  Con- 
tinent, giving  expression  to  these  thoughts  in  the  following 
words;  "All  large  mountains  are  young  mountains,  and,  from 
the  point  of  view  of  the  uuifurmitarian,  it  is  equally  evident  that 
all  large  mountains  must  be  growing  mountains  ;  for  if  the  pro- 
cess of  growth  is  continuous,  and  if  a  high  mountain  melts  with 
exceptional  rapidity  before  the  play  of  the  elements,  it  is  illogical 
to  suppose  that  the  uprising  of  any  mountain,  which  to-day  is 
lofty,  has  to  day  ceased-" 

The  Scandinavian  Alps  wire  a  living  and  a  growing  mountain- 
chain  in  the  far  distant  Palaeozoic  period.  Now  it  is  not  only 
dead,  but  stretched  on  the  dissecting  table  of  the  geologist — its 
outer  integuments  and  softer  tissues  stripped  away,  and  its  very 
skeleton  bared  to  our  view— a  splendid  "  subject"  for  the  student 
of  mountain  anatomy. 

One  of  the  first  to  recognise  this  value  of  our  Scottish  High- 
lands to  the  student  of  Orographic  Geology  was  the  late  Daniel 
Sharpe.  He  had  made  himself  familiar  with  many  of  the 
characteristic  details  of  Alpine  architecture — so  far  as  it  was 


then  unc 


stood — and  was  able  t< 


tow  that  the  foliated  masse  s 


{aid  bare  the  innermost 
we  can  only  |^n---,-s  ;\: 

in  our  own  I  ligh 


of  our  Highland  districts  exhibit  precisely  those  relations  which 
would  be  seen  if  the  contorted  and  fan-like  masses  of  the  Alps 
were  planed  away  by  denudation.  Nor  in  suggestions  of  this 
kind,  as  we  have  seen,  was  James  Nicol  far  behind  Sharpe  ; 
but  at  that  time  many  of  the  most  important  features  of  moun- 
tain-structure were  unrecognised  or  misinterpreted,  and  the  con- 
clusions of  these  geological  pioneers  were  little  more  than 
guesses— though  very  valuable  and  suggestive  guesses— after 
truth. 

It  is  to  our  geological  brethren  over  the  Atlantic  that  we  are 
especially  indebted,  nut  only  for  many  important  discoveries  in 
the  mechanics  of  mountain-formation,  but  for  clearing  away 
many  of  the  clouds  of  error  in  which  the  subject  had  become  in- 
volved. To  Henry  Darwin  Rogers,  who,  after  a  career  of 
valuable  ideological  work  in  his  native  State  of  Pennsylvania, 
accepted  the  hospitably  of  this  country,  and  spent  the  last  decade 
of  his  useful  life  as  professor  of  Natural  History  and  Geology  in 
the  sister  univeisity  of  « ilasgow,  must  be  assigned  the  foremost 
place  in  that  school  of  orographic  geologists  which  has  grown  up 
in  America. 

The  first  sketch  of  the  important  theory  of  mountain-building 
to  which  Rogers  and  his  fellow-geologists  were  led  by  the  study 
of  the  Appalachian  chain,  was  published  in  1842,  but  it  was  not 
tdl  1S5S  that  the  complete  evidence  on  which  this  theory  was 
founded  could  be  puhli-hed. 

The  conclusion  at  which  Rogers  arrived  was,  briefly  expressed, 
as  follows  :— The  Appalachian  mountains  were  carved  by  denu- 
dation out  of  an  enormously  thick  mass  of  stratified  deposits, 
thrown  into  a  series  of  parallel  wave-like  folds.  To  the  west- 
ward of  the  mountain  range  "  the  crust-waves  flatten  out,  recede 
bom  one  another,  and  vanish  into  general  horizontality ;  "  but 
towards  the  heart  of  the  mountain-mass  the  same  flexed  strata 
become  greatly  crowded  together,  their  "  axis-planes,"  become 
more  and  more  inclined,  till  at  last  their  folds,  yielding  at  their 
apices  to  the  tremendous  lateral  thrust,  fractures  twenty  to 
eighty  miles  in  length,  and  attended  with  a  displacement  of 
2.'j,ooo  feet  or  more,  were  produced. 

Unfnittmately  Rogers  accompanied  these  just  views  of  moun- 
tain structure  with  certain  crude  speculations  and  untenable 
hypotheses  concerning  the  methods  by  which  they  were  produced. 
But  in  the  minds  of  other  American  geologists,  among  whom 
may  especially  be  mentioned  Dana,  Le  Conte,  and  Vose  -the 
fruitful  ideas  of  Rogers  have  undergone  development  and  ex- 
pansion, while  they  have  received  abundant  illustration  through 
the  labours  of  that  active  band  of  pioneers — the  United  States 
Geological  Survey— including  Clarence  King,  Powell,  Emmons, 
Hague,  Dutton,  Gilbert,  and  many  others. 

Nor  have  the  brilliant  results  attained  by  these  investigators  in 
the  New  World  been  without  their  effect  on  the  geologists  of 
Europe.  Lory,  Suesi,  Heim,  Baltzer,  and  others  have  shown 
ifeftt  the  cine  to  the  nght  understanding  of  the  structure  of  the 
Alps,  which  had  been  so  diligently  sought  and  so  long  missed  by 
Von  Bud.  ud  De  Beaumont,  by  Studer  and  Favrc,  was  now 


Digitized  by  Google 


458 


ttu+&  cm  era  Uni.  by  tU  t-**«..J.r.  »I  ttw  Awmn 
Item* 

la  Vtnlm  li.rot*.  K.r.lf,  fUMl  Hn(p«,  Rnndi, 


«htr  (jrtJ^rqi  |.->  tMi  Him  nit.,  t*r  uni  noitbreln  <** 
.1;  uli  -r  mi.  |.U,U  urttnuin  %%4m  mm  thr  *r>txi*rn,  ct 


ttrmMj  tt  all*.), 

hit  rmttfJifanl  in  tU  *p«^in  -U-jrwl  •«(  H«Vt%tML 

In  •flrfif*  *  fr*  murk*  Ml  »  «*-  of  iW  «ull  inalsH 
-itu  tl  tli(.tiU..I  (**cy  I  AiD  r».<  k»aj!r  |g  mu  4,  !„. 
toa0tc  <•  it*  ■»»»  r»»pil  4»*nut(  tw(h  >t.i*f*.i,r_a  -r»t 
MM,  Not  or.1.  j.  lW«M«4Ml«|  ^.l.vieal  rf,,...,.  m 
-•r-  IM  «t<**  *>tiX  tt*rr,.<iriy  1-Wa.li.J,  bw  Or-  iharaorn 
if  lh>  «\oal  iiruhii.-o.  u>  t  rtlaiiraa  id  u*c  ini«l<i  jj.  f*»- 

sua "•*   «■•*****«  •«-»  s 

Ira  |miJ*W»*i  nhiri  mi  •i4w»in  In  *o*Ur.l  trr  -►». 
»Vul.  vmfn.il  .«  jn  «^„.|IMTM  ,  ,b,„  ,UKt,±>-. 

y  *y  *3M.  *  W"' ! >     I'M l. !■  In  Ita**  m  !_<..-.,.„, 

r  Mini), 


i-.Bl.i-  l  1  MSfl  h  1 

"i»t  It*-  *Hmt  of  the  H«hUi>S 


•  Icttfc  rJ  «*•»  *ri  th*  mr  c 


faMuiv-  1«-  l*n 
•til*  i|>-  li 

■mi  •ctetMnJy  re  an  laaat  ikr  vti 
|r*»sil  .  -,  .1    ur>.|  f^U  a    im  .rh.r 

a.  it*.  I—.  M  iht  buf.iMi.rt  «  m  (jmiily 
UUjrI.,ry,t.Ii„.  -  ;,IV..  n  .,         .,  I"-''  > 

lh#  oMrK    lnr*tl  fo>illbHll.  M,,Jt.  MlH  Vr  ft,-,,*, 

li.  V«ill»»v  a»l  ■>   H>t.i&fd>.  N«.i,  mi  SEPSIS* 
.»  lhK  «M»Va*$  "ill  n«l>  >,  J.  . 


mm  M  itMAf*.  which 

of 

i 


•  tmUr  M1<«i|Ji 


WotM. 
1  tnif.  «*  it 

•>(  ftr  b.  .Wim 
in  ..(..  1 .)  f1,  i| 


h  tV  oHintt^n  w>t 
I  urmrm.      Mk*  thsr  lt.nc«ihti 


■r   .",t,-, .1  u„  ,tlr>(.;t..  tn  rt>- 

«,  .rir  1  .-t.;t».,,,(-  Smh  t,  () 

mrn^liKr*  .*»t»  inatl  in  crarkhTptn  rr(;». 
wtah  .l«taltc  r*t».Wo»«ul  ...  --MlC.lAk.il  ctW*  (■■. 
gM5jW#W  ^Vnl  ••ftijf  In         ii*  iwniefi  in 
PMW  frtt  nl.vnrrn.ita  rt.'i.    |l  ht»Wtii  »rsrmi 
"•ram  fni*MMMH^ti]  rrtlrtKu  i.  vhatfy  Nifl^  rail 
p'lflial  tir  tinjlndl  m  ■•l^crc.  t»m  «v  n 

nU.Mi.|  anil  kiimSm  vl  it*,  unty  4nti  H*nilMrU  1 
Altai  *>mH  lr>int  nenru]i*j»Tv  p*wn*>|tf*»->.  jlnt  uu 
*».ti  m*t».  it  1*  «t*«  in  *ltp«t  nV  irr-tilk'n-rKr  *4  Inr  cv 
ma  in  MJ  «U>  ,|.,  nn  Lam  •"  tuhn  thtn  t»  uraci 
•  xr*«|.f*a  "taalV  Hmlic'  ra-ifi.  >i  irr«  |**#*<i%Lrr» 
li'inraj  in.  ;  . .  1  -.  ,  fmr  .,f  ft  tamtt  •;—  in-'  .:•  I 
'n|>n*i>«i  «iulrn.  any  Wn  Willi  thr  UlMl  r*«*  ikw 
it«f  ■!*■  iht  >b.  M«  >l>UhJ«*« 

It  »  ft 

■■  1 ».  ■-•  if  .. ?  ifvtt-rmi •» 

ttun  *ril  ..r.<  *  NjU-.itat«  li.  ja|j»iMn>*ficil  cmoWvum 
MMrtH ira^ft..(  ■  r->ri  whin  it*.  Imrrta  WMtlnc.  '•itxtU 

-  1  ulkrtWr 


'«£>!»■)  •>»*.•  *Wl  ibe  ■^nSt-siBiM  in*  lt«  tiKn*t(ii|te 


tW  u**'cti.  ilfi«>!ci 


mw  w  tw»  H  m 


-,-  ■.  1  in  1W  *iuly  *4  id.  . 
<VlM.«r-  .it  Mint  i4  tkara  wfan  t.tVI  llrcc  V&*\  yfl  I  bit  ir> 
ilwi  »nf  Mitt  r.-rWMX^ti*  hnwc^i  ->r  aiM««  *MS *»-t  '•«* 
fialM      «ii  t/  «  naa  U»k  M  »n  W»n  #alil***«l 

^I0i«t*h  tl«  Ml  fwnlii.»*t  M  •••n* 

«t»*  .ry»nl|ii»  .rf  ....  .Tt.t«I  t&pUMM  ■*  ,kr 


Nmiun  mii  hu  ■■li>nu«*  Iwwkwi  *«m.  J«  *  ?2P 
II .v.  1  nb  „.„,  j.  ,.  .- .  .,f  •  •  ..Ita  f  '""* 


"«  .sc..  i^a. 1  ,i3,  tv  ^.\„ 

P"W«l|f  maliiluciod  tfy  l>t    ItkJn.  la  » 
11   t .,.  ,,„  ;  „,nM 


To  ll»  ..  nlrt...  ,,i       tM,  TwrbMi 

■•r.  ■!,„  ,(,,  „,  th,   fflMII  if  III 


.ml  M..M*-|i 


'•■■err  I  it nract«r,  A  nnnW  C  ImII.  mi 
,  r  "Hi  ens  (or  — 2 

u»i  Ih.-  ivrnmifc  ,,{  <utA  x  f  mm 

S""*  «fl"»»"l  iKlWik 
>l-«l.luvl  ruch«  h«vx  li 

S.'"Y  ^"",km«  ■■*•  aei^bml 
'"H"  <«<l  be  hnpKl 

la  »h^-w  thf-  rcbilno%  >4  tbr  matt  i  

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'  •■M  ""-«.f  «n-j!.K  iKnr  Ar«-»  I) n*i  — 

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.b|>Mt.  jn^inmc  »  ih»to- .     null  ■  I*  | 

_  "T-  ""kv  »  Ihci.V* 

ST  '.  *  lh«  ••  Sptnnnm 

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'  *Md>  M  •uinomUl"* 

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— WM  in,  e..i,Ml.^c  CiaWtu  . Tli«.^*l)fa*l*l 
w  hltbn,!  ,H„.v«  n»  ihr  -  Vitm  -  I  <i  111  *^*L 
"  >"'"'"»  >it»«,  Ihctc  h>n  bubal. *«.»»» 

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't»n  «..i»in^    Mtmhwii.      *  r- " 
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■■'  1- artt»in  »_i.  ,„  jvjj.  »|„.,  1.  oUa*»J 
Ihw  ......     Arb*|»  "  9V 

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TS"  '  '  ^nilm.ru  su.  >•  I 

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"-iUm  |„  ,'h.  a«  ,V        I  n*>  *-*"» 

IT.  JrrMatoto*.) 


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r///  twatume  or  a  MM 

' .'■ M-" -*T   THE  BKITISH*^, 

1    W'Al  "  •*  £.^t.Mt    Tb.  inWi  ">•  ""** 
m«*M-n|;*  :  ^  _ 

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CI  U  h  the  «««ir,.|«:  In       functor  •tol"'*" 

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r""  *  r»toW«M.    I.  Vtobk 

«.  IVhitollto- 
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> 

•ft.  / 


tpt.  10,  1885] 


A'.  /  TUHR 


459 


III  TW  *all  MhL 

Ml    I  Ik-    WM'I  A) 

<JI   fifth  MtC  %llt  lift.  «M|, 

Ut  A  ■**  Mb 

Til  Wl«  l*r  IhI'H'I  ll>  ~  wht-K'fii  I  the  aril**  ■  •  ih>  ttatftM 
iW  a  JJrit.i  .J  -.ilt 

s)  !•»••  h-.*,*,)  t?  wl«.  •tv|»«v  tiu  «sur«i*ln«W~> 

t*  tli— ncnlH.  •*  writm-jilt  iwn^i,  t*r  ihr 

-ill  Jki  Mik 

'it  Uhl  l«l  Milt*  fll.tUl.J 

tar  1:  I  nfc-.  .  -I  .  1 
'•  >!»••  li-i;  l!>t  i.  .i.  ,  ill.  ik»i.V'  1  hM    u  h. 

«n»T  r»-l  »f>»*  tt.  tin  .«t  tvtirr  |i«i*i)Kt<  *f  rlrtth^H' 
"»  mi— inn  .at  MWtifB  rtfil  ••»'•-»  -  '«-tmi,<  *t1  ilia  paata 

llltt.ftt  .  M.|  li.4     o|   ■».    •«  iwsr  •  IJ#.lt..>fia. 

M(NBI  -»ol  MM|«  "*  •<  HWH  •Mthvfy     |  Will. 

IIMOiUilCt  l'H  ...  ■  ...*»•  »i,rl|  ml  |if|,  ||!a«H*t 


!'-»>■-.  «l  .  (ihuiikm  -t  V*\4tU)\ l<aal.wt 
■if  ill  uitri-ihr*  Km  »||(J|  ibrj  tin  Kturu.ly  n 
J.i*.    t    i Iliti  tii  iuli  «Uti-  l|lr  ■%%•?, 

''■f**4»C'"J"m  WfmwlTWJiUM.  It  IMiaJtalLra  irvnb, 
'  I  H  ■  kjh  Mill  «iIimi  J  in  »U.t»Jy,<  i»*iiiit»  •■  Uvr 
.l*  Mn  iTtltrc  tlpvtli  il  ii. I  iUm.il  awti»a  '  «i.  t£*m, 
i»  wilaa*  *  mm  iJ  KWural  h/i<«»nu  Itint  dw 

l-ila...  t..  Irtj-uU  AnmV^I-  •  Lm.1  .tfrViirini  .mta(u* 
r-1       tun  nnl'.t..*,  ji^,  iuntl<  i  <l.*>{rwiia  *. 

3D-  lie  <f»it4r  uMvrjol  lif  tixtf  *li*n  •(  t  put.  u)mia,c  m 
ll.  Mrm, 

I  i*    ii.  t|..  |lki  tn^*fnti  msicnM  i  ■  .JtK'wljIw. 

ml  .nit., ,  ».,  wc  ailnW  ikM  a  .Vfttiir-  ■|mmhii  -f  «l«nrtnry 
Iriit^i  In  t*.V  t«|l  ut  iOi./j  >4  i*u  i  i-itti  .J  wl.»t.it  tttatL 


hi  i 


1 1 


,  m  ti  .*^-iti'\*i 


1 

nt.m 

;*|w||im-«Ii  i4  It»Mts<*l,  llvriiU.    m»  luvf-m  tU*>t"><nn 

I 


■ 

IV. 


f  Ir  "IdMIK  "  xt  W*C  Sit 

>4  lu^viiitir  >4  il—  h<«k  durp .  

*-  *4«  ul  AiOi  Hl»'"  dnlrVtilUL  MIKi, 


■ 


l!i-     '..M  .  .1  .1  |»,;^.  »t.ftl  j;  . 


- 


1 

■ 

■ 

«*>  I9  •  'titan  «llh  >*U  m  tin  >*■)  iff  Ifc*.  1 
ill  -«  i:wi4  (W-  iurrtn 

7      »      .llJM^Jj       Ilj(.    IV.fl    I  41  k>.  |||  l.«.|| 


IU.  Of£v.|  Will 


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>  t*  1  lit. rrt.  i>»  hi.ih 
if»l  i«<ifflr  ».■  *«rrCf  - 
IK-««I  I  »»mt*>  lhn*uli 

■ 

M  Mi  •**  Ml  «t««4it.t«ia« 
I  it«Mi>*  mty  i<mw,  Mil 
MMmI  .  -4.1  lit*,  ftty  kc 
i^i'i.K  »*  *!.u 

iii.>t*t*«*kiil>  .liti. 
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'  irmv*««  i'  -'tlMrl  n  %«>-,  il 

"i""  Dittlnw*!  *j  IV  tlr-iaol  tkanft*  r*1 

I  "tin— imniylw  ii  u»  wit  h  (iVHtJpalWlMi 
i*{i4f«f|  l-.tiit.rMi  nxil't;  (Wniui*  «f 


t*.l  (••l.ii  •>.  hfl 


*liM«a  s         iwi  it.  ka.  lit 

•1  >^traV.|.  lit.  pjljHillf  B«f«MM|||nU  Mn  nw'l  *(•••»• 
"  -f«l  ^y«f|i«-  i^mth  I**  tUr  la  lIpmh.  uW  aalrr  raoj 


M.*lr  mwkdi  if 


•  ul    ll  1 

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lit*  ul  r|n  ■»<»!•,  «*a.l 

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(lavklw  l>uu  linn  .l.ii;**,  ila.  | 


>,  *-)  •  l.fiikn 

Jir.li.  r. 
affl.fa*  lu  pan 


J««tMt> 


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-  '*j  fit         I'Uw  ilw  li'iii-«i»'ili*\*Wiiyl.i 
w»r»i«jl«itr-..iliX.Mi^«l.  ui.y 

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^*wUk  *»H«..*.l.«lj  .|h»rmanf  ftetttu 


rit»}rtTti4  j..  .Mr  *  MMMMtOri  .  aai  rrr*  +lxn  t)  |<tnc»lly 
«i    t.  «itl>  tiriTallr.1     llateih.lit  »  lir.*V«a  aaftV 

Utm^  iimtb  Jinwant.  •»<  •*»••«'<•  til  %-...t.|ny  ^t«m  ( 
ifll  «*a-  11  < > l<f f  Niuwi  paU-iiaii'V   •Ums  r»*At  tk*R 

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i,-r   I  aoaax  ravXr  lhaw  *iy  lh»ia*jti  Ml  BWI  .  -*l 


III 


0**i*'s.uu  .    .  J  A.  T*v}fn  \ 

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*>  I  «  .'o  .  <«i .  lia,.. 
Ill  TW  inlnaarini  Urn 
tf  1t»*  Wn  tHatntnkiWn^.^iii^kan 

^>-**^»  ^  -tw-t-itPWhoaj  kMI  citni 
HNn 

mm  ..1  cki^mwi,^  nhi,,,, t , ,,,  )U>< 

B^:*W%  I«  «.H  I*,  rvaxfS  £nj 

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..    I  kr  Ujukuuut  t lilt*  *4  1»«nimi..  na»cii.  *  a»l  ftii|'-J 

1  1  I  4i**\iy  attl  airrrj  i*%m.  ai-liii  l  *.iir.»i  U  IU>Mt  la 

if  |si  U«»«u1k<i  ly/-*>r--«  li  •  Until*  u»l  UlAtapaMt; 
.      |B)  i>f  Miratll,  ai.-li*<-l  l-i  '^wi.t*  iuaq4t.iv 

bujii  .  a,  ii. I  il«-*n       K.Alruiiii  to  tAt  Lu.  U 


(ll  llftiWli-^ieUyrfiiE^  a)Mr.|.Ju 
Ikiit  1  An'.  l.-.»  It  -larytil, 


»>(Viiunift«f  mo  volsjtftiUih 
Ut  (U.t^litr.  n  <*V*  PMih. 
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W  ti«fc>-_rT*T 


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NAT  UK/-: 


«a.k«ll«i    Srik  (ja.      ,v«,  j  »,„ 
"■'•"7        /W«n ..(  thnrcatna  kr^Vu* 

a  ci.Hih«.  diu.  u      ^.,i;f,.,  Mnm,  M 

-.d.l  V  iWtaa  i  hoi  M  V,|«k_*  .Met  SU.  .  t=na£ 
Me  eaa  j<mnfl 


Mcr  which  hail  I  <«n  put  lttu  a  ma  a  ft. 


",hkk  <•»»  t)~Crib»d  hy  lb. 

•InnV.  h.,|11((  lNc  tutim 
pmli,    Tk,  .vn  Ji«d  la 

I  ■■  truit ,  ^  J 


aimum  ihctm, 

1  Vki.-iir.inaM  tank 


Caavpafa  at  AI|.loe  CU.    IV  f 

Mri«*amll>afnli>laa,  VVIdtaroVf  ,(-.,„.  !,«__!'"  **'  "■*  ■nir^c.cu  J  , 

MM  i„  iv  ...»  k-i,  ,,i         ,„  HTr,,.j  bJ"i,™  ™wL 

l^fefcltJBi***    ">'•     «■  nr«4  us.  I  C^: 

tftlabilir  •  krfiaVit.  <J>  it»[ 
mntt.t  k.  •v,l^n<l"*VT.-,ftili 
mintrit.  tMUcmmr  uf  nnyMFh 

"C  •*»»••««>  »'  tiik  •Wink  lk.tr  .  .an«a».|  i„  „ 

mmm  mamm  main,  itv  >h.i  m  taTXS  a..,J.™ 

"nflitw  |fcte. 
TV  C~>'  i~C<;lufc  ol  tV   Mnh  ctuicr.  „„>«,.  ,,_ 

•W-l-  ■~nl>-Vi.t..llb«,ryrf<lHoiulul«Jt,  ^ 
.....  ban  H.ltalWli  ,  ||„»_  J  ,  H<v6',  „,„„  „,  ,.,«_, 
«"rwt  ...I  .fetma,.   .kilt,   l«  H  23  ySS. 

il.nm.iy.  ml         ,,,|K,  1  ^*^t> 


liUc  ntrv.vtnn*  o(  rVc  «lim«  |,t 
Aul  Wilkin  3  fAhgc  „| 

Mr<t  Iw  cut 
Ik  «n  t.i.lnar>  dKl^ui, 


VI  ,Ulm*> 

ci*i.v»»or  cur  «>u  w  >««■  iim^L.in,.. 


|a|  *T  •  llMlKYfk. 

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o*  eVclfuilMk;  jntMe%. 
^W"!  Ilwrr  -l'tl..ri|<, 

dwIiMi..    Vl.M.    ,vro.»l  lun.«.i«l. 

'•  "'       t*mmm  fe»»  tv      „i      „i . 


t  u^dkvft. 
tknrhal 


tjl  uiiuiiu.1  »  a|,|MM  „,„„;„  ,„  ,|„  ^ 
ArmlmfVu..  »buk  Ut  m»|  .amntVaim  in  iW  Mma. 
nwal  WMil.  Ai  HimfMcl  in  aO  M|  -itll 
WM.  »  I  lAumra^i  c.HI(v  Mr.  Cootn.a  »u  tnna, 
nncck  10  raMh  U«  jut.  IV  otiit  lit  aWi  <|>|<rtt>l  v 
Ijc  u>lr  Btt.l.ix,lr  usiml  Tlot  »r.  u>  caaj  — 
pcaiM.  Nim,  ontV  titusiry,  ta«if>  ^  »  n»  a  inniilAkUJc  1 
•tf  llii 


Tin  Oam  MMcrmXoxk^l 

7u         .        *  ""''"«•  '■»»«  fin  bi»  Mjbjaet  "TV 

I,  M',<-"'I"<J  dmlnc  |h.  I„,  T.«  >   .>..!.«  ^.  I 

_  ~»f  hj  ,hc  inucdnoa.,  .( IV r. 

■  *ilh  lrt.jr.pHr. 

Tn,  .hwnh  IMM.     th.  l  nlu,l  I 

I.V~^.h«  Cr.«  tta*„.       M(  G\  f 

^P**"***—  >h.«k.  .vti.puk.  V»  oanl.. 
.  "'  '"»"  AUM„.  «»1  in  d«  r»«h  JSl!n»»IV 

r*"  W  '""IC»  .huck.  In  BonU.  ««rM  .»») 

«Mt  W.  M«|.  - 

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'  -  *'<•«  <•..  IKK.  ,  .1..  Mr.  AIVr,i»-l«« 
"'-^  «'»■  "limnf.  .I^riiu.  im»  Ik.  «.«*• 

"I  Ihr  Iran,...  aasij, 

!,".!'!",7|,""M'",r  '^hnnlurioJm^MV.-** 

&£z?v  ,,:",fan      S*-  m  mm.— -w* 

t>    *  J-  -iTHO 


h»«  1 1  —1  in  I  IV 


-nrtow  b«n  l^xViovi  ty  j  near  ojnlntoiiin  «  lb*  t.t,:,-  ,/ 

'•mi  tewi  with  tupr  (UniiMHi,  *i    tl«.  «« itw  ,^tt  Ki».|, 

•lihUtl  rtiMltr  it  »U„i.    K|  „«  nc«l  n-iw  «  W*y  r,»  » 

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*rm  olint. 

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th*  Gr>»l  Ttntfrv  «  Hivn  «i  tltc  ifltro««  «l  ll*t  tUh  (t-iini, 
Mf  Cmlttct.  the  Minnlff  «f  Wtdtr  In*«fW.Mt,  jWHilnc. 

T»H  Vr.ni  Km*;  lu         t«rfi .  ..i.[aio).  «4  *»>  Stlu«li) 
Wl  *  "•«•  oniiMi,^  .flrwl.  ,„ '  llvn  lhe«*>  f*»«J 
<  lim.  ml  m.  otd 


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mm  ,  r,.i.U.i..  ,  W%  m  »r„  „iUr  tUn  -^<Kn  ib>.ld  l» 
«rmk  tfillir  «»t  it*  ulli-r  >  *ft«.  a.  in  *ki<  cm.  It*  mm*  ,rf 
•ftrttrr-  «C"-*'«tl'tn  tfcat  */  ih.  irVt  IJ  Un  tv.i?  I  ■ 
ainlum  Ihi.  .b«ntrn.-  bf<r  »  Aft,  A  rtiri«.i  yr-.fi  t*t n.  tttii 
*k>  ami  rim.  «rr  r-pniiUy  Uallr  !••  !«-  wruck  f  It  «h  *»©l 
•  17M7  1  tot  tltr  rtin,  .Wim,  tmk,  tmt  )••»  «w»  iftr  irrw. 
iimc  -ohiu  *tru«A  in  Ai»rr*t  1  M  1W0  Mr.  «y*»m.  hrnwll 
in  1  |»i|»cr  rr*l  M  tt«  bint  A mu* v>«,  tku  (|t  a|M 
*k,  Mfc,   m  l  VfM  ifcr  MM  fn-iartrlf  .innk  in  it), 

nawrt.  th»-  IVl  himImi  ..I  An  MM*  of  m,.  (,(..  .  „„. 
MM>  an  ataitti't  *4  ■<»  niti  rtoir>t.  of  inx-.  iijMl ;  tt  »r 
4-WH*L.       <■»  rAy  »r-*-  tar  .nit  .«*<*  irco  ■< 

hfch  Ifcw  numl.ti  «<*•  intrc  rnit.  tilling  **re  :  Soruk  i*\  b; 
no.  2J(  MM  Uwb*  m  ll  bi  baaa  -MiMd  ikn  akj 
t^MM  mih  «OMMl<  in  rail  m  iWt  in  u»  MMM  ,/ 
•*«  m  iltr 


It    U  .««mv*-       NWH  lb*  n-r*l«»  m  Uw  % t-1 


lir.il.it  f  r«v.nllinjf  w  t'hru,  Jmi"v 
.•a-     Wfcifc  )(•'«•  it  Hit  Utn  mvt»lu{fy 
at  MM  ftarlivC         '«>•  ■»  Jv*"  »t  I  wr*  ilm.nl  wr*.«»'  tut* 
n«i«a  fl)nt«i:hi  "H  J*twml  Jjli.na.lib*  •  •*<•!•  ruwtt  Mf*.  ft 
t>  l  .to  a  lixl  n  •^t-.n.il  (tti-tiHf  U-.-.rt  i.tMUtl  ,  *fiiV*wni 

•  ||a  n«wtl»'  k*-»t  tV  i  w  Win  ik  bwt  mill.  Ml. 
mUf  *n.l  iniMHlr»>tn  »#rr  ..f  .UiU  -n-Mttrnt*.  il*t+*~n 
■tl-Awni  »rvl  T#M  '*t  ftilwjf  linr  *u  ll-knl  bi  mhiI 
U<r<  r>y  mtti  «b.h  t«*|  filUn.  t  p-tt  (imi  ..f  i|u 
«ini*j  <•  v->  uniK't  miikrikim-  «t  |>nt*  ■  mt  tt>tn  <».»W  1 

Ifcr  ««rtti  .rf  ll^  n.tH  titfri  llrrr  I  to  wilrt  inviflul  tt. 
sr.  Mi<liimt  thf  l««IU>l,  mil     vUnn^  p*'+*t* 

tb  :  ihr  mu—tMim*  teal  1— .t-T  I  mw  r**^  ^'*>«U-s.  »  1 

rt'  AJu-  |«rcY«itr>l  ■  mun  f**""-    T>»  Mm  -iccf  no.* 

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wr*  *k«A  l»l«»i.tu  U  rjni.n  1<c...n>  >«<Am  lU- 
M^Hil  I4tft«,   '■•nrt'»>ol  *\.ir  l.oL%  ^»,|  ^m*<l  .|»»tUr>.» 

ml  ffkkr      Wlwilwi  ibrrc  »  nt  r.m#i1i.«i  tVlwm  til 


k*.  AWnli  OrjJrl^J^,.  '  Hu»v«i«»t  n  \,  ui*. 
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LStpt.  10.  1SS5 


ASTRONOMICAL  NOTES 

N»w  Comet. — A  new  cornet,  discovered  by  Mr.  Brooks,  I 

has  been  or#*enred  by  Mr.  Wendell,  of  Harvard  College  Ob-  I 

servaiory,  and  Mr.  Ainslie  Common,  of  haling.  On  Friday  , 
night  in  approximate  po-itioo  was  R.A.  i  jh  53m.,  an  I  N.P.D. 

52  20'.  Its  R.  A.  is  increasing  and  N.  P.D.  decreasing  ;  diameter,  1 
9  minutes  of  arc,  and  getting  brighter. 

Niw  Mf*o*  Plaket. — (>n  the  evening  of  the  3rd  inst.  Herr 
Paliva,  of  Vienna,  divcovered  a  minor  planet,  thus  bringing  the 
number  of  these  bodies  to  250.  The  following  are  the  particu- 
lars of  the  discovery: — September  3,  oh.  53s.  (Greenwich  mean 
timei  ;  right  awrension,  23b.  34m.  44s.  ;  north  polar  distance, 
Ia6'  <f  35"  ;  daily  motion  in  right  ascension,  48*.  decreasing,  in 
l<olar  distance  3'  increasing  ;  magnitude,  nth. 


GEOGRAPHICAL  NOTES 

The  Caroline  Islands,  which  are  attracting  so  much  political 
attention  now,  are  described  at  some  length  in  the  G<x*etU 
iiA>f^ra/hiatu.  It  is  generally  acknowledged  that  they  were 
listovercd  by  a  Portuguese  navigator  in  1526,  and  during  the 
rest  of  the  sixteenth  century  they  were  frequently  visited  by 
".jani-h  and  Portuguese  explorers.  They  were  called  the 
Carolines  about  1686  by  a  |>ilot  named  Lezcano,  who  saw  many 
islet,  there,  but  could  not  tell  to  what  group  they  belonged,  or 
indicate  their  exact  position.  The  name  was  given  to  them  after 
Charles,  n.  ;  they  have  also  been  called  the  New  Philippines, 
dut  this  hat  never  prevailed.  Towards  the  end  of  the  seven- 
teenth century  the  Spaniards  in  the  Philippines  and  Mariannes 
learned  something  of  the  Carolines,  and  in  1705  an  imperfect 
map  of  the  group  was  sent  to  Pope  Clement  XI.,  and  then  the 
lesuits  of  the  mission  at  Manila  resolved  to  establish  a  branch 
in  the  Carolines.  In  1710  the  missionaries  and  a  few  soldiers 
I,  but  on  arriving  at  the  Pelcws  were  all  massacred.  Up 
u,  1817  the  Carolines  were  visited  by  navigators  of  all  nations, 
but  the  number  of  the  islands,  their  exact  position,  and  the 
hydrography  of  the  seas  in  which  they*  were  situated,  was 
totally  unknown.  In  that  year  Kotichuc,  and  subsequently 
Frcycinet,  Duperrey,  Dumont  d'Urvillc,  and  others,  visited  the 
whole  of  the  Archipelago,  and  from  them  we  got  our  first 
accurate  accounts  of  the  Carolines  and  their  inhabitants.  The 
Caroline  archipelago  forms  part  of  Micronesia,  and  is  situated  to 
the  south  of  the  I.adrones,  to  the  west  of  the  Marshalls,  and  to  the 
north  of  New  Guinea,  It  consists  of  about  500  islands,  of  which 
the  greater  number  are  only  atolls.  The  number  of  real  islands 
is  only  forty-eight,  but  as  each  of  these  is  surrounded  by  a  certain 
num!>cr  of  islets,  it  may  be  said  that  the  archipelago  consists  of 
forty-eight  groups  ;  forty-three  of  these  are  low  coral  islands, 
while  five  arc  composed  of  basalt  with  coral  at  the  base.  The 
superficial  area  over  which  the  archipelago  is  spread  is  about  forty- 
five  square  leagues.  Geographically  it  may  be  divided  into 
three  main  groups,  separated  by  two  large  channels  :  the  eastern 
group,  of  which  (be  principal  island  is  Ascension  or  Ponape  ; 
the  central  group,  and  the  western  group,  the  principal  island 
lieing  F.ap  or  Jap,  of  which  much  i*  being  heard  just  now. 
Ponape  is  between  Jo  and  60  miles  round,  and  has  a  peak  in 
the  centre  which  rises  to  a  height  of  2860  feet.  At  one  part  of 
its  coast  there  are  curious  ruins  which  are  still  a  problem  for 
•-thnologists  ;  they  are  apparently  the  remains  of  a  large  building 
.■instructed  of  huge  blocks  of  basalt.  The  archipelago,  although 
close  to  the  equator,  enjoys  a  temperate  climate  ;  there  are  two 
nfaqp  seasons — one  in  January,  the  other  in  August.  The  islands 
arc  of  astonishing  fertility  ;  the  principal  productions  are  the 
bread-fruit,  cocoa-nut,  the  palm,  bamboo,  orange,  and  clove 
tree,  sugar-cane,  beetle,  sweet  potato,  &c.  The  population  is 
generally  estimated  at  18,000  to  20,000,  and  belongs  ethno- 
iogically  to  the  Micronesian  family.  The  principal  elements  are 
Malay  and  Maori  ;  hut  there  is  also  a  mixture  of  Negrito  and 
Papuan,  to  which  in  later  times  was  added  a  Chinese  and  Japan- 
ese element.  The  language  is  as  muted  as  the  race  ;  the  gramm- 
atical constructions  are  the  same  as  those  of  the  Maori,  but 
Malay  influence  is  also  evident.  In  some  of  the  islands  there 
are  two  languages,  as  in  Java — the  vulgar  and  polished.  They 
have  no  religion  properly  so-called  ;  they  believe  in  spirits,  which 
are  the  souls  of  their  deceased  ancestors,  and  they  have  a  great 
tesjK-.  1.  a  kind  of  cult  for  their  dead,  whom  they  preserve  till 
"*  body  falls  to  pieces.  As  in  all  the  islands  of  the  Pacific, 
is  practised.  Kach  group  of  islands  is  governed  by  a  chief 
>g.    Ili«  power  in  time  of  peace  is  purely  nominal,  but 


he  enjoys  the  respect  of  all  ;  bat  in  the  frequent  Moody  » - 
his  authority  is  unbounded,  and  all  submit  blindly  10  has  wC 

THE  Peiews  or  P  alios  Islands  are  quite  distinct  Iran  't- 
Carolines  ;  they  are  the  most  western  islands  of  Micronesia,  ek 
are  situated  about  600  miles  east  of  the  Philippines.    The  v 
pelago  con«Uts  of  ten  principal  islands  and  a  number  of  islets.  TV 
principal  one.  called  Babelthoap,  is  30  miles  king,  the  s«"yrt 
;art  being  very  mountainous.    All  the  islands  are  coverr*' 
thick  forests,  the  trees  of  which  are  used  by  the  natives  to  r  : 
struct  their  large  canoes.    Besides  the  yam  and  the  exeat, 
there  are  also  bananas,  oranges,  and  a  large  number  of  mrr 
roots.    The  population  is  about  3500  souls,  belonging  toixi 
which  is  quite  distinct  from  the  Caroline  Islanders.    The»  •• 
sent  all  the  characteristics  of  the  Malay  and  Papuan  races. 
are  probably  the  result  of  the  mixture  of  a  superior  Malty  "  > 
with  an  inferior  aboriginal  people.    Old  travellers  speak  it 
well  of  these  natives  :  they  are  said  to  be  in  every  way  super 
to  the  inhabitants  of  the  Caroline  Islands.    Here  also  then:  vr 
two  language;  :  one  for  addres-ing  superiors,  the  other  inirr.  •■ 
possibly  it  would  be  more  correct  to  say  that  there  is  onlr  : 
language,  with  copious  honorific  forms.    The  king  hat  a**  - 
tuted  an  order,  which  he  gives  or  withdraws  at  his  pleasure 
the  insignia  is  the  fir»t  cervical  vertebra  of  the  fish  dmfen; 

THE  RunJuhau  fur  Gtograpku  umJ  Stmfittti  for  Sep- 
reproduces  a  forgotten  discourse  of  Alexander  *'*  Humbu: 
It  was  never  published,  although  it  was  privately  pnntri  I 
use  of  the  members  of  the  Society  before  whom  it  was  dehsw: 
It  deals  with  the  primitive  peoples  of  America  and  the  Mo- 
ments which  they  have  left  behind  them,  and  was  debre** 
before  the  Philomath  Society  of  Berlin  in  January,  1806,  thv 
a  few  months  after  his  return  from  his  travels.     It  had  grotr  ' 
be  a  bibliographical  curiosity  ;  part  of  its  contents  m  a  e 
wards  reproduced  in  his  *' Ansichten  der  Natur"' and  MVsn 
<les  Cordilleres,"  and  later  investigations  have  materially  alic*: 
some  positions  taken  up;  but  the  discourse  is  nthenrae rrr- 
interesting,  especially  after  its  disappearance  for  nearly  ei{tr* 
years. 


CONTENTS  Pwi 

Our  Present  Needs  413 

The  "Decomposition"  of  Didymium  - 

Our  Book  Shelf  :— 

Dagincourt's  "  Annuairc  gcologique  univcrscl  et  Guide 

du  C icologie  autour  de  la  Terre  "  

Letters  to  the  Editor  1 — 

The  Meteoric  Cycle  and  Stonehengc. — R.  Edmonds  4~ 
Nebula  in  Andromeda.  — Lord  Rosse,  F.R.S.  *•* 

Sunsets.— R.  McLachlan,  F.R.8   *}' 

Pulsation  in  the  Veins.— S.  W.  .  .   «3" 

Red  Hail.— Prof.  Theodore  Schwedoff  ....  «f 
On  the  Terminology  of  the  Mathematical  Theory  of 

Electricity. — Henry  Muirhead  If 

The  British  Association  C 

Inaugural  Address  by  the  Right  Hon.  Sir  Lyon 

Playfair,  K.C.B..  M  P.,  F.R.S.,  President  .  .  C 
Section  A — Mathematical  and    Physical  Science— 
Opening  Address  by  Prof.  O.  Chrystal,  M.A  . 

F.R.S.E.,  President  of  the  Section  4** 

Section  B — Chemical  Science — Opening  Address  by 
Prof.  Henry  E.  Armstrong,  Ph.D..  F.R.S, 

Sec.C.S.,  President  of  the  Section  « 

Section  C — Geology — Opening   Address  by  Prof. 
J.  W.  Judd,  F.R.S.,  Sec.G  S..  President  of  the 

Section  453 

Notes  for  the  Opening  of  a  Discussion  on  Electro 
lysis,  to  be  held  in  Section  B,  at  the  British 
Association   in  Aberdeen,  September,  1SS5.  by 

Professor  Oliver  Lodge  45- 

Notes  4*> 

Astronomical    Phenomena    for    the  Week  :Mj. 

September  13-19  ^ 

Astronomical  Notes: — 

New  Comet   .  »  #*J 

New  Minor  Planet     .      *•«  & 

Geographical  Notes 


Sept.  10.  1885] 


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"  To  the  tolid  gro'tnd 
Oj  Nature  trusts  tie  mind  whuk  builds  for  aye." — Wordsworth 


So.  829,  Vol.  32]        THURSDAY,  SEPTEMBER  17,  1885 


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THE    SWAN  LAMP 

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Sept.  17  1885] 


NATURE 


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NORMAL  SCHOOL  OF  SCIENCE  AND 
ROYAL  SCHOOL  OF  MINES, 

SOUTH  KENSINGTON  AND  JERMYN  STREET. 
Dean.— Professor  T.  H.  Huxley,  P.R.S. 
SESSION  1885-86. 
nttoj ..I  October  1885.  till  "bout  the  middle  of 
will  be  open  to  Student*  to  the  following  Saenc 

CHEMISTRY  AND  AGRICULTURE. 


J .  Wrightnon,  Esq.,  lit  Oct.  :  Biology,  G. 


Metallurgy.  Professor  Chandler  Robert*.  F.R.S., 
-      Organic  and  Inorganic  Chemistry,  Professor  T.  E 
Oct.  ;  Mining,  Professor  Warington  Smylh,  F.R.S.. 


0 


Biology. 

GEOLOGY. 

Mechanics  and  Mechanical  Drawing. 
Metallurgy,  Mining,  and  Assaying. 
The  following  Course*  of  I-ecture*  will  be  given  during  the  Session:— 
Physics.  Professor  Guthrie,  F.R.S.,  i»l  Oct.  168$;  Principle* of  Agriculture, 

II.  Howe*,  Esq  ,  1st  Oct.  ; 
2nd  Oct. ;  Elementary 
E.  Thorpe,  F.R.S.,  and 
_  S.,  olh  Nov.  ;  Astronomi- 
cal Physics.  J.  Norman  Lockyer,  Esq.,  F.R.S.,  15th  June,  1B86;  Elementary 
Ocology,  Professor  Judd,  F.R.S.,  15th  Feb. ;  Zoology  and  Palaxmlology, 
O.  B.  Howes,  Esq,  15th  Feb. ;  Botany,  D.  H.  Scott,  Esq.,  15th  Feb.; 
Ad  vanced  Organic  and  Inorganic  Chemistry,  Dr.  F.  R.  Japp,  F.R.S., 
F.C.S.,  15th  reb. ;  Mineralogy,  F.  Rutley,  Esq.,  9th  March. 

A  Course  of  Mine  Surs'eying,  conducted  by  Mr.  B.  H.  Brough,  will  begin 
on  the  15th  Feb.,  18B6. 

In  addition  10  the  above,  Lectures  will  be  given  in  the  Chemical  Depart- 
ment by  Drs.  Hodgkinson  and  Percy  Frankland. 

For  fmihcr  particular*  apply  to  the  Registrar,  Normal  School  of  Science, 
South  Kensington. 

VICTORIA  UNIVERSITY. 

This  University  confers  Degree*  in  Arts,  Science,  Law,  and  Medicine  on 
lli.tse  who  have  pursued  prescribed  Courses  of  Study  in  a  College  of  the 
University,  and  have  passed  the  necessary  E lamination*. 

A  Preliminary  Examination  (Facultie*  of  Arts  Science,  and  law)  and  an 
EnlraiKc  Examination  in  Arts  (Faculty  of  Medicine)  will  take  place  in 


October,  commencing  on  Monday,  the  5th. 
Particulars  as  to  these 


may  be  < 
Manchester. 


Examination*  and  a*  to  Course*  of  Study 


A.  T.  BENTLEY,  M.A.,  Registrar. 


OWENS    COLLEGE,  VICTORIA 
UNIVERSITY,  MANCHESTER. 

The  Council  invite  applications  for  Five  Berkeley  Fellowships  of  the  value 
of  £  100  each  for  the  year  1885-86,  to  he  awarded  in  one  or  more  of  the  follow- 
ing subject*  : — 1.  Classics.  ».  English  Language  and  Uterature.  3.  History. 
4.  Philosophy.  ;.  Pure  Mathematics.  &  Applied  Mathematics.  7.  En- 
gineering. 8.  Physic*.  0.  Chemistry.  10.  Biology  (including  PhysiologyX 
11.  Geology  (including  Paleontology).  The  appointments  will  be  made  not 
on  the  results  of  examination,  but  on  evidence  of  ability  to  prosecute  some 
special  study  or  research. 

Application*  must  be  sent  to  the  Registrar  on  or  before  September  35. 
A  fuller  statement  of  the  condition*  of  the  Fellowships  will  be  * 
on  application.  HENRY  WM.  HOLDER.  M.A.,  Registrar. 

OWENS    COLLEGE,  VICTORIA 
UNIVERSITY,  MANCHESTER. 

1.  Arts.  Science,  and  I.aw  Department. 
II.  Medical  Department  (including  the  Denial  and  Pharmaceutical 
courses). 

III.  Department  for  Women. 

IV.  Evening  Classes  Department. 
Prospectuses  of  the  above,  and  of  Entrance  Scholarships  and  Exhibitions 

14  in  number,  and  varying  from  £17  to  jCtooper  annum),  will  be  forwarded 
free  on  application  to  the  Registrar  of  the  College,  or  may  be  obtained  from 
Mr.  Consult,  33,  Piccadilly,  Manchester. 

 HENRY  WM.  HOLDER.  Registrar. 

VICTORIA  UNIVERSITY, 
?as  UNIVERSITY  COLLEGE,  LIVERPOOL. 

SESSION  1885.86  commence*  OCTOBER  5 

Complete   Curriculum  provided  for  Victoria   University  Degrees  in 
Medicine,  Arts,  and  Science. 

Students  also  prepared  for  London  University,  Cambridge  Higher  Local 
.nd  other  Examination*. 
Physical,  Biological,  and  Chemical  laboratories. 
Astutance  in  Practical  Laboratory  Work  by  D 
nieodence  of  the  Professor  of  the  Department, 
asses,  except  Medical,  open  to  Male  and  Female  Students  of  16  and 
.  pwinl*.    Student*  admitted  on  their  16th  year,  subject  to 
■  lamination. 

".sf     Evening  Lectures  and  Classes,  beginning  October  11,  open  to 
'h-*     .n  payment  of  61.  fee. 

rut)  Prospectus  gratis  00  application  to  the  College  Rkoi  .trar. 

A  HEAD  MASTER  is  anxious  to  recom 

mend  a  Youth  in  his  18th  year  as  Assistant  to  a  Naturalist  or  to  the 
Curator  of  a  Natural  History  Museum,  or  for  som-  similar  employment. 
Very  considerable  knowledge  in  the  Collection,  Classification,  anil 
Preservation  of  Insect  and  other  Specimens  ;  an  excellent  Practical 
;  knows  French  and  Gen 
Taylors'  School,  Liverpool. 


upcrinteu 
111  flas 


Head  Master, 


SHEFFIELD  TECHNICAL  SCHOOL. 

The  SESSION  1885-6 commence*  OCTOBER  6,  1885.  Day  and  Evening 
Inclines  and  Courses  of  Instruction  will  be  given  in  METALLURGY  ana 
METALLURGICAL  LABORATORY  PRACTICE,  aI«o  in  MECHAN- 
ICAL ENGINEERING  and  MACHINE  DRAWING.  The  Prospectus 
may  be  had  on  application. 

ENSOR  DRURY,  Secretary. 


Hknnessy,  F.R.S.. 


ROYAL  COLLEGE  OF  SCIENCE 
FOR  IRELAND, 

STEPHEN'S  GREEN,  DUBLIN. 

SCIENTIFIC  AND  TECHNICAL  EDUCATION. 
SESSION  1885.86. 
This  College  supplies  a  complete  Course  of  Instruction  in  Science  as 
applied  to  the  Industrial  An*,  especially  those  which  may  be  classed  brc 
uml.r  the  head,  uf  CHEMICAL  MANUFACTURES,  MINING, 
ENGINEERING. 

A  Diploma  of  Associate  of  the  College  is  granted  at  the  end  of  the  Three 
Years'  Course. 

There  are  Four  Royal  S-hoUrships,  tenable  for  two  year*  each  of  the 

value  of  ^50  yearly,  with  free  education,  including  Laboratory  Instruction. 

Two  become  vacant  each  year.    They  are  given  to  Students  who  have  been 

a  year  in  the  College. 
The  Fees  are  £  2  for  each  Course,  or  £10  for  all  the  Courses  of  each  year, 
ith  the  exception  of  Laboratory  Practice  and  Drawing  School. 

Chemistry  (Theoretical  and  Practical).  Metallurgy,  Ac— Professor  Hartley, 
F.R.s\  F.C.S.,  F.R.S.E. 

Mathematics.  Mechanics,  and 
M.R.I.A. 

Descriptive  Geometry,  Drawing,  Engineering,  and  Surveying— Professor 

Piuot,  C  E,  M.R.I  A. 
K1peritucr1t.il   Physics  (Theoretical  and  Practical)— Professor  Barrett, 

F.R.S.E.,  M.R.I  A. 
Mining  and  Mineralogy— Professor  O'Reilly,  C.E..  M  R.t.A. 
Botany— Professor  MrN ah,  M.D..  F  US..  Dean  of  Faculty. 
Zoology— Professor  Haui>on,  M.A..  F.Z.S.,  M.R.I-A. 
Geology— Professor  Hi  ll.  M  A..  LL.D..  F.R.S. 
Palaeontology— Mr.  Baily,  F.L.S.,  F.G.S.,  M.R.I. A. 

The  Chemical  and  Physical  Laboratories  and  Drawing  School  are  open 
daily  for  Practical  Instruction. 

Fee  for  Chemical  Laboratory,  £%  for  One  Month,  £%  for  Three  Months, 
£a  for  Six  Months,  or £ia  for  Session.   Fee  for  Physical  Laborat<-  ry.  £  1 
Month,  or  £6  for  Session.    Fee  for  Biological  Laboratory,  £1  for  the  Tc 
fee  fur  Drawing  School,  £}  for  Session,  or  £2  for  one  Term. 

The  SESSION  commence*  on  MONDAY,  October  5. 

Programmes  may  be  obtained  on  application  at  the  College :  or  by  lette, 
addressed  to  the  Secretary,  Royal  College  of  Science,  Stephen's  Greenr 
Dublin. 

Professor  J.  P.  O'REILLY.  Secretary. 

UNIVERSITY  COLLEGE,  DUNDEE. 

The  WINTER  SESSION  will  begin  on  MONDAY,  October  u. 
In  the  previous  week  Examinations  will  be  held  for  Four  Armitstead 
Scholarships,  and  for  the  Smart  Bursary  in  Engineering,  also  the  Entrance 
Examination*  for  Students  under  16. 

Instruction  is  given  in  Mathematics,  Natural  Philosophy,  Chemistry, 
Engineering  and  Drawing,  Biology,  Classics  and  Ancient  History,  English 
language  and  Literature  and  Modern  History,  French  Language  and 
Literature  ;  and  all  Departments,  comprising  both  Day  and  Evening  Classes, 
are  open  to  Both  Sexes  on  the  same  1  trim.  The  laboratories  are  equipped 
with  every  requisite  for  Study  and  Research  *,  and  Special  Facilities  are 
offered  for  Instruction  in  Electrical  Engineering. 

The  College  is  recognised  by  the  University  of  Edinburgh  for  Graduation 
in  Science  to  the  extent  of  Two  out  of  the  Three  Years'  Course  required. 
The  various  Courses  are  suitable  for  the  Degree  Examinations  of  the 
University  of  I-ondon,  the  Examination  for  the  Indian  Civil  Service,  and  for 
the  LL.A.  Certificate  of  St.  Andrew's  University. 

The  Calendar,  containing  Full  Information,  may  be  had  from  the  Book- 
*eU 


fhe  Calendar,  containing  Full  Information,  may 
ers,  or  from  the  Undersigned,  price  11.  by  Post. 

SHlELL  a 


MERCHANT  VENTURERS'  SCHOOL, 
BRISTOL. 


Wanted  at  once  in  the  Mining  and  I 
competent  to  conduct  the  Course*  of 
apply  to  Gkorce  H.  Porn,  Merchants'  Hall, 


Department  an  Engineer 

For  - 


MINERALOGY  AND  GEOLOGY. 

PROFESSORS,  COLLECTORS  and  VISITORS  to  LONDON  are 
INVITED  to  INSPECT  Mr.  HENSON'S  STOCK  of  CHOICE  MINE- 
RALS, Ac,  Ac.  At  the  PRESENT  TIME  he  has  a  PARTICULARLY 
FI NECRYSTALL1SED  NUGGET  of  NATIVE  GOLD,  WEIGHT  9  ox., 
PINK  APOPHYLLITE,  CHESSYLITE.  EMERALDS  00  MATRIX 
PYROMORPHITE  (very  rare  form).  CERUSS1TE,  CRYSTALL- 
ISED MALACHITE;,  and  BOTRYOIDAL  CHALCEDONY,  ME- 
TEORIC  IRONS  and  STONES.  POLISHED  AGATES  and  LABRA- 
DORITES. 

A  Urge  Series  of  ROCKS,  also  MICROSCOPIC  SECTIONS  of  the 


LitU  0H  A/fiuatisn.       Hammers,  Chisels,  and  ] 

PRIVATE  LESSONS  AND  EVENING  CLAS8ES. 
BLOWPIPE  CASES  AND  APPARATUS.      Catalogue*  free. 

SAMUEL  HENSON, 

377,  STRAND,  LONDON. 


Digitized  by  Google 


clvi 


HA  TURE 


[Sept.  \7*  l5^s-: 


GUY'S  HOSPITAL. 

Th«  MEDICAL  SESSION  commencei  on  THURSDAY.  October  i. 

The  Hospital  contain!,  beside*  the  bedt  for  Medical  and  Surgical  Cases, 
wards  for  '  ih.tetric,  ( iphthalmic.  and  other  special  departments. 

Spec  ll  Cla**e*  are  held  in  the  Hospital  for  Students  prepanne  for  the 
Examination*  of  the  University  of  London  and  of  other  Examining  Board*. 

Ari''>lsTMF.i«TS.— The  House  Surgeons  and  H-usa  Physicians,  the  Obste- 
tric Residents.  Clinical  Assistants,  and  Dressers,  are  selected  from  the 
Students  according  to  merit  and  without  payment.  There  are  also  a  large 
number  of  Juni  .r  Appointments,  every  part  of  the  Hospital  Practice  being 
systematically  employed  for  instruction.  . 

Emtsance  Scmola«sMI«.— Open  Scholarship  of  125  guineas,  in  Classics. 
Mathematics,  and  Modern  Language*.  Open  Scholarship  of  i>s  guineas, 
in  Chemistry,  Physics.  Botany,  and  Zoology.  • 

Pai.Ev  Ac —Six  Scholarships,  varying  in  value  from  £10  to  £50  each, 
for  general  proficiency  in  Medical  Study:  the  Treasurer's  Gold  Medal,  in 
Medicine ;  the  Trea.urer's  Cold  Medal,  in  Surgery  |  the  Gumey  Hoare  Pn re 
of  j£»5,  forCliniral  Study:  the  Benney  Prire  of  jo  guineas,  for  Pathol  >gy; 
the  Sand.  Cox  Scholarship  of  £  1  s  per  annum  for  three  years,  for  Physiol^y  ; 
the  Joseph  Hoare  Prixe*  of  £tf  and  j£to;  the  Michael  Hams  Pnxe  of  £10, 
f>r  Anatomy  :  the  Mackcnaie  Bacon  Prixe  of  /to,  fur  Ophthalmoscopy  ;  the 
Mackenric  Bacon  Prire,  for  Nervous  Diseases,  of/ 15  ;  the  Burdctt  Prue  for 
Hygiene,  value  £10.  ■       -  ^ 

For  Prospectus  and  further  information  apply  to  the  Dean,  Dr.  F.  TaYLoi. 
Guy's  Hospital,  London,  S.E.,  July  1885 

THE  FUEL  OF  THE  SUN. 

By  W.  MATTIEU  WILLIAMS, 

F.R.A.S.,  F.C.S. 
8 to..  Cloth,  .  m  pp..  price  ji,  6tt. 

This  essay,  though  avowedly  speculative,  invokes  no  hypothetical  entities 
nor  actions  but  proceeds  exclusively  by  direct  deduction  of  the  cosmic 
operation  of  demonstrated  and  accepted  physical  law*. 

The  matter  of  our  atmosphere  is  shown  to  be  expanded  throughout  space, 
and  accumulated  around  every  orb  proportionally  10  it*  gravitation 

Taking  our  share  of  this  as  unity,  the  atmospheres  of  the  sun  and  planets 
an  calculated.  The  accumulation,  inuirring,  ejection,  dissociation,  and 
recombination  of  the  enveloping  solar  gases  are  shown  to  originate  and 
maintain  the  heat  and  light  of  the  sun  ;  the  instirring  agent  being  the  eccen- 
tric rotation  of  the  solar  nucleus  effected  by  the  reaction  of  planetary  grant 
ation  ;  the  fresh  fuel  supplied  by  the  cosmic  matter  exchanged  lor  that 
ejected  by  the  prominences  in  the  course  of  solar  translation  through  space. 

The  sun-spots,  the  prominence*,  the  corona,  the  rodiaca!  light,  and  all  the 
minor  detail*  of  solar  disturbances  come  out  a*  physical  results ;  alio  a 
simple  explanation  of  flashing  start,  and  of  the  nebula:  as  fiermantnt 
bodies.  . 

The  observed  meteorology  of  the  interior  planets,  and  the  semi-solar  con- 
stitution of  the  larger,  follow  from  the  same  physical  premises. 

Assuming  that  the  star*  are  suns  like  ours,  it  i*  shown  that  no  energy  " 
gained  or  tost  throughout  the  universe,  the  solar  orbs  simply  concentrating, 
by  the  machinery  described,  die  energies  previously  diffused  by  radiation. 

London-,  SIMPKIN,  MARSHALL,  &  CO. 


EIGHTH  EDITION. 

DESCH  ANEL'S   NATURAL  PHILOSOPHY. 

Trmnitated  and  Edited  by  J.  D.  EVERETT,  F.R.S., 

Professor  of  Natural  Philosophy  in  the  Queen's  College,  Belfast. 

Eighth  Edition,  Revised  throughout,  and  Additions  Inserted,  bringing  it  up 
to  the  Present  Time.  Illustrated  by  jSj  Engravings  00  Wood  and 
».  Coloured  Plate*.  Medium  8vo,  doth,  lU. ;  also  ia  Part*,  Limp  Cloth, 
(j.  tJ  each 

Part    I  -MECHANICS,  HYDROSTATICS,  and  PNEUMATICS. 

Part  111  — —  KLBCT  R I C I  TV,  MAGNETISM. 
Part  IV. -SOUND  and  LIGHT. 

London  i  BLACKIE  &  SON.  40  and  50.  Old  Bailey. 

MATHEMATICS  (London  and  Suburbs).— 

<Mi»dentt  attended  (at  their  own  home*  if  they  so  prefer)  by  a  High 
Wrangler.  Trill.  Coll..  M  A.  and  F.R.S.,  on  sery  reasonable  terms.— 
X.,  9.  Dorville  Road.  Hammersmith,  W. 

EDWARD  WARD  has  pleasure  in  an- 
nouncing the  Issue  of  a  new  Micro-Slide  of  Zoophyte,  with  tentacle* 
oat,  in  tL*  special  manner  so  well  known  to  his  numerous  patron*. 

PlnmnlarU*imilk     -    —   —  (pott -free)  •  I 

Alio,  quite  new  >— 

Gorgonia  verrucosa  (polype  stained)     ..  •  • 

Podaliru*  typicus (Spectre  Shrimp)      ..  •  • 

EDWARD  WARD.  U9.  OXFORD  STREET.  MANCHESTER.  I30* 

MICROSCOPY.-^MIC  RONATURAL 

HISTORY  (ZOOLOGICAL  AND  BOTANICAL)  and  the  ALU  ED 
SCIENCES— On  October  t  will  be  Published  and  sent  I  ~  1 
Two  Stamp*,  W.  P.  Coli  n*'*  New  Catalogue  of  rUwks  ( 
band).    Scientific  Libraries  Purchased  and  Book*  taken  ...  I  > 
W.  P.  COLLINS,  Science  tookseUer,  IJ7,  Great  Portland 


IMPORTANT  NEW  SCIENTIFIC  BOOKS 

PUBLISH  ID  BY 

SWAN  SONNENSCHEIN  AND  CO 

THE  WANDERINGS  OF  PLANTS  AND 

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This  important  work  is  full  of  learned  and  MbMMg  ^JbJrLZ 
of  the  Migrations  of  Cultivated  Plant*  *nd  Domestic 
home  in  Alia  to  Greece.  Italy  and  the  reat  of  Europe.  (lT^^lwo^~i 

ELEMENTARY  TEXT-BOOK  OF  E N TO 


Large  sqqnr 


MOLOGY.    By  W.  F.  K1RBY  (Brit-  Mu*.V 
hands  >mely  bound,  with  over  6jo  Drawings,  151. 
"  It  ia,  in  tact,  a  succinct  Encyclopedia  of  the  subject 
spicunusln  language,  and  profusely  illustrated,  ^^J^*,^ 
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determine  without  difficulty  The  woodcuts  are  so  admsranie 

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fogists  will  obtain  Mr.  Kirby's  fine  volume  as  a  handy  I <*J* 
the  student  will  buy  it  a*  an  excellent  intro  liicooo  to  Use  tcsemox,  L_ 
absolutely  trustworthy  text  book."— A  wn'Wf.  .„         _  _ 

ELEMENTARY     TEXT- BOOK  OF 

ZOOLOGY.  By  Profs.  W.  CLAUS  (Univ.  Vienrsal  ■**K*"1 
SfcDGWICK  flrin.  ColL.  CamH-X    W.tb  T06  New  »  jsafcsita. 

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universally  adopted  as  a  text-book." — At\en<r»m. 
"  A  most  masterly  introduction  to  rooiocv.  cxmu 

well-drawn  figure*  as  man  could  deaire."— /?<W<»/ lit 

ELEMENTARY     TEXT-BOOK  OF 

BOTANY.  By  Profs.  W.  PRANTL  Mfcj  S..H..VtMa«t  D  Sc  U  k 
(Fellow  and  Lecturer  of  ChrUt  s  College.  CnmbrsogeX  Foatrxn  "aae 
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"  The  plan  has  been  to  thoroughly  search  each  paper  or  w  or*,  at 
iu  contents  under  specific  classified  headings,  .  .  .  The  'V*"* 
results  in  the  moat  compendious  condensation  of  all  trial 
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"  It  farm*  a  large  volume  of  joo  page*,  and  tabulates  a  vws* 
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Specimens  sent  on  approval.— J..  IJ,  Warren  Street,  Tenby. 


List*  a 


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rox  WHICH 

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ACCIDENTS    OF    ALL    Kl  N I  ^  |fc 

Paid-up 


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5*«*«tii.-i  i. —  Nik'-*"-  i»t»«fc  »i  mim  IMHMM  « 
Del ti*l  lMHK>li»*lt  »iH  «»«H  III*  H.ilfM  Iflr  •rlMl-Wi  A» 
i  ■    i  (.1.  .»  iii.ii  b a  ihui  iib  d«ii  t  lint  hh 


>i  rm,     t  ;-M  .  i  'ifi;  I 


Till  KM      hWm*H  ,,w  ••f*'  l*1' 

|l  i  H  .ili.l  lU  j|Teaiit».v  .1  *u  i«*n<i  il'MM-l  l«  •*  Iiimi 
ihi  »ili  H  llir  fill  iti^Kiuli.     %m  •  »|»«i'»i1»  ** 
I-  I-i-ki  i--»ir  j  «MMWM*  ^•«th"M  •»••• 
i  i-  ■  ..  r.-l  )••  i  li-'l.  UV  kI  J.     Ih»i.  »»-  in  >ir*ntii  «-n 

m  ,.- It>'  »•  «'  «          *'  '••  ^  •'«•*  W  M 

liidi'  liw  •  ih.i  |.iit  ..liU  .tHiiruM.     II»i<  «*|t;»«*»i»  mm 

Jill."  t.Ml  U  ill   ■«•!•.  I "  Hfl«l..»wM'|Mlft.1'f, 

l«i|«*nM.»IA-*.lwi«iu«.«  

« i»  iIm  *h  il»  -i  t*  »li*  h«»     i  'i-'iKtty  «n  t>«#  -i.w  «f 


t>,  ihf    n.lin.i    .1.     >n  .|1-M.Urit>  lt<n.#3i 

thy  iHmcr  I  IJ  -.I-  il-ih.ir.  I«  »«  ,l"  **» 

■i«  c...t  ii.  iw  I          ^  •*«      ,?"  *  »*  •»  *wlr 

..lil...    Ot  tW  uli   ''n   -^r  mm  frwwli  *»w 
HimuJt,  WlltllWl  BMOM 

Lt1<t  i»J^  Hi*.  Mfi 

(Kt-tumi-ililKM.  .in  »  ll-  n*W*  P)« 
tllillMWW'  Hil  IHT'n    1   h    mi-  ttflrtT^.     TAT  MOT* 

.1—  «nh  »  >»H-«IA  WM  ■»/  W*,"«l'  "» 
mt  T|  mi£  -  UMC  *  |»»Wfl   **f  «'»'    *»"  MM 


466 


NATURE 


[Sept.  17,  1 8*5 


stellar  point  situated  near  the  central  region  of  the  nebula. 
It  is  quite  free  from  any  blurred  appearance  or  any  aspect  of 
indefinitcnovs  other  than  that  introduced  by  the  nebula  on  which 
it  is  projected. 

On  later  nights  the  -.tar  seemed  to  have  slightly  decreased  ;  it> 
light  was  feebler  and  less  sparkling,  but  I  made  no  exact  com- 
parisons for  tracing  the  decline  of  brilliancy,  if  any. 

During  many  years  the  naked  eye  appearance  of  this  con- 
spicuous nebula  has  been  familiar  to  me,  and  I  have  been 
accustomed  to  notice  it  particularly  while  engaged  in  prolonged 
watches  for  shooting  stars.  No  shaqily  defined  nucleus  was  ever 
perceptible,  but  now  the  involved  star  is  dL-tinctly  visible  by 
slightly  averting  the  vision.  When  the  air  is  very  clear  the 
glowing  out  of  the  Mar  now  and  then  is  very  obvious,  and  I 
mention  the  fact  in  proof  that  the  variation  of  the  nebula  by 
this  new  phenomenon  is  sufficiently  great  to  affect  iU  naked-eye 
aspect.  \V.  F.  Denning 

Bristol,  September  13 


LETTERS  TO  THE  EDITOR 

I  Tht  Editor  does  M>t  hold  himself  responsible/or  opinions  expressed 
by  his  correspondents.  Neither  tan  he  undertake  to  return, 
or  to  torrtspond  with  the  writers  of,  rejected  manuscripts. 
No  notice  \s  taken  0/ anonymous  communications. 

[  The  Editor  urgently  requests  correspondents  to  keep  their  letters 
as  short  as  possible.  The  pressure  on  his  space  is  so  great 
that  it  is  impossible  otherwise  to  insure  the  appearance  even 
0/ communications  containing  interesting  and  novel  facts.) 

Red  Rays  after  Sunset 

Thrrk  have  lately  been  seen  here  some  rcnarkable  examples 
of  rose-coloured  streamers  radiating  from  the  sun  at  an  interval 
of  from  jo  to  30  minutes  after  sunset,  particularly  on  the  3rd. 
5th,  and  6th  of  this  month.  On  the  3rd  the  appearance  was 
especially  striking,  the  contrast  of  colour  between  one  very 
broad,  vertical  ray  and  the  greenish-gray  sky  which  ■  :-:-r  .:-.-  • 
it  from  its  neighbours  being  most  marked. 

That  these  rose-coloured  rays  are  essentially  1 . k  n «--h 
the  diffused  rose-tint  observed  on  other  .  rv.i..n->  i-  cm. in,:, 
not  only  frum  the  similarity  of  colour  and  <  I  i.-in-n-.il  after  -ui- 
Net  nt  which  they  appear,  but  also  from  the  ».cu:toc  •  r  i:m  ,  - 
uiediate  examples,  in  which  the  rays  are  st,  far  ir.  I  m,  !  :  •  1  -  |..n 
the  radiate  character  is  almost  lost. 

It  is,  however,  by  no  means  so  clear  w'-.v  1]  ,•  i  :  :  i  1  ;Mct 
of  «by  should  l>c  sometimes  split  into  rays,  .1  1  ir  ,  « 

10  ventilate  this  question  that  1  desire  to  call  .- :-.  •.,  .(u- 
tubject. 

I  lielieve  it  is  generally  supposed  that  tr.  -  dark  -race-  l.'.-:wevr. 
the  rays  are  due  to  masses  of  cloud  intera-piing  the    .1:  -  I :■_•'>■ , 
■  difficulties  in  the  way  of  this  cxpl  in.iti  n  ahirh 
ren  met. 


ies  in  the  way  of  this  cNphn.it  1  -n  ahirh  I 


but  there  a 
ha vp  never 

li  need  hardly  be  pointed  out  that  the  m.u :-.-.-  (w  'tc  u  ;s  •  . 
which  rellects  the  red  light  must  be  at  an  alin,  'c  I;.:  :-.Sar  no 
unit  mas  *cj  of  clond  as  could  intercept  the  -m:' .  ray-  ;  it  ,<ilI 
»»•  *'  otherwise  receive  and  reflect  those  rav-  HI:'  ar"  !•.  nr  ,:m 
<h<-  , mi  had  set  to  the  observer.  But  alth*  n.  K  .1  m  :l:<  l,.v.-l 
,,f  ihr  clouds,  the  reflecting  matter  wouM  -uhV.t  :  • 

liti.  i.  1,  ,,f  thr  sun's  t ays  by  cloud  at  sun-:,  ar,.!  a:  !,.-  1  , 
|»  t|  ..  wlirth.-i  ll.<-  phenomenon  can  be  s.  .1,  .•  .cute  '  r'.  „■ 

<>•>■   -oyt  nsi.h-r  what  kind  of  horizon  :1  1:  lll,-vv:,! 

win.  I»  rh.  ...n  w.m.I.I  ,rt  m  mi  oltsenrr  at  :hc  -.I:,:.:  h-  .11;  ;.•  u-l 
My  liiip.r>,,..n  is  that  the  11..M/..11  as  »erti  tr  :a  '1  1  ]:■-:.: 
w.,.il.|  U  ...  -f i  •  imt  that  whatever  the  i-:  ■  ,;..„  !■ 

-,.(..«■  I.,  rmiiv.  -r.  it  wo.ild  be  pra.ru  ally  >.<  I-  s.-l  I  it-  .  in  .  :h.u 

»<■<  <   iilitaitl.nis    llimrs  clltimho  .  I,. 11. 1 

 '<•»'  !•  '  «i<  11  ihal  distance-  the  hiihih       J.  -•!•, 

"■■•il  l      11  ,ny  r..  .1, ,  .unit       the  tilts  1  ,•!«.■,  -,  'i. 

I  (ill. .11.  S.  pirnil.,  in  <ii  .rn.l   V  .  lit 

Piteball 

\  lir.ll  hi.'UU  w«s  tl.ll.lr  at  |tn«t,.|  .:-.|  ,.;l,r 
Srpic.nl.  i  II,  .11  ..U  .,1  oh.  Itm    p.m.      It  w  a  -  .!,-*. 

hv  several  ..I  •««•»».•»«.  w)|..  .ipi.i. .Mm.it.  I\  .t»::  .11,  1  1  ; 
t'titir       it  I-  tl»-  w.  1,  in  P . , . f  1  . . t »    lhr.,.1  >ii  mi 

L.reat  ittt-  C  •►-.»•-.  wttl.  ,.tit\   to  ...   I.  •  1,1 

l-;ht  of  the  inn.-.. 1  .n|.|..  ti>  I.,  I,.n<-  !,.,..  >.  •  .  •;  sr.  •  |.-...|  - !  1 . 1 1  ^ 

Mt.  C.   I     t*a\t     ..1    II,.  il.  ,    K.-i'-     .   «•  1.     11  -  ihit,  1 

-.hen  tint  seen   tht-.r.  the  n,.  t,-,,i  w.m        ■  rf  ••;'••,.!:,,    ,.,  ! 


seemed  to  descrilic  a  slightly  curved  path  to  the  hiruoe,  »h-.n 
it  touchesl  apparently  under  0  Ser]»eniis.  It  edtiUtel  a  pect.-.' 
tinted  disk  with  bright,  white  aureole  around  :t,  «ri irti'm  trsir. 
The  aureole  was  at  least  t6'  in  «liameter. 

It  will  I*  desirable  to  collect  further  account  •..(  TtiL—  : 
meteor.    The  direction  of  its  path  sugRests  that  11  nuv  l 
to  the  same  system  a-  that  of  the  .let. .ruling  fireloll  M  V'tj- 
her  14,  1875,  which  had  a  radiant  point  at  a  J4S',  lo'±  1.:. 
man).    During  the  past  fortnight  1  have  olisctved  a  o->i 
number  o|  shooting-stars,  ami  one  of  the  best  nHiant  y.?- 
at  a  346,  8  0=  ±.  or  2"  W.  of  that  of  Col.  Tnpman'.  ere  ^  ; 
September  14,  1S75.  W.  F.  Li.ssw, 

Bristol,  September  13 

Pulsation  in  the  Veins 

If  Mr.  Hippisley  will  refer  to  Landois'  text-^jt.  -. 
p.  196,  he  will  rind  it  there  stated,  on  the  authority  of  V"-^'"- 
that  a  venous  pulse  occur*  on  rare  occasioas.  oornully,  in  :> 
veins  on  the  back  of  the  hand  and  foot,  when  ihc  pri  fi- 
ends of  the  arteries  become  dilated  and  relaxed.   But  u  ;>  - 
remembered   that   the  very   same  phenomenon  nay  ■ 
abnormally,  owing  to  some  pathological  condition  of  thr  k,; 
a*  stenosis  of  the  mitral  orifice,  or  insufficiency  in  lcnot  ^ 
mitral  valve.    Mr.  Hippislcy  docs  not  state  in  his  letter  »it  - 
the  heart  was  in  a  healthy  condition,  or  whether  injl;>  : 
that  organ  was  present  in  those  on  whom  his  espenw-'  r. 
tried.  J.  W.  W:;:.  s 

Middlesex  Hospital 

."  Furculum  '  or  '  Furcula' 

Is  there  any  authority  for  the  use  of  fnrcu.'««  iir 
fureulatorium  of  birds  ?    I  am  told  by  a  contributor 
Froceidings  of  this  Society,  whose  phraseology  I  havfs  • 
to  interfere  with,  that  "furcu/«*v"  has   been  ewr^ 
Balfour,  Huxley,  and  Rolleston.    Such  may  be  then"  ^ 


Huxley, 

i>  p-rssil.li:  ttiat  fvtn  ihc-c  ^'r.it   an:tti  mical  writer, 
c: ml  in  tlv  use  of  .1  I  nin  teiininatn.-n.    No  iiKtk«sn  *> 
i..\c  "-ecu  al-lc  t"  iclc:  t'-si.-ntxif  the  word  •fiinitl-C 

V.  L  xa'n 


Tilt-  7.i ,l,.i;iC.il  S'Kitly  •,!   I.  .ndwi) 


THE  lllUTISH  ASSOC! A  TIGS 

Aberdeen,  J/>*7 

*T,!IKKK  \ui\e  Keen  feu  meetings  of  the  liritiifc 
A      ci.itum  so  crowded  with  [i.ipcrs  in  nearly  *J  " 
set  lions.    On  Saturday  sevci-.il  sections  met  «hi&>i+ 
under  the  greatest  pressure,  never  meet  on  lK*c  4»- 
Section  1)  has  been  compelled  to  split  up  inlo  thrrft*'- 
sect:. ms.  .uul  ],i  c,ImSK  most  of  the  *e rations  will  ^ 
meet  on  W'ednesda)-  morning.    Tlte  social  nisrm?"'' 
lnue  been  m-.ich  more  numerous  than  usua],  a-- 
r-u-pect  iia\  c  somewhat   seriously  interfered  "- 
lr^'itiiri.itc  work  of  tht  meeting.     As  mi^ht 
•  he  Must  Hall  w.is  1  ru«  ded  11:1  Wednesday 
:.,  hear  the  I'n  Client's  address,  which  sc,_. 
ptudun-il  a  grttn  impression  on  the  audience. 

It  is  hciiv^  more  4r\d  more  strongly  retognilcti  "> 

of  Sections  A 
lout  the  sections  ' 
ns,  of  which  ihc  P 
have 
to  ph; 


mu  :i  |irt-.irr.in;;eti)^' 
oKidit  10  hei  oinc 
(t.scussions  in 
;;i  uiiiiics  hav< 
excited  jtte.u  ir, 
>emistry.    It  1. 
Jtgssions  will 
i>jin|  have  any  g, 
rular  feature, 
^^■ftding  of  Si  1 


DU, 


[le 


46/ 


Frof.  Traill,  the  nucleus  of  a  valuable  local  natural 
history  collection  has  been  formed.  Prof.  Osborne 
Reynolds's  illustrations  of  compression  of  solids  was 
one  of  the  most  attractive  features  of  the  evening. 
The  collection  of  pictures  was  large  and  highly  credit- 
able, while  the  precious  collections  of  old  manu- 
scripts and  books  lent  by  the  Earl  of  Crawford  had 
many  admirers.  One  of  the  most  successful  afternoon 
parlies  was  given  the  sune  day  at  Tollshill  Wood  by  Mr. 
David  Stewart.  Of  course,  of  the  numerous  Saturday 
excursions,  that  to  Balmoral  was  the  most  popular.  In 
spite  of  the  wretched  weather  200  people  must  have  left 
Aberdeen  for  Ballater  at  1  p.m.  and  happily  by  the  time 
the  end  of  the  railway  journey  was  reached  the  weather 
greatly  improved.  The  drive'  from  Ballater  to  Balmoral 
evidently  g  ive  great  enjoyment  to  the  occupants  of  the 
long  cavalcade  of  miscellaneous  "machines"  which 
wound  along  the  banks  of  the  Dee,  and  no  less,  we  may 
be  sure,  did  the  sumptuous  five  o'clock  dinner  ("  lunch," 
it  was  called)  which  was  provided  in  the  ball-room  of 
Balmoral  Gen.  Gairdner  presided  at  the  table,  and, 
alter  proposing  the  Queen's  health,  drank,  by  command 
of  Her  Majesty,  prosperity  to  the  British  Association. 
Under  the  guidance  of  Dr.  Profeit  the  guests  made  a 
round  of  the  fine  grounds  of  Balmoral,  and  on  driving 
back  to  Ballater,  passed  Her  Majesty  on  her  return  from 
a  day's  outing.  The  excursion  to  Dunecht  was  also  a 
great  success,  the  arrangements  at  Lord  Crawford's 
observatory  exciting  much  interest. 

A  deputation  from  Birmingham  is  here  to  make  ar- 
rangements for  the  visit  to  that  town  next  year.  It  is 
evident  that  the  Birmingham  people  mean  to  make  the 
1 8S6  meeting  a  success,  though,  so  far  as  social  arrange- 
ments go,  it  will  be  difficult  to  surpass  that  of  Aberdeen. 
It  is  expected  that  Manchester  will  be  the  place  of  meet- 
ing in  18S7,  and  for  1 888  or  1889  several  enterprising 
members  hope  to  secure  the  selection  of  London,  in  order 
to  have  a  meeting  in  common  with  the  American  Asso- 
ciation. Against  this  choice,  however,  there  will  probably 
be  a  strong  protest,  though  of  course  the  American  Asso- 
ciation will  be  sure  to  receive  an  enthusiastic  welcome 
whenever  it  chooses  to  visit  the  old  country. 

Prof.  Adams's  lecture  on  Friday  attracted  a  large 
audience,  and  on  Saturday  evening  the  Music  Hall  was 
filled  with  an  enthusiastic  audience  of  genuine  working 
men  to  listen  to  Mr.  H.  B.  Dixon's  lecture  and  admire 
his  experiments.  Mr.  Murray's  lecture  to-night  will 
certainly  be  of  popular  interest,  but,  summing  up  as  it 
does  the  present  position  of  oceanography,  it  will  also  be 
of  the  highest  scientific  value.  The  diagrams  arc  very 
striking,  and  certainly  original.  A  full  report  will  no 
doubt  appear  in  Nature. 

The  regret  at  the  resignation  of  the  secretaryship  of  the 
Association  by  Prof.  Bonney  is  universal,  though  it  is 
confidently  expected  that  Mr.  Atchison  will  be  a  tho- 
roughly competent  successor. 

The  additional  arrivals  up  to  this  morning  will  bring 
the  total  number  present  at  the  meeting  up  to  250a 

SECTION  B 

CHEMICAL  SCIENCE 

Opening  Address  by  Prof.  Henry  E.  Armstrong,  Ph.D., 
«".R.S.,  Sec.  C.S.,  President  ok  the  Section  1 

pass  to  the  consideration  of  a  subject  of  special  interest 
ion,  which  I  think  requires  the  immediate  earnest 
chemists  and  physicists  combined— that  of  Chemkal 
Ms  Presidential  Address  to  the  Association  last 
'I  Rayleigh  made  only  a  brief  reference  to 
any  of  us  must  have  felt  that  his  few  remarks 
meaning,  especially  his  reference  to  the  im- 
tDle  of  the  dissipation  of  energy  in  relation 
year  s  reflection  has  led  me  to  think 
ness  and  full  of  prophecy.    I  would 

ued  from  p.  453- 


e-pccially  draw  attention  to  the  closing  paragraph  of  this  portion 
of  his  address  :  "  From  the  further  study  of  electrolysis  we  may 
expect  to  gain  improved  views  as  to  the  nature  of  the  chemical 
reactions,  and  of  the  forces  concerned  in  bringing  them  about. 
I  am  not  qualified — I  wish  I  were— to  speak  to  you  on  recent 
progress  in  general  chemistry.  Perhaps  my  feelings  towards  a 
first  love  may  blind  me,  but  I  cannot  help  thinking  that  the 
next  great  advance,  of  which  wc  have  already  some  fore- 
shadowing, will  come  on  this  side.  And  if  I  might,  without 
presumption,  venture  a  word  of  recommendation,  it  would  be  in 
favour  of  a  more  minute  study  of  the  simpler  chemical 
phenomena." 

Chemical  action  may  be  denned  as  being  any  action  of  which 
the  consequence  is  an  alteration  in  molecular  constitution  nr 
composition ;  the  action  may  concern  molecules  which  are 
of  only  one  kind— cases  of  mere  decomposition,  of  isomeric 
change  and  of  polymerisation ;  or  it  may  take  place  between 
dissimilar  molecules — cases  of  combination  and  of  interchange. 
Hitherto  it  appears  to  have  been  commonly  assumed  and  almost 
universally  taught  hy  ditmists  that  action  takes  place  directly 
l>etwccn  A  and  B,  producing  All,  or  between  AB  and  CI), 
producing  AC  and  BL>,  for  example.  This,  at  all  events,  is  the 
impression  which  the  ordinary  average  student  gains.  Our  text- 
books do  not,  in  fact,  as  a  rule,  deign  to  notice  observations  of 
such  fundamental  importance  as  those  of  De  La  Rive  on  the 
behaviour  of  nearly  pure  zinc  with  dilute  sulphuric  acid,  or  the 
later  ones  of  Faraday  ("  E«p.  Researches,"  Series  vii.,  1834, 
863,  (I  Uf.)  on  the  insolubility  of  amalgamated  zinc  in  this  acid. 
Belief  in  the  equation  Zn  +  H,S04  =  llt  +  ZnS04  hence  be- 
comes a  part  of  the  chemist's  creed,  and  it  is  generally  inter- 
preted to  mean  that  zinc  will  dissolve  in  sulphuric  acid,  forming 
zinc  sulphate,  not,  as  should  be  the  case,  that  when  zinc  dissolves 
in  sulphuric  acid  it  produces  zinc  sulphate,  &c.  In  studying  the 
chemistry  of  carbon  compounds  we  become  acquainted  with  a 
large  number  of  instances  in  which  a  more  or  less  minute  quan- 
tity of  a  substance  is  capable  of  inducing  change  in  the  body  or 
bodies  with  which  it  is  associated  without  apparently  itself  being 
altered.    The  polymerisation  of  a  number  of  cyanogen  coin- 

I  pounds  and  of  aldehydes,  the  "  condensation  "  of  ketonic  com- 
pounds and  the  hydrolysis  of  carbohydrates  are  cases  in  point  ; 
but  so  little  has  been  done  to  ascertain  the  nature  of  the  influence 
of  the  contact-substance,  or  catalyst,  a*  I  would  term  it,  the 
main  object  in  view  U-ing  the  study  of  the  product  of  the  re- 
action, that  the  importance  of  the  catalyst  is  not  duly  appreciated. 
Recent  discoveries,  however — more  particularly  Mr.  H.  B. 
Dixon's  invaluable  investigation  on  conditions  of  chemical 
change  in  gases,  and  the  experiments  of  Mr.  Cowpcr  with 
chlorine  and  various  metals,  and  of  Mr.  Baker  on  the  combustion 

I  of  carbon  and  phosphorus — must  have  given  a'rude  shock,  from 
which  it  can  never  recover,  to  the  belief  in  the  assumed  sim- 
plicity of  chemical  change.  The  inference  which  I  think  may 
fairly  be  drawn  from  Mr.  Baker's  observations — that  /«r<- 
carbon  and  phosphorus  are  incombustible  in  purt  oxygen — is 
indeed  startling,  and  his  experiments  must  do  much  to  favour 
that  "more  minute  study  of  the  simpler  chemical  phenomena'' 
so  pertinently  advocated  by  Lord  Rayleigh. 

But  if  it  be  a  logical  conclusion  from  the  cases  now  known  to 
us  that  chemical  action  is  not  possible  between  any  two  sub- 

I  stances  other  than  elementary  atoms,  and  that  the  presence  of  a 
third  is  necessary,  what  is  the  function  of  the  third  body— the 
catalyst — and  what  must  be  its  character  with  reference  to  one 
or  both  of  the  two  primary  agents  >  In  the  discussion  which 
took  place  at  the  Chemical  Society  after  the  reading  of  Mr. 
Baker  s  paper,  I  ventured  to  define  chemical  action  as  reversal 
elt<trolytit,  stating  that  in  any  case  in  which  chemical  action 
was  to  take  place  it  was  es  ential  that  the  system  operated  upon 
should  contain  a  material  of  the  nature  of  an  electrolyte  (Chcm. 
Soc.  /Vsv.,  1885,  p.  40).  In  short,  I  believe  that  the  conditions 
which  obtain  in  any  voltaic  element  are  those  which  must  be 
fulfilled  in  every  case  of  chemical  action.  There  is  nothing  new 
in  this  ;  in  fact,  it  practically  was  stated  by  Faraday  in  1834 
("Experimental  Researches  in  Electricity,"  scries  vii.  §3858, 
859  ')  ;  and  had  due  heed  been  given  to  Faraday's  teachings  wc 

1  "  Thoae  bodies  which,  being  interposed  between  the  metals  of  the  voltaic 
pile,  render  it  active,  an  all  of  tktm  rlrclrvljtes,  and  it  cannot  but  press 
upon  the  attention  of  every  one  engaged  in  considering  this  subject,  that  in 
those  bodies  (so  essentia!  to  the  pile  decomposition  and  the  transmission  of 
a  current  are  wo  intimately  connected  that  one  cannot  happen  without  the 
other.  If.  then,  a  voltaic  trough  have  its  extremities  connected  by  a  body 
capable  of  being  decompo.ed,  a*  water,  we  shall  have  a  continnous  current 
through  the  apparatus  ;  and  whilst  it  remains  in  this  Mate  we  may  look  at 
the  part  where  the  acid  is  acting  upon  the  plates  and  that  where  the  current 


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with  wWi!).  W.  ti»  the  hita*  ihil  I  umf  be  ifce  "fa**."  iM 
tbwtbc  '  tab*  am  mil  ahlt  »»  4muu  ifccaa  will  U 

|e>l  to  At  w  wr.kiMt  tVktr  :  U*  tkranitta  anr  inaimsty  »«*rt|ra£ 
itianut  ui  «a»k  *•  I        tvtWtt-l  t-K 

A0Ktll««  bui,  bewaan.  be  atjrrrlrtl  t»  ik*  M»ty  cVoikwl 
rfNtowa  Wjr  lUr  »rt«fa*  |>*M^*iU«*  *|*  Anhnmi  uil  nf 
MmM  {jMvmi  f*r  frmm^kt  Ckr*n,  |W|.  jb,  a>j,  «$  e 
|1*}_  Jl,  ll'j.  «£!'•  e***iitl)  try  \W-  •t-ritfncai  tut  afar-aM 
lir  ihr  '     r'"  rrf  i  un;.  ural-r  ih*  M >Jrt -  c  v  add* 

lutkrlmlrtu  Jiii«<o  i»  eliully  nr>it»ircts*ul  m  the  »Wttv*t 
itrt  mI  iht  *         TaWt  <wi»'i  U  *  f..«i,i  Lbit  tb«x 
an  a  tr****  tit1"*  are  -A  the  •cry  kt^bc-:  inm  't~arxw 

I  traaa  thai  in  M  AHMIWti  *Mlft  •«  awe  na 
nwkciUi  >*f  *i|itii«  aiai  vtlrh,  ar.l  >>r.  riit oi1j%i., 

iWfv  Hiy  t*  a  fc«  -hJhUJ-  «*  -V«lw»  <>li  mar  rf  the  jtWnt. 

"••'r  tiffe-Mily  <-kw,  I 
fcMBM  ibf  dirt  ***itt»?t 
■  itnairlt  V  uini  ifjpjbji 
i*.  M  *  mW.  encourage 
.h  nnlv  *>«,  uf  r*a  (••>, 
Hi  w<r«  r*/rx/aW  by 
fr-il*.  t.#«Jiwawrl  b«ha4cr.    Wv  mim  ill  MMilutlf  ayw  wuh 
l>if  L  ^|«  '  twiiwat  mi  lb*  ui|*tns.*i*  ul  A>M«*iif%|  atAi-ct< 
U  geurO  niiw  »i  thxaf  nrtuit;*     li  annaY*      «>#,  bow 
rar,  tfcal  e*t»i  J  •*■'»  Wiij»nta.ii  wi»L  »»>■  iflai  t. 


Z£T£^  ^.CSS.  Wjj-c  ^LSTJlS 


"ill  hi."    Tii,  nMJUMJLSC 

-  ewly  ^S"'  '""lP 
n*bua  c«npn«nih,  which 

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c«ca  in  the  ahvnec  at  m.M  \ 


mtm% 

npuM|l4c  l»  •»cea        B  a 
«....  n>r-|>wi  Ihu  hall  „  aata;  be  >riM»*| 

a»l  awi  AWn.Unt   kiio»/|e-.i.r^  tfh- 


pfiila'  .J 
le«ml». 


N«aa 

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wMcfe 

.  «•  thi  rrmm  immJui,  e»l  * 

m  IwOy  C«V«tH  b  IMM.  t'B- 

kfl  »r  p.l'til  *f«h  I  t«*l.  bintcwt.  *.UM 
wt  ii  ttw>  lv*i  Willi"   *tflciM|i|e  t- 

•  ■  1 1  ■  >  ■  .  I .  . .     in  i      I      ,t  -Ifte,  1 

Il  I*  Hi|>n*Att  fi»  Mr  In  ilicmi*  amy  if- 
In  ilartil-tf).    Sol  *  Urn  rntty  l»*t«rtant 
rft«armle<  ei«l«  I*  *b|ual.  1  -  '  ml  Ibr  |  ■  .  .  irf  . , 

Vavt  toiVI  kt»4  ta  >n  i«mA«  affutaaitlT  lint^nlfK 
.Itwti  ha*<  br**>        n>»fl  ftrvb  liajlt  i|vn'*il   A  Um  n-snrks 
I  wif  »•>»•  peimautm  fie,  a<  ntmlac  :b*  ^inmt  *hir««1n  ■/ 
itw  M<itk  l«cun  iW<K      rtnai<s  *Ml  i^inlirc  thai  «bwb  1.  ,i 
Id  u  iltnc. 

C>ue|>Uial>  an-  ■■*  viabeyfrttVr  imjIc  m  t\i*  rnuii<«  i 
(W-,t  «f«  i.  ««  Utile  HHi  afcl 
iWi»Wt«  at*  •WNtitaf  llKaawWi  ic>  tuivitM}  in  i|w 
tf  "I  csriaiA  cata|»Ma«tl>,  aa-1  r^etiftlf  »l  trdbdattd  <W- 
11*117.    We  mc       tb«i  nt*«it.'atMU  u  niania^  t<»i  *»*- 1  r ■ 
I  ffey  rnuwi,  ml  U  aa  *a*l  tbac  wt  Xtt  RR**  fManetlnfer* 
►  i-titl  • .   Mm(  <4  tt»M  <M|t*ji«t<  ii*  ajttrti>M*A4*  ' 
AiiMtaa  «Un<(iiwM  atbiik 


>«lKrtintntAl  I 


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nM*t  up itl ihira  iwiULi|.A|  o."i"'  J?"r*'r.  >'«~  aMi>> 
■—  W mfaUlWi  Jlhnog  .1,0™  ni  X_  W»«»T«1 


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.. ...  i«  n.  w«  ii>n>  i.ooo  fe;,  ?uijlmcm 
••w»i»«""™«««i«i.i»  .mi  "  .  ; 


ttw  pr,«  *»Mctn«  foni 
(II  tWiari  ' 


ttVc  uibn  wrdicUdia,  a  In 
llK  IMk  ->l»t  liif  Mttw  wtff 

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11m  >.  |w»l  lit  it-  tJiaU  il  uilfifi  ■  ■  -  ■> 

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m  ilw  Wan  td  --L.  >i<.  a»;  tbi  irr-»yi»it.  »»•■  Ikh 

p»tv—  new  .!-■■'»;■ 
bnvl»n.  bj»h  anmil  anl 
«,  hnla  v stain,  ibta..  il 


i*u  >k  mil,  lu,  ...  "  Trr»ni  itaoj 

IVM   »t«V<^.  ,n  ,h..  r.tl  :,*""le    Sc..|c|t  E 


f-.ran.rk*  kaJ  » 


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11m,  4*1  dial  t 
tjritif  Mr  tie  1 
that  vti«  raav  am 


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— e*c  aim  ra«iiiiy  keiae  ahanteaeA,  Vta  M  art  td  Um  ir<t* 
KMflvriKe  ellack.  Aa  In  At  yAx  U  tint  v-A,  >  '-"'*' 
thai  tfisiry  tact  hMafvitf  r<vH>V>i  1*  a/  aaJnc  ;  «»  «*••»• 


•Tftty  tar:  banrsilf  rtvM'V«l 
M  caartaylt*  taigbl  W  •]>t»ietl  aa>  i 
f»t'»  MtliNk  -»it«.k  tlni  full  ibc 
wlnch  i*  anaraJnt  U  ike  miamta  ut  tAi 


)aAa.r>1 
aarrf'an  ajaialrif 


jif^aiaoW  I* 
Wtkcd ;  al  Oat  baaw  ar^t  pjurc  K^re*  lt**fi22S2 

ill  Iht  pfVaVMk    Ike  araatluit  tiohrt.       MM  df  l*""1" 


t  Cmu*w  tnl  \rJ!Jl***"»  ^•haaZDl?'rt^»ba\>Ti_l^  n  XfA 


AVI  TVM 


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kmiM  I-  Ul  -I  -Il 

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lr«a  Vorn 


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of  ihf  LtrtiXf-i*  lt>i*  tn  ill  thu  •tl4cr  otiltv 

Ol  ihc  »t-Mnwi«»  wl>  x-til  *>*>lr  t«V 
Nt^tWt*  Al|-  <rtf»ll  thr  %#«jrr  f»I»f 
mtrvxiM  inili.  wl 

IVH  law 


ni  'ti  h  il.  >■ 

■  ti  »*Jf  <  ft!  Km  I  .HMwntt 

hwIim  ttnty  s  K3ic-*il  rr<(tt*niii 


Ittiiril  ^ 


it 


lit*  T«rn*it>  Vb»iVir« 

11.  1    tm,  e*^*«i 

.IriiJ.l.t.  n  Pte  i\.-jwi 
*  .**  ..I  *W<t.  r  I  m>l* 

Uf  »l  ft..-*^  II 


U  .lnl*fl  It      '«r  N.mf-.-tti  Hmtt 

•  H.mntn..  I  «>n  •uiIh( 
■rl  >«JI  t».U»  |*rrtwl  '/  r»t»>tMtf* 

•  .«*  *V .  -I  t  nj''<i>-">'  *m4- 


Mr.hl.1...    in'      "K"*l  <  HrrwM, 


■  niin 


«t>ti  lliC»:.,M.  an  l  i. 

Ll«1l(Tin<. 

— I*.         aim,  ^..♦j  h£  * 


*'.nil.,t  <!»,)  M=Mia4M 


ft*.  .  *»*•*        raUr*  ilnK  f*0***' 
lyvic  »»Jr  W         |fp\  4*M 
«-«f.»'l)<r  I7  J»-i<j.tir*ii'ni|  lilt*  <n 
(Mt^l'U  Iw*  V*t.  »k«  i>lumx  .1       "»  "»» 


urA>l  ifitmilh 

m.  t"*t»  /»{  f-Vift, 
Nil  «U«  t  'nvtrtn 

Mti  Aw  *H 

ft.lt*  ••*«*.  Innt»|.)lt 
u|.  ••(  l-ri  ;  yw\  •*> 
MrfM*  ««t*/.  fin  It 
ni  ll«v  t/m  »  WiW- 
t  w  Al;*  *•*■  il|( 
rvil  (t.ttrvrni*  tr»-Ji 
feblM.  an)  iSr 
tit.*  mtu-  ifJt*.«l  in 
.010 1  >  •-■*»»  l>< 

1  ./  *il.  ' 

M»<Mp1l  I-  »UA 
^  ■  ■  1  1*  90 
Ulrn  t« 

,<£       "i  ti..  i«i    «.<tA  -» rr^Tj 


•Atlcunc  J»1  V  ih#\v 
IV  <rtitt«l  •«JI*y,  afla 
ira^nt  il.*  wlmV:  . 


■«i  m  acc^bt.hu  - 

tta  i«lic«lu>  »l  ,b.   

1 .  •but,  ih„c  „,  '.•**"*' " '  "< 
■  .....  ...     -„„n».  „|  «  ,„        K ••••    dblwiiw  «ot  *• 

•■>••  •"rarihtf.^h,.  .7!l".,«    k'~<        K»  '      ■  ■ 

Wtl  Ml  I 


■  • 1      "  •  '■  ....,1 •'»»•  » •  itjbi ra« 


1  Mantl 
"Ttmilm  ot 


k..,l...  A...I!  1V1.  lu..  IW  M«mi 
laii  .4  it.  hhiumi'iImi    tVr  n  p>> 

'Ih.  Iiirfun  fi  I),  x  l*.  «  ««i^» 
d»  mk  alm  '4  "»  ll.c".!..-!-  > 
wcT  •  .Hh|  «l  Ihi  M  i*  i"'.«l  n'y 

bNiuaj        (■!  BYJMawl  M  onfiily 


it.:,  i...       *—  . 

iIm«£  «Um  .v  ait  cm 
|.       .  1'  iwnl  £r..»'p. 
lib  III.  c*.'t(.  otiJ 


lib  w 
«t*.K 

Mi-jpiA  i 


t.1  bw-  i**"1  i,H* 


l'*»  «rttl 


y  orbcin«i.  a 
w  K»nlt«  of  Hi'lK 
c      *  I  ti  I .  |i  ■!  jmm- 
PTHim  btl 


i  l.-Ji 
ttluv  n  l...  i^i^, 
wl  |.»I«'ly  Tirtui|  f,^ 
J.......1  a  n  Ivv,  ^tnm^ 

I'  ■■■  «  ii;.  i  .1.  ..  . 

l.n  ...   ,  ,**"'  *"•'  '"iiogiiHb^^**)*?; 

»-■•      n« ,  "^r^i. •»«  d?.      *■_•*•  «■« 


«VH^*~.ii..rM'^.r 


-1 

Pi  ^  ,  hi 
tfc-r  atttr 

mcnl 

di.tut  I 


"Wl% 


NATURE 


47? 


Will  ti  (MUX  «KIU<  t  OtWM 

ill  jtf.Ou.  nt  iTm  ->*.vmi<  h>m»  / 

4,  11*1  Ul.«  'la  c  IHim: 

tt  the  »— I  rp«k  fttihpf  Iny  •** 
-I  H4tt.k«ra  ttrtpr.  m  »t-f»r-  •  f 
■  itf  llV  T*rt.j*7,  ****  M-mtlf 
>,  t*»  t«  iino  i"  baM  lArtl 


•  (  lire  No»tr  1' 

tiD  i  III  l«{  M.J  {*—  ItltlMnM 

(Ik-  AnktiK  n-1  £■  "H* 
I*>  hitijml,  hm  ftoAcil  in1**- 
Itoil  itr*--**-*-  <t  i'»— •  wiiwl 
tin  i*'N;  'I*1*  i^wif-  **l 

w|  tills  ••     •**  .tWniirl  S 

an*  h<  t\*i  t\t  •l*liVi  *4  ifcr 
ttr-i  tWllrfU*' t-l  I-  iU  ort- 
*i<k  hitc  rH*.  '■*<"  i  itrx'l  «Im*h| 

A»  f*r  rt-wlt  t/  itrv  itt  ta.|»|.«>i 
«  .4  tiut-<>>«>  it  !  |  ft'ir.*  I 

cici  loj*Mii  *  llrrii  i*^>-fifcJJ<«i, 
-titttW  \*r*  i(  ilrU'ttut*  llif*V 

INt  »jilft'<>  «n««n,  lrm<  ad  tWlll-  I 
Hn<V-|  *.•  Iff-"*  »!»*«"«  | 
tt  ...  i.  uu*.|*t  f<«milH«H  lr.tr 

.  lln-fli  »  iMiniirl  ] 

Ml  i-na4  *-**tti«*i. -1  ni-  *«■**».  I 
I  - 1  .-jjii-f— »,  '-••rf-.nf/"*-! 

r-nUmc  '*»  V»  tic  riw  *'«#f-|*f  •#  j 

itm-l  |J-ft¥*''  «*-*"*tli*f.  rthiLl  | 

■  •lcn.*4i-'  m  ihf  ** -_  gJfcVi'1-  | 

mt-nl  ii.-»l       •M*+*m*u*  I 

■  ml  imLxiIc  rt»  t  -h-i.  •*..*. 

•  *r>  nAli  11*1  '     I     .   iM'l  tf  Htbf 

1W  •rfS-Mt«-«tml  iff-»*ltlMt»  I 

nt  (W  H  .  l».lit-l.  f  mMMM*  I 
ft*,  -K.M  tlir  -iMf  tilttbn  i*-**  [ 
•»  itf  ...I*  -f  ll  v  imr  n*  lit  (W  | 

•  H  il»  >ii«i«  In     J<ii#  >l<*  In  •»*  1 

■  Mm  \1,«  I  M»l  lb»<«  in  'in*  p  r..  I 
lUnifcj;  .it  Uh»mwI»I  «i»«*      tht  | 

•»  n»t^-tn-H  Vltitv*  i*»  •*t.iuv 

HMW  M.I  At  •  ITl'll  -  "I 

ImU»  Wnli^—a."---" 
M*nf-r*  •  .-ttm^ilts  Ah  «  I 


At  r>*\*  «"  1"-.'J,  1-  ■!-  'lti^».n  ii-  .  *oj  ivinikil'v 
l>HMr.  •Wimt  i hM  ci«  ndti  of  An<lt»r»  «tt  inimal  It  n 
-NAirt*  -4  Ji*l.i<<iil|4«tir<i  wb*h  '  «k#  l«*|ito«f  tt  m  ttty 

kitfl  Jrvtr,  ui)  itija  %**a  l«tn  yrilcunl  litg  — -w-jm* I J 
iW  Uiim  |  *»l  t*  iKu  VWiMir  .iftr«»:k  «>i«nUit  itw  ->l*cf 
••iii«i>  ml  etiiin  r  I  *\t  *t^vtm'.\  ><f  I  l<-f»4ii«. 

At  jd  txin  >jiWr  4bm,  tTauAaa  Scr«n  kjii  *bjw«,  *y  hr* 
■  •iily  ••!  wOM  IHMM,  Him  A*  |iUwt  aL«t(  »hK*l  >rr>ulli«a 

h*  HfMai*)  ran  rh*  liJutiaa  «f  nt^i ..-  n  ■  c  ■ 


-*o«i|r— bIim  til«<ri 
Iasv  t»« t  «il tli  Uftn 
**i«.hvl.<»/l  W  Rn  «H  MM 
t.         J  if.  ■■  it, If  n.> 

IU  .M.-l  •!»•  h^prMM  J 
Aimi  .  *n  »«nnmt.  "In 


f  IIhiJii*  u<l  lie  (ri«ol  •/ 
M  <%rtj)W<tf<it  W.I  NMH 

I    ...    £tl.  .11    »»  I      »I»  I 

i'ri  -  'i»-if*if»  i  In  ilf  tr»«1.|  :4 
ttaiitic  l  tht  .4  ihot  »«r» v 
Jwiu'ni   ikml.  it  tbv    ■»  i-  i 

■  rt  rVitltiN  at*  KWcttfyahfits 
tt'Ati  In  Ihw*  ui  tinvaffci  ml 
ilrn  tU-^  mv-i  i iv  .||  ^.iilti;  ••  §,-»»  nrl  <*•*  t..  to^vil  |^»* 
4tir,  Ihr  th^PltAm  "t  thtr;«-  «i  I  tilt  rv»tii»t«*>  •*!  fHftf 

tf.-  II.  Ij  1 

ih»  itv  .i»t-.  ini  gwtpB*  f  •«  Mri#Mi  u«l  -*  *»* 

IktMklit  MMlrt  I»«m  otr<.idi-»tj  f  mt,  »t-ti4  ><]MltltW4 
14*  IIMl^lH.  I.(>V.  tNl  |||MV-»W,  u(  J|.l»  l(B>nt<  BUIllu4> 
MMlrtCtinjt  lltt  ITSOtf -.  m  tntrtMii"  tltrr«S  •l|Mt.  >•'• 

I  mcrtrti  «.*•■«  i'l  UlttHfte  t»JU  ikr«  r«  ni-mlWI  iul 
l^nlt  (i4t>u  l  mm*  ta  lit*  ii"!'  tn' miy  ul  twti  mtiumn 
iU>*  »<>fp4t>l  ft»-c*n«  u>l  nliiMtas  Nf  thlwl  4*ytniMj  n> 

p-   ■  'ut.'  ''irr     i  en      |"  *•»  *>*  ">*  *«Uni»,  ]  %r*X*f  ht*t+  ; 

tn>l  tav  -IituU  >(»  ih,«  -■•m  hi-  iit»»ttK-htR*i*it»»i        ««i» It** 

llut  ttmt*  4  'p in -Ht  itt----  |i<  i»»  f  ilUI -ul  wtt*r-«m.-uii*a 
</  nMftv  it  J.  Mitl^-iK  .tt  ■  nil -•«•■»«**  i  •iA--M»*>i  ti-i 
K,tn>l>  rtv-ff  p  irti-t        il»-  iniull.i  1  uiim*i*  •  H 

thllt-s  MwtftVl,  ,li  rn  .  i"  I        •  I* '  ^.twit-lhttli*-* 

******  ■  *i4  •»-"    *         mir       >wW*«-*v  •)•«  itv 

iru.ii.vl.  w  .if  jitfir*  '«  *»itl  *>i-*t*  »f  in«*».  Ifki 
•M  *r»  -  i|vl|  titittwti  pritmi|Vt 


!4«» 


i(»rw, 


l  Ihf    l|V  Hi 

^•|7.7,7:,  .wV-^.,    w*j      t  Mj.ijlj.iKi 

Itu  •rtatUi  ml  M  tt  i ih'>  -*^  *-iii*-|im.  -*  ilh*  ■■*-«•  U»- 
11-41  i4  I.W'tiM  iii  p>  \<  tr\tt0*  %*  <•*  cminMlf  t-ritWrVL  t>{> 
twiml  tiftlt  hi  •'it  lil'l  inl  ii  :'«7  Ul-fi'.fl,  *■•  »^t«  •■!  » 
•  it  U  nl   lifiiitl  .KiMHtr.    l-i-rvviJIy  «  thtt  .-fi 

rktXlltrt  .!«  *-<•  t,-i.»H«  -U.il  I-«Ull-l1Hff  >•  INI  iflHf  Ultfl  5* 

iU»l  mil.  t-f  M-     !■  "1  "  •  -"|«—i  -I  'Hi  inm.kaWi 

(ilIilfM-Ai  .4  N.tiur. 

V«t«  -I  M-tni'  U.k^l  t*  tlr  ■■  •  '  -  .1  «'M  i.i*w>a»iH  it 

li.it^^.i-.M./.Uo-rt^lt-i^l'ti-'fbih  lilt*  brrtjlltr 

tiilTffll  111*     '  ••■tt*' 


I  4  ft  »»Mnl»  I"  -»1mV  I  Kir/ 
ill-*  v  ii.lut- .vi  en  I  H-.'M-*'I 

>l>p-*>rt>Vi  -*l  Ii  WrHtVKW-i  i 
I*  .rt-  Hit*  -I    J.Li  li  t  M<1 


Uitii-ti  mw 

rttt*  -Mf  IW  M  -1 

mr.  Tfttl  MM 
*  Mill  fill  ■•  '  .  »' 
«r  riJ«*Mf 

.uln  kM<tnti 

Mlfl.ll..l  *l'l 

•irtr-*f».  If*'  *'l»*n 
t»a»-l  H  V.r-t  .  i*l 
•it***  »W»*ri<  ii» 


iW  I 


...  . 


•  tri  Hifttli 
Ilti  ftin-llkr  ihrttt-^a 
A. : .  r        )l  ity    I  .■  t.  .  . . 

t  •  ■  •  •'•     -li  ii  ■  Ji-  »  *  r.  ta 

i^kuwr-tsi  l.iiit'i'Miitt, 
•4-.  lu  'ji*-.  *•  l  «c-iy  «€■ 


1 

ltd*.  h*»r.  tllr  t!  r.  M^k-m-l  *-»  Y*** 


iit'*il»i*»  tf.  *>rBiit\ni  Itnti'i 
n»+\-S*  tu*  ll.it  lit..  |<  [mi:*-  > 
•fjM-wtn*  •■■•(t-mm  «  II14I1W1 1 

1  -c)i>lr-«-atn  i»  i*»»  1  )«-*•>  '  1 
I—rut.  'An  ihr  tnih   i  ihi- ■*» 

.    '■  I,    ■  •'    A4H   '  ■  -1    tl.MlU    I  fl 


.....   I  .1-  "...  "~l"->  1.  !>■•«  >•. I» 


It. I  I..  I»  I   TV  .  •W-.>-»-*J.   I  '-1  '."".'-V'  '*  1J|M« 

W  Ik*  W.ilr.1.  I"  ■  31  I  *" 


4/6 


NA  JURE 


[Sept.  17.  18S5 


marked  the  practical  close  of  one  great  series  of  controversies 
Tl«c  discussions  of  the  present  meeting  will.  I  trust,  result  in  the 
recognition  and  clear  statement  of  a  number  of  other  equally 
important  problems  of  Highland  geology  which  -till  await  solu- 
tion. And  I  am  sanguine  enough  to  hope  that  when  this  Asso- 
ciation next  gathers  here,  my  successor  in  this  chair  will  have  to 
congratulate  his  audience  upon  ■  very  brilliant  retrospect  of  work 
actually  accomplished  in  the  interval. 

I  am  encouraged  in  this  optimism  by  the  fact  that  in  the  period 
which  has  elapsed  since  our  bttl  meeting  here,  great  an1  import- 
ant improvements  have  been  made  in  the  method*  ..f  geological 
investigation.  We  have  seen  how  the  discover)-  of  a  few  frag- 
mentary shells  in  the  limestone  of  Durness,  and  of  sundry  casts 
of  l-ones  in  the  sandstone  of  Elgin,  have  l>ccn  the  means  of 
profoundly  modifying  our  Ideas  concerning  the  age  of  vast  tracts 
of  rock  in  the  Highlands,  The  development  of  modern 
methods  of  pctrographical  rcsrarch  is  destined,  I  l>clieve,  to  lead 
to  a  similar  revolutionising  of  our  views  concerning  the  wonder- 
ful scries  of  changes  which  have  taken  place  within  rock-masses, 
subsequently  to  their  original  accumulation. 

Especially  does  the  application  of  the  microscope  to  the  study 
of  rocks,  when  employed  in  due  subordination  to,  and  illustra- 
tion of,  work  done  in  the  held,  promise  to  tie  the  source  of 
valuable  and  fruitful  discoveries  in  the  field  oi  Highland 
geology. 

In  connection  with  this  subject,  I  cannot  refrain  from  remind- 
ing you  that  while  the  initiative  in  the  application  of  the  pake- 
ontological  method  of  research  was  taken  by  an  English  land- 
surveyor,  we  arc  indebted  to  .1  Scotchman  in  an  equally  lowly 
station  of  life,  for  overcoming  some  of  the  firM  difficulties  in 
connection  with  |»cirographical  study.  Many  nricrtMPOpbt*  had 
employed  their  instruments,  and  sometimes  with  useful  results, 
in  the  study  of  the  powders  and  the  polished  surface*  of  rocks  ; 
but  it  is  to  William  Nicol,  nf  Edinburgh,  the  inventor  of  the 
well-known  polarising  prism  which  bear-,  his  name,  that  we  owe 
llie  discovery  of  the  method  of  nre|varing  transparent  sections 
of  fossils,  crystals,  and  rocks,  whereby  their  iniernal  structure 
may  be  examined  by  transmitted  light.  Nicol  bequeathed  hu 
pu-parations  to  his  friend  Alexander  Hryson,  and  -.»me  of  them 
arc  now  preserved  in  the  British  Mu  cum.  It  is  interesting, 
too,  to  recall  the  circumstance  that  it  has  a  thin  section  of  the 
gi.initc  of  Alierdccn  in  the  collection  of  ttryson  which  exhibited 
to  Sorby  that  wondrous  a-soiuM  i^e  ot  minute  cavities  containing 
liquids,  and  E-d  him,  shortly  1<lore  our  previous  meeting  here, 
to  write  his  p.ip  1  "On  the  Microscopical  study  of  Crystals, 
indicating  the  origin  of  Minerals  and  Kocks"— a  paper  which 
has  indeed  proved  epoch-making  in  the  history  of  geology. 

Itefore  concluding  the  remarks  which  '•)'  your  kindness  1  have 
been  )>ennitteil  to  oiler  you  to-day,  1  cannot  forbear  from  in- 
dulging in  a  pleasant  rrmmi<o'nvc  of  a  pers.  .nal  character. 
Neaita  fifteen  years  have  passed  away  since  I  tirst  visited  the 
Highlands  for  the  purpose  id  geological  study  :  it  was  at  (hat 
time  I  first  found  myself  at  lilictljr  to  put  into  practice  a  scheme 
cherished  by  me  from  l>oyhood.  that  ot  studying  those  Secondary 
rocks  and  fossils  of  the  Highlands  among  which  '*>ch  valuable 
pioneer  work  hwlhecn  done  by  b-hiiMaccull>»c...K<»!crick  Murch- 
ison.  and  Hugh  Miller.  I  had  endeavoured  10  prepare  myself  for  a 
somewhat  difficult  task,  by  a  training  paitly  unofficial  and  partly 
official- -1  uUl  BOI  employ  the  terms  " amateur  aud  "  profes- 
sional," for  of  late  they  have  1-ecn  so  sa<llv  misused  -  but  when  I 
came  a  stranger  among  you.  I  could  not  have  deserved,  and  I 
certainly  did  not  anticipate,  that  cordial  welcome,  that  kindly 
aid  and  that  generous  appreciation, of  which  I  accept  my  position 
here  to-day  as  the  crowning  manifestation. 

While  1  continue  to  occupy  mwlf  with  the  glorious  problems 
of  Highland  geology — and  hitherto  I  have  found  that  each  ditti- 
cul'y  surmounted  has  resulted,  like  the  sown  teeth  of  the 
slaughtered  dragon,  in  a  plentiful  crop  of  new  ones — the 
acts  of  kind nes.  of  my  numerous  friends  here  can  n 
be  present  in  my  mind.  For  not  only  am  I  ind 
who,  like  your  own  Dr.  ( Gordon,  of  liiniic,  and 
Golspie,  have  been  able  out  of  stores  of  their  k 
furnish  me  with  "things  new  and  old,"  ami  who  ' 
(ailing  in  their  aid  and  sympathy,  but  to  those 
pitied,  but  nevertheless  helped,  the  "daft  callant 
after  the  chucky  suites. " 

I  know  of  no  hi  Jul  pleasure  than  that  which  the 
experiences  in  visit ui,;  regions  of  great  scientific  interest 
are  new  10  him,  ami  of  grasping  the  hands  of  fellow-work 
whose  labours  and  teachings  he  has  learned  to  admire  and  t 


appreciate.    Whatever  may  be  my  lot  in  this  way  in  future  years, 
however  rich  the  country  visited  may  be  in  objects  of  profaand 
instructiveness  or  of  surpassing  interest,  I  can  anticipate  or 
desire  nothi  g  more  valuable  than  the  lessons,  or  kinder  than  -  - 
reception  which  I  have  met  with  here. 

•'  I'll  *»k  na  mxir.  wHm  I  jet  there. 
Than  ju»t  a  Hultm  wrk  )■»  " 


SECTION  D 

BIOLOGV 

Opening  Address  by  Peof.  W.  C.  McEvtosh,  M.D..  LL.I 
F.R.SS.L.  &  E,,  F.L.S.,  Co*.  M.Z.S..  President  or  r  1 

SECTION 

I  have  selected  the  subject  of  the  phosphorescence,  of  nsa.--^ 
animals  for  a  few  remarks  on  the  present  occasion — the  the  ex 
perhaps,  being  the  more  appropriate  from  its  congenial  ku 
surroundings  ;  for,  like  at.  Andrews,  Aberdeen  is  an 

**  Old  University  town 
Co>Ain  j  uui  on  the  cold  North  Sca.  " 

A  1  henomenon  so  striking  as  the  emission  of  lig;hi  by  mar. 
organisms  could  not  fail  to  have  attracted  notice  from  very  ear 
times,  both  in  the  case  of  navigators  and  those  who  gave  isc- 
attention  in  a  more  systematic  manner  to  the  study  of  act  - 
Accordingly  we  find  that  the  literature  of  the  subject  ts  S  - 
varied  and  extensive — so  much  so,  indeed,  that  it  is  tmpou. 
on  the  present  occa  -ion  to  give  more  than  a  very  brief  online  1 
its  leading  features.    This  is  a  subject  of  less  moment,  .i 
since  the  great  uiicroscopist,  Ehrenbcrg.  in  his  treat 
Leuchten  des  Mceres,"  published  by  the  Iterlin   Ac&irs.r  1 
|N3J,  has  given  a  very  full  account  of  the  early  blgiJH  ■< 
phosphorescence,  bo  h  in  marine  and  terrestrial  animi  >  a  ■  les* 
than  436  authors  being  quoted.    The  limitation  just  sea.,  ar'. 
is  therefore  sufficiently  warranted. 

Though  it  is  in  the  warmer  seas  of  the  globe  that  poos;  a  r 
escence  is  observed  iaits  most  remarkable  forms — a*  for  iavai: 
the  sheets  of  white  lijht  caused  by  .\.srt/«.a,  and  the  n*-. 
luminous  bars  of  Pyrosami — yet  it  is  a  feature  which  the  Br.  • 
zoologist  need  not  leave  his  native  waters  to  see  both  in  bea- 
and  perfection.    Many  luminous  animals  occur  between  t  - 
marks  and  even  the  stunted  sea-weeds  near  the  line  of  a • 
water  everywhere  sparkle  with  a  multitude  of  brilliant 
As  a  ship  or  boat  passes  through  the  calm  surface  of  the 
summer  and  autumn,  the  wavelets  gleam  with  phospbo 
points,  or  arc  crested  with  light  ;  while  the  observer,  leas 
OVCf  the  stern,  can  watch  the  long  trail  of  luminous  water  bet;: 
the  ship,  from  the  brightly  sparkling  and  seething  misi  at  || 
screw,  to  the  faint  glimmer  in  the  distance.   On  the  southern  i_- 
western  shores,  again,  every  stroke  of  the  oar  cause*  a  lum-a  • 
eddy,  and  so  lie  ot  the  smaller  f  jrms  are  lifted  by  the  blade  a.- 
scintillate  brightly  as  they  roll  into  the  water.    The  dredge  i_ 
trawl  likewise  produce,  both  in  the  shallower  and  deeper  pax  - 
of  our  seas,  many  luminous  types  of  great  interest  and  beauty 

I  shall,  in  the  first  instance,  glance  at  the  various  groups  • 
marine  ani  lials  which  possess  the  property  of  pbo»pho*  externa . 
and  thereafter  make  some  general  remarks  00  the  SsshfssjnMJ^ 


found  then  that  thisj 
the  Protozoa,  andj 
Cori  ententes 
Mollu-coids,  Mc 
About  the  mil 
three  species  of  wl 
Subseciva,"  vol.  \\ 


assessed 
;  groups 


were 


phosph 


noticed  that  the  It 
members  of  the 


id  Ehrcnfa 
the  latter  dc-crU 
1)  and  Pr* 


/ 


Sept.  17,  1885] 


NA  TURE 


477 


moment  as  the  ripple  stretches  outward,  and  then  disappear  ;  or, 
still  more  vividly,  when  the  plunging  vessel  sends  the  sparkling 
spray  all  around  the  bow.  If,  on  removing  the  tow-net  from 
such  water  at  night  it  is  suddenly  jerked,  the  whole  interior  is 
beautifully  lit  up  with  a  luminous  lining,  which  glows  brightly 
for  a  few  seconds  and  then  fades.  I  have  been  unable,  nevertheless, 
to  satisfy  myself  as  to  the  phosphorescence  of  isolated  examples 
of  Ceralium,  and  Mr.  Murray  (who  is  inclined  to  follow  Klebs 
in  considering  them  alg.e),  tells  me  that  he  has  not  been  more 
successful. 

The  most  conspicuous  member  of  the  first  group  (viz.  the 
Protozoa),  however,  is  Xoetiluca,  which  for  a  long  time  has 
been  associated  with  luminosity  in  many  seas.  The  minute  size 
of  this  little  transparent  gelatinous  sphere,  which  ranges  from 
\  to  \  of  a  millimetre,  probably  gave  origin  to  some  of  the 
ancient  views  that  the  phosphorescence  of  the  sea  originated 
from  the  water,  and  not  from  any  visible  organisms.  Amongst 
the  first  who  clearly  made  known  the  relationship  of  this  minute 
body  to  the  phenomenon  we  arc  examining  was  M.  Rigaut,  a 
French  naval  surgeon,  who  examined  it  off  various  parts  of  the 
French  coasts  as  well  as  off  the  Antilles,  and  pointed  out  in  a 
memoir  communicated  to  the  Academy  that  the  luminosity  of 
the  sea  was  caused  by  an  immense  number  of  what  he  termed 
little  spherical  polyps,  alwut  a  quarter  of  a  line  in  diameter 
{Journal  dtt  Savmts,  tome  xliii.,  February,  1770,  pp. 
554-61).  The  observations  of  this  acute  French  surgeon  were 
followed  up  by  many  subsequent  authors,  amongst  whom  may 
be  mentioned  Baker,  Martin  Slabber,  Abbe"  Dicquemare, 
Suriray,  Macartney,  and  Baird  ;  while  in  more  recent  times 
Vcrhaege,  De  Quatrefagcs,  and  Giglioli  have  specially  studied 
the  phosphorescence  of  the  sea  caused  by  Noctiluca.  The  light 
given  out  by  this  form  is  occasionally  spread  over  a  large  area, 
and  is  often  evident  along  the  margin  of  the  beach,  where  the 
broad  belts  of  Noctilucx  gleam  in  the  broken  water.  It  is 
not  uncommon  in  summer  on  the  southern  shores  of  Britain, 
while  it  is  rare  in  the  northern  ;  but  it  stretches  into  most  of 
the  great  oceans,  and  is  the  cause  of  that  diffused  and  silvery 
phosphorescence  so  well  known  to  voyagers  in  the  warmer  seas. 
At  Ostcnd,  Vcrhaege  found  the  maximum  number  in  a  given 
quantity  of  water  in  the  warm  months,  few  or  none  appearing 
in  the  winter.  The  observations  of  De  Quatrefagcs  ("  Observa- 
tions sur  les  Noctiluqucs."  Ann.  iUs  Sc.  .Vat.,  y  Scrie,  Zool., 
torn.  xiv.  j).  226)  were  made  on  the  shores  of  France  as  well 
as  those  of  Sicily,  for  he  accompanied  the  distinguished  Prof. 
Henri  Milne  Edwards  (whose  loss  science  has  had  so  recently  to 
deplore),  on  his  celebrated  "  Voyage  en  Sicilc,"  and  they  were 
more  extensive  than  those  of  the  previous  author.  He  attributes 
the  emission  of  the  clear  bluish  light  in  quiet  water,  or  the  white 
light  with  greenish  or  bluish  touches  in  broken  water,  to  any 
physical  agent  which  produces  contraction,  the  scintillations 
arising  from  the  rupture  and  rapid  contraction  of  the  proto- 
plasmic filaments  in  the  interior.  Thus,  like  Vcrhaege  and 
others,  he  found  no  special  luminous  organ.  Moreover,  Ehrcn- 
berg  and  De  Quatrefagcs  observed  that  the  light  emitted  by 
Mv/iJni-,i,  though  apparently  uniform  under  a  lens,  was  broken 
up  into  a  number  of  minute  scintillations  when  highly  magnified. 
Mr.  Sorby,  in  examining  the  light  of  this  form,  has  been 
unable  to  obtain  satisfactory  spectroscopic  results,  apparently 
from  its  feebleness. 

Besides  Xo-stiiuca.  which  was  chiefly  met  with  in  inshore  water, 
Mr.  Murray,  'if  tin-  (*/»,///  «,-.  /•.  :f.vcrr.f  -  \:»ious  s-p.'cies  uf  /V/v- 
cystis  (/'/;»;  A'.iy.  S>  ..  10I.  wiv.,  p.  553,  til.  \m,  ;  ;ui  I  Xjrr-.t.'i; 
Zool..  vols.  i.  an- 1  11..  po    035-3S;,  a  d--sely.il1ic'.  form,  and 
indeed  same  of  winch  have  been  tinv.yht  to  I  -e*  •.-L-tsiic.it  with  the 
former,    Thsy  abound  in  the  open  so:i,  and  ate  lh-.  chief  c.m-cs 
of  its  phosphorescence  in  the  tropical  and  -ulKiupie.il  .....c.-ns. 
►  ^^The  light  II  Stated  to  proceed  from  the.  nurleiis,  and  in   1 1 1 1 - 
■j  XWCt  diverges  from  that    observed    hy    1  >e  '  >u.-il:cl:- t>e>  in 
SgMng.    When  shaken  in  a  glass  they  <;ive  out,  Sir  Wysitle 
'"^ji  otwervc*  (*'  Atlantic,"  vol.  ii.  p.  S;,:  the  uniform  -oft 
%Ufamtoated  ground-glass  globe. 

iKcfariog  the  voyage  of  the  Italian  fri-aie  M-i^.-nt.i, 
lUifaK.AetaJ.de/hSf.th  l\<t »«.>,  vol.  v..  uSoo- 
^■Mber grOUP  0f  lnc  Protozoa,  vu.  the  Ka liiu- 

'  HmM  properties.    In  the  Pacific  the  ^rneta 
fomrt,  .111  i  Sfk^roumm  shone  with  an  inter- 
™   It  is  po--,lble  that  Dr.  Haird  (Loudon's 
™  D.  Bb  Hff  Si,  C,d),  in  his  earlier 

I 


No  group  of  marine  animals  is  more  prominent  in  regard  to 
phosphorescence  than  the  CaHenterates.  The  Hydroida  are 
familiar  examples  (even  after  many  days  and  in  impure  water 
some  of  these  retain  this  property,  a  shock  to  the  stem  sending 
off  a  crowd  of  luminous  points  from  the  trophosome),  and,  as 
Mr.  Hincks  observes,  none  excels  the  common  Obeiia  feniculata, 
which  forms  pigmy  forests  on  the  broad  blades  of  Laminariae 
all  around  our  shores.  In  the  fresh  specimen  a  touch  during 
summer  causes  a  large  number  of  luminous  points  to  appear  on 
the  zoophytes,  the  stems  most  irritated  emitting  beautiful  flashes, 
which  glitter  like  faintly-dotted  lines  of  lire,  the  |>oints  not  being 
harshly  separated,  but  blending  into  each  other,  while  the  shock 
imparted  by  the  instrument  detaches  the  minute  medusoids, 
which  scintillate  upward  from  the  parent  stem  to  the  summit  of 
the  water.  Mere  blowing  on  the  surface  in  July,  where  Lamin- 
ariae  abound,  suffices  to  produce  the  emission  of  light  from  the 
pelagic  buds.    Moreover,  these  minute  bodies,  along  with  the 


various  species  of  Ceralium  and  minute  larval  forms  of 
kind*,  are  sometimes  swept  by  the  gales  landward,  and  cause 
phosphorescence  where  least  expected.  In  the  same  manner 
Vaughan  Thompson  ("Zoological  Researches,"  vol.  i.  part  i. 
mem.  iii.  p.  48,  1829)  found  luminous  patches  on  the  masts  and 
windward  yardarms  on  board  ship,  and  they  gradually  mounted 
upward  as  the  gale  increased.  Many  of  the  free  gonosomes  of 
the  Hydroids  arc  as  luminous  as  the  polypites,  and  indeed  have 
been  described  by  some  of  the  older  naturalists  as  one  of  the 
main  causes  of  the  luminosity  of  the  ocean.  The  light  in  these 
{t.g.  Tkaumantias)  gleams  around  the  margin  and  along  the 
four  radii. 

The  Ascraspedote  Medusa:  have  also  been  signalised  as  factors 
in  producing  the  phosphorescence  of  the  sea,  such  forms  as  Pelagia 
noctiluca  and  Pelagia  cyanella  being  especially  prominent.  Spall- 
anzani,  indeed,  made  an  elaborate  series  of  experiments  on  the 
luminosity  of  the  Medusae  in  his  voyage  to  the  Two  Sicilies.  Some 
of  these,  as  Dattylometra  (Pelagia)  quinifuecirra,  Agass.,  are  noc- 
turnal in  tbeir  habits.  They  are  only  occasionally  found  floating  at 
the  surface  during  the  day,  while  at  night,  in  the  same  localities, 
the  bottom  swarms  with  these  large  masses  of  dull  phosphor- 
escence, moving  about  with  the  greatest  rapidity  (Agassi/, 
"North  American  Acalepbje,"  p.  49,  Cambridge,  1865).  Spe- 
cies of  Rhitostomu  were  likewise  observed  by  Giglioli  to  have  a 
pale  bluish  luminosity.  The  two  most  abundant  Medusa;  of  our 
eastern  shores,  viz.  Aurelia  aunta  and  Cyanta  capillaU  (both 
in  its  young  purple  and  adult  brown  condition),  so  far  as  I  can 
make  out,  exhibit  no  luminosity.  This  agrees  with  the  view* 
expressed  long  ago  by  Ehrenberg. 

The  oceanic  Hydrozoa  (Sipkonopkora)  arc  likewise  characterised 
by  their  phosphorescence.  1  hus  Giglioli  met  with  luminosity  in 
Al'yln,  Diphyts,  KuJo.xia,  Praya  and  Agtaismoides.  Dr.  Bennett 
("Gatherings  of  a  Naturalist,"  p.  69,  i860)  has  also  observed 
luminosity  amongst  the  Coralligcnous  Actinozoa,  the  grazing  of  a 
boat  on  a  coral  reef  causing  a  vivid  stream  of  phosphoric  light. 
Similar  observations  were  made  on  Madrepores  by  Giglioli  {Aid 
"1  A\  Ai.ad.  d.  Sr.  di  Torino,  vol.  v.  p.  502),  the  light  in  this 

:  being  bright  greenish  and  enduring  some  minutes. 
Amongst  the  Alcyonarians  the  luminosity  of  the  common  Sea- 
Pen  ( P.  mm  tula  phosphorea)  ha_s  tieen  long  known,  and  was  studied 
by  Gesncr,  bartholin,  Adlcr,  and  others.  In  the  earlier  part  of  this 
century  Grant  made  the  well-known  and  oft-quoted  description 
(firewslers  EJin.  Journ.  vol.  vii.  p.  330,  1827),  in  which  he  pic- 
•  in  -  -  a  /V«*a/»/i»"with  all  its-lelicate  transparent  polypi  expanded 
aa  !  emitting  their  usual  brilliant  phosphorescent  light,  sailing 
tin  -  '.igh  the  still  and  dark  abysses  by  the  regular  and  synchronous 
I  .  kitions  of  the  minute  fringed  arms  of  the  whole  polypi."  But 
u  ..ughi  to  be  balanced  by  his  concluding  statement,  that  the  sea- 
P*-n-  are  probably  stationary,  or  "lie  at  the  bottom,  and  move 
Loit'  :i-lly  like  Spatangi,  Asteri.x  or  Actiniw "  (certainly  the 
.  •  .  miens  in  the  St.  Andrew's  Marine  Laboratory  were  very 
h.  l  |  less).  Edward  Forbes  again  observed  that  the  light  proceeded 
Jr  0:1  the  irritated  point  to  the  extremity  of  the  |x>lypiferous 

I         .n,  and  never  in  the  opposite  direction.    As  Dr.  George 

f..htist«>n  tells  us,  Forbes  induced  Dr.  George  Wilson  to  test, 
ah- ng  with  Professor  Swan,  the  polyp*  during  phosphorescence 
hy  ./delicate  galvanometer,  but  without  result.  He  thought  the 
luminosity  was  due  to  a  spontaneously  inflammable  substance. 

More  recently  a  scries  of  interesting  observations  were  made 
1-y  I'anceri  on  the  structure  and  physiology  of  the  luminous 
organs  of  this  form.  His  conclusions  arc  (1)  that  the  light 
emanates  from  the  |>olyps  and  zoids  ;  {2)  that  the  phosphorescent 
organs  are  the  eight  white  cords  adhering  to  the  outer  surface  of 


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a 

case 


NATURE 


>//.  17.  1885 


the  stomach,  and  that  these  are  chiefly  csjmrxned  of  ceiLr  (re- 
taining I  substance  of  a  fatty  nature,  the  o*xaty«  of  » 
causes  the  light.  Panccri's  conclusions  farther  con-ideraisy  modify 
F  «rl>es's  view*  alx»ut  the  direction  of  the  wave*  or  ^x^>  « 
li;ht.  lie  supposes  that  the  element*  which  stanl  in  the  f*-ice 
hi  nerves  are  capable  of  producing  in  the  1  amino**  Laitcr.o  of 
the  polyp*  a  momentary  oxidation — more  raf->i  and  more  intense 
— accompanied  liy  phosphorescence.  Like  ihtHf  examined  bjr 
Professor  Milne*  Marshall  '  "  Report  on  the  Onan  Permit  oli-Lxr, 
p.  49,  Birmingham,  1882  .  the  specimens  at  St.  Andrew*,  alter 
irritation,  show  a  series  of  brilliant  coruscation*  which  dash  ai-nj 
the  row*}  of  polyps  in  a  somewhat  irregular  manner. 

Two  other  Alcyonarians  Fmm.  •ti'.na  and  Umcvlimlarui,  are 
equally  phosphorescent.  Though  the  former  is  famiinr  enough 
to  some  of  the  long  liners  of  the  outer  Hebrides  and  west  coast, 
it  is  rare  that  either  is  procured  for  scientific  in  vest;  Ration. 
Funicuiina  quadrangularis,  according  to  Forbes  Johnston'* 
Hrit.  Zoofh.  vol.  i.  p.  166).  gives  out  a  vivid  bluish  light,  which 
comes  from  the  bases  of  the  polyps,  and  appears  to  be  connected 
with  the  reproductive  system.  Wyville  Thomson  ("  Depths  of 
the  Sea,"  p.  149)  describes  the  specimens  procured  in  the  Per- 
cttfint  as  resplendent  with  a  steady  pale  lilac  phosphorescence 
like  the  flame  of  cyanogen  ;  and  always  snfioentiy  bright  to 
make  every  portion  of  a  stem  caught  in  the  tangles  distinctly 
visible.  The  same  zoologist  mentions  that  the  stem  and  polyps 
of  VmMlularia  are  so  brightly  phosphorescent,  that  Captain 
Maclcar  found  it  easy  to  determine  the  character  of  the  light  by 
the  spectroscope.  It  gave  a  restricted  siiectrum  sharply  included 
Ixrtwccn  the  lines  b  and  D  i"  Atlantic,'"  roL  i.  p.  151  . 

Hesiiles  the  foregoing  Alcyonarians  ftit  and  Girrgonii  have 
been  indicated  as  likewise  phosphorescent.  Dr.  Merle  Norman 
ami  Dr.  Gwyn  Jeffreys  (whose  death  since  the  last  meeting  of 
the  British  Association  is  a  serious  loss  to  science'  mention  a 
beautifully  luminous  /sit on  board  the  French  ship  Lt  Trjini/itur: 
and  Sir  wyville  Thomson  ("Atlantic,"  voL  i.  p.  1 19),  with  the 
facile  and  genial  |»en  which  characterised  the  lamented  naturalist, 
gives  a  fascinating  picture  of  a  long,  delicate,  simple  Gorgonian 
which  came  up  in  immense  numbers  in  the  trawl  from  600 
fathoms  off  the  Spanish  coast.  He  conjure*  up  this  Gorgonian 
forest  as  an  animated  cornfield  waving  gently  in  the  slow  tidal 
current,  and  glowing  with  a  soft  diffused  phosphorescence,  -cin- 
tillating  and  sparkling  on  the  slightest  touch,  and  now  and  again 
breaking  into  long  avenues  of  vivid  light,  indicating  the  path* 
of  fishes  or  other  wandering  denizen*  of  these  enchanted  region*. 
Pi  of,  Moscley  thinks  that  this  brilliant  phosphorescence  of  the 
Alcyonarians  may  be  regarded  as  an  accidental  production,  but 
that  it  may  be  of  occasional  service.  Further,  thai  the  deep  tea 
is  al  any  rale  lightest  up  by  these  Alcyonarians,  which  would 
thus  form  luminous  oase*  round  which  animals  with  eye-,  might 
possibly  congregate  ("  Notes  of  a  Naturalist  on  the  t'/ialltiger," 
p.  59°) 

The  last  group  of  the  C<vlenterates,  the  Ctenopkora,  are  even 
more  conspicuous  than  the  foregoing  in  regard  to  luminosity.  It 
is  indeed  long  since  the  Ablxr  Dicqitemare  descanted  on  Cydippt 
(/VfurvimtAu)  and  Suriray  on  Btrct,  while  subsequent  authors 
have  made  it  clear  that  the  majority  of  this  group  are  phos- 
phorescent.  In  our  own  seas  as  Prof.  Alltnan  observes,  /.,/ 
at  various  stages  i*  one  of  the  most  prominent  htmiri 
during  certain  season*.  Their  enormous  numt>er  their 
effects  more  striking,  though  the  intensity  of  the  phosphor 
i*  less  than  that  of  the  Medina?.  <v>uiet  seas  like  Bit 
ami  the  Hrth  of  Forth  are  occasionally  covered  by  a  dense 
layer  of  these  animals.     Prof.  Allman  found  that  lid  not 

phosphoresce  if  suddenly  taken  from  light  into  darkness,  but 
that  after  they  had  remained  about  twenty  minuw-  rarity 
they  bee  line  luminous.     Considerable  variety  extstl  in  :ln 
res|>ect  at  St.  Andrews,  some  emitting  light  at  0 
showing  none.    It  is  prolaahle  that  this  uncertainty  ll  'iinect 
with  the  hygienic  condition  of  the  individual*. 

In  foreign  seas  many  brightly  luminou*  species  arc  met  wit 
Thus  Prof  A.  Agn-*iz  ("North  American  Acalepl        p.  30; 
'  unbridle,  1865)  describe!  A/memitptv  Lridyi  as  "  exceedingly 
phosphorescent,  ami  when  passing  through  shoal 
VI' luur,  varying  in  sire  from  a  pin'*  head  lo  several  inchc*  in 
I*  >\>\U.  the  whole  water  liecome*  *o  brilliantly  Inn 

imu  dipped  up  to  the  handle  can  plainly  be  seen  ,,„ 
•  •*»  ftlghl*  by  the  light  vi  produced  ;  ihe  seat  of  the  pfe  p.- 
|.s*«a«a      •  u  nullified  to  the  locomotive  row*,  ami  H  excee  !• 

'„>t  -  n  jir  iliry  that  the  slightest  shock  is  Milfnicnt  lo 

*.«**•  lUn  plainly  risible  by  the  lajhi  emitted  from  the  eight 


pc-vipb-xescest  ambulacra. "  The  same  1  arbor  at  v.  n> 
mentions  that  Iusu  una  has  a  very  pecahar  brats*  i(k  <  a 
exceedingly  pale  steel  colour,  but  very  intense  trffixi.  ^i_r, 
fcend  that  the  beautiful  riband  dike  Cestui  shoae  was  1  red  Z 
I  yellow  light,  bat  is  Emcianj  the  latter  was  acrswj*  •»  ■ 
(Op.  tit.  p.  495,  4951. 

While  many  of  the  precedi  ng  grocp  are  pelagic  at  ill 
'  of  their  existence,  the  luminous  star  fishes  ire  in  dmr  > 
condition  members  of  the  bottom  fauna.    The  larval  wrr* 
,  the  brittle-stars  however,  are  passed  at  tbe  surface  of  the  si* 
.  where  it  i*  probable  they  add  their  quota  to  swell  the  ru». 
)  the  phosphorescent  types.    Amongst  the   first  10  oat  ». 
property  in  the  brittle-star,  was  Prof.  Viviani,  who  foaaii  t  - 
shores  of  Genoa  a  little  brittle-star  which  be  tensed  Atr 
1  ntetituea,x  and  which  probably  is  identical  with  the  4mf  .. 
<.'f?:n:  of  I^eich.   Peron  likewise  mentions  the  pb *f>4» < ctejar 
of  his  O/kiwra  phsstkwta.    >ir  Wynlle  Tboaa*on  .■**<!*■*  : 
the  Pvrcuptnt  that  the  Itcht  from  Ophiacamtkm  iptmmltu  «• 
a  brilliant  green,  coruscating  from  the  centre  of  tbe  d>k  1  r 
the  ray*  and  illuminating  the  whole  outline  of  tbe  OR 1 
("Depth*  of  the  Sea,"  p.  981.     More  recently  Prof  fiv- 
>f  Naples  ha*  re-examined  tbe  phosphorescence  of  tbe  ■  '  — 
described  by  Viviani,  and  he  finds  that  though  wrth  '.v  M 
momentary  glow  the  whole  ray  is  lit  up  with  a  greert*si  . 
that  tbe  luminous  points  correspond  with  the  hi  e-  <*  1 
pedicel*  and  arc  ranged  in  pairs  along  the  arms  1  Ath  ■  ■*  • 
Accad.  d.  Sc.  Fisickt  t  Mathtm.  di  Xapcl;  1875.  B  r 
figs.  1,  3&.  In  deep  water  (between  twenty  and  forty  fatiSo-  ' 
our  eastern  shores,  Qphii>ihri.x  gleams  all  over  the  t raw. set  r: 
a  pale  greenish  light :  but  the  adults  of  the  same  form  bew 
tide-mar'ss  give  no  trace  of  luminosity. 

The  olilcr  authors  were  familiar   with   certain  e;-'  . 
annelids  which  they  termed  Xtrtidtt,   *och  as  X*r  ♦ 
phvriins.    Khrenberg  jvaid  considerable  attention  tn  ifc-r  '• 
specially  referring  to  FairtM  fnl^mran  from  the  >  r' 
Ntrtis  nc: til w a  -  and  Xerttt  iPArtecAnris  I'aVtM— 1  '  " 
specie*  having  a  photogenic  structure  in  it*  cirri  like  vat^"1 
OffM  of  the  Torpedo.    The  latter  form  is  pn-bahfy  itme)  " 
the  ubiquitous  EusyUis,  which,  under  various  name*.  n»  b* 
noticed  by  many  observers.    Thus  it  is  very  likely  ibc 
species  that  is  mentioned  by  Harmcr,  in  Baker's  "  Koi|  ► 
for  the  Microscope,"  p.  400,  as  having  been  found  on  Oja  I 
and  also  by  Vianelli,  who  describes  it  as  a  caterpillar  bsef*> 
amongst  sea  wee  Is.     Indeed  the  Syllideans  have  been  east*" 
ous  in  the  literature  of  phosphorescence  fmm  the  tune  of  I" 
Voie  (1666,  fid.-  Panceri1,  and  Vianelli  ("  Nuove  Scoptrtf  or  • 
no  k-  Lad  dell'  Acqua  Marina,"  Yencxia,  1 74Q>.  hi  the  *T 
period  of  Claparcde  ("lilanures  /.-H.tomi.|oes."  p.  05  ? 
I'anceri  \  0/>.  (it.  p.  8).    The  structure  of  the  cirri  of  the 
phorescent  forms,  however,  gi\es  no  support  to  the''!*'* 
khrenberg  that  they  posses,  a  special  photogenic  stroctere. 

The  luminous  annelids  group  themselves  under  five  f**-'^ 
viz,  the  Polynoid.v,  Syllid.e.  Ch.etopieriil.i-,  Terrhellidx.  ■ 
Tomoptcrid.e,  ami  the  number  may  yet  be  estend«sl  i» ad»» 
other  pelagic  types. 

In  the  first  family  one  of  the  most  abundant  taJfe**** 
inbridUa,  which  lives  l*nh  between  tide-marks  ami  «lerp»«' 
and  is  cosmopolitan  in  ^cogninhjfialiiiktributioa.  It 
bii^ln  greenish  scintillations," 
dorsal  scale  ;  and  thus, 
in  pair*  along  the  b»ly^ 
severely  lunched  ihe  wor 
spark*  of  green  light  fro 
scales  also  continue  to  gl 
Jajaj^fjttuchment  (scars),"" 
phenomena 

antcr.o!    >i  I-.  ,str 


Sept.  17,  1885] 


NA  TURE 


479 


A*  an  example  of  the  Syllidae,  the  common  Eusyllis,  so  often 
mentioned  by  previous  authors,  may  be  taken.  Under  irritation 
n.  fine  green  light  is  emitted  from  the  ventral  aspect  of  each  foot, 
and  the  scintillations  seem  to  issue  from  many  points  at  each 
spuce,  flash  along  both  sides  of  the  worm  posterior  to  the  point 
•  >f  stimulation,  and  then  disappear.  Under  severe  irritation  the 
animal  remains  luminous  behind  the  injured  part  for  nearly 
half  a  minute,  while  the  surface  of  granular  light  on  each  seg- 
ment is  larger  than  usual,  and  in  some  instances  those  of  opposite 
'•ides  are  connected  on  the  ventral  aspect  by  a  few  phosphorescent 
l>oints.  The  body  behind  the  irritated  region  has  a  paler  pinkish 
hue  immediately  after  the  emission  of  light  showing  that  the 
luminosity  is  diffused. 

In  the  Ch.etopteridat  the  phosphorescence  is  remarkably 
beautiful,  bright  flashes  b*ing  emitted  from  the  posterior  feet  ; 
but  the  most  vivid  luminosity  is  at  a  point  on  the  dorsum  between 
the  lateral  wings  of  the  tenth  segment.  Hctc  the  abundant  mucus 
exuded  hy  the  animal  can  be  drawn  out  as  bluish-purple  fire  of 
^reat  intensity,  which,  beside*,  now  and  then  gleams  along  the 
edges  of  the  wing-like  processes  and  illuminates  the  surrounding 
water.  A  very  characteristic  odour,  somewhat  resembling  that 
produced  by  phosphorus  in  combustion,  is  given  out  by  the 
animal  during  such  experiments.  In  this  connection  it  may 
l>e  observed  that  Quoy  and  Cfaimard  mention  that  an  odour 
similar  to  that  around  an  electric  machine  is  given  out  by 
luminous  marine  annelids. 

Amongst  the  Terebellidre,  as  first  shown  by  Grube  none  excel 
the  genus  Polytirrm  in  the  brightness  of  the  phosphorescence  and 
the  ease  with  which  it  is  elicited.  Mere  blowing  on  the  water  of 
the  dissecting-trough  suffices  to  cause  in  the  British  Polyeirrus  the 
most  vivid  pale  bluish  luminosity,  which  gleams  for  a  moment 
nlong  every  one  of  the  independent  mobile  tentacles.  I-ong 
l>efore  Grube,  however,  had  discovered  the  phosphorescence  of 
Polycirrnt,  our  patient  and  laborious  countryman.  Sir  J.  Graham 
Dalyell,  had  noticed  it  in  the  group  ("Powers  of  the  Creator," 
vol.  ii.  p.  210),  for  he  mentions  that  when  irritated  Terebella 
figutus  gave  out  the  most  copious  blue  refulgence,  intermingled 
with  a  reddish  flame.  Another  member  of  this  family,  v«. 
Thelepus,  is  only  faintly  phosphorescent  in  life,  but  when  decom- 
position has  made  progress  it  gleams  in  the  vessel  with  a  pale 
lambent  light,  somewhat  like  phosphorus  in  air. 

In  the  pelagic  Tomopterid.x  certain  peculiar  structures  on  the 
parapodia,  formerly  supposed  by  some  to  be  eyes,  and  by  others 
simply  glandular  organs,  were  lately  found  by  Professor  Greeff  I 
(Zoologtscher  Anuiger,  1882,  p.  384 — 87!  to  be  luminous  organs, 
which,  though  glandular,  have  a  considerable  nervous  supply, 
including  a  ganglion, 

Panceri's  observations  on  the  luminous  annelids  of  Naples,  and 
the  peculiar  type  Balanoglcssus  (Enteropneusta)  have  recently 
added  considerably  to  our  knowledge  of  the  subject.  lie  specially 
describes,  in  Clurtopterns,  the  structure  of  the  phosphorescent 
glands  in  the  great  pinnules  and  other  parts,  which  produce  the 
luminous  mucus.  With  some  reason  he  concludes  that  two 
kinds  of  phosphorescence  arc  present  in  annelids,  viz.,  one  which 
is  the  result  of  purely  nervous  action,  and  another  which  is  due 
to  this  plus  a  luminous  secretion. 

A  Turbellarian,  viz.,  Plannria  retuu,  was  mentioned  by 
Viviani  [Of.  eit,  p.  13)  as  luminous,  but  this  feature  appears  to  he 
rare  in  the  group:  a ti ■  1  T 1 1  ■.nine  may  be  oh-erved  of  phu-- 
phoreacent  Kotifers,  ..m-  r,f  which  |.SY».-</..v.»  '-.illicit)  wa-  de- 
M^cd  by  Khrcnherg  U\\  <i(.  \\  12S:.  r.i~li..1i  {Of. 
P>  >.l*M,  records  a  V,;e!.'<M  winch  -li.nvrd  a  A-i-blc  lu.n-.in.Mty 

m  Ute  posi'-  .ior  region  of  the  Im  ly. 

|te  forms  amongst  the  Ctu»tacea  •: chiefly  Copepoda ■ 
phosphorescent  hy  Atluinasius  Kir'cher  in  l^.p. 
Ironed  by  mo-n  auih^rs  whi>  haw  allmK-l  :-.  ihe 
Thus  Viviani  give-  -even  -pecie-:  from 
KlTilesius  no  les-  than  n;n--ln  n  luinir."ii< 
iCTHSVOVage.     I>r   liiirtl  Jesei'ihis  '.he 
^^rith  in  his  cnibe-      brilliant  in  the 
j^^mp-n  added  omdcler.d  ;y  tn  our 
uflhe  luminous  *ehi."<p<i  I-,  m 
A  ^Hhgj  >y.Sir  biseph  Banks,  an  I 

■  ^IO,  as  ''Cancer  fnlk-en-"! . 
ch  as  the  Cipqml-, 
jjf  the  water.  The 
I  glands  placed 
'jhe  him  inputs 
jart  of  the 
{£uf.'uttllii. 


&c,  1878)  thought  it  was  decomposing  food  in  the  stomach, 
and  Prof.  Moseley  (Of.  eit.  p.  574.— Naturalist  on  the  Chal- 
lenger) in  certain  cases  entertained  n  similar  opinion.  The  phos- 
phorescence of  the  Euphaustidse  was  a  prominent  feature  in  the 
voyage  of  the  CheUUnger,  brilliant  flashes  being  emitted  on  cap- 
ture from  a  series  of  spots  along  the  trunk  and  tail.  Mr.  Murray 
also  met  with  a  diffused  light  in  the  Faroe  channel  when  dredging 
in  the  Triton,  and  he  attributed  this  to  the  phosphorescent  organs 
of  Nyetipkanes  nervegica,  M.  Sars,  one  of  the  same  group.  Prof. 
G.  O.  Sars  describes  these  organs  as  composed  of  a  series  of 
coloured  globules,  the  lens-like  body  of  which  acts  as  a  condenser, 
and  thus  enables  the  animal  to  produce  at  will  a  bright  flash  of 
light  in  a  given  direction  ("  Challenger  Narrative,"  Zoology,  I. 
part  ii.  pp.  74°— 43)- 

Marine  phosphorescence  has  some  of  its  most  striking  ex- 
amples amongst  the  Tunicates.  One  of  the  best  known  instances 
is  that  of  Pyrosoma,  the  light  from  which  has  been  so  graphically 
described  by  M.  Peron,  Prof.  Huxley,  and  other  naturalists  who 
have  had  an  opportunity  of  observing  it.  It  proceeds  in  each 
member  of  the  compound  organism  from  two  small  patches  of 
cells  at  the  base  of  each  inhalent  tube.  These  cells  contain  a 
substance  resembling  fat  Satfa  has  frequently  been  mentioned 
as  a  lumtnons  form  by  many  authors,  hut  Delle  Chiaje  found 
that  in  the  Mediterranean  Sulfa  pinnata  was  not  phosphorescent ; 
and  amongst  the  multitudes  of  Salpx  which  lor  some  weeks 
abounded  at  Lochmaddy  in  North  ULst,  neither  the  former  nor 
the  Salfa  sfinosa  of  Otto  exhibited  this  property,  though  a  spark 
was  occasionally  seen  in  the  nucleus  in  some  specimens,  probably 
from  the  food.  Giglioli  likewise  is  doubtful  concerning  them, 
but  in  one  instance  a  brilliant  rose-coloored  light  appeared  in  the 
nucleus.  Dcliolum,  on  the  other  hand,  shone  with  a  greenish 
tint,  while  examples  of  AfpenJiatlaria  which  he  encountered  in 
various  seas  were  chamcleon-like  in  their  luminosity,  and  often 
gleamed  with  great  brightness. 

Various  moflusks  exhibit  the  property  of  phosphorescence. 
Fabricius  ah  Aquapcndcnte  mentions  Sepia,  Panceri  Etedvne, 
Adler  Chama  and  "  D.'dylus."  The  best  known,  however,  is 
Pholus  dactylus,  which  possesses  two  wavy  bands  and  triangular 
organs  of  ciliated  epithelium  on  the  inner  surface  of  the  mantle. 
These  secrete  a  luminous  substance,  soluble  in  ether  and  alcohol, 
which  light  up  the  excurrent  water.  The  light  is  also  main- 
tained for  a  long  time  during  putrefaction,  as  in  the  case  of 
Thtlefus.  Panceri  found  that  carbonic  acid  extinguished  the 
light,  but  that  air  re-illuminated  it,  just  as  Johannes  Midler  had 
previously  ol>scrved  in  a  vacuum  and  in  air.  The  light  is  mono- 
chromatic, the  bands  having  a  constant  place  in  connection  with 
the  solar  spectrum  (from  line  E  to  line  F). 

Several  Pteropods  likewise  contribute  to  the  phosphorescence 
of  the  sea.  Thus  Giglioli  noticed  that  a  CltoJora  gave  out  a 
very  reddish  light,  while  a  Criseis  and  a  Hyahra  were  lumi- 
nous at  the  base  of  the  shell.  He  mentions  also  a  large  un- 
known Hetcropod  {Of,  eit.  p.  497)  in  the  Indian  Ocean,  which 
glowed  with  a  reddish  phosphorescence.  Amongst  the  Derma- 
tobranchs,  Phyltirrhvt  has  the  same  property,  Giglioli  further 
found  that  Lolity  sagittatm  and  a  small  Octopus  gleamed  all 
over  with  a  whitish  luminosity. 

Phosphorescence  in  living  fishes  appears  to  have  been  ac- 
curately observed  within  a  comparatively  recent  date,  though  the 
V.ur.itiiMty  .if  dead  fishes  has  been  known  from  very  early  times, 
.im1  1m-  been  the  subject  of  many  interesting  experiments  such 
a-  th-'-e  'if  Robert  Boyle  on  dead  whitings  (Phil.  Trans.  1667, 
pp.  501-0  v.  and  Dr.  Hulme  on  herrings  (Phil.  Trans.  1800, 
p  161I  1  do  not  mean  to  say  that  the  literature  of  the  so- 
called  ph -phorcscent  fishes  is  scanty,  for  it  extends  from  the 
!  iv-  .if'  An  totle  and  Pliny  to  modem  times,  but  that  the  writers 
have  ha  I  hi  tic  reliable  evidence  in  regard  to  living  fishes  to  bring 
f.im.i;  I.  Thus  of  upwards  of  fifty  fishes  entered  by  Ehrenberg 
i!i  hi-  h-i  it  1-  hard  to  say  that  one  is  really  luminous  during  life. 
In  e-i-.nv  ca-es  it  is  probable  that  the  supposed  phosphorescence 
of  lar^i  f'  .rms,  such  as  sword-fishes  and  sharks,  has  arisen  from 
the  pre-encc  of  multitudes  of  minute  phosphorescent  animals  in 
the  water,  m-t  as  the  herring  causes  a  gleam  when  it  darts  from 
the  -;  i>  '  f  a  ship.  Prof.  Mosclcy,  for  instance,  observed  in  the 
Chii /,'f;/,vr  that  when  large  fishes,  parpoises,  and  penguins 
lashed  through  phosphorescent  water,  that  it  was  brilliantly  lit 
up,  and  tlu-ir  track  marked  by  a  trail  of  light.  The  same  feature 
i-  oh-ervtd  in  hooked  fishes,  and  it  is  known  that  fishermen  are 
dnuhih:!  ,.f  access  when  the  sea  is  very  phosphorescent,  for  the 
prr-em  c  of  the  net  in  the  water  excites  t' 
the  hefiailL'. 


Digitized  by  Gc 


480 


NATURE 


[S<pi.  17,  1885 


One  of  the  most  striking  instances  of  phosphorescence  in 
living  fishes  is  thai  of  the  luminous  shark  (Squalus  fmlgtns'y 
found  by  Or.  Bennett.  This  is  a  small  dark-colon  ret  1  shark, 
which  was  captured  00  two  or  three  occasions  at  the  surface  of 
the  sea  It  emitted  without  irritation  a  vivid  greenish  luminosity 
as  it  swam  about  at  night,  and  it  shone  for  some  hours  after  death. 
The  phosphorescence  appears  to  be  due  to  a  peculiar  secretion 
of  the  skin.  The  eyes  of  the  shark  were  more  prominent  than 
usual  in  such  forms.  t"rhe  Danish  naturalist  Kcinwardt  describes 
a  phosphorescent  fish  (Htmirampkut  lnttii\  from  the  Moluccas. 
hi.it  Gtatfoli,  Of.  tit.  p.  505.)  Little  is  known  with  regard  to 
the  luminosity  ol  the  "  Pearl-sides  "  (Maurolicus ptttnantu.  Cut. 
and  Val.)  of  our  own  shores,  though  from  its  wide  distribution 
this  lack  of  information  seems  to  !>c  remediable. 

In  recent  times  phosphorescence  has  generally  been  associated 
with  deep-sea  fishes.  Thus  in  a  narrative  of  the  early  part  of  the 
voyage  of  the  Challtngtr  Natl  ke,  August  28,  1873 ;  Sir  Wyvillc 
Thomson  mentions  ranges  of  spots  or  glands  producing  a  phos- 
phorescent secretion  on  the  boiy  of  a  fish  pertaining  to  the 
Stemoptychidsc,  a  species  of  which  is  included  by  I  r.  F.  Pay  in 
the  Hntish  list.  Of  a  new  Echieitoma  (one  of  the  Stomiatidw) 
it  isal-o  noted  that  the  two  rows  of  probably  phosphorescent 
dots  along  the  body  were  red,  surrounded  by  a  circle  of  pale 
violet  ("  Challtngtr  Narrative,  /.oology,"  I.  vol.  iL  p.  42).  Dr. 
(.anther  ("  ChalltH^tr  Narrative,  Zoology,  I.  part  ii.  p.  905) 
observes  that  many  deep-sea  fishes  have  round,  shining,  mother- 
of-pearl  bodies  embedded  in  the  skin.  These  are  supposed  to  be 
producers  of  light,  and  they  have  been  observed  to  he  phos- 
phorescent in  two  species  of  SternoptychirLe.  lie  further 
states  that  the  whole  mucifcrous  system  is  dilated  in  deep-sea 
fishes,  that  is,  fishes  inhabiting  1000  fathoms  or  more,  and  that 
the  entire  body  seems  to  be  covered  with  a  layer  of  mucus,  the 
physiological  use  of  which  is  unknown  ;  it  has  been  noticed  to 
have  phosphorescent  properties  in  perfectly  fresh  s|>ccimens. 

Having  thus  briefly  reviewed  the  leading  features  of  phos- 
phorescence in  marine  animals,  a  glance  may  now  be  taken  at 
the  supposed  causes  and  purposes  of  this  provision. 

I  do  not  deem  it  necessary  to  go  into  detail  with  regard  to  the 
numerous  views  which  have  been  advanced  to  account  for  the 
phosphorescence  of  marine  organisms,  for  these  range  over  a 
very  wide  area — from  its  production  by  electricity,  the  constant 
agitation  of  the  water,  by  putrefaction,  by  luminous  imbibi- 
tion, to  its  manifestation  as  a  vital  action  in  the  animals, 
or  a  secretion  of  a  phosphorescent  substance.  Ehrenlwrg  con- 
sidered it  a  vital  act  similar  to  the  development  of  electricity, 
and  sometimes  accompanied  by  the  secretion  of  a  mucilaginous 
humour  which  is  diffused  around  ;  while  others,  such  as  Meyen, 
thought  it  only  a  superficial  oxidation  of  the  mucous  co.u,  or  a 
luminour  secretion  from  certain  glands.  Some  l>elievcd  that  a 
liquid  containing  phosphorus  was  secreted,  and  that  this  under- 
went slow  combustion  ;  while  others  explained  that  it  was  a 
nervous  fluid  modified  by  certain  organs  to  appear  as  light. 
Coldstream  thought  it  was  due  to  an  imponderable  agent,  and 
that  phosphorus  or  an  analogous  substance  might  enter  into  the 
organs  producing  it.  De  Quotiefoga,  again,  clearly  affirms  that 
it  is  produced  in  two  ways  5  (|)  by  the  secr-tion  of  a  peculiar 
substance  exuding  from  the  entire  body  or  a  special  organ  :  and 
(2)  by  •  vital  action  independent  of  all  material  secretion. 
Panrcri  was  strongly  impressed  with  the  itnftortance  of  fatty 
matter  in  the  forms  he  examined — such  as  PtmmtttuKt,  the 
Medus.T,  llcroide",  I'holades,  Chtttefttri,  and  AWtilu;t — the 
phosphorescence  arising  from  the  slow  oxidation  of  this  sub- 
stance ;  the  nervous  system  of  the  living  animal,  however,  being 
capable  of  producing  a  momentary  oxidation  more  rapid  ami 
more  intense,  accompanied  by  light. 

It  will  l>e  observed  thst  in  the  ProtOMM  the  structure  of  the 
minute  but  often  very  abundant  animals  which  furnish  the 
luminosity  clearly  proves  that  the  presence  of  a  well-defined 
nervous  system  is  not  required  for  its  manifestation,  the  proto- 
plasm of  their  liodies  alone  sufficing  for  its  development.  There 
are  neither  glands  for  secreting  it,  ami  in  some  apparently  no 
fatty  matter  for  slow  COM  boat  ion.  In  the  Gelenterates  the 
phenomena  ap|>ear  to  l>c  more  nearly  related  to  nervous  mani- 
festations, though  in  certain  cases  the  luminous  mattrr  (xisscsses 
inherent  properties  of  its  own.  While  in  some  annelids, 
such  as  Cmftcfttrm  and  fWfirrut,  there  are  glands  which  may 
lie  charged  with  the  secretion  of  a  luminous  sulistance,  it  is 
otherwise  with  certain  Polynoid.c.  in  which  the  erni  sion  of 
light  appears  to  lie  an  inherent  property  of  the  nervous  system 
'I  he  irritability  in  the  phosphorescent  examples  of  the  latter 


family,  however,  varies  considerably,  some.  t.  {.  /VrMf  tr+U?- 
tndritta,  being  sluggish,  while  others,  like  Harmftkjr.  are 
extremely  irritable.  In  the  Crustaceans  the  luminosity  11  1  iss  :  t 
have  the  nature  of  a  secretion,  probably  under  the  control  of  the 
nervous  system.  In  P/rvtcm*  and  Pkdms  dactylmt  a  lonaiaaao 
secretion  is  also  a  prominent  feature,  and  in  both  the  lutes-  aai 
the  annelids  decay  excites  its  appearance,  as  also  b  the  cmae.  - 
a  limited  extent,  in  fishes. 

It  is  evident,  therefore,  that  the  causation  of  phospkbvveaccaaK 
is  complex.  In  the  one  group  of  animals  it  is  due  to  the  prodtnc- 
tion  of  a  substance  which  can  be  left  behind  as  a  luminoos  traT 
The  ease,  for  instance,  with  which  in  Ptnu'u/a  and  .-tV 
Corlenterates  the  phosphorescence  can  be  repeatestly  pinilmra  I 
by  friction  on  a  surface  having  a  minute  trace  of  the 
clearly  points  to  other  causes  than  nervous  agency.  The  a»cti 
moreover,  clearly  affects  the  organic  chemical  affinities  <j<f 
tissues  engaged.     On  the  other  hand  again,  as  in 


annelids,  it  is  purely  a  nervous  action,  probably  resembling  ?  -1. 
which  gives  rise  to  heat. 

With  the  exception  of  such  as  Macartney,  the  oKler  authors, 
who  in  some  cases  took  an  imaginative  view  of  the  ;e<>xx 
connected  the  emission  of  light  with  the  special  economy  •  i  \Se 
deep  sea.  The  speculations  to  this  effect  are  fairly  summtr.sei 
in  "  Brewster's  Edinburgh  Encyclopa-dia,"  published  to  i»» 
(Chiefly  the  views  of  Dr.  HOOcnOocht.  Thus  it  is  supposed  tkir 
total  darkness  exists  at  the  depth  of  1000  feet,  and  that  the  p»» 
phorcscence  of  marine  animals  is  a  substitute  for  the  light  of 
sun.  Moreover,  that  by  these  lights  the  aninnU  on  the  tee 
hand  are  guided  for  attack,  and  on  the  other  their  j>iwer  » 
extinguishing  them  enables  them  to  escape  destruction.  Frsbe* 
are  known  to  prey  chiefly  at  night,  anil  the  writer  supp>*>e*  thst 
the  phosphorescence  of  their  prey  guides  them  ;  for.  he  savs. 
this  luminosity  is  particularly  brilliant  in  those  inferior  aoanak 
which  fr  >m  their  astonishing  powers  of  reproduction,  and  from  1 
state  of  feeling  little  superior  to  that  of  vegetables.,  appear  - 1 
have  been  in  a  great  measure  created  for  the  f<»>d  of  the  »orr 
perfect  kinds.  Dr.  Coldstream  at  a  later  period  11^471  re- 
produced the  same  views  in  his  article  on  animal  lumiooEtt 
(Todd's  "Cyclop,  of  Anal,  and  Phys. "). 

The  same  notion  was  brought  forward  in  the  "  Report  0/ 
Cruise  of  the  Portupittt"  {Prjc.  Roy.  Sot.,  No.  111. 
p.  432),  and  special  reference  was  made  to  the  young  of  cerun 
starfishes,  which  aie  slated  to  be  more  luminous  than  the  avlnitv 
that  licing  part  of  the  general  plan  which  provides  an  ex. ess 
the  young  of  many  species,  apparently  as  a  supply  of  f.  -  .I.  tker 
wholesale  destruction  being  nece  *ary  for  the  due  restriction  • 
the  multiplication  of  the  species,  while  the  parent  in  i.»iiaaj«. 
on  the  other  hand,  are  provide.!  with  special  appliances  t»  - 
escape  or  defence.      Thus    phosphorescence,    it    is  fartse* 
asserted   ("Depths  of  the   Sea,"  p.  149),   in    very  yoxtstf 
Ophiacanthn*  just  rid  of  their  plutci,  in  a  sea  swarming  wet 
prcdaceous  crustaceans,  such  as  Doryntkni  and  MumtJa,  srsh 
great  bright  eyes,  must  be  a  fatal  gift.    Some  naturalists  stui 
api>ear  to  hold  a  similar,  though  perhaps  modified  sie»  v 
caution,  however,  is  necessary  in  theorising  on  this  head. 

In  the  first  place,  phosphorescent  animals  do  not  appear  to  be 
more  abundant  in  the  depths  of  the  sea  than  lietween  ude-mark> 
or  on  the  surface,  the  latter  perhaps  presenting  the  maximoe 
development  of  those  exhibiting  this  phenomenon.  Very  many 
of  the  young  that  have  l>cen  indicated  as  so  brilliantly  luminous 
l>ceomc  surface-forms  soon  after  leaving  the  egg,  and  thus  st 
their  several  stages  more  or  less  affect  the  three  regions— s.4 
surface,  mid-water,  and  bottom. 

A  survey  of  the  life-histories  of  the  several  phosph  »revei 
groups  attords  at  present  no  reliable  data  for  the  foonda'toa  -A  j 
theory  as  to  the  functions  of  luminosity,  especially  in  re. its.* 
to  food.  No  phosphorescent  form  is  more  generally  duuml 
by  fishes  or  other  animals  than  that  which  is  not ;  and.  .«  thr 
other  hand,  the  jiossessor  of  luminosity,  if  otherwise  palatattle. 
does  not  seem  to  escape  capture.  An  examination  (A  iht 
stomachs  of  fishes  makes  this  clear,  except  pcrhoBAjo^JhfkfHMi 
of  the  herring,  which,  however. 
Further,  it  is  not  evident  that  sir* 
limes,  for  it  is  only  under  • 
phenomenon. 

Moreover,  ihe  irregulari 
■■•ig  the-  — ne  structure  « 
lh<  w  ^bmcU  li 

kn 

I  P 


tfly_ 


lirxxit  a  C 
aha  tit 


God 


Sept.  17  1 885  J 


NATURE 


between  tide-marks  (Harmelhot  imbricata  and  Polynot  jlotcosa), 
and  closely  resemble  each  other  in  habits  and  appearance  ;  yet 
one  is  brightly  luminous,  while  the  other  shows  no  trace. 
Instead  of  luring  animals  for  prey,  or  affording  facilities  for 
being  easily  preyed  upon,  the  possessors  of  phosphorescence  in 
the  annelids  are  often  the  inhabitants  of  tubes,  or  are  co-nmen- 
salistic  on  starfishes.  Indeed,  every  variety  of  condition  accom- 
panies the  presence  of  phosphorescence  in  the  several  groups,  so 
that  the  greatest  care  is  necessary  in  making  deductions, 
especially  if  these  are  to  have  a  wide  application. 

In  the  foregoing  brief  outline  of  the  remarkable  phenomenon 
of  phosphorescence  as  it  affects  marine  animals,  it  is  apparent 
that,  though  a  considerable  increase  in  our  knowledge  has  taken 
place  during  the  last  quarter  of  a  century,  much  more  yet 
remains  to  be  done.  I,  however,  confidently  look  forward  for 
further  advances,  in  this  as  well  as  in  other  departments,  to  the 
marine  laboratories  of  the  country — I  mean  such  institutions  as 
those  now  in  working  order  at  Granton,  St.  Andrews,  and  Tarbct, 
as  well  as  the  larger  establishment  proposed  to  be  erected  by  the 
Biological  Association  at  Plymouth.  These  laboratories,  it  is 
true,  have  been  tardily  instituted,  but  it  is  satisfactory  to  think 
that  at  last  the  /eal  and  methods  of  the  workers  have,  and  will 
have,  a  better  field  for  their  exercise  than  formerly,  and  that  the 
zoology  of  the  fisheries  will  obtain  that  attention  which  its 
importance  to  the  country  necessitates. 


SECTION  E. 


OEOGKAPHY. 


Opening  Address  by  General  J.  T.  Walker,  C.B., 
LL.D.,  F. K.S.,  F.R.G.S.,  President  op  the  Section. 
My  predecessors  in  this  chair  have  claimed  for  geography  a 
range  of  science  which  may  be  said  to  be  practically  unlimited  ; 
for  it  comprehends  the  history  of  the  earth  itself,  and  of  all  the 
life  to  be  met  with  on  the  surface  of  the  earth,  from  the  first 
beginnings  of  things,  and  through  their  subsequent  development  | 
onwards  to  their  present  conditional  status  ;  it  is  associated  in  a 
greater  or  less  degree  with  every  other  department  of  know- 
ledge and  is  a  remarkable  exemplification  of  the  mutual  inter- 
dependence an<l  correlation  of  the  physical  sciences,  for  while 
all  other  branches  of  science  arc  incomplete  without  some  know- 
ledge of  geography,  it  is  incomplete  without  some  knowledge  of 
each  and  all  of  them. 

Such  claims  on  In-half  of  geography  would,  not  many  years 
ago,  have  been  considered  extravagant  and  exaggerated ;  a 
popular  encyclopedia  which  is  still  of  some  note  defines  geo- 
graphy to  be  simply  the  science  which  describes  the  surface  of 
the  earth,  and  somewhat  querulously  complains  that  geographical 
treatises  contain  matter  not  unfrequcntly  taken  from  statistics, 
natural  philosophy,  and  history  which  it  declares  to  be  irrelevant 
and  not  properly  admissible  into  such  treatises.  And  in  a 
popular  sense  geography  is  still  commonly  suggestive  only  of 
such  a  knowledge  of  locality  as  may  be  acquired  from  maps  and 
charts,  with  their  graphical  delineations  of  whatever  exists  on 
the  surface  of  the  earth,  and  of  the  various  natural  or  artificial 
boundary  lines  of  the  peoples  and  states  between  whom  the 
surface  is  divided.  Hut  the  British  Association  ami  the  Koval 
Geographical  Society  have  successfully  maintained  that  scientific 
geography  is  not  restricted  in  its  scope  to  a  mere  knowledge  of 
locality— though  that  in  itself  is  a  very  important  factor  in  what- 
ever appertains  to  the  intercourse  and  mutual  relation!  of  man- 
kind—but  embraces  all  that  relates  to  the  structure  and  existing 
configuration  of  the  earth,  anil  takes  cognisance  of  the  varied 
conditions  of  all  the  life,  both  animal  ami  vegetable,  which  is 
nurtured  and  Mippnrted  by  the  earth  ;  it  studies  the  side  lights 
which  the  general  configuration  of  surface  throws  on  the  character 
of  each  locality  as  a  home  and  support  of  life,  and  it  examines 
with  special  interest  the  influence  which  that  character  has 
1opthes.K  ;al  and  political  condition*  of  different  races 

not  merely  devote  its  attention  to  the 
now  displayed  to  our  ga/e  ;  in  alliance 
"  K'  '  "     1  *  distant  past,  when  the 
cisely  as  now,  and  lands 
leep  beneath  the  ocean, 
to  records  we  possess  in 
they  are  signific- 
ation, after  lung 


Soil 


lying  entombed  among  the  rocks,  arc  presented  to  modern  sight 
as  revelations  of  life's  early  dawn  ;  it  investigates  what  Karon 
Kichtofcn  describes  as  the  reciprocal  causal  relations  of  the 
three  kingdoms — land,  water,  and  atmosphere  ;  it  seeks  to  de- 
termine the  processes  by  which  in  some  parts  of  the  globe  con- 
tinents were  built  up  with  their  varied  sculpture  of  mountain 
and  valley,  of  highly  elevated  plateau  and  low  lying  plain,  of 
lakes  and  inland  seas,  and  great  river  systems, — while  in  other 
parts  land  was  depressed  below  the  sea  level,  or  broken  up 
into  the  islands  which  are  now  dotting  the  surface  of  the  ocean  ; 
and  it  endeavours  to  trace  a  process  of  continuous  evolution  of 
life  from  the  primary  and  simplest  types  which  perished  in  the 
early  ages  of  the  earth's  hisir.ry,  to  the  latest  and  most  highly 
devel  >ped  types  which  arc  now  flourishing  around  us.  Going 
back  still  further  it  searches  for  evidence  of  the  first  beginnings 
of  the  material  universe  ;  it  looks  beyond  the  orbit  of  the  most 
distant  planet  of  the  solar  system,  and  scrutinises  the  boundless 
regions  of  stellar  space  to  find,  in  the  widely  scattered  particles 
of  the  nebula:,  the  Inrginnings  of  new  solar  systems  and  new 
worlds  »uch  as  ours  ;  there  it  may  be  said  to  behold  as  in  a 
mirror  the  formation  of  our  own  planet  as  a  fluid  igneous  mass 
thrown  off  with  great  velocity  from  its  sun,  and  ripidly  revolving, 
and  then  Upcoming  spheroidal,  and  slowly  cooling  and  solidifying, 
and  finally  acquiring  the  CTU*t  which  was  to  become  an  abode 
for  life,  the  stage  whereon  man  was  to  play  out  the  drama  of  his 
planetary  existence,  and  be  held  all  the  while  fast  imprisoned 
and  out  of  touch  with  the  surrounding  universe. 

More  thr.n  this  we  would  seek  to  know,  but  in  vain  ;  in 
jvassing  from  the  early  dawn  of  matter  to  that  of  life,  science 
finds  its  career  of  wonderful  achievement  in  the  one  direction 
exchanged  for  failure  and  disapjmintmcnt  in  the  other  ;  it  cannot 
discover  the  origin  of  life  in  any  of  its  existing  material  forms, 
nor  trace  to  its  birthplace  the  spiritual  life  which  exerts  such 
an  influence  on  what  is  material  ;  it  cannot  ascertain  whether 
man  hail  a  prior  existence  a»  different  from  his  present  existence 
as  the  first  beginnings  of  his  planet  home  differed  from  its 
present  condition;  it  cannot  gauge  the  truth  of  the  poet's 
prescient  conception  that 

"  Our  birth  is  but  a  slirp  ami  a  forget  tinz  ; 
The  v»ul  lhat  n>«-i  wclh  u«.  our  l.fVs  »tar. 
Huh  h  id  cl  >«•»■'-:  rc  Us  s<-tuni 
An  J  Cometh  ft  im  a'ar." 

It  whispers  faint  suggestion-  regarding  the  |>ossible  future  of 
the  planet ;  but  when  questioned  as  to  what  is  to  follow  the 
coming  soul'l  setting  of  man.  the  planet's  chief  glory  and 
dignity,  it  has  nothing  to  reply,  but  is  hopelessly  dumb  and 
inarticulate. 

Scientific  geography  embraces  a  wide  range  of  subjects,  wider 
than  can  be  claimed  for  any  other  department  of  science.  Thus 
the  President  of  this  Section  has  a  vast  field  from  which  to 
gather  subjects  for  his  opening  address.  I  shall,  however,  re 
strict  my  address  to  the  subject  with  which  I  am  most  familiar, 
and  give  you  some  account  of  the  Survey  of  India,  and  more 
particularly  of  the  labours  of  the  trigonometrical  or  geodctic 
hranch  of  that  survey,  in  which  the  best  years  of  my  life  have 
been  passed. 

I  must  begin  by  |x>inting  out  that  the  survey  operations  iti 
India  have  l>een  very  varied  in  nature,  and  constitute  a  blending 
together  of  many  diverse  ingredients.  Their  origin  was  purely 
Euro|>ean,  nothing  in  the  shape  of  a  general  survey  having  been 
executed  under  the  previous  Asiatic  Governments ;  lands  had 
I  wen  measured  in  certain  localities,  but  merely  with  a  view  to 
acquiring  soaic  idea  of  the  relative  areas  of  properties,  in  as- 
sessing on  individuals  the  share  of  the  revenue  levied  on  a  com- 
munity ;  but  other  factors  than  area — such  as  richness  or  poverty 
of  soil,  and  proximity  or  absence  of  water — influenced  the 
assessment,  ami  often  in  a  greater  degree,  >o  that  very  exact 
measurements  of  area  were  not  wanted  for  revenue  purpose*,  and 
her  reason  then  suggested  itself  why  lands  should  be  ac- 
curately measured.  The  value  of  accurate  majvs  of  individual 
properties,  with  every  boundary  clearly  ami  exactly  laid  down, 
KM  thought  of  in  India  in  those  days,  and  indeed  has  only 
of  late  years  l>e?un  to  be  recognised  by  even  the  British  Govern- 
ment. The  idea  of  a  general  geographical  survey  never  sug- 
itself  to  the  Asiatic  mind.  Thus  when  Englishmen  came 
c  in  India,  one  of  their  first  acts  was  to  make  surveys  of 
the  tracts  of  country  over  which  their  influence  was  extending  ; 
and  a-  that  influence  increased,  so  the  survey  became  developed 
from  a  rude  and  rapid  primary  delineation  of  the  broid  facts  oi 


Google 


482 


NA  TURE 


[Sep/.  17,  18*5 


general  geography,  to  an  elaborate!)'  executed  and  artistic  de- 
lineation of  the  topography  of  the  country,  and  in  some  pro- 
vinces to  the  mapping  of  every  field  and  individual  property. 
Thus  there  have  been  three  orders  or  classes  of  survey,  and  these 
may  be  respectively  designated  geographical,  topographical,  and 
cadastral  ;  all  three  have  frequently  been  carried  on  pari  pissu, 
but  in  different  regions,  demanding  more  or  lev  elaborate  survey 
according  as  they  happened  to  be  more  or  less  under  British  in- 
fluence. There  is  also  the  Great  Trigonometrical  or  Geodetic 
Survey,  by  which  the  graphical  surveys  are  controlled,  collated, 
and  co-ordinated,  as  I  will  presently  explain. 

Survey  operations  in  India  began  along  the  coast-lines  before 
the  commencement  of  the  seventeenth  century,  the  sailors  pre- 
ceding the  land  surveyors  by  upwards  of  a  century.  The 
Directors  of  the  East  India  Company,  recognising  the  importance 
of  correct  geographical  information  for  their  mercantile  enter- 
prises,  appointed  Richard  Hakluyt,  Archdeacon  of  Westminster, 
their  historiographer  and  custodian  of  the  journals  of  East  Indian 
voyages,  in  the  year  1601,  within  a  few  weeks  of  the  establish- 
ment of  the  company  by  Royal  Charter.  Hakluyt  gave  lectures 
to  the  student*  at  Oxford,  and  is  said  by  Fuller  to  have  been  the 
first  to  exhibit  the  old  and  impel  feet  maps  and  the  new  and  re- 
vised maps  for  comparison  in  the  common  schools,  "to  the 
singular  pleasure  and  great  contentment  of  his  auditor}*."  The 
first  general  map  of  India  was  published  in  1752  by  the  cele- 
brated French  geographer  D'Anville,  ami  was  a  meritorious 
compilation  from  the  existing  charts  of  coast-lines  and  itineraries 
of  travellers,  but  the  Father  of  Indian  Geography,  a-  he  has 
licen  called,  was  Major  Rennell,  who  landed  in  India  as  a  mid- 
shipman of  the  Royal  Navy  in  i"6o,  distinguished  himself  in  the 
blockade  of  Pondicherry,  was  employed  for  a  time  in  making 
surveys  of  the  coast  between  the  Paumben  Pa-sage  and  Calcutta, 
was  ap]>ointed  Surveyor  of  the  East  India  Company'*  dominions 
in  Bengal  in  1764,  was  one  of  the  first  officers  to  receive  a  com- 
mission in  the  Bengal  Engineers  on  its  formati  >n,  and  in  1767 
*Ai  raised  to  the  position  of  Surveyor-General.  Bengal  was  not 
in  those  days  the  tranquil  country  we  have  known  it  for  so  many 
years,  but  wa»  infested  by  numerous  bands  of  brigands  who  pro- 
fessed to  he  religious  devotees,  and  with  who  n  Rennell  came 
into  collision  in  the  course  of  one  of  his  surveying  expeditions, 
and  was  desperately  wounded  ;  he  had  to  be  taken  300  miles  in 
an  open  boat  for  medical  assistance,  the  natives  meanwhile  ap- 
plying onions  to  his  wounds  as  a  cataplasm.  His  labours  in  the 
survey  of  Bengal  lasted  over  a  |>criod  of  nineteen  years,  and  em 
braced  an  area  of  about  300,000  square  miles,  extending  from  the 


eastern  boundaries  of  Lower  Beni 


to  Aera.  and  from  the 


Himalayas  to  the  border-,  of  Baiulelkand  and  Chota  Nagpur. 
Ill  health  then  compelled  him  to  retire  from  the  service  on  a  small 
pension  and  return  to  England  ;  but  not  caring,  as  he  said,  to 
cat  the  bread  of  idleness,  he  immediately  set  himself  to  the  uti- 
lisation of  the  large  mass  of  geographical  materials  laid  up  and 
perishing  in  what  was  then  called  the  India  House  ;  he  published 
numerous  charts  and  map*,  and  eventually  brought  out  his  great 
work  on  Indian  Geography,  the  "Memoir  of  a  map  of  Hindus- 
tan," which  went  through  several  editions  ;  this  was  followed  by 
his  Geographical  Sy»te  u  of  Hero  I  itus,  and  various  o:her  works 
of  interest  and  importance.  His  labour*  in  England  extended 
over  a  period  of  thirty-five  years,  and  their  great  merits  have  been 
universally  acknowledged. 

Kennell  -  system  of  hel d-work  in  Bengal  was  a  survey  of  route* 
checked  anil  combined  by  astronomical  determinations  of  the 
latitude  and  the  longitude,  and  a  similar  syv.cm  was  adopted  iu 
all  other  part-  of  India  until  the  commencement  of  the  present 
century,  lint  in  course  of  time  the  a«;r  .n  u:,u  -i'  )•--:,  was  iu  in 
to  l»c  inadequate  to  the  requirements  .•  g»  ;l  rvn  >•'■  ail 
India,  a*  the  error*  in  the  astronomic  1'  ■  n  .  i 
materially  to  exceed  tho»e  of  the  sura ••  •. .     ,:t>  J  U 

good  instruments  anil  m*dcratc  can  \  •»  ;:  »  1-  i>  new 
discovery,  for  already  early  in  the  eigSv'  1,  !.  >  .1  ;i  •,  1  1  n  .n 
Jesuits  who  were  making  a  survey  of  (  run.;  -v.ni:  11  !..|..-  i»f 
securing  the  protection  of  the  Empci ■  .   i:  .  !•  re 

necessary  to  favour  the  progress  of  ("hr,  1  n.s     '-.  1  :,  i-.l     :  i;e 
abandoned  the  astronomical  method  an  i  <  n       <■  I  :  i:i 
instead.     Writing  in  the  name  of  tl^  1  1..  :         -  w  h  1  we 
associated  with  him  in  the  survey,  )'<.■■■:  K.  :  -  s  .:•.!-  I  I  v  into" 
the  relative  advantages  of  the  two  m    1   ..,  .nil  give-  the 
trigonometrical  the  preference,  as  l>e*t  -  >nM  tocnabU  the  work 
to  be  executed  tn  a  manner  worthy  tip  :ru  .cgMM^AAttttbj 
a  wise  prince,  who  judged  it  of  the  -^c.imP    "    "3jH^i  hi> 
State.  "  Thus."  he  says,  "  we  flatter  imr: 


the  surest  course,  and  even  the  only  one  practicable  in  pra»ecmx— 
the  greatest  geographical  work  that  was  ever  performed  accord. .- 
to  the  rules  of  art." 

What  was  true  in  those  days  is  true  still ;  point*  whr  - 
relative  |>ositioris  have  been  fixed  by  any  triangulatiaci  of  m>± 
rate  accuracy  present  a  more  satisfactory  and  reliable  boat* 
topographical  survey  than  points  fixed  astronomically.  Tbot^. 
the  lunar  theory  has  been  greatly  developed  since  those  days  : 
the  labours  of  eminent  mathematicians,  and  the  accuracy  v  u- 
lunar  tables  and  star  catalogues  is  much  increased,  ar&xz 
longitudes  are  still  not  susceptible  of  ready  deterraaaatior  r- 
great  exactitude ;  moreover,  all  astronomical  observations,  artc.*^ 
of  latitude  or  longitude,  are  liable  to  other  than  intrinsic 
which  arise  from  deflection  of  the  plumb-line  under  the 
of  local  attractions,  and  which  of  themselves  materially 
the  errors  that  would   be  generated  in  any 
triangulation  of  a  not  excessive  length,  say  not  eatoeecLat 


Thus  at  the  close  of  the  last  century  Major 
33rd  Regiment,  drew  up  a  project  for  a  general 
Southern  India.    It  was  strongly  supported  by  his 
officer — Colonel  Wclleslcy,  afterwards  the  Duke  of  \\  eii=cc 
— and  was  readily  sanctioned  by  the  Madras  Govenuncnv  .  $ 
large  accession  of  territory  in  the  centre  of  the  peninsula  r 
been  recently  acquired,  as  the  result  of  the  Mysore  canton- 
by  which  free  communication  had  been  opened  between  ti  - 
and  west  coasts  of  Coroaaandcl  and  Malabar  ;  and  trie  ;  r  <■■ 
triangulation  would  not  merely  furnish  a  basis  for  new 
but  connect  together  various  isolated  surveys  which  had  <'—: 
been  completed  or  were  then  in  progress.    The  Great  T  ~: 
metrical  Survey  of  India  owes  its  origin  as  such,  and  it.  —~ 
tancotts  inception  as  a  geodetic  survey,  to  Major  Lanabr • 
{jointed  out  that  the  trigonometrical  stations  must  nee*?- 
their  latitudes  and  longitudes  determined  for  future  rese-r: 
just  as  the  discarded  astronomical  stations,  not  however  by 
observation,  but  by  processes  of  calculation  requiring  1  h  ' 
ledge  of  the  earth's  hpirc  and  dimensions.    But  at  thai  um: 
elements  of  the  earth  s  figure  were  not  known  with  much  eo 
tudc,  for  all  the  best  geodetic  arcs  had  been  measured  r*  i  . 
latitudes,  the  single  short  and  somewhat  questionable  ir. 
Peru  being  the  only  one  situated  in  the  vicinity  of  the  esjau 
Thus  additional  arcs  in  low  latitudes,  as  tho^e  of  India.  «r 
greatly  needed  and  might  be  furnished  by  Lam  Hi  on.     He  • 
care  to  set  this  forth  very  distinctly  iu  the  programme  wh:c: 
drew  up  for  the  consideration  of  the  Madras  Lis 
remarking  that  there  was  thus  something  still  left  a* 
turn  for  the  science  of  geodesy,  which  his  oi>erati 
supply,  and  that  he  would  rejoice  indeed  should  it  o 
his  province  "to  make  observations  ten  ling  to 
sublime  a  subject.  " 

Lambton  commenced  operations  by  measuring  a 
a  small  meridional  arc  near  Madras,  and  then,  ca 
triangles  over  the  southern  peninsula,  he  convert, 
on  the  central  meridian  into  a  portion  of  what  is 
the  Great  Arc  of  India,  measuring  its  angles  with 
and  checking  the  triangulation  by  base  lines  measur 
of  two  to  three  degrees  apart  in  latitude.     His  principal 
ments  were  a  steel  measuring  chain,  a  great  theodolite,  at: 
zenith  sector,  each  of  which  had  a  history  of  its  own  l«r:  - 
coning  into  his  hands.    The  chain  ami  zenith  sector  wrre 
from  Lnglatid  with  Lord  Macartney's  Embassy  to  the  t.arpr  - 
of  China,  as  gifts  f >r  presentation  to  that  potentate,  who 
fortunately  did  not  appreciate  their  value  ana  declined  to  socrr 
L      1  1 1  t  I  ••       r     I  <i   Ihnwiddic,  the  asai 
th'-".i  !■'  India  lor, 
Ki:.d  Hi  :       I  .imViion 


iiii'V  ;  "ii  its  n 
f:iL' .!!<.,    the  )\ 


ilsM 


event  :.My  il  fomaffl 
Ue  Cad 
ic  t>i  i  s  1  1 1  or  of  Madras. 

assist  11  k  i" :  .1  s  1  i  • , .  i  U  wc  * 
Known  an  cons 
t*  tlKi 


Sept.  17,  1885] 


NA  TURE 


4*3 


>f   demonstrating  the  astronomical  method  to  be  fallacious, 
<  >r  its  determination  of  the  breadth  of  the  peninsula  in  the  latitude 
<i    Madras  was  proved  by  the  triangulation  to  l>e  forty  njilcs  in 
•rror.      Still,  for  several  years  he  never  received  a  word  of 
yrnpathy,  encouragement,  or  advice  either  from  the  Govem- 
ncnt  or  from  the  Royal  Society.    A  foreign  nation  was  the  first 
o  recognise  the  importance  of  his  services  to  science,  the  French 
Institute  electing  him  a  corresponding  member  in  1817.  After 
his,  honours  and  applause  quickly  followed  from  his  own  country- 
men.  In  1818  the  Governor-General  of  India— then  the  Marquis 
of  Hastings— decided  that  the  survey  should  be  withdrawn  from 
the  supervision  of  a  local  Government  and  placed  under  the 
Supreme  Government,  with  a  view  to  its  extension  over  all 
India,  remarking  at  the  same  time  that  he  was  "not  an  are  that 
with  minds  of  a  certain  order  he  might  lay  himself  open  to  the 
idle  imputation  of  vainly  seeking  to  partake  the  gale  of  public 
favour  and  applause  which  the  labours  of  Colonel  Lambton  had 
recently  attracted  ;"  but  as  the  survey  had  reached  the  northern 
limits  of  the  Madras  Presidency,  its  transfer  to  the  Supreme 
Government,  if  it  was  to  be  further  extended,  had  become  a 
necessity.    He  directed  the  transfer  to  be  made,  and  the  survey 
to  be  called  in  future  the  Great  Trigonometrical  Survey  of  India. 
Noticing  that  the  intense  mental  and  bodily  labour  of  conducting 
it  was  being  performed  by  Lambton  alone,  that  his  rank  and 
advancing  age  demanded  some  relief  from  such  severe  fatigue, 
and  farther,  that  it  was  not  right  that  an  undertaking  of  such 
importance  should  hang  on  the  life  of  a  single  individual,  the 
Governor-General  appointed  two  officers  to  assist  him — Captain 
Everest,  as  chief  assistant  in  the  geodetic  operations ;  and  Dr. 
V  oysey,  as  surgeon  and  geologist.  Five  years  afterwards  Lambton 
died,  at  the  age  of  seventy.  The  happy  possessor  of  an  unusually 
robust  and  energetic  constitution  and  a  genial  temperament,  he 
seems  to  have  scarcely  known  a  day's  illness,  though  he  never 
spared  himself  nor  shrank  from  subjecting  himself  to  privations 
and  exposure  which  even  Everest  thought  recklrss  and  unjustifi- 
able. These  he  acce|rtcd  as  a  matter  of  course,  saying  little  about 
them,  and  devoting  his  life  calmly  and  unostentatiously  to  the 
interests  of  science  and  the  service  of  his  country. 

Everest's  career  in  the  survey  commenced  disastrously.  He 
was  deputed  by  Lambton  to  carry  a  triangulation  from  Hydra- 
bad,  in  the  Nizam's  territory,  eastwards  to  the  coast,  crossing 
the  forest-clad  and  fever-haunted  basin  of  the  Godavery  river, 
a  region  which  he  described  as  "a  dreadful  wilderness,  than 
which  no  part  of  the  earth  was  more  dreary,  desolate,  and  fatal." 
Indignant  at  being  taken  there,  his  escort,  a  detachment  of  the 
Nizam's  troops,  mutinied,  and  soon  afterwards  he  and  his 
assistants,  and  almost  all  the  men  of  his  native  establishment, 
were  stricken  down  by  a  malignant  fever  ;  many  died  on  the 
spot,  and  the  survivors  had  to  be  carried  into  Hydrabad,  whence 
litters  and  vehicles  of  all  descriptions,  and  the  whole  of  the 
public  elephants,  were  despatched  to  their  succour.  To  recover 
his  health  Everest  was  compelled  to  leave  India  for  a  while  and 
proceed  to  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope,  where  he  remained  for  three 
years.  He  availed  himself  of  the  opportunity  to  inspect  Lacaille's 
meridional  arc,  which,  when  compared  with  the  arcs  north  of  the 
equator,  indicated  that  the  opposite  hemispheres  of  the  globe 
were  seemingly  of  different  cllipticities.  He  succeeded  in 
tracing  this  anomaly  to  an  error  in  the  astronomical  amplitude 
of  the  arc,  which  had  been  caused  by  deflection  of  the  plumb- 
line  at  the  ends  of  the  arc,  under  the  influence  of  the  attraction 
<>t"  neighbouring  n-n  ;n;:i:il-.  Thus  lie  became  aw.ne  «.;'  'he 
necessity  of  placing  the  astronomical  -/.it ion-,  of  tin:  lud 


at  points  where  the  plrmb-linc  won!, I  no:  '■>< 
doniection  by  the  aUnuiion  .it  neighbouring 
Shortly  after  hit.  return  10  India  I  ...iii.l.-uu  ■  n,. 
HMMftod  him,  ami  immediately  concentrated  hi 
MjMfa)  of  I  he  Great  Arc  :vmh  wards.  He 


urn  ar,  s 
liable      1:1.11 :  1  iaj 
niinunniii 
10 1.        I   !.  ■  ret 
energies  oil 
-oon  came  <■> 


1 


conclusion  that  his  instrumental  equipment,  though  g,,,,,]  j.,r 
then     WAS  procured,  and  amply  sufficient  lor  ordinary 
I  purp-i.jei,^was  inadenuate  for  the  requirements  o'f 
JeDeruU  lUafeTior  to  the  equipments  of  die  geodetic 
iprngrcss  in.  Europe.     He  iheref,  .re  proceeded  to 

t  procedure  irf  die  English  and  Fj  ench  -\u  vcys, 
'  '  of  new?  instruments  of  the  Litest  and 
Court  of  DijUCtOrs  of  the  Honourable 
a  most  liberal  assent  to  all  his 
Jtamche  to  |inmd«  himself  with 
satisfy  all  liits  requirements 


1^1 
icntril  equip  n:-.  -it 


in  1830,  a  year  that  marks  the  transition  of  the  character 
of  the  operations  from  an  order  of  accuracy  which  was  sufficient 
as  a  basis  for  the  graphical  delineation  of  a  comparatively  small 
portion  of  the  earth's  surface,  to  the  higher  precision  and  refine- 
ment which  modern  geodesists  have  deemed  essentially  necessary 
for  the  determination  of  the  figure  and  dimensions  of  the  earth 
as  a  whole.  He  immediately  introduced  an  important  modifica- 
tion of  the  general  design  of  the  principal  triangulation,  which 
up  to  that  time  had  been  thrown  as  a  network  over  the  country 
on  cither  side  of  the  Great  Arc,  as  in  the  English  survey  and 
many  others  ;  but  he  abandoned  this  method,  and,  adopting 
that  of  the  French  survey  instead,  he  devised  a  system  of 
meridianal  chains  to  be  carried  at  intervals  of  about  1*  apart,  and 
tied  together  by  longitudinal  chains  at  intervals  of  about  y, 
the  whole  forming,  from  its  resemblance  to  the  homely  culinary 
utensil  with  which  we  arc  all  familiar,  what  has  been  called  the 
gridiron  system  in  contradistinction  to  the  network.  The  entire 
triangulation  was  to  rest  on  base-lines  to  be  measured  with  the 
new  Colby  apparatus  of  compensation  bars  and  microsco|>es 
which  had  ticen  constructed  to  supersede  the  measuring  chain 
the  Emperor  of  China  bad  rejected ;  the  base-lines  were  to  be 
placed  at  the  intersections  of  the  longitudinal  chains  of  triangles 
with  the  central  meridional  or  axial  chain,  and  also  at  the  further 
angles  of  the  gridirons  on  each  side.  Latitudes  were  to  be 
measured  at  certain  of  the  stations  of  the  central  chain,  with 
new  astronomical  circles  in  place  of  the  old  zenith  sector,  to  give 
the  required  meridional  arcs  of  amplitude.  Two  radical  im- 
provements on  all  previous  procedure  were  introduced  in  the 
measurement  of  the  principal  angles,  one  affecting  the  observa- 
tions, the  other  the  objects  observed.  The  great  theodolites 
were  manipulated  in  such  a  manner  as  not  merely  to  reduce  the 
effects  of  accidental  errors  by  numerous  repetitions  in  the  usual 
way,  but  absolutely  to  eliminate  all  periodic  errors  of  graduation 
by  systematic  changes  of  the  position  of  the  azimuthal  circle 
relatively  to  the  telescope,  in  the  course  of  the  complete  series 
of  measures  «f  every  angle.  The  objects  formerly  observed 
had  Ijeen  cairns  of  stones  or  other  opaque  signals  ;  for  these 
Everest  substituted  luminous  signals,  lamps  by  night,  and,  by 
day,  heliotroi>es  which  were  manipulated  to  reflect  the  sun's  rays 
through  diaphragms  of  small  aperture,  in  pencils  appearing  like 
bright  stars,  and  capable  of  penetrating  a  dense  atmosphere 
through  which  distant  opaque  objects  could  not  be  seen. 

Everest's  programme  of  procedure  furnished  the  guiding 
principles  on  which  the  operations  were  carried  out  during  the 
period  of  half  a  century  which  intervened  between  their 
commencement  under  his  superintendence  and  the  completion 
of  the  principal  triangulation  under  myself.  The  external  chains 
have  necessarily  been  taken  along  the  winding  course  of  tlie 
frontier  and  coast  lines  instead  of  the  direct  and  more  < 
cal  lines  of  the 
number  of  the 

diminished  by  widening  the  spaces  lietwecn  them,  and  in  two 
instances  a  principal  chain  has  been  dispensed  with  because, 
before  it  could  be  taken  in  hand,  a  good  secondary  triangulation 
had  been  carried  over  the  area  for  which  it  was  intended  to 
provide.  Hot  these  are  de|>artures  from  the  letter  rather  than 
the  spirit  of  Everest's  programme  which  lias  been  faithfully 
followed  throughout,  first  by  his  immediate  successor,  Sir 
Andrew  Waugh.  and  afterwards  by  myself,  thus  affording  an 
instance  of  the  impress  of  a  single  mind  on  the  work  of  half  a 
century  which  is  probably  unique  in  (he  aiiuals  of  India;  for 
dure,  as  :s  well  known,  change*  1  •{  personal  administration  arc 
ficqnent,  and  are  not  uncommonly  followed  by  changes  of 
pi,  iced  lire. 

The  phvMc.il  fc.u-.is  e»  "f  a  country  neces-ai  dy  exercise  a 
o.->:is.d.-r.\l/i<-  influence  on  the  npci.uioiis  of  any  survey  that  may 
he  cnii.ed  over  it,  and  more  parlicui.uly  on  those  ol  a  geodetic 
siuvt  v,  ol  which  no  portion  1-  allowed  to  fall  below  .1  ccitain 
standard  of  precision.  I\\ciy  variety  of  feature,  of  scelKiy, 
and  of  c I i  1 1 1-1 1  -c  thai  is  to  be  me:  with  anywhere  ,,n  the  earth's 
siulace  between  the  equator  and  the  arctic  regions  has  its  analogue 
be: ween  the  highlands  of  Central  Asia  and  :hv  ocean,  which 
de-me  :he  limits  ,,f  the  area  covered  by  the  Indian  survey. 
Thus  u!  „,,„.,.  jjni-t-,  :ln  operations  were  accomplished  with  case, 
celcntv,  an  I  enjovmcnt,  while  in  others  ihey  were  very  difficult 
And  slow  ..f  progress,  ;dwavs  entailing  great  esposiire.  and  at 
times  veiy  deadly.  In  .111  open  countiy,  .lotted  with  bills  and 
commanding  eminence-,  they  advanced  as  on  velvet;  in  closer 
country,  forest-clad  or  covered  with  other  obstacles  to  listiuit 
vision,  they  were  greatly  retarded,  for  there  it  I 


it  lines  instead  of  the  direct  and  more  symmetn- 
meridians  and  the  parallels  of  latitude.  The 
internal  meridional  chains  has  latterly  been 


Digitized  by  Google 


484 


NA  TURE 


[Sept.  17,  \h 


either  to  raise  the  stations  to  a  sufficient  height  to  overlook  all 
surrounding  obstacles,  or  to  render  them  mutually  visible  by 
clearing  the  lines  between  them  ;  and  both  these  processes  arc 
more  or  less  tedious  and  costly.    There  are  many  tracts  of  forest 
and  jungle  which  greatly  impeded  the  operation*,  not  merely 
because  of  the  physical  difficulties  they  presented,  but  because 
they  teemed  with  malaria,  and  were  very  deadly  during  the 
greater  portion  of  the  year,  and  more  particularly  immediately 
after  the  rainy  seasons,  when  the  atmosphere  is  usually  clearest 
and  most  favourable  for  distant  observations.    At  first  tracts  of 
forest,  covering  extensive  plains,  were  considered  impracticable  ; 
thus  Lanibion  carried  his  network  over  the  open  country,  and 
slopped  it  whenever  it  reached  a  great  plain  covered  with  forest 
and  devoid  of  hills;  but  Everest's  system  would  n»t  permit  of 
any  break  of  continuity,  nor  the  abandonment  of  any  chain 
which  was  required  to  complete  a  gridiron  ;  it  has  been  carried 
out  in  all  its  integrity,  often  with  much  sacrifice  of  life,  but 
never  with  any  shrinking  on  the  part  of  the  survey  officers  from 
carrying  out  what  it  had  become  a  |»int  of  honour  with  them 
to  accomplish,  and  the  accomplishment  of  which  the  Govern- 
ment had  come  to  regard  as  a  matter  of  course.    We  have 
already  seen  how  the  progress  of  Everest's  first  chain  of  triangles 
was  suddenly  arrested  because  he  and  all  his  pe  iple  were  struck 
down  by  malaria  in  the  pestilential  regions  of  the  Godavery 
basin.    That  chain  remained  untouched  for  fifty  years  ;  it  was 
then  resumed  and  completed,  but  with  the  loss  of  the  executive 
officer,  Mr.  George  Shelvertoti,  who  succumbed  when  he  hail 
not  yet  reached,  but  was  within  sight  of,  the  east  coast  line,  the 
goal  towards  which  his  labours  were  directed.    Many  regions, 
as  the  ba  in  of  the  Mahanad  ti,  the  valley  of  Assam,  the  hill 
ranges  of  Tipperah,  Chittagong,  Arracan,  and  Burma,  and 
those  to  the  cast  of  Moulmein  and  Tennasserim,  which  form  the 
boundary  between  the  British  and  the  Siamese  territories,  arc 
covered  with  dense  forest,  up  to  the  summits  of  the  peaks  which 
had  to  lie  adopted  as  the  sites  of  the  survey  stations.    As  a  rule 
the  1  eaks  were  far  from  the  nearest  habitation,  and  they  could 
not  l>e  reached  until  pathway-  to  them  had  lieen  cut  through 
forests  tangled  with  a  dense  undergrowth  of  tropical  jungle  ; 
not  unfrequcntly  large  areas  had  to  be  cleared  on  the  summits  to 
open  out  the  view  of  the  surrounding  country.   Here  the  physical 
difficulties  to  be  overcome  were  very  considerable,  and  they  were 
increased  by  the  necessity  that  arose,  in  a|tnost  every  instance, 
of  importing  labourers  from  a  great  distance  to  perform  the 
necessary  clearances.    But  the  broad  belt  of  forest  tract  known 
a.  the  Tcrai.  which  is  situated  in  the  plains  at  the  feet  of  the 
Nepalcse  Himalayas,  was  the  most  formidable  region  of  all, 
because  the  climate  was  very  deadly  for  a  great  portion  of  the 
year,  and  more  particularly  during  the  season  when  the  atmo- 
sphere was  most  favourable  for  the  observations,  though  the 
physical  difficulties  were  not  so  great  as  in  the  hill  tracts  just 
mentioned,  and  labour  was  more  easily  procurable.    Lying  on 
the  British  frontier,  at  the  northern  extremities  of  no  less  than 
ten  of  the  meridional  chains  of  triangles,  it  had  necessarily  to 
be  operated  in  to  some  evtent,  and  Everest  wished  to  carry  the 
several  chains  across  it,  on  to  the  outer  Himalayan  range,  and 
then  to  connect  them  together  by  a  longitudinal  chain  running 
along  the  lange  from  east  to  west,  completing  the  gridiron  in 
tins  quarter.     But  the  range  v»a-  a  portion  of  the  Nepalcse 
territories,  and  all  Europeans- -excepting  those  attached  to  the 
Biitish  cmlassy  a*.  Khatmanlu —  were  debarred  fniai  entering 
any  part  of  Nepal,  by  treaty  with  the  British  Government. 
I  veicst  hoped  that  the  rulers  -  if  Nepal  might  m»ke  an  exception 
in  his  fat  our  for  the  prosecution  of  a  scientific  survey;  and 
when  he  found  they  would  not.  he  urged  ih-  Government  to 
c<>tiij>el  them  to  give  his  surveyor-  access,  at  least,  to  their  out- 
lying  hills;  but  he  urged  in  vain,  for  the  Government  would 
no!  run  the  risk  of  embarking  m  a  war  with  Nepal  for  purely 
scientific  purposes.     Thus  the  connecting  chain  of  triangles  — 
now  known  as  the  N.E.  longitudinal  Series  -had  to  lie  carried 
thiottgh  the  whole  length  of  -lie  Terai.  a  distance  of  about 
$'>•'»  milfs,  which  involved  the  conduction  of  over  loo  towers  — 
raised  to  a  height  of  about    ,0  t,-ct  1-»  overlook  the  earth's 
curvature— and  the  clearance  o!  .1 1*,  oil  2,000  miles  ut  line  through 
forest  anil  jungle  to  render  the  towers  mutually  visible.  It 
required  no  Mm||  courage    on   Everest's  part  to  plunge  his 
surveyors  into  this  region  ;  he  endeavoured  to  minimise  the  risks 
as  much  as  possible  by  taking  up  the  longitudinal  chain  in 
sr..  lions,  bit  by  bit,  on  the  completion  of  the  successive  meridional 
chains,  and  thus  apportioning  it  f,<  iween  several  survey  parties, 
'i  operating  in  the  Terai  fur  a  short  time,  instead  of  assigning 


it  to  a  sinrie  party  to  execute  continuously  from  end  to 
all  the  other  chains  of  triangles.     But  notwithstanding  • 
precautions,  the  peril  was  great,  an  J  the  mortality  unua; 
officers  and  men  was  very  considerable  ;  greater  thin  in  1:. 
a  famous  battle,  says  Mr.  Clements  Markhatn,  in  an  ei-.j 


tv.; . 

passage  in  his  Memoir  of  the  Indian  Surveys,  10  mk.,: 
claims  for  the  surveyors  who  were  employed  on  these  upc<: 
— with  no  hope  of  reward  other  than  the  favourable  s 
their  immediate  chief  and  colleagues — merit  for  mote  f<- 
and  honourable  achievement  than  much  of  the  militarr  *- 
which  is  plentifully  rewarded  by  the  praises  of  men  and  jr_- 
all  kinds. 

Everest  retired  in  1843,  and  was  succeeded  by  Wiip. 
applied  himself  energetically  to  the  completion  of  the  - 
chains  of  triangles  exterior  to  the  Great  Arc.  for  »(. 
obtained  a  substantial  addition  to  the  existing  eqnirc-- 
great  theodolites.     It  was  under  him   that  th.-  fix-? 
longitudinal  scries  through  the  Terai,  which  had  bee: 
by  Everest,  was  chiefly  carried  out.    He  personally  uhm 
determination  of  the  positions  and  heights  of  the  pnociM 
peaks  of  the  Himalayan  ranges;  and  he  did  mucK  : 
advancement  of  the  general  topography  of  Indn. 
somewhat  languished  under  his  predecessor,  who  hid  : 
himself  chiefly  to  the  geodetic  ojicrations.     He  retire.!  a  " 
and  I  succeeded  to  the  charge  of  the  Great  TrifM*! 
Survey.     The  last  chain  of  the  principal  trianguli:i 
completed  in  1882,  shortly  before  iny  own  retirement. 

Of  the  general  character  of  the  operations,  it  may  b:  i- 
without  hesitation  that  a  degree  of  accuracy  and  pro>. 
been  attained  which  has  liccn  1  cached  by  few  and  su^'i- 
none  of  the  great  national  surveys  carried  out  in  o;tur 
the  world,  and  which  leaves  nothing  to  be  dr-irei 
the  requirements  of  geodesy ;  a  very  considerable 
the  principal  angles  have  been  measured  with  the  gnx.  - 
and  36-inch  theodolite,  ami  their  theoretical  pa.Sio 
averages  alxnit  a  quarter  of  a  second  ;  of  the  lirxru  fo- 
ments the  probable  error,  so  fir  as  calculable,  may 
not  exceeding  the  two-millionth  part  of  any  mtavj"-. 
And  as  regards  the  extent  of  the  triangulation.  1!  *' 
the  primary  network  in  Southern  India,  and  ill  - 
triangulation,  however  valuable  for  geographical  yi' 
still    have    a    number    of    princijial     chains  - 
longitudinal,  and  oblique— of  which  the  aggregiK 
17,300  miles,  which  contain  9,230  first-class  anjlcs 
served,  and   rest   on  eleven   base-lines    measured  »' 
Colby  apparatus    of   compen-ation    bars    and  ma: 
This  prodigious  amount  of  field-work  furnishes  an  n  ' 
mass  of  interdependent  angular  and  linear  measure- .  '- 
these  is  fallible  in  some  degree,  for,  great  a-  »iy  lr*  • 
and  care  with  which  they  had  severally  been  execJ'.r- 
a  ecu  racy  of  measurement  is  as  yet  beyond  human 
thus  every  circuit  of  triangles,  every  chain  closing  i>n  1  ': 
and  even  every  single  triangle,  presented  discrepant"  " 
nitudc  of  which  was  greater  or  less  according  as  Jrnvr: 
combination  of  many,  or  only  of  a  few,  of  the  falli-1^  : 
observation.    Thus,  when  the  field  operations  vtert  ip[r 
their  termination,  the  question  arose  as  to  how  these 
to  lie  harmonised  and  rendered  consistent  throughout. 
a  very  serious  matter  considering  their  great  number 
application  of  m3themaiieal  theory  to  a  problem  hi  '-" 
requires  the  adjustment  to  be  effected  by  the  a?1!1'"-* 
correction  to  every  fact  of  observation,  tut  araitufi' 
such  a  manner  as  to  give  it  its  proper  weight,  nei'.hff  * 
less,  in  the  final  investigation,  and  in  this  the  wtivl? 
must  be  treated  simultaneously.    That  would  i>a»f  w  '  ^ 
simultaneous  solution  of  upwards  of  4.000  cqua'i ,0" 
0.2.50  unknown  quantities,  by  what  is  called  the 
minimum  squares,  and  I  need  scarcely  say  that      :'  I'" 
impossible  (o  solve  such  a  number  of  equations  l«et*wc ' 
unknown  quantities  by  any  method  at  all.    Thus  1  £• - 
had  to  be  ma  le  between  the  theoretically  de>i ^ 
practically  possible.    It  would  Ik-  out  of  place  here  :°  ^ 
to  describe  the  method  of  treatment  which  *J*  <1' 
adopted,  after  much  thought  and  deliberation  :  I  ■'• 
say  that  the  bulk  of  the  triangulation  was  divide • 
sections,  each  of  which  was  treated  in  s.tcccs«i"0      '.  , 
approximation  (o  the  mathematically  rigorous  ' 
practically  possible  ;  but  even  then  the  mas*  of 
terdependent  calculation  to  be  performed  in  ea^ !^  , 
enormous,  I  Ixltevc  greatly  exceeding  anything  * 


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485 


>  ct  attempted  in  any  other  survey.  But  the  happy  result  of  all 
this  labour  was  that  the  final  corrections  of  the  angles  were  for 
the  most  part  very  minute,  less  than  the  theoretical  probable 
errors  of  the  ancles,  and  thus-  fairly  applicable  without  taking 
any  liberties  with  the  facts  of  observation.  If  the  attribute  of 
t>cauty  may  ever  be  flowed  on  such  things  as  small  numerical 
quantities,  it  may  surely  be  accorded  to  these  notable  results  of 
very  laborious  calculations,  which,  while  in  themselves  so  small, 
were  so  admirably  effective  in  introducing  harmony  and  precision 
throughout  the  entire  triangulation. 

If  now  we  turn  once  more  to  what  I.ambton  calls  "the  sub- 
lime science  of  geodesy,"  which  was  held  in  >uch  high  regard  by 
I  Kith  him  and  Everest,  we  shall  find  that  the  great  meridional 
arc  between  Cape  Comorin  and  the  Himalayas,  on  which  they 
laboured  with  so  much  energy  and  devotion,  is  not  the  only  con- 
tribution to  that  science  to  which  the  Inlian  triangulation  is 
suliscnient,  but  every  chain  of  triangles — meridional,  longi 
tudinal,  or  oblique — may  be  made  to  throw  light  either  on 
geodesy,  the  science  of  the  figure  of  the  earth,  or  on  geognosy, 
the  science  of  the  earth's  interior  structure,  when  combined  with 
corresponding  astronomical  arcs  of  amplitude.  Thus-  each  of  the 
several  meridional  chains  of  triangles  may  be  utilised  in  this 
w  ay,  as  their  prototype  has  been,  by  having  latitude  observations 
taken  at  certain  of  their  stations  to  give  meridional  arcs ;  and  the 
several  longitudinal  chains  of  triangles  may  aho  be  utilised — in 
combination  with  the  main  lines  of  telegraph — by  electro- 
telegraphic  determinations  of  differential  longitudes  to  give  arcs 
of  parallel.  When  the  stations  of  the  triangulation  which  arc 
resorted  to  for  the  astronomical  observations  are  situated  in 
localities  where  the  normat  to  the  surface  coincides  fairly  with  1 
the  corresponding  normal  to  the  earth's  figure,  the  result  is 
valuable  as  a  contribution  to  geodesy  ;  when  the  normal  to  the 
surface  is  sensibly  deflected  by  local  attraction,  the  result  gives  a 
measure  of  the  deflection  which  is  valuable  as  a  contribution  to 
geognosy. 

Having  regard  to  these  circumstances,  I  moved  the  Govern- 
ment to  supply  the  Trigonometrical  Survey  with  the  necessary 
instruments  for  the  measurement  of  the  supplemental  astronom- 
ical arcs  ;  and  as  officers  became  available  on  the  gradual  com- 
pletion of  the  successive  chains  of  triaigles,  1  employed  »ome  of 
them  in  the  required  deter .ninations  of  latitude  and  differential 
longitude.  It  so  happened  that  about  the  same  time  gcodesists 
in  Europe  began  to  recognise  the  advantages  to  science  to  be 
acquired  by  connecting  the  triangulations  of  the  different  nation- 
alities together,  and  supplementing  them  with  arcs  of  amplitude. 
The  "  International  Geodetic  Association  for  the  Measurement 
of  Degrees  in  Europe"  was  formed  in  consequence,  and  it  has 
been,  and  is  still,  actively  employed  in  carrying  out  this  object  ; 
in  India,  however,  the  triangulation  was  complete  and  connected 
throughout,  so  that  only  the  astronomical  amplitudes  were 
wanting.  They  are  still  in  progress,  but  already  meridional 
chains,  aggregating  1,840  miles  in  length,  and  lying  to  the  west 
of  the  Great  Arc,  have  been  converted  into  meridional  arcs;  and 
the  three  longitudinal  chains,  from  Madras  to  Mangalore,  from 
Bombay  to  Vi/agapatam,  and  from  Kurrachee  via  Calcutta  to 
Chittagong,  of  which  the  aggregate  length  is  2,600  miles,  have 
been  converted  into  arcs  of  parallel.  In  the  former  the  opera- 
tions follow  the  meridional  course  of  the  chains  of  triangles  ;  in 
the  latter  they  follow  the  principal  lines  of  the  electric  telegraph, 
which  -  imelimes  diverge  greatly  from  the  direction  of  the  longi- 
tudinal chains  of  triangles,  the  two  only  intersecting  at  occasional 
points  ;  the  astronomical  stations  are  therefore  placed  at  the 
trigonometrical  points  which  may  happen  to  le  nearest  the 
telegraph  lines,  whether  on  the  nieridion.il  or  on  the  longitudinal 
chains,  and  their  positions  are  invariably  s  «  selected  as  to  form 
self  verificatory  circuits  which  are  usually  of  a  triangular  form, 
presenting  three  differential  arcs  of  longitude  ;  each  of  these  arcs 
is  measured  independently  as  regards  the  agronomical  work — 
though  for  the  third  arc  there  is  usually  no  in  dependent  telegraph 
line  but  only  a  coupling  of  the  lines  fir  the  first  and  second  arcs 
— and  this  has  been  proved  10  give  such  an  excellent  check  on 
the  accuracy  of  the  operations,  that  it  tsn  .il  too  much  to  say  that 
no  telegraphic  longitude  operations  arc  entirely  reliable  which 
have  not  been  verified  in  some  such  manner. 

Through  the  courtesy  of  Colonel  Stothcrd,  Director-General 
of  the  Ordnance  Survey,  1  am  enabled  to  exhibit  two  charts,  one 
of  the  triangulation  of  India,  the  other  of  that  of  Europe,  which 
have  recently  been  enlarged  to  the  same  scale  in  the  Ordnance 
Survey  Office  at  Southampton  for  purposes  of  comparison.  The 
first  is  taken  from  the  official  chart  of  the  Indian  Survey,  and 


shows  the  great  meridional  and  longitudinal  chains  and  Lamb- 
ton's  network  of  principal  triangles,  the  positions  of  the  base- 
lines measured  with  the  Colby  apparatus,  the  latitude  and  the 
differential  longitude  stations,  the  triangular  circuits  of  the  longi- 
tudinal arcs,  the  stations  of  the  pendulum  and  the  tidal  operations 
which  will  be  noticed  presently,  and  the  secondary  triangulations 
to  fix  the  peaks  of  the  Himalayan  and  Sulimani  ranges,  and  the 
positions  of  Bangkok  in  Siam  and  Kandahar  in  Afghanistan,  the 
extreme  eastern  and  western  points  yet  reached.  The  chart  of 
the  European  triangulation  has  been  enlarged  from  one  published 
by  the  International  Geodetic  Association  of  Europe ;  in  it 
special  prominence  is  given  to  the  Russian  meridional  arc,  which 
extends  from  the  Danube  to  the  Arctic  Ocean,  and  is  25*  20'  in 
length,  and  to  the  combined  English  and  French  meridional  arc, 
22'  10'  in  length,  which  extends  from  the  Balearic  Island  of 
Formentera  in  the  Mediterranean,  to  Saxavord  in  the  Shetland 
Islands.  The  aggregate  length  of  the  meridional  arcs  already 
completed  in  India  is  about  equal  to  that  of  the  English,  French, 
and  Russian  arcs  combined  ;  but  the  longest  in  India  is  aliout 
1  J"  shorter  than  the  Russian.  As  regards  longitudinal  arcs,  1 
believe  the  two  which  were  first  measured  in  India,  and  were 
employed  shortly  afterwards  by  Colonel  Clarke  in  his  last  investi- 
gation of  the  figure  of  the  Earth,  are  the  only  ones  which  have 
as  vet  been  deemed  sufficiently  accurate  to  be  made  use  of  in 
such  investigations,  th.mgh  arcs  of  much  greater  length  have 
been  measured  in  Europe.  It  would  be  interesting,  if  time  per- 
mitted, to  set  forth  the  salient  points  of  divergence  between  the 
systems  of  the  Indian  and  the  European  surveys  ;  I  will  only 
mention  that  in  the  southern  part  of  the  Russian  arc,  for  a  space 
ol  about  8"  from  the  Duna  to  the  Dncistcr,  a  vast  plain,  covered 
with  immense  and  almost  impenetrable  forests,  presented  great 
obstacles  to  the  prosecution  of  the  work  ;  the  difficulty  was 
overcome  by  the  erection  of  a  large  numlicr  of  lofty  stations  of 
observation,  wooden  scaffoldings  which  were  !  20  and  even  as 
much  as  146  feet  high,  to  overlook  the  forests.  In  Indian 
forests,  as  the  Terai  on  the  borders  between  British  and  Nc|>alese 
territories,  the  stations  were  rarely  raised  to  a  greater  height 
than  30  feet,  or  just  sufficient  to  overtop  the  curvature,  and  all 
trees  and  other  ob-tacles  were  cleared  away  on  the  lines  between 
them  ;  this  was  found  the  most  expeditious  and  economical 
process.  The  stations  were  very  substantial,  with  a  central 
masonry  pillar,  for  the  support  of  a  great  thci>doliie,  which  was 
isolated  from  the  surrounding  platform  for  the  support  of  the 
observer.  The  lofty  Russian  scaffoldings  only  sufficed  for  small 
theodolites,  ami  they  were  so  liable  to  shake  and  vibration,  that 
the  theodolites  had  to  be  fitted  with  two  telescopes  to  Se  pointed 
simultaneously  by  two  observers  at  the  pair  of  stations,  the 
angle  between  which  was  being  measured. 

All  the  modern  geodetic  data  of  thedndian  survey  that  were 
available  up  to  the  year  1S80  were  utilised  by  Colonel  A.  R. 
Clarke,  C.B.,  of  the  Ordnance  Survey,  in  the  last  of  the  very 
valuable  investigations  of  the  Figure  of  the  Earth  which  he  has 
undertaken  from  lime  to  time.  It  will  be  obvious  that  new  data 
tend  to  modify  in  some  degree  the  conclusions  derived  from 
previous  data,  for  the  figure  of  so  large  a  globe  as  our  earth  is 
not  to  be  exactly  determined  from  measurements  carried  over  a 
few  narrow  Ults  of  its  superficies.  Thus  thirty  years  ago  it  was 
inferred  that  the  equator  was  sensiblv  elliptic— and  not  circular, 
as  bad  been  generally  assumed— with  its  major  axis  in  longitude 
15s  34'  ca  t  of  Greenwich  ;  but  later  investigations  indicate  a  far 
smaller  ellipticity,  and  place  the  major  axis  in  west  longitude 
8  15'.  More  significant  evidence  of  the  influence  of  new  facts 
of  observation  in  modifying  previous  conclusions  is  furnished  by 
the  French  national  standard  of  length,  the  metre,  which  was 
fined  at  the  ten-millionth  part  of  the  length  of  the  earth's 
meiidimal  quadrant,  as  deduced  from  the  best  geodetic  data 
available  up  to  the  end  of  the  last  century  ;  but  it  is  now  found 
to  be  nearly  yjV.ath  j^fj  ]esi  than  the  magnitude  which  it  is 
sup|>oscd  to  represent,  the  difference  being  about  a  hundred 
times  greater  than  what  would  now  be  considered  an  allowable 
error  in  an  important  national  standard  of  measure. 

The  Indian  survey  has  also  made  valuable  contributions  to 
geodesy  and  geognosy  in  an  elaborate  scries  of  pendulum  observ- 
ations for  determining  variations  of  gravity,  which  throws  light 
both  on  the  grand  variation  from  the  poles  to  the  equator  that 
governs  the  ellipticity,  and  on  the  local  and  irregular  variations 
depending  on  the  constitution  of  the  interior  of  the  earth's  crust. 
They  were  commenced  in  1865  by  Captain  J.  P.  Bascvi,  on  the 
recommendation  of  Genera1  Sabine  and  the  Council  of  the  Royal 
Society,  with  two  pendulums,  one  of  which  th^  General  had 


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NATURE 


twung  in  his  notable  operations  which  extend  from  a  little  below 
the  equator  to  within  to*  of  the  pole.  Captain  Basevi  had  nearly 
completed  the  operations  in  India,  and  had  taken  swings  at  a 
number  of  the  stations  of  the  Great  Arc  and  at  various  other 
points  near  mountain  ranges  and  coast  line-,  when  he  died  of 
exposure  in  1871  at  a  station  on  the  high  table-lands  of  the  Him- 
alayas, while  investigating  the  force  of  gravity  under  mountain 
ranges.  Major  i  leaviside  swung  the  pendulums  at  the  remaining 
In  iian  stations,  then  at  Aden  and  Ismailia  on  the  way  hack  to 
England,  and  finally  at  the  base  station,  the  Kew  Observatory. 
Afterwards  they  and  a  third  pendulum  were  swung  at  Kcw  and 
Greenwich  by  Lieutenant-Colonel  Herschel,  who  took  all  three 
to  America,  swung  them  at  Washington,  and  then  handed  them 
over  to  oacers  of  the  United  States  Coast  Survey,  by  whom  they 
have  been  swrng  at  San  Francisco,  Auckland,  Sydney,  Singa- 
pcfe,  and  in  Japan. 

The  pend-Ium  operations  in  India  have  been  successful  in 
re=v..TLsg  from  the  geodetic  operations  the  reproach  which  had 
la--*riy  ceen  cast  on  them,  that  their  value  has  become  much 
:  -  :ru«-eti  trace  the  discovery  that  the  attraction  of  the  Hima- 
layin  rr-'.-nrains  is  so  much  greater  than  had  previously  been 
.-soected.  that  it  may  have  materially  deflected  the  plumb-line 
1:  a  lar^e  n-.r-.ber  of  the  astronomical  stations  of  the  Great  Arc, 
■  ~  -no^sly  influenced  the  observations.  Everest  considered 
rr.rzit  of  the  Himalayan  attraction  to  be  immaterial  at  any 
-.•^ar.te  exceeding  sixty  miles  from  the  feet  of  the  mountains  ; 

m  kis  days  the  full  extent  and  elevation  of  the  mountain 
B a**es  was  ur.known,  and  their  magnitude  was  gTeatly  under- 
est.aiaitd-  Afterward-,  when  the  magnitude  became  belter 
cr.'/wn.  Archdeacon  Pratt  of  Calcutta,  a  mathematician  of  great 
rsiaence.  calculated  that  they  would  materially  attract  the  plumb- 
Lse  at  points  many  hundred  miles  distant ;  he  also  found  that 
everywhere  between  the  Himalayas  and  the  ocean,  the  excess  of 
'.■rr-.-j  of  the  '.and  of  the  continent  as  compared  with  the  water 
of  tie  ocean  w.ul  i  comb.ne  with  the  Himalayan  attraction  and 
ta  .r~x*e  the  de!?e-.t:oo  of  the  plumb-line  northwards,  towards 
•-e  prei:  ioxw  ra.-.-£»~s,  and  that  under  ihe  joint  influence  of 
U«  H.=-iia>a.s  xr.'i  the  ocean  the  level  of  the  sea  at  Kurrachee 
w  .:  t  re  ra:«ed  560  feet  al.  \e  the  level  at  Cape  Comorin. 

Vt.  a*  a  matter  of  fact  the  Indian  arc  gave  a  value  of  the 
e^rh  t  e.I:;-\c;:y  which  agreed  sufficiently  cicely  with  the  values 
ier.«ed  fr.tn  the  arcs  measured  in  all  other  quarters  of  the  globe, 
to  •^■.m  that  it  coy!  J  no:  have  been  largely  distorted  by  deflec- 
t.  r.»  of  the  plumb-line;  that  it  appeared  that  whereat  Everest 
tt        have  sightly  underestimated  the  Himalayan  attraction,  J 
p-i"  mutt  have  greatly  overestimated  it.    His  calculations  were  1 
fc  wever  ba^ed  on  reliable  data,  and  were  indubitably  correct.  | 
>  .r  v/»c  tiu.e  the  cuntradictioo  remained  unexplained,  but 
e'-r^tually  Sy  <»eorge  Airy  put  forward  the  hypothesis  that  the  1 
u  "  jetceof  the  Himalayan  masses  must  be  counteracted  by  some  I 
c<  mt<r.»atory  deposition  of  the  matter  of  the  earth's  crust  im-  I 
it.-  La'ely  below  thrrn,  and  in  which  they  are  rooted  ;  he  suggested 
tra?  the  lases  of  the  mountains  had  sunk  to  some  depth  into  a 
fluid  lava  which  he  conceived  to  exi  t  lelow  the  earth's  crust,  and 
that  the  sinking  had  caused  a  displacement  of  dense  matter  by  I 
lighter  matter  felow,  which  would  tend  tocnm|ensjte  for  the  I 
excess  of  matter  ar»sve.    Now  Pratt's  calculations  had  reference  I 
only  to  the  vi.i'-le  mountain  and  oceanic  mas«es,  and  their  attrac- 
tive influences — the  former  positive,  the  latter  negative — in  a 
horizor.'al  direction  ;  he  had  no  data  for  investigating  the  density  1 
of  the  crust  of  the  earth  below  either  the  mountain*  on  the  one  1 
hand,  ur  the  bed  of  the  ocean  on  the  other.    I  he  pendulum  ob- 
servations furnished  the  nr»t  direct  measures  of  the  vertical  force 
cf  gTasiiy  in  different  localities  whuh  were  obtained,  ard  these 
measures  resealcd  two  broad  facts  regarding  the  di»js»it;  n  -f 
the  ir.vi-ihle  matter  below  ;  first,  that  the  force  of  gravity 
ist.es  as  the  mounta;n»  are  approached,  and  is  very  much  !e*»  -u 
the  «n=ynil  of  the  highly  elevated  Himalayan  table-lar 
can  be  acconoted  for  otherwise  than  bv  a  deficiency  of  matter 
below;  secondly,  that  it  increase*  as  the  ocean  is  appntuhrd. 
and     greater  on  islands  than  can  be  accounted  for  otherwise  than 
by  an  excess  of  matter  below.    Assuming  gravity  to  be  1 
00  the  coast  lines,  the  mean  ol  -erved  increase  at  the  Hu  I  na- 
tion was  such  as  to  cause  a  -co>nds'  pendulum  to  gain  three 
swills  daily,  and  the  mean  otrterved  decrease  in  the  interior  of 
the  Continent  would  have  ciu^cl  the  pen  iulntn  to  l.*e  :\ 
seconds  dairy  at  stations  aver iging  i.xofcet  i:-  ve  the  sea  level, 
f  aWMati  at  1,800  feet,  and  about  22  secon  N  at  15.400  ic-c'  — 
B*  Mghcwt  elevation  reached  — m  excess  of  the  normal 
1  height  above  the  >ri 


Pratt  was  strongly  oppo  cd  to  the  hypothesis  of  a  sons:  ». 
or  magma,  of  fluid  igneous  rock  beneath  the  mount  in 
assumed  the  earth  to  be  solid  throughout,  and  regxrde: 
mountains  as  an  expansion  of  the  ins  isible  matter  below, 
thus  becou.es  attcnuatevl  and  lighter  than  it  is  under  rc$> 
lest  elevation,  and  a  ore  particularly  in  the  depressions  uvi .  - 
tractions  below  the  led  of  the  ocean.     And  certainly  M 
to  have  more  reason  to  conclude  that  the  mount  aim  cm:. 
from  the  tub  .Kent  matter  of  the  earth's  crust  than  that  tir'  .- 
as  wholly  independent  of  it  a>  if  they  were  formed  of  stos  . 
from  passing  meteors  and  asteroids  ;  any/  severance  of  coo*,  t. 
and  association  betw  een  the  visible  above  and  the  mrmhie  .<_  s 
appears,  on  the  face  of  it,  to  be  decidedly  improbable. 

The  hypothetic  of  tub-continental  attenuation  and  «ab-u;.: 
condensation  of  matter  is  supported  by  the  two  arcs  of  loti- 
on the  paiail:.  of  Madras  ami  Bombay  ;  for  at  the  Bff, t 
points  of  these  arcs,  which  arc  tituatcd  on  the  opj>  «sate  coast  — . 
the  horizontal  attraction  hat  been  found  to  be  not  landvir!. . 
align*  have  been  anticipated,  but  seawards,  showing  that  tit  1 
hciem  density  of  the  sea  as  compared  with  the  land  is  mart  _ 
compensates!  by  the  greater  density  of  the  matter  anic  l 
ocean  than  of  that  unocr  the  land. 

While  on  the  subject  of  the  constitution  of  the  earth  s  c-. 
I  may  diaw  attention  to  the  circumstance  that  the  tnia.' 
ations  which  have  been  carried  on  at  a  number  of  points  a  - 
coasts  of  India,  as  a  part  of  the  operations  of  the  Ssrwy. 
to  she  w  that  the  earth  is  solid  to  its  core,  and  that  the  (euCi- 
hypothe>is  of  a  fluid  interior  is  untenable.    They  ha*t  tc 
analysed  by  Prof.  G.  H.  Darwin,  with  a  view  to  the  It 
ation  of  a  numerical  estimate  of  the  rigidity  of  the  car—  K 
has  ascertained  that  whilst  there  is  some  evidence  of  I 
yielding  of  the  earth's  matt,  that  yielding  U  certainly  saxat  u- 
the  eflectise  rigidity  is  very  considerable,  not  so  great  n 
steel.  as  was  at  tirst  surmised,  but  sufficient  to  aifordao  m^-'~ 
confirmation  of  the  justice  of  Sir  William  Thomson's  ceor 
as  to  the  great  rigidity. 

The  In-lian  pendulum  ofners'ations  have  r een  empire: 
Colonel  Clarke,  in  combination  ssith  ihv^c  taken  in  othn 
of  the  globe,  to  determine  the  earth's  cllipticity.    Former!)  uv 
was  wont  to  be  a  material  difference  between  the  cllifto— ■" 
which  were  respectively  derivoi  from  pendulum  ubservalx*  J- 
direct  geodetic  measurements,  ihe  tormer  being  somewhat  {to 
than  .It.  the  latter  somewhat  lets  than  j{t  ;  bat  a*  new  - 
more  exact  data  became  available,  the  values  derived  frm  ibw 
two  evscntially  independent  sources  became  more  sad 
accordant,  and  they  now  nearly  agree  in  the  value  ili- 

At  a  part  of  the  pendulum  operations,  a  dctcrminatios  U 
length  of  the  seconds'  pendulum  was  made  at  Kew  by  "I 
Heaviside.  with  the  pendulum  which  had  been  employed  it  «* 
tame  puq«>se  bj-  Kater  early  in  the  present  century,  when  lo-a, 
men  of  science  in  England  believed  that  in  the  event  of '— ' 
national  -tandard  yanl  being  destroyeil  or  lost,  the  length  cjf- 
be  refuoduced  at  any  time  » ith  the  aid  of  a  reversible  p»!J«* 
In  consequence  of  this  belief  an  Act  of  Parliament  was  p*"^* 
in  1S24  which  dehneii  the  re. ations  between  the  imperial  ml 
secon<ls'  pendulum,  the  length  ot  the  former  being  to  that  * 
latter— swung  in  the  latitude  of  London,  in  a  vacuum  *1"1V^ 
level  of  the  sea — in  the  proportion  of  36  inch rs  to  39'IJ9J 
I  hut,  while  the  French  took  for  their  unit  of  length  thr 
miiiionth  part  of  the  ear.h,  mendj. -nal  quadrant,  the 

- 's  (he  pcniiuium  swinging  seconds  m  the  latitude  of  L*1^ 
In  case  01  loss  the  yard  is  obv  iudaty  recoverable  more  rt*djl»»*- 
ine\|>ensivcly  l>s-  reierence  to  the  pendulum  than  the  netit  «T 
reterence  to  the  quadrant ;  it  is  alto  recoverable  with  grcati  Jj 
curacy  :  tj-.li  the  accuracy  i«  r»t  nearly  what  would  b««  be*"*" 
indt»:<n-abie  lor  the  determination  of  a  11 11  \i»m\ 
length,  ar,  I  ;;  n ••»  generally  ato-itted  thai  every  | 
certain  latent  defects,  the  influence  of  which  < 


asccrtainel. 
a    *ui  table 


Thus  the 
one  tVr 


l>ut.  on  the  other  »w 
unaltered,  it  is  it 
tor  dirierential  dc 

employ  even  for  •}. 
sn.i  w  ith  -  -lit-  mi;  ca 
1  etc  nr.;  nation  ;  thus  if  i< 
*t  a  g>««1  dirtvrrniial  gr_ 
which  satittsitt-ry  results  1 
of  many  days,  the  boon  to  sdk 


.Sept.  17,  1885] 


NATURE 


487 


The  trigonometrical  operations  fix  with  extreme  accuracy  two 
of  the  co-ordinates  —  the  latitude  and  longitude — which  define 
t  he  positions  of  the  principal  stations  ;  hut  the  third  co-ordinate, 
th<-  height,  is  not  susceptible  of  being  determined  by  such  oper- 
ations with  anything  like  the  same  degree  of  accuracy,  because 
« >f  the  variations  of  refraction  to  which  rays  of  light  passing 
1  h rough  the  lower  strata  of  the  atmosphere  are  liable,  as  the 
temperature  of  the  surface  of  the  ground  changes  in  the  course 
<>f  the  day.    In  the  plains  the  apparent  height  of  a  station  ten 
t  o  twelve  miles  from  the  observer  has  liccn  found  to  be  upwards 
of  100  feet  greater  in  the  cool  of  the  night  than  in  the  neat  of 
the  day,  the  refraction  being  always  positive  when  the  lower  at- 
mospheric strata  are  chilled  and  laden  with  dew,  and  negative 
vi  hen  they  arc  rarefied  by  the  heat  radiated  from  the  surface  of 
« he  ground.    At  hill  stations  the  ray*  of  light  usually  pass  high 
alxive  the  surface  of  the  ground,  and  the  diumal  variations  of 
refraction  are  comparatively  immaterial,  and  very  good  results 
are  obtained  by  the  expedient  of  taking  the  vertical  olwervations 
between  reciprocating  stations  at  the  same  hour  of  the  day,  and 
n-s  nearly  as  possible  at  the  time  of  minimum  refraction  ;  but  in 
the  plains  this  expedient  does  not  usually  suffice  to  give  reliable 
results.     The  hill  ranges  of  central  and  those  of  northern  India 
arc  separated  by  a  broad  belt  of  plains,  which  embraces  the 
Kieater  portion  of  Sind,  the  Punjab,  Kajputana,  and  the  valley 
«->f  the  Ganges,  and  is  crossed  by  a  very  large  number  of  the 
principal  chains  of  triangles,  on  the  lines  where  the  chart  shows 
m  retches  of  comparatively  small  triangles,  which  are  in  most 
instance*  of  considerable  length.    Thus  it  became  necessary  to 
run  lines  of  spirit  levels  over  these  plains,  from  sea  to  sea,  to 
check  the  trigonometrical  heights.    The  opportunity  was  taken 
advantage  ol  to  connect  all  the  levels  which  had  t>een  executed 
f  r  irrigation  and  other  public  works,  and  reduce  them  to  a  com- 
mon datum  ;  and  eventually  lines  of  level  were  carried  along  the 
coast  and  from  sea  to  sea  to  connect  the  tidal  stations.  The 
aggregate  length  of  the  standard  lines  of  level  executed  up  to 
the  present  time  is  nearly  10,000  miles,  and  an  extensive  scries 
of  charts  of  the  levels  derived  from  other  departments  of  the 
public  service  and  reduced  to  the  survey  datum  has  already  been 
published. 

The  survey  datum  which  has  been  adopted  for  all  heights, 
whether  deduced  trigonometrically  or  by  spirit-levelling,  is  the 
mean  sea  level  as  determined,  either  for  initiation  or  verification, 
hy  tidal  observations  at  several  points  on  the  coast  lines.  At 
first  the  observations  were  restricted  to  what  was  necessary  for 
the  requirements  of  the  survey,  and  their  duration  was  limited 
to  a  lunar  month  at  each  station.  In  1872  more  exact  deter- 
minations were  called  for,  to  ascertain  whether  gradual  changes 
in  the  relative  level  of  Land  and  sea  were  taking  place  at  the 
head  of  the  Gulf  of  Cutch,  as  had  been  surmised  by  the  geo- 
logical surveyors,  and  observations  were  taken  for  over  a  year  at 
three  tidal  stations  on  the  coasts  of  the  gulf,  to  be  repeated 
hereafter  when  a  sufficient  period  had  elapsed  to  permit  of  a 
measurable  change  of  level  having  taken  place.  Finally,  in 
1875,  the  Government  intimated  that  as  "the  great  scientific 
.1 3 vantages  of  a  systematic  record  of  tidal  observations  on  Indian 
coasts  had  l>een  frequently  urged  and  ad  nitted,"  such  observa- 
tion* should  be  taken  at  all  the  principal  ports  and  at  such  points 
on  the  coast  lines  as  were  best  suited  for  investigations  of  the 
laws,  of  the  tides.  In  accordanc ;  with  these  instructions,  five  years' 
observations  have  been  made  at  sevcra'  points,  and  new  stations 
are  taken  up  as  the  operations  at  the  first  one*  are  completed. 

'Die  initiation  of  the  later  and  more  elaborate  operations  is 
due  in  great  measure  to  the  recommendations  of  the  Tidal  Com- 
mittee of  the  British  Association,  of  which  Sir  William  Thom- 
son was  President.  The  tidal  observations  have  been  treated  by 
the  method  of  harmonic  analysis  advocated  by  the  Committee. 
The  constants  for  amplitude  and  epoch  are  determined  for  every 
tklal  component,  both       bri-  arj  i  ..f  pci  b-N.  .itn:  «,rh 

I  heir  aid  Cide -tables  arc  r.o«  p::-|,i  v.i  r.r.-l  ;n>*  i-h-d  ar.ti.-.  .l!y  i  i 
CftGQ  of  the  principal  p-m-  ;  and  f.uil.-.-!,  :!  is  will:  them  :li.v 

'"f  ft  JL>Darwiri  made  the  nn  .--'it;;: '  i- >n  ■  of  the  elb-'tiw 
rigidity  r  "«ytb,  which  1  hav.:  already  m.-tition  -  I  Tlwr 

VfrjT  ""*wwllich  Were  i.r.M-l  by  t  he  i-a : :  1:.  |v  1 .1:1 

Ittt  '^Jk  Bay  of  Bengal,  :i-vi  by  lli  •  :ii<-.il-|. 

voli  ^Uud  of  Krak.Ui  .1  .iti- 1  the  Mia  i-, 

Sun  "sShjU  Were  rc^isi.-ic  I  :i;  ~evrr.il  •>'■ 

lhe(i  L,e|Mndencc  has  !m-.-:i  hn  n  .-  ir  I 

of  tli*  1  ^nh*  and  the  nce:iii-w.! -.-< 


I  must  not  close  this  account  of  the  non-graphical,  or  more 
purely  scientific,  operations  of  the  great  Trigonometrical  Survey 
of  India  without  saying  something  of  the  officers  who  were  em- 
ployed thereon,  under  the  successive  superintendence  of  Everest, 
Waugh,  and  myself.  A  considerable  majority  were  military, 
from  all  branches  of  the  army —  the  cavalry  and  infantry,  as  well 
as  the  corps  of  engineers  and  artillery  ;  the  remainder  were 
civilians,  mostly  promoted  from  the  subordinate  grades.  Promi- 
nent shares  in  the  operations  were  taken  by  Lieutenant  Renny, 
Bengal  Engineers,  afterwards  well  known  in  this  neighbourhood 
as  Colonel  Kenny  Tailyour,  of  Borrowfield  in  Forfarshire,  of 
whom  and  his  contemporary,  Lieutenant  Waugh,  Everest,  re- 
tiring, reported  in  terms  nf  the  highest  commendation  ;  by 
Reginald  Walker,  of  the  Bengal  Engineers,  George  Logan, 
George  Shelverton,  and  Henry  Beverley,  all  of  whom  fell  victims 
to  jungle  fever;  by  Strange,  F.R.S.,  of  the  Madras  Cavalry, 
whose  name  is  associated  with  the  construction  of  the  modern 
geodetic  instruments  of  the  Survey  ;  by  Jacob— afterwards 
Government  Astronomer  at  Madras — Rivers  and  Haij,  all  of 
the  Bombay  Engineers;  Tcnnant,  CLE.,  F.R.S.,  Bengal 
Engineers,  afterwards  Master  of  the  Mint  in  Calcutta ;  Mont- 
gomerie,  F.R.S.,  of  the  Bengal  Engineers,  whose  name  is  best 
remembered  in  connection  with  the  Trans- Himalayan  geo- 
graphical operations  ;  James  Basevi,  of  the  Bengal  Engineers, 
who  so  sadly  died  of  exposure  while  engaged  on  the  pendulum 
operations  in  the  higher  Himalayas ;  H  ran  fill,  of  the  Bengal 
Cavalry ;  Thuillier,  Carter,  Camptxdl,  Trotter,  Heaviside, 
Rogers,  Hill,  and  Baird,  F.R.S.,  all  engineer  officers;  also 
Hennessey,  C.I.E.,  F.R.S.,  M.A.,  Herschel,  F.K.S..  and 
Cole,  M.A.,  whose  names  arc  intimately  associated  with  the 
collateral  mathematical  investigations  and  the  final  reduction  of 
the  principal  triangulation. 

The  Trigonometrical  Survey  owes  very  much  to  the  liberal 
and  even  generous  support  which  it  has  invariably  received  from 
the  Supreme  Government,  with  the  sanction  and  approval,  first 
of  the  Directors  of  the  East  India  Company,  and  afterwards  of 
the  Secretary  of  State  for  India.  In  times  of  war  and  financial 
embarrassment  the  scope  of  the  operations  has  been  curtailed, 
the  establishments  have  been  reduced,  and  some  of  the  military 
officers  sent  to  join  the  armies  in  the  field  ;  but  whatever  the 
crisis,  the  operations  have  never  been  wholly  suspended.  Even 
during  the  troubles  of  1857-58,  following  the  mutiny  of  the 
native  army,  they  were  carried  on  in  some  parts  of  the  country, 
though  arrested  in  others  ;  and  the  then  Viceroy,  lx>rd  Canning, 
on  receiving  the  reports  of  the  progress  of  the  oj>erations  during 
that  eventful  period,  immediately  acknowledged  them  to  the 
Surveyor-General,  Colonel  Waugh,  in  a  letter  from  which  the 
following  extract  is  taken  : 

"  I  cannot  resist  telling  you  at  once  with  how  much  satis- 
faction 1  have  seen  these  papers.  It  is  a  pleasure  to  turn  from 
the  troubles  and  anxieties  with  which  India  is  still  beset,  and  to 
find  that  a  gigantic  work,  of  permanent  peaceful  usefulness,  and 
one  which  will  assuredly  ta'<e  the  highest  rank  as  a  work  of 
scientific  labour  and  skill,  has  been  steadily  and  rapidly  pro- 
gressing through  all  the  turmoil  of  the  last  two  years." 

The  operations  have  been  uninfluenced  by  changes  of  fenonnri 
in  the  administration  of  the  Indian  Empire,  as  Governor- 
Generals  and  Viceroys  succeeded  each  other,  bin  have  met  with 
uniform  and  consistent  support  and  encouragement.  It  may 
well  be  doubted  whether  any  similar  undertaking,  in  any  other 
part  of  the  world,  has  been  equally  favoured  and  as  munificently 
maintained. 

In  conclusion  I  must  state  that  I  have  purposely  said  nothing 
of  the  graphical  operations  executed  in  the  Trigonometrical  and 
other  branches  of  the  Survey  of  India,  because  they  arc  more 
generally  known,  their  results  appear  in  maps  which  speak  for 
thetn.elve-,  and  tune  would  not  permit  of  my  attempting  to 
describe  them  abo.  They  comprise,  first,  the  general  topo- 
graphy of  all  India,  mostly  on  the  standard  scale  of  1  inch  to 
■die  mile  ;  sf<onJ!y,  geographical  surveys  and  explorations  of 
regions  beyond  the  British  frontier,  notably  such  as  are  being 
carried  on  at  the  present  time  on  the  Russo  Afghan  frontier,  by 
Major  Holdich  and  other  officers  of  the  Survey  ;  thirdly,  the  so- 
called  Revenue  Survey  of  the  British  districts  in  the  Bengal 
Presidency,  which  is  simply  a  topographical  survey  on  an  enlarged 
scale— 4  inches  to  the  mtle — showing  the  boundaries  and  areas 
•>f  villages  for  fiscal  requirements  ;  and  fourthly,  the  Cadastral 
Survey  of  certain  of  the  Hritish  districts  in  the  Bengal  Presi- 
dency, showing  fields  and  the  boundaries  of  all  properties,  on 
scale's  of  16  to  31  inches  to  the  mile.    There  are  also  certain 


Digitized  by  Go< 


488 


NATURE 


[Sept.  17.  iSv; 


large  scale  NUVCjn  of  portions  of  British  districts  in  the  Madras 
and  Bomfay  Presidencies,  which,  though  undertaken  originally  ; 
for  purely  fiscal  purpose,  by  revenue  and  settlement  officers  , 
working  indcj>cndcntly  of  the  professional  survey,  have  latterly 
l>een  required  to  contribute  their  quota  to  the  general  topography 
of  the  country.  And  of  late  years  a  survey  branch  has  been 
added  to  the  Forest  Department,  to  provide  it  with  working 
maps  constructed  for  its  own  requirement-,  on  a  larger  scale  than 
the  standard  topographical  scale,  but  on  a  trigonometrical  basis, 
and  in  co-o|>cration  with  the  Survey  Department.  But  this  brief 
capitulation  give*  no  sort  of  idea  of  the  vast  amount  of  valuable 
topographical  ami  other  work  for  the  requirements  of  the  local 
Administrations  and  the  public  at  large— always  toilsome,  often 
perilous — which  has  been  accomplished,  quite  apart  from  and  in 
quantity  far  exceeding  the  non -graphical  and  more  purely  scientific 
work  which  I  have  lieen  describing.  Its  magnitude  and  variety  arc 
suc  h  that  a  mere  list  of  the  officers  who  have  taken  prominent 
shares  in  it,  from  first  to  last,  would  \>c  too  long  to  read  to  you. 
Three  names,  however.  I  must  mention:  first,  that  of  General 
Sir  Henry  Thuillicr.  who  became  Surveyor-General  on  the  same 
day  that  I  succeeded  to  the  superintendence  of  the  Great  Trigo- 
nometrical >>urvey,  ami  with  whom  I  had  the  honour  of  co- 
op-rating for  many  years;  under  his  administration  a  much 
larger  amount  of  topography  was  executed  than  under  any  of 
his  predecessors,  and  a  great  impetus  was  given  to  the  litho 
graphic,  photographic,  engraving  and  other  offices  in  which  the 
maps  of  the  survey  are  published  ;  stcondly,  that  of  Colonel 
Sconce,  who  l>ecame  Deputy  Surveyor -General  soon  after  my 
accession  in  1878  to  the  Survey  Generalship,  and  with  whom  I 
was  associated  for  some  years,  much  to  my  gratification  anil  ad- 
vantage, in  various  matters,  but  more  particularly  in  the  esta- 
blishment of  cadastral  surveys  on  a  professional  basis  at  a 
moderate  cost,  to  render  them  more  generally  feasible,  which 
was  a  matter  of  the  utmost  importance  for  the  administration  of 
the  more  highly  populated  portions  of  the  Hriti«h  provinces  -. 
and  thirdly,  that  of  Lieutenant-Colonel  Waterhouse,  who  has 
for  many  years  superintended  the  offices  in  which  photography 
is  employed,  in  combination  with  zincography  and  lithography, 
for  the  speedy  reproduction  tn  main  of  the  maps  of  the  Survey, 
and  has  done  much  to  develop  the  art  of  photogravure,  whereby 
drawings  in  brushwork  and  mezzotint  may  be  reproduced  with  a 
degree  of  excellence  rivalling  the  best  copperplate  engraving, 
ami  almost  as  s|>ccdily  and  cheaply  as  drawings  in  pen  and  ink 
work  are  reproduced  by  photo-zincography. 

Mr.  Clements  Markham's  Memoir  on  the  Indian  Surveys  gives 
ihe  best  account  yet  published  of  the  several  graphical  surveys 
up  to  the  year  1878.  In  that  year  the  Trigonometrical,  Topo- 
graphical, ami  the  Revenue  branches,  which  up  to  that  time  had 
constituted  three  separate  and  almost  independent  departments, 
were  amalgamates!  together  into  what  is  now  officially  designated 
•'  1  he  Survey  of  India."  In  the  same  year  the  chronicle  so  well 
commenced  by  Mr.  Markham  came  to  an  end  on  his  retiiement 
from  the  India  office  —unfortunately,  for  it  is  a  work  of  excel 
lence  in  object  and  in  execution,  and  most  encouraging  to  Indian 
surveyors,  who  find  their  labours  recorded  in  it  with  intelligent 
appreciation  and  kindly  recognition. 

During  the  present  meeting,  several  papers  by  officers  of  the 
Survey  will  be  read — one  by  Colonel  Barron,  in  |>crson,  on  the 
cadastral  surveys  in  the  organisation  of  which  he  has  taken  I 
lev ling  share  ;  by  Major  tllaird,  on  the  work  of  spirit  levelling, 
which  he  wperintench  conjointly  with  the  tidal  olKcrvation*  ;  bv 
Colonel  (ioawin  Austen,  on  l  ieutenant -Colonel  Woorithorpe « 
recent  journey  from  Upper  Assnm  to  the  Ira  wad  1  river:  by 
Colonel  Itratitill,  on  the  physical  gcog raphy  of  Southern  India; 
and  by  Colonel  Tanner,  on'iM.rtions  of  the  Himalayas,  and  on 
recent  explorations  in  Southern  Tibet.  Major  Bailey  will  aKo 
read  a  paper  on-the  forest  survey*. 


SECTION  G 
mechanical  science 

Ol'KNINO  APPKFsS  ttV  B.  MAKER.  M.ISST.C.E.,  PRESIDENT 

or  Tti  it  Sin  ion 

Two  hundred  and  fifty  seven  Presidential  Addresses  of  one 
kind  and  another  have  Iveii  delivered  at  meetings  of  the  Hntidi 
Association  since  ihe  member*  last  musiercd  ai  Al<enleen.  I 
need  hardly  say  that  the  candid  friend  who  informed  me  of  this 
.interesting  fact  most  effectually  dispelled  any  illusion  I  may 


have  previously  entertained  as  to  the  possibility  of  prepirji;  _ 
address  of  sufficient  novelty  and  suggest  iveness  to  be  worth? 
your  attention,  and  I  can  only  hope  that  any  »hortcom.n.rs  • 
be  dealt  with  leniently  by  you.    One  compensating  advae/A 
obviously  belongs  to  my  late  appearance  in  the  field— I  t- 
2x7  models  of  style  upon  which  to  frame  my  address.  Mi 
tinguished  predecessor.  Sir  Frederick  B  ram  well,  has  a  «yk  . 
bis  own,  in  which  wit  and  wisdom  arc  combined  in  p 
proportions  ;  but  were  I  to  attempt  this  style  I  should  d 
incur  the  rebuke  which  a  dramatic  critic  of  Charles  the 
time  administered  to  a  too  ambitious  imitator  of  a  yx 
favourite  :  "  He's  got  his  fiddle,  but  not  his  hands  to  phr  t 
I  must  search  further  back  than  last  year,  therefore,  for  i  - 
of  style,  and  the  search  reminds  me  that  I  labour  under  1  h 
disadvantagc  :  firstly,  that  only  two  addresses  intervene  htwi 
the  present  one  ami  that  of  my  partner,  Mr.  John  Fowler.  »• 
whom  I  have  so  long  had  the  honour  of  being  assoa.it 
whose  professional  experiences,  as  set  forth  in  h:-  nld-r- 
necessarily  so  largely  identical  with  my  own  ;  and.  «•  i 
that  within  the  same  period  I  have  rear!  before  this  Sec  <  • 
somewhat  lengthv  papers  on  the  work  which  is  at  prrsen: 
engaging  the  attention  of  Mr.  Fowler  and  myself-tat  c- 
I'orth  liriilizc 

Although,  for  the  reasons  aforesaid.  I  am  conscious  IBM  - 
address  may  fail  in  novelty,  I  cannot  honestly  profess  to  tr- 
difficulty  in  preparing  an  address  of  some  kind,  for  the  -  < 
embraced  under  the  head  of  M  Mechanical  Science  "  art  > 
exhaustible  that  even  the  youngest  student  might  *a/d»  >• 
the  responsibility  of  speaking  for  an  hour  on  some  ot  '- 
Prof.  Rankinc,  addressing  you  thirty  years  ago,  said  if  »* « 
understood  lhat  questions  of  pure  or  abstract  mechanics  tr 
part  of  the  subjects  dealt  wiih  in  this  Section.    With  chi-> 
istic  clearness  of  conception  and  precision  of  language 
you  what  the  term   "mechanical  science"  meant,  «*■'• 
thirty  years*  interval,  his  words  may  l>e  recalled  with  adna\" 
lo  every  one  proposing  to  prepare  an  addrc-s  or  report  f*- 
Section.    "  Mechanical  science,"  said  Prof.  Rankine,  "era-* 
its  pjsscssor  to  (dan  a  structure  or  machine  for  a  givm  :<-' 
without  the  necessity  of  copying  some  existent  e*a*-,-f 
compute  the  theoretical  limit  of  the  strength  and  T ' 

structure  or  the  efficiency  of  a  machine  of  a  particu'ar  »  " 
ascertain  how  far  Ml  actual  structure  or  machine  fids  to  »-'-^ 
that  limit,  ami  to  discover  the  cause  and  the  reme h 
shortcoming  :  to  determine  to  what  extent,  in  1  ay-.n - 
principles  for  practical  use.  it  is  advantageous  for  the  si. 
simplicity  to  deviate  from  the  exactness  required  by  pert 
and  to  judge  how  far  an  existing  practical  rule  is  Glib  - 
reason,  how  far  on  custom,  and  how  far  on  error.     T «~ 
thus  an  ample  text  for  many  discourses  ;  but,  as  I  am  r.  • 
ing  a  treatise  on  engineering,  but   merely  delivering  * 
addrc-s,  1  will  confine  my  attention  at  present  to*p*£' 
case  of  the  branch  of  mechanical  science  referred  to  in  »■ 
clause  of  Prof.  Rankinc'*  definition,  and  will  ask  yoo  ' 
sider  how  far  ihe  exisiing  practical  rules  respecting  the  st*^ 
of  metallic  bridges  are  "  founded  on  reason,  how  far  00  V 
and  how  far  on  error."  ,  , 

The  first  question  obviously  is,  Wliat  are  the  rules  1 1 
engineers  ar.d  ( .ovcrnmcnt  departments  at  the  present 
it  is  one  not  easily  answered.   I  h^ve  for  some  time  P"»"J! 
ceiving  communications  from  leading  Continental  and  A  a 
engineers,  asking  me  what  is  my  practice  as  regards  thr  - 
ible  intensity  of  stress  on  iron  and  steel  bridges,  and  ,<"rr". 
hive  invited  similar  communication*  from  At  ■MM**'  t 
result  I  am  able  to  <.\y  that  at  the  present  time  ^ 
prevails.    The  old  foundations  arc  shaken,  and  engi**1*  ,.( 
not  come  to  any  agreement  rc*j>ccting  the  IT')U1'''''|Li«r  .- 
structure.    The  variance  in  the  strength  of  existing 
such  as  10  l>c  apparent  to  the  educated  eye  without  xBf  cl*  , 
tion.     If  the  wheels  of  a  miniature  brougham  were  nnt'^  . 
heavy  cart  the  incdent  would  excite  the  derision  f»ea  ^ 
street  l»oys,  and  yet  equal  want  of  reason  and  meih>"  •'  T. 
found  in  hundred-  of  bridges  in  all  countries.  It 
secret  lhat  Dearly  .ill  the  lar^e  railway  companies  *re''rTl^r 
ing  their  bridges,  and  necessarily  so,  for  I  could  f,"f,*^;tt 
the  working  stress  on  the  iron  has  exceeded  by  Ij^i  .'V. 
thai  considereil  admissible  by  leading  American  an>, 
bridge-builders  in  similar  structures.  j# 
In  the  case  of  old  bridges  the  variance  in  strfOj".* 

i>artlv  due  to  ein-is  m  hypothesis  and  miscalculat'00  0 
n  the  present  day  engineers  >f  all  countries  are  i»  tL 


Sept.  17.  1885] 


NATURE 


489 


the  principles  of  estimating  the  magnitude  of  the  stresses  on  the 
different  members  of  a  structure,  but  not  so  in  proportioning 
the  members  to  resist  those  stresses.  The  practical  result  is 
that  a  bridge  which  would  be  passed  by  the  English  Board  of 
Trade  would  require  to  be  strengthened  5  per  cent,  in  some 
parts  and  60  per  cent,  in  others  before  it  would  be  accepted  by 
the  German  Government  or  by  any  of  the  leading  railway  com- 
panies in  America.  This  undesirable  state  of  affairs  arises  from 
the  fact  that  in  our  own  and  some  other  countries  many  en- 
gineers still  persistently  ignore  the  fact  that  a  bar  of  iron  may 
i)c  broken  in  two  ways— namely,  by  the  single  application  of  a 
heavy  stress  or  by  the  repeated  application  of  a  comparatively 
light  stress.  An  athlete's  muscles  have  often  been  likened  to  a 
bar  of  iron,  but,  if  "fatigue"  be  in  question,  the  simile  is  very 
wide  of  the  truth.  Intermittent  action— the  alternative  pull  and 
rhnist  of  the  rower,  or  of  the  labourer  turning  a  winch— is  what 
the  muscle  likes  and  the  bar  of  iron  abhors.  Troopers  dismount  to 
rest  their  horses,  but  to  relieve  a  bar  of  iron  temporarily  of  load 
<>nly  serves  to  fatigue  it.  Half  a  century  ago  Braithwaile  cor- 
rectly attributed  the  failure  of  some  girders,  carrying  a  large 
brewery  vat,  to  the  vessel  being  sometimes  full  and  sometimes 
vmpty,  the  repeated  deflection,  although  imperceptibly  slow  and 
wholly  free  from  vibration,  deteriorating  the  metal,  until,  in  the 
c  >urse  of  years,  the  girders  broke.  These  girders  were  of  cast- 
u'on  ;  but  it  was  equally  well  known  that  wrought-iron  was 
->:milarly  affected,  for  in  1842  Nasmyth  called  the  attention  of 
this  Section  to  the  fact  that  the  "  alternate  strain  "  in  axles 
rendered  them  weak  and  brittle,  and  suggested  annealing  as  a 
r.;medy,  he  having  found  that  an  axle  which  would  snap  with 
»nc  blow  when  worn  would  bear  eighteen  blows  when  new  or 
after  being  annealed. 

So  important  a  matter  as  the  action  of  intermittent  stresses 
could  not  escape  the  attention  of  the  Royal  Commissioners 
appointed  in  1849  t°  consider  the  application  of  iron  to  railway 
structures,  and  some  significant  and  sufficiently  conclusive  ex- 
periments were  made  by  Capt.  Douglas  Dalton  and  others.  Cast- 
iron  bars  j  inches  square  and  13  feet  6  inches  span  between 
the  sup,  orts  were  deflected,  both  by  the  slow  action  of  a  cam 
and  the  percussive  action  of  a  swinging  pendulum  weight.  When 
the  deflection  was  that  due  to  one-third  of  the  breaking  weight, 
.ibout  50,000  successive  bendings  by  the  cam  broke  one  of  the 
bars,  and  alwit  IOOO  blows  from  the  pendulum  another.  When 
the  deflection  was  increased  from  one-third  to  one-half,  about 
500  applications  of  the  cam,  and  too  blows,  sufficed  to  rupture 
two  of  the  specimens.  Slow-moving  weights  on  bars  and  on  a 
small  wrought- iron  box  girder  gave  analogous  results  ;  and  the 
deduction  drawn  by  the  experimenters  at  the  time  was  that 
"  iron  bars  scarcely  bear  the  reiterated  application  of  one-third 
the  breaking  weight  without  injury,  hence  the  prudence  of 
always  making  beams  capable  of  bearing  six  times  the  greatest 
weight  that  could  be  laid  upon  them." 

Although  these  experiments  were  entirely  confirmatory  of  all 
previous  experience,  they  would  appear  to  have  little  influenced 
the  practice  of  engineers,  since  Fan-bairn,  more  than  ten  years 
later,  in  a  communication  to  this  Section,  said  that  opinions 
were  still  much  divided  upon  the  question  whether  the  con- 
tinuous change  of  load  which  many  wrought-iron  structures 
undergo  has  any  permanent  effect  upon  their  ultimate  powers 
of  resistance.  To  assist  in  settling  the  question  he  communicated 
to  the  Association  the  results  of  some  experiments  carried  out 
by  himself  and  Prof.  Unwin  on  a  little  riveted  girder  20  feet 
span  and  16  inches  deep.  Once  more  the  same  important  but 
disregarded  facts  were  enforced  on  the  attention  of  engineers. 
About  5000  applications  of  a  load  equal  to  four-tenths  of  the 
calculated  breaking  load  fractured  the  beam  with  the  small  ulti- 
mate deflection  of  three-eighths  of  an  inch,  and  subsequently, 
when  repaired,  the  beam  broke  with  one-third  of  the  load  and  a 
deflection  of  but  a  quarter  of  an  inch,  which  sufficiently  indicated 
how  small  a  margin  the  factor  of  safety  of  four,  when  currently 
adopted,  allowed  for  defective  manufacture,  inferior  material, 
and  errors  in  calculation.  Still  nothing  was  done,  and  the 
general  practice  of  engineers  and  the  Board  of  Trade  regulations 
continued  unaltered. 

Soon  after  the  introduction  of  wrought-iron  bridges  on  railways, 
the  testimony  of  practical  working  was  added  to  that  of  experi- 
ments. Ia  1848  several  girder  bridges  of  unduly  light  propor- 
tions were  erected  in  America,  and  one  of  66  feet  span  broke 
down  under  the  action  of  the  rolling  load  in  the  same  manner  as 
Fairbairn's  little  experimental  girder.  Again,  in  early  American 
timber  bridges  the  vertical  tie-rods  were  often  subject  to  stresses 


oscillating  between  1  ton  and  10  tons  per  square  inch  and  up- 
wards. Many  of  these  broke,  as  did  also  the  suspension  twits 
in  platforms  subjected  to  similar  stresses.  In  my  own  ex- 
perience, dozens  of  broken  flange-plates  and  angle-bars,  and 
hundreds  of  sheared  rivets,  have  been  the  silent  witnesses  of  the 
destructive  action  of  a  live  load.  I-ike  evidence  was  afforded  by 
early  constructed  iron  ships  deficient  in  girder  strength.  Under 
the  alternating  stresses  due  to  the  action  of  the  waves  weak- 
ness not  at  first  apparent  would,  in  the  course  of  time  be 
developed,  an.l  additional  strength,  in  the  way  of  stringers  and 
othciwise,  become  imperative. 

If  none  of  the  preceding  evidence  had  been  forthcoming,  the 
results  of  the  historical  scries  of  experiments  carried  out  by 
Wohlcr  for  the  Prussian  Ministry  of  Commerce  would  alone  be 
conclusive.  For  the  first  time  a  truly  scientific  method  of 
investigation  was  followed,  and  an  attempt  was  made  to  deter- 
mine the  laws  governing  the  already  proved  destructive  action 
of  intermittent  stresses.  In  previous  experiments  the  bar  or 
girder  was  alternately  fully  loaded  and  wholly  relieved  of  load. 
Wohlcr  was  not  satisfied  with  this,  but  tested  also  the  result 
of  a  partial  relief  of  load.  The  striking  fact  was  soon 
evidenced  on  testing  specimens  under  varying  tensions,  that  the 
amount  of  the  variation  was  as  necessary  to  be  considered  as 
that  of  the  maximum  stress.  Thus,  an  iron  bar  having  a  tensile 
strength  of  24  tons  per  square  inch  broke  with  about  100,000 
applications  of  a  stress  varying  from  nil  to  2 1  tons,  but  resisted 
4,000,000  applications  of  the  21  tons  when  the  minimum  stress 
was  varied  from  nil  to  1 1 §  tons.  The  alternations  of  stress  in 
the  case  of  some  test  pieces  numbered  no  less  than  132,000,000  ; 
and  too  much  credit  cannot  be  bestowed  by  engineers  upon 
Wohler  for  the  ingenuity  and  patience  which  characterised  his 
researches.  As  a  result,  it  is  proved  beyond  all  further  question 
that  any  bar  or  beam  of  cast  iron,  wrought  iron,  or  steel  may  be 
fractured  by  the  continued  repetition  of  comparatively  small 
stresses,  and  that,  as  the  differences  of  stress  increase,  the 
maximum  stress  capable  of  being  sustained  diminishes. 

Various  formula:  based  upon  the  preceding  experiments  have 
Ijcen  proposed  for  the  determination  of  the  proper  sectional 
area  of  the  members  of  metallic  structures.  These  formulae  differ 
in  some  essential  respects,  and  doubtless  many  experiments  arc 
still  required  before  any  universally  accepted  rules  can  be  laid 
down.  Probably  at  the  present  time  the  engineers  who  have 
given  the  most  attention  to  the  subject  are  fairly  in  accord  in 
holding  that  the  admissible  stress  per  square  inch  in  a  wrought- 
iron  girder  subject  to  a  steady  dead  load  would  be  one  and  a 
half  times  as  great  as  that  in  a  girder  subject  to  a  wholly  live 
load,  and  three  times  that  allowable  in  members  subject  to 
alternate  tensile  and  compressive  stresses  of  equal  intensity,  such 
as  the  piston-rod  of  a  steam-engine  or  the  central  web-bracing 
of  a  lattice  girder.  If  the  alternations  of  stress  to  be  guarded 
against  are  not  assumably  infinite  in  number,  but  only  occasional 
— as  in  wind  bracing  for  hurricane  pressures,  or  in  a  vessel 
amongst  exceptionally  high  waves— then  the  aforesaid  ratio  of 
3,  2,  and  I  would  not  apply,  but  would  more  nearly  approach 
the  ratios  6,  5,  and  4. 

Hundreds  of  existing  railway  bridges  which  carry  twenty 
trains  a  day  with  perfect  safety  would  break  down  quickly  under 
twenty  trains  per  hour.  This  fact  was  forced  on  my  attention 
nearly  twenty  years  ago  by  the  fracture  of  a  number  of  iron 
girders  of  ordinary  strength  under  a  five-minute  train  service. 
Similarly,  when  in  New  York  last  year  I  noticed,  in  the  case 
of  some  hundreds  of  girders  on  the  "Elevated  Railway,"  that 
the  alternate  thrust  and  pull  on  the  central  diagonals  from  trains 
passing  every  two  or  three  minutes  had  developed  weaknesses 
which  necessitated  the  bars  being  replaced  by  stronger  ot  es  after 
a  very  short  service.  Somewhat  the  same  thing  had  to  be  done 
recently  in  this  country  with  a  bridge  over  the  Trent,  but  the 
train  service  being  small  the  life  of  the  bars  was  measured  i>y 
years  instead  of  months.  If  ships  were  always  amongst  gr«.at 
waves  the  number  going  to  the  bottom  would  be  largely 
increased,  for,  according  to  Mr.  John,  late  of  Lloyd's,  "many 
large  merchant  steamers  afloat  are  so  deficient  in  longitudinal 
strength  that  they  are  liable  under  certain  conditions  of  sea  to 
be  strained  in  the  upper  works  to  a  tension  of  from  8  to  9  tons 
jier,  square  inch,  and  to  a  compression  of  from  6  to  7  tons — 
stresses  which  the  experiments  already  referred  to  proved  would 
cause  failure  after  a  definite  number  of  repetitions.  Similarly, 
on  taking  ground  or  being  dry-docked  with  a  heavy  cargo  on 
board,  it  has  been  shown  that  vessels  arc  liable  to  stresses  of 
over  11  tons  per  square  inch  on  the  reverse  frames,  but  no 


Digitized  by  Go< 


490 


NATURE 


[Si-pt.  17.  1885 


permanent  injury  results  from  such  high  stresses,  because  the 
number  of  repetition*  is  necessarily  very  limited. 

It  appears  natural  enough  to  ever)'  one  that  a  piece  even  of  the 
toughest  wire  should  be  quickly  broken  if  bent  backward  and 
forward  tu  a  sharp  angle  ;  but,  perhaps,  only  to  locomotive  and 
marine  engineers  does  it  appear  equally  natural  that  the  same 
result  would  follow  in  time  it  the  bending  were  so  small  as  to  be 
quite  imperceptible  to  the  eye.  A  locomotive  crank  axle  bends 
Irtit  I -34th  of  an  inch,  and  a  straight  driving  axle  the  still  smaller 
amount  of  i-t>4th  of  an  inch  under  the  heaviest  bending  stresses 
to  which  they  are  subject,  and  yet  their  life  is  limited.  During 
the  year  1SS3  one  iron  axle  in  fifty  broke  in  running,  and  one  in 
fifteen  was  renewed  in  consequence  of  defects.  Taking  iron 
an>l  steel  axles  together,  the  number  then  in  use  on  the  railways 
of  the  United  Kingdom  was  14,848,  and  of  these,  91 1  required 
renewal  during  the  year.  Similarly,  during  the  past  three  year- 
no  less  than  228  ocean  steamers  weie  disabled  by  broken  shafts, 
the  average  safe  life  of  which  is  said  to  lc  about  three  or  four 
year*.  In  other  words,  experience  has  proved  that  a  very 
m-  -derate  stress  alternating  from  tension  to  compression,  if 
repeated  about  one  hundred  million  times,  will  cause  fracture  as 
surely  as  a  sharp  t  ending  to  an  angle  repeated  perhaps  only  ten 
times. 

I  have  mysdf  made  many  experiments  with  a  view  to  elucidate 
the  laws  affecting  the  strength  of  iron-  and  steel-work  subject  to 
frequent  alternations  of  stress.  Perhaps  the  most  suggestive 
scries  was  one  in  which  I  subjected  flat  steel  tars  about  3  feet 
long,  in  pairs,  to  repeated  bending*  until  one  bar  broke,  and 
then  testing  the  surviving  bar  under  c'irect  tensile  and  compress- 
ive stresses  to  ascertain  to  what  extent  the  metal  had  deterior- 
ated. It  had  come  under  my  notice,  as  a  practical  engineer, 
that  if  the  compression  members  of  a  structure  were  unduly 
weak  the  fact  became  quickly  evident,  perhaps  under  the  test 
load  ;  but  if,  on  the  other  hand,  the  tension  members  were  weak, 
no  ev;dencc  might  appear  of  the  fact  until  frequent  repetition  of 
stresses  during  several  years  had  caused  them  to  fracture  with- 
out any  measurable  elongation  of  the  metal.  In  the  case  of 
crank-shafts,  also,  the  fracture  is  invariably  due  to  a  tearing 
and  not  a  crushing  action.  It  appeared  to  me,  therefore, 
eminently  probable  that  repetition  of  stresses  might  be  far  more 
prejudicial  to  tension  than  to  compression  members,  and,  if  so, 
the  fact  ought  to  be  taken  account  of  in  proportioning  a 
structure. 

This  proved  to  be  the  case  in  my  experiment*.  For  example, 
the  companion  bars  to  those  which  had  broken  with  18,000 
reversals  of  a  stress  less  than  half  the  original  breaking  weight 
behaved,  when  tested  as  columns  thiity  diameters  in  length, 
precisely  the  same  as  similar  bars  which  had  doM  no  work  at 
all,  whereas  when  tested  in  tension  the  elongation  was  reduced 
from  the  original  2$  per  cent,  to  2*5  per  cent.,  and  the  fracture 
appeared  to  indicate  that  the  bars  had  been  made  of  three 
different  kinds  ol  steel  imperfectly  welded  together.  With  a 
-tress  reduced  by  one-fourth  the  number  of  bendings  required  to 
break  the  bars  was  increased  to  1.200,000.  In  this  instance  the 
calculate- 1  maximum  working  stress  on  the  extreme  fibres  was 
43  per  cent,  of  the  direct  ultimate  tensile  resistance  of  the  steel, 
anil  about  30  per  cent,  of  the  stress  the  bar  was  capable  of  sus- 
taining as  a  beam  under  the  single  application  of  a  load.  Of 
course,  the  bars  failed  by  tension,  and  the  extreme  fibres  had 
thus  deteriorated  as  regard*  tensile  stresses  to  the  extent  indi- 
cated by  the  above  percentages.  Tested  as  a  column,  however, 
the  injury  the  bar  had  received  from  tbc  1,200,000  bendings  was 
inappreciable.  Tbc  ductility  was  of  coarse  very  largely  reduced, 
but  ductility  is  a  quality  of  cooiparatively  little  importance  when 
a  material  is  in  compression.  There  is  no  ductility  in  the  slender 
trothic  stone  columns  of  our  cathedrals,  which,  though  heavily 
stressed,  have  earned  their  loads  for  c  r.tunes.  Ail  I  found 
repeated  bendings  raised  the  limit  of  elasticity,  I  rather  antici- 
pated finding  an  increased  resistance  from  this  cause  in  long 
columns.  1  has  did  not  prove  to  be  the  case,  nor  did  1  find  any 
difference  in  short  columns  four  diameters  in  length. 

In  addition  to  the  preceding   experiments  with 
tors,  I  have  tested  the  endurance  of  many  revol 
cast  iron,  wrought  iron,  and  steel,  with  similar  rt 
5000  reversals  of  a  stress  equal  to  one-half  the  1 
weight  sufficed  generally  to  cause  the  snapping  of 
of  the  above  materials.    When  the  stress  was  red 
number  of  applications  increased,  I  found  the  rclati 
of  solid  beams  to  U-  more  nearly  proportional  to 
strength  .  f  the  metal  than  to  the  breaking  weight  of  t 


a  distinction  of  great  importance  where  axles,  springs,  and 
similar  things  are  concerned.  Many  of  mv  experiments  ■»» 
singularly  susrgestis-c.  Thus,  it  was  instructive  to  see  a  bar  * 
cast  iron  loaded  with  a  weight  which,  according  to  Fairbaarn  • 
experiments,  it  should  have  carried  for  a  long  series  of  year- 
broken  in  two  minutes  when  set  gently  rotating.  Also  to  nr  • 
a  bar  ol  the  finest  mild  steel  so  changed  in  constitution  by  sc.- 
months  of  rotation  as  to  offer  no  advantages  either  in  strent" 
or  toughness  over  a  new  cast-iron  bar  of  the  same  section. 

Although,   as  already  stated,  many  more  experiments  . 
required  before  universally  acceptable  rules  can  be  laid  down.  1 
have  thoroughly  convinced  myself  that,  where  stresses  of  vary  re 
intensity  occur,  tension  and  compression  mcmler*  should  » 
treated  on  an  entirely  different  basis.  If,  in  the  case  of  a  test* 
member,  the  sectional  area  be  increased  30  per  cent,  beca*.-* 
the  stress,  instead  of  being  constant,  ranges  from  «r»/  10  »*• 
maximum,  then  I  think  20  per  cent,  increase  would  be  a  liben 
allowance  in  the  case  of  a  compression  member.     I  have  i»- 
satisfied  myself  that  if  a  metallic  railway  bridge  is  to  be  bodr  j 
a  minimum  first  cost,  and  be  free  from  all  future  charge-* 
structural  maintenance,  it  is  essential  to  vary  the  working  aues- 
upon  the  metal  within  very  wide  limits,  regard  being  had  >» 
merely  to  the  effect  of  intermittent  stresses,  but  abo  to 
relative  limits  of  elasticity  in  tension  and  compression  roeaahr  - 
even  under  a  steady  load. 

Why  an  <  riginally  strong  ami  ductile  metal  should  beors 
weak  and  brittle  under  the  frequent  repetition  of  a  modern, 
stress  has  not  yet  been  explained.    Lord  Paeon  touched  up  ■ 
the  subject  two  or  three  centuries  ago,  but  you  may  consider  kc< 
explanation  not  wholly  satisfactory.    He  said,  "  <  >t  bodies  -  "  - 
arc  fragile,  and  some  are  tough  and  not  fragile.    <  if  fragility,  "~i 
cause  is  an  impotency  to  be  extended,  and  the  cause  of  :i 
inapt  ties*  is.the  small  quantity  of  spirits.''    I  am  sorry  in  base  » 
better  explanation  to  offer,  but  whatever  may  be  the  immer*. -»:r 
cause  of  fragility,  no  doubt  exists  that  it  is  induced  in  metals  1  « 
frequent  bendings,  such  as  a  railway  bridge  undergoes.     1  • 
fact,  however,  is  not  recognised  in  our  Board 'of  Trade  Kegu  : 
lions,  which  remain  as  they  were  in  the  dark  age*,  a*  £  •  tbt 
of  the  Ministry  of  Public  Works  of  France  and  other  counti.rs 
W  ith  us  it  is  simply  provided  that  the  stress  on  an  iron  hn  31 
must  not  exceed  5  tons  per  square  inch  on  the  effective  sect)  t 
of  the  metal.    In  France  it  is  still  worse,  as  the  limiting  *t».  - 
of  rather  under  4  tons  per  -quart  inch  is  estimated  upon  at 
gross  section,  regardless  of  the  extent  to  which  the  plates  r.  - 
be  perforated  by  rivet  hole*.    In  neither  case  is  ar.y  regard  ►  a' 
in  the  rules  to  intermittent  stresses  or  the  flexure  of  compress*  c 
mem  tiers.    In  Austria  the  regulations  make  a  small  provt»*« 
for  these  elements  ;  and  American  specifications  make  a  large  oar 
the  limiting  stresses,  instead  of  being  constant  at  5  ton*,  as  w . •> 
us  ranging  from  about  2,  tons  to  6f  tons  per  square  nark, 
according  to  circumstances.    It  is  hardly  necessary  that  I  she-' 
say  more  to  justify  my  statement  that,  as  regards  the  adnata**  U 
intensity  of  stress  on  metallic  brnlges,  absolute  chaos  prevails. 

Lngineer*  must  remember  that  if  satisfactory  rules  are  to  be 
framed,  they,  and  not  Governmental  departments,  must  take  the 
initiative.  In  former  days  the  British  Association  did  mtuh  - 
direct  the  attention  of  engineer*  to  this  important  matter,  box.  mi 
far  as  I  know,  the  subject  has  been  dropped  for  the  past  t  wet  it 
years,  and  I  have  ventured,  therefore,  to  bring  it  before  via 
again  in  some  detail.  We  are  here  avowedly  for  the  aiti—n 
mcnt  of  science,  and  I  have  not  been  deterred  by  the  dryness  4 
the  subject  from  soliciting  your  attention  to  a  branch  of  <-caeaa* 
which  is  sadly  in  need  of  advancement. 

Had  1  been  addressing  a  less  scientific  audience  I  aught  have 
been  tempted  rather  to  boast  of  the  achievements  of 
than  to  pomt  out  their  short  comings.  The 
branches  of  mccbantcal  science  during  the  p 
excee  * 
to  1 


S#i.  17,  18S5J 


NATURE 


491 


thnt  n  year's  experience  shoved  the  saving  in  horseflesh  to  be 
fully  .1.1  per  cent. 

Although  these  view*  seem  ch  Idlikc  enough  from  our  present 
standpoint,  I  have  no  doubt  that  as  able  an  I  enterprising 
engineers  existed  prior  to  the  age  of  steam  anil  steel  a>  MUM 
now,  and  their  work  was  a-.  beneficial  to  mmkind,  though 
different  in  direction.  In  the  important  matter  of  water  supply 
to  towns,  indeed,  I  doubt  whether,  having  reference  to  facility 
of  execution,  even  greater  works  were  not  done  2000  years  ago 
than  now.  Herodotus  speaks  of  a  tunnel  8  feet  square,  and 
nearly  a  mile  long,  driven  through  a  mountain  in  order  to 
supply  the  city  of  Samos  with  water  ;  and  his  statement,  though 
long  doubted,  was  verified  in  1882  through  the  abb>t  of  a 
neighl-ouring  cloister  accidentally  unearthing  some  stone  slabs. 
The<ic"tnan  Archxnl  jgical  Society  sent  o  it  Ernst  Fabricius  to 
make  a  complete  survey  of  the  work,  and  the  record  reads  like 
that  of  a  modern  engineering  undertaking.  I'hu - .  from  a 
covered  reservoir  in  the  hills  proceeded  an  arched  conduit  about 
1000  yards  long,  partly  driven  as  a  tunnel  and  partly  executed 
on  the  "cut  and  cover"  system  adopted  on  the  London  under, 
ground  railway.  The  tunnel  proper,  more  than  I  loo  yards  in 
length,  was  hewn  by  hammer  and  chisel  through  the  solid  limc- 
-totir-  rock.  It  was  driven  from  the  two  ends  like  the  great 
Alpine  tunnels,  wi-hout  intermediate  shafts,  and  the  engineers 
of  2400  years  ago  might  well  be  congratulated  for  getting  only- 
some  dozen  feet  out  of  level  and  little  more  out  of  line.  From 
the  lower  end  of  the  tunnel  branches  were  constructed  to  supply 
the  city  mains  and  fountains,  and  the  explorers  f  >und  ventilating 
shafts  and  side  entrances,  earthenware  socket- pipe*  with  cement 
joints-,  and  other  interesting  details  connected  with  the  water- 
supply  of  towns. 

In  the  matter  of  masonry  bridges,  also,  as  great  works  were 
undertaken  some  centuries  ago  as  in  recent  times.  Sir  John 
Kennic  stated,  in  his  presidential  address  at  the  Institute  of 
C  ivil  Engineers,  that  the  bridge  acros ■  the  Dee  at  Chester  was 
the  "  largest  stone  arch  on  record."  That  is  not  so.  The  Dee 
Bridge  consists  of  a  single  segmental  arch  200  feet  span  and 
42  feet  rise  ;  but  across  the  Adda,  in  Northern  Italy,  was  built, 
in  the  year  1377— more  than  500  years  ago— a  similar  segmental 
arch  bridge  of  no  less  than  237  feet  span  and  68  feet  rise. 
Ferario  not  long  since  published  an  account  of  this,  for  the 
jveriod,  colossal  work,  from  which  it  would  appear  that  its  life 
was  bat  thirty-uine  years,  the  bridge  having  been  destroyed  for 
military  reasons  on  December  21,  1416.  I  believe  our  American 
cousins  claim  to  have  built  the  biggest  existing  stone  arch  bridge 
in  the  world— that  across  the  Cabin  Johns  Creek  ;  but  the  span, 
after  all,  is  only  215  feet,  or  10  per  cent,  smaller  than  the  500- 
ycar-old  bridge.  In  timber  bridges,  doubtless,  the  Americans 
will  ever  head  the  list,  for  the  bridge  of  340  feet  span  built 
across  the  Schuylkill  three-quarters  of  a  century  ago  will  pro- 
lably  never  be  surpassed.  Our  ancestors  were  splendid  workers 
in  stone  and  timber,  and,  if  they  had  l>een  in  possession  of  an 
unlimited  supply  of  iron  and  steH  I  fear  there  would  have  been 
little  left  for  modem  bridge-builders  to  originate. 

The  labours  of  the  present  generation  of  engineers  are  light- 
ened beyond  all  estimate  by  lalsour-saving  appliances.  To  prove 
bow  much  the  world  is  indebted  to  students  of  this  branch  of 
mechanical  science,  and  how  rapid  is  the  development  of  a  really 
good  mechanical  notion,  it  is  only  necessary  to  refer  to  the 
numerous  hydraulic  appliances  of  the  kind  first  introduced  forty 
years  ago  by  a  distinguished  past- President,  Sir  \V.  G.  Ann- 
strong.  Addressing  you  in  1S54,  Sir  William  Armstrong  ex- 
plained that  the  object  he  had  in  view  from  the  first  was  '*  to 
provide,  in  substitution  of  1.  aoual  labour,  a  method  of  working 
■  multiplicity  of  machines,  intermittent  in  their  action  and 
extending  over  a  large  area,  by  means  of  transmitted  power, 
produced  by  a  steam-engine  and  accumulated  at  one  central 
point."  The  number  of  cases  in  which  this  method  of  working 
if  A  desideratum,  or  even  indispensable,  wouhi  appear  to  be 
thta-  e^s.  I  liould  be  sorry,  indeed,  to  have  anything  to  do 
|H  the  Forth  Bridge  if  hydraulic  appliances  were  not 

a  giant  s  work.    Let  me  shortly  describe  to  you 
|^^H  ~^yb«c  at  the  present  time.    More  than  42.000 

^^^S  1  and  bars  have  to  be  bent,  planed,  drilled, 

i^fjHj  **■  before  or  after  erection,  and  hydraulic 

*^^H  "-atghout.    The  plates  are  handled  in  the 

hydraulic  cranes  of  special  design, 
uitiph  1  ng  sheaves,  the  whole  arm 
^^^Hgrect-acting  ram  of  6  feet 
San  60  miles  of  steel  plates, 


ranging  in  thickness  from  tj  inches  to  g  inch,  have  to  be  bent  to 
radii  of  from  6  feel  to  9  inches,  which  is  done  in  heavy  cast-iron 
dies  squeezed  together  by  four  rams  of  24  inches  in  diameter, 

1  and  the  same  stroke.  With  the  ordinary  working  pressure  of 
1000  lbs.  per  square  inch,  the  power  of  the  press  is  thus  about 
1750  tuns.  Some  3000  pieces  shaped  like  the  lid  of  a  box, 
15  inches  by  12  inches  wide,  with  a  3-inch  deep  rim  all  round, 

I  were  required  to  be  made  of  J-inch  steel  plate,  and  this  was 
easily  effected  in  two  heats  by  a  couple  of  strokes  of  a  14-inch 
ram.    In  numberless  other  instances  steady  hydraulic  pressure 

I  has  been  substituted  by  Mr.  Atrol,  our  able  contractor,  for  the 
usual  cutting  and  welding  under  the  blacksmith's  hammer. 
Hydraulic  appliances  arc  also  an  indispensable  part  of  the 

1  scheme  for  erecting  the  great  1 700  feet  spans.  Massive  girders 
will  be  put  together  at  a  low  level,  and  be  hoisted  as  high  as  the 
lop  of  St.  Paul's  Cathedral  by  hydraulic  power.  Continuous 
girders,  nearly  a  third  of  a  mile  in  length,  will  be  similarly 
raised.  Not  only  the  girders,  but  workmen,  their  sheds,  cranes, 
an  i  appliances  will  be  carried  up  steadily  and  imperceptibly  as 
the  work  of  erection  proceeds,  on  platforms  weighing  in  some 
instances  more  than  1000  tons.  It  is  hardly  necessary  to  say 
that  every  rivet  in  the  bridge  will  be  closed  up  by  hydraulic 

'  power,  the  machines  being  in  many  instances  of"  novel  design, 
specially  adapted  to  the  work.    Thus  the  bed-plates,  which  in 

'  ordinary  bridges  arc  simple  castings,  in  the  Forth  Bridge  are 
necessarily  built  up  of  numerous  steel  plates,  the  size  of  each 
bed-plate  l>cing  37  feet  long  by  17  feet  6  inches  wide.  To  grip 
together  the  47  separate  plates  into  a  solid  mass,  3800  rivets 
1  i  inches  in  diimctcr  with  countersunk  heads  on  both  sides  are 
required,  and,  remembering  that  the  least  dimension  of  the  bed- 
plate is  17  feet  6  inches,  it  will  be  seen  that  the  ordinary  "gap  "- 
riveter  would  not  be  applicable.    A  special  machine  was  there- 

I  fore  designed  by  Mr.  Arrol,  consisting  of  a  pair  of  girders  and 
a  pair  of  rams,  between  which  the  bed  plate  to  be  riveted  to- 
gether lies.    A  double  ram  machine  had  for  like  reasons  to  be 
devised  for  riveting  up  the  great  tubular  struts  of  the  bridge. 
Not  merely  in  the  superstructure,  but  in  the  construction  of 

I  the  foundations,  were  hydraulic  appliances  of  a  novel  character 

I  indispensable  at  the  Forth  Bridge.  Huge  wrought-iron  caissons 
or  cylinders,  70  feet  diameter  and  72  feet  high,  were  taken  up 
and  set  down  as  readily  as  a  man  would  handle  a  bucket.  In 

.  sinking  these  caissons  through  the  mud  and  clay  of.  the  Forth 

'  compressed  air  was  used.    When  the  boulder-clay  was  reached 

I  the  labour  of  excavating  the  extremely  hard  and  tenacious  mate- 
rial in  the  compressed-air  chamber  proved  too  exhausting,  pick- 

I  axes  were  of  little  avail,  and  the  Italian  Ial»ourcrs  who  were 
chiefly  employed  lost  heart  over  the  job  altogether.    But  a  giant 

I  power  was  at  hand,  and  only  required  tools  fit  for  the  work. 
Spade*  with  hydraulic  rams  in  the  hollow  handles  were  made, 
and,  with  the  roof  of  the  compressed  air-chamber  to  thrust 
against,  the  workmen  had  merely  to  hold  the  handle  vertically, 
turn  a  little  tap,  aud  down  went  the  spade  with  a  force  of  three 
tons  into  the  hitherto  impracticable  clay  as  sweetly  as  a  knife 

J  into  butter.  Probably,  when  addressing  you  thirty  years  ago, 
Sir  William  Armstrong  never  anticipated  that  a  number  of 
hydraulic  spades  would  be  digging  away  in  an  electrically  lighted 

:  chamber  or  diving-bell,  70  feet  diameter  and  7  feet  nigh,  90 

1  feet  below  the  waves  of  the  sea  ;  but  still  the  spades  come 
strictly  within  the  definition  of  the  class  of  machines,  inter- 
mittent in  their  action  and  extending  over  a  large  area,  which 
it  was  his  aim  to  introduce.  It  would  be  possible,  indeed,  with 
the  appliances  at  the  Forth  Bridge,  to  arrange  that  the  simple 
opening  of  a  valve  should  start  digging  at  the  bottom  of  the  sea, 
riveting  at  a  height  of  nearly  400  feet  above  the  sea,  and  all 
the  multifarious  operations  of  bending,  forging,  and  hoisting, 
extending  over  a  site  a  mile  and  a  half  in  length. 

It  would  not  only  be  impossible  to  build  a  Forth  Bridge,  but 
ii  would  be  equally  impossible  to  fight  a  modern  ironclad  with- 
out the  aid  of  hydraulic  appliances.  Most  of  the  Presidents  of 
this  Section  have  referred  in  the  course  of  their  addresses  to  our 
navy,  and  certainly  the  subject  is  a  tempting  one,  for  the  pro- 
gress of  mechanical  science  in  recent  years  could  not  l>c  better 
illustrated  than  by  a  description  of  the  innumerable  appliances 
which  go  to  the  making  and  working  of  a  modem  ironclad. 
Let  me  quote  a  single  passage  from  a  pamphlet  by  a  naval 
officer,  which  caused  a  great  stir  a  few  years  before  the  Crimean 
war,  that  I  may  recall  to  your  minds  what  was  the  speed  and 
li.it  the  armament  of  our  fleet  at  that  comparatively  recent 
period.  '•  Conceive,'"  said  Capt.  Plunkctt,  U.S.,  "a  British 
and  French  fleet  issuing  simultaneously   from  Spithead  and 


Google 


492 


NATURE 


VS(bt.  17, 18S; 


Cherbourg ;  seven  hoars'  steaming  at  the  rate  of  six  miles  an  hour 
will  bring  them  together.  A  single  glance  at  the  heavy  and 
well-appointed  tier*  of  n  line  of  battle  ship's  guns  will  satisfy 
any  one  that  they  arc  no  toys  to  l»c  placed  in  the  hands  of 
novices.  Formidable  batteries  of  the  heaviest  ordnance  are 
there — not  a  gun  under  a  32-pounder,  and  many  68-pounder 
shell  guns. "  In  little  more  than  a  quarter  of  a  century  engineers 
have  changed  all  that,  and  advanced  to  20- knot  vessels  and  1 20- 
ton  guns.  Archaeologist*  tell  us  that  our  predecessors  in 
mechanical  science  of  the  Stone  Age  were  apparently  a  thous- 
and or  more  years  in  finding  out  that  the  best  way  of  fitting  an 
axe  was  to  slip  the  handle  through  the  axe  and  not  the  axe 
through  the  handle.  Engineers  of  the  present  day  may  be  ex- 
cused, therefore,  for  occasionally  illustrating  the  rapidity  of  the 
advance  of  their  science  by  contrasting  the  ships  of  thirty  years 
ago  with  our  modern  ironclad*. 

The  latest  type  of  battle-ship  weighs  fully  equipped,  about 
10.000  tons.  There  arc  about  3400  tons  of  steel  in  her  hull, 
apart  from  armour,  which,  with  its  lacking,  will  weigh  a  further 
2800  tons.  The  machinery,  largely  of  steel,  is  al*>ut  1400  tons  ; 
the  armament,  including  ammunition,  I  too  tons;  the  coals,  1 100 
tons  ;  and  general  equipment,  270  tons.  A  detailed  description 
bristles  with  the  word  "steel,"  and  enthusiastic  newspaper  re- 
porters sent  down  to  Chatham  I>ockyard  can  no  more  "spin 
out  their  copy  "  with  Cowper's  oft-quoted  lines  on  the  "  Launch 
of  a  First- Rate"  :— 

"  Giant  oaks  of  Uild  expansion 
O'tr  wen  hundred  acre*  fell, 
All  t.i  !mil<!  thy  nr.Wc  mansion. 

Wtarc  our  (warts  <>f  oak  do  dwell." 

A  latter-day  poet  might  boast  of  700  acres  being  exhausted  by  a 
single  vessel,  but  it  would  be  a  coal- field  and  not  a  forest.  Ac- 
cepting Prof.  Phillips's  estimate  of  the  average  rate  of  formation 
of  coal,  it  may  1*  shown  that  a  hard  woikcd  American  liner 
during  her  lifetime  burns  as  much  coal  as  would  be  produced  on 
the  area  of  700  acres  in  a  period  of  2000  years.  \\>  arc  thus 
with  our  steel  ships  using  up  our  primeval  forests  at  a  far  more 
extravagant  rate  than  that  at  which  0111  immediate  forefathers 
cleared  the  oak  forests.  Coal  is  the  great  stimulant  of  the 
modern  engineer.  Pope  Pius  the  Second  has  left  on  record  an 
expression  of  the  astonishment  be  felt  when  visiting  Scotland,  in 
the  fifteenth  century,  on  seeing  poor  people  in  rags  begging  at 
church  doors  and  receiving  for  alms  pieces  of  black  stone,  with 
which  they  went  away  contented.  To  such  early  familiarity 
with  coal  may,  however,  be  due  the  f  >ct  that  Scotland  has  ever 
led  the  way  in  the  development  of  the  steam-engine,  and  that  at 
the  date  of  the  battle  of  Waterloo  she  hail  built  and  registered 
seven  steam-vessels,  whilst  England  could  boast  of  none. 

Probably  none  but  a  poet  or  a  painter  would  wish  for  a  return 
to  our  old  oak  -.ailing  ships.  Some  few  people  still  entertain  the 
illusion  that  the  picturesque  old  till*  were  better  sea-boats  than 
our  ra/or -ended  steamers  ;  but,  speaking  of  them  in  1S46, 
Admiral  Napier  said  :  "  The  -hips  look  very  charming  in 
harbour,  but  to  judge  of  them  pro]«-rIy  you  should  see  them  in  a 
gale  of  wind,  when  it  would  be  found  they  would  roll  45  lee- 
wird  and  43'  windward."  Even  our  first  ironclads  were  not  sm 
bail  as  that,  for  although,  according  to  the  7'imi-s,  when  the 
<.|itadion  was  on 
wil-lly  to  the  tisii: 
yet  the  maximum 


"  For  the  last  six  months  unceasing  attack*  have  been  ju. 
upon  our  naval  administration,  describing  our  navy  ai  in  i  m 


ri   '.'!.-   r..r,   ..|  lis, 
I !  ii  '.  I  ' v  1  •  -  -  *  -  .  ;  r  ; 

11  lied  by  the  worst  rt 
the  /.."■./  W.jnit't     -.v.-.s  ;  y\.w  \  .111 

—a  total  range  of  n :         m  p      !  ss  (n 

battle  ships. 

We  have  heard 
twelvemonths.    A  ;r.::i:""-l 
.  i.ition — which  in  thi-,  a-  in 
tion  of  what  is  iippoiii'-st  j 
similar  discussion^  h.«v(-  recur 
1S30.    If  we  con-iil'  1  Ian: 
we  find  the  same  remark 


f  the  utmost  decrepitude,  and  Tory  papers  *ay  thi:  .Km-- 
reductions  have  been  made  in  the  navy  by  the  prewn:  1,.^ 
ment.    It  will  he  a  consolation  to  my  honourable  frierri- : 
assured  that  we  have  for  years  lived  unharmed  through 
as  great  as  that  to  which  we  are  now  exposed.  In  1817  *t k; 
sail-of-the-linc  in  commission,  and  Russia  had  30  ;  in  1$}:  . 
had  12,  and  Russia  37  ;  in  1832  we  had  tl,  and  Ru**n  tt  j 
now  we  have  20,  and  the  Russians  43.  having  raiserf  o_j 
to  nearly  half  the  number  of  those  of  Russia. 

Now  as  to  our  guns.    The  past  twelve  months  is  by  rv.v 
the  first  occasion  on  which  the  armament  of  our  nary  L.v 
attacked.    Three  years  subsequent  to  the  speech  of  '.!•.:  v 
tary  of  the  Admiralty  just  referred  to.  Sir  Charles  N>  -j 
a  statement  from  his  place  in  Parliament  of  «o  e»?noc  ■:- 
character  that  I  make  no  apology  for  quoting  his  ecict  »  ■ 
a  reminder  of  the  past  and  a  warning  for  the  fururr  ■  " 
end  of  the  last  war  the  guns  were  in  such  a  bad  state  -.'v.-  . 
fired,  they  would  scarcely  hit  an  enemy,  and  donn?  l- 
period  of  the  American  war  a  secret  order  wis 
British  shij>s  of  war  should  not  engage  American  in-: 
cause  the  former  were  in  such  an  inefficient  state."    \. ' 
-elf,  said  the  plain-spoken  old  admiral,  when  he  'l 
he  put  it  in  "the  only  place  fit  to  receive  it,  the 
galley." 

Happily,  from  our  insular  position,  the  change  wtil:1!  ■ 
gress  of  mechanical  science  has  wrought  in  military  u;>ct- 
not  been  brought  home  to  the  people  of  this  country  in  • 
vivid  manner  that  it  has  to  the  people  of  the  ow 
Europe  and  America.    In  the  American  war,  the  Kn- 
man  war,  and  the  Russo-Turki-h  war  the  comtra: 
equipment  of  railway  works  by  engineers  was  an  r^- 
of  all  great  movements.    The  Russian?,  in  1S77,  on-:-- 
railway  from  Hendcr  to  Gal.it/,  180  miles  in  length.  • 
working  days,  or  nt  the  rate  or  more  than  three  m  - 
Altogether,  in  the  three  latter  months  ol  that  ye.vttn  1 
and  built  alHiut  240  miles  of  railway,  and  purchased 1a ' 
the  line  with  I  lo  locomotives  and'  2200  waggon-.  ■ 
built  numerous  trestle  bridges,  together  with  an  o'.oa: 
and  a  ferry  across  the  Danul*. 

We  have  had  recent  experience  of  the  slownes*  0!  • 
modes  of  transport  in  the  tcd:o  is  advance  of  Lor  i  V 
handful  of  men  in  whale-boat-  up  the  Nile.     It  »i«  1 
tion  of  the  late  Khedive,  partly  from  military  and 
cominercial  considerations.  t<j  constnict  a  railway  i-i;.:.- 
line  of  advance  subsequently  followed  by  Wolseky  M 
ner,  Mr.  Fowler,  had  the  railway  sent  out  in  1873.  a»i 
were  shorlly  after  commenced.    The  total  length  vni  5; 
and  the  estimated  cost,  including  rolling--st«k  an<l  ' 
j  shops,  4,000.000/  Owing  to  financial  difficulties  the  ■*■■<■ 
I  abandoned,  but  the  64  miles  constructed  by  Mr.  Fow'f.  •" 
recent  extensions  of  the  same  by  the  military,  prove! 
service  to  the  expedition,  even  s  >me  of  the  stcam-laun^ 
taken  by  railway  to  save  delays  at  the  cataracts. 

l>uring  the  siege  of  Paris  the  German  fortes  were  -lr;'T 
U|Kin  supplies  drawn  from  their  base,  and  the  army  rtsv-r-r 
were  fully  met  by  one  line  of  railway  running  twelve  •' 
:i ;i.  -   :iy.     Mihluv  au:!v.rit>c-  slate  tH-.it  a  Mia 

-  :■)  r wo  dan'  rations  and  com  fur  a  sn* 

uid  The  mUittrt 

li-ii-  in  I  .-;  ,  ■  have  pmeedfl  ^Hfe  0*C  heart  Or  Al» 

railways,  -U;tml « .a! s,  cl 
offspring  of  mechanical 


1S30. 

It  amounts  almo-r 
Briton  that  ProviUmx-  w 
at  least  equal  to  ;hat 
would  l>c  said  m>"  of  a 
administration  of  tl:-"  navy 
as  many  line-of-fauC,  -!ii|.s  as 
"->ne  less  than  fiftv  p-.it.  ago. 
-is  on  March  4.  lS;  i,  tl  - 


Sept.  i;.  1 885 J 


NA  TURE 


493 


American  in  construction,  whilst  for  girders  of  moderate  span, 
such  as  those  on  the  many  miles  of  elevated  railway  in  New 
York,  riveted  girders  of  purely  European  type  are  admittedly  j 
the  cheapest  and  most  durable.  From  my  conversations  with 
leading  American  bridge  builders,  I  am  satisfied  that  their 
future  practice  and  our  own  will  approach  stilt  more  nearly. 
We  should  never  think  of  building  another  Victoria  tubular 
bridge  across  the  St.  Lawrence,  or  repeat  the  design  of  the 
fallen  Tay  Bridge,  nor  would  they  again  imitate  in  iron  an  old 
timber  bridge,  or  repeat  the  design  of  the  fallen  Ashtabula 
bridge.  In  one  respect  the  practice  in  America  tends  to  the 
proluction  of  better  and  cheaper  bridges  than  does  our  own 
practice,  and  it  is  this  :  each  of  the  great  bridge-building  firms 
adopts  by  preference  a  particular  type  design,  and  the  works  arc 
laid  out  to  produce  bridges  of  this  kind.  It  is  an  old  adage  that 
practice  makes  perfect,  and  by  adhering  to  one  tyj>e,  and  not 
vaguely  wandering  over  the  whole  field  of  design,  details  arc 
perfected  and  a  really  good  bridge  is  the  result.  Engineers  in 
America  therefore  need  only  specify  the  span  of  their  bridge, 
and  the  rolling  load  to  l»c  provided  for,  with  certain  limiting 
stresses,  and  they  can  make  sure  of  obtaining  a  number  of 
tenders  from  different  makers  of  bridges,  varying  somewhat  in 
design,  but  complying  with  all  the  requirements.  With  us,  on 
the  other  hand,  it  is  too  often  the  privilege  of  a  pupil  to  try  his 
'prentice  hand  on  the  design  for  a  bridge,  and  it  is  no  wonder, 
therefore,  that  many  curious  bits  of  detail  meet  the  eye  of  an 
observant  fort igncr  inspecting  our  railways. 

The  magnificent  steel  wire  rope  suspension  bridge  of  1600  feet 
span  built  ny  Roebling  across  the  East  River  at  New  York  well 
marks  the  advanced  state  of  mechanical  science  in  America  as 
regards  bridge-building.  It  is  worthy  of  note  that,  at  the 
second  meeting  of  the  British  Association,  held  so  long  back  as 
1S32,  there  was  a  paper  on  suspension  bridges,  and  the  author 
entreated  the  attention  of  the  scientific  world,  and  particularly 
of  civil  engineers,  to  the  serious  consideration  of  the  question  : 
"  How  far  ought  iron  to  be  hereafter  used  for  suspension 
bridges,  since  a  steel  bridge  of  equal  strength  and  superior 
durability  could  be  built  at  much  less  cost  ?"  "I  earnestly  call 
upon  the  ironmasters  of  the  United  Kingdom,"  said  he,  "  to  lose 
n«>  time  in  endeavouring  to  soke  this  question."  In  this,  as  in 
many  other  engineering  matters.  America  has  given  us  a  lead. 
America,  is  indeed,  the  paradise  of  mechanics.  When  the 
British  Association  was  inaugurated,  years  ago,  there  was,  I 
believe,  no  intention  to  have  a  section  for  the  discussion  of 
mechanical  science,  p.  ssibly  it  may  have  been  considered  too 
mean  a  branch.  Even  the  usually  generous  Shakespeare  speaks 
contemptuously  of  "  mechanic  slaves,  with  greasy  aprons, 
rules,  and  hammers  ;"  and  our  old  friend  Dr.  Johnson's  defini- 
tion of  "mechanical"  is  "mean,  senile."  We  have  lived 
down  this  feeling  of  contempt,  and  the  world  admits  that  the 
"greasy  apron"  is  as  honourable  a  badge  as  the  priest's  cassock 
r.r  the  warrior's  coat  of  mail,  and  has  played  as  important  a  part 
in  the  great  work  of  civilising  humanity  and  turning  bloodthirsty 
savages  into  law-abiding  citizens. 

As  I  have  had  occasion  to  refer  to  Canada  and  America  in  the 
course  of  my  remarks,  1  cannot  refrain  from  expressing  the  high 
appreciation  which  I  am  sure  every  member  of  this  Section 
entertains  of  the  cordiality  and  warmth  of  our  reception  on  the 
other  Mile-  of  'he  Atlantic  hist  year.  snrli  im 'tdri:*.  make  11- 
forgct  that  iiillereilces  have  ever  rvt-  d  between  lie.  two 
countries.  I  was  unused  "lie  other  -lev.  >  n  r-v.  line,  in  ]>r. 
Donn's  "Annals  of  the  Stage."  th.u,  ii  the  y-.-ar  '  777-  the 
theatrical  company  from  Edinburgh  w.i-  c.i|::i:ied  on  it-  xoy.igi- 
tO  Aberdeen  by  All  American  privateer,  and  taken  olr  !(er.\eli 
MlMllWbere,  for  it  did  not  turn  up  again.  Tin-,  y, ,;i  will  -:iv, 
^^^fe-i  l"ii|:  liuveago  ;  but,  if  you  glance  through  the  -peccln-s  <>f 
-1  HK|  m  icjou$  Sovereign,  yon  will  fip.d  one  in  which  her 
dfcslv  BBb  With  "deep  concern  of  insurrection  in  Lowe: 
.ITldlStf  holtitc  incursions  int  >  Upper  Canada  by 
miia'' itmts"  of  the  United  States  of  North 


kfter  our  last  year's  experience, 
irried  you  with  me  in  sonic  thing-. 


reading, 
>t  have 

_Bd|ilt  turree  with  me  in  this  :  that 
suffer  any  -light  difference  of  opinion 
each  heUMra  ourselves  and  our 
in  AmeriiA  WoftM,  to  quote  the 
'  l-l!  to  1  >e  directors  of  the 
ft  wheel 


/VOTES 

Thr  new  gallery  of  fishes  at  the  Natural  History  Museum  is 
now  open  to  the  public,  and  an  addition  has  been  made  to  the 
Ostcological  Gallery  by  throw  ing  open  the  pavilion  at  the  west 
end,  in  which  are  exhibited  skeletons  and  skulls  of  elephants, 
the  giraffe,  Sic. 

A  report  is  current  in  Rome  that  the  members  of  the 
Italian  Expedition  to  Central  Africa,  under  the  leadership  of 
Signor  Alfredo  Massari,  have  been  massacred. 

The  natural  history  collections  made  by  the  late  Dr. 
Nachtigal,  in  the  course  of  his  tour  of  annexation  on  the  we<t 
coast  of  Africa,  have  arrived  at  Berlin  in  twenty  cases,  and  the 
greater  part  of  their  contents  will  be  assigned  to  the  new 
ethnological  museum. 

An  astronomical-mathematical  section,  under  the  presidency  of 
Profs.  Reye  and  Christoflfcl,  of  Strassburg,  has  been  formed  in 
the  Scientific  Congress  at  Strassburg. 

M.  BoiQt  F.T,  a  mathematician  of  some  eminence  and  a 
Sorhonnc  professor,  died  on  the  toth  instant  at  the  age  of 
sixt}--six. 

THE  death  i-  announced  of  Mr.  W.  A.  Guy,  M.B.,  F.R.S., 
on  the  loth  inst.,  in  the  seventy  sixth  year  of  his  age.  He  was 
for  a  number  of  years  Dean  of  the  Medical  Department  in 
King's  College,  and  Professor  of  Hygiene.  He  was  admitted  a 
Fellow  of  the  Royal  College  of  Physicians  in  1844,  held  office 
as  censor  in  1855.  1856,  and  1866,  anil  as  examiner  in  1861-3. 
and  in  1S61,  1X6S,  and  1875  was  ap)>ointcd  Croonian,  I.nmleian. 
and  Harveian  lecturer.  Mr.  Guy  also  held  a  numl>er  of  other 
appointments,  among  which  were — honorary  secretary  to  the 
Statistical  Society  in  1S45,  and  President  in  1873.  examiner  in 
forensic  medicine  at  the  University  of  London  in  1862,  Swincy 
Prizeman,  i860,  and  Yice-Picstdent  of  the  Royal  Society  in 
1876-7.  Mr.  Guy  devoted  much  attention  for  many  years  to 
questions  of  sanitary  reform  and  social  science,  and  in  1878  was 
appointed  one  of  the  Royal  Commissioners  to  inquire  into  the 
working  of  the  Penal  Servitude  Acts  ;  abo  in  1879  a  member  of 
the  Criminal  Lunatic  Commission.  He  was  the  author  of  many 
essays  on  physiology  and  kindred  subjects,  and  also  of  works  of 
a  more  general  character.  Among  his  principal  publications 
may  be  mentioned  •'  Principles  of  Forensic  Medicine."  "Public 
Health,"  "The  Factors  of  the  Unsound  Mind,"  "John 
Howard's  Winter's  Journey,"  and  bis  last  work.  "  The  Claims 
of  Science  on  Public  Recognition  and  Support."  It  may  ln- 
addcd  that  Mr.  Guy  was  likewise  editor  of  Hooper's  "  Physician  - 
Vade-Mecum." 

Col.  Pkifvai.sky  has  sent  the  following  message,  dated 
J-;!y  1.  hen  his  camp  in  Chinese  Turkestan  t — "It  is  imposs- 
ible      pe-u-trate  into  Tibet  by  the  Keria  Mountains,  the  passes 

1  (  nullah  l  ein  being  impracticable  for  our  beasts  of  burden,  and 
t  ie  CI  i  ,e  l-  having  obstructed  the  paths  with  rocks,  and  having 

1  »!..,  I.  ti  ycd  the  bridges.  The  native  population  has  given  u s 
octyw'u-o.  a  good  reception,  and,  despite  the  interference  of 
tin-  Chinese,  their  sympathies  with  the  Russians  are  openly  pro- 
n- eanc-.-d.  We  shall  pass  the  present  m  mth  among  the  snow - 
twered  mountains  between  the  rivers  of  Keria  and  Khoten. 

Al        -lie  middle  of  August  wc  shall  go  to  Khoten,  and  then 

by  th.  course  of  the  river  of  the  same  name  to  Akstt.  All  is 
well. " 

Tjie  inatigural  address  at  the  commencement  of  the  medical 
session  1^85-86  will  be  delivered  at  St.  Thomas's  Hospital  on 
October  1,  at  3  p.m..  by  A.  O.  MacKcllar,  M.Ch.,  F.R.C.S.. 
in  the  theatre  of  the  hospital. 

At  the  request  of  the  Batavian  Society  of  Arts  and  Sciences, 
the  Government  of  the  Netherlands'  Indies  has  taken  a  step 


Digitized  by  Google 


4V-4 


which  might  be  imitated  by  other  Governments  with  advantage. 
It  has  distributed  fifty  copies  of  Prof,  de  Hollander  "  Hand 
leiding  bij  de  Beoefening  der  Land-  cn  Yolkcnkundc  von  Neder. 
Oust  Indie  "  to  its  officials  in  all  parts  of  its  colonies,  and  has 
instructed  them  to  comiorc  their  own  observations  with  the 
statements  in  the  work,  and  to  report  the  result. 

The  German  Government  has  despatched  a  mission  under 
Baron  Pring  to  the  Cheshire  salt  districts,  charged  with  an 
investigation  of  the  local  industry,  and  especially  of  the  pheno- 
menon of  land  subsidence  through  hrinc  pumping.  Prince  Bismarck 
being  about  to  propose  certain  legislation  affecting  similar  land, 
slips  in  Germany. 

•  With  reference  to  Mr.  G.  J.  Symons's  letter  last  week  on  the 
subject  of  the  trees  in  Richmond  Park  struck  by  lightning,  Mr. 
Percy  Smith  writes  to  the  Ttmei  that  "  the  most  probable  cause 
of  the  liability  of  certain  trees  to  be  struck  by  lightning  is  that 
they  arc  bad  conductors  of  electricity.  The  suggestion  that  oak 
trees  are  struck  because  they  contain  iron  is  both  erroneous  and 
absurd.  If  oak  did  contain  iron  it  would  in  all  probability 
increase  its  conducting  power  and  act  as  a  preservative.  If  <»ak 
contained  an  estimable  <|uantity  of  that  metal  the  wood  would 
turn  black  on  exposure  to  air,  on  account  of  the  tannin  which  is 
present.  This  blackening  may  be  seen  surrounding  the  iron 
nails  in  any  oak  fence.  The  contour  of  the  ground,  nature  of 
the  soil,  and  the  presence  or  absence  of  water  has  more  influencv 
in  deciding  the  locality  of  an  electric  discharge  than  the  height 
of  a  tree.  Add  to  this  the  difference  in  conductibility  between 
various  woods  and  we  have  at  once  an  explanation  of  the 
apparent  peculiarity  of  tall  trees  escaping  unharmed  while  shorter 
trees  are  destroyed." 

One  of  the  pro  >fs  commonly  advanced  for  the  theory  that  the 
cold  in  northern  regions  has  increased  in  historic  limes  is  that 
there  is  an  increase  of  ice  on  the  eastern  shores  of  Greenland  ; 
another  is  that  ■  <\\ ley,  which  was  successfully  grown  in  Iceland 
from  its  first  settlement  in  870  down  to  the  middle  of  the 
fifteenth  century,  is  no  longer  cultivated  there.  It  is,  there- 
fore, of  much  interest  to  Ieam  from  GMh  that  the  Icelandic 
Government  lately  attempted  to  grow  barley  in  the  island  on  a 
considerable  scale,  and  that  the  results  were  very  favourable. 
Norwegian  barley  from  AltcnQord,  which  is  on  the  extreme 
north  of  the  barley-growing  zone,  was  planted  and  was  fit  for 
cutting  down  in  eighty-nine  days.  The  decline  in  the  cultivation 
of  barley  in  Iceland  was  really  due,  not  to  an  increase  in  the 
cold,  but  to  the  fact  that  cattle  breeding  paid  better.  Attempts 
are  being  nude  to  grow  other  plants  1  at  Rcikjavik  a  botanical 
garden  has  f*cn  established,  and  the  seeds  of  382  kinds  of 
plants  which  occur  around  Christiania  have  been  planted  there. 
It  is  probable,  therefore,  that  the  scanty  garden  flora  of  Iceland 
will  be  increased  in  the  near  future 

AT  the  recent  meeting  of  the  French  Association  at  Grenob 
M.  de  Mortillel  read  a  paper  on  Tertiary  .nun  before  t 
anthropological  section.    The  question,  he  laid,  was  not 
know  whether  man  already  existed  iu^a»Xattiary  epoch  as  he 
exists  at  t  111  one  geological 

stratum  to  another,  and  the  htgfc^^H  BhflMler  was 

the  variation.    It  was  to  be  I 

vary  more  rapidly  than  the  other  4  was 
lo  discover  in  the  Tertiary  period 
predecessor  of  the  man  of  histuti 
affirmed  that  there  were  unquestiooaS 
objects  which  implied  the  existence 
These  objects  have,  in  fact,  t>een  found 
of  the  Tertiary  epoch — in  the  lower  Tetti 
Ik*  Upper  Tertiary  at  Otta.  in  Portugal,  and 
Carnal.  These  objects  proved  that  at  these  two 


there  existed  in  Europe  animals  acquainted  with  the  use  of  in 
and  able  more  or  less  to  cut  stone.  During  the  Tertiary  period 
then,  there  lived  animals  less  intelligent  than  existing  nun,  hi 
much  more  intelligent  than  existing  apes.    M.  de  Mcmillet  pm 

the  name  of  timtMrtptthtifw,  or  ape-man,  to  the 
he  maintains,  was  an  ancestral  form  of  historic 
skeleton  has  not  yet  been  discovered,  but  who  has 
known  to  us  in  the  clearest  manner  by  his  works.  A  number  t 
flints  were  exhibited  from  the  strata  in  question,  which 
intentionally  chipped  and  exposed  to  fire.  The 
of  the  un<ants  assembled  at  Grenoble  was  that  there  cn  he  at 
longer  any  doubt  of  the  existence  in  the  Tertiary  period  c/  a 
ancestral  form  of  man. 


An  ingenious  instrument  for  ascertaining  the 
accessible  and  inaccessible  points  from  the 
each  other  has  been  invented  by  Dr.  Luigi 
lessor  of  the  University  of  Verona.  This 
mainly  of  a  pair  of  telescopes  mounted  on  a  stand  and 
a  tripod  for  use.  The  telescopes  are  both  brought  to  bear  « 
the  object,  and  a  reading  is  then  taken  from  a  gradual  erf  «cs- 
on  the  instrument,  which,  compared  with  a  set  of  printed  taassv 
gives  the  distance.  By  this  means  the  inventor  obviates  at 
necessity  for  the  Iwse  line,  which  has  hitherto  had  to  be  ha 
down  in  these  operations,  and  he  dispenses  with  all 
metrical  calculation*.  Distances  can  be  measured 
off  objects,  and,  by  means  of  a  sheet  of  paper  fixed  < 
board,  a  rough  plan  of  the  country  under  measurement  cam  st 
sketched.  In  the  same  way  the  distances  of  ship*  at  sen  ar  ■ 
moving  objects  on  land  can  be  determined.  The 
appears  to  be  well  adapted  for  land-surveying,  and 
for  military  purposes.  In  fact,  it  is  stated  to  have  1 
adopted  in  the  German  army  in  the  latter  connection,  anal  c  > 
about  to  be  tried  by  the  authorities  of  our 
ment.  A  practical  trial  was  made  with  this 
Thames  Embankment  on  the  tlth  inst.,  when  its  varied  asssW 
ness  was  demonstrated. 


We  have  received  from  the  Director  of  the  Batai 
lory  a  volume  containing  statistics  of  the  rainfall  in  the  Las 
Indian  Archipelago  for  the  year  1884.  Rainfall 
were  made  during  the  year  at  145  stations  without 
although  at  the  end  of  the  year  there  were  172  station*,  94 
which  were  on  the  islands  of  Java  and  Madura 


It  is  stated  that  the  Physical  and  Mathematical 
Tokio  has  decided  in  future  to  print  its  official 
in  Japanese  written  in  Roman  letters  instead  of 
meters,  although  the  authors  of  papers  may  employ  any  styaca 
language  they  please.  A  similar  step  i«  in  contemplation  by  an 
Chemical  Society. 


a  late  issue  of  the 
ion,  Prof.  Vc 
ill  live 
his  alienu 
to  an 
ruber 


the  lease. 

i 


Sept.  17,  1885] 


XA  TUKE 


495 


position— suspended  as  they  were  with  the  front  edge  downward 
— is  the  most  favourable  one  possible  for  the  retention  of  water 
within  the  gill-cavity,  for  in  this  position  the  edges  of  the  mantle 
would  closely  pack  against  the  inner  edges  of  the  shell,  effectually 
closing  any  small  leaks,  and  the  retained  water  would  also  be  in 
the  most  favourable  position  to  moisten  the  gills,  even  after  part 
had  evaporated.  It  is  also  possible  that  when  in  this  position 
the  oyster  instinctively  keeps  the  shell  tightly  closed,  to  prevent 
the  loss  of  water.  This  incident,  says  Prof.  Verrill,  may  give 
hint  of  the  best  mode  of  transporting  oysters  and  clams  long 
distances.  Perfect  shells  should  be  selected,  and  they  should  be 
pricked  with  the  front  edge  downward,  and  kept  moderately  cool, 
in  a  crate  or  some  such  receptacle  which  will  allow  a  free  circu- 
lation of  air.  Under  such  favourable  conditions  selected  oysters 
can  doubtless  be  kept  from  eight  to  twelve  weeks  out  of  water. 
Mr.  Ryder,  of  Washington,  adds  that  he  has  had  oysters  live  in 
the  shell  for  two  weeks,  where  the  temperature  ranged  from  30 1 
to  over  80*  F.,  lying  on  shelves  in  the  cases  in  his  work-room, 
exposed  the  whole  time  to  the  air,  without  showing  the  slightest 
tendency  to  decom|>osc. 

The  schooner  Kosario,  at  New  York,  reports  than  on  June  23, 
in  lat.  20°  14'  N.  and  long.  133*  25'  W.,  at  ti  a.m.,  two  heavy 
shocks  of  submarine  earthquake  were  experienced.  These  were 
at>nm  one  minute  apart,  and  the  last  was  much  heavier  than  the 
first,  causing  the  vessel  to  tremble  violently.  The  sky  was  over- 
cast, and  the  sea  remarkably  smooth. 

THE  Russian  Geographical  Society  is  said  by  the  St.  Peters- 
burgh  journals  to  contemplate  sending  a  scientific  expedition  to 
1  tie  Amour  for  the  purpose  of  studying  the  surrounding  region 
with  regard  to  its  geographical,  historical,  and  commercial 
features,  as  well  as  its  mineral  resources. 

It  is  announced  in  Brussels  that  the  German  Lieutenant 
■Weissmann,  who  is  in  the  service  of  the  African  Association 
has  discovered  that  the  River  Kassai,  which  was  always  believed 
to  join  the  Congo  above  the  equator  station,  forms  a  curve  and 
(alls  into  Lake  Leopold  II. 

n\  the  night  of  August  31  to  September  1  temperature  fell  to 
n  lower  point  in  several  districts  than  is  known  to  have  ever 
before  hap|>cncd  so  early  in  the  season.  Over  upper  and  middle 
Strathspey  in  particular  the  frost  was  very  severe.  At  Kingussie 
the  protected  thermometer  fell  to  24° -9  and  the  exposed  to  i8°*o, 
while  at  Gran  town  the  exposed  thermometer  fell  to  I5°X>,  these 
being  all  compared  instruments  ami  in  good  order.  At  Kin- 
t;us>ie  ice  an  inch  thick  was  found  on  the  water  supplying  the 
barometer.  In  this  large  district  the  potato  crop  is  completely 
destroyed,  not  only  in  low-lying  situations  but  also  on  the  high- 
lying  slopes.  On  the  other  hand,  on  crossing  from  Inverness- 
-  hire  into  Perthshire,  the  |x>tato  crop  is  safe,  the  tops  being  only 
-lightly  blackened.  At  the  Ben  Nevis  Observatory  on  the 
-aroe  night,  with  a  sky  »:«pi.ilU  ele;«r  .mil  tl'.inliis,  ;i,  w.is  over 
Strathspey,  the  protect!- 1  thermometer  fell  only  to  and  the 
d  thermometer  to  24' -6.  U-inp;  re>pr<-r :v,-ly  S'-o  and  6  '6 
than  occurred  a".  Kin^iis-de  .  m  the  -r.ine  lu^il. 

^buttons  to  the  Zoot'^ical  Society's  Garden*  duri.  g  :hc 
ypttlnde  a  Barbnry  Ape:  [MutatHs  inuu  \  from  N'o:tli 
by  Mi«  Bedford  ;  .1;  H-.nk  YnK-  {Ani^l.t 
presented  by  Mr.  E.  R. -lin~  ;  .1  Onumon 
vfifus),  British,  presented  by  Ma-ter 
Polecat  (Musttta  putormA,  Bnluh. 
an  Undulated  Gms<  1'arrakeet 
Sfon  Australia,  presented  by  Millie. 
\tQtrvne/lii  lavis)  from  Dorsetshire, 
%  Cambridge.  C.M.Z.  S.  ;   tw  o 
UK*  domgiassi)  from  New 
hb ;  two  Common 
f  Africa,  presented 


ASTRONOMICAL  PHENOMENA  FOR  THE 
WEEK,  1885,  SEPTEMBER  20-26 

(For  the  reckoning  of  time  the  civil  day,  commencing  at 
Greenwich  mean  midnight,  counting  the  hour*  on  to  24,  is  here 
employed.) 

At  Greenwich  on  September  20 
Sun  rises,  5h.  44m.  ;  souths,  nh.  53m.  162s.  ;  sets,  iSh.  2m.  ; 
decl.  on  meridian,  0°  56'  N.  :  Sidereal  Time  at  Sunset, 
l8h.  im. 

Moon  (Full  on  Sept.  24)  rises,  l6h.  21m. ;  souths,  2lh.  21m.  ; 
sets,  2h.  27m.*  ;  decl.  on  meridian,  12*  12'  S. 


Hanei 


SuUlliJ 


h.  m. 
4  1 

9  12 

o  23 

4  52 
22  27* 

•  Indicate*  that  the  ruing  it  that  of  the  preceding 
the  following  day. 

Occultatiens  of  Start  by  the  Moon 


Mercury 

Venus 

Mars 

Jupiter 

Saturn 


10  50 

'?  J 

n  23 
6  35 


Sets 

b.  m. 

17  39 
19  2 

16  19 

17  54 
14  44 


Star 


Mag.  Oisap. 


20  ...  18  Aguarii     ...  6  ... 

21  ...  B.A.C.  7774  ...  6  ... 

24  ...  B.A.C.  8365  ...  6J  ... 

25  ...  ft  Piscium  5  ... 

26  ...  B.A.C.  741     ...  6J  ... 

The  Occ&ltatiooa  of  Stan  are 
Sep*.  h. 


h.  m. 
18  47 
22  8 

5  '* 

20  12 

21  19 


h. 
«9 
23 

6 
21 
22 


SJ 

22 

5 

3 


Decl  on  meridian 

...  c?  Si  -V. 

...  13  11  S. 

...  2042N. 

...  5  21  N. 

...  22  20  X. 

the  tetting  that  of 


CorretpouJing 
angles  from  ver- 
<«*  to  right  for 

inverted  image 

■■•  49  3°5° 
...  136  2S3 
...  124  350 
•  94  233 
26  299 


a»  are  visible  at  Greenwich. 

from  the  Sun. 


Mercury  at  1 
Sun  in  equator. 

Partial  eclipse  of  the  Moon,  but  the  Moon 
will  set  at  Greenwich  at  about  sunrise 
whilst  partly  obscured  by  the  penumbra 
and  before  entering  the  shadow. 


SCIENTIFIC  SERIALS 

The  Proceedings  of  the  Royal  Society  of  Queensland,  1884,  vol. 
parts  2,  3,  4. — Wc  arc  glad  to  sec  that  this  new  Society  in 

'  anting 


2,  3,  4.— wc  ar 

one  of  our  leading  colonies  is  advancing  rapidly.  In  the  ports 
before  us  Mr.  Tryon  describes  certain  rock -drawing*  of  the 
aborigines  of  Queensland,  of  a  class  hitherto  undescribed  (with 
plates).  Mr.  C.  W.  dc  Vis,  who  is  one  of  the  most  indefatigable 
contributors,  writes  on  new  Australian  lizards ;  on  a  new  form 
of  the  genus  Therapon  ;  on  new  Queensland  lizards  ;  on  a  new 
species  of  Hoplocephalus  ;  on  an  apparently  new  species  of 
Halmaturus ;  on  a  new  species  of  Hyla ;  a  de*cription  of 
new  snakes  with  a  syno|wis  of  the  genus  Hoplocephalus  ; 
on  the  fauna  of  the  Gulf  of  Carpentaria,  and  a  conspect 
of  the  genus  Heteropus.  Mr.  Bailey  gives  instalments  of 
his  contributions  to  Queensland  Flora.  Mr.  Broadbent  writes  on 
the  migrations  of  birds  at  the  Cape  York  peninsula,  which  is  a 
peculiarly  favourite  spot  ibr  observing  the  migrations  of  bints 
from  and  to  New  Guinea,  for  the  passage  is  shortest  here. 
Ethnology  is  well  represented  in  the  numbers  before  us,  for, 
besides  the  paper  by  Mr.  Tryon  mentioned  above,  we  have  one 
by  Dr.  Bancroft  on  the  food  of  the  aborigines  of  Central 
Australia,  and  one  liy  Mr.  Duffield  on  the  inhabitants  of  New 
Ireland  and  its  archipelago,  their  fine  and  industrial  art*, 
customs,  and  language,  especially  their  tattooing.  Mr.  Knight 
describes  a  new  species  of  Pannelia,  and  Baron  von  Muller. 
the  Dendmbiurn  Cincinnati***,  sp.  nov.  Mr.  Bcmays  describes 
exotic  fruits  new  to  Queensland.  Mr.  Pink  pleads  for  the  practice 
of  hybridisation  of  plants;  and  Dr.  Bancroft  describes  experi- 
ments with  Indian  wheats  in  Queensland.  There  are  numerous 
other  minor  contributions. 


SOCIETIES  AND  ACADEMIES 
Paris 

Academy  of  Sciences,  August  31.— M.  Bouley,  President, 
in  the  chair. — On  the  cyclonic  character  of  the  solar  spot*,  in 
reply  to  M.  Tacchini's  objection,  by  M.  Faye.  In  their  m.rm.i! 
state  the  snots,  like  terrestrial  cyclones,  arc  described  as  of  circular 
form,  with  funnel-shaped  penumbra,  concentric  circumferences. 


Digitized  by  Go< 


496 


NATURE 


[Sept.  17, 


and  vertical  axis,  varying  in  size  from  almost  imperceptible 
(Kiro  to  abysses  large  enough  to  cngulph  the  earth.  The  me- 
chanical identity  of  the  two  phenomena  is  thus  established, 
while  the  absence  of  this  s|>ecial  disposition  in  the  penumbra  of 
certain  s]hi!<  proves  nothing  against  the  author'-,  theory,  which 
accounts  both  for  the  development  and  occasional  disappearance 
i.f  the  cyclonic  form. — Note  respecting  M.  Itoehcfontaine's  ex- 
perinunt  on  the  origin  of  cholera,  by  M.  Trecid.  A  pill  con- 
taining the  comma  bacillus  having  l>een  swallowed  by  M. 
li.Kbefoniainc  with  impunity,  the  author  infers  (hat  Koch's 
germ  may  not  after  all  be  the  active  principle  of  cholera.  In 
any  case  he  protests  against  the  ridicule  cast  u]x>n  the  experi- 
menter, whose  courageous  act  is  worthy  rather  of  admiration 
and  reward.—  On  the  part  played  by  the  bacilli  in  the  ravages 
of  the  vine  attributed  to  Phylloxera  vastatrt.x,  by  M.  I.ui?  de 
Andradc  Corvo.  From  hts  experiments  the  author  concludes 
that  the  disease,  to  which  he  gives  the  name  of  "•tuberculosis" 
is  quite  distinct  from,  and  independent  of.  Phylloxera,  lha"  it  is 
constitutional  and  hereditary,  and  may  also  be  transmitted  by 
contagion,  the  insect  merely  playing  a  secondary  par;  in  its 
propagation. — Octahedrons  of  sulphur  with  square  Ki-e.  which 
is  physically  a  rhombus,  by  M.  Ch.  Hramc. — On  certain  points  in 
the  physiological  action  of  tanguin,  the  jxiison  used  a;  ordeals  in 
Madagascar,  by  M.  Ch.  E.  Quinquand. — Influence  of  the  sun 
on  the  vegetation,  the  vegetable  functions  and  virulence  of  the 
cultivated  virus  of  Hatillut  anthr,uis.  by  M.  S.  Aiiolng.— A 
letter  was  read  by  the  Pcr(>etual  Secretary  from  King  Oscar  of 
Sweden,  to  the  effect  that  on  attaining  his  sixtieth  year,  in  i8Sq, 
be  proposes  offering  a  prize  of  2500  trancs,  with  a  gold  mesial 
valued  at  looo  fitines,  to  the  author  of  the  most  important  con- 
tribution to  mathematical  science.  The  already  nominated 
oidgcs  are  a  German,  a  Swiss,  and  M.  Hcnnite  of  the  Act  lemy. 
— K\|H-nments  with  various  kinds  of  wheat.  »iih  a  view  to  a»cer- 
■  nn  the  most  prt*luctive  variety  under  normal  c.mdif'.  hi-,  bv  M. 
I'.  I*.  Dehcrain.  Five  varieties  yielded  the  following  returns 
o.-r  hectare  12J  acres)  :— 

l'  Straw 


Scho  •  •• 
Scotch  ml 

I    •  I'  '. 

No.  i::,:.- 


■v: 

4-"  - 

,s-'  \; 


Kcclotimt 
49  S 
- 

4,v 

a?  < 


r-.i-.s 

s-4-1 


A.  .  01      -.  ve«j  at  Fontainebleau.  b.  M.  1"  i\ 

Mounier.    Thil  tntteoo  «•«  noticed  at  7,30  a.  at  in  1  clear  sky, 
■■■  -.-.n  1 ..:  •>  :i    1  north  to  south  at  a  velocity 

much  inferior  to  that  of  ■  shooting  star.  It  emitted  an  intensely 
white  light  like  that  produced  by  a  magnesium  wire  in  combus- 
tion. Before  dU*ppe*ring  it  broke  Into  three  fragments,  which 
(be  v  ■.  1 tl-'-:  ■  '•  «•::       it  ill  more  vivid  light,  and  then 

l'l  ,  1  :  \ 

Physiological  Society.  }-.;\         r:  :.  \\  •      -  -  I 

OO  an  .v.: :  i<-  !■..■:  institute  by  Herr  Plichtlis 

into  lh*   level  [1 \roid  gland.    The  oldest  ob- 

«enen»  Renttk, IColliker,  and,  quale  recently,  HU,  had  found  that 
the  thyroid  gland  war  developed  mcduutly  from  the  atoinodjerun), 
a  ThkkesiDC  «f  the  wail  and  then  a  luttonlike  eminence  arising 
thereon,  which  afterward)  became  boUow  and  got  transformed 
into  The  eland.  Seeing  the  gland  was  com posed  of  two  lateral 
lobes  suuted  by  an  intermedtate  piece,  Herr  Hit  assumed  that 
two  protrusions  aroat  front  the  anterior  wall  of  the  stomodJcrurn, 
coale*  !-!'...    I L : : .  :i  Stieda  and  Wolrler  had 

afterward*  given  an  entirely  different  description  of  the  develop- 
ment 0/  tan  organ.    According  to  them  the  thyroid  gland 

:■■  »       '.u:.i;    :.        <:..:•.•:■-    :  ■  :.r 


which  was  a  complete  riddle  both  physiologically  and  hist»o;  . : 
cally,  remained  inexplicable  phylogenetically  as  welL     Ir.  :-■ 
discussion  which  followed,  the  effects  of  the  excision  of  :■ 
thyroid  gland  in  men  and  animals  were  copiously  enlarged  oc_  - 
Prof.  Eulcnburg  spoke  on  a  communication  concerning 
influence  of  the  cortex  of  the  cerebrum  on  the  tempera: 
of  the  body,  which  had  been  lately  laid  before  the  >  < 
by  Dr.  Kaudniu,  and  sought  to  refute  the  arguments  which 
been  brought  forward  by  the  latter  in  opposition  t  o  the  o^nchi 
at  which,  in  conjunction  with  Herr  Landois,  hciProf.  Eulct  •.  . 
had  arrived.    The  speaker  maintained  both  the  exactness  U 
thermo-electric  measurements  and  the  accuracy  of  his  starcrj  - 
in  reference  to  phenomena  he  had  observed  regarding  the  -  - 
encc  of  certain  parts  of  the  cortex  cerebri  on  the  tfmpen::.- 
thepartof  the  body  lying  opposite.  His  statements  were  -.up;  or- 
not  only  by  experiments  on  animals  by  mean*  of  stimutax;._-t  1- 
cutting,  but  likewise  by  a  large  number  of  clinical  cx;*t..-s  - 
— Dr.  Mullcnhoff  siiokc  of  the  different  tuctliudi  of  :^>r-  .. 
ing  the   locomotion   of  animals,  and  discussed  the   a  • . 
ages  afforded  in  this  study  by  the  photographic  repres»cn:i 
of  a  large  number  of  individual  moments  on  the  part  of  tr-i- 
in  the  act  of  movement.    A  rather  large  series  of  photo--— 
prepared  by  Herr  Anschuti  in  Lissa  were  shown.    The*  rc; 
duced  the  movements  of  men  and  horses,  of  stork*  -ir^;- 
into  their  nests,  lying  there,  and  issuing  from  them,  u 
pigeons. — Dr.  Salomon  next  exhibited  some  beautiful   p-r-  - 
lions  of  paraxanthine  crystals  which  he  had  obtained  froa  - 
and  set  forth  some  further  qualities  and  reactions  of  tru»  ia_=  ■ 
body  discovered  by  him  a  year  ago  in  the  urine.     1'araxaji  .i 
occurrcd  very  sparely;  one  thousand  litres  of  urine  c<.-nii^ 
but  one  grain  of  paraxanthine.    In  just  as  small  quant i:r  < 
another  xanthine  t>ody  present  in  urine,  a  boly  which  >e  :- 
now  discovered  and  had  called  provisionally  '*  hetei'.ixAnih-rv- 
This  b  »ly  was  precipitated  amorphously  in  the  form  of  f>># 
or  in  the  shape  of  poppy-seeds,  and  with  so-la  hmie'. 
crystals.    Certain  reactions  (served  to  discriminate  it  frx>m  jvi.-. 
xanthine  and  to  range  it  under  the  head  of  xanthine  S>l:es. 
■pi:'..-  pecuti.i:  in'ci>  s!  w.--  i"-  chemi.il  01:1;  'O-i'.i-  'n. 
:!:_-  tleii:c:r.'.rv     /  '  I   vc:  g-.snc, 

::;c:lnK.'.[i:'.:r.,  -.i:.:',;-   :  .i:v.x.i.n thine   vMs  a 
i.  -t-acr:.  w      :!"       :  :r..r-.-.  >eein     as  wis  known,  that 
.;s  1  :;;nic',;-.;  !x  '.  \  the  •:nr->WTy  of  ibt  simply 

\.\:;::::::,-  *;.'.:•  in  t:ie  >-;r;e-  of  methylaant 

W;    :.a  !  r:       xanthine,  inethtlxitithine 
^^l::!;|;c  ■ : ' : ; '.  v  a:- : :, .  nv       ;  u.n.in:!imo 
:ri:i:i 


CONTENTS 

The  New  Star  in  Andromeda.    |:>-  Lord  Ro* 
F  R.S  ;  Dr    William   Hugging.  F  R  S.  .  W. 

Denning.    (/...-.  :'r.  

Letters  to  the  F.ditor  : 

K.  •  K      .    .    -  •  -> :.  — George  F.  Border  . 

1  W   F  Denning  

PwUation  in  the  Veins.-  Dr  J.  W.  Williams  .  _  |T 
l     .  i   :..  :  •.  '•    Dr.  P.  L  Sc Later 

The  Br.t-.sh  Assoc.at.oTi   ij 

>-c:.       i      '  :        .  ..'  >•,:;•:•„•  e — •  ';<::;r:;    \  Mrrss  \n 
Fror   Htr.r^    E.   Armstrong,  Ph.D..  F.RS". 
Sec.  C  S..  :  .  r.:  ■■{  the  S»-C!!  .n  ...... 

Section  C— Geology— <•  •  :-;    Al'  cs-   bv  Prof 
J.  W  Ju.'.i  F.R.S..  Sec  G  S..  i  r^:ieii:  of  the 

]•-:•        -.-f^rr.-    A  i  ::e»>    !it  Prof. 


W   C    Mclr.toah.   M  D 


Sept.  17,  1885] 


NATURE 


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"  England  has  not  had  too  many  statesmen  of  Lord  Hobart's  quality,  and  the  perusal  of  these  volumes  will  add  to  the  regret 
felt  that  an  early  death  brought  his  career  to  a  premature  close." — Athemrum. 

THE  ENGLISH  CITIZEN  SERIES.    Edited  by  Henry  Craik,  M.A.,  Oxon.,  LL.D.,  Glasgow.    New  Volume. 

THE  PUNISHMENT  AND  PREVENTION  OF  CRIME.    By  Col. 

Sir  EDMUND  F.  DU  CANE,  K.C.B.,  R.E.,  Chairman  of  Commissioners  of  Prisons,  Chairman  of  Directors  of  Prisons, 

Inspector-General  of  Military  Prisons,  Surveyor-General  ot  Prisons.    Crown  8vo.    3^.  6V. 
'•Sir  Edmund  Du  Cane's  little  volume,  just  published,  on  'The  Punishment  and  Prevention  of  Crime,' gives  an  interesting 
account  of  the  state  of  the  criminal  law  as  it  has  been  and  as  it  now  is  ;  of  the  objects  which  it  has  been  framed  to  secure  ;  of  the 
methods  resorted  to,  and  of  the  degree  of  success  by  which  they  have  been  severally  attended." — Times. 

MONTCALM  AND  WOLFE.     By  Francis  Parkman,  Author  of 

"  Pioneers  of  France  in  the  New  World,"  &c.    With  Portraits  and  Maps.    Two  Vols.    8vo.    lis.  6./.  each. 
The  Times  says  : — "  The  story  of  the  struggle  and  its  clos;  has  often  l>ccn  told  ;  but  never  have  the  facts  been  set  forth  so 
minutely,  accurately,  and  effectively  as  by  Mr.  Francis  Parkman.    He  has  accomplished  his  task  with  such  thoroughness  that 
others  following  in  his  footsteps  will  find  little  to  collect  and  improve.  .  .  .  The  luminous  narrative  of  Mr.  Parkman  is  fraught 
with  many  useful  lessons  as  well  as  replete  with  much  valuable  information." 

EUROPEAN  BUTTERFLIES,  A  HANDBOOK  OF.    By  W.  F.  De 

VISMES  KANE,  M.A.,  M.R.I.  A.,  M  i  llogical  Society  of  London,  &c    With  Copperplate  Illustra- 

tions.   Crown  8vo.    tor.  6./. 

IMPOUNDS  OF  CARBON;  or,  Organic  Chemistry,  an  Introduction 

the  Study  of.    By  IRA  REMSEN,  Professor  <>f  Chemistry  in  the  Johns  Hopkins  University.    Crown  8vo.    (■><  6/ 

XT-BOOK    OF    1  HE    PRINCIPLES    OF   PHYSICS.  By 

iNIKI  I    M  V.,  I  LB..  It. Sc.,  F.R.S.E.,  Late  Lecturer  on  Physics  in  the  School  of  Medicine,  Edinburgh. 
^^^Hl    Second  Edition.    Medium  8vo.  2is. 

1SSURE  IN  HIGH  SCHOOLS  IN  DENMARK.  By 

'-.mi      I    >dictl  Officer,  Copenhagen.    Translated  from  the  Danish  by  C.  GODFREY  SORENSEN 
r,  CRI<  II  I    V BROWNE,  M.D.,  LL.D.,  F.R.S.    Crown  8vo.    is.  6d. 
PRIMA K  II  AND  GERMAN  READING-BOOKS.  . 

1.  A  JEUNE  SI  HERIENNK  ET  LE  LEPREUX  DE 

'cd,  with  Introduction,  Notes,  and  Vocabulary,  by  S.  BARLET,  B.Sc,  Assistant  Master  in 

D  HAUSM  ARC  HEN.  Selected  and  Edited, 

IN',  Assistant  Mister  in  Westminster  School.    Illustrated.  Globe 


CO.,  LONDON. 

Digitized  by  Google 


clx 


NA  TURE 


[Sept.  17, 1885 


ASTRONOMICAL  TELESCOPES. 


FINEST  POSSIBLE  QUALITY. 


3^in.  Wray  Lens,  best  mounting,  fcc,  &c.  £15  15 
.(in.  do.         do.        do.       £i$  0 

4$in.         do.         do.         do.       £v  0 

£n  11  1 


2 |in.  Wray  Lens,  best  mounting,  &c,  &c.  j£$  0 
j^in.  do.  do.  do.  j£j  10 

3m.  do.         do.         do.         £12  10 

THE  STUDENT'S  EQUATOREAL,  withjjia.  lens,  our  own  make,  3  Eyepieces,  Ac.,  Equttoreal  Sund 

New  Illustrated  Catalogue,  3  stamps. 
THE  "  SOLARGR APH,"  a  Photographic  Camera,  with  Instantaneous  Shutter,  and  an  adaptor  to  fit  it  to  iny 

telescope  for  Photographic  Solar  Spots,  Ac,  complete   m  £1  »  I 

"  LE  MERVEILLEUX  "  {  plate,  complete  dry  plate  apparatus   Ji  1  I 

"  LE  MERITOI  RE  "  4  plate,  complete  dry  plate  apparatus,  double  rising  front,  swing  back,  rack  to  focus,  4c,  Ac  £\  H  t 
THE  "INSTANTOGR  APH,  "with  best  lens,  instantaneous  shutter,  screw  motion  totail  board,  and  erery  receot 

Improvement  L1  '•  ' 

Illustrated  Photo  Catalogue  2  stamps. 

 J.  LANCASTER  &  SON,  Manufacturing  Opticians,  Birmingham. 

THE  PATENT  BOOK-SHELF  FITTINGS,  « «ed  in  the  public  libraries  <a  uvh 

POOL,  GLASGOW,  BIRMINGHAM,  &c,  enable  a  nice  adjustment  of  Shelves  to  be  made  without  trouble. 
HOOKHAM'S  PATENT  PICTURE  LINE  &  FASTENERS  afford  the  Most  Secure  and  Easy  meaiu  of  hangiaj  Pier* 
CURRALL'S  PATENT  VENTILATORS  secure  a  regular  supply  of  fresh  air,  without  draught,  at  a  very  small  coft. 

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TONKS  <to  SONS,  MOSELEY  STREET,  BIBfflNGEll 

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MANUFACTURERS   OF   SCIENTIFIC  APPARATUS  OF  ALL  CLASSES  FOR 
SCHOOLS,  COLLEGES,  OR  PRIVATE  RESEARCH 

WIMSHURST    AND    VOSS    INDUCTION  MACHINES 

OF  IMPROVED  PATTERN. 

Illustrated  Catalogue,  Revised  Edition,  per  post  Zd. 


In  Casks,  12/6  per  0  gala.  In  Bottle,  3/3  per  doz.  Impl.Pts.* 

*  Bottles  changed  »,'•  per  "  •  Allowed  at  the  same  rat*  if  relumed  ;  but  the/ 
must  be  paid  fur  with  the  lleer. 

Neither  lu^ar,  sacchanim,  nor  any  of  the  many  new  Brewing  Mafrials  are  used  in 
th*  manufacture  of  the  "  S  N  "  Stout ;  it  U  Brewed  entirely  from  the  finest  Malt  and 
Hops;  it  is,  too,  more  hupped  than  Stout  is  generally;  therefore,  besides  being  very 
nutritious,  it  is  an  excellent  Tonic  and  particularly  suited  for  invalids,  ladies  nursing,  or 
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VAlTIiM  BROTHERS, 

THE  "HALF-GUINEA"  ALE   BREWERY.  LONDON.  8.W. 


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"  To  the  solid  ground 
Of  Nature  trusts  the  mind  which  />uilds  for  ay*." — WoRDnwoaTII 


,jNo.  830,  Vol.  32]        THURSDAY,  SEPTEMBER  24,  1885 


[l'KICK  SlXPKNCK 


Registered  as  a  Newspaper  at  the  General  Pod  Office) 

CHATWOOD'S 

DUODECUPLE 

,  PATENT 

SAFES 
and  LOCKS 

Have  received  highest  Awards  at  all  International  Exhibitions, 
including  Two  Diplomas  of  Honour  and  Six  Gold  Medals. 


[Alt  Rights  ar. 


London  Warehouse,  76,  NEWGATE  STREET,  E.C. 

Lancashire  Safe  and  Lock  Works,  Bolton.  [Si} 

RIBBON  SECTION  CUTTING. 

.  The  Cambridge  Scientific  Instrument  Company  have  designed  a  new  and 
limplo  Microtome  for  cutting  continuous  Ribbons  of  Sections  of  Microscopic 
Preparations  on  the  plan  first  adopted  by  Mr.  Caldwell.  The  Dew  instru- 
ment has  the  advantage  over  the  original  pattern  of  dispensing  with  the 
•  ndless  band  altogether,  and  consequently  not  only  avoiding  the  trouble 
tf  lifting  the  series  of  Sections  from  the  razor,  but  also  of  allowing  them  to 
ja.ll  on  to  the  glass  slide  in  their  proper  position  fur  mounting.  Pnce  of  the 
jVftcrotome,  £$  jr. 

The  Company  are  appointed  Agents  for  the  Microscopes  of  Zeiss,  a  supply 
',{  which  is  kept  in  stock. 

THE  CAMBRIDGE  SCIENTIFIC  INSTRUMENT  CO., 

Cambridge. 

Prof.  Lolsette'e  DISCOVERIES.  IBI PHT8IOLOOICAT, 
ART  OF  NEVER  FOROETTINO-wholly  unlike  mnemonics 
Mat  memories  restored-the  worst  made  good,  and  the  beat 
Deller.    Ant  book  (eoraed  la  out  rtntting.    Speaking  without 

MEMORYi^I^ 

AND  The  Lessons  contain 

__  Onn  T>inn«ii'i.|  At.rlTs'lon.  "■ 

SUCCESS.    PROSPKLll.s  rOol  rHht. 

s,    .,    .    „rT  ""h  opinions  of 

ie~»v  sttA  A_ ^  ANDREW  WILSON.  «0. 

tw^R  FOHO«TTIl»0  and  CORE  tor  MIND- WANDER* 
pbm?  *,  ,?!-  «5Sr°u«»4y  »T  Post,  in  Classes,  en.i  Privately 
PRO".  LOIBKTTE,  g?.  Hew  Oxford  Street.  London.  W.O. 


OUB  EYES. 

HOW  TO  USE  OUR  EYES,  AND 
HOW  TO  PRESERVE  THEM  FROM 
INFANCY  TO  OLD  AGE. 

WITH  SPECIAL  INFORMATION  about  SPECTACLES. 

THIRD  EDITION. 

By  JOHN  BROWNING, 

F  R.A.S  ,  F.R.M.S.,  4c 
With  54  It  Li's  r  nations.    Price  it. ;  Cloth,  is.  td. 
Extras  Is  from  Notices  of  the  First  Edition  :— 


"  '  How  to  Use  Our  Eyes,"  br  John  Browning,  F.R. 
practical  little  manual  "— <7ni/*<. . 

"  Gives  many  a  useful  hint  to  i hose  who  enjoy  good 
preserve  it,  and  gives  the  advice  of  an  oculist  to  l' 

•.pti  1...  icv.' ■—  i:ttt  M*n  Gtuttu. 

CHATTo  \  WINIH  s,  PICCADILLY, 

AND  Al  l.  BOoKSEUJMtfcT 

Sent  free  for  ir.  id.  by  the  Author,  loa)| 
63.  Strand.  London,  U 


thoroutfhly 


il.t  I 


NEGRETTI  AND 

SOLE  MAKERS  OF  JOh'DAN\ 

SUNSH 


Siher  Medal  awarded  /men/ urns" 


clxii 


NA  TURE 


{Sept.  24,  iSf 


BRITISH  MUSEUM. 

The  READING .ROOM  »U1  he  CI.OSF  D  from  THl'RsDAY, 
1,  to  MONDAY,  October  5,  both  days inclusive. 

EDWARD  A.  BOND.  Principal  Librarian 

British  Museum,  S«ptem|„r  11,  ttis. 


UNIVERSITY  OF  LONDON. 

PRELIMINARY  SCIEN  ITFtC  (M  IL)  1  \  \MIN  A  !  ION. 
Instruction  is  tis-en  in  all   the  snhjects  of  the   above   1  xarairiation  at 
GLVS  HOSPITAL.  during  the  Winter  and  <>utnracr  Session,     "1  lie  Cut* 
in  not  confined  to  Students  .if  the  Hospital  —  F*  or  further  particulars  apply  to 
the  I »r  tv,  Guy's  Hospital,  Southward,  S.E. 

UNIV E RSITY  COLLEGE.  BRISTOL. 

TKe  SESSION  iltj-M  wilt  begfe  on  OCTOBER  6.  The  '  II  1  iE>^a»i 
for  BMMMM   of  either  «r(  above  the  ordinary  S.  hool  Age  the  means  of 

«ootinoit.c  their  Studies  i>,  SCIENCE,  LANGt'AC.ES.  HISTORY,  and 
LITERATl'RK.  The  (.'HEMIC  XL,  PHYSICAL,  I  M  .INEI.RING, 
GEOLOGICAL,  and  BIOLOGICAL  LA BORA  I  ORIKS  are  ojien  Daily. 
The  F  ri^iiiccriiur  Department  ini  hide*  Civil,  Mech.ni  ■•  at,  and  F.lectllt 
Engineering,  and  Surveying  :  and  special  arrangement*  for  practical  work 
hair  fieen  made  with  s-arious  F^nginrcrs  in  and  near  Bristol.  Information 
with  regard  to  the  lodging  of  Student*  may  >*  obtained  on  application. 
Several  SCHOLARSHIPS  are  tenable  at  the  C  II  cge.  Calendar,  contain- 
ing full  information,  price  t».  (try  Post  it.  y/.).  For  IVwpertin  and  further 
information,  apply  to 

ALFRED  E.  STOCK,  Rcjistrar  and  Secretary 

THE  YORKSHIRE  COLLEGE. 

DEPARTMENT  OF  SCIENCE.  TECHNOLOGY,  AND  ARTS 
The  TWELFTH  SESSION  begins  TUESDAY.  October  6.  1F85,  imhe 
New  Collece  Biiujim.s.  Cuttn.K  Kosd,  Lekijs.  itccatly  opened  by 
the  Prince  and  Prince*,  of  Wale*. 

The  Day  Cla»»r*  prepare  for  the  I.nnd>  n  I'nivrrsitv  and  other  Examina- 
tions, and  for  various  Pr  tV-.i  ns  1  bey  include  :—  Ma'henutirt,  I'hysics, 
Chemistry.  <  Myology,  Mineralogy,  Mining,  C\>al  Mining  and  Colliery  Man- 
agement, Zoology.  Comparative  Anatomy,  Botany,  Human  Physiology, 
Civil,  Mechanical,  and  Mining  Engineering.  I  lasso  s.  History.  English. 
F  rench,  German,  and  Oriental  Languages  and  literature,  \»  raviny..  Design 
ing.  ami  Dyeing,  Textile  Fabrics,  Fir. 


ing, 

I  he  College  UlfaorMof 
for  prai  tiral  woik      Fee*  . 
N  B.  —  F  ngiocering  Stu. 
I.aiioh  *  rnnv  l'r«| 


ig  Sheds,  and  Dyrhr.uce  ate  open  daily 

cording  10  time, 
-nt 4  will  work  in  the  dctarhr.l  N  i  \s  Evcivafca. 
ctuses  may  be  had  (free)  from  the  Secretary. 


UNIVERSITY  COLLEGE,  LONDON 


ORGANIC  CHEMISTRY. 
Pr  H.  FO  ESTER  MORLEV  will  give  a  Systematic  Ou 

lectures  <>n  Organic  Chemistry,  beginning  WKPNF'spAi ,  <  1, 1 
u  am._  First  Term:  F lementary.     Second  Term:  Ben/cne  1* 


■  of  In 
«f  7,  at 
s-af  ive*. 
lesjuired  for  B.Sc. 

f\.,  Secretary 


Third  Term    Advanced.     I  he  Course  covers  the  subject 
Fee.  £1  111.  <W  per  Term,  in  I*  Hi  forthe  Course 

TALFOI  RD  ELY,  M 

MATHEMATICS  (London  and  Suburbs).— 

Students  attended  (at  their  own  homes  if  tliey  so  prefer)  by  a  Hitch 
Wrangler.  Trm.  Coll.,  M  A.  and  F".R.i».,on  very  NMMHll  terms.— 

X..  9.  Purvillc  Road.  Hammersmith,  \V. 

BEDFORD  COLLEGE.  LONDON,  "  FOR 

LADIES."  g  and  ■>.  York  Plae,  Biker  Street,  W  — Michaelmas  Term 
will  begin  on   THl'RsDAY.  Chtober   is,  1M5.    Ihroughout  the 
Session   practical   deitior.trations  in   Botany  ssilf  I 
MARY  FVlRsi  r.H 


K-Many  »ilf  I*  given  hv  Miss 
B.  sH.\DW I  LL.  Hon.  Sec. 


THE  MASON  SCIENCE  COLLEGE, 
BIRMINGHAM 

SCHOLARSHIP  IN  CHEMISTRY  OF  £yO  PER  ANNT'M. 
An  Fsatnlnatio.i  f.,r  lhi-  «.  h"l  ir-hip  still  \k  held  early  t«  Ortober.  Canrli- 

rt  in  tl» Colkgc.  «•  they 


date,  must  either  have  studied  1  hemistry  two  y 
may  '«  B  Sc.  of  Ln.'l  m,  or   A.*-- rates  of  th 
App'.tcation  to  I*  ma.tr  before  OiiuUr  ■ 


In.titiiir  p|  chmi 


try 


LIVING  SPECIMENS  FORTHE  MICROSCOI 

GOLD M EDAL awarded  atthe FISHERIES  EXHIBITION  M 

THOMAS  BOLTON,  jy.  NEWHALL  STREET.  BIRM1NGM 

whu  has  last  week  sent  to  his  luhscrfbert  a  curious  Worm.  Pierr!  -a;-  at 
silica,  with  drawing  and  description.  He  ha»al«o  sent  oat  Cristjut,—  t .  w 
Frrdericella  sultana,  Cordylophora  lacu»lris,  I jciniilaria  srwia  ».  '!  • 
coclon  clavu».  Not  mmata  tpicata,  Brachionus  amphiceros.  Khi:  ,  •  - 
lr sella  virewens,  Arjneta  tmndis,  Yulsrox  globator.  IV. mid s  ; 
Am*ba,  Yorikella.  Crayfish,  and  other  Specincnt  lot  (Huiic)  ar..  )  - 
Biological  laboratory'  work. 

Weekly  AnnouncemenU  » ill  be  made  in  this  place  of  Otx»c'sj».  7  F. 
supplying. 


Specimen  Tube,  One  Shilling,  post  free. 


Taarria  cturn  c/Su  Mentis  fyrSuti 
*r  Twin  Tmiti  frr  tot,  td. 

Portfolio  nfl)ra»ing..  Eleven  Part,,  w.  each. 


tf  it  ■< 


THE  LONDON  HOSPITAL  AND 
MEDICAL   COLLEGE,  MILE    END.  E 

The  SESSION  iSJj-6  will  COMMENCE  on  THCRSDAa,  i» 

1  MS, 

As  the  College  will  be  in  course  of  enlargement  thete  will   >-.  1  ■ 
Distrib  ution  id  I'nres  this  year. 

FOUR  ENTRANCE  SCHOLARSHIPS,  value  £ t  v  . 

£x>,  will  be  offrrt-d  fur  competition  at  the  end  of  sateen bs-c  Irs  • 
F'ee«  for  Lectures  and  Hospital   Practice,  •)!  Guineas  in  on-  ,* 
tooGuineas  in  three  instalments     All  Resident  and  otfver  H 
ments  are  free,  and  the  holders  of  all  the  Resident  Apj«antme  •*  »■-  . 
with  rooms  and  hoard  entirely  free  of  expense.    The  R»-s,  >at  » 
ments  ..-insist  of  Five  Huuie-Physicianoies.  Five  House -»ut>,    ■  . 
Acnoutli^urship.  and  Om  Keceni-ig  Room  Omear.    Two  I > -r ■  **-  , 
Maternity  Pupils  also  reside  m  the  Hiwuital.    Syrcial  Caa**e-s  tr- 
liminary  Scientilii.  and  liucrmcdi  Itf  M  B.  F  .amtnatvoa*  *sf  th«  C 
of  laMrlon,  and  for  the  Primary  and  Pas«  Eiamination*  f  <  »*t  '  :  • 
of  the  Royal  College  of  Surgeons  of  England  are  held  tbra*agS  CJ  t» 
Special  entries  may  tie-  made  fot  Medical  and  Surgical  Pra«.t«re. 

The  l^mdon  Host  ital  is  now  in  direct  commutucaticat  t>  -a*  a  -  s 
with  all  parts  of  the  Metro). .!is,  and  the  MetTOi«ilu.in.  MaErsasw  i<  1  • 
F^att  Ijondoti,  ami  s..uth-F.a»t.  ni  Railways  have  s-atioaj*  wv»  s  j  -m 
walk  of  the  Hospital  and  C.oVgr, 

F'or  pto*pectu»  and  particujrs  apply  per*  nally  or  by  le  *■ 

M lie  End,  E.   M  V  N RO  SCOU  .Wa.'  - 

'THE    MIDDLESEX  HOSPITAL 


open  on  THI  R'sDAY,  •  ' 
K  FOWLER.  M  A. 


Ilie  WINTER  SESSION  will 
an  lntrodii'  tory  Addieav  by  l*r.  ). 

The  Mrdical  Sch  sol,  which  has  lately  been  considaraaly  eriL»-f  -  ■ 
the  most  iimipletc  mean*  for  the  education  of  Students  j,*  .a- 
Cniversity  of  l/indon,  the  Colleges  of  Physicians  and  Surgasiaa.  a 
Lirensing  Boshes:.    Two  F ntranre  Scholarships  of  the  anw^jsl  sa.. 
and  Cm.  tenal.le  lor  two  years,  and  an  Entrance  S.  ien. •»  S.  s.  a^aarr 
xlso,  will  he  rompeted  for  on  SEPTEM  KER  ><>  and  fullsjwing  das  ..  - 
arrangements  are  made  for  the  convenience  of  Dental  StOs'e.i  -.  F 
inlonrution  may  be  obtajoed  from  the  l>ean  or  the  Res  deat  M«».  ^1  ■ 
at  the  Hospital. 

 ANDREW  CI  AUK.  Ts^ 

ST.  THOMAS'S   HOSPITAL  MEDICAL 
SCHOOL. 

ALBERT  EMBANKMENT.  LONDON.  S.F 
The  WINTER  SESSION  of  will  commence    r,  OTT"T  I 

wlien  an  Intrmlui-toty  Address  will  be  deUvered  by  A  O.  Ms   hit  • 
l.-.i  ,  MCh.,  at  if  m 

T  WO  ENTRANCE  SCIENCE  SCHOLARSHIPS  of  »»- 
respectisely.  open  to  all  hrst-year  Students,  will  t«  otTerssl  for  •*«-»,«: 
IT.e  Eianunation  will  be  held  on  the  $th.  fsth.  and  7th  of  1  irvolw-.  »a_- 
sulrjecw  will  I*  Chemistry  and  Physics  with  either  Botany  or  Eiftatsgt 
the  option  of  Candulates, 

StTENrUlsr'a^l^'lNTl     Ml  MA  ' 


throughout  the  rear  for  the  "  PR  J  I  IV|t 
Ml  icMEDIAtE  M  B  "  lun  r 

I  N  lYEKSnY  of  LONDON 


Ol.n  H   MORt  F\    Sr.  retarr. 

VICTORIA  UNIVERSITY. 
UNIVERSITY  COLLEGE,  LIVERPOOL. 

SESSION  iHi*  crmmenre.  OCTOBER  5 

Complete  Citrricwlnm  |.rovidel  for  Victoria  I'mvervty  DegressE  in 
Mr. !n  me.  Arts,  and  S,  ien«r 

>iui|riits  also  prr|surd  fur  London  1'niversi.Tr,  Cambridge  Higher  laical 
ami  other  Faamtnalions. 

P)i\.i.  al.  Bicl,,g:,al.  aial  Chemiral  I iraleiries. 

Assistance  in  Pra<  tiral  las'airalrTy  W.  rk  bv  I  ►eiannstrat  tts  under  the 
Sut«:tii.ir,.denee  of  the  r*r..fr-*oi  ..f  the  P-par tm.  ,;t 

All  t  lasses,  escej,!  Medical.  .e«n  lo  Male  ami  Female  Students  nf  in  and 
Uj  ssards.     students  admitted  on  thtir  i«h  vwar,  suhje.  t  10  Preliminary 

l.samin.i'i.rfi 

Fsri.mg  \s,  tares  and  ("Lasses.  hs-gi»»ir>s  l»ctol»r»  u,  rsen  lo  all-,  orner* 
imi  |iasmenl  of  ftr  fee. 

Full  Pros|ie,  tu*  gratis  aa  apfst.raiion  in  the  Cot.tE^.r  Rrr.i  t*ae. 

WANTED  -"  NATURfc.,     No.   56  -  Apply 

Nat,  .a  Office.       Bedford  Mrtet,  Strand.  W  C 


are  o)^n  to  Students  without  e  stra  clfc 

ps  and  Money  Prizes  of  considerable  value  are  leir!- 


All  II  spiial  Ap[>.ui 
Scholarvhi; 


Hie  Feci  may  be  paid  in  one  sum  or  by  insialmeets     t  ntrtsrs, 
made  to  lectures  or  to  Hospital  Practice,  and  special  arrarscv— i  w 
made  for  Studeois  entering  in  their  second  or  su' 
Dental  Students  and  f  r  (  hialtfied  Practitioners. 

Ses'rral  meilical practitioners  ami  private  tamili 
h.jiirho.vl  receive  Students  for  residence  am 
aptirnsed  lodgings  is  kejit  in  the  Secretary's  olhce. 

Prosjsesjiuses  and  all  particulars  may  be  obtained  frtwr  the  Me.larw 
tsry.  Mr.  GaoiicB  Kiv.ll 

J    W   M  OHt>.  tar. 

ST.   GEORGE'S  HOSPITAL 
MEDICAL  SCHOOL, 

HVPE  PARK  CORNER,  S  » 
The  WINTER  SESSION  will  oow.meaee  . 
with  an  Introductory  Address  hy  ITMOTMV 
at  4  p.m      A   Prospectus  of  the 


A 

obtained  hyp. 
J  to  the  llk»«  at  the 


t  IIS  r 

ll  applim 


at  THlTlsTVAV 

HOI  MT>.  E-svi;.. 
further 
t  ami  3  p  re.  ;  or  Vy  t 


Digitiz 


Sept.  24,  1885] 


NATURE 


clxiii 


CALCUTTA.— Wanted    an  ASSISTANT 

MASTER  fur  La  Martiiiicre  School,  Calcutta.  10  teach  Mathematics 
and  Phytic*.  He  iniiii  he  a  Graduate  (unmarried)  in  honour*  of  a 
British  University  and  a  layman.  A  Public  School  man  with  Nome 
year*'  leaching  experience  preferred  Salary,  Ku|».-c<  10  a  month  and 
fumiiheil  quarter*.  Should  be  prepared  to  start  immediately.  Passage 
nv>ney  allowed,  £yr>.  Kurt  her  particulars  can  be  had  fr  mi  Surgeuii* 
Major  Cayley,  M.D.,  Indian  Medical  Service  Elmgros-e.  Watf>rd, 
Hern.  Copies  only  of  Certificate*  of  attainment  and  moral  character, 
should  be  KM,  as  they  will  not  be  returned. 

ROYAL  COLLEGE  OF  SCIENCE 
FOR  IRELAND, 

STEPHEN'S  GREEN,  DUBLIN. 

SCIENTIFIC  AND  TECHNICAL  EDUCATDV 
SESSION  ,885.80. 
This  College  supplies  a  compkt*-  durse  of  Instruction  in  Science  as 
appl.ed  to  the  Industrial  Ar:«.  especially  those  which  may  be  classed  hroarlly 
under  the  heads  of  CHEMICAL  MANUFACTURES.  MINING,  and 
ENGINEERING. 

A  !>ipl  mi  of  Associate  of  the  College  is  granted  at  the  end  of  the  Three 
Years'  Course. 

I  her.-  arr  Four  Royal  Scholarships,  tenable  fir  two  year*,  each  of  the 
salue  of  £50 yearly,  with  free  education,  including  L.il>  .t.itors-  Instruction. 
T  w  1  become  vacant  each  year.  They  are  given  to  Students  who  have  been 
a  ye^r  in  the  College. 

The  Fees  are  £1  for  each  Course,  or  ;£io  for  all  the  Courses  of  each  year, 
with  the  exception  of  Laboratory  Practice  and  Drawing  School. 
Chemistry  (Theoretical  and  Practical),  Metallurgy,  Ac.— Professor  Hartley. 

F.R.S.,  F.C.S..  F.R.S.  E. 
Mathematics,  Mechanics,  and  MccHan'.sTn- Professor  Hp.x.messy,  F.R.S.. 

MR  I  A 

r>escrip«ive  Geometry.  Drawing,   Engineering,  and  Surveying — Professor 

PlGOT.C  E.,  M.R.I  A 
Experimental    Physirs  iTheoretiral  an  I  Practical)  — Prafessor  BAmntTT, 

F.R.S.  E..  M.R.I. A. 
Minim  and  Mineral- >sv  — Pr  frss  riVRuiir,  C.F  ..  M  K.I.A. 
Rotauy— Pr  .fc-iur  M'Nah.  M  I).,  F  L  S  .  Dean  of  Faculty. 
Z  lolo-y— Professor  lUlifov,  M.A..  F.Z.S..  M.R.I.A. 
<  ■■■     ..v- Professor  Hill.  M  A..  LI.  D.,  F.R.S. 
IV-t  -nt  dngy-Mr.  Bailv.  F.L.S..  F.0  S  ,  M.R  LA. 

The  Chemical  and  Physical  laboratories  and  Drawing  School  are  open 
daily  for  Practical  Instruction. 

Fee  for  Chemical  La  r>  ratory.  I*  for  One  Month,  £  3  for  Three  Months, 
£q  fur  Six  Months,  nt  £ti  for  Session.  Fee  f  >r  Physical  Laboratory,  £\  par 
Month,  or  £6  for  Session.  Fee  for  Biological  Laboratory,  £1  for  the  Term 
Fc<-  f  -r  T>rawing  School,  £2  for  Session,  or  £3  for  one  Term. 

The  SESSION  commences  on  MONDAY.  October  3. 

Programmes  may  be  obtained  on  application  at  the  College :  or  by  letter 
addressed  t  >  the  Secretary.  Royal  College  of  Science,  Stephen's  Green, 
Dublin. 

Professor  J.  P.  O'REILLY.  Secretary. 


UNIVERSITY  COLLEGE,  DUNDEE. 

The  WINTER  SESSION  will  begin  on  MONDAY,  October  it. 
In  the  previous  week  Examinations  wilt  be  held  for  Four  Annitstead 
Scholarships,  and  lot  the  Smart  Bursary  in  Engineering,  also  the  Entrance 
Examinations  for  Students  under  16. 

Instruction  is  given  in  Mathematics,  Natural  Philosophy,  Chemistry, 
Engineering  and  Drawing,  Biology,  Classics  and  Ancient  History,  English 
Language  and  Literature  and  Modern  History,  French  Language  and 
Literature  :  and  all  Departments,  comprising  both  Day  and  Evening  Classes, 
are  open  to  Roth  Sexes  on  the  same  Terms.  The  Laboratories  are  equipped 
with  every  requisite  for  Study  and  Research;  and  Special  Facilities  are 
offered  for  Instruction  in  Electrical  Engineering. 

The  College  is  recognised  by  the  University  of  Edinburgh  for  Graduation 
n  Science  to  the  extent  of  Two  out  of  the  Three  Years'  Course  required. 
The  various  Courses  are  suitable  for  the  Degree  Examinations  of  the 
University  of  London,  the  Examination  for  the  Indian  Civil  Service,  and  for 
thr  LI.  A.  Certificate  of  St.  Andrew's  University. 

The  Calendar,  containing  Full  Information,  may  be  had  from  the  Book- 
sellers, or  from  the  Undersigned,  price  ir.  hy  Post. 

SHI  ELL  &  SMALL.  Secretaries. 

UNIVERSITY  COLLEGE,  LONDON. 

PRELIMINARY  SCIENTIFIC  (M.B  )  EXAMINATION  OF  THE 
UNIVERSITY  OF  LONDON. 

The  following  Classes  meet  the  requirements  of  Candidates :  — 

Chemistry  — Prof  WkXIAHMW,  Ph.D.,  F.R.S. 

Experimental  Physics  — Prof  G.  C  Fostkk.  F.R.S, 

/oology.  —Prof.  Ray  I.ankp.stek,  M.A  ,  F.R.S. 

Botany  and  Vegetable  Physiology.— Prof  Olivtn,  F.R.S.,  F.L.S. 

The  Courses  of  Chemistry,  Practical  Chemistry,  and  Botany  enter  into 
the  Ordinary  Medical  Curriculum. 

Prospectuses,  including  information  as  toClas.es  fur  Matriculation,  maybe 

obtained  from  the  College,  Gower  Street,  W.C. 

TALFOURD  ELY,  M.A..  Secretary. 


MICROSCOPY. 


MICRO  NATURAL 


HISTORY  (Z 
SCIENCES.  - 
Two  Stamps,  \ 
hand).  Scienti 
W.  P  COLLI 


CAL  AND  BOTANICAL)  and  the  ALLIED 
■er  t  will  be  Published  and  sent  Post  Free  for 
ins's  New  Catalogue  of  Books  (mostly  Second- 
Mi  Purchased  and  Book*  taken  in  Exchange 
17,  Gnat  Portland  Street, 


MINERALOGY  AND  GEOLOGY. 

PROFESSORS.  COLLECTORS  and  VISITORS  to  LONDON  are 
INVITED  to  INSPECT  Mr.  HENSON  S  STOCK  of  CHOICE  MINE- 
RALS, Ac,  &c.  At  the  PRESENT  TIME  he  has  a  PARTICULARLY 
FINE  CRYSTALLISED  N  UGGF.Tof  NAT  I VE  GOLD,  WEIGHT  o  or., 
PINK  AP  >PHYLLITE,  CHESSYLITE.  EMERALDS  on  MATRIX 
PYROMORPHIT  E  (vrn»  rare  form).  CERUSS1TE,  CRYSTALL- 
ISED MALACHITE,  and  BOTRYOIDAL  CHALCEDONY,  ME- 
TEORIC IRONS  and  STONES.  POLISHED  AGATES  and  LABRA. 
DORITES. 

A  Urge  Series  of  ROCKS,  also  MICROSCOPIC  SECTIONS  of  the 
same. 

Litlian  Atflicatitm.        Hammers,  Chisels,  and  Hammer  Straps. 

PRIVATE  LESSONS  AND  EVENING  CLASSES. 

BLOWPIPE  CASES  AND  APPARATUS.      Catalogue*  free. 

SAMUEL  HENSON, 

277,  STRAND,  LONDON. 

Opposite  Norfolk  Street. 

~cabinets  for  minerals, 

FOSSILS,  &c. 


0  DRAWERS,  20  INCHES  HIGH 

10  r.  39       •■  •■ 

8  ii  26       ,,  ,, 

M  ••  39        ..  m 

NATURALISTS'  GLASS-CAPPED  BOXES 
RECTANGULAR,    FROM    ONE  SHILLING 


  2IS. 

  4S»- 

  28". 

  5**- 

ROUND  AND 
PER  DOZEN. 


THOMAS   D.  RUSSELL, 

78,  NEWGATE  STREET,  E.C. 


BRITISH  MARINE  SHELLS,  CRUSTA- 
CEANS, F.CHINODF«MS.  BIRDS'  EGGS.  Ac.  Many  thousand* 
of  rare  and  beautiful  specimens  for  Sale  Cheap.  Lists  a  stamp*. 
Specimens  sent  on  approval  — J..  15,  Warren  Street,  Tenby. 


CHEMICAL    APPARATUS,  Wholesale, 

Retail,  for  Colleges,  Schools,  and  Chemical  Works.  New  Catalogue  of 
pases  and  soo  clear  Illustrations,  post  free,  id — WILLIAM 
'ME,  1,  LMMM  Street.  Edinburgh. 


SIX  PRIZE  MEDALS 

AWARDED  FOR  GEOLOGICAL  COLLECTIONS. 

Geological  Collections  especially  adapted  for  Teaching  as  supplied  to  Science 
and  Art  Department,  and  used  by  all  Lecturers  and  Teacher*  in 

Great  Britain,  Sec.  .  - 

New  and  Rare  Minerals  constantly  arriving  from  all  parts  for  selection  01 
Single  Specimens.  1 
ROCK  SECTIONS  AND  ROCK  SPECIMENS  : 
The  Largest  Variety  in  England. 
New  Catalogues  and  Lists  on  application  to— 

JAME8  R.  GREGORY, 

88,  Charlotte  Street,  Fitzroy  Square, 

Established  17  Year*  in  London. 


LONDON- 


FERNERIES    fitted    up  with 

Flowers.  Foliage  Plants,  and  Floral  Decoration*  auitahl 
and  Bail  Rooms,  Churches.  Chapels,  Theatres,  Ac. 

Smn  rV/.'.i.  a  PATENT   Preparation_  for  preserving 


Preserved 

for  l>n»~«"« 


pi  ■-  wx^i  »  **«K 

Maiden-hair  to  ihe  common  Brake),  GRASSES,  FOLIAGE.  fft€- 


(from 
sent, 
.  -O-O 

securely  packed  in  stout  bo*  (with  full  particular*)  on  receipt 

MADAME  SUNDELL, 

4,  SPUR  STREET,  LEICESTER  SQUARE,  LONDO^fj—  _ 


IICROSCOPIC  OBJECTS 

Histological,  Botanical,  Geological,  by  lh« 


out  on  most  moderate  terms. 
Road,  Forest  Hilt. 


Particulars  o 


FOR 

be,,  M«uO«Y>*iaI' 


The  AUTOCOPYIST  (from  101.)  furnishes  excellent 


BLACK  COPIES^ 

in  Lithographic  Style,  or  the  ORDINARY  WRITING  (also  Sh^'v  »  S  1 
Arabic,  Ac),  Sketches.  Music.    Easy.  Economical. — The  AUT°C 


CO.,  7*,  London  Wall,  London. 


(Secondhand),  Miscellaneous* 

c— C.  HERBERT,  English  and  Foreign  B°°k  „  1 


BOOKS 

maimier*. Ac — C. 

Goswell  Road,  London,  E  C.  Catalogue  free  on  recsript  of  V° 
Librarie*.  Old  Books,  and  Parchment  purchased. 


e^'J^sp 


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clxiv 


NATURE 


[Sept.  24.  1885 


THE  FUEL  OF  THE  SUN. 

By  W.  MATTIEU  WILLIAMS, 

F  R.A  S.,  F.CS 
8vo.,  Cloth,  344  pp.,  price  71  6rf 
This  cuiY  Ihouch  avowedlv  speculative,  invoke,  no  hypothetical  entitle, 
not  actions'  but  proceed,  inclusively  hv  direct  deduction  of  the  cosmic 
operation  of  dcnvon»tratcd  and  accepted  ph}.ical  law.. 

^The  matter  of  our  atmosphere  i-  shown  to  he  expanded  throughout  .pace, 
and  accumulated  around  .  very  orb  proportionally  to  it*  Brav«alion 

Taking  our  share  of  thi«  a*  unity,  the  atmospheres  of  the  »un  and  planets 
are  calculated  The  accuroulati.n,  in.tirring,  ejection,  diss  c«alion,  and 
recombination  of  the  cmcloping  «oiar  ga*cs  are  *hown  I  >  ordinate  and 
maintain  the  heat  and  buhl  of  the  vun  ;  the  inst.mng  agent  being  the  cum- 
trie  rotation  of  the  solar  nucleus  effected  hy  the  reaction  of  planetary  |r*««- 
ation  :  the  fre.h  fuel  supplied  by  the  cosmic  matter  exchanged  lor  that 
ejected  by  the  prominence*  in  the  curse  ..(  solar  iransl.-,,,.  „  through  spare 
'  lhe  sun-spots,  the  prominence.,  the  corona,  the  rol.acal  takt.  and  a  hthe 
minor  details  of  solar  di,turlc,,cc,  come  out  a.  phyycal  result,,  .Jap  a 
mple  explanation  of  fla.lu  ..;  .uiv  and  of  the  nebular  a.  frrmanffl 


PROF.  TAI  L'  S  WORKS. 


In  Crown  l*0s,  Cloth,  price  ft,  6J 


The*'observrd  meteoroto.-y  of  the  inferior  planet.,  and  the  *eiui  colar  con- 
•titution  of  the  larger,  follow  from  the  same  physical  premise* 

Av-utnirn;  that  the  .tars  are  tuns  like-  -nr.  it  is  sh  «n  t  at  no  energv.  is 
■rained  or  l.-st  throughout  the  iinivcr.-,  the  s..lar  orb.  .simply  concentrating, 
by  the  machinery  described,  the  energies  pr.  wously  diffused  by  radiation. 

;  SIMPKIN,  MARSHALL.  &  CO 


EIGHTH  EDITION. 

DESCHANEL'S   NATURAL  PHILOSOPHY. 

Translated  ami  Edited  by  J.  1>.  EVERETT,  F.R.S., 

Professor  of  Natural  Philosophy  in  the  Queen'.  College,  llelfait 
Eighth  Edition.  Revised  throughout  and  Addil-on.  inserted,  bringing  it  up 
to   the  Present    lime.     Illusirated   by   jij    Engravings  on   W«d  «jd 
3  Coloured  Plate    Medium  sso,  Clvtli,  1:..;  ale  in  Part.,  Limp  Cloth, 
„.  tW  each 

Part  1  —  MECHANICS,  HYDRO>  I  A  1  ICS,  and  PNEUMATICS. 
Part    II.  —  HEAT 

Part  III  —ELECTRICITY,  M.M.NI.I  ISM 
Part   IV  —  SOUND  and  I.lliH  1 

London  :  BLACKIE  ft  si  »N,  , ,  and  50,  Old  Bailey 


PROPERTIES  OF  MATTER. 

By  P.  G.  TAIT.  M.A.,  SEC.R.S.E., 

Formerly  Fellow  of  St.  Peter*.  College.  Cambridce  P"*""  «f  Naiurml 
Philosophy  in  the  University  of  Edinburgh 


Hy  the  Same 


II. 

Crow  n  8» 


pn 


I  6r 


LIGHT. 

Edinburgh  :  A  DA  M   A  »P  CH  A  R  I  ES  BL  ACK. 


On  toe  t.t  ol  every  Month,  price  Sixpence. 

THE  ENTOMOLOGIST: 

AN  ILLUSTRATED  JOURNAL  OF  BRITISH  ENTOMOLOGY. 
Edited  by  John  T.  Ca«bingto*, 
With  the  Assistance  of 
ruDSHtoc  Bonr>,  F.Z.S.         I      John  A.  Powae.  M  D. 
Euwa.t.  A.  F1101,  F.1..S.       !       J   J"*"«  *  US 

K.  BVCHAMAH  Ns.niK,  M  D 
Contains  Articles  by  well-known  Entomologist,  on  all  MMH  M  the 
Science  !  on  Insect,  injurious  or  beneti.  ial  to  Farm  or  ..arden  I  Notes  on 
Habit.,  Life  Histories  ,  occurrence  of  Kan  tie.,  Ac  ;  tlvcre  are  Monthly 
Liit>  of  Implicates  and  De.tderata.  «...  •  , 

Numerous  UtotUM  in  I  Li  1  si  KATION*,  to  the  printing  of  which  especial 
attention  ka  given,  and  occa.ir.nal  LtTMBKAtHSU  and  Cmhomo-Litno- 
oaarHBO  Plat  a*. 

SIMPKIN,  MARSHALL.  &  CO. .  Stationer*' Hall  Court. 

SECOND  EDITION, 

GRIFFIN'S 

CHEMICAL  HANDICRAFT. 

PRICE  4»  |tf  POST  FREE. 

A  CATALOGUE  OF  CHEMICAL  APPARATUS, 

ILLUSTRATED.  CLASSIFIED.  DESCRIPTIVE. 
Demy  Sen,  4*n  pp  ,  Illustrated  with  t, 600  Woodcut.. 
Met  Ccmfittt  and  Chfaftst  List  of  Affxiratmu 
JOHN  J.  GRIFFIN  and  SONS,  22,  GARRICK  STREET, 


i6».  per  Ann..  101.  Post  Free. 

DER  NATURFORSCHER. 

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\  Weekly  Periodical  devoted  to  Natural  Science.  JJ  No.-,  lti 
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the  XVI Ith  volume. 

Berlin  :  DUMMLER.  77.  Charlottenstra.se,  S.W^aju)  all  Bookseller.. 

T O U RNAL  OF  BOTANY, 

BRITISH  AND  FOREIGN. 
Edited  by  Jam.s  B«itt«n,  F.L.S  .  Briton  Muieum 
Co„T.HT.:-Original  Article,  by  leading    Botanlm^Krt.cU.  a.< 
Motice*of  Book. and  Memoir.. -Article,  in  JournaU.- Botanical  Jse»» 

*^eeV,T^P««>»  «or  On.  Year,  pay.b.e  .n.dvanc.  .... 

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LA  SEMAINE  FRANCAISE :  a  Weekly 

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LA  SEMAINE  FRANCAISE:  Jo»n»»l/«"5»i« 

I'Aaileiem  :  Politique.  Literature,  Science..  Am,  VW<Ua. 

et  Now.    Un  cmplair.  par  la  po^«.  »K.  «D  "^"V*" 

ment  franco  par  la  po.te-un  an,  10.  W  :  ...  "•°'*jS*  if-  P"» 

che.  tou.  le*  ubrairea  et  aua  fare*  del 1  chemin.  de  fer.    On  e  aboa** 

aux  bureaux.  441.  Strand,  Londre.,  W.C. 

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SPECTACLES  V.  OPHTHALMIC 
IRREGULARITIES. 

O^Wir-^^ 

Oculist,  and  Medical  Men. 

W    JOHNSON,  Optician  to  the  University  Hospital, 

•  SI,   TOTTENHAM   COURT  ROAD 
"  Rerrarks  nn  'spectacles,"  po«t  free. 

MTNERALS  AND  STONE 
IMPLEMENTS. 

MR.  BRYCF.  WRIGHT  beg.  to  call  the  attention  of  hi. 
Public  to  hi.  large  Series  of 

MINERALS  AND  STONE  IMP!  I  MI  NTS. 

from  whioh  .ingle  specimen.  ™n  be  «>^«d-  RajAa  from  O 

Elementary  I  ..lie.  Men.  of  Minerals,  r„.,,l..am!  K«   w   .to  t 

N  fi -Tkti,  CltlKtttUt  fhtaind  tkt  I  'tit  '  r • 

GEMS  AND  PRECIOUS  STONES  OF  EVER1  DFSCRIPTION 

BRYCE- WRIGHT, 

Mifurrnhgitt  and  ExtXrt  in  Prteitm 
,04,  RECENT  STREET.  LONDON.  W 


tke 


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NA  TURE 


497 


THURSDAY,  SEPTEMBER  24,  1885 


PUBLIC  OPINION  AND  STATE  AID  TO 
SCIENCE 

A  LTHOUGH  Sir  Lyon  Playfair's  address  was  probably 
•*»  listened  to  by  a  large  number  of  members  of  the 
British  Association  as  that  of  a  man  of  science,  there  can 
be  no  doubt  that  to  the  vast  majority  of  people  outside  it 
came  as  the  utterance  of  a  practical  statesman.  It  was 
the  Chairman  of  Committees  of  the  House  of  Commons, 
the  member  of  Parliament,  the  man  of  affairs  who  spoke, 
and  the  address  was  largely  in  keeping  with  these 
characters,  for,  a:  one  writer  has  expressed  it,  it  smells 
not  so  much  of  the  laboratory  as  of  the  House  of 
Commons.  The  subject  of  the  endowment  of  research 
of  State  aid  to  science,  has  been  before  the  public  for 
many  years,  and  has  been  discu->cd  under  various  cir- 
cumstances, but  it  has  never  attracted  at  any  one  time 
the  same  earnest  and  general  attention  that  it  has  since 
Sir  Lyon  Playfair's  address.  This  is  due  not  less  to  the 
pedestal  on  which  the  speaker  was  placed,  than  to  the 
character  and  career  of  the  speaker  himself.  The  result 
has  been  that  the  guides  and  instructors  of  public  opinion 
all  over  the  country  have  felt  it  necessary  to  address 
themselves  to  the  subject, and  it  is  therefore  possible  now 
to  gain  some  idea  of  the  general  drift  of  the  public  mind 
on  the  question  of  the  claims  of  science  on  the  Strte,  and 
of  the  manner  in  which  these  claims  should  be  met. 
Happily  it  is  a  question  which  men  of  all  shades  of 
opinion  can  consider  without  having  their  vision  obscured 
by  party  passion  and  prejudice.  As  wc  go  on  it  will  be 
seen  that  the  advocates  of  the  doctrine  of  laissez  /aire 
are  not  absent ;  but,  on  the  whole,  those  who  have  for  so 
long  maintained  that  the  country,  for  the  sake  of  its  own 
happiness  and  prosperity  and  in  order  to  maintain  its 
place  amongst  other  nations,  must  bring  the  teachings  of 
science  to  its  aid,  have  every  ground  for  satisfaction. 

To  gauge  public  opinion  on  this  question,  in  some 
measure,  we  have  taken  many  of  the  leading  journals  of 
the  metropolis,  and  propose  to  state  briefly  their  views  on 
this  particular  part  of  the  Presidential  Address.  As  will 
be  seen,  all  shades  of  opinion  are  represented. 

The  Times  acknowledges  the  reproach  that  countries 
less  wealthy  than  our  own  make  efforts  to  encourage 
science,  by  the  side  of  which  the  encouragement  afforded 
in  England  to  science  by  the  State  sinks  into  insignific- 
ance ;  but  it  urges  that,  after  all,  the  State  is  very  much 
what  the  individuals  who  compose  it  choose  to  make  it. 
Until  public  opinion  exists  in  an  organised  and  effective 
shape,  the  demand  for  the  encouragement  of  science  by 
the  State  will  be  addressed,  for  the  most  part,  to  a  faith- 
less and  unbelieving  generation.  It  points,  as  do  a  large 
number  of  other  writers,  to  our  ancient  endowments  for 
the  benefit  of  education,  and  says  that,  although  it  may  be 
conceded  that  they  are  still  largely  misapplied,  they  could 
be  almost  indefinitely  increased,  without  direct  assistance 
from  the  State,  if  vested  interests  and  lack  of  intelligent 
initiative  did  not  so  often  stand  in  the  way.  Until  these 
obstacles  are  removed  by  the  pressure  of  an  active  and 
enlightened  public  opinion,  the  State  itself  can  hardly  be 
expected  to  do  much  more  than  it  does.  The  Times,  there- 
fore, acknowledges  the  need,  and  suggests  that  it  should  be 
Vol.  xxxii.— No.  830 


met  by  the  proper  application  of  our  existing  educational 
endowments. 

The  Stamford  is  as  anxious  as  the  President  to  sec 
our  Universities  fully,  and  even  lavishly,  equipped  for 
the  prosecution  of  research  ;  but  it  will  not  allow  that 
they  are  so  miserably  starved  as  he  would  lead  us  to 
believe  :— 

"  Sir  Lyon  Playfair  falls  into  the  vulgar  error  of  reckon- 
ing as  national  expenditure  on  a  given  object  only  the 
outlay  provided  from  taxation.  Our  Universities  have 
resources  which  ought  to  be  set  against  the  State  pro- 
vision made  in  other  countries  for  the  same  purposes. 
We  are  not,  therefore,  disposed  to  join  in  the  outcry 
against  the  results  of  our  English  system.  We  believe 
that  private  benefactions  and  private  enterprise  have  done 
much  and  are  capable  of  doing  more,  and  doing  it  better, 
than  the  State  can  do.  Wc  are  not  ashamed  of  the  con- 
dition of  scientific  studies  in  F.ngland,  and  we  claim  for 
our  countrymen  a  leading  place  among  those  who  have 
built  up  the  fabric  of  knowledge  and  promoted  the  well- 
being  of  man." 

The  Daily  Teh-graph  likewise  refers  to  private  munifi- 
cence which  in  the  past  has  done  in  this  country  what  State 
aid  has  to  do  at  present  in  Continental  countries,  and  it 
urges  that  scientific  people  should  set  before  themselves, 
as  their  proper  aim,  to  convince  public  opinion  that  the 
teaching  of  a  far  greater  amount  of  science  is  necessary 
in  our  schools  which  are  richly  enough  endowed. 

The  Morning  Post  maintain;  that  Sir  Lyon  Playfair 
has  conclusively  demonstrated  that  wc  do  not  in  respect 
to  scientific  education  keep  abreast  of  other  countries, 
and  in  the  same  proportion  as  wc  allow  ourselves  to  be 
distanced  do  we  deny  ourselves  the  means  and  the  oppor- 
tunities of  developing  our  industrial  and  physical  re- 
sources The  money  laid  out  in  the  manner  indicated 
by  Dr.  Playfair,  it  says,  would  be  well  expended,  and 
would  in  time  be  returned  a  hundredfold  to  the  Imperial 
Exchequer. 

The  Daily  News  regards  the  address  as  singularly 
i  interesting  and  practical.    It  is  a  powerful  and,  as  many 
will  think,  a  conclusive  plea  for  giving  science  a  larger 
and  a  better  place  in  modern  life.    Sir  Lyon  Playfair  is  a 
practical  statesman,  and  suggests  only  practical  measures. 
We   must   not  only  greatly  enlarge   our  educational 
'  machinery,  but  must  at  the  same  time  modernise  it  and 
I  bring  it  into  direct  relation  to  modern  needs. 

The  Morning  Advertiser  eulogises  the  address  because 
every  word  of  it  is  directed  to  the  one  moral,  "  Educate, 
educate,  educate."  Never  has  the  cause  of  scientific 
education  been  urged  in  a  manner  which  commends  itself 
more  to  common  sense  and  conv  iction  than  in  the  singu- 
larly wcll  reasoned  monologue  wherein  Sir  Lyon  Playfair. 
from  the  platform  of  the  British  Association,  hits  a 
national  danger  at  the  same  time  that  he  shows  the  means 
of  correcting  it. 

The  Pall  Mall  Gazette  pronounces  a  verdict  in  favour 
of  Sir  Lyon  Playfair  as  clearly  and  decidedly  as  the 
Morning  Pott.    It  says  :  — 

"  No  one  will  be  surprised  that  Sir  Lyon  Playfair 
should  have  selected  for  the  subject  'of  his  address  the 
4  Relation  of  Science  to  the  State,'  and  when  that  is  once 
explained  it  goes  without  saying  that  he  made  a  very 
cogent  pica  for  an  establishment  and  endowment  of 
science.  This  plea,  it  is  perfectly  certain,  cannot  be 
much  longer  refused.     The  Laissez-faire  Society  must 

v 

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NA  TURE 


j  • •:  a  new  section  to  it  lnMimes,  for  it  is  inevitable  that 
:  c  liberty  of  ignorance,  which  is  impoverishing  the  life  of 
c^ntry  at  home  and  letting  its  trade  slip  through  its 
•  -  gers  abroad,  should  soon  be  very  rudely  interfered  with 
V  :he  State.  At  present  it  is  a  case  in  this  matter  of 
'  ,reat  Britain  contra  vmndum.  Every  other  civilised 
<■'  jntry  has  come  to  the  conclusion  by  this  time  that  the  | 
rornpe'.ition  of  the  world  is  now  a  competition  of  intellect,  j 
and  has  taken  steps  accordingly.  Either  we  or  they  must 
;je  wri  ng  :  and  that  it  is  we  is  now  being  brought  home 
:••  i,  by  the  conclusive  'argument  to  the  pocket.'  John 
;/•;!!  3  one  ambition,  according  to  Mr.  Punch,  is  to 
'  g  .ard  his  pudding  :  '  but  then  he  is  beginning  to  find 
"  that  he  can  only  fill  hi?  stomach  by  first  filling  his 
Lead.  From  the  recognition  of  the  vital  importance 
of  science  to  its  establishment  by  the  State— in  a  much 
l<  >  h  df-bcarted  fashion  than  at  present-  is  in  these  days 
a  -hort  and  inevitable  step.  The  same  enumeration*  by 
wh;rh  State  interference  has  been  justified  elsewhere— it's 
greater  certainty,  its  ampler  resources,  its  wider  r  ange - 
art  all  equally  applicable  here,  and  will  come  to  be  equally 
applied." 

The  Globe  says  the  "argument  "  of  the  address  may 
\x:  conceded.  Science  deserve,  from  the  State  all  that 
the  State  can  do  for  her.  Minerva  is  a  -or:  of  alien  deity 
m  our  intellectual  Pantheon,  and  it  is  ec-rlain  that  the 
tendency  and  procure  of  modern  conditions  impose  upon 
all  civdi,cd  State-.  .1:1  increasing  obhg.iT.on  id  learn  or  to 
lag.  Hut  it  que-tioii*  whether  we  really  arc  in  the  evil 
plight  depicted  by  the  Pre. idem,  and  point*  to  "the 
magnificent  private  etui mviiicnts  of  our  insular  founda- 
tion a  source  of  re.emic  comparatively  non-existent 
abroad,  which,  it  state,.  Sir  Lyon  Playtair  strangely 
ignores. 

The  St.  7<t»n\'s  Gautt,-  thinks  that  reformers  might 
bend  some  of  their  energies  to  seeing  that  more  tech- 
nical science  and  more  arts  likely  to  be  useful  to  the 
craftsman  and  the  mech  inic.  were  brought  within  the 
curriculum  of  the  Hoard  Schools,  l-'or  thctn  we  could 
easily  spare  some  of  the  literary  subject*  :  — 

"With  the  moral  of  Sir  I, yon  Play  fairs  scientific 
sermon,  and  the  journalistic  lectures  based  on  it,  most  : 
people  will  agree  This  is  an  age  of  science,  and  you 
tan  do  nothing  effectual  in  the  practical  way,  from 
building  ironclads  to  catching  mussels,  without  a  know- 
ledge of  what  are  called  '  the  laws  of  nature.'  If  you  do 
not  want  your  ironclads  to  be  sunk  by  those  of  other 
navies,  or  your  mussel  trade  to  be  ruined'  by  foreign  com- 
petition, you  will  do  well  to  sec  that  the  '  laws  of  nature ' 
are  property  studied  in  your  schools  and  colleges.  That 
technical  education  in  this  country  ;s  not  -o  good  as  it 
im.:ht  br,  and  as  it  possibly  is  c'-«hcre,  may  be 
adniitt.-d.'' 

Hut  it  does  not  think  that  this  is  due  to  superabund- 
ance of  classics  m  our  *\  -tern  of  middle  and  higher-class 
education. 

The  GuttrJiiti,  at  the  conclusion  of  a  lengthy  article 
devoted  to  the  address,  sums  up  its  conclusions  on  the 
siih-cct  of  the  relations  ..f  the  State  to  science  thus:  — 

'•  on  the  whole  we  are  inclined  to  think  that  the  best 
s«t-.  1  e  the  State  cm  render  to  educ.it  1 1  >n  is  to  continue 
to  help  it  in  the  an-\  -:<.  malic  and  irregular  way  which 
has  hitherto  proved  u-Hul.  considering  each  case  as  it 
asi-es,  and  adapting  it-  measure--  to  the  pi-'.uidar  needs 
w-l.i.  !i  are  brought  l.e'ore  it.  Mu,  h  more  ic.iy,  no  d>ntbt, 
',1  <)•  t  <■  for  S.  ,<  n  '  ,  b,-t  :■  may  be  done  11.  llie  same  way 
1-  1»  tr.re,  by  gr.it.: *  lot  -pei  ial  purpo-e  bv  expeditions 
ir    1 1  o,,t  for  co-tly  in  \  c  -t  1,;  a: ions,  perhaps  by  the  foundation 


of  professorships  and  scholarships.  But  it  would  he 
a  misfortune  if  the  free  action  of  individual  thought  were 
repressed  by  being  obliged  to  conform  to  the  rules  <>f  .1 
State  imposed  system,  or  if  individual  exertion  and  pri- 
vate munificence  were  discouraged  by  the  habit,  already 
growing  upon  us  too  much,  of  loo'cing  to  the  State  rather 
than  to  ourselves  for  the  removal  of  even'  difficulty  and 
the  promotion  of  every  useful  end.'' 

The  Athrnaum,  refers  to  what  has  been  done  by  the 
State  for  science  since  the  last  meeting  of  the  Brri-h 
Association  at  Aberdeen  twenty  years  ago,  and  instan  :es 
the  Science  and  Art  Department,  the  Natural  History 
Museum,  grants  to  the  Royal  Society,  &c,  proceeds  :  - 

"All  this — and  much  more  might  be  added— show , 
that  British  statecraft  is  not  altogether  disposed  to  frowr. 
coldly  upon  science  and  it*  devotees.    And  yet.  after  all. 
how  little  -  how  miserably  little — has  been  officially  done 
for  the  promotion  of  science  compared  wath  the  magni- 
tude of  our  scientific  interests  and  the  wealth  of  o..- 
country  !    It  is  only  by  looking  abroad  and  observing 
what   has  been  accomplished  in  other  lands  that  we 
realise  our  own  shortcomings.     Germany  and  Prance, 
Switzerland,  and  some  of  the  other  small  continental 
States,  have  displayed  a  zeal  for  scientific  progress  and  a 
liberal  recognition  of  science  which  strikingly  contra*: 
with  our  own  parsimony.    Even  when  we  have  under 
taken  a  good  work  our  heart  has  often  failed  u>  in  ca^tv 
;ng  tt  through  with  dignity  and  liberality.    As  a  str:k  --. ■ 
and  recent  example  we  may  refer  to  the  Ch,i!Ur:rr  r\-v- 
ditton.    Here  was  an  expedition  splendidly  equipped  :or 
scientific  work  at  the  expense  of  the  nation ;  ami  yet. 
when  the  results  of  the  expedition  come  to  be  pubY.>hed 
as  voluminous  reports,  they  are  distributed  w  ith  so  spar.np 
a  hand,  and  are  published  at  so  high  a  price,  a*  to  »< 
practically  inaccessible  to  most  men  of  science."* 

The  Situnltv  A\rnw  says  that  Sir  Lyon  Plaxf.i-. 
words  are  tempered  by  the  consciousness  that  her.-,  1. 
some  day  be  called  upon  to  make  them  good,  and  rh  - 
adds  the  greater  force  to  the  adverse  verdict  which  he  1. 
compelled  to  give,  the  censure  which  he  cannot  help  pro- 
nouncing on  the  action  of  the  State  towards  science  - 
England.    The  reply  to  the  question,  What  has  the  Sot- 
done  directly  for  science?  the  answer  is,  But  little  cot 
pared  with  the  need,  and  that  little  often  in  the  wrong 
way.    As  the  pocket  is  said  to  be  the  most  sensitive  par: 
of  our  race,  it  is  to  be  hoped  that  when  the  British  As;  - 
ciation  next  meets  in  Aberdeen  its  future  president  w. 
not  be  forced  to  repeat  Sir  Lyon  Playfair  s  assert,  .n 
"  English  Governments  alone  fail  to  gTasp  the  fact  th.r 
the  competition  of  the  world  has  become  a  coinpct.t 
111  intellect.' 

The  Sf>r,  /ii/.  r  speaks  of  the  address  as  like  a  serrr.*.: 
preached  by  a  popular  clergyman  on  behalf  of  science, 
and  want,  to  know  why  this  branch  of  thought  nce-vi- 
hclp  so  much  more  than  art,  literature,  or  pursuits  1 1 V' 
arch  eology,  or  the  study  of  the  historic  past.  It  d-).i*_r- 
whether  in  science,  as  in  an  army,  honourable  po\er:* 
docs  not  conduce  to  the  highest  efforts  :  and  whethc- 
nchly  endowed  schools  will  produce  the  most  sucocssf 
professors,  even  in  the  inferior  domain  of  applied  -cifn./ 
Wheat-tone  was  great,  and  was  paid?  but  how  much  • 
year,  tt  ask*.  d:d  Friar  Bacon  get"'  or  did  any  body  cw: 
pay  that  early  expert  in  natural  science  who  disov,  e-t  i 
fire  ? 

"And  renieml>ering  what  the  history  of  thought  ".iu- 
ljeen,  we  c  annot  but  deprecate  that  spirit  of  sordidness 
whiih  for  some  years  past  the  claims  of  science  have  be-. 

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XATURE 


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pressed — the  desire  for  salaries  which  has  been  so  con- 
spicuous whenever  professors  have  descanted  on  the  merits 
of  research.  We  have  not  the  slightest  objection  to 
scientific  departments,  and  quite  agree  with  Sir  Lyon 
Play  fair  that  if  the  State  wants  fishes  it  could  learn  how- 
to  get  them  better  by  inquiring  of  the  fishes -  who,  at 
least,  tell  no  lies— than  of  the  fishermen,  who  often 
do  ;  but  still  the  picture  he  draws  of  the  United  States 
Government,  with  its  dozen  departments  of  inquiry  into 
geology,  palxontology,  ichthyology,  chemistry,  and  the 
rest,  docs  not  inspire  us  with  enthusiasm.  It  is  all  very 
excellent,  no  doubt  ;  but  it  was  all  consistent  with  >lavery. 
Trance  may  be  handed  over  to  Paul  Berts  and  its  judges 
still  take  bribes." 

The  67<7js'r<:,'  UtraLt  pronounces  Sir  I. yon  Playfair's 
address  a  signal  success.  Those  pedantic  persons  who 
fail  to  see  the  uses  of  science  might  find  in  the  address  an 
admirable  lesson  against  the  perpetual  sneering  at  what 
they  are  pleased  to  term  the  abstractions  of  scientific 
teaching.  Sir  Lyon,  in  a  word,  has  emphasised  the 
teaching  that  the  safety  and  the  progress  of  every  country 
are  one  with  scientific  advance  and  the  growth  of  scientific 
precision. 

On  the  whole,  then,  it  may  be  pronounced  that  the 
movement  in  favour  of  State  aid  to  science,  in  the  interest 
of  the  State  itself  rather  than  of  any  particular  branch  of 
human  knowledge,  has  advanced  and  has  taken  a  hold  of 
the  public  mind.  The  need  is  universally  acknowledged  ; 
in  many  quarters  it  is  proposed  to  meet  it  by  the  applica- 
tion of  endowments,  ancient  and  modern,  to  the  changed 
requirements  of  the  present  day ;  in  others— and  these 
amongst  the  influential— it  is  boldly  declared  that  the 
State  must  link  itself,  at  whatever  cost,  with  science  if 
this  country  is  to  hold  its  high  place  amongst  nations 
"  The  same  considerations  by  which  State  interference 
has  been  justified  elsewhere — its  greater  certainty,  its 
ampler  resources,  its  wider  range— arc  all  cquaJly  applic- 
able here,  and  w  ill  come  to  be  equally  applied." 


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The  New  Star  in  Andromeda 

On  -ccing  the  report  in  yesterday's  Standard  of  the  remark 
able  change  in  the  nucleus  of  the  nebula  of  Andromeda,  1 
decided  (o  write  to  you  to  mention  that,  accidentally  noticing 
the  nebula  on  Sunday  evening,  the  6th,  I  was  struck  by  its 
coiispicuuiisncss,  and  set  wondering  how  the  ancients  came  to 
overlook  an  object  so  prominent.  As  frequent  watching  for 
meteors  has  made  that  region  very  familiar  to  ine,  it  seems 
likely  that  an  increase  in  general  brightness  has  occurred,  and 
made  me  specially  notice  its  appearance. 

What  is  of  far  more  interest,  however,  I  have  learnt  this 
morning  that  one  of  our  scholars,  Lawrence  Richardson,  noted 
and  recorded  an  apparent  change  in  the  nebula,  a<  he  saw  it  in  our 
4i  inch  Cooke's  refractor,  al-out  9p.m.  September  1.  I  append 
a  verbatim  copy  from  bis  diary  of  what  is  pcrhai)s  the  first 
Lnglish  observation  of  this  remarkable  phenomenon. 

J.  Edmund  Clark 

Friends*  School,  Rodham,  York,  September  9 

(Copy)  "Sept.  I  ...  As  a  beginning  [of  the  season's  work] 
looked  sn  Polaris,  «  I.yr.T  and  the  great  nebula  of  Andromeda. 
Noticed  a  small  star  in  the  centre  of  the  latter  which  I  do  not 


remember  having  seen  before,  and  which  is  not  down  in  a  small 
drawing  I  madv  on  September  1 5.  1SS4. 


Norwegian  Testimony  to  the  Aurora-Sounl 

How  widc-preul  in  our  days  is  the  belief  in  tie-  .o  i-id  of 
the  Aurora  iti  Nopvay,  the  following  may  show.  In  March, 
1SS5,  I  tle-p.itche  (  some  thousand  circulars  to  all  p  uts  of  the 
country  containing  d life-rent  queries  legarding  the  aurora,  an  I 
amongst  these  also  the  following  :  —  H  ue  you  or  your  acquaint- 
ances  ever  heard  .my  sound  during  aurora,  ami.  in  this  case, 
when  and  in  what  manner  f  L'p  to  this  date  1  have  received 
answers  to  these  queries  from  144  persons  in  different  parts  of 
the  country.  <  >f  these  there  are  not  less  than  92,  or  04  per 
cent.,  wli"  believe  111  t lie  existence  of  the  aurora-sound,  and  5.? 
(JO  pel  cent,  of  these  again  state  they  have  heard  it  themselves, 
whilst  the  other  39  cite  :e-liinonial«  from  other  people  ;  only  21 
(15  per  cent.)  ileclaie  th.y  never  ha\  -  heard  the  sound  or  kn..v 
anything  about  it,  and  the  other  31  (22  percent.)  have  not 
noticed 'the  query  at  all.  There  are  thus  92  affirmations  against 
21  negations. 

The  sound  is  described  in  these-  answers  in  the  following 
manner : — 

Sizzling  (3)  Monotonous     whizzing  and 

Creaking  or  sizzling  creaking,  as  when   a  sheet 

An  intermediate  soe.nd  between       flips  U  lore  the  wind 
sizzling  and  whizzing,  some-    Like  burning  juniper-boughs 
times  as  if  a  piece  of  paper    Untitling  or   crackling  as  if 
were  torn  burning  juniper 

A  kind  of  sound  as  when  you    As  from  a  feeble  burning  flame 

tear  silk  Like  burning  dried  juniper 

Sizzling,  th — ss  As  from  the  flames  of  a  cuii- 

Soft  whizzing,  alternative  with  flagration 

sizzling  Cutting,  hiding  as  from  flames 

Soft  crackling,  sizzling  Cruckbug  and  creuking,  a  noise 

Missing  and  crackling  as  from  a  large  ruc-flamc— 

Tartly  hissing,  partly  as  a  kind       as,  for  instance,  burning  dried 

of  rushing  whiz  boughs 
Whispering  and  glistering  Like  the  sound  fr.uu  a  flight  of 

Strong  whiz  3)  birds 

Whiz  or  whispering  Noise  as  when  a  bird  flaps  in 

Whiz,  or  di-t  int,  soft,  continu-       the  air 

oils  whizzing  Strong  flapping  noi-e,  as  when 

A  rather  heavy  rush,  as  from  a       a  bird  pa»»es  vciv  near  you 

distant  waterfall  Ciackling  from  fire  arid  flapping 

Quiet  whizzing,  hissing  from  wings 

Missing,  or  hoy  !  hoy!  hoy!  As  of  a  bird  flying  though 
Whiz  2)  the  air  with  great  velocity 

Rush,  as  from  a  stream  Whizzing  noise,  as  when  strik- 

Solt  but  distant  crackling,  as       ing  the  air  with  a  whip 

from  a  lighted  match-cord       Nos,e  as  from  the  dart  of  an 
Whizzing  tj)  arnjw 
Whizzing  m  the  air  Like  the  busting  of  a  bee 

Rush,  as  when  sheep  are  chased  Roaring  noise,  as  when  strong 
Soft  whiz  or  hissing  gushes  of  wind  dart  through 

Soft  whiz  the  tree  lops  ol  the  wood 

Soft  bis, ing,  soft  whiz  Creaking   sound  a-  from  the 

Whizzing  or  whistling  blowing  of  the  wind 

Rippling  Distant  roar,  as  from  a  storm 

('ruckling  (4)  Roaring  as  from  a  storm 

Missing  Roaring  as  from  a  whirlwind 

Missing  noise  in  the  air  As  from  a  soft-blowing  wind 

Crack  in  the  air  Soft  breeze 

Din  in  the  air  Like  the  soft  breeze  through  a 

Continuous   sounding,   rolling  wo.d 

din  in  the  air  Whipping  with  whUk  brooms 

Clashing  Panning 

Flapping,  as  a  flag  Wore  the    Soft  noise,  as  when  fanning 
wind  "  with  a  piece  of  paper  from 

Partly  as  rustling  or  flapping       a  distance 

zif  sails  hanging  loo>e  fore  the    Soft  flapping  w  ith  a  piece  of 

wind,  partly  as  hissing  from  cloth 

fire  Roaring  of  the  sea 

Like  the  noi>e  from  a  distant,    Heavy,  hollow  loar  from  the 
before  the  wind-flapping  flag,  sea 

which  now  and  then  sends  Sweeping  sound,  as  when  dry 
out  a  creaking  sound  snow   is  sweeping  over  an 

Like  the  sound  from  sails  of  a  ice-field 

(hip  hanging  loose  in  stormy  z\s  when  one  holds  a  cloth  by 
weather  two  comers  and  flaps  with  it 


Digitized 


NA  TURE 


{Sept.  24,  1885 


Creaking,  at  other  times,  a* 
when  a  sail  strike*  against 
the  BMSt  or  flaps  licforc  the 

wind 

Partly  whining,  partly  as  when 
a  sail  flaps  before  the  wind 

As  when  a  s.ul  flaps  before  the 
triad 

Christiania,  Septetnlwr  16 


As  when  a  thunder-clap  passed 

over  us  from  wed  to  east 
Soft  crackling,  as  from  electric 

•;  ark-    from    an  electrical 

machine 
As  when  stroking  a  cat's  hack 

against  the  hair> 

Sorilt  s  Tt OH  HOLT 


A  White  Swallow 

I  1   1  UN  •  mir  walk  to-r|ay  on  the  Krndal  Road,  nc.n  Hcvc  1- 
ham,  my  brother  and  Jwcre  very  much  surprised  to  sec  a  white 
swallow  Mnoogul  a  number  of  the  ordinary  kind.    The  bird** 
plumage  was  entirely  white,  except  the  lower  part  of  the  breast, 
which  w  as  greyish. 

We  are  quite  sure  of  its  identity,  as  it  flew  around  us  several 
times. 

Can  you  tell  us  whether  a  white  swallow  is  really  an  uncommon 

sight  ?  Mark  Bmggs 

Sandsidc,  near  Mtlnethorpe,  Westmoreland,  Stpliml-ei  4 


THE  HUME  COLLECTION  OF  ASIA  TIC  AVA'AV 

FOR  some  time  past  the  interest  of  ornithol  has 
been  aroused  by  the  rumour  that  Mr.  A.  1 1  Hume, 
of  Simla,  had  offered,  or  intended  to  give,  hi- 
collection  of  Asiatic  Birds  to  the  Trustees  of  tin  British 
Museum  ;  and  I  ant  glad  to  be  able  to  inform  the  1 
of  Naturf.  that  the  whole  of  this  collection  is  now  I  lieiy 
housed  in  the  Natural  History  Museum,  the  second  half 
having  been  delivered  by  the  P.  and  O.  Com  pa  m  on  the 
1 8th  of  last  month. 

Those  of  our  readers  who  are  not  ornithologists  may 
wish  to  learn  something  in  the  first  place  about  the  1  ollec- 
tton  itself  and  its  generous  donor. 

Mr.  A.  O.  Hume,  C.B.,  occupied  formerh  .1  high 
position  in  the  Bengal  Civil  Service,  and  devoted 
many  years  his  leisure  hours  to  the  study  of  ornitho] 
and  especially  of  the  birds  of  India.  His  aim  w  is  to  form 
a  collection  of  birds  of  every  part  of  the  British  Asian 
Empire,  in  which  every  species  should  be  represented  bj 
a  complete  series  of  specimens  illustrating  its  range  and 
its  variations  of  colour  according  to  age,  season,  or 
locality.  For  this  purpose  he  organised  a  system  under 
which  a  great  number  of  local  observers  and  colli 
(in  some  years  numbering  nearly  100)  worked  for  and 
with  him.  He  fitted  out  expeditions  with  i  M 
collectors  and  taxidermists,  under  his  own  lea 
that  of  his  able  former  curator,  Mr.  Davison,  into  Scinde, 
Coorg,  Manipur,  the  Malayan  Peninsula,  Tennasserim, 
and  the  Andaman  and  Nioibar  Islands  ;  he  acquired  by 
purchase  or  donation  the  Mandelli  collection  from  Siklrim 
and  Tibet,  Brook's  beautiful  series  from  North  W  estern 
and  Central  India,  Adam's  Sambhur  birds,  Bingham's 
collections  from  Delhi  and  Tennasserim,  SculU's  collec- 
tion fiom  Turkestan.  The  e\|>cnse  incurred  in  forming 
this  collection  was  in  proportion  to  the  enthusiasm  w  ith 
which  Mr.  Hume  worked  He  had  built  at  Sim 
museum  for  the  reception  of  the  collection  which  should 
finally  form  the  basis  for  the  preparation  of  a  compre- 
hensive work  on  the  avifauna  of  the  vast  region  which  he 
w  is  exploring.  Bui  whilst  thus  engaged  Mr.  Hume, with 
his  wonderful  activity  and  ready  pen,  which  had  rendered 
him  fadlt  f>rinufis  in  all  matters  regarding  Indian  •  »rni- 
thology,  published  numerous  papers  in  an  ornithological 
periodical,  Stray  Feathtrs,  which  he  founded  and  con- 
ducted for  ten  or  eleven  years,  as  well  as  several  separate 
works  -  viz.  "  Notes  on  the  Indian  Raptorcs."  "  Nests 
ami  Kggs  of  Indian  Birds,"  "  List  of  the  Birds  of  India," 
"  tiamc  Birds  of  India,  Burmah,  and  Ceylon,"  and  others. 

However,  during  the  last  few  years  naturalists,  to  their 
grr.it  regrei.  I»  .  nne  aware  that   Mr.  Htimc'sjntcrcst  in 


social  and  political  nature  ;  and  finally,  the  grievous  loss 
by  theft  of  an  enormous  mass  of  ornithological  manu- 
scripts, comprising  his  materials  for  M  The  Birds  of  the 
British  Asian  Empire,"  and  the  whole  of  his  Museum 
Catalogue,  contributed  to  his  determination  to  abandon 
his  intention  of  working  out  his  collection,  and  to  present 
it  to  some  museum  where  others  might  utilise  the  maten.iis 
he  had  collected. 

It  is  very  gratifying  that  Mr.  Hume,  "  considering  the 
British  Museum  as  the  one  that  has  most  claims  upon 
him,  and  Mr.  Sharpc  as  the  man  most  capable  in  Europe 
of  doing  justice  to  the  collection,"  offered  to  present  it  to 
the  Trustees  of  that  institution.  The  Trustees,  fully  aware 
of  the  scientific  importance  of  the  collection,  had  no 
hesitation  in  accepting  the  otfer.  Still,  before  actually 
transferring  the  collection,  Mr.  Hume  was  desirous  of 
completely  rearranging  and  placing  it  in  thorough  good 
order,  and  also  of  preparing  at  the  same  time  a  Catalogue  of 
the  Birds  of  the  Indian  Empire  containing  the  results  of 
his  long  and  careful  studies.  Unfortunately  this  project 
could  not  be  carried  out  owing  to  the  difficulty  of  finding 
a  competent  coadjutor  in  the  work,  or  rather  of  obtaining 
the  means  of  properly  remunerating  such  a  person.  And 
as  there  was  great  risk  in  leaving  the  collection  without 
due  curatorial  supervision  exposed  to  the  deteriorating 
influences  of  another  rainy  season  in  India,  the  Trustees 
obtained  Mr.  Hume's  consent  to  transmitting  the  collec- 
tion without  further  delay  to  England. 

Mr.  Sharpc,  who  is  always  ready  to  sacrifice  his 
personal  comfort  to  duty,  started  for  Simla  almost  at  a 
moment's  notice,  anda^ough,  unseasoned  as  he  was,  he 
bail  to  tr.i\  ■  1  k  d> 

year,  he  seems  ti 
had  to  help  him  i 
tion.  He  started 
completed  his  woi 
the  Museum  on  / 
on  his  return  the 
ceded  him  saint 
half  w  as 
to,  anv 

The 
63,000 
packed 
of  30 
inspect! 
convey  1 
the  Nati 
such  a 
will  proba] 
enveloped 
the  species 
labels  betnL 
skins  themsci 
to  the  precao 
likely  to  ha 
Specimens  whi 
to  which  no  s[ 
during  packing. 

The  scientific  val 
to  be  measured  by  t 
the  judgment  whic 
history  attached  to 
ness  of  the  series, 
contains  about  2000  st 
species  is  represented 
number  in  the  majority 
a  fair  illustration  of  its 
the  number  of  duplicate 
Mr.  Sharpe  during  the  pr 
probably  lie  much  smaller 
superficial  ins  ~~* 
earnest  wi 


intact,  will  be  strictly  carried  out.  No  doubt  a  consider- 
able number  of  duplicates  will  be  eliminated,  and,  accord- 
ing to  the  wish  of  the  donor,  of  these  a  complete  set  has 
to  be  transmitted  to  the  Museum  of  Comparative  Zoology 
of  Harvard  College,  whilst  the  remainder  are  lobe  utilised 
for  the  benefit  of  the  ornithological  collection  generally. 

Ornithologists  need  not  go  many  years  back  in  recalling 
to  their  memory  the  extent  of  the  eol'ection  which  the 
late  Mr.  G.  R.  Gray  had  arranged  in  such  a  handy  fashion 
in  and  about  his  study  in  the  old  building  at  Bloomsbury. 
What  was  then  regarded  a  good  reference  collection  has 
since  been  enriched  by  the  addition  of  the  Wallace  collec- 
tion from  the  Indian  Archipelago,  Capt.  Pinwill's  Malayan 
birds,  Sharpe's  African  collection,  the  Gould  collection, 
Salvin  and  Godman's  European,  Australian,  and  American 
collections,  the  Sclater  collection,  and  now  by  this  im- 
mense collection  from  every  part  of  the  Indian  Empire. 
Years  of  unremitting  labour  will  be  required  to  get  these 
vast  materials  into  order  and  to  work  them  out  in  a 
manner  which  will  satisfy  the  aims  of  so  advanced  a 
branch  of  science  as  ornithology  is  at  the  present  day. 

Albert  GCnther 


THE  FORSTER  HERBARIUM 

BOTANISTS  will  learn  with  pleasure  that  this  herb- 
arium, a  portion  of  the  collections  of  Cook's  second 
voyage,  has  been  acquired  by  exchange  from  the  l  iver- 
pool  Corporation  for  the  Kew  Herbarium  ;  and  it  will 
be  incorporated  in  the  general  collection.  From  the  in- 
troduction to  the  "Catalogue  of  Plants"  in  the  Botanic 
Gardens  at  Liverpool,  published  in  1808,  it  appears  that 
the  proprietors  of  that  establishment  possessed,  at  that 
date,  about  3000  specimens  of  dried  plants,  "  collected 
by  the  late  Dr.  Forster  in  his  voyages  to  the  South  Seas, 
with  large  and  valuable  contributions  from  his  friends 
and  correspondents."  How  these  plants  came  into  their 
possession  is  uncertain,  but  they  could  hardly  have  been 

E~ resented  to  them  by  Mr.  Shepherd,  the  Curator,  as  stated 
_  y  Sir  Joseph  Hooker  in  the  introductory  essay  to  his 
*     Jora  Nova-Zealandia:,"  or  his  name  would  almost 
teinly  have  been  mentioned  as  the  donor.    At  least 
be  inferred,  because  on  the  very  next  page  a 
lig'h  tribute  is  paid  to  Mr.  John  Shepherd  lor  his 
to  the  Garden,    lie  that  as  it  may,  the  collection 
tly  be  accessible  to  botanists  generally,  thanks 
everance  of  Sit  Joseph  Hooker  and  the  sensible 
liter  taken  by  the  present  members  of  the 
len  it  was  represented  to  them  that  these 
practically  useless  where  they  were, 
able  at  a  botanical  establishment  like 
Corporation  deserves  to  be  re- 
t bitty  years  ago,  when  Sir  Joseph 
ting  his  "  Flora  Nova*-Zea- 
custodians  of  the  collec- 
"*cw  for  comparison 
(fused. 

with  the  Chall- 
nce  of 
deter- 
livion, 


tnd 


an  assistant  On  arriving  at  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope 
they  fell  in  with  Sparmann,  who,  at  the  instance  and 
expense  of  Forster,  was  added  to  the  scientific  staff,  and 
continued  with  them  until  the  return  to  the  Cape  in  1775. 
Considerable  collections  of  plants  were  made  in  New 
Zealand,  many  parts  of  Polynesia,  and  the  extreme  south 
of  America,  and  smaller  collections  in  some  of  the 
Atlantic  Islands,  including  St.  Helena,  Cape  Verd  Islands, 
and  Canaries.  On  returning  to  England  the  Forsters  soon 
commenced  publishing  the  botanical  results  of  the  expe- 
dition, and  an  authenticated  set  of  all  the  published  plants 
at  least  was  deposited  in  the  British  Museum.  The  Cape 
plants,  however,  which  they  did  not  publish,  are  appa- 
rently not  represented  there.  The  first  botanical  work, 
"  Characteres  Genera  Plantarum,"  appeared  in  1776,  and 
the  title-page  bears  the  names  of  both  father  and  son,  and 
this  was  the  only  one  published  in  England.  For  the 
rest,  the  botany  was  done  by  the  son  alone.  His  "  Florula 
Insularuin  Australium  Prodromus  "  appealed  at  Gottingen 
in  1786,  and  "  De  Plantis  Esculentis  lnsularum  Oceani 
Austral  -  .11  Berlin  in  the  same  year,  followed  by  "  De 
Plantis  Magellanicis  ct  Alanticis  "  at  Gottingen  in  1787. 

These  works,  we  believe,  constitute  the  whole  of  the 
published  botany  of  the  expedition,  and,  though  very 
meagre,  are  extremely  interesting,  being  the  foundation 
of  our  knowledge  of  New  Zealand,  Antarctic,  and  Poly- 
nesian vegetation.  The  collection  now  acquiied  for  Kew 
is  excellently  preserved,  and  the  plants  mostly  named  and 
localised.  It  comprises  altogether  1 359  species,  785  of 
which  were  collected  on  the  voyage  with  Cook,  and  the 
rest,  from  various  parts  of  the  world,  are  probably  some 
of  those  alluded  to  above  as  having  been  presented  to 
Forster  by  his  friends.  The  collection  includes  a  large 
proportion  of  the  plants  published  by  the  Forsters,  but  it 
is  not  complete.  Roughly,  there  are  187  species  from 
Polynesia,  119  from  New  Zealand,  2t  from  the  extreme 
south  of  America,  23  from  the  Atlantic  Islands,  including 
all  those  described  by  Forster  from  St.  Helena,  and  9 
from  Australia.  Besides  the  foregoing,  which  are  all 
phanerogams,  there  are  36  ferns,  but  they  include  only  a 
small  portion  of  the  species  described  by  Forster. 

In  addition  to  this  botanical  work  George  Forster's 
name  appears  on  the  second  title-page  of  the  Narrative 
of  the  second  voyage  as  joint  author  with  James  Cook. 
He  died,  a  violent  death,  we  believe,  at  Paris  in  1794, 
four  years  before  the  decease  of  his  father.  The  philo- 
sophical writings  of  the  latter,  entitled  "Observations 
made  during  a  Voyage  round  the  World,"  London,  1778, 
deserve  special  mention  W.  BOTTIMO  HEMSLEY 


THE  JXTERXA  TIONAL  ME  TEOROLOGICAL 
COMMITTEE 

THIS  Committee  held  its  third  meeting  in  Paris  at  the 
Ministry  of  Public  Instruction  on  September  1  to  8. 
The  Meeting  was  attended  by  the  President,  Prof.  Wild 
(Russia) ;  the  Secretary,  Mr.  R.  H.  Scott ;  Profs.  Buys  Ballot 
(Holland),  Hann  (Austria),  Mascart  (France),  Mohn 
(Norway),  Dr.  Neumayer  (Germany),  and  Prof.  Tacchini 
(Italy).  M.  de  Pinto  Capello  (Portugal),  the  only  remain- 
ing member,  was  unfortunately  unable  to  be  present. 

In  addition  certain  gentlemen  were  present  by  invita- 
tions at  so'nc  of  the  meetings,  among  these  we  may 
mention  Brigadier-General  llazcn  (Chief  Signal  Officer, 
U.S.A.  .  Prof.  Hildcbrandsson  (Upsala),  and   M.  Leon 
e  Bort. 

e  following  is  a  brief  notice  of  the  most  important 
s  discussed,  with  the  action  taken  on  each. 

;e  report  on  cirrus  obsen  >>  the  Corn- 

appointed  at  Copenhagen  (1882).  MM.  Capello, 
idsson,  and  Ley,  was  submitted,  and  will  be 


lantic  telegrams  was  discussed  with 
was  decided  to  maintain  the  present 


502 


NATURE 


\Scpt.  24,  1885 


system  of  reports  from  ships'  logs  which  has  been  carried 
on  since  Christmas  by  the  .Meteorological  Offices  of 
France  and  this  country,  and  to  endeavour  to  improve  it. 

At  the  same  time  a  proposal  made  by  M.  L.  Teissercnc 
de  Bort  for  the  telegraphic  transmission  of  a  daily  resume 
of  the  weather  in  the  New  England  States  was  considered 
General  Hazen  expressed  perfect  readiness  to  furnish  such 
reports,  and  it  was  resolved  to  procure  such  telegrams 
provided  the  cost  of  the  service  could  lie  guaranteed  by 
the  European  offices  which  would  participate  in  it. 

It  was  decided  to  recommend  that  barometrical  obser- 
vations should  be  corrected  for  the  force  of  gravity  at 
lat.  45'- 

A  letter  from  General  llazcn  respecting  the  reduction 
of  barometer  readings  to  sea-level,  which  has  been  lately 
circulated,  was  considered,  and  two  memoranda  on  the 
subject  from  Hamburg  and  St.  Petersburg  respectively 
were  handed  in  and  will  be  printed. 

It  was  considered  desirable,  as  absolute  synchronism  in 
weather  observations  appears  to  be  unattainable  in 
Europe,  that  the  same  hours  of  local  time  should  be 
adopted  in  each  country  which  would  mean  a  change 
from  8  a.nv.  to  7  am.  in  this  country). 

It  was  decitled  that  each  of  the  International  Reduction 
Tables  (proposed  by  the  Committee  at  its  meeting  at 
Berne  in  1880)  as  did  not  involve  any  qu.-stion  which  is 
still  in  an  undecided  state  (such  t.g.t  hygrometrical 
tables,  or  tables  of  sea-level  reduction  should  be  published. 

It  was  decided  to  recommend  that  the  next  Congress 
should  not  take  place  till  1889,  and  I'rof.  Mascart  stated 
that  probably  the  French  Government  would  propose 
that  it  should  be  held  in  Paris. 

THE  BRITISH  ASSOCIATION 

JUDGED  by  the  quantity  of  work  which  the  sections 
have  put  through  their  hands  the  Aberdeen  meeting 
has  been  successful  almost  beyond  precedent.  Moreover 
mui  h  of  this  work  has  been  of  the  best  quality.  The 
addresses  come  up  to  a  very  high  standard,  and  in  the 
first  four  sections,  at  least,  not  a  fc*v  of  the  papers  were 
really  important  original  contributions  to  science,  while 
the  discussions  in  Sections  A  and  13  on  certain  great 
questions  in  physics  and  chemistry  were  a  marked  and 
commendable  feature— a  feature  which,  it  is  hoped,  will 
in  time  become  common  to  all  the  sections.  Mr.  Murray's 
lecture  on  deep-sea  rcscaich  ha3  been  justly  considered 
one  of  the  leading  events  of  the  meeting  ;  a  full  report 
will  appear  in  our  columns. 

At  the  concluding  general  meeting  a  deservedly  hearty 
vote  of  thanks  was  accorded  to  the  Aherdoni.ins  for  their 
abundant  hospitality.  Birmingham  seems  determined  to 
make  next  year's  meeting  a  memorable  "nc  :  and  we 
may  remind  our  readers  thai  Sir  William  Dawson,  of 
McCill  College.  Montreal,  will  be  the  President 

The  total  number  of  persons  who  attended  the  Aberdeen 
meeting  was  2?oj. 

The  following  is  a  synopsis  of  grants  of  money  appro- 
priated to  scientific  purposes  by  the  General  Committee 
at  the  Aberdeen  meeting-  The  names  of  the  members 
who  would  be  entitled  to  call  on  th<-  General  Treasurer 
for  the  respeclne  grants  are  prefixed  :  — 

A — Mathematics  and  P^ 
•Foster,  Prof.  G.  Carey— El«ctri<  al  Sim 
•Stewart,  I'rof.  Balfour — Solar  Radiation 
•Stewart,  Prof.  Balfour— Meteorological 
Chcp»to«r 
Darwin,  Prof.  G.  II.  —  Iu^in 
lion* 

•Stewart,  I'rof.  Balfour— •  ompariag  and 
netic  Oli*rr%aiion« 

•Fori*-*,  proi.  (.    Si  indai  li  of  I 

•Bnmn.  Prof.  CrtlO     Hiii  New-. 
•Armstrong,  Prof  — Physical  and 
i".Icc'roty<i« 


B — Chemistry 

M'l  tori,  Prof — Silent  Discharge  of  Electricity  into 

Atmosphere     •••      ...       ..  ...   

'Williamson,  Prof.  A.  \V. — Chemical  Nomenclature  ... 

C — Geology 

•Blanford,  Mr.  W.  T.— FouO  Plant,  of  the  Tertiary 
and  Secondary  Bed     ...       ...       ...  .  . 

Httghes,  Prof.  T.  McK. — Caves  of  North  Wales 
•Klheridge,  Mr.  R. — Volcano  Phenomena  in  Japan 
'Grantham,  Mr.  R.  B. — Erosion  of  Sea  Coasts  ... 
•Banncrmin.  Mr.  II. — Volcanic  Phenomena  of  Vesuvius 

•Evans,  Dr.  J.— Geological  Record   

'Klheridge,  Mr.  R. — Fossil  Phyllopoda  ... 

D — Pic  logy 
'Stanton,  Mr.  II.  T. — Zoological  Record 
•Murray,  Mr.  J.  —Marine  Biological  Station  at  Granton.. 
* l.ankcstcr— I'rof.  Ray — Zoological  Station  at  Naples  .. 
Cleland,  Prof. — Researches  in   Firm!   Fishes  at  St. 

Andrew's   

'Cordcaax,  Mr.  J. — Migration  of  Binls  

Cleland,  I'rof. — Mechanism  of  Secretion  of  L'rinc 

E — Geography 
Walker.  General  J.  T.— New  Guinea  Exploration 
Walker,  General  J.  T. — Investigation  into  Depth  of 
Permanently  Fiozen  Soil  in  Polar  Regions  ... 

F— Economic  Science  and  Statis'.Ut 
Sidgwick,  Prof. — Regulation  of  Wages  under  Sliding 

Scale*  ... 

C—  Mechanic! 
Harlow.  Mr.  W.  II.— Effect  of  Varying  Stresses  on 
Metals  

II — Ant  lire f.\.<^y 

Carson,  Dr.— Investigation  into  a  Prehistoric  Race  in 

the  Greek  Islands 
•Tylor,  Dr.  E.  B. — Investigation  into  North  Western 

Tril>es  of  Canada 
•Gallon,  Mr.  F. — Racial  Characteristics  in  British  Isle,.. 


5 


20 

*3 

50 
2  : 

f>-> 
>5 

loo 

75 
«o 


rs 

10 


'5- 


10 


I 


IT1 


Reappointed. 


/in; 


REPORTS 


Rcp>rf  ,</  the  Committee,  ecu  11  sting  of  Mr.  Robert  11.  S 
\Sey  re'ai />,  Mr.  J,  M»»M  LtefytT,  Prof.  G.  G.  Stakes,  Pr.- 
Hal/our  Stewart,  ant  Air.  G.  jf.  S^ntans,   appointed  j*r  .  e 
purpote  oj  co-opciatin;  :01th  the  M., etiological  Socnty  at  to. 
Mi ur -it  1  us  in  their  profited  publication    at    Daily    .1  •».■//,. 
Charts  0/  the  Indian  tKcan  from  the  year  1861.     /Jrasom  up  hi 
Mr.  A'.  //.  Scott. — The  Committee  forward,  for  the  inspect: 
of  the  members  of  the  Association,  a  copy  of  the  charts  ior  the 
month  of  March.  lS6l,  with  some  specimens  for  January  of  the 
s.iiin-  year,  and  th*  complete   number  for  February  which 
appeared  seme  years  ago.    These  document*  hare  recently 
arrived  from  the  Mauritius.    As  the  work  has  now  m*lf 
'1. 1  ided  progress  the  Committee  have  applied  for  and  obtained 
the  grant  of  50/.  placed  at  their  disposal  by  the  General  Con» 
iiititee.    As  soon  as  the  requisite  documents  are  received  from 
Dr.  Mcldrum  the  Committee  will  submit  a  formal  acooant  m£ 
their  expenditure  with  the  necessary  vouchers. 


rtniM  he 
d  t.«  ad 


Sept.  24,  1885] 


NATURE 


503 


comparisons  of  the  Instrument  proposed  by  the  Committee  with 
an  ordinary  actinometer,  to  find  whether  the  arrangement 
suggested  by  the  Committee  is  likely  to  succeed  in  practice. 
The  Committee  would  therefore  confine  their  action  for  the 
Pltsent  to  the  carrying  out  of  such  a  series  of  comparisons. 
(3)  The  size  of  the  instrument  migh.  1m:  the  same  as  that 
of  Prof.  Stewart's  actinometer.  (4)  The  instrument  should 
have  a  thick  metallic  enclosure,  as  in  the  actinometer 
above-mentioned,  and  in  this  cnclosuie  there  should  be  in- 
serted a  thermometer  to  record  its  temperature.  Great  pains 
should  therefore  be  taken  to  construct  this  enclosure  so 
that  its  temperature  shall  be  the  same  throughout.  (5)  The 
interior  thermometer  should  be  so  constructed  as  to  be  readily 
susceptible  of  solar  influences.  It  is  proposed  to  make  it  of 
green  glass  (a  good  at>sorber),  and  to  give  it  a  flattened  surface 
in  the  direction  perpendicular  to  the  light  from  the  hole.  (6) 
It  seems  desirable  to  concentrate  the  sun's  light  by  means  of  a 
lens  upon  the  interior  thermometer,  as  in  the  ordinary  instru- 
ment. For  if  there  were  no  lens  the  hole  would  require  to  be 
large,  and  it  would  be  more  difficult  to  prevent  the  heat  from 
the  sky  around  the  sun  from  interfering  with  the  determination. 
Again,  with  a  lens  there  would  be  great  facility  in  adjusting  the 
amount  of  heat  to  be  received  by  employing  a  set  of  diaphragms. 
There  are  thus  considerable  advantages  in  a  lens,  and  there  does 
not  appear  to  be  any  objection  to  its  use. 

Third  Report  of  the  Committer,  consisting  of  Profs.  G.  H. 
Darwin  anil  J.  C.  Adams,  far  the  Harmonic  Analysis  of  Tidal 
Observations.    DrttUm  up  by  Prof.  G.  If.  Danriu. — "  Record 
of  Work  during  the  past  Year."    The  edition  of  the  computa- 
tion forms  referred  to  in  the  second  report  is  now  completed, 
and  copies  arc  on  sale  with  the  Cambridge  Scientific  Instrument 
Company,  St.  Tibbs*  Row,  Cambridge,  at  the  price  of  zs.  6d. 
each.    Some  copies  of  the  first  report,  in  which  the  theory  and 
use  of  these  forms  are  explained,  are  also  on  sale  at  the  same 
price.    A  few  copies  of  the  computation  forms  have  been  sent 
10  the  librarians  of  some  of  the  principal  scientific  academics  of 
Europe  and  America.    In  South  Africa,  Mr.  Gill,  at  the  Cape, 
and  Mr.  Nelson,  at  Natal,  arc  now  engaged  in  reducing  observa- 
tions with  forms  supplied  from  this  edition.    A  memorial  has 
been  addressed  to  the  Government  of  the  Dominion  of  Canada, 
urging  the  desirability  of  systematic  tidal  observation,  and  the 
publication  of  tide-tables  for  the  Canadian  coasts.    There  seems 
to  be  good  ho|>e  that  a  number  of  tide-gauges  will  shortly  be  set 
upon  the  Atlantic  and  Pacific  coasts,  and  in  the  Gulf  of  the  St. 
Lawrence.    The  observations  will  probably  be  reduced  accord- 
ing to  the  methods  of  the  British  Association,  and  the  predic- 
tions made  with  the  instrument  of  the  Indian  Government. 
Major  Baird  has  completed  the  reduction  of  all  the  tidal  results 
obtained  at  the  Indian  stations  to  the  standard  forms  proposed 
in  the  Report  of  1SS3,  and  Mr.  Roberts  has  similarly  reduced  a 
few  results  read  before  the  Association  by  Sir  William  Thomson 
and  Capt.  Evans  in  1878.    All  these  are  now  l*:ing  published  in 
the  Eroeeexlings  of  the  Royal  Society,  in  a  pa|>cr  by  Major  liaird 
and  myself.    A  large  number  of  tidal  results  have  been  obtained 
by  the  United  States  Coast  Survey,  and  reduced  under  the 
superintendence  of  Prof.  Ferrel.    Although  the  method  pursued 
by  him  has  been  slightly  different  from  that  of  the  British 
Association,  it  appears  that  the  American  results  should  be 
comparable  with  those  at  the  Indian  and  European  |>orts. 
Prof.  Ferrel  has  given  an  assurance  that  this  is  the  case  :  never- 
theless, there  apj>cars  to  be  strong  internal  evidence  that,  at 
some  of  the  ports,  some  of  the  phases  should  be  altered  by  180 ". 
The  doubt  thus  raised  will  probably  be  removed,  and  the  paper 
before  the  Royal  Society  will  afford  a  table  of  reference  for  all 
— or  nearly  all — the  results  of  the  harmonic  method  up  t<>  the 
date  of  its  publication.    The  manual  of  the  tidal  observation 
promised  by  Major  Baird  is  now  completed,  and  will  be  pub- 
lished shortly.    This  work  will  explain  fully  all  the  practical 
difficulties  likely  to  be  encountered  in  the  choice  of  a  station  for 
a  tide-gauge,  and  in  the  erection  and  working  of  the  instrument. 
Major  Baud's  great  experience  in  India,  and  the  success  with 
which  rts  of  which  he  ha-,  had  •  1 

carried  out,  render  hi-,  ail  vice  of  great  value  for  the  prosecution 
of  tidal  ob-i     .  :  1:  1  1    "  The  work  also  explains 

iht-  on  i  hod  of  measuring  the  rams,  entering  the  figures 

in  'lie  1 'imputation  forms,  and  the  subsequent  numerical  opera- 

I  "  V       •  .  mmsttt*.  consisting  of  /'•.  /.  Balfour 


Mr.  R.  ff.  Scott,  and  Mr.  Johnstone  S.'.mey,  appointed  for  the 
purpose  of  cooperating  with  Mr.  E.  f.  Lowe  in  his  project  of 
establishing  a  Meteoiologieal  Observatory  near  Chepitt.no  on  a 
ptrman<nt  and  scientific  Iwis. — Since  their  rc-appointmcnt  in 
1885  this  Committee  have  met  twice,  ami  have  placed  them- 
selves in  correspondence  with  Mr.  Lowe,  to  whom  the  following 
letter  was  written  by  their  Secretary:  "The  Committee  request 
me  to  jwint  out  to  you  that  the  main  feature  of  your  proposal, 
which  interests  the  British  Association  and  the  scientific  public 
generally,  is  the  prospect  which  it  holds  out  of  the  establishment 
of  a  permanent  institution,  by  means  of  which  meteorological 
constants  could  be  determined,  and  any  secular  change  which 
may  take  place  therein  in  the  course  of  a  long  period  of  years  be 
ascertained.  It  will  be  for  you  and  the  local  authorities  to 
decide  what  amount  of  work  of  local  interest  should  be  con- 
templated, and  on  this  will  the  scale  of  the  observatory  mainly 
depend.  The  Committee  are  therefore  unable  to  say  what 
amount  of  capital  would  be  required.  They  would  point  out 
four  conditions  which  they  hold  to  be  indisjvcnsablc  : — (1)  The 
area  of  ground  appropriated  should  be  sufficient  to  ensure 
freedom  from  the  effects  of  subsequent  building  in  the  ncighlxiur- 
hood.  (2)  A  sufficient  endowment  fund  of  at  least  150/.  annually 
should  be  created.  (3)  The  control  should  be  in  the  hands  of  a 
body  which  is  in  itself  permanent  as  far  as  can  be  foreseen.  (4) 
The  land  for  the  site  shall  be  handed  over  altsolutely  to  the  above- 
mentioned  governing  body.  Until  the  precise  amount  of  the 
local  meteorological  requirements  is  ascertained  and  furthe. 
progress  is  made  in  the  scheme  the  Committee  consider  that  they 
would  not  Ik- justified  in  anymore  prominent  action  than  that 
which  they  have  already  taken. 

Report  of  the  Committee,  consisting  of  Profs.  A.  Johnson 
{Secretary),  J.  G.  MtuGregor,  J.  B.  Cherriman,  ff.  T.  Boiey, 
and  Mr.  C.  Carpmael,  appointed  for  the  purpose  of  promoting 
Tidal  Observations  in  Canada. — The  Committee,  in  order  to 
strengthen  their  representation  to  the  Canadian  Government  on 
the  necessity  of  establishing  stations  for  continuous  tidal  ob- 
servations, deemed  it  well  to  get  the  opinions  of  BoartLs  of 
Trade  and  ship-owners  and  ship-masters.  On  inquiry  it  ap- 
|>carcd  that  the  Montreal  Board  of  Trade  were  at  the  very  time 
considering  the  question,  which  had  been  brought  independently 
l>eforc  them.  On  teaming  the  object  of  the  Committee  they 
gave  it  their  most  hearty  support,  and  addressed  a  strong 
memorial  on  the  subject  to  the  Dominion  Government.  The 
Boards  of  Trade  of  the  other  chief  ports  of  the  Dominion  also 
sent  similar  memorials.  The  ship-owners  and  masters  of  ships, 
to  whom  application  was  mnde,  were  practically  unanimous  in 
their  testimony  a^  to  the  pressing  need  for  knowledge  on  the 
subject.  The  representations  were  made  through  the  Ministei 
of  Marine,  with  whom  an  interview  was  obtained,  at  which  a 
memorial  was  submitted.  Copies  of  the  answers  of  the  ship- 
masters (a  large  number  of  which  had  been  received)  were  sub- 
mitted at  the  same  time.  The  reply  of  the  Minister  of  Marine 
stated  that,  owing  to  the  large  outlay  on  the  Georgian  Bay 
Survey  and  on  the  cxi>edition  to  Hudson's  Bay  during  the  post 
summer  (1885),  the  Government  did  not  pro|>ose  to  take  action 
in  the  matter  of  tidal  observations  at  present.  The  Committee 
have  reason  to  believe  that  if  the  financial  prospects  improve  by 
next  session  of  Parliament  the  Government  will  take  the  matter 
into  earnest  consideration  ;  they  therefore  suggest  that  the  Com- 
mittee be  reappointed. 

Seventeenth  Retort  of  the  Committee,  eon.istiug  of  Profs.  Everct 
and  Sir  IK  Thomson,  Mr.  G.  J.  Si  mons,  Sir  A.  C.  Ramsay, 
Dr.  A.  Geikie,  Mr.  J.  Glaisher,  Mr.  Pengelly,  Prof.  Edwaid 
ffull.  Prof.  Pnstuich,  Dr.  C.  I.e  A'ne  Poster,  Prof.  A.  S. 
ffcrschcl,  Prof.  G.  A.  Lefour,  Mr.  Gdltaway,  Mr.  Joseph 
Dickinson,  Mr.  G.  F.  Deacon,  Mr.  E.  W'ethered,  and  Mr.  A. 
Strahan,  appoints/  for  the  purpose  of  in:  estimating  the  Rate  0/ 
Increase  of  L'ndetground  Temperature  dtnvntoards  in  van,  111 
Localities  of  Dry  Land  and  under  Water.  Drau  n  up  by  Prof. 
Everett  (Set  retary). — The  present  Repoit  is  for  the  two  years 
since  the  summer  of  1883.  Observations  have  been  taken  in  a 
deep  bore  at  Richmond,  Surrey,  by  Mr.  Collett  Homertham, 
C.L.,  the  engineer  of  the  boring,  on  the  premises  of  the  Rich 
mond  Vestry  Waterworks,  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Thames, 
and  al>out  33  yards  from  high-water  mark.  The  surface  is  17 
feet  above  Ordnance  datum.  The  upper  part  consists  of  a  well 
253  feet  deep,  with  an  internal  diameter  of  7  feet  at  top  and 
5  feet  at  bottom,  which  was  sunk  in  1876  for  the  purpose  of  sup- 
plying water  to  the  town  of  Richmond,  and  carried  down  to  the 


Google 


5^4 


NATURE 


\Scpt.  24,  i8b5 


chalk.  From  the  bottom  of  the  well  a  24  inch  bore-hole  was 
Mink  tn  the  total  depth  of  434  feet,  thus  penetrating  181  feet  into 
the  chalk.  This  portion  o(  the  Work  was  completed  in  1877. 
Above  the  chalk  were  tertiaries,  consisting  of  160  feet  of  I  .on 
don  clay,  60  fed  of  the  Woolwich  and  Reading  beds,  and  some 
underlying  sands.  The  water  yielded  at  this  stage  was  about 
160  gallon  1  1  minute,  and,  when  not  depressed  by  pumping,  was 
able  to  rise  4  or  5  feet  above  the  surface.  Its  ordinary  level, 
ow  ing  to  pumping,  »a<  about  1 30  feet  lower.  In  1881  the  Rich- 
mond Vestry  determined  to  carry  the  bore-hole  to  a  much 
greater  depth,  and  the  deepening  has  liecn  executed  under  the 
directionof  Mr.  llomcrsham.  The  existing  bore-hole  wa-.  first 
enlarged  ami  straightened,  to  enable  a  line  <  f  cast-iron  pipes, 
with  an  internal  diameter  of  16)  inches,  having  the  lower  end 
driven  watertight  into  the  chalk  at  a  depth  of  43S  feet,  to  be 
carried  up  to  the  surface.  The  total  thickness  of  the  chalk  was 
671  feet.  Below  this  was  the  upper  greensand.  1 6  feet  thick  ; 
then  the  gault  clay,  2014  fee!  thick  ;  then  10  feet  of  a  ?andy 
rock,  and  a  thin  layer  of  phophatic  nodules.  Down  to  this 
point  the  new  boring  had  yielded  no  water.  Then  followed  a 
l»cd  874  feet  thick,  consisting  mainly  of  hard  oolitic  limestone. 
Two  small  spring-  of  water  were  met  with  in  this  bed  at  the 
depths  of  1203  and  1210  feet,  the  yield  at  the  surface  being  l| 
gallons  a  minute,  with  powei  to  rise  in  a  tul»c  and  overflow  49 
feet  above  the  ground.  A  partial  analysis  of  this  limestone 
rock  showed  it  to  contain  2  4  per  cent,  of  sulphide  of  iron  in 
the  form  of  pyrites.  At  the  depth  of  1239  feet  this  limestone 
rock  ended,  and  hard  red  sandstone  was  found,  alternating  with 
beds  of  variegated  sandy  marl  or  clay.  After  the  depth  of  1253 
feet  had  l>ccn  attained,  the  yield  of  water  steadily  increased  as 
the  boring  was  deepened,  the  overflow  at  the  surface  being  2 
gall  ns  a  minute  at  1254  feet,  S  gallons  at  1 363  feet,  and  II 
gallons  at  1387  feet.  It  rose  to  the  top  of  a  tube  carried  49  feet 
above  thesuifacc,  and  overflowed  ;  anil  .1  pressure  gauge  showed 
that  it  hail  power  to  »i-e  1 26  feet  above  the  surface.  The 
diameter  of  the  !>orc  wa>  i6|  inches  in  the  chalk,  1 3 J  inches  in 
(he  gault.  11}  inches  in  the  oolitic  limestone,  an  I  at  the  depth 
of  1334  feet  it  wa>  reduced  to  a  little  under  9  inches.  At  1337 
feet  the  method  of  boring  w.is  changed,  and,  instead  of  an 
annular  crrangcincnt  of  steel  cullers,  a  rotary  diamond  rock- 
boring  machine  was  employed.  The  bore-hole,  with  .idiamecr 
of  8J  inches,  was  thus  carried  down  to  1  ?<> 7 \  tu  t,  at  which 
depth,  lining  tubes  having  to  be  Inserted,  the  diameter  was  re- 
duced to  7I  inches,  and  this  si/e  was  continued  Id  1447  feet,  at 
which  depth  the  boring  was  Mopped.  The  b.«ie-hole  was  lined 
with  strong  iron  tubes  down  to  the  depth  id  1 304  feet  ;  and 
those  pxttons  of  the  tuU-s  that  are  in  proximity  In  the  depths 
where  water  was  struck  were  (rilled  with  holes  10  admit  the 
water  into  them.  Three  observations  of  temperature  taken 
with  an  inverted  Negrclti  maximum  at  the  dcjub  of  1337 
feet.  •  when  the  bore-hole  was  full  of  water,  recorded 
75i'  r  In  the  first  observation,  March  25.  1SS4,  the  thcr- 
momctri  was  left  for  an  hour  and  a  iiuarter  at  the  bottOW 
of  the  bore-hole,  and  three  weeks  had  tVfHCd  »jikc  the  water 
was  dislurt>cd  by  boring.  The  second  observation  was  taken  on 
March  31,  when  the  thermometer  was  5)  hours  at  the  bottom, 
In  the  third  observation  s|>ccial  |  rccautions  were  taken  to  pre- 
vent convection.  The  thermometer  was  fixed  inside  a  wroughl- 
iron  lube,  5  feet  long,  open  at  l>ottom.  'Ihc  thermometer  was 
near  the  lower  end  of  the  tube,  and  was  suspended  from  a 
water  tight  wooden  plug,  tightly  driven  into  the  tube.  I  here 
was  a  space  of  several  inches  lictween  the  plug  and 
momctcr,  and  this  part  of  thr  tube  was  pierced  with 
holes  to  allow  the  escape  of  any  cold  water  whi 
carried  down  by  the  tube.  The  tube  was  one  of 
hollow  boring-rods  used  in  working  the  diamond 
By  means  of  these  it  was  lowered  very  dowly,  to  a 
ancc  0/  the  water  as  much  as  possible  ;  and  the  tu 
the  thermometer  was  gradually  worked  through  the 
bottom  of  the  borc-hulc.  The  lowering  occupied 
and  waa  completed  at  noon  on  Saturday,  June  7 
mixed  with  sugar,  for  the  purpose  of  slow  setting,  was 
diately  lowered  on  to  the  surface  of  the  sand,  and  aboeej 
mixture  of  cement  and  cam  I,  making  a  total  tl) 
feet  of  cement  plugging.  The  thermometc 
for  three  full  days  the  operation  of  raising, 
ooon  of  Tuesday,  June  10.  and  compM 
thermometer  again  registered  7U*  F.csad 
two  previous  observations  which  were  tail 
It  would  therefore  eppcar  that  the  steady  ■ 


lower  part  of  the  bore  prevents  any  downward  convection  of 
colder  water  from  above. 

'Ihc  boring  has  since  been  carried  to  the  depth  of  1447  feet, 
with  a  diameter  reduced  to  7 J  inches,  and  Mr.  liomersham 
lowered  the  thermometer  to  the  bottom  without  plugging.  It 
remained  down  for  six  days  (February  3  to  9,  1885),  and  givt 
a  reading  of  76} *  F,  The  water  overflowing  at  the  surface  hid 
a  temperature  of  59'  F.  To  deduce  the  mean  rate  of  increase 
downwards,  we  shall  assume  a  surface  temperature  of  50'.  Thi. 
gives  for  the  first  1337  feet  an  increase  of  254 '.  which  is  at  the 
rate  of  l"  F.  in  52  4  feet,  and  for  the  whole  1447  feet  an  increase 
of  26* which  is  at  the  rate  of  t°  F.  in  541  feel.  These  resulu 
agree  well  with  the  Kentish  Town  well,  where  Mr.  Sytnons 
found  in  I  too  feci  an  average  increase  of  I*  in  55  feet. 

Mr.  Galloway  has  furnished  observations  taken  during  the 
sinking  of  a  shaft  to  the  depth  of  1272  feet  in  or  near  the  Aber- 
darc  valley,  Glamorganshire.  The  position  ol  the  shaft  is  un 
the  slope  on  the  east  side  of  the  valley,  about  midway  between 
the  bottom  of  the  valley  and  the  summit  of  the  hill  which 
separates  it  from  the  Merthyr  valley.  The  mouth  of  the  shift  H 
about  800  feet  ab  ive  sea-level.  Observations  were  taken  at 
four  different  depths — 546  feet,  780  feet,  1020  feet,  and  1272 
feet — the  thermometer  being  in  each  case  inserted,  and  left  lot 
twenty-four  hours,  in  a  hole  bored  to  the  depth  of  30  inches  at  1 
distance  not  exceeding  24  yards  from  the  bottom  of  the  shaft  for 
the  time  being.  About  eight  hours  elapsed  between  the  com- 
pletion of  the  hole  and  the  insertion  of  the  thermometer.  Thr 
strata  consist  mainly  of  shales  and  sandstone,  with  a  dip  of  I  la 
12,  and  the  flow  of  water  into  the  shaft  was  at>out  250  gallons 
per  hour.  The  first  of  the  four  observations  was  taken  in  thr 
fireclay  under  the  Abergorkic  vein  ;  the  second  in  strong  "chft  " 
(a  local  name  for  argillaceous  shale)  in  disturlicd  ground  ;  the 
third  in  bastard  fireclay  under  a  small  rider  of  coal  previously 
unknown;  the  fourth  in  "  clift  "  ground  two  yards  above  the 
red  ash  vein,  which  overlies  the  9-foot  scam  at  a  height  of  from 
9  to  12  yards.  The  observations  were  as  follow  ! —  At  546  feet. 
50 J  F.  ;  780  feel,  504-  F.  ;  1021  feet,  63"  F.  ;  1272  feet.'  w.|  K 
Comparing  consecutive  depths  from  546  feet  downwards  »* 
have  the  following  increments  of  temperature  : — 34*  in  234  feet, 
giving  1  for  67  feci  ;  34°  in  240  feet,  giving  I*  for  69  feet  ;  3J'  ■ 
252  feet,  giving  1  for  72  feet  ;  showing  a  remarkably  regular 
rate  of  increase.  A  comparison  of  the  first  and  fourth  ob»em- 
lions  gives  an  increase  of  loj '  in  726  feet,  which  is  at  the  tale  0/ 
l'  F.  in  69  1  feet  As  a  check  ujwin  this  result  we  find  thi: 
this  rate  of  dttrtau  reckoned  u/rinrJj  from  the  smallest  iley*h 
1546  feet)  would  give  a  surface  temperature  of  (56  -  7*9=  I  4*  I. 
which,  as  the  elevation  is  80 J  feet,  is  proltthly  very  near  the 
truth. 

Mr.  Uarside  has  sent  an  observation  of  temperature  taken  Bt 
liiniscll  in  the  ro->f  of  the  Mersey  tunnel  in  August,  iMj.  Thr 
temperature  was  53  .  the  depth  below  Ordnance  datum  beinf 
92  feet.  A  great  ouaniity  of  water  from  the  river  was  percolat- 
ing through  the  sides  of  the  tunnel.    1  >n  August  IJ,  lS54.be 


verified  his  previous 
Report!.     The  sc^o 
as  the  first  (1317 
same  circum 
to  remain  fourti 
six  hours.  i~he 
namely  66",  M 
contribution  to 
ground  in  the  Fas 
ire  years'  results 
between  them 
JOO  feet. 


observation  in  Denton 
ration  was  made 
>c  pit  and  It 
thcrmo 
1 1-  I  I  »r 


dliery  (151b 
unc  depth 
under  the 
a  allowed 
1  of  only 


Sept.  24,  1885J 


NA  TURE 


up  by  Mr.  J.  S.  Gardner,  F.G.S.,  F.L.S. — The  report  o|>ens 
with  a  list  of  all  the  principal  works  on  the  British  Tertiary 
flora  clown  to  the  year  iSS  \  The  number  of  specie*  that  had 
been  more  <>r  le**  described  were  : — brom  the  I  hanct  bed*.  3  ; 
from  the  Reading  beds,  9  ;  from  Sheppcy,  108  ;  from  Alum 
Bay,  &c,  43  ;  from  Bournemouth  (deducting  those  not  peculiar), 
II  ;  Bovey  Tracy,  50;  Upper  Eocenes,  13;  Mull,  9;  Antrim, 
about  16  ;  making  a  grand  total  of  262  species,  not  a  tenth  part 
of  which,  Mr.  Gardner  anticipates  would  survive  a  rigorous 
examination.  The  study  of  only  out-  group  of  plants— the 
Gymnospenns — ha>  In-cn  the  serious  business  of  the  past  three 
years ;  for  not  only  have  I  had  to  study,  but  in  the  majority  of 
cases  to  find  the  specimens  ?.<  well.  I  trust  that  the  results 
attending  the  expenditure  of  the  grant  I  have  l>ecn  favoured 
with  may  be  con-idered  satisfactory,  and  these  1  now  proceed  to 
detail. 

Br<ukl'\ham  Fhra. — Two  visits  have  been  made  to  Selscy. 
The  beds,  it  is  well  known,  are  marine,  hut  a  few  ter- 
restrial fruits  are  from  time  to  time  procured  from  them.  I  was 
able  to  make  a  large  collection  of  fossil  shells  while  looking  for 
plants,  which,  being  from  the  highest  beds,  are  less  known,  and 
are  interesting  as  illustrating  the  passage  from  the  Bracklesham 
to  the  Bar.on  fauna,  which  is  more  gradual,  1  think,  than  is 
supposed.  The  surface  <>f  one  of  these  beds  is  dotted  over  with 
fossil  PosUonitU,  a  m.irine  monocotyledonou*  plant  identical 
with  the  species  now  inhabiting  the  Mediterranean.  It  had  not 
been  previously  recorded  as  a  British  fo«sil,  though  another 
species  is  abundant  in  the  contemporary  beds  of  the  Gi'eaire 
^rossier  of  the  Paris  basin.  In  our  species  the  rhizome*  radiate 
from  a  centre,  whilst  in  the  French  and  other  European  fossil 
species  they  are  long  and  branching  They  are  found  among 
beautiful  Telimu  shells,  pie-serving,  to  a  large  extent,  their 
banded  colours.  The  only  other  fossil  plant  to  record  here  is  a 
Nipaditei.  which,  unlike  those  of  the  Bournemouth  !>eds,  is 
large,  flattened,  and  oval. 

Reading  Beds.  -A  considerable  portion  of  the  grant  has  been 
expended  in  working  these  beds  with.  1  am  pleased  to  report, 
the  happiest  results.  The  flora  is  found  in  the  Katesgrove  pit, 
on  the  banks  of  the  Kennet,  immediately  beneath  the  mottled 
clay.  The  matrix  is  a  line  poreclainous  fuller's  earth  intcr- 
stralified  with  sand,  and  the  beds  seem  very  local.  The  limit  of 
the  pit  being  reached,  it  is  not  probable  that  any  part  of  the 
beds  will  !>e  exposed  for  long.  I  have  illustrated  a  beautiful 
specimen — one  of  several — of  Aiiirmia  s  ib.>e,',ti,\i.  Sap.,  from 
these  beds.  This  fein  is  highly  characteristic  of  the  loner 
Kocenes  in  France,  but  had  only  previously  been  found  in  the 
middle  Bagshot  bed*  of  Bournemouth  in  this  country.  I  have 
also  illustrated  another  fern(?)  from  these  beds,  of  which  I  have 
only  as  yet  found  a  small  fragment.  The  figures  are  therefore 
taken  from  specimens  found  many  years  ago  by  I'rof.  I'restwieh. 
Other  valuable  additions  to  the  Reading  flora  are  some  splendid 
specimens  of  a  conifer,  which  I  can  see  no  ground  for  distin- 
guishing from  Tiix.'diuw  heterophyllum  of  China.  Another 
interesting  s]»cciineii  from  Reading  is  a  pine  leaf  of  two  needles. 
al>out  the  size  and  substance  of  those  of  P.  maritinm,  the  first 
pine  foliag-.  ,  I  !  .-'.'I  i  t_-  v  i- ,  ever  bain  i  in  ;)•:•  huglisl:  !m enc.  ('in, 
leaf  bed  i-  alum*;  wh  d.'v  ir.adc  up  •<:  leaves  •.:  J 'at ton:',  and  .1 
bed  above  i,  friiih  -.- ,-ia!,  I  wi:h  Ik:  its  .,f  the  -ana-.  I*ruii-  ate 
VCiy  ubuivJaut,  an-:  imhi.c  kin  is  o!  h  -_;a  iratn  u  -  po  b,  .in  I 

^tk*re  8rtf  tntliiy  flow*-: ..    A>  a  1  ■  _  - 1 1 1 '  1  -I   ilu>  w.,ik  'I...-  R,  a- ling 
nger  a  pi  .car-        k-  m-.-Tielv  d.siinci  l:--:u   il'.'U  <•! 
>t)Ulh. 

■A  Beds, — I  regard  iLi-.i;  a-   ilv     ...ta'v  distim:  i-i  a  ge 
Hfacof  Reading.     [  ha.  e  te-l  be a.- i,  in  the.  curse  of  two 
Bkl  Sot  the   parpoie.  any  bed  «  •  1  c >i    toileting  from. 
Rich  must  exist  at  I.ewish.sm. 
U.-.-Af.—  Wt  were  ,iMc  to  le.ich  a  \,_-,v  ho  J  in  ila- 
\3U  SltldlaiHl,  and  to  obluin  a   gical   iiara'acr  o: 
~lof  which  fire  rfpjitc  new  to  rue.      I  In  s  an 
i  leaves  and  fruil*.  which  will  tcpiiie'tmic 
DO  Conifer.e  among  ihcm,  an  I   I  ;mi 
Lygodinti,  very  near  to  tli.r.  of 
"*m  ktng<7d -mutt,  procure 1 1  abund- 
■  different  lied  at   (he  same 


The  be. Is  are  lapidly  assuming  an  angle  of  repose,  and  becom- 
ing deeply  buried  under  debris,  so  that  some  of  them  are  no 
longer  visible  except  by  making  excavations.  Though  the 
Barton  scries  is  one  of  the  most  interesting  of  our  Eocene 
formations,  the  detailed  bedding  has  not  been  worked  out  like 
that  of  the  Bracklesham  series  IjcIow  ami  the  Headon  series 
above,  and  the  greatest  misconceptions  seem  to  prevail  as  to  the 
number  of  species  of  fossils  that  it  contains. 

Bournemouth  Beds. — Five  series  of  leaves  were  obtained  this 
year  by  Mr.  Keeping  and  myself,  the  most  noteworthy  of  which 
are  some  specimens  of  Godoya  which  exceed  any  I  had  previously 
seen.  I  have  illustrated  a  neat  and  very  distinct  s|>ccies  of 
Adian'um,  a  fragment  of  what  may  be  Gymno^rammi,  and  a 
trifid  group  of  Polyfodium  leaves,  which  seem  to  be  different 
from  either  of  the  species  previously  recorded. 

The  London  Clay. — Mr.  Shrulwole  has  kindly  sent  me  some 
of  the  l)c-t  of  the  fruits  that  have  been  found.  I  have  not  made 
any  complete  studies  of  them  vet,  but  they  promise  to  afford 
results  of  the  highest  value.  Among  a  few  recognised  is  the 
very  unmistakable  seed  of  Versehaffeltia,  a  genus  ol  palms  from 
Seychelles  quite  new  to  fossil  floras. 

Gurnet  Buy  Bed'.  — I  have  been  able  to  ascertain  that  another 
fern  rival*  Anaemia  su!>eretacea  in  range,  Chrysodium  Iiin^ranum, 
which  extend*  from  the  town  of  Bagshot  upwards  into  the  Bcnib- 
ridge  bed*.  The  plants  are  as  a  rule  dreadfully  macerated  and 
chopocd  up.  Among  them  are  small  fragments  of  a  Gleiehenia, 
which,  though  not  very  beautiful,  is  a  very  important  fern, 
coming  from  the  horizon.  By  far  the  mo  t  important  discovery, 
however,  is  that  of  Doliostrobuu  the  first  really  extinct  conifer 
that  I  have  met  with  in  British  liocene*.  It  belonged  to  the 
tril>e  of  Aratuai  uir,  and  its  identification  has  been  thoroughly 
confirmed  by  correspondence  and  the  interchange  of  specimens 
with  Dr.  Marion,  the  well-known  l>otanist  of  Marseilles.  It  is 
certain  that  during  the  Eocene  period,  as  the  temperature 
increased  from  the  base  upward  to  the  Middle  Bagshot,  when 
the  maximum  of  heat  seems  to  have  prevailed,  there  was  a 
tendency  for  the  plant  world  to  move  northward.  It  is  equally 
certain  that  in  the  liter  half  of  the  Floccne,  as  the  temperature 
began  to  decrease,  the  movement  was  in  the  opposite  direction, 
and  we  find  in  the  European  Miocenes  of  Switzerland  and  Italy 
a  number  of  plants  that  at  an  earlier  period  were  growing  in  the 
far  north. 

Be  fort  of  the  Committee,  cm  listing  of  H.  Bauerman,  F.  IV. 
Kudiei,  and  Dr.  //.  J'hnston  L  it  is,  for  the  Inz-tittjiatioH  of  the 
t'.inniie  Phenomena  of  l\  -itx  iui,  by  If.  Johnston  Luxis,  M.D., 
F.G.S.,  Repot  ter. — The  unfortunate  outbreak  of  cholera  in 
Naples  and  the  stringent  local  quarantine  measures,  prevented 
work  on  Vesuvius  being  carried  out  during  the  autumn  of  1884. 
Nevertheless,  daily  observations  were  made  of  the  variations  in 
the  activity  of  the  volcano,  of  which  a  careful  record  ha*  been 
kept.  All  important  change*  of  the  crater-plain,  and  in  the 
cone  of  eruption,  have  lieen  photographed.  Descriptions  of  the 
small  eruption  of  May  2  of  1S83  have  already  been  given  in 
Nati'ki:.  and  the  lesutts  of  a  microscopical  examination  of  the 

.jib's.. I'  il.e  I,,.,  ii-:.  i.ble  h./|. iv.  dvki  .h'n  !•  a  nicd.  u  d  I  -non  !>l- 
j  piibris'.u  '.,      Ida.-  N.i  .It;  -  :-«_--_ .  I  >  ■ ;  |  of  tile  Italian  Alpine  <-.'  Ill 


'.si;.  1. 
•  I  I  ;  : 


,\  l-r..  |-  li  akiT  L.  . 
am  :  i - 1 1 1 1  id  . ,  :  i -  - n s 


i  ve- 
in': lid)  a  i  uioaiol  \esu\iu--.  which 
1,1  iik  ]ilioi  ..;ia|i'is  exln'nled.  The 
1  ni.r.i  1  .f  \'i.-sii\ uis  atn!  Moti'e  Somhia 


111.1 


'vtuia  to  the  flora,  not 
exclusively  confined  to 

HighclilT  was 
Bracklesham. 


i, 1  :  10,1/1.  »:J  ii.is  I c.-mplele.1.  b)  the  J 1]  >■  u  I  i-i  ,  and  i* 
<-■■.  I-i : -i  el    at  iae.-:  n  ,;.       dd-.e    lel.r  n  ui.iiij  1   o|    the  varying 

w-  av  of  a  \  •  ik  :.r,  ■  in  ..  S"  r  ui.i  ml  1..1 1  stale  •  •:  aviuity  to  bato 

metiii    pr.  <s;i;,-,    1  he   lu  11.11   lide-.   and    ia:iifall.    can         bat  be 

ivg.oik.;  a-  1 111 1 ..  .1  'aui  in  -oUing  .mi:-   q-.n-stioii-  of  .  ulc.iuology. 

I  li  s-.  1  Milieu  ..il  aieaiis  .  .'  iae.-.s,,i  i-ig  s-.-.a:i  |ae-..:i-  s  my  ]  ■tactical 

tliir.a  l:u-s  1  h.,'.  .1  sc.-.'.-  of  a.  ii.ry  h..s  been  .ti.iwr.  up.  which 
1  .-■  111:1  l  -  iiiil;  .1  mia'an-s  a,   ".  .1111.  s  .1:1   be   piaeli-.  -:   by  any 

..lii-  wilb  good  .\..-s:;g  it  ail  -no  I.  i,,le  it  .1  i-llig..-i.ve  ult  .  1,  is  it  1 1  in 
vi*s;al  i.u;gc  of  :l  -.-         >>.■>.  ., bos  a  all.    aunie  n-.  turthcr 

i.-.-.ibv  [inn  |...:i.  u-.'s.  .ui-1  pb'i.  Ila-  objections  will  lie  men- 
tion..-! ilea  des«:ib.iig  :!.«•  pi-  c-.-s.  1st  degtee.  a  faint  led 
gliiTii..-  above  ih,-  main  •.  -nt  in".-:  1  ;plc-l  by  O'mj'le'r  darkness  ; 
2nd  degree,  the  glumm-i  is  1  mil : an  mis,  i  -ut  the  ejection  teaches 
bat  lis-  above  ibe  centra!  uaai  tun  a!  the  must  ;  jrd  degree, 
gdinn'.ev  eontiif.ious  and  siel!  i.i.itb:  1  ;  the  e.ectioiis  are  distinctly 
discernible  t'.s  ti  e  y  l  i-e  .tr.d  ttieii  fail  on  the  slopes  of  the  cone  of 
eruptis>n  ami  mil  down  its  si..|>,-s  ;  ,ph  degtee.  lbs:  ejections 
reach  a  o.n*iileiable  height,  are  brilhant.  and  light  up  the  top 
of  1  he  great  one  ,  y.\i  ■degtvc,  vetging  on  an  actual  paroxysmal 


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NATURE 


{Sept.  24,  18*5 


eruption,  Uic  ejections  are  shot  up  very  hiyh,  being  only  very 
slightly  or  not  at  all  influenced  in  their  course  by  a  strong  wind. 
Hach  explosion  follows  with  much  rapidity,  and  corresponds  with 
the  "boati"  heard  all  around  the  west,  south,  and  south-east 
vI.jjjc*  of  the  mountain.    The  objections  to  this  method  of  regi- 


tering  the  variations  in  the  activity  of  a  volcano  arc  :  {a)  cloud 
tap,  which  may  for  days  cut  off  the  view  ;  (/>  after  a  great 
eruption,  resulting  in  a  deep  crater,  the  changes  of  activity  would 


be  invisible  from  the  neigh bourhood  of  the  mountain  ;  u)  it  is 
only  applicable  after  dark,  so  that  usually  only  one  observation 
a  day  can  lie  made;  {J)  should  lava  be  flowing  from  a  lateral 
outlet,  a»  is  often  the  case,  the  level  of  the  mud  in  the  chimney 
would  vary  as  the  outflow  took  place  with  greater  or  less 
rapidity,  dependent  on  its  blocking  the  passage  more  or  less. 
The  reporter  thinks  it  desirable  to  introduce  a  description  of  this 
method  into  the  report,  *>  that  it  may  be  made  use  of  in  the 
case  of  other  suitable  volcanoes. 

Kefvrt  of  the  Committer,  eousistin?  of  Prof  A'or  Lankester, 
\fr.  P.  I..  Mater,  /V.'/.  M.  Fester,  Mr.  A.  Sedpsiek,  Prvf.  A. 
/.  A.  C. 


M.  Marshall,  Prof. 


Haddon,  Pre/.  Mcseley,  and  Mr. 


PnvSl.t.bn  {Secretary),  appointed  for  the  purpose  e>f  arranging 
1  of  a  Tabic  at  the  Zoological  Statist  at  Nafla. 


for  the  occupation 

—  In  the  Report  read  last  year  at  Montreal  it  wa>  announced 
that  a  scheme  was  on  foot  for  the  building  of  a  large  physiolo- 
gical laboratory  in  connection  with  the  Zoological  Station  at 
S'aples,  and  for  the  purchase  of  a  new  sea-going  steamer,  to  he 
equipped  as  a  floating  laboratory.  Your  Committee  are  now 
able  to  report  that  both  these  projects  arc  steadily  advancing 
towards  attainment.  For  the  physiological  laboratory  the 
Municipality  of  Naples  has  maile  a  grant  of  400  '•quant  metres 
of  ground,  and  t lie  Italian  Parliament  has  voted  the  sum  of 
50.000  lire  towards  the  cost  of  building.  In  n-!  Irion  to  this 
assistance  from  the  Italian  Government,  a  union  of  the  maritime 
prov-nces  of  S- mill  Italy  is  alxuit  to  be  formal  for  the  purpose 
of  contributing  towards  the  cost  of  the  new  laboratory.  ,ir>,)  of 
maintaining  two  tables  there  for  the  u>c  of  natives  of  the  prov- 
inces concerned.  'I  he  new  steamship,  which  it  is  hojied  will 
shortly  be  in  the  possession  of  the  station,  will  form  a  further 
addition  to  the  capabilities  of  the  establishment  This  under- 
taking is  in  the  hands  of  an  influential  committee  in  Germany, 
organise!  for  the  purpose  of  collecting  subscriptions,  and  bv 
whom  the  vessel  will  be  presented  to  the  station.     It  is  intended 

:•  .1-  -<r.v:  n     d..        \      r    ..|  (,,    4/,,    -    r.,   '■    ■:  ^y,    u  :- -, 

t-tgliie-  of  i _v 1  '•<  horse-power,  and  be  fitted  np  in  all 
r.  .j  .1  a  !l  i  :•:  !  •'  •  ,  •  .r\ .  Uirli  ..„},  n  v^c-  :i  w;|!  W. 
v-rf.-.-i'y  :  r.H     JJe  io  rem'.:'.  r  1!,       -  -.  •:  y  desired 

locaHty,  and  distance  from  ho  roc  will  be  no  obstacle,  as  natural - 
-  .« :'i  Vr.       '  <  ork  on  board.    Concur:  :/         chce  strides 
of  the  Zoological  Station,  improvements  in  the  general  mantge- 

r  ■  laments  «f  research  are 
ml  efficiency  of  (he  establish- 
suffice  to  say  that  the  whole 
e  station  is  in  a  slate  of  active  and  prosperous 
[  evidence  of  this  is  furnished  by  the  aceotn- 
)  of  the  naturalist*  who  have  occupied  tables 
ar,  ard  (J)  of  the  publications  resulting  from 
,t  the  station. 

'.'e,  firsts.— Addition*  have  been  again  received 
from  Capt.  Chicrchia,  who  has,  since  the  last  Report,  sent  two 
collection?  of  specimens  from  the  Pacific  and  Indian  Uwrns. 
Other  collections  have  been  likewise  received  from  Lieu!.  Cer- 
cooe,  Licot.  Orsini.  and  Lieut.  Colombo,  from  the  Atlantic,  the  J 
Red  Sem.  and  the  Mediterranean  respectively.  Some  of  the 
material  previously  obtained  by  Capt.  Chierchia  has  already 
been  utilised  by  Count  Bel  a  Haller  in  a  paper  on  the  molluscan 
kidney,  recently  published  ;  and  the  same  author  is  at  present 
*~M  a  monograph  on  the  Patellar.  In  like  manner  the 
•''  -stigalcd  bj  l"r.  lid*,  i  Copenhagen, 
ii--  :.  j:     h  ■  ;■■  n  the  subject  "is 

!-v  Mi  U  :•  .  I  \  I  . 
atsablcd  to  prosecute 
(. 1 1  Jopoda,  and  to 
re--  I'  '.v  be  expect e 
l-  ..:    •-  '•  ! 

/,  ,f>  ■!  ,'         if:  Tl      •■■    ••        ■  fit 

//-    V       J  T.-.v  :      I  V  -.;    .-.     :     \;  ,:■  6, 

ot  hW  tame  month.    In  $*>  *hort  I  lin 
poasiUo  (o  make  anything  of  the  natal 
in  a  subject  of  such  magnji 


embryology  of  the  Cephalopoda;  it  seemed,  hctefore,  that  tt»r 
opportunities  afforded  me  could  best  be  utilised  by  collecting 
material  for  sul>scquent  examination.    Of  this  I  had  an  a.bu£<i- 
ant  and  immediate  supply,  thanks  to  the  kindly  iorcth<-ught  <•. 
your  secretary,  who  had  given  notice  to  the  authorities  of  th«r 
station  of  the  nature  of  the  work  I  had  undertaken,  »•.>  that  thtv 
had  a  quantity  of  ova  ready  for  my  use.    The  greater  part  s.; 
my  time  was  spent  in  extracting  embryos  from  the  egg  and  pre- 
serving them  in  various  fluids,  and  a  fairly  complete  scrie*  of 
developmental  stages  of  Z-o.V<v  and  a  good  many  embryos  u; 
Septa  were  t has  obtained.    When  the  young  Cephalop^s  ha.r 
reached  a  stage  at  which  the  rudiments  of  the  arms  are  cleax!\ 
visible,  it  is  moderately  easy,  alter  a  little  practice,  to  eatnt^au 
them  by  making  an  incision  into  the  egg-membrane  with  a  £llj 
scalpel  ;  but  previously  to  lhi>  period  they  so  nearly  occupy  thr 
whole  interior  of  thceggth.it  it  is  almost  impossible  to  obt^i 
them  uninjured.    A  quantity  of  such  eggs  I  preserved  whjW  : 
a  method  suggested  to  me  by  l)r.  Jatta,  who  i>  at  work  up««n  > 
monograph  of  the  Cephaloi-oda  of  the  Bay  of  NapU-s.  Th. 
strings  of  eggs  arc  placed  whole  in  weak  solution  of  chro:;;.- 
acid  (about  C25  j>cr  cent.)  for  a  few  hours,  and  then  in  ui-iol.  , 
water  for  twenty-four  hours,  after  which  they  are  pre-~eisxv;  ;:. 
alcohol.    The  embryos  can  then  be  extracted  much  mote  react.: , 
than  when  fresh.     Some  lime  was  devoted  to  examining  ai  . 
drawiug  the  cml  rvos  in  the  fresh  condition,  anil  in  \s atchuaj" 
process  of  segmentation  in  /..>//.■'•  and  S/fia.     I  ob-crvexj  i:  < 
presence  of  the  "  Kichtung-bla-chcn  "  in  the  former,  which.  - 
far  as  I  am  aware,  has  oi.ly  been  noted  in  a  Kussian  mem  ju  z, 
the  development  of  S,p..a  by  L'ssow.    A  number    t  hi^-: 
derms  in  process  ((f  segmentation  were  preserved  .icc><rdi:i^  .  .  i 
method  projosed  by  L'ssow,  for  the  knowledge  of  wh  eh  I  ;-. 
indcb'ed  to  Dr.  V.  .ward  Meyer,  who  kindly  trau  late-!  it  for 
from  the  original.     I  he  eg^,  without  removal  of  the  iiieii.?irAttx 
is  placed  in  2  per  cent,  monition  of  chromic  acid  fur  two  indies, 
ami  then  in  ih-tilled  water,  to  which  a  little  acetic   .i  .  >i  \^z. 
drop  to  a  watcli^J.issfulj  has  !ncn  added,  for  two  miri.tr.  Ivr.ijr  r 
If  an  incision  bo  now  m.i  le  into  the  egg  menibrar.e  '.be  j  is 
flows  away  and  the  flastodci'm  remains;  if  any  ywlk  s-;ll  J-.t^ 
to  it,  it  may  be  removed  bv  [x.unng  away  the  water  an  1  adai-t 
more.  The  blastoderms  thus  pie  pared  show,  when  app:-_>p:i.-.ir  . 
stained,  line  karyokinctic  figures,  of  which  I  hot<e  -in 
publish  an  account.    The  reduction  of  the  collcctc  :  en  l-rt:--  -s 
•r-ial  .        .n,  n:,  1  -Vftr  .  <.-"-:r-,:.-n  wi'l  r.f  av.nr    rr-;-y  :"~ 
time,  but  I  hojie  in  a  few  month-  :  >  -  ;cpa:e 
lh«  icsult*  obtained  from  tbem. 


ODOStai  -ly  :  e 
1 1  r  *r*  ' . ;  sjttroti 

s-:t  '.ii-y  ^  i : 

vaty.  ;ng  lists 

■  1 1 r : n   the  pa 
«  •  r  %  arricd 
7  . 


made.  The  ge 
rvown  that  Ll  «ri 


gr  j.- 


Rtfott  of  the  Ci'fimifiee,  <jHtii{i*w  if  PrVf,  Bk 
Sctater,  Mr.  Howard  S.tunJ/rs,  Mr.  TkiscUvn  W 
Moulet  [Setretary),  affotn/eU  for  tk*  fmrfttt  tf  fr+ 
FitcsHishmtHt  cf  \Ur:nt       Laical  Station*  on  tit  O 
United  Kingdom. — The  Comnii tree  has  tCcdtcil  the  ta 
i ;  ''.)  frssm  the  Treasurer  of  the  A-    ■> :      n.  :.r.  '  a- ■ 
the  funds  of  the  Marine  Biological  Association  of  tilt 
Kingdom,  a*  the  most  direct  means  of  ptoaotfcaj  tht 
establishment  of  a  marine  laboratory  in  a  moat  fir 
Hon  on  the  British  coast—  n3mcry,  Plytnoath.  An 
for  a  laboratory  has  been  granted  to  the  Marine 
ciat ion  by  Government,  at  Plymouth.  Anns)  of 
Jglbscriptkms  and  donattona,  the  . 
.u4  the  working  of  the     I  !•>  a  i  an 

there  -  v  \   •-.  ;:   -  i.:  «)  -iiui-.     It'  is  [.nobob 

«'f  :!:»•       '•"•■>  will  cooimencc  sri  Ni.vem 

Camon  Trufrn*. 
{S<xrr--*ryt. 


Sept.  24,  1 885 J 


NA  TURE 


507 


i 


Natural  History  memoir,  made  from  new  observations  during 
the  same  journey.  In  addition  the  Committee  have  received 
from  Mr.  Guy  Lc  Strange,  and  published,  ofiscrvations  and 
notes  made  by  him  during  a  recent  journey  east  of  Jordan.  The 
results  of  the  survey,  so  far  a*  it  has  been  completed,  will  appear 
in  a  map  reduced  to  a  scale  of  about  three  miles  to  an  inch, 
showing  the  country  on  both  sides  of  the  river  Jordan,  instead 
of  on  the  western  side  only.  This  portion  of  the  work  is  under 
the  direction  of  Col.  Sir  Charles  Wilson,  K.C.M.G.,  F.R.S. 
The  Society  has  also  issued  during  the  last  year  a  popular 
account,  by  Prof.  Hule,  of  his  recent  journey,  called  "  Mount 
Scir,"  and  reprints  of  Capt.  Condcr's  popular  books.  "Tent 
Work  in  rale-tine  "  and  "  Hclh  and  Moab."  Finally,  the 
Committee  have  completed  the  issue  of  their  great  work,  the 
"  Survey  of  Western  Palestine,"  with  the  last  volumes  of 
"  Jerusalem,"  the  "  Flora  ami  Fauna,"  and  a  portfolio  of  plates 
showing  the  excavations  and  their  results. 


SECTION  H 

ANTHROPOLOOY 
OrENINi:    ADDRESS    BY    FRANCIS   GAI.TON,    F.R.S.,  ETC., 

pkesiutnt  of  the  anthropological  institute, 
President  of  the  Section 

The  object  of  the  Anthropologist  is  plain.  He  seeks  to  learn 
what  mankind  really  are  in  body  and  mind,  how  they  came  to  be 
what  they  are,  and  whither  their  races  arc  tending  ;  but  the 
methods  by  which  this  definite  inquiry  has  to  be  pursued  are 
extremely  diverse.  Those  of  the  geologist,  the  antiquarian,  the 
jurist,  the  historian,  the  philologist,  the  traveller,  the  artist,  and 
the  statistician,  arc  all  employed,  and  the  Science  of  Man  pro- 
gresses through  the  help  of  specialists.  Under  these  circum- 
stances, I  think  it  hest  to  follow  an  example  occasionally  set  by 
presidents  of  sections,  by  giving  a  lecture  rather  than  an  address, 
selecting  for  my  subject  one  that  has  long  been  my  favourite  pur- 
suit, on  which  I  have  been  working  with  fresh  data  during  many 
recent  months,  and  about  which  I  have  something  new  to 
say. 

My  data  were  the  Family  Records  entrusted  to  me  by  persons 
living  in  all  parts  of  the  country,  and  I  am  now  glad  to  think 
that  the  publication  of  some  first-fruits  of  their  analysis  will  show 
to  many  careful  and  intelligent  correspondents  that  their  pains- 
taking has  not  been  thrown  away.  I  shall  refer  to  only  a  part 
of  the  work  already  completed,  which  in  due  time  will  be  pub- 
lished, and  must  lie  satished  if,  when  I  have  finished  this  address, 
some  few  ideas  that  lie  at  the  root  of  heredity  shall  have  been 
clearly  apprehended,  and  their  wide  bearings  more  or  less  dis- 
tinctly perceived.  I  am  the  more  desirous  of  speaking  on 
heredity,  because,  judging  from  private  conversations  and  in- 
quiries that  arc  often  put  to  me,  the  popular  views  of  what 
may  be  expected  from  inheritance  seem  neither  clear  nor 
just. 

The  subject  of  my  remarks  will  be  "Types  and  their  Inherit- 
ance." I  shall  discuss  the  conditions  of  the  stability  and  in- 
stability of  types,  and  hope  in  doing  so  to  place  beyond  doubt 
the  existence  of  a  simple  and  far-reaching  law  that  governs 
hereditary  transmission,  and  to  which  I  once  before  ventured 
to  draw  attention,  on  far  more  slender  evidence  than  I  now 
possess. 

It  is  some  years  since  I  made  an  extensive  scries  of  experiments 
on  the  produce  of  seeds  of  different  si*e  but  of  the  same  species. 
They  yielded  results  that  seemed  very  noteworthy,  and  I  used 
them  as  the  liasis  of  a  lecture  before  the  Royal  Institution  on 
February  0,  1S77.  It  ap|  .cared  from  t  )n--e  (_  \  penmen:  ■  1  hat  the 
offspring  did  ii-'t  tend  to  Ic-cmlnc  their  p;in.  11:  ...-co,  :r:  si/!'.  [111: 
to  be  always  more  mediocre  than  they — '->  he  than  die 

jMtcnCs,  if  (he  parents  were  large  ;  t..  U-  lar^c:  iha:i  tin-  pm  nis 
if  lie  parents  were  very  small.    The  ••...int'<.f  e  >rr. cr.vticc 
con  -i-  li-:»bly  below  the  average  -die  ot  the  seeds  co:ii.«r..-.l  in  :hc 
jjMgftl  I  boeght  at  a  nursery-garden,  out  of  which  1  .elected 
"  ire  town. 

filial  iclmc-sioii 
n  the  parental 
■A  mi   .s  .  nt.-my 
varimiH  pars  of 
in  llie  -oath. 
■UMjatioOs  of  the  plnnls,  that  I 
nth  of  my  conclusions.  The 


exact  ratio  of  regression  remained  a  little  doubtful,  owing  to 
variable  influences ;  therefore  I  did  not  attempt  to  define  it. 
After  the  lecture  had  been  published,  it  occurred  to  me  that  the 
grounds  of  my  misgivings  might  be  urged  as  objections  to  the 
general  conclusions.  I  did  not  think  them  of  moment,  but  as 
the  inquiry  had  been  surrounded  with  many  small  difficulties  and 
matters  of  detail,  it  would  be  scarcely  possible  to  give  a  brief 
and  yet  a  full  and  adequate  answer  to  such  objections.  Also,  I 
was  then  blind  to  what  I  now  perceive  to  be  the  simple  explan- 
ation of  the  phenomenon,  so  I  thought  it  better  to  say  no  mor.- 
upon  the  subject  until  I  should  obtain  independent  evidence. 
It  was  anthropological  evidence  that  I  desired,  caring  only  for 
the  seeds  as  means  of  throwing  light  on  heredity  in  man.  I 
tried  in  vain  for  a  long  and  weary  time  to  obtain  tt  in  sufficient 
abundance,  and  my  failure  was  a  cogent  motive,  together  with 
others,  in  inducing  me  to  make  an  offer  of  prizes  for  family 
records,  which  was  largely  responded  to,  and  furnished  me  last 
year  with  what  I  wanted.  1  especially  guarded  myself  against 
making  any  allusion  to  this  particular  inquiry  in  my  prospectus, 
lest  a  bias  should  be  given  to  the  returns.  1  now  can  securely 
contemplate  the  possibility  of  the  records  of  height  having  beeo 
frequently  drawn  up  in  a  careless  fashion,  because  no  amount  of 
unbiassed  inaccuracy  can  account  for  the  results,  contrasted  in 
their  values  but  concurrent  in  their  significance,  that  are 
derived  from  comparisons  between  different  groups  of  the 
returns. 

An  analysis  of  the  records  fully  confirms  and  goes  far  beyond 
the  conclusions  I  obtained  from  the  seeds.  It  gives  the  numerical 
value  of  the  regression  towards  mediocrity  as  from  1  to  |  with 
unexpected  coherence  and  precision,  and  it  supplies  me  with  the 
class  of  facts  I  wanted  to  investigate— the  degrees  of  family 
likeness  in  different  degrees  of  kinship,  and  the  steps  through 
which  special  family  peculiarities  become  merged  into  the  typical 
characteristics  of  the  race  at  large. 

The  subject  of  the  inquiry  on  which  I  am  about  to  speak  was 
Hereditary  .Stature.    My  data  consisted  of  the  heights  of  930 
adult  children  and  of  their  respective  parentages,  205  in  number. 
In  every  case  I  transmuted  the  female  statures  to  their  corre- 
sponding male  equivalents  and  used  them  in  their  transmuted 
I  f  >rm,  so  that  no  objection  grounded  on  the  sexual  difference  of 
stature  need  be  raised  when  I  speak  of  averages.    The  factor  I 
used  was  i'o8,  which  is  equivalent  to  adding  a  little  less  than 
I  one-twelfth  to  each  female  height.    It  differs  a  very  little  from 
I  the  factors  employed  by  other  anthropologists,  who,  moreover, 
I  differ  a  trille  between  themselves  ;  anyhow  it  suits  my  data  better 
than  1*07  or  1*09.    The  final  result  is  not  of  a  kind  to  be 
affected  by  these  minute  details,  for  it  happened  that,  owing  to 
a  mistaken  direction,  the  computer  to  whom  I  first  entrusted  the 
figures  u  ed  a  somewhat  different  factor,  yet  the  result  came  out 
closely  the  same. 

I  shall  explain  with  fulness  why  1  chose  stature  for  the  subject 
of  inquiry,  because  the  peculiarities  and  points  to  be  attended  to 
in  the  investigation  will  manifest  themselves  best  by  doing  so. 
Many  of  its  advantages  are  obvious  enough,  such  as  the  ease  and 
frequency  with  which  its  measurement  is  made,  its  practical 
constancy  during  thirty-five  years  of  middle  life,  its  small  depen- 
dence on  differences  of  bringing  up.  and  its  inconsiderable  in- 
fluence on  the  rate  of  mortality.  Uther  advantages  which  are 
not  equally  obvious  are  no  less  great.  One  of  these  lies  in  the 
fact  that  stature  is  not  a  simple  clement,  but  a  sum  of  the  accu- 
mulated lengths  or  thicknesses  of  more  than  a  hundred  bodily 
parts,  each  so  distinct  from  the  rest  as  to  have  earned  a  name  by 
which  it  can  be  specified.  The  list  of  them  includes  about  fifty 
separate  bones,  situated  in  the  skull,  the  spine,  the  pelvis,  the 
two  legs,  and  the  two  ankles  and  feet.  The  bones  in  both  the 
'..•raiiM-  it  is  the  :-.\cr.u;e  length  of  these 
'■I  the  i;vlli'i  ure.     [he  cartilages 

in  -:,  ,i"  1  i,li  ji.i;:,  aie  rather  more 
■li.-ir  .  d  . ,  ,  i  In-  llcdiy  nails  of  1  he 
lie  ...I,  -  mi  !h:j  Kit  conclude  the  li-t. 
ken  i.f  -.1.1]  r  .ml  >rt  of  many  of 
.1  nime  »r  lc-.  aidied  instep.  Straight 
back,  ■•rlu-h  head.  1  indeed  111  the  sLM-m  of  O'Brien,  the 
li:-!i  ;;:.ui'.  a',  the  Colic.;.-  "t  Nii^i.ii,,  which  is,  I  believe,  the 
ta.k-r  skid. -loo  :n  aiiv  :n  ,1  ,,-a  11,  lh:.l  l.i-  c \tr;mrdin*ry  stature 
ol  abmr.  7  :c-.--  7  HV.hc-  w  add  have  hern  a  trille  nierca-ed  if  the 
face-  -d"  his  dor-al  wrU-bc.v  had  hcee  nunc  parallel  aud  his  lack 
Cnn-e. I'.-rnt ly  str.n^hlci 

The  !ie.r.,U  al  i ..  .pil.iri'.y  :n  t 't'  slal'.m-  ol  a  population,  when- 
ever Hire  are  sta:  i-ucal,v  tnar-ha'ded  in  the  <>:der  of  their  height  s, 


.iimc:  I  mi  I  a  i  e  c  »:r.tc  I 
".u-i  '.Hid.-  1h.1t  c..ntri:-u! 
utter.:,  .-e  :  '  etweer  tlv 
nn  ;it .  ret  -  1 1:  ui  tin  1 »  na 
•■Chip  1  'i  tin;  licl  i  .I'ld  ol 
All.'  Hint   -lli  Mil  1   111  V  1  !»■ 

the  h;  eies  w  Licl;  coif  1 .11  * 


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NATURE 


{Sept.  24.  1885 


is  due  to  Ihe  number  of  variable  elements  of  which  the  stature  is 
the  sum.  The  best  illustrations  I  have  seen  of  this  regularity 
were  the  curves  of  male  and  female  statures  that  I  obtained  from 
the  careful  raeasurctnents  made  at  my  Anthropometric  Laboratory 
in  the  International  Health  Exhibition  last  year.  They  were 
almost  perfect. 

The  multiplicity  of  elements,  some  derived  from  one  progeni- 
tor, some  from  another,  must  be  the  cause  of  a  fact  that  has 
proved  very  convenient  in  the  course  of  my  inquiry.  It  is  that 
the  stature  of  the  children  depends  closely  on  the  average  stature 
of  the  two  parents,  and  may  be  considered  in  practice  as  having 
nothing  to  uo  with  their  individual  heights.  The  fact  was  proved 
as  follows  : — After  transmuting  the  female  measurements  in  the 
way  already  explained,  I  sorted  the  children  of  parents  who 
severally  differed  1,  2,  3,  4,  and  5,  or  more  inches  into  separate 
groups.  Each  group  was  then  divided  into  similar  classes, 
showing  the  number  of  cases  in  which  the  children  differed  1,  2, 
3,  Aco,  inches  from  the  common  average  of  the  children  in  their 
respective  families.  I  confined  my  inquiry  to  large  families  of 
six  children  and  upwards,  that  the  common  average  of  each 
might  be  a  trustworthy  point  of  reference.  The  entries  in  each 
of  the  different  groups  were  then  seen  to  run  in  the  same  way, 
except  that  in  the  last  of  them  the  children  showed  a  laint 
tendency  to  fall  into  two  sets,  one  taking  after  the  tall  parent, 
the  other  after  the  short  one.  Therefore,  when  dealing  with  the 
transmission  of  stature  from  parents  to  children,  the  average 
height  of  the  two  parents,  or,  as  I  prefer  to  call  it,  the  "  mid- 
parental  "  height,  is  all  we  need  care  to  know  about  them. 

It  must  be  noted  that  I  use  the  word  parent  without  specifying 
the  sex.  The  methods  of  statistics  permit  us  to  employ  this 
abstract  term,  because  the  cases  of  a  tall  father  being  married  to 
a  short  mother  are  balanced  by  those  of  a  short  father  licing 
married  to  a  tall  mother.  1  use  the  word  "  parent  "  to  save  a  com- 
plicati  >n  due  to  a  fact  brought  out  by  these  inquiries,  that  the 
height  of  the  children  of  Ixith  sexes,  hut  especially  that  of  the 
daughters,  takes  after  the  height  of  the  father  more  than  it  docs 
after  that  of  the  mother.  My  present  data  are  insufficient  to 
determine  the  ratio  satisfactorily. 

Another  great  merit  of  stature  as  a  subject  for  inquiries  into 
heredity  is  that  marriage  selection  takes  little  or  no  account  of 
shortness  or  tallncss.  There  arc  undoubtedly  sexual  preferences 
for  moderate  contrast  in  height,  but  the  marriage  choice  appears 
to  be  guided  by  so  many  and  more  important  considerations  that 
questions  of  stature  exert  no  perceptible  influence  upon  it.  This 
is  by  no  mems  my  only  inquiry  into  this  subject,  but,  as  regards 
the  present  data,  my  test  lay  in  dividing  the  205  male  parents 
and  the  205  female  parents  each  into  three  groups — tall,  medium, 
and  short  {medium  being  taken  as  67  inches  and  upwards  to  70 
inches) — and  in  counting  the  nunil>cr  of  marriages  in  each  poss- 
ible combination  between  them.  The  result  was  that  men  and 
women  of  contrasted  heights,  short  an*!  tall  or  tall  and  short, 
married  just  al>out  as  frequently  as  men  and  women  of  similar 
heights,  both  tall  or  l>oth  short  ;  there  were  32  cases  of  the  one 
to  27  of  the  other.  In  applying  the  law  of  probabilities  to 
investigations  into  heredity  of  stature,  we  may  regard  the 
married  folk  as  couples  picked  out  of  the  genera!  population  at 
haphazard. 

The  advantages  of  stature  as  a  subject  in  which  the  simple  I 
laws  of  heredity  may  In-  studied  will  now  do  understood.    It  is 
a  nearly  constant  value  that  is  frequently  measured  and  recorded,  ' 
anil  its  discussion  is  UuU  entangled  with  considerations  of  nur-  ( 
Hire,  of  the  survival  of  the  fittest,  or  of  marriage  selection.  We 
have  only  to  consider  the  mid-parentage  and  not  to  trouble  our- 
selves about  the  parents  separately.    The  statistical  variations  of 
stature  are  extremely  tegular,  mi  much  so  thai  their  general  con- 
formity with  the  results  of  calculations  based  on  the  abstract  law 
of  frequency  of  error  is  an  accepted  fact  by  anthropologists.  | 
have  made  much  use  of  the  properties  of  that  law  in  cross. testing 
my  various  conclusions,  and  always  ,<  ilh  success. 

The  only  drawback  to  the  use  of  stature  i-  its  small  variability.  | 
One  half  of  the  population  with  whom  I  dealt  varied  less  than  . 
I  "7  inch  from  the  average  of  all  of  them,  and  one  half  of  the 
ofl spring  of  siuo'.ir  nud  parentages  varied  less  than  I '5  ituh  | 
from  the  average  o|  their  own  heights.    On  the  other  han  !.  the 
precision  of  my  data  is  so  small,  partly  due  to  the  uncertainty 
in  many  eases  whither  the  height  was  measured  with  the  shoes 
on  or  off,  that  I  find  by  means  of  .in  independent  inquiry  that 
each  observation,  taking  one  with  another,  is  liable  to  an  error 
that  as  often  as  not  exceeds  \  of  an  inch. 

It  must  \k  clearly  ur.dt,  1  stood  that  my  inquiry  is  primarily  into 


the  inheritance  of  different  degrees  of  tallness  and  shortness. 
That  is  to  say,  of  measurements  made  from  the  crown  of  the 
head  to  the  level  of  mediocrity,  upwards  or  downwards  as  the 
case  may  be,  and  not  from  the  crown  of  the  head  to  the  ground 
In  the  population  with  which  I  deal,  the  level  of  mediocrity  is 
68J  inches  (without  shoes).  The  same  law.  applying  with 
sufficient  closeness  both  to  tallness  and  shortness,  we  may  include 
both  under  the  single  head  of  deviations,  and  I  shall  call  anv 
particular  deviation  a  "deviate."  By  the  use  of  this  word  and 
that  of  "  mid-parentage,"  we  can  define  the  law  of  regression 
very  briefly.  It  is  that  the  height-deviate  of  the  offspring 
is,  on  the  average,  two-thirds  of  the  height-deviate  of  its  mid- 
parentage. 

If  this  remarkable  law  had  been  based  only  on  experiments  '.o 
the  diameters  of  the  seeds,  it  might  well  be  distrusted  until  con- 
finned  by  other  inquiries.  If  it  were  corro!>orated  merely  by 
the  observations  on  human  stature,  of  which  I  am  about  to 
speak,  some  hesitation  might  be  expected  before  its  truth  could 
be  recognised  in  opposition  to  the  current  belief  that  the  child 
tends  to  resemble  its  iwircnts.  But  more  can  be  urged  than  thai 
It  is  easily  to  be  shown  that  we  ought  to  ex|>ect  filial  regression, 
and  that  it  should  amount  to  some  constant  fractional  part  of  the 
value  of  the  mid-parental  deviation.  It  is  l>ccause  this  cxpbna 
lion  confirms  the  previous  observations  made  both  on  seeds  an.i 
on  men,  that  I  feel  justified  on  the  present  occasion  in  drawing 
attention  to  this  elementary  law. 

The  explanation  of  it  is  as  follows.  The  child  inherits  partis 
from  his  parents,  partly  from  his  ancestry.  Speaking  generallv. 
the  further  his  genealogy  goes  hack,  the  more  numerous  arid 
varied  will  his  ancestry  become,  until  they  cease  to  dirtcr  f,o-i 
any  equally  numerous  sample  taken  at  haphazard  from  the  rac- 
at  large.  Their  mean  stature  will  then  be  the  same  as  that  • 
the  race  ;  in  other  words,  it  will  be  mediocre.  Or,  to  put  the 
same  fact  into  another  form,  the  most  probable  value  of  t  ie  nuj 
ancestral  deviates  in  any  remote  generation  is  zero. 

For  the  moment  let  us  confine  our  attention  to  the  rem  >u 
ancestry  and  to  the  mid-parentages,  and  ignore  the  mtennotiau 
generations.  The  combination  ef  the  rero  of  the  ancestry  will 
the  deviate  of  the  mid-parentage,  is  that  of  nothing  wit  h  some 
thing,  and  the  result  resembles  that  of  pouring  a  uniform  pr  , 
portion  of  pure  water  into  a  vessel  of  wine.  It  dilutes  the  win* 
to  a  constant  fraction  of  its  original  aloholic  -trength,  whatever 
that  strength  may  have  been. 

The  intermediate  generations  will  each  in  their  degree  d<-  the 
same.    The  mid-deviate  of  any  one  of  them  will  have  .1  »  iIuc 
intermediate  K-tween  that  of  the  mid-parentage  and  ihe  for 
value  of  the  ancestry.    Its  combination  with  the  mid  parent.- 
deviate  will  be  as  if,  not  pure  water,  but  a  mixture  of  wine  an  . 
water  in  some  definite  proportion  had  been  poured  into  the  w  in< 
The  process  throughout  is  one  of  proportionate  dilution*,  and 
therefore  the  joint  etlect  of  all  of  them  is  to  weaken  the  Tiginai 
wine  in  a  constant  ratio. 

We  have  no  word  to  express  the  form  of  that  idea!  and  turn 
pisite  progenitor,  whom  the  offspring  of  similar  mid-pirentage- 
most  nearly  resemble,  and  from  whose  stature  their  own  re>p**cr 
ive  heights  diverge  evenly.  a(x>ve  and  below-.  He.  she,  or  it. 
may  be  styled  the  "  geneiant  "  of  the  gro.ip.  I  shall  shortly 
explain  what  my  notion  of  a  g-ne  ant  is,  but  for  the  m  >mcn: 
is  sufficient  to  show  that  Ihe  parents  are  not  identical  with  thr 
generant  of  their  own  offspring. 

The  average  regression  of  the  offspring  to  a  constant  tract  u«r. 
of  their  respective  mid-parental  deviations  which  was  tirst  ob- 
served in  the  diameters  of  seed-,  and  then  confirmed  by  observe 
(ions  on  human  stature,  is  now  shown  to  be  a  perfectly  r rav.-n 
able  law  which  mi^ht  have  U -e-.  deductively  foreseen.     I:  n  i>f  v. 
simple  a  character  that  I  have  made  an  arrangement  with  one 
movable  pulley  and  two  fixed  ones  by  which  the  probable  aver 
age  height  of  thr-   biMren  of  known  parents  c  m  be  mechamciHy 
reckoned.    Tins  law  tells  heavily  against  the  lull  hereditary 
transmission  of  anv  rare  and  valuable  gift,  as  only  a  few  of  roxny 
children  would  rc-eui'ile  their  mid  parentage.     I  lie  more  c« 
ceptional  the  gilt,  the  more  exceptional  will  be  the  good  fortune 
of  a  parent  who  ha  -  a  son  who  equals,  and  still  m  >re  if  he  ha*  a 
son  who  overpasses  him.    The  law  is  even-handed  ;  it  le^ie*  the 
same  heavy  su<;ee--ioii-tax  on  the  transmission  of  badnes,  i.  well 
as  of  goodness.     If  il  discourages  the  extravagant  exjicct alien* 
of  gifted  parents  tint  their  children  will  inherit  all  their  powers, 
it  no  less  discountenances  extravagant  fears  that  they  will  inberr 
all  their  weaknesses  ami  disease-. 

The  converse  of  this  law  is  very  far  from  being  it*  numerical 


Sept.  24,  1885] 


NA  TURE 


509 


opposite  IJccauc  the  most  proliable  deviate  of  the  son  is  only 
two- thin' s  that  of  his  mid-parentage,  it  does  not  in  the  least 
follow  that  the  most  probable  deviate  of  the  mid-parentage  is 
\,  or  I J  that  of  the  son.  The  number  of  individuals  in  a  popu- 
lation who  differ  little  from  mediocrity  is  *o  preponderant,  that 
it  is  mere  frequently  the  case  that  an  exceptional  man  is  the 
somewhat  exceptional  son  of  rather  mediocre  parents,  than  the 
average  son  of  very  exceptional  parents.  It  ap|>car&  from  the 
very  same  table  of  observations  by  which  the  value  of  the  filial 
regression  was  determined,  when  it  is  read  in  a  different  way. 
namely,  in  vertical  columns  instead  of  in  horizontal  lines,  that 
the  most  probable  mid-parentage  of  a  man  is  one  that  de- 
viates only  onc-thinl  as  much  as  the  man  docs.  There 
is  a  great  difference  between  this  value  of  j  and  the  numer- 
ical converse  mentioned  ar>ovc  of  \  ;  it  is  four  and  a  half 
lime*  smaller,  since  4$,  or  3,  being  multiplied  into  J,  is  equal 

Let  it  not  be  supposed  for  a  moment  that  these  figure*  invali- 
date the  general  doctrine  that  the  children  of  a  gifted  pair  are 
much  more  likely  to  be  gifted  than  the  children  of  a  mediocre 
oair.  What  it  asserts  is  that  the  able  t  child  of  one  gifted  pair 
is  not  likely  to  be  as  gifted  as  the  ablest  of  all  the  children  of 
very  many  mediocre  pairs.  However,  as,  notwithstanding  this 
explanation,  some  suspicion  may  remain  of  a  paradox  lurking  in 
these  strongly  contrasted  results,  1  will  explain  the  form  in  which 
he  table  of  data  was  drawn  up,  and  give  an  anecdote  connected 
with  it.  Its  outline  was  constructed  by  ruling  a  sheet  into 
squares,  and  writing  a  series  of  heights  in  inches,  such  as  60  and 
under  61,  61  and  under  62,  &x.,  along  its  top,  and  another 
similar  series  down  its  side.  The  former  referred  to  the  height 
of  offspring,  the  latter  to  that  of  mid-parentages.  Each  square 
in  the  table  was  formed  by  the  intersection  of  a  vertical  column 
with  a  horizontal  one,  and  in  each  square  was  inserted  the  number 
of  childn.11  out  of  the  930  who  were  of  the  height  indicated  by 
the  heading  of  the  vertical  column,  and  who  at  the  same  time 
were  born  of  mid-parentage*  of  the  height  indicated  at  the  side 
of  the  horizontal  column.  I  lake  an  entry  out  of  the  table  as 
an  example.  In  the  square  where  the  vertical  column  headed1 
69-  is  intersected  by  the  horizontal  column  by  whose  side  67-  is 
marked,  the  entry  3$  is  found  ;  this  means  that  out  of  the  930 
children  38  were  born  of  mid-parentages  of  69  and  under  70 
inches,  who  also  were  67  and  under  6S  inches  in  height.  I  found 
it  hard  at  first  to  catch  the  full  significance  of  the  entries  in  the 
table,  which  had  curious  relations  that  were  very  interesting  to 
investigate.  Lines  drawn  through  entries  of  the  Mine  value 
formed  a  series  of  concentric  and  similar  ellipsis.  Their  common 
centre  lay  at  the  intersection  of  the  vertical  and  horizontal  line*, 

hat  corresponded  to  6SJ  inches.  Their  axes  were  similarly  in- 
clined. The  points  where  each  ellipse  in  succe  sion  was  touched 
by  a  horizontal  tangent,  lay  in  a  straight  line  inclined  to  the 
vertical  in  the  ratio  of  5  ;  those  where  they  were  touched  by  a 
vertical  tangent,  lay  in  a  straight  line  inclined  to  the  horizontal 
in  the  ratio  of  \,  These  ratios  confirm  the  values  of  average 
regression  already  obtained  by  a  different  method,  of  \  from 
mid-parent  to  offspring,  and  of  \  from  offspring  to  mid-parent. 
These  and  other  relation-,  were  evidently  a  subject  for  mathe- 
matical analysis  and  verification.  They  were  all  dearly  depend- 
ent on  three  elementary  data,  supposing  the  law  of  frequency 
of  error  to  be  applicable  throughout  ;  these  data  being  (l)  the 
measure  of  racial  variability.  (2>  that  of  cr>-family  variability 
(counting  the  offspring  of  like  mid-parentages  as  memliers  of  the 
same  co-family},  and  (3)  the  average  ratio  of  regression.  I  noted 
these  values,  and  p'-rased  the  problem  in  .Vistract  terms  such  as  a 
competent  mathematician  could  deal  with,  disentangled  from  all 
reference  to  heredity,  and  in  that  &ha|>e  sub-nittcd  it  to  Mr.  J. 
Hamilton  llickson,  of  St.  Peter's  College,  Cambridge.  I  asked 
him  kindly  to  investigate  for  me  the  surface  of  frequency  of  crn>r 
that  would  result  from  these  three  data,  and  the  various  particu- 
lars of  its  sections,  one  of  which  would  form  the  ellipses  to  which 
l  have  alluded. 

I  may  be  permitted  to  -ay  that  I  never  felt  such  a  glow  of 
loyalty  and  respect  towards  the  sovereignty  and  magnificent 
sway  of  mathematical  analysis  as  when  his  answer  reached  mc, 
confirming,  by  purely  mathematical  reasoning,  my  various  and 
laborious  statistical  conclusions  with  far  more  minuteness  than  I 
had  dared  to  hope,  for  the  original  data  ran  somewhat  roughly, 
and  I  had  to  smooth  them  with  tender  caution.  His  calculation 
corrected  my  oliscrvcd  value  of  mid-parental  regression  from 

l  A  matter  of  dcu.l  i,  here  ignored  «hch  ha«  nothing  to  d ,  with  the  main 
rrinci|.le,  and  would  .,n!y  «rvt  lo  r^rpltK  if  I  d-srriW  it. 


to  the  relation  between  the  major  and  minor  axis  of  the 

3      176  J 

ellipses  was  changed  3  per  cent.,  their  inclination  was  changed 
less  than  2".  It  is  obvious,  then,  that  the  law  of  error  holds 
throughout  the  investigation  with  sufficient  precision  to  be  of  real 
service,  and  that  the  various  results  of  my  statistics  are  not 
casual  determinations-,  but  strictly  interdependent. 

In  the  lecture  at  the  Royal  Institution  to  which  I  have  referred, 
I  |>ointcd  out  the  remarkable  way  in  which  one  generation  was 
succeeded  by  another  that  proved  to  be  its  statistical  counterpart. 
I  there  had  to  discuss  the  various  agencies  of  the  survival  of  the 
fittest,  of  relative  fertility  and  so  foith  ;  but  the  selection  of 
human  stature  as  the  subject  of  investigation  now  enables  mc  to 
get  rid  of  all  these  complications,  and  to  discu-s  this  very  curious 
question  under  its  simplest  form.  How  is  it,  I  ask,  that  in  each 
successive  generation  there  proves  to  be  the  same  number  of  men 
per  thousand  who  range  between  any  limits  of  stature  we  please 
to  specify,  although  the  tall  men  arc  rarely  descended  from 
equatly  tall  parents,  or  the  short  men  from  equally  short  ?  How 
is  the  balance  from  other  sources  so  nicely  made  up?  The 
answer  is  that  the  process  comprises  tw  » opposite  sets  of  actions, 
one  concentrative  and  the  other  dispersive,  and  of  such  a  char- 
acter that  they  necessarily  neutralise  one  another,  and  fall  into  a 
state  of  stable  equilibrium.  Hy  the  first  set,  a  system  of  scattered 
elements  is  replaced  by  another  system  which  is  less  scattered  ; 
by  the  second  set,  each  of  these  new  elemeits  becomes  a  centre 
whence  a  third  system  of  elements  are  dispersed.  The  details 
arc  a-  follow, :— In  the  first  of  these  two  stages,  the  units  of  the 
population  group  themselves,  as  it  were  by  chance,  into  married 
couples  whence  the  mid  parentages  are  derived,  and  then  by  a 
regression  of  the  values  of  the  mid-parentages  the  true  gencrants 
are  derived.  In  the  second  stage  each  generant  is  a  centre 
whence  the  offspring  diverge.  The  stability  of  the  balance 
between  the  opposed  tendencies  is  due  to  the  regression 
being  proportionate  to  the  deviation  ;  it  acts  like  a  spring  against 
a  weight. 

A  simple  equation  connects  the  three  data  of  race  variability, 
of  the  ratio  of  regression,  and  of  co  family  variability,  whence, 
if  any  two  are  given,  the  third  may  be  found.  My  observations 
give  separate  measures  of  all  three,  and  their  values  fit  well  into 
the  equation,  which  i-  of  the  simple  form  — 

+  /*=/«. 

where  v  =  '<.,  /  =  1 7-  /'  =  1  5-  ,     ,  , 

It  will  therefore  be  understood  that  a  complete  table  of  mid- 
parental  and  filial  heights  may  be  calculated  f  om  two  simple 
numbers. 

It  v,  ill  be  gathered  from  what  has  lieen  said,  that  a  mid-parental 
deviate  of  one  unit  implies  a  mid-grandparental  deviate  of  \,  a 
mid-ancestral  unit  in  the  next  generation  of  J.  and  so  on.  I 
reckon  from  these  and  other  data,  by  methods  that  I  cannot  stop 
to  explain,  that  the  heritage  derived  nn  an  average  from  the 
mid-parental  deviate,  independently  of  what  it  may  imply,  or  of 
what  may  be  known  concerning  the  previous  ancestry,  is  only  h. 

I  Consequently,  that  similarly  derived  from  a  single  parent  is  only 

•  J,  and  that  Iro  n  a  single  grandparent  is  only  ,'<,• 

The  most  elementary  data  upon  which  a  complete  table  of 

j  mid- parental  and  filial  heights  admits  of  being  constructed  are 
(1)  the  ratio  he'.ween  the  mid-parental  ami  the  lest  of  the 

I  ancestral   influences  and  (2)  the    measure  of  the  co-family 

I  variability. 

I  cannot  now  pursue  the  numerous  branches  that  spring  from 
I  the  data  I  have  given,  as  from  a  root.     I  will  no'  speak  of  the 
I  continued  domination  of  one  type  over  others,  nor  of  the  pcr- 
!  sistenrv  of  unimportant  characteristics,  n  ir  of  the  inheritance  of 
disease',  which  is  complicated  in  many  cases  by  the  requisite 
concurrence  of  two  separate  heritages,  the  one  of  a  susceptible 
constitution,  the  other  of  the  germs  of  the  disease.    Still  less 
can  I  enter  upon  the  subject  of  fraternal  characteristics,  which 
I  have  also  worked  out.     It  will  suffice  for  the  present  to  have 
shown  some  of  the  more  important  conditions  associated  with 
the  idea  of  race,  and  how  the  vague  word  "  type  "  may  be  defined 
1  by  peculiarities  in  hereditary  transmission,  at  all  events  when 
1  that  word  is  applied  to  any  single  quality,  such  as  stature.  To 
i  include  those  numerous  qualities  that  are  not  strictly  measurable, 
we  must  omit  reference  to  number  and  proportion,  and  frame  the 
definition  thus  :— "  The  type  is  an  ideal  form  towards  which  the 
children  of  those  who  deviate  from  it  tend  to  regress." 

The  stability  of  a  type  would,  1  presume,  be  measured  by  the 


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NA  TURE 


\JScpt.  24  18S5 


strength  of  its  tendency  to  regress  ;  thus  a  mean  regression  from 
I  in  the  mid-parents  to  |  in  the  offspring  would  indicate  only 
half  as  much  stability  as  if  it  hatl  been  to  \. 

The  mean  regression  in  stature  of  a  population  is  easily  ascer- 
tained, but  I  do  not  sec  much  use  in  knowing  it.  It  has  already 
been  stated  that  half  the  population  vary  less  than  I  "J  inch  from 
mediocrity,  this  being  what  is  technically  known  as  the  "  prob- 
able "  deviation.  The  mean  deviation  is,  by  a  well-known 
theory,  1  'iS  times  that  of  the  probable  deviation,  therefore  in 
this  case  it  is  1  "9  inch.  The  mean  loss  through  regression  is  \ 
of  that  amount,  or  a  little  more  than  0'6  inch.  That  is  10  say, 
taking  one  child  with  another,  the  mean  amount  by  which  they 
fall  short  of  their  mid-parental  peculiarity  of  stature  is  rather 
more  than  six-tenths  of  an  inch. 

With  respect  to  these  and  the  other  numerical  estimates,  1 
wish  emphatically  to  say  that  I  offer  them  only  a*  being  service- 
ably  approximate,  though  they  are  mutually  consistent,  and  with 
the  desire  that  they  may  be  reinvestigated' by  the  help  of  more 
abundant  and  much  more  accurate  measurement;  than  those  I 
have  had  at  command.  There  are  many  simple  and  interesting 
relations  10  which  I  am  still  unable  to  assign  numerical  values 
for  lack  of  adequate  material,  such  as  that  to  which  I  referred 
sonic  time  back  of  the  superior  influence  of  the  father  over  the 
mother  on  the  stature  of  their  sons  and  daughters. 

The  limits  of  deviation  l>eyond  which  there  is  no  regression, 
but  a  new  condition  of  equilibrium  i*  entered  into,  and  a  new 
type  conies  into  existence,  have  still  to  l>e  explored.  Let  us 
Consider  lmw  much  wo  can  infer  from  undisputed  facls  of  heredity 
regarding  the  conditions  amid  which  any  torm  of  stable  equilib- 
rium, such  as  is  implied  by  the  word  "  type,''  must  be  established, 
or  might  be  diseslablised  and  superseded  by  another.  In  doing 
so  I  will  follow  cautiously  along  the  same  path  by  which  I'arwin 
started  to  construct  his  provisional  theory  of  pangenesis  ;  but  it 
is  not  in  the  Ic.i-t  necessary  to  go  so  far  as  that  theory,  or  to 
entangle  ourselves  in  any  questioned  hypothesis. 

There  can  be  no  doubt  that  heredity  proceeds  to  a  consider- 
able extent,  perhaps  principally,  in  a  piecemeal  or  peloid  fashion, 
causing  the  person  of  the  child  to  l>e  to  that  extent  a  mosaic  of 
independent  ance-tral  heritages,  one  part  coming  with  more  or 
less  variation  from  this  progenitor  and  another  fr<>m  that.  To 
express  this  a. peel  of  inheritance,  where  panicle  pioceeds  from 
particle,  we  may  conveniently  describe  it  as  ••particulate." 

So  far  as  the  tnti-itii  sion  of  any  featuie  may  be  regarded  as 
an  example  of  particulate  inheritance,  so  far  l;r  Mrmi  little  more 
than  a  truism  to  assert  1  the  element  from  which  that  feature  was 
develo]«ed  must  have  been  particulate  aI»o.  Therefore,  wher- 
ever a  feature  in  a  child  was  not  personally  possessed  by  either 
paient,  but  transmitted  through  one  of  them  from  a  more  distant 
genitor,  the  element  whence  that  feature  was  developed  must 
avc  existed  in  a  (articulate,  though  impersonal  and  latent,  form 
in  the  body  of  the  parent.  The  total  herbage  of  that  parent 
will  have  included  a  greater  variety  of  material  than  w.i-  utilised 
in  the  lonuation  of  Ins  own  personal  structuie.  \tn\x  a  portion 
of  it  became  developed  ;  the  survival  of  at  least  a  small  part  of 
the  remainder  is  proved,  and  that  of  a  larger  part  may  be  inferred 
by  his  transmitting  it  to  the  person  of  his  child.  Therefore  the 
organised  st.ru.  hire  of  each  individual  -diould  be  viewed  as  the 
fulfilment  of  only  one  out  nf  an  indefinite  number  of  mutually 
exclusive  pos-ii  il'itie-s.  It  is  the  development  of  a  single  sample 
drawn  out  of  a  rroup  ol  elements  I  he  conditions  under  which 
each  element  in  the  sample  ln-came  selected  are.  of  course,  un- 
known, but  it  :s  re  .1  s  .na  >le  l>  expect  they  would  fall  under  one 
or  other  of  the  following  agencies  :  Ills',  self  seat.lKVi.  where 
each  element  selects  ih  most  su.uMc  neighbour,  as  in  the  theory 
of  pingrru-sis  ;  secondly,  general  co-ordination,  .u  the  influence 
exerted  on  cu  !i  element  by  many  or  all  of  the  icmauimg  ones,, 
whether  in  its  nutne'liate  ncighliouihood  .r  in  •  :  i  dty  <  g  ;• 
•>f  diverse  agencies,  alike  only  in  the  fact  1  :  1 

uniformly  h-  lplul  or  harmful,  tlia- ihey  induem    ••      1        .  .1,: 
purpose — 111  philosophical  language,  that  tlu  y  1 
in  (Kipular  language,  that  thev  are  accident-  1  ' 
inclusion  tender*  it  imp  .s-il.le  to  predict  ■'      •        w  >.-•! 
indi vidua!  children,  though  it  does  not  juevet  :     -  ;  ediCi  >n  ;•! 

average  1  -  -  - 1 :  • ! >.    We  How  see  something  of  th     •  •  '■  "'' 

of  the  en  ..si  ills  amid  which  the  stable  cquil  ;  1  • 

teriies  uJi  l.o.e  must  subsist. 

I'ohtica'  analogies  of  stability  and  ehaog  o.ind, 
and  arc  u-eli,l  to  tic  the  ideas,  as  I  poin'e  1  o 
I-et  us  t.i'..,-  ih.al  which  is  atfonicd  by  the  gove.  • 
-hich  ha-  Uxotne  independent.     1  he  indiv  i<j   t)  .1 


as  particulate  representatives  of  families  or  other  gro.ps  in  :>.■ 
parent  country.  The  organised  colonial  government  raaks  as  :!• 
personality  of  the  colony,  being  its  mouthpiece  aril  txecctivf 
The  government  is  evolved  amid  political  strife,  uti;  eletuLV 
prevailing  here  and  another  there.    Th«  prominent  victors  h;r. 
themselves  into  the  nucleus  of  a  patty,  additions  to  their  nuni1-.- 
and  revisions  of  it  ensue,  until  a  body  of  men  are  assocm'- 
capable  of  conducting  a  completely  organised  adniinbtrati  1 
The  kinship  between  the  form  of  government  of  the  colony  ir. 
that  of  the  parent  state  is  far  from  direct,  and  resembles  in  • 
general  way  that  which  I  conceive  to  subsist  between  th«  ctnl 
and  his  mid-parentage.    We  should  expect  to  find  many  per 
of  resemblance  In-twcen  the  two,  and  many  instances  of  sr.;- 
dissimilarity,  for  our  political  analogy  teaches  us  only  too  » 
on  what  slight  accidents  the  character  of  the  government  r 
depend  when  parlies  arc  nearly  balanced. 

The  appearance  of  3  new  and  useful  family  peculiarity  >  ; 
l>oon  to  breeder-,  who  by  selection  in  mating  gradually  red 
the  preponderance  of  those  ancestral  elements  that  etidin-r 
reversion.    The  appearance  of  a  new  type  is  due  to  cau-e- 
lie  l»eyond  our  reach,  so  we  ought  to  welcome  evcrv  useful 
as  a  happy  chance,  and  do  our  best  to  domicile  and  pcrpet"! 
it.    When  heredity  shall  have  become  much  better  and  m  .-. 
generally  understood  than  now,  I  can  believe  that  we  shall  1  ■  « 
upon  a  neglect  to  conserve  any  valuable  form  of  family       -»  1 
wrongful  waste  of  opportunity.    The  appearance  of  eich  >"» 
natural  peculiarity  is  a  faltering  step  in  the  upward  jourrto 
evolution,  over  which,  in  outward  appearance,  the  wh  »K-  liv  ■-' 
worhl  is  blindly  blundering  and  stumbling,  but  whose  get1' ': 
direction  man  has  the  intelligence  dimly  to  discern,  and  *■ 
progress  he  has  power  to  facilitate. 


i: 


THE  AM  F.RICA  X  ASSOC  I  A  TIOX  FOR  THE 
ADVAXCEMEXT  OF  SCIEXCE* 

THE  meeting  of  1885  of  the  American  Association  t  ■ 
the  Advancement  of  Science  was  held  at  the  Ant 
Arbor  University.  The  total  attendance  (according  t 
■SWW/iVi  of  member's  was  not  a  large  one,  the  numbet 
reaching  only  to  365  ;  the  number  of  papers  was  r" 
Two  changes  in  the  organisation  were  made  ;  by  one, 'J* 
section  of  histology  and  microscopy  was  alxdished.  a>  '•[ 
has  l)ecn  urged  for  some  time  that  a  special  science  w 
microscopy  docs  not  exist,  the  microscope  being  rather  i 
tool  to  be  used  by  scientific  men  in  various  branches 
The  other  change  was  in  the  name  of  the  section 
mechanics,  the  words  "and  engineering"  being  ao(*e(^' 
the  title,  that  it  may  be  more  clearly  understood  r» 
Americans  that  those  interested  in  all  branches  0 
engineering  are  invited  to  take  part  in  the  proceeding 
As  this  was  the  first  meeting  since  the  action  of 
Government  in  regard  to  the  Coast  Survey,  the  que*""' 
was  generally  discussed.  The  mitterwas  referred  to  ' 
;  committee,  which  ottered  to  a  general  session  of  *w 
Association  the  following  resolutions,  which  were  unarm5' 
ously  accepted  :  — 

WitKkt  vs.  The  am-n;ion  of  this  Association  his  been  c^ 
to  ar tides,  ,„  the  public  press,  purporting  to  give— and  pre*"  ;. 
ably  by  authorit v  ■  -  :',n  official  repsirt  of  a  t'ornmission  tPV"^ 
by  the  Trea-ury  de|>a- 1 -iient  to  investigate  the  con-htim  "i^  .. 
I'  >.  t  'oast  Survey  <  >thce,  in  which  report  the  value  of 
scicntihc  work  is  dc-ignated  as  "meagre."  .  , 

Ami  \viii  ri  \s,    pins  Association  desires  to  ex|,fes\*^t 

•'  -;'         i«  .u.  «        the  vli'y  <••  s.,eh  soentinc 
be  referred  to  scientific  men. 

JTMcAW.ThM  the  America  \-.o,  i  i;;,a  t'-.  the-  Advanctmff 
•  :  v-  ''      ••  in  -vrupuhv  vvi'.li  the  ( lover  nixe"'  lP  . 

every  intent  to  secure  tlx      -v'-.-st  \  il.le  efficienfy  « 

public  service.  ■„ 
■  f    l  .'i  .!:  •  v .-.!.,    ,.f  th,-  scientific  work 

.    11  !  1 1  in. Ills       the  i  i  iVLTiimellt  can  be  ****  fl0?* 


'  i ' ' 1  . '  1  ' ;  •    I  1 ,  •  -  r, . 

•1'.  Thai  llti^^l 
roval  ot  the  ctJH 


imlly  av  lila  -srj!' 


rj!cd  57  ""' 
■  Jilt—'  »  |M 


Sept.  24,  1885] 


NATURE 


gravity  determinations  now  in  progress— and  to  express  the  hope 
that  such  valuable  work  may  not  be  interrupted. 

A'(joi-,J,  That  this  Association  expresses,  also,  the  hope  that 
the  Government  will  not  allow  any  technical  rule  to  be  esta- 
blished- that  shall  necessarily  confine  its  scientific  work  to  its 
own  emp'uyh. 

RtselviU,  That  in  the  opinion  of  the  American  Association  for 
the  Advancement  of  Science,  the  head  of  the  Coast  Survey 
-hould  be  appointed  by  the  President,  by  and  with  the  advice 
and  consent  of  the  Senate,  should  have  the  highest  possible 
landing  among  scientific  men,  and  should  command  their 
entire  confidence. 

Rtsohtd,  That  copies  of  these  resolutions  shall  lie  prepared 
by  the  general  >ecrctary,  and  certified  by  the  President  of  the 
Association  and  by  the  permanent  secretary,  and  shall  be  for- 
warded to  the  President  of  the  United  States,  the  Secretary  of 
the  Treasury,  and  given  to  the  press. 

Various  improvements  with  the  object  of  securing  a 
more  rapid  despatch  of  business  were  either  suggested 
or  adopted  ;  thus  members  are  to  be  elected  by  a  standing 
committee  instead  of  in  general  session,  and  it  is  proposed 
to  restrict  general  sessions  of  the  Association  to  the 
beginning  and  close  of  the  meeting,  and  to  limit  the 
public  reading  of  committee  reports  in  general  session  to 
such  as  seem  to  the  standing  committee  specially  desir- 
able from  their  interest  or  importance.  The  next  meeting 
will  be  held  at  Buffalo,  beginning  August  18,  tS86,  under 
the  presidency  of  Prof.  Edward  S.  Morse,  of  Salem. 

We  regret  much  that  it  is  impossible  for  us  to  repro- 
duce in  full  the  President's  address  and  the  sectional 
reports  ;  the  obvious  pressure  on  our  space  at  the  present 
time  will  only  enable  us  to  refer  to  a  few  salient  topics. 
The  President's  address  was  delivered  by  Prof.  J.  P. 
Lesley,  of  Philadelphia.  We  find  the  following  striking 
observations  on  the  "dead-work  "  of  science  : — 

There  is  a  topic  which  I  think  should  be  frequently  considered 
by  all  who  engage  in  scientific  pursuits,  and  by  none  so  earnestly 
as  by  those  who  are  ambitious  to  reach  the  higher  points  of  view, 
from  which  to  survey  and  describe  those  systematic  combina- 
tions of  phenomena  which  are  more  or  less  panoramic  :  I  allude 
of  course  to  generalises  or  discoverers  of  natural  laws,  and  the 
professional  teachers  of  such  laws  :  while  those  who  deal  in 
itemised  science,  the  mere  ol»ervers  of  isolated  facts,  discrimin- 
ating specimens  and  naming  genera  and  species  in  the  animal, 
vegetable,  or  mineral  worlds,  and  especially  such  as  occupy 
themselves  with  geographical  and  geological  studies  in  detail, 
stand  in  less  need  of  having  it  pressed  u|»n  their  attention, 
because  in  their  case  it  insists  upon  its  own  necessity. 

I  allude  to  what  is  technically  known  among  experts  as 
"dead- work. " 

This  topic  has  to  be  treated  in  the  most  prosaic  style.  To 
describe  dead-work  is  to  narrate  all  those  portions  of  our  work 
which  consume  the  most  time,  give  the  most  trouble,  require  the 
greatest  patience  and  endurance,  and  seem  to  produce  the  most 
insignificant  results.  It  comprises  the  collection,  collation,  com- 
parison and  adjustment,  the  elimination,  correction,  .ml  re- 
flection, the  calculation  and  representation— in  a  won),  the 
entire  first,  >  ccond,  and  third  handling  of  our  data  in  any  branch 
of  human  learning — wholly  perfunctory,  preparatory,  and  me- 
chanical, wholly  tentative,  experimental,  and  defensive — without 
which  it  is  dangerous  to  proceed  a  single  stage  into  reasoning 
on  the  unknown,  and  futile  to  imagine  that  we  can  advance  in 
science  ourselves,  or  assist  in  its  advancement  in  the  world.  It 
is  that  tedious,  costly,  and  fatiguing  process  of  laying  a  good 
foundation  which  no  eye  is  ever  to  sec,  for  a  house  to  be  built 
thereon  for  safety  and  enjoyment,  for  public  uses  or  for  monu- 
mental beauty.  It  is  the  labour  of  a  week  to  be  paid  for  on 
Saturday  night.  It  is  the  slow  recruiting,  arming,  drilling, 
victualling,  and  transporting  of  an  entire  army  to  secure  victory 
in  one  short  battle.  It  is  the  burden  of  dead  weight  which 
every  great  discoverer  has  had  to  carry  for  years  and  years,  un- 
known to  the  world  at  large,  before  the  world  was  electrified  by 
his  appearance  as  its  genius.  Let  us  examine  it  more  closely  : 
it  will  rcjviy  our  scrutiny.  Those  of  you  who  have  l>ccn  more 
or  less  successfully  at  work  all  your  lives  may  get  some  satisfac- 
tion from  the  retrospect  :  ami  those  who  have  commenced 


how  indispensable  it  is,  how  honourable  it  is,  and  what  stores  of 
health  and  strength  and  happiness  it  reserves  for  them. 

My  propositions,  then,  are  these: — (1)  That,  without  a  large 
amount  ol  this  dead-work,  there  can  be  no  discovery  of  what  is 
rightly  called  a  scientific  truth.  (2)  That,  without  a  large 
amount  of  dead -work  on  the  part  of  a  teacher  of  science,  he 
w  ilt  fail  in  his  efforts  to  impart  true  science  to  his  scholars.  (3) 
That,  without  a  large  amount  of  dead-work,  no  professional 
expert  can  properly  serve,  much  less  inform  and  command,  his 
clients  or  employers.  (4)  That  nothing  but  a  habitual  per- 
formance of  dead  work  can  keep  the  scientific  judgment  in  a 
safe  and  sound  condition  to  meet  emergencies,  or  prevent  it  from 
falling  more  or  less  rapidly  into  decrepitude  ;  and  (5)  That  in 
the  case  of  highly-organised  thinkers,  disposed  or  obliged  to 
exercise  habitually  the  creative  powers  of  the  imagination,  or  to 
exhaust  the  will-power  in  frequently-recurring  decisions  of  diffi- 
cult and  doubtful  questions,  dead-work  and  plenty  of  it  is  their 
only  salvation  ;  nay,  the  most  delicious  and  refreshing  recrea- 
tion ;  a  panacea  for  disgust,  discouragement,  and  care ;  an 
elixir  vita- ;  a  fountain  of  perpetual  youth.  .  .  . 

First,  then,  is  it  so  that  scientific  truths  cannot  be  discovered 
without  a  large  amount  of  preliminary  dead-work  ?  Surely  no 
one  in  this  assembly  doubts  it  who  has  established  even  one 
original  theory  for  himself,  or  won  for  it  the  suffrages  of  judges 
!  capable  of  weighing  evidence.  Now  the  immense  disproportion 
in  numbers  between  theories  broached  and  theories  accepted  is 
the  best  proof  we  could  have,  not  only  of  the  value  and  necessity 
of  de*xi-WOrk,  but  of  the  scarcity  of  those  who  depend  upon  it 
as  a  preparatory  stage  of  theorising.  And,  moreover,  not 
theories  only,  but  simple  statements  of  fact  believed  and  dis- 
believed—that is,  finally  accepted  or  finally  rejected— exhibit 
the  like  numerical  disproportion,  and  betray  a  general  careless- 
ness or  laziness  of  observers  ;  at  all  events  their  manifest  lack  of 
appreciation  of  the  value  and  necessity  of  the  dead-work  part  of 
observation,  which  imperatively  must  precede  any  clear  mental 
perception  of  the  simplest  phenomenon,  before  the  attempt  is 
made  to  establish  its  natural  relationships,  and  present  it  for 
acceptance  U  a  part  of  science. 

No  ;  dead  work  cannot  l>e  delegated.  The  man  who  cannot 
him-clf  survey  and  map  his  field,  measure  and  draw  his  sections 
properly,  ami  perfectly  represent  with  his  own  pencil  the 
characteristic  variations  of  its  fossil  forms,  has  no  just  right  to  call 
himself  an  expert  geologist.  These  are  the  badges  of  initia- 
tion ;  and  the  only  guarantees  which  one  can  offer  to  the  world 
of  science  thai  one  IS  a  competent  observer  and  a  trustworthy 
BCncraliser.  Nor  has  one  become  a  true  man  of  -.cicncc  until 
he  has  already  done  a  vast  amount  of  this  dead  work  ;  nor  does 
one  continue  in  his  prime,  as  a  man  of  science,  after  he  has 
ceased  to  bring  to  this  test  of  his  own  ability  to  see,  to  judge, 
and  to  theorise,  the  working  and  thinking  of  other  men.  but 
enough  of  this. 

My  second  proposition  was  that  no  teacher  of  science  can  be 
successful  who  does  not  himself  encounter  some  of  the  dead  work 
of  the  explorer  and  discoverer  ;  who  docs  not  discipline  his  own 
faculties  of  perception,  reflection,  and  generalisation,  by  field- 
work  and  office-work,  indcj>endcntly  of  all  text-book  assistance  ; 
who  does  not  himself  make  at  least  some  of  the  diagrams,  tables, 
and  pictures  for  his  class-room,  in  as  original  a  spirit  and  with 
as  much  precision  of  detail  as  if  none  such  had  ever  been  made 
before,  and  these  were  to  remain  sole  monuments  of  the  genius 
of  investigation.  What  the  true  teacher  has  to  do  first  and  fore- 
most is  to  Drake  up  in  youthful  minds  this  spirit  of  investigation 
nb  initio.  The  crusade  against  scholastic  cramming  promises  to 
be  successful  ;  but  the  crusade  against  pedagogic  cramming  has 
hardly  yet  been  organised.  How  is  the  scholar  to  be  made  an 
artist  if  the  teacher  cannot  diaw?  The  instinct  of  imitati  n  in 
man  is  ii  resistible.  Slovenly  drawing  on  the  blackboard — 
sufficient  evidence  of  the  teacher's  imperfect  information  and 
inaccurate  conception  of  facts,  the  nature  of  which  he  only 
thinks  he  understands — can  do  little  more  than  raise  a  c>ld  fog 
of  suspicion  in  the  class-room,  by  which  the  tender  sprouts  of 
learning  must  be  cither  dwarfed  or  killed,  itut  even  slovenly 
diagrams  are  preferable  to  purchased  ones  ;  for  whatever  dimin- 
ishes the  dead-work  of  a  teacher  enervates  his  investigating, 
and  thereby  his  demonstrating,  powers,  and  lowers  him  toward 
the  level  of  his  scholars. 

Were  I  dictator  I  should  drive  all  teachers  of  science  out  into 
the  great  field  of  dead-work  ;  force  them  to  go  through  all  the 
gymnastics  of  original  research  and  its  description,  and  not  per- 
mit  them  to  return  to  their  libraries  until  their  notebooks 


Google 


NA  TURE 


[Sept.  24,  ;SS5 


wn  measurements 
awirgs,  >evcrcly  .Hi 


u.-l  calculations,  sketch- 
irate  and  \  %  -^aily  classi- 
•mpared  with  those  recorded  in  the  books. 
■  1,1  •«  -  -r.  ta^  to  keep  in  mind  is -Lis  :  tt.it  learning  is  not 
.1  »  -  ,  !  u:  a>  Lcssingsays:  Learning  is  only  u  ir  know- 
•  •  4  -      •  r.c  experience  of  others;  kn  ■  <.  is  our  own.  No 

.:.)  comprehends  what  he  :...r.-eli  has  not  created. 
:•  t  «e  know  nothing  of  the  universe  until  we  take 
r.  pieces  fot  inspecti_.n,  and  1.  j  ::I  1  i»  for  our  under- 
pin nog.  Nor  can  one  man  do  tL:-  :'or  another;  each  must 
1..  it  for  himself;  and  all  that  one  ..in  do  to  help  another 
is  to  >ho*  him  how  he  himself  has  it.  r-ellated  and  recomposcd 
his  small  particular  share  of  concrete  nature,  and  inspire  him 
with  those  vague  but  hopeful  suggestion-  'f  ideas  which  we  call 
learning,  but  which  are  not  science. 

My  third  proposition  was  that  an  expert  in  rractical  science 
can  command  the  resect  and  con t:  .net.  of  his  professional 
fellows,  ami  through  their  free  suffrage  h.i.ld  up  hi-  own  repu- 
tation in  the  learned  and  business  w.  r!  :-,  only  inexact  propor- 
tion to  the  amount  of  good  dcad-wcuk  to  which  he  voluntarily 
subjects  him>elf.  For,  although  the  m  ;-t  of  it  1$  necessarily 
done  in  secrecy  and  silence,  enough  ol  r  leaks  out  to  testify  to 
his  honest  and  diligent  self-cultivation  ;  and  enough  of  it  must 
show  in  the  shape  of  scientific  wisdom  to  make  self-evident  the 
fact  that  he  is  neither  a  tyro  nor  a  charlv  an.  More  than  once  I 
have  heard  the  merry  jest  of  the  Austral  ■nan  judge  quoted  with 
sinbtcr  application  to  experts  in  science.  When  a  young  col- 
league, just  arrived  from  F.ngland,  a.k-.-d  him  for  adv:ce,  he 
answered  :  I 'renounce  your  decision*,  but  tvware  of  sta'ing  vour 
reasons  for  them.  Many  an  cphemci  ril  reputation  for  science 
has  been  begot  by  this  shrewd  policy;  but  the  best  pdicy  to 
wear  well  is  honesty  ;  and  honesty  in  n  i-le  means  selling  what 
is  genuine,  well-made,  and  durable  :  and  honesty  in  science 
means,  hrst,  facts  well  proved,  and  then  incUi^i.>ti>  slowly  and 
painfully  deduced  from  facts  well  prow  I  in  nimcient  numl>er 
and  order  of  arrangement  to  exhaust  .-Y;r  the  suhiect  and  the 
obsciver.  Reap  your  field  so  thon  Mv  th:it  gleaners  must 
despair.  Fortify  your  position,  that  yo.r  ir.  .,t  experienced  rival 
ca'i  find  no  point  of  attack.  Lay  you  plans  with  such  a  super- 
fluity of  patient  carefulness  th.it  t.ite  it-elf  ,m  invent  no  cnous 
emergency.  1  ►emonslrtte  your  theory  .0  utterly  and  evidently 
that  it  shall  require  no  defender  but,  i:-- .(.  I >»e  for  your  work, 
that  your  work  may  live  f->r  ever.  I 
work  will  make  you  famous  Fns'.ue 
plant  your  leel  upon  the  neiks  -.1  k  inc, 
S'o  will  Invomc  a  law  to  mult  it  ■id.  .. 


work  of  silence,  when  well  'tone,  id.es  I 
My  fourth  pjopo.ri  ■:■>■-  ilm  only  tV- 
dead -stork  can  pre-cr.  c  th>-    .  ;»•>•:  1 1 1  ■.  1: 
and  prevent  it  from  1-jc  .•mr,.;        t,e  I  , 
re-eise  lrc-.li  truth,  and  I  r.;<tfu!  of  ki 
hardlv  needs  discussion.     Human  11:11. 


disuse.     Men's  fi<rtut.e»    .brink  at 
mcnt      I   pray  you  to  inn-Tie  what  J 
amounts  |,,  tii:-     that  the  gra-s  will  sun  y 
footpath.     Let  me  hurry  to  the  il>se 


_;••(  yoniself,  and  your 

■  >r  self  it,  and  it  will 
•  ■lid  your  mere  Yes  or 
III,  is  « hat  the  dead- 
1  Mic  expert  in  science. 

■  ■  -itii.il  performance  of 
led  in  pristine  vigotu, 

1;  '1  prejudices,  inapt  to 
I- -w  ledge  already  won  — 
1  s  I  >t-c-  one-  atrophied  by 
'i'  irate  by  mere  invest- 
vt  isli  to  say,  for  it  all 
grow  o\er  a  deserted 
1  this  address,  which  I 


lia\c  found  too  >ci tons  a  duty  f. u  my  eking,  and  perhaps  v.. 11 
also  have  fund  it  too  pets  rial  3  pr'ea  liuicnt  lor  y. mi-.  One- 
more  >u  :  v.ti.m,  then,  and  I  have  done. 

M>  in. 'i  pr  eoMtion  was  I  ft  rr  t  the  weaned  and  exhausted 
intellect  will  wi-ety  seek  refreshment  in  dea  l-work. 

The  physiology  of  ihe  brain  1.  now  nftieienily  well  under- 
stood I  •  permit  physicians  to  pre-- nl>e  w:ih  some  .issuance  for 

Its  many  ills,  and  1o  regulate  its  rr-'eir.  'i  to  a  n         d  Mate  of 

health.    Its  tissues  reproduce  uiemsehcs  throughout  life  if  no 
extraordinary  over- balance  nl  decay  takes  plate,  if  there 
excessive  and  too  lonu-continunt  wi-tc.    For  the  tuaji 
mankind,  nature  provides  for  the  adjustment  between  cd 
liun  nnd  reproduction  vf  brain 
and  night,  noise  and  silence, 
the  stilwitution  of  the  play  ol 
the  judgment  and  the  will  i 
lead  of  nature  when  we  seek 
We  bring  into  activity  a  rett  e 
the  wearied  pan*  iff  u  to  resn 
lr,  Section  A  Prof.  v-..t 
•••j  |,c       ,  :  ■  1  -n  ,li  r-  . 
1  Janet'-  Vel  -.  itv. 

The   former  reseat  1   I' 

lecoglllsed    aii.-ir.g  .i-li-'n   


knowleit^e  about  the  character,  distribution,  and  mouon  of 
these  minute  hodies  with  which  the  solar  system  i;  rilled, 
especially  tho>e  which  strike  our  atmosphere  ani  arc  burne-i  up 
as  meteors.    The  possible  effect  of  these  u;oo  the  rot jti-.n  of 
the  earth,  and  the  revolution  of  the  earth  and  moon  in  their 
orbits,  has  been  subjected  to  elaborate  investigation  at  the  han.!- 
of  several  mathematical  astronomers.    The  recent  publican- >a« 
of  Mr.  Denning,  of  Bristol,  claiming  the  fixity  of  long- contrnu  114; 
radiant  points  of  meteor  streams,  have  raised  the  qur-uion  of  the 
existence  of  broad  streams  of  metcoroids  moving  swiftly  ihrougdi 
stellar  space  outside  of  solar  attraction  ;  and  any  new  investiga- 
tion bearing  upon  ,-.ny  of  these  points  is  more  than  usually 
timely.     In  this  paper  Prof.  Newton  has  discussed  the  efJrc 
upon  the  earth's  motion  of  those  bodies  which  do  not  pavs  near 
enough  to  the  earth  to  l>c  drawn  into  its  atmosphere,  but  st:I! 
near  enough  to  be  drawn  out  of  their  course,  and  swan,;  for  t 
rime  in  hyperbolic  orbits  around  it.     He  began  by  saying  tha- 
the  results  of  the  investigation  might  perhaps  be  considered 
negative  as  far  as  measurable  quantities  in  the  solar  system  are 
concerned,  but  that  they  had  a  mathematical  mtere>t,  an-1  rr. 
possibly  have  a  bearing  upon  somewhat  similar  questions  m 
molecular  physics,  like  the  kinetic  theory  of  gase>.    The  mathe- 
matician and  astronomer  must  be  referred  to  the  |>ap<-r  it— 
and  the  results  o(  popular  interest  may  be  briefly  summarise  !  i_s 
follows: — Considering,  first,  the  case  of  a  cyhn  incal  -tieiai  c 
small  iKKlies  evenly  distributed,  and  all  moving  in  the  same  direc- 
tion with  a  common  velocity  past  the  ea'th  supposed  to  V>e  ;r,  tL^ 
axis  of  the  cylinder,  it  is  sh awn  that  they  w  ill  commun  1  cat c  to  trie 
earth  in  each  unit  of  tune  a  velocity  along  the  avis:  ( 1 )  that 
proportional  to  the  density  of  the  group  ;  1 2)  that  decrease-,  is  :  - 
velocity  increases  nearly  inversely  as  the  square  of  the  1.  !  » 
{y,  that  increases  as  the  logarithm  of  the  .ailiUs  of  the  cylinder, 
the  radius  being  measured  by  a  unit  di tiering  from  the  enrv. 
radius  by  a  small  quantity,  which  is  a  function  of  the  vs.-i  « 
Second,  in  the  ca-e  of  a  w  idely  extended  grou|>  of  small  .!:rs 
evenly  distributed  in  space,  and  having  sjn-eds  all  c  |  i.il.  L-- 
dirccted  towards  points  evenly  distributed  over  the   ctle-  c 
sphere  with  the  earth  moving  h  a  n^ht  line  through  them.  ::  . 
shown  thai,  for  those  which  do  not  strike  the  earth,  but  .-r.li 
affect  it  by  their  attraction,  the  effect  will  be  an  e\cee-t;-.j  . 
minute  acceleration  of  the  earth's  motion,  if  the  latter  is  /.  • 
I  r7nr/  ,</  the  even  though  the  group  is  infinite  in  cstrn:  It 

,  the  earth's  velocity  »\  gt{\><^-  th~iti  th  tt  iv ~  tkf  As/r-'r,  their  ■.  < 
effect  will  consist  of  two  parts  :  a  very  minute  retarda'n.  i  . .:' 
earth's  motion,  depending  in  amount  upon  the  absolu  e  \  ei-x  1 
<f  the  bodies;  and  another  retardation  depending  up<n 
assumed  extent  of  the  group.     In  ccnclusion,  the  effes ;  ot  h  ,-.  ^. 
!  i/riiin,'  the  earth  or  moon  is  manifold  grcaterlhan  licit  of  ;h  v 
,  only  /'■min^  in  ir  ;  and  since  it  has  before  (>een  sli.ivsn   t;ar  any 
admissible  magnitude  of  nieteroids  would  make  the  effect  u(-sr. 
the  moon's  mean  motion  of  those  which  strike  it  only  a  m.n.  v 
1  fraction  of  the  observed  acceleration,  still  less  can  any  act;  .2  : 
\  those  passing  near  the  moon  have  any  appreciable  effect 

l'apeis  were  also  read  by  Prof  Harkness  on  the  flexure  ■•; 
;  transit  instruments;  by  Prof.  Hough,  describing  some  improve- 
ments lecently  introduced  in  the  printing  chronograph,  frtsi 
designed  and  brought  into  use  by  himself  at  the  Du  Hey  i.itis-t-rra- 
tory  in  1871,  by  Prof.  Iturkitt  Webb,  describing  a  ':iie;h-xj  ..." 
using  p>lar  coordinates,  by  transferring  the  origin  from  the  centr* 
to  the  end  of  the  unit  radius,  thus  substituting  (r  -  I'l  f<jr  r.  aai 
then  using  the  length  of  the  arc  and  the  distance  out  Iron. 
end  up»n  the  radius  vector,  as  1  and  y  are  used  in  recfafi^^it,- 
coordinates.  He  tound  this  a  very  convenient  transformat : ■  >?.  r. 
tile  applii  .v  ion  of  1 1  .!.ir  c  >.  irdiliates  to  the  di-cussion  of  Am  «U-r  . 
1.  .■  r  ! .  .r.g  ..-.si,  :l.  1:   :  ■.  •.  '  in_;  ;:ifi n. .  .  :  .• 

".:  'U»  thus  ti.irisf. ■  1 1  r : '.  I.  li  >v  w«.ic  ce  1 -i.r 
■  ■■  •,'iordmile..  lie  tlio.i^u  this  u-ansf  tttt^ 
i  ircaMfeAt^c  found  general!}  u-erol. 
dsu  ^B||U  prese n l ed  ..itUC  resuili 

r  liOH  ^^^^b.Wilh  the  almucantAr,  as 

Harvacd  C-e^t^e 
miscs  at  leaat  ta 
tod  oi  altars 

ice-.- 
far  put  •!.  - 


24,  1885.1 


NATURE 


5'3 


jurces  of  systematic  error  would  seem  to  be  almost  wholly 
•d  to  those  of  varying  personal  equation  in  the  observation 
isits  at  all  speeds  and  at  all  inclinations  and  directions  over 
•  ntal  wires,  and  to  possible  systematic  difference  in  atmo- 
c  refraction  in  different  azimuths.  Mr.  Rockwell  exhibited 
results,  simply  copied  from  his  observing-hooks,  illustrat- 
ic  methods  of  reduction  for  time  and  latitude  observations, 
bowing  the  degree  of  accuracy  that  can  be  attained  by  the 
iment  in  both  these  directions  They  served  to  show  that 
-istrument  when  duplicated  will  give  equally  good  results 
the  one  first  constructed  ;  and  their  consideration  gave  rise 
very  interesting  discussion,  participated  in  by  many 
ihers,  as  to  the  character  of  work  the  instrument  might  be 
ctcd  to  do,  in  the  course  of  which  Mr.  Rockwell  answered, 
v  very  entertaining  way,  many  questions,  put  by  various 
ibers,  as  to  the  details  of  observing  and  reducing,  which  were 
before  clearly  understood  on  account  of  the  novelty  of  the 
k.  One  of  the  most  important  problems  which  the  instni- 
it  is  specially  adapted  to  inve-tigale,  and  one  which  we  hope 
.  Chandler  will  soon  find  time  to  undertake,  is  thedctermina 
i  of  ihe  declination  of  fundamental  stars  south  of  the  equator, 
ng  them  to  northern  stars  at  corresponding  zenith-distances 
ow  the  pole.  This  would  seem  to  be  by  far  the  best,  perhaps 
:  only,  method  of  connecting  these  together  in  a  way  that 
dl  be  free  from  systematic  error. 

(0  the  Physical  Section,  the  first  paper  read  was  by  Prof, 
mglcy,  on  the  spectra  of  some  sources  of  invisible  radiations, 
id  on  the  recognition  of  hitherto  unmeasured  wave-lengths, 
his  was  followed  by  one  by  Mr.  Brashear  on  a  practical 
ethod  of  working  rock-  salt  surfaces  for  optical  purposes. 
Prof.  H.  S.  Carhart  presented  a  paper  on  surface  transmission 
f  electrical  discharges,  which  was  an  ingenious  revision  of 
ork  by  Prof.  Henry.  Prof.  E.  L.  Nichols  presented  some 
rrtber  notes  on  the  chemical  behaviour  of  magnetic  ircn,  a 
ominuation  of  work  described  in  a  paper  at  the  Philadelphia 
necting.  Major  H.  E.  Alvord  of  Mountainville,  New  York, 
>resente  1  the  results  of  telemelric  observations  at  Houghton 
Farm.  This  is  a  method  by  which  changes  in  temperature  are 
.ransmittcd  and  recorded  electrically  ;  and  Major  Alvord's 
results  show  that,  with  increasing  experience,  the  records  fol- 
lowed more  and  more  satisfactorily  the  observations  made  on 
the  mrrcurial  thermometer. 

Prof.  T.  C.  Mendcnhall  called  attention  to  the  modifications 
and  improvements  already  made  or  desired  in  electrometers, 
especially  with  reference  to  their  use  in  observations  on  atmo- 
spheric electricity.    <  >bservations  of  this  kind  have  l>een  made 
regularly  for  the  last  year  or  two ;  but,  as  Prof.  Mendcnhall 
well  said,  the  meaning  of  the  variations  recorded  is  still  a 
mystery.    Prof.  A.  E.  Dolbear  read  three  papers  :  in  one  he 
described  a  method  of  studying  contact -theory  of  electricity  by 
means  of  the  telephone.    He  has  found  that  a  click  is  produced 
in  the  telephone  every  time  the  circuit  is  broken  between  two 
heterogeneous  materials,  as  copper  and  zinc.    In  another  paper 
he  referred  to  his  success  in  employing  a  llcrnstein  incandescent 
lamp  fur  projection  purpoes  ;  and  in  the  third  he  described  a 
new  galvanic  element  of  high  electromotive  force  and  great 
constancy,  consisting   of  carbon  in   a   saturated   solution  of 
bichromate  of  potash,  ami  sulphuric  acid  and  zinc  in  a  saturated 
dilution  of  amnionic  chloride  ;  nitric  acid  could  be  used  in  place 
of  sulphuric.    Mr.  A.  j«.  Rogers  presented  a  paper  on  electro- 
lysis of  the  salts  of  the  alkaline  earth. 

l'rof.  E.  D.  Nicholls  has,  by  means  of  a  spectrophotometer, 
described  at  a  previous  meeting,  compared  the  spectmm  of  the 
unclouded  s'„y  with  that  of  the  light  reflected  by  magnesium 
carbona'.e,  illuminated  by  direct  sunlight. 

Prof.  "Weld  exhibited  a  combined  spectro  photometer  and 
ophtlialtnospectroscope. 

In  the  Chemical  Section  Prof.  Nichols  de'ivercd  an  address 
on  chemistry  in  the  service  of  public  health.  Amongst  the 
papers  are  :-Prof.  Noycs,  on  para-nitrobenzoic  sulphuride  ; 
Dr.  Wiley,  on  a  method  of  estimating  lactic  and  acetic  acid  in 
sour  milk  or  koumisi  ;  Mr.  Young,  on  the  thermo-chcmieat 
reaction  between  polassic  hydradc  and  common  alum.  A  gene- 
ral discussion  t<ink  place  on  the  question  of  what  is  the  best 
initiatory  work  for  students  entering  upon  laboratory  practice, 
md  also,  To  what  extent  is  a  knowledge  of  molecular  physics 
necessary  to  one  who  would  teach  thioretical  chemistry? 

b  the  Section  of  Mechanical  Science  Prof.  Webb  delivered 
M*ddrcss  on  the  second  law  of  thermo  dynamics.   Mr.  Wagner 
ID    T*iM daborate  paper  on  electric  light  tests  giving  ar. 


account  of  his  work  in  testing  the  efficiency  of  two  electric  light 
plants.  Prof.  Cooley  explained  and  illustrated  a  method  of 
testing  indicator-springs.  Prof.  Thurston's  paper  on  cylinder 
condensation  is  described  as  being  of  great  scientific  and  prac- 
tical value. 

In  the  Section  of  Geology  and  Geography  the  address  was  by 
Prof.  Edward  Orton,  and  the  subject,  Problems  in  the  study  of 
coal,  with  a  sketch  of  recent  progress  in  geology.  There  were, 
in  all,  twenty-seven  papers  in  this  Section,  none  being  geogra- 
phical. Stratigraphy  received  the  lion's  share  of  attention,  the 
most  important  paper  on  this  subject  being  one  by  Prof.  Henry 
S.  Williams. 

The  address  to  the  Biological  Section  was  by  Dr.  Wilder,  on 
Educational  Museums  of  Vertebrates. 

The  Section  opened  with  two  papers  by  Prof.  L.  E.  Sturte- 
vant  as  the  result  of  observations  and  experiments  at  the  New 
York  agricultural  experiment  station.  The  first,  on  the  hybrid- 
isation and  cross-fertilisation  of  plants.  In  the  second — 
"  Germination  Studies  " — tnc  author  gives,  as  a  result  of  many 
trials  with  commercial  seeds  of  our  common  plants,  that  very 
extended  series  of  trials  must  lie  made  with  each  species  in  order 
to  obtain  the  desired  accuracy  in  results. 

An  interesting  paper  on  the  biological  deductions  from  a  com- 
parative study  of  the  influence  of  cocaine  and  atropine  on  the 
organs  of  circulation,  by  Dr.  II.  G.  Beyer,  U.S.N. ,  was  read 
before  the  Section. 

"On  the  Brain  and  Auditory  Organs  of  a  Permian  Theomorph 
Saurian  "  was  the  title  of  an  interesting  paper  by  Prof.  E.  I). 
Cope.  The  author  called  special  attention  to  the  morphology 
of  the  brain,  the  character  ot  the  cranial  walls  and  the  auditory 
apparatus. 

The  disputed  question  of  the  btsexuality  of  the  pond-scums 
(Zygnemacc.v)  was  discussed  by  Prof.  C.  E.  Bessey,  of  the 
University  of  Nebraska,  who  conclude  ]  that  these  organisms  do 
not  possess  true  bisexuality. 

"On  the  Process  of  Crnss-fcrtili-ation  in  Campanula  amtti- 
oma  "  was  the  title  of  a  paper  presented  by  C.  R.  Barnes. 

A  paper  on  aquatic  respiration  in  soft-shelled  turtles  (Aspido- 
nectes  and  Amyda)  was  presented  by  Profs.  Simon  H.  and  S. 
I'helps  Gage  as  a  contribution  to  the  physiology  of  respiration  in 
vertebrates. 

Prof.  C.  E.  Bessey  read  a  p;iper  on  the  inflorescence  of 
Cm  undi  f /cm  f  rata. 

Prof.  Gage  addressee!  the  Section  (G)  on  Microscopy  and 
Histology  on  the  limitations  and  value  of  histological  investiga- 
tion, and  Mr.  Dall  discoursed  to  the  Anthro|K>logical  Section 
on  the  native  tribes  of  Alaska.  The  papers  in  this  section  were 
very  numerous,  many  of  great  interest,  and  all  naturally  devoted 
to  anthropological  questions  connected  with  the  North  Amencan 
continent. 


XOTES 

Tjik  National  Sanitary  Congress  commenced  its  autumn 
meeting  at  Leicester  on  Tuesday,  when  the  president,  Prof.  Do 
Chauuiont,  F.R.S.,  gave  an  address  on  the  work  of  the  Sanitary 
Institute. 

THE  portrait  of  the  late  George  Bcnlham,  subscribed  for  by 
several  of  his  friends,  has  been  presented  to  the  Herbarium, 
Royal  Gardens,  Kew,  on  behalf  of  the  subscribers,  by  Sir  John 
Lubbock.  The  picture  is  a  successful  reproduction,  by  Miss 
Merrick,  of  the  original  in  the  possession  of  the  Linncan 
Society. 

We  regret  to  notice  the  death  of  M.  Breton  des  Champs,  one  of 
the  French  Government  engineers,  a  mathematician  and  scientific 
writer  who  played  a  prominent  part  in  connection  with  the 
Newton  forgtries.  In  combination  with  bis  friend  Leverrier, 
M.  Breton  des  Champs  exploded  these  frauds,  which  were  so  dis- 
graceful to  the  good  name  of  the  French  Academy  of  Science'. 
He  discovered  the  books  from  which  the  so-called  "forger  with 
long  ears'*  had  copied  the  assumed  letter  sold  to  M.  Chasles. 

The  Essex  Field  Club  will  hold  its  sixth  annual  cryptogamic 
and  botanic  meeting  in  Epping  Forest  on  Friday  and  Saturday, 
October  2  and  3.    On  the  Saturday  afternoon  and  evening  there 


Digitized  by  Google 


NA  TURJi 


will  to  mm  cahttiLaiu  uf  taaajl  ami  ixltci  plant*,  bnx  irvl  pir- 
ibjeeli  i  and  |Mfan  will  be  read  by  Dr 
Whmiw  -ml  Mr  W^fWajtoa  thnli*.  The  fin  towing  h:<anuL, 
invne,  way  mtorv  u*  *tp«:iwj  in  to  present,  Mil  will  lit  m 
' '  refit  m "  Ui * if i-*l*  .letuoaiar.t  uf  I'lan*  h*e frV.  Bcaatorr, 
Briuiwrnrtr.  Di  M,  C.  Cuuaar,  R«e.  J.  *|.  Croattte,  Her. 
Cancel  tHi  M.  Mewv  J.  L  Kflftlna.  Henry  Ufu«a,  F.  J. 
Haabnry,  fc.  \L  ttohurt,  1'i.A  UuaMuii,  A.  Vk^han  J«nn- 
\np,  rVrMtnek  fHlry.  W.  \V.  Rwrvw*.  Wonhiraftnaj  (i.  SaVih, 
C  A.  Wrajl.l.  In.  Spuntti.  DC.  II  T.  Whmux  *c.  Tbow 
Whhinc  U>  ali»l  >biulil  Lrjdiuiinit.au  wnh  law  too.  Hin'iiy, 
Mr.  W.  C«4e.  tUtbhaM  Kill,  £***«,  who  will  huaol  pro 
{tuaiKi  firai;  fVjIt  (tititoilnrv 

In*  irnaer*  uf  ito  Ui'^isi.l  Lot  turn  Fund  lav*  »l ifg.nl 
tot  firm  ul  »i»  Wtfurw*  »  «aif>  uf  fir*.  Lananalte  IMMH — 
B&arkb-jrii.  Lania-W.  ChoeVy,  C""h<.  ami  Pa-iitom,  axai  fr.r 
•atiilar  urarart  in  GeesJMk*  Paidcy,  Slteling,  AUua,  tail  Kfl- 
tttarwxi.-  ill  !•>  to  -JflWied  >lur«i!  OtfAll  4liJ  Dnxttitor 
Nu  Inure,  will  to  (fit  :u  •iiiiiC%[  Nuvtmlo  in  caa*Mi|iiiDi-«  uf 
the  lie*  real  rJro  i»i  in  that  m.tath,  Tto  Ituarm  twriuMoi 
wtth  the  work  irr  I  IW  K.  S.  IMI,  Rw.  W.  II.  Dollutftr, 
rtnf.  W.  i'.  ttillmn.-ti.  In  Anlrrw  Wtaoo,  ana  Mf.  W. 
Last  Cii|wnlt<.  I  -  .  b  iumw  m:lui>»  One*  Vetute*  ■  n  blu 
luteal  taul  ihitc  t«t  |  li).|i*l  .'<•'.  ■•  ■  ■  •  It  i,  lantern  Ulu»- 
iniiiM  toing  ftwrly  Mil,  m  »unw  run  «\i«runrau  altrt 
A*  o«ual  tto  rharg*  fto  alm.jiuwj!  !«:  'Hit  |*-i.-tr,  att'l  'to 
Ltrttnl  ataila'Jc  i  ut  wv-jr»-1  fur   i'"    l<  » •  *  r«— ,  inetial 

rwejkarr*  MM  lAn  lu  Iliwrt  l*«  aiwnAjnce  td  «»rLu^  rata. 
Tlirr*  will  probably  to  •aaiilar  uiuiac*  In  Itc  Ml  lUit  1  I  j*. s,  m 
lie  H***^ 

We  in  t'tfurrte  J  ihw  'to  laa-ant  Chair  of  t*htilu  aiiJ 
tir«iiarcilia[  in  L"m*  cull/ CV>lfep«,  iMhlul*  kn  totli  nSnl  by 
ito  «fijuinla»nt  tu  the  uf  1'iuf.  J'Jin  Hyan,  M.A-,  Kint  • 
Cottcfr»  C«kr*li(t  I'  S<  Lmi  uc,  a*. I  >i«nitor  *jf  ihc  ln.«ii- 
lute  if  Meiluiika!  rJt^lwwrs  l>r.  K;*n,  »>>  t  U  i  |-ui.t«.al 
fiajnm,  liu  bd  Wn  >  lulJ  llir  a|>p:uitxttral  uf  I  tufa »m  nf 
McduHua  mt»i  tn{lnxtYiiL(  in  UMrtrwty  CuArfic,  Noitiiubam. 
M  !>■  ■  '  '  to  viccwl'  f  '»£.  -     "  ■■'  -  i  ■  .1    ,  .1  >il  the 

Fm.tury  Tn&niaal  OOe«e.  Ml  frol,  MrU  Skaw,  rfcrnily 
a|>|Kislnt  tu,  tto  I'f^c.-i'nb",'  uf  |f|;iT>*«r»c  m  K  nrrtnsy 
Cnll«Bf,  L»ifjv«'l. 

Mil.  V.  C  l.tHHA^Jl,  t  Otr  Iran  Lut-aiiM,  wl«*  h*>  u  iiellcJ 
>n  met  Lni  yvai.  in  ('mini  nn3  S.ulli  Anvno  W  th«  (antu-c« 
•jf  wwnilto  Ifennh^,  lia*  hitti-I  *aiclj  il  I'jimni,  Imtn 
Fuiwfw,  wtoA  to  l»uly  ri.i1r4  *  c+ki  W  tmmft  with  uttof 
utcnttAc  Uitkiflko  lu  ki»m  Vim  »"  'In  ii.v.lf«  ilv.0  uf  to*  **- 
Iowmv  ctllirivfi  ubwvii  -if  mioiitl  hw  tj.  Mf.  Ixbwwin 
w*v  »U«1  ID  \>UMvi  V  lhr  C«K»,  •tore  l«  *,C*>1*  l' 
fur  Miml  year.,  with  to*  tluttltllr  In  iTupaj-ui  M*  |  -«« 
the  omilnuiiinw  /  i^rmtf  la*n«n  oM  Mtiiu  re*«*»ito*  into 
llrt  Urt.nuu  j-.^rj^h^il  co'liiiaea.  «|  riM  «f  Tf«9«Bll 

AaahL 

Tnt  cweflliut/  mii>  ml  ihjrxtoi  tfftWri.ItoAaiB  wfttuWC- 
mini,  i<utuin(  Uon  tlic  Laitoi  *Mv%  will  JitlftCt  Jiumim. 
Wr  Ukc  it  fruin  fe  t«w»  f— •■  I  hi  mnbM  uf  tto  l«A  "f  f«»"» 
Decewry  M  niiiniaia  U«  tftMlK  t»ej  A*r««i«ii».*l  <il-«v*iuiy 
«tf  Mui  CulUcjt,  \V.u.nr-«  |rW.  J.  Tu.Wh,  l«  .  •to«tlut), 
hl>  toe*  vW.rJ.' 

Tut  ^ptnwenl*  »k  ttoi  il«tr«I  ahtiniwil'*  A  tto  T.Uii. 
Rrt>»l  Me  itry  -iaii-,.lai    Tto  nuntor  -1  iUTU»k.<«»l 
u«JhI$ol    tto  IV-ttia  rrair^ia.  Ttoitu  .In  Wil« 
an  J  CwduI  of  Suie  h»*r  m«eJ  M  ibe  4e«0  tarr^"' 
.|«or.|  to  ihc  ttjmim  «» t**  lhon«**»  ,,f  " 
to  In  itpmitcd.     Dot  MM  ukae*;  ft  *w*  ^ 
actitott  are  tr>mc  ewry  .la«rvj*>»  ^  ioeande^m 


A  of  MidKc  lcclnm*  h»  ■ 

Viutuito  Hall.  Wnl«rto«  BiUf* 
«urar-.ful   mm  nay  rwwrw^  nac  f 

llarrn^n.  F.G.ft.,  win  Itxtara  - 
wto>  uacd  them"    On  Otiot er a,  Mr.  A H f 

00  "SotM  OUi«  Worbfta.-  Oa  Ocnaw  u  tol 

SeeJcy.  K.R.S..  »iU  Utluw  oo  ' 

Wh  lr»m  froau  ibe  L*nJ+m* 
mbdeh  Ut.  1  '■■  t...      of  I*cAM»x  ksal 
too  ywaes,  hnn  }uat  tow"  » 
oj«ji|h l«e«  a  ifamhnn--n  of  Oeay'i 
-'Otdaolutty."     TtoPiw  raee  Mi  ■Aanl 
cttwipnung  6oo  cud.  which  awTr  uaaa*t«  *m 
fue  two  jernu.  ami  -  h*Jt    Tto  wtoJt  « 
tiiauto  avl   Utc  CJipcfuw  of  ike  Lhinoe  "J" 
work    fk»«  bwati   pwbiiarkM  in  a  mmm  »W- 
l-incufttfc  Coltoc*  «i  Ft*law.    "  *  '  . 
aunncviiori  with  till*  cntkga  ■  mmmllml  J" 
prnvtac  |>*o[*r  ju-xt.iili4iner«  toe  *kw  ******  * 
*n J  ualacc. 

A  k»-ix>a  I  u«i  cjup-cvltnrc  la  < 
Martfi*^  an  lo  tto>  Caup  CoAaur  A 

1  ivtiuellnm,  it  fll-pe***,  wa*  tulbHtwl  ■  1  J"  a 
toinB  erttAtrtoal  »•  *  branch  of  _^-«uW 
toK  the  aaual  frv^nmlly  re»r*«l  to  •rt*4a"[*T-a^ 
neatly  wvwey  »pe<ie»  <«f 
Tiah,  4c.  (  U  U>  raitaxL     A  trenlnw  **  ■■i 
inhatol  lu  a  Miuiftar  of  the  fiOA  c«*i 
II  •ptxara  t.>  have  been  raaUy  ailttaal <<)ai ^,1 
w>«lc  .ayv  ihat  of  the  five  awwlrt  r^a 
Wo«  cWwative  afrJ  raJuable  i»  fun  - 
r.«  (hi.  cuciKMc  (it  gvei  0«l  alK'ihl  W  m 
detail  M  aiuallV  te*«  ihnn  eaajM  well,  a*V 
Hivrnj  cvht  aateu  or  hay*.  ■  .e^"'  ***** 


bak«««S 


tow  sutrs  awflal  t lure  feal  lor»,  a«9ab« 
W.Jy  in  ihw  nunith  u/  MjrtAv.  T»«« 
to  place.!  In  ibe  (tin.t,  two  aveiiai  late/  a  pg 
UU  pwrVJ  ihrv«  wware.    «y  fhU  tat"  '^TLaalkW 
Tto  Mian  are  1"  pwvetU  iheir  be**t  Vm*^L\ti_ 
au.1  ilying  %«..¥     Ttfce  ..bjact  <•*  ^  ,j9'       T-  aVl 
fwiM  h<wo  for  the  flah  in  U*"'  *'"w^L'^a»»  * 
in-jet  *  fi.b  navel*  itoi  faaer  »»'  "•f**1  * 
Chlooe  uth  ,i  the*  n%ake*  lb*  b"*^  ** 
adlowtna  ytai  the  poo-l  will  W  t<m»t ««  "fjrjla** 
i        In  IcnctH.  453*000  3 r**«"r7.  ^ai 
HA/ 100,000  1  jtx<,  ju.ow  j  *w-  J^*"  JjTaaaV 
4  JeeU    A  Ihuuaand uf  thnay  ikal  *»•  i  ***  *]laiw»"*3 
:<:uiil  f..i  rc^cnHliawsi,  *t»i  all  ihe»e<  Waaa       „  I 
innitot  year  itolr  anmiwr  will  eatet^  *^ 
rwyaw*  ao  feet  tola;,  to  rut  ihr  raltf  wr***L  M 
vuteiurv.  •*  tuc  uAl,  una*  frow  "I" 

'**  1^,  a* 

n*> 


atutJ 


,«i  Ml  thea  jt<Wea  JJJSfl 


ito 


wtluT*  taiii  4f 


vl  the  ftK  uf  noting  :toai  t*eio*»  W  <*M*>?  J 
.  tiawfc  ftWl  aaia.hini  aitoawiteflftkewr'*11, 
I  Itoa  w*u».  ao|  tu.mK  itoa  half  «1  "***  *  W  1^ 
,  fconS  <kiy-    In  Uh  aaaVCM  IkWat  Ike 

to-Aay.  mi  inn.oaottl  *d  i^aaohg 

whkh     i>  -  i .  ■  wcrr  ,4«ct<  ih 

f.Ji,  wbUr  lb;  kafl%»«fth«  Iran  h 

than  atwta.     fto^  .lr.,e.iro  *»• 
1  aatuai  lu  law  in),, 

A  ;'  ^'-.l  .,(  t,ir.  Mtl  toil  kwW*1-?* 

by  Ito  Nai^nal  |  m)i  cd|nrv  ,i_Lrfrfa*t*'J 


Sept.  24,  1885] 


NATURE 


5i5 


(i  iveiniucnt  as  a  slight  recognition  of  the  presentations  of  ova 
made  by  them  to  this  country.  There  is  a  great  dearth  of  flat 
fishe-  in  the  United  States,  and  at  the  instigation  of  the  Com- 
missioners of  Fish  and  Fisheries  many  attempts  have  been  made 
to  forward  young  specimens  fur  propagation  from  F.ngland. 
Hitherto  these  efforts  have  nut  met  with  success  it  being  exceed- 
ingly difficult  to  transmit  live  soles,  as  they  are  less  tenacious  of 
life  than  their  congeners.  We  hope  that  Frof.  Haird,  who  has 
received  notice  of  the  despatch  of  this  valuable  gift,  will  not  be 
again  disappointed.  The  fish  have  been  placed  in  charge  of  an 
experienced  pisciculturist,  who  will  accompany  the  i.s.  RtpmkNt, 
by  which  vessel  they  have  been  sent,  and  who  will  bring  back  a 
number  of  American  species  with  a  view  to  acclimatising  them 
in  this  country. 

The  Royal  Commissioners  of  the  Colonial  Exhibition,  to  be 
held  next  year  at  South  Kensington,  have  issued  circulars  to  the 
Governors  of  our  Colonics  requesting  them  to  send  the  various 
species  of  fish  indigenous  to  their  respective  countries  for  exhi- 
bition. Special  preparations  will  be  made  at  the  close  of  October 
for  receiving  them.  The  arrangements  will  necessarily  be  of  an 
elabor.nte  nature,  as  the  tanks  w  ill  have  to  be  constructed  in  such 
a  maimer  as  to  provide  for  the  exigencies  of  each  species  and  the 
regulation  of  high  and  low  temperatures  according  to  the 
climatal  necessities  of  the  fish. 

Sri  ciAt.  interest  is  just  now  centred  at  the  Aquarium  in 
the  incubation  of  the  ova  of  some  of  the  dogfish  which  have 
recently  spawned.  The  eggs,  which  resemble  filbert  nuts  in 
shape,  are  to  lie  seen  in  a  -pecial  tank,  which  presents  a  si^lit  of 
much  edification.  The  formation  of  the  fish  inside  the  ova  is 
plainly  perceptible,  every  part  of  them  being  apparent.  The 
fish  in  the  Aquarium  arc  now  being  fed  at  6  o'clock,  partly  on 
a  new  dietary  specially  invented  by  Mr.  \Y.  Burgess,  of  Malvern 
Wells. 

THE  Marquis  of  I»rnc  has  successfully  planted  some  whitefish 
in  a  specially  constructed  lake  on  the  Isle  of  Mull.  The  fish 
form  part  of  those  reared  by  the  National  Fish  Culture  Associa- 
tion this  year.  His  Lordship  reports  that  the  fish  are  doing 
well. 

At  a  lecture  delivered  by  Mr.  W.  Oldham  Chambers,  F.L.S., 
at  the  Hull  Town  Hall  last  week  on  fish  culture,  living  speci- 
mens ,,f  the  whitefish  and  other  foreign  species  of  fish  were 
exhibited,  and  excited  much  interest  amongst  the  audience. 

A  recent  Bulletin  of  the  United  States  Fish  Commission 
contains  the  following  interesting  account  of  the  destruction  of 
young  trout  by  mosquitoes  :  "In  the  middle  or  latter  part  of 
June,  1882,  I  was  prospecting  on  the  head  waters  of  the 
Tumichic  Creek,  in  the  Gunnison  Valley,  Colorado.  About 
9  o'clock  in  the  morning  I  sat  down  in  the  shade  of  some 
willows  that  skirted  a  clear  but  shallow  place  in  the  creek.  In 
a  quiet  part  of  the  water  where  their  movements  were  readily 
discernible,  were  some  fresh-hatched  brook  or  mountain  trout, 
and  circling  about  over  the  water  wa.  a  small  swarm  of 
mosquitoes.  The  trout  were  very  young,  still  having  the 
pellucid  sack  puffing  out  from  the  region  of  the  gills,  with  the 
rest  of  the  body  almost  transparent  when  they  would  swim  into 
a  portion  of  the  water  that  was  lighted  up  by  direct  sunshine. 
Every  few  minutes  these  baby  trout — for  what  purpose  I  do  not 
know,  unless  to  get  the  benefit  of  more  air — would  come  to  the 
surface  of  the  water,  so  that  the  top  of  the  hc.nl  was  level  with 
the  surface  of  the  water.  When  this  was  the  ease  a  mosquito 
ttOntd  light  down  and  immediately  transfix  the  trout  by  inserting 
or  bill,  into  the  brain  of  the  fish,  which  seemed 
of  escaping.  The  mosquito  would  hold  its  victim 
ltil  it  had  extracted  nil  the  life  juices,  and  when  this 
i,  and  it  would  fly  away,  the  dead  trout  would 


turn  over  on  its  back  and  float  down  the  stream.  I  was  so 
interested  in  this  before  unheard-of  destruction  of  fish  that  I 
watched  the  depredat ions  of  these  mosquitoes  for  more  than  half 
an  hour,  and  in  that  time  over  twenty  trout  were  sucked  dry  and 
their  lifeless  bodies  sent  floating  away  with  the  current.  It  was 
the  only  occasion  when  I  was  ever  witness  to  the  fact,  and  I 
have  been  unable  by  inquiry  to  ascertain  if  others  have  observed 
a  similar  destruction  of  fish.  I  am  sure  the  fish  were  trout,  as 
the  locality  was  quite  near  the  snow  line,  and  the  water  was  very' 
cold,  and  no  other  fish  were  in  the  stream  at  that  altitude. 
From  this  observation  I  am  satisfied  that  great  numbers  of  trout, 
and  perhaps  infant  fish  of  other  varieties  in  clear  waters,  must 
come  to  their  death  in  this  way  ;  and  if  the  fact  has  no!  been 
heretofore  recorded  it  is  important  to  those  interested  in  fish- 
culture." 

A  telegram  from  Rome,  September  21,  states  that  repeated 
shocks  of  earthquake  have  occurred  in  Benevento.  The  in- 
habitants arc  terror-stricken,  and  arc  encamped  in  the  open 

country. 

THE  Russian  Official  Mesun^er  states  that  the  city  of 
Namangan,  in  Ferghana,  has  liecn  visited  all  through  the 
summer  by  repeated  shocks  of  earthquake,  w  hich  have  hitherto 
been  of  very  rare  occurrence  there.  The  strongest  shocks  took 
place  on  April  17  and  August  4,  but  no  very  serious  conse- 
quences resulted. 

On  September  12,  at  9.30  p.m.,  a  magnificent  meteor  jmssed 
ever  the  city  of  Stockholm,  going  from  south  to  north.  Its  light 
was  very  brilliant.  On  account  of  the  limited  area  of  observa- 
tion it  was  impossible  to  tell  whether  it  burst  near  the  city 
or  not. 

DURIMC  the  month  of  August  enormous  swarms  of  ants 
passed  over  the  town  of  Solothurn  in  Switzerland.  They  came 
from  the  Jura  mountains,  and  formed  a  cloud,  consisting  of 
seventy -five  perpendicular  columns,  in  which  the  ants  ciicled 
around  in  spiral  form.  The  swarm  lasted  for  twenty  minutes, 
the  height  of  the  cloud  being  upwards  of  ninety  feet.  Millions 
Of  then  fell  to  the  ground,  however,  w  ithout  making  any  visible 
change  in  the  phenomenon. 

According  to  the  Bergtn  AdrrsstHad,  fishermen  at  the  island 
of  Mogster,  on  the  coast  of  the  province  of  Bergen,  on  the  we-t 
coast  of  Norway,  have  lately  seen  large  floating  blocks  of  ice  at 
sen,  uhich  are  believed  to  be  parts  broken  off  from  icebergs  in 
the  North  Atlantic.  Such  a  phenomenon  has  never  before  been 
oliserved  in  these  parts. 

The  Swedish  journal  Norrbottcns  Kutiren  states  that  the 
water  is  falling  rapidly  in  the  Gulf  of  Bothnia,  a  phenomenon  to 
which  we  have  on  several  occasions  referred.  As  a  further 
proof  of  this  the  journal  states  that  a  stone  in  the  archipelago  by 
the  coast  which  fifty  years  ago  at  lowest  tide  was  barely  visible 
above  water  is  now  at  mean  tide  three  feet  above  it. 

We  have  pleasure  in  noticing  the  issue  of  No.  43  of  the  first 
part  and  Nos.  29-31  of  'he  second  part  of  the  well-known 
"  Kncyklop.-edie  der  Naturwisscnschaften  "  from  the  house  of 
Eduard  Trewendt,  Brcslau.  The  former  brings  forward  Dr.  A. 
Reichcnow's  "  Handwortcrbuch  der  Z><  >Iogic,  Anthropologic, 
und  Ethnologie,"  from  article  "  Hcteronereis  "  to  "  Icteridie." 
Among  other  articles  embraced  within  this  interval  are  valuable 
contributions  on  the  development  of  the  organs  of  hearing 
by  Prof.  Gricsbach  ;  on  "  Hypnotismus,"  by  Prof.  Gustav 
lager;  on  "Janutcn,"  "Japauer,"  "  Javanen,"  by  Dr. 
von  Hcllwald;  on  "  Hissarlik."  Hohlefels,"  "  Hohl 
keit,"  by  Prof.  Mehlis.  Nos.  29  and  31  of  the  second 
part,  again,  continue  the  "  Handwortcrbuch  der  Chcmie,"  while 
the  30th  number  continues  the  "HandwortcrbuchdcrMineralogie, 


NA  TURE 


{Sept.  24.  1885 


Geologic,  unci  Palaontologie."  The  two  chemical  nurnl>ers  treat 
with  all  the  fullness  and  thoroughness  characteristic  of  this 
estimable  work  "  Dichtc,"  "  Didym,"  "  Diffusion,"  "  Dinte," 
"  Diphenylvcrbindungcn,"  "Dissociation,"  "  Diingcr,"  and 
"  Eiscn,"  and  the  accompanying  woodcuts  illustrating  any  diffi- 
cult experiments  in  the  text  add  materially  to  the  practical  value 
of  the  articles.  The  new  numl>er,  finally,  of  the  Mincralogical, 
Geological,  and  Pal.xonlological  Dictionary  contains  important 
contributions  on  "  Rcptilicn  "  and  "  Rhizopoden,"  by  Rnlle  ; 
on  "Sake,"  by  Kcnngott  ;  on  "  Schichtenlehre "  and 
"  Schwankungcn  im  Niveau  vom  Meer  und  Festlande,"  by 
von  Lasaulx — articles  distinguished  not  more  by  fullness  and 
compactness  of  matter  than  by  clearness  of  dan.  ne 

With  unflagging  vigour  and  learning  the  new  Italian  quarterly. 
La  Nuifa  Scitnz<i.  prosecutes  the  mission  it  has  undertaken  of 
building  up  an  exact  philosophy  on  the  foundation  of  the  natural 
and  historical  sciences.  In  the  last  numl>cr  fur  June,  1 885,  the 
articles  of  chief  interest,  all  contributed  by  the  indefatigable 
editor,  Prof.  Enrico  Caporali,  are  :  Modern  Italian  thought, 
German  anticlerical  evolution,  and  the  Pithagoric  formula  in 
cosmical  evolution.  The  last-mentioned  paper  deals  with  the 
evolution  of  gravitation,  of  heat,  of  electricity,  chemical  affinity, 
lower  organic  force,  higher  organic  force,  sentient  force,  social 
authority  ;  fatalist  and  free  evolution.  It  is  held  in  general  that 
all  evolution  is  due  more  to  internal  energy  than  to  outward 
conditions,  in  opposition  to  Herbert  Spencer's  theory  of  me- 
chanical causes. 

The  address  of  Mr.  \V.  H.  Dall,  vice  president  to  the  Anthro- 
pological  Section  of  the  American  Association  for  the  Advance- 
ment of  Science  at  Ann  Arbor,  last  month,  has  been  printed  as 
a  separate  pamphlet.  The  subject  of  the  address  was  "The 
NaliveTrit.es  of  Alaska." 

The  additions  to  the  Zoological  Society's  Gardens  during  the 
past  week  include  a  Macaque  Monkey  (.!/<»< acm  iynvHtlgus  £  ) 
from  India,  presented  by  Mr.  A.  Cornet  ;  a  Red  Kangaroo 
[Macropw  rufuj  9  )  from  Australia,  presented  by  Mr.  G. 
Wylie  ;  a  Honelli's  Kaglc  (j/tSMtlU fasciatus)  from  North  Africa, 
presented  by  Capt,  W.  R.  Tayhr,  s.s.  Emfwsa  ;  two  Tawny 
Owls  (Syrnium  almo),  European,  presented  by  Mr.  H.  Lee;  a 
Nightjar  (Caprimul-ui  tursf>rui\,  European,  presented  by  Mr. 
Cuthl>cth  Johnson;  a  Kobl»cn  Island  Snake  (Ceivn  tlht  fhxjrum) 
from  South  Africa,  presented  by  the  Rev.  G.  II.  K.  Fisk, 
C.M.Z.S.  ;  seven  Blue- bearded  Jays  ( CyanM-orax  tyamefiw*) 
from  Para,  purchased  ;  a  Beisa  Antelope  {Oryt  Mm  ?  ),  born 
in  the  Gar. lens. 


ASTRO. VOMICAE  PHE.XO.UENA  FOR  THE 
WEEK,  1885,  SEPTEMBER  27  TO  OCTO/iER  3 

(For  the  reckoning  of  time  the  civil  day,  commencing  at 
Greenwich  mean  midnight,  counting  the  hours  on  to  24,  is  here 
e  mploycd. ) 

At  Grttnwich  on  Sef-t.  27 

Sun  rises,  5h.  56m.  ;  souths,  nh.  50m.  51*3*.  ;  sets,  i;h.  46m.  ; 
dec!,  on  meridian,  1*  4S'  S.  :  Sidereal  Time  at  Sunset, 
l8h.  13m. 

Moon  (three  days  after  Full)  rises,  igh.  Om.*  ;  souths,  2h.  Im.  ; 
sets,  oh.  1 3m.  ;  decl.  on  meridian,  10"  42'  N. 


Sept. 


Star 


Occultations  of  Stars  i>y  tkt  Motn 
MaS.  l>i"P- 


anjlet  free  >tr 


Planet 

Ritet 

South* 

Sett 

Dec],  on  mcrijian 

h  in. 

h.  in. 

h.  in 

Mercury  . 

4  20 

...      II  1 

17  33 

...       5  36N. 

Venus 

■    9  34 

...      14  12 

...    18  so 

...    16  17  S. 

Mars 

o  1 9 

...     8  11 

...    16  3 

...    19  47  M« 

Jupiter 

•    4  33 

...    11  1 

...    17  29 

4  46  N. 

Saturn 

.22  I* 

6  9 

14  17 

...    22  19  N. 

•  la. 

Jkate.  thai 

the  riling  it  ihi 

it  of  the  preceding  day. 

Sept. 

h 

27  ... 

9 

Oct. 

I  ... 

II 

3  ••• 

>9 

h.   m.          h.  m.  v  * 

28  ...  48Tauri   6    ...  21  56  ...  22  45  -   33  VI 

28  ...  7  Tauri   4    ...  23  46  ...    o  43+  }b  279 

29  ...  75  Tauri   6    ...    4  4'  •••    5  4'  '49  ■ 

29  ..    6'  Tauri   4*  ...    4  4»  •••    5  26  ...  54 

29  ...  B.A.C.  1391    ..  5    ...    5  4>    ■•    6  5'  ,09  y 

30  ...  ill  Tauri  5i  ...    3    2  ...    4  «7  •■   73  * 

30  ...  117  Tauri  6    ...    5  15  ...    6    5  5J  ' 

Oct. 

2  ...  \Gcminonim  ...  3$  ...    o  38  ...    1  32  3° 

t  t  kcurs  on  the  following,  day. 
The  Occultations  of  Start  are  tuch  at  are  viable  at  Grern^c 


Mercury  in  conjunction  with  ini 
north  of  Jupiter. 

Saturn  in  conjunction  with  and  4 

of  the  Moon. 
Mars  in  conjunction  with  and  5 

of  the  Moon. 


THE  ASTROXOMICAL  ASS0CIA1 

THE  Astronomical  Association  held  their  eleventh 
ing  this  year  at  Geneva  from  Aug.  19  to  22  incl 
representatives  of  su  many  nations  were  present  th 
fully  liore  out  the  character  of  an  international 
the  fifty  memK-rs,  or  thereabouts,  attending  v 
from    Pulkowa  ;    Newcomb,    from  Washingt' 
from  Greenwich  ;  Duncr,  from  l.und  ;  Pechult 
hagen  ;  Tictjen,  from  Berlin  ;  Kruger,  from  Km 
Sttassbuig  ;  Tis-crand,  from  Paris  ;  Sjwrer. 
The    officc-Warers  wcre:    Auwers,    from  Be 
Schonfcld,  from  l!ottn,  and  Sceligcr,  from  Mun 
Hruns,  from    I.ciprig,    Treasurer:    while  I' 
Leiilen,  Gyldcn,  from  Stockholm,  anil  Weiss,  ft 
honorary  members  of  the  Committee.  Prof 
was    also    a    mcmlier  ..f    the  Committee, 
attend. 

The  first  sitting  was  o]>cncd  by  President  A 
of   the    University   at    10    in   the  foreno 
Among  the  scientific  reports  of  the  C'ommith 
nications  of  Prof.  Weiss  on  the  present  state 
of  the  orbits  of  the  comets  were  of  si" 
the  12  periodical  comets  returned  at  dint 
)K'rilielion,  S  had  again  been  regularly  det< 
calculators.    Of  the  remaining  four  three  w< 
present  care :  Biela  \  w  hich,  as  was  know 
observation,  ami  the  comets  of  Ilalley  and 
next  perihelion  lay  too  remote  in  the  futut' 
qucntly,  but  one  periodical  comet — Hrorv 
count  of.    As  to  the  remaining  non-reti 
168  which  had   appeared  in  this  centvi- 
gardeil  as  settled,  23  had  their  orbits  pi 
in  the  case  of  58  comets  a  new  calcu! 
desirable  for  various  reasons,  and  in  all 
ciliated  definitely.     1  here  was,  thercfoi . 
open.     Prof.  Weiss  accordingly  sougl 
Society  the  establishment  of  a  commot 
ihe  settlement  of  the  questions  at  issue, 
treatment  of  a  particular  comet  should 
left  to  the  initiative  of  a  single  calculator 
ing  this  address,  Staa  srath  Struve  arg 
of  such  a  bureau  on  the  ground  that 
peculiar  a  nature  to  accommodate  the 
trcaimenl  of  a  cal  ulation  bureau.  N 
the  question. 

This  report  »n>  followed  by  com  | 
character  on  the  gieat  /one  undertake 
communications  were  of  no  great  cxt> 
already  in  m  ar  pros|K?ct  of  compter 
vey  of  the  heavens  by  Prof.  Pickeru 
by  Prof.  Auwers,  was  heard  with  s; 

Next  followed  the  scientific  addi. 


J 


Digitized  by  Gq 


Sept.  24,  1885] 


NA  TURK 


5»7 


in  the  Austrian  Triangulation,  communicated  a  table  calcu- 
lated by  him.  which  would  shortly  l>c  published,  a  table  which 
materially  lightened  the  approximate  calculation  of  an  eclipse 
for  a  particular  spot  on  the  surface,  according  to  Oppolzer's 
elements. 

Prof.  Weiss  then  communicated  the  publication  of  the  second 
volume  of  the  Annals  of  the  Vienna  Observatory,  and  followed 
this  up  with  the  remark  that  the  meridian  circle,  which  was  sixty 
years  ol.l,  »ns  now  very  much  in  need  of  repair;  bu',  unfortu 
nately,  there  was  no  money  at  disposal  for  this  purpose. 

After  the  President  had  o  encd  the  second  silting  at  ten 
o'clock  on  August  20,  he  communicated  a  report  on  the  photo- 
graphic mapping  of  all  the  Man  of  the  "  Bonner- Durch- 
tnusterung  "  which  Gill  (of  the  Cape  <  >bservatory)  had  begun, 
and  of  which  about  100  plates  were  already  to  hand.  The 
time  taken  for  the  exposure  of  each  plate  amounted  on  an 
average  to  one  hour. 

After  various  deliberations  of  a  more  private  character  the 
discussion  turned  on  Resolution  VI.  of  the  Meridian  Conference  of 
Washington.  The  President  declared  emphatically  that  the 
question  could  be  considered  in  this  assembly  only  from  an 
astronomical  standpoint.  The  question  was  simply  whether  it 
were  desirable  for  the  astronomer  to  transfer  the  beginning  of 
the  day  to  midnight,  and  to  this  question  the  discussion  should  be 
restricted.  At  the  outset  the  President  announced  that  the  Com- 
mittee of  the  Society,  with  the  exception  of  one  member  not 
present  (Oppolzcr) — that  is,  in  the  pro|*>rtion  of  seven  to  one — had 
voted  against  the  adoption  of  the  proposal. 

Staatsrath  Strove  (fr>  m  Pulkowa)  at  once  op|>osed  the 
restriction  advanced  by  the  President,  which,  he  thought, 
involved  a  one-sided  treatment  of  the  matter.  It  was  to  their 
advantage,  he  asserted,  not  to  seclude  themselves  from  the  rest 
of  the  world.  Magnetic  ami  meteorological  observers,  he  said, 
counted  their  day  Irom  midnight.  Many  astronomers,  more- 
over, he  continued,  worked  by  day,  and  most  observations  were 
made  between  six  and  twelve  in  the  evening.  The  change  was 
defended  by  men  eminent  in  science.  The  reform  assuredly 
met  a  deeply-fell  want.  The  question  was  "  Should  they  make 
this  sacrifice  or  not  ?  " 

Prof.  Sporer,  of  Potsdam,  mentioned  that  he  always  counted 
his  observations  from  midnight. 

Prof.  Newcomb,  of  Washington,  spoke  at  considerable  length 
on  the  question,  and  rather  against  than  in  favour  of  the  adoption 
of  the  proposal  of  universal  time. 

Prof.  Weiss,  of  Vienna,  was  of  opinion  ihat  the  sacrifices 
demanded  of  astronomers  by  this  refoim  were  too  great,  and  that 
the  advantages  were  more  than  counterbalanced  by  the  disad- 
vantages, lie  laid  stress  on  the  fact  that  astronomers  were 
wont  to  make  their  calculation  of  time  from  the  moment  when 
the  time-determining  object  —  the  spring  point  —  the  mean 
sun — passed  the  meridian.  That  was  alio  the  true  point  of 
commencement.  The  observations  which  were  of  interest  to  the 
public  at  large,  might  be  given  in  universal  time,  whereas  with 
their  more  esoteric  observations  they  might  adhere  to  the  old 
reckoning.  'I"hc  astronomer  should  keep  by  himself,  and  pay 
no  attention  to  clabus  of  intercourse. 

Prof.  Safarik,  of  Prague,  said,  "  Why  should  we  make  a 
sacrifice  on  behalf  of  the  public  that  feels  no  concern  with  our 
labours  t" 

Prof.  Krugcr,  of  Kiel,  thought  that  altogether  there  were  but 
few  ncccs-ary  points  of  relation  between  the  astronomer  and  the 
public — points,  however,  which  could  be  readily  taken  account 
of  if  the  public  desired  it. 

Dr.  Duncr,  from  Lund,  argued  that  by  a  change  of  date  it 
would  be  impossible  not  to  make  a  sudden  break  in  astronomical 
labours  that  had  hitherto  been  carried  on  uninterruptedly,  to 
whatever  time  of  day  or  night  the  commencement  of  the  day  was 
transferred.  He  concluded  by  expressing  his  opinion  that  the 
sacrifices  demanded  were  too  great. 

Gchcimrath  Auwers  expressed  himself  as  personally  opposed 
to  the  change,  principally  in  order  to  avoid  a  discontinuity  in 
the  calculation  of  time  which  might,  later  on  especially,  lead  to 
sen-  ible  errors. 

Prof.  Bakhuyzcn,  of  Leiden,  was  refilled  a  hearing,  because 
he  wanted,  to  speak  of  seamen,  who  have  the  reform  specially  at 
heart. 

Staatsrath  Strove  remonstrated  against  this  procctding,  and 
:  t lie  question  ought  not  to  he  treated  onesidedly.  At 
the  Washington  Conference  seamen  had  the  majority  of  rcprc- 
>h,  and  opinion  had  there  bien   almost  unanimously 


expressed  in  favour  of  the  reform.  He  was  swayed  by  the 
desire  of  rendering  astronomy  useful  to  the  rest  of  the 
world. 

Prof.  Gylden,  of  Stockholm,  argued  that  the  change  must  give 
rise  to  vexatious  errors  unless  it  were  universally  carried  out  on 
one  line.  As  the  realisation  of  this  idea  was,  however,  more 
than  could  be  looked  for  at 'present,  he  would  now  have  to  vote 
against  the  universal  time.  He  believed,  nevertheless,  that  in 
twenty  or  thirty  years  hence  the  majority  of  astronomers  would 
be  in  favour  of  the  universal  time. 

Prof.  Tietjen,  of  Berlin,  thought  that  in  the  Berlin  Ycar- 
Book  at  all  events,  no  such  change  would  find  place  before 
1900. 

Staatsrath  Strove  maintained  that  in  the  Royal  Astro- 
nomical Society  the  majority  were  in  favour  of  the  universal 
time. 

Dr.  Pechule,  of  Copenhagen,  was  also  of  opinion  that 
it  would  l>e  well  for  astronomy  to  accommodate  itself  to 
the  rest  of  'the  world  ;  but  only  when  all  were  of  one  mind 
should  the  innovation  be  simultaneously  and  universally  intro- 
duced. 

Prof.  Folic,  of  Brussels,  thought  that  in  all  reforms  there 
were  some  stragglers,  and  in  his  opinion  it  was  the  duty  of 
astronomers  energetically  to  take  the  initiative  in  the  good 
cause. 

After  some  recapitulatory  Observations  of  the  President  the 
discussion  closed.  No  resolution  whatever  was  passed  on  the 
subject. 

It  may  be  worth  while  mentioning  here  in  respect  of  this 
subject  that  in  the  reading  of  the  protocol  it  was  affirmed  that 
all  the  members  of  the  Committee  who  were  present  were  opposed 
to  the  adoption  of  the  universal  time.  Objeeting  to  this  declara- 
tion, Dr.  Pechule  stated  that  Prof.  Gylden  had  only  voted 
against  the  immediate  adoption,  while  he  entirely  approved  the 
principle  of  the  proposed  reform.  T  he  protocol  had  accordingly 
to  be  altered  so  as  to  give  effect  to  this  statement. 

The  series  of  scientific  addresses  was  resumed  by  Dr.  Mittag- 
Lcffler,  from  Stockholm,  who  communicated  the  mathematical 

Krize  exercises  which,  under  the  auspices  of  King  Oscar  II.,  had 
ccn  instituted  by  a  special  Commission. 

Staatsrath  Struve  handed,  for  circulation,  photographs  of  the 
great  refractor  of  30  inches  aperture,  which  a  short  time  ago 
had  been  mounted  in  Pulkowa,  and  expressed  his  complete 
satisfaction  with  the  result. 

Prof.  Newcomb  had  thoroughly  studied  the  instrument  for 
seven  days  continuously,  and  corroborated  Staatsrath  Slruvc's 
views  regarding  the  value  of  the  instrument,  entering  into  various 
details  on  the  matter. 

Prof.  Tisserand,  of  Paris,  spoke  of  a  purely  theoretical 
examination  of  the  rotation  of  the  earth. 

Dr.  Steinheil  spoke  on  the  calculations  of  Galileo's  telescopes 
of  new  construction. 

Prof.  Sporer,  of  Potsdam,  gave  a  somewhat  long  address  on 
the  new  views  regarding  the  physics  of  the  sun. 

The  following  day  was  devoted  to  a  common  trip  around  t'ie 
Lake  of  Geneva,  Col.  Emile  Gautier,  at  present  Director  <>t  the 
Geneva  Observatory,  engaging  at  his  own  cost  the  saloon 
steamship  Winkelritd  for  this  purpose.  The  dinner,  which  was 
Served  on  board  ship,  gave  opportunity  for  expressing  the 
warmly-felt  thanks  of  so  many  guests  to  their  generous  host  for 
the  entertainment  he  had  provided  them  during  the  continuance 
of  the  Congress. 

On  the  last  day  of  the  meeting,  Saturday,  August  22,  the  pro- 
ceedings of  a  business  character  were  brought  to  a  close  The 
statutory  order  respecting  the  raising  of  the  fee  for  life  n  ember- 
shin  to  185  marks  was  adopted.  As  the  place  of  mieting  for 
1887,  Kiel  was  fixed  on.  The  new  election  of  a  committee  made 
no  change  in  its  former  composition. 

The  scientific  addresses  were  opened  by  Prof.  Gylden,  w  li  > 
spoke  of  a  graphic  representation  of  planetary  orbits. 

Prof.  Newcomb  followed  with  an  address  on  perturbations  and 
their  numerical  calculation. 

Prof.  Bakhuyzcn  made  communications  respecting  his  treat- 
ment of  Schrbtcr's  observations  of  Man.  He  came  to  the  con- 
clusion that  since  Schroter's  time  "  Huggin's  Inlet"  hail 
probably  changed  considerably,  whereby  the  hypothesis  that 
Mars  is  in  large  put  covered  with  fluid  received  material 
support. 

Dr.  Muller,  of  Potsdam,  spoke  on  modern  photometric 
apparatuscs,    and  examined   in   particular  those  of  Zollner, 


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hr  Uril  of  the  (mar  nvan  i*  rai* 
miiua.     Military  an* I    fir*  alri 
kIc-j«  j»itk*-.      \\  a    fc*r  lhat 
tUcIf  and  -lifirrrnt    from  nnir 
iii^  \  U-.*  .li«iinrt  i<  .n--,  w ill 
«m  Urn*  >•■.  ami  alan   that  p 
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(nonet  AiHunrry  »  nnmtier  of  tmrkmi 
rt<ca£r<l  in  o4Urttri|;  r'>.t|(h  tluncn  to  form  an 
I  rr  iht-  wotl.  had  ptneecded  far  it  wm  noticed  that  **t  ■ 
*..,.h  In*  »n  a  mr*-.,-,  tionnetl  a  circle,  partly  cor«tac  *  » 
»*>  trrt  In  .\.»met»r.       In   the    crantrv  of  tW  muttil 

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tn  Hit  <y*t  *■!«••  lanpp  cftJclt>c-r1   lv>n«a  wcr 
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•k*?  lircW,  wi«h  th»    rr^ult    that  no 
MM  wtrr  f'-aaxl.     All   thc>e    urrta  oonti 
\«nt4        aw*:h  vtrcctahla    rharcroal.    hoth  fan  da* 

*mn»  )>iccrM  t»f    burnt    lionet    were  «la»  1 


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nf  » |r«  tmo>.  aaiMtf. 


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.........  Ih«  ui>i-;i  antl   encirrllna    I.I  iij»l  ikw  J — ' 

\  lift  pari-    The  mm        of  a    rr.i.llmh  colour, 
Mctioa  kfauMN  a  laUtk  knlertar   with  m   mixture  of* 
Thrtr  in  «ercr»l  int«tolinf2  Irnturr*  »CtAChc«i  to  IW" 
In  IW  frf-t  DCVMitrtj  «  row  of  rr»l.   with   an   «m  Hi  I 

.mo  iiKtr*  which  nnm  |..tMkal*lT  iivtVcuc  T^F  I 
^ili.rmr  ..I  lnK«mallon  own   thai    of  rnaatka  *•*■■*■ 
■i  .<■  f.Minu  in  in*  nm*     In  lh«  - 
mi.  ft  -m.l,  ftn.l  >'l«'«i  t,f  thw  tirna  were 
tn-4in<l.t  nn.t  »H  •-..nim.iril    himi    hones—  Cacti  I 

Ih.  .ro»>,l  .l^crrrrry    rorrnnonnt  »~. 
f,«  «r-l  nl  Ihr   |»rh..torlc     I<K-a,    .'^^  wktO V  ] 

■  1     ,  -•V.  "f   I'if.  The    ■•hl.m.^O*  *  I 

I 'I'  l->«.*=  ikr  two  tin. I,  of  imrimmi-oikw*' 
I  ..rmninn— pnrwelwl  1o  It*  in  the    twu   Ptrrwawr  rw 
I  «»»»>»>l  "«»«  fi.M  or  inquiry   to  tar  BP 
...Veniwji.i.    r«.  W  W.  th.  Utn  .1  imi  lot" -hr-l  w<t. 

I  avtamwMWfclM  oulotnc  of  hie  her  and   

.rliriov.  |iritidiAr.  limit  ermraetarl^ecl 

*V.  aeie  in  Hie  Irahit  of  huryinir 
m.l  liiliri  aarsilltait  UnnU,  wilh    fuort  veaaela 
•ae**-.  «*•'  W<1|  anklo  an  were,  wtnixneil 

>••••'«•*  -.|~.n  t>,.  VaiWiatl*' 
■mi.  i   -r.»>..»      i-.itnte  llial   the  two 


«ier    anil    H»»eT  -  , 

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.      •    ..  kawted  are.  ,..  ihr  Natlonal^^^T^nJ-" 


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"**!*.    .       *  ,J  **  "         *  "«C  ■'"»•    I'"  ■»"•"«  in  ■ 

in-'lifarl  Ui»  Mirlj  UJ  iW-  fcomir.  4  I. ah  i«KM4l 

V'ntin'«-  U— V.  IWlr).  lYr^hn*    in  ft.,  — 1«* 

*v<*ntnf  t<iMt>|U«.  ..(  nWlitf  M.  H<»iuii  on 
|.  Il>nt«t*t  tml  Mirtwir  -*n»  tW 
ruth*.  fiAlmnrL  li?  U,  |jvu  «p 
ln.l.i.ilMn-l**.nH-ai  ,rf  ^^t]  <>(  9nt9  mmpk 
HfVVH  '  I  'rw.  in  pptaN  mrr*  ||  m  f/,t>j,  4  f*,  M. 
i?'**",  l«C  C»«i,  -ne  Jki«r*:i-*i.  U  It 

VifW.«n.|  AMmIi.AIoUi.mIu.    T**t  *  ™i*> 

5  5S52P"  Ml***'*""*.  "My  Mtibt  trvit  «rr*kr«  In  l«» 
r*f*tiv«r  .  »#t.  Ii  ti«tr*  rwcUmr^  tail  «iih  urail  mriwni 
».H»  fuitraisr  n»\rt  H  1  .,Vrr>fi-  *i„  t,  rl1Y  l,r»  ,  ^ 
i»r-  t.-ttdewi  nf  •uttrt,  Nnk  ]mW<w»  i>  ilirtmrr,  ((1 
m'Miiiu  ■/  •mix.  «U.'i-  oit»c»  wH  th»  Ii4r>.  art  -«4?r*l  with 
P»*  igwl  IM  acrwicy  — « >n  ^ilmsnr.  (w»'<mnirr-  I* 
M.  A,  1  I*  thtr  tu-*  tt>*  ni  iW  rr-Utli  nl  li.Wh 

nVvittu  iH  nl  |t|..it .  1  iwtf  njr  «i  lir  M«irrivi  V  I' wit 
i»|tUliir«d</lh#WV* '!''•*.-«  1.  >?  M.li.  fap-.nt'iii.—  Suntttm] 
i*"  lr» Ml.  felnll'>f*unt*ti-tU<-«ktXMii«i<rfl>i.  •  |Atti«-tilr*-fin« 
I'lwHt,  W  MM.  <t  *  *1bt.h*iu  mi  l_  » o«  in* 
M  l  .<K-t  <Wn«i»w-  ol  m.-ibtinw.  Uj  M.  l^oi* 
llir.nr  — ' Nt  tW:  <?in*.iiti'Mn       im  |  |n  jf,  AnW 

» .it»nl.  I  t.-m  f.  ii-<.. 1  rrx-mfitt  imtititlal  f  •  .[.•  .mm,  thr 
ln*>  rii«rmrt<"  id  »»>■  pl»f tftm>n  lit  n%Kh  (hr  .|i.jA  I* 
ilnnp-'  if-.  I  mail,  tl-  1  t'ticlaft.  th*i  iltr  iramir^fM 

II  im  f  lltr  KHilt    nlli.,ihln    (V'H«t#.lllrim.  —  kr>r  .M*ii»  CO* 

■^■pWqtt  Mil  Mr  mi   tl  tVr»«.  •>  M.  |*.  I  dhimm  —  |IM 
ii  nl  ihraiUMaa  mm  In   I  -  tt  -I  Kir  ..t 
I       •  Stlwa  in  ccaml.  hi  VI.  Q  Ktllawl     la  >|m  ikikt 
iltf  i*h>i  Hihi«|il%r  nvvtt  of  nh«n\.ii|m.  inIIMH  lea  a 
l«it»f  4#      ycirt  n«  Idr  unaaiaiTiinil  t«f|it»r>  ra  ihr  iim 
...  n.i  ,M-  <s..  1  M'lr*  3  tliyna  ini  :  1..  -  \  ,  t, -„  .lTt 
nl  *W  U«n  nf  Ihfiai'wlrmoln  in  mmkflk  "I  Himrcnrn*  1  ftm 
■f  minfM.       I7  W  IhrtiUfill  — N-ilr  «  a  lh*tnprytu  -»p»« 
n. ia,  to  ahirh  i»#  aanr  .  I  - .|ir(rctni(^i«  "  to*  Im^vn. 
M.  A  llncttloL—  TncfnAHKi .  .tail*  -;(  a  [.»r».i,.i  »v,.r  >„H 
Mtkr  IntnrjWnf  IVia^m^  Iflf  M  U.  lVir«v1iwri,  TnrnitM 
•il  iW  lo«  (Nine  r».rt<vri\Wi  rclitol  r»  tW-  mmln  t.  4,  \fca 
Ivi^'l  ihr  ftmnnd  •jtitfr  >l».  rrlt!»«n  }•  n'  i  j«  _  iht 
•nmUr  4 ^aa«c  ■!«  aitanm  ><r|m Ijht-injh  I  •tuael*  ihf 


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th*  ■  ,rt  fold  u. '  ■  nrtwi-rh  of  nhr**.  lb*  li«ftw*ctri  urn 

prrtintttm  Midi*,  wbarh  Th-  Vunhnw  hart  Kattthutgly  i-.n 
gaird  ra  a  \**t*  ■«»>«"*  <*f  uvm».v  Tbia  trrtworb  i*f  fibre* 
**.  a*  liltU  .!r  r-li-j.-'  in  mm  it  l>  wdt)  t  ,  merit  a-.,  ctaaurbrrn 
•p  n  there.    In  ."thrr  id  ho-aercr.  it  Mini— it  a 

•«ry  rrwa.WlNr  .Vir.  vitirnl  Ibe  tpeaLrr  Hate  a  wire  de>- 
urVt  A«^(p«l'*  <**  *ht  owtnrcd  the  hbreau  line*  at  ihe  nn  - 
work.  wbbA  pet>ew*ii  4  jrwl  ■•ihrjUciiy  in  ihe  diBVerni 
4fnn»K  TV  htn*>  tr|<4ri>»V  hf  ..'Get  inirt»L»cr»  ten  |ror- 
•ajrrl  •  |winerja»lly  w-urnor  direct  >»4i.  no*  thread  tnJiuiojj 
fr,xn  iWh  putt  Of  aairv,  w  'li*  union  of  thr  telrrulic  and 
limit*,  now  lliry  mtrt  d*»rV-4wd  unite  anteriorly,  reaching  far 
mi<>>  id*  ■  "*-  »lr  ••*-""  id  niirt-t.  it.  .Id<-»*».  *»!  inml 
pir|i«nmiw  .be«r  «,»•■  **»iti  4  rr*»iion%  were  illtiwraied  is  greater 
detail.  I«tti{t*<1  tV  |>r.»tvi<>c<  ..I  ■.  tn'  ■■■  ■  '  k... 
axab  of  6h*e*  IW-  tf-rlLtr  »»»'  -4  >'|oruo«i  that  the,  twri  cnud  a 
itM^inkal  funCfli*.  but  hr.Uwnied  Ironi  the  aavMfckm  put 
l.ml  I<t  tome  ii'  I'"  "hit  ihr  liyj'i.t  niuin  ■■etthaalum  wa*  *h» 
imbra  **f  the  ciliary  rrrttib-  >ucb  in  awuw^Arct  m  at 
xirwur  wtfri  ihr  *»M  lhu  <A  ibe  iv<-  .«  thin,  *Uo»c  ryr  itm- 
«mk)  ixmcrftil  c  J'^ry  mwX  ihr  liritrmiluui  prxtinilra  wai 
|r#f  vratlr  dc-Mli-ted.  »ht?te*«  in  nib*t  NUHkli  with  a  trey  wrab 
dliaajr  muxtc  it  »v.  •tmiy.ly  .bveb_.Tr*!  The  hbm  </  the-  li|*a 
minium  [wittttattni  •>■(,.  rl  n|«fM!e  «i  j(*itni  to  tbc  vilian 
•m«rW*  in  ibu-e  In  wbitli  they  were  nf/riinlly  dlieCrd 

pWrrurir-  In  ».«h  ur-r*,  on  tV  -xWr  tiairl.  In  width  the 
burr*  wtet  ibrtri*,i»ed  rrK#e  '■>  iht  fMerto/  ljilr  ami  v*m«<1  iol" 
ihr  ui«.  tlw) wwlil  (  >■  '  wr«r  is  ini»|f  «i<«rt>  lilt  rr  «  i'.Iii- 
tpbawt«r  ftqnli-.  It  <*fn  vlll  n»i*  |tr«li«riJe  ttui  by  their 
mtiatt'Ml  tnrsrK  ihr  rotrntfllTM  llmtfin^  tbc)  •ffurilcl  ti|0|Hrrt 
art-1  UtM  tn  the  Mrr*  ><t  ihv  hctn«nttirfi  •UH««*toujiii  of  lb* 
Wn*.  r«t»blMhtag  tbrwlvr*  >t  "Wi  «*.1c  of  iht*  atrvbttac 
Tbit  rilaiicn  U.*icbl  «<r»  rb»^  hj  ih#  ranrv  <4  ihr  libir*.  j 
paniruurb;  In  llrf  4>w  of  thr  anlhtufmav— Hprr  Amttthn  ■ 
mtilr  vane  »tiIliioiv*  «n  hi»  bamrt  aitumiaicntiun*  on  ibc 
^liyv"l  t.'»  "I  *lt*  'inn  ,        Hir  tt..»*.  tromrrd!  ijuitnin-. 

t***krrttol  anil  InoiiiK,  wbiib  dtMilml  In  c  A  |*r  Mat  *4 
muirrifl  *»lt  wautiurr,  lir  w    yrl    at4>  lu  Mietl  r1i«tinrtU. 
laDinl  very  wrVl  wtlh  ibe  m  +l  mlntir  ijuiniitic*  whirh  Vnlrmin 
ha-!  finnn  |«rrr|rtibW  hy  tj-.-  nrrr^r  vf  .null  ra  (km  air.  |ly 
cktirUftl  «tinvjUnr«i  «(*  tbe  <«Hn1»ry  ntm  be  bad  abut  >rvn 
abfr  to  rail  hifh  tlMluirl  mttki1>uu»  of  a«(U  m  •< «»■  oihtf 
irouaronb*  |crM«f.    TW  ibyt«^Io£ti.Ali,iimaiun  tall  M^arnnnf 
tbr  irwiumlurc  of  *p"  *  •  he  mil  |ife«uie»ly  foaml  l»  l«  cwirvlv 
■ntlifltrrnt  lo  iIk  olfjit-  >r>  •»Trrv     Were  a  |e»ri  of  ibe  coaunon 
Mb  trplae»i  by  uttirf  |aWi  'htn,  acncnlitv  (■>  Ihr  tnturr  of 
Ibr  <ab,  tbrfrmil.  nr*lly  ««ii»»ba»  Ivrrye,  i)ranittic«  «<  Ibe  a*l| 
.«rnn*li(  t'Uii^aVniK  bid      It*  laien  in  >>r<Wr  b}  form  in  tr> 
.fifjrnu  MiWiaa.    l*br>r  rrraotlir  •rjoivalmlv  llrrt  AuMiKfbn 
ti»il  now  tuiily  dctfiaiinr-l  fr*  a  .trio  uf  ulu.    Firutly.  iat 
••Met  to  •hmatuirite  ihw  Ihrrr  were  torna!  fibtrv  In  llir 
o|fix'*#iM  for  *|«cnl  Mirrll*.  hr  bad  helxtatrd  bit  *em* 
of  ttirtl  for  a  rr«»i«  i|.nliiy  of  .mrll..  thai.  innril>.  »l  wd- 
rwairn  i>f  uinvtniow,  «t-1        r  cina^vi  birnxtf  that,  lh(*i«ti. 
JirVd,  nn  ba*p«r  abb  lo  |i-rrr^r  ibi.  ««rB.  be  WW  J*t  ***y 
wi-a  a'.lr  '.<•  writ  nhrrril^lt  — Hmdr  '(N*«  ft)  *  ***** 
ptrii«»H"»"  rt'  "n-^T  "n'1  no«l"7  nrrsv-tndlnjr*  «hUh  b«  hid 
etb^lol^l  Mi  «t-  H.nain**i«iiK  »U»     Tlrry  «rrr  prrpam*  «• 
c,«,lir«*.*n™|.imrasa10«.rae«.lnlH  flf.  Mr,.    IVr  T-""- 
.nirJMrd  »  **b«C  •l»cwica«J  lo  »  rbi...b^d  V»M  »d  .^a. 
Unai    He  rami.,  .d  thh  rracrnl  tbt  ^w-rn.rrr*;.  -me  wuilc  .«v 
trwMifnot  bw  in  ti**  .r*ihf>n  •»«*  dnli.rjr.1. 

«ram*»dfTloj.rr*r.w  lhr»r  liUwbr,  lb.  Ikfltla  ba4*Mlh«« 
•tbWJ  Ii*  tbr  final  eithrr  vtreaMir  ici.1  «  >»bxin*  lb*  «• 
bibard  ra|>inti«m  .li«*r-1  wry  tVarl,  lb*  ipirlnttilV 
mnuxy  ieiw  «r»U4  in  K»hn*  •  wrwinil  plurs  b#«b»  whrrh 
amnKi  m"arrw»le»»,  *r.l  cerlalnii  *rtt**rj-.  nrrrr  bV*r. 
rraWir  if.  *  t-if«Tca>id  rindh.  it"'",  •l»«"*nly 
MamTwlrvv  *hrr,  rrKw.1  m  #Jt  ur»b*IUtr  fota,  rub  «h;Ii 
on  Ihe  auivcW  f**m  inlo  »  tWiow-liicc  .wrllbic.  rbete  Wer», 
Ih-,  Betriu  btld  lo  >r  molort.    *»■«  f,,'n,!f'  r,,7l^,, 

.  ru.b.     rx.  .,  ...    ...  th.  Am  of  lh«  t.-*.  Kg* 

W#*l**rTni<»ati.«lr»0'--    A'  P»»iu.1»n1 


cliicervered  »>r  him  •»n»«  fimr  aro  ia  Arfba*  ••■ 

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l-nntii  lo  the  E4«or  :-      .     i  rcw«a<7 

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*  v.  ....   .  "^B"HL 

Th.MuiErCt.ll.tlionolAlt.tKB""'  •  , 
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Science  -  " 

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Astronomical    Ph.ri.rnrn.  W 

S«pt«Tiib»r  27  10  OtMhrr  I  • 
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CJTLER, 

i.   Mirer.  Land.. 
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>!«  K.   IM  I  I  Mi. 

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>N.  S  W 

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»  H-^-t.  3  it«  InMKMW  J*tU*  <d 


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icit-8  for  the  Lantern. 

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clxvi 


NATURE 


[Sept.  24,  ibS:- 


WALL  PAPERS  FREE  FROM  ARSENIC. 

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Nei.hcr  sugar,  MKxharum,  nor  any  of  the  many  new  Hrewing  Mat-rials  are  used  in 
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VI.  Singing  and  Loving. 
VII  The  Incomplete  Angli 

Basil  Field.    With  I 
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Sept.  24,  1885] 


clxvii 


Messrs.  MACMILLAN  &  CO.'S  NEW  BOOKS. 


A  NEW  NOVEL  BY  THE  LATE  HUGH  CONWAY. 

A  FAMILY  AFFAIR.  BY  HUGH  CONWAY. 

Author  of  "Called  Hack,"  "  Dark  Days,''  &c.    3  vols.    Crown  Svo.    $is.  67. 

"  It  is  done  in  the  manner  of  a  man  who  has  studied  his  craft,  anil  who  knows  what  he  is  aiming  at.  He  was  an  artist,  and 
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*  A  Family  Affair  will  probably  become  even  more  popular  than  Mr.  Conway's  first  works."—  Morning  Psst. 

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NEW  BOOK  BY  THE  BISHOP  OF  DURHAM. 

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With  Illustrations.    Second  Edition.    Medium  8vo.  2lx. 

OVER-PRESSURE   IN   HIGH  SCHOOLS  IN  DENMARK.  By 

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,  Introduction  by  J  .  L"  K 1 1 '  I  IT1  )X  -  B  KOW  N  K,  MAX,  LL.D.,  F.R.S.    Crown  Svo.    Jr.  67. 

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ITION  TO  LATIN  ELEGIAC  VERSE  COMPOSI- 

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:lxviii 


NA  TURE 


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Parasite  of  Humble  fire   ... 

H'matophinos  of  Buffalo    ...       ...  .„ 

I     1  < .  1  .  I       :    ■"      •(  Spiiler  ...   

\natomy  of  a  Lcsf,  o.  piece*  on  one  Slide  ... 

Root  of  Duckweed  with  sheath   

Spirogyra  in  conjugation,  stained  

Vntheriilia  of  Moss,  Mmum  hurnum  ... 

Volvos  globator,  stained   „  ... 

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Transverse  section  through  whole  foot  of  Foetus,  very  fine  - 

  haacl        ..         ..  - 

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Fossil  human  Bone  ((juadaloupc) ...  —  —  —  _  ,  ~.  _~"rt^ 
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Sfeciai.  i  H.P.  OTTO  Encini  indicatixo  trr  to  »  • 
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Printed  by  Richaid  Clav  ami  Somi.  at  7  and  ».  Bread  Street  Hill,  Qoeen  Victoria  Street,  in  the  City  of  London.        ^»bU,fc*rf  * 
Maisiillan  »»D  Co.,  at  the  Office.  »»  and  jo,  Bedford  Street,  Covent  Garden.— Thu*sdav.  September  ••- 


>y  Google 


A   WEEKLY   ILLUSTRATED  JOURNAL  OF  SCIENCE 

"  To  tht  solid  ground 
OJ  Nature  trusts  the  mind  which  huills  for  aye." — Wordsworth 


No.  831,  Vol.  32] 


THURSDAY,  OCTOBER  1,  1885 


[Price  Sixpence 


Registered  a-,  a  Newspaper  at  the  General  Post  Office) 


AMATEUR 


PHOTOGRAPHERS 


SHOULD  ALWAYS  USE 


THE    MAWSON  PLATE. 


The  BEST  and  CHEAPEST  in  the  Market. 


Uniform,  Reliable,  and  exceedingly  easy  to  develop. 


M08LEY  STREET,  NEWCASTLE-ON-TYNE ; 

and  31,  FARRINGDON  STREET,  LONDON.  [y^ 


R.  &  J.  BECK'S 

NEW  MICROSCOPE, 

"THE  STAR." 


PRICES 


Stand,  with  i-in.  Object- 
glass    2    2  0 

Stand,  with  I-in.  and  J-in. 

Object  glasses   3    3  0 

Stand,  with  Rack  and  Pinion, 
coarse  adjustment,  2  Eye- 
pieces, and  i-in.  Object- 
glass    3    3  0 

Full  Descriptive  Pamphltt  ser.t  on 
ApplU-Uion  to 

&  J.  BECK,  68,  Cornhill,  London,  E.C. 

GOLD  MEDAL 
International  Inventions  Exhibition,  1885. 


[AM  Right*  arc  Reaervw) 


OUR  EYES. 

BROWNING  S  IMPROVED  METHOD  OF  SUITING  THE 
SIGHT  WITH  SPECTACLES 

Either  Personally  or  by  Correspondence. 

BROWNING'S  AXIS  CUT  PEBBLES  are  the  most  perfect 
lenses  made,  being  cut  from  pure  crystals  of  Brazilian  pebble  at 
right  angles  to  the  axis,  and  every  lens  tested  separately  by  the 
polariscopc.  Spectacles  of  superior  quality  from  4f.  6d.  per 
pair;  with  pebble  lenses  in  best  steel  frames,  from  IOJ.  6J.  pe 
pair  ;  and  in  gold  frames  from  £i  y.  6d.— Full  particulars  of 
Browning's  Mel  hud  of  Suiting  the  Sight  by  Correspondence, 
and  Testimonials  post  free. 


63,  STRAND,  LONDON,  W.C. 

NEGRETTI   AND  ZAMBRA, 

SOLE  MAKERS  OF  JORDAN'S  (PA  TEA  T) 

SUNSHINE  RECORDER. 

PRICE  £3  10s. 

With  a  supply  of  Cham 

NEGRETTI 

AND 


a. 


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Scik.ntific  Instrument  Makii 
to  thi  Queen, 
HOI  Id  >RN  VIADUCT. 
Brandies: — 43,  Cornhill : 
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llluttnttd  DetcnfilicH  Pott  fire. 

NEGRETTI  &  ZAM BRA'S 
Large  Illustrated  CaUl  git 

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1  jot)  I  ngraving'. 

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Si/ter  AlcJal  awarded  Invention?  Exhibition ;  188$ 


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clxx 


NATURE 


[Oct.  i,  18S 


VICTORIA  UNIVERSITY, 
UNIVERSITY  COLLEGE,  LIVERPOOL. 

SESSION  1885-B6  commence*  OCTOBER  5 

Complete  Curriculum  provide!  for  Victoria  University  Degrees  in 
Medicine.  Arts,  »nd  Science 

Student*  also  prepared  for  Ix>nd  -n  I'nivrrsity,  Cambridge  Higher  Uvail 
and  other  Examinations. 

Physical,  Biological,  and  Chemical  Laboratories. 

itaaet  in  Pr 
uperintendenct 

All  Class*.,  except  Medical,  open  to  Male  and  Female  Students  of  16  .ind 
upward*.  Students  admitted  oa  their  16th  year,  subject  to  Preliminary 
Examination. 

Evening  Lectures  and  Classes,  beginning  October  u,  open  to  a' I  vomers 
on  payment  of  e.f  fee. 

Full  Prostw.  tus  gratis  on  application  to  the  Collet.*  Rf..:-  m.u. 


Assistance  in  Practical  laboratory  Work  bv  Demonstrators  under  the 
Superintendence  of  the  Professor  of  the  Department 


THE  OWENS  COLLEGE, 
MANCHESTER. 

The  PROFESSORSHIP  of  PHYSIOLOGY  has  become  vacant  through 
the  resignation  of  Prof.  GmWCi  Candidate,  for  ihc  Chair  are  invited  to 
f  rward  applications  and  testimonials,  addressed  to  the  Coundl  of  the  Col- 
lege, under  cover  to  the  Registrar,  not  later  than  MONDAY,  Nnveml>cr  0 
nest.  Information  concerning  the  terms  anil  conditions  of  the  appointment 
will  be  forwarded  on  application  to  Dr.  (Ikfknwooo,  Principal  of  the 
College. 

HENRY  W  M.  HOLDER,  M  A.,  Registrar. 

UNIVERSITY  COLLEGE,  BRISTOL. 

The  SESSION  i«3v8*  will  begin  on  OCTOBER*.  The  College  supplies 
for  persons  of  either  sex  above  the  ordinary  School  Age  the  means  of 
continuing  their  Studies  in  SCIENCE.  LANGUAGES,  HIsTORV,  and 
LITERATURE,  the  CHEMICAL,  PHYSICAL.  ENGINEERING, 
GEOI .OGICAL,  an.!  BIOLOGICAL  LA IIOKA  TORIES  arc  open  Daily. 
The  Engineering  De|>artment  includes  Civil,  Mechanical,  and  RhcMc 
Engineering,  and  Surveying;  and  special  arrangements  for  prai  ti.al  work 
have  been  made  with  sariout  Engineers  in  and  near  Bristol.  Infonnatioti 
with  regard  to  the  lodging  of  Students  may  be  obtained  on  application. 
Several  SCHOLARSHIPS  are  tenable  at  the  College.  Calendar,  contain- 
ing full  information,  price  11.  (by  Post  14.  jrf).  Eor  Prospectus  and  further 
information,  apply  to 

ALFRED  E.  S  T OCR,  Registrar  and  Secretary. 

THE  YORKSHIRE  COLLEGE. 

DEPARTMENT  OF  SCIENCE,  TECHNOLOGY,  AND  ARTS. 

The  TWELFTH  SESSION  begins  TUESDAY.  October  6.  1RR5.  in  ihc 
Nfw  Colleck  Bt'iLUINos,  ColLn.fc  R  ..st.,  LfckOs,  recently  ripened  by 
the  Prince  and  Princess  of  Wales 

The  Hay  Classes  prejare  for  the  London  University  and  other  Examina- 
tions, and  for  various  Professions,  They  in.  lude  : — Matbematits,  Phvsi.-*, 
Chemistry,  (Ecology,  Mineralogy.  Mining,  Coal  Mining  and  Colliery  Man- 
age, innt.  Zoology.  Conroaratisc  Anatomy,  Botany,  Human  Physiology, 
Civil,  Mechanical,  ami  Mining  EngmecrMg,  Classics,  History,  Engli  B, 
Fretuh,  C.ennan,  and  Oriental  Language*  and  Literature,  Weaving,  I  >e  -ign- 
ing.  and  Dyeing,  Textile  Fabrics,  J\r. 

I  he  College  I-aboratnries,  Weaving  Sheds,  and  Dychuuse  are  uj  en  daily 
for  practical  woilt.    Fees  according  to  time. 

N  II.  I  ngincering  Students  will  work  in  the  detached  Ntw  EKr.iNrm. 
iv.  Ukka  nitiv     Prospectuses  may  I*:  bad  (free*  from  the  Secretary. 

ST.  THOMAS'S   HOSPITAL  MEDICAL 
SCHOOL. 

ALBERT  EMBANKMENT,  LONDON,  S.E. 

The  WINTER  SESSION  of  M*M  will  commence  on  OCTOBER  t. 
when  an  Introductory  Address  will  be  delivered  by  A.  O.  MacKELLAR. 
Eso.  M.Ch.,  at  t  p  m 

TWO  ENTRANCE  SCIENCE  SCHOLARSHIPS  of  £  100  and  /«a 
respectively,  open  to  all  Arse-year  Students,  will  be  offered  for  compelili  n. 
The  Examination  will  be  held  on  the  Mh,  6th,  and  ;th  of  <  Ictober,  and  the 
subjects  will  be  Chemistry  and  Physics,  with  either  Botany  or  Zoology  at 
the  option  of  Candidates. 

Soecial  Classes  are  held  throughout  ihe  year  for  the  "  PRELIMINARY 
SCO  NTIFIC"  and  "  IN  I  ERM EDIATE  M  B  "  Examinations  of  the 
CNIYERSI  IY  of  LONDON 

All  H  spnal  Appointments  are  open  to  Students  without  extra  charge. 

s.  hnlarships  and  Money  Prite*  of  <  onsuteraHe  value  are  awarded  at  the 
S  .  lonal  Examinations,  as  also  several  Medals 

I  he  Fees  mav  be  paid  in  one  sum  or  by  instalments  Entries  may  Le 
oi  l-'  -  to  lectures  or  to  Hospital  Practice,  and  spe.ial  arrangements  are 
111  id  f.r  Students  entering  in  their  »e<.>n1  or  %ub>euucnl  years  ;  also  for 
Dental  Students  and  f./t  'Qualified  Practitioners. 

Several  medical  practitioners  and  private  families  residing  in  the  neiirh- 
b  .t|fh«njd  receive  Students  for  residence  and  su|>ervmon,  and  a  register  of 
apiiroved  lodging*  i*  kept  in  the  Secretary's  office 

I'r  .spectuses  ami  all  particulars  may  be  obtained  from  the  Mediial  Secre- 
1  try,  Mr.  Oton.t  Rasin  «. 

W    |f.  ORD.  Dear, 


TECHNICAL  EDUCATION. 

Pupils  received  into  lb-  I  a'  oral  j*y  of  Sandv  I  n-  Chem'csl  Wmb, 
•  lay-.  11,  Manchester.  D. rector.  A111PI1  II.  Ja>  son,  B  Sc  ,  MPs, 
I  '  .  v,  4c,  Ass.MateofOw«a.  College,  Manchester. 


LIVING  SPECIMENS  FOR  THE  MICROSCOP 

GOLDMEDALawardcd  at  the  FISHERIES  EXHIBITION 
THOMAS  BOLTON.  $1,  NEWHALL  STREET.  BIRMIN&HAN 

Who  last  week  sent  to  his  subscribers  the'  new  Rotifer  Poirplir. 
with  sketch  and  description,  has  also  sent  cut  I •  ] >■■",•■  " 
Cristatella  mucedo,  Eredcri.  ella  sultana,  Cordylophora  lacuo-.t.  1 
socialis.  Asplanchna  priodonta,  Volvoa  globator,  De»mids ;  iw  H 
Ama-ba,  Vorticella,  Crayfish,  and  other  Specimens  lot  (Huxlcx  sac  \l. 
Biological  Laboratory  work. 

Weekly  Announcement,  will  be  made  in  this  place  of  Orgaiii.ii 
supplying. 

Specimen  Tube,  One  Shilling,  post  free. 

T*i,i  in  (o*tu  ,JStJt  Mentki  /*S*i«H/ti*n  */*■■< 
or  Tn-tlvr  Tubes  fer  101  64. 

Portfolio  of  Drawings,  Eleven  Parts,  if.  r*(K. 


EDWARD   WARD   has  pleasure  in  v 

nonncing  the  issue  of  a  new  Micro-Slide  of  Zoophyte,  • 
out,  in  the  special  manner  so  well  known  to  his  numeros.ps" 

1.  d 

Plumularia  similis      ...  .„    (post-ftrc)   1  i 

Also.  ouite  new  : — 
Gorgonia  verrucosa  (polype  stained)     ,,         »  1 
Podalinistypicus  (Spectre  Shrimp)      .,        '  ' 
EDWARD  WARD.  140.  OXFORD  STREET.  MANCHr>l 

UNIVERSITY   COLLEGE   OF  NORTH 
WALES,  BANGOR 

Session  18S5-6  will  open  on  FRIDAY.  OCTOBER  > 
DEPARTMENTS  OF  PHYSICS,  CHEMISTRY,  AM-  I  I 

Physics  _  I 


Prvfttur,  As 

Psm.'m/mti- 


'.RAV,  M.A. 

P.  M  LcwM,  M  A 


r.„_„__,  f  rn>/tu«r.  J.  J.  Doi.titf.  M  A  ,  1 1  v: 
CHSUUTRV  [   Dfm„Hllr*t„%  c,.  MacOW  as.  Ph  I>.  I  let;.-. 
Biolot.v      ...  Ltcttttr,  R.  W.  Piun  tis,  U.A..  B  sc- 
The  CLisse.  and  I  j»Kiratory  Course"  of  this  College  are  a-rxr;- 
rrr|uircments  of  Students  preparing  with  a  view  to  the  fnf 
WHOM  of  the  above  Sciences,  as  well  .is  of  Students  prep»'i-\  ' 
and  other  Examinations.    Two  year*  of  the  Three  Years'  I  iki*  ■  • 
Graduation  in  Science  at  the  I'nisxrsity  of  Fdinlmrgh  ma\  l«  • 
Cullegc,  and  the  Lectures  in  Chemistry  and  Botarv  are  r»i  ' 
Uni.ersities  of  Edinbutgh  and  GUuguw  as   >,ualihiog  L«  tax  »  • 
Degrees  of  th'>»e  L^nivenuiies. 
The  rsirnsive  laboratories  (Physical,  Cliemkal,  and  Hi 


equipped  for  Study  and  Reseaich.  am 
prosision  lias  leen  made  for  Ok*  Ic 
special  course  has  been  arranged  in  ih 
of  Physical  and  Cliemical  latoralorie- 


I  In  the  Physical  I 'e;  "  ' 
aching  of  r'.lectrical  M***" 
is  Mibied.    For  Plan,  aixl ' " 
.  s«e  Nati  at  for  Isbram  ' 


Laiiokatobv  Eels  (rc*  l  m«) 
physical  Chemical 
Laboratory  LjOorat'-ey 
...    £0    17   6     ...     £1    1  o 
Hours 

3    15   o     ...        4    «  0 
more  tlian  Sixorlcs  lluin  1 


I 
I 

i 


■ 


sis  Honrs  per  Week 
I  weniy.foiir  or  more 
per  Week 

Proportional  Charges  for  more  than  Six  or  leu  than  1  weei> 

per  Weak. 

A  considerable  number  of  Scholatships  and  Exhibition,  it*  v-*1- 
petition  at  the  beginning  of  each  Session,  and  several  ara  jws*6*- 
close  of  each  Session  on  the  result  of  the  year's  work.  . 

For  full  InfoniMtion  see  the  College  Calendar,  whith  ■»* 
(price  tl.  td  )  on  application  to  the  College  Sccieury^  

MATHEMATICS  (London  and  Suburbs 

Students  attended  (at  their  own  homes  if  they  so  P*11"*!?^ 
Wrangler,  Trin  Coll.,  M  A.  and  F.R. S..  on  very  n'***1" 
X.,  o.  Dorville  Ru.id.  Hammersmith,  W.  . 

WANTED.    A  TUTOR   to  teach  Yo-" 

Childrer..  To  reside  in  family  or  in  lodgings.  Mu«t  r*M**i 
knowledge  of  Natural  Si.  en.e  and  be  able  to  explain  ctxart- 


full,  to  Mr.  A.  H> 


Wr 


A  GRADUATE  of  the  UNIVERSlTI£S 

F.!;nV.irgh  and  Hcitlrthew,  with  great  expen«5  '   "  /.o'.'' 
Microscopic  Work.  seek.  ..n  im  i.  tmrnt  a.  MiKm 
other  suitable  employment. -Address  F.R  S  .  Hamp.ieas.wss 

N  W   __  . 

BRITISH  MARINE  SHELLS.  CRUST-* 

CKANS,  KCHINODF  .  .MS,  BIRDS'  EGl.lS.  Ac  Xf*,^ 
of  rare  and   beautiful   «!»■  .mens  for  Sale  Cheap  Li» 

Spi.iniens  sent  on  approval  —J.,  1,,  Warren  Street,  Trnoy  — 

WANTED.  —  "  NATURE,    No.  56--^' 

Nsti  s«  Office,  jo.  Bedford  Street.  Strand.  »'-C  — — — ■ 

WTilh  numemus  lllustraticns.  Crown  6*0.  p  •*  ^ 


POLARISATION   OF    LIGHT.  By 

SPOTTISWOODE.  LL.D.  Iate  PtestJentof  the  K^„( 
MAC.MII.LAN  A  CO  .  LONaKW 


Digitized  by  Google 


Oct.  i,  1885] 


NATURE 


clxxi 


MINERALOGY  AND  GEOLOGY. 

PROFESSORS.  COLLECTORS  and  VISITORS  to  LONDON  are 
INVITKD  10  INSPECT  Mr.  HENSON'S  STOCK  of  CHOICE  MINE- 
RALS, fte...  &c.  At  the  PRESENT  TIME  he  ha*  a  PARTICULARLY 
FINE  CRYSTALLISED  NUGGET  of  NATIVE  COLD,  WEIGHT  9  01., 
PINK  AP  )PHVI. LITE,  CHESSVLITE,  EMERALDS  on  MATRIX 
PYROMORPH1  IT.  (vm,  rahk  ro«M).  CERUSSITE,  CRYSTALL- 
LSED  MALACHITE,  and  P.OTRYOIDU.  CHALCEDONY,  ME- 
TEORIC IRONS  an.!  STONES.  POLISHED  AGATES  and  LAP.R.V 
DORITES. 

A  Large  Series  of  ROCKS,  a!»o  MICROSCOPIC  SECTIONS  of  the 
same. 

Litis  cm  alien         Hammers,  Chisel',  and  Hammer  Straps. 

PRIVATE  LESSONS  AND  EVENING  CLASSES. 

BLOWPIPE  CASES  AND  APPARATUS.       Catalosues  free . 

SAMUEL  HENSON, 

277.  STRAND,  LONDON. 
Opposite  Norfolk  Street. 

SIX  PRIZE  MEDALS 

AWARDED  FOR  GEOLOGICAL  COLLECTIONS. 

Geological  Collection*  eipeeLally  adapted  for  Teaching  as  supplied  to  Science 
and  Art  Department,  anil  used  hy  all  Lecturers  and  Teacher*  in 
Great  Ilritain,  &c 

N'ew  and  Rare  Minerals  constantly  arriving  from  all  parts  for  selection  of  ' 
Sinjle  Specimen*. 
ROCK  SECIIOVS  AND  ROCK  SPECIMENS: 
The  Largest  Variety  in  England. 
New  Catalogue*  and  Lists  on  application  to— 

JAMES   R.  GREGORY. 

88,  Charlotte  Street,  Fitzrov  Square,  London. 


NON-MAGNET1SABLE  WATCHES. 


WATCHES  which  cannot  be  " 
the  recommendation  of  W.  Ciookbs,  Esq.,  F.R.S  . 
Electrical  Exhibition,  Pari*. 

E.  DENT  ft  CO..  Makers  of  the 
Royal  Observatory,  Greenwich. 

Only  Addressee  :— 61 ,  Strand,  and  34,  Royal  Exchange, 
N.  B. — Watches  can  be  converted  to  this  plea. 


of  the 


MICROSCOPES  AND  APPARATUS 


W.  JOHNSON"! 

is  the  nest  construct 


MAM  >  ACTI'RF.D  AVu  KKI'AIRIt". 

S  THREE-GUINEA  STUDENT'S  MICROSCOPE 
.trtictcd  at  the  price.    All  Minuti*  carefully  adapted  ;  1 
and  fine  adjustments,  ocellent   i-inch,    ,-inch,  and  J-inch 

^w'^O^TsjN'S  lIlSTO  LOGICAL  MICROSCOPE,  with  I 
i-inch  and  1-inch  Objectives,  5*. 

W.  JOHNSON,  Optician  to  the  University  Hospital, 

i33,  IOITENHAM  COURT  ROAD.    Catalogue  Post-free 


FRY'S 


GOLD  MEDAL, 
CALCUTTA,  1884. 


sQ^^         A    C*  ««o»?Anaiys7for  DssUa. 


EXTRACT 


KstablUrn 


Year*  in  London. 


FERNERIES    fitted    up    with  Preserved 

Kluwers.  Foliage  PUnts,  and  Floral  DeOSntJoS*  snitaliK-  for  Drawing- 
and  Ball  Rooms,  Churches.  Chapels  Theatres,  ftc. 

.SuhJsIU,  a   PATENT    Preparation   f.*r    nrestrviriK    FERNS  (from 
Maiden-hair  to  the  common   Brake).  GRASSES,  FOLIAGE,  &c,  sent, 
parked  in  stout  bo»  (with  full  |«rti.-.ilars)  on  receipt  of  P.O.O. 


MADAME  SUNDELL, 

4.  SPUR  STREET.  LEICESTER  SQUARE,  LONDON 


CABINETS  FOR  MINERALS, 
FOSSILS,  &c. 


*'  Strictly  pore,  easily  assimilated." 
— W.  W.  Stoltakt  Analyst  for 
Bristol. 

Nineteen  Prise  Medals  Awarded. 

¥est  black  ink  known. 

DRAPER'S  INK  (DICHROIC). 

DIFFERING  FROM  ANVTHING  ELSE  EVER  PRODUCED. 
Writing  becomes  a  pleasure  when  this  Ink  is  used.    It  ha*  been  adapted 
by  the  principal  Banks,  Public  Offices,  and  Railway  Companies  throng  hoot 

Ireland. 

It  writes  almost  instantly  Fall  Black.  I  Flows  easily  from  the  Fan. 

Does  not  corrode  Steel  Pens.  Blotting-paper  maybe  applied  at  the 

Is  cleanly  to  use,  and  not  liable  to  Blot.  I    moment  of  writing. 

Can  He  obtained  in  London,  through  Messrs.  Barclay  ft  Sons.  Earring, 
don  Street  ;  W.  Edwards.  Old  Change  ;  F.  Nswtiir  &  Sons,  Newgate 
Stieet  ;  J.  Austin  ft  Co.,  Dnke  Street,  Liverpool;  and  to  be  bad  o7  all 


BEWLEY  ft  DRAPER  (Limited). 


6  DRAWERS,  20  INCHES  HIGH 
'°  39 

1*  39 


•  •     •*•     ...  218. 

ft    45** 

  »8s. 

  5«- 

NATURALISTS'  GLASS-CAPPED  BOXES.  ROUND  AND 
RECTANGULAR,    FROM    ONE    SHILLING    PER  DOZEN. 

THOMAS   D.  RUSSELL, 

78,  NEWGATE  STREET,  E.C. 

MINERALS  AND  FOSSILS, 

SINGLE  SPECIMENS  OR  COLLECTIONS. 

F.   XX.  BUTLER, 

Assoc.  R.  Sch.  Mines  Lond., 
M  A.  Oxon.  and  L.S.A.  Lond., 

Successor  to  the  late  R.  TALLING, 

1  80,   BROMPTON  ROAD, 

LONDON,  S.W. 

Five  minutes'  watk  from  the  Natural  History  Museum,  S.  Kensington. 


105,000  ACCIDENTS 

TOR  WHICH 

TWO  MILLIONS  HAVE  BEEN  PAID  AS 
[COMPENSATION 


HOLLOWAYS  PILLS 


THIS 
MEDICINE 


Is  a  Certain  Cars  for  all  Disorders  of  the  LIVER.  STOMACH 
AND  BOWELS  A  Great  PURIFIES  of  the  BLOOD;  a 
Powerful  Invigorator  of  the  System,  in  eases  of  weakness 
AND  DEBILITY,  and  is  unequalled  in  Female  Complaints. 


Railway  Passengers'  Assurance  Company 

64,  CORNHILL. 
ACCIDENTS    OP    ALL  KINDS. 

Paid-up  and  Invested  Funds,  £360,000: — Premium   Income,  ;C»35,ooo. 
Chairman         ...    HARVIE  M.  FARQUHAR.  Esq. 
Apply  to  the  Clerks  at  the  Railway  Stations,  the  I,ocal  Agents,  or 
Wtst-End  Office— %,  Grand  Holt!  Buildings,  Charing  Crvu;. 

OR  AT  TKI 

Head  Office-64.  Cornbill,  London,  E.C. 

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NATURE 


[Or/,  i.  1885 


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THE  FUEL  OF  THE  SUN. 

By  W.  MATTIEU  WILLIAMS, 

F.R.A  F.C.S 
8vo.,  Cloth,  144  pp.,  price  ji.  6a. 

This  essay,  though  avowedly  ipeCtttativ*.  invoke*  no  hypothetical  entities 
nor  action*,  hut  proceed*  exclusively  by  direct  dedurtinn  of  the  co*mic 
operation  of  demonstrated  and  accepted  physical  laws. 

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and  accumulated  around  •  very  orb  proportionally  to  it*  gravitation. 

Taking  our  share  of  this  as  unity,  the  atmosphere*  of  the  sun  and  planets 
are  calculated  The  acoimu'atixn.  instimr.g,  ejection,  di**oriation,  and 
recombination  of  the  enveloping  solar  gaacs  are  shown  to  originate  and 
maintain  the  heat  and  light  of  the  sun  :  the  iustirring  agent  being  the  cccen 
trie  rotation  of  the  %oUr  nurlru*  elicited  by  the  reaction  of  planetary  gravit- 
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simple  explanation  of  Sashing  st.its.  .mil  uf  the  nebula:  a*  frrmantnt 
bodies. 

The  observrd  meteorology  of  the  inferior  planet*,  and  the  *enii  solar  con- 
stitution of  the  larger,  follow  from  the  same  physical  premi-e. 

Assuming  that  the  start  are  sun*  like  our*,  it  is  sh  wn  t*-at  no  energy  is 
gained  or  lost  throughout  the  univer*-,  the  vdar  orb*  simply  concentrating, 
by  the  machinery  described,  the  energies  previously  diffused  by  radiation. 

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NA  TURE 


THURSDAY,  OCTOBER   i,  1885 


NORTH  AMERICAN  IV A  TER-BIRDS 
The  Waier-Mrds  of  North  America,    By  S.  F.  Baird, 
T.  M.  Brewer,  and  R.  Ridgway.     Two  Vols.,  410. 
(Boston  :  Little,  Brown,  and  Co.,  1S84.) 

EXPECTATION  was  roused  some  years  since  when 
tidings  came  that  the  "  North  American  Birds  "  of 
Prof.  Baird,  Or.  Brewer,  and  Mr.  Ridgway,  of  which 
three  volumes  had  been  brought  out  in  1874,  was  in  pro- 
cess of  completion,  and  at  last  there  appeared  two  quartos 
of  goodly  size  under  the  title  of  "  The  Water-Birds  of 
North  America,"  which  are  not  only  the  sequel  to  the 
work  just  named,  but  arc  also  issued  in  continuation  of 
the  publications  of  the  Geological  Survey  of  California, 
of  which  a  single  volume  on  the  land-birds  of  that  State, 
edited  by  Prof.  Baird  from  the  notes  of  Or.  J.  G.  Cooper, 
saw  the  light  in  1870.  But,  to  complicate  the  matter 
further,  the  two  quartos  now  before  us  form  vols.  xii.  and 
xiii.  of  the  "  Memoirs  of  the  Museum  of  Comparative 
Zoology  "  at  Harvard.  How  all  this  came  about  is  ex- 
plained in  the  introduction  by  Prof.  Whitney,  the  Cali- 
fornian  State  Geologist  ;  but  the  only  part  that  need 
concern  us  is  the  not  surprising  but  still  much-to  bc- 
regretted  fact  that  the  cost  of  bringing  out  the  volumes 
treating  of  the  land-birds  of  North  America  was  so  great 
as  to  deter  the  publishers  from  continuing  the  work  at 
their  own  risk.  Most  fortunately,  then,  the  combination 
just  mentioned  was  effected  with  the  result  we  now  sec  ; 
but  it  still  remains  a  reproach  and  humiliation  to  those 
interested  in  birds— not  only  in  North  America  alone 
but  all  the  world  over — that  so  excellent  a  performance 
was  not  more  encouraged  by  them.  The  obstinacy  of  the 
public  in  preferring  a  bad  book  to  a  good  one  is  perhaps 
observable  in  almost  every  science,  but  that  this  obstinacy  is 
nowhere  more  marked  than  in  the  case  of  natural  history, 
and  of  ornithology  in  particular  may  be  because  it  is  one 
of  the  most  popular  branches  of  science,  and  because  nine- 
tenths  of  those  who  pursue  it  hardly  realise  the  fact  that 
it  is  capable  of  serious  study.  Howbcit  we  may  be  sure 
that  the  old  adage,  "  Populus  vult  decipi"  was  not  first 
littered  by  a  man  without  worldly  knowledge,  and  to  this 
day  experience  tells  us  that  it  is  as  true  as  ever.  It  will  take 
a  long  time  yet  to  persuade  people  that  they  had  better 
be  well  informed  by  an  author  who  writes  a  book  be- 
cause he  knows  his  subject,  than  by  a  badly-informed 
one  who  gets  up  his  subject  in  order  to  write  a  book 
about  it  though  even  this  is  perhaps  saying  too  much, 
for  many  an  author,  on  ornithology  at  least,  has  never 
taken  the  trouble  to  learn  the  rudiments  of  what  he  pre- 
tends to  teach,  and  if  he  have  but  enough  self-assurance 
he  will  get  his  claim  to  instruct  allowed  by  those  who  are 
more  ignorant  than  he  is. 

To  all  who  have  been  concerned  in  the  production  of 
the  text  of  the  two  volumes  before  us  we  must  offer  our 
hearty  congratulations,  as  it  is  impossible  for  us  to  aj>- 
portion  to  each  anything  like  his  proper  share  of  merit, 
les  the  naturalists  already  named,  Frof.  Whitney 
'  ~  >n  his  introduction,  that  in  revising  the  not  wholly 
m  ni  1  in; script  ht;  has  had  the  assistance  of  Mr. 

liicwn  as  head  of  the  ornithological 
^0.  831 


department  of  the  Harvard  Museum,  and  that  gentleman  is 
therefore  entitled  to  our  thanks  as  much  as  any  one  of  the 
others  ;  but  moreover  it  is  also  advisable  to  look  back  to 
the  original  preface  of  Prof.  Baird,  in  which  he  stales  that 
"  the  most  productive  source  "  of  the  new  information 
published  in  this  work  "  has  been  the  great  amount  of 
manuscript  contained  in  the  archives  of  the  Smithsonian 
Institution  in  the  form  of  correspondence,  elaborate 
reports  and  the  field-notes  of  colL-ctors  and  travellers." 
The  most  important  of  these,  he  goes  on  to  say,  are  those 
by  the  late  Mr.  Kcnnicott,  and  several  residents  in  the 
tVn  Hudson's  Bay  Company's  Territory — Messrs.  Mac- 
Farlane,  Ross,  Lawrence  Clark,  Strachan  Jones,  and 
others— besides  Messrs.  Dale,  Bannister,  and  Henry 
Elliott  in  regard  to  Alaska  and  its  islands.  Now  this 
being  the  case  with  respect  to  the  former  volume,  which 
treated  of  the  land-birds  only,  the  importance  of  .the 
labours  of  these  gentlemen  ought  to  be  far  more  manifest 
in  the  present  volumes,  which  deal  with  the  water-birds, 
since  an  overwhelming  majority  of  them  have  their  home 
in  the  vast  northern  regions  of  the  continent,  and  are 
only  winter-visitants  to  most  of  the  States  and  Territories 
of  the  Union.  A  good  deal  to  our  disappointment  we 
find  it  otherwise.  It  may  be  that  the  late  Dr.  Brewer, 
who  is  believed  to  have  been  responsible  for  the  "  bio- 
graphical "  portion  of  these  as  of  the  former  volumes,  had 
not  at  his  death  completed  the  examination  of  the  unpub- 
lished materials  at  his  disposal ;  but  certainly  there  is  not 
so  much  information  from  American  sources  as  we  had 
hoped  or  even  expected.  On  the  other  hand,  European 
authors  arc  freely,  not  to  say  redundantly,  laid  under 
contribution  for  such  species  as  are  common  to  the  two 
continents,  which  it  is  needless  to  say  are  many.  Of  this  we 
do  not  complain,  though  we  confess  we  should  rather  have 
learned  how  these  species  behave  themselves  on  the  other 
side  of  the  Atlantic  ;  but  there  is  a  want  of  discrimination 
as  to  the  opportunities  possessed  by  the  different  observers 
quoted,  and  a  lack  of  proportion  as  to  the  value  of  their 
observations.  We  do  not  say  that  this  is  not  pardonable, 
perhaps  it  was  unavoidable  ;  but  it  is  unfortunately  no 
less  a  drawback  ;  and,  to  make  it  worse,  several  instances 
might  be  cited  in  which  absolutely  contradictory  asser- 
tions are  reprinted  without  any  attempt  to  indicate  which 
is  thought  to  be  the  more  worthy  of  belief ;  while  a  good 
many  of  the  statements  to  which  this  objection  does  not 
apply  are  but  vain  repetitions. 

Passing  to  the  descriptive  part  of  the  work,  we  do  not 
hesitate  to  declare  that,  so  far  as  we  have  been  able  to 
test  it,  it  is  excellent.  The  "  specific  characters  "  given 
seem  really  to  deserve  their  name,  since  they  indicate  the 
species,  and  are  not,  as  has  lately  become  so  common, 
drawn  from  an  individu.il  example.  Moreover,  they  are 
sufficiently  brief  to  be  useful,  for  wc  have  unfortunately 
entered  upon  days  when  specimens  arc  described  at  a 
length  that  absolutely  precludes  the  practical  application 
of  the  description.  Nothing  marks  more  distinctly  the 
difference  between  a  naturalist  and  a  book-maker  than 
the  being  able  to  perceive  and  to  tersely  express  the 
characters  that  are  essential  to  the  differentiation  of  a 
species.  Among  ornithologists,  merely  to  cite  the 
example  of  one  who  is  gone,  it  seems  to  have  been  this 
faculty  that  gave  the  late  Mr.  Gould  such  a  wonder 
ful  pre  eminence  among  his  contemporaries.  OttlCM 

z 

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NATURE 


[Oct.  i,  iSS; 


unquestionably  far  surpassed  him  as  scientific  ornithologists, 
indeed  the  scientific  value  of  his  works  is  very  slight ;  but 
hardly  any  one  had  such  an  eye  for  a  species,  or  could  in 
a  doren  words  or  so  point  out  how  it  could  be  recognised. 
It  is  no  doubt  in  consequence  of  this  that  so  few  of  the 
species  descril>ed  by  him  hive  failed  to  be  considered 
good  by  his  successor?. 

The  ornithologists  of  the  New  World  arc  in  one  respect 
very  forttimte.  They  are  not  encumbered  by  the  enormous 
dead  weight  of  synonomy  that  is  so  burdensome  to  their 
brethren  of  effete  Europe  ;  and,  thanks  to  the  steadfastness 
with  which  the  North  Americans  follow  the  use  of  a  nomen- 
clature fixed  by  authority,  they  will  probably  be  for  ever 
exempt  from  much  of  the  evil  which  afflicts  the  more  1 
independent  writers  of  the  Old  World,  almost  each  of 
whom  likes  to  be  a  law  unto  himself.  Whether  the 
nomenclature  now  accepted  in  the  United  States  and  in 
Canada  be  founded  on  the  best  principle  is  a  matter  that 
need  not  Ik-  here  discussed.  It  has  been  reduced  to  a 
practice  the  real  advantage  of  which  none  can  doubt 
Hut  that  this  state  of  things  is  possible  arises  in  great 
measure  from  the  fact  that  in  one  sense  a  very  small 
number  of  North  American  birds  have  an  ancient  history 
such  as  is  possessed  by  nearly  all  the  European  species, 
though  of  this  ancient  history  the  compilers  of  synonymy 
in  general  give  but  a  feeble  notion.  Few  things  are  more 
misleading  than  a  Ion.:  list  of  synonyms,  such  as  is  too 
ofien  regarded  as  a  test  of  an  author's  industry  and 
knowledge  It  almost  always  happens  that  in  a  list  of 
this  kind  bad  accounts  and  good  are  made  to  appear  as 
though  they  stood,  as  it  were,  on  an  equal  footing,  and  it 
not  unfrequcntly  occurs  that  a  reference  to  the  best 
account  of  a  species  may  be  wholly  omitted,  while  a  fan- 
tastic name  introduced  by  some  compiler  or  catalogue- 
maker,  who  perhaps  never  examined  or  even  set  eyes  on 
a  specimen,  receives  notice  as  if  it  were  an  important 

•  i  >■•:  I  |!v"  ;i  ,n  1'>  'he  1 1 1  >ry  'it  'lie  i  renin  f  f  \:iiern  e.r.^ 
,i:--W.  .l  !Y.im  lh;-  L'li^.nn'  to  tin-  •.  ..ne  event  ,-. 
In:  «pe:i'i-  ilo.  ••'.<•  -r-pe--'  • !  i  a  L  tin    :   'e,i",r.  nf  I  he  former 

-.i.i  :h!  le.ul   ihem  t'>  r i ■  1 1  -  c  reined;.    !-i    it.  In'  ,liev 

in  .%    '.le-..   their  -.t  u  -    tl'.r.    t!'..---     ;e   -  ir:ifr  civ  I  ve 

fr,..-.  it. 

Hew  well  nilorniee.  enli I  In  >h  _;i M  krmis  :  h  :i  t  the 
^•-•emi!;.  .irr/.i-.-eme-H  ,.f  birds  p-e.e-ts  .1  -crie-  <  .f" 
|   i        -    -■'.)':  !:    ,'  •    vet     ...lv  |,  ,,•       S-|!l,      iir.e  -!eps 

'  i-    ml.  the  •  '.i  .11;;.,.  .iw  .iy  •  if  tl:..-  .  -Id  1  •  uu-'e  ■!<;  h.r.e  been 
:.!••••:.  '•>  ••  ire        pev-.,e-.  ."id  .•  lew  ;,!■-:!  ,.rs  :h  il  in  1;  be 
|....;,ed  :  .>•■:>  ..-   .  -•  d  l'dve    h  iv   be.-,    •  une.l.     We  ;re 
>•  ;  \  i  .  end  -..1       'e  i:>  1 1 ,  e  -  e  '.  ■  d  '  1 1  n'  ■  -u:  e  .  ■(  tilth  v  I 

ad  •:■(■.  [';;e  v.rter-  -eem  b,-  • '.]  t  :  1  ■  !:  .1  ieed  111  tie 
pei-whiih  I  he  ;ul  •  find  -v-t'in  'it  .Siindev.d' drew  arou 


intended,  and  enormously  further  the  study  of  birds  ir. 
English-speaking  America.    It  would  be  out  of  place feert 
to  enter  upon  any  minute  criticism  of  their  contents,  inc. 
while  indicating  in  a  general  way,  as  we  have  attempt?: 
to  do  and  as  wc  conceive  wc  are  in  duty  bound,  wmt 
their  shortcomings,  wc  can  strongly  recommend  therr.  r- 
on  the  whole  justifying  the  high  degree  of  expeca: 
that  had  prevailed  concerning  them  prior  to  their  p. r 
cation.    Assuredly  we  shall  have  to  wait  long  bet  • 
another  so  comprehensive  and,  taking  it  all  in  all,  ■ 
excellent  an  account  of  "The  Water  Birds  of  Norr 
America"  is  likely  to  make  its  appearance,  and  - 
more  we  tender  our  thanks  to  each  and  every  one  of  :h 
who  have  been  concerned  in  the  work,  though  wc  r. 
perhaps  make  a  reservation  in   regard  to  the  -'■»>■- 
engraver. 

LETTERS  TO  THE  EDITOR 

[  Tht  Editor  dots  not  hold  himself  resfonsiblcfor  opini<nsrs;r 
by  his  correspondents.    Neither  can  he  undertake  U  >f~' 
or  to  correspond  with  the  writers  of,  rejected  «s*n*s.y-; 
No  notice  is  taken  of  anonymous  tomtuunuatient. 

[  The  Editor  urgently  r quests  correspondents  to  keep  i\t* 
as  short  as  possible.    The  pressure  on  his  span  j 
that  it  is  impossible  othenrise  to  insure  the  affeanr,  ■• 
of  communications  eontaininginlertsttug  and  ne/eelia'- 

The  New  Star  in  Andromeda 

The  inforJiation  furnished  hv  a  photograph  nf  t^c  1 
Nebula  in  Andromeda  taken  last  year  may  •»*■  <>f  valur,  ■>■' 
I.irly  in  relation  to  the  presumed  variability  of  the  ne*  • 
An  examination  shows  that  no  star  bri^hur  than  ab<u: 
magnitude  was  then  in  the  position  now  occupied  l<rb  •  • 
star. 

This  photograph  was  a  trial  plate  taken  on  Align*'.  Ii*r 
ioh.  and  uh..  with  an  exposure  of  30  minutes  of  tk*  • 
r.  (lector.  With  this  exposure  the  impression  of  the  nih  :- 


I  ll  ■  -  --.iIm1"'.   >H'l  iii  lie    ven     e-ei  -  ;m'i;      birep,  p,v;i  p.p.e  - 
■  he.,-,,,  deviled.  i\e  h.ive  "  drt..  i  d  "   .,nd   "  pr.iv  n-n  d," 
••    .  ■  ■>  1  Tip  '■  ■d:r."  .'.•id     dl-vp;id:i      'j;  r-  e  1  j  1 ,  -  p.  iken  of  1  -  if  , 
'li-      vi' 1  e  to  be  hel'.re.  cd  in.     1'  s  ::ve  "hit  the  an  ;uigc-  . 
r  • — t  .olopie.l  jh  <i  id  M  be  "  r,..'  o.r  ,       --  in:  r.il  ;  Mgj^^ 
ile    -line  ivii  iL'raph    .'.n:    -'irne  i>iV.oi  -til'-met"-1 
.1    1 1  i  1  - 1*-  hi'  ti  e  rover -e  th.it  i\  e  hope  the  ,n;thr» 
•  .  i-f|.en'.      However  we  freely  .nlinil  lhat  I  hi™  tt 
.  .*  \  .  1' : i r.  1 1; -  h  r.n'   '1  te.e.'i    ^'Vi m;i!i 

m, I  dieiet".  r-  \\>  \  the  'i'—   -a  d  -m  that  ■  01 

.  itve.  1    :h.e  better.     Thry  will,  ih.-re  <  .m    be  r 
irabb   f.dnll  the  ehief  put]n»^   fm  which 


Oct.  i ,  1885] 


NA  TURE 


523 


qucnt  want  of  sharpness  on  one  side,  but  the  definition  in  the 
centre  of  the  field  is  not  injured. 

To  give  some  idea  of  the  stars  that  can  he  seen  and  the  value 
that  may  be  given  to  photographic  evidence  of  the  existence  or 
non-existence  of  faint  stars,  I  give  some  particulars  of  this  photo- 
graph. Without  a  magnifier  124  stars  are  to  be  seen  within  a 
radius  of  twenty  minutes  of  arc  from  the  nucleus. 

I  have  traced  these  (see  Fig.  I)  so  that  they  can  be  identified 
in  the  telescope  ;  some  of  them  may  not  In-  less  than  13th  magni- 
tude, possibly  fainter  ;  the  bright  stars  marked  it,  c,  u,  and  k  being 
shown  in  Argclandcr's  maps  of  the  Northern  Heavens.  11  and  C 
are  at  the  present  time  about  the  same  brightness  as  the  new 
star,  and  can  lie  well  used  to  watch  any  variation  in  its  light 
(when  first  seen  by  me  on  September  3  the  new  star  was  very 
much  brighter  than  B  or  C,  almost  as  bright  as  a  star  I  have 
called  a  in  my  note  book  that  i.  just  beyond  the  smaller  nebula). 

Using  a  magnifier  to  detc.:t  any  fainter  stars  I  find  sj*  near 
the  nucleus  :  these  I  have  shown  as  black  dots  on  Fig.  2,  using  a 

Fig.  2. 


XO 


Scale  0  4  inch  =  100". 

circle  to  show  the  ••tars  near  the  nucleus  that  appear  on  Fig.  1, 
and  a  cross  (  x  }  to  indicate  the  place  of  the  new  star.  At 
particular  place  there  is  not  the  slightest  indication  of  any  differ- 
ence in  the  regular  shading  of  the  deposited  silver  from  the 
denser  part  of  the  nucleus  to  the  faint  edge.  The  six  stars  indi- 
cated are  extremely  fnint  in  the  photograph  and  difficult  to 
see,  but  I  have  no  doubt  of  their  real  existence  ;  from  a  com- 
parison with  other  photographs  I  estimate  them  of  about  15th 
magnitude.  iicrhaps  fainter.  It  may  lie  that  some  of  thcM  may 
be  identified  at  llirr  Castle.  From  the  absence  of  scale  and 
orientation  of  the  sketch  given  by  Lord  Kossc  nn  p.  465  com- 
parisons cannot  be  made,  but  a  reference  to  the  note- books 
would  enable  this  to  be  done.  A.  A.  COMMON 


PUKING  last  week  I  examined  on  three  evenings  the  spec- 
trum of  this  star  apparently  in  the  nebula.  It  appears  to  be 
continuous,  extending  from  about  I ».  as  f.ir  a-.,  or  perhaps  a 
little  past  F.  Both  Mr.  I'ercy  Smith  and  I  are  able  to  confirm 
Lord  Kossc's  conviction  of  the  existence  of  a  bright  line  or  band. 
We  compared  its  |>osilion  with  spark  sj>ectra,  anil  feel  satisfied 
that  its  |K>sition  is  not  far  from  the  bright  line  of  the  spark  in 
air  near  to,  and  on  the  more  refrangible  side  of  D.  The  slit 
was  of  course  necessarily  wide,  and  the  spectrum  faint,  so  that 
this  must  only  be  considered  as  approximate. 

Ceo.  M.  Sfabrokf. 

Temple  Observatory,  Rugby,  September  29 

first  evenings  of  September  I  observed  the  new 
''C  nebula  in    Audionu-da  :    I  tin- 1    it  ■>!   lln-  S:!i 
*'*h  >  little  Maclean's  star  spectroscope  applied  i<> 
W  the  spectrum  of  the  nucleus  is  continuous, 
tr  bands.  On  the  nights  of  Sept.  t4  to  10. 
"tnents,  1  found  to  the  cast  of  the  nucleus, 
■n  it,  a  faint  object,  probably  a  second 
■ntitud.  >.  A.  Kicco 


Astronomical  Day 

the  recent  u»  • 
'NaTI'KK,  vol.  xxxii. 
-itcd  "that  in  the 


Royal  Astronomical  Society  the  majority  were  in  favour  of  th 
univcr  al  day."  There  appears  to  be  sonic  mistake  here  :  the 
Royal  Astronomical  Society  as  .1  lxnly  ha*  not  expressed  any 
opinion  on  the  subject.  And,  judging  from  the  individual  ex- 
pressions ,,f  opinion  which  nave  been  published,  I  should 
imagine  that  here,  as  al  Geneva,  the  majority  of  real  workers  in 
our  science  (with  (he  probable  exception  of  those  engaged  on 
solar  work)  would  be  opposed  to  the  projioscd  change.  Hut 
how  the  majority  of  the  Fellows  of  the  Royal  Astronomical 
Society  could  vole  on  the  <|uestion  it  is  impossible  to  say.  My 
desire  that  a  wrong  impression  on  this  subject,  arising  from  a 
statement  reputed  to  have  been  made  by  such  a  high  authority 
as  Dr.  Strove,  should  not  be  spread  abroad,  must  be  my  excuse 
for  trespassing  thus  far  on  your  space. 

A.  M.  I>.  Downim: 
Koy.il  Observatory,  Greenwich,  S.E.,  September  26 


A  Tertiary  Rainbow 

PROF,  Taii  remarks,  in  his  recently-published  work  on 
"  Light,"  that  rainbows  due  to  three  or  more  internal  reflections 
"  arc  too  feeble  to  be  observed."  It  may  therefore  be  worth 
recording  that  a  tertiary  bow  was  clearly  visible  from  Thandiani 
Hill,  Punjab,  one  evening  List  week  1  August  17).  The  bow 
extended  over  an  arc  greater  than  a  semicircle,  but  was  broken 
in  two  places,  The  colours  were  as  distinct  as  in  many  an 
ordinary  DOW, 

The  condition  of  the  sky  was  specially  favourable  for  seeing  a 
tertiary  Imjw.  The  sun  was  1  >w,  and  on  nearly  the  same  level 
with  it  there  were  several  horizontal  layers  of  cloud  of  consider 
able  extent,  « hose  nearer,  unilUuninated  sides  were  therefore 
dark  enough  to  serve  as  a  go.xl  bickground  for  the  bow.  There 
was  also  a  cloud  in  front  of  the  suit  itself,  partially  reducing  its 
brightness.  T.  C.  LSWM 

August  25 


A  White  Swallow 

On  August  3  I  s.iw  a  white  swallow  flying  among  its  fellows 
over  a  mill -pond  at  Garioch's  Ford,  Auchtcrlcss.  Aberdeenshire. 
When  1  repassed  on  the  following  day  it  was  still  there,  and  it 
appeared  to  my  brother  and  to  mc  to  be  entirely  white  :  other- 
wise I  should  suggest  that  the  one  seen  in  Westmoreland  on 
September  4  (NATURE,  No.  830,  p.  500)  might  be  the  same 
bird  on  its  southward  pilgrimage.  If  it  is  true  that  the  alhin  • 
bird  is  never  courted  or  paired  ("  Descent  of  Man,"  chap.  xiv.V 
we  arc  not  likely  ever  to  see  many  white  swallows. 

Mirficld,  Vorks,  September  28  Alex.  Anderson 


Tin.  enclosed  paragraph  from  Yarmouth,  in  the  Norfolk  Neics 
of  this  day,  will  have  interest  for  your  correspondent  at  Milne* 
ihorpc.  1 I ubkrt  Airy 

Stoke  House,  Woodbridge,  September  26 

A'.;r.i  ./;  s.  —  A  cream-coloured  specimen  of  the  swallow 
[fUrmndc  wrh,  a]  shot  on  CsistCf  Road,  on  Monday  morning 
last,  by  Mr.  A.  Patterson.  It  is  now  in  the  hands  of  Mr.  U, 
Dye  of  Row  60  foi  preservation. 


DURINti  the  summer  of  18S3  Mr.  Cooper,  of  Urornwich, 
observed  a  white  swallow  throughout  the  season  at  a  place  within 
the  city  on  the  banks  of  the  Severn.  J.  I.u  BOZWARD 

Worcester,  September  28 


THE  ANNUAL  CONGRESS  OF  THE  SANITARY 
INSTITUTE  OF  GREAT  BRITAIN 

THE  subjects  dealt  with  by  the  Sanitary  Institute  of 
*■  Great  Britain  at  its  annual  meetings  cover  a  wide 
field,  and  the  Leicester  gathering  of  this  year,  under  the 
presidency  of  Prof,  dc  Chaumont,  F.R.S.,  forms  no  ex- 
ception to  the  rule.  The  lust  aim  of  the  Institute  is, 
through  its  various  agencies,  to  assist  and  indeed  to  lead 
in  the  improvement  of  public  health,  and  the  President 
did  well  to  prove,  by  mortality  statistics,  how  great  a 
saving  of  life  can  be  effected  by  the  adoption  of  efficient 
sanitary  measures,  and  how  remunerative  expenditure  in 
this  direction  proves  itself  to  be  The  result  of  the  sani- 
tation carried  out  in  the  Army,  and  which  is  so  much  din 


Digitized  by  Google 


524 


NATURE 


\Oct.  i,  1885 


to  the  labours  of  the  late  Dr.  Parkcs  and  to  those  of  his 
successor,  Ur.de  Chaumont,  is  that,  comparing  the  results 
of  thirty  year-  ago  w  ith  those  which  now  obtain,  there  is 
a  saving  in  the  home  Army  of  two  battalions  per  annum. 
Some  substantial  progress  is  also  being  made  in  the  same 
direction  as  regards  the  general  public,  and  when  it  is 
more  fully  understood  that  preventible  diseases  as  a  rule 
destroy  those  members  of  the  population  who  are  most 
remunerative  in  so  far  as  the  State  is  concerned, and  that, 
speaking  generally,  each  such  premature  death  means  a 
loss  of  at  least  100/.,  even  parsimonious  members  of 
sanitary  authorities  will  not  mind  expending  a  little  more 
of  the  public  money  in  so  good  a  cause 

Leicester  was  well  chosen  for  this  year's  gathering,  for 
in  many  respects  the  town  has  acquired  some  reputation 
in  health  matters.  It  may  be  regarded  as  the  head- 
quarters of  the  anti-vaccination  party  ;  it  prides  itself, 
not  without  cause,  on  the  efforts  it  has  made  to  control 
the  spread  of  infectious  diseases  ;  and  it  takes  precedence 
amongst  those  English  towns  in  which  autumnal  diarrhoea 
is  so  fatal  to  the  infantile  population.  As  regard*  the 
question  of  vaccination  it  would  be  premature  to  draw 
any  general  inferences  from  the  Leicester  results,  for 
although  during  recent  years  only  a  comparatively 
small  portion  of  the  infantile  population  have  been 
vaccinated,  yet  a  vast  majority  of  the  inhabitants 
are  fairly  well  protected  against  small- pox,  and  it 
is  by  no  means  so  very  strange  that  a  disease  which 
usually  recurs  in  an  epidemic  form  only  after  a  lapse  ot 
years,  should  for  a  time  remain  absent  from  Leicester. 
Still,  we  frankly  admit  that  the  day  of  reckoning  has  been 
somewhat  long  in  coming ;  but  there  arc  exceptional 
reasons  for  this.  And  in  the  first  place  we  would  note 
that  Leicester  is  not  so  free  from  small-pox  as  is  generally 
imagined.  The  Rcgistrar-Grneral's  returns  have,  it  is 
true,  long  shown  an  almost  absolute  blank  as  regards 
small- pox  mortality  there,  but  it  must  be  remembered 
that  the  Leicester  Small  pox  Hospital,  where  the  deaths 
from  this  disease  take  place,  is  not  in  the  borough,  and 
hence  that  the  mortality  occasioned  is  registered  in  alto- 
gether another  district.  Then  again,  the  sanitary  authority 
of  Leicester,  by  the  aid  of  a  system  of  compulsory  notifi- 
cation of  infectious  diseases,  acquire  the  earliest  know- 
ledge as  to  the  existence  of  cases  of  small-pox,  and 
having  provided  themselves  with  an  isolation  hospital, 
the  patients  arc  at  once  removed,  and  their  houses  and 
clothing  arc  efficicntlv  disinfected.  It  may  be  said  that 
any  other  to*n  could  do  the  same,  and  so  vaccination 
would  become  unnecessary.  But  this  is  not  so.  Re- 
moval to  hospital  is  only  compulsory  under  conditions 
which,  were  objection  raised  to  it  by  the  people,  would 
make  this  early  isolation  impracticable,  and  all  popula- 
tion* are  not  so  proud  of  their  dcriat.ee  of  one  ol  the  laws 
of  the  country  as  to  submit  without  resistance  to  the 
steps  which  .-re  held  necessary  in  order  to  prove  that  this 
law  is  a  superfluous  one.  Hut  Leicester  goes  much 
further  than  this.  The  authorities  not  only  remove  the 
sick,  but  they  remove  the  healthy  members  of  the  sick 
person's  family,  and  hold  them  in  a  species  of  quarantine 
until  they  know  that  they  have  csca|>cd  infection.  Such 
a  step  may  be  very  desirable  from  a  health  point  of  view, 
but  it  is  altogether  illegal,  and  it  is  quite  certain  th; 
any  attempt  were  made  to  enforce  such  a  system  in 
parts  of  the  kingdom  it  would  be  resisted.  The  maj 
of  the  nation  would  also  hold  it  to  be  unnecessary  ;  ai 
icient  publication  by  the  German  Government 
Report  of  a  Commission  showi 
was  made  compulsory  in  187, 
small  pox  has  occurred  in 
evidence  that  the  simple  o| 
fully  meet  all  the  difficulty. 

But  little  further  light  was  t 
'hat  obscure  lymotic  diarrhi 
Urge  a  mortality  in  Leicester 


has  made  the  subject  a  special  study,  probably  poin't 
out  the  essential  cause  of  this  fatality  by  showing  ho« 
large  portion  of  the  population  of  Leicester  was  expo*?, 
to  the  influence  of  a  water-logged  soil  charged  with  d- 
composing  organic  matter.     Temperature    so  lar.> 
influences  this  mortality  that  it  was  at  one  time  regard 
as  its  sole  cause  ;  but  it  is  certain  that  a  high  tcirq»cr 
alone  is  powerless  to  produce  it,  whereas  the  efTec:  < 
temperature  on  such  conditions  as  obtain  in  Lc.cc 
must  be  very  potent   in  favouring  the  developroea" 
organic  germs,  such  as  arc  now  supposed  to  lie  at  • 
root  of  the  evil.    Extensive  inquiry  is  needed  as  to 
subject,  and  we  hope  that  the  results  of  the  invesoga- 
which  have  been  conducted  for  some  years  past  b>  ■  • 
Medical  Department  of  the  Local  Government  B»- 
will  soon  be  made  public. 

Amongst  the  many  other  matters  of  interest  «h 
were  dealt  with  at  the  Congress  is  that  of  the  prov- 
of  dwelling-accommodation  for  the  working  classes.  «• 
in  view  of  the  steadily  extending  practice  of  massi-. 
gether  vast  numbers  of  human  beings  in  great  bu. 
where  storey  is  piled  upon  storey,  the  warning  utters 
Mr.  Gordon  Smith,  President  of  the  Engineering  . 
Architectural  Section,  and  the  occupant  of  an  impoc. 
official  appointment  which  adds  weight  to  his  op.r 
should  receive  careful  consideration.    He  asserts,  r 
this  class  of  buildings  there   has  been    an    ev  - 
infantile  death-rate,  and  it  is  certain  that  the  provi  v 
ample  open  space  about  dwellings,  which  is,  as  rr„ 
ordinary  dwellings,  being  more  insisted  on  than  e*r 
especially  necessary  in  the  interests  of  child-life,  »fii 
so  extremely  sensitive  to  such  insanitary  surroundm. 
influence  the  quality  of  the  air  breathed. 

The  question  of  a  rational  system  of  bunal  »x> 
cussed  at  the  last  meeting  of  the  Congress  in  connr 
with  a  paper  by  the  Rev.  F.  Lawrence,  who  ouote- 
authority  of  the  burial  service  of  the  Church  of  Er. 
as  suggesting  a  system  which  would  allow  of  the  •« 
action  of  the  soil  upon  the  dead,  and  who  ad*  ■  -  ' 
burial  at  a  depth  of  three  or  four  feet  only  .- 
designed  to  ensure  speedy  perishability,  and  bid  sac 
at  a  depth  of  three  or  four  feet  only  from  the 
The  advocates  of  cremation  were  naturally 
but  the  progress  of  this  method  for  the  di$[ 
dead  is  hindered  by  considerations  which  it  is 
overcome.    Foremost  amongst  these  stands  the 
of  tracing  cases  of  poisoning,  and,  even  if  the 
ready  to  assent  generally  to  post-mortem  ea 
before  the  cremation  was  carried  into  effect, 
examination  as  is  usually  carried  out  could  be 
decide  whether  this  species  of  crime  was  the 
death  or  not.    Indeeed,  in  many  cases  of 
most  skilled  pathological  and  chemical 
required  in  order  to  avoid  error.    On  the 
discussions  as  have  taken  place  at  Leicester 
improvement  in  matters  where  change  is  desirable  m 
interests  of  public  health,  and  the  Institute  may 
gratulated  on  the  results  of  their  recent  meeting. 


Oct.  i,  1885] 


NATURh 


525 


prize  offered  by  her  at  an  agricultural  show  held  at  Frome 
last  year,  the  result  of  which  was  satisfactory  in  drawing 
a  considerable  amount  of  attention  to  the  subject,  and 
one  of  the  outcomes  of  which  has  been  the  preparation  of  a 
series  of  object  lessons,  so  to  speak,  which  have  been 
elaborated  from  the  plan  of  Mr.  W.  H.  Haley,  who  took 
the  prize  at  Frome  last  year.    The  plan  ot  these  lessons 
is  as  follows :— One  insect  is  taken  as  an  example  and 
thie  life-history  of  this  particular  insect  is  illustrated  by 
showing  the  creature  in  all  its  stages  of  development 
where  practicable,  or  by  neat  and  accurate-coloured 
drawings  of   pupa,    larva,    and  perfect  insect,  each 
stage  of  which  is  carefully  labelled,  then  a  spray  or  twig 
of  the  plant  attacked,  or  a  model  showing  the  insect's 
ravages  is  given,  and  in  many  rases  also  the  parasites 
which  attack  the  insect  itself.    Beneath  this  is  carefully 
printed  the  life-history  of  the  particular  insect,  and  an  enu- 
meration of  the  plants  upon  which  it  feeds  ;  and,  finally, 
under  the  head  of  "  Prevention  and  Remedies,"  some 
brief  but  concise  instructions  how  to  proceed  to  rid  one's 
crops  of  the  pest.    All  this  is  arranged  on  a  cardboard 
mount  12  inches  long  by  8  inches  wide,  and  placed  in  a 
box  with  a  glass  cover,  so  that  one  insect  only  is  treated 
of  in  one  c.;se,  thus  making  the  information  imparted 
very  clear,  and  preventing  all  confusion.    Of  the  insects 
treated  in  this  way  are  the  turnip  and  cabbage  gall  weevil, 
turnip  moth,  turnip  fly,  cabbage  aphis,  large  white  cab- 
bage butterfly,  cabbage  moth,  vine  beetle,  bean  beetle, 
pea  and  bean  weevil,  winter  moth,  American  blight  on 
apple,  magpie  moth  on  gooseberry,  celery-leaf  miner, 
silver  moth,  beet  or  mangold  fly,  click  beetle  and  wire- 
worms,  goat  moth,  lacky  moth,  daddy  long-legs,  and 
onion  fly. 

Twenty  of  these  cases  have  recently  been  prepared  by 
Mr.  Mosley,  of  Iluddersficld,  under  the  superintendence 
of  Miss  Ormerod,  and  are  now  in  the  museum  at  Kew, 
and  a  set  of  ten  of  a  similar  character  are  to  be  placed 
in  the  Aldcrsey  School  of  the  Haberdashers'  Company  at 
Bunbury,  Cheshire,  where  plain  teaching  on  such  subjects 
is  being  satisfactorily  carried  on.  J.  R.  J. 


AMERICAN  AGRICULTURAL  GRASSES' 

HOWEVER  complicated  the  systematic  synonymy  of 
the  Graminea:  may  be,  the  popular  nomenclature 
of  the  grasses  is  probably  in  an  even  more  unsatisfactory 
state.  In  the  former  case  the  name  of  the  author  ap- 
pended to  the  scientific  name  of  the  plant  is  usually 
sufficient  to  dispel  any  ambiguity  as  to  what  particular 
plant  is  meant,  even  though  that  plant  may  have  received 
half  a  dozen  systematic  names  from  as  many  different 
botanists.  In  the  case  of  the  trivial  name,  however,  even 
this  means  of  identification  is  lacking,  and  it  is  no  un- 
common circumstance  to  find  the  same  name  applied  to 
several  different  grasses,  each  one  of  which  may,  more- 
over, have  one  or  two  additional  names.  To  those  who 
are  studying  the  grasses  in  their  agricultural  aspect  this 
confusion  is  very  perplexing,  particularly  as  both  the 
English  and  the  American  agricultural  journals  usually 
refer  to  a  grass  by  its  trivial  name.  The  difficulties  which 
surround  this  subject  are  well  exemplified  in  the  volume 
before  us.  For  example,  in  American  agricultural  publi- 
cations the  term  "  salt-grass  "  is  frequently  met  with,  and 
w  searched  this  volume  in  the  hope  of  finding  out  the 
■  \  ies  so  denominated.  But  instead  of  one  we  find  no 
.  han  four  distinct  species,  in  as  many  genera,  called 
J  'ass,"  namely,  VH/a  depauperate,  Sporobolus 
A  Hrizopyriim   spiiatum  (Distichlis  mar  Hi  ma), 

I  'ma  juncea.    To  an  English  agriculturist  foxtail 

•Returns  pratensis  only,  whereas  in  America 

1 


"iral  (Ituiti  of  the  United  Stair*.'  Uy 
Sb  Department  of  Agriculture  I  a!^.  "  The  Chemical 
can    Grauc*,"  !>y   Clifford    Richardson,  Assistant 
•  Department  of  Agriculture, 


the  name  is  also  given  to  A.  geniculatus,  Hordeum  muri- 
num,  II.  jubaium,  and  Setaria  setesa.  Rye-grass  in 
England  is  Lolium  perenne  ;  in  America  the  term  is 
applied  in  addition  to  four  species  of  Elymus.  Blue 
grass  is  the  name  given  to  four  distinct  species  of  Poa, 
varying  considerably  in  their  agricultural  value,  and  one 
of  these,  P.  pratensis,  often  spoken  of  as  Kentucky  blue- 
grass,  is  also  called  "June  grass,"  "spear  grass,"  and 
"  red  top,"  the  last  name  being  equally  applied  to  Agros- 
lis  vulgaris.  Bunch  grass  is  more  vague  in  its  applica- 
tion, for  it  embraces  at  least  six  species  in  five  genera, 
while  in  Canada  the  same  name  is  given  to  two  other 
grasses,  Elymus  umdeusatut  and  R'a/eria  cristate,  the 
former  of  which  is  known  in  the  United  Stales  as 
"giant  rye  grass.'"  The  term  "goose  grass,"  which 
in  England  is  restricted  to  the  rubiaceous  hedgerow 
weed  Galium  Aparine,  is,  in  America,  applied  to  Poa 
annua,  which  is  also  called  annual  spear  grass,  and  to 
Panieum  Texanum,  further  known  as  Texas  millet.  The 
grass  Holcus  /annus,  which  to  all  English  farmers  is 
known  as  Yorkshire  fog,  is  variously  termed  velvet  grass, 
velvet  mesquite,  satin  grass,  and  meadow  soft  grass,  this 
last  term  being  also  current  in  England. 

There  are  about  600  species  of  grasses  in  the  United 
States,  a  few  only  of  these  having  been  introduced.  The 
work  under  notice  embraces  descriptions  of  1 20  species, 
each  accompanied  by  a  plate.  Of  these,  about  forty, 
included  under  twenty-six  genera,  are  identical  with 
British  species.  Five  additional  British  genera  are  re- 
presented, but  not  by  British  species  ;  these  are  Elymus. 
Melica,  Spartina,  Stipa,  Triodia.  About  a  dozen  British 
genera  do  not  appear,  the  most  noteworthy  among  these 
being,  perhaps,  Hrachypodium,  Briza,  and  Cynosurus. 
Two  dozen  of  the  genera  enumerated  arc  extra-British  ; 
the  chief  ones  are  Andropogon,  Aristida,  Bouteloua, 
Buchloif,  Danthonia,  Muhlenbergia,  Paspalum,  Sorghum, 
Sporobolus,  and  Zizania.  The  so-called  buffalo  grasses 
are  Houtcloua  oltgostachya,  Stipa  sparfea,  and  liuchloe 
dotty  hides ;  the  first  two  may  be  gathered  in  quantity  by 
any  one  who  travels  across  the  Canadian  prairies,  but  the 
last-named,  which  is  regarded  as  the  true  buffalo  grass, 
does  not  extend  into  Canada. 

In  upwards  of  100  pages  of  text  we  find  collected  much 
information  both  of  botanical  and  of  agricultural  interest 
The  structural  and  economic  characters  of  each  grass 
figured  are  detailed  at  some  length,  but  Dr.  Vasey  has, 
perhaps  wisely  in  a  work  of  this  kind,  made  no  attempt  at 
classification.  Though  systematic  synonyms  are  seldom 
given,  there  is  a  lavish  display  of  trivial  ones,  for  which 
the  agricultural  reader,  at  all  events,  will  be  grateful. 
Orthographic  blunders  are  rather  numerous,  and  the 
index  might  be  more  complete.  The  term  chartaceous 
{"  the  texture  resembling  paper  or  parchment  in  thick- 
ness") is,  we  believe,  not  current  on  this  side  of  the 
Atlantic  ;  let  us  hope  we  may  do  without  it. 

The  chemical  analyses  arc  of  much  agricultural  interest, 
and  readers  should  compare  the  results  here  given  with 
those  obtained  by  Wolff  in  his  analyses  of  German 
grasses.  The  figures  before  us  serve  to  show  how  con- 
siderably the  same  gramineous  species  may  vary  111  com- 
position according  to  the  soil  and  climate  in  which  it  is 
grown,  this  point  being  specially  illustrated  by  analyses 
of  Phleum  pratettse  and  Paetyiis  glomerate,  each  from 
half  a  dozen  different  localities.  How  variable  is  the 
composition  of  gramineous  herbage  generally  is  well 
shown  in  the  following  table,  in  which  are  given  the 
highest  and  lowest  percentages  of  the  constituents  named, 
obtained  in  136  analyses  of  different  species  of  grasses  :— 

Dry  substance  Highest  Lowest 

Ash    19Z4  J"57 

Fat   577  ...  14S 

Nitrogen  free  extract    66  01  ,..  3401 

Crude  fibre   37'7i  >7"68 

Albuminoids    23- 1 3  ...  280 


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NATURE 


[OA  i,  litj 


A  process  which  has  been  the  means  of  throwing  much 
light  on  problems  in  vegetable  physiology  and  agricultural 
chemistry,  namely,  a  comparison  of  the  analyses  of  a 
plant  and  of  its  separate  members  in  different  stages  of 
growth,  has  been  applied  to  fifteen  familiar  species  of 
grasses,  and  the  results  are  tabulated  and  briefly  dis- 
cussed. 

Many  useful  suggestions,  some  of  them  of  the  highest 
practical  importance,  are  to  be  met  with  in  these  pages. 
Here  is  one  by  Prof.  Asa  Gray  which  refers  to  the 
Teosinte,  or  Guatemala  grass,  car.  ktmVM  luvuri,tns,  a 
native  of  Mexico  and  Central  America,  r.nd  has  the  true 
ring  of  progress  about  it :  — 

"  To  make  the  Ttosintt  a  most  useful  plant  in  Texas 
and  along  our  whole  south-western  bolder  the  one  thing 
needful  is  to  develop  early- (lowering  varieties,  so  as  to  get 
seed  before  frost.  And  this  could  be  done  without  doubt 
if  some  one  in  Texas  or  Florida  would  set  about  it. 
What  it  has  taken  ages  to  do  in  the  case  of  Indian  corn, 
in  an  unconscious  way,  might  be  mainly  done  in  a 
human  lifetime  by  rightly  directed  care  and  vigorous 
selection." 

This  volume  is  highly  creditable  to  it-  authors,  and  it 
adds  one  more  to  the  many  useful  publications  which 
have  emanated  from  the  United  States  Department  of 
Afi  iculture.  W.  Frkam 


THE  DEVELOPMENT  OF  THE  C.ECILIAXS 

IN  a  letter  recently  published  in  the  Arhcitcn  ami  tiem 
:ooi-x-^'h-zoot^m:s:h/-n  I  tut;  tut  in  H'urzburg, 
Messrs.  1'.  B.  and  C  F.  Sar;<-m  i:i\c  a  preliminary- 
account  of  the  development  of  Ef>i\-hum  j>!utint>tiim  as 
observi-d  at  I'cradcnnia  in  Ceylon,  where  these  naturalists 
ha\e  taken  up  their  »|uarcrs  near  the  celebrated  Botanical 
Gardens.  Since  the  or.ginal  discovery  by  Johannes 
Muller  of  the  larval  form  of  the  C.r:ili.ir»s,  almost  the 
only  information  obtained  on  this  important  subject  is  a 
short  account  of  the  filled  larv.e  of  C.'.if&l  tsmprtsu- 
ctudtx  by  Peters,  founded  on  specimens  procured  by 
Jelski  in  Cayenne. 

The  brothers  Sara«in  -how  that  Efr\  rit/m  is  not  vivi- 
parous, as  is  C'.v.'Vi.  but  oviparous.  In  the  most 
advanced  s:.v,-c  before  hatching  the  embryo  is  provided 
with  very  Ion,;  blood-red  external  ^.11  til. intents,  and  has 
also  a  distinct  tail  with  a  strong  tin.  The  gill-filaments 
are  shed  previous  to  the  hatching,  after  which  the  young 
C.icili.ins  make  their  way  to  the  neighbouring  stream, 
and  live  in  the  water,  breathing  by  means  of  gill  slits. 
After  they  leave  the  water  their  pll-slits  close  up.  and 
they  breathe  by  lungs.  The  brothers  Sar.tsin  compare 
these  C.reihans  to  I  rodelcs.  in  that  they  pass  through 
the  perennrbmnchiate  stage  in  the  e.^g.  As  larv.o  they 
are  derotrematous.  and  in  the  adult  stage  become  true 
land-an;in  iU  like  Salam  ituiers.  t 'ur  authors  also  show 
that  the  sj>ermat'<:  >on  has  a  spiral  filament,  and  that 
there  is  a  fourth  gill-.iri.ri,  from  which  the  pulmonary 
arterv  is  vixen  off  Itoth  the<c  facts  lend  to  show  that 
the  CaciInIM  are  more  nearly  allied  to  the  I'riulcles 
than  to  the  Anurous  Amphibian*. 

THE  BRITISH  AS.>  c  KI.  I  TJ{  >.V 
REPORTS 

t\*li  AV*  •-.*  /!■'>.•  C-imttttt,  t*nriitht£  ."  .«/».  A' 
,Vr.  /'••  "»«m  t/'J/,  .tn.i  />.•'!  Jj4m  .V<.V(.V  •.ttrt 
r.T  ti.  fnr*--.-      imrA{iiii«t'  tkf  &*ttifm*it  f% 
J  ij\tm.     \.'''jrri  *.*  .*r  tkr  S*C*f\»rt  l.  —  On  ac 
excursion  which  1  have  the  intention  of  making 
coming  -unrner  to  Au-tjIii   n  !  N>*  /.calan  ),  i 
to  draw  u|'  tin-  re|>o>t  a  m  >rith  cadMHkMaMB*)-  A 
lime  when  li.c  work  <>'  a'.'rndi' 
tm-nt-  ir|  ay-  it-t  lf  i»  tlum>^  the 
thii  my  mtc-i'.ion  of  »h  ricni 


earthquake  observations  is  not  likely  to  involve  any  verio* \ - 
The  numl>er  of  earthquakes  felt  'luring  correspoaliftg  prw-  • 
two  previous  years  and  this  last  year  were  retpeaivdj  taeUv- 
thirty-nine.  and  eighty,  and  not  only  have  the  <aruu^uk«  '• 
numerous,  hut  -ome  of  them  have  been  pretty  stiff,  at  IltoCi 
by  the  fact  that  on  several  occa-i  ms  chimneys  fell  iM  «, 
were  cracked.  The  work  done  during  the  last  year  a  bar; : 
follows : — 

S'tsn.K  F.rt**'imcitts. — Seismic  experimenti  »mcoK»r- 
in  conjunction  with  Mr.  T.  Gray  in  l8Sa   Tbt  mover - 
then  recorded  were  produced  by  allowing  a  heavy  bill,  iy 
in  weight,  to  fail  Tom  vanous  height*  up  to  thirty-lm 
Subsequently   many  experiments   were  nude  by  an'  S 
charges  of  dynamite  ami   gunpowder  place!  in  bort 
During  the  last  year,  whilst  working  up  the  kxf  »t 
records  which  accumulated,  several  laboratory  evpcrnDcr.- 
made  lb  investigate  the  methols  to  be  employe!  m hen  kt 
the  diagrams  of  earth  motiox    The  tirst  of  •!.-.»  • 
consisted  in  pr  >iectiag  a  small  ball  from  the  t>>p  of  a  u 
vertically-placed  spring,  and  at  the  same  time  causing  •l- • 
to  draw  a  d.agram  of  its  motion.    From  the  distinct' 
was  thrown  its  initial  vc!  i.:ity  could  be  calculated  IV" 
diagram,  either  by  cakulati-n  on  the  assumption 
harmonic  motion  or  by  tiirect  mca»urernent.  the  P.' 
velocity  of  movement  could  be  obtained.    The-e  thi ce  ■:: 
practically  agree<l.     1  he  most  important  re-alt 
thc*e  experiments  wa»  that  they  indicates!  an  impMUu 
to  be  calculated  in  earthquake  or  dynamite  diagr.. 
further,  that  in  these  diagrams  the  Ur-t  -u.  'den  moves  t 
invariably  has  the  appearance  of  a  quarter  j^citt.. 
apparently  to  be  Cuttsl  lened  a*  a  *emi-r>>cillat'.on.  I' 
-et  ■>!'  experiments  con->ted  in  determining  'he  ipf 
calculated  from  an  earth  jaake  diagram  which  w 
measure  of  the  overturning  or  shattering  p  mw  of  a  •  • 
For  this  purpose  a  light  strip  of  »••  •!  v»»»  cause\I      •-  - 
strong  spiral  spring  and  a  heavy  weight  !•<  move  hon.  ' 
an<l  t"i>nh  with  the  pen'-!  of  the  -;irwg.    On  this)  f 
coluinus  of  wooil  were  -t  -•»<!  on  end.  and  it  was  «lr  er" 
far  the  spring  ha d  to  be  derlectes!  arv!  then  suddenly  t. 
cau-c  overturning.    The  more  important  results  u;  j 
exi>eriuicnts  are  :— 

L  U0*ti  >/  Cr.'un.i  cm  I'lSrjiisn. — a)   11  havr 
etYect  in  stopping  vilmuoat,    121  Excavatinn-  wet 
aide  intlucnce  in  stopping  vibrations.    131  In  ««>ft  da 
it  i*  ea*y  to  prod  ace  nt>ranon«  of  large  amplitu-le  an' 
a!>le  duration.     (41   In   Io>-e  dry  gr  vjn  1    an  t 
dvnainite  yields  a  disturbance  of  Lvr^e  amplitude  \' 
dui.ui.in.    151  In  >  ji't  ro.k  it  is  l.:hvuU  to  pr.».luce  a  . 
the  amplitude  of  »h  ch  is  vufrk:cn:iy  great  to  be  rcc  4 
ordinary  seismograph. 

II.  o.n.-s-r.'  Ct.:r.:  Ur  i'/ .V.:i^m. — (It  The  j-ointer  - 
graph  with  a  -in^l;  in  lex  first  m  >ve«  :n  a  r..»r.nal 
which  it  is  -_d  ktdy  defected,  ar.  1  the  re-.i!:in^  I i  •> . 
figure  panially  dej-en  lent  on  the  relative  pha-*r»  .jf  :  v 
transverse  m  >ti  >n.  These  pha--.-s  are  in  r.:m  dcrer 
the  v!i*tance  of  the  sei-m-igruph  ir  <va  the  origin.  »  2- 
-ei-m  vr3ph  in  l;cat;ng  n  <r*n  1.  m  >•:  >n  at  a  ^iren  «' 
me  noes  its  indications  b.-tore  a  -in.'ar  -*:»t.  -^ra^h  a 
write  transver-e  BWtttMi  ij'  If  tat  a.  v«  yi«.  . 
such  tcl-alO£raphl  lie  c->mp.on  ;.-!.  they  >..-!  i  rt^are- 
hops  and  other  irre^wlarr.ie- n  >t  OH t\M  tiie  ri^ars.- 
the  sei»iiKvgrat>h  with  the  -in^ic  1:1  ics.  .4  Ncii  < 
the  first  movenunt  will  he  in  a  >tra^;ht  !;r.e 
oti^in  :  -u>>»e  jucn*!y  the  m-'ti.  n  miy  «.  e. 
and  irrCgalar.  Th.-  general  d.r.-vt:  a  .i  u 
normal.  (5)  Two  p>tnts  of  | 
no:  -vnchronise  in  their  mot 


•rr.w  >• 
•  -si.  h 
t -  .r».  v 


Oct.  i,  1885] 


NA  TURE 


527 


oscillations  inwards  arc  described  more  rapidly  than  those  out" 
wards.  (7)  As  a  disturbance  radiates  the  period  increase*. 
Finally  it  becomes  equal  to  the  period  of  the  transverse  motion. 
From  this  it  may  be  inferred  that  the  greater  the  initial  disturb- 
ance the  greater  the  frequency  of  waves.  (8)  Certain  of  the 
inward  motions  of  'Shock"  have  the  appearance  of  having 
l>een  described  in  less  than  no  time.  (9)  The  first  outwards 
motion,  which  on  diagrams  ha?  the  appearance  nf  a  quarter- 
wave,  must  !>e  regarded  as  a  i-emi-oscillation.  (10)  The  waves 
on  the  diagrams  taken  at  different  stations  do  not  corres|x>nd. 
(II)  At  a  station  near  the  origin,  a  notch  in  the  crest  of  a  wave 
of  shock  gradually  increases  as  the  disturbance  spreads,  >o  that 
at  a  second  station  the  wave  with  a  notch  has  split  up  into  two 
waves.  (12)  Near  the  origin  the  normal  motion  has  a  definite 
commencement.  At  a  distance  the  motion  commences  irregu- 
larly, the  maximum  motion  being  reached  gradually. 

IV.  Trannerse  Motion. — {l)  Near  to  an  origin  the  transverse 
motion  commences  definitely  but  irregularly.  (2)  Like  the 
normal  motion,  the  first  two  or  three  movements  are  decided, 
and  their  amplitude  slightly  exceeds  that  of  those  which  follow. 
(3)  The  amplitude  of  transverse  motion  as  the  disturbance 
radiates  decreases  at  a  slower  rate  than  that  of  the  normal 
motion.  (4)  As  a  disturbance  dies  out  at  any  particular  station 
the  period  decreases.  (5)  As  a  disturbances  radiates  the  period 
increases.  This  is  equivalent  to  an  increase  in  period  as  the 
intensity  of  the  initial  disturbance  increases.  (6)  As  we  recede 
frwm  an  origin  the  commencement  of  the  transverse  motion 
becomes  more  indefinite. 

V.  Relation  of  Xortnal  to  Transverse  Motion. — (1)  Near  to  an 
origin  the  amplitude  of  normal  motion  is  much  greater  than  that 
of  the  transverse  motion.  (2)  As  the  disturbance  radiates,  the 
amplitude  of  the  transverse  motion  decreases  at  a  slower  rate  than 
that  of  the  normal  motion,  so  that  at  a  certain  distance  they  may 
be  equal  to  each  other.  (3)  Near  to  an  origin  the  period  of  the 
transverse  motion  may  be  double  that  of  the  normal  motion  ; 
but  as  the  disturbance  dies  out  at  any  given  station,  or  as  it 
radiates,  the  periods  of  these  two  sets  of  vibrations  approach 
each  other. 

VI.  Maximum  Veloeity  and  Intensity  of  Mifement.—  (1)  An 
earth  particle  usually  reaches  its  maximum  velocity  during  the 
first  inward  movement.  A  high  velocity  is,  however,  sometimrs 
attained  in  the  first  outward  semi-oscillation.  (21  The  intensity 
of  an  earthquake  is  best  measured  by  its  destructive  power  in 
overturning,  shattering,  or  projecting  various  bodies.  (31  The 
value 

iscd  by  Mallet  ami  other  seismologists  to  express  the  velocity  of 
hock  as  determined  from  the  dimensions  of  a  body  which  has 
«xn  overturned,  is  a  quantity  nut  obtainable  from  an  earthquake 
liagram.  It  represents  the  effect  of  a  sudden  impulse.  (4)  In 
.n  earthquake  a  ltody  is  overturned  or  shattered  by  an  accclcra- 
ion,  J\  which  quantity  is  calculable  for  a  body  of  definite 
intensions.     The  quantity  f  as  obtained  from  an  earthquake 

iagram  lies  between  -  and  _    where  v  is  the  maximum  vclo- 

ity,  /  is  the  quarter-period,  and  a  is  the  amplitude.    (5)  The 

litial  velocity  given  in  the  formula  v-  =  2"  Jor  horizontal  pro- 

ctionjused  by  Mallet  as  identical  with  va  in  3,  are  not  identical 
lantitics.    (6)  In  discussing  the  intensity  of  movement  I  have 


•ed  the  value 


(7}  The  intensity  of  an  earthquake  at  first 


■creases  rapidly  as  the  disturbance  radiates  ;  subsequently  it 
•creases  more  slowly.  (8  A  curve  of  intensities  deduced  from 
Mt-rvations  at  a  sufficient  number  of  stations  would  furnish  the 
cans  of  approximately  calculating  an  absolute  value  for  the 
tensity  of  an  earthquake. 

VII.   Vettifal  Motion. — (1)  In  soft  ground  vertical  motion 

pears  to  be  a  free  Mnlasc  »;m-  which  ■  -utj ..cc  •  the  )i..u,-.  ;iul 
neot  of  motion.     iz)  \  ertic.il  w  Hi  t-»mmrRvv*  wish 
vibrations,  runt  ends  with  vil-:.iii>:i->  wkkl;  ,ije  Imi.; 
(3)  High  VeFcitics  of  tr:\n*il   n:.iy  k   obtn.i:.  d  I,;, 
iOfthfcconipnnc.it  of  motion,     li  i-  ,.<-mI.!\  an 
;  prelilbinary  ircnv.r-.  of  in  earthquake  Ami 

(4)  The  amplitude  nr.-l  period  ..f  v..il,_al 
Mine  or  different  stations  haw  Uni  ' 

t  decreases  us  .1  ', 


disturbance  radiates.  (2)  Near  to  an  origin  the  velocity  of 
transit  varies  with  the  intensity  of  the  initial  disturbance.  (3) 
The  rate  at  which  the  normal  motion  outraces  the  tiansver-e 
motion  is  not  constant.  (4)  As  the  amplitude  and  period  of  the 
1  normal  motion  approach  in  value  to  those  of  the  transverse 
motion,  so  do  the  velocities  of  transit  of  thoe  motions  approach 
each  other.  (5)  That  the  ratio  of  the  speed  of  normal  and 
transverse  motions  is  not  constant  is  shown  from  a  table  of  these 
velocities  calculated  for  different  rocks  from  their  moduli  of 
elasticity. 

IX.  Miscellaneous. — (1)  At  the  time  of  an  earth  disturbance, 
currents  are  produced  in  telegraph  lines.  (2)  The  exceedingly 
rapid  decrease  in  the  intensity  of  a  disturbance  in  the  immediate 
neighbourhood  of  the  cpicentrum  has  been  illustrated  by  a 
diagram.  (3)  For  the  duration  of  a  disturbance  due  to  a  given 
impulse  in  different  kinds  of  ground,  reference  must  be  made  to 
the  detailed  descriptions  of  the  first  four  sets  of  experiments. 

Experiments  on  <i  Building  to  resist  Earthquake  Motion. — In 
(he  Re]>ort  of  last  year  I  described  a  house  which  rested  at  its 
foundations  upon  cast-iron  tails.  These  balls  were  10-inch 
shell.  The  records  obtained  from  an  instrument  placed  inside 
this  house  shuwed  that,  although  it  was  subjected  to  consider- 
able movement  at  the  time  of  an  earthquake,  all  sudden  niotion 
had  been  destroyed.  Although  the  balls  did  very  much  to 
mitigate  earthquake  motion,  wind  and  other  causes  produced 
movements  of  a  far  more  serious  nature  than  the  earthquake. 
To  give  greater  steadiness  to  the  house,  8-inch  balls  were  tried, 
and  then  I-inch  balls.  Finally  the  house  was  rested  at  each  of 
its  piers  upon  a  handful  of  exst-iron  shot,  each  i-inch  in 
diameter.  By  this  means  the  building  has  been  rendered 
astatic,  and,  in  consequence  of  the  great  increase  in  rolling 
friction,  sufficiently  stable  to  resist  all  effects  like  those  of  wind. 
The  shot  rest  between  flat  iron  plates.  That  the  house  had 
|>cculiar  foundations  would  not  be  noticed  unless  specially 
pointed  out.  From  these  experiments  it  seems  evident  that  it 
is  possible  to  build  light  one-storied  structures  of  wood  or  iron 
in  which,  relatively  to  other  houses,  but  little  movement  will  U- 
felt. 

Of>sen>ations  in  <i  Pit  to  feet  deep. — The  instrument  placed  in 
this  pit  Ls  similar  to  all  the  other  instruments,  and  is  installed  in 
a  similar  position.  Comparing  the  maximum  amplitudes,  inaxi 
mum  velocities,  and  maximum  accelerations  obtained  in  the  pit 
with  those  obtained  at  about  thirty  feel  distance,  they  are  for 
one  particular  earthquake  lespcctivcly  in  the  ratios  of  I  :  43, 
I  :  52,  and  I  :  S2,  In  most  earthquakes  the  extent  of  motion  has 
been  too  small  to  admit  of  measurement,  and  that  there  h  id 
been  any  movement  could  only  be  detected  by  holding  the  [.dale 
on  which  the  record  was  written  up  to  the  light  ami  glancing 
along  it  lengthways.  This  investigation  tends  to  confirm  the 
view  which  I  have  previously  put  forward,  that  an  earthquake 
at  a  short  distance  from  its  cpiceniruin  is  practically  .»  surface 
disturbance,  principally  consisting  of  horizontal  movements. 
The  vertical  motion  is  small,  and  is  best  seen  in  the  preliminary 
tremors  either  of  an  actual  earthquake  or  of  a  dynamite  ex- 
plosion. From  a  practical  point  of  view  these  results  must  be  of 
the  greatest  importance  to  those  who  have  to  erect  heavy 
structures  in  earthquake  districts. 

Buildings  in  Earthquake  Countries. — As  during  the  last  few 
years  so  much  destruction  lx»th  to  life  and  property  has  taken 
place  in  various  parts  of  Europe,  it  seems  that  an  epitome  of  the 
results  of  observations  and  experiment*-  carried  on  in  Japan 
relative  to  construction  in  seismic  districts  might  not  only  l>c 
interesting,  but  possibly  it  might  also  be  of  practical  value. 
When  erecting  a  building  it  appears  that  we  ought  first  to  reduce 
as  far  as  possible  the  quanlity  of  niotion  which  ordinary 
buildings  receive  ;  and,  second,  to  construct  a  building  so  that 
it  will  resist  lhat  portion  of  the  momentum  which  we  are  unable 
to  keep  out.  To  reduce  the  momentum  which  usually  reaches  .1 
building  the  following  may  be  done  -  • 

(1)  Institute  a  seismic  survey  of  the  district  or  area  in  which  it 
is  intended  to  build,  and  : elect  a  site  where  experiment  »hoas 
lhal  -.lie  :iio:i..i:  1  -  .  1  I.. :  i  . .  !  y  -'li.i'.i.  -,  1  1'  a  }»■:,:■.  "Su  iij  1: . 
adopt  devj.  ... bti.-iis  iji-ii.a:  «  wit  1  i.ucral  :'ued.-;ii  •,  ..1  ul 
least  let  Utc  k:i|.i;n.:  -c  ndvd  on  bar  and  i:io>-  s*  lid 
Ui-'iiud.  Il  i-  ;  .-r;.a;  .  liva-.w-  the  l.-|-  >•<  tl.c  hilN  in  T.d.i.r 
an-  h.ti.kr  tl.in  li.v  |.:.i.i-  that  'luv  vc  relatively  the  least 
motion.  A  Uti'  ir.u.  -  :.!y  /a>.V.;.7i  i-..!.r.,-d  may  W  c'v  t  cdm-l  v 
i!ani;eruu-  fn -r.i  :  1  c  cm  ll.jt  ni..l.  -n  ci.ti_i.u-  ;n  the  impiotee: •■•  I 
side  "ill  make  the  CV..C  oiot.s  ictltnig-,  valleys,  .Sic  1  upon  the 
o;q.-.si:e  sjd<:  itiln  hi-.-  ,.trl,H-o  v.  hick  will  -wing  lorward  through 
a  1  tinge  pc.r.ci  lci,  ti,..-v  would  !..-.  - c  -w c.n-j  had  '.lie  cv.av.ni..vis 


528 


NA  TURh 


[Oct.  i,  1885 


not  existed.  ($)  For  light  buildings,  especially  if  creeled  on 
toft  ground,  where  the  range  of  motion  is  always  great,  if  the 
structure  rests  on  layers  of  fine  cast-iron  shot,  it  cannot  possibly 
receive  the  same  momentum  as  a  building  attached  to  the  moving 
ground.  To  resist  the  effects  of  momentum  which  cannot  be  cut 
off  a  building  :  ( I )  Bear  in  mind  the  fact  that  it  is  chiefly  stresses 
and  strains  which  are  applied  horizontally  to  a  building  which 
have  to  be  encountered.  A  vertical  line  of  openings  like  doors 
or  windows  in  a  building  constitute  a  vertical  line  of  weakness 
to  horizontally-applied  forces.  (2)  Avoid  coupling  together  two 
portions  of  a  building  which  have  different  vibrational  periods, 
or  which  from  their  posiiion  are  not  HVcly  to  synchronise  in 
their  motion.  If  such  parts  of  a  building  must  of  necessity  be 
joined,  let  them  be  so  joined  that  the  connecting  link  will  force 
them  to  vil  rate  as  a  whole,  and  yet  resist  fracture.  Brick 
chimneys  in  contact  with  the  framing  of  a  wooden  roof  are  apt 
to  be  shorn  off  at  the  point  where  they  pass  through  the  roof. 
Light  archways  connecting  heavy  piers  will  be  cracked  at  the 
crown.  To  obviate  destruction  due  to  these  causes  a  system  of 
construction  similar  to  that  to  be  seen  in  several  of  the  buildings 
of  San  Francisco,  Tokio,  and  Yokohama  may  be  adopted.  This 
essentially  consists  of  tieiug  the  building  together  at  each  floor 
with  iron  and  steel  tie-rods  crossing  each  other  from  back  to 
front  and  from  side  to  side.  (3)  Keep  the  centre  of  inertia  of  a 
building  or  its  parts  as  low  as  possible.  Heavy  tops  to  chimneys, 
heavy  copings,  and  balustrades  on  walls  and  towers,  heavy  roofs 
and  the  like  arc  all  of  serious  danger  lo  the  portion  of  the  struc- 
ture by  which  they  are  supported.  When  the  lower  part  of  a 
building  is  moved,  the  upper  part  by  its  inertia  tending  to  remain 
l>ehind  often  results  in  serious  fractnres.  All  the  chimne)s  in 
Tokio  and  Yokohama  which  have  fallen  in  consequence  of  their 
ornamental  heads  have  1».-en  replaced  by  shorter  and  thicker 
chimneys  without  the  umi.i1  coping.  The  roof  of  a  portion  of 
the  Kngineering  College  rests  loosely  on  Us  walls,  and  has 
therefore  a  certain  freedom.  In  Manila  many  heavy  roofs  have 
been  replaced  by  roofs  of  sheet  iron.  Walls  may  be  lightened 
in  their  upper  paii>  by  the  use  of  hollow  bricks,  '  Such  vertical 
motion  as  may  exist  is  also  partly  obviated  by  light  superstruc- 
tures. Vertically-placed  ip-n  tie-rods  give  addilional  security. 
If  the-e  and  other  rules  which  are  the  result  of  experiment  and 
observation  could  be  adopted  in  earthquake  countries,  it  is 
certain  that  the  I -ss  .  I  life  and  property  might  be  greatly 
diminished. 

Earth  T't»t,>ri  <>n<l  Earth  Put  sat  tout, — Notwithstanding 
the  untnistvsorthiness  of  level  observations,  ihey  neverthe- 
less have  given  results  of  interest.  (I)  The  hubbtes  from 
time  to  time  move  back  and  forth  without  apparent  reason, 
(.au.-i dcrahlc  changes  have  sometimes  been  observed  before  an 
earthquake  {2}  The  gic.itcsi  movement  of  the  bubble  of  a  level 
takes  place  during  the  e  lder  part  of  the  year,  which  is  the 
season  of  earthquake.,  and  also  the  season  when  the  barometric 
gradient  between  -siU-na  and  the  Pacific  is  the  stccpe  t.  (31 
The  (nibble  of  a  level  continues  to  move  long  after  the  sensible 
mo-ioii  eif  an  caithqa.iU  has  ceased,  enabling  us  to  study  the 
slow  movements  which  biing  an  earthquake  to  a  close.  (4) 
When  the  barometer  i-  veiv  low.  as,  lor  instance,  during  a 
typhoon,  the  bubble  ol  a  level  may  be  distinctly  seen  to  pulsate 
ba<k  and  forth  th tough  a  range  of  a'i..nt  -5  mm.  In  Septcuil-er 
of  last  year,  in  .  •  mj'atK <n  with  Mr.  W.  Wilson,  C.K..  and  Mr. 
Man>>,  of  the  Imperial  \lcge  of  Kngineering.  1  carried  an 
instrument  to  the  Mimim:  of  I  .mvania,  which  is  about  1 2.  j'»5  feet 
in  height,  wheie  I  sm«  cs  de-!  alter  uiaiiv  failures  in  recording 
automatic  dlv  earth  Henna,  .ml  earth  pal -.1:  ions,  lint  we  wtte 
limbic  to  r«-ie..i!-i  (••!  near  ih.  n  live  .lays. 

'I  he   results  .-I    mi.i.-.i    e-  .itue'.  I    with    these    o!  1.1a v at i..r), 

at e  : - -  ;  I  I   I  1 :  1 1  the  1  -ii ■  a  it  -  .  ai  t  li-     •  j  •  o|  the  1 11  Mini  am  vv  ere 

1 :  I  ti  ,e  ally  observe  in  I  ol.  10.  \  2 
hl.e  movements  ot  the  instrument, 
nv  the  wires.    .  _tp  That  dining  the 


unn  h  gn  .1 1 ci  1 h  t h  - w  ! 
I  he  lienioi  s.  01  »j  i-l  1  ■■ 
did  ni *t   llect  s-.ii  1 1\   ,m  .n 

he  1  vv  s-  ,.th   at  1  '  s  •  ■ !  ti  .  1     o  <'■  s  t|:t  .tires  ti  /!»   of  d:-j         tin  lit 

of  the  pointer  was  towards  the  south-east,  which  is  the  same 
result  as  would  In;  (ilitairie<J  if  the  bed  plate  of  the  instrument 
were  raised  on  (lie  south-east:  side.  <>r  if  the  mountain  hail  tipped 
over  to  the  Wojtlt  wc  t-      My  Oilltaguc,   Mr.    1*.  Alexander, 
treating  Fuji  a-  a  conical  so|j«|  ittade  of  brick,  with  a  wind-load 
of  50  lbs.  on  the  s..,Uare  fm it.  found  the  slop*  and  deflection 
point  100  fed  Inflow  the  apex,  ol  ihe  cone.    This  calculsM^| 
slope  was  t«r>  (-r  three  times  greater  than  the  greatest  dcft-W^ 
which  I  measured,     As  it  is  difficult  10  imagine  that  a  mouq 
could  suflet  ilefU-s  ti  >n  by  a  wind  pressure.  I  will  not  inn 


the  fact  that  deflection  actually  occurred.  It  is  certainly  curio -j  • 
that  the  results  of  calculation  and  observation  should  point  ir»  the 
same  direction. 

Report  of  the  Committee  on  Eleeirical  Standards,  on  sis  tim  ^  ■ 
Prof.  G.  C.  Foittr,  Sir  IV.  Thomson,  Prof.  Ayrton,  Prof,  y 
Perry,  Prof.  IV.  G.  Adams,  Lord  Haytei^h,  Prof.  O.  J.  f^  'l  . 
Dr.  John  Hopkinson,  Dr.  A.  Muirhtiii,  Mr.  Pr.ecr,  Mr.  // 
Taylor,  Prof.    Everett,  Prof.  Sehust,r,  Dr.  J.   A.  timet* 
Prof  (/".  F.  FittgiralJ,  Mr.  R.  T.  Glaz  brook.  Pi  of.  Chry. 
Mr.  H.  Tomlinson,  and  Prof.  Barnrtt,  with  Mr.  Gta^or^ ,,i 
Secretary. — The  Committee  reported  that  the  Secretary  has  \. 
constructed  a  series  of  coils  lo  serve  as  standards  in  terms  of  1 
legal  ohm.    These  standards,  in  accordance  with  the  rc-solut :-  - 
of  the  Committee,  were  con  tructcd  on  the  supposition  that  t\ 
value  of  the  legal  ohm  is  *roll2  B.  A.  units.     The  comj-aar.- 
wcre  made  by  the  methods  given  in  the  rc|>ort»  for  ISS,   ..  . 
1884,  and  the  values  found 


No, 

too 
tot 

I<:2 

'°3 
IO4 
IOS 
106 
IO7 
IOS 
I09 


Resistance 

•999515 
•998S45 

10X10415 
10-00352 
100  0304 
1000436 

1 000 '694 

1000  677 
100068 
100068 


Temporal  u 
14  I 
14  I 
I67 
16  75 
16*05 
I605 

"7  4 
•7  45 

•735 
»7  35 


These  standards  have  also  been  compared  with  meicurv  t.  - 
resistances  constructeil  by  Mr.  Bcnoit,  of  Paris,  and  a  duiere; 
of  '00049  legal  ohm  was  found.    The  legal  ohm  s,tand»r-.;. .. 
constructed  by  the  Committee,  exceed    by  this  amount  tf  - 
constructed  in  Paiis.     Six  coils  have  been  compared  with  :> 
standards  during  the  year,  and  the  values  arc  given.      The  C 
mittee  hope  that  arrangements  may  be  made  for  issuing  standi 
of  electromotive  force,  and  for  constructing  and  issuing  stania 
of  capacity.     In  conclusion,  they  ask  to  l>e  reappoint  e-"-1 .  v 
the  addition  ol  the  names  of  Prof.  J.  J.  Thomson  and   Mr  v 
N.  Straw,  with  a  renewal  of  the  unexpended  grant  of  50/. 

Report  on  Elcctrieal  Theories,  by  Prof.  J.  J.  Thomson. —  I  - 
report  deals  exclusively  w  ith  those  theories  which  only  ;  r  • 
to  give  mathematical  expressions  for  the  forces  due  to  a  ci.st-v 
lion  of  currents.  Those  theories  which  profess  to  give  tmechj.- 
esplanation  of  these  forces  are  not  considered     There  ■»--  r 
sufficient  time  to  consider  both  classes  of  theories,  and  it  is  es  - 
that  the  mathematical  theory  must  be  settled  before  we  caa  . 
a  satisfactory  mechanical  one.     As  to  the  general  re-suit  ..; 
inquiry,  we  may  say  that  all  that  has  been  proved  is  that 
absolutely  necessary  to  take  into  account  the  currents  in 
dielectric  ;  and  that  the  action  of  these,  as  well  -is  other  curt  e 
must  be  given  by  some  form  of  the  potential  theory — that  i>.  - 
theory  piopounded  by  F.  K.  Neumann  and  generalised  by  V  - 
HeIniholt7.    But  nothing  definite  is  known  as  to  what  we  sh  <. 
take  as  the  me.isuie  of  th.  se  electric  currents.  »  11J  which  .1 
many  forms  of  the  i)otential  theory  is  the  right  one.     We  hai  1 
require  experimental  proof  that  alteration  in  the  polans»ti -..a  • 
the  dielectric,  at  any  late  if  the  dielectric  Ik  other  than 
ether,  pi<"!uee  e  fleets  analogous  to  those  produced  by  an  orJin;- , 
current  (lowing  thioiigh  a  comluct  .r.    For  the  p»latisati.jr:  .,' 
dielectric  by  an  electromotive  force  produces  a  change   in  . 
stnicturc  of  the  dielectric.     T  his  js  shown  by  the  alteration 
volume  experienced  by  glass  and  other  bodies  when  pl.ice-i 
the  electric  held,  and  also  hy  the  breaking  d  .wn  of  the  dicle.- 
wlien  the  strength  of  the  held  is  great  enough.     Now.  u 
move  a  magnet  we  shall,  since  we  pro. luce  an  electron! 
foice  111  its  r.eighUeurho  d,  produce  a  change  in  the  struc-.ure 
the  dielectric  around  It  liecause  we  alter  its  state  of  ptdan.sj-:  r 
It  follows,  then,  from  the  principle  ot  action  and  reaction,  tfa^ 
if  we  alter  the  state  of  polarisat  1  n    :  tlic_  dj elect nc  we 
alter  the  state  of  nisjtion  of  the  maii 
in  the  polarisation  of  the  d.clccTr: 
We  can  show  in  a  stiiibr  way  tha 
tion  tiuist  produce  all  the  effects  Pf^B 
aiis.,1  ■:,  •        :,:      \\  •    :.•  ,  .>  n,. things 
Jii  J  J  it  . — Ho  lit    v.  hi.  li   is  e.jiiiVI 

-Natation.    It  -eeiii.s  natural *■ 
L<tt  11^  .-ti  p 


Oct.  i,  1885] 


NATURE 


change  of  the  electromotive  force).  The  quantity  n  has  never 
been  experimentally  determined,  but  two  hypotheses  have  been 
made  as  to  its  value  by  Maxwell  and  Helmholtz.  According  to 
Maxwell  1?  -  */4*,  where  *  is  the  specific  inductive  capacity, 
and,  according  to  Helmholl*.  tj  is  also  a  function  of  k.  There 
is  very  little  experimental  evidence  for  cither  of  these  theories. 
For  Maxwell's  theory,  perhaps  the  best  evidence  is  that,  if  we 
assume  the  electro-magnetic  theory  of  light,  the  refractive  index 
should,  if  ij  =  */4»,  equal  the  square  root  of  a  specific  inductive 
capacity,  which  is  very  approximately  the  case  for  a  good  many 
substance*.  Maxwells  assumption  has  the  great  advantage  of 
getting  rid  of  all  discontinuity  in  the  currents  ;  and,  when  this 
is  the  case,  all  forms  of  the  jwtcniial  theory  lead  to  the  same 
result.  So  that,  if  we  could  prove  Maxwell's  theory  experi- 
mentally, it  would  be  a  complete  theory  of  electro-dynamic 
action.  If  it  should  turn  out,  fiowever,  that  Maxwell's  theory 
is  not  true,  then  we  should  have  to  go  on  further  and  determine 
which  of  the  several  forms  of  the  potential  theory  is  the  true  one  ; 
as,  if  the  currents  are  not  closed,  the  different  forms  of  the 
theory  lead  to  different  results.  It  would  seem  that  the  most 
important  thing  to  be  done  in  electro-dynamic  theory  is  to  de- 
termine whether  v  —  k/4*  or  not,  and  the  author  has  des.ribed 
two  ways  in  which  this  may  be  done.  If  Maxwell's  theory 
should  prove  not  to  be  true,  we  must  go  on  to  determine  the 
value  of  i)  for  all  dielectrics,  and  which  of  the  forms  of  the 
potential  theory  is  the  true  one. 

R'port  on  Standards  of  White  Light, — Various  experiments 
have  been  made  by  the  Committee.  The  members  have  come 
to  the  conclusion  that  the  standard  candle  as  defined  by  Acts  of 
Parliament  is  not  in  any  sense  a  standard.  The  spermaceti 
used  is  not  a  definite  chemical  substance,  and  is  mixed  with 
other  substances.  Also  the  constitution  of  the  wic'i  is  not 
properly  defined.  The  Committee  have  considered  the  relative 
merits  of  different  proposed  standards,  and  have  come  to  the 
conclusion  that  fur  commtr.ial  purposes  the  pentanc  standard  of 
Mr.  Vernon  Harcourt  is  the  best.  Although  the  Committee 
wish  their  opinion  on  this  point  to  be  known  to  the  Board  of 
Trade  and  the  public,  they  do  not  recommend  the  adoption  of 
any  particular  standard  until  further  experiments  on  radiation 
have  been  made.  Several  experiments  arc  enumerated  which 
they  propose  to  make.  They  ask  reappointment,  with  a  grant 
of  50/.  towards  the  proposed  researches. 

Report  of  the  Committee  on  Meteoric  Dust. — Experiments  have 
been  made  at  the  Scottish  Marine  Station  by  means  of  an 
apparatus  in  which  the  wind  blows  through  gratings  of  fine 
platinum  wire.  The  moisture  deposited  is  collected  and 
examined  for  suspended  pirticles.  Funnel*  have  also  been 
placed  at  different  localities  for  catching  rain.  The  presence  of 
carbjnaceous  matter  is  most  marked.  In  smaller  quantities 
occur  quart/,  felspar,  mica,  tourmaline,  garnet,  glassy  particles 
resembling  Krakatoa  dust  or  pumice,  and  small  round  magnetic 
particles  about  I  -500th  of  an  inch  in  diameter.  They  resemble 
similar  larger  particles  got  from  deep  »ca  dc|K»siis  at  the  greatest 
distance  from  continental  land.  None  arc  of  cosmic  origin. 
Usually  they  have  a  small  nucleus  in  the  interior,  but  arc  fre- 
quently hollow.  Further  observations  are  to  be  made  at  various 
stations  all  over  the  world. 

Report  of  the  Committee  on  Me'eoroiogical  Ol'sei  rations  on  Ben 
Nc.k. — The  chief  additional  observations  made  during  the 
year  were  with  regard  to  rainfall  and  wind.  The  amount  of 
water  substance  depo-ited,  in  whatever  form,  has  been  collected 
by  specially-designed  gauges  and  measured  every  hour  since 
June  24,  18S4.  In  the  end  of  October  the  anemometers  designed 
by  Praf.  Chry<tal  were  added  to  the  instruments.  Hut  during 
seven  months-  November,  1SS4,  to  M  ly.  1SS5 — m>  anemometer 
could  indicate  results,  with  the  exception  of  thirty  days.  This 
is  owing  to  the  deposition  of  ice-crystal-.  The  greatest  sj>ccd 
indicated  during  three  days  was  on  the  night  of  April  24.  The 
mean  speed  for  I i  hours  was  74  miles  per  hour,  the  speed  for 
one  particular  hour  being  Si  miles  per  hour.  The  highest  tern 
pcrature  reached,  60  '1  F.,  occurred  at  2  p.m.,  August  y  ;  and 
the  lowest,  II  'I  F.,  at  midnight,  February  16.  The  coldest 
week—  average  temperature,  i6J-2  F.  -was  the  one  ending  on 
February  21.  The  changes  of  temperature,  particularly  in 
winter,  were  caused,  not  by  direct  solar  influence,  but  by  the 
e  of  cycl  me»  or  anticyclones  over  the  observatory.  Indeed 
stormy  months  of  winter  this  may  be  taken  to  be  accu- 
ie  case.  In  summer  the  afternoon  minimum  ol  aimo- 
"•ssurc  was  o  007  inches  above  the  mean  for  the  whole 


day,  but  in  winter  it  was  below  the  mean.  During  twelve 
months  there  were  464  hours  of  sunshine,  being  about  1 1  per 
cent,  of  the  total  possible  amount.  Heavy  rainfalls  frequently 
occur.  1  he  longest  for  one  hour  was  on  December  10,  1884. 
The  largest  daily  fall  occurred  then  also,  being  4*264  inches. 
On  an  average,  a  fall  of  at  least  one  inch  occurred  one  day  in 
seven. 

Report  of  the  Committee  on  Solution,  Secretary  Dr.  \V.  W. 
J.  Nicol. —  I  he  subjects  discussed  in  this  Report  are: — (l) 
Molecular  volumes,  (2)  saturation,  {3)  supcrsaturation,  (4)  vapour 
pressures,  and  (5)  expansion  of  salt  solutions.  (1)  *I"he  results 
of  a  scries  of  experiments  show  the  molecular  volume  of  a  salt 
in  dilute  solution  to  be  a  quantity  com|x>scd  of  two  constants  : 
one  for  the  metal  and  the  other  for  the  salt  radical  ;  hence  the 
same  volume  change  is  produced  by  replacement  of  one  metal 
or  salt  radical  by  another  metal  or  salt  radical.  IVa'er  of  crys- 
tallisation is  not  to  be  distinguished  from  the  solvent  water,  but 
the  zoattr  of  constitution  possesses  a  volume  different  from  that 
ol  the  rest  of  the  water— results  showing  the  existence  in  solu- 
tion of  the  anhydrous  salt  in  contradistinction  to  the  view  that 
a  hydrate,  definite  .1  indefinite,  is  formed  in  solution.  (2) 
Saturation  is  reached  when  the  further  addition  of  salt  would 
produce  diminution  of  the  mean  molecular  volume  of  the  mole- 
cules already  present.  (J)  The  so-called  supersaturated  solu- 
tions are  simply  saturated  or  non-saturated  solutions  of  the 
anhydrous  salts,  the  only  truly  supersaturated  solutions  l>eing 
those  which  result  from  the  fact  that,  when  .1  hot  solution  is 
I  cooled,  a  finite  time  is  required  for  the  excess  of  salt  to  crystallise 
out. 

The  Report  of  the  Committee  appointed  to  investigate  t>y  means  of 
Photography  the  Ultra-violet  Spark  Spectra  emitted  by  Metallic 
Elements  and  their  Combinations  under  Vatyins;  Conditions, 
drawn  up  by  I'rof.  Hartley,  F.K.S.,  was  presented  by  him  to 
the  Section  •  in  it  an  account  is  given  of  the  results  of  the 
investigation  of  the  changes  in  the  character  of  the  spectra  of  the 
metals  produced  by  variation  in  the  strengths  of  the  solutions  of 
j  their  salts—  e.g.  chlorides,  nitrates,  or  sulphates.    The  study  of 
a  very  considerable  number  of  the  photographs  of  such  spectra 
J  shows  the  strength  of  the  solution  to  have  a  marked  effect  on 
I  their  character,  the  more  dilute  the  solution  the  smaller  the 
'  numlter  of  lines ;   further,  that  under  the  same  spark  con- 
ditions,  similar   solutions  of   the    same    strength  emit  the 
same  spectrum.     Solutions  containing    t  per  cent.,    I- loth, 
1  l-iooth,  anil  1-loOJth  of  the  metal  were  used  ;  solutions  of  the 
,  latter  strength  seldom  gave  a  spectrum  of  more  than  three  or 
I  four  lines,  and  with  solutions  containing  less  than  i-icth  per 
cent,  the  diminution  in  the  number  of  lines  is  usually  very 
marked.    The  sixctrum  reaction  may  be  utilised  fur  the  quanti- 
tative analysis  of  minerals,  and  yields  results  more  reliable  than 
those  obtained  by  ordinary  methods.    The  reaction  is  extremely 
delicate,  and  in  the  case  of  magnesium  one  part  of  the  metal  in 
10,000  millions  of  solution  can  be  detected  by  the  appearance  of 
two  characteristic  lines. 

Third  Refott  of  the  Committee,  consisting  of  Profs.  Wiiliamson, 
Deutir,  Frantland,  Cruni  fSrawn,  0,tling,  and  Armstrong, 
Drs.  Hugo  Midler,  F.  R.  Japp,  and  II.  Foister  Morley,  and 
Mam.  A.  G.  Vernon  Haicourt,  C.  £.  Giova,  J.  Millar 
'Thomson,  //.  /{.  Dixon  {Secretary)  and  V.  //.  I'ct'ry,  re- 
appointed for  the  purp.ne  of  drawing  up  a  Statement  of  the 
Varieties  of  Chtinical  Names  zohich  haze  come  into  us',  for 
Indicating  the  Causes  which  hat  e  t'<d  to  their  Adoption,  and  for 
Considering  what  can  fie  done  to  bring  about  some  Convergence 
of  the  Views  on  Chemical  Xomiiuuilurc  ibtaining  among  English 
and  For.ign  Chemists. — An  account  of  the  authorship  of  some  of 
the  various  systems  of  nomenclature  which  have  been  devised 
for  the  purpose  of  distinguishing  between  com|>ounds  formed  by 
the  union  of  the  same  elements  in  different  propoitions  has 
been  given  in  the  "  Historical  Notes '"  prefixed  to  the  Second 
Report  of  this  Committee.  Among  these  systems  the  use  of 
the  termination  out  and  /.,  to  denote  respectively  lower  or  higher 
degrees  of  saturation  of  one  clement  or  group  with  another 
element  or  group,  is  perhaps  that  winch  has  met  with  the 
widest  acceptance.  This  system  further  directs  that  when 
electronegative  groups,  the  names  of  winch  end  in  ins  and  l<*, 
unite  with  electro-positive  groups  to  form  salts,  these  termina- 
tions are  to  lie  changed  into  ite  and  ale  respectively.  It  would 
be  ill-advised  to  attempt  on  etymological  grounds  to  change  a 
system  so  firmly  established  as  that  involved  in  the  present  use 
of  the  prefixes  hype  and  hyper.    No  ambiguity  can  arise  from 


Digitized  by  Go 


53Q 


NA  TURE 


[Oct.  j  ,  i  s 


the  use  of  terms  about  the  meaning  of  which  ever)- one  is  agreed, 
and  their  mere  etymological  accuracy  is,  in  view  of  this  all- 
important  consideration,  of  secondary  importance.  As  a  metal 
rarely — if  ever — forms  more  than  two  salifiable  oxide-.,  the  ous 
and  ic  termination-,  generally  suffice  for  pitqioscs  of  distinction 
so  far  as  the  salts  of  metals  are  concerned.  The  practice  of 
further  employing  these  terminations  in  the  case  of  acid-forming 
oxides  does  not  lead  to  confusion,  since  these  uvi  les  are  distin- 
guished by  the  name  ankydrnU  (or  acid).     Thus  we  have 

CrO  CrtO,  CrO, 

Chrottv.  u»  oride.        Chromic  ovidc.       Chromic  anhydride. 

(Chromic  acid.) 

Indifferent  oxides  have  frequently  been  clarified  and  named 
by  regarding  them  as  compound*  of  salifiable,  with  acid  firming 
oxides,  Cr-,04  being  termed  chromic  chromate.     For  stages 
lower  than  ous,  the  prefixes   hypo  and   sub  are  employed. 
Custom  appears  to  have  restrict cd  hypo  chiefly  to  acids  and  to  acid- 
forming  oxides,  sub  to  salifiable  and  to  indifferent  oxides.  With 
reganl  to  the  termination  our.  the  minor  question  arises,  how  far 
this  termination  ought  to  be  written  in  the  forms  ions  and 
eoui.    The  answer  is:  as  seldom  as  possible.  "Cupreous" 
has   generally   given   way   to  "cuprous";    no  one  writes 
"chromious'    'although  the  name  of  the  metal  is  "chrom- 
ium ")  ;  and  there  is  no  reason  why  such  names  as  "  ruthenioiis  " 
and  "rridious"  should  not  equally  l>e  diom  of  their  super- 
fluous penultimate  syllable.  A  further  question,  concerning  which 
considerable  difference  of  opinion  has  prevailed,  is  whether 
any  ous  or  ic  terminations  ought  to   lie   employed   in  the 
names  of  salts  of  which  only  one  class  is  known — thus  wtmgmtsu 
sulphate  instead  of  magn sium  sulphate.    There  is  something  to 
be  said  here  for  both  s\  stems  ;  and,  as  the  diversity  of  practice 
does  not  lead  to  confusion,  and  consequently  do.--,  but  little 
harm  (beyond  in  each  case  offending  the  ears  of  those  accustomed 
to  the  opposite  system),  the  question  need  not  lie  regarded 
as  a  vital  one.    In  the  case  of  carl>on  nmjwmlllli.  however, 
there  is  a  di-tinci  advantage  in  affixing  ic  to  the  names  of  the 
positive  radicals  in  ether-. al  salts.    A  neglect  of  this  precaution 
leads  to  ambiguity— at  all  events  in  the  tp^k-n  name.  Thus, 
though  there  is  no  ambiguity  in  the  name  fthyl  phenylacetate 
when  written,  yet  the  car  cannot  distinguish  between  it  and 
ethylpheny  I  acetate.    This  ambiguity  is  obviated  by  the  use  of 
the  termination  it   \\\mi,  Hkyat  phtnylaeetate  and  ethylphenybc 
acetate,    (n  the  use  of  the  terminations  ous  and  ic  to  distinguish 
different  series  of  a^ids  and  acid- forming  o.i ides,  with  the  excep- 
tion of  one  or  two  isolated  cases,  almost  perfect  unanimity  has 
I  re  vailed.    To  turn  up,  the  ou<  and  ic  terminations  when  cm 
ployed  for  purges  of  distinction  in  cases  where  two  rerics  of 
oxides,  acids,  .•■alts.  ice.  are  known,  have  been  almost  free  from 
ambiguity,  and  for  this  reason  deserve  to  be  retained.    On  the 
other  hand,  in  cases  where  only  one  series  is  known,  those 
chemists  who  have  employed  one  or  other  of  these  terminations 
have  occasionally  differed  as  in  which  "light  to  Ik'  Used  :  the 
difficulty  may  l>e  solved,  as  it  has  lieen  ilofM  l>y  some  chemists, 
by  avoiding  the  Use  of  any  termination  in  such  Case*.    In  com- 
plex cases  where  the  ftbuve  Atonies  "f  naming  prove  inadequate, 
recourse  may  be  had  to  numeral  designations.    These  apiiear 
especially  admi»sihlc  in  cases  where  an  oxide  occurs  whnh  is 
intermediate  lietween  the  MM  ami  the  ic  stage,  and  at  the  same 
tune  cannot  be  classed  as  a  compound  of  oxides  already  classi- 
fied and  named.     In  applying  numeral  designations  it  is  most 
important  to  select  only  such  a*  are  free  from  hy  |  mi  he*i*  and  which 
afford  correct  inf'oniiat  ion.    In thfc  respect  chemists  apiw.ir  not  to 
have  l-cen  sufficiently  careful  of  late  years.  As  an  example,  arsen- 
t$m  i'.«»«/Vmay  tie  •pMKed  j  this  conqiounil  is  frequently  termed 
"  arsenic  triovide."  the  formula  Ik  trig  written  A»tll,.  and  it  is 
tacitly  assumed  that  the  molecule  contains  three  «\ygrn  atoms. 
There  are  three  nhfl  i-tion*  to  this  name:—  (I*  That,  assuming 
the  formula  on  which  it  i»  |..i«ed  to  Ik.  correct,  it  affords  no  in- 
formation as  to  the  number  of  arsenic  atoms  associated  with  the 
ikrrc  oxygen  atoms  j  (Jt  that  it  involves  the  assumption  that 
•raenioiis  oxide  does  not  vary  in  molecular  weight,  wli  I'ctcr  its 
physical  state  ;  and  (3*  that  the  lormula  ot   j  1 
oxide  is  A«/V     In  employing  numeial  designations  |o  indn 
■te  molecular  cnrapiwilanB  in  cases  where  ibis  1-  estarilisbed,  it 
is  therefore  important  to  express  the  numbei       Uom*  Oi  ra.  b 
constituent  clement,  as  Juarbtti  hexaehloridr.  C.CI4.    Hut  in 
the  ca«e  of  solid  and  liquid  hollies Irj  wllichthe  molecular  weight 
is  unknown,  or  which  may  vary  with  tenq   nture.  the  name 
should  merely  indicate  the  relative  proportion*  in  which  the 
constituent*  are  a*socialcd  ;  or.  morccxplisitlv.  the  name  should 


indicate  the  proportion  of  the  radical  associated  with  shi 
be  termed  the  characteristic  clement  of  the  cxxnpou  r> ' 
difficulty  occurs  in  the  case  of  the  chloride,  or  artaJ<»y •-»• . - 
pound,  of  the  monad  elements  generally,  these  be*n-g 

mono-,  di-,  tri-,  tetra-,  penta-,  or  hexa -chloride.  Ace  *m.l  • 
I  as  combination  is  in  the  proportion  of  I.  2.  3,  4.  5.  or  6 
of  chlorine  to  1  atom  of  the  characteristic  element.      1  he  1. 
cation  of  this  system  would  involve  the  use  of  the   naxr  e  - 
1  dichloride  and  iron  trichloride  (not  *csqui-chk>n<le)  far  t&w  . 
and  ferric  chlorides  respectively,  names  which  accurate**  e-. 
the  relative  proportions  of  metal  and  of  chlorine  in  the*-  * 
pounds  without  any  hypothesis  as  to  their  rnolesrular  c  - 
sition,  which  in  the  case  of  the  former  compound,  at  All  «• 
certainly  depends  on  temperature.    It  will,  however,  ir- 
slight  departure  from  the  existing  practice  when  a|«".  . 
oxides,  sulphides,  and  other  com|M>unds  of  poly  ad  c-.ec#- 
thus  oxides  of  the  type  (K-)"(J  would  lie  termed  tuemu  •«-. 
since  they  consist  of  the  characteristic  element  and  re»x.- 
the  proportion  of  one  atom  of  the  former  to  halt  on  at-  -o 
latter.    Oxides  of  the  type  (K.»"0,  would  lie  teniae  : 
oxides,  since  the  characteristic  element  and  oxygen  are  •  1 -• 
in  the  proportion  of  cue  of  the  former  to  out  mnaf  a  ika  *  . 
latter.  Oxides  of  the  type  Ky).  would  be  lennol  s*  !gr.. 
as  they  contain  oxygen  anil  the  characteristic  elemet  •  . 
proportion  of  luv  and  a  Air//' atom*  of  the  former  t«»  am 
latter.    Oxides  of  the  ty->cs  KO.  kOf.  RO,.  and  K.O..  ■  ... 
termed  respectively  mono-,  ■//-,  tri-,  and  /Wr-lruKi-lx-^. 

The  remainder  of  the  report  treats  of  the  vari«ju< 
which  have  been  propped  tor  the  naming  of  acid.  ; 
double  salts'. 

A'eport  ef  the  Committee  a  fainted  for  tie  fmrfttf  <*r  /-■-.- 
in  to  the  Kate  of  Erosion  of  the  Sea-Coasts  e>j  Em^  j 
Wales,  and  the  hitiuen  t  of  the  Artificial  .1    ■>  >.         .••  >. 
or  Material  in  that  Action  [C.  £.  De  A'amee  am  /  It  . 
Secretaries). — The  Committee  has,  during  the  pa»t  yew.  r->  • 
several  Returns  relating  to  the  south  and  east  coasts  «»f  L-B, 
Most  of  those  relating  to  the  coast  south  of  the  "!>-»• 
printed.    "I  he  thanks  of  the  Committee  are  e>|*eeialrT  - 
Major-Gen.  Sir  A.  Clarke,  who  has  instructed  tbe  e»rncer- 
Royal  Kngincers  stationed  around  the  coast  to  aupj  !%•  i«v  I  • 
mittcc  with  such  information  as  they  may  posse**  or  'te  » 
obtain.    Further  returns  are  ex]>ected  from  the  vi-sr 
ment  and  trom  other  official  sources  ;  the  Com  no  •  tee  U»  • 
think  it  best  to  defer  any  gentr.il  Report  until  more 
information  is  obtained.     I  he  Memorandum  drawn  .     "  •« 
J.  It.  Reilman  so  fully  sets  forth  the  Work  of  the  Cc«--. 
and  the  importance  of  the  inquiry  referred  to  it.  that  th:*  • 
printed.     I  he  Memorandum  by  Mr.  t».  I»owker.  on  Ea*:  >. 
gives  a  surricici.tly  complete  account  of  the  changes  >*  . 
in  this  district  ;  change*  which  are  of  especial  historical  -  • 
ance  and  interest.    Mr.  Whitaker  has  drawn  up  a  list    •  . 
relating  to  the  co.vt-changes  of  England  and  Wales,  uh:.r  • 
be  of  great  service  to  the  Committee  and  to  thote  rnt.-  • 
assist  in  the  work.     I  he  Committee  would  again  a-.k  1  r 
assistance  of  any  who.  by  long  residence  or  other  me..-  . 
special  knowledge  of  changes  on  any  part  of  the  tacL*T  _. 
Welsh  coa-t.     1'rintcd  forms  of  questions  can  be  ol-uitarc  h 
the  stcreiaries  or  from  any  member  uf  the  Committee. 

Third  Fefcrt  of  the  Committee,  consisting  of  Sir  J.  //». 
Dr.  (Jun.'htr,  Mr.  /Arawrj  Saunders,  and  Mr    S.,'.tttr  s- 
faryt,  appointed  tor  the  purpose  of  exploring  hilima-ufart*  am.  .» 
ad-cinmj  "lountam'  if  /-.^tutorial  Africa.—  In  their  last  r- 
prcatfRteual  Montreal,  the  Committee  stated  the  arranged' 
that  the>-  had  made  with  Mr.  II.  II.  John*ton  for  under .1.  y 
an  expt-dition  to    Kilima-niaro,  and   gave  extracts  Inm  \ 
John.ton'.  letters  showing  the  progre**  of  his  cx|-rditi..n  a; 
May.  1XN4.  ^  Mr.  John*>ti»n  ^ive  an  account  of  his  eape,u.r,r. 
the  l<o).il  (its  ,-raphica]  S-ciety  at  their  meeting  on  Ian-..  > 
■6,  lV>j.  in  whivh  he  .:ates  that  inconsequence  of  the  d'eserti- 
uf  two  native*  whom  he  had  taken  out  with  him  trum  d 
as  collectors,  the  collections  were  not  so  large  j 
could  have  wtshcU.    Capt.  Nhelley  pre 
I  ir  l.  coQectcd  by  Mr   Johnston,  and  %. 
the  btttieriltr*  uf  lu>  cottectms,  after  whi 
thesr  Oottcctiottl  were  handol  orer  to  tj 
the  other  /iK>logical  coliecti 
■puru  might  be 


Oct.  1,  1885] 


NA  TURE 


5Ji 


Johnston  have  already  been  published  in  the  Proceedings  of  the 
Zoological  Society  for  this  year.  The  botanical  collections  were 
handed  over  tr>  the  Royal  Herbarium  at  Kew,  where  they  were 
arranged,  named,  and  a  set  sent  to  the  British  Museum.  The 
report  upon  them  is  ready,  ami  will  be  presented  to  the  Linnean 
Society  for  publication.  Prof.  Donney  has  kindly  undertaken 
to  report  on  the  rock  and  mineral  specimens  collected  by  Mr. 
Johnston,  and  his  report  is  presented  herewith,  and  will  be  read 
in  the  Geological  Section.  Mr.  II.  H.  Johnston  has  in  pre- 
paration a  volume  containing  a  narrative  of  his  expedition  and  a 
summary  of  the  results  arrived  at,  which  will  shortly  be  ready  for 
issue.  The  sum  of  25/.  granted  to  the  Committee  at  the 
Montreal  meeting  has  been  returned  to  the  treasurer. 

Report  of  the  Committee,  consisting  of  Dr.  A.  B.  Ty.'or,  Dr. 
G.  M.  Da-.oson,  Gen.  Sir  J .  //.  lsftoy.  Dr.  Daniel  Wthon, 
Mr.  Horatio  Hole,  Mr.  R.  G.  Haliburton,  an/  Mr.  George  IV. 
Hh.xam  (Secretary),  appointed  for  th<  purpose  of  investigating 
and  publishing  Report-;  on  the  Physical  Characters,  Languages, 
/miustrial  and  Social  Condition  of  the  North-  Western  Tribes  of 
the  Dominion  of  Canada. — The  Committee  have  been  in  active 
correspondence  with  missionaries  and  others  stationed  among 


the  Indians, 


ut  the  11  n 


>f  the  country  during  'he 


past  year  lias  made  it  impossible  to  do  more  than  collect  materials 
for  a  preliminary  report  ;  the  Committee,  therefore,  ask  that 
they  may  be  reappointed  with  a  continuance  of  the  grant. 

Refer!  on  the  Blackfoot  Tribes.  Drawn  up  by  Mr.  Horatio 
//ale. — The  tribes  composing  the  Blackfoot  Confederacy,  as  it  is 
commonly  styled,  have  been  until  recently  less  known  than  any 
others.  A  correspondence  was  opened  with  two  able  and 
zealous  missionaries  residing  among  these  Indians.  The  Rev. 
Albert  Lacotnhe,  widely  and  favourably  known  as  Father 
Lacumhv,  Roman  Catholic  Missionary  among  the  Siksika,  or 
proper  Blackfeet  Indians,  and  the  Rev.  John  McLean,  Missionary 
of  the  Canadian  Methodist  Church  to  the  Blood  and  Pieganfor 
Kcna  a:id  Piekane)  tribes.  Father  Lacombe  has  been  many 
years  a  missionary  in  the  Canadian  North- West,  and  has  a  very 
extensive  knowledge  of  the  tribes  of  that  region.  His  elaborate 
work,  the  "Grammar  and  Dictionary  of  the  Crec  Language" 
ranks  among  the  best  contributions  to  American  philology. 
Mr.  McLean  has  been  engaged  in  his  missionary  duties  for  rive 
years,  has  prepared  a  grammar  of  the  Blackfoot  language,  and 
is  ut  present  occupied  in  translating  the  Scriptures  into  that 
tongue.  The  unfortunate  troubles  of  the  past  season  have  for 
a  time  interrupted  the  correspondence,  and  the  principal  portion 
of  the  report  on  these  Indians  will  therefore  have  to  be  deferred 
for  another  year.  Some  other  sources  of  information,  however, 
have  been  examined,  particularly  the  valuable  official  reports 
and  maps  of  the  Canadian  and  United  Slates  Indian  Depart- 
ments. 

Fifty  years  ago  the  Blackfoot  Confederacy  held  among  the 
western  tribes  much  the  same  position  of  su|>criority  which  was 
held  two  centuries  ago  by  the  Iroquois  Confederacy  among  the 
Indians  east  of  the  Mississippi.  The  nucleus,  or  main  body  is 
still  composed  of  three  tribes,  speaking  the  proper  Blackfoot 
language  :  the  Siksika,  or  Blackfect  proper ;  the  Kcna,  or 
Blood  Indians ;  and  the  Pickanc,  or  Picgans  (pronounced 
Peegans),  a  name  sometimes  corrupted  to  "Pagan"  Indians. 
To  these  are  to  be  added  the  Sarcees  from  the  north,  and  the 
Atsinas  from  the  south.  The  Sarcees  are  an  offshoot  of  the 
great  Athabascan  slock,  which  is  spread  over  the  north  of  British 
America,  through  Oregon  and  California  into  Northern  Mexico. 
The  Atsinas,  who  have  been  variously  known  as  Fall  Indians, 
Rapid  Indians,  and  Gros  Ventres,  speak  a  dialect  similar  to  that 
of  the  Ara|>ohoes,  who  now  reside  in  the  "  Indian  Territory  "  of 
the  United  States.  It  i»  a  peculiarly  harsh  and  difficult  lan- 
guage, and  is  said  to  bespoken  only  by  those  two  tribes.  None 
of  the  Atsinas  arc  now  found  on  Canadian  territory,  and  no 
recent  information  has  l>ccn  obtained  concerning  them,  except 
from  the  map  which  accompanies  the  United  States  Indian 
Report  for  1SS4,  and  on  which  their  name  apj>ears  on  the 
American  Blackfoot  Reservation,  Tlve  five  tribes  were 
reckoned,  fifty  years  ago,  to  comprise  not  less  than  30,000 
:ouls,  the  terror  of  all  the  western  Indians  on  l>oth  sides  of  the 

nck^  Mountains.    It  was  not  uncommon  for  thirty  or  forty 

J ties  to  be  out  at  once  against  the  Salish  (or  Flatheads! 
the  Upsarokas  (or  Crows)  of  the  Missouri  Plains,  the 
of  the  far  south,  and  the  Crecs  of  the  north  and 
mntry  which  the  Blackfoot  trilxs  claimed  properly 
*nprised  the  valleys  and  plains  along  the  eastern 


i 


slope  of  the  Rocky  Mountains,  between  the  Missouri  and  the 
Saskatchewan,  the  favourite  resort  of  the  buffalo,  whose  vast 
herds  afforded  the  Indians  their  principal  means  of  subsistence. 
In  the  year  1836  a  terrible  visitation  of  the  small-pox  swept  off 
two-thir<U  of  the  people,  anil  five  years  later  they  were  supposed 
to  count  not  more  than  1,5c©  tents,  or  about  10,000  souls. 
Their  enemies  were  then  recovering  their  spirits,  and  retaliating 
upon  the  weakened  tribes  the  ravages  which  they  had  formerly 
committed. 

In  1855  the  United  States  Government  humanely  interfered  to 
bring  about  a  complete  cessation  of  hostilities  between  the 
Blackfoot  tribes  and  the  other  Indians,  and  framed  a  treaty  for 
them,  accompanying  the  act  by  a  large  distribution  of  presents. 
Dr.  F.  V.  Haydcn,  in  his  account  of  the  Indian  Tribes  of  the 
Missouri  Valley,  states:  "  From  my  own  experience  among  them, 
and  from  information  d«ri*ed  from  intelligent  men  who  have 
spent  the  greater  |>ortion  of  their  lives  with  them,  I  am  con- 
vinced that  they  arc  among  the  most  peaceable  and  honourable 
Indians  in  the  West  ;  ami  in  an  intellectual  and  moral  point 
of  view  they  take  the  highest  rank  among  the  wild  tribes  of  the 
plains."    This  favourable  opinion  of  Dr.  Hayden  is  entirely  in 
accordance  with  the  testimony  of  the  Indian  agents  and  other 
officials  of  the  Canadian  North-West.    At  the  present  time,  while 
constantly  harassed  on  their  reserves  by  the  incursions  of  thievish 
Crecs  and  other  Indians,  they  forbear  to  retaliate,  and  honourably 
abide  by  the  terms  of  their  treaty,  which  binds  them  to  leave  the 
redress  of  such  grievances  to  the  Dominion  authorities.  Since 
the  general  peace  the  numbers  of  the  Blackfect  have  apparently 
qecn  on  the  increase.    Dr.  Haydcn  reports  the  three  proper 
Blackfeet  tribes  as  numbering  in  1855  about  7000  souls.  The 
present  population  of  the  three  Canadian  Reserves  is  computed 
at  about  6000,  divided  as  follows :    Blackfect  proper,  240?  ; 
Bloods,  2800 ;   Picgans,  Soo.    On  the  American  Reservation 
there  arc  stated  to  t>o  about  2300,  mostly  Piegans.    This  would 
makejthe  total  population  of  the  three  tribes  exceed  8000  souls. 
The  adopted  tribe,  the  Sarcees,  have  greatly  diminished  in 
numbers  through  the  ravages  of  the  small-p  >x.    This  tribe,  no.v 
numbering  less  than  500  souls,  have  their  Reserve  near  Calgary. 
They  are  reputed  to  be  less  cleanly  and  moral  than  the  proper 
Blackfeet  tribes.    In  this  respect  their  habits  and  character 
correspond  with   those  of  other  Athabascan  tril>es.  Durinr 
the  past  five  years,  as  is  well  known,  a  great  change  has 
taken   place   in  the   condition   of  the    north-western  tribe* 
through   the  extermination   of  the    buffalo.     The  Blackfe  t 
have  l>cen  the  greatest  sufferers  from  this  cause      The  buffalo 
were  their  main  dependence.    Suddenly,  almost  without  warning, 
they  found  themselves  stripped  of  nearly  every  necessary  of  life. 
The  change  was  one  of  the  greatest  that  could  well  befall  .1 
community.    The  Governments  both  of  the  United  States  and 
of  Canada  came  to  the  rescue  ;  but  in  the  former  country  the 
urgency  of  the  case  was  not  at  first  fully  understood,  and  much 
suffering  ensued.    The  agent  on  the  Blackfoot  Reservation  in 
Montana  (Major  Allen)  states  in  his  official  report  that  when  he 
entered  upon  his  duties  in  April  1884  he  found  the  Indians  in  a 
deplorable  condition.    The  supplies  of  food  which  had  been  sent 
for  them  had  proved  insufficient,  and  before  these  could  be 
renewed  many  died  from  actual  starvation.    Some  stripped  the 
bark  from  the  saplings  which  grew  along  their  creeks,  and  ale 
the  inner  portion  to  stifle  their  sense  of  hunger.     On  the 
Canadian  side,  fortunately,  the  emergency  was  better  understood. 
Col.  McLeod,  an  able  and  vigilant  officer,  was  in  charge  of  the 
Mounted  Police  at  that  time,  and  through  his  forethought  the 
necessary  preparations  were  made.     In  1879  and  1880  the 
buffalo  disappeared  from  that  region.     Arrangements  were  at 
once  made  for  settling  the  Indians  on  Reserves,  and  for  supplying 
them  with  food  ami  clothing,  and  teaching  them  to  erect  wooden 
houses  and  cultivate  their  lands.    Daily  rations  of  meat  ami  dour 
were  served  out  to  them.    Ploughs,  cattle,  and  horses  were 
furnished  to  them.    Farm  instructors  were  placed  among  them. 
The  Indians  displayed  a  remarkable  readiness  to  adapt  them- 
selves to  the  new  conditions.    According  to  the  reports  of  all 
the  agents,  they  have  evinced  a  quickness  to  learn  and  a 
persevering  industry  which  place  them  decidedly  in  advance  of 
the  other  Indian  tribes  of  that  region.     In  I&82  more  than 
500,000  lbs.  of  potatoes  were  raised  by  the  three  Blackfoot 
tribes,  besides  considerable  quantities  of  oats,  barley,  and  turnip;. 
The  Piegans  had  sold  tooo  dollars'  worth  of  potatoes,  and  had  a 
large  supply  on  hand.    "  The  manner  in  which  the  Indians  ha  <; 
worked."  writes  the  agent,  "  is  really  astonishing,  as  is  t  e 
interest  they  have  taken,  and  are  taking,  in  farming. 


Digitized  by  Go 


532 


NA  TURE 


[Oct.  i,  18*; 


other  tools  were  distributed  among  them,  and  were  put  to  good 
use.  In  November,  1882,  log-houses  had  "  gone  up  thick  and 
<ast  on  the  Reserves,  and  were  most  creditable  to  the  builders." 
In  many  cases  the  logs  were  hewn,  and  in  nearly  all  the  houses 
fireplaces  were  built.  In  the  same  year  another  official  found 
comfortable  dwellings,  well-cultivated  gardens  and  good  supplies 
Of  potatoes  in  loot-houses.  Most  of  the  families  had  cooking 
stoves,  for  which  they  had  sometimes  paid  as  much  as  50  dollars. 
He  "saw  many  signs  of  civilisation,  such  as  cups  and  saucers, 
knives  and  forks,  coal-oil  lamps,  and  tables  ;  and  several  of  the 
women  were  baking  excellent  bread  and  performing  other 
cooking  operations.'  Three  years  before  these  Indians  were 
wild  nomads,  who  lived  in  skin  tents,  hunted  the  buffalo,  and 
had  probably  never  seen  a  plough  or  an  axe. 

The  Blackfeel  have  been  known  to  the  whiles  for  about  a 
century,  and  during  that  period  have  dwelt  in  or  near  their 
present  abode.    There  is  evidence,  however,  that  they  once 
lived  further  east  than  at  present.    The  explorer  Mackenzie,  in 
1789,  found  them  holding  the  south  branch  of  the  Saskatchewan, 
from  its  source  to  its  junction  with  the  north  branch.    He  speaks 
of  four  tribes — the  Picancaux,  Mood,  and  Blackfeet,  and  the 
Fall  Indians  (Atsinas),  which  latter  tribe  then  numbered  abort 
700  warriors.    Of  the  three  former  tribes  he  says  :  "  They  are 
a  distinct  people,  speak  a  language  of  their  own,  and,  I  have 
reason  to  think,  are  travelling  north-west,  as  well  as  the  others 
just  mentioned  (the  Atsinas) ;  nor  have  I  beard  of  any  Indians 
with  whose  language  that  which  they  speak  has  any  affinity. 
Mr.  McLean's  inquiries  confirm  this  opinion  of  the  westward 
movement  of  these  Indians  in  eomjMiratively  recent  times.  "The 
firmer  home  of  these  people,"  he  writes,  "was  in  the  Red 
River  country,  where,  from  the  nature  of  the  soil  which 
blackened  their  mocassins,  they  were  called  Blackfeet."  This, 
it  should  be  stated,  is  the  exact  meaning  of  Siki-Jba,  from 
siksinam,  black,  and  ka,  the  root  of  eqkaish,  foot.  The  meaning 
of  the  other  tribal  names,  A'ena  and  Piekane,   is  unknown. 
This  westward  movement  has  probably  been  due  to  the  pressur; 
of  the  Crees,  who,  according  to  their  own  tradition,  originally 
dwelt  far  east  of  the  Red    River,  in  Labrador  and  about 
Hudson's   Bay.    They   have  gradually   advanced  westward, 
pushing  the  prior  occupants  before  them  by  the  sheer  force  of 
numbers.     This  will  explain  the  deadly  hostility  which  has 
always  existed  between  the  Crees  and   the  Blackfeet.  M. 
I  a< -"nil however,  expresses  a  doubt  as  to  their  former  sojourn 
in  the  Red  River  region  :  "They  affirm,  on  the  contrary,  that 
they  came  from  the  south-west,  across  th*  mountains — that  is 
from   the  direction  of  ( iregon   and  Washington  Territory. 
There  were  "  (he  adds*  "  bloody  contests  between  the  Black- 
feet  and  the  Ne/-perces,  as  Bancroft  relates,  for  the  right  of 
hunting  on  the  eastern  slope  of  the  Rocky  Mountains."  Mr, 
McLean,  who  mentions  the  former  residence  of  the  Blackfeet  in 
the  Red  River  country  as  an  undoubted  fact,  also  says  •  "  It  is 
•upposed  that  the  great  ancestor  of  the  Blackfeet  came  across 
the  mountains."     Here  are  two  distinct  and  apparently  con 
Aiding  traditions,  each  having  good  authority  and  evidence  in 
its  favour.    One  of  the  Ix-st  tests  of  the  truth  of  tradition  is  to 
1*  found  in  language.     Mackenzie,  well  acquainted  with  the 
frees  and  Ojibways,  who  s|>eak  dialects  of  the  great  Algonkin 
stock,  recognised  no  connection  between  their  speech  and  that 
of  the  Blackfeel.    Another  traveller  (L'mfrcvillcl.  whose  book 
was  puhl  i  *hcd  in  179I,  gave  a  list  of  forty-four  words  of  the 
Black  font  language.     Albert  ( iallalin.  whose  "  Synopsis  of  the 
Indian  'Iribes"  appeared  in  1836.  examined  this  list  of  I'mfre 
ville,  and  pronounced  it  sufficient  to  show  that  the  language  of 
the  Blackfeet  was  "different  from  any  other  known  to  n>.'  A 
few  years  later,  having  received  from  on  India)  rnori 
extended  vocabulary,  he  corrected  his  former  siatrnirnt.  and 
showed  that  there  was  a  clear  affuiit)  ickfoot 
speech  and  the  language  of  the  Algonkin  family.    Mure  iccenily 
the  French  missionaries  made  the  same  Ml 
writes  to  me:  "The  Blackfoot  hnfjierr.  ahhoogh  fa«  from, 
belongs  to  the  same  lamily  as,  the  Alg-.c,  <  ijibway,  Santeux, 
Maskegoo,  and  Crec.    We  discovered  Mii*  analogy  by  itu  lying 
ihe  grammatu  al  rules  of  these  language*"    'lhu*  ••me  of  the 
ablest  an<l  in  >st  experienced  of  North  American  linguists  have 
al  first  supposed  the  Blackfoot  language  •■■  l  >  'listir*-*  *tma  all 
others,  and  have  only  discovered  i's  1  mnection 
gonkin  family  by  careful  study.    M  I 
enough  to  send  me  a  pretty  extensive  rood 
words,  compared  with  Ihe  cotTr*|x>n.ln 
Ojihway   languages.      He   has   added  01 


grammatical  forms  in  the  Blackfoot,  compared  with  similar  Ler 
in  the  Crec  and  Ojibway  tongues.     The  Blackfoot  lanfnft 
thus  shown  to  be,  in  its  grammar,  purely  Algonkin.   The  * 
semblance  is  complete  in  the  minutest  forms.    Bat  »!>«•• 
turn  to  the  vocabulary,  by  which   the  first  judgmen' 
language  is  necessarily  formed,  the  origin  of  the  early  ar 
becomes  apparent.    Many  of  the   most   common  »or<i'  n 
totally  different  from  the  corresponding  words  in  the  Alree.*: 
languages.    Others,  found  on  careful  examination  radio.!!'  'i- 
same  as  the  corresponding  Algonkin  terms,  are  yet  *o  dusr 
ami  distorted  that  the  resemblance  is  not  at  first  apparent 
this  variation  and  distortion  the  numerals  afford  a  good  rur-  ■ 
Other  words  in  ordinary  use  show  the  total  unlikerii 
cases  and  the  distorted  resemblance  in  others.    The  pes**  - 
pronoun  "  my"  is  expressed  by  the  same  prefix  *i  [0»  ■  1 1 
three  languages.    Pursuing  this  trace  we  compare  the  per*  - 
pronoun*,  and  find  a  close  resemblance,  the  ditferrnc*  • 
mainly  in  the  terminations.    In  the  p.»s€*»|»C  prefise*  tar  - 
semblance  is  still  more  notable.    Thus  in  the  Blac  fool  U\''. 
n'otas  means  "my  horse,  or  dog  "    (the  same  mvtd.  • 
enough,  applying  in  this  form  to  both  animal* >  ;  »od  a  1 
n't' em  has  the  same  meaning.    These  words  are  thai 
with  the  possessive  pronouns  and  in  the  two  number*  ■- 

Blarkfuot  1  m 

My  horse  (or  dogi  n'otas  n't'rtn 

thy    „        ,,  k'otas  kit'etn 

his     ,,         ,,  otas  oierru 

our    ,,        ,,  n'otasinan  n'tVmmie 

your  ,,         „  k'otasinan  kitcmtwJ" 

their  ,,         ,,  otasiwaw  otetni«i»> 

my  hone*  (or  dogs)        n'otxsiks  n'*  rm>v 

thy    „  ,,  k'otasiks  Jit'rnu* 

his     ,,  ,,  otasiks  oterr.i 

our    ,,  ,,  notasinaniks  nYem**6" 

your  ,,  ,,  kotasiwaweks  kiteim"!'  • 

their  ,,  ,,  otasiwaweks  otcrru«*n 

It  will  be  *cen  th.V  the  close  resemblance  in  gr MM 
striking  as  the  wide  difference  in  the  vocabulary  The* 
admit  of  but  one  explanation.    They  are  the  pteci*e  ' 
to  which  we  arc  accustomed  in  the  case  of  mixed  langMf* 
such  languages — our  English  speech  is  a  notable  tut 
expect  the  grammar  to  be  derived  entirely  from 
while  the  words  will  lie  drawn  from  two  or  more 


more,  wherever  we  find  a  mixed  language  we  infer  1 
one  people  by  another.    In  the  present  instance  »<""  : 
suppose  that  when  the  Blackfoot  tribes  were  <■  '  ■  '*  ' 
from  the  Bed  Kiver  country  to  the  foot  of  the  Rockj  " 
they  did  not  find  their  new  abode  uninhabited.    1'  ■  ' 
enough  that  the  people  whom  they  found  in  povtesswB"*' '  _ 
through  the  passes  from  the  country  west  of  those 
If  these  people  were  overcome  by  the  Blackfeet. 


A  change  in  the  character  of  the  amalgamated  |*  |',e 
also  take  place.    The  result  of  this  change  m'ght  '* 
inferred  if  we  knew    the  characteristics   of  Niih  '  rt  , 
stituent  races.    But  it  may  be  said  that  a  ""t,lBe0\..  , 


"''i'."-    01     int    i.imi;m.i|;st    .11111    vii«j«vi*>  _  , 

tribe*,  but  also  for  the  different  traditions  which  w**° 'u 
them  in  regard  to  their  origin  and  former  aNide.    I  * 


very  de  irablc 

wlllth  is  nO> 

some  otf" 
plyinp 
resem 
ineliu 
source, 
attributes 
(W/ri/.r>*n_ 


that 


portion  of  the  Blackfoot  roC*^ 
In  »'  ■ 


Oct.  i,  1885] 


533 


invocations  it  is  designated  by  the  same  name,  Nutdi.    Yet  it  is 
often  said  to  be  the  '  old  woman,'  the  consort  of  the  sun. 
The  whole  of  this  is  confused   enough   in  the  minds  of 
the  Indians  to  render  them    unable  to    give,  when  ques- 
tioned,  exact    explanations.      As   to    the    secondary  crea- 
tion, the   Indian   account   runs :   At  a  certain  time  all  the 
earth  was  covered  with  water.     The  '  Old   Man '  {Napiw) 
was  in  a  canoe,  and   he  thought  of  causing  the  caith  to 
come  up  from  the  abyss.    He  used  the  aid  of  four  animals. 
The  musk-rat  dived,  and  remained  so  long  under  water  that 
when  he  came  to  the  surface  he  was  fainting,  but  brought  a  little 
particle  of  earth  between  the  toes  of  his  paw.    This  particle 
the  '  Old  Man*  blew  into  the  size  of  the  whole  earth.    It  took 
him  four  days  to  complete  his  work.    The  '  Old  Man  '  worked 
two  days  more  to  make  the  first  woman,  for  after  the  first  day's 
work  he  had  not  succeeded  in  making  anything  graceful."  This 
Napiw,  or  "  Old  Man,"  adds  Father  I-acombe,  "  apj>cars  again 
in  many  other  traditions  and  legendary  accounts,  in  which  he  is 
associated  with  the  various  kinds  of  animals,  speaking  to  them, 
making  use  of  them,  and  especially  cheating  them,  and  playing 
even,-  kind  of  trick.    According  to  the  account  of  the  Indians, 
the  *'  Old  Man came  from  the  south-west,  across  the  moun- 
tains ;  and  after  a  prolonged  sojourn  in  these  countries  he  went 
toward  the  norlh-east,  where  he  disappeared,  and  nobody  has 
heard   of  him   since.     Those  who    have  read  Schoolcraft's 
"  Algic  Researches,"  Mr.  l.cland's  "  Algonquin  Legends,"  and, 
above  all,  Dr.  Brinton's  "  Myths  of  the  New  World,"  will  re- 
cognise in  Napiw  the  most  genuine  and  characteristic  of  all  the 
Algonkin  divinities.    In  every  tribe  of  this  widespread  family, 
from  Nova  Scotia  to  Virginia,  and  from  the  Delaware  to  the 
Rocky  Mountains,  he  reappears  under  various  names — Mana- 
bosho,  Michabo,  Wctuks,  Gloovkap,  Wisaketjack,  Napiw — but 
everywhere  with  the  same  traits  and  the  same  history.  While 
these  beliefs  arc  all  purely  Algonkin,  the  chief  religious  cere- 
mony of  the  Blackfoot  tribes  is  certainly  of  foreign  origin.  This 
is  the  famous  "  sun-dance,"    That  this  ceremony  is  not  properly 
Algonkin  is  clearly  shown  by  the  fact  that  among  the  triba  of  that 
stock,  with  the  sole  exception  of  the  Blackfoot  and  a  few  of  the 
western  Crces,  it  is  unknown.    Neither  the  Ojibways  of  the 
lakes  nor  any  of  the  numerous  tribes  cast  of  the  Mississippi  had 
in  their  worship  a  trace  of  this  extraordinary  rite.     The  form  of 
government  among  the  Blackfcet,  as  among  the  Algonkin  tribes 
generally,  is  exceedingly  simple,  offering  a  striking  contrast  to 
the  claliorately  complicated  systems  common  among  the  nations 
of  the  Iroquois  stock.    Each  tribe  has  a  head-chief,  and  each 
band  of  which  the  tribe  is  composed  has  its  subordinate  chief; 
but  the  authority  of  these  chiefs  is  little  more  than  nominal. 
The  office  is  not  hereditary,  the  bravest  or  richest  arc  commonly 
chosen ;  but  in  what  manner  the  election  is  made  is  not  stated. 
The  term  "confederacy  "  commonly  applied  to  the  union  of  the 
Blackfoot  tribes  is  somewhat  misleading.    There  is  no  regular 
league  or  constitution  binding  them  together.    "The  tril>cs  are 
separate,"  writes  Mr.  McLean,  "and  the  l>onds  of  union  are  the 
unity  of  religi  >us  belief,  social  customs,  and  language.  They 
united  against  a  common  enemy,  but  I  have  never  heard  of  their 
fighting  against  each  other."     Father  Lacombe's  account  is 
similar.    "The  Blackfcet,"  he  writes,  "  have  no  league  or  con- 
federation, properly  so-called,  with  councils  and  periodical  re- 
unions.   They  consider  themselves  as  forming  one  family,  whose 
three  branches  or  bands  are  descended    from  three  brothers. 
This  liond  of  kinship  is  sufficient  to  preserve  a  good  understand- 
ing among  them."    They  can  hardly  be  said  to  have  a  general 
name  for  the  whole  community,  though  they  sometimes  speak  of 
themselves  as  Siiwketaktx,  or  "men  of  the  plains,"  and  occa- 
sionally as  Xtisepoyi,  or  "  people  who  speak  one  language." 


SECTION  A.— Mathematics  and  Physics 

Discussion  on  Iht  Ktntlii  Theory  of  Gasts. — A  most  valu- 
able and   interesting  discussion   took  place  in   this  section 
on   the  kinetic  theory.     As  at  present  applied   the  theory 
£}yci  a  much  larger  ratio  for  the  speciti.  heats  of  a  gas  than 
~">erimcnt  allows.    And  the  more  complex  a  gaseous  molecule 
4Qes,  the  greater,  acc  mling  u  theory,  must  be  the  ratio  of 
translations!  energy.     The  object  of  the  dis- 
•  t»  determine  whether  the  theoretical  conclusions 
or  the  experimental  /acts  incorrectly  ■4'served. 
the  theoretical  conclusions  are  not  correct. 
'**ded  up  >n  inadmissible  assumptions ;  and 
more        >udi  investigation 


Prof.  Cru>n  Brow  n  opened  the  discussion  upon  lines  already 
indicated  in  our  present  volume,  p.  352.  The  ratio  of  the 
specific  heat  of  mercury  vapour  at  constant  pressure  to  that  at 
constant  volume  is  5  3.  This  gives,  on  the  dynamical  theory, 
only  three  degrees  of  freedom  to  the  molecules :  which  must  be 
the  three  translational  freedoms.  To  prevent  rotation,  the 
molecules  may  be  regarded  as  perfectly  smooth,  rigid,  and 
spherical.  But  then  the  radiation  cannot  be  "accounted  for. 
.Similarly  in  diatomic  gas  the  ratio  is  7/5 — jiving  three  transla- 
tional and  two  rotational  freedoms  :  but  again,  not  accounting 
for  vibration  of  the  atoms,  cither  on  the  one  hand,  as  parts  of 
the  molecules,  or,  on  the  other  hand,  in  themselves. 

Bollzmann's  theorem  asserts  that  the  energy  of  a  molecule  is 
equally  distributed  amongst  the  different  degrees  of  freedom. 
So  if,  in  addition  to  the  six  degrees  of  freedom  of  a  rigid  body  in 
space,  the  molecules  have  twenty  or  thirty  others,  it  would  seem 
that  the  dynamical  theory  must  be  abandoned,  as  there  would 
not  be  sufficient  energy  for  translational  motion  The  suggestion 
that  radiation  is  caused  not  by  vibration  of  the  particles,  but  by 
disturbance  of  the  ether  due  lo  the  motion  of  the  molecule 
through  it,  is  scarcely  admissible. 

Difficulties  again  arise  from  the  theoretical  conclusion  that 
energy  of  each  kind  is  distributed  among  the  molecules  according 
to  some  form  of  the  law  of  probability.  For  them,  in  a  mixture 
of  gases,  wc  should  always  have  some  molecules  in  a  condition 
favourable  for  combination.  Also  there  should  be  no  such  sharp 
temperature  and  pressure  limits  for  combination  as  exist — e.g.  in 
the  case  of  phosphorus  and  oxygen.  Hydrogen  and  oxygen 
can  be  kept  very  long  at  a  temperature  near  that  of  combination, 
without  any  chemical  action  occurring. 

Prof.  G.  D.  Liveing,  in  a  paper  on  kinetic  theory,  said  that 
the  first  doctrine  leading  to  difficulties  arises  from  assumptions, 
I  and  is  not  a  necessary  part  of  the  theory.    The  final  distribution 
is  the  result  not  only  of  circumstances  which  vary,  but  of  laws 
1  of  force  which  are  determinate.    So  there  will  be  a  tendency 
finally  to  limitation  of  the  distribution  of  the  energy  in  the  dif- 
ferent degrees  of  freedom.     The  dissipatim  of  energy  is  the 
result  of  such  laws  limiting  the  reversibility  of  transmutations. 
Boltzmann's  result  will  not  follow  if  wc  consider  other  laws  in 
addition  to  the  conservation  of  energy.    Indeed,  the  probability 
for  it  would  be  n-l.    Boltzmann  also  does  not  distinguish  dif- 
I  fcrent  kinds  of  motion — such  as  those  of  liquefaction,  vaporisa- 
tion, and  dissociation.    Those  of  translation  and  vibration  even 
are  often  classed  together.    Yet  the  former  three  take  place 
I  only  after  a  certain  accumulation  of  energy  in  the  system  ;  and 
the  same  may  be  true  of  the  different  vibrational  degrees  of 
freedom. 

The  constancy  of  the  specific  heats  of  some  gases  for  large 
ranges  of  temperature  indicates  a  constant  proportional  distribu- 
tion of  energy  among  the  different  degrees  of  freedom.  But 
the  proportion  need  not  lie  that  of  equality.  It  is  quite  possible 
that  mercury  vapour  at  those  temperatures  at  which  its  specific 
heat  has  been  measured  has  no  sensible  vibration  il  energy. 
Kx|>eriments  upon  the  emissivity  of  the  more  perfect  gases  show- 
that  they  have,  at  ordinary  temperatures,  much  less  vibrational 
than  translational  energy  ;  so  that  they  may  have  only  one,  or, 
at  most,  two  modes  of  vibration.  The  theoretical  relation  be- 
tween the  number  of  degrees  of  freedom  in  gases  and  their 
specific  heats  possinly  requires  revision.  Still,  it  only  limits  the 
number  of  degrees  sensibly  exercised  at  the  temperature*  at 
which  the  specific  heats  were  measured. 

As  regards  the  di-tribution  of  energy  amongst  the  molecules, 
it  is  almost  impossible  to  evade  the  conclusion  that  great  differ- 
ences of  motion  will  exist,  even  although  no  particular  law  of 
distribution  be  assumed.  Still,  it  is  quite  possible  that  there 
may  be  laws  regulating  the  actions  in  encounters  which  prevent 
the  excessive  accumulation  of  any  one  kind  of  motion.  Again, 
some  molecules  at  loo*  may  have  the  average  translational 
motion  of  molecules  at  600°,  but  not  that  of  vibration.  So  that 
very  few  molecules  may  have,  at  the  same  time,  excess  of  motion 
of  both  kinds.  Further,  since  this  exce  s  of  energy  is  acquired 
at  the  expense  of  neighbouring  molecules,  the  probability  of  there 
being  at  the  same  place  two  atoms  of  hydrogen  and  one  of 
oxygen,  in  a  mixture  of  these  gases,  in  the  average  condition  of 
those  at  the  higher  temperature,  is  infinitesimal.  And  yet  again 
degrees  of  freedom  exercised  at  the  higher  temperature  alone  may 
never  be  exercised  by  any  molecule  at  the  lower  temperature 
on  the  average. 

Differences  of  pressure  in  the  two  masses  of  the  same  gas  at 
the  same  temperature  arc  on  the  dynamical  theory  only  differences 


Google 


534 


NA  TURE 


[Oct.  i,  1885 


of  average  free  paths,  so  that  it  is  difficult  to  imagine  how 
any  of  the  molecules  in  the  more  compressed  gas  can  be  said  to 
be  in  the  st.ite,  as  to  pressure,  of  the  average  molecules  in  the 
less  dense  gas.  The  free  path  of  a  molecule  of  the  denser  gas 
niav  at  any  instant  be  '.he  same  as  the  average  free  path  of  the 
molecules  of  the  less  dense  gas  ;  but  its  attract-  free  path  will 
not  l>c  the  same  as  theirs,  and  it  is  this  that  determines  the 
pressure.  In  a  system  consisting  of  phosphorus  and  oxygen 
the  possibility  of  chemical  combination  implies  the  possibility  of 
an  atom  of  phosphorus  acquiring  the  same  motion  of  translation, 
both  as  to  speed  and  direction,  as  several  atoms  of  oxygen,  and 
of  their  jointly  taking  up  the  vibrational  motions  proper  to  an 
oxide  of  phosphorus  at  the  temperature  of  the  system,  and  that 
the  transformations  of  energy  involved  in  all  this  should  be 
attended  on  the  whole  with  a  degradation.  Since  a  diminution 
of  the  pressure  of  a  gas  means  a  degradation  of  its  energy,  this 
may  facilitate  combination  when  the  mere  fact  of  the  molecules 
having  instantaneous  free  paths  of  greater  or  less  length  would 
not  suffice  to  produce  such  a  result. 

Sir  \V.  Thomson  remarked  that  B>ltimann's  theorem  was 
troe  in  one  particular  case,  but  a  proof  of  this  case  c  mid  l« 
arrived  at  without  the  aid  of  the  theorem,  so  that  this  does  not 
prove  the  truth  of  the  theorem.  On  the  other  hand,  he  had 
never  seen  any  reason  for  believing  in  it  at  all.  If  wc  take  an 
absolutely  elastic  globe  and  cause  it  to  rebound  between  two 
parallel  absolutely  smooth  and  hard  planes  in  a  region  where 
gravity  does  not  act,  it  will  go  on  moving  between  the  two. 
Hut  he  does  not  believe  that  this  will  continue  for  ever.  The 
translational  energy  of  the  ball  will  (jet  transformed  into  energy 
of  higher  and  higher  modes  of  vibration,  so  that  at  last  the  l»a!l 
will  come  to  rest,  as  it  will  be  impossible  for  this  energy  to  be 
rci ran«formed  into  translational  energy. 

Prof.  J.  J.  Thomson  said  that  he  thought  the  reason  that  the 
ratio  of  the  specific  heats  of  a  gas,  as  found  by  experiment,  did 
not  agree  with  the  value  given  by  I'.oltzmann's  theorem,  was 
lieittiise  Boltzmann's  theorem  was  not  true. 

Ilolumann,  in  his  theorem  about  the  distribution  of  energy  in 
a  gas  the  molecules  of  which  consisted  of  dynamical  systems 
with  n  degrees  of  freedom,  assumed  that  there  were  no  limits 
to  the  velocity  which  any  co-ordinates  could  have,  and  therefore 
that  the  limiting  velocity  which  any  co-ordinate  could  have  was 
independent  of  the  velocity  of  any  of  the  others,  Now  it  was 
easy  to  see  that  in  some  cases  there  mast  be  limits  to  the 
velocities,  for,  take  the  case  of  a  molecule  consisting  of  twu  atoms 
attr.Kting  cacti  other  with  a  force  varying  inversely  as  the  square 
of  tlic  distance  between  them,  then,  if  the  relative  velocity  ex- 
ccc.'ed  a  certain  value,  the  atoms  would  describe  hyperbolas  about 
then  .  Miniiion  centre  of  gravity,  and  the  distance  between  them 
would  increase  indefinitely— in  other  words,  the  molecule  would 
break  up.  Again,  if  we  considered  the  case  of  a  series  of  balls  con- 
nected together  by  springs  and  fastened  to  a  sy-teia  which  vibrated 
much  more  quickly  than  the  natural  period  of  vibration  of 
the  ball*,  then,  if  all  the  impacts  fell  on  this  syste  11,  the 
dynamics  of  the  case,  as  investigated  by  Stokes  and  Sir  William 
Thomson,  showed  that  any  disturbance  would  11  jt  be  equally  dis- 
tributed among  the  balls,  but  that  the  energy  in  the  balls  would 
diminish  in  geometrical  progression  as  wc  went  away  from  the 
system  at  the  end.  It  seemed,  to  say  the  least,  tash  in  a  ci«e  of 
thi-  i.ind  to  assume  that  the  velocity  of  any  of  the  balls  far 
away  from  the  system  was  independent  of  thu-e  preceding  it. 

lie  had  devised  a  molecule  which  it  was  .  ay  to  '  wo.ild 
not    ..bey  H oh/nunn's  theorem.    A  was   an   envelope  to  the 


bei  .jjof  which  a  feeble  spring  was  fixed,  the  other  en  1  of 
which  was  attached  to  a  heavy  weight,  U.  To  this  wr: ght  a 
strong  »pritig  was  attached,  to  the  other  end  of  which  a  hgln 
wc.  ;ht.  vs.'..  fixed.  A  rod  of  small  miss  was  f.i-te  ic  1  to  c,  of 
sik b  a  length  that  it  only  extended  beyond  the  envelope  when 
the    spring-  wcic    stretched.     Tin.  system  would   have  two 


periods  of  vibration— a  quick  one  corresponding  to  the  optr 
sphere,  and  a  slow  one  corresponding  to  the  lower  one,  Th?- 
if  all  the  molecules  were  stated,  so  that  the  amplitude  of  theqeci 
vibration  of  c  was  much  greater  than  the  slow  one,  it  wai  ci •■. 
to  see  that  the  mean  energy  of  the  upper  sphere  would  V 
greater  than  the  mean  energy  of  the  lower  ones,  while,  iccotJa: 
to  Holtzmann's  theorem,  these  two  quantities  ought  to  be  <s- 
same. 

It  might  be  menti  >ned  that  any  co-ordinate  which  only  wer : 
the  expression  for  the  enrrgy  through  its  differential  eoeiaa:-: 
could  be  eliminated  from  the  expression  occurring   10  &■■'•; 
mann's  theorem  and  the  method  applied  to  the  remain:^  . 
ordinate*,  so  that,  even  if  Bolumann's  method  was  unobxer 
able  the  result  need  not  apply  to  co-ordinate*  of  this  kind. 

With  regard  to  the  second  of  the  difficulties  mention*; 
Prof.  Crum  Brown,  he  thought  that  the  point  raised  preset- 
no  difficulty  if  wc   took  Williamson   and  Clausius'i  vic« 
chemical  combination.    According  to  this  view  it  was  ncces^- 
to  consider  the  numtxtr  of  molecules  dissociated  as  well  a.-  ■■■>■ 
condition  of  the  molecules  ;  and  though,  if  we  took  two  gi*- : 
any  temperature,  it  was  true  that  there  were  a  finite  numbc: 
their  molecules  whose  energy  did  not   differ  much  from  1 
mean  energy  of  the  molecules  at  the  temperature  at  which  tie-, 
combined,  yet  it  did  not  folio*  that  a  finite  proportion  o{  tk- 
were  dissociated,  and  if  there  were  not  we  could  not  ci;>c 
them  to  combine.    If  the  collision  between  two  molecule- 
I  nearly  the  fame  condition  was  more  efficacious  in  splitting  c 
,  the  mnlecutcs  into  atoms  than  a  collision  between  molecules  .- 
I  widely  different  conditions,  then  wc  should  not  expect  1  1 
I  proportion  of  the  molecules  in  any  state  w  idely  difftrreni  1  -r 
1  the  mean  to  be  dissociated. 

Prof.  W.  M.  Hicks  said  that  one  of  the  jjre*test  obiectvo* 
Holtzmann's  theorem  appeared  to  him  tolx*  the  difficulty  in  he m< 
ing  that  the  mean  energy  of  any  vibration  whatever  ofauat«ua  n  -■ 
susceptible  of  unlimited  increase,  and  referred  to  the  case  ■ 
vortex  ring  inside  a  rigid  spherical  shell,  where  such  t&vc 
could  not  be  made  to  exceed  a  particular  limit.     As  a  matte: 
fact  it  was  not  proved  that  Itoltzmann  s  theorem  must  corresp  - 
to  the  actual  state,  but  only  that  an  arrangement  given  r- 
theorem,  if  a  possible  one,  was  a  permanent  one.  He 
that  if  the  (momenta  could  nut  exceed  definite  limits  : 
proof  could  easily  be  modified  to  show  that  the  energy  wii  = 
distributed  equally  amongst  the  degrees  of  freedom.    Oo  ^ 
other  hand,  it  was  not  pcronssible  to  assume  all  momenta  :■>-- 
Mstent  with  the  equation  of  energy  as  existent.     As  an  exun; 
the  case  of  a  system  of  mutually  attracting  spheres  u>nJ -  ' 
taken.    Here  the  equation  would  admit  of  the  infinite  vel  «•-■  - 
due  to  infinitely  near  approach  of  the  centres,  winch  wool'- 
the  actual  case  be  prevented  by  the  finite  size  of  the  »pb«rei 
Further,  any  particular  system  might  possess  other  inlep*' 
tlic  equations  of  motion,  which  would  introduce  further  li»'-> 
lions. 

Pr.d.  Osb  me  Reynolds  remarked  that  the  kinetic  thc-^ 
only  supposed  to  be  true  in  as  far  as  the  assumptions  on  W'1K'- 
was  based    represented  the  actual  circumstances.     In  '"^ 
assumptions  no  account  whatever  was  taken  of  any  resist1"**  1 
which  the  molecules  in  their  motions  might  be  subjected.  <«r 
lhan  that  which  arose  from  the  mutual  encounters.    W  bcrr-"  • 
\<  as  perfectly  well  known  and  certain  that  there  must  be  >>•-■ 
resistances  Connected  with  the  radiation  of  heat— the*' 
ance-,  applying  only  to  motions  of  certain  character,  iv-  10 
vibratory  motions,  whatever  these  may  be.    Neglecting  U*+ 
resistances,  the  kinetic  theory  points  to  the  conclusion  t.W 
mean  energy  in  each  one  of  these  vibratory  motions  w^u"'  ^ 
the  same  xs  in  each  one  of  the  iransiaiory  nutions.    In      0  ', 
way,  neglecting  resistance,  a  pendulum  continuously  ^rlKV  : 
varying  intervals  with  a  hammer  of  a  given  weight  and  "'."•J- 
it  a  given  speed  would  possev,  the  same  mean  energy  "^'V, 
the  intervals  were  to  be  measured  by  years  or  seco:>!>  - 
experience  at  once  showed  that  with  Itictioti,  the  sh  'lct  f 
interval  between  the  blows  and  the  smaller  the  hict^"1-  ^ 
greater  would  be  the  mean  energy  of  the  pendulum 
l  iking  resistance  into  account,  it  would  follow  from  th«  t:P^ 
tlieory  that  the  mean  energy  in  the  so-called  degrees  "i  '''c"~^;, 
would  be  greatest  in  tho-c  in  which  the  diffusion  <>f  etter{f^ 
gu-atest  ard  the  resist  an.  e  least,  while  it  would  Ik  l""1  "?  ]'^x 
ai  which  the  i.Ue  of  communication  was  least  and  the  ,c".v,Kir 
gieitcst.     IK-nce.  in  any  gas,  the  mean  energies  '.rf*1^ 
111  w Inch  there  is  most  lapid  communication  and  na  i)'l"Ck 
ics.-;ai.ce.  wiil  be  much  greater  than  the   mean  eot'fP  ' 


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Oct.  i,  1885J 


535 


vibration  tu  which  there  is  all  the  resistance  consequent  on  the 
radiation,  and  in  all  |>rol>ability  but  little  communication. 

The  same  answer  applies  to  difficulties  rai-ed  as  to  the  dis- 
tribution of  motion.  The  assumed  distributions  leave  out  of 
consideration  all  resistances,  rind  resistance,  however  slight, 
would  cut  t>ff  the  extreme  velocities. 

Mr.  II.  H.  Dixon  said  that,  by  a  series  of  observations  made 
on  a  mixture  uf  oxygen  and  hydrogen  at  intervals  of  I  OCX)  hours, 
he  had  obtained  evidence  of  combination  at  temperatures  below 
that  of  dissociation. 

Constant  Gravitational  Instruments.  —  Sir   W.  Thomson 
showed  and  explained  constant  gravitational  instruments  for 
aie.iv.irim;  electric  currents  and  potentials.     In  one  instru- 
ment for  measuring  currents  he  employs  the  principle  that 
a  mass  of  wit  iron  of  dimensions  and  shape  not  differing 
too  much  from  a  sphere,  experiences,  in  a  field  of  magnetic 
force,  a  pall  from  a  place  of  weaker  to  a  place  of  stronger  force. 
The  variation  of  the  field  is  produced  by  variation  in  the  j 
dimensions  of  the  conductor  through  which  the  current  passes. 
In  an  instrument  for  measuring  high  potentials  he  used  one  pair 
of  opposite  quadrants  placed  vertically.    The  quadrants  are  con- 
nected to  one  pole  of  the  instrument  whose  potential  is  required, 
and  the  needle,  the  lower  end  of  which  can  be  weighted,  is 
joined  t«  the  other  pole. 

On  the  Dilatancy  of  Media  composed  0/  Rigid  Pitrtklrs  in 
Contact,  by  Prof.  Osborne  Reynolds. — In  the  account  which 
I'rof.  Reynolds  gave  of  his  paper,  he  did  not  submit  a  complete 
dynamical  theory,  but  discussed  a  very  fundamental  properly  of 
granular  masses.  To  this  property  he  gives  the  name  of 
ailatancy.  It  is  exhibited  in  any  arrangement  of  particles  where 
change  of  bulk  is  dependent  upon  change  of  shape.  In  the  case  ' 
0/  lluid  matter,  as  we  know  it,  change  of  shape  and  volume  nre 
independent.  In  solids  they  are  sometimes  not  separable. 
With  granular  masses  the  result  is  different— change  of  shape 
;Av<r>j  produces  change  of  volume.  Ami  further,  in  every  case, 
1  chaage  of  volume  is  prevented  any  change  of  form  is  im- 
ossiblc. 

If  we  suppose  the  com|K>ncnt  granules  to  be  spherical,  no  gran- 
le  can  change  its  position  without  disturbing  the  adjacent  ones 
-lor  the  granules  are  all  supposed  to  be  |>erfectly  rigid,  and  to  | 
e  absolutely  in  contact — and  the  internal  particles  are  fixed  if  ' 
ie  external  ones  are.    In  illustration  Prof.  Reynolds  vhowed  a 
mule!  of  connected  spherical  bodies  arranged  in  crystalline 
rni.    'I  his  model  showed  the  arrangement  of  the  particles 
im  ?|K>ndtng  to  (say)  the  condition  of  least  possible  density  of  ] 
e  whole  mass  (about  one-half  the  density  of  the  separate 
lures).     The  shape  could  then  be  altered  to  that  which  cor-  1 
•ponds  to  maximum  density — the  change  taking  place  by 
ling  of  the  particles  one  upon  another.    Ifetwccn  the  extreme 
tcs  there  are  intermediate  stages  of  equilibrium  corresponding 
maximum-minimum  positions,  where  alteration  in  one  dircc- 
n  produces  decrease  of  density,  and  in  the  other  increase  of 
lsity. 

n  a  complete  treatment  of  the  problem,  friction  must  be 
ely  considered  ;  but  in  the  experiment  shown  it  is  not  of 
sequence,  the  result  being  independent.  The  above  state- 
its  will  be  true  of  any  continuous  mass  of  granules  if  we  hold 
boundaries. 

Iiis  principle  of  the  dilatancy  of  such  granular  media 
airis  many  phenomena  of  common  occurrence.  For  example, 
a  sack  of  corn  ;  if  set  on  end,  it  remains  jierfectly  flexible, 
f  placed  on  its  side  ii  liecomcs  hard,  and  its  shape  will  not 
Now  take  an  indiarubber  sack,  fill  it  with  corn — it 
ins  perfectly  flexible  in  all  positions.  The  reas  111  for  this 
t-ncc  of  behaviour  is  that  in  the  former  case  the  boundary 
~  granular  mass  is  incxtensible,  while  in  the  latter  it  allows 
i-L'  of  internal  volume.  So  if  it  be  jxissiMc  with  an 
•ilde  envelope,  to  impose  a  maximum  volume  upon  the 
'its,  effects  similar  to  those  obtained  with  the  incxtensible 
l.iry  may  be  expected  :  and  this  can  be  done.  If  we  place 
shot  (  No.  6  was  used  in  the  experiment]  in  a  thin  imtia- 
-  bag,  and  add  a  certain  amount  of  water,  we  obtain  the 
w  ished.  For  if  the  amount  of  water  added  be  such  that 
ices  between  the  granules  when  in  close  arrangement  are 
■<l  by  it,  wbile  with  a  wide  arrangement  the  amount  is  not 
1,  a  point  will  be  reached  in  passing  from  the  first  to  the 
arrangement  such  that  any  further  change  of  shape,  and 
lently  of  volume,  would  produce  a  vacuum.  When  this 
reached  the  whole  mass  becomes  perfectly  hard.  Prof. 


Reynolds  illustrated  this  in  a  very  beautiful  manner  by  means  of 
a  ball  of  shot  to  which  a  glass  tube  open  at  the  end  was  fitted. 
With  a  close  arrangement  of  the  shot,  the  water,  which  was 
coloured,  stood  high  in  the  tube  ;  but  when  pressure  was  applied 
to  the  bag,  the  level  was  lowered.  This  was  shown  also  by  the 
lecturer  with  a  ball  containing  sand  instead  of  shot.  The  water 
level  sank  till  the  whole  was  at  maximum  density,  and,  still 
more  pressure  being  applied,  the  level  again  rose,  the  maximum 
having  been  passed.  In  these  experiments  about  6  per  cent,  of 
the  water  was  fre_-  at  the  top  of  the  bcdl  with  the  close  arrange- 
ment of  granules.  When  another  ball  containing  20  per  cent, 
of  free  water  was  used,  the  hard  condition  could  only  be 
approximated  to  by  pressure,  and  then  passed.  So  long  as  the 
maximum  is  not  passed  in  this  case  the  ball  springs  back  to  its 
original  state  when  the  pressure  is  released.  Bat  if  the  maximum 
Ik-  (>osscd,  it  will  not  spring  back.  If  some  of  the  water  be  now 
let  out,  the  maximum  cannot  he  passed,  except  by  shaking,  and, 
if  the  flattened  Kill  be  then  turned  on  edge,  it  will  bear  a 
pressure  of  a  hundredweight  without  change  of  shape. 

When  the  dilatant  material,  such  as  shot  or  sand,  is  bounded 
by  smooth  surfaces,  the  layer  of  grains  adjacent  to  the  surface  is 
in  a  condition  differing  from  that  of  the  grains  within  the  mass. 
This  layer  can  slide  l>etwccn  the  one  succeeding  it  and  the  sur- 
face, so  that  its  displacement  will  cause  much  less  dilatation 
than  would  be  caused  by  the  sliding  of  a  layer  within  the  mass. 
Hence,  if  two  parts  of  the  mass  are  connected  by  such  a  surface, 
certain  conditions  of  strain  may  be  accommodated  by  a  stream- 
ing motion  of  the  grains  next  the  surface.  Thus,  if  into  a  glass 
funnel  partially  rilled  with  shot  and  held  in  a  vertical  position 
more  shot  be  forced  from  below,  the  particles  will  tlow  up  all 
around  the  sides— not  rising  [in  the]centre  as  mi^ht  have  been 
thought. 

As  the  foot  presses  upon  the  sand,  when  the  falling  tide  leaves 
it  firm,  that  portion  of  it  immediately  surrounding  the  foot 
becomes  momentarily  dry.  When  this  happens  the  sand  is 
filled,  completely  up  to  its  surface,  with  water  raised  by  capillary 
attraction.  The  pressure  of  the  foot  causes  dilatation  of  the 
sand,  and  so  more  water  is  required.  This  has  to  be  obtained 
either  by  depressing  its  level  ajjainst  the  attraction  or  by  drawing 
it  through  the  interstices  of  the  surrounding  sand.  As  this  latter 
requires  time,  for  the  moment  the  capillary  forces  arc  overcome, 
and  the  surface  of  the  water  is  lowered  below  that  of  the  sand, 
leaving  it  dry  until  a  sufficient  supply  has  been  obtained  from 
below,  when  it  again  becomes  wet.  On  raising  the  font  wo 
generally  see  that  the  sand  under  anil  around  it  becomes  wet  for 
a  little  time.  This  i-  because  the  sand  contracts  when  the  dis- 
torting forces  are  removed,  and  the  excess  of  water  escapes  at 
the  surface. 

In  referring  to  the  ie  nils  which  might  l>e  expected  to  follow 
from  a  recognition  of  the  property  of  dilatancy  the  author  said 
that  it  places  a  hitherto  unknown  mechanical  contrivance  at  the 
command  oftho-e  who  would  explain  the  fundamental  arrange- 
ment of  the  univer-e,  and  one  which  seems  to  promise  great 
things  besides  possessing  the  inherent  advantage  of  great  sim- 
plicity. He  then  preceded  to  explain,  in  a  general  way,  how 
l>odics  in  such  a  medium  would— in  virtue  of  the  dilation  caused 
in  the  medium— attract  each  other  at  a  distance,  with  a  f  >rcc 
depending  on  the  distance,  which  might  well  correspond  with 
the  force  of  gravitation.  Further,  owing  to  the  existence  of  a 
region  close  to  the  body  in  which  the  density  varies  several 
times  from  maximum  to  minimum,  the  mutual  force  might  under- 
go a  change  from  attraction  to  repulsion,  and  this  more  than 
once  as  the  bodies  approach — a  condition  which  seems  to  account 
for  cohesion  and  observed  molecular  force  far  letter  than  any 
previous  hypothesis. 

'llie  transmission  of  distortional  waves  becomes  possible  if 
the  medium  be  composed  of  small  grains  with  large  grains  inter- 
spersed. The  separation  of  two  such  sets  of  grains  leads  to 
phenomena  closely  resembling  the  phenomena  of  statical  elec- 
tricity. The  susceptibility  of  such  a  medium  for  a  state  in  which 
the  two  sets  of  grains  are  in  conditions  of  opposite  distortions 
may  explain  elect rodynamic  and  magnetic  phenomena,  while 
the  observed  conducting  power  of  a  continuous  surface  for  the 
grains  of  a  simple  dilatant  medium  closely  resembles  the  con- 
duction of  electricity. 

In  remarking  upon  Prof.  Reynolds's  paper  Sir  W.  Thomson 
pointed  out  an  interesting  question.  Take  a  cube  of  spheres  in 
the  condition  of  maximum  volume,  and  let  every  sphere  touching 
the  boundary  be  glued  to  it  to  prevent  slipping.  Other  states 
are  possible  in  the  interior,  but  can  we  |»ass  continuously  to 


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536 


another  condition,  the  boundary  bciti.,' held  firm?  l'rof.  Reynolds 
replied  that  he  believed  that  he  hi  1  got  the  result  that  it  could 
not  lie  done  if  we  have  a  continuous  medium.  As  other  prob- 
lems for  solution,  Sir  W.  Thomson  suggested  the  theory  of  the 
hour-glass— what  fixes  the  constant  time  for  the  sand  running ? 
and  why  docs  a  substance  sink  deeper  in  a  quicksand  than  in  a 
viscous  fluid  of  the  same  density  ? 

On  Calculating  the  Surf tee-  Jen lions  of  In/nids  by  meant  of 
Cylindrical  Drops  or  Hubbies,  by  Prof.  1'irie.—  There  arc  two 
methods  by  which  the  surface-tension  of  liquids  are  calculated. 
One  involves  the  measurement  of  the  height  to  which  the  liquid 
rises  in  a  cylindrical  tube  of  known  diameter.  The  other  in- 
volves the  measurement  of  the  height  of  a  certain  point  of  a 
drop  of  the  liquid  above  a  flat  surface  upon  which  it  is  placed. 
This  point  is  the  point  of  contact  of  the  tangent  plane  when  it 
becomes  vertical.  The  former  method  is  objectionable,  l>ccause 
the  results  might  be  vitiated  by  the  presence  of  a  very  small 
quantity  of  grease  in  the  tube,  or  by  electrification,  &C.  The 
latter,  too,  is  not  in  a  satisfactory  Mate.  Gay  l.ussac's  results 
were  in  no  degree  different  from  th- »-«.-  obtained  by  the  ordinary 
method.  Quincke's  measurements  arc  good,  but  his  mathematics 
arc  misleading.  To  obviate  the  mathematical  difficulties  the 
author  makes  use  of  long  drops  -that  is,  drops  obtained 
by  placing  Portions  of  the  liquid  upon  a  concave  cylindrical 
surficc.  The  advantage  is  that  the  differential  equation  used 
in  the  calculation  is  immediately  intcgrable.  In  remarking  upon 
this  paper  l'rof.  Stokes  said  that  Worthington  has  shown, 
by  extending  Quincke's  result,  that  the  theory  agrees  with 
experiment. 

Oh  the  Sw  fice-'f'ension  of  ll'mrr  which  contains  ri  Gas  dis- 
solved in  it,  by  Pnf.  Piric.  •  • 'Ihis  question  is  important,  for  no 
liquid  is  usually  free  from  gas  in  solution.  Prof.  Pirie  finds  that 
the  surface-tension  is  unaltered  so  long  as  the- specific  gravity 
of  the  water  is  unaffected  by  the  dissolved  gas.  It  is  strongest 
in  the  pure  liquid. 

On  the  7'Aermih/t  n.itin,  efficiency  of  Thermopiles,  by  Ix»r>l 
Rayleigh.— 1'hc  qilestio  i  ha-  often  arisen  whether  or  not  the 
dynamo  may  lx-  replaced  by  an  arrangement  of  thermopiles. 
There  is  a  great  difficulty  due  to  tli--  conduction  of  heat.  Let  / 
and  /„  be  the  temperature  of  the  h«>:  and  cold  junctions  ;  e  the 
electromotive  foice  uf  one  pair  per.U-grcc  Centigrade,  and  E  the 
total  K.M.I'.,  hence  wc  have 

ne\t  ■ 

From  this  equati-n  the  author  o  '.•;  tins  by  means  of  Joule's 
law  the  expression 

4  H„ 

for  the  useful  w..tk  done  externally.  An  1  again,  if  rt,  r„  <r,,  <?., 
represent  the  -|>ccitic  eleciric  re-i,l  tn  .ni  l  the  cross  sectional 
area  of  the  metal  bars,  while  /  is  il.  .r  length. 


t 


of  in  v.a. 


To  obtain  the  efficiency  the  above  w  n  k  mast  \k  compared  with 
that  done  by  the  apparatus  regard- 1  .i.  a  pe.fect  heat  engine 
working  U-twecn  the  same  temperature.    The  ratio  is 

r'f;, -ye;  :-,) 

where  :  ,  .ire  the  specific  the:  o  il  resistances.  The  effi- 
ciency thiret'ir  is  indi  ;>rn  tent  "1  i*  .  of  ■».  and  of.',  and 
also  of  the  .•>.•'  cute  sables  of  <r,.         r,,         t  ..  and  r  .. 

I'utiing  in  numerical  v.i It;:-*  for  a  therm  >;>:le  of  iron  and 
German  silver.  l^>id  Kisdcigh  got  as  the  value  of  the  above 
rati  •  Since  e7  is  involved,  this  u  >'-cr  may  be  s..inewhat 
reduce!;  lin  high  values  ..I  <■  are--  ..ally  associated  with  high 
internal  re>i.!  .irice.  I'here  Is  thcu-  ie  no  |>.  .ssihiluy  ,.f  the 
thctmopile  b-n.ming  a  u»e»ul  genera:  i  ot  electi  icily  on  a  Luge 
scale. 

Oh  u.'.ir  Ifi.ian-es  in  r/.f/.-.i       /».».'  1 1 1,  ttion.  by  Mr.  J 

Lannor,     Mr.    I. armor's  method   m .   ivc<  the  el  ■.  tro  eh  a. 
equivalent   of  the   liquid   used,   an!        dirier.  fioin  lb  '•■•> 
met      Is    prev!--is|y    ad" pled       He    lias      blamed  est: 
accordant  results. 

i      i't  - .>/  H'nei  in  Air  ana"  f'acmn-i.  by  Mr.  J.  T.  Hotto 
—  Mr.    Ilott  .mley  finds  that  the  m-.  hum  has  a  m  >st   n  i- 
ci  n  ding  e      i .      \  -i  flci  :  r  n.  cut  tent  |  ■  i      f  through  a  win.  •«  • 
surrounded  by  air  at  atm  tspher.c  p.   --uie.  healed  it  o  ,  .  :. 


8o°  C.    But  when  the  air-pressure  .. 

sphere,  the  wire  became  red  hot.  The  temperature  di !  no!  ol'  - 
much  until  the  pressure  became  I- tooth  of  an  atm>sph«r« 

An  Account  of  Leve/line  Operations  of  the  Great  fn,  t- 
metrical  Surz'ey  of  India,  by  Major  A.  \V.  Uaird. — This  jk  ■ 
opened  with  an  account  of  the  methods  formerly  u-ed  ia  •:■ 
determinations  of  relative  height  by  the  survey.     Trie  rr  - 
affecting  these  methods  and  the  means  adopted  for  then  eh-  ; 
tion  were  then  (xtinled  out.    Various  lines  of  level  oirne 
to  connect  tidal  stations  lying  north  and  south  indi  ateJ  ^  :  - 
encc  of  sea-level  at  the  stations.    This  difference  eati:iot  l" 
to  false  levelling  of  the  instruments  produced  in  c^n-ve^c 
the  illumination  of  the  spirit-level  by  the  sun.  far  the  -w  >■ 
of  the  line  was  not  alway-s  brought  out  highest,  and  ii  .n;  - 
line  no  difference  of  level  was  perceptible.     The  diserepj: 
one  case  amounted  to  three  feet  along  the  line  from  B>ai 
Madras.    The  two  weakest  parts  of  this  line  were  re  lev 
giving  the  same  results  as  Itcfore.  Conse<juently  it  woul : 
that  the  error  is  caused  by  local  attractions  inflacne 
instruments  in  greater  degree  than  the  m.»re  distant  ocraa. 

On  the  Rainfall  of  the  British  Islands,  by  Mr.  A.  IL:. 
Mr.  Ruchan  pointed  out  that  the  greatest  differences  ir. 
climates  arise  from  differences  in  the  rainfall.    For  e\j>  :. 
the  mean  temperatures  of  Skye  and  the  Moray  Firth  ecu.- 
any  month  are  not  much  different,  but  the  rainfall  in  >c 
about  four  times  that  at  the  Moray  Firth.     The  former  ■ 
the  latest  and  (vjorcst  grain-producing  districts  in  Scotiai  -  - 
the  latter  is  just  the  reverse.    The  inquiry  was  based  >' 
serrations  of  rainfall  made  at  lO&O  stations  in  En^la;  •  -' 
Wales,  547  in  Scotland,  and  213  in  Ireland.  Thcyeiten: 
the  year  i860  to  the  year  1883.    The  regionsof  hcasics-  n  '■ 
giving  an  average  of  80  inches  or  upwards  annually.  «frr 
Skye  and  a  large  portion  of  the  mainland  to  the  » >uth-?i-  - 
far  as  I.uss,  on  \mc\\  l.omond  ;  the  greater  part  of  :hc  • 
Uistrict  ;  a  long  strip,  including  the  more  mountain- >-s  1 
North  Wales  ;  and  the  mountainous  district  in  the  s.>uth-n- 
Wales.     The  West  Highlands  is  the  most  extensive  rrg 
heavy  rainfall  in  the  British  Islands.    Its  mountainous  cov 
faces  the  rain-bringing  winds  of  the  Atlantic,  and  the  a. r  ■ 
cooled  in  its  pas-age  up  the  lochs  and  valleys,  the  m ■»>  -  • 
precipitated.    At  Glencoe,  in  this  district,  the  heaviest  r. 
in  Scotlan.l  occurred  — 128  5  inches.    The  smallest  ra:nb.  > 
in  a  large  portion  of  the  south-cast  of  England.     The  sftr-" 
rainfall  for  the  last  half  of  the  period  from  1S60  to  tS  '- 
comparatively  high,  chiefly  in  the  eastern  districts. 

On  a  Remarkax'.-  Occurrence  during  th:  fhun.ir 
Au.  u  td,  1SS5.  by  Mr.  W.  H.  I'reece. — A   house-  at  St.  ' 
ben's,  ten  mtles  from  Wolverhampton,  is  connected  •1'^ 
town  by  telephone,  and  is  also  lighted   by  electnci  y. 
dining-room  was  tiglitevl  by  a  sinalc  lamp  in  multiple  ire  * 
some  others.    The  telephone  wire  was  connected  '" 
ning  con  luctor  as  an  earth.      When  the  storm  occurrel 
•  lining-ioom  lamp  tlashed  up  and  went  out.  while  1  loud  :,  > 
was  heaid.     The  lightning  rod  made  bad  earth,  and  1! 
licved  that  it  had  been  struck,  and  that  part  of  the  h.-f-' 
had  cnlcicd  the  telej)honc  circuit  and  then  sparked  .icross  • 
vlet  trie -light  circuit.     It  did  not  seem  to  have  divide-!,  h- 
have  pas  ed  entirely  along  the  one  branch,  including  the  % 
r.ioni  light,  the    platinum  wire  of  which  was  volatilise'.  i: 
deposited  on  the  interior  of  the  glass,  forming  a  ge»J 

M  ic  .-•  Hen  by  Mr.  A.  Iluchan.  -Mr.  H:  - 

remarked  that  Hen  Nevis  po.-csses  great  advantages  • 
meteorological  station  because  of  ,t,  gieat  height  and  iJ~~t 
heir..;  only  a'».iit  foui  miles  ho:  i^.tuallv  distant  fp>m  1  sea-«" 
station.  Also  it  is  in  the  track  of  the  Atlantic  storms.  «  - ^ 
exercise  s  i  great  an  effect  on  the  weather  of  Kuroj*.  <-,ra'*'. 
111  autumn  ari  l  winter.  The  observations  made  on  lh<  ^ 
tainaie  l.<i  the  purjv.se  of  determining  more  fully  'hc  y^, 
movements   oi    :he  atiiiospherc    and  the  dejvndencc  Ll1^ 

ither  ujv>n  ihein.     Mr.  Iluchan  called  atien:i"ti  t  •  ,hf  ^  ' 
1  i|»  .I'ance  of  abnormal  values  in  the  thennometiif  1 


•: 


iretric  Qbs<rs-5t  ions  especial 

ibnracteristLC  uf  Ben  Ncvu  - 
/i>*»f   (H^culiaa-  to. 
.  Iwnys  ass 
x»'h«n  a  cycle 


fvr-t- 

1 's  I"-  •  '  "  1  n 

..„.•:.   1:  h..,v-r  siJlMD'-    1  n 
•ecu ;s  ,.:i    Hen  Nevis. 
cam  fall  in  the  tit'gh1"*^^, 
dtc  mououuPi*** 


tie  ti, 


Digitized  by  G< 


Oct.  i,  1885] 


NA  TURE 


537 


Conrtcnq  Ko» .—  The  laws  enunciated  in  this  paper  arc  deduced 
cm|>inall}  from  observations  extending  over  the  last  seventy 
yea/>.   Even  a  detached  laws  they  are  of  great  value  ;  but 
1  lieir  importance  is  more  evident  when  we  consider  that,  as  the 
author  remaus,  it  is  from  such  material  that  the  future  science 
of  meiewulogr  nnist  be  built  up  by  cautious  induction.  Given 
that  a  ctrum  month  of  season  is  in  certain  condition  as  regards 
len)|*rature  or  rainfall,  Dr.  Fox  seeks  to  determine  what  may 
be  predicted  of  the  succeeding  iicriod  as  regards  these  qualities. 
He  fir.iK  thai,  if  a  spring  or  a  summer  be  very  cold,  the  succeed- 
ing yfj-un  will  be  cold  ;  and  warm  autumns  succeed  very 
warm  summer.-.   The  fact  of  a  very  dry  August  being  followed 
iy  a  wet  -September  is  unique.    The  fo. lowing  table  shows 
>ther  r< suits  obtained. 


Mnnth. 

Month  followinu. 

Very  cold 

Very  warm 

Very  dry 
Very  wet 

Jan  ,  April,  June, 
July,  Aug.,  Sepi.,  Dec. 
Jan. 

June,  July,  Aug., 

June,  July, 
Jan.,  March.  April, 
May.  July 

Cold 

Dry 
Waim 
Warm 
Warm 
Cold 

III  addition  the  author  records  what  follows  when  n  given 
nth  has  marked  temperature  and  moisture  characteristic* 
iiiitarieously. 

Oil  nr.  ccrvtic. 

Moiuh 

Month  following 

Varin  and  wet 
.'arm  an-l  dry 

<dd  and  i'  el 

'<dd  .ind  dry 

Nov.,  1  ice  . 

Jan., 
June.  July. 

Aug.. 
July,  Aug.. 
Ike. 
Nov. 

Wet 
Warm 
Warm 
Wet 
Cold 
Cold 
Dry 

very  cold  and 

very  wet  summer  is  succeeded  usually  liy  a 

in"  linn 

»tr>fic  Electric  Lighting,  by  W.  IT.  Preece,  F.K.S.  Elec- 
n  < ;  P.O.— After  refcrrini;  to  the  full  details  of  the  lighting 
latiwii  of  his  house  in  Wimbledon,  given  to  the  section  at 
Hooting  at  Montreal,  Mr.  Preece  referred  generally  to  the 
i cm-os  he  had  gained  during  the  past  twelve  months.  The 
faiy  batteries  upon  which  he  had  mainly  relied  exceeded 
<pi  tt.irir.ns  in  the  services  they  rendered.    They  returned 

cent,  of  the  energy  put  into  them  without  any  apparent 
it  ion  whatever  in  their  E.M.F.  They  showed  no  signs  of 
■ration  and  gave  no  trouble  whatever.    He  used  his  gas 

for  charging  only  two  days  a  week.  He  had  experienced 
It  with  the  wiring  of  his  house.  He  bad  used  only  the 
•st  materials,  and  had  at'ended  personally  to  the  insulation 
system.  It  was  periodically  tested  and  found  to  he  good. 
.1  red  in  severe  terms  to  the  cheap  and  nasty  wire  which 
fn-qnently  and  ignorantly  used,  and  feared  that  the  preju- 
ainst  the  electric  light  would  increase  when  failures  from 
i-e  arose.  None  but  the  very  best  materials  should  be 
id  the  joints  should  be  seen  to  by  experts,  lie  had  dc- 
iiisideralde  attention  to  the  problem  of  distributing  light, 
I  succeeded  so  far  that  while  his  p>oms  were  beautifully 
tod  the  eye  was  not  irritated  by  regarding  a  bright  s  jurce 
The  lamp  he  used  was  a  So  volt  10  candle  iiowcr  glow 
id  it  was,  as  a  rule,  so  fixed  that  the  eye  never  saw  it. 
arrived  at  the  use  of  these  lamps  after  careful  considers- 
I   many  trials  of  other  lamps.    'I  hey  secured  greater 

tlie  leads,  and  involved  less  eapital  in  batteries  through 
<>f  low  E.M.F.  He  ran  his  lamp  at  an  E.M.F.  about 
t.  less  than  the  normal  E.M.F.  He  did  this  to  secure 
t<>  his  lamps.  The  breakage  had  been  very  small.  The 
and  current  which  will  give  a  lamp  a  normal  life  of 
us  and  a  certain  candle  power  should  be  determined  by 
kcr.  The  sixth  power  of  the  current  will  give  the 
wer  anil  the  twenty  fifth  power  the  life  with  any  other 
The  great  advantage  of  batteries  is  that  the  proper  cur- 
determined  can  never  be  exceeded,  and  thus  efficiency 


is  ensured.  If  lamps  are  ran  too  low  there  is  a  waste  of  |>ower,  if 
too  high  there  is  a  waste  of  lamps.  We  are  now  gradually  ac- 
quiring a  thorough  knowledge  of  the  number  of  Watts  which 
should  be  expemlcd  in  each  lamp  to  secure  the  maximum  economic 
efficiency.  I  le  had  introduced  into  the  charging  lead  and  into  the 
discharging  lead  a  Ferranti  meter,  so  that  he  was  able  to  record 
exactly  the  quantity  of  electricity  passed  through  the  batteries 
and  that  passed  through  the  lamps.  This  beautiful  meter  u 
based  on  Ampere's  laws  which  determine  the  attraction  and  re- 
pulsion of  currents.  A  small  phosphor-bronze  vane  is  immersed 
m  a  bath  of  mcrcury>  through  which  the  current  flows  radially, 
fixed  in  a  magnetic  field.  T  he  me:cury  r  'talcs  and  carries  with 
it  the  vane.  The  rate  of  rotation  varies  directly  with  the 
strength  of  current  and  the  number  of  rotations  are  recorded  by 
a  counter,  which  can  be  read  off  directly.  So  far  he  was  per- 
fectly  satisfied  with  its  performance.  As  regards  expense,  ex- 
cepting the  first  cost,  he  did  not  find  much  addition  to  his  ex- 
penditure for  illumination.  His  electric  light  wxs  costing  him 
about  50/.  a  year  for  gas,  wages,  oil,  and  lamps.  It  was  the 
cheapest  luxury  he  indulged  in.  The  great  advantages  were  the 
comfort  and  cheerfulness  it  engendered,  and  as  cheerfulness  was 
the  main  element  of  health  he  thought  that  the  electric  light 
would  prove  a  serious  rival  to  the  doctor.  There  was  no  oie 
who  valued  health  and  comfort  who  should  neglect  to  apply  the 
electric  light  to  his  home,  when  it  wxs  brought,  xs  it  hxs  been  by 
the  success  of  the  second  uy  batteries,  within  his  means.  It  was 
said  that  he,  as  an  expert,  could  make  things  go  which  would 
fail  in  ordinary  hands ;  but  he  mentioned  several  cases  where 
coachmen,  butlers,  gardeners,  and  grooms  had  »>een  found 
perfectly  competent  and  intelligent  enough  to  attend  to  every- 
thing. 

Discussion  011  Standards  of  White  Light. — This  discussion 
was  not  so  well  sustained  as  the  discussion  on  the  kinetic  theory. 
All  the  speakers  agreed  with  the  adoption  of  the  pentane  standard 
lor  commercial  purposes.  For  scientific  purposes  a  definition  in 
terms  of  energy  was  deemed  necessary.  The  eye  cannot  be  used 
as  an  accurate  instrument.  On  this  point  Prof.  Stokes  referred 
to  the  fact  that  if  two  equal  areas  differently  coloured  seem  to 
have  equally  intense  illumination,  wc  have  only  to  alter  the  size 
of  the  common  area  to  destroy  the  apparent  equality  of  intensity. 

On  Photometry  with  the  Pentane  Standard,  by  Mr.  A.  Vernon 
Harcourt. — Mr.  Harcourt  described  the  construction  of  the 
pentane  standard  light,  and  the  method  of  using  it  for  photo- 
!  metric  purposes.  In  the  course  of  his  remarks  he  referred  to 
the  meaning  of  the  expression  "white  light."  Any  so  called 
standard  of  white  light  is  more  nearly  a  standard  of  yellow  light. 
lie  had  never  got  a  satisfactory  definition  of  the  express!  >n,  but 
supposed  it  to  be  such  light  as  we  have  in  ordinary  daylight. 

The  Constitution  of  the  l.uminiferout  Ether  on  the  Vortex 
Atom  Theory,  by  Prof.  W.  M.  Hicks —The  simple  incomprcss. 
ible  fluid  necessary  on  the  vortex  atom  theory  is  quite  incapable 
of  transmitting  vibrations  similar  to  those  of  light.    The  author 
has  therefore  considered  the  possibility  of  transmitting  waves 
through  a  medium  which  consists  of  this  fluid  modified  so  as  to 
contain  small  vortex  rings  closely  packed  together.    The  rings 
arc  supposed  to  be  com|x>sed  of  the  same  material  as  the  rest  of 
I  the  fluid,  10  be  very  small  compared  with  the  wavedength,  and 
'  to  be  at  distances  fr  -in  one  another  also  small  compared  with 
'  the  wave  length.    T  heir  motion  of  translation  is  als  1  taken  to 
,  be  so  comparatively  slow,  that  very  many  waves  can  pass  over 
■  any  one  ljcforc  it  hxs  much  changed  its  position.  Such  a  medium 
1  would  probably  act  as  a  fluid  for  large  motions.    The  vibration 
in  the  wave  front  may  be  (1)  swinging,  such  as  a  ring  oscillating 
on  a  diameter  ;  (2)  transversal  vibration  of  the  ring  ;  (3)  vibra- 
tions perpendicular  to  the  plane  of  the  rings  ;  (4)  a|>ertural 
vibrations.    Of  these  (j',  seems  to  be  impossible.     If  r  be  the 
'  radius  of  the  rings,  /  the  distances  of  their  plane*,  to  their  cyclic 
constant,  and  v  the  velocity  of  translation,  the  author  found 

Ft(.)  =--7(7)'- 

'-<»> »«?(7)" 
whilst  for  (4)  in  exse  of  rings  arranged  parallel  to  a  wave-front— 

to,-/' 

V  oc  - 

(/■••  +  41--)! 

On  n  Photometer  made  with  Translucent  Prisms,  by  Mr.  J. 
Joly. — In  this  photometer  each  side  of  the  prism  is  illuminated 


53* 


NA  TURE 


[Oct.  i,  iv 


by  one  of  the  lights  to  be  compared,  the  edge  being  turned  to 
the  observer.  The  great  advantage  here  is  that  the  two  illu- 
minated parts  are  placed  in  sharp  juxtap  isition. 

On  a  Point  in  the  Theory  of  Double  Keftaetion,  by  R.  T. 
Gla/ebrook. — The  author  suggested  that  the  theory  of  double 
refraction  given  by  Lord  Rayleigh,  in  which  the  ether  is  sup- 
posed to  have  an  effective  density  different  in  different  directions, 
might  be  modified  so  as  to  agree  with  Fresncl's  theory,  if  it  be 
notnecessary  to  a-sumc  that  the  ether  offers  an  infinite  resistance 
to  compression,  but  only  that,  as  compared  with  its  rigidity,  its 
compressibility  is  very  great,  and  further  that  in  a  crystal  the 
light  vibrations  are  normal  to  the  ray,  not  to  the  wave  normal, 

referred  to  by  Kettcler  in 


was  |K>intcd  out  by 
nc  of  his  paj  ers. 


On  a  Mew  and  Simple  Form  of  Calorimeter,  by  Prof.  \V.  F. 
Barrett.— The  bulb  of  a  thermometer  is  made  in  the  shape  of  a 
double  cup.  In  this  cup  is  placed  the  substance  whose  specific 
heat  (say)  is  to  be  determined.  The  stem  of  the  thermometer  is 
horizontal,  and  rests  on  a  fulcrum  so  that  the  weight  of  the  sub- 
stance may  lie  determined  by  using  the  apparatus  as  a  balance. 
Special  precautions  are  taken  in  determining  the  temperature  of 
the  substance  when  placed  in  the  cup,  and  to  prevent  evapora- 
tion, &c.  The  specific  heat  is  then  given  by  the  ordinary 
equation, 

tVS(T-  9)  =  C{8  -  /), 
the  constant  C  being  determined  by  experiment  once  for  all. 


Section*  K — Chemistry 

On  the  Xon  Existence  of  Casecus  Nitrogen  Trioxide,  by  Prof. 
Ramsay.— After  pointing  out  the  inconclusive  character  of 
Lunge's  argument  in  support  of  the  existence  of  gaseous  nitrogen 
trioxide,  inasmuch  as  the  use  of  any  reagent  may  either  decom- 
pose the  gas  or  react  with  the  products  of  its  dissociation— vi/. 
NO  and  Nj04(NO*),  as  though  they  consisted  of  N.O,  itself, 
the  author  shows  the  only  criterion  of  the  existence  of  this  gas 
i"  1  its  vapour  density.  He  finds  that  N<>,  may  be  mixed 
with  NO  without  effecting  any  change  in  volume,  and  therefore 
no  combination,  or  only  a  very  slow  combination,  can  take  place 
l>etwcen  these  ga*ts.  The  vapour  density  of  the  first  portion 
of  the  gas  obtained  by  distilling  liquid  N,fJ,  is  found  to  be 
22'3S.  a  result  which  accords  fairly  well  with  what  the  density 
should  be,  supposing  it  to  be  a  mixture  of  N,04,  NOj,  and  No, 
having  the  empirical  composition  N\,<  >,.  Supposing  the  gas 
weighed  to  contain  no  NjO.,  an  assumption  not  warranted  by 
fact-,  and  consist  of  NO  and  NO.,  then,  in  order  to  make  the 
specific  gravity  22 "35,  17  63  per  cent,  of  NaO,  must  l>e  added 
to  the  mixture.  These  facts  the  author  considers  as  deciding 
the  point  against  the  existence  of  gaseous  nitrogen  trioxide. 

Ot  ■>■>  inflow  on  some  Actions  of  a  (J rove' s  Uas  Fattery,  by 
Prof.  Ramsay. — The  action  of  an  ordinary  Grove's  gas  battery 
can  I*  explained  by  supposing  that,  at  the  |K>int  of  contact 
between  the  platinum,  hydrogen,  and  liquid,  a  decomposition  of 
the  water  molecule  takes  place,  its  oxygen  uniting  with  the 
hydrogen  gas  to  form  water,  whilst  the  hydrogen  is  liberated 
from  molecule  to  molecule  until  the  free  gas  arrives  at  the 
point  of  contact  of  the  platinum,  the  oxygen,  and  liquid  : 
here  it  unites  with  the  oxygen  gas,  forming  water.  If  the  liquid 
in  the  battery  I*  coloured  with  indigo  sulphuric  acid,  the  author 
lind.  the  indigo  in  contact  with  the  hydrogen  to  undergo  no 
changes,  whereas  that  in  contact  with  the  oxygen  is  discoloured, 
a  change  probably  due  to  the  oxidation  of  the  indigo  to  1^  nine.  ' 
Hydioge-n,  therefore,  in  uniting  with  oxygen,  docs  not  bleach 
indigo.  Now  if,  in  the  ordinary  gas  battery,  the  acid  1*  re-  I 
placr.l  by  a  saturated  solution  of  sodium  chloride  and  hydrogen, 
and  ehlorine  be  substituted  for  hydrogen  and  oxygen,  the  indigo 
is  found  to  Ik-  bleached  on  both  sides,  the  bleaching  taking  place  | 
from  aliovc  downwards,  and  taking  place  at  once  on  admitting 
the  chlorine,  but  some  time  is  required  before  the  reduction 
by  the  hydrogen  is  evident.  These  experiments  show  that  when 
hydrogen  unites  with  chlorine  it  is  in  a  more  active  state  than 
when  it  unites  with  oxygen.  To  explain  this  difference  the 
author  suggests  that,  when  a  molecule  of  hydrogen  unites  with 
a  molecule  of  chlorine,  atomic  hydrogen  exists  for  a  moment, 
and  this,  in  presence  of  indigo,  reduces  it  to  indigo-white.  In 
the  case  of  hydrog.-n  and  oxygen  the  union  of  two  molecules  of 
the  former  with  one  molecule  of  the  latter  may  l>e  effected  with- 
out the  hydrogen  assuming  the  atomic  condition,  whereas  the 
oxygen  mini  assume  the  atomic  or  nascent  condition,  to  w  hich 


the  bleaching  of  the  indigo  may  be  ascribed  ;  <«  it  truy 
ozone  or  hydrogen  peroxide  are  formed.    These  pfcs-t 
may,  therefore,  be  regarded  as  chemical  evidence  .«  it 
of  the  following  method  of  expressing  the  umoo  oi  the*  ,-. 
with  one  another  :— 

H,  +  CI,  =  IIC1  +  HC1.       211,  +  O,  s  11,0  -  B 

On  the  Spontaneous  Polymerisation  of  Volatile  lly**-  .- 
at  the  Ordinary  Atmospheric  Temferatiires,  by  Sir  H  i.A 
I.I  .D.,  F.R.S.—  The  attention  of  the  author  was  dnwt 
Stavcley,  of  West  Hromwich.  to  n  camphor  like  wlH, ' 
from  the  more  volatile  liquid  hydrocarbons,  pr>«kv 
composing  crude  phenol  at  a  red'  heat.    The  change  t- 
liquid  to  the  solid  state  was,  at  first,  supposed  to  l«r  .i* 
influence  of  the  oxygen  of  the  air,  but  investigau  « 'm 
the  solid  to  be  a  hydrocarbon  having  the  formula  Ci,H 
the  change  to  be  one  of  polymerisation.     This  »•». 
carl>on  undergoes  a  further  polymeric  change  when  N- 
sealcd  tube  at  180'.    The  author  finds  also  that  the  It- 
of  ordinary  coal  tar,  which  distil  below  JO*,  are.  00  n- 
sealed  tubes,  converted  spontaneously  into  thisyii  la;  : 

On  some  A'ew  Vanadium  CompoiinJt,  by  J.  T.  itri?:" 
compounds  described  form  a  series  of  wcll-dctinr : 
salts  of  purple  or  d&rfc  green  colour,  possessing  a  rue  a 
which  contain  both  the  oxides  VsO.  and  V,Os,  xa' 
regarded  as  vanadate-vanadites.     These  salts  arc  I  r 
adding  a  caustic  alkali  to  the  dark  green  liquid  i 
adding  hypovanadic  sulphate  to  a  solution  of  a:>  iU- 
vanadate.      The  composition  of  the  stadium,  p  ' 
ammonium  salts  are  repie*ented  by  the  following 
SV.O4.  V/V  2NaJ()  +  Jjll  <>  ..  iV„04  .  V.o  .'K. 
and  4VS04  .  aV,O0  .  (NH4I..O  +  1411,0. 

The    Essential  Food  of   Plants,    by   T.  Jamiesu..  1 
F.I.C.  — Whilst  no  doubt  exists  as  to  the  essentu:  * 
the  elements  of  carbon,  hydrogen,  oxygen,  anil  n;tr  fi<  - 
lUtnentS  of  the  food  of  plants,  the  evidence  in  sa;^' 
elements  phosphorus,  potassium,  magnesium,  caLuta  • 
iron,  and  chlorine  to  l>e  regarded  in  this  light  caiw- 
sidered  conclusive.     A  little  consideration  *h«>».  ■ 
elements,  iron  and  chlorine,  have  but  little  claim 
side-reel  as  essential  to  the  food  of  plants,  and  the  tv 
of  which  an  account  was  given  in  this  paper,  were  ■*•»' 
author  with  the  view  of  vindicating  the  right  of  the*'-'" 
ing  elements  to  be  so  considered.    The-se  investip' 
conducted  at  an  experime-ntal  station  in  Suss.-x  .in  i 
in  Al>erdeenshire,  the  nature  of  the  soil  in  hjth  c*** 
specially  favourable.    The  method  adopted  consist* '  ^ 
iug  the  effects  on  plants  grown  in  similar  soil  and  an* 
conditions,  when  supplied  with  manures,  containing  > 
elements  and  comparing  the  results  with  tho-c  obtJH*  •  ^ 
one  or  other  of  tlu-se  elements  was  withheld.  These  t*  ■ ' 
seem  lo  provide  proof  that  sulphur  must  be  di«carlet  I" 
list  of  essentials,  while  some  doubt  is  thrown  on  e»enr 
magnesia.    At  the  same  time  striking  continual"1™  * 
of  the  essential  characters  of  both  phosphorus  and  rwu-  " 
A  /'lea  for  the  Empiric  Xamin?  of  Or^ann  I'mf**' 
Prof.  Odlmg,  M.A.,  F.R.S.— Verbal  translation,  rf*' 
tural  formul.e  assigned  to  organic  compounds  P"*"*^ 
advantages  as  names  for  the  several  compounds. 
arc  applicable  to  all  organic  compounels  of  which  the  • 
forum  I. c  are"  made  out  ;  they  are  the  only  sort  Of  "1!nr' 
able  to  complex  isomeric  compounds  ;  and  their  use  t'" 
dispensed  with  wholly  in  the  case  of  even  lcs<  luen?* 
pounds.    Notwithstanding  these  advantages,  struct^" 
constitute  unsuitable  names  for  general  use,  more  f\* 
applied  to  fundamental  hydroe-arlmns,  alcohols,  and  a**'* 
arc  objectionable  for  this  use  by  reason  of  their  lent"? 
plexity,  and  want  of  ready  indicativeness  ;  by  the  c\K"r 
of  their  twins  hated  on  conceptions  of  chemical  con*""" 
kind  pointed  out  by  e  x  |  k;  ri  en  ce  as  eminently  liable  10 
and  by  the  further  cireurtistancc  of  their  representing 
titled  and,  so  far,  an  untruthful  notion  of  the  bodies  rfe- . 
Structural  names,  expressing  other  than  a  distorted  "T« 
consiitution  of  all  but  a  few  of  the  most  simple  of  org*011  J 
arc  impracticable  by  reason  of  their  length  and  «*" 
Hence,  to  avoid  the  distortion  inseparable  from  the  . 
single  structural  name  for  an  organic  body,  the  Sl^B 


is  the  assignment  t  > 
•  I  .111  in  :.  !•>,.: r-  n.imbe' 


Ttion  to  i's 


tnies,  a  p 


rocceruaC1 


Oct.  i,  1885] 


NA  TURE 


539 


tantamount  to  not  assigning  it  any  particular  name  at  all. 
Although  from  their  number  ami  complexity,  organic  liodies  can 
only  l-e  designated  by  names  which  do  in  »orac  measure  describe 
ami  characterise  ihcm,  the  primary  purpose  of  a  name  is  un- 
doubtedly to  designate,  and  not  to  describe.  Accordingly,  with 
a  view  to  the  prompt  mental  association  of  object  with  name, 
brief  empiric  name*,  based  on  the  origin  and  properties  of 
bodies  are,  wherever  practicable,  to  be  preferred  to  structural 
nanu  s  As  regards  isomeric  bodies,  they  may  to  a  large  extent 
be  advantageously  distinguished  from  one  another  by  means  of 
significant  letters  or  syllables  prefixed  to  the  name  commm  to 
the  hliercnt  isomers.  But  the  suggested  use  of  the  particular 
Ictu  :.  a,  0.  y,  each  in  a  special  sense  ;  also  a  general  resort  to 
the  particles  hydro-,  oxi-,  and  hydro.xi-  as  name-components  ; 
and,  more  especially,  the  innovation  of  substituting  the  word 
"hydroxide"  for  the  long  established  wud  "hydrate"  are 
practices  open  to  grave  objection. 

Periodic  L110.  as  illustrated  by  certain  Phytieal  Proper- 
ti.-.  i-i  Organic  Compounds,  by  Prof.  Thos  (.'arncllcy,  I). Sc.  —  In  ' 
this  paper  the  author  shows  that  the  physical  properties  of  the  | 
normal  halogen  and  alkyl  compounds  of  the  hydrocarbon  ra li- 
als  exhibit  numerous  relationships,  which,  with  one  exception, 
ire  -unilar  to  those  which  he  has  shown  to  exist  between  the  1 
normal  halogen  or  the  alkyl  compounds  of  the  elements.  It 
appears  that  the  physical  properties  of  the  following  four  classes  1 
>f  compounds  obey  the  same  rules: — (1)  The  halogen  com-  1 
pounds  of  the  elements— i.e.  of  elements  with  elements.  (2) 
The  alkyl  compounds  of  the  elements.    13)  The  halogen  com- 
iwun  Is  of  the  hydrocarbon  radicals.    (4)  The  alkyl  compounds  , 
j|  tin-  !iydrocarl>on  radicals — i.e.  of  hydrocarbon  radicals  with 
iy<li  •.  arbon  radicals.    The  relationships  referred  to  have  been 
e-V'i  in  no  less  than  6117  cases,  5  per  cent,  only  of  which  are 
exceptions. 

Si,  x,  tiom  ai  to  the  Cutis  of  the  Pet  io.iie  /..»?<%  ami  the  Nature 
</ tin  Chemical  Elements,  by  Prof.  Thos.  Carnelley,  D.  Sc. -The 
null  of  the  periodic  law  of  the  chemical  elements  is  now  gener- 
.lly  allowed  by  most  chemists.  Nevertheless,  but  little  has 
iftri  I  >nc  towards  attaining  a  reasonable  explanation  of  the  law. 
file  object  of  this  papc,  therefore,  is  to  ofter  a  few  suggestions 
»n  this  subject,  Granting  the  truth  of  the  periodic  law,  we 
anno;  help  theorising  as  to  its  cause,  and  thence  by  a  natural 
tcp  is  to  the  nature  of  the  elements  themselves.  Kven  long 
>cl"iv-  the  discovery  of  the  law  many  chemists  had  pointed  out 
ert.im  numerical  relationships  existing  between  the  atomic 
ve:_;:its  of  Itodies  belonging  to  a  given  group,  and  had  hence 
apposed  that  the  elements  belonging  to  the  several  natural 
;rnup*  were  not  primary,  but  were  marie  up  of  two  or  more 
impier  elements.  These  conclusions,  however,  were  more  or 
:-.ss  ii agnicruary,  and  referred  only  to  particular  groups  o(  ' 
lu  nulas.  Iii  the  light  of  the  periodic  law  the  author  has  made 
general  extension  of  the  fragmentary  conclusions  of  Dumas, 
iid  has  brought  that  law  into  juxtaposition  with  an  extended 
er.cialisalion  of  the  analogy  of  the  elements  with  the  hydro- 
ailion  radicals.  His  conclusions  are  based  on  the  relationships 
."hie.'i  he  has  observed  to  obtain  between  certain  physical  pro- 
eriies  and  the  atomic  weights  of  the  elements,  and  those  of 
ici  1  compounds  (see  previous  paper;.  A  careful  consideration 
1  the  points  submitted  leads  almost  irresistibly  to  the  conclusion 
■  at  toe  elements  arc  analogous  to  the  hydrocarbon  radicals  m 
jth  form  and  function.  This  is  a  conclusion  which,  if  true, 
ouid  further  lead  us  to  infer  that  the  elements  are  not  de- 
ems in  the  strict  sense  of  the  term,  but  are  built  up  of  (at  ! 
.wt  two  primary  elements,  A  (  -  carbon  at.  wt.  12),  and  H 
thcr  at.  wt.  -  2),  which  by  their  combination  ]>roduce  a  1 
-rie>  of  compounds  ivi/,  our  present  elements),  which  are  | 
ia!<«j.<(>us  to  the  hydrocarbon  radicals.  If  the  above  theory  of  ; 
o  constitution  of  the  elements  be  true,  tile  perio  lie  law  would 
IIo'.v  as  a  matter  of  course,  and  we  should  therefore  be  aide  to 
pi-  sent  the  elements  by  soaie  such  general  formula  as 
•1  1-  ■:-)»-. I,  analogous  to  that  for  the  hydrocarbon  radicals, 
,  1 1  .,  .,.._«„  in  which  «  =  the  series,  and  x  the  group  to  which 
e  element  or  hydrocarbon  radical  belongs.'  Assuming  the 
it  I J  ot  the  theory  here  advanced,  it  is  interesting  to  observe, 
at  whereas  the  hydrocarbons  are  c -impounds  of  carbon  and 
•drogen,  the  chemical  elements  would  be  compounds  of  carbon 
tb  ether,  the  two  sets  of  bodies  being  generated  in  an  exactly 
alogous  manner  from  their  respective  elements.    There  would 

Of.  Abncy's  researches  on  the  infra-red  ab-'orpliun  »|>c  ira  •  f    nU  n 

Dldymium  by  We  Much  in  V\  1 1  kk,  v^l.  mxv.i  v  < 


hence  be  three  primitive  elements — viz.,  carbon,  hydrogen,  and 
ether.  Finally,  it  may  be  slated  that  this  theory  would  remove 
the  chief  objections  which  have  been  urged  against  the  periodic 
law,  whilst  the  existence  of  elements  of  identical  atomic  weights 
and  isomeric  with  one  another  would  be  |>ossible.  May  not 
Ni  and  Co,  Ru  and  Kh,  Os  and  Ir,  and  some  of  the  rare  earth 
met u Is  be  isomers  in  this  sense? 

The  Value  of  the  Refraction  Goniometer  in  Chemical  Work, 
by  Dr.  J.  II.  Gladstone,  F.R.S. —  The  principal  points  illus- 
trated and  enforced  in  this  communication  were  (I)  that  the 
index  of  refraction  and  length  of  s|>cctruui  arc  important  physical 
properties  of  any  substance  ;  (2)  the  specific  refraction  and  specific 
dispersion  may  be  serviceable  :  [a)  in  determining  the  purity  of 
a  substance,  </)  in  the  analysis  of  such  a  mixture  as  ethyl  ami 
methyl  alcohols,  (,•)  as  a  guide  in  the  investigation  of  organic 
compounds,  (../)  as  arbiter  between  rival  views  ,u  to  the  consti- 
tution and  structure  of  particular  chemical  compounds. 

Refraction  of  fluorine,  by  i  t.  (Hailstone. — From  a  comparison 
of  the  observations  on  fluorspar,  cryolite,  and  several  artificial 
fluorine  compounds,  the  author  shows  the  refraction  equivalent 
of  fluorine  t<>  range  from  cr 3  to  O'S,  the  mean  of  the  whole  series 
of  determination  Swing  0-6.  Thus,  taking  the  highest  estimate, 
the  specific  refraction  of  this  element  is  .scarcely  equal  to  half 
that  of  any  other  substance. 

Xo.'e  on  the  Conditions  of  the  Development  ami  of  the  Activity 
of  Chlorophyll,  by  Prof.  Gilbert,  LL.D.,  F.  U.S.— An  account  of 
some  experiments  made  in  conjunction  with  Dr.  \V.  |.  Russell, 
which  show  a  close  connection  to  exist  between  the  formation 
of  chlorophyll  and  the  amount  of  nitrogen  assimilated  by 
pla  its  ;  the  amount  of  carbon  assimilated  is  not,  however,  in 
proportion  to  the  chlorophyll  formed,  unless  a  sufficiency  of 
mineial  substances,  required  by  the  plants,  is  available.  In 
cases  where  both  nitrogenous  and  mineral  manures  wcie  applied 
a  lower  proportion  ot  nitrogen  assimilated  and  chlorophyll 
formed  over  a  given  area  was  observed,  which  is  no  doubt  due 
to  the  greater  assimilation  of  carbon  a  id  consequent  greater 
formation  of  non-nitrogenous  substances,  although  the  amounts 
of  nitrogen  assimilated  and  chlorophyll  formed  were  as  great,  if 
not  greater. 

On  the  A<t ion  of  Sodium  AleohoLttes  on  Eunuutc  and  Malcie 
Ethers,  by  l'rot.  l'ardic,  Ph.D.,  B.Sc—  Hy  the  action  of  solium 
melhylatenn  et  hylic  fumctrale,  methyfe  meihoxysuiciuatc  is  formed, 
from  which  tmth  nyiu:  ante  ami  tan  be  obtained,  a  crystalline 
solid  melting  at  IOI  -103'  ;  this  same  acid  is  obtained  from  the 
products  of  the  leaction  of  sodium  metliylate  on  elhylte  mal.ne 
or  hvdhc  methrlie  malette.  .Similarly  an  ethoxysuc. mic  acid  i-i 
obtained  by  the  action  of  sodium  cthylatc  on  ethylie  fumanit,. 
also  by-  its  action  on  hydric  ethylie  nctleate.  Thus  fumartc  and 
malcic  acids  yield  alkyluxy-succinic  acids,  which  are  identical 
with  one  another,  or,  if  not  identical,  resemble  one  another  so 
closely  that  their  isomerism  mu:t  be  of  the  same  character  as 
that  of  substances  which  differ  from  one  another  only  in  their 
optical  and  crystallographic  characters. 

On  Suiphinc  Salts  dtriveil  from  Ethylene  Sulphide,  by  Orme 
Masson,  M.A.,  D.Sc.  (I'.din. ).—  Kthvlcne  sulphide,  when  heated 
at  160",  is  converted  into  diethylenc  sulphide  SfCjH^jS,  an 
ethereal  solution  of  which,  when  mixed  with  methyl  iodide, 
unites  with  the  latter  to  form  diethy/snc  sulphide  methyl  sulphate 
iotitde  SlCjUjjS.CM,!,  which  is  a  crystalline  compound  soluble 
in  water,  but  insoluble  in  alcohol  or  ether.  From  this  compound 
a  scries  of  the  sulphate  salts  have  been  prepared,  which  resemble 
the  salts  of  trimcihyl  sulphine  in  their  behaviour  when  heated, 
but  differing  from  these  compounds  in  the  ease  with  which  they 
are  decomposed  by  caustic  alkalis  with  the  formation  of  diethyl- 
enc sulphide  methyl  sulphine  hyaroxide  <*  Al, j.jS.C I I3OH.  The 
compounds  obtained  by  Dchn  (Annul  u,  Supp.  iv.  S3)  by  heat- 
ing together  ethyl  sulphide,  ethylene  bromide,  and  water  to- 
gether in  sealed  tulK-s,  an  1  styled  "  sulphinic  salts"  by  him, 
were,  in  all  probability,  dimcthylene  sulphinc-methyl-sulphine 
derivatives. 

On  an  apparently  tttto  Hydrocarbon  from  Distilled  y.tpnnes' 
Petroleum,  by  [Jr.  Divers  and  T.  Nakamura. — A  description  of 
a  yellow  solid  hy  drocarbon  found  amongst  the  final  products  of 
the  distillation  of  the  petroleum  from  the  wells  at  Sagara.  The 
hydrocarlwn  melts  at  2^0  -285  ,  and  has  a  composition  expressed 
by  the  formula  jCdlji,,. 

The  Composition  of  Water  by  Volume,  by  Dr.  A.  Scott,  M.A., 
D.Sc— After  pointing  out  the  desirability  of  renewed  deter- 
minations of  the  exact  proportions  in  which  hydrogen  and 
oxygen  coaibinc  with  one  another,  inasmuch  as  neither  of  these 


Digitized  by  Go 


54Q 


[0.7.  i.  1 88  = 


gases  obey  Boyle's  law  exactly,  the  author  gave  a  description  of 
the  apparatus  he  had  employed  in  making  such  determinations 
which  allowed  the  use  of  considerable  volumes  of  these  gases. 
The  results  obtained  show  the  ratio  not  to  be  exactly  that  of 
I  vol.  of  oxygen  to  2  vols,  of  hydrogen  ;  hut  the  proportions  are 
!  :  i  °994  or  I  :  1  '9935  ;  or,  if  the  impurity  be  supposed  to  exist 
in  the  oxygen  alone,  then  the  ratio  is  I  :  I  '996.  The  gases  were 
examined  as  to  their  purity,  the  results  indicating  the  presence 
of  'tec  to  *3c.c.  of  foreign  gas  in  the  450  c  c.  used. 

In  a  communication  entitled  On  Solution  of  Ozone  ami  the 
Chemical  Action  of  Liquid  Oxygen,  Prof.  I  >ewar  gave  a  descrip- 
tion of  the  apparatus  and  method  employed  by  him  in  the  lique- 
faction of  such  gases  as  oxygen,  &c,  and  after  discussing  the 
conditions  required  for  the  successful  conversion  into  the  liquid 
state  of  the  so-called  permanent  gases,  he  gave  an  account  of 
some  experiments  made  with  liquid  oxygen.  At  -  130"  liquid 
oxygen  loses  the  active  characters  possessed  by  this  element  in 
the  gaseous  state  ;  it  is  without  action  on  phosphorus  sodiu;;:, 
potassium,  solid  sulphuretted  hydrogen,  and  solid  hydriodic  acid. 
Other  substances  appear  to  undergo  similar  changes  at  very  low 
temperatures  ;  thus  liquid  ethylene  and  solid  bromine  may  be 
brought  in  contact  without  any  action  taking  place,  whereas 
gaseous  ethylene  and  liquid  bromine  unite  directly  at  the  ordinary 
temperatures.  Hautefcuillc  and  Chapuis  by  subjecting  a  mixture 
of  carbonic  anhydride  and  ozone  to  great  pressure  obtained  a 
blue  liquid,  the  colour  of  which  is  due  to  the  ozone.  If  ozonised 
•ir  be  passed  into  carbon  disulphidcat  -  loo*,  the  liquid  assumes 
a  blue  colour,  which  disappears  if  the  temperature  l)e  allowed 
lo  rise,  and  at  a  certain  point  a  decomposition,  resulting  in  the 
production  of  sulphur,  takes  plaec.  The  best  solvent  for  ozone 
it  a  mixture  of  silicon  tetrafluoride  and  Russian  petroleum. 
These  solutions  of  ozone  are  without  action  on  metallic  mercury 
or  silver.  Prof.  l>ewar,  in  remarking  on  the  liquefaction  of 
nitric  oxide,  stated  that  a  comparison  of  its  curve  of  liquefaction 
wiih  that  of  methane  shows  the  pressure  to  increase  more  rapidly 
with  the  temperature  in  the  case  of  nitric  oxide  than  in  other 
g.ws  a  fact  which  would  anpear  to  indicate,  that  at  low  tem- 
peratures the  molecule  of  nitric  oxide  is  of  greater  complexity, 
and  probably  exists  as  NjO,  An  account  was  given  of  some  of 
Cailletet's  experiments  on  the  electrical  conductivity  at  low  tem- 
peratures, which  seemed  to  indicate  that  as  the  limit  -  220'  was 
approached  ordinary  electrical  conductors  l>ccome  al.nisi  perfect 
conductors. 

On  tht  me  of  Sodium  or  other  Soluhlt  Alumina  fa  for  Soften'n  < 
and  Purifying  Hard  and  fmture  Water,  and  Dtid  ritiui;  and 
Prtcipi'a'm^  Sewage,  Watte  Water  from  PattoritS,  eW.,  by  F. 
Maxwell  Lyte,  F.C.S.,  F.I.C. — The  advantages  attending  the 
use  of  solium  or  other  soluble  alurntnatc*  fur  the  above  purposes 
are  dc|»endent  upon  their  easy  decomposition  with  the  produc- 
tion of  a  precipitate  of  hydtated  alumina,  which  removes 
organic  matter,  and  further  by  their  use  the  tem)>orary  hardness 
may  be  completely  destroyed,  and  the  permanent  hardness 
reduced. 

SomtNtto  Crystallised Combinations  of  Ctffier,  //»-,  an  I  Am 
Sulphate!,  by  J.  Spiller,  F.C.S.— The  author  gave  an  account 
of  the  preparation  of  a  large  series  of  double  sulphate*  of  c  rppet 
and  iron,  zinc  and  iron,  and  copper  and  zinc. 

In  a  communication  on  Barium  Sulphate  as  a  Cementing 
Afi'erialfirS'tnditone  Prof.  Clowes  pointed  out  that,  although 
Bischof  mentioned  instances  of  foreign  sandstones  in  which  the 
material  cementing  the  sand  grain*  together  was  barium 
sulphate,  it  appeared  that  up  to  the  present  time  no  such  sand- 
stone had  l>ecn  met  with  in  the  United  Kingdom.  Having 
learned  that  opinions  differed  regarding  the  calcareous  nature  of 
certain  new  red  sandstone  beds  in  the  neighbourhood  of 
Nottingham,  he  undertook  10  examine  the  chemical  com|»>xition 
of  tBCK  sandstones,  and  procured  specimens  of  the  sandstone 
from  different  levels.  On  l>eing  analysed,  the  sandstone  was 
found  to  contain  barium  sulphate  in  varying  proportions,  at 
present  l*ing  determined,  while  some  of  the  lower  bed*  also 
contained  calcium  carbonate  In  some  of  the  sandstone  beds 
the  barium  sulphate  was  very  unequally  distributed,  forming  a 
network  or  a  series  of  small  masses  more  or  le*s  spherical  in 
shape.  In  such  sandstone  the  sand  grains  between  tnc  sulphate 
streaks  and  patches  were  quite  loose,  the  result  l>eing  that  the 
weathered  surface  presented  a  honeycombed  appearance.  To 
explain  the  presence  of  the  barium  sulphate  he  suggested  that  it 
might  have  been  deposited  along  with  the  sand  ;  but  if  such  had 
»>een  the  case  it  had  certainly  undergone  a  physical  change,  as  it 
now  existed  in  a  firm,  compact,  and  crystalline  condition.  It 


would,  therefore,  appear  that  it  had  been  either  deposited  fr 
aqueous  solution  or  that  it  had  been  rendered  crystalline  bra 
slow  percolation  ol  a  solvent  liquid  through  the  sedimeimr* 
deposit,  or  owed  its  origin  to  the  action  of  water  eontxin-ae 
calcium  sulphate  passing  through  sandstone  cemented  or&;i»£i 
with  barium  carbonate. 


NOTES 

Botanists  will  learn  with  very  great  regret  of  the  deatk  t* 
Mr.  hldmond  Boissier,  the  learned  and  indefatigable  BUShflf  sr 
the  "  Mora  Oricntalis,"  and  many  other  important  »»r*i  c 
Systematic  Botany.    We  have  received  no  particular-,  ar. 
imagine  his  death  must  have  been  somewhat  sudden.  i«*  "±- 
event  was  quite  unexpected  by  his  friends  in  this  cotmtry  I 
recently  as  the  m  mth  of  August  Prof.  Oliver  heard  from 
the  communication  relating  to  the  Supplements  to  the  "  t~ 
Oricntalis,"  on  which  the  deceased  botanist  has  been  tor  v  v 
time  engaged,  and  in  which  he  wished  to  incor,«3rate 
botanical  results  of  Dr.  Ait  .-bison's  latest   invest  iga.-.- >t*  t 
Afghanistan.    Bolster's  career  as  a  botanist  may  be  4ii  I 
have  commenced  with  his  travels  in  Spain  in  1837,  w re- 
collected the  materials  published  in  his  "Voyage  Bo'UWMi 
dans  I'F.spagne,"  a  richly  illustrated  work  which  api<eareJ  1 
intervals  from  1839  to  1S45.    He  subsequently  trase.'.H  a> 
hotamcally  explored  various  parts  of  South-eastern  Kurope  is: 
Asia  Minor.     Independently  of  his  larger  works  he 
lished,  separately,  diagnoses  of  the  exceedingly  large  numba 
unde-cribed  species  he  found  from  within  the  limits  *\  t 
"  Flora  Oricntalis,"  the  first  volume  of  which  appeared  H  l%" 
and  the  last  in  l88l,    This  work  alone  is  sufficient  to  pti.x  "* 
author  in  the  first  rank  of  a  school  of  distinguished  systeni.*x> 
now  alas  fast  disappearing  without  leaving  a   corrcsp  9  , 
rising  generation  to  take  up  the  work  where  they  have  Ir  :  . 
Like  the  late  Mr.  Bcntham,  M.  Boissier  was  in  a  *pos;  « 
give  his  undivided  attention  to  the  science  he  had  CaSoscS.  *t 
like  him  he  labourc  1  unceasingly  ;  and  it  is  to  tie  h  .p*-  :* 
the  supplement  to  the  "Flora  Oricntalis"  is  in  a  >ut  .  rt  • 
forward  state  for  publication.    Among  other  things  the 
genus   Euphorbia    furnished    materials    for    several  sa't.' 
works,  including  a  monograph  of  all  the  species,  and  a  I > 
volume  containing    figures  of   I  to  s|>ecirs.      Mr.     F-d-r. « 
ltoissicr  was  a  Foreign  Member  of  the  Linnean  Society,  haxtsf 
been  elected  in  i860  :  and  from  his  constant  readiness  to  prr 
others  the  Iwncfit  of  his  extensive  knowledge,  he  eni..»,s) 
esteem  and  adinirati  >n  of  a  w  ide  circle  of  botanist*. 

The  death  is  announced,  at  the  age  of  seventy-eight  years,  •< 
Mr.  John  Muirhcad,  one  of  the  very  few  snrvivors  of  the  earl  1 
days  of  telegraphy,  and  closely  connected  with  its  practKa' 
lopment.  Mr.  Muirhcad,  in  conjunction  with  Mr.  I  rea-t 
Clark  and  Mr.  W.  M.  Warden,  of  Birmingham,  foun  t«- 1  *v 
house  now  known  as  t.atiiner  dark,  Muirhead,  and  C<>. ,  n>  - 
than  a  quarter  of  a  century  ago.  It  was  from  this  man  1  f  actors 
that  Mr.  Muirhead  introduced  the  form  of  battery  wrhuh  on.*. 
his  name,  a  form  so  eminently  |v, ruble  and  practical  t  h  -it  11  Sj. 
Iiecoine  the  model  for  m  ist  of  the  existing  batteries,  while  coa 
tinuing  itself  to  l>e  largely  employed. 

A  Timet  telegram  dttcd  Philadelphia,  September  27.  suer> 
that  the  President  of  the  United  States  has  asked  Prof.  Alcvaadct 
Agassiz  to  accept  the  post  of  Superintendent  of  the  Cant 
Survey. 

A  KKMAKKABI.E  memoir  on  the  devek 
in  birds,  prepared  by  MUs  Beatrice 


Oct.  i,  1885] 


NA  TURE 


54* 


after  close  investigat ion  of  ihc  embryonic  condition  of  different 
stages  in  five  types  of  bird-structure  (the  ostrich,  guillemot,  gull, 
domestic  fowl,  and  gantlet),  has  come  to  the  conclusion  that  the 
keel  of  carinate  birds  is  a  special  outgrowth  of  the  true  sternum 
jicculiar  to  birds,  and  is  not  homologous  with  the  episternum  or 
interclavide  of  reptiles,  as  has  been  held  by  Gutte  and  others, 
rhere  arc  no  traces  whatever  in  the  embryonic  stages  of  the 
xtrich,  according  to  Miss  Lindsay's  observations,  of  the  exist- 
•neenf  any  rudiments  of  the  clavicles  or  keel.  It  follows  that 
he  view  held  by  some  morphologists  that  the  ostrich  may  be  a 
Icgradcd  descendant  of  some  carinatc  form  can  no  longer  be 
imported. 

The  Edinburgh  International  Industrial  Exhibition  will  be 
pened  <>n  May  4  next. 

A  correspondent  of  the  Times  in  a  recent  article  on  the 
•<k  Electorate,  describes  the  fishermen  at  Staiths,  a  village  on 
e  Yorkshire  coast,  lying  between  Whitby  and  Saltburn.  The 
ople,  he  says,  arc  imbued  with  all  manner  of  quaint  super- 
tions.  They  have  a  firm  belief  in  witchcraft,  the  witch  being 
lolly  unconscious  of  his  or  her  power  of  evil.  Until  recently — 
d  it  is  said  that  the  custom  is  still  secretly  maintained  by  some 

the  older  inhabitants — it  was  customary,  when  a  smack  or 
>le  had  had  a  protracted  run  of  ill -fortune,  for  the  wives  of 

•  crew  and  owners  of  the  boat  to  assemble  at  midnight,  and, 
deep  silence,  to  slay  a  pigeon,  whose  heart  they  extracted, 
ck  full  of  pins,  and  burned  over  a  charcoal  fire.  While  this 
■ration  was  in  process  the  unconscious  witch  would  come  to 
door,  dragged  thither  unwittingly  by  the  irresistible  potency 
he  charm,  and  the  conspirators  would  then  make  her  some 
pitintory  present.  Again,  it  is  of  frequent  occurrence  that( 
r  having  caught  nothing  for  many  nights,  the  fishermen  keep 
first  fish  that  comes  into  the  boat  and  burn  it  on  their  return 
ic  as  a  sacrifice  to  the  Fates.  All  four-footed  animals  are 
.idered  by  the  Staiths  folk  as  unlucky,  but  the  pig  is  the 
t  ill-omened  of  quadrupeds.    If  when  the  men  are  putting 

■  nets  into  the  boats  the  name  of  pig  is  by  accident  men- 
:d,  they  will  always  desist  from  their  task  ami  turn  to  some 
r  occupation,  hoping  thus  to  avert  the  evil  omen,  and  in 
y  cases  will  renounce  the  day's  expedition  altogether.  The 

of  a  drowned  dog  or  kitten,  too,  as  he  goes  towards  his 

•  will  always  keep  a  Staiths  fisherman  at  home  ;  and,  what 
II  more  curious,  if  as  he  walks  to  his  boat,  his  lines  on  his 
or  a  bundle  of  nets  on  his  shoulder,  he  chances  to  meet 

0  face  with  a  woman,  be  she  even  his  own  wife  or  daughter, 
nsiders  himself  doomed  to  ill  luck.    Thus,  when  a  woman 

1  man  approaching  her  under  these  circumstances  she  at 
turns  her  back  on  him.  If  a  fisher  sends  his  son  to  fetch 
1;  sea  boots,  the  bearer  must  be  careful  to  carry  them  under 
m.  Should  he  by  inadvertence  place  them  on  his  shoulder 
her  will  inevitably  refuse  to  put  out  to  sea  that  day.  An 

■  deemed  so  unlucky  that  the  fishermen  will  not  even  use 
ord,  but  call  it  a  roundabout  ;  and,  fearless  as  arc  the 
s  in  their  daily  struggling  with  the  dangers  of  the  sea,  yet  so 
I  arc  they  of  nameless  spirits  and  bogies  that  the  writer 
Mired  he  could  not  find  in  the  whole  fishing  colony  of 
:  a  volunteer  who  for  a  couple  of  sovereigns  would  walk 
lit  to  the  neighbouring  village,  a  couple  of  miles  distant. 

have  received  the  report  of  Miss  Pogson,  the  metcoro- 
reportcr  to  the  Government  of  Madra«,  for  the  year 
>.  It  contains  remarks  on  the  various  stations  scattered 
e  Presidency,  together  with  the  usual  tables.  Part  of  the 
r's  work  is  to  train  learners,  who  afterwards  take  charge 
ocal  stations.  One  of  these,  it  is  interesting  to  notice,  is 
LaccadiveSi  which  islands  are  inaccessible  (taring  a  preat 
the    year.    The  assistants   in  most  cases  are  native 


All  the  legal  steps  have  been  taken  by  the  French  Govern- 
ment for  entering  into  possession  of  the  late  M.  GifTard's  fortune, 
which  is  to  be  devoted  to  the  good  of  science.  The  fortune  is 
valued  at  200,000/ ,  after  paying  about  100,000/.  in  legacies 
to  friends,  family,  or  scientific  societies.  The  decree  is  ready 
and  will  shortly  appear  in  the  Journal  Oj/UkL  Several  projects 
have  been  proposed  already  for  utilising  this  large  sum  of  money, 
but  it  is  very  likely  nothing  will  be  done  before  taking  the  advice 
of  the  French  Academy  of  Sciences. 

On  September  12,  just  after  sunset,  a  remarkable  mirage  was 
seen  at  Valla,  in  the  province  of  Sudermania,  Sweden.  It 
appeared  first  as  a  great  cloud-bank,  stretching  from  south-west 
to  north,  which  gradually  separated,  each  cloud  having  the 
appearance  of  a  monitor.  In  the  course  of  five  minutes  one  had 
changed  to  a  great  whale  blowing  a  column  of  water  into  the 
air,  and  the  other  to  a  crocodile.  From  time  to  time  the  clouds 
took  the  appearance  of  various  animals,  and  finally  that  of  a 
small  wood.  Subsequently  they  changed  to  a  pavilion,  w  here 
people  were  dancing,  the  players  being  also  clearly  visible.  Once 
again  the  spectacle  changed,  now  into  a  lovely  wooded  island 
with  buildings  and  parks.  At  about  nine  o'clock  the  clouds  had 
disappeared,  leaving  the  sky  perfectly  clear.  The  air  was  calm 
at  the  time  of  the  display,  the  temperature  being  6"  C. 

The  aquarium  at  the  Inventions  Exhibition  has  lately  been 
entirely  restocked,  the  latest  arrivals  being  a  fine  selection  of  bass 
weighing  to  lbs.,  some  large  specimens  of  Crustaceans,  and  an 
assortment  of  flat-fish  of  all  descriptions.  There  is  also  on  view  a 
diversified  collection  of  foreign  freshwater  fish  presented  by  the 
General  Import  Company. 

CaI'T.  Vipan's  aquarium  of  foreign  fishes  at  Stibbington  Hall, 
Wansford,  is  a  most  valuable  one,  and  includes  unique  and  rare 
specimens  of  fish  from  all  parts  of  the  world,  which  are  retained 
with  the  utmost  care,  the  temperature  of  the  water  being  regu- 
lated to  suit  the  natural  necessities  of  the  various  fish.  This 
aquarium  is  considered  to  be  one  of  the  most  unique  in  the 
United  Kingdom,  and  increases  in  value  annually  on  account  of 
periodica]  additions  to  the  collection. 

The  taxidermist  who  has  had  charge  of  the  work  upon 
the  body  of  "Jumbo,"  who  was  recently  crushed  between 
two  trains,  states  that  the  elephant's  stomach  contained  many 
Knglish  coins — gold  as  well  as  silver  and  bronze.  His  tusks 
had  by  the  collision  with  the  train  been  driven  nearly  through 
the  skull.  According  to  later  accounts  as  to  the  accident,  Jumbo 
at  the  last  moment  faced  and  charged  the  locomotive.  The 
elephant's  skin  was  found  to  be  an  inch  and  a  half  thick,  and  it 
weighed  1537  lbs.  The  skeleton  weighs  2400  lbs.,  and  the  total 
weight  of  the  body  was  over  6  tons. 

Messrs.  Swan  Sonnenschein  and  Co.  announce,  for 
the  season  1885-6,  the  following  publications: — "A  Treati-e 
on  Animal  Biology,"  by  Prof.  Adam  Sedgwick,  Fellow  and 
Led.  of  Trin.  Coll.,  Camb.  (illustrated);  "Practical  Botany," 
by  Prof.  Hillhousc,  of  Mason  Coll.,  Binn.,  based  upon  the 
work  of  Prof.  Strasburger  (largely  illustrated)  ;  a  tianslation  of 
Profs.  Naegeli  and  Schwendener's  work,  "The  Microsiopc  in 
Theory  and  Practice"  with  several  hundred  woodcuts;  an 
"  Alpine  Flora,"  a  pocicet  handbook  for  botanists  and  traveller-, 
by  Mr.  A.  W.  Bennett,  B.Sc,  fa.A.  ;  an  illustrated  "Hand- 
book  of  Mosses,"  by  Mr.  J.  E.  Bagnall  ;  a  "  Star  Atlas,"  by 
the  Kcv.  T.  H.  Espin  ;  further  parts  of  Mr.  Howard  Hinton's 
"  Scientific  Romances"  ;  an  entirely  new  and  partly  re-written 
edition  of  Prof.  Prantl  and  Vines's  "Text-Book  of  Botany"  ; 
"  From  Paris  to  Pekin  over  Siberian  Snows,"  an  account  of  the 
Asiatic  wanderings  of  M.  Mcignan,  by  Mr.  William  Conn  ; 
"The  Wanderings  of  Plants  ami  Animals,"  an  adaptation  from 
the  German  work  of  Prof.  Victor  Hchn,  by  Mr.  James  Stally- 


by  Go 


542 


NATURE 


[Oct.  i, 


brass,  tracing  (chiefly  by  means  of  etymology)  the  history  and 
the  migration  of  European  plants  and  animal*  to  their  home  in 
Asia. 

Messrs.  Crosby  I.ckkwood  and  Co.  make  the  following 
announcements  f<ir  the  approaching  publishing  season  : — "  Electro- 
Deposition,"  by  Alexander  Watt,  author  of  "  Elect ro- Metal- 
lurgy "  ;  "The  Prospector's  Handbook,  a  Guide  for  the 
Prospector  and  Traveller  in  Search  of  Metal  bearing  or  other 
valuable  Minerals'*  by  J.  W.  Anderson,  M.A.,  F.K.G.S.  ; 
"The  Enginemnn's  Companion,  a  Practical  Educator  for 
Enginetncn,  Boiler  Attendants,  and  Mechanic,"  by  Michael 
Reynolds  ;  "The  Combine*!  Numl^r  and  Weight  Calculator." 
by  Wm.  <  hadwick,  Public  Accountant  ;  "  Our  Temperaments, 
their  Study  and  their  Teaching,  a  Popular  Outline."  with  illus- 
tration,, by  E.k.C.S.E.  ;  "Ihe  Artist',  Tables  of  Pigments." 
by  II.  C.  Statidage  :  "Land  and  Marine  Surveying."  by  W. 
I  »*••!<  Ha*'«.!l  (entirely  new  edition!;  "Ihe  Metal  Turner's 
llandl»>-<k,  a  Prailical  Manual  fur  Workers  at  the  Foot  l  athe," 
by  Pi  til  N.  Haduck  (second  edition,  revised being  the  first 
volume  of  a  new  series  of  "  Handbooks  on  Handicrafts." 

The  "Sin"  Knife-cleaner  has  some  iioints  which  deserve 
notice.    It  is  supported  on  a  light  cast-iron  standard,  the  up[*cr 

portion  of  which  i-  !*>n  d  out  and  faced  to  make  the  bearing 
where  alorn-  perfect  ft:  is  repaired.  A  cast-iron  spindle  is  tilted 
a rr -  •  tin-  •►earing,  and  supports  upi.ti  a  flat tenerl  face  two  spring 
d;-ks  n,ad.-  i.f  cist  .'eel  finely  tempered,  dished  in  the  centre 
arid  having  rays  up. in  them  like  the  ~|>okes  of  a  wheel,  which  turn 
•  h-;htly  out  w.ird.  at  their  ends,  so  as  to  form  a  tapered  space 
.id.,;.ted  1-j  Ihe  w..- Ige  form  of  the  length  of  the  knife.  These 
springs  iti-  ,m  in  .nf.'ed  upon  the  spindle  thai  the  rays  of  the  one 
aic  olv<       to  the     .ice,  between  the  rays  uf  the  other.  The 

.-inille  is  term  m.u  L- 1  by  a  screw  ujon  which  a  thumb  nut  is 
ii\ed  to  hold  the  handle  in  position  anil  keep  the  working  part:, 
together.  Hy  means  of  this  screw  the  springs  can  Ik:  pressed 
more  or  tes,  closely  together  as  required.  Iav.Iht  rings  aie 
riveter!  to  the  inner  faces  of  the  springs,  and  form  the  surfaces 

i,.on  which  the  knives  are  cleaned  and  polished  ;  the  rivets  are 
in  the  dished  portion  of  the  springs  and  so  out  of  the  way  of  the 
knife  blade  ;  the  iwdidiing  powder  is  supplied  through  a  hole  in 
the  face  of  the  front  spring.  The  knife  whilst  t^-ing  cleaner!  i> 
»u])jK>rted  below  n  wrought -iron  piece  cast  into  the  standard 
an  I  passed  in  and  ...it  of  the  machine.  The  difficulty  in  clean- 
ing a  knife  is  due  to  its  double  wedge  form.  A  knife  is  ,i  long 
wedge  from  the  tip  to  the  shoulder,  and  a  short  wedge  from  the 
e-lge  to  the  back,  an.l  it  is  evident  that  the  pressure  brought  to 
t  ear  upon  it  must  l>e  of  nn  elastic  character,  so  as  not  to  grind 
the  kttiic  away.  As  regards  the  length  of  the  knife  this  is 
.  'irct./d  by  the  outward  taper  of  the  rays  of  the  springs.  The 
two  leather  rings  between  which  the  blade  is  passed  in  ami  nut 
b.-:ng  pte-sed  against  tlu-  blade  of  the  knife  by  the  rays  of  the 
s;  rings  as  .1.  swi!*  -I,  it  is  evident  that  there  i-Nan  elastic  pressure 
u-.-.n  it;  the  -pang  on  the  one  side  diminishes  in  its  (.earing 
P ics- are,  a,  tint  <.n  the  oilier  side  increases,  an<l  hence  an 
ccjiublc  pre»»mr  U  app'    !:    .'I  j -.n t -  •  .f : !.-  l  1  Ls  proved 

by  the  excellent  polish  produced.  A  small  jxirtion  of  powder 
being  mpptie-J  ;  the  hole  in  lb    I  n    ;i  i  .-.     c  knife  is 

placed  with  it  -  r  ] ,;■  .h.wr.w..-  -  i1--a  w  o  •  ;..  r  ■  iron  support 
.  a  :  passed  slowly  in  end  out  of        1 1  i . ! . : :  i .  '::«..-:.:..  ;..:!:! 

wi  h  :. .-.  .  -.he  i  :„•!■•  I..-.I.  i      employed  hi 

1  riming  tbe  handle  of  the  machine  in  the  1  tioi 

-  :  i  '  -  e  .;.  ii-  ■■  \  one  inch  e.  u 
.  :.ic  •■:  ■  ae!.  1  -.rh.  i  •  I.  .-  a.  !i-ig  upon 
a  i  line)  presae*  elastically  upon  :'-i>-  <■'<  ■ 

o  ..!.-••  Ii ...  i  .t..d  i.        n«  •    '     a.v   uv...  v.:  he; 
l.d  'be  p  a  !      .;       ;•  --.  ;;i.  \      .1  -  :  el-  .'.;.;lig 

-  -'or  -ii.  sbOctlle  koifectn  bepo)Ubc<i  :  ■  -b'J 


to  the  leathers  being  bevelled.    Special  to  Is  have  sen  '-^rt 
for  cutting  and  bending  the  wrougtit-imn  ^uppexiv  n  >  -r. 
tion,  for  cutting  and  bevelling  the  leathers,  arai  n>    .  4 
fitting  them  to  the  .springs.    These  machine,  air  >c- 
four  sues. 

Is  contrast  to  the  weather  in  Southern  Norway  '■' 
an.l  June  (Nature,  vol.  xxxii.  p.  354)  the  weather  -. 
warmer  and  more  normal,  the  mean  temperature  of '.Ik  r.  - 
viz.  171°  C.  being  0  5  above  the  normal,  i6"6".    Th.  ; 
due  to  the  southern  winds  prevailing  in  the  firs:  pir 
month.    On  July  21,  however,  the  weather  changfl. - 
and  north  western  winds  prevailing,  with  clear  an.l  -'ry -.  • 
in  consequence  of  the  great  radiation,  the  lempera'urr  it':,  <- 
times  very  low  during  the  second  part  of  the  mews  : 
minimum  temperature— vu.  6*4'=C— was  regi-it-re-i  at  1  it- 
em the  night  of  the  22nd.,  and  the  highest—  »' 
6th.    The  rainfall  was  40  per  cent.  l«low  the  n  -re. 
the  exception  of  the  coast  towards  the  N  ...  .  th-.  t. 
been  cold  throughout  the  land  on  the  whole,  the  -xi  li- 
able parts  being  the  west  coast,  where  the  temperature  » 
below  the  normal  mean.    In  the  mountain!  and  in  I; 
inarken  it  sank  several  times  below  o\    The  oiA'l  - 
southern  and  eastern  parts  was  below  the  averag  . 
northern  and  north-western  parts  it  was  jbnvc  i  T: 
rainfall  was   registered  in  Finm.irken,   where    i»  A.'.-, 
instance,  it  was  142  per  cent,  above  the  average 

The  additions  to  the  Zoological  Society's  Gan!ca» 
past  week  include  a  Mac.vme  Monkey  {A/^.uu. 
from  India,  prescnte<l  by  Mro.  Paterson  ;  a  llumt^  !•  -  Ij.- 
\l.o^<>thrix  hui>iK  iJti  \  from  the  L'pjicr  Amaaont, 
Mr.  F.  I.  Hammond;  two  Macarpie  Monkeys  1 J/j    --  " 

from  India,  presenter  I  respectively  by  Mr  I  .  b 
and  Miss  Lucy  McArthur  ;  two  West  Indian  Agoutis 
'"'•'«'"),  seven  Crab-eating  Opossums  {/h'/rMn  ><"  '' 
two  Kough    1 1-  rapins  {CUmmyt  pttnctuJarw.  twu  (■'• 
Tortoises   [TkImJo  ltibnlata\,  two   Teguexin  Uranl- 
l^vt.xtn),  two  TulKtrculateil  Iguanas  iguana  /mVnsrfVi  • 
Giant  1  'nails  (//«/..  o-/ua)  from  Trinidad,  presentrl  hy  M  - 
Gay  ;  two  Palm  Squirrels  \Sriuru.<  pahuarttm  from  I"'1  ' 
sented  by  Mr.   A.   Bellamy  :   a  Great   Kangaro..  J/-'" 
fignHtrus  £  ),  a  Rufous  Kat  Kangaroo  \tlyi>tifrym»*-- '»  ' 
from  New  South  Wales,  a  Roan  Kangaroo  (Vj- '■■»-■ 
hesefns  ?  )  from  South  Australia,  presented  by  Mr.  C  t'»rr.  •  1 
F./.S.  ;  a  Common  Cn.ssbill  (lew  curr-tr^tntK  Hnt  ' 
sented  by  Mr.  II.  S 
from  Jersey,  presented 

( Crm\ (phatm  !?Hinx\  from  \\est  Africa,  two  If-jnnft  'f°'" 
(AlaeacM  'tnicus)  from  India,  two  .Elian's  Wart  !lC  '  : 
i)i.rrus  afrh-itnus  i  S  \  from  Africa,  depositerl  :  1 
Galago  {0<t/.ts.<  -jrnttti)  from  East  Africa,  n  Haf»f*r'  V 
lope  I  Tntgthtpkus  srriftns  *  ),  an  l.latc  Hornbill  ic>J 
e/at.i)  from  West  Africi,  a  Putt  Adder  ( jnst" 
South  Africa,  a  I.accrtine  Snake  C,»7,»yV//« /rt.vr/i*/'  f-^'' 
nn  Abb   -.audi'-    I.i.-.e:!   ./'.'-.-.•. ;,- n  ,,ur.itmi)  frow  N^1* 


Eyre  ;  a  Green  Ei/anl  \U  ^ 
I  by  Mr.  G.  V.  Colliver  ;  a  |L  " 


I 


Oct.  l,  1885] 


NATURE 


543 


Moon  (New  on  October  8)  rises,  ih.  iom. ;  souths,  8h.  31m.  ; 
sets,  I5h.  41m.  ;  dccl.  on  meridian,  I2a  2'  X. 

Plantt  Rises  South*  Sen        tied,  on  meridian 

h.  m.  h.  tn.  h.  in.  , 

Mercury...  5  IO  ...  II  18  ..  17  26  ...  O  43  X. 
Venus  ...  9  ss  ...  14  17  ...  18  39  ...  19  4  S. 
Mars  ...  o  15  ...  8  o  ...  15  45  ...  18  47  X. 
Jupiter  ...  4  13  ...  10  38  ...  17  3  ...  4  12  X. 
Saturn    ...  21  35*  ...     5  43    ...    13  51    ...    22  18  X. 

*  Indicates  that  the  rising  is  that  of  the  preceding  day. 
Ou.  h. 

6  ...    17    ...    Jupiter  in  conjunction  with  and  1°  25'  north 

of  the  Moon. 

7  ...    20    ...    Mercury  in  conjunction  with  and 0°  29' north 

of  the  Moon. 


1  brown  eyes,  whilst  of 
per  cent,  of  them  had 


-L'.H'. 


I  !ll 
'.l-C 
thai 
Liu- 

iivr 
•d  "J 
.,{  tl 

if  : 


■  a  I  :•  ,n  wi  lv  as  a  p.l-s'  < 
•u:r  "t"  the  eyes  of  Lli 


HEREDITY 

A  T  the  February  meeting  of  the  Swedish  Anthropological  So- 
ciety  Pm>f.  Wittrock  read  a  paper  on  the  hereditability  of  colour 
nf  the  eyes.  The  speaker  had  been  requested  by  l'rof.  Alphonse 
1  )e  (  andolle,  of  Geneva,  to  make  observations  on  this  point, 
which,  together  with  those  made  in  Switzerland.  North  Germany, 
and  Belgium,  had  firmed  the  material  for  M.  Dc  Candolle's 
paper.  "  Hercdile  de  la  couleur  desycux  dansl'espece  humaine  " 
(Archives  dts  Sdenca  Physiouts  et  Nahirtlln,  y  periode,  t.  xii., 
Geneve,  1884).  From  the  same  the  remarkable  fact  was 
derived  that  brown  eyes  were  more  common  in  men  than  women  ; 
f)f  the  individual*  examined  41 '6  per  cent,  of  men  and  44-2  per 
cent,  of  women  had  brown  eyes.  Further,  in  families  where 
:he  parents  had  the  same  colour  of  eyes  80  per  cent,  of  the 
children  of  parents  with  brown  eyes  ha 
children  of  parents  with  blue  eyes  93*6 
;yes  of  that  colour.  The  unconformity  was  no  doubt  due  to 
H.ivisme  or  the  hereditary  influence  of  ancestors.  Of  the 
children  of  parents  of  whom  the  father  had  brown  and  the 
mother  blue  eye*  53*3  \"ex  cent,  had  brown,  whilst  where  the 
reverse  was  the  case  55*9  per  cent,  had  blue  eyes.  As  the  per- 
centage of  brown-eyed  children  of  parents  with  bi-coloured  eyes 
was  highest,  it  seemed  as  if  brown  eyes  were  always  on  the 
increase  to  the  detriment  of  blue  ones.  It  appeared  also  from 
these  researches  that  women  with  brown  eyes  have  better  pro- 
spects of  marry  ing  than  those  with  blue.  52  per  cent,  of  the 
married  women  had  brown  eyes,  and  only  48  per  cent,  of  them 
blue— a  circumstance  which  is  the  more  remarkable  as  the  number 
of  women  with  brown  eyes  in  Italian  Switzerland  is  only  44  per 
cent.  Anothcrremirkable  discovery  wasthat  theaverage  number 
of  children  of  parents  with  eyes  similar  in  colour  was  2  7,  whilst 
that  of  those  with  different  colour  was  318,  which  was  an  addi- 
li  [inn.:'  of  the  f.iet  "ha:   cl  1 : 1 ■  1  r t- 1 1  of  ;>:m-:U<  with  -imilir 

f  ivn»  constitution.  Comparing 
■  children  where  the  parents  were 
uied,  wiili  those  of  t-:Kh  of  (he  latter,  it  was  di-covercl 
e  eves  of  the  fuller  were  inherited  by  .iS'8  per  cent,  of 
liiren,  and  those  of  the  mother  by  51 '2  per  cent.,  which, 
i  iu  lween  -inns  and  d'.n^hti  r-,  showed  that  .}7  per  cent, 
tonner  and  49"5  per  ce;it.  n!  the  hitter  inherited  the  eves 
f.ithrr.  whereas  5  5  per  i  <:n;.  (.f  the  sens  and  50*5  per  rent, 
daughter*  inherited  those  of  ihe  mother.  Siriee  !'r  A. 
tjiitidolle  had  published  hi*  paper,  he  ithe  speaker)  had  con- 
tinued his  researches  in  Sweden,  and  from  ihe  ni.iteri.il  he  had 
collected  he  had  discovered  results  differing  from  prof.  Can- 
iolfe'.s.  Of  the  in lividu.als  replied  to  him  2:f(>  per  cent.  e»f 
the  men  and  30-7  per  cent,  of  the  women  had  brown  eyes,  iu 
that  even  in  that  Country  the  latter  were  more  numerous  than 
■,  but  this.  wj<  ro  doubt  due  to  the  circumstance  that 
most  anxious  to  obtain  particulars  from  hi -co  loured 
accordance  with  Candollc's  result*:.  75 '6  per  cent, 
its  both  with  brown  eyes  inherited  this  colour, 
:.  inherited  that  colour. 

tiM  regards  the  bi-coloured  parents  the 
eden  too.    If  ihe  father  had  brown  and 
iCf  ccnL.  of  chA  children  had  brown  eyes, 
is  the  enso  t  ;  per  cent,  of  them  had 
t  were  ibe  rv*erie  of  Candollc's. 

HkMftbc  children  had 
tatter  are  ifi^the'iuaiease. 
he  eve.  plated  in.  the 


selection  of  a  wife  in  Sweden,  as  he  had  no  statistics  of  the  dis- 
tribution of  brown  eyes  in  general,  but  there  was  a  tendency 
similar  to  that  stated  above,  as,  of  the  parents  embraced  by  these 
researches,  the  majority  of  wives  had  brown  eyes.  With  refer- 
ence to  the  number  of  children  in  Sweden  of  con-coloured  and 
bi-coloured  parents,  that  of  the  former  was  4  49  and  that  of  the 
latter  4-03,  whilst  52  6  [>cr  cent,  of  the  children  inherited  the 
eyes  of  the  father  and  47-4  per  cent,  those  of  the  mother  ; 
of  the  sons  51*8  per  cent,  inherited  the  eyes  of  the  father, 
and  48*2  per  cent,  those  of  the  mother,  which  figures 
as  regards  the  daughters  were  respectively  53*5  and  46-5 
per  cent.  This  shows  that  in  Sweden  the  eyes  arc  not  pre- 
dominantly inherited  from  the  mother  alone,  and  that  the  off- 
spring of  equally-constituted  parents  should  not  be  weaker.  The 
speaker  stated  in  conclusion  that  he  is  continuing  his  researches. 
He  excludes  children  under  ten  years  of  age  from  the  same,  and 
classifies  blue-grey  or  grey  eyes  as  blue. 


UNIVERSITY  AND  EDUCATIONAL 
INTELLIGENCE 

Prof.  W.  GrYLLS  AliAMs,  F.R.S.,  will  deliver  a  Course  ol 
Lectures  at  King's  Colic  re,  London,  on  Heat  and  Light,  during 
the  Academical  Year  1885  6.  A  Course  of  Practical  Work  in 
Fleet rical  Testing  and  Measurement,  with  especial  reference  to 
F.lcctrical  Kngineering,  will  be  carried  on  under  his  direction  in 
the  Wheatstone  Laboratory.  There  will  also  be  a  Course  of 
Lectures  on  Mechanics  and  the  Principles  of  Fncrjy.  The 
Wheatstone  Laboratory  v.  open  daily  from  I  to  4,  except  on 
Saturdays.  For  further  particulars  apply  to  Prof.  Adams, 
King's  College,  London. 

Thb  following  appointments  have  recently  been  made  at  the 
Victoria  University,  Owens  College,  Manchester : — To  the 
Professorship  of  Mathematics:  Mr.  Horace  Lamb,  M.A., 
F.R.S.,  late  Fellow  of  Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  and  Pro- 
fessor of  Mathematics  in  the  University  of  Adelaide.  To  the 
Professorship  of  Anatomy  :  Mr.  Alfred  H.  Young,  M.B., 
F.K.C.S. 


SOCIETIES  AND  ACADEMIES 
Paris 

Academy  of  Sciences,  September  21. — M.  Bouley,  Pre- 
sident, in  the  chair. — On  the  development  of  cholera  in  India, 
by  M.  Gustave  Lc  Hon.  In  support  of  Prof.  Peter's  view  that 
European  differs  from  Asiatic  cholera  only  in  the  greater  in- 
tensity of  the  causes  producing  it,  Ihe  author  argues  that  l>oth 
form":  might  break  out  spontaneously  in  any  country  through  the 
\. il.uilc  germs  arising  from  putrincd  organic  matter.  In  his 
f.rmer  researches  he  snowed  that,  apart  from  these  germs,  there 
exists  ?_  scries  of  volatile  alkaloids  which,  when  introduced  by 
respiration,  produce  almost  fulminating  effects.  These  researches 
throw  much  light  on  the  accidents  attending  the  exhumation  of 
bonk-,  long  buried  and  on  the  spread  of  typhoid  or  analogous 
fevers.  The  facts  recently  observed  by  M.  Le  Bon  during  a 
sudden  outbreak  of  cholera  at  Komhakonnm,  in  the  south  of 
India,  tend  to  confirm  this  hypothesis.  In  India  itself  cholera 
rages  almost  exclusively  amongst  the  native  populations;  the 
bullish,  who  reside  in  large  cantonments,  where  sanitary  arrange- 
ments nrc  scrupulously  attended  to,  being  seldom  attacked.  That 
cholera  and  intermittent  fevers  are  propagated  chiefly  by  bad 
water  is  a  point  on  which  opinion  is  unanimous  in  that  country, 
ami  the  author's  per-onal  experience  places  it  beyond  all  reason- 
able doubt. — Elements  of  Brooks's  comet,  by  M.  R.  Radau. 
Tbe<e  elements,  according  to  observations  made  at  Cambridge 
and  Paris,  are  found  to  lie  : — 

T  -  1885,  August  10-30457  ;  mean  Paris  time. 

w  -  a  =  43  o  47 ) 

a  =*  204  33    7  /  Mean  equinox  of  1885  "o. 
1  =  59  22  30  ) 
log  <j     =  9-87604 

— Note  on  a  new  stellar  spectroscope,  by  M.  Ch.  V.  Zcnger.  This 
instrument  is  constructed  on  a  new  principle,  and  ehielly  in- 
tended to  measure  simultaneously  and  accurately  the  angle  of 
position  and  the  distance  of  double  stars  situated  very  close 
together. — On  the  process  of  fertilisation  in  the  Cephalopods, 


544 


NA  TURE 


[Oct. 


by  M.  Li  Viallcton. — On  the  anatomical  organisation  of  ihc 
urns  in  CtphAthtus  /UHeu/nrir,  by  MM.  Jules  Chareyre  and 
Edouard  Hcckel. 

BBJtUN 

Physiological  Society,  July  31.— Prof.  Fritsch  spoke  on 
the  functions  of  the  sebaceous  glands,  raising  a  protest  against  the 
conception,  represented  quite  recently  by  Ilerr  Unna,  that  these 
glands  served  only  to  lubricate  the  hairs,  while  the  globiform 
glands,  commonly  called  the  sudoriparous  glands,  lubricated  the 
skin  and  induced  the  formation  of  the  subcutaneous  fat,  and 
that,  finally,  the  perspiration  was  discharged  by  the  sweat-pores, 
or,  rather,  t'ie  extreme  ends  of  the  straight  canals  into  which  the 
sweat  found  its  way  out  from  intercellular  spaces  through  the 
stomata.  A  whole  scries  of  anatomical,  histological,  and  physio- 
logical ground*  were  brought  forward  against  this  view  both  by 
the  s|>cakcr  and,  in  the  course  of  the  discussion  on  the  subject, 
by  Prof.  I>u  Bois-Reymond,  1'rof.  Waldeycr,  Dr.  (lad,  and 
1  'r.  Lissar.    All  known  observations  ami  experiments  were,  on 
the  contrary,  they  maintained,  in  favour  of  the  view  that  the 
sebaceous  glands  provided  fat  for  the  skin,  while  the  globiform 
glands  had  the  production  of  sweat  assigned  to  them. — Dr. 
Weyl  reported  on  the  results  of  a  chemical  examination  of  the 
cholestcrin,  the  composition  of  which  had  not  hitherto  beet) 
ascertained,  although  this  substance  bad  been  discovered  more 
than  a  hundred  years  ago,  and  had  since  been  traced  in  the 
most  varied  organs  of  the  animal  body  and  even  in  plants. 
The  most  searching  investigation  down  to  the  present  of  cho- 
lestcrin had  been  made  by  Ilerr  Zwcnger,  who,  by  treatment 
with  sulphuric  acid  and  nitric  acid,  bail   found  combinations 
which  he  had  distinguished  and  chemically  characterised  .1, 
cholcsterylene  and  cholesterone.     Ity  repeating  these  experi- 
ments l>r.  Weyl  had  achieved  much  purer  derivatives  of  the 
cholestcrin,  in  particular  chloric  and  brotnic  combinations,  in 
very  pure  Crystals,  which  rendered  exact  elementary  analysis 
possible.    This  led  to  the  result  that  the  derivatives  of  cho- 
lestcrin were  found  to  l>e  hydrocarburcts  liclnnging  to  the  great 
class  of  the  terpenes— that  is,  they  were  products  of  condensa- 
tion or  polymerisations  of  the  simple  terpenc  (CaII„>.  Kvcn 
though  it  were  not  yet  possible  to  state  precisely  the  number  of 
the  CiH,,  which   had    Inrcome   polymcri-ed   in   the  several 
cholc-tcrin  derivatives,  the  speaker  yet  thought  he  had  suffi- 
cient ground  for  a-suming  that  the  composition  (C.ll^H.O  was 
the  one  proper  to  the  cholestciin  itself.    Substances  which,  both 
by  their  reactions  and  their  percentage  compositions,  were  denot- 
ftblc  as  icr|>cncs,  might  also  be  obtained  from  the  choleic 
nod.  a  citoimstancc  which  pointed   to  the  more  intimate 
relation    between  cholestcrin  and  choleic  acid.--  Dr.  Hiondi 
communicated  the  results  of  an  investigation  carried  out  by  him 
in  the  Institute  of  Prof,  Waldeycr  with  a  view  to  throwing  light 
on  (he  origin  of  the  spcrmftlototda  in  the  seminiferous  canals — a 
oues'i  hi  on  which  tiic  views  of  physiologists  were  so  widely 
divergent.     By  appropriate  use  of  appliances  f  >r  hardening, 
fixing,  and  colouring,  among  which  the  advantages  of  I- lemm- 
ing's fluid  had  to  be  mentioned  with  quite  special  prominence, 
Dr.  Biondi  arrived  at  results  which  Corroborated  none  of  the 
views   formerly   put    forth,  but  which  explained  the  earlier 
observed  facts.    In  accordance  with  these  results  it  had  been 
endeavoured  diagramm.it ically  to  distribute  the  contents  of  the 
seminiferous  canals  into  columns,  which,  proceeding  from  the 
wall  towards  the  central  cavity,  might  be  groU|>cd  into  three 
livers.     In  the  first  stage  of  development,  a  stage  always  met 
with,  in  particular,  in  animals  not  yet  ripe,  the  extreme  layer 
lying  on  the  wall  of  the  canal  consisted  of  round,  primitive 
cells,  the  second  layer,  proceeding  inwards,  of  round  mother- 
cells,  which  were  very  rich  in  caryokinclic  figures,  and  the  third 
innermost  layer  consisted  of  a  larger  number  of  small  round 
daughter  cells.    In  a  second  stage  of  development  observable 
in  ripe  glands  the  nucleus  of  the  daughter  cells  were  seen 
converted  into  spcrmatozoids,  the  exterior  half 
becoming  the  head  and  the  other  interior 
part  and  tail  of  the  spermatozoon.    The  pt 
daaghtcr  cells  took  no  part  in  this  transformation 
the  IxMlies  of  the  spermatozoa,  making  them  col 
from  which  the  tails  of  the  spermatozoa  proj 
central  canal.    These  mas-es   of  protoplasm 
bodies  of  the  spermatozoa  altogether  rescmbl 
descritied  by  the  earlier  observers  as  M  Spermatol 
this  stage  the  above  diagtammatically  assumed  column1 
from  the  outside  inwards,  of  the  primitive  cell,  thi 


cell,  and  the  bundle  of  spermatozoa.    In  the  next  ftiej  1/ •-• 
lopment  the  formation  of  the  spermatozoa,  arising  1!* 
same  manner  from  the  nucleus  of  the  daughter  cell*,  m 
farther  outwards,  so  that  the  column  now  consisted  al 
large  round  cell  on  the  outside  and  bundles  r»f  spmW' 
the  inside.  The  formation  of  the  seminal  corpuscles  sdw. 
further,  and  at  last  the  wrnle  column,  as  far  a»  the  » 
consisted  of  spermatozoa,  the  bodies  of  w  hich  wcrr  __■ 
into  bundles  by  masses  of  protoplasm,  their  tails  brine  " 
wards.    Primitive  cells  out  of  neighbouring  columns  »>« 
cilated  themselves  between   the  wall  of  the  can; 
spermatozoa,  pushing  the  latter  towards  the  mi !  He-  I 
development  of  the  mother  and  daughter  cell*  the  vftrs 
were  quite  pressed  and  discharged  into  the  ccntnl  a-:, 
process  thus  described  then  began  anew.     It  must, b«- 
observed  that  in  nature  there  was  no  separation  ibm 
and  layers  such  as  was  here  diagrammalu-ally  doer/ ■ 
was  only  for  the  sake  of  clear  represcntati  n  that  1st  ■ 
succeeding  each  other  in  time  were  thus  exhibited  i- 
space.    Dr.  Biondi  had  examined  this  structure  ol 
ifcrous  canals,  and  this  development  of  the  spermi: 
the  bull,   the  swine,   the   cat,  the   rabbit,  the  tfn» 
the  rat,  and  other   mammalia ;   and    in   all  these 
had  found  alike   the  same  results.     Prof.  Walk?" 
that  Dr.  Biondi  had  attained  to  these  results  quite  indc 
and  hail  communicated   and  demonstrated   them  tu  I 
early  as  February  of  this  year.    It  was  only  on  hn 
Dr.  Biondi  had  further  examined  a  longer  serie-  al  ■ 
before  publishing  his  results.    A  few  days  ago,  contm* 
Waldeycr,  he  had  received  a  letter  from  Prof.  Grahtr 
Konigs!H.'rg.  in  accordance  with  which  be  (Prof. 
had  attained  to  the  same  results  on  spermatogenesis  li 
Biondi,  to  whom,  of  the  two  independent  di-covercr\  « • 
the  title  of  priority. — Dr.  Blasrfiko  briefly  explainr 
microscopic  preparations  he  exhibited,  which  servel  ' 
that  l>etwcen  the  epidermis  and  the  cutis  there  lay  aocr: 
substance  ;  but  just  as  it  was  long  known  that  in  tbt  : 
the  epidermis  cells  they  had  processes  groivin;  ik"*" 
digitatcly  into  one  another,  so  here,  too,  the  pfxrvo 
epidermis  and  cutis  cells  were  seen  to  intertwine  wjtl 
other  and  form  a  network,  the  meshes  of  whieh  were  j*.' 
large  in  an  (edematous  skin. — Dr.  Lassar  deaton<tntaJ 
scopic  preparations  of  skin  which  he  had  excided  fr  <b  i 
suffering  under  lichen  ruber.    In  the  copious  prmopl*- 
exudation  of  the  inflammation)  surrounding  the  canil- 
epidermis  there  were  seen,  after  colouring  with  facta)* 
Bismarck -brown,  an  uncommonly  large  number  of  m  * 
distinguishing  themselves  particularly  by  their  remarkate  • 

Ills-. 


CONTENTS 

North  American  Water-Birds  .....  ..-•maM^o— if 

Letters  to  the  Editor  .- — 

The  New  Star  in  Andromeda. — A.  A.  C©in«»*s\ 

F.R.S  ;  Geo  M  Scabroke;  A. Kicco  (//rsuossto 1  ( 
The  1'roj-osol  (  lunge  in  the  Astronomical  Dsj-~ 

A   M   D.  Downing  

A  Tertiary  Rainbow.  —  T.  C.  Lewis  .  . 

A    White  Swallow.— Alex.    Anderson;  Hnb"* 

Airy  ;  J.  LI.  Bozward  5 

The  Annual  Congress  of  the  Sanitary  Institute  of 
Great  Br*'   I 

Insect  **  ^tozi  ' 

Amer  BOnutt       Ra    Prof  W 

Fr  _ 

cilians 


Oct.  I,  1885] 


NA  TURE 


clxxiii 


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Oct.  i,  1885] 


NA  TURE 


clxxv 


Now  Ready,  Medium  4to.,  Trice  14*. 

AN  ATLAS 


OF 


PRACTICAL  ELEMENTARY  BIOLOGY. 

BY    G.    B.  HOWES, 

»f  Biology,  Normal  School  0/  Science  and  Royal  School  of  Mines,  Lecturer  in  Comparative  Anatomy,  St.  George  : 

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ELEMENTARY  ALGEBRA  FOR  SCHOOLS. 

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NA  TURE 


[Oct.  I, 


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pair  ;  and  in  gold  frames  from  £1  p.  6d. — Full  particulars  of 
Browning's  Method  of  Suiting  the  Sight  by  Correspondence 
ami  Testimonials  post  free. 


63,  STRAND,  LONDON,  W.C. 


NEGRETTI   AND  ZAMBRA, 

SOLE  MAKERS  OF  JORDAN'S  (PATENT) 

SUNSHINE  RECORDER. 

PRICE  £3  10s. 

With  a  supply  of  Charts 

NEGRETTI 

AMD 

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TO  THE  QUBXM, 

HOI.BORN  VIADUCT. 
Branches: — 45,  Cornhill; 
in,  Regent  Street,  London 

/tltutrwttd  D*tcrtrti»m  Put  hrtt. 

NEGRETTI  ft  ZAMBRA'S 
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600  Pages, 

1  aoo  Engravings. 

Pi  ice  it.  td. 

Silver  Afedal  awarded  Inventions'  Exhibition,  1885. 


Digitized  by  Google 


clxxviii 


NATURE 


[Oct.  S,  :■ 


THE  PROFESSORSHIP  OF  NATURAL 
PHILOSOPHY, 

IN  THE  QUEEN'S  COLLEGE,  GALWAY, 

Reins  now  about  tr>  become  vai.int,  Candidate*  (nr  that  '  ifhtcc  are  rer|ue*teT 
to  forward  their  Testimonial*  to  the  Inier-Secretury,  i  >  i'  Iri  <  .t>tle,  o-i  or 
before  OdOHER  j8,  in  order  that  the  *a<ne  -nay  be  »ubmiuod  to  )i» 
Eacelknry  the  l»rd  I.KUt(iiiot. 

•    I  lie  i  aodidate  who  may  I*  circled  for  the  »!»vr  Prof.  »*orvbip  will  have 
to  enter  upon  tv*  dutie*  forthwith. 
Dublin  l  .wlc,  Oi.tnl.er  i,  i  -  !;. 

CIVIL  SERVICE  COMMISSION.-  Forth- 

comini:  Examination —Asibtarit  Fxami..er»hii'*  in  the  Pan  n:  Oi:\,  e 
Ol  .■-,).  OriiVr  ."5.    Salary.  £,<;..•  ''>  Cvrt 

'I  he  <i.,te         iticd  i*  the        <.i  .it  which  un-  li.  .uiotw  •  • « ■  be  rrCeiv.-J. 

They  mu»t  It  titi.-'c  ,-rt  f..rt t..  he  i.i.lail-r-!,  »  th  pari  ..id-rv   :r..in  lite 

Sis  hfc't.tltV,  ClVll  Sir  vie*-  I  '.,1.1.11  .»■•  tl.  1...1HI..II,  S  VV. 


BEDFORD  COLLEGE,  LONDON 

(FOR  I.APIFS), 

a.inl  -,.  YORK  PEACE,  BAKER  STREET,  W. 

The  SI  SSION        Ik       ..11  THFRSp.VY,  O,  t  her  1 1. 
An  Addrr**  10  1  lie  sti:,|.-(,u  and  it-eir  (tf-'fU  »  II  b-  pin  in  TKIIMV, 
O,  to'or        at  4  b  by  Sir  III  NKV  W   At  I  \  M  ..  K  <MV.  I'  R  S. 

l-idie-  Jii.)  I.entUmeii  admitted  1.11  j.rc-r -tan  ,r,  ..1  -b.-ir  \i,m.'  •  (.-ii.U. 

I:    -M  \PU  III.  H  . 


LIVING  SPECIMENS  FOR  THE  MICROSCt1: 

GOLDMEDAL»w»rded  M  the  FISHERIES  I'.XHIEITK  ■> 

THOMAS  BOLTON,  jr.  NEWHALL  STREtT.  BIBM1V 

\Vho!i..»  last  week  -tnt  to  hi*  subscriber*  Wro    h  ua.  .  • 
description.      He   hat  also  «tnt  <rut    E-pit.  ju>  in.t-»!':n.. 
muceito,  Fredericella  sultana,  Cordyb.phuia  1-v.uMri*,  As  J- • " 
Nnti.mmaia  <p:cata,  Volvos  slobator.  Pe-mid.  ;  alto  Hyin.  \-  •-■ 
rella,  Crayfi-.h,  and  other  Speciment  for  (Hualeyr  and  Maru: . . 
I  .iliorarnry  *oik. 

Weekly  Announcement*  w  ill  he  made  in  thi»  place  .-(  Orj».-.-- 
•uppiyiii,; 

specimen  Tube,  One  Shilling,  post  fret. 

Tw*mty.,U  Tuh„i»  count  »/Six  Umtkt  fyrSntitHftinf/  1 
tr  Tnwlvt  T*t*i  fer  ioj.  bJ. 

Portfolio  of  I  ir»»  .tiR*.  Eleven  Part*.  <»•■■ 


VICTORIA  UNIVERSITY, 
UNIVERSITY  COLLEGE,  LIVERPOOL. 

SI  SSION  t\>.<i-''>  i-onmiiive*  OCTOp.ER  5 


Cnrtiplrte  1 'uri  1  nliilil  |rrOVHlrd  fi.r  Vt.:tc-ria  V"  niv.-r  ity  pe-rt.'*  in 
Medirine,  Art*,  At..!  .s<  letnc 

Student^  al^o  |<re|Mir.i  for  I^wl-  n  I'niyerM  y,  Cmtl'inUe  lli^iii't  I  ■»  :•  I 
and  otber  t.«niiiiri.iii>>n* 

Phj  mi  al,  Uu  I«,ki  ,  ird  Chen.ical  I.al.-.ral..r:»«. 

A^^'^l.nne  in   I'l.nl  1.1I  Ci  -  r.il. -ly   \^niW   bv   I  -.ir.tli.r,   in.iltr  the 

Slll^rtritt  r  .  If  hlf  .  f  t  ('..'  IVi  ib        ir  .  f  t  br  |  lr  J  ^o  1 1  :i.  1 1 1  . 

Ail  i  ..-»••.  -.  "ufl  Mrilt,  .il,  ..i.rn  In  Male  .lin:  remale  Sui-*ent»  of  11.  .11  ! 
upward*.  _  Mudeiil*  admitted  »•>  their  itlii  jt.ir,  .ub>it  'o  |,re;iHiii...ty 
KiaiitiniAli^n. 

Evemntf  l  ecture*  and  Cla-e.,  heonninK  fhiuber  t»,  ..|*n  to  alU  •  n;.  r* 
on  payment  ».f  f  1  frr. 

I*  nil  l*r»^*prk.tus  ^r.ili*  on  ai'pl icatton  to  the  On. t  rcn  K  r. ;  1  -.  1  k  m; , 

THE  OWENS  COLLEGE, 
MANCHESTER. 

The  pf.  irr^nKsHiP  .  f  rnvsun  <  «.v  in.     .  ,v,  » ,r.r,t  .i.t 

the  retiKnuri'.ri  nf  Prof  i».iiu^r.-     <c".t ..1 1 1 . 1 .1 1 lor  ibn  1  luir  -ir>-  :i\u..  s.> 

f  rwatd  .1)  lillClti.  11.  .il,d    |e*lM  •    v..  v  .1  v-r.l   ■,,    I        K      ...     i    .  (  lb"  <  .1 

le-r,  un.ter      w  t  ■  rhe  R-.o-  •.       lit.  r  t-        M<>\  !•  \\  .  N'  v       I-  r  , 

li.  *  I       Inf..  mi.  It  ..:i,'n.:;  .hi-  lf:i:h  .mil  ,    nil    i'Wid  i;  ;  - :  I  ■ 

will  1«  forwiinlc.l  .m  appli.  an  lo  IV.  t".  !>.►•.-....  :,,  I':  :.,  ip.,!  ..I  ill- 
C.lle^e. 

HI'  NKV  WM  HOI. PI. R.  M  \  .  K.  J  u.,-. 


ST.  THOMAS'S   HOSPITAL  MEDICAL 
SCHOOL. 

AI.RRRT  F.MHANKMFST.  I.oNPON.  S,  ¥.. 
The  WINTER  M  ssliiN  ,.f  wl>      .,■  -,.>.-  e  -m  nrh  .]:>  ri  , 

when  an  lrrtro>lu<.t.:ry  Addr—*  will  t*  d*h».-re,  '.y  \  I  >.  M  i-  h  I  I  i  *  k 
E«<i.,  M  t  V  .  at  i  p  n, 

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TH'  I'.i.innii.iii  .n     il        I,.  '  I    i-        .   i  'ib.  -r.*i  -  I       i.  i  br 

«ubje..M  will  lir  rin  r  -.in  jii.1  Phj  ...  *,  u  :  :,  .  .;:  .  i   I..  I  •:  >  .  r  -  ) 

the  ■ , ( 1 1 1-  - n  .  T  I  .ill  I   ' ..  i  ■  . 

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tar*     Hl.l.l     ,•■       .^1  -..-,(- 

W     \'        KP.  Pean. 


UNIVERSITY   COLLEGt   OF  NOK: 
WALES.  BANGOR 

Session  .S3s-6  «ill  ojen  on  FRIPAV.  Ol  IO|:l  K 

DEPARTMENTS  OF  PHYSICS,  CHEMISTRY,  AM 1 

„  •   r>  .'Viirr,  A.  tiK  AV,  M  A. 

I  tunc  *  ...       /,,,„  ,„„„..,,,,  ,,  M   l., ......  M  A 

f  /•»■•-•.  .">:  |.  I.  p..,  i  i.  M  \  ,  !' 
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r.  ijniTtni.  lit-,  uf  Sludtlit*    jirrfjinr  u   wilh   .1    ne\*    !■    I"'  '"■ 

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Fuii et-.it ic*  of  I  .hnhtir^b  and  C.U-?vw  a*  suailv*  •"  " 

I  '  .-p  ft  e^  1 1  f  tin  ,-.e  I  luiet.llies. 

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■  I-,  ii.-iiei  h,*s  Ircli  rt  i  .1 1 1  *-  f,|  l!,e  |  e-.-ii-brnc  <^f  Kl«-i  l:'--*J  '- 
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I.alKWAIi.kY    Ft-K-   |IP  K   'J  !  K  ml 

PllS.l    .li  t,h,r„,.l' 

I-aloratory  ..rV-.-e) 
s  \  HiHir*  p<r  Week       ...    i><    17  •■■      X.'    1  1 

I  u, mv-b  tir  or  more  Hutir* 

[icr  \Vt  •  k    „.      i    \\    a     ...        4  4 

Pt. -|-,, Tib, rial  Cbar>;e»  f  t  mure  iha-i  >  x  or  leu  than  l"': 
|er  M.e'k. 

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;iti--n:i  a:   t>-e  1 ■  i  it  .:  ■  f  >    '  Il   V-  ■'■.a.  and  *<  vital  are  •• 

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Fur   full    Ii.f  -tri..,! -.to  tb-     t'    le  -e  ti'-i-bir. 


tpi  |.  ■■  ii.  t  .-'  I  u •>  ,«li|  b.  n:  .-     to  the  «  .  :!.  ..•  >.  e-rtaiy 

UNIVERSITY  COLLEGE.  BRISTC 

1  be  SISSION  i:--r.-a  wit"  W^in  nrt  OCTORFR*     1,,r'  ;%' 
for   r»-rt,.i:s    of  either  .n  al-oe   tbe    ,-.nlin.«fV   s.  hoil  *"'•''  . 
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I  III  KVII  KI       I',.-   (  III  MP.  M,.    HIV*l'"ll-  ,Nl'' 
r.KDI.i'bK  Ah,  and  I  --IOI  .Ot.lt  \l.  |.\|!ttR  VKlKP  - 

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-  i.'ti-.:-  ■  .  a;  i  -.to  -  - 

A  I. FRED  F.  MOCK,  Kr.-r"'^ 

SCIENCE  CLASSE--. 
YOUNG  MEN'S  CHRISTIAN 
ASSOCIATION. 


VI  I  I  ks.  .  \1  |    s  I ' K  F I  I    •  < 

1   p.     ,  ,    l,   -    K-  'iv..  -•  b  f 

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lb ....   ,     M  b 
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h,,        \|>H.'«rsaiHl  \....i  uiei  ii  M  :  and  Xoe-S**"'^ 


ADVERTISER    wishes    to    know  wluc 

1  \  \    i  b  \  s  i  ■  iy  •  ^  .    ]  i  .  ran  hw  TV  -r  pt'\ 

—  J   \r       <  iv  i  i  '    —  V;i>  i)  I  K  *,  <*.'    i  S*TKt.»,  »j, 

|.  .  ......    S     M      VI  . 

WANTED—  "NATURK.     No  s1 

<*«••»►  <"»•''.       -  /.  I-   )'•  -  :  s-rret.  <f-.n  b  \V  C 


MATH  h 

S.Ul]«T  I  - 

WrariLeli 


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Digitized 


Oct.  8,  1885] 


NATURE 


clxxix 


LONDON       UNIVERSITY      EXAMS  — 

Prelim.  Siicntifie  and  li. S«:  R.ipid  Coaching  with  great  success. 
Term^  Moderate — H  J.  WllN,  B  Sc.,  1st  Class  Honours  (Lond  ), 
University  College.  I.orM.n 


MINERALS    AND  STONE 
IMPLEMENTS. 

MR.  BRYCE-WR1GHT  be^s  to  call  the  attention  of  hii  Client*  and  the 
Public  to  hit  large  Series  of 

MINERALS  AND  STONE  IMPLEMENTS, 

from  which  single  specimens  can  be  selected 

Elementary  Collections  of  Minerals,  Fossils,  and  Rocks  from  j£t  upwards 
S  B  —Thtit  Co'leetiont  obtained  the  Frite  Medal.  1K1. 
GF.M<  AND  PRECIOUS  STONES  OF  EVERY  DESCRIPTION 

BRYCE-WRIGHT, 
Minernhzist  and  F.xferi  in  Pre  ions  Stones, 
km.  RECENT  STREET,  LONDON.  W. 

EDWARD   WAKD   has   pleasure  in  an- 

nouncine  the  issue  of  a  new  Mkm-Sliilr  of  Zoophy.;,  w'.th  tentacles 
Mt,  in  the  special  manner  so  well  lenownto  his  numerous  patrons. 

I.  d. 

Plumularia  similis    (post-free)   t  8 

Also,  quite  new  • 
Gonooia  verrucosa  (polype  stained)     ,,  1  a 

P  >d.ilirus  typicus  (Spectre  Shrimp)      .,  13 
EDWARD  WARD.  mo.  OXFORD  STREET,  MANCHESTER.  (503 

SPECTACLES  V.  OPHTHALMIC 
IRREGULARITIES. 

W,  IOHNSON.  Ophthalmic  OpriH™,  received  the  HIGHEST  and 
"NI.V  AW \K  I  >  granted  f>r  .SPECTACLES  in  LONDON,  International 
Exhibition,  iV>3. 

Patronised  by  the  most  eminent  Oculi-ts  and  Medical  Men. 

W.  JOHNSON,  Optician  to  the  University  Hospital, 

i3S,   TOTTENHAM   COt'RT  ROAD. 
"  Remarks  on  Spectacles,"  post-free. 


PROFESSOR  TAIT'S  WORKS. 
I. 

In  Crown  8vo  ,  Cloth,  price  7/.  6d. 

PROPERTIES    OF  MATTER. 

By  P.  G.  TAIT,  M.A.,  SEC.R.S.E., 

Formerly  Fello-s-  of  St.  Peter's  College.  Camnr".«l,:r.  Professor*  of  Natural 

Philosophy  in  the  L  mvcr»ity  of  Edinburgh. 

II. 

By  the  Same.    Crown  8vo  ,  price  6r. 

LIGHT. 

Edinburgh:  ADAM   AND  CHARLES  BLACK. 


HOLLOWAYS  OINTMENT 


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INFALLIBLE 
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:  ORE  THR0AT8,  BRONCHITIS,  COUGHS  and  COLDS;  and  for 
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CHEMICAL    APPARATUS,  Wholesale, 

Retail,  for  Colleges,  Schools,  and  Chemical  Works.  New  Catalogue  of 
00  pages  and  500  clear  Illustrations,  post  free,  3d  — WILLIAM 
Hi  ME,  1,  Lothian  Street.  Edinburgh 

BOOKS   (Secondhand),  Miscellaneous,  Re 

mainders.fte  — C.  HERBERT.  English  and  Foreign  Bookseller,  319. 
Gossvell  Road,  London,  E  C.  Catalogue  free  on  receipt  of  two  sump*. 
Libraries,  Old  Books.and  Parchment  purchased . 

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BLACK  COPIES 

-Wrmphic  Style,  of  the  ORDINARY  WRITING  (also  Shorthand 
— Ji  Sketches,  Music.    Easy,  Economical.— The  ALT'  >COI'\  IS! 
•••jo  Wall,  London. 


MINERALOGY  AND  GEOLOGY. 

PROFESSORS.  COLLECTORS  and  VISITORS  10  LONDON  are 
INVII  ED  to  INSPECT  Mr.  HENSON'S  STOCK  of  CHOICE  MINE- 
RALS,  ftc,  &c.  At  the  PRESENT  TIME  he  has  a  PARTICULARLY 
FINE  CRYSTALLISED  NUGGETof  NATIVE  GOLD.  WEIGHT  a  or., 
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NA  TURE 


545 


THURSDAY,  OCTOBER  S,  188; 


MR.  GRIEVE  OX  THE  G  A  RE  FOWL 

The  Great  Auk,  or  Garefenvl  (A lea  impennis,  Linn.),  its 
History,  Archeology,  and  Remains.  By  Symington 
Grieve,  Edinburgh.  410,  pp.  x.  141,  and  Appendix, 
pp.58.    (London:  Jack,  1885.) 

AGREEABLY  to  the  wish  of  the  editor  of  Nature 
that  I  should  notice  in  its  pages  the  lately-published 
volume  whose  title  stands  above,  I  undertake  a  responsi- 
bility of  a  kind  which  is  for  me  as  delicate  as  can  be 
imposed  upon  anybody.    It  has  long  been  no  secret  that 
for  more  than  five-and-twenty  years — since,  indeed,  the 
premature  death,  in  1859,  of  my  friend  and  fellow-traveller, 
the  late  Mr.  John  Woi.i.ky  — I  have  had  it  in  hand  to 
prepare  and  eventually  to  produce  a  monograph  of  the 
presumably  extinct  species  of  bird,  into  the  investigation 
1    of  whose  history  he  had  thrown  himself  with  all  the 
enerpjy  of  his  character.     During  that  time  I  am  not 
conscious  of  having  ever  lost  an  opportunity  of  adding  to 
my  store  of  information  on  the  subject,  in  doing  which  I 
was  for  several  years  assisted  by  the  zeal  of  the  late  Mr. 
*    G.  D.  Rowley  ;  and,  though  always  having  in  view  the 
ft    ultimate  publication  of  the  monograph  originally  con- 
templated  by  Mr.  Wolley,  I  never  hesitated  to  supply  any 
inquirer  with  the  particulars  for  which  he  asked— as  may  be 
seen  on  reference  to  the  publications  of  Dr.  Victor  Fatio 1 
and  of  Prof.  Wilhelm  Blasius*-  both  of  whom  I  rejoice 
to  think  I  was  able  in  some  measure  to  help.  Neverthe- 
less,  each  attempt  to  elucidate  the  natural  history  of  the 
•  Garefowl  only  added  to  the  number  of  still  unanswered  or 
unanswerable  questions  relating  to  it ;  and,  amid  numerous 
k  pi  other  occupations  or  duties,  1  have  with  difficulty  been 
able  to  keep  myself  abreast  of  the  ever-increasing  contri- 
butions  to  the  subject— many  (I  may  say  most)  of  them 
proving  on  investigation  to  have  little  or  no  foundation  ; 
r  >  and  those  which  had  the  least,  or  none  at  all,  generally 
giving  the  greatest  trouble. 

Apology,  I  feel  sure,  is  needed  for  an  introduction  so 
egotistical  as  that  contained  in  the  foregoing  paragraph  ; 
yet  without  it,  or  something  like  it,  I  fear  my  remarks  on 
the  book  before  me  may  be  misunderstood.    The  force  of 
circumstances  has  compelled  me  to  set  up  a  very  high 
,  standard  ;  and,  when  that  standard  has  not  been  ap- 
proached by  any  writer  on  the  subject,  it  is  almost  im- 
■>'-  ,  possible  for  me  not  to  see  his  shortcomings,  though  many 
\  j)  another  man  might  find  in  him  no  fault  at  all.    I  there- 
fore  wish  at  once  to  record  my  opinion  that  in  the  present 
work  the  author  has  done  the  best  that  in  him  lies,  and 
ft  especially  that  his  book,  so  far  as  it  goes,  is  an  honest 
I  *  book.    If,  after  working  at  the  subject  for  more  than  a 
quarter  of  a  century,  a  man  still  finds  himself  unable,  from 

U one  cause  or  another,  to  publish  the  results  of  his  labour, 
it  does  not  follow  that  he  should  be  hard  upon  anybody 
'.*  else  who,  with  perhaps  as  many  distractions,  makes  a 
praiseworthy  attempt  to  set  before  the  world  what  is 
known  of  the  lost  species,  though  he  may  not  have 
ji**'' devoted  to  the  task  a  tenth  of  the  time.    Moreover,  Mr. 
»  Bull.  See 


if 


X.  Om.  itt  la  Sms$t,  ii.  pt  i, .  pp.  5  70.  73"?$-  „  ^  ^ 

'  Vtr.f.  Naturw.  rv  Brnmnu  Awtit,  uu  pp.  69-115 ;  Jenrn.  far  Om., 
884,  pp.  58-176. 

Vol.  xxx  11.— No.  832 


Grieve  begins  his  preface  with  the  words  :  "  In  submitting 
these  pages  to  the  public,  the  author  has  fears  that  they 
will  not  bear  severe  criticism."  I  regret  to  say  that 
regard  to  truth  obliges  me  to  declare  that  this  is  so  ;  but 
I  have  no  wish  to  be  the  severe  critic,  and  it  will  be  best 
here  to  describe  the  plan  and  scope  of  the  work,  which  is 
obviously  well  chosen.  Mr.  Grieve  begins  with  a  very 
appropriate  dedication  to  Prof.  Stcenstrup,  that  venerable 
biologist  who  first  wrote  a  history  1 — he  modestly  called 
it  only  a  "  contribution  "  to  a  history— of  A  lea  impennis 
that  was  in  accordance  with  facts,  and  was  worthy  of  the 
subject,  of  science,  and  of  himself.  The  amount  of 
indebtedness  to  him,  due  from  all  his  successors  in  the 
investigation— but  not  always  acknowledged  -  is  not  to 
be  overrated.  Hard  as  they  may  have  found  their 
work,  it  has  almost  entirely  lain  in  clothing  the  form 
that  he  constructed  ;  and,  though  there  has  been  plenty 
of  false  tailoring,  his  outlines  have  proved  to  be  true 
in  almost  every  particular.  In  the  dedication  Mr. 
Grieve  very  justly  states  that  he  has  not  "  much  to 
relate  that  is  new  to  British  ornithologists  ; "  but  his 
desire  has  been  "  to  bring  within  the  reach  of  all,  mate- 
rials that  at  present  arc  difficult  of  access.'*  -  These  pre- 
liminaries over,  the  geographical  range  of  the  species — 
first  in  American  and  then  in  European  waters— is 
i  entered  upon,  care  being  taken  to  warn  the  reader 
against  the  popular  misconception  that  it  was  ever 
'  a  bird  of  the  high  north,  and  then  is  given  a  description 
I  of  its  remains  as  found  in  the  New  World  and  in  the  Old. 
Under  the  last  category  come  four  chapters  treating 
respectively  of  the  discovery  of  its  bones  in  Caithness, 
and  in  Oronsay,  of  the  period  to  which  the  kitchen - 
midden  on  that  island  containing  them  presumably 
belongs,  and  of  the  single  fragment  found  near  Whitburn- 
Lizards,  on  the  coast  of  Durham,  by  Mr.  Hancock,  which 
fragment,  being  the  greater  portion  of  the  maxilla  of  what 
seems  to  have  been  an  exceptionally  large  example,  now 
in  the  Museum  at  Newcastle-on-Tync,  is  very  delicately 
figured  (p.  64).  After  this  Mr.  Grieve  enters  upon  a  con- 
sideration of  the  bird's  habits  and  of  the  regions  in  which 
it  lived,  and  then  proceeds  to  catalogue  at  some  length 
(pp.  76-114)  its  existing  remains— whether  bones,  skins, 
or  egg-shells.  Then  follow  three  chapters  on  the  uses  to 
which  the  bird  was  put  by  man,  on  the  names  by  which 
it  has  been  known,  with  their  possible  origin  and  meaning, 
and  on  the  period  during  which  it  lived.  No  fewer  than 
nine  appendices  are  added — all  more  or  less  of  the  nature 
of  pieces  justificative*— whi\e  an  excellent  index,  with  re- 
marks on  the  accompanying  chart,  completes  the  volume, 
which  is  illustrated  by  several  woodcuts  and  a  couple  of 
coloured  plates  representing  the  two  eggs  that  doubtless 
came  to  Edinburgh  in  1819  with  Dufresne's  collection, 
when  it  was  bought  by  the  University  there,  and,  having 
been  transferred  to  the  Museum  of  Science  and  Art  in 
the  northern  capital,  were  first  publicly  noticed  by  Major 
Feilden  in  1869. 

There  cannot  be  a  dispute  as  to  the  great  pains  which 
the  author  has  taken  with  this  work,  but  it  would  be  in- 
expedient here  to  attempt  any  criticisms  of  its  details,  to 
an  abundance  of  which  exception  may  be  taken.  The 

'  I'identk.  MtJAtl.  tfaturh.  Ferrmimf  i  Kjtttnkavn,  1855,  pp.  33  to  til 
»  Here  Diay  be  added  thai,  if  report  tpeaks  truly,  to  strong  hit  hetn  thi« 

dc*ire  on  the  part  of  (be  author,  that  the  book  it  *old  to  the  public  at  lev. 

than  cost  price. 

A  A 


Digitized  by  Go 


546 


NA  TURE 


fact  srcms  to  he  tint  up  to  :i  certain  point  the  story  of  the 
r.ic  it  Auk  can  he  worked  up  ami  told  hy  any  one  willing 
to  labour  at  it  Hcyond  that  point  the  difficulties  begin. 
Mr.  O.ncve  appears  to  he  hardly  aware  of  the  existence 
of  these  difficulties,  though  some  of  them  have  been 
hinted  at.  if  not  pointed  out.  by  his  predecessors.  The 
most  serious  charge  that  can  be  brought  against  him  is 
that  he  has  needlessly  raise!  fresh  difficulties  for  future 
investigators.  Mistakes  that  have  taken  years  of  labour 
to  correct,  and  the  correction  of  which  has  been  pub- 
lished, arc  again  set  agoing,  just  as  if  no  progress  in  that 
dnection  had  been  made:  and.  even  worse  than  this, 
some  new  assertions,  ov  at  le  ast  suggestion*,  are  hazarded 
tli  it  h  u  e,  1  am  persuaded,  no  firm  ground,  No  doubt 
on  some  of  these  points  I  may  be  prejudiced  ;  but 
ac<  onling  to  my  knowledge  I  perceive  that  on  too  many 
•piestisins  Mr.  ("iiie\r  his  been  unable  to  distinguish 
between  good  evidence  and  bad.  However,  there  is  in 
tin-  book  a  cl.stmct  gain  to  all  historians  of  the  Care- 
fmvl,  an<l  that  is  the  information  here  first  placed  on 
re.. ml  by  Mr.  Champlry  of  Scarborough,  who  is  known 
lo  have-  iiiicicstrd  himself  for  many  ye  its  in  al!  that  con- 
'  •  l  lv  I  Ills  specie  .. 

I  iipvI  sin.  I'icly  wish  that  I  could  accord  higher  praise 
to  ih.-,  »..ik  tli  m  1  have  been  aMe  to  do.  for  Mr.  brieve's 
i  iilliii-.ia-.Mi  in  ihr  i  .m-.r  deserve-  gicater  success.     It  is 

.  i.t         tli  ,i    an',    n  ie   but   a    I'enniinore   Cooper  or  n 

 I.    I.  m.;  .1.  .  i.t!  .  tli.-  ro«n  uu  e  th.it  chugs  around  the 

I ,  .in',  ill  an  •  >jiiin<,:  i  i.  r.  Most  men  men  of  science 
.  ,|,.  .  .ills  new  ,ida\  •■  b.  I  cic  in  the  survival  of  the  fittest, 
a. 1. 1  in  .  intent  t.<  I.  t  the  dead  bury  their  dead.  The 
i.rii. il  | ■  -  .  .mi  I  .I  t  noi  venture  to  draw,  and  in  conclusion 
Liu  .nib  1. 1  a  -l  |. anion  of  the  readers  of  N A 1  t'RE  for 
,,  ,iin,  ■  din  ,,|l  ,,.  I, ii  sv.od  in  this  article. 

A  i  turn  Ntavton 

"  ////    /I   It'/    < '  .'•'  /  A.7  XS/./l  77  OX " 

I I,  ,    \\        ,,f  I'r.tnxl.tff'n  in  (>':<■  O.y.ih*  of  Water,  Air, 

///.,•!.     Ity   |.,hn  Scott   Russell,  M.A.,  F.K.S. 

'  I  .  in. 1 1  ill  :    Ti  nbhei  .tin I  (  o  ,  I  S s  5 ■  i 

'1*111'  late   Mr   J   Scut  Russell  was  one  of  the  most 
I      pintninrnl   and  jilted  naval  architects  which  this 
.  M  hiIm  povc.'.ed  in  the  midlife  of  the  present  century. 
Hi    n  uue  still  I.. ii,;  be  renumbered  a-,  the  builder  of  the 

i  •    \i   /  .'.,';'/,  the  cu!v  advocate  of  the  longitudinal 

.'<■  I   1 1 . « r 1 1 1 1 1 ;  iimm  and  steel  diijn  :  the  ingenious 

u,,|  .  lo.,uent  e \ | hi 1 1 1 u  1  ci  of  the  "wave  line"  principle 
ol  d'  ■  ii  ;  and  I<t  iiiany  improvements  in  the  theory 
.,  nl  |.i  i.  in  e  ol  iion  St.-  i:n  -1 1 i | >  construction.  His  person- 
a'.f.  v  '  ''  oin  r  st nl, hi-  and  attractive,  and  his  abilities 
mn  ..I  an  on'inal  and  versatile  kind.  He  was  the  author 
.a    ,    iii.  work   upon  i. aval    architecture;    and  of 

i.  ■:,  i  ...  .  piper-,  re..  I  bef.uo  \a:iotv  le'.rned  societies. 

  ...  i .  i  ed  p.i  .-ate;  itill.icin  e  than  Mr,  Scott  Russell 

...   |  ...i..i;r  lli.'  en:  r  of  s-  eiuitic  education  in  naval 

•  I  1  i<  i  i.ni',  and  in  st mi ul.it i in;  and  helping  students,  by 
i, .... i.  ii  .ii-.  -.per.  he  and  writings,  to  acquire  a  creneral  and 
  Lieu V.l  ,<•  ..I  tin   lauv  upon  which  the  qualities  of 

lnp  ■  <l<  pell. I. 

1,1 '    '.■  -  .tt   I-'  i-  all's  »  ritings  Merc  always  interesting. 

II.  ji.j-s,       i  |(M.  ,.1H.  f,,c„|(y  of  making  the  driest  and 

in  .-i   <  oii.pl,.  ,,t,  d   ot  subjects    intelligible,   and  even 


fascinating.  Where  he  may  not  be  correct  in  :h  : 
theses,  or  justified  in  the  sweeping  general  si»,r 
some'tmes  hastily  put  forward,  he  is  usually  s^;- 
and  provocative  of  thought  upon  the  part  of  hi*  v.. 
He  was  a  vigorous  and  clear— though  with  a  tend*- 
be  a  too  rapid  —thinker  :  and  there  are  no  wriUfir- 
naval  architecture  which  have  the  power  of  ir: 
attention  and  stimulating  the  intellect  in  i  r- 
measure  than  those  of  Mr.  Scott  Russell. 

We  regret  to  say  that  the  present  work  is  not  hkci<  :• 
to  the  reputation  of  its  author.    It  exhibits  In  d,' 
st'syualilcs  in  their  most  pronounced  form  ;  and  it* 
asked  for  an  example  of  Mr.  Scott  Russell  a'  ■ 
weakest  and  worst  we  could  hardly  do  better  thar  r 
that  portion  of  this  book  which  has  not  been  bcf.i-r 
lished     One  half  of  the  volume  is  devoted  to  a  ra- 
the Report  made  by  Mr.  Scott  Russell  to  the  bn- a 
elation  in  1S42-43.  in  which  a  description  is  giur 
'•  solitary  wave  of  translation,"  which  he  discos 
himself  in  1834.,  and  the  properties  of  which  he  d:. 
to  investigate  and  make  known.    This  Report  is 
printed  /'//  extemo,  but  Part  I.  of  the  work  con*iv 
sively  of  extracts  from  it.   The  same  matter  appev 
over— once  as  l'art  I.  of  the  boo'v,  and  once  as  po -; 
the  British  Association  Report.    The  Report* 
the  knowledge  possessed  by  Mr.  Scott  Russell .: 
"  the  varieties,  phenomena,  and  laws  of  waves.-; 
conditions  which  affect  their  genesis  and  pro:'.... 
This  may  be  interesting  from   a  biographical  . 
view,  but  its  present  scientific  value  is  not  great 
things  have  happened  since  the  date  of  du-  •• 
such  as  the  theoretical  investigations  of  Am  " 
Rankinc,  Froudc,  eminent  French  mathemat  o-" 
others  ;  and  numerous  observations  have  bce;i  ; 
the  forms  and  properties  of  waves  by  scientific  c  ; 
our  own  and  foreign  navies.     These  constitute  • 
of    information   which    the    present    work  c: 
ignores. 

One  halt  of  the  book  is  taken  up  with  the  repr  * 
British  Association  Report  referred  to,  and  with  :: 
tracts  from  it  of  which  Part  I.  is  made  up.     The  rr-. 
half  contains  the  only  new  matter  now  published 
is  divided  into  two  sections,  one  being  "on  th. 
between  the  s  iliury  wave  in  water  and  the  sound 
air,"  and  the  other  "  on  the  great  ocean  of  ether  - 
relation  to  matter."    The  less  said  of  these  clia;  •' 
better.    The  following  is  an  instance  of  how  Mr 
Russell  frames  a  theory  or  invents  a  hypothesis   '  : 
impressed  with  the  truth  of  this  law,  that  the  vcio 
this  solitary  wave  in  any  fluid  is  due  to  the  dcptl 
fluid  in  which  it  moves,  whether  thick  or  rarefied, 
hazard  the  hypothesis,  that  in  the  unknown  elcmer.i 
pervades  the  universe,  and  which,  though  unknow 
cause  and  medium  of  the  most  familiar  phenoe.K 
everyday  life,  pmcee  ling  on  the  same  hMM  of  cals— ■ 
as  m  the  air  and  water  occurs.  <wi  tk»* 

ethereal  ocean  should  be  give  BOCW' 
miles,  and  that  the  correspor  »** 
wave  th"  '  4£&an  won  ffi&F 

SCCor  ^ 

A  Nmed  L  flff 

with  *m4u% 


Oct.  8,  1885] 


NA  TURE 


547 


nearness,  and  I  propose  to  take  as  the  law  of  repulsive 
force,  the  cube  of  the  neir/wss.  I  think  I  am  justified 
in  taking  this  as  the  true  law  of  repulsion  of  atoms  of 
matter,  because  I  find  from  the  researches  of  eminent 
chemists  that  all  free  gases  do  so  expand  as  tr>  double 
their  bulk  by  an  increase  of  the  distance  of  the  particles, 
in  the  ratio  of  the  cube  of  their  nearness,  or  as  1 1 1  cube 
to  .167."  Then  the  theory  of  heat  that  is  put  forward  ap- 
pears to  be  a  kind  of  material  theory  :  "  We  may  therefore 
define  heat  as  the  effort  0/  ether  to  resist  crowding,  .  .  . 
Ltlier  existing  all  around  us  in  a  normal  state  may  be  1 
called  free  ether.  l'.ther  enclosed  by  force  in  limited 
space  surrounded  by  material  atoms  is  imprisoned  or  stored 
ether ;  its  greater  or  less  degree  of  crowding  or  storing 
means  degrees  of  he  it,  and  the  quantity  of  crowding 
among  the  atoms  indicates  the  specific  heat  of  these  I 
atoms,  and  sometimes  the  specific  heat  of  that  kind  of 
matter." 

One  more  extract  and  we  have  done:— "Even  Sir 
[sastC  Newton's  calculations  of  the  speed  of  sound  foil  too 
feet  short  of  the  tnith,  and  therefore  corresponded  to  an 
crro  r  of  a  mile  in  the  height  of  the  atmosphere,  and  he 
could  invent  nothing  better  to  account  for  the  error  than 
this  sudden  inflammation  of  the  atmosphere.  To  this  the  ! 
reply  is  that  the  existence  of  the  solitary  wave  of  transla-  | 
tion  was  not  known  to  Newton,  that  the  nature  of  its 
genesis  and  propagation  could  not  therefore  be  calcu- 
lated ;  but  that  present  knowledge  of  the  nature  and  laws 
of  this  wave  completely  explain  and  accurately  measure 
its  phenomena  without  the  introduction  of  any  hypo- 
thesis contradicted  by  fact.'' 

We  have  said  enough  u  show  the  character  of  this 
treatise,  and  we  will  conclude  by  repeating  that  we  are 
sorry  to  see  a  posthumous  work  by  so  eminent  a  man  as 
the  late  Mr.  Scott  Kussell,  containing  nothing  more  to 
justify  its  publication  than  a  reprint  of  his  well-known, 
and  imperfect,  views  in  1^4;,  upon  wave  motion,  and  a 
fanciful  interpretation  of  great  physical  laws.  It  is  a  pity 
that  greater  skill  and  discretion  were  not  brought  to  bear  . 
.  upon  the  production  of  this  volume. 

OUR  BOOK  SHELF 

/'u:>u\iiti<>»  of  the  Norwegitut  Ceitntttitsion  of  the  Measure- 
ment of  Decrees  in  Europe.  { t )  Gcodetical  I  > Derations, 
Part  IV.    (2)  Tidal  Observations,  Part  III. 

THE  first  of  these  publications  contains  an  account  of  the 
northern  portion  of  the  trigonometrical  work  undertaken 

,  , to  connect  the  side  Stokvola  Haarskallcn  with  the  side 
Spaatind-N.evcrfjeld.  The  former  side  is  directly  con- 
nected to  the  base  mea-ured  in  i*'>4  near  Levanger,  as 

i   described  in  Parts  I.  and  III.  of  the  "  < icodctical  Opera- 

.lions." 

A  trigonometrical  survey  of  this  part  of  the  country 
had  already  been  made  in  1S35-6  by  lien,  liroch,  and  it 
was  at  first  hoped  that  this  survey  could  bo  utilised,  but 
>  Dn  closer  investigation  it  was  found  that  the  observations 
-were  not  of  sufficient  precision  to  meet  the  requirements 
of  the  Commission  fur  tl  Measurement  of  degrees  in 
Europe,  for  whichipP  rk  to  a  great  extent  undcr- 
'■ftk*'1-    The  old  ^  "*c,  however,  utilised  in  the 

™     n  part  of  *  ;  there  the  signals  were 

inasoj  'he  southern  portion, 

cases  entirely  dis- 
Tgi  A  careful  descrip- 

t  '^U  ^n  v  case,  with  one 

mjffim  placed  at  the 


centre  of  the  station  ;  the  usual  measurements  for  reduc- 
tion were  therefore  made,  anil  apparently  with  more  than 
usual  care.  The  observations  were  taken  with  a  10-inch 
universal  instrument  made  by  Olsen  and  with  a  12-inch 
theodolite  made  by  Reichenbach.  It  would  appear  that 
the  graduation  of  these  instrument-,  is  not  of  a  very  high 
order  ;  at  any  rate,  the  differences  in  the  readings  are 
rather  large,  frequently  exceeding  to":  but  in  extenuation 
it  must  be  said  that  the  instruments  were  too  small  for 
the  work  and  that  the  observations  were  made  under con- 
siderabte  difficulties,  owing  to  sea-fog  and  snow.  There 
is  nothing  special  to  remark  in  the  method  adopted  to 
adjust  the  observations,  it  being  the  usual  method  founded 
on  the  principle  of  least  squares.  It  is  shown  that  the 
mean  error  of  the  finally-adjusted  angles  is 
0*547  ±  o'  029. 
A  diagram  of  the  triangulation  is  given,  from  which 
it  is  seen  that  most  of  the  triangles  aic  well-condi- 
tioned ;  a  few,  however,  arc  more  elongated  than  they 
should  be  for  good  work,  the  triangle  Munken,  Stokvol  1, 
Haarskallcn,  especially  so  ;  for  instance,  the  angle  at 
Munken  is  5  12  57  416.  It  should  also  be  observed 
that  several  of  the  stations  arc  determined  by  only  two 
intersections.  The  longest  side  measures  about  sixty 
miles. 

The  second  publication  is  the  third  report  of  the  Nor- 
wegian tidal  Observations,  and  contains  the  results  of  the 
work  done  u  Oscarsborg  in  iSSo-t  and  at  Stavanger, 
Bergen,  Kabclvaig,  and  Vardo  in  1^3.  This  report  is 
simply  a  continuation  of  Reports  I.  and  11.,  already 
noticed  in  NATURE  :  it  contains  nothing  but  tables,  and 
there  is  nothing  in  it  tint  calls  fir  special  notice. 


LETTERS  TO  THE  ED/TOR 

[  The  Editor  does  tut  hold  himself  responsible  for  opinions  express,a 
by  his  correspondents.  Neither  can  he  undertake  to  return, 
or  H  corrcipond  :oith  the  uriters  of,  rejected  manuscript-. 
No  notice  is  taken  of  anonymous  communications. 

[The  Editor  urgently  requests  correspondents  to  keep  thesr  tetttts 
as  short  as  possible.  The  pressure  on  his  space  is  so  gnat 
that  it  it  impossible  otherwise  to  insure  the  appearance  c~.  en 
of  communications  containing  intertstinglUMi  novel  tacts,  j 

On  the  Influence  of  Wave-Currents  on  the  Fauna  of 
Shallow  Seas 

For  many  years  prist  1  have  endeavoured,  without  much  suc- 
cess, to  call  attention  to  the  widely-spread  influence  of  wav.s  <>n 
the  bottoms  of  shallow  seas.  To  the  geologist  this  action  signi- 
fies denudation,  and  accounts,  among  other  things,  for  ihc 
wholesale  destruction  of  marine  fauna  »o  often  exemplified  111 
the  rocks.  To  the  zoologist  it  signifies  a  factor  in  evolution  of 
immeasurable  magnitude. 

On  seeing  the  abstract  of  Prof.  Moscley  s  lecture  on  the 
fauna  of  the  so.vshore  in  Nature,  I  troubled  you  with  my 
letter  of  July  6  ;  now  that  the  full  report  has  appeared,  equally 
reticent  as  to  the  significance  of  wave-currents,  I  ask  leave  lo 
add  somewhat  to  my  firmer  letter. 

The  difficulty  in  ar< 'Using  interest  in  this  subject  arises  fr<>m 
the  fact  that,  though  the  phenomena  of  wave  disturbance  are 
well  known  to  mathematicians,  natural  history  text-book*  com- 
monly agree  in  asserting  either  the  non-existence,  or  unimport- 
ance, of  such  distui  I. a  nee.  Thus  the  question  has  remained 
unheeded. 

My  own  experience  in  the  matter  is  as  follows: — Holding  the 
orthodox  view  of  the  peiceful  repose  existing  <>n  the  sca-l>ottoni. 
I  commenced  cruising,  lomc  twenty  years  ago,  on  that  excellent 
natural  experimental  tank,  Torbay.  I  soon  found,  to  my  sur- 
prise, that  the  loial  fishermen  and  dredgers  were  as  confident 
that  the  waves  greatly  disturbed  the  bottom  as  naturalists  were 
of  the  reverse.  Having  kept  my  eyes  open  in  this  direction,  I 
submitted  a  paper  to  the  Devonshire  Association  in  1878,  <le 
scriptive  of  the  levelling  action  of  the  waves  on  the  six-fathom 
area  of  Torl»ay  (  trans.  r>-\  Assee.,  vol.  x.  p.  18a). 

With  the  kind  assistance  of  l  ord  Kaylcigh  I  was  enabled  to 
show  that  theory  and  observation  were  in  complete  accords  a 


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54» 


NATURE 


[Oct.  8, 


to  the  energy  evinced  by  the  waves  in  the  particular  instance 
under  consideration. 

Having  learned  from  Lord  Kayleigh  that  wave-action  at  the 
sea-bottom  takes  the  form  of  reciprocal  currents,  I  was  led  to 
make  some  experiments  and  oltscrvations  on  the  formation  of 
ripple-mark.  In  the  course  of  this  investigation  I  was  soon 
impressed  with  the  conviction  that  these  alternate  current*  held 
at  their  mercy  the  marine  fauna  exposed  to  their  attacks,  and 
that  the  zoological  side  of  the  problem  was  at  least  as  important 
as  the  geological.  Accordingly,  an  outline  of  the  subject  in  its 
zoological  aspect  was  included  in  a  paper  on  ripple-mark  read 
to  the  Royal  Society  in  1S82  (7W.  U.S.,  vol.  xxxiv.  p.  1). 

Having  come  into  pos-e^ion  of  confirmatory  evidence  of  the 
action  ti  waves  at  a  depth  of  forty  fathom's  in  the  English 
Channel,  1  submitted  the  facts  to  the  Hritish  Association  at 
Southampton  in  the  same  year.  1882.  This  paper,  sent  in  to 
Section  A,  was  handed  on  to  Section  C,  a  mathematical  friend 
suggesting  to  me  the  reason,  and  a  very  good  reason  too,  that 
mathematicians  required  no  evidence  on  the  point  contended 
for.  However,  the  transfer  only  went  to  prove  that  the  geo- 
logists were  as  sceptical  as  to  the  existence  of  wave-action  at 
forty  fathoms,  as  the  physicists  were  satisfied  as  to  that  fact. 
This  paper,  amplified,  appeared  in  the  Transactions  of  the 
Devonshire  Association  for  1883  (vol.  xv.  p.  353). 

The  zoological  as|>ect  of  the  question  was  submitted  to  the 
Hritish  Association  at  Southport  in  18S3  ;  and  again  to  the 
l.innean  Society  in  1884,  in  a  paper  "On  the  influence  of 
wave-currents  on  the  fauna  inhabiting  shallow  seas."  In  this 
paper,  profiting  bv  experience,  I  made  no  attempt  to  prove  the 
fact  of  wave-action  from  oWrvation,  but  relied  entirely  on  a 
valuable  letter  with  which  I  had  been  favoured  by  Prof.  Stokes, 
Sec.R.S.  Neither  at  the  British  Association  nor  at  the  Linncan 
Society  was  any  exception  taken  to  my  arguments  in  support  of 
the  importance  of  wave-action  on  the  fauna  affected  ;  nor,  so  far 
as  I  am  aware,  has  my  position  been  shaken  since.  Now  that 
Prof.  Moseley's  important  lecture  has  appeared,  discussing  the 
fauna  of  the  sea-shore  without  reference  to  the  ever- regulating 
wave-currents,  there  is  considerable  risk  that  le  s  experienced 
students  of  natural  history  will  in  like  manner  pass  over  this 
promising  field  of  resorrch  as  not  worthy  of  their  attention. 

Prof.  Moscley  states,  ami  states  truly,  that  the  littoral  fauna 
is  adapted  in  various  ways  to  withstand  "the  action  of  the  surf, 
the  retreat  of  the  tides,  the  numerous  enemies  "  ;  but,  beyond 
the  reach  of  surf  and  tidal  fall,  agents  which  only  a  fleet  the 
narrow  belt  of  sea  contiguous  to  the  shore,  the  alteruate  currents 
set  up  by  ocean  waves  search  out  the  armour  and  test  the 
defences  of  all  small  animals  living  on  those  extensive  marine 
areas,  exposed  to  the  ocean  swell,  where  the  depth  of  water  does 
not  exceed  fifty  fathoms. 

With  respect  to  enemies,  the  waves  themselves  arc  perhaps 
the  most  formidable,  as  they  attack  and  occasionally  destroy 
whole  colonies  at  once,  whereas  predatory  foes  rather  affect  the 
individual.  For  instance,  let  such  helpless  mollusks  as  Aplysia 
or  ricursbrani kui  wander  over  the  sandy  Iwttom  of  Torbay,  as 
they  sometimes  do :  the  first  easterly  gale  will  sweep  them  out 
of  existence.  In  fact,  the  waves  so  invariably  prevent  Aplysia 
punttat*  growing  to  its  full  size  on  the  British  coast,  that  a  full- 
grown  ^K-cimen  taken  in  protected  Guernsey  waters  has  been 
considered  a  distinct  species— viz  A.  dedans.  Similar  large 
specimens  have  occurred  under  the  shelter  of  the  Torquay  har- 
bour works,  but  these,  by  a  series  of  <>  lotilophorcs  and  shells,  I 
have  been  able  to  connect  with  the  common  A.  punctata. 

Prima /hi  if  it  would  appear  that  the  shells  of  certain  mollusks 
.ire  more  especially  adapted  to  resist  animate  foes  ;  but  a  close 
examination  will  often  prove  the  contrary.  Take  the  cases  of 
(he  oyster,  mussel,  venus,  and  limpet  :  these  mollusks  arc  all 
helple-s  in  the  presence  of  their  living  enemies  :  the  oyster 
perishes  by  the  attacks  of  boring-sponges;  the  mussel  is  de- 
stroyed wholesale  by  starfishes  ;  the  venus  is  perforated  by  car- 
nivorous gastropods  at  their  leisure;  whilst  the  limpet,  easily 
detached  when  taken  unawares,  is  said  to  be  destroyed  by  birds. 
All  four  arc,  however,  admirably  adapted  to  resist  wave-currents, 
each  in  its  respective  habitat. 

The  conclusion  that  the  shells  of  mollusks  are  so  constructed 
.»»  to  have  comparatively  but  little  reference  to  living  foes  is 
sup|*<rt<:d  by  the  interesting  fact  mentioned  by  Prof.  Moscley, 
that  hard  shell*  tend  to  disappear  in  pelagic  and  deep  sea  regions. 
That  is  to  say,  they  disappear  where  predatory  enemies  abound, 
but  where  the  great  non-predatory  enemies,  the  waves,  arc 
powerless  or  not  existent.     Occasionally  wc  find  the  supposed 


protection  against  living  enemies  to  he  greatly  in  ri.>- 
requirements—  t.g.  the  case  of  the  solcn,  who-e  powei  <*V-  • 
ing  is  far  greater  than  requisite  for  escape  from  hinh.  V..  - 
is  none  too  great  for  the  evasion  of  waves  uk!  current* 
away  the  sand  in  which  the  mollusk  dwells. 

Wave-action  tends  to  differentiate  specie*.  Th»  an  V 
in  such  obvious  cases  as  Cardium  acultaium  xnd  C.**-<. 
Venus  dione  and  chiont.  One  of  each  of  the*  ?i- 
chosen  the  mooring  method  of  defence  with  anchw lite- 
the  other  that  of  facile  penetration  with  smooth,  mi.-- 
shell  surfaces.  As  these  two  methods  arc  oppoMf  r. 
and  any  compromise  tends  to  inefficiency,  the  w»*c 
must  necessarily  influence  the  mollusks  in  the  -lire- 
divergence. 

Instances  of  habits  and  forms  protective  agwnst  *»vc 
could  be  multiplied  almost  ad  infinitum,  and,  as  the  w 
very  interesting  one,  I  still  live  in  hopes  that  it 
taken  up  and  worked  out  by  trained  observers  quilAM 
task.  AKTHf«R.ll 

Torquay,  September  28 

Prehistoric  Burial-Groundi 

Thk  account  given  in  this  week's  Nati'RK  (p-  5'*  '' 
covery  of  a  prehistoric  burial-ground  at  Pitrcavie  h*> 
to  my  memory  the  description  of  a  similar  find  mi-V 
eleventh  or  twelfth  century  by  the  monks  of  Noyon,  v.-'. 
to  us  us  by  Guibert,  who  was  abbot  of  this  foanditi"n 
time.    I  believe  that  it  is  the  earliest  detailed  xccv-mi 
such  discovery  that  has  come  down  to  our  days  ;  anil  >' 
noticed  that  the  leading  features  of  this  cemetery  *rt 
exactly  identical  with  those  of  the  Pitreavie  one  I 
aware  that  this  passage  has  attracted  the  attentioB 
writers  upon  prehistoric  limes. 

Guibert,  the  author  quoted,  was  born  in  10SJ  C 
1124,  having  been  Abbot  of  Noyon  for  about  t»'- 
After  stating  his  own  conviction  that  his  mom 
extremely  old,  he  continues  : — 

"Quam  opinioncm,  si  nulla  littcrali*  juvaret  tn- 
petcrct  profecto  affatim  percgrina,  ct  non,  putaruuO 
nominis  sepulchrorum  inventa  contcxtio.  Circa  enira  v, 
ipsa  basilica  tantam  sarcophagorum  copiam  conjunxit  1 
in  multam  loci  famositatcra  tantopere  cxpcliti,  cadau 
congestorum  commendat  infinitas.  Quia  emm  *on  < 
HOilrjrum  01  do  dispeniiur  sepulchrorum,  stJ  fir-* 
malum  corolUr  stpulchrum  uniut  multa  amhunt, 
quirdam  repermntur  vasa,  quorum  causa  m  tutciunt  < 
Umpora.  Non  possumus  aliud  credere  nui  quu 
gentium,  aut  antiquissima  Christianorum,  sed  facta  gen 

GitlBEKH  Novig.  dcVita  Sua.  L.  i 

I  may  add  that  in  Guibert's  time  there  was  a  very 
tradition  which  ascribed  the  foundation  of  Noyoo  t> 
"rex  insulx  Britanni.e,"  who  was  (so  ran  the  legf 
tcmjKirary  of  our  Lord's.    This  tradition  is,  of  course 
from  a  historical  |»>int  of  view,  but  certainly  test 
extreme  antiquity  of  the  place  ;  and  show*  that, 
Guil»ert's  time,  the  inhabitants  of  Noyon  had  dim  r> 
of  their  prehistoric  greatness,  which  naturally,  in 
Christian  credulity,  centred  around  the  era  of  our  L< 

T.  A. 

158,  Walton  Street,  Oxford,  September  30 


MARS,  JUPITER,  AND  SA  TL  f 

l i  I  riTH  Mars,  Jupiter,  and  Saturn  in  the  n 
*  »     the  telescopist  has  a  varied  assortment 
objects  to  which  he  may  devote  his  attention, 
distance  of  Mars  during  the  ensuing  opposmo 
the  effect  of  limiting  the  apparent  diameter 
value,  but  the  chief  markings  are  so  conspicuo 
visible   notwithstanding  this  inimical  effect 
during  the  preceding  opposition,  which  w.»»> 
favourable,  some  of  the  more  delicate  feature 
have  been  recovered.    At  Milan  Signor  Schi 
partlv  confirmed  his  previous  results  as  to  t 
duplication  of  the  "  canals,"  and  Mr.  Knobcl  V» 


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Oct.  8,  1885] 


NA  TURE 


549 


a  scries  of  valuable  sketches,  which  are  reproduced  in  the 
last  volume  of  the  Memoirs  of  the  Royal  Astronomical 
Society.  With  regard  to  Jupiter  the  declination  of  the 
planet  will  be  somewhat  less  than  during  the  opposition 
of  1S84-5,  but  the  configuration  of  the  belts  and  the  peculi- 
arities of  the  variable  spots  will  doubtless  continue  to  be 
exhibited  with  nearly  similar  prominence  as  in  previous 
years.  Saturn,  situated  in  Gemini,  and  having  consider- 
able N.  declination,  will  present  a  grand  display,  the  rings 
being  still  widely  open  and  inviting  that  close  and  sys- 
tematic scrutiny  which  is  so  much  needed  either  to  affirm 
or  negative  some  of  the  questionable  details  suggested  by 
recent  observations. 

Observers  of  Mars  are  extremely  fortunate  in  possessing 
such  valuable  memoirs  and  charts  as  those  of  Schiaparelli, 
Terby,  Green,  and  others,  which  form  a  comprehensive 
and  accurate  basis  of  future  reference  and  comparison. 
The  seeming  permanency  of  the  chief  lineaments  on 
Mars  and  their  distinctness  of  outline  have  permitted 
observers  to  assign  their  forms  and  positions  with  great 
nicety.  But  this  has  been  found  practically  impossible 
in  respect  to  any  of  the  other  planets  of  our  system. 
Their  markings  are  of  so  variable  a  tendency  or  so  un- 
certain and  ill-defined,  owing  probably  to  their  atmo- 
spheric character,  that  it  is  out  of  the  question  to  frame 
representative  views  that  will  serve  to  express  the  appear- 
ances observable  at  any  future  time.  We  have  accumu- 
lated a  vast  number  of  delineations,  including  many- 
peculiar  forms,  but  these  exhibit  so  much  discordance  as 
to  prove  that  any  attempt  to  arrange  them  with  the  same 
consistency  as  those  of  Mars  must  for  the  present  be 
utterly  futile. 

What  is  essentially  required  in  furtherance  of  our 
knowledge  of  areographic  features  are  delineations  in 
which  the  more  delicate  alternations  of  light  and  shade 
are  faithfully  portrayed.  The  ensuing  opposition,  though 
not  offering  the  most  favourable  inducements  for  attain- 
ing this  end,  may  yet  be  utilised  as  likely  to  afford  its 
share  of  corroborations  to  old  features  and  perhaps  indi-  1 
cate  some  modification  of  the  outlines  attributed  thetn  I 
by  former  observers.  Mr.  Marth's  valuable  ephemerides 
in  the  Monthly  Notices  supply  the  data  wherewith  the 
passages  of  certain  prominent  markings  across  the  central 
line  may  be  readily  calculated  from  night  to  night. 
Drawings  effected  at  the  telescope  and  subsequently 
attested  by  the  charts,  or  independent  projections  made 
on  the  basis  of  the  new  drawings  and  then  compared 
with  previous  work  will  be  important  as  furnishing  fresh 
confirmations  and  additions  to  old  records.  Whatever  plan 
is  adopted,  observers  must  not  regard  existing  delinea- 
tions as  perfectly  reliable  and  prejudice  the  judgment  by 
endeavours  to  discern  the  outlines  of  the  spots  precisely 
as  they  have  already  been  figured.  Our  work  should  be 
pursued  apart  from  such  influences,  the  aim  being  rather 
to  correct  and  extend  past  results,  than  to  follow  them 
with  implicit  faith  and  mould  our  new  sceings  on  the 
same  pattern.  Though  much  has  been  accomplished  by 
the  consecutive  labours  of  the  many  able  and  earnest 
students  of  Martian  features,  the  present  state  of  our 
knowledge  is  not  only  incomplete,  but  considerable  un- 
certainty exists  as  to  the  more  difficult  formations  com- 
prised in  the  physical  aspect  of  this  planet. 

Jupiter,  with  so  great  a  diversity  of  atmospheric  pheno- 
mena, some  of  them  rapidly  variable,  and  all  influenced 
by  the  quick  rotation  of  the  planet,  gives  prospect  of 
being  the  subject  of  increased  investigation.  Late  in  the 
preceding  opposition  the  great  red  spot  which  had  so 
nearly  disappeared  and  had,  during  the  winter  of  1884-5, 
assumed  the  appearance  of  a  red  ellipse  with  interior 
light  cloud,  showed  unmistakeablc  evidences  of  increasing 
condensation.  The  ellipse  grew  perceptibly  darker,  and 
the  central  light  cloud  disappeared,  so  that  at  the  end  of 
the  opposition  the  spot  had  almost  regained  the  striking 
aspect  it  presented  a  few  years  ago.    The  question  now 


is  has  this  well-known  feature  continued  to  gain  ascend- 
ancy during  the  time  the  planet  has  been  lost  in  the  sun's 
rays?  Observations  in  October  will  furnish  a  definite 
answer  to  this  question,  and  the  planet  should  be  con- 
fronted with  our  best  telescopes  as  early  as  possible,  so 
that  the  necessary  evidence  may  be  obtained.  The  spot 
will  pass  the  central  meridian  of  Jupiter  at  about  the 
following  times,  and  ought  to  be  well  seen  in  small  instru- 
ments unless  some  great  changes  in  an  unexpected  direc- 
tion have  affected  its  position  or  appearance  in  the  interim 
since  the  last  observation  made  here  on  the  evening  of 
July  8  :- 


I  >.»tc 

ISS5 

Red  Sr<>! 

Central 
h.  m. 

1  >At<T 

18::  5 

Rc-J  Spot 
Crnlral 
h  m. 

Oct.  7 

...      18  34 

Oct.  29  ... 

16  48 

12 

'7  43 

3' 

18  26 

'7 

...     16  52 

Nov.  3 

IS  56 

19 

...     18  30 

5 

•7  34 

24 

•     17  39 

7  - 

19  13 

26 

19  17 

10  ... 

to  43 

With  reference  to  the  white  spots  bordering  the  dark 
belts,  and  the  other  definite  markings,  they  will  doubtless 
be  remarked  as  heretofore.  Their  singular  vagaries  of 
motion  and  appearance  call  for  renewed  study.  The 
varying  intensity  and  colour  of  the  belts  and  their  dis- 
position in  latitude  should  be  carefully  assigned  on 
several  dates  during  each  opposition.  If  this  method 
could  be  persistently  followed  during  many  years  it 
would  supply  the  material  either  for  tracing  out  periodical 
recurrences,  or  proving  such  changes  to  be  intermittent 
in  character. 

During  the  past  opposition  of  Jupiter  much  attention 
was  directed  to  the  transits  of  the  satellites  and  their 
shadows.  When  near  mid-transit,  III.  and  IV.  are  often 
seen  as  black  spots,  I.  is  visible  as  a  grey  spot,  while  II. 
is  rarely,  if  ever,  visible  otherwise  than  as  a  bright  spot. 
These  anomalies  have  never  received  a  satisfactory  ex- 
planation, and  further  observations  are  much  required  as 
to  the  relative  tints  of  the  satellites  when  on  Jupiter  and 
the  variations  noticeable  in  different  transits. 

Saturn,  though  not  presenting  such  an  extent  of  con- 
spicuous detail  as  Jupiter,  is  yet  equally  deserving  of 
systematic  study.  The  rin^s  and  numerous  array  of 
satellites  compensate  for  lack  of  detail  in  the  belts.  The 
outer  division  in  the  ring,  called  after  Encke,  supplies  us 
with  a  crucial  test  object,  and  one  which  perhaps  has 
originated  more  difference  of  opinion  amongst  observers 
than  any  other  planetary  detail  of  which  the  existence 
is  well  assured.  Either  this  division  must  be  liable  to 
fluctuate  at  short  intervals  or  the  evidence  afforded  by 
various  telescopes  is  most  conflicting,  and  suggests  how 
careful  we  should  be  before  accepting  individual  results 
when  not  corroborated  or  supported  by  undeniable 
testimony. 

During  the  last  few  oppositions  a  very  definite  narrow 
dark  belt  has  bounded  the  southern  side  of  the  equator, 
and  this  has  attracted  more  comment  than  usual  owing 
to  its  compact  and  very  obvious  appearance.    This  belt 
exhibits  no  distinct  spots,  though  one  or  two  observers 
have  delineated   it  with  marked  condensations.  The 
fainter  belts  nearer  the  pole  arc  so  very  feeble  that  their 
existence  is  sometimes  questionable.    Indeed  the  features 
of  this  planet  are  of  extreme  delicacy,  and  require  not 
only  very  steady  air  but  a  thoroughly  good  eye  and  in- 
strument to  trace  them  in   their  more  minute  forms. 
Some  of  them  are  doubtless  variable  and  have  given  rise 
to  the  contradictions  we  have  referred  to.     As  to  the 
satellites  they  comprise  test  objects  for  telescopes  of  all 
calibre.    The  identification  of  these  bodies  may  be  suit- 
ably effected  at  any  hour  by  means  of  Mr.  Marth't 
ephemerides  {Monthly  Notices,  June,  1885). 

W.  F.  Dfx  NINO 


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RAM  AST  LIGHT  A\'fi  HF.AT% 
111.  {Cemttuimt 
A *J.v//o m  -  7Vr»v«//i'.i/  Af-fSliittiP*!. 

LI.  1  tinl    ««■.. lb*  it)    SJH.'I-  li(  Mib- 

turn **,  that  i«>  :<>  «-*),ibr  *liwjr|iti(in  line*  winch 
Mibvaaccs  K  onhn.tr  v  temperature*  prnd-ac*  in  lb* 
•.occtiam  of  bjht  from  i  liifh  MMMMMWt  w»ft*.«ich  as 
the  lun  or  the  <tear.r  art.  Tlti*  absorption  may  sither 
be  aeaeraj  w  WM0IM  |  »'  WH$  'P™11  nvw  * large 
nuciMD  «>r  In*  tpcctruin.  or  H  may  art  specially  over  a 
very  h'miLed  diitrid  «*  ime.  It  i»  11  iheUtlcr  CMlW 
me  denic  mml  advantage  l>y  ttnd.tnr,  A'tauiplion  ipectra, 
and  tho*  at*  many  »ub*un<e»  »»hn:ti  in--?  M  know*,  at  a 
tflam*  b*  m««»  »***  *«*«"  |*ciiluf  »liv.npi>iiiL  rrntettor 
Si.4*>  ha*,  •lnwn,  fnr  mutant*,  that  blood  may  at  once  to 


additional  c.n.iplirart 
our  ..;  i hr-.r  runes  of 
•  nil  a  way  ib*i  In  fh 

ton  is  lmnn»raltjr  in< 
n.-ftnill*  targe  ■mov 
solved  in  the  air.  so  th 
in  ii*x-roased  »i»*>nrpf  inn 
tun-,  and  tb<  one-  r»f  ft 
eitent,  cover  or  concc*/ 

Ik  JMn«  these  potni 
,  into  two  section*,     r  a  ha  It  treat,  4m  fl> 

mean*  whirh  «r  have  ait  our  tttrpnmf 
|  whole  amount  of  radiant  *w*igj  wbfcfc 

the  ton  at  any  station,  whether  th*M  be 
|  m  nr  At  «n  elrvartinn  above  ft 
In  /a>  wrrW  /Ma/v,   f  abull 


rptton  as  wefl  a* *aa*f 

<*f  ilnw  rsm*  matt 

i  he  other. 
r>int*  in  mind,  I  •b»04' 


diam^wttbed  (r«mi*Uet  kOluliiHt^i  f  sIjiiiLu  i.n-  by  lueona    bur  at  em*  disposal  for   I  llwilli n  th> 

one  Wind  of  radiant  energy  that  rrarhei 


of  the  rbar^temitc  dark  band*  «knh  .1  produce*  B* 

meim  tif  a  tpectrun*  microscope  Mr  Siiiin  think*  Ih.ii  \n  isniTsrneni  by 

ibr  itntUMndik  p*in  o4  a  ;r«m  of  UU**1  may  be  detected,  ttw  amitur.t  of  the 

jiy|  tl<r  umt  «Wrw  »*>ett«  iS.M   v.ih*   <'f  d'mrrnt  AiUm%vmrhr. 


nu-an*  of  which  «*  i 


viutacrfccxftca*lh  be  liitlitlfiuidicd  from  one  another  in 
the  1..M'*  »at.  "It  lbu%  awtwi  trvai  lb*  abtorntion  | 
fcptctruwt  may'ja  many  t*ie«  fomi«b  n*  "ill*  an  efluirnt 
»»|  k-uilJc  mea»«  «l  *»oe«taiii«ng  adulicrnLtiMv,  f<«r  the 
iimctK*  <d  Lafctior  «ub*Un«*  wbirli  r^canr  iletcrtion  by  | 
the  i»*le  of  will  at  >ie*cc  be  tM.^n^d  *ben  »uettrvim 
an.dyn»i-«rtn|il»^eU.  Hn-«U,  <;ladit«ne,  Mmn .  FwsfMft 


I   h«'r  rfi-rnlty    suggest**/  toch   as  I 
Tnraturic«  the  beating  effect  of  thews.s 
tried  "  vsnmit  stailnns.  and  appean  * 
.  osmisu  al  1  ihirlt  h«Iiow  cube  of  bra**.  1 

Mt, 

ln»n  the  intrrMr  nf  this  chaaaher  a  « 
mbcntd.  ii»  bulb  brine  exactly  in  the  e 


.ind'nthrri  bwtM  lta4|ed  -   U  m-.*-h  tbs  »pe.  tn  of    n  ,m,i)  huV  ia  nor  of  the  nhlvt, 


«ra<l  jtnl  liquid  l*»diei 

ibr  nbtmiAltti  vjtr^it*  »f  E»**»  \»intm«  it  h»w 
tr*ai«i.iiufei  ban*  'jfrn  iiwitt'd  b)  rarbm  (anyiicisis  and 
awJavft  ihtsn  by  |an-fcen,  kost»*«:,  Stbiwicr,  ami  Lnc'«\er. 
|IIMl*,  ,,.  vc  In  '  •"  .  ■  ■  ■  r-'''  '■'  observe 
,tr  etievi  urndu'  id      'lie  tol.it  -I"  *        b%  Riiom*  »i  id 

..[)■■  ,  1;        -  I-  I  •  f      '  "  r  1,1  rl  ■!"«'•■    It  t  Irt     .  IJII  V.  J»N  ,  All'i 

tnaii)  U  then-  (If*  f.it  ibanncltcK)  "r  tinted  alrxnyHMn    rniamb 1^  aUr  ia  drm*  frnaa  fbeai 


rna  . 

ltM>  vinuUt 
tn  fine,  tifiiu. 


rd  dtr  tun  <nndeft*ed  by  a  lent  is 
bulbnf  lie  tifmonetrr,  the 

ir<  akfinie  and  jjimath  ao  at  to  ft  

vun  reidily  The  evf»j»nre  is  marie  Ibr  a  •** 
tivin  In  a  pM«!  rhrnnometrr. 

Inurjmrntt  of  ihn>  kind  kanr  rV*n  e*«l 
i  inxii  (tf-acti  and  at  various  rlrratiem,  ami 


re*e-inbe»  lead  u*  to  cntwUtdr  thai 
me  uf  i.-reater 


|*vtxire  J»  tTRtrdi 
uhat  mem  we  dull 


c**r*,»nii^rte<^<  i.«il>  fnpom.atv  tn  a  -i.»:c  «l  i;ie»ter  x\t  tm  ipjurrni 

m.'k.  iil.ir  1  .iiiH.k\i»:  at  »  b»a  IbJft-l  0  bi^i  trwrwi '»!«•«•,    Mm»>f,lhti  dir  ir.nn  mtii 


•  the  mete^-mlnfy  ef  tar** 
1  bt  able  by  their  aatawW 
jrjurrn!  caiuef  of  awr  wt 


.  .HJtrn»x  «  Ai  * 

fa  ii  »   ''    1  '"'     imimkih  m  «l~t|»  u^UuidMM>i<>>«jj«niift»c« 

u,,n  tn  mini  Vumt-  iif  i»;i,"lit«ii»n  .•  lush  lrmpci>t»r«  ,  m.,,.^,,     prrfup,  ,„ 

«V%  |m  i  "  ml  r<  «»«<«|«iw  |m»cr.  I.ul  »li-«li  tfm        „,  fe^nnBfiil  aurlf  fc* 

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I  UCMMftl  •(! 


U»  kver 

ayplji  llirtu*  I  NAT 
lst>  itwi  oWrmi 
it.  nW  r.triwv!  I 
>•  ilir  miilMiil< 

ti  cnolirtwiir*  i|i< 


''il  Hfnrr  Rmcw  I—  n 
I  10  rtmid  lie  r*«  l1** 

i  Wiiliiicnu.  wtHl  >f  *Z 
fnr  »■« 


ii  ■  ■  [in  lu  lu 
M  ul  liM  M>  I 


lull  umiiiui  ifMiimi  Nty 

lii.  <(i|ii"'"li  'At*  |Ju«.  mil"  *i 
uta  is  icidirJ*  1 
Imlk^r  i1.ii.iivi**"- «f  in)  wt+mij  « 


m  wnnfjwwni.  u  etpMc^  fnr 
T>»  1,  »  ininimmt  tn 

"  i''«l  ulillir  ilfnTMlion. 
M  Ti.-r,.  n.i  nf  the  tim  pf<y  m 

li  —vrr  |1  J*iF'' 

f hrtnur  ft*:«fn  tbr  r«ri  4BMrcnl  C**"" 
™«  Hhnrtnliil  ird  Ihr  »3.-f>^-  , 
ll  Ui  l«i  mri-iti  hy  rhr  5oTir  r***S 

il«<  rr>j.|  1.  ;t,  Hooill  0 


.  run  uuia  "11        "•  I"*  Mm  J  +tt-~.r         *f  Car*aJ^^H 


rad>*i><  «,,er^^ 


b,  i  pttllaWI 


,,'l.rr  .d  lbe««  r^W 


1M  "  -  ^ 


X.r/CA'/: 


55' 


Laurie  s  <  I  li.i  lii.liunclci,  -ill  U 
•r  ticlcttltt^  *nd  meauine^  mull 
hc.it  much  trove  Kn*.ti.ie  ifuu  tfcc 
ml*  ■  j  ■  i  tliL-  Lki  thai  th«  'Urirxiit 
!•»  inert..      aHn»<i  in  rticpet.ii^c 

t«<l  til  c  Hit*  Ortlltjili^  i*ja*J  .-.nr} 
rt  m  >t  l.iU  .irtJiKwr,  *tir  nciUlc  mil 

•  CM-  If.  'i'  ■  *  *  i  ■  ■  .11  of  am 
t«  he  hr.ite-U,  iu  n<tMt;inrc  *lB  be 
litem  p.i-Min*;  •brunch  it  mil  Unit  Ik 
mi   t>|r|*t*inK  tv*fenl*  Mill  flit 

•►the*,  .mil  in  eonteqiictMe  thr  ^ -ti- 
ll \m  Ut.ilo.lcil. 

iht  tmp  circuit*  each  o<num  a  *heet  , 
Vilitr.iin    fi*l.  w  tli4l   t   HPQ  •in-ill 


•h*4u1  tyftc  iU/.c  tbr  iprclrvm  rcp«c«cfH»  ihc  otntf 
>.iltiiut  eaU«  by  I 'wffgjam  Lluk)  with  In*  Ik.Lttrtrtrr 
.tl  i In-  lt«c*t  n|  ihc  loounuin.  XVr  lux*  m-it  a  dotted 
i  Tic  Urti.cd  fam  U9*erv>1lim*  »l  "he  tup  uf  ihc  mnra- 
Iota,  atul,  tirt.il! t ,  ,ir  - <hcf  n-lirocniini;  the  pti*iihle  rwre 
"I  •juIu  ciiti^t  *ln«ir  ihc  l.iuifi  *A  itir  itiiiiMftbrre  ll 
Mlmta  hum  tW*e  tunc*  th.u  if  **  unbl  tie*  the  wa 

fatyawtlM  liiu.it  til  ihc  jti  phrte  the  light  «<wkj  fee 

>1<  ■  -dtt.ll\  lJue 

II  ."  (,ni  be  ■)•*  d.uihl  lli.ii  the  iinprmtd  prvtrCM  of. 
plu-rfo^npJiy  tUt.-uU  by  <v.i|<"t>  Abut*,  tfd  lbe  l)nlu- 
ini-irr  ul  I'rmirtmt  LwtfVrv,  furniUi  n*  vmIi  fxtfltrnt 
!  •  ii  .in.ii  ,  m .  Ity  nIihIi  »e  may  ciwnnarc  at 
.in*  (tl.ii*  ami  moiuint  tin*  n  Utisc  dirftilmtuui  of  «wUv 
vntnrj  iWtl  !hc  v mi  nut*  lurt*  of  the  •Mitrum. 

If  mlier  «f  trx**  uhictieri  could  j-t^u.*  tuifc  * 
iXfanwta  m  hi*  bimeti  ili.it  lu*  ii-».  Ii.  or  ihiMikl 
t'tuttl)  iii«u|i«T.ibte  vt it kt  thine  ten  or  iwthr  years 
.mi.- A.uti.,  1*4 n  In-,  niriln  ■  vihiIU  |ja  lu  It*  obtain  mr  tn 
Un  li^.j.ilc  iiili-fiiutn.n  ri^iding  -wilUr  i-injh-lil),  Hut 
1  feat  ilt»t  ne  Lftitnut  f  *pwt  tliLi,  at  jb>  rale  fur  tonic 
nine  lo  H.4MC.  At  il  it,  ftr  lr.iin  In  ihc  f.iiT^oii't;  thagr'-ni 
*kii  uri>  tbr  rtfjpuet  tlic  *a>Iu  tuetttwii  too*!  •itfrc.teit 
1*)  the  tticitivc  aljk— «[* i un  u(  i!ic  i(uai|Miin-til*  »f  tin 
uitli't  jim<«|ihnr,  fi  t  fniftt'iH  l_*iii;lti  >m,i|;tiiF%  thkt 
ihu  ;'.i(>i  III  the  %>i«liil  I'MtL'  mr  id.itcil  In  tint  uirAiit. 

I.i t  mm  now  ivntuif ,  m  cnnihitn*n(  uxmUkm  the  fHilkimnif 
i«^t»iii«     II)  .in]  of  \><  laftttraillun  fnimUietl  by  lite 

lIUIillllfTil-  lUM  .Ii  1(1  n*  »«lrcl  <rtl.l.ll  uf 

ibt  *|.t<ir4*m  f»*  uli'ch  if>  tbr  th^iM  turve  there  jre  no 
.  i(r-,  itui  in  tbr  -prririiii  ttiliiu  il  nu  i  iTtrtpuml^ir  lUtk 
I- n»  t  |  thAt  ii  (0  *^i> .  ri^H.ni  m  huh  ihrre  ifito  •tclrxlli* 
jli-ifptunL  Nm*.  Wi  ui  ifeum  the  fncift  (ittni  thrtc 
Mkitt'l  rt-.'r,T,.  .  n'.f .  |.>.ilu  -iin.,i?.l  .cii«-ii\f  tujxr 
(.4  Kiw«  •  atutti.ti-ctrt,  v>f  c}«*n  tlit  llmf-tunu'ei  ul  .1 

if  UpMl  h II til 

^rt.ill)  «ini|ihfi  il*t  luiihlrm 
WtM  iiitiiami«;i»  utll  ■  uw  l.« 
in  Ji  il  'i»  *r  it  i»f  ^liuir  pqr- 
nm  *liiih  *t>  nut  iMii/trt.  h 
Ml  M  nr  Lli"*,  -t-Vi  'r.r  ■bti.||i«ire»  fciw  lr»  i  jTI-iWh 
1 

Ii  .i  -nr.. il.lv  tt.it  ti*?  mj«  hUifean  elM  'iul*  ol 

t*|i«r  it  r»)»*-iu  ttlm  li  ibi»  ur'  tltbfi'otTiit'ienl  i- write** 
I.u'j-  ut  nu  vclctiite  .ilMtn(rt.iin.  ,.IiU"t;h  the  ifrnru] 
AwtWUfM  yt  i'»*c  i.ttv  ii  no  Jii'ilit  Mr)  MtMrtUl  : 


Kit.itye  »K  ii  l 

»c  llul| 
umlif  intl*  ih' 
rtKiiiaui^  tbc 


*1 - 


111  Id  I  UL 


±JLU  II 


_L_L 


|bf*v  tlMet*!  mi)  he  n  tnfiittvl  ('• 
ie  fib .  jiul  if  ihc  line  far  braJnl  **e 
ul  in  lhtt  tmt!  ilircctm*.  **b.l*'  ll  Ibt 
th*ll  b*it*  .1  tuitml  cn  tb*>  <■*  puttw 

.    i.*l  'inn  t:   I  i.d'f.  .  (    |  ,  ||., 

Kh  |irtcKiiii  the  rt, ji  l  t|.  HrtUtttiaa  ul 

*ttiril  Im  imriuint'iit  up  lu  ti«  tuciiil 
M  Vmcru.!,  mil  Im>  lhi<*  pl>-iiiteil  ui 
rruar4it*x  iht  ibnitUt>.i  i-Htitte*  rhc 
•  ul  ihrcAttk'i  atftm-pbere 
lA£Wtt  i  ti  Ht)  rvk-ibilt  the  re*ui|  U 
n  il  the  lii«fi  bjtiul  r«|it-^til*.  ihc 
tihuireil  Irr  i  |*rffki1  hirihivl  I1. 


until  n...iV|  1*  ni- -r«».tiT. 

I  u  '  uni  ladf.  I  |U|ll  ^e  mty  tfitoti  un  ,i  »cil  nin  milej 
bttfir  lli  it  liy  fi.iiirr.ie  ami  (*et>itirnie  in  llir>«  «.<*  umiUr 
nu  t"-,  -.t  •••  i'l  <i*. 1 1  it-li    irt.ii    ii    i    ilrtinur  tuliitioa 

\\\\  |n|  ll  .i|l  n  m  i 


nu  .In* »t  i  'r%;u"i  mrt  Ut-  *r%"i  «|  IWilln.  r:*«jlM4 
net  trp**-<*tU*l I*/  *4r-i*%  <Ini>lr(  H^bri.  It.icvmimx  Hind*. 
Vim,   1 1  pit.  Wbri".  W-tWI.  tcicC4.   r»^t««,  mm| 


553 


A  III  /</■; 


me  l»n»a«y.  Wl^  lleVram,  S|eua,  ih,  i;»ne4  Sum  „( 
A""'1*-  ll'IU  (Mr   lllanturell,  tMbL  l,u—  Not... 

mm.  ivm-M  k.„„^.  «,„wt  EaKs  H2 

lkB>l 

Ma.  W.  II  >l„,  ba,  ,,ceord..l  sit  S.  Ilmtab,., 

Oiraelot  nf  C,,o-.nKi».n.  eoa  amerej  epoo  hit  jutl^  „ 

Ika  Arirnoaky. 

Wi  >e«rel  to  Irani  „(  ike  0.u»  <4-  wuit.  Wrkban  F  I  St 
Ihe  t.uw,i  Itvanieal  ,k™i,i.  .»  ki.  ,nTi»,.,t  ™.'  a.,' 
WeUVei'.  na  m  i.  ..II  >»,»„  |„  ronnert,*,  .Ilk  ike  WciaVae 
anana.  1™  ta.  iege*e„.k.  ~t  IV  —««»^  pern,,,!,  la 
■kep*et.i..,,„l  ,1,1.™,.  „.|„h  lb.  wwluii,. 
In  ll,.  (node....,  .,  UMdk] bine.  SS 
koovitaia  unlearnt,  a*  tba  tmi„Q  mi]  eon,,  leenV^ 

Till   Aniiaal  Ealuumua  ,,f  |1„   phou^-am.  Soo,, 

:   '"    V  "'">     "  ■  •••••••••    •  ■   •.,    ■  •    I  „. 

mmi  jMtv 

kthjimk  LvaauCa  mHOH  „„  Tktarwlay  u...  ai  lWm,ni|. 
bint.  .  „„.M.  .......  „|       i„«  m,  j..u,b  V|,„„_  .„„,,  JT 

been  vl  ...I  ia  ill.  . hn.a  Ike  San,  c>lla||r  aa.1  ih. 
loam  Hall.  oVIm-ar,  i„  ih.  Sli^  1'la.lJI,  s,  i,^.  m(i 
tkal  U  to  ee.llltii.un  Ml  all  Ha,  avj,=  tm.li.l  .4,  u,r.Kirn  J 
ll,.  i-iir..,r.l,til.l  teaooei  ia  trhtih  Ki<n<e  I.  tiiH  enclruej  <« 
«n  |..l.lu.  ..I.  ..1.  Ihc,  aeir.  leekaaj,  «,<v<,lin{  U  lb<  l«li 
■atari  CuaamoMNA,  iWt,  tdiiiaU  aa  (.treat  niilwa  an  .thick 
•aeeee  It  full)  41,1  .  l.g.,1. 1,  iu.(a.  rke  n,,).,,,,,  „,  „„„.,, 
4.v..lt>l  1,1  II  I--..  il..„  Ik,..  •„„,       „\  f,,„y  v-i^Lfc. 

ilataicl  M  ll  .ia  h,t«e.  «l,cV,  «nl,  ike   ulll|„  ,^ 

oaalhrateli,..  a.  fta  a... In*  l  i^.c,,  .nl  i» ,.  f.  „  s,„  .,  hl 
viaaal  till  ktate  i..  ),»  ikan  ..teen  I„  Uana...  II.  al^iei 
Ikl  11  Mitral  U-Aihihj  J  *jmc.  (.oa,.  ■  » ^iM  all  M  dia 
im....i  «a.|  iMfkaMal  ,A  lilr,  VMM  \mily  aa>l  aamatle  iha 
c!aaia.itt,  anil  t<v-aa-t,  villi  t«i  taa«II^IMfaaalaij  |«,nulal»Mi. 
il  IMaMNM  a  Mwajhfk.  a  M'  p."|'*<  wo.  M  M  aiaianatn.-!  [ii 
.uar„n.    A,  il„  In. i  |MMit.  ta  «a>  .|,me  «  aatviUc  Im 

raganl  wax*  ,||)  ,if*l  anii.IRr.1nif  N.inrHni.«  ||  tui0t 
dcMlu/  a  kMtlall  li«,  ai.h  a.  Iba  nwak!  HfaliW  Iheoy  .,f 
tircTa-lliil  ln^M*M.I|;  ,,a  Itclf  t,. J.  »■>.-,  hit  tVanili.UOi. 
*|»I  tlirm  t„nti  \ij  Imz  axnuauna*  nail*.*  Um  .|M  vnj 
cjinr.  „l  n.laul  rn*n.n*n^  ar.r.  I.<  ,„  »r  .Hiking  ,,,  I  <m. 
taaat-l  n.„.  mil  |.wH|  :!,,„  uty  ilia  Iml  ,c.  iitrl  la  ih«  a»- 
Uauiol  imapnaaliiia  <A  nvankaul,    N..I  c.n  I, i|.|.iru~  .ally,  Ina 

in  many  wanayil  IMf  lift  i'xV  ,}.|,.n.lnl  at  knunlolgr  *4 

atinn.  M  >.  I,.  I  Mill  ..'a..|,  "  Wli.lk,.,  J  ll  wars 
fcply  islaia  lha>  the  l.w:  -.fat  i-nua.  „|  nrar;  uim  „l  u. 
«v.L1  „av-  Ai|  ,lr^K]i  I  ,,I|  >-tu  aamln£  a  {.aa.  ■>!  .1^.  «# 
Ajid.1  u.|  all  t.ani  *,«»■  l,.aj  ,1  Ih.  Kitaa.  \tt  11  w  a 
Vary  |4*al  Iralk  ilial  uu  1,1.  iml  Iwauim  .it  amy  imc  uf  u. 
■laa-ca.  I  „a  ,„„  kkiiwiiaj  **>u-  i.ia^  U  lb,  r.U>  „t  .,  .;.n,<  aa 
aniua;  .aa.  ,tllTa-ilt.  hi.  -  ^Mfty  mIi.-l  b..  Vm*  nlayMl  fm 
ant  1  I  .£c«.  c..tf  al.u  «t,t  a  mill  >■' lit  l»  <to>"<  if  ill  I.. 
(Oayct,  Tin  <a.«S«ui.l  t>  Ike  amaU,  Ike  |tlt.rt  «ta  llu>  |aW. 
Ilitatci.  ol  ll«  uli.ttlta,  lilt  ,ulai  „l  ike  Kitat-  ...  *k«T  «/*  oil 
Ikr  l*A*  nl  nataK.  Hi'  I'layai  aa  Ika  out.  ^,|.  i.  |„ jj^,, 
ntna  u..  W.  kntar  Ikaa  U,  (Jay  ||  rliaayt  Ian.  all,  411,1 
nallrnl.  Ha.  akM  tar  t,n.,n.  W  naa  tHab  iliu  aa  av.n  wt. 
IpfM  a  untijkt.  .a  aiAa*  iSc  tiiillcil  rfllaa-iaoe  Itu  hinu.an,-r 
Tu  ill.  aana  wit.  a  <**U  lit.  Itiijlcal  ai.n  ate  paij  wnh 
«.mft.»*in*,  umo-""?'  lall  lal.  Ak-i  |>Uyt  III  it  .hn:atnataa~ 
avktial  kaJ«.  IM  ajltb  "'  l«ia„i«      Jba  nalimal  na.inily 


♦WXOoOtOOO/.  to  pay  _ 
»'  acwnlifie  tramiaifx  a  oil 
■aaac  drfma.araa,  let  m 

We  AaJ.  in  fact. 


««,  M.  II.  JtxIMnM,  , 
<■>  aaake  the  |,„  . Jf,,  ||  „  | 

»»*  naalaatkin*  .1  Hatatla  lot  kit  |_,_ 
l.tiluea.     That  hoal  .kick  atma  asnyinjllbj 
-Vie.  ...Mrnly  ,  a,.,ue<l.  and  ikr  oaai 
ateno.lt  ItMt  all  bia  atyyinanrav,  a  aa»« 
lake  ak.Mii  lojev/  to  repiaeav    Mi.  Fan... 
' aabaldaaaal  by  tW  Kayal,  Ik,  I 
AtKmluui  Ueeajraptllckl  Sueaelaea  amir  At  I 
K  AberHrea,  baa  maale  •  (ram  a/taaf  Mlekr 
Whai  eawUrat  a>tia*  Mr.  I>  orha.  t.  taaabk  4 
.>!...,.  in  bit  nKently  pablbkaal  aatk  «■  _ 
l-K: •■     Ha  loat  bo  lama  in  caelna; .vaVakntaj 
l«a.  iken;  »U«baej  e«j  ereW  «aM  atotaa  a,  al  a1 
p>  no  atiik  bu  wne».  .t  aecorlrai  la  lat  bnal  as 
...  In.  . a,  t. .  New  Goinoa.     Snbaenyeaol  SM 
Secretary,  Royal  Utogiagakacal  Sad<r,  to** 

l»  a  fear  .lay  ika  twee  aa  Ik*  M  0«| 
Net.  Votl.  luatl.,u,  Iroul  LokJ  leaaa  ! 
I'l  -an  nyi  by  o  fuiiy  eatket  iba  liaaan  afC 
l  lilurj  Itliic.  Lntintnt  For  aiar  yta*  i 
catUKaa  liaa  Inn  ,„  yet^raeav  Ika  tart  I 
a.taabe.1  «.„„  ekaatban,  Ika  aaKaa  kaiaj  < 
e-'-laaao,  al  tock.  ioio  «be»  JytaeaU.  oaone-j 
kiiai  aj.noa/ibeae  .atteatp. 

'     Tl»'  »,..!<  nf  4WakHk<  lla  anatfll 


'lla.  eit-l  bjjio  be»a"ene.|iaJ.rJia»ktal 
Tk:  ea|4aaea  ia  la  Vj  k»k*J 


bjna\|  been  ua; 


■aeaat  of  aa  eateoialie  Oaataaatee,  nateef  ayigl 
leesnx  ettnimlun  ntk  tlv  kaa  ktkt  alMM 


'■■■Hlul  Ibal  i|u  .aioMu,,  oUI  aWaanat  Ha 
"■lb...-.  m.Uuj  t,..b  oxaoatlaa*  U  *»««»* 
V|  on  J  a  dl.laaee  W  Ingp  fcet.  Tki  a»«  •* 
teauaeet.  ^eac  a  daaaaa  afkaawy 

Rbatd  Keek  41,1  i»,  ,|^,,  tai,  r^naaai< 
•U  .lttty.4  .,,„  u„m«t» 

Ten  Re.    M   »'   *—         «f  OataV 


Tin  Re,  M  r.  lall,tr.n.  JOaJar/** 
f  ■  f.  "rtla,  a.  ib,  J»o»a«*t»»l5j 
TW,  .ft.nw,,  „  jo  .l.iia^laa^MOkJ*"" 
"■.of  jft  ,  Icrt  Ji.uk.  ,  „,n  yeektl  trfat*»«» 
•'  '  ''"i'  "I  'all  Ml.  The  Flail**  HIV  aaa*  aaaf* 
■  '"'"a"  "-ie.  Malkoea.  aVa«a<«a*' 
■ba  an  In  „|  H  .1 «  aaaj  <i|a»a»",l 

ItMlfol  „„,  „|  ll«,M|e.,,b.«*W«»*'"ri 

**  i  in  •!.  |ib.M.nM,   U  kataJ  (I  a*ot ^1 


-    I'lifaeaamua  a. 
•ml  '»*-i.do.l,(e4»|«e-.4jht. 


let  ,evta.e  »»•  at, 4  ImnanaleC. 


skip 


*■  ate  .e|ulrat  i.t 


nat.ha*  *euj  1"  i'"  •»"•"'      IS".»»oo».  a  Jtu.  A  ..mat, 
Lit  o<.  inal  -il'  l«  »PI'-"»"1!  «»Sv.i«:l.o.  P'Haii 
»^ull  |.  IrebW.  iml  «•   '  '*»•»«■  ■<"• 


»»S«'tmW,,vkM|-.(,J**< 
■uuila,  i„  uaa,  d.4.|«|lul^1.  s^ieoafaa"* 
aaanj  al  Vd,  I,  <..!„,  TWeaara<««*' 

4„  »e  «•■.«"  a, 

....  a  i>a..U*«,,1,1, ■ore**'*  J 

»»«.J  "loan efcekea,  ^ _ . 4, » . 


, Cf  *e  '  On* 
«  *l"'b  •  t^.« 
Al  alalia,  jo  U(a%J 

tli*4)nvj|el 


rt>iVu^knaala.«1**if*  I 
■■ialnan.el.|«n^**ial  1 
•  «ui.,t»»l*^  1] 

TM.  koyal  „„,.       w.,,  ^.l4r2 

--'■■^l.ef.e**'^ 


a_J  M*ili.«  i  On  lit*  frt.ttr« 

I .  n.  HjjiIw  I  ■  •»  the  >j 


ll*  uf  •  ■  ,  '  in*  ■■  <*nc  untrl  «»*l 
»..-»!.  ».'ti  a  vw*  if  l«hiui(  !lirm 

ipl  uft  t1«  »hit>«  talnfW  «y. 

U*lu  in1>*  llthii.;  hvJf.  vimII  i»tw*r 

a|**n Jttun  i**utH'l  ■  -uch  s  xbai 

I"***- 

I'.^mhh  n  *aftll  4ki»i— 

■*»,-»  w*  Amrttb-i  I  Tic  «_*««c  >•*  I*.* 
latitat  Mult*  .«/  «u-*rot  ill*  ilclfn:- 
DC     A  cctictdl  ftiUC  W»  «»f  lUl  fah 

,  itui  ammk       *  ■iin«.»»**M»  ■*  h« 

fc.m  helium,   tin  lHHOt*'l  MmWr 
»t*J  ike  >W<tratti  h  «F  httiii'urv  i>h 
•j>«  lUc  U'lii  iy  -4  iKtt  |4*ac 
ltd*    V»».tMhrt  Ihw  niJ.lt  iHHUt 
<li*lCnnniil  »f  •  J»|  I*c»i*i>  to 

nf,  -.ht'n  in  itir  **  i'i*v  >C  ili«  I'mli-l 
C(4«».hi.*»«  fca*r  Ima  ill 

lull,  »»'hti  tnfai  »<i^-it.il  %»***  «*»ti 
Una,  Fl  Wl.M.  =»J  Anwms  lil|i 

<«m..|  w«h  tii<tily  .uh.fw'M/)  m-l 

i-jml  l«  I*.'  'inui-l  4i  ul  lS5* 

j;.   Mulu*l  l'Mjn  •  ■  »*»cij.  ll 

■ 

f  i  i  m  Am  pjtt.  .#  ItirttiiMfi  uii 

I  M  it,.  /Tm^iVw  W  lkr  K»t*J  MWWII> 

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■toil         1-'  m  "v«^  li*  i.tettu**!,  «f»l  i«  >Mm| 

.  Jl  ,»  .nfi>*  l7  «i  »ibf*  li«a;iuibi.  V/r»«wa.'  ikrm^ 
IT  l    1    1  AH'iiMin  inl   Iwliai*  b<*li.  *y*l  r.1  »n  I  IM 

ftfl  >tf  i.uli,  tbt  I.  ia«r  Itfitit  *at  *  »■  »;»iO  nMHHl ^  , 
*  rfi'inAnc  Ibr  iMtifUi         I **i»l       N  W  «»  ' 
A  «*.  «Kirf  '<-)  l>f  *  -ntiUf.  »U«b,  li-aa  •)*  l  «»«4*.  ».  MftO* 
1.  u  t»,(.*t  *W.  »  l.»miiHR  «>•  iff  a*       -*'»  *  '  "■'<•"  10 
k*tj.    At  in  Ajnn.ii,  *  l,a  -*-lf'  *" 


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556 


NATURE 


[Oft.  I,itt> 


from  the  Lower  Greensand  l>y  means  of  deep  borings  at  any 
great  distance  from  its  outcrop.  Even  if  l.owcr  (irccns.md 
occur  at  all  in  such  place*,  it  will  probably  be  in  reduced  thick- 
ness and  therefore  with  reduced  water-capacity. 

American  E:  ideneet  of  Eocene  Mammal t  of  tie  "  P.'astk  Car  " 
Period,  by  Sir  Richard  Owen.  K.C.B.,  F.R.S..  G.S  .  fee  —In 
the  year  1843  a  fragment  of  a  lower  jaw  with  one  entire  molar 
of  a  mammal  was  dredged  up  off  the  Essex  coa«t.  A  canine 
tooth  of  the  same  was  found  in  a  well-linking  near  Camberwcll, 
in  piercing  the  "plastic  clay."  The  author  had  described  the 
above  as  belonging  to  an  animal  of  the  Lophiodont  family,  and 
proposed  for  it  the  generic  name  Coryphodon.  Shortly  after- 
wards De  Blainville  had  noticed  certain  fossils  as  "probably 
Coryphodont,*'  but  had  referred  them  to  L^piiodcn  an'hra- 
t -.■■:■■<-  Ten  years  later  Prof.  Hcbert  had  recognise  I  two 
species  of  Coryphodon  in  the  plastic  clay  of  France.  Explora- 
tion* by  I>eidy,  Marsh,  and  llavden.  in  the  "  Mauvai*es  Terres  " 
of  Netwaska  had  let!  to  the  discovery  of  a  large  hoofed  mammal 
all»ed  to  Coryphodon,  to  which  the  name  Titan<therium  had  been 
given,  and  Prof.  Cope  has  now  recognised,  from  Evanstown, 
Wyoming,  seven  species  of  Coryfh wlon.  From  these  materials, 
which  hare  been  rendered  accessible  to  European  palxon- 
tologists  by  the  superb  volume  of  reports  recently  issued  by  the 
United  Slates  Government,  the  author  is  enabled  to  give  a 
general  description  of  this  family  of  hoofed  mammals  of  large 
size  a  hich  flourished  in  early  Eocene  times.  To  the  details  of 
this  the  major  part  of  the  paper  is  devoted. 

Seme  Results  of  the  CryttallograpA'e  Study  of  Danism  te,  by 
Dr.  Max  >chuster. — In  studying  the  characters  of  the  faces  and 
the  structure  of  the  Panburite  crystals  found  in  Switzerland  the 
author  has  met  with  vicinal  faces  of  a  peculiar  kind,  for  which 
he  proposes  the  term  "transitional  face* "  (Tuhetmak  Mm. 
Mittheil.,  vL,  1884,  p.  511).  Attention  is  called  to  the  fact 
that  these  faces  are  easily  affected  by  those  causes  which  prixluce 
an  unequal  development  of  faces  otherwise  symmetrically  dis- 
posed, and  an  illu-tratinn  is  given  of  the  way  in  which  their 
indices  are  numerically  related  to  those  of  the  principal  faces  of 
the  crystal. 

A'V/V/e/  an  Outline  Gfo'ojval  Mat*  ff  /.;trr  Ejift.  A raff  J 
Fetraa,  and  Palestine,  by  Edward  Hull.  LL.D..  F.R.S  .  F.G.S. 
—The  map  exhibited  was  enlarged  from  that  which  accompanies 
the  authors  book,  Mount  Seir.  Sinai,  and  Wott-m  Pa  lest  in*, H 
giving  a  narrative  of  the  expedition  »«-nt  not  into  these  countries 
by  the  Palestine  Exploration  Society  in  1883  S4.  It  embraces 
a  region  extending  from  the  valley  of  the  N:le  on  the  wc*l  to 
the  table  land  of  Edam  (Mount  Seir^  ar.d  Moah,  including  the 

Jordan.  Araroh  Valley,  and  the  mountains  of  Sinai.  Its  northern 
mi:  i»  the  Lebanon.  The  main  lines  of  fault  and  dip  .»f  the 
strata  are  also  indicated,  A  t  pographical  ar.'l  gcul<<gica)  map 
of  the  Arabah  Valley  on  a  scale  of  aU-ut  six  niLes  to  one  inch 
was  in  preparation,  and  would  accompany  the  Geological  Kc'-'rt 
now  in  the  press  for  the  Paiestine  Exploration  Society. 

A  Prrliminary  iVote  e>n  a  \eir  fjtnl  R-p'ilf  nttnlfy  dt't- 
ewttred  at  AVr.-  Sfjnif,  near  Eljin.  by  I>r.  R.  II.  Tra  u.n-. 
F.  R.S. — Of  this  most  important  fossil  the  author  bid  as  yet 
only  seen  a  phot'  graph  submitted  to  him  by  Prof  Jud'.  th?  Pre- 
sident of  the  Section.  This  photograph  represents  pretty  nearly 
a  vertical  longitudinal  section  of  a  reptilian  skull,  of  which  MM 
very  prominent  feature  is  the  rre-enoe  of  a  large  conical  u:»k  in 
the  upper  jaw,  projecting  downward*  and  forwards,  immr  liately 
behind  the  prrmaxillary  part  of  the  -lull.  This  tusk  i-  »een 
only  in  impression,  but  the  cast  of  the  internal  cavity  wli-h  is 
srell  ^hown  indicates  that  it  grew  from  a  permanent  pulp.  No 
evidence  "f  any  other  teeth  L>  vi*ible,  and  the  whole  appearance 
of  the  skull  as  veen  in  the  photognpS.  with  the  position  and 
shape  of  the  tusk,  indicate  that  the  rci  tile  here  represented,  if  not 
actually  belonging  to  the  irenus  Picym^lon.  is  certainly  v 
member  of  the  group  of  Dies n  « font ia.  t  ieologistt 
ur.d<  rrate  the  importance  of  this  discovery  in  its 
question  of  the  age  of  the  reptilifernus  sandstone  of 
On  the  Avtruge  Density  of  M  re.-ntet  erm/Stnm 
tie  Earth,  by  the  Kev.  E.  t fill.  M.A..  F.G.S 
density  of  the  meteorites  which  fall  on  the  earth 
be  calculated  Different  me'rv-U  cue  as  resu 
4*84.  571,  the  last  value  being  influenced  by  t 
particularly  large  metallic  specimen.  The  average 
earth  is  usually  regarded  as  5'tx.  Meteorite*  axe 
materials  of  -pace.  A  mass  of  them  would  aggrej 
body  of  density  not  widely  differing  f»  m  that  of  t 
The  densities  of  the  other  planets  are  not  inconsistent 


like  origin.  Consequently  any  theory  of  the  genes:*  i  tie  ti- 
from  pre-existing  materials  involve*  a  prohibitory  tkat  n  c 
p>rant  part  of  its  nucleus  is  metallic. 

On  tie  O  eurrence  of  Le-.oer  O'd  Pel  C  k 
Prjmontory  cf  the  Fanad,  tftsrth  Dj*.\  •',  by  Pro!,  &.«• 
Hull,  LL.D.,  F. R.S.,  Director  of  the  Geological 
Ireland.—  The  district  in  which  the  Old  Ko!  C r 
occurs  is  fonned  of  ridges  and  valley*  of  metafD-upiu- 
c<jn>isting  of  beds  of  quartzite,  schist,  cry»talline  l-»ev  u  : 
trap,  chiefly  diorite.    It  lies  between  Lough  Swilly  iai  JL 
Bay,  and  is  washed  on  the  north  by  ihe  waters  of  the  V.- 
The  remarkabl*  tract  of  the  <  »ld  Red  Conglomeratr.  rs-- 
Hoovered  by  the  officers  of  the  Geological  Survey.  i»U": 
from  any  mat*-,  of  the  »ame  formation,  and  it  is  enrr,'— 
an  any  geological  map  hitherto  published.    The  hra»  c 
red  an  I  purple  sandstones  and  conglomerates,  ma.  let"  - 
of  quartzite  pebbles  and  blocks,  but  also  coo'airun^ 
limestone  and  trap  ;  all  derived  from  the  surrounding  c-  * 
phfc  series.    They  occupy  an  area  of  over  two  miles  \ 
and  half  a  mile  across,  extending  along  the  nenbem 
Knock  Alia,  a  ridge  of  quartzite  which  traverses  the  pr  t  ■ 
from  >idc  to  side.    The  beds  dip  against  the  base  of  At  . 
tain,  against  which  they  are  let  down  by  a  large  fault,  n 
terminate  along  their  northern  edge  by  an  unconf-  n*»^ •  ■ 
position  on  beds  of  quartzite  and  limestone.    Thev  rtaJ 
thickness  of  al«>ut  800  feet.    From  the  position  of  tbev  1 
becomes  evident  that  they  are  unconnected  with  ant 
recognised  ha«ins  of  Lower  Old  Red  Sandstone,  either." 
land  or  Ireland,  and  may,  therefore,  be  reganirl  >  ' 
been  formed  in  an  isolated  basin,  which,  following  :V -v: 
of  Dr.  Geikie.  I  may  I*  allowed  to  name  "Lake  I1 
The  tract   will   be   a   new  feature  on   geological  "sr 
Ireland. 

On  B<i<tite- Serpentine  ..•«  /'  7Vv*.'.  ...7  in  .W.VrjA»  1 
a  Xo.'e  on  tie  AWi  of  tie  Bla  k  f>  \\  by  Prof.  T  O 
D  Sc.,  LL.D  ,  F.  R  S..  Pre*.G.S.  —  hostite  serpentine  » 
s«>me  time  since  by  Prof.  Hevldlet  occurs  near  Belheb  -  - 
the  shore  near  the  Black  Dog.    The  author  describes ,l  " 
•copic  structure  of  this  showing  that  it  cons  st*  »f  ■ '. 
its  alteration  products,  enstatite  in  various  stage*  ti 
anil  a  mineral  of  the  spincbid  group.    Associate!  »r" 
the  Belhelvie  district  i*  a  fairly  normal  troktolite. 
a  plagioclastic  felspar  allied  to  anorthite,    1 1  vine.  re.  - 
altered,  and  a  little  diallage.    It  cl<»*ely  re-semblt* 
VoJpendorf  rock,  but   has   rathtr   less   magne>ia  *-• 
alumina.  c  >rre*pe>nding  chemically  more  nearly  «;th  ' 
scri  ed  by  the  author  fp>m  Coverack  Cove.  Cornwall.  • 
opinion  that  the  two  rovk*  differ  somewhat  in 
probably  the  earlier  was  still  at  a  high  temperature  » 
latter  was  intruded,  and  he  incline*  to  the  vie»  thit 
pentine  is  the  older  r>s.k  of  the  two.    The  Black  I** 
incorrectly  described  as  cor.M-tmg  of  "crystals  of  « •  " 
such  confusion  as  to  form  both  a  tough  and  hard  roct 
rock  really  consist*  of  .putt/,  sillimanite.  two  ki*i» 
e?i.  and  mo»t  pr.  lvably  sou" 

hort.  the  rock  pre*e*  • 
scope  to  some  spec- 
thc  welt  kn.  wn  "c  r-iierite  gne  v*  *  of  B  denmais. 

(V  tie  A'e  ai-  erery     / /  .Wmidian  Marll.s  in  Alt 
Tunis,    by    I.ieut.-C«d.    i'layfair,    II. M.  ConsuK^Bt"- 
Algeria  and  li-ns-  The  author  ex  plain- d  that  the  «■ 
was  a  mi-r  Rh  r,  1*  'h-y  are  not  found  within  tat  *» 
Numidta  proper^  Imt  in  the  province  of  Africa  aadfcl 
M«»*t  ofiPJBa||^ialio  anticu  "  used  ia  Roam  SfaTM 
flMBk  avxiern  C  hem  ion,  in  the 


an  iron  oxide  (hemat 
wtth  perhap-  a  little  kyanite.  In 
close  resismblar.ee  un  !er  the  aver 
rell  kn.  '«n  "  c  t" 


I 


Oct.  8,  1885] 


NA  TURE 


557 


mens  described  in  this  communication  were  collected  by  Mr.  J. 
(.«.  Buchanan,  during  the  voyage  of  the  Challenger.  The  islands 
have  been  described  by  Darwin  in  his  "  Geological  Observa- 
tions on  Volcanic  Islands  "  (2nd  edition,  p.  27).  The  author, 
after  having  explained  the  geological  structure,  gives  lithological 
descriptions  of  the  chief  types  of  the  rocks,  which  may  he  re- 
ferred to  the  phonolites  (St.  Michael's  Mount).  These  pho- 
nolites arc  composed  of  sanidine,  augite,  nephcline,  hornblende, 
magnetite,  nosean,  and  titanite.  The  rocks  of  Rat  Island  are 
basalts  with  nephcline.  The  constituent  minerals  are  augite 
and  olivine.  The  ground-mass  is  almost  entirely  composed  of 
nephcline.  Biotite  and  apatite  occur  as  accessory  constituents. 
The  little  island  known  as  Platform  Island  is  also  basaltic,  with 
a  dolcritic  texture.  It  is  composed  of  labradoritc,  augite, 
olivine,  magnetite,  and  biotite.  This  rock  has  undergone 
alterations. 

Preliminary  Note  on  some  Trairerses  of  the  Crystalline  District 
of  the  Centi al  Alps,  by  Prof.  T.  G.  Bonncy,  D.Sc,  LL.D., 
F. K.S.,  Pres.  G.S. —  I  hiring  the  past  four  years  I  have  made 
several  traverses  of  the  Central  Alps  from  north  to  south,  and 
venture  to  lay  before  the  Section  the  general  results  as  bearing 
in  some  resect  on  the  geology  of  the  Highlands.  (1)  The 
ordinary  rules  of  stratigraphy  as  learnt  from  most  lowland 
districts  arc  commonly  quite  inapplicable  to  the  Alps.  The 
most  highly  crystalline  and  the  older  beds  often  form  the  higher 
parts  of  a  mountain  region,  the  newer  the  lower.  The  newer 
beds  frequently  appear  to  underlie  and  dip  regularly  beneath  the 
older.  Gigantic  folds,  overturns,  and  overthrust  faults  abound. 
The  true  stratigraphy  of  a  district  can  only  be  worked  out  In  the 
exercise  of  patient  and  cautious  induction  from  observations 
extended  over  a  wide  area.  (2)  The  non  crystalline  rocks  of  the 
Alps  are  of  various  ages.  There  are  some  of  Carboniferous  age, 
but  the  great  period  of  continuous  deposition  generally  begins 
with  some  part  of  the  Trias.  The  conglomerates,  which  often 
occur  at  the  base  of  the  non-crystalline  deposits,  indicate  that 
the  principal  metamorphism  uf  the  crystalline  series  was  anterior 
to  lioth  these  epochs.  There  is  at  present  no  reason  to  suppose 
that  either  in  the  Central  Alps  or  for  some  distance  on  each  side 
arc  there  any  representatives  of  the  earlier  Palxozoics.  I  believe 
that  the  conglomerates  at  the  base  of  the  Carboniferous  contain 
fragments  of  the  later  crystalline  rocks  of  the  Alps  as  well  as  of 
some  of  the  earlier — though  I  do  not  assert  that  these  crystalline 
rocks  have  undergone  no  modifications  since  Carboniferous 
times.  (3)  In  the  heart  of  the  principal  Alpine  chains,  and 
apparently  at  the  base  of  everything,  are  coarsely  crystalline 
gneisses.  These  differ  little  from  granites,  except  that  they 
generally— almost  always— exhibit  a  certain  foliation,  and  occa- 
sionally seem  to  be  intcrbedded  with  thin  seams  of  micaceous 
schists  or  flaggy  fine  grained  beds.  (4)  On  examination  we  find 
treason  to  believe  that  both  the  latter  are  generally  d  ue  lo  crushing. 
Their  strike  agrees  with  that  of  the  apparent  foliation  in  these 
older  rocks,  and  with  that  of  a  foliation  which  is  also  present  in 
the  newer  crystalline  rocks.  This  corresponds  with  the  strike 
"f  the  main  physical  features  of  the  district,  and  with  the  cleav- 
age in  the  included  troughs  of  sedimentary  r  ck.  It  runs  for 
great  distances  with  remarkable  uniformity.  (5)  This  ap- 
parent foliation  is  due  to  the  devolopment  of  extremely  thin 
films  of  a  micaceous  mincal.  In  many  cases  it  causes  the 
rock  to  bear  the  aspect  of  a  highly  micaceous  schist  ;  yet,  on 
examining  a  transverse  section,  the  ruck  is  distinctly  seen  to  be  a 
crushed  gneiss— i.e.  though  so  conspicuous,  it  is  a  mere  varnish. 
As  it  thus  differs  materially  from  a  true  foliation,  it  would 
be  convenient  to  give  it  a  name,  and  I  should  propose  to  call  it 
the  "sheen  surface."  It  is.  in  fact,  a  kind  of  "eleavnyr  folia- 
lion,"  that  is,  a  foliation  due  t..  cleav^e,  and  MibM.-.picr.:  to  1;. 
frife)  Jhc  pressure  which  b.is  prodmed    this  m  <u,  r.-,v " 

|SV<niny  cases  afleuled  the  orientati  -n  ,.(  :}■.,-  mmcrak 
■Are  present  in  the    true   "  f..!,.ih  >n  "   law:.  ,,,  ih,: 
!'*'gtly  foliated,  i.e.  mineral-ban.  lo     r«k<.     17.  In 
'   •cbists    \-cry    commonly    the     "  -;u->.  i\  ,ur- 
■f^with  the  original  foliation  siufa.  ■  .  a-;  in  ihi: 
He  sometime*  does  with  the  bedim.;.    Tki~  :-, 
the  n.\fg  of  the  great  folds  often  make  a  Vcrv 
irizon.    ■  8)  Thus  a  notl- folia  led  ^  ry  stall  :ue 
some  Blent  foliated  by  presort  ifol- 
>n) :  i.e.  some  guelw  s 
ignites,  tome  schists  out  of  other 
earlier  foliation,  or  it  may 
crulem  sad  more  fissile 
,  to  pais  ioio  granite, 


because  a  rock  which  is  now,  both  macroscopic-ally  and  micro- 
scopically, a  gneiss  may  prove  to  be  a  granite  whi.h  has  in  some 
pans  yielded  to  pressure  m  >re  than  in  others.  (9)  As  we  pass 
outwards  from  the  great  central  granitoid  mas.es  we  come  to 
gneisses  anil  schists  where  the  evidence  of  some  kind  of  stratifi- 
cation becomes  more  marked  ;  bands  of  crystalline  limestone, 
quartzite,  and  graiutlite  being  associated  with  mica  .chist  of  many 
kinds-  -simple,  garnetiferous,  staurolitic,  actinolitic,  and  the  like— 
the  bands  of  different  mineral  character  and  composition  varying 
from  mere  streaks  to  layers  up  to  many  yards  in  thickness.  In 
fact  the  above-named  rocks  arc  associated  exactly  as  limestones, 
sandstones,  and  clays  are  associated  in  the  ordinary  sedunentaries. 
(to)  Although  the  crushing  of  a  crystalline  rock  in  situ,  or  the 
squeezing  and  shearing  of  a  breccia  or  conglomerate  of  crystall- 
ine fragments,  occasionally  gives  rise  to  local  difficulties,  these 
are  on  a  small  scale,  and  sedimentary  beds  belonging  to  the 
I'aUeozoic  or  later  periods  of  deposition  arc  generally  readily 
distinguishable  from  the  whole  of  the  crystalline  series. 
Though  folded  and  faulted  in  the  most  extraordinary  manner, 
the  members  of  the  two  series  can  generally  be  separated 
and  in  the  Alps  there  is  no  evidence  of  a  mingling  of  the  one 
with  the  other  in  the  process  of  rolling  out  or  squeezing  to- 
gether ;  so  that,  after  patient  study  and  microscopical  examina- 
tion, we  can  generally  decide  without  hesitation  whether  a 
particular  set  of  rocks  has  originated  fram  the  crystalline  or  the 
sedimentary  scries.  I  do  not  say  that  we  can  always  decide 
whether  a  schist  or  a  gneiss  has  originated  from  an  igneous  rock 
or  from  an  older  schist  or  gneiss,  but  I  think  that  in  the  Alps 
we  can  say  that  it  has  originated  from  one  of  these.  Fortunately, 
intrusive  rocks  arc  very  rare  in  the  Palaeozoic  and  later  deposits  in 
this  part  of  the  Alps.  (11)  Thus,  although  the  Tertiary  uiela- 
morphism  of  the  Alpine  rocks  is  very  important,  it  is  more  pre- 
tentious than  real,  ami  its  effects  seem  to  have  been  the  greatest 
where  it  has  found  a  rock  already  crystalline  to  act  upon. 
Hence  I  believe  that  every  tmc  gneiss  and  schist  in  (he  Alps  Ls 
much  older  than  the  Carboniferous,  and  is  probably  older  than 
any  member  of  the  Palseozoic  period. 

The  Direction  a/  Glaeiation  as  ascertain.  J  by  the  Form  of  the 
Striit,  by  Prof.  H.  Carvill  Lewis. — As  there  seemed  to  be  a  dis- 
agreement between  certain  Scotch  geologists  and  the  Irish 
geologists  regarding  the  inferences  as  to  direction  of  glaeiation 
to  be  <lcduccd  from  the  form  of  glacial  stri.T,  the  author  was  led 
to  bring  forward  some  observations  of  his  own,  made  hi  America 
and  in  Great  Britain,  w  hich  threw  light  upon  the  disputed  point. 
Well-preserved  stri.e  are  frequently  blunt  at  one  end  and  taper- 
ing at  the  other,  the  shorter  ones  sometimes  resembling  the 
characters  used  in  the  cuneiform  inscriptions.  This  form  may 
be  seen  in  stri.e  of  all  sizes— from  those  several  yards  in  length, 
when  the  blunt  end  may  Ite  an  inch  or  more  in  breadth,  to  the 
finest  scratches,  where  a  microscope  is  necessary  to  detect  any 
difference  between  the  two  ends.  As  shown  in  the  Reports  of 
the  boulder  Committee  of  the  Royal  Society  of  Edinburgh 
(Fifth  Report,  pp.  1S-20,  29,  58  ;  Seventh  Report,  p.  tS>  and 
elsewhere,  certain  Scotch  geologists  regard  the  blunt  end  as  the 
point  of  impact  of  the  striating  agent,  and  as  therefore  facing 
the  direction  from  which  the  motion  came.  On  the  other 
hand  the  Irish  geologists  ("  Memoirs  of  the  Geological  Survey  of 


Ireland,"  Explanation  to  sheets  86,  8 


7.  88. 


Explanation 


to  sheet  193,  p.  18,  A:c. )  interpret  the  shape  of  the  stria-  as  in- 
dicating motion  in  the  opposite  direction,  believing  the  tapering 
end  to  point  to  the  direction  from  which  glaeiation  proceeded. 
The  point  at  issue  is  of  importance,  especially  in  outlying  islands 
and  elsewhere,  where  other  indications  of  the  direction  of  glaeia- 
tion fad.  In  Pennsylvania,  which  is  crossed  from  east  to  west 
by  ;!n-  terminal  moraine  of  the  great  ice-sheet,  and  where  the 
\; :a. .  :a;i..n  is  uniformly  in  a  southward  direction,  the  author  had 
.ib-i.Tv-.-d  that  the  blunt  ends  of  the  stria?,  where  flat  surfaces 
tudicd,  were  always  to  the  south  ("On  the  Terminal 
M  .  .;  ie  in  Pennsylvania  and  Western  New  York."  Report  Z, 
St.v  >;i  t  Geological  Survey  of  Pennsylvania,  pp.  33,  85,  86,  107, 
.  In  certain  instances  the  mode  of  formation  ot  the  striiv 
n.i,  al-o  indicated  by  their  shapes,  which  showed  that  a  stone 
I  •  1  :  t  along  under  the  glacier  had  ground  in  deeper  and  deeper 
until  iii  some  ca-e-  it  stopped  or  hopped  out,  in  other  casi  s  was 
i;ioan  l  down  to  another  cutting  edge,  and  in  others  turned  over, 
and  U-gan  its  work  of  engraving  by  a  fresh  and  sharp  corner. 
The  peculiar  gorges  at  the  farther  end  of  certain  stria?  showed  a 
sort  '.1  slow  rocking  motion  in  some  stones  before  they  finally 
turned  over.  The  author's  observations  in  Ireland,  both  at 
localities  where  iherc  could  lie  no  doubt  as  to  the  direction  of 


Digitized  by  Go 


55» 


NATURE 


aJaoal  irxmmmt,  and     btcmlnira  »Wr*  »ueh  dimJiim  «*•  tat 
pre****])  «s<i«n,  bad  to  raaJu.Mii  roiirdv  aft  hannrarr  wiiV 
(boar-  alrendr  raadiad  In  PruaV.'Ma  and  «Mh  tho-<  hrU  by 
tfe  Irtih  groJogi-t*.    Onr  nf  lie  lata*  ctaondr.  falling  under  tW 
I  rti.-T    i'-  ;        aa   imnf(  tbr  I  ira!  glacarr*  in  tbe  tn  awl  lina 
<•/  the  Urf-jl*  franMintdnr.  a  trpai  n-t  landed  I*  ibc  (ml 
onrftacnt  h»  darsi  nf  crnlrat  Irdn-d.     Tin  it  real  rd  bolt  cd 
ihnc  araa.llfiitii.-rv  l«-£«ninctB  a  "i  ;«ri  "  nr.1,  I  .it.irl  lei..* 
ha  a  MflflOroito  I'naau!  ■ursine,  r*a  braaufallv  >U-Wil  and 
■Jbrl  fuul  oti|»>cii«>i«ira  far  ana  anaJy.    ll  area  loaod  tWl  an 
mfwo'J  i[t*tt  t*  tm  ll*t  ntrj*  .-i  tki  *'nv  au  a  m.'.         A  mm.'  mt 
imw  mi  Mm***:  i  at'  a  f -l-  aaaflea  t*au  abrwrW.  Aanf  f*af  a*  a1  *r  *- 
W-/  iJarVi       »> .        O  n*,r.~.\'.h  tk'tmat-    WrnV  I  hi*  raia  dnea 
aaM  h«M         lea  «*tTf  indiavfaial  arralcV  at  a  rirr*  hteahry.  it 
an*  Vtfen  f'UliI  ut  ti  aaeful  wben  aimliad  to  •ina!c-4  aariecna  in 
general      Al  I  .b-ajgariff,  nhrre  «nnw  hntly  •tnniad,  anriaon 
.<i in.  a  ».>■!•. >/  tracing*  wvrr  tsbna  Lrcvdr  b-<m  iSa  mcli, 
nnkfe  dearly  tJ»>a  vW  brantVr  and- g|  ovwl  (if  I  he  at-tat  tat  tat 
In  tkc  »>*|lh,  ibe  direction  tuarard*  nhich  the  ([facial  Unreal 
wf  nnir*1     Vndai  tJtmtnV*  *m  nrre  made  a i  aricinl  l^caliltca 
•man  vt  the  Mrtnnav    f-inailf ,  a*  an  in**tnrr  whrrr  the  dtrec- 
laifi  id  .■!■»:■'    '    »  •    |  tealo  •!  (  nnWiau.  certain  Wrier  ner* 
doCiaWlWWfc  the  aalV*  Had  nhaerred  >m  the  L>p  nf  the  cliff* 
Caring  the  Atlantic  tf  Kllte-      Tfa*»r  poaat  X.  Jf  W.  id 
V  0  t,  ant  Ifaf  i|nt*»«»  to  he  drbrmined  nn  arWittre  ihr  I 
Ctariif  i  «  ir,«f  VI  it'ltn  th«   AiVintit   lonanl*  <hc  land  ur  I 
whether  tl  avet.1  ||.aUn»t*l«>rd  ftad  nttl  In  art     The  Iwraa  wf 
the  "   *  atnr  nrtHed  !■      Thrir  br>ad  tAant  ml.  were  a*  a 
rab  tuarar  j  the  frban-".  thvaurlacc  bcinf  b  wmyi'.  a  fad 
adtkb,  la'avn  in  «4)ar<ttY)  »wh  o»Vct  «barrr«tkaia  ata-W  about 

ihf  m.-itS.  ■  /  ■  I--  *-■»  .   '!>  t "-al    i«f-:«    K<  !f.-»tnh»l 

ftmeaU  «e>t«ard  it<^u  'bf  rallrr       the  Slrinii  «.  and  bad 
Mpenal  <u|  Can-  Ao i«rd  il  il  riurtce4  bM  trie  vea. 

7*«  ■  C*x't;r  .V  A**"'  *  'tav/  K*iM}.  \<i'\  1****1  R-ftit+\t  *•  [ 
>kr  H,At<*t  !*-af*.'-.'ir,  Irr  K  N.  Vea  b.   I'  ll  S.K  .  tad  1. 
II  F.K>  I  .  OaWajkal  Satve*  «d  MH|m  1      Wli  lb« 

fami^ui  -4  'V-  l»i»a.-:.»  <ien«fjl      the  Ondotfiul  Stovey, 
tU  mi«*hi  BHhJ  an  crirbne  nf  the  o«*tl ^intl  MMtltfJPetlf  \hc  1 
Iiartiew  |.ft'-»ti  raftnn,  llbmmrl  by  l  waira  nf  b  firm  it  we, 
tr-rtt»     Ibrv  «hT«al  1*M  the  *d»ri*»  MratK  n|  Inm.c    are  1 
arranged  It  '»*  f  rmt  id  i  In*.  Uut  If  t  -  n  ihr  i,u  *l  It-  If 
»ran(ul  talli*  di»»ni»«lili{   them  Own  lb»  uiirv*  tetle*  U  , 
Kriladl.    lhr<nr1'rn/«oeocdAn  In  IV  ia'-or-  »*  .%  I  Imi-otl. 
Irrna  the  ba-il  i|nirejt*a  l»  ibrKKlt*n  o/  tVlini'-!  in- u>t*M*> 
1  tn  (Ve  «»i  .1  It      l/x*i  tinfoil  tWe  WmI  f*Mt'l--:«  »eV 
ConiyruUr  >.n  the  Ar;b»a»  nnu,  Ull  «*\  »t..  iw-n  alw 
Ihte*  »*  rnadddtr  (i!>l  nrr  at  tbj  re)*e*il      frf  *  "»  ■»  nnmbm 
ill  tH*  Hilnriaa  Wlltl  bi  i  ramirVnUl*  **Vi4i  rd  r«Kf*  I  (wtia, 
uiln.-LMirt'  it  a  C'vii  >bd-B-iii>m  «blcb  hit  tbru«1  tba  Atifa.-p.an 
oMta»rMntrthc  tftincrrt  >«ljr<  nf  the  •|>nnili'*s  fo.*n*l  Wda, 
«pali«  u?a.  ftrat  llmr«atc    KetKfc^  IBM  aWvJ  |*J  .fa* 

tdjen*  <d  ItpM  t^Wt1  aa  i«awT*M*  nn  tb,'  "Nilariia  i-*rlis 
Mr\  in  tSr  de»cVl'in*«i  nf  Urw  |diflf  "I  wb,.l.-»iiy  in  I  fa* 
0*4*  al^AV  ttifJ*;  |l«a  At  rtlanril*  *au*U  |iil<W«  uf 
\-  t.ital  ^iirti.ic  iff  ov-:  wish  rhmati*in*J  Ah  nf 
Al  1*1  r*lD  f»«r*«,  »dU*t|  M  abnnjly  t.||fcr.Tl*.|  c«n  ri*rrr*»l 
fayjlu  l  bat  in  lb.-  «W4fM  M"^*J*S  ,nl1  ^"'^  l"",fI"*f 
HMH  •»!■•" w«rn  fktaa*  ibf  Mtil  latrtM  p»  w  MMJ  »•«:• 


c.lnUt.  ibe  parallel  linffloo  lih# 

hum  dwcctioai  over  *  vmat  i 
■  Kiftj  ibna  lin**.      Kruan  i 
'be  authoea  i«fa-rre«J  lb*t 
c.-t« -ar.ly  b«  confined  lu  aat  partVaatr 
the  (Jan—  «af  Muuiota  or    acJaiaiaaalr  a» 
l  ean  aab>edcH|  to  retflutmaJ 

"■•il.         t.,iiiiLIJ  i 
Llianeaa  tn  .  r/at  »I1Li»c  and  _  _ 

7*4/  HitkUnJ  Ctmfrvrotriy  eat  /tranad  Aadj 
i  aV  C+MtmjMsm.^.  by  Oja».  I  jiparorla.  LL  tX 
•  1  .jv  and  l  '.f  ...fc-rj».d,r.  V^a  C-alcr.  I 
at.:)wrciBve»cV<MMe'0ft(:c  vi*ar«  of  iheruwaff 
tbc  eaulsgaraJ  uc  atul  ri  taanilifa 
!!■■  I  ajK-amnrjiHk  racka  ;  and  abcichcd.  r 
I-r  >gfT«  i  nf  lb*  c.  XHroarvr*  jr  bat  arava  Xr  /  I 
l-tl—ora  on  ibe  ana   hnndt  WMKnl. 

anllpnM 


i  U  ot Wr,  til  tea  temporary 
tha  IlicbUnl  Mem'ir  nf  M 


iSr  Ardtaran  i«  iliMfm  v ml 
C  CaUnwny'a  yaajwr  ra  i*i>  a 
idiy^acaT btnk  betneca  tfc»  ' 
akfa*»ea 

I  C»**-  an 
t  rJr^4ant 


•.mi  in  |Na*  aa-J 
ae   lay  cnKitarcd  ail|n  aW  I 
being  naaj*  of  Umt  AnVft 
fwaaaliam  la  I  be  lbW  ■ 


lerwnnd  tb«  rnopcAMaa;  of  ibr 
an.1  tba  aroek  of  the  Arcli. 
naiinn  nf  Dr.  C 
»ie*  nf  tba  [mi 
MpI  ibe  raatern  Of  L'pcaar 
oirrcej,  hal  tk»  a  HanBS 
•tnrved  into  a  nen  Archman 
ArnaSnU  parna  a«  lia  1om«t  nunaber.  Tat 
■umaaary  id  ku  warn  «av>  a«  nWacad  hem  k»M 
die  Daraaa  lirib-dl  dtalriel  in  ittj  and  MJ b  ■» 
iSMi,  lllucratenj  Uh 
lirll  Uul  («ac«ptinn 
*'onri  thr  inly  rock- 

a.  NwduruiuOIy  c«ia«sd)«kji  1 1 1  The  Ann 
.  ani  Iji  Tbe   Palnnaernc  aoariuari. 
lt-uc.l-Mic».    rial  the  H*-caJba.|  n^nt  fnn»*«l 
•r  .t'ii*.  |aci»>  a;v»r»  ia  (m  connnW  «/  «*•■ 
i  tie-*  nhar  nf  ihr  fmnjiiVu;     Tim  »•  ■  ' 
av(«i>lius  >accanaan  from  ifa*  j'tWiU  mckanVl 
Mtum^lfta  -cm*    TW  Ira*  nfemnae  -W 
I  a  |  law  of  dbbcarina,  wad  wa#e*  thi.  » 
.  .A.  io         ri  rmrfy  gpijn  one  e/afeaanlj 
veticrn  uaen^    Tai  jte<nt  nbr-nil  rent»-»  *  * 
f*e1*ra,M;hK         ur  (be  cflVit  Whan^P^B*> 
U»  vwrtn  ttrlinarafati  t^b»  bare  beta  mm\ 
paf  v  m  ••  >v<Vt  ia  (rani  iiverfaall*  la  Cat  are* 
miU*     Dm  liAn  Uean»rtinc  anon  *e*apa« 
rvnlcn,  lb*   f  naejafjaa    ob**  at*/ 
.aafa.Wdaf  i.*.n  Ml  ,ba  anf.  rnaaaj"* 

I  a  yr--  Df  'i'»,Wn'/;U  i  j   I    iir  r*- — "*  ** 

i  \'\*  ^  V,,;:11^  *• 

-h  Ir'.nimaiilcannj  Jhf  nmwa»<a^-»5 
i  In  ca.rra  »>-itautr>*<  icraa*  an  auiay  arnT* 
HtcUaaaryi.1^  M..i»sa,  iucl»i«!  («aaa  «4 

wi  hii  n«uflHt.   rv        0r, i y nii» 


aU 


MrH 


hi 


Artb»an  IMn  c'^ 
lev  paealK1  ni  b  '  ■ 
latafji  ijuir.r:  -  on- 
M>d  ajHes  adlM*.  n< 
|  ndird  Arv\at  i.t  i;  M 
ct  rprf  tb/  i;rwa*  thru 
anjni  fa/  ■  itlit  a-xitb, 


arab  a  t>>nb  »  nib-et  1  ml 
ibnrntanc  lb-  l«h+i*a-il  dlW 
lhe  riota  acbi'*.  lae  a-i.b.i 
f.dnnnriliill.  -n  H;i-r«ltf 
ttlll  lOli  |dia-  b:i  *  i.  '  •■ 
time.  inlthK  il"i«'  1W?t  w 


«d  hltf- , 

■ 

nr.   rasnmii-d    t-  ibi  *aWII 
i..a.    Tbf  aid  »«nh  n-i  aiillir  a|  ih-  m 

I 

■ 

I  iIm  liirrf«f-«r  i  i  "itb  '  •  i* 

-I.       Itefm-t  r  ara.  nr»*.  hh  I-  •«  ihr  -lit-  I 

aa^nlkau  frjentfa-  Wblnen  HuS  \  II 
a«brr.  Ill  t  hif,Vf    iSI-*  nwacajiaT 


•  •  >  ■vj4>i«. 

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lkt>Mb4ea  #imI>    A1»r  9 

n  Ullaol  "  «  «{  I  * 

t'»»  (till  Ik  ►■■»  IH**  "'  .  J 
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 1,,^  jilj(#,  rt»lli«|*  \  J 

UlL)T1ir,T~  cr^iiii  iiinu.  Jrjfi?  !  L 

dM  .1.1/ oI  l\« -,y''w  ,.  hn«  :  •= 
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II. 


i*  ■  ;.;r.v<ol  f* 

I.        ,k  r  ^  . 

« lu.  Ike  uki  r»  »"^C 
»«l  ik.  >.i«.|l< 

^  i«k  •«.,..*«  m*: 

"'H»I||.»*' 


Google 


Oct.  8,  1 885 J 


559 


rriea  at.d  quartz,  are  developed.    The  most  intense  mechanical 
netamorphism  occurs  along  the  grand  dislocation  (thrust)  planes, 
vhere  the  gneisses  and  pegmatites  resting  on  those  planes  are 
rushed,  dragged,  and  ground  out  into  a  finely-laminated  schist 
Afylomtf,  (>r.  mylon,  a  mill)  composed  of  shattered  fragments 
»f  the  original  crystals  of  the  rock  set  in  a  cement  of  secondary 
I  wart/,  the  lamination  being  defined  by  minute  inosculating  lines 
fluxion  lines)  of  kaolin  or  chloritic  material  and  secondary 
rrystals  of  mica.     Whatever  rock  rests  immediately  upon  the 
hrust -plane,  whether  Archaean,  igneous,  or  Palaeozoic,  &c,  is 
similarly  treated,  the  re-ulting  mylonite  varying  in  colour  and 
romposition  according  to  the  material  from  which  it  is  formed. 
The  variegated  schists  which  form  the  transitional  zones  between 
.he  Amaholl  gneiss  and  Sutherland  micn-schists  arc  all  essen- 
:  ially  mylonite  in  origin  and  structure,  and  appear  to  have  been 
formed  along  many  dislocation  planes,  some  of  which  still  show 
between  them  patches  of  recognisable  Archaean  and  Palarozoic 
rocks.    These  variegated  schists  (Phyllites  or  Mylonites)  differ 
locally  in  composition  according  to  the  material  from  which  they 
have  been  derived,  and  in  penological  character  according  to 
the  special  physical  accidents  to  which  they  have  been  subjected 
since  their  date  of  origin — forming  frilled  schists,  veined  schists, 
glazed  schists,  Sec,  Sec.     The  more  highly  crystalline  flaggy 
mica-schists,  tec,,  which  lie  generally  to  the  east  of  the  MOM  ot 
the  variegated  schists,  appear  to  have  been  made  out  of  similar 
materials  to  those  of  the  variegated  schists,  but  to  have  been 
formed  under  somewhat  different  conditions.    They  show  the 
tluxion-structure  of  the  mylonites  ;  but  the  differential  motion 
of  the  component  particles  seems  to  have  been  les<,  while  the 
chemical  change  was  much  greater.    In  some  of  these  crystalline 
schists  (the  augen-schists)  the  larger  crystals  of  the  original  rock 
from  which  the  schist  was  formed,  arc  still  individually  recog- 
nisable, while  the  new  matrix  containing  them  is  a  secondary 
crystalline  matrix  of  quartz  and  mica  arranged  in  the  tluxion- 
puncs.    While  the  mylonilts  maybe  descril>cd  as  microscopic 
pressure-breccias  with  fluxion-structure,  in  which  the  inter  titial 
dusty,  siliceous,  ami  kaolinitic  paste  has  only  crystallised  in 
part  ;  the  au^en-schists  are  pressure-breccias,  with  fluxion-struc- 
ture, in  which  the  whole  of  the  interstitial  paste  has  crystallised 
out.    The  mylonics  were  formed  along  the  thrust-planes,  where 
the  two  superposed  rock-systems  moved  over  each  other  as 
solid  masses  |  the  att^n-schists  were  probably  formed  in  the 
more  central  parts  of  the  moving  sytcm,  where  the  all-surround- 
ing weight  at.d  picssure  forced  the  rock  to  yield  somewhat  like 
.1  plastic  body.    Between  these  augen-schists  there  appears  to 
be  every  gradation,  on  the  one  hand  to  the  mylonites,  and  on 
the  other  to  the  typical  mica-schists  composed  of  quartz  and 
micft.    Like  the  mylonites,  the  crystalline  augenites  and  mica- 
lites  present  us  with  local  differences  in  chemical  composition 
(calcareous,  hornhlctulic,  quartzose.  Sec.  ,  suggest  ive  of  Archaean, 
igneous,  or  Palaeozoic  origin.    'I  hey  also  show  similar  structural 
varieties  doc  to  .secondary  physical  changes  (frilled,  veined, 
glazed,  &c.  I,  as  well  as  others  due  to  the  presence  of  special 
minerals  (garnet,  actinolite,  Sec,  Sec). 

On  certa<n  Diattmatamt  Dtporit$  [Diaiomlte)  from  tit  rent  of 
Abtrdetnshh e,  by  W.  Ivison  Macadam,  F.C.S.,  F.S.C. ,  &C, 
Lecturer  on  Chemistry,  School  of  Medicine,  Edinburgh. — The 
material  was  found  Itclow  the  peat  in  certain  districts  of  Aber- 
deenshire, but  principally  in  the  basin  in  which  lie  Lochs 
Kinnord  and  Dawin.  After  removal  of  the  surface  peat-fuel,  the 
lower  and  more  highly  mineral  portion  was  cut  in  blocks  and 
.-sir-dried.  The  substance  then  consisted  of  almost  pure  Diatom- 
acea  bound  together  by  the  remains  of  Spragnum,  Equisetacea, 
&c.  besides  being  found  underlying  peat  the  substance  was  also 
obtained  on  the  shores  of  Loch  Kinnord,  and  the  mo  e  pure 
diatoms  were  thickly  distributed  over  the  bottom  of  the  deeper 
Ittions  of  the  lake;  these  latter,  however,  fiom  the  want  of 
rdfag  obtained  from  the  marsh  plants  above  mentioned  could 
rendered  readily  available  for  market.  An  interesting 
"Biding  these  deposits  was  that  w-hibt  in  Loth  Kinnord 
*nt  supply  of  the  Diatoms  could  lie  obtained,  in  the 
"^LochDawiu  scarcely  a  single  Diatom  (recent  or 
1.  This  was  probably  due  to  the  fact  that  whilst 
of  Loth  Kinnord  flowed  from  hills  consisting 
ch  disintegrated  granite,  and  consequently 
■able  portion  of  soluble  -ilita,  the  Loch 
^had  from  hornblcndic  mountains,  and 
^V^in  solution.      I  lie   HIT' rial 

of  dynamite,  and  a  con- 
to  the  work-  tor  this 


purpose-.  Unfortunately,  however,  dynamite  had  fallen  to  a 
great  extent  out  of  use,  being  replaced  by  the  more  powerful 
blasting  gelatine,  and  thus  what  had  at  one  time  appeared  as  if  it 
would  prove  an  important  local  industry  had  entirely  fallen  away. 
Other  u-e-s,  however,  tould  be  found  for  the  material,  such  as 
the  manufacture  of  ultramarine,  for  which,  from  the  very  small 
proportion  of  iron  present,  the  diatomite  has  more  cs|>ccially  to 
be  recommended.  As  an  absorbent  it  was  of  fully  (limbic  the 
value  ol  the  ordinary  German  varieties  of  "  kiesclguhr." 

On  Some  A',  tent  Earthquakes  on  the  Dinonham  Coast,  and 
their  Piobablt  Causes,  by  Prof.  G.  A.  Lcbour,  M.A., 
F.fj.S. — For  the  last  two  years  frequent  slight  shocks, 
resembling  those  of  earthquakes,  and  accompanied  by  rum- 
bling noises,  have  been  felt  at  Sunderland.  Much  discussion 
has  arisen  as  to  the  cause  of  these,  but  that  they  are  due  to 
natural  causes  is  now  quite  certain.  Sunderland  stands  upon 
magnesium  limestone,  from  300  to  400  feet  thick  beneath  the 
town  ;  the  rock  is  riddled  with  cavities  of  every  size,  some  so 
small  as  to  give  a  vesicular  character  to  the  stone,  some  large 
and  forming  true  caverns.  These  cavities  are  partly  due  to  the 
washing  out  of  marly  matter,  pirtly  to  solution  of  the  limestone. 
Every  thousand  gallons  of  Sunderland  water  contains  one  pound 
of  stone  ;  in  this  manner  about  forty  cubic  yards  of  magnesion 
limestone  are  yearly  pumped  up  by  the  Water  Company,  ami  of 
course  a  much  larger  quantity  is  removed  by  natural  channel?. 
This  action  enlarges  the  cavities  ;  the  sides  and  roof  fall  in,  thus 
accounting  for  the  shock.  The  same  explanation  applies  to  the 
"  breccia  gashes"'  which  arc  exposed  along  the  shore.  These 
are  fissures  filled  with  breccia.  Quite  recently  similar  shocks  to 
those  here  referred  to  have  been  observed  at  Middlesl>orough. 
Pumping  the  brine  from  the  salt  deposits,  icoo  to  1200  feet 
below  the  surface,  may  produce  cavities  into  which  the  rock 
falls. 

Some  Examples  of  Pressure- Fluxion  in  Pennsylvania,  by 
Prof.  II.  Carvill  Lewis. — The  three  localities  in  Pennsylvania 
described  in  this  paper  lie  in  an  area  which  had  l>een  especially 
studied  by  the  author  for  some  years  back  and  had  led  him  to 
conclusions  similar  to  some  of  those  recently  announced  as  the 
result  of  studies  in  North- Western  Scotland,  which  have  justly 
attracted  widespread  attention.  (1)  a  zone  of  ancient  crystalline 
rocks  extends  across  South-Eastern  Pennsylvania,  near  Phila- 
delphia, which  is  generally  believed  to  underlie  the  lowest 
Cambrian  strata  and  t  >  be  of  Arch.ean  age.  This  zone  is  about 
a  mile  wide  where  it  crosses  the  Schuylkill  River,  south  of 
Conshohocken,  and  it  is  from  this  point  to  Westchester,  some 
twenty  miles  westward,  that  the  present  remarks  especially 
apply.  Although  in  many  portions  exhibiting  a  distinct  gneissic 
lamination,  the  rocks  of  this  zone  are  held  by  the  author  to  be 
of  purely  1  ruptive  origin,  con-isting  of  syenites,  acid  gabbros, 
trap  granulitt-s,  and  other  igneous  rocks,  often  highly  meta- 
morphosed. It  is  the  outer  peripheral  portion  of  this  zone  to 
which  attention  is  here  directed.  While  the  rocks  are  massive 
in  the  centre,  this  outer  portion  has  been  enormously  com- 
pressed, folded,  ami  faulted,  with  the  result  of  producing  a 
tough-banded,    porphyritic  fluxion  gneiss  identical  with  the 

milonitc "  of  Lapworth  or  the  "sheared  gneiss"  of  Peach 
and  Home.  So  perfect  is  the  fluxion  structure  that  the  rock 
resembles  a  rhyolite.  As  in  the  "  bander  I  granulite"  of 
I.ehmann,  elongated  feldspar  "eyes"  lie  in  flow  ing  streams  of 
biolite  grains  and  broken  quartz,  the  streams  often  parting  and 
again  meeting  around  the  porphyritic  "eyes."  Occasional 
crystalline  eyes  of  hornblende  remain,  but  most  of  it  has  been 
converted  into  biotite.  A  point  of  especial  interest  is  that  the 
feldspar  of  the  eye-,  is  quite  colourless  and  free  from  inclusions, 
like  the  s.midine  of  recent  lavas,  while,  on  the  other  hand,  the 
feldspars  of  the  inner  and  massive  portions  of  the  zone,  out  of 
which  this  outer  portion  has  been  reformed  by  pressure  fluxion, 
are  full  of  inclusions  and  have  the  "  dusty  '  appearance  so 
common  in  ancient  feldspars.  The  fresh-looking  feldspar  eyes 
are  therefore  believed  to  have  been  subsequently  formed  as  a 
result  of  a  reerystallisatien  of  the  old  material  under  the  in  licence 
of  prcMure  jiuxion.  In  similar  manner  the  biotite  has  been 
made  out  of  the  <  Id  hornblende,  garnets  have  been  developed, 
and  the  quartz  has  l>een  granulated  and  optically  distorted  by 
piessure.  The  influence  of  pressure  is  also  seen  in  certain 
Cambrian  strata  in  the  immediate  vicinity,  where  a  sandstone 
containing  cylindrical  casts  of  scolithus  linearis,  apparently 
identical  with  the  "pipe-rock"  of  North- Western  Scotland, 
has,  like  it,  been  compressed  to  such  a  degree  that  the  vertical 
casts  are  flattened  out  and  elongated  in  the  direction  of  lamination 


>y  Google' 


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NA  TURE 


[Oct.  S,  i& 


to  several  times  their  original  length.  In  the  same  sand- 
stone quartz  pebbles  have  been  pulled  out  and  flattened, 
while  sericite  has  been  largely  developed  along  the  cleavage 
planes.  The  pressure  can  be  shown  to  have  been  directed 
mainly  from  the  south-cast.  (2)  The  second  locality  is 
in  the  midst  of  the  Laurentian  area  of  Buck's  County,  and 
is  known  as  Van  Arlsdalcn's  Quarry.  A  mas*  of  crystalline 
limestone  is  here  mingled  with  an  eruptive  diorite  in  such 
manner  as  to  show  that  it  had  actually  flowed  like  an  igncjus 
rock,  and  had  caught  up  inclusions  The  results  of  extreme 
mctamorphism  are  exhibited  in  the  development  in  the  lime- 
stone of  graphite,  wollastonitc,  and  other  minerals,  The 
chemical  changes  and  interchange  of  elements  which  might 
result  from  a  loosening  of  molecular  combinations  under  extreme 
pressure  and  their  subsequent  "  regulation  "  into  new  compounds 
were  discussed  as  among  the  phenomena  of  mechanical  mcta- 
morphism. (3)  As  an  American  instance  of  the  conversion  of 
an  intrusive  diabase  dyke  int  >  amphibolitc  schist,  analogous  to 
the  case  recently  described  by  Tcall,  a  long  narrow  belt  of 
sphene-bearing  amphibolitc  schist  in  the  City  of  Philadelphia 
was  adduced.  This  IjcIi  with  distinctive  mincralogical  cha- 
racters cuts  across  the  mctamorphic  mica  schists  of  the  region 


Dnconformably,  and  is  twlicvcd  by  ihe  author  to  be  a  highly 
metamorphosed  intrusive  dyke  of  Lower  Silurian  age.  The 
original  augitc  or  diallagc  has  been  completely  converted  into 


fibrous  hornblende,  and  the  influence  of  pressure  is  shown  in  the 
perfectly  laminated  character  of  the  schist  in  the  close  foldings 
produced,  and  in  the  minute  structure  of  the  rack.  Some 
interesting  details  of  the  latter  having  been  photographed, 
diagrams  constructed  from  these  were  exhibited.  These  showed 
that  the  rock  was  traversed  by  a  parallel  series  of  slips  and 
crushing*,  and  that  about  such  lino  of  faulting  and  crushing 
there  wi>  a  peculiar  arrangement  of  the  lines  of  hornblende 
crystals,  not  very  unlike  the  airangcnicnt  of  iron  filings  about 
the  poles  of  a  magnet,  such  as  could  not  be  satisfactorily 
explained  by  any  theory  of  aqueous  deposition,  but  pointed  to  a 
lamination  by  pressure. 

SECTION  I>— ltioi.oc.v 

On  the  Caust  of  the  extreme  Dissimilarity  Ivtxeeen  the  Faunas 
of  the  Red  Sea  and  Metiterianean  tu>t;oithst,in  ling  ihetr  recent 
connexion,  by  l'rof.  Edward  Hull,  LL.  !>.,  F.k.S.-The  faunas 
of  the  Mediterranean  and  of  the  Red  Sea  are  so  unlike  that  if 
the  bed,  of  the  two  seas  were  upraised,  and  their  contents  ex- 
amined, naturalists  would  probably  rei'ei  them  to  distinct  geologi- 
cal periods.  The  dissimilarity  is  greater  than  was  formerly  sup- 
posed. In  Woodward's  "Manual  of  the  Mollusca  "  it  is  stated 
that  seventy-four  s|>ecies  of  niotlu-ks  are  common  to  the  two 
seas,  but  l'rof.  Issel,  of  Genoa,  places  the  number  at  eighteen, 
or  rdhiut  2  per  tent.  Equal  differences  exist  if  we  compare 
other  great  groups  of  life  ;  in  fact,  a>  l'rof.  Macckel  well  ob- 
serves, the  fauna  of  the  Red  Sea  is  related  to  that  of  the  Indian 
Ocean,  the  fauna  of  the  Mediterranean  to  that  of  the  Atlantic. 
This  extreme  dissimilarity  would  not  surprise  us  if  it  were  not 
for  the  proofs  of  recent  connection  between  the  two  seas.  Evi- 
dence of  old  sea  margins,  up  to  about  220  feet  above  the  present 
sea  level,  are  frequently  found  along  the  Nile  and  in  the  valleys 
and  plains  of  Philistria.  As  many  of  the  marine  forms  found 
in  these  deposits  still  exist,  the  date' of  the  submergence  may  be 
safely  refeired  to  that  of  the  Pliocene  :  but  it  continued  to  a 
later  perioij,  and  (in  the  author's  opinion)  it  to  some  extent  re- 
mained to  the  lime  of  the  Pharaohs.  I  he  existing  fauna  prob- 
ably date,  back  t<>  Eocene  times,  when  the  ocean  spread  widely 
over  the  area  in  question.  In  the  Miocene  pe  iod  the  main  out- 
lines of  land  and  sea  as  wc  now  hud  them  were  marked  out,  the 
deposits  of  this  age  being  here  small  and  local.  Under  the  ex- 
tremely different  conditions  existing  in  the  two  areas,  the  fauna 
during  and  after  the  Miocene  |H:riod  became  differentiated.  The 
connection  le  established  during  and  after  the  Pliocene  period 
was  insufficient  tr>  destroy  these  <liff<  lences,  although  it  allowed 
a  mingling  of  (onus  to  »  >mc  extent.  The  maximum  submergence 
was  about  220  feet:  but  as  the  summit  level  between  the  two 
sea>  is  at")ut  50  feet,  the  depth  of  water  would  only  be  al>out 
170  feet  at  the  maximum.  Only  littoral  and  shallow-water 
forms  would  cross  111  the  adult  state  ;  but  many  forms  inhabiting 
deeper  watei  in  the  adult  state  might  have  crossed  when  in  the 
free-swimming  larval  state.  When  the  land  again  rose,  and  the 
marine  vraits  were  finally  effaced,  the  ditlerent  physical  condi- 
tions of  the  two  seas  would  again  come  into  effect.  The  difference 


of  temperature  is  now  very*  considerable,  and  prolan  ■■ 
much  greater  during  the  Glacial  period,  especiall?  i,  »  ry.* 
probable,  the  eastern  or  Levant  basin  of  the  Medurmaee  ■ 
separated  from  the  others ;  for  into  this  would  tir  ; 
waters  of  the  Black  Sea  and  of  Central  Europe,  »hiU  ±-.  - 
Sea  would  receive  warm  water,  and  be  itself  eipo*i 
rays  of  a  tropical  sun.  It  would  be  an  interesting  -jj - 
inquiry— Which  of  these  faunas  most  closely  resemhla  i- 
the  original  stock  ? 

On  the  Tay  Whale  (Afegafitera  l0ngimant\  auJ x'w  1 
retently  obtained  in  the  District,   by   Prof.  Sti-urlsT-,- 
Slruthers  gave  a  description  of  the  xnrious  parts  of  tb;  r- 
of  the  whale.    In  addition  to  the  Tay  whale  tn*rnl*n 
other  whales  recently  obtained  in  the  district  were  « 
for  the  purpose  of  comparison,  and  the  analogy  of  i:» 
to  that  of  other  animals  was  specially  referred  to  x  r 
show  its  identity  with  the  mammal.     Prof.  Flower  jot*-, 
discussion  which  followed,  ai.d  remarked  that  they 
idea  at  least  as  to  the  origin  of  the  whale  :  it  carried  it-  :■ 
in  every  part  of  its  body.  It  had  been  thought  that  the  =- 
that  live   upon  land  had  been  derived  from  progtn. 
formerly  lived  in  the  sea,  and  that  the  mammals  c- 
passed  through  an  aquatic  or  marine  stage  before  ti-.o 
land,  but  the  observations  of  anatomy  showed  that  !---•■ 
have  been  the  case.    There  was  no  doubt  that  the  « 
been  derived  from  a  four-footed  land  mammal.  Ai: 
tions,  for  example,  had  shown  that  at  -oinc  period  1 
whales  have  a  hairy  covering,  generally  in  the  re^io; 
mouth,  that  hairy  covering  l>cing  functioriK-ss  mi 
lost  even  liefore  birth.    In  the  same  way  whales  j: 
stage  of  their  existence  arc  furnished  with  a  conipr 
teeth,  the  rudiments  of  the  teeth  of  the  land  nun^- 
organ  of  smell,  although  in  a  rudimentary  sute  m>: 
species  almost  entirely  gone,  also  points  to  the  or$- 
whalc. 

Some  Feints  in  the  Anatomy  of  Sower-fry's  It 
Turner. — Prof.  Turner  remarked  that   .West>f'-v.-*  ■'<- ' 
Sowerby's  whale,  of  which  he  had  dissected  two  spec.  - ' 
now  for  the  first  time  dissected  so  that  the  viscera  ' 
were  seen  by  any  anatomist,  or  that  its  tail  and  \<o  .  :  c 
had  been  figured.    The  tail  presents  a  very  rnatci-n 
from  the  customary  tail  in  the  cetacea  in  havinc  t^  : 
border  smooth  instead  of  notched.    Dr.  Turner  cal'.f 
in  detail  to  the  intestinal  and  limb  structure  of  th.- 
whale,  showing  the  affinity  or  resemblance  of  the  c*:*-"'- 
reptilious  and  the  amphibious,  particularly  in  referee- 
corpus.    Prof.   Flower  said  he  was  glad  to  ha:  ■ - 
Turner  had  found  some  intention  for  the  muscles  ui  p 
For  all  that  they  were  very  rudimentary  as  coaqia:--'  • 
same  muscles  in  other  animals,  and  he  though;  ihi 
have  to  modify  his  views  on  this  point  as  he  ha!  ^ 
regard  to  many  other  things  throughout  life.    P<  ,; 
Yale  College,  said  the  intermediary  bone  pointed  ^' 
Turner  interested  him  much. 

On  the  Cen-ual  Vert-br.r  of  the  Greenland  £.<:  ■'•  1 
l'rof.  Stnithcrs. — The  reduced  condition  of  the  u; ■}■<<  ^ 
transverse  processes  was  commented  on,  and  rr' 
their  different  parts  explained  ;  also  the  cornplc:cl>  '-' 
dition  of  the  l>odies  of  the  seven  vertebra-.    A  r>fi' 
condition  of  the  neck  of  the  Pilot  Whale  (07  '  ' 
was  demonstrated,  showing  in  the  young  condition  *-"■  1 
epiphyses  on  the  rudimentary  vertebra:.    Other  ! 
t rated  the  fibrous  condition  of  the  transverse  pr  *r"~ 
Narwhal  and  Peluga. 

On  the  Dr.-elcfmen'.  of  the  Vertebra  of  the  £lef^-  '.. 
Stnithcrs.— The  point  was  that  in  the  anterior  »rr- 
neural  arches  meet  l>chind  the  li«Kly.  covering  u  ^ 
shutting  it  entirely  out  from  forming  any  part  of  the  »: 
ipinal  canal. 

On  the  /hte/ofment  of  the  Foot  of  the  itjrse,  by  Ft- :  ^ 
— Dr.  Stnithcrs  called  attention  to  the  fact  that  the  <y-.^ 
the  rudimentary  metacarpal  and  metatarsal  Ixines  1-  J 
npjser  or  functional  end,  but  at  the  reduced  end  )J^^^ 

Kli:  ploCvC-lfl' 


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present 


Digitized  by  Gl 


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NA  TURE 


561 


specimen  was  shown  of  :i  two  toed  horse.  The  valuable 
.cardies  of  Prof.  Marsh  on  the  descent  of  the  horse  were 
rcially  alluded  to.  Dr.  Stiulhcrs  demonstrated  another  fact 
tweeted  with  the  development  of  the  foot  of  the  hors; — that 
:  first  phalanx,  or  pastern  bone,  has  an  epiphysis  at  l>oth  ends. 
On  the  Viscera  of  Gymnotus  electricus,  by  Prof.  Cleland. — 
dependent  of  its  electric  organs,  this  fish  has  a  number  of 
narkable  internal  peculiarities.  The  curious  spongy  protuber- 
ces  of  the  mucous  membrane  of  the  buccal  cavity  arc  well 
own  to  zoologists.  The  two  swimming-bladders  are  remark- 
le  for  their  relation  to  the  kidneys ;  the  anterior  swimming- 
uldcr  l>eing  a  small  structure  between  their  anterior  extremities, 
d  the  larger  posterior  swimming  bladder  being  situated  alto- 
thcr  behind  their  under  hinder  ends,  while  the  duct  of  the 
ter  ascends  by  the  left  side  of  the  renal  outlet,  to  be  joined 

the  duct  of  the  other  bladder  before  entering  the  gullet.  The 
lorus  also  is  remarkably  contracted.  Nut  the  most  striking 
d  altogether  curious  arrangements  arc  seen  on  the  ventral  wail 
the  abdomen.  The  intestine  passes  forward  the  whole  length 
the  abdominal  cavity  to  the  vent,  and  on  its  under  side  is  a 
ig  rt-nal  duct  as  wide  as  itself,  and  opening  immediately 
hind  the  vent  ;  while,  opening  into  this  duct  close  to  its  out- 
,  are  the  ducts  of  the  two  ovaries,  which  lie  one  on  each  side, 
;ir  morphologically  anterior  extremities  placed  posteriorly,  as 
in  process  of  development  these  organs  had  been  pulled 
>und  from  their  proper  sub-vertebral  position  until  completely 
•crteil. 

The  Spiracle  of  Fishes  in  its  relation  to  the  Ifead,  as  devel- 
d  in  the  Higher  Vertebrates,  by  I'rof.  Cleland.  —  A  very 
inordinary  mistake  can  be  shown  to  be  prevalent  among 
ihi\ ologists,  to  the  effect  that  the  spiracle  corresponds  with 
ty  iip.inuni  and  external  auditory  meatus  in  the  higher  verte- 
ates.  This  is  not  the  case.  The  spiracle  is  prc-oral  ;  the 
mpanuu  is  post-oral,  'lite  apparent  sequence  of  the  spiracle 
th  the  branchial  clefts  occuis.  as  lialfour  described  it,  in  the 
ibiyo  of  the  dog-fish;  but  for  all  that,  and  although  it  has 
limciitary  external  gills  attached  to  its  margins  in  the  e  nbryo, 
-  1:1  front  of  the  mandibular  arcli  and  above  the  maxillary 
>e.  Between  the  middle  and  lateral  frontal  processes  is  the 
still  ;  between  the  lateral  frontal  process  and  the  mandible  is 

•  space  into  the  upper  part  of  which  the  eyeball  projects,  and 
m  which  the  lachrymal  duct  is  developed  ;  while  between  the 
it  and  second  visceral  lobes  is  the  external  ear  ;  and  it  is 
•lily  probable  that  the  upper  part  of  the  first  brat  chial  cleft  is 
motagom  with  the  clefts  in  front  of  and  behind  the  literal 
•ntal  process.  Thus  a  certain  amount  of  homology  would 
ist  between  the  spiracle  of  fishes  and  the  lachrymal  duct. 

Is  the  Commissural  Thee ry  of  th?  Corpus  CalU  sum  Correct '•/ 
I).  J.  Hamilton,  M.B.,  Professor  of  l'athological  Anatomy, 
>crdecn  University. — The  results  recorded  by  the  author  were 
taincd  by  certain  special  mcth-ids  of  preparation.  They 
nl  to  prove  that  the  corpus  callosum  is  not  an  iuter-hemi- 
lerical  commissure,  as  is  generally  supposed,  but  that  it  is  in 
ility  the  decussation  of  a  particular  system  of  fibres  on  their 
y  downwards  to  j  >in  the  inner  and  outer  capsules.  These 
ics  are  not  to  be  confounded  with  the  motor  and  other  direct 
res  derived  from  the  cerebral  cortex,  and  which  decussate  M 
11c  point  lower  down. 

Tie  Hxi settee  of  Compirativc  Ana  0 my  with  regard  to 
nut  A/MM  of  Function  in  the  Ccr/c.t  of  the  Fr.iin,  by  Alex. 
II,  M.A.,  M.U.  Cambridge. — The  object  of  the  paper  was 
show  that  the  theory  of  tlie  localisation  of  function  in  the 
tex  of  the  brain  must  be  submitted  eventually  to  comparative 
11,  .11,  v  for  proof.  The  key  to  the  arrangement  of  the  lower 
-ts  of  the  central  nervous  system  is  to  be  found,  as  the  author 
I  elsewhere  sh  .wn,  in  its  segmental  disposition  :  the  grey 
tier  is  disposed  in  clumps  the  cells  of  which  bear  a  definite 
ii<  ncal  relation  to  the  fibres  of  body  nerves.  The  problem 
cussed  in  the  present  paper  was  the  relation  o(  the  grey 
tier  of  the  cortex  to  this  lower  grey  matter,  and  therefore  to 

•  l»ody  nerves.  Is  each  region  of  the  cortex  equally  in  rcla- 
n  with  ill  the  segments  of  the  "central  grey  tube"?  oris 

cortex  alto  divided  up  into  areas,  the  »ii|>crfieics  of  each  of 
ich  varies  as  the  amount  of  grey  matter  iii  the  clump  of  the 
ystcm  with  which  it  is  related,  and  therefore  as  the 
.  oftibii  associated  nerve.    For  this  investigation 

the  cortex  are  necessary,  and  no 
impose  if  the  fissures  fail.  The 
CS  is,  however,  established  by  the 
U    They  are  remarkably  constant 


in  their  arrangement  throughout  animals  of  the  same  type,  and 
in  animals  of  different  type  they  are  very  constant  with  regard 
to  the  order  of  their  appearance,  their  progressive  extension  and 
permanent  depth.  The  author  of  the  paper  expressed  himself 
content,  on  account  of  the  precisian  with  which  the  fissures 
respond  to  the  ordinary  tests  of  homology,  to  place  himself  un- 
conditionally in  their  hands,  and  the  boundaries  of  the  various 
regions  of  the  cortex  lieing  thus  marked  out,  it  remains  to  devise 
a  system  of  mensuration  by  which  the  superficial  area  of  each 
region  of  the  cortex  may  be  determined  for  comparison  with  the 
cro-s-scctions  of  the  several  nerves.  As  yet  no  satisfactory 
method  of  measurement  has  been  devised,  but  even  in  the 
absence  of  exact  data  important  results  can  be  obtained  by  the 
observation  of  the  brains  of  such  animals  as  arc  conspicuous  for 
excess  or  deficiency  in  the  development  of  the  muscular  system 
or  of  one  or  more  of  the  senses.  As  examples  of  such  results 
Mr.  Hill  exhibited  diagram  of  the  brai  >s  of  the  sheep,  cat,  pig, 
dog,  and  otter,  enlarged  from  tracings  of  the  pictures  in  l.curet 
and  Gratiolet's  Atlas.  It  was  shown  that,  although  it  is  im- 
possible, as  yet,  to  map  out  the  brain  into  areas  associated  with 
the  several  nerves,  it  is  quite  possible  to  predict  from  the  appear- 
ance of  the  brain  tlicprincip.il  sensory  and  motor  endowments 
of  the  animal  to  which  it  belonged.  In  the  main  Mr.  Hill's 
results  confirm  those  already  obtained  by  Ferrier  and  other 
experimental  physi  dogists  ;  they  seem,  however,  to  show  that 
they  are  open  to  correction  in  certain  important  points  with 
regard  to  the  areas  allocated  to  the  senses  of  smell,  hearing,  and 
facial  sensation. 

The  Action  of  Cold  on  Microphytes. — Prof.  M'Kcn  lrick, 
Glasgow,  gave  an  interesting  account  of  the  methods  of  trying 
to  destroy  small  organisms  like  bacteria,  not  as  is  commonly 
done  by  heat,  but  by  cold.  It  is  known  ihat  by  means  of 
Coleman's  cooling  machine  meat  may  be  kept  fro  11  putrefying 
for  a  considerable  time,  but  in  attempting  to  sterilise  a  pufrescible 
solution  by  means  of  cold,  it  was  found  that,  though  in  some 
cases  putrescence  was  delayed,  in  no  case  were  the  organisms 
completely  destroyed.  Organic  fluids  were  expose)  to  tempera- 
tures more  than  120'  below  o'  P.,  but  on  thawing  they  were 
found  to  contain  living  organisms  still.  Thus  the  hope  of  pre- 
serving putresciblc  matter  by  means  of  cold— an  important 
economical  result  -  is,  so  far  as  investigation  yet  goes,  destroyed. 
The  organisms  under  cold  seem  to  be  in  a  nearly  solid  state, 
though  we  cannot  call  it  a  crystalline  state.  In  a  paste  solution 
the  water  is  crystallised  under  cold,  the  paste  remaining  spongy, 
l'ossihly  cold  may  separate  from  these  minute  organisms  the 
water  they  contain,  and  this  water  is  again  absorbed  on  thawing. 
Meat  under  cold  becomes  very  friable,  while  yet  minute  frag- 
ments of  it  show  the  same  microscopic  constitution  of  muscle. 
It  is  well  known  that  frogs  have  been  found  in  blocks  of  ice 
and  been  revived.  Frogs  have  been  frozen  at  20"  F.  in  about 
half  an  hour.  On  thawing  slowly  the  animal,  in  two  instances, 
completely  recovered.  When  it  was  frozen  for  longer  than  half 
an  hour  it  did  not  recover  ;  but,  though  reflex  action  was  gone, 
there  remained  some  irritability  both  in  nerves  and  muscles.  It 
was  found  also  that  certain  vital  functions  may  be  arrested  by 
cold,  and  thus  conceivably  higher  organisms  may  l>c  kept  vitally 
inert  for  an  indefinite  time.  Kxpcriments  were  also  tried  on 
warm-blooded  animals.  A  rabbit  subjected  to  a  temperature 
ICO'  below  o"  F.  recovered.  No  temperature  lower  than  73* 
l>clow  o"  F.  has  been  obtained  in  free  atmosphere.  Prof. 
M'Kendrkk  gave  a  short  sketch  of  the  literature  of  the  subject. 

The  Ac/Am  of  Ozmiscd  Air  upon    iVut*- OrgU niim  1  and 
Albumen  in  Solution,  by  J.  J    Coleman,  F.I.C.,  F.C.S. —  This 
paper  described  a  number  of  experiments  conducted  by  the 
author  in  conjunction  with  Prof.  McKendrick,  F.  K.S.,  l>cing 
supplementary  to  their  joint  investigation  iqxin  the  influence  of 
cold  on  microphytes.    Mr  artificially  impregnated  with  OMM 
by  means  of  a  KuhmkorfY  coil,  so  as  to  contain  a  much  larger 
|>ercentage  of  ozone  than  any  natural  atmospheric  air,  was  passed 
continuously  through  a  I  per  cent,  solution  of  white  of  egg 
placed  in  a  glass  flxsk,  the  inlet  and  outlet  tubes  of  which  were 
carefully  plugged  with  cotton  wool  previously  to  commencing 
the  experiment.    It  was  found  t">at  a  stream  of  air  containing  an 
f  ozone  equal  in  weight  to  the  albumen  i;i  solution 
through  looc.c.  of  the  liquid  for  thirty  hours,  failed  in 
producing  the  slightest  trace  of  oxidation,  and  that  the  ozonised 
air  passed  through  the  liquid  quite  unaltered.    During  the  course 
0!  the  experiment  and  for  six  days  following  the  development  of 
anisms  ceased,  but  at  the  end  of  that  time,  ami  not- 
ing the  cotton  wool  plugs,  the  liquid  became  slightly 


502 


NA  TURE 


[Oct  8. 


turbid  from  the  presence  of  organisms.  As  dilute  hvdrogen 
peroxide  is  without  action  upon  all>umei>,  the  conclusion  seems 
inevitable  that  albumen  is  practically  indestructible  by  »ny  atmo- 
spheric agency  without  pievious  splitting  up  by  micro  organise «, 
and  further,  that  whilst  micr  oorganisms  cannot  develop,  and 
are  probably  killed  in  an  ozonised  atmosphere,  these  spores  are 
not  easily  destroyed  by  its  agency.  These  results  confirm  the 
■urmise  of  the  late  f»r.  Angus  Smith  that  putrefaction  is  a 
necessary  preliminary  to  oxidation  in  all  cases  of  natural  river 
purification.  Prof.  Burdon  Sanderson,  Dr.  \V.  B.  Carpenter 
and  Capt.  Douglass  fialton  all  con  men  ted  upon  the  practical 
value  and  interest  of  this  paper,  Capt.  Douglas  C-alton 
observing  that  the  sooner  organic  matter  of  sewage  is  got  on  to 
land  the  better. 

/'fie  Cse  cf  Graphic  Refrennlationt  of  Lift-HutortCl  in  the 
Teafhint  of  Botany,  by  1'rof.  ltowcr. — This  was  a  paper  referr- 
ing to  a  series  of  diagrams  prepared  by  the  author  to  bring  in 
review  the  chief  facts  in  the  life-history  of  the  moss,  Icrn,  equi- 
setiim,  Sda^inelia,  a  conifer,  and  an  angiosperm.  Prof.  Bower 
pointed  out  that  these  diagrams  could  he  extended  to  include 
lower  forms,  and  that  they  are  only  intended  for  use  after  the 
student  has  mastered  the  facts  in  detail  in  the  laboratory. 
Having  described  the  diagrams  and  referred  to  some  interesting 
processes  of  vegetative  reproduction  in  the  mosses  and  ferns, 
the  author  then  proposed  for  discussion  a  scries  of  questions  as 
to  the  advisability  of  employing  such  diagrams,  or  of  extending 
their  use.  The  discussion  which  followed  was  taken  part  in  by 
Sir  J  Lttbbock,  Profs.  Bailey  Balfour  (Oxford),  M "Nab  (Dublin), 
Trail  (Aberdeen),  Mr.  Marshall  Ward  (Owens  College),  ami 
others,  and  several  suggestion*  were  proposed  for  rendering 
Prof.  Bower's  graphic  representations  still  more  graphic. 

A  Nm  Tktory  of  the  Stnuef  Taste,  by  Prof.  J.  Berry  I  lav- 
craft. —The  author  showed  that  "quality  "  in  this  sense  depends 
upon  the  nature  of  the  atoms  found  in  the  sapid  molecule.  A 
stnely  of  the  periodic  law  demonstrates  that  similar  tastes  are 
produced  by  combinations  which  contain  elements  such  as 
lithium,  sodium,  potassium,  which  show  a  periodic  recurrence 
of  ordinary  j  hysical  properties.  Among  the  carUm  com|H>unds 
those  which  produce  imilar  tastes  are  found  to  contain  a  common 
"  group  "  of  elements.  Thus  organic  acids  contain  the  group 
CO. Off,  the  sweet  substances  Cflr  OH.  There  is  no  relation 
between  quality  l»f  sensation  and  gross  molecular  weight,  except 
that  substances  of  either  very  small  or  very  great  molecular 
weight  are  not  la-ted  at  all. 

On  the  Hylruiiiation  of  SaJmomJtt  al  J '/re ictou it,  by  Francis 
Day  —  During  the  |a*l  eleven  years  Sir  J.  K.  GibwnOffthhnd, 
at  II  iwictoun,  near  Stirling,  has  devoted  much  attention  to  this 
subject,  ami  gone  to  great  ex|>cnse  in  order  to  efficiently  carry 
eiut  he  many  experiments  he  has  instituted,  while  he  has  like- 
wise afforded  the  author  facilities  for  personally  watching  many 
of  then',  and  furnished  him  with  data  as  well  a<  with  specfo  ens. 
W  hen  we  consider  that  I  he  ova  of  teleostt  an  or  bony  fishes  have, 
as  a  rule,  to  l«  fertilised  by  the  milk  of  the  male*  diffused  in  the 
iiuioin  I  ng  water,  it  is  not  difficult  to  believe  that  this  fluid  from 
the  male  of  one  genus  might  come  into  contact  with  the  eggs 
from  fish  of  another  speci.  s,  genus,  or  even  family,  ami  a  hvbrid 
offspring  be  thus  ona  ioneil.  But  the  size  <f  the  micropylc  of 
the  ovum  and  that  of  the  'prrmat</ooid  of  the  milt  must  lie  of 
conforming  capacities,  or  fertilisation  would  1>c  a  physical  im- 
possibility. It  would  appear  bom  the  experiments  made  that 
the  lollowing  conclusions)  may,  with  more  or  less  probal  ilitv,  l>e 
drawn:— (l)  Salmon  and  trout,  trout  and  char,  and  d:li> nr.: 
species  of  char,  may  intrrhie-ed  and  give  rise  to  fertile  hybrid*, 
(21  I ly brills  raised  from  l.ochlcvcn  trout  eggs  fertilised  by 
salmon  milt,  breed  in  their  fourth  year,  similar  to  young  !'•  male 
salmon  I  rpt  under  the  same  conditions.  (3)  The  an««droiuous 
instinct  is  not  lost  m  these  trout  and  mIuu4I  hyl  rids.  (4)  Judg- 
ing froni  the  peri<nl  of  breeding  in  the  foregoing  hybrid sa  the 
male  element  is  prepotent.  (51  In  hybrids  raised  from  I.och- 
leven  Iroul  eggs  fertilised  by  the  milt  of  the  American  char,  the 
male  element  would  appear  to  lie  prepotent,  if  we  judge  simply 
by  the  odour  of  the  offspring.  (6)  In  hybrid*  raised  bom 
An. email  char  eggs  fertili-ed  by  the  milt  of  the  l.ochlcv  11  '[••ut. 
the  female  element  would  appear  to  le  pre|>otent,  if  w>-  judge 
simply  by  the  colour  of  the  offspring.  17*  In  hybrids  raised 
from  American  char  eggs  fertilised  by  the  milt  of  the  Piritisli 
char,  the  male  element  would  appear  to  lie  prepotent,  if  we 
may  judge  simply  by  the  c  lour  of  the  offspring,  (b)  In  all 
instances  of  h>  bridiation  bet  Steel]  different  kjiccies  as  I  ctween 
•allium  ami  trout,  or  tiovit  and  char.  numeiou>  instances  of  mal- 


I 


formation  and  great  mortality  oc«:ur  imocj  the 
much  less  w  hen  two  forms  of  char  are  inlcrcrcaacd. 
crossing  hybrids  b>th  the  eggs  and  milt  x»ere  fucad  :-j 
but  the  malformations  and  mortality  very  gxeac  T»r 
however,  at  Howietoun  are  not  yet  of  sufheu-a-       •  ■ 
safe  deductions  on  this  head.    (10)  The  a^e  of  ;ac  ys: 
cises  great  influence  on  the  vitality  of  the  o&pn-c. 
very  young,  we  may  c\|xct  a  large  percentage  of 
as  well  as  dn>psy  and  either  diseases  ot"  the  oftspnj-*-. 

Chinese  Inuet  White  Hex,  by  A.  Ho«ie.—  The  ml- 
with  a  reference  to  the  European  and    Chinew  ir. 
mention  Chinese  insect  white  wax.  ami  then 
that,  although  the  province  of  Ssu-chuan,   in  W« 
where  he  has  been  stationed  for  the  Iis#t  threw  year*, 
wax-insect  and  wax-producing  country   in   the  I 
and  wax  are  found  in  other  provinces.      Mr.  Hucr  * 
upon  by  the  Foreign  Office  to  collect  for  Sir  J»*v; 
specimens  c.  nntctcd  with,  and  all  p-Hsihle  informal: 
subject  of  this  industry,  and  he  states  that  the  proeer 
revision,  with  additions,  of  a  Report  already 
Parliamentary  paper  in  February  last.     He  descnt-es  - 
producing  country,  the  tree  on  which  the-  in»ects  are  ~< 
the  insects  themselves,  and  their  transit  from  thcrailn 
chang,  their  breeding-ground,  in  the  wesst  «.f  bM*>^><* 
the  mountains  to  Chia-ting  Fu,  the  habitat  of  the  ■ 
This  t.es  i*  then  describes!,  and  details  arc  Riven 
mcnt  <  f  the  insects,  their  suspension  on  the  trees  Ifea 
of  the  wax.  and  of  a  parasite  on  the  inse-et*.  Ite 
removing  the  wax  from  the  branches  of  the  tree  ar»l 
it  for  market  is  then  explained.    The  author  I  her. 
result  of  an  examination  of  the  insects  afirr  trie 
fully  deposited,  finally  passing  to  the  annual  ifUSi'  • 
whi-e  wax  produced,  its  value,  and  uses. 

On  the  $ist  of  the  Hrain  im  Extinct    I  mm*.',  bv  f 
Marsh.- Prof.  Marsh,  of  Yale  College,   »aid  that 
years  he  had  directed  his  a:tcntion  to  the  subject  of -i 
the  Lrabl  in  extinct  animal*.    In  every  instance  he  t  •■ 
the  mammals  from  the  lower  Tertiary  lu\d  very  •  mall  bi' 
carried  out  his  investigation  into  the  upper  rertiary. 
that  the  brain  wa<  much  larger  in  tl.e  pliocene  ll- 
miocene.    All  the  teriiaiy  mammals  had  sioall  t"-" 
was  a  gradual  increase  in  the  sue  of  the  brain  i!ur.ng  ' 
and  this  increase  in  the  si.-c  was  generally  in  the  »m 
sphere  or  higher  ptNtKNM  of  the  brain.     In  vw<  . 
convolution  of  the  brain  bad  gradually  become  mo't 
In  some  the  cerebellum  and  the  olfactory  lobes  had  e* ' 
ished  in  *ize*.    There  was  now  evidence  that  the  *ia* 
law  of  biain  growth  holds  giK.d  for  birds  and  ret  tilo 
lurassic  |>ciio<l  to  the  present  time.    The  brain  of  - 
belonging  to  a  vigor,  us  race  fittcxl  for  a  b>n^  survival  «- 
than  the  average  brain  of  that  period  in  the  same  j-re-J  e 
brain  1  f  a  mammal  of  a  dechning  race  w  is  smaller 
RVertge  brain  of  its  contemporaries  nf  the  same  p»- 
sin  ill  animals  now  existing  bad  proportionally  larger  la- 
the larger  animals,  and  young  animal-  hail  pr.  ■portKHtt. 
brains  than    adult    animals.     They    found  suae 
examples  which  threw  light  on  this  question. 


t!.e  1  uccne  ihey  had  an  animal,  the  oldest  known  •u-cr ' 

the  rhinoceros,  a<  d  it  bad  an  exceptionally  large  bofc 


all  the  facM  together  it  seemed  as  tl 
an  iffl|Ktrianl  element  in  the  Mirviva 
leciu.e  laige  and  unwieblly  with  . 
liable  to  suffer  fre>m  any  change  of  c 
early  times  the"  big  brain 
conquers  in  civilisation  i«j 
fai  lory  t  •  find  a  case  »  he 
pieviouslj  lorntcsl  theori 
ca-e-,  ard  -•ineliuu  s  the 


;h  this  I  riiatF" 
of  animals.  If'-*" 
small  biain,  it  »'*■ 
imatc.    In  other  vs" 
icrcd  as  it  is  the       ****  * 
Prof.  Flower  said  A  tr»  * 


the  facts  v 
because 
facts  <>r  the 


wall.  In  ibis  case  they 
than';  the  American  (<• 
taken  up  Pn  f.  M 

<  hi    ti,  Sjr, 
.  \fli nit iit  -.'  it' 
-  1  he  auth 
separate  th 
with  marke 
gtuup  Sauro| 
that  of  (e.{.\ 
l.aecrtitia  in  the 
ali-ence  of  CoraCO-i 


forked  out  OBetCO- 
that  was  not 
theories!  had  ^>  V" 
li.vl  no  such  difhculty  ;  audth^-1" 
vernment  for  the  way  in  »• 
k  and  were  disseminatin( 
M  e(    the  CkamndH* 
IfArcy  W.  Tlg_ 

iceJdjMM 
Lacertiba 


1  traxa  ■ 

1 

rfctenfty 


ct.  8,  1885] 


A  A  TURE 


563 


\iclc.  Equally  marked  affinities  with  the  Dino.auria  may  be 
eed  in  the  carpus  and  taruis,  sternum,  pelvis,  and  skull.  While 
lilarly  the  compaiatively  large  si^e  of  the  cerebellum,  the 
«-ncf  of  a  urinary  bladder,  jn  l  the  presence  of  pulm.1n.1ry 
citicula  or  nuhmeutary  airsics,  are  all  foreshadowing,  of 
uthic  structure. 

The  Orifiu  0/  the  Fishes  cf  the  Sea  of  Gait  lit,  by  Frof.  Hull. — 
the  abundant  fishes  of  the  Sea  of  Tiberias  nearly  one-half  of  , 

•  species  arc  peculiar  to  the  lake  and  its  tributaries,  while  of  \ 

•  rest  only  one,  FUnnlm  iupulus,  belongs  to  the  ordinary  ; 
■literrancan  fauna  ;  two  others  are  found  in  the  Nile  ;  seven  i 
lei  species  occur  in  the  rivers  of  South- Western  Asia  ;  and  ten 
ire  are  found  in  other  parts  of  Syria.    Tristram  considered 

»'  this  assemblage  pointed  to  a  close  affinity  of  the  fauna  of 

•  Jordanic  basin  w  ith  tiiat  of  the  rivers  of  tropical  Africa  ;  but 
lat  most  struck  the  0I..1  rver  was  perhaps  the  speciality  of  die 
ecies  to  Jordanic  water-,  sixteen  out  of  a  total  of  thirty-six 
ceies  being  peculiar.  Assuming  that  the  forms  which  are 
iiuiion  to  lorj.inic  and  other  waters  hail  been  distributed  in  a 
inner  similar  to  that  by  which  they  had  to  account  for  the 
.tnbution  of  lacustrine  forms  in  other  parts  of  the  world,  they 
d  yet  to  account  for  the  presence  of  the  forms  which  were 
ecial  and  peculiar.  After  referring  to  the  formation  of  the 
rdanic  basin.  Prof.  Hull  argued  that  by  the  subsidence  of  the 
•or  of  the  sen  along  the  line  of  the  Jordan  valley  an  inland 
se  was  formed  whose  waters  were  first  derived  from  tho-c  of 

c  ocean  itself,  in  which  were  enclosed  the  fishes,  nnllusks,  | 
d  other  form-  which  inb.ibi'ed  these  waters  them -elves.  The 
w  of  "de-cent  w.th  modification  "  would  come  into  opera  I;  >n, 
id  they  niight  suppose  l'ia:  throughout  t!ie  Miocene  and  liio- 
n>.  periods  the  :tocC"  "f  m  >dilication  in  form,  colour,  .1  id 
tbit  gradually  pi  needed.  1  he  fiitot  forms  wojld  survive, 
»!  dtlicretr.iation  1 -etwee  11  tlx>sc  of  the  outer  and  inner  seas 
ould  result  in  an  almost  entire  specific  change.  I'rof.  Hull 
■■'  read  a  paper  0:1  the  cause  of  the  extreme  dissimilarity 
tw.en  tin-  faunas  «,f  the  Red  Sea  and  Med.terranean,  nv.with- 
111  ling  their  recent  connection. 

7  e  Sr.  Andrei  Msrlttf       »;t '•>  ■•.  —  prof.  M'fntosh  sMicd 

idly  the  structure  and  arr  mgemcnt  of  the  marine  lab  ir.it  ory 

St.  Andrews,  and  male  some  general  rem  irks  on  the  work 
>n.  during  the  last  nine  months  there.  A  gre.il  many  of  our 
■oil  fishes,  he  s.sil,  were  carefully  examined  in  rega-d  to  the 
-•v. .lop-men1  of  the  eggs  ami  the  grow th  of  the  young  fishes, 
b  ..a  twenty  species  were  examined  in  this  way.  They  expe- 
ei  ed  some  dill'iculty  with  some  of  the  forms,  on  account  of  , 
ic.i  voracity,  particularly  with  the  cod.  They  found  that  a  od 
'  ti.e  inches  long  would  si  allow  a  cod  of  tlree  inches  and 

c.nld  n  >:  gt;  it  all  down  at  once,  it  would  keep  it  in  its  throat 
11  the  bead  part  was  diges;r  I,  and  then  draw  in  the  tail, 
lollusca  were  studied  chictiy  in  connection  with  the  develop- 
u  nt  of  the  mus.el,  but  he  might  say  that  very  ha/y  notions 
e  e  held  in  regard  I"  it.  Sonic  larger  form;  were  also  ct- 
mined,  including  por,«oi-c-  and  sharks.  t  ine  porpoise  was 
xtrenicly  interesting.  He  ha  1  noticed  it  for  so  ne  time  in  the 
ay,  and  that  its  motions  were  very  peculiar.  He  could  not 
iake  out  w  hat  it  was  doing  there  so  constantly  in  shallow  water, 
ait  sonic  days  after* a  ds  a  hr.-e  lemale  was  caught  in  the 
dm  on  nets,  .m  l  they  fo.tnd  that  it  w  is  a  female  giving  milk. 
t>  milk  was  of  a  most  interesting  kind,  an  1  formed  the  subject 
f  examination  and  analysis  by  I'rof.  I'urdy.  It  was  as  dense 
>  eieam,  and  of  a  deep  yellow"  colour. 

('"  a  Che>uieal  J>  tf  r.;  e  l-et:.:vn  /(':■.'»/ •   anJ  Am,/  /V...V- 
•'"       '')'  l»r.  Oscar  I.ovw,  of  Munich.  —Protoplasm,  it  was 
n:n  1,  contains  certain  aldchyd  groups,  which  account  lor  the  I 
xtr-.-ine  mobility  rnd  readiness  of  chingt  in  living  p,  otoplasm.  | 

he-e  aldeliyd  groups  can  be  reduced  by  very  dilute  a'kalinc 
oh: t ions  of  silver  salts.  Sf  >■,><')  ra.  one  of  the  lower  «'<v»  acts  | 
n  this  solution  in  a  peculiar  way.  Living  protoplasm  reduces  the 
alt.  while  dead  protoplasm  does  n>:.  The -specific  gravity  of  the 
•<  Hoplasm  of  S+irocy-  a  was  increase  1.  and  was  found  lo  c  ntain 
liver  deposited  m  its  interior.  Areyria,  or  th.-  <  fi.  1-1  of  nitrate 
^UlKOJI  the  lain  >:i  i  1  e.-riaiii  disciscs,  was  four.  '  in 

<        (*       Tha.  w  a-  ,   specific  chemical  difieren.ee 

•ud  <U-.id  1  •  t 1  i-:n     Ordinary  poisons,  such 
4  strychnin •,.«.,.„•  no  such  striking  effect  on 

•vv^  'oj  poison  lo  all  p:  1  is  hydroxylan  I. 

""■I  (.aid  U:;'.  ;h  -  ::;v  ■■     ,  "i  -  n.  e 

"T"^  6r»t  api"  -.1,  f  1   1    *:i    [  ■  ,( 

cfl  >CPfliiger.      I'llug  r  1.       i.      i  •'.  it 

Ts^lU  the  l  Mils'         !     in   l.-.i   •  !0 


dead  protoplasm,  and  Dr.  lx>ew  took  up  the  question  as  to  what 
exactly  this  change  was.  His  investigations  are  an  important 
step  in  deciding  this  most  important  question.  Prof.  Stirling 
said  this  gave  Us  a  new  test  for  living  protoplasm.  The  chief 
thing  to  settle  was  what  exactly  causes  reduction  of  the  silver. 

A  ■  </!.'«  <<f  ly.'tadt  in  J'iantt,  by  Sidney  Martin,  M.D. 
{Lond. :.  I!. 'sc.,  M.K.C.P.— Of  proteolytic  ferments  occurring 
in  plants  two  kinds  have  been  described — one  acting  like  animal 
pepsin,  and  occurring  in  carnivorous  plants,  in  the  seeds  of 
vetches,  hemp,  flax,  karlcy,  and  malt,  and  the  fruit  of  the  fig. 
/';'  us  ivr/i  .1  ;  the  other  acting  like  a  iima!  trypsin  (pancreatine 
and  occurring  in  the  juice  of  the  green  fruit  of  Carina  fufttpi 
('he  papaw  tree).  The  use  of  these  ferments  in  the  plant 
economy  has  only  been  surmised  by  testing  their  action  on 
animal  protcid.  fro  u  which  they  form  peptones.  It  is  a  cpjestion 
whether  they  form  peptones  from  the  protcid  occurring  in  the 
individual,  and  from  two  considerations,  It  is  doubtful  whether 
a  true  peptone  exists  in  plants— by  which  1  mean  a  proteid 
soluble  in  water,  and  not  precipitated  by  boiling,  nitric  acid,  or 
acetic  aci  1  and  potassie  ferrocyanide.  Vines  Kjeurnil  of 
Phy-iio'^sy.  vol.  iii. )  concludes  that  the  body  called  vegetable 
peptone  is  hemialbuaiose  (Meissner's  a-peptonc.  It  is  also 
evident  that  the  action  of  these  ferments  on  the  proteids  will  be 
slow  in  comparison  to  the  action  of  animal  proteolytic  ferments  ; 
thus  there  might  appear  the  proteids  intermediate  between 
albumen  and  peptone,  which  Kuhne  and  t.'hittenden  call 
it'-umosfj  (Zdtichiift  f.  Bio'.ofie,  H  I.  xx  ).  These  questions  I 
a  tempted  to  settle  in  the  case  of  the  papaw  juice.  1  first  of  all 
extracted  the  proteids,  which  consisted  of  a  t±l,>!>nUti,  corre- 
sponding to  animal  paraglobulin  ;  two  album j>e-,  which  1  pro- 
p  i-e  to  call  a-  and  b  phytjlbumese.  The  ft  form  is  precipitated  ; 
the  a  form  is  not  thrown  down  by  boiling  ;  a  vegetable  albumen 
corresponding  to  egg  albumen.  The  effect  of  pure  papain 
the  proteolytic  ferment  of  the  papaw  juice)  was  tested  on  each 
of  t  icse  bodies,  but  from  none  of  them  was  a  true  peptone 
form  d:  only  a  body  corresponding  to  Meissner's  rV-peplonc. 
The  very  slow  proteolysis  explains  the  limitation  of  the  forma- 
tion of  the  final  products  of  proteid  change.  I.eucin  and  tyroin 
were  formed.  Full  details  of  uieth  xls  and  results  will  be  found 
in  the  forthcoming  Jcurnal  oj  J'Aysir/.'-y,  September  14, 
iSSs. 

Oh  Iht  AftfictttioH  the  Atutljmico!  Mtihhi  to  the  D,\'emtina- 
tion  cf  the  Miferiali  of  the  I  itne.ui  an,/  olJ  fferi-.n  ui,  by  Prof, 
L.  KadKsofer.  —  Prof.  Kadlkofer  spoke  generally  of  the  anatom- 
ical method  of  botanical  study,  aid  dwell  on  the  results  that  had 
already  lieen  accomplished  by  it.  With  the  aid  of  the  anatomical 
sy-tem  he  advocated  an  extensive  review  of  the  herbaria  of  the 
country  with  reference  to  the  writings  of  their  fonn;r  pisse«ors. 
The  e  herbaria  should  henceforth  not  merely  be  preserved  ; 
there  should  be  the  diffusion  of  new  light  on  their  consents  so 
as  10  become  useful  to  every  one  in  a  scientific  sense,  even  to 
those  who  are  unable  to  look  through  them.  At  some  length 
he  demonstrated  the  value  of  anatomical  ch  iracters  in  systematic 
botany,  and  concluded  with  an  appea"  to  all  Kngli  h  botanists 
to  direct  their  attention  nn  l  their  intl  is-ncc  to  the  accomplish- 
ment of  the  work.  In  th:  accomplishment  of  this  the  British 
Association  might,  perhaps,  give  substantial  a-si.tanie. 

/.'''ct  on  Hxferit/i.'it's  <i>  to  the  Formation  of  S  it.h  ut  Plants 
uu/e>  the  /uflue'ire  of  the  F.lechi  J.i^'it,  by  Mr.  M.  Ward,  of  the 
Owens  College,  Manchester — The  ixpennients,  Mr.  Ward  said, 
were  made  not  so  m.ich  to  determine  a  pun:  already  determined 
generally— that  plants  can  be  grown  under  the  influence  of  the 
electric  light—  to  discover  ho.v  far  the  electric  light  can  l>c 
use  I  for  teaching  pi  poses  and  investigations  in  the  lat  (oratory 
so  to  sjic.ik  as  an  artificial  sunlight.  It  would  obviously  be  of 
enormous  advantage  to  the  vegetable  physiologist  if  experiments 
coal  1  be  easily  pert"  rincd  under  the  influence  of  electric  light. 
He  explained  the  experiments  he  had  made  in  the  laboratories 
at  the  Owens  Colli  /e,  Manchester,  and  at  the  rcod-nc<.  of  Mr. 
W.  Cnssley.  of  bowden  (who  kindly  placed  a  p  overfill  arc 
lamp  at  his  disposal),  on  this  interesting  sub  cct.  an  I  described 
the  means  that  had  been  employed  in  devising  and  conducting 
the  experiments.  I'nder  a  powerful  ate  light  the  results  had 
been  fruitful;  but  small  conteis  of  Swan  lamps  had  yielded  no 
satisfactory  results,  ut  any  rate  at  low  temperatures.  The  sub- 
ject requires  still  further  examination,  how  ev  er,  an.)  Mr.  Marshall 
W  ant  intimated  that  he  intended  to  c  arry  on  the  ex|»erii»cnts,  so 
that  at  a  future  date  he  might  be  able  V.  Convey  m.jfc  detailed 
information  than  could  be  given  in  a  paper  of  a  preliminary 
charactci.    d'he  plants  employed  were  hyacinth  p  itato,  Alg.e, 


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NATURE 


565 


int 

mi 


ci  ..| 
M  -mid 
■  1  iU  nuwt* 

.     I  think, 
..ill  Pole  is 
nature  of  (he 
■  the  great  ice- 
•  imhuuik>n  of  the 
1 -If  supply  of  ice- 
.'te  Southern  Ocean, 
•  ■l  42s.    The  fact  of 
-  !■>  Etna  or  Mont 
;  aiding  that  awful 
|iu  In  jiLiJ  ever  existed.  No 
/nne.    The  great 
.n-  lh.it  an  expedii ion  should 
u  1  <  -in  1  arc  the  conditions  and 
The  observations  and 
ghoul  nne  > car  could  not  fail  to 
importance  to  all  branches  of 
•  achievement  can  be  accomplished 
.  properly  designed  and  fitted  with  the 
1  .  noi  1-  i:  chimerical  to  conceive  a 
ling  ovei  the  glacier  of  Victoria  Land  towards 

I  1  lie  example  of  Nordenskjold  in  Green- 

ing  matter  requires  investigation,  from 
I  the  thermometers  supplied  for  deep-sea  tcmpc- 
f.iulty  in  construction,  as  they  were  then 
••>  Krister  accurately  beneath  the  weighty  oceanic 
another  magnetic  survey  is  most  desirable 
ti  rinine  what  secular  change  has  !>ecn  made  in  the 
trial  magnetism  after  an  interval  of  forty  years 

II  l>y  Kuss.     In  fact,  there  exists  a  wide 
igfttMO  in  the  unknown  South  I'otar  Sea. 

will,  I  trust.  1m:  the  prelude  for  others  to  follow  in 
Mil- powerful  Association  in  promoting 
1    despatching  another  Smith  Polar  expedition, 
to  secure  a  tunic-ring  station.    No  oilier 
roviding  and  carrying  it  out.    Even  in 
here  exists  the  spirit  and  the  means  for 

tt  the  A'n.iti  .1/  'is,  and  ihe  Province, 
iLfr  the  Patriarch  Joseph,  by  Co|>e 
The  Hciliu  Geographical  So- 
lert  lor  Mm.  tfiSc  No.  Il6), 
ncsa,  and 
\scherson 
1  obscrva- 
ch  of  the 
u  |||be  Quasr 
|hc  au-lnir 


of  this  paper,  established  a  depth  of  -175  to  -180  English 
feet.    The  greatest  depth  is  probably  under  the  western  cliffs 
"f  the  Haram  Medhiiret  el-Befl.    No  previous  explorer 
ived  it  possible  that  this  might  have  been  a  lake  within 
The  level  of  the  ruins,  as  determined  by  Caill- 
-  that  the  ancient  station  of  Ptolemais  might  have 
resented  in  the  text  and  majw  of  Claudius  Ptolemy, 
taped  lake  about  35  miles  long  and  1$  wide,  with  a 
mm  depth  of  300  feet,  fed  by  a  canal,  partly  subterranean, 
1  Itehncsa,  as  well  as  by  a  branch  of  the  present  Hahr  Jusuf 
nicating  with  it  through  the  Fayoum.    Ihe  lower  plain 
ui  the  Fayoum  had  been,  at  that  lime,  fully  redeemed,  and  the 
piescnt  Lake  of  the  Horn  reduced  to  such  insignificant  dimen- 
sions as  to  be  unnoticed.    The  restoration  of  the  Rcian  basin  of 
Like  Moeris  and  the  drainage  by  evaporation  of  the  Uirket  el- 
Qucrim  would  be  a  repetition  in  modern  limes  of  the  best  results 
reached  in  the  Greco-Roman  period,  perhaps  3000  years  after 
the  first  effort  to  utilise  these  two  unique  basins  for  storage  and 
drainage. 

On  Batho-hypsographical  Maps,  with  Special  Reference  to  a 
Combination  of  the  Ordnance  and  Admiralty  Surveys,  by  E.  G. 
Kavenstein. — The  batho-hypsographical  map,  which  exhibits 
the  vertical  configuration  of  the  solid  surface  of  the  earth,  above 
as  well  as  below  the  ocean  levels,  is  a  product  of  modem  times. 
It  was  Gerard  Mercator  who  first  inserted  soundings  upon  a 
chart  in  1585,  but  nearly  two  centuries  passed  away  before 
Cru<|uins,  in  1 728,  introduced  the  fathom-lines  with  which  we 
are  all  familiar,  Buache,  and  after  him  Ducarla,  first  suggested 
the  introduction  of  contours  upon  maps,  and  their  idea  was 
realised  in  1791  by  Dupain-Triel  on  a  map  of  France.  The 
combination  of  these  two  descriptions  of  contoured  maps  we  owe 
to  modern  German  geographers,  and  more  especially  to  Berghans, 
Von  Sydow,  and  Ziegler.  Cartographers,  in  effecting  this  com- 
bination, had  hitherto  <|uitc  lost  sight  of  the  fact  that  the  heights 
on  maps  arc  referred  to  high  or  mean  water,  whilst  the  depths 
on  charts  represent  soundings  reduced  to  low  water.  This 
rough  method  gave  satisfactory  results  when  dealing  with  maps 
on  a  small  scale,  but  a  more  rigid  method  wouldf  have  to  be 
applied  when  it  was  desired  to  combine  accurate  surveys  like 
those  rmdc  by  the  Ordnance  and  Admiralty  Departments.  The 
so-called  mean  level  of  the  sea  was  not  a  suitable  datum  level, 
and  it  would  be  necessary  to  carry  on  tidal  and  other  scientific 
observations  on  a  far  more  comprehensive  plan  than  had  been 
done  hitherto  if  a  really  satisfactory  batho-hypsographical  map 
of  the  British  Islands  were  to  become  attainable.  These  various 
supplementary  surveys,  tidal  observations,  $tc,  it  was  to  be 
hoped,  would  expand  into  a  comprehensive  scientific  survey  of 
the  British  seas. 

What  has  been  done  for  the  Geography  of  Scotland,  and  what 
remains  to  be  done,  by  II.  A.  Webster. — After  remarking  on  the 
unsatisfactory  state  of  the  Ordnance  Maps,  Mt.  Webster  said 
that  in  regard  to  the  depth  of  our  lakes  and  rivers — and  the 
submerged  portion  of  a  valley  i-  geographically  as  interesting 
as  the  sub-aerial  portion — absolutely  no  data  arc  supplied  by  the 
Ordnance  Survey.  Nor,  with  a  few  individual  exceptions,  do 
they  exist  in  an  accurate  and  trustworthy  form  anywhere  else. 
It  was  an  open  secret  that,  when  this  omission  was  pointed  out 
to  the  Government  by  the  Royal  Societies  of  London  and 
Edinburgh,  the  Lords  of  the  Treasury  refused,  and  again 
refuse!,  to  authorise  a  bathymctric  lake  and  river  survey  being 
earned  out,  cither  by  the  officers  of  the  Ordnance  Survey  or  by 
those  of  the  Hydrographie  Department.  Such  a  refusal  could 
not  be  permanently  accepted.  It  was  to  be  ho|>cd  that  when 
the  Government  was  next  urged  to  move  in  the  muter  ihey 
would  be  asked  for  more,  and  not  for  less.  We  rerpiir  d  not 
only  a  hydrographie  survey  done  once  and  for  all  (thoi  e,h  that 
was  worth  the  doing) ;  we  required  a  systematic  registution  of 
_;raphi<    l  11  ijjhout  the  country,  in  order  that  the 

in"    gime  both  of  lakes  and  rivers  may  be  known  in  detail 
^^Hk  scientific  precision.    The  ignorant  niggardliness  of  the 
1  Govci i.inent  was  in  striking  contrast  to  the  conduct  of 
nne  1  -  reign  countries.    In  Switzerland,  for  instance, 
in  of  inland  hydrographie  observations, 
mjttnpte  of  all  the  principal  rivers  was  annually 
intelligible  by  a  series  of  graphic 
Bto  a  Swiss  river  we  could  tell  the  volume 
near  at  several  important  j  oints,  and  could 
:      1  iislance,  with  those  of  any  year 
Km-i  j     1-  knew  what  a  vast  body  of 
11  been  accumulating  about 


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NA  TURE 


[Ott.  8,  i&! 


/■'aba,  Phaseolus,  Dicentra,  and  the  vine,  and  some  interesting 
remarks  on  methods  &c,  were  made  in  the  discussion  which 
followed. 

On  the  Coloration  0/ the  Anterior  Segment  t  .>/  the  Mal.Uinuttr, 
by  Allen  Marker,  F.I..S.,  Professor  of  Natural  History,  Royal 
Agricultural  College,  Cirencester.— The  author,  while  studying 
the  circulation  and  respiration  of  annelids  at  the  zoological 
station  at  Naples,  had  been  specially  interested  in  the  Mahlanidac, 
from  their  partially  tubiculous  habit  and  the  brilliant  coloration 
of  their  anterior  segments.  The  bands  of  colour  usually  orna- 
ment the  anterior  segments,  beginning  with  the  second  or  third, 
and  continuing  to  the  ninth  ;  but  '.he  distribution  of  the  coloured 
hands  differs  widely  in  the  different  species.  The  colour  in 
living  or  freshly- killed  specimens  is  of  a  rich  ros/i  madder  colour, 
shading  oft'  in  each  segment  to  a  brighter  rose-pink  hue. 
Quatrefagcs  attributed  a  physiological  value  to  these  coloured 
bands,  describing  them  as  being  connected  with  the  respiratory 
function.  In  connection  with  the  whole  subject  of  cutaneous 
respiration  in  annelids,  it  appeared  important  to  settle  this 
question,  and  the  author  made  section*  of  the  anterior  segments 
in  the  Maldanidar,  and  finds  the  colour  to  l>c  due  to  a  special 
pigment,  whose  behaviour  under  various  reagents  he  described. 
On  the  other  hand  the  author  has  studied  the  blood-vessels  and 
their  distribution  in  the  living  ch.-etopod,  and  is  satisfied  that  it 
extends  equally  in  those  portions  of  the  cuticle  which  ire  un- 
coloured  as  in  those  which  are.  The  coloured  bands  do  not 
appear,  therefore,  to  be  in  any  way  connected  with  the  function 
of  respiration. 

SECTION  E— Geography 

The  Indian  Forest  School,  by  Major  F.  Bailey,  F.  R.G.S., 
Royal  Engineers,  Director  of  the  School. — It  is  only  within  the 
last  twenty-five  years  that  a  sj>ccial  State  department  has  ad- 
ministered the  Indian  forests.  The  staff  was  at  first  composed 
of  men  who  had  received  no  professional  education,  but  they 
were  able  to  do  all  that  was  then  needed,  and  they  accomplished 
work  of  great  value.  Hut  as  a  result  of  their  work  the  Slate 
tiecame  possessed  of  large  forest  areas,  from  which  a  permanent 
supply  of  produce  had  to  be  secured,  and  which  had  therefore 
to  be  managed  systematically.  At  this  time  nothing  was  known 
of  systematic  forestry  in  England  or  in  India,  and  an  arrange- 
ment was  made  in  1866  under  which  candidates  for  the  Indian 
Forest  Service  were  trained  on  the  Continent.  The  arrange- 
ment with  the  French  Government  is  slill  in  force,  but  it  has 
now  been  decided  to  undertake  the  instruction  in  England. 
Great  progress  has  been  made  in  Indian  forestry,  which  is 
mainly  due  to  the  provisionally- trained  men  with  whom  the 
Forest  Department  has  been  recruited,  but  up  to  tS6<)  nothing 
bail  been  done  towards  the  education  of  the  subordinate  ranks. 
As  work  requiring  profes-ional  skill  became  necessary  over 
large  areas,  it  was  found  that  the  "divisions''  must  he  broken 
up  into  a  number  of  smaller  executive  charges  under  natives  of 
the  country,  and  that  they  must  receive  a  professional  education. 
In  1S69  Mr.  Krandis  made  proposnls  to  organise  the  subordinate 
grade-,  and  to  train  men  at  the  Civil  Engineering  Colleges,  and 
several  other  attempts  were  made  in  the  same  direction,  but 
without  marked  success.  In  1S7S  Mr.  Itiandis  proposed  to 
establish  a  Central  Forest  School,  and  his  proposals  were 
accepted  by  ( .overnment.  The  chief  object  of  the  School  was 
then  to  prepare  natives  of  India  for  the  executive  charge  of 
forest  ranges,  and  to  >pialily  them  for  promotion  to  the  superior 
stall,  but  it  was  hoped  that  the  school  might  ultimately  U-  used 
to  train  candidates  lor  the  controlling  branch.  The  chief  forest 
officer-  of  provinces  {were  to  select  candidates  and  send  them  to 
be  trained  at  the  School.  None  but  native,  of  India  were  to  W 
admitted.  A  number  of  forests  near  Dchie  Dun  were  grouped 
together  as  a  training  ground  ami  placed  under  a  m  pirate  con- 
servator, who  wa>  also  appointed  dtrcctor  of  tin-  -ch.ml.  A 
hoard  of  inspection  was  appointed.  I  he  first  theoretical  course 
was  held  in  iSSl,  and  they  have  U-cti  hel  l  evrry  ye  ir  since 
then.  The  present  system  is  that  the  candidates,  who  must  be 
in  robust  health,  are  selected  by  conservators  of  the  burst  or  by 
the  director  of  the  school.  They  must  serve  m  the  fore-!-  for 
at  least  twelve  months  before  entering  the  School.  Candidates 
for  the  ranger's  certificate  must  have  passed  the  entrance  exami- 
nation of  an  Indian  University  on  the  l.n;;ltdi  side  -.  candidates 
for  the  forester's  certificate  pass  a  lower  examination.  The 
course  of  training  for  these  two  classes  extends  over  eighteen 
and  twelve  months  respectively.     Men  who  gun  the  certificates 


return  to  their  province-,  and  are  employed  there.  T\- 
of  instruction  for  the  ranger's  d.ns  embraces  vegeriK; 
logy,  the  elements  of  physics  ami  chemistry,  rruihrtu: 
making  and  building,  surveying,  sylviculture,  wor«.i-_, 
forest  utilisation,  forest  botany,  the  elements  <>f  mme-i  . 
geology,  forest  law,  and  the  element-  of  forest  eti-'-v 
course  for  foresters  is  much  more  simple.     The  pe- 
manuals  is  in  progress,  and  a  library,  museum,  dicin: 
tory,  observatory,  ami  forest  garden  have  been  estsVi-t- 
period  of  probation  in  the  forest  t>efore  entry  into  "• 
has  a  twofold  object  :  firstly,  to  enable  the  theeiietK-i: 
be  understood  ;  secondly,  to  eliminate  men  who  are  c: 
a  forest  life  before  time  and  money  have  l«-en  »per 
training.    As  a  rule,  the  students  arc  emflttyh  of 
Department,  and  they  draw  their  salaries  and  mi  r.  - 
selves  while  at  the  School.    No  instruction  fees  arev'r-i  . 
would  not  at  pre-ent  be  possible  to  get  condidates  «•  - 
tenancc  and  education  are  entirely  paid  for  by  thc- 
Nine  men  who  have  left  the  School  have  appointmc-n  ■ 
125/.  to  200/.  a  year,  and  this  ought  to  draw  eligible  a 
Conservators  of  forests  say  that  the  men  trained  at  :• 
are  markedly  superior  to  their  untrained  comrade* 
of  reserved  fore-ts  has  largely  increased  of  late,  and  th? 
of  the  students  are  very  good.    During  the  .«-♦; on 
there  were  forty-six  student*  of  all  classes,  at  the  School, 
eight  were  from  Madras,  and  seven  from  native  States, 
of  which  have  been  induced  by  the  establishment  of  •■ 
to  take  measures  for  the  protection  of  their  forests.  T 
has  now  been  made  an  imperii!  institution,  and  th>  :- 
advantage  in  every  way.    The  expenses  of  the  Sc.hu 
are  said  to  have  been  IQll/. 

On  jfourntyings  in  Ssufh-  Western  China,  by  A.  H 
the  autumn  of  t88l  Mr.  Hosie  was  appointed  Her  \i 
Agent  in  Western  China,  and  reached  ChSing-ch'-.r.: 
province  of  Ssu  ch'uan,  in  January,  18S2.     From  th; 
made  three  journeys  in  South-Western  China.     In  the 
1S82  he  proceeded  through  Southern  Ssti-ch'uan  and  N 
Kueichou,  the  Chinese  "Switzerland,"  to  Kuei  vine, 
capital  of  the  latter  province,  whence  he  journeyed  »<■■ 
•he  footsteps  of  Margary  to  the  capital   of  Vvinnir. 
Yunnan  Fu  he  struck  north-east  through  Northern 
following  for  days  here  and  there  the  routes  of  Gamier 
Grosvenor  Mission.    At  last  he  descended  the  Nan -ki:  • 
ami  reached  the  right  bank  of  the  Great  River,  the  I  ■ 
of  the  Upper  Zangtszc,  at  a  point  below  H-u  ch^u  fr. 
portant  city  at  the  junction  of  the  Min  River  and  the  1 
Chiang,  or  River  of  Golden  Sand.     Here  he  tool, 
descended  the  Great  River  to  Ch'ung-ch"ing.  his  startf 
In  February.  i8«J.  Mr.  Hosie  again  left  Ch'ung-ch" 
proceeded  north-west  to  Ch'eng-tn,  the  capital  of  the 
of  SsiVch'nan,  by  way  of  the  brine  ami  petroleum 
TztVliu-ching.    From  Cli'eng  tu  he  journeyed  west  >^ 
west  through  the  country  of  the  I.olos,  skirting  the 
boundary  of  Independent  Lolodom.    From  Ning  y  3' 
called  Chien  ch'ang,  and  lying  in  a  valley  famous,  arr.  -■ 
things,  as  the  habitat  of  the  white-wax  insect,  be  pa-4- 
west  through  the   mountainous    Cain-<lu  of  Marco  I 
habited  in  great  part  by  Mant/ii  tribes,  and  struck  the  ■ 
of  the  Chin-sha  Chiang  two  months  after  leaving  <  ti'arc 
From  this  point  Ta  li  Fu,  in  Western  Yunnan,  * 
reached.     From  Ta-li  Fu  Mr.   Hosie  jnrncyed  eJ" 
Yunnan  l'u,  which  he  had  visited  the  year  before, 
struck  north-east  through  Western  Kuei  chou  to  the  U;- 
River,  which  he  descended  to  the  Great  River.     I-°  '  ' 
important  city  at  the  junction  of  this  river  with  the  1 
was  soon  reached,  and  the  Great  River  was  again  desce' 
Ch 'ung-ch'ing.    This  journey  occupied  four  months. 
1S84,  Mr.  Hosie  again  left  Ch'ung  ch'ing.  and  from  H 
a  three  days'  journey  to  the  north  of  that  city,  he  stra  •  ' 
w  ard  through  a  beautifully  cultivated  and  fertile  countr* 
ting  Fu.  on  the  right  kink  of  the  Min  at  its  junction  * 
T'ung  River.    Chuting  is  famous  as  the  great  centre  ^ 
culture  in  S-  .  rh'uan,  and  as  the  chief  insect  wit  V 
country  in  the  Empire.    A  day's  journey  west 
the  faiiioiis  Mount  O-mei,  rising  II,  too  feet  above  the  ' 
the  -.-a.     This  mountain,  which  is  sacred  to  the  »j 
ibiddha,  Mr.  Hosie  ascended  in  company  with  cro*'^  v 
grims.     He  then  proceeded  south,  skirting  the  eft'lf"1.','  ( 
of  Independent  I  1  lodom,  to  the  River  of  Golden  *" 
left  bank  of  which  was  struck  at  the  town  of  M.wik  •  ' 


Digitized  by  Ooo^pe 


~>ct.  8,  1885] 


NA  TURE 


565 


orty  and  fifty  miles  atk>\e  P'ing-shan  U.sicn — the  highest  point 
cached  by  the  Upper  Yangtsze  Expedition  in  1861.  From 
4an  i-ssu  Mr.  Hosic  descended  the  Chin-sha  Chiang  and  the 
ireat  River  to  Ch'ung-ch'ing. 

An'arctic  Discozvry,  by  Admiral  Sir  Erasmus  Ommanncy, 
ML  F.R.S.— The  object  of  this  paper  is  to  draw  alten- 
ion  to  the  neglect  of  the  Antarctic  region  as  a  field  for  cxplora- 
ion.  The  author  gives  a  summary  of  the  work  which  has 
lready  been  done  by  Cork,  Bellingshausen.  Weddell,  Biscoe, 
lalk-ny,  Wilkes,  Dumont  d't'rville,  James  Ross,  and  Narcs  (in 
he  Challi  ngcr).  The  author  refers  to  a  paper  by  Dr.  Neumayer 
•n  the  subject,  the  substance  of  which  was  reproduced  in 
s'ATtfkE  (vol.  vii.  p.  21).  The  author  concludes  as  follows  :— 
have  thus  laid  before  you  but  a  very  imperfect  description  of 
hese  voyages  ;  to  give  the  details  of  the  scientific  results  would 
•ccupy  a  separate  paper.  But  I  have  endeavouied  to  demon- 
trate  how  large  a  field  remains  o|>cn  for  discovery.  I  think, 
rom  all  we  now  know,  we  may  infer  that  the  South  Pole  is 
apped  by  an  eternal  glacier  ;  and,  from  the  nature  of  the 
windings  obtained  by  Ross,  it  would  appear  that  the  great  ice- 
'all  along  which  the  ships  navigated  was  the  termination  of  the 
lacier — the  source  from  which  the  inexhaustible  supply  of  ice- 
>crgs  and  ice-islands  arc  launched  into  the  Southern  Ocean, 
aany  of  which  drift  to  the  low  latitude  of  42*.  The  fact  of 
inding  the  volcanoes  of  equal  proportions  to  Etna  or  Mont 
ilanc  creates  a  zest  for  further  research  regarding  that  awful 
egion  on  which  neither  man  nor  quadruped  ever  existed.  No 
nan  has  ever  wintered  in  the  Antarctic  zone.  The  great 
iesidcratuiti  now  before  us  requires  that  an  expedition  should 
>ass  a  winter  there,  in  order  to  compare  the  conditions  and 
mcnomena  with  our  Arctic  knowledge.  The  observations  and 
lata  to  be  collected  there  thioughout  one  year  could  not  fail  to 
»rodncc  matter  of  the  'deepest  importance  to  all  branches  of 
ciencc.  I  believe  that  such  an  achievement  can  be  accomplished 
n  these  days  with  shi|>s  properly  designed  nnd  fitted  with  the 
ncans  of  steam  propulsion  ;  nor  is  it  chimerical  to  conceive  a 
ledge  party  travelling  over  the  glacier  of  Victoria  Land  towards 
he  South  Pole,  after  the  example  of  Nordcnskjbld  in  Green- 
and.  Another  interesting  matter  requires  investigation,  from 
he  fact  that  all  the  thermometers  supplied  for  deep-sea  tempe- 
atures  to  Ross  were  faulty  in  construction,  as  they  were  then 
>ot  adapted  to  register  accurately  beneath  the  weighty  oceanic 
nessure.  Moreover,  another  magnetic  survey  is  most  desirable 
n  order  to  determine  what  secular  change  has  !>ccn  made  in  the 
•lements  of  terrestrial  magnetism  after  an  interval  of  forty  years 
ind  more,  when  taken  by  Ross.  In  fact,  there  exists  a  wide 
ield  open  for  investigation  in  the  unknown  South  Polar  Sea. 
This  paper  will,  I  trust,  be  the  prelude  for  others  to  follow  in 
■rousing  geographers  and  this  powerful  Association  in  promoting 
urthcr  research  by  despatching  another  South  Polar  expedition, 
laving  for  its  object  to  secure  a  wintering  station.  No  other 
lation  is  so  capable  of  providing  and  carrying  it  out.  Even  in 
he  Australian  colonies  there  exists  the  spirit  and  the  means  for 
uch  a  noble  enterprise. 

Projccteti  Restoration  of  the  Ret'an  Maris,  and  the  Province, 
^ate,  and  Canals  nitrified  to  the  Patriarch  foseph,  by  Cope 
A'hitehouse,  M.A.,  F.A.G.S. — The  Berlin  Geographical  So- 
lely has  published,  in  its  Zeitschri/t  for  May,  1885  (No.  116), 
he  latest  map  of  Egypt,  from  the  Fayoum  to  Behnesa,  and 
rom  the  Nile  to  the  Little  Oasis.  The  text  by  Dr.  Aschcrson 
;ives  credit  for  a  considerable  area  to  the  topographical  obscrva- 
ions  presented  to  this  society  at  Montreal.  So  much  of  the 
<eian  basin  as  lies  between  the  Quasr  Qerun  and  the  Quasr 
<eian  has  not  been  visited  by  any  European  except  the  author 
>f  this  paper  {1882,  1883).  It  is  now  an  accepted  fact  that 
here  is  a  depression  south  of  the  Fayoum,  not  less  than  150  feet 
>elow  the  level  of  the  Mediterranean,  with  a  superficial  area  at 
he  level  of  high  Nile  of  several  hundred  square  miles.  It  is 
rrcgular  in  shape,  curving  like  a  horn  from  a  point  near  Behnesa 
o  the  ridge  which  separates  it  from  the  Fayoum.  In  the  south - 
:rn  part  are  two,  and  perhaps  three,  patches  of  vegetation,  wild 
>alm-trees,  and  ruins  of  Roman  and  early  Christian  date.  This 
»art  was  visited  by  Bclzoni,  May  22,  1819;  Caillaud,  Noveiu- 
>cr  24,  1819  ;  Pacho  and  Muller,  1823-24  ;  Sir  G.  Wilkinson, 
825  ;  Mason  Bey,  1870 ;  and  Ascherson,  March  27,  1876. 
Jr.  Ascherson  determined  by  aneroid  observations  that  his  camp 
vas  29  metres  below  the  sea.  Caillaud  found  ruins  about 
f- 38m  ,  or  about  the  level  of  high  Nile  in  the  valley  on  the 
ame  latitude.  The  aneroid,  theodolite,  and  other  observations 
>f  March  6  and  April  4,  18S2,  and  April,  1883,  by  the  Author 


of  this  paper,  established  a  depth  of  -175  to  -180  English 
feet.  The  greatest  depth  is  probably  under  the  western  cliffs 
sjuth  of  the  Haram  Medhflrci  el-Bcrl.  No  previous  explorer 
had  conceived  it  possible  that  this  might  have  l>ccn  a  lake  within 
historic  times.  l"hc  level  of  the  ruins,  as  determined  by  Caill- 
aud, shows  that  the  ancient  station  of  Ptolcmais  might  have 
been,  as  represented  in  the  text  and  maps  of  Claudius  Ptolemy, 
on  a  horn-shaped  lake  about  35  miles  long  and  15  wide,  with  a 
maximum  depth  of  300  feet,  fed  by  a  canal,  partly  subterranean, 
from  Behnesa,  as  well  as  by  a  branch  of  the  present  Bahr  Jusuf 
communicating  with  it  through  the  Fayoum.  'I  he  lower  plain 
of  the  Fayoum  had  been,  at  that  lime,  fully  redeemed,  and  the 
present  Lake  of  the  Horn  reduced  to  such  insignificant  dimen- 
sions as  to  be  unnoticed.  The  restoration  of  the  Reian  basin  of 
Lake  Moeris  and  the  drainage  by  evaporation  of  the  Birket  el- 
Querfm  would  be  a  repetition  in  modern  times  of  the  best  results 
reached  in  the  Greco-Roman  period,  perhaps  3000  years  after 
the  first  effort  to  utilise  these  two  unique  basins  for  storage  and 
drainage. 

On  Batho-hypsographical  Maps,  with  Special  Reference  to  a 
Combination  of  the  Ordnance  and  Admiralty  Surveys,  by  E.  G. 
Ravenstcin. — The  batho-hypsographical  map,  which  exhibits 
the  vertical  configuration  of  the  solid  surface  of  the  earth,  above 
as  well  as  below  the  ocean  levels,  is  a  product  of  modem  times. 
It  was  Gerard  Mcrc.itor  who  first  inserted  soundings  upon  a 
chart  in  1585,  but  nearly  two  centuries  passed  away  before 
Cruquins,  in  1728,  introduced  the  fathom-lines  with  which  wc 
are  all  familiar.  Buache,  and  after  him  Ducarla,  first  suggested 
the  introduction  of  contours  upon  maps,  and  their  idea  was 
reali-cd  in  1791  by  Dupain-Triel  on  a  map  of  France.  The 
combination  of  these  two  descriptions  of  contoured  maps  we  owe 
to  modern  German  geographers,  and  more  especially  to  Berghans, 
Von  Sydow,  and  Zieglcr.  Cartographers,  in  effecting  this  com- 
bination, had  hitherto  quite  lost  sight  of  the  fact  that  the  heights 
on  maps  are  referred  to  high  or  mean  water,  whilst  the  depths 
on  charts  represent  soundings  reduced  to  low  water.  This 
rough  method  gave  satisfactory  results  when  dealing  with  maps 
on  a  small  scale,  but  a  more  rigid  method  woula  have  to  be 
applied  when  it  was  desired  to  combine  accurate  surveys  like 
those  m  ulc  by  the  Ordnance  and  Admiralty  Departments.  The 
so-called  mean  level  of  the  sea  was  not  a  suitable  datum  level, 
and  it  would  lie  necessary  to  carry  on  tidal  and  other  scientific 
observations  on  a  far  more  comprehensive  plan  than  had  been 
done  hitherto  if  a  really  satisfactory  batho-hypsographical  map 
of  the  British  Islands  were  to  become  attainable.  These  various 
supplementary  surveys,  tidal  observations,  &c,  it  was  to  be 
hoped,  would  expand  into  a  comprehensive  scientific  survey  of 
the  British  seas. 

What  has  been  done  for  the  Geography  of  Scotland,  and  vshat 
remains  to  be  done,  by  H.  A.  Webster.— After  remarking  on  the 
unsatisfactory  state  of  the  Ordnance  Maps,  Mr.  Webster  said 
that  in  regard  to  the  depth  of  our  lakes  and  rivers— and  the 
submerged  portion  of  a  valley  if  geographically  as  interesting 
as  the  sub-aerial  portion— absolutely  no  data  are  supplied  by  the 
Ordnance  Survey.  Nor,  with  a  few  individual  exceptions,  do 
they  exist  in  an  accurate  and  trustworthy  form  anywhere  else. 
It  was  an  open  secret  that,  when  this  omission  was  pointed  out 
to  the  Government  by  the  Royal  Societies  of  London  and 
Edinburgh,  the  Lords  of  the  Treasury  refused,  and  again 
refused,  to  authorise  a  balhymetric  lake  and  river  survey  being 
carried  out,  either  by  the  officers  of  the  Ordnance  Survey  or  by 
those  of  the  Hydrographic  Department.  Such  a  refusal  could 
not  be  permanently  accepted.  It  was  to  be  hoped  that  when 
the  Government  was  next  urged  to  move  in  the  matter  ihey 
would  be  asked  for  more,  and  not  for  less.  We  requir  d  not 
only  a  hydrographic  survey  done  once  and  for  all  (thot-gh  that 
was  worth  the  doing) ;  we  required  a  systematic  registtation  of 
hydrographic  facts  throughout  the  country,  in  order  that  the 
true  regime  both  of  lakes  and  rivers  may  be  known  in  de;.ul 
and  with  scientific  precision.  The  ignorant  niggardliness  of  the 
British  Government  was  in  striking  contrast  to  the  conduct  of 
those  of  some  foreign  countries.  In  Switzerland,  for  instance, 
there  was  a  regular  system  of  inland  hydrographic  observations, 
by  which  the  regime  of  all  the  principal  rivers  was  annually 
recorded  and  rendered  easily  intelligible  by  a  scries  of  graphic 
bulletins.  In  regard  to  a  Swiss  river  we  could  tell  the  volume 
at  any  period  of  the  year  at  several  important  points,  and  could 
compare  the  facts  of  1884,  for  instance,  with  those  of  any  year 
in  the  last  two  decades.  Every  one  knew  what  a  vast  body  of 
interesting  data  had  for  generations  been  accumulating  about 


Digitized  by  Goo 


566 


NATURE 


[Oct.    .  \- 


such  riven  as  the  Po  ami  the  Rhone,  anil  many  h.id  no  <loubt 
heard  of  the  system  of  hydrographic  stations  recently  established 
by  the  Italian  (Jovcrnment  in  the  basin  of  the  Tiber.  Why 
should  we  not  endeavour  to  leam  something  definite  and  precise 
about  the  character  of  our  own  rivers?  The  investigation  was 
only  the  natural  complement,  on  the  one  hand,  of  the  physical 
structure  of  the  country,  ami,  on  the  other  tund,  of  its  meteoro- 
logy. Our  Scottish  Meteorological  Society  had  now  succeeded 
in  establishing  meteorological  stations  throughout  the  country  ; 
let  hydrographic  Stations  bear  them  company  along  ourprincipal 
rivers.    Rainfall  and  river  discharge  were  mutually  illustrative 

On  OitrtanJ  E.xfoi  tions  to  tht  Antic  Coast  of  Anuria^  by 
John  Rae,  M.D.,  F.  R.S. — The  following  table  -hows  the 
approximate  amount  of  geographical  work  done  by  the  expe- 
ditions uuder — 

i8»i.  Franklin  &  Richardson  ...     on  foot 

'iSj6.         „  „   


1 834.  Rack 
'    7  I 


I  in  boat  1 
 t  on  mcr  J 


•iR-!?. ]Dca»e& Simpson  (H  H. Co  )  mii"..i 
1  ,1 

\ 

.      R»<hH.  B.  Co.) 

I  is  J-  4.  ( 


f-Meingl 
ton  loot  f 


C  M. 

r..  «. 

c  K, 

35 

in  canoe* 

S'5 

45" 

•0 

in  boat* 

<iii 

'  *> 

Total  ... 

•495 

1  JO 

(in  boat  I 

ICJ 

tun  vua-tl 

"5 

95 

in  I* >ats 

73  > 

817 

IUJ 

in  boat* 

•  49* 

Grand  total 

40  j) 

A  ll't  r.i  or  /';,%.•  on  t)t<  Hat  and  Sit  fat  Route  fy  it-hick  to  attain 
a  High  .X.  tthftn  l.at,tu,l\  by  John  Rae,  M.D.,  LLD.,  F.R.S., 
F.  R.G.S.,  &C — The  plan  promised  is  that  the  route  by  the  west 
shore  of  Spit/bergen  should  be  taken  by  one,  or  perhaps  two, 
steamers  similar  to  the  line  vessels  used  in  sealing  and  whaling 
at  the  present  time.  That  after  forcing  the  ice  "pack"  at  the 
north-west  end  of  Spit>l«crgcn,  a  north-east  course  towards 
Fran/ -Josef  I  .and  should  i>e  followed.  That  a  dc|»<t  of 
eoals  should  be  placed  at  a  convenient  harlxiur  in  North  Spits- 
bergen. Fxtracts  are  given  front  Parry's  "  Narrative,"  1S27, 
pp.  let  and  14s,  showing  how  open  and  small  the  ice  was  in 
latitude  82'  45'  N.  the  southern  drift  of  the  ice  that  so 
obstructed  the  advance  of  Parry's  boats  will  be  no  great  ini|>edi- 
inetit  to  a  |Hiwcrlul  steamer,  whilst  if  she  gets  helplessly  fixed  in 
the  pack  she  will  drift  homewards  with  it.  No  well  equipped 
and  |«iwertiil  steamer  has  tried  this  route. 


JAPANESE  TA  TTOOING 

THK  taut  number  (Heft  32,  May,  18S51  •  I  -.lie       rfeife*<  -> 
Jer  Jrutiihtn  Gttclhckaft  fur  Xatnr-  una*  I'olkcrkuua.' 
i>>ta<irnt  is  almost  wholly  occupied  by  a  |  1  •■•  -i  ■•! 
haustive  character  by  I>r.  itaelz,  a  physician  iti  ihe  service  <jt  the 
Japanese  (rovcrnmenl.  Ml  the  physical  qualities 
A  previous  paper  by  the  same  writer  gave  the  result-   ■)  hi-  iri- 
ve-tigatioiis  into  Japanese  skeletons.    For  the  parpoi 
present  paper  he  obtained  numerous  anthro|>omctncal  measure- 
ments— alxiut  2500 — based  on  a  scheme  which  inctudi 
111nemeasi1remcntsinthecasoofeachindiv1.i11.il.    [1  tvnotici  ibk 
t tt.it  Hroca  confined  himself  to  Imlc  more  than  a  third  tiii* 
niimlier,  Virchow's  scheme  contemplated  thirteen,  and  at  the 
most  thirty-eight,  Wcissbacb  sixty-seven,  and  Quctclet,  hi  his 
anthropometry,  gives  eighty. two  measurement s.    The  skeleton 
plan  of  the  pa|ter  is  as  follows  :  1.  >kin  an- 1  hail  •  the  colout  "I 
1  lie  skin  and  its  cause,  artificial  colouring,  unhiding  tattooing, 
the  characteristics  ami  nvure  of  the  hair  ;  2.  the         i'ysw  in 
general,  including  the  carriage  and  gait  of  l»»ih  -exes,  weight. 
«i/e.  and  growth  ;  J.  Measurements  of  the  body  and  limbs.  In 
•he  di-cussi.,11  (>f  the  results  »et  forth  in  this  section  the  amhor 
exprr^srs  the  opinion,  based  on  his  own  investigations,  • 
general  'he  value  nf  these  anthro]*, metrical  rm  a-ttri  ments  is  much 
exaggerated  by  anthropologists  ami  cthmv'  rj 

1  he  tattooing  of  the  skin  l»y  Japanese,  generally  th.r-e  al  the 
lower  cla-ses  has  attracted  much  observation  from  F.ttropcan*. 
due  ]»rtly  to  the  extraordinary  etshoration  and  artistic  -kill 
displaced,  partly  to  the  fact  that  the  OCCepaticBU  and 
the  class  in  which  tattooing  is  most  pnwti-cd  are  -ucU  M  '  > 
render  it    necessary  frequently  to  wear  none  bstl  the 

1  AmLtHv  t«-n  r«|«-,tiii>>i>t—  on*  east,  lb*  nther  w*-st. 

'  Ikasc  *t«J  StMfhi  im  ls«d  t>i  ia.%  o*rr  al»nt  s<«o  milr.  M nrei 
iwM  before  g  111,4  to  n»w  ftuunal,  taut  Franklin  *r*l  Kukan 
ikw ground  at  omr  rm  rr.,>  m-i^  ifir  t<-««t. 

^■sr^^^a^yoosi.     ,  ira  *H  hy  r  <••,  ttiy  milr.  »cr»  <to 

»•  n,    tl  I    \  r,  1  1.  «o»lu 


indispensable  garments.    This  subject  ha*  never.  -  ■  f-ar  • 
are  aware,  Itcen  examined  with  so  much  thorosighr  t-.-  i.  . 
as  by  Dr.  Hael/.    He  .says  that  among  the  x-ariows  pa*i  -c» 
have,  in  the  course  of  centuries,  reached  a  hi'h  - 
culture  the  Japanese  are  probably  the  only  race 
retained  generally  the  practice  of  tattooing  and  hive      •  • 
state  of  highly  artistic  development.    L'p  t->  a  term  y-  ir. 
practice  was  so  widespread  that  in  Tokio  alone  there  are  <~ 
to  have  been,  possibly  still  are,  30,000  men  who  «* «.-.-••  »ai 
This  decoration  is  not  confined,  as  in  Western  L->aa-- 
small  part  of  the  body,  but  it  covers  the  whole  •»•*% 
considerable  part  of  the  limbs.    The  hea«l.  nock.  I-** 
feel  arc  never  tattooed,  a  circumstance  of  im;>  .ttan^i.  :-  , 
the  practice.    It  was  confined  to  the  lower  classes  ;  ar*  -  . 
liettcr  classes  it  was  considered  unworthy  to  .|.<-ri.rjre  •* 
in  this  way.    It  was  widely  spreail  amongst  the  n  -. 
great  towns  and  coolies  and  even  to-day  it  is  exccrti.r.i: 
an  old  man  of  cither  of  these  occupations  wim-»  is  n  •  ** 
The  objects  illustrated  were  various:  amongst  the-  m  . 
were   large  dragons,  lions  hattle  -ernes.    heaoti:_.  • 
historical  occutrences,  dowers,  \c    IV.  Itaclr  -ta-c- 
never  saw  obscene  pictures  tattooed.    The  cod.«nr<  em  -  !  -  - 
black,  which  appear  blue,  and  various  shade-  of  re- 1.    .  ■  - 
obtained  from  Indian  ink,  the  usual  Japane-e  wr--  -t,. 
the  red  from  cinnabar.    When  a  man  wis(ie»  to  u 
prrKcss  he  looks  out  in  a  popular  picture-book  xsrne  .'.  . 
which  takes  his  fancy,  or  he  evolves  something  ir— i  » 
imagination,  and  goes  with  it  to  the  artist.     I'Se  )..  :r 
his  arrangements,  ami  sketches  the  picture  on  the  *V-». 
is  skillful  at  his  calling  he  sketches  the  merest  .-•-!•; 
straightway  introduces  all  the  details  ;  but  if  he  i-  n  ►»  *•», 
in  himself  he  first  draws  the  whole  picture  on  the  -kir. 
is  no  special  ceremony  attending  the  wor'-v  a*  in  -  .-t  .• 
South  Sea  Islands,  nor  is  there  any  religious  si^nirsev  :i  a  s 
ever  in  the  process.    The  artist  uses  for  ihe  tnir,>  <-e  rx  r- 
ftne,  shaq>  sewing needles.lixed  firmly,  fo-.ir.  eight,  !*V«  .  ■•»,  • 
or  forty  together,  in  a  piece  of  w>  od.    They  are  arr-v: 
several  rows  ;  when  there  arc  forty  they  stand  in  four  r.rw- 
each.    The  points  are  quite  even,  except  when  it  :«  .»;- 
produce  a  ligrtt  or  dark  shading,  when  the  needle-s  xtc  trr--:  • 
corres|>onding  lengths.     This  comt>ination  is  said  to  he  •»•■ 
painful.    The  skin,  at  the  place  where  the  puncturing  J* 
1  n,  is  stretched  between  the  thumb  and  fir*t   fingeT  mi 
operator,  whfl  holds  between  the  third  and  fourth  ttnger*  «** 
-unr  hand  a  writing  brush  with  ink  or  cinnabar,  aw  wmg 
required,  on  it.    He  holds  the  wood  containing  the 
his  tight  Inn  I,  in  I,  h  iving  put  t lie  colour  on  them,  be 
hand  on  the  thumb  of  Ins  left  hand,  :  i>l  then  ptoceesl* 
traonlinary  rapidity  to  puncture  the  skin, 
and  again  to  put  on  the  fluid  anew.    L»r.  Bai 
■•ei.  is|.,n  ten  punctures  per  second,  and  as  there 
the  person  being  tattooed  received  one  hund 
-evoml.     The  wonder  is  th»t  with  such  speed  e 
with  various  degrees  of  shading,  can  I*  produced.  b*at 
thr  fact.    A  skillful  operator  can  in  this  way  puncture  the 
or  breast  and  stomach  of  a  gTown  man  in  a  day.    A  few 
thon.and  punctures  are  necessary  for  this  puqiose.  The 
if  he  may  Ik-  so  styled,  docs  not  suffer  *o  much  pain 
expected.    The  punctures  are  not  very  painful,  they  tickle 
than  hurt.    No  blood  is  drawn  ;  a  circumstance  whicfc 
th.it  the  needle* do  not  reach  the  cuticle,  and  which  the 
the  -light  pain  of  the  operation,  and  the  possibility  of 
it.    'I  his,  however,  is  not  the  case  always  for  in  man 
the  body  where  the  skin  is  tender,  or  where  a  deeper 
ri  quired,  1  >mc  clammy  blood  comes  slowly  to  the 
the  operation  becomes  painful.    This  occurs  mo»t 
the  knees  and  elbows.    To  be  well  tattooed,  there 
1       of  man^aj^mr  and  cadaip|ilL<A94MNi 
is  over  tb 
produces 
than  I 
ordered, 
feverish 
Jays  the 


>,/.  8,  1885J 


NA  TURE 


567 


>:it  it  is  a  barbarous  custom  unworthy  of  .1  civilise  1  people 
nt  Japanese  tattooing  is  so  .superior  to  that  of  nil  other  nation 


I 


lat  Kuropean  sailors  arc  said  to  look  forward  to  it  a*  the 
incipal  advantage  in  a  visit  to  the  land  of  ti  e  Kiting  Sun. 
This  twine  ^e  method  in  which  the  practice  is  carried  out, 
'i  .  Baelz  comes  to  discuss  its  origin  and  meaning.  The  oldest 
Terence  we  have  to  tattooing  in  Eastern  Asia  slates  that  a 
liiriese  prince,  about  three  tho  i-and  years  ago,  who  was  nomin- 
al heir  to  the  throne  against  his  will,  had  himself  tattooed  in 
r<lcr  to  render  his  succession  impossible.  Hut  at  the  present 
ay  the  practice  in  China  and  Korea  has  fallen  into  desuetude, 
hili-  in  Burma!)  it  still  appear-  to  he  in  vogue.  In  1R72,  a  man 
a-,  exhibited  in  Kurope  who  had  been  a  ]»is  .nor  amongst  the 
.urmesc,  and  who  was  tattooed  fr~>m  the  cr  ,wn  of  the  head  to 
ic  sole  of  the  foot.  The  practice  is  still  prevalent  amongst  the 
oiiili  Sea  Islanders  and  the  American  Indians.  In  his  work  on 
ic  origin  of  writing,  Wmtkc  •  .-'  s  to  show  that  tattoo-in.;  is  a  kind 
f  writing ;  but  however  correct  this  theory  may  he  in  the  case  of 
ic  tattooed  peoples  known  to  him,  it  certainly  does  not  hold 

00  I  in  the  case  of  the  Japanese.  The  signification  of  the 
r.uiice,  says  Dr.  Hack,  amongst  the  latter  is  quite  distinct  from 
hat  which  it  has  amongst  other  people,.  In  the  first  place, 
motigst  the  South  Sea  lslandc-s  and  the  Indians,  tattooing  has 

religious,  a  symbolical  meaning  :  it  is  a  ceremonial,  frequently  a 
acred  process.  There  is  nothing  of  this  in  Japan — neither 
etemony,  nor  other  peculiar  meaning;  it  is  done  for  cosmetic 
hi rp1  >ses  and  for  no  other.  Again,  amongst  other  peoples 
att  >oing  was  a  species  of  distinction  ;  it  marked  the  hemes, 
eadcrs,  chiefs,  of  the  tri!>e.  In  Japan  it  marks  a  man  of  the 
aw  or  classes.  Else  "  here,  also,  the  uncovered  parts  of  the  body, 
iiih  as  the  face,  neck,  hands,  \c,  are  the  favourite  spots  for 
:i  1  toeing  ;  in  Japan  if  is  only  the  portions  usually  clothed  which 
iv  tattoord.  It  is  noticeable  that  amongst  the  Ainos  the  tattoo- 
1.4  lakes  place  on  the  exposed  parts  of  the  l>ody,  and  that  it  is 
n  g> ,  ly  practised  by  women,  two  circumstances  which  distinguish 
1 1 . . in  the  practice  amongst  the  Japanese,  and  in  which  the 
Vinos  resemble  other  northern  peoples  such  as  the  Esquimaux, 
lie  Ostiaks,  and  others.  In  answer  to  the  question,  What 
•u  ming  has  the  practice  amongst  the  Japanese,  as  distinct  from 
■tlier  races  >  the  author  replies  that  in  Japan  tattooing  is  a  gar- 

•  lent,  a  decoration.  Various  proofs  of  this  statement  are 
ilvancrd,  amongst  them  being  the  following:  only  those  parts 
,1  the  body  are  tattooed  which  are  usually  covered  ;  all  workmen 
|<>  not  tattoo  themselves,  but  exclusively  those  whose  work 
.a uses  excessive  perspiration,  and  who  can.  therefore,  work  lies*. 
11  .a  semi-nude  stale,  such  .a-  runners,  grooms,  bearers,  &c,  and 
.uiong-t  these  the  practice  prevails  only  witb  those  who  have 

•  .nncction  with  large  towns,  where  nudity  would  he  objection- 
.Ide,  Their  garments  are  tattooed  on  their  bodies  and  they 
q>|.(-ar  clothed  without  clothes  before  the  public.  The  peasants 
m-  never  tattooed.  Again,  the  colours  of  the  tattooing  corre- 
.p.  >nds  with  that  of  the  dress  ;  it  is  the  same  dirty,  dark  blue. 

1  his  theory  never  suggested  itself  to  the  Japanese  :  they  thought 
li  t  it  must  have  come  from  China,  and  that  it  was  a  species  of 
-uinMiment.  It  was,  it  is  true,  at  one  time  the  custom  to  tattoo 
nni^s  into  criminals,  but  this  was  confined  to  a  ring  on  the 

•  l  ">w.  It  would  not  explain  the  spread  of  the  practice  amongst 
vriain  classes  in  certain  directions.  I>r.  Back's  theory  that  it  is 
11  !i  '.y  a  substitute  for  dress,  and  a-  the  wearing  of  clothes  is 
a-sw  compulsory,  tattooing  has  lo^t  its  meaning.  As  for  its 
1114111,  the  peoples  around  the  Japanese,  the  Ainos  and  the 
I ..  ,1  ichooans,  have  practised  it  ;  and  the  Japanese  navigators  who 
ravelled  far  and  wide  in  the  Eastern  seas  in  the  sixteenth 
vtitury  might  well  have  seen  it  elsewhere.  Th;  Japanese  dis- 
•overed.  says  Dr.  Baelz,  that  man  can  paint  a  figure  on  his  skin 
which  the  rnin  cannot  wash  away,  the  sun  wither,  or  even  all- 
•levouring  Time  destroy,  niri  w  uh  th.  ii  i:  i-t ;  !;•  1 ;-.  e  :  1  r  i  '  j  .  sj-H 
ibey  gradually  developed  and  perfected  ih<  -it-jna!  rude  li.r:-.-. 
in  idea  and  execution.  At  fi;st  fe'is  <>u)\  w .re  -In-  M  u  I: •  n 
ill fQ_  bttt  IhgSC  few  appeared  to  iheii  compani  1:1s  I ■  ■  1 1    1 ,       1.  ! 

PoH  1»  jtttOQfd  TMISOO  does  n>t  appear  actually  ti.ik.d!.  and 
.    .-.:c-1l  a  ^HH  wa-  1  iieflp  and  Justing,  and  every  man  en-.iM 
.  I  c  it  According  to  his  :#n£Mlcy,  laltooillg  became  the  faslii..u. 
I<  may  be  added  here  lhat    UBospg  the   Jgormlos  of  the 
. . . .  t«4jgpg|£)f  districts  in  the  north  of   i  <  1 

although  it  consists  i.vfbcr  of  a  series  of 
IRK£&£8"  ^*K*>  cS.alii'ira-c  phut, 
irtigdBJMtec  ibe  A  ii- In.  . j 
V  ■■■gfflp^llie 
V  fcftumoocbed 


except  by  one  trilie.  A  picture  of  the  «un,  as  a  number  of  con- 
centric circles  on  the  back  of  the  hand,  is  the  commonest  object 
represented.  The  process  takes  place  at  put*.Tty,  and  is  a  long 
one,  as  the  punctures  (which  are  made  with  a  three-pointed  instru- 
ment which  is  clumsy  in  comparison  with  the  Japanese  needles) 
liecome  inflamed  and  take  a  long  time  to  heal.  The  tattooing 
of  the  Bariks,  a  tribe  of  Igorrotos,  takes  three  or  four  months  to 
Complete. 

It  may  not  be  out  of  place  here  to  refer  to  Dr.  Iiaelz's  aocounl 
of  the  Japanese  use  of  moxa,  which,  like  tattling,  comes  into  his 
section  dealing  with  the  skin.  On  the  bodies  of  almo  t  every 
Japanese,  and  sometimes  on  every  part  of  the  liody,  one  sees 
round  white  spots.  These  are  the  moxa  spots,  produced  by 
burning  the  flesh  with  a  species  of  plant,  with  the  object  of  curing 
some  affection.  This  h  a  universal  popular  specific  in  Japan, 
which  is  its  hon  e,  although  moxa  is  to  Ik-  found  used  elsewhere. 
It  was  introduced  from  Japan  to  Europe  by  the  Portuguese  and 
S  .aniards,  and  the  name  is  Japanese  In  May  the  leaves  of  the 
Artf'niii*  ChintHsis  are  powdered  and  dried,  and  the  mass  cut 
into  small  blocks  or  pieces.  One  of  these  is  laid  on  the  body  and 
set  on  fire,  burning  slowly  aw  ay.  At  first  it  naturally  produces  a 
sore,  more  or  less  deep,  according  to  the  intensity  of  the  heat  ; 
soon  this  heals,  leaving  the  scar  for  ever.  The  belief  in  the 
efficacy  of  this  process  is  universal,  and,  Dr.  Baelz  thinks,  not 
altogether  misplaced,  for  the  moxa  acts  much  as  our  blisters  do. 
Moreover,  from  the  accounts  of  those  who  have  gone  through  the 
cure,  it  is  by  no  means  so  painful  as  one  would  anticipate  from 
the  heroic  nature  of  the  remedy. 


SCIENTIFIC  SERIALS 

American  J outttal  of  Sritntc,  August. — Origin  of  coral  reefs 
and  islands,  by  James  D.  Dana.  The  arguments  recently  raised 
by  Dr.  A.  C.cikic  against  Darwin's  theory  of  subsidence  as  an 
explanation  of  the  formation  of  atolls,  or  barrier  reefs  inclosing 
a  lagoon,  are  discussed  and  shown  to  be  largely  based  on  mis- 
understandings of  the  facts.  It  is  pointed  out  that  local  eleva- 
tions within  the  sinking  area  are  not  evidence  against  a  general 
sutwidence,  such  local  disturbances  and  faults  lieing  almost 
necc:sary  concomitants  of  subsidence.  The  conclusions  as  to 
changes  of  level  in  the  large  Pacific  groups  south  of  the  equator 
agree  mainly  with  Darwin's  views,  and  the  subsidence  indicated, 
according  to  him,  by  atolls,  is  shown  to  be  real,  not  an  apparent 
sinking  due  to  change  of  water-level. — On  the  meteorite  of 
Toinatlan,  Jalisco,  Mexico,  by  Charles  Upham  Shepard.  The 
striking  peculiarity  of  this  stone,  which  fell  in  August  1879,  is 
the  prevalence  everywhere  of  octahedral  crystals  of  nickclifcrous 
iron.  The  specific  gravity  of  the  two  fragments  examined  was 
V47 — 4-43- — On  the  widespread  occurrence  of  allanitc  as  an 
accessory  constituent  of  many  racks,  by  Joseph  P.  Iddings  and 
Whitman  Cross.  From  its  mode  of  occurrence  and  association 
the  authors  conclude  that  allanitc  must  now  be  added  to  the 
group  of  primary,  accessory  rock  constituents,  similar  to  zircon, 
sphene,  and  apatite,  though  much  rarer  than  any  of  these.  In 
some  regions  it  appears  to  be  quite  uniformly  di  tributed  through 
certain  tyj>es  of  rock,  such  as  the  porphyrites  and  allied  j>orphy- 
ries  of  the  Ten  Mile  District,  Colorado. — Crystals  of  analcite 
from  the  Plucnix  Mine,  Lake  Superior  Copper  Region,  by 
Samuel  L.  Penfield.  These  crystals,  which  occur  thickly 
grouped  together  on  calcitc  and  native  copper  associated  with 
tabular  crystals  of  apophyllitc,  arc  of  all  si,Cs  fiom  minute 
particles  up  to  one  centimetre  in  diauetcr.  The  small  ones  are 
simply  tetragonal  trisoctahedrons  of  the  form  (211),  2  -  2  ;  the 
larger  ones  are  of  the  same  form,  but  with  the  planes  differently 
arranged. — On  a  differentia]  resistance-) hcrmomctcr,  by  T.  C. 
V  ii' I'  i.l.  ill.  II11  11  :r;iment  has  been  devised  and  constructed 
I  1  i  v  i  :  ly  r  (••i-.-iin  problems  connected  with  meteorology. 
<•  p  •  I';.  "' .  ■•  a  v.'.i.  .11  of  soil  and  earth  temperature,  and  the 
u-e  .if  v  :  '1  w  ■  I  I  demand  greater  skill  than  that  of  the 
i.rliri.in  n  .  :•. . ir.  ,1  i  >i  1 1  observer.  It  consists  essentially  of 
a  n  1  - ■  rs  -.- :  i .  1 1  '  lv.  in.  .meter,  not  unlike  ordinary  forms, 
except  the    bulb   is    greatly    enlarged,    so   that  the 

stem  may  haw  a  ■li.unctcr  of  about  a  millimetre,  s  ill 
leaving  ih<-  sL-;ile  tulerably  open.  By  its  means  observa- 
tions may  be  t.ii.cn  in  kss  than  a  minute,  no  time  bein^  con- 
turned  in  die  preparation  of  liquids  of  known  temperature  at  the 
observing  station,  a.  in  the  use  of  the  thermo-junction  on  the 
resistance  coil.— Impact  friction  and  faulting,  by  George  F. 
Becker.     The  author  discusses   the   phenomenon  of  "step 


Digitized  by  Go 


568 


[Oct.  S.  i> 


faults,"  as  described  in  Mr.  Gcikie's  "  Text  Book  of  Geology," 
p.  532,  which  he  concludes  to  be  not  merely  local,  hut  of  gene- 
ral occurrence. — A  standard  of  light,  by' John  Trowbridge. 
Objections  are  raised  to  the  standard  adopted  at  the  Paris  Con- 
ference of  1 88 1  4— that  is  the  light  emitted  by  a  surface  of 
platinum  at  the  point  of  solidification.  A  more  satisfactory 
standard  might  be  an  ineande  cent  strip  of  platinum  radiating  a 
definite  amount  of  energy,  thin  energy  iteiiig  measured  at  a  fixed 
distance,  which  will  best  agree  numerically  with  the  absolute 
system  of  measures  now  universally  adopted  in  beat  ami  elec- 
tricity.— On  hanksitc,  a  new  anhydrous  sulphatocarbonnte  of 
sodium  from  San  Bernardino  county,  California,  by  W.  Earl 
Hidde  n.  This  new  Californian  mineral  has  a  density  of  2'562, 
hardness  3" — y$,  and  is  readily  soluble  in  water,  yielding  an 
abundant  precipitate  of  barium  sulphate  when  barium  chloride 
is  added  to  the  solution.  The  author  names  it  "hunksitc," 
after  Prof.  Henry  CI.  Hanks,  whose  name  is  so  intimately  asso- 
cinted  with  the  mineralogy  of  the  Pacific  coast. — Mincralogtcal 
notes,  by  Kdward  S.  Dana  and  Samuel  L.  I'cnficld.  The  thief 
subjects  of  this  paper  are  the  analy-is  of  a  large  crystal  of  hanks- 
itc from  California  and  an  artificial  crystallised  lead  silicate 
from  the  Deslogc  Lead  Company,  St.  Francois  County,  Mis- 
souri.—On  the  amount  of  moisture  which  sulphuric  acid  leaves 
in  a  gas,  by  Edward  W.  Morley. —Local  deflections  of  the 
Drift  Scratches  in  Maine,  by  G.  H.  Stone.  Traces  of  these 
indications  of  secondary  gluciation  have  been  observed,  especi- 
ally in  the  Sebasticook  Valley,  the  Belfast  and  St.  George 
River  districts. — Success iotial  relations  of  the  species  in  the 
French  Old  Tertiary,  by  Otto  Meyer.  In  these,  as  well  as 
in  the  corres])onding  American  formations,  many  animal  and 
vegetable  species  can  be  traced  along  through  the  succeeding 
strata,  the  latter  being  apparently  connected  by  descent  with 
the  earlier  forms.  The  paper  is  accompanied  by  a  comparative 
table  of  Lower,  Middle,  and  Upper  Eocene  and  Oligoccne 
forms  illustrating  this  principle. 

Tht  American  Naturalist  for  August  contains  notices  of 
some  human  remains  found  near  the  City  of  Mexico,  by 
Mariano  dc  la  Barccna. — Evolution  in  the  vegetable  kingdom, 
by  L.  F.  Ward. — The  relations  of  mind  and  matter,  by  Charles 
Morris. — Affinities  of  Annelids  to  Vertebrates,  by  E.  A.  Andrews. 
— The  nsc  of  copper  by  the  Delaware  Indian-,  by  J.  C.  Abbott. 
— Notes  of  recent  literature,  &c. 

Bulletin  </*■  /' ' Acadt'mie  Koyale  tie  Btl^iau,,  [urn  — \  ,n 
some  derivatives  of  tetrabromuretted  hydro,  j  r.  I  n-  .  M. 
De  la  Roycrc. — On  certain  developments  of  a!,;.-  <i  v.<  ..-li.-s  ; 
the  general  formulas  of  these  developments  atvl  i  . -ii  . i ; . : -!.*-. m  n 
to  special  cases  by  M.J.  Deniyts — Research  m.  iV  n 
of  a  beam  fixed  at  both  ends  and  subjected  to  ,i  n  .  r  i 

charge,  by  M.  G.  Leman.— Questions  of  indei.  i  i  .  i  .l.  ;  , 
by  M.  E.  Catalan.  Note  on  the  motions  of  tV-  rn: n;  in  lir.iin, 
by  M.  Leon  Frcdericq. — A  new  process  of  vivi.-.-:..n  .'.-i  Ote 
physiological  study  of  the  thoracic  organs,  by  t !-.<•  -  hit-  nuih.w, 
— On  the  optical  pr<>|>crties  of  I.udwtgitc  (K  ,1  .  K. >>,,',  l  \  M. 
A.  F.  Renard.  — I  ^termination  of  the  oeflfii  n-m  ■  ^  ■  hi i  [  .i ,  — 
ibility  for  some  fluids  anil  of  the  variations  of  .puutity  w,  in- 
different temperatures,  by  M.  P.  De  llcen. 

RtnJiiimti  dd  Kcalt  htituta  I  oml\trdo,  J.ily  i\.  '  ':i  :l :•■ 
causes  and  treatment  of  certain  ophthalmn  iir.>i.  i.  \\\-.- 
liminary  note),  by  Dr.  R.  Kampoldi. — An  cx| •■  ■  \\\<<v.  '.  il:,- 
third  paragraph  of  kicni.inn's  memoir  on  tl.<-  tin  :v  ■  \ 
Abclian  functions,  by  Prof.  Giulio  A»colL~-l' i.i  tln-r  i  -  ■• .  .i:Ji.  ■< 
on  the  neutralising  agents  of  the  tubercular  v\:>:--,  by  iff  <i. 
Sormani  and  Dr.  E.  Hntgnatclli. — Toxico-eln  :im  .1  .-.m..-,  - 
and  differences  of  gelM-  uinina  and  strych:i.iL,  v  [  <  . 
Haimondi. — On  the  phenomenon  of  ctheriru-'t  -.n  b\  i!..nhu 
decomposition,  by  Prof.  G.  Bertoni. — The  uliimI  mil  i<- . 
and  last  days  of  Turquato  Tasso,  by  Prof.  A.  <  i  -i "!i  — Viic 
on  an  artistic  palimpsest  of  the  fourteenth  center y.  1-y 
Mongeri.  — Meteorological  observations  made  i:i  the 
O^ervatorjr,  Milan,  lor  the  month  of  July. 

Knut«   Scitntifua-IndustnaU,  July.— On  tin  solar 
their  origin,  nature,  and  harmle-s  character,  by  Prof. 
Ricco. — Application  of  the  telephone  to  the  study  of.^ 
umn*  of  gas,  by  Prof.  Fovsati. — A  contribution 
etherification  by  double  decomposition,  by  I' 
toni. —Geological  constitution  of  Mount  Vim 
•oli  range,  by  C.  del  Lungo  anil  R.  Cocchi. 


SOCIETIES  AND  ACADEMIES 
Paris 

Academy  of  Sciences,  September  28.— M.  P"  - 
sident.  in  the  chair. — Equilibrium  of  the  m<xn.  1 1  '• 
Tisserand.    In  this  paper  calculations  arc  submitted  -1. 
of  M.  Ch.  Simon's  theory,  supplemented  by  M.  I' 
neglecting  the  execntricity  of  the  lunar  orbit,  the  si  -  ' 
is  displaced  in  the  interior  of  the  moon  in  such  »  »j- 
stantly  to  oscillate  in  the  plane  pcrp.  udicular  to  th- 
directcd  towards  the  earth.  — Note  on  earthquakes 
d'Abhadie.    The  author  gives  an  account  of  the  *ei  - 
mctits  observed  by  him  la-t  winter  in  Egypt,  wherr  r 
graph  was  exceptionally  active.    He  urges  a  *r«terorr 
these  phenomena  in  France,  such  a>  has  ahc.-i  W  b  • 
menced  by  M.  E.  dc  Rossi  in  Italy,  and  by  Mr.  Mil^-  " 
— Researches  on  the  nitric  cellulose  substances  g.in  r- 
by  M.  Ch.  Er.  Guignct.    The  constituents  and  yr 
described  of  the  four  distinct  nitric  cellulose  hod  - 
determined,  all  of  which  may  be  regarded  as  drri«v:v- 
cellulose  CjJI^Ojo,  where  4eq.,  6cq.,  Seq.,  or  !C*s: 
are  replaced  by  the  same  nunil>er  of  equivalent*  "! 
nitric  acid. — Memoir  on  the  treatment  of  phylloxera 
of  the  organic  sulphurs  and  the  |»>1\ sulphides  of  j- 
obtained  by  dissolving  powdered  sulphur  in  the  r, 
cesspools,  by   M.  J.    lullien.     This  treatment  1* 
as  inexpensive,  thoroughly  efficient,  and  applicable  V"  • 
scription  of  soil. — Note  on  an  unpublished  documen 
Venturi,   dated   February   26,  1610,    on  the  in> >■■?■ 
the  theory  of  the  tclescoiic,  recently  cilited  by  M  • 
This  letter,  addressed  by  the  writer  to  the  Marquis  Jnr— 
Manso  at  Naples,  is  specialty  interesting  as  bein*  • 
the  earliest  publications  of  Galileo  on  the  telesoipe  »' 
just  been  invented  by  Lip|»cr»hcim  in  Holland  — N 
separation  of  liquefied  atmospheric  air  into  two  di -• 
by  M.  S.  \Vroblew>ki. --Description  of  two  new  tyf<s 
densing  hygrometers,  by  M.  tieorges    Sire.     The  • 
character  of  these  hygrometers  is  that  the  moisture  ■ 
ated  on  a  bright  metallic  surface  without  solution  of  - 
Perfect  equality  of  temperature  is  secured  in  both  m  '" 
by  the  agitation  of  the  volatile  fluid  and  the  thinur- 
walls  of  the  cylindric  tulie. — Genesis  of  the  crv<tal»  ,i: 
in  square  tables  (five  illustrations!,  by  M.  Ch.  brjr- 
author's  ex|>criments  on  the  geni-sis  of  the  squu?  1 


t.'ic  a;.; 


'W  ;  lie  .1  ;i      I    p.i,s;isn-   1 1 .  .ill   thi-    ^-ur^c  ' 

l    . S  vi  I ■  1;  in..- 11 1   ..f  :l  e-L-  cry st .it».  -.MiiJ-S-- 
I-  Iiynu-n  -,-h  1.1.    by    M,  Jo»nre>  1 

■  •'  tin-  1 1  v  m  1  : 1 1 1 1  ■" s  1 . 1-  1  >  -li.  >«  n  to  be  peifest!? 
i'>  [Mir-  I"  "hi-  •>(  t'w. -grin-ling  inset;*. —  ^ 
:m.i:  ■  .'  tlii  'in. .  vln  ini-i  r.  to  i ho  e\p!,ini'ier. 


l-i,:i..il  l •  I c •  1 1  •i:ici..i.  i:-ti:imi;ciI  ;  in. r,  ,nv.,  by  M, 

CONTENTS 

Mr    Grieve    on    the   Garefowl.  l!v 

Newton,  F  K  S.   .   .  .   

•  The  Wave  of  Translation  '  .... 
Our  Book  Shelf  :  — 

"  f'.-.Mi.-.iliun  .A  ihe  N.irweivan  t  •niinJtinrJtt 
Meii-uuTiHT.;  "I  JVgin-.  in  Yx.i  jpe  "  .  .  . 
Letters  to  the  Editor  ;  - 

'  'n  :l:e  lii'l'.'-iu"  ..(  W.ive-t'urrrnts  on  the  F 
Sli.illuw  s-'.-n-.  -   Arthur  R.  Hunt  .... 
PiL-'i!-(..rn.-  p.un.il-i  .rviin.b.  —  T.  A.  Atxner  . 
Mars.  Jupiter,  and  Saturn.     Hv  W.  F.  Dei 
Radiant  Light  and  Heat,  III."  [C<mtnmtif\  tf 
Balfour  Stewart,  P.R.S.  {liltutrattd) 

Notes   ^  ,  t  -  .  9.  . 

Column 

L  nmui  and  Neptune 


Our  Ast 
Ik 
Wir 
Astronoi 

OctoMfl 
G<Oi;:;ir-:>i<.  a< 
The  British 
Scciioa 


Oct.  8,  1885] 


NATURE 


clxxxi 


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THE  PUNISHMENT  AND  PREVENTION  OF  CRIME.    By  Col. 

Sir  EDMUND  F.  DU  CANE,  K.C.P.,  R.E.,  C  liairman  of  Commissioners  of  Prisons,  Chairman  of  Directors  of  Prisons, 

Inspector-General  of  Military  Prisons,  Surveyor-General  ot  Prisons.    Crown  8vo.    y.  6J. 
"  A  most  valuable  and  interesting  member  to  the  valuable  and  interesting  scries  of  handbooks  designed  to  instruct  the  English 
iti/cn  of  the  nature  and  working  of  the  constitution  under  which  he  lives.  .  .  .  Altogether,  Sir  Edmund  Da  Cane's  book  is  full  of 
ntcresting  and  useful  information." — t/.  Janus' s  Gazette. 

MONTCALM  AND  WOLFE.      Bv  Francis  Parkjian,  Author  of 

"  Pioneers  of  France  in  the  New  World,"  &c.    With  Portraits  and  Maps.    Two  Vols.    8vo.     lis.  6J.  each. 
The  Tiiuts  says: — "  The  story  of  the  struggle  ami  its  closi  has  often  been  told  ;  but  never  have  the  facts  been  let  forth  -<> 
ninutcly,  accurately,  and  effectively  as  by  Mr.  Francis  Parkman.    He  hxs  accomplished  his  task  with  such  thoroughness  thai 
ithers  following  in  his  footsteps  will  find  little  to  collect  and  improve.  .  .  .  The  luminous  narrative  of  Mr.  Parkman  is  fraught 
villi  many  useful  lessons  as  well  as  replete  with  much  valuable  information." 

OVER  PRESSURE   IN   HIGH  SCHOOLS  IN  DENMARK.  liv 

Dr.  HERTEL,  Municipal  Medical  Officer,  Copenhagen.  Translated  from  the  Danish  by  C.  GODFREY"  SORENSEN, 
with  Introduction  by  J.  CRICHTON-HROWNE,  M.D.,  LL.D.,  F.R.S.    Crown  Svo.    $s.  6J. 

GOLDEN  TREASURY  SERIES. — LARGE  PAPER  EDITIONS. 

LYRICAL  POEMS.     By  Alfred  Lord  Tennyson,  Poet  Laureate. 

Selected  and  Annotated  by  FRANCIS  TURNER  PAI.GRAVE.    A  limited  Edition  on  Hand  made  Paper.    Svo.  oj. 

I  HE  POETICAL  WORKS  OF  JOHN  KEATS.    Reprinted  from  the 

Original  Editions,  with  Notes  by  FRANCIS  TURNER  PALGRAVE.     A  limited  Edition  on  Hand  made  Pa;  ,  1 
8vo.  oj. 

I  HE  TENNYSON  BIRTHDAY  BOOK.    Edited  by  Emily  Shark- 

stkar.    In  Two  Sizes.    (1)  Extra  Fcap.  Svo.  Edition  on  Hand-made  Paper  with  red  lines,  5s.,  (2>  iSmo.,  2s.  6V. 

^     [AVor/  Wtfi. 

IE  PILEDo  or  PLATO.    Edited,  with  Introduction  and  Notes, 

W.  D.  Gl  DDES,  LL.D.,  Professor  of  Greek  in  the  University  of  Aberdeen.    Second  Edition.    Demy  Svo.    8/.  (>■/. 

DUCTION  TO  LATIN  ELEGIAC  VERSE  COMPOSI- 

UPTON,  M.  A.,  Sur-Master  of  St.  Paul's  School,  and  formerly  Fellow  of  St.  John'*  College,  Cambridge 
CLASSICAL  SERIES.  — NEW  VOLUME. 

II    iikI  XXIV.     Edited,  with  Introduction  and 

AY,  M.A.,  Asu  '. in!  M  1  !•  .;!>y.     With  Maps.     Fcap.  Svo,  5/. 

I.N  I  A  In  '1   '  ,   VOIA'MI  . 

ff  ETHEL'S  VINCTUa    Edited,  with  Notes  an. 

M.i-t- r  r's  Schojl,  York.    i8ino.  \<.(d. 

*  CO.,  LoN  L 11  ■  N  . 


Digitized  by  Google 


clxxxiv 


NA  TURE 


[Oct.  8,  \%\ 


OBJECTS    FOR    THE  MICROSCOPE 


Larva  of  Bo*  Fly  from  Stomach  of  Hone  

Common  Hluc  llutterrly         ...  ...   

Glowworm  Hcelle,  Male  nr  female  

Sheep  Tick,  Male  or  Female   

Ovipositor  of  I 'rug-in  Fly   

Polyci%tiru  from  riarbadoet.  opaque 

Group  of  TrinacTia  regina     

Pollen  of  Portugal  Pine   

Section  of  Leaf  and  Petiole — Magnolia  gratidiflora 

Hepatira — Jungermania  hyalina   

Group  of  Plate*  and  Anchor*  from  Synapta 
Skin  of  Synapta,  with  Anchor*  ami  Plate*  in  situ 


  I    6  )    The  Lord'*  Prayer  engraved  on  glas*  with  ■  diamond  a  the  t-^af. 

...  3   o  part  of  a  MM  inch    ~  — 

...    each  t    6  Do      Do.     in  the  i-iuuulh  part  of  a  square  inch,  y.M.;MVWl 

...   each  i    6  Section  of  Human  Skin,  with  hait  follicles  and  young  tuin  - 

  i    o  Fatal  involuntary  Muscle,  the  A/tcrie*  injected  ...  — 

...  I    o       Scale*  of  F.ct,  for  Potariscopc   ...       —       ~  — 

  I    6  Skin  ofSole,  Scale*  tm  sttn,  for  Polaritcupe        ...       m  — 

  1    °  !    Cinchonidinc,  Salicinc              ,,      ,,            ...      —      —  *»• 

  to'  Scale*  and  Hair*  of  In*cct*  arranged  to  repre«sol  Bouquet*  aad  W* 

  to  of  Flower*,  &c,  very  beautiful,  for  Soiree*.  &c    Prion,  t*.« 

  i    6  7*.        lis.  Mfc.  and  501. 

  10  F-gg*  of  Parasite  of  Humming  Bird,  on  Feather  s'm  situ... 

40,000  hr*t<la%*  Specimen*  to  select  from,  illu*trativc  of  every  branch  of  >tudy,  from  is.  each 

NEW  CLASSIFIED  LIST  of  OBJECTS,  including  the  recently  acquired  Stock  of  Mr.  K.  Wheeler,  late  of  Hoi:  . 
ILLUSTRATED  CATALOGUE  OF  MICROSCOPES  AND  APPARATUS. 
Either  of  the  above  sent  post  free  00  application  to 

W.  WATSON  &  SONS,  opticians  to  her  majesty^  government, 
313,  HIGH    HOLBORN,  LONDON,  W.C. 


THE  EXCELSIOR 


PATENT  SPRING   MATTRESS.  AWARDS: 

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The         The  leading  peculiarity  of  this  Mattress  I*  ifcl 
Tne  principle  ol  arrangement  permits  the  Iree  movement  "  Excelsior  "bination  of  a  woven  wire  central  portion  fill 
of  one  sleeper  without  inconvenience  to  the  other,  admits         and        springs  of  great  strength  and  reliable  temper, 
of  complete  isolation  of  each,  and  effectually  prevents      Matlock  "  advantages  possessed  by  no  other  make.   Tkt  : 
itprtstion  in  the  centre,  springs  obviate  the  tendency  in  all  woven  wire  c 

— —   BED-REST  S.to  i,ecorne  hollow  and  so  cause  sleepers  to  full  - 

The  "EXCELSIOR"  &  "MATLOCK"  COUCHES.  middle  of  the  bed. 

Retail  from  Cabinet  Makers,  Upholsterers,  Ac.  llluitrattd Descriptive Circulars  and Price  " 

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CONSUMPTION  of  GAS  guaranteed  tft 

be  25  to  75  ,  les3  than  ANY  othtl 
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CROSSLEYS  PATENT  TWIN  "OTTO  '  ENGINES 

Impulse  every  Revolution. 
The  steadiest  running  Gai^^H         1  made. 

CROSSLEY  S  PATENT  SB] 

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Of  Nature  trusts  the  mind  which  builds  Jor  aye.1'— Wordsworth 


No.  833.  Vol.  32]          THURSDAY,  OCTOBER  15,  1885 

[Price  Sixpence 

Registered  as  a  Newspaper  at  the  General  Post  Office] 

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To 


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This  instrument  has  neither  a  spring  nor  chain.  The  motive 
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It  will  register  automatically  with  ink  on  a  diagram,  by 
of  «»  eight  day  clock  motion  contained  in  the  drum, 
the  fluctuations  of  the  Barometer  for  a  rivei.    An  illustrated 
lescription  sent  post  free. 

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clxxxvi 


XATURE 


[Oct. 


15.  I 


SUNDAY   LECTURE  SOCIETY. 

President : 

W  B.  CARPENTER.  Esq.,  C  B  .  LLD  .  M.D,  F.R.S. 
Vice-Presidenrs : 

Right     Hon.     Lord  HobJsouse. 


R  es  I. 

Tlwus*    Henry    Hosier.    E*i  . 

1.1.  D.  Pre».R.S..  FL  S. 
Benj-unin  War  I  Richardson.  Esq.. 

M  !>..  F.R  S 
Hil»n  Spencrr.  Esq 
J  ha  Tyndall,  Esq..  LL.D.  F.R  S. 


Piufcwor  AU Tinier  Bain.  LL  D. 
The  Right  Hon.  the  Earl  of  [  > J- 

houtie.  K.T. 
Wirnn  De  La  Rue.  Esq..  M  A  .. 

H  CL..  F.R> 
Edward  Frankland.  E«q..  D.C.L.. 

Ph  D  .  F  R.il 
J  a  me*   Heywo«i.    Esq..  F.R.S., 

F.S  A. 

ST.  OF.ORCF.  S  HALL.  LW'.HAM  PLACE. 

The  Oper.i-;  lecture  nert  <ondj*-  afttrr-wn  lOctoher  1!  1.  at  Foot  o'clock 
pero-ely.  will  tw  by  l'r.  A*:  »m  »"tt,**i*t.  FR.S  t,  F.LS- uo  "  tarth 
Scu'prure  :  a  cridy  in  •  •ejoloiy."   <With  Illustrations.) 

Mcml"«' Ann    ,!S,,-«-r-;        £t~  ,J,  c  1  'rioter  ». 

For  Ticket*  a-..!  Li»e.  of  the  j*!1  'i-hed  LsftttfOT  apf  ly  (by  letter!,  enckstinj 
Remittance,  to  the  H'xi.  IVwmfcr,  W-<  Mr  kv  Ikjmviilc.  L«q.,  15. 
Gloucester  Crev.ent,  Hyde  Park,  W. 

Payment  at  the  Door  :— 

Admi»*i- -1 — One  Sni!!in<(Re«eT»e-i  Seats).  Sixpence,  and  <>>e  Penny. 

BEDFORD  COLLEGE,  LONDON 

(FOR  LADIES  \ 

I  and  %  YORK  Pl-ACF,  BAKER  STREET.  W. 

TSe  SF>*K">N  «i::  begin  ..n  THURSDAY.  Oct  .Ver  •$.    The  C<  ur<  of 
T"»*Tru^t-' .*i  1-1  ".cier^e  i*  arran^'d  to  prepare  Students  for  the  Preliminary  I 
Scieeiinc,  Inirme-iiate  and  Fall  B  Sc  KxitninjI'gni  of  the  l*(  i»»'-ity  of  • 
Loo-:  m.    r or  tanner  particular*  arp  )  to  the  Hi  \.  Sr .  at  the  (.  ::ege. 

B   SHADWELI,  H  n  >ro 


LIVING  SPECIMENS  FOR  THE  M1CR0SC 

GOLDMEDALawarded  ai  the  FISHERIES  EXHIBITION 
THOMAS  BOLTON.  57.  NEWHALL  STREET.  BIRMISu 

Who  his  last  aeek  tent  to  hit  subscriber*  D«ro  obis**,  witl  •  • 
description.      He   has  also  sent  out    I-i  ph.  ;  1  «  cr)»ra!r**,  I* 
rr.uceeJo,  Frcderirrlla  ml  tana,  Cordylof  horn  lat-ustris.  Aii'i'il-  . 
Notcmtnaia  tticata,  Yo.voa  glohator.  l>e*mid*  ;  alio  Hycrs.  In 
cclla,  Crayfish,  and  other  Specia:* ns  (or  (Hoaley  and  Mm:: 
Laboratory  work. 

Weekly  Announcements  srill  be  made  in  this  place  of  Orfaif :  • 
supplying. 

Specimen  Tube.  One  Shilling,  post  free 

r»v .- 1  Tuftsin  f«n(  »JSi*  ttrmtki  ft*  Juetcrifhr*  1 
WW  Twth  1  Tuhtt  f.-r  tOM  td. 
Portfolio  of  Drawings,  Eleven  Parts,  it.  rack 


M 


ICROSCOPIC  OBJECTS  FOR  HIi 

Histological,  Botanical,  Geological,  by  the  best  V.* 


oat  on  most  moderate  terms. 
Road.  Forest  Hilt. 


'gicaJ,  or  the  be«i  v- 
Particulars  of  B.  Wi.. 


THE  UNIVERSITY  OF  ADELAIDE. 

ELDER  PROFESSOR  Of  MATHEMATICS  AND 

EXPERIMENTAL  PHYSICS. 

The  rOI'SHL  invite  application*  sW  the  abore  Prnre*sor*h:r'  St'ary. 
CI",  per  anr.u-a  1  he  Appointment  tatSI '«  for  a  term  of  l  ite  \  carv  »u  tit 
I  .  renewal  at  the  4>*cr*tj  n  of  the  C/uikiI.  Salary  still  .late  fr.  ro  Ma-1-.  I, 
1?'-'  an  ! -he  Pr  ft--«  wi!!  he  ca-pectH  to  enter '>n  his  duties  tha:  dare. 
An  a  •  »arre  *Ct  be  made  for  trait V.  -.r  rsprn«n.  At  ,  a:i  -.«.  »!th 
e»» "1.  ■•■  a  «l  . '•!  reach  Ssr  A»th  a  liittH.  K  C.M.O..  Aiert  tie-xral 
f*  "»  -  -'S  An  si'  ij  a.  S.  V-c'.iria  Chambers,  Wcttininstcr,  L%nili-o.  >  W.,  not 
later  than  l>reen.'jrr  f,  I--J. 

THE  OWENS  COLLEGE. 
MANCHESTER. 

TU  PROFE^sn  RSHIP  1  f  PHV>I<  >I  OC.Y  ha.  bee  me  vacant  thr.  a;h 
the  reaienatton  of  Prof.  t'»am$ee.  Candidates  for  the  l">iair  are  int-.i.  .  to 
forsrard  applications  and  testimonial*,  addrrt'cd  to  the  Council  \it  the  Col- 
safe,  under  cover  to  the  Refnirar,  not  later  than  MOKDAV,  Not  ember  9 
neat,  laformauon  conceman(  the  terms  and  cundttsona  of  the  appointment 
will  he  forwarded  on  application  to   Dr.  Ci>t*wooo,   Principal  of  the 

CiBtjii 

HENRY  WM.  HOLDER.  M  A..  Registrar. 


SIX  PRIZE  MEDALS 

AWARDED  FOR  C.EOL  C.ICAL  COLLECTION - 

ideological  Collections  «pecia!ly  adapted  for  Teaching  as  <■]>  *- 
and  Art  l>cparunent,  and  used  by  all  lecturers  and  Itac'«- 
Orcat  Britain,  Ac 
New  and  Rare  Minerals  constantly  arriving  from  all  parts  fcr  »' 
Single  Specimen*. 
ROCK  SFCTIOXS  AND  K<  >CK  SPECIMl>~ 
1  he  Largest  Variety  in  England. 
New  Catalogues  and  List*  00  application  to — 

JAMES   R.  GREGORY, 

SS,  Charlotte  Street,  Fitzrov  Square, 

E..tablithed  »*  Years  in  l^sndon. 


B  Sc  LOND  (INTERMEDIATE  EXAM.. 

A  special  Course  has  been  nrgamwd  f-r  all  the  SoSecrs  reejuired  for  this 
Exam,  in  connection  »tth  the  hi  MM  Clavs  IrrrAaTMavr,  KINC.'S 
COLLEGE.  LONDON.  W  C  For  full  particuUr* apply  to  the  St,  air  say 
at  the  College. 


FERNERIES    fitted    up    with  Pre>r 

Flower*.  Fo^iaje  Plv.t«.  and  F'  «al  De<x  ration*  suiubk' 
and  Bail  Roi/cns,  Churches.  CKapcU,  1  hcatrws,  Ac 

Vae.rV.Va.  a   PATENT    Preparation   for  preserving 

Maid<n-hair  to  the  common  ISraktV  i;RASSES,  FOLIAO1 
Ms'Ulfl}  packed  in  st.ut  bos  (mth  full  particulars)  oa  rssrf- 

M ADAM E  SU N DELL. 

4.  SPt'R  STREET.  LEICESTER  SQUARE.  LON^J 

MINERALOGY  AND  GEOLOGY 

PROFESSORS.  COLLECTORS  and  VISITORS  «oJ£X'i 
INVITED  to  INSPECT  Mr.  HENSON'S  STOCK  •/CSSi 
RALS,  fit  .  <.c.   At  the  PRESENT  TIME  he  ha*  a  PART*"! 
EI  N  E  C  R  VST  A  LLISED  N IGOET  of  N  ATI  VF  1  -Ol  V  ■ 
PINK  AP')PHYLLITE  .  CHESSYLITE.  EMERALDS 
PYROMORPH1TE  (rsiT  aaaa  roastk  CERUSSTTf 
ISED   MAI.ACHHE,  and    BOTRVOIDAL  CHAUJ. 
TEORIC  lkOX^sjsl*TONES    POLISHED  ACA ll>  ' 

V  Largs  Sssfl     B-KKS.  »  .    MICROSCOPIC  SECT»*»» 


CIVIL  SERVICE  COMMISSION.-  Forth 

rcsning  Faamirtation — At*tttant  I  limine 

(ai  t)*.  Ortihrr  »j.    Salary,  &*>So  to  i*o> 
The  date  sprciried  it  the  Ulrtt  at  ahirh 
They  r    -t  be  made  oa  form*  to  he  obtain 
Sscatrarr.  Civil  Sri  mi  Crmsniw-i.  n,  I  /.nd. 


MATHEMATICS  London 

Srndentt  attended  (at  their  own  n  iiissa  ■ 
Wrangler.  Trin.  Coll.  M  A.  and  F.R.9L, 
X.  «.  Dorville  Road.  Hamssersasith,  W. 


EDWARD   WARD  has 

the  issue  of  a  new  Mi  cm.  Slide 

rr  so  well  known  to  his  ■ 


Bouncing  the  i»tu< 
owt,  in  tits  special  ■ 


rWwsaliria  dmiUs     _    _    _  (post-t 

Also,  quits  new  : — 
Oorgonia  terruci'ta  Ipolypcjfsj^JSSjsJ^ 
I'odaiimstypsos*  (Sp» 
BOWARD  WARD.  ***.  OXFO 


With BuA«rtMi*  lllu 

POLARISATION 
sptirnswooDB.  ll.d  .1 


MACMII  I  AN  t 


Oct.  15,  1885] 


NA  TURE 


clxxxvii 


CHEMICAL    APPARATUS,  Wholesale, 

Retail,  for  Colleges,  School*,  and  Chemi-  nl  Works.    New  Catalogue  of 
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<>o  pages 

mhfk, 


Street.  Edinburgh. 


BOOKS  (Secondhand),  Miscellaneous,  Re 

ntainders.&c— C.  HERBERT,  English  and  Foreign  Bookseller, 319. 
1  .oswell  Road,  London,  E  C.  Catalogue  free  on  receipt  of  two  stamps. 
«  ihraries.Old  Books.and  Parchment  purchased. 

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12  ..  39 


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'E  ST 


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MINERALS  AND  FOSSILS 

SINGLE  SPECIMENS  OK  COLLECTIONS. 

F.   H.  BUTLER, 

Assoc.  R.  Sch.  Mines  Lond., 
M.A.  Oxon.  and  L.S. A.  Lond., 
Successor  to  ihc  late  R.  TALL1NG, 

180,  BROMPTON  ROAD, 

LONDON,  S.W. 

Five  minute*'  walk  from  the  Natural  History  Museum.  S.  Ken  sing  ton. 

NORTH"  BRITISH  AGRICULTURIST, 

the  chief  Agricultural  Journal  in  Scotland,  circulate*  extensively  among 
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Demy  Evo  ,  with  *  Maps  and  5<  Illustration*,  Cloth,  prke  mj 

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THURSDAY,  OCTOBER   15,  1885 


COMPARA  TIVE  ANA  TOM  Y AND  PHYSIOLOG  Y 
Comparative  Anatomy  and  Physiology     By  F.  Jeffrey 
Bell,  M.A.,  Professor  of  Comparative  Anatomy  at 
King's  College,  London.    (London :  Casscll  and  Co., 
Limited,  1885.) 

THIS  work  is  one  of  a  series  of  "  Manuals  for  Students 
of  Medicine,"  each  of  which  is  to  be  "  compact  and 
authoritative  "—"embodying  the  most  recent  discoveries," 
and  also  to  "  contain  all  the  information  required  for  the 
medical  examinations  of  the  various  colleges,  halls,  and 
universities  in  the  United  Kingdom  and  the  Colonics." 

On  behalf  of  those  of  our  readers  who  may  be  unfamiliar 
with  the  demands  of  certain  of  the  examining  bodies 
referred  to  above,  it  may  be  well  to  state  that  nothing  but 
a  rlsumi  of  all  that  is  known  in  the  subject  could  meet 
the  requirements  of  the  case.  That  which  the  publishers 
demand,  and  which  the  public  therefore  has  a  right  to 
expect  under  the  conditions  laid  down,  is  an  ultra- 
condensed  digest  of  all  authoritative  work  in  zoology  and 
physiology.  Incredible  though  this  may  appear  to  any 
one  acquainted  with  the  bibliography  of  the  subject,  Prof. 
Bell's  manual  is  so  far  satisfactory  that  we  cannot  but 
congratulate  the  publishers  upon  their  choice  of  an 
author,  whose  work  in  connection  with  the  Journal  of 
the  Royal  Microscopical  Society  and  the  Zoological 
Record  render  him  par  excellence  the  man  for  this  opus 
mirabilis.  When  it  is  stated  that  there  are  but  548  pp. 
to  the  book  it  will  be  clear  that  it  must  be  a  vast  collec- 
tion of  facts,  little  being  left  as  to  style  or  originality 
for  that  criticism  which  the  author  invites.  The  method 
of  treatment,  however,  is  somewhat  novel,  and  in  our 
opinion  open  to  comment. 

The  author  divides  his  work  into  fourteen  chapters.  Of 
these  the  first  is  introductory  ;  the  second  is  devoted  to 
the  Amreba  as  a  physiological  study  ;  the  third  to  "  the 
general  structure  of  animals,"  that  is,  to  a  consideration 
of  the  "  broader  characteristics  of  the  groups  into  which 
the  animal  kingdom  has  been  divided."  Those  which 
remain  are  devoted,  each  to  one  of  the  great  systems  of 
organs  and  to  development. 

In  estimating  the  value  of  this  volume,  it  must  be 
clearly  borne  in  mind  that  it  is  a  book  intended  for 
beginners.  Chapter  II.  is  written  for  biological  babes, 
and  it  will  be  clear  to  any  one  who  reads  the  volume 
that  the  author  would  have  the  student  familiarise  himself 
with  the  facts  in  the  order  in  which  they  are  presented  to 
him.  This  being  so,  it  is  a  pity  that  Chap.  I.  should 
have  been  so  largely  devoted  to  the  subtle  details  of  cell- 
structure  ;  the  beginner  is  lost  in  descriptions  of  the 
"  cytod  "  and  the  "  cell,"  for  each  of  which  broad  differ- 
ences are  dogmatically  formulated,  such  as  would  tend  to 
bias  the  mind  of  the  average  student.  Draw  hard  lines 
by  all  means  for  the  beginner,  but  not  in  such  delicate 
matters  as  these.  Only  by  working  from  the  known  to  the 
unknown,  can  the  student  of  science  ever  hope  for  success ; 
the  order  of  his  elementary  studies  must  be  a  recapitu- 
lation of  that  in  which  the  science  itself  has  advanced — 
he  must  here  begin  with  gross  anatomy,  and  we  believe 
that  to  treat  first  of  the  subtle  details  of  cell  structure  is 

vol.  3CXXII.— No.  833 


to  do  violence  to  the  cause  of  inductive  science.  A  some- 
what similar  comment  may  be  offered  upon  the  manner 
in  which  the  great  phyla  are  dealt  with  in  Chap.  III. 
Having  devoted  nearly  half  the  chapter  to  defining  these, 
the  author  proceeds  (pp.  58,  59)  to  deal  with  types  of 
each.  He  prefers  to  commence  with  the  Echinodermata, 
dealing  thus  "  first  of  all  "  with  the  "  most  aberrant " 
phylum.  If  the  Echinodcrms  are  dismissed  as  a  stumbling 
block,  why  not  the  Brachiopods,  the  Potvzoa,  and  certain 
other  creatures  well  known  to  zoologists  ?  These  are  all 
wisely  relegated  to  the  end  of  the  chapter,  as  "  groups  of 
animals  which  in  the  present  state  of  our  knowledge  cannot 
be  satisfactorily  placed  with  any  of  the  great  phyla"  (p 
100).  Just  so,  but  why  not  put  the  Echinodcrms  there  also 
If  the  student  is  to  be  allowed  the  exercise  of  any  judg 
ment  in  the  matter,  he  cannot  be  expected  to  deal  with 
the  aberrant  before  he  is  familiar  with  the  normal,  and 
more  stereotyped  grades  of  organisation. 

Although  the  work  is  professedly  a  text-book  of  com- 
parative anatomy  and  physiology,  the  latter  branch  has 
suffered  much  in  the  process  of  condensing,  necessary  we 
presume  in  order  to  keep  the  book  within  the  prescribed 
limits.  At  the  commencement  of  each  chapter  a  concise 
definition  of  that  system  of  organs  to  be  dealt  with  com- 
paratively is  given,  together  with  a  brief  description  of 
their  functional  activity :  but  the  field  of  comparative 
histology  is  sorely  neglected.  The  author  neither  fur- 
nishes the  required  information  on  this  subject,  nor  does 
he  take  for  granted  that  his  readeis  have  worked  through 
even  the  broad  principles  of  it.  The  student  is  occasion- 
ally referred  (Ex.  pp.  36S  and  372)  to  Klein's  "  Manual  of 
Histology"— a  fellow  volume  to  the  one  now  before  us  ; 
but  as  that  work  deals  with  the  subject  altogether  from  a 
special  human-anatomist's  point  of  view,  the  reader  is  at 
a  loss  to  make  much  of  the  subtle  differences  in  the  com- 
parative anatomy  of,  say,  shells  and  teeth,  until  he  knows 
more  precisely  than  he  is  here  informed  what  is  involved 
in  an  exoskeleton  and  a  tooth.  Similarly,  the  statements 
made  (p.  258)  concerning  the  vertebrate  excretory  system 
are  altogether  too  brief  and  dogmatic.  The  student  is 
merely  informed  that  Meso  and  Metantphros  exist ;  of 
their  adult  structure  he  learns  little  or  nothing,  and  in  the 
face  of  such  descriptions  of  the  essential  structure  of  an 
excretory  organ  as  are  given,  he  would  be  at  a  loss  to  make 
much  of  that  of  the  vertebrate  at  any  rate  for  himself. 

Chapters  V.  and  VI.  are  also  at  a  disadvantage  from 
this  curtailing  of  the  histological  portion  of  the  subject. 
The  definition  of  the  blood  given  (p.  1S1)  would  not 
convey  to  the  beginnc  :'s  mind  a  notion  of  its  real  complex 
nature  ;  he  would  rather  infer  that  it  is  merely  u  the  result 
of  the  process  of  digestion."  in  function  "  respiratory  as  well 
as  nutrient."  Least  successful  of  all  the  definitions  given 
of  great  systems  is  that  (pp.  393-94)  of  the  nervous  system, 
and  it  is  exceedingly  unfortunate  that  (p.  411}  the  nerves 
should  be  described  as  bringing  or  carrying  "  messages." 
A  fascinating  conception  of  the  nervous  activity  this  may 
be,  but  it  is  a  commonplace  one,  well  known  to  every 
teacher  of  physiology  ;  the  mischief  attendant  upon  its 
use  is  patent,  and  it  is  highly  desirable  that  special  efforts 
should  be  made  to  secure  its  abolition.  Its  adoption  in 
this  work  is  therefore  greatly  to  be  regretted. 

Prof.  Bell's  book  is  fully  up  to  the  date  of  writing,  and 
the  subject-matter  is  for  the  most  part  judiciously 

u  b 


Digitized  by  Google 


57o 


NA  TURE 


[Oct.  15,  iSS: 


selected  and  arranged  ;  but  in  a  volume  where  so  inuch 
of  fundamental  importance  to  the  student  is  recorded, 
we  coild  wish  to  see  more  discretion  used  in  the 
transcription  of  ccriain  hypotheses.  We  frequently  find 
the  most  elementary  facts  set  down  side  by  side  with  the 
most  daring  generalisations.  Nowhere  is  this  more  con- 
spicuous than  on  p.  S5,  where  Hubrecht's  well-known 
Nemertcan-Vertebraie  hypothesis  is  referred  to.  The 
author  mentions  this  with  a  caution  it  is  true,  but  its  intro- 
duction in  the  manner  adopted,  and  with  the  illustrations 
given,  is  out  of  place.  Again,  a  teacher  is  not  justified  in 
telling  a  novice  as  a  pro<  h  verbal  in  an  elementary  text- 
book that  "  the  Echinodermata,  the  Arthropoda,  and  the 
Molluscaform  p.  84  three  very  distinct  branches  or  phyla, 
tbe  common  ancestor  of  which  is  to  be  sought  for  only  in 
a  simple  warm."  Neither  is  he  justified  in  asserting 
(p.  403)  without  further  qualification  than  is  here  given, 
that  "with  the  exception,  then,  that  in  I'cripatus  and 
Proneomenia,  the  anterior  end  of  the  nerve-cords  is 
enlarged  into  a  cerebral  miss,  we  should  appear  to  be 
able  to  see  no  essential  difference  between  them  and  a 
Craspedote  Medusa,  save  in  fact  that  the  Medusa  has  a 
complete  nerve  ring.!'  Statements  such  as  the  above  may 
prove  in  the  long  run  to  be  expressive  of  the  truth,  but  if 
introduced  into  a  tcxt-bjjk,  efforts  should  b;  made  to 
convey  to  the  mind  of  the  om^cm  no'ion  of  «h:if 

they  involve.  The  beginn.  s  i-  :•;>••>  read*  1  >••'.)  .:;>•>•:  h> 
teacher  and  his  text-book  at  all  times,  and  the  admixture 
uf  elementary  facts  with  si  11 :  r.:  !;v;>w!vi  :-  .:  v,..:k 
of  this  order — directly  opp  -<:>[  u>  hi-  n-:.-  -  i?-:su..  ;>r:i- 
ciple.  The  natural  tende  :  >  :  ,  ; .ner.d  -.•  f  ve::i  .lurch- 
needs  to  be  checked  rathv  -    .  ,  '.  if  :  1 

tenanrcd  by  a  teacher.it  h.-ad  :•.  tV.wur-  .::<  itrs 

and  more  mischievous,  tha  .  ••  <     :  :  ,  ;   .;  >;  .■  ,  ,t  -a 
school. 

There  is  a  dangerous  skit-  V.r.y  .  <•  1 ' . • . r -■  ]-..;< 

of  this  work.  For  exam:''-.  -•••>  pp.  1  ;  >..,  tv:  ih.-r<-  '- 
instituted  a  brief  compar  ;!,••    ...  •.•  bio  .  <..»,-•'* 

in  the  leading  groups  of  ai     :         I   •   k\«  -  ;:>vi 

would  lead  one  to  infer  t!  1'  t!i..  '..  •  nary.  !>••;•..:  .  and 
sternal  arteries  of  the  C  ojstacean,  and  the  auricles  of 
Mollusca,  arc  serial  hoiuologues  of  the  circular  com- 
missures of  a  worm  (here  .  ih.  •.'      :      .  :  •  is  ;>; 

fact  stated  'pp.  1S6,  18V  to  !••:  :h<-  I  It?  ,\v;::.vv  •• 

used  above  applies  cquall;  '-  til  }.,  n  d  ••••  •  .■■>■  .,  i  .... 
10  imagine  the  state  of  hiia  ••>•  !••  •.  v,  :h  tin  •  :  d  tins  >»;... k, 
shall  try  t<>  ascertain  the  .  dual  condition  of  these  vessels 
m  the  admittedly  all-impiu        v.  .-nt. 

When  we  reflect  upon  ■],-■  11  ;l  pit      .  •  ;i 

work  in  the  hands  of  the  .!••«••  1.  <•  nvd  ■-.  dmi,  it 

must  be  admitted  that  it  ib  not  calculated  to  he  of 
service  to  him  during  hi-  ■■..bn.v.  '  !:K  e. 

a  <  r  im-b .  .ik  for  the  exanin  :  •  ••  ■     ".  h"  a 

t>\  the  term?  of  his  ajcreenr-v.,  p'<  :.;cd  h  'ft 
.1  />»•../.«  of  all  that  is  of  ,ttane<  <><  th 

I  he  work  will  be  ven1  v,i.  .     .  v  -<•;  d>ran 

l>  >  .k  «>f  reference  to  thov   «•  '••  1   ■  •<  «,.!;  !     ••.  >rn 
iirt. .me  of  the  broad  pr      :  !«s  of  tbe  science,  A 
conceive  of  it  as  <  al< ulat- .;  :••  in-       ■  •;  •erv.rc 
.u.il  others,  win.  i   >  ik  :v.un     :'.  •  "  bone 
.  .i-i'.n  >."■.  needs  their.:.-  '        *>t{         S<<  far  as  (he 
'heal  -"vJcnt  is  cma  cr  ■  l«* 

rt.nuht,  ;n..l  it  1-  • 


exist  systems  of  medical  education,  such  as  have  r.ee. 
tated  the  production  of  this  book   as  a  "  Manui 
Students  of  Medicine."     The  days  for  "signup 
attendances  on  long  courses  of  lectures  upon  inola;;.  .-• 
botany  arc— or  ought  to  be— numbered  ;  and  if. 
most  desirable,  the  biological  leaven  is  to  be  intr: 
into  the  medical  curriculum,  it  can  only  be  done  \t> 
purpose  along  lines  such  as  have  been  success?, 
down,  mainly  by  Prof.  Huxley. 

There  is  undoubtedly  a  need  of  a  sound  elerrr-  : 
book,  which  shall  be  up  to  date,  on  "  the  general 
of  animals,"  and  Chap.  111.  of  this  volume  Mipp> 
want  in  a  measure.    The  paucity  of  certain  parts  < '  - 
however,  is  a  serious  obstacle  to  its  adoption,  for  d  .i.- 
such  as  arc  given  for  the  Scaphopod.a  (p.  8:  .  1  ' 
Copepoda  p.  6S  ,  and  for  the  Siphonophora.  are  r; 
avail. 

Taking  the  book  as  a  whole,  the  success  wit*  •• 
the  author  has  performed  his  task  will  be  obviotr*  • 
one  cognisant  of  the  immensity  of  the  field     Snu!  r 
cannot  well  be  excluded  from  a  work  of  this  kind.  v 
volume  contains  some  which  oti^ht  to  be  rectified 
as  possible.     Tor  invance,  t'icre  is  no  good  gnr.- 
stating  p.  359  that  the  sesamoids  are  "  no  douV 
cvplained  by  a  reference  to  the  primitively  mu!r 
r,,.,.i;.;n,%  of  the  verrcbrate  htnb,"  and  there  i*  vtT'' 
.1  :  :  nr.  in  tac  ;:-serti.»!i  '[>.  1 4-1  :" 

:.■  -h  :r.  -  .i-.J-.j-eii  fi      ccIN  «.f  rpibla't.:  tT-.^.r.. 
t        ih.-ir-  .s        .  ■ 11 1..- 1  n      >>|  origin  bctwec:s 
!>»-i;r  ■.'.<■!!  -I  i!i  rm  .!  dc'ti'de-  and  win!  we  cn..  '•' 

1  i:„.  r<-    :  ,.-k  :i;.'  nv  e  of  the  1:1  milf!'  in  vlli1**  R 

.•!'<•! -.-en  '    '       v'"'  -pff.'  '.  .■:)''.  t'.i-:or:'.-d  it-,  ihr  f 

Of    :'      •  :  -     -    '  1    '  .!•  foiled    of.   [>|l.  3^1    XT»ll  \"  ■ "  ' 

we  read  fhat  the  telson 


(Scyllarus),  A 


S  :TLI 


r:nc,  tlj  > 

Wc 


as  the  author 
taken  in  tbe  ic 


1  r  • .  u p.  •  1 ' .  an.!  utile  -s  we  Ti-r 
,  from  win,  h  ;hray>ir 
::>-ln|i-    '.s  :i>  VA'-rf-)'.  Ill  tde  ' 
. -..!    • 1       uiw.011  h.:--vi  >.     tlii'  "tin-  t<d*.  n  i* 
body  segment  with  lateral  ..jO"-i  l\rc-.  a  hi-  h  uem^ 
by  cohesion  and  adhesion."    He  wbo»bstimeti 
.  ',|  ( .        *.-.  -,  "f;,   til-  ,m  .  ir.  1:  y  of  c-wry  si 


|"')dnces-lifc  is  (oa  shu:  1  for  iliat-bm  a  matter  si 


the  above  shoi 
the  Arachnidi 
placed  s  far 


».  litdr*-- 


I' 


and  d:'.  . .! v 
•  1. 1  true 

aval         :•■'  llOH 

me  lied .:•  t ionB 
er  a  similar  1 
^luncalled  fn 
"•OSvcr  • 

jpstn  thv  ic  10 

'  tc  mi  tun 


,.U  l    lu  t  'l    lllOWOfS  [o  J 

it  is  si.m-d  that  "  the  mouth  >f  n- 
any  of  the  appcadag**  ^ 
■kbut  one  view  of  a  coiop^^^ 
^^Mgd,  even  should  it 

a  tltu; 

unwarf 


Oct.  15,  1885] 


NA  TURE 


57i 


imperfect  roof  in  the  region  of  the  fore- brain,  hardly 
accords  cither  with  fact  or  with  the  characters  delineated 
in  Fig.  t.iS.  In  dealing  with  another  complex  matter — 
the  origin  of  the  fa  tal  membranes  the  student's  at'ention 
is  abruptly  transferred  (p.  509)  from  the  vitelline  mem- 
brane to  the  amnion,  and  that  in  such  a  manner  that  he 
would  scarcely  follow  what  is  really  meant.  Closely 
allied  is  the  description  of  the  germinal  layers,  and  we 
doubt  if  the  bare  statement  (p.  34)  that  "  the  outer  and 
inner  layers  undertake  the  functions  which  their  position 
entails  on  them  "  is  justifiable. 

The  work  is  got  up  in  good  style.  The  technical  terms 
arc  printed  in  large  type,  but  the  choice  of  these  is  nut 
always  happy;  on  p.  5,  for  instance,  in  describing  the 
movements  of  living  protoplasm,  we  find  the  words 
"  stream  "  and  "gliding  "  set  up  in  large  letters;  while, 
on  p.  12,  where  the  time-honoured  terms  "  ontogeny"  and 
"  phylogeny "  cannot  well  be  dispensed  with,  neither 
they  nor  equivalents  are  employed— in  fact,  but  for  the 
aphorisms  quoted  on  p.  13,  the  arguments  used  under  the 
head  of  "  development  "  would  hardly  carry  conviction. 
Considering  the  nature  of  the  book  there  are  very  few 
typographical  errors.  The  more  important  arc  :  p.  49, 
the  description  of  Aspidogastcr  as  "  r< //'parasitic  ;  "  p. 
138,  the  "  anterior  posterior  of  the  digestive  tract ;  "  and, 
p.  501,  ''the  ccphaious  Mollusca,  such  as  the  mussel," 
&c.  The  illustrations  are,  for  the  most  part,  fairly  good. 
Fig.  tt,  representing,  as  it  does,  only  one-half  of  an 
anemone,  is  not  easily  intelligible  to  the  reader,  and  the 
student  should  be  informed  what  the  right  half  of  Fig.  22 
is  intended  to  illustrate.  Fig.  66  illustrates  but  feebly  part 
of  an  important  subject— Mammalian  odontology— which 
is  poorly  dealt  with.  Figs.  36,  42,  Si,  82,  toi,  170,  and 
192,  are  all  out  of  place  in  a  work  of  this  kind. 
They  convey  little  or  no  impression  to  the  mind  of 
the  student,  and  are  bare  schemes  such  as  an  observer 
might  construct  for  use  in  his  own  private  notebook 
side  hy  si,/,-  with  actual  drawings  of  the  facts  observed. 
Diagrams  such  as  Fig.  101  should  never  be  shaded  up,  as 
if  indicative  of  actual  appearances. 

To  sum  up.  The  author  has  successfully  produced,  at 
immense  labour,  a  volume,  of  service  to  those  who 
already  possess  a  practical  knowledge  of  the  broad  prin- 
ciples of  the  subject.  A  "Manual  for  Students  of 
Medicine"  it  emphatically  is  not,  except  under  that 
atrocious  and  misdirected  n'tfiwc  of  parrot-work  not  yet 
extinct.  For  this  the  system,  and  not  the  author,  is  to 
blame;  he  has  performed  a  g<».d  •  >■,  \n-  iv-.m  u  ;Vr 
which  will  but  ill  repay  him.  C.       1  (. 


"AIRY  /■'. !  J\'M/.\( : 

James  Long.  I.,.:uh,:i 


bri: 

and  flail,  »835.) 

able  volume  is  from  the  pen  oi  ,iy.L  wh.i 
understands  -lie  highly  technical  v.ibject 
voted  hun«l£    Writing  upon  agri- 
attempted  by  mere  theorists, 
e  pra.  n<al  men  have  licen 
rthwiih  u   sign  botli 
depart mi'-nt  more 
Ot  book-wi :  t»rs 
Mr.  Lou  j 


is  happily  able  to  exercise  the  discernment  which  comes 
of  knowledge  in  the  marshalling  of  his  facts  and  the 
quality  of  his  suggestions.  In  his  introductory  chapter 
he  gives  solid  statistical  reasons  why  we  should  as  a  com- 
munity endeavour  to  ,l  produce  more  and  import  less,"  and 
the  subsequent  chapters  are  devoted  to  a  review  and  com- 
parison of  our  dairy  system  and  those  of  our  Continental 
neighbours,  much  to  the  advantage  of  the  latter.  The 
genius  of  the  F.nglish  farmer  docs  not  appear  to  have  as 
yet  shone  into  his  dairy.  His  fields,  his  machines,  his 
cattle  stalls,  his  animals,  have  ea>  h  and  all  been  the  ad- 
miration and  the  model  of  Europe  and  America.  Hut  he 
pauses  on  the  threshold  of  his  dairy  and,  we  may  add, 
his  hen-house.  These  arc,  he  thinks,  the  proper  domain 
of  the  dairy-maid  or  the  housewife,  and  the  farmer  is 
done  with  the  milk  when  he  has  set  it  down  at  his  dairy 
door. 

It  is  a  case  parallel  with  that  of  our  cuisine.  We  produce 
the  finest  beef  and  mutton,  but  we  are  only  too  constantly 
reminded  of  the  forcible  old  proverb  that  while  God  semis 
meat  the  Devil  sends  cooks.  There  is  some  ground  for 
hope  that  we  shall,  if  only  by  force  of  competition,  be 
compelled  to  further  elaborate  our  products.  English 
cheese  is  excellent,  but  it  is  lamentably  wanting  in  variety, 
and  certainly  is  much  too  apt  to  be  regarded  as  one  i>f 
the  necessaries  rather  than  as  one  of  the  amenities  of  our 
daily  fare.  Hutter-making  offers  fewer  facilities  for  inno- 
vation, but  much  requires  to  be  done  before  we  can  suc- 
cessfully compete  with  the  butter-makers  of  Denmark, 
Normandy,  and  Drittany.  It  is  to  cheese-making  that 
Mr.  Long  devotes  the  largest  >hare  of  his  space.  In 
England  the  principal  cheeses  may  be  almost  told  off 
upon  the  digits  of  one  hand  :  they  are  "  Stilton,  Cheshire, 
Cheddar,  Gloucester,  Derby,  and  Leicester."  The  two 
last  are,  however,  a  little  less  definite  than  the  tirst  four, 
and  we  do  not  quite  see  their  right  to  continue  a  list  so 
well  begun.  Derby  and  Leicester  arc,  no  doubt,  very- 
good  cheeses,  but  if  they  are  to  be  admitted  to  stand 
in  the  same  relation  to  English  dairying  as  Stilton 
and  Cheddar,  we  think  Mr.  Long  might  well  have  in- 
creased his  list  by  adding  Cutherston,  Dorset-blue,  North 
Wilts,  ami  other  cheeses  well  known  to  thousands  of 
admirers.  The  principal  English  cheeses  are,  however, 
undoubtedly  the  first  four  mentioned  in  Mr.  Long's  list, 
and,  with  the  exception  of  the  Stilton,  none  of  them  can 
compare,  in  the  estimation  of  an  epicure,  connoisseur,  or 
gourmand,  with  the  soft,  rich,  palatable  cheeses  imported 
to  chi-  a  ;  niiy  under  a  puzzling  variety-  of  appellations. 

The  chid'  interest  of  Mr.  Long's  book  consists  in  his 
minute  wurkable  descriptions  of  the  manufacture  of  a 
\w^:  iv.nn'.cr  of  cheeses,  which  indeed  appear  to  be  as 
;:uuicr.»r.>  and  various  as  are  different  sorts  of  wines. 
1  In-  b'>,>k  ;>  well  illustrated,  and  the  "  plant "  required 
fi.t  i-a;  on  the  manufacture  of  some  of  the  cheeses 
romp:.! , d  and  expensive.  Still,  there  appears  to  be 
:in  n\ 1.-0:1  -.by  similar  cheeses  should  not  be  successfully 
m,i<l<:  in  Ki  land,  and  it  is  not  improbable  that  the  pro- 
'AoJil  be  further  improved  in  English  hands  were 
-.lie  ni  i-.M.-i  o.-ice  taken  up. 

Take,  for  example,  Camembcrt  ;— 

"  The  rennet  is  added  to  the  milk  at  a  temperature  similar 
to  that  at  which  it  is  drawn  from  the  cow  :  it  is  heated  in  a 
tub,  and  a  portion  of  the  morning's  milk  is  added  to  the  milk 


Digitized  by  Go 


572 


NATURE 


[Oct.  15, 188: 


of  the  previous  evening.  .  .  .  When  the  rennet  is  added 
the  milk  is  gently  stirred  with  a  long  spoon  for  two  or 
three  minutes ;  a  wooden  cover  is  then  placed  on  each 
pan,  and  it  is  left  for  five  or  six  hours.  .  .  .  The  curd  is 
then  taken  out  by  spoonfuls  and  put  into  cylindrical  white 
metal  moulds  which  cost  about  \s.  6d.  a  dozen,  and  which 
are  open  at  both  ends.  These  arc  previously  placed  upon 
rush  mats  upon  slightly  inclined  tables,  and  which  have 
on  the  lower  extremity  a  small  gutter  which  carries  off 
the  whey  into  a  receptacle  beneath.  .  .  .  When  the  curd 
has  remained  two  days  in  moulds  the  cheese  possesses  con- 
sistency enough  to  enable  it  to  be  moved  with  ease.  Then 
the  left  hand  is  placed  beneath  it,  and,  assisted  by  the  right 
hand,  cheese  and  mould  are  turned,  so  that  the  top  face  is 
placed  at  the  bottom,  in  contact  with  the  mat.  At  the 
end  of  thirty-six  to  forty-eight  hours  from  filling,  the 
cheeses  are  taken  out  of  the  moulds  and  salted.  .  .  .  When 
salted,  they  are  placed  upon  the  wooden  shelves  above 
the  draining  tables,  and  here  they  are  left  for  two  or  three 
days  until  they  are  ready  to  be  sent  to  the  haloir." 

We  have  quoted  the  foregoing  passage  in  order  to  show 
that  there  is  nothing  more  complicated  in  the  making  of 
■  I  rench  Camcmbert  cheese,  nor  yet  so  complicated,  as 
in  the  making  of  an  English  Cheddar.  Whether  by  fol- 
lowing Mr.  Long's  directions  an  English  dairyman  could 
produce  the  correct  type  and  flavour  can  only  be  demon- 
strated by  trial,  but  probably  a  cheese  would  be  produced 
suitable  to  English  methods  which  would  add  to  the 
variety  of  our  dairy  products  and  find  a  ready  market. 
Mr.  Long  also  describes  the  manufacture  of  various  other 
cheeses,  among  which  are  Pont  I'Evi-que,  Livarot, 
Mignot,  Doudon,  Uric,  GcTomc-,  Coulommicrs,  Mont  d'Or, 
Void,  Suisse,  St.  Remy,  Gervais,  St.  Marccllin,  Jour  iac, 
Gex,  and  a  large  number  of  others,  the  mere  mention  of 
which  would  occupy  more  space  than  we  can  spare. 

Mr.  Long  has  certainly  contributed  a  handy  text-book 
which  it  is  hoped  will  find  its  way  among  and  be  studied 
by  dairy  farmers. 

John  Wrights  >n 


OUR  BOOK 

Chain  Cables  and  Chains.  By 


SHEL  F 

Thomas  W.  Traill,  C.E., 
K  N  ,  the  Engineer-Surveyor  to  the  Hoard  of  Trade. 
(London  :  Crosby  Lockwood,  and  Co.,  1885.) 

In  the  volume  before  us  we  find  the  business  of  chain 
cable-making  in  its  several  branches  well  explained  and 
illustrated  ;  nor  docs  the  aim  of  the  author  end  here. 
There  is  information  given  which  is  most  useful  to  sur- 
veyors and  inspectors,  and  we  recommend  all  who  have 
to  deal  cither  with  the  manufacture,  inspection,  or 
testing  of  chain  cables  to  study  the  work.  The 
volume  contains  many  well  executed  plates,  showing 
good,  bad,  and  indifferently-formed  links,  &c,  for  various 
kinds  of  cables,  also  tables  of  the  best  dimeniions  of  each 
part  of  each  link  and  shackle  used  in  cables  from  7-  16th 
to  3)  inches,  the  dimensions  being  given  in  decimals  to 
two  places,  and  also  calculated  to  thirty-second  parts  of 
an  inch.  \Vc  find  also  exact  copies  of  certificates  given 
by  the  several  public  proving  establishments, 
in  all,  more  than  one  example  being  quite 
varying  as  they  do  only  in  colour  and  the 
town  in  which  the  establishment  happens  to 
After  a  few  pages  giving  an  outline  of 
manufacture  and  the  methods  of  welding  t 
have  a  long  historical  chapter  of  the  early  use 
chains,  in  which  we  arc  told  that  their  uses  d 
•he  time  of  Pharaoh  and  King  Solomon  ;  but 
U  1808  that  chain  cables  were  used  on  board 


this  time  a  chain  cable  was  used  in  a  vessel  called  •> 
Ann  and  Isabella,  of  221   tons,  built  at  Berwick,  c: 
owned  by  Joshua  Donkin.    This  cable  was  made  V 
Robert  Flinn,  in  North  Shields,  perhaps  the  bruin.: 
in  chain  cables.    In  the  year  1S33  the  first  mach  - 
testing  iron  cables  in  a  Government  yard  was  pu: 
at  Woolwich,  and  in  1834,  although  chain  cables 
almost  in  general  use,  the  rules  of  Lloyd's  Registry 
specified  the  length,  and  it  was  not  until  twelve 
afterwards  it  was  part  of  the  surveyor's  duty  to  see  - 
they  had  been  properly  tested.    The  author  gim ;  ! 
interesting  account  of  the  progress  of  manufacture  - 
general  adoption  of  iron  cables.  We  then  find  the  nr 
Acts  of  Parliament  pertaining  to  their  use  given 
All  public  proving  establishments  are  now  unde 
management  of  Lloyd's  Committee. 

The  method  of  proving  chain  cables  is  as  foUo«- 
From  every  length  of  15  fathoms  of  the  cable 
proved  a  piece  consisting  of  three  links  is  taken  ui 
jectcd  to  an  appropriate  breaking- strain.    If  the  | 
selected  fail  to  withstand  such  a  breaking-strain.  1- 
piece  of  three  links  is  taken  from  the  same  IS-U"  " 
length  and  tested  in  a  like  manner.    If  the  first  or» 
of  such  pieces  withstand  the  breaking-strain,  therer. 
ing  portion  of  the  15  fathoms  of  cable  is  then  »*><" 
to  the  tensile  strain.    If  it  is  found  that  after  the 
lion  of  the  tensile  strain  the  cable  is  without  deff 
flaws,  it  is  then  stamped  as  proved  with  the  distinf-  - 
marks  of  the  proving  establishment  ;  on  the  other  i 
should  the  cable  fail  to  stand  the  appropriate  te<- 
rejected.    Mr.  Traill  condemns  the  ovcrtestiog  of  a 
considering  that  the  material  is  injured  by  so  d 
we  agree  with  him  in  saying  :— "  A  moderate  tev. 
that  is  not  detrimental.    Proving  the  iron  from  wii 
cable  is  made,  and  breaking  a  sufficient  number  of  sir :* 
is  what  can  and  should  be  done  to  prove  the  actual  J- 
and  reliability  of  a  chain." 

The  volume  does  great  credit  to  the  publishr 
well  printed  on  good  pa|>er.    Wc  can  safely  r6C« 
this  work  to  all  in  any  way  connected  with  the  na- 
ture of  chain  cables  and  chains  as  a  very  good  boot 

(.  'nited  Slates  Coast  and  Geodttii  Survey.  Deter*- 
of  Graiity  at  Stations  in  Pennsylvania,  \ti 
Appendix  No.  19.    Kefiort  for  18S3. 
This  appendix  is  a  portion  of  the  Annual  RfP' 
the  U.S.  Survev,  and  contains  the  pendulum  obser. 
made  in  1879-1880  by  Mr.  C.  S.  Peirce  at  three 
in  Pennsylvania— namely,  at  the  Alleghany  Obsen; 
at  Ebensburg,  and  at  York.    The  observations  fo^ 
of  a  series  undertaken  in  connection  with  the  G<"v 
Survey  of  the  United  States.    A  Rcpsold  reversib*  ' 
dulum  was  used  and  oscillated  in  ->acuo,  using  w^ 
kinds  of  supports.    At  York  a  scries  of  experiment  ^ 
made  to  determine  the  effect  of  the  flexure  of  the  wi 
It  appears  from  a  previous  report  (Appendix^ 
1881;  that  Mr.  C  S.  Peirce  maintained 


Plantamour  J 
tions  of  the 
oscillation! 
took  an 
point,  ant 
experiment 
portion,  anfl 
No.  14,  witrr 
of  in 
flexure 


in  Switzerland,  that  the 
1  a  marked  effect  on  the  ' 
jftnd  he  according 
experiments  to 
ice  to  be  1 


Oct.  15,  1885] 


NA  TURh 


573 


cylinders  for  the  usual  knives  was  also  tried,  and  every 
care  taken  to  prevent  the  inclusion  of  dust,  but  the  results 
were  very  unsatisfactory. 

The  results  obtained  are  as  follows :  — 

Length  of  second's  pendulum  reduced  to  sea-level  at  the 
equator. 

Mcire. 

Alleghany  Observatory    o  99093S4 

Ebensburg    0-9910672 

York    0-991015 

At  Alleghany,  the  effect  of  a  valley  was  not  taken  into 
account,  as  there  was  no  topographical  survey  available  ; 
the  necessary  correction  will  slightly  increase  the  above 
value. 


LETTERS  TO  THE  EDITOR 

[  The  Editor  dots  not  hold  himself  responsible  for  opinions  txpressed 
by  his  correspondents.  Neither  can  he  undertake  to  return, 
or  to  correspond  with  the  writers  of,  rejected  manuscripts. 
No  notice  is  taken  of  anonymous  communications. 

[  The  Editor  urgently  requests  correspondents  to  keep  their  letters 
as  short  as  possible.  The  pressure  on  his  space  is  so  great 
that  it  is  impossible  otherwise  to  insure  the  appearance  even 
of  communications  eontainingintertsting  and  novel  facts.] 

The  Presence  of  the  Remains  of  Dicynodon  in  the 
Triassic  Sandstone  of  Elgin 

In  my  address  to  the  Geological  Section  of  the  Uriiish  Asso- 
ciation I  was  fortunately  able  to  announce  a  discovery  which  is 
of  the  very  greatest  interest  lioth  to  geologists  and  biologists. 
As  this  discovery  was  made  only  a  few  days  before  the  com- 
mencement of  the  meeting  at  Aberdeen,  and  after  the  draft  of 
the  address  was  in  type,  it  docs  not  appear  in  your  columns  ;  I 


will  therefore  ask  you  to  insert  this  note  upon  the  subject. 
Visiting  the  "Cutties  Hillock"  quarry  near  Elgin  early  in 
September,  I  found  that  the  workmen  had  recently  obtained 


new  specimen  of  a  reptile,  in  which  the  head  was  preserved.  On 
examining  this  I  found  that  there  were  clear  indications  of  two 
large  canine  teeth  in  the  upper  jaw  with  permanent  pulp  cavities. 
These  characters  and  the  general  form  of  the  skull  left  scarcely 
the  smallest  doubt  in  my  mind  that  the  remains  must  belong  to  a 
reptile  closely  allied  to  Dicynodon.  From  the  examination  of  a 
photograph  which  I  submitted  to  him,  my  friend  Dr.  Traquair 
was  able  to  fully  confirm  this  conclusion,  and  to  lay  a  pre- 
liminary note  on  the  specimen  before  the  Geological  Section  at 
Aberdeen.  I  hope  that  ere  long  he  will  be  able  to  give  a  com- 
plete description  of  it. 

As  Dicynodonls  have  hitherto  been  only  found  in  South 
Africa,  in  India,  and  in  the  Ural  Mountains,  this  discovery  is 
an  exceedingly  important  one.  Seeing  that  doubts  have  been 
expressed  concerning  the  Triassic  age  of  the  South  African 
deposits,  the  occurrence  of  the  very  characteristic  African  form 
hi  ilit'  lrias  o(  Western  Kempt:  is  :ut  important  link  i:i  tlu-  .  b.ihi 
of  c:\iileticc  by  which  I  he •■>«.•  Ik.. Is  have  been  con  c'a;  c  I .  It  is 
interesting,  too,  to  he  able  to  joint  out  tli.it  the  -an^^uiio  nf 
Klgin,  concerning  the  age  of  which  such  a  gie:;t  amount  of 
controversy  has  taken  [.lace,  have  n..w  yielded  reptiles  K-I.moint- 
to  no  less  than  /V/rr  oi,k:  -  n.nuulv,  the  Lacc-rtiha.  the  (  too, 
■  [ilia,  the  Dinowuria,  an. I  the  I  >icynu.h>n;in.        J.  W.  Jt  [.[» 

An  Earthquake  Invention 

WHILE  on  a  visit  to  the  Melbourne  Obsenr.oiv  J  >r.. 
NATURE  of  July  2  containing  two  letters  f,om  prof.  J'ia.-ri 
Smyth,  intended  to  expose  a  piratical  attempt  on  the  pan  of  a 
* '  B. A-  man"  to  adopt  an  idea  of  Mr.  David  Stevenson  with 
re-^4fAjp  the  Construction  of  bouses  to  withstand  earthquake 
..,,ition.  TJie  publication  of  the  first  of  these  letters  is  m  the 
^rtt  "f  Mr.  f).  A-  Stevenson.  The  piracy  referred  to  by 
i«^^h|^pTth  is  a  brief  note  in  a  paper  written  by  my-elf.  My 
■      K^he  head  of  it  (fee  Report  to  the  H.  A.  1S14).  Prof. 

J^Bf^bu  that  I  hav*aot  taken  notice  of  a  paper  written 
"  by  Mr.  I),  Sievi-Lion.  1  regret  to  say  that  1 
that  paper,  and  h  >w  Prof.  Smyth  expects 
10,000  miles  Hcjcjfram  collections 
bSsc,    I  am.  liusvtijjr,  gcquainted 


necessarily  have  referred  to  the  work  of  others.  As  every 
report  which  I  have  hitherto  written  for  the  Itritish  Association 
has  In-en  in  the  form  of  notes  which  have  subsequently  been 
expanded  in  special  papers,  an  historical  account  of  aseismic  tables 
would  have  In-cn  out  of  place.  Prof.  Smyth  is  apparently  only 
acquainted  with  the  work  of  Mr.  1).  Stevenson.  Under  the 
head  of  aseismic  tables  I  include  ball  and  plate  seismographs, 
the  lam]>  tables  in  cer:ain  Japanese  lighthouses,  two  model 
houses  which  I  constructed  in  Japan,  together  with  the  model 
lighthouse  spoken  of  by  I'rof.  Smyth,  ami  my  own  duelling 
house.  Ail  of  these  im-pii-e  the  same  principle,  and  tiny  only 
differ  in  their  dimensions. 

(t)  Hall  a*d  Plate  Seismographs.—  Of  these  seismographs  I 
have  constructed  several  types.  At  the  time  of  an  earthquake, 
in  consequence  of  acquiring  a  surging  movement,  they  fail  to 
give  reliable  records.  I  hey  have  been  independently  invented 
and  described  as  original  by  many.  Mr.  liriggs,  of  Launceston, 
Tasmania  ;  Dr.  Verbcck,  of  Tokio,  Japan  ;  Mr.  T.  Gray,  of 
Glasgow  ;  Mr.  l».  A.  Stevenson,  of  Edinburgh,  &c,  have  all  been 
authors  of  such  instruments. 

Mr.  D.  A.  Stevens  .n  recently  figured  and  described  his  form 
of  seismograph  in  the  pages  of  Nature.  If  we  overlook  certain 
mechanical  defects  in  this  instrument,  as,  for  instance,  attaching 
a  recording  index  to  the  edge  of  the  "steady  plate''  rather  than 
at  its  centre  of  inertia,  the  resemblance  of  Mr.  Stevenson's  con- 
trivance is  strikingly  like  a  seismograph  the  photographs  and 
descriptions  of  which  existed  in  several  societies  and  libraries  in 
Itritain  prior  to  the  appearance  of  Mr.  Stevenson's  invention. 
After  reading  Mr.  Stevenson's  description  I  did  not  ask  for  the 
publication  of  an  "  interesting  "  and  "  well-put  "  letter,  accus- 
ing Mr.  Stevenson  of  having  appropriated  the  ideas  of  others, 
but  I  furnished  him  with  copies  and  references  to  papers  in  the 
Transactions  of  the  Seistnological  Society  and  other  periodicals 
where  mention  was  made  of  this  type  of  instrument. 

(2)  Lamp  Tables. — As  I  have  been  an  officer  in  the  Public 
Works  Department  of  Japan  for  the  last  ten  years,  where  I  have 
every  facility  of  knowing  what  the  performance  of  the  lamp 
tables  at  the  lighthouses  has  been  at  the  time  of  severe  earth- 
quakes, I  trust  that  some  credence  may  lie  given  to  what  I  may 
say  on  this  subject.  When  I  last  made  inquiries  about  these 
tables,  I  found  that  they  were  all  regarded  as  failures  and  one 
and  all  had  been  clamped.  If  Mr.  Stevenson  would  like  to 
have  details  respecting  these  failures  I  shall,  on  my  return  to 
Japan,  have  great  pleasure  in  making  them  public. 

Mr.  Matte',  in  hie  "  Palmieris  Vesu-sm,"  very  distinctly 
states  that  he  mis  consulted  by  Mr.  Steiotson  respecting  the 
Japtintse  structures,  and  th  it  the  principles  indicated  by  him 
(.Wallet)  were fo! limited  out  in  their  construction. 

As  Mr.  Mallet  is  dead,  perhaps  Mr.  Stevenson  or  Prof. 
Smyth  will  kindly  enlighten  us  as  to  the  meaning  of  this 
passage.  Although  I  have  made  seismology  a  speciality  for 
some  years,  I  must  confess  that  1  am  as  yet  in  the  dark  as  to 
who  was  the  first  inventor  of  the  aseismic  joint.  To  me  it 
appears  that  there  have  Inten  many  inventors. 

\*},\  Mifds. — My  first  model  was  about  as  large  as  a  good- 
si/nl  1  lug  kctincl.  For  a  r/r.tr/ period  oscillatory  movement  the 
hou-e  testing  on  iis  rollers  remained  at  rest.  Frof.  Smyth 
.speaks  of  Mr.  Stevenson  having  imitated  earthquake  moti  .n  by 
the  blows  of  a  sledge-hammer.  Although  Prof.  Smyth  regards 
the  blows  of  a  sledge-hammer  as  an  admirable  illustration  of 
earthquake  motion,  any  one  acquainted  with  the  true  nature  of 
earthquake  motion  would  decline  to  recognise  Mr.  Stevenson's 
te-t  as  any  test  whatever. 

(4)  Hnilding. — The  only  building  placed  on  free  foundations 
with  which  I  am  acquainted  is  the  one  I  have  erected  in  Tokio. 
A 1  first  it  rested  011  balls  and,  like  Mr.  Stevenson's  lamp  tables, 
it  «  as  fur  certain  reasons  a  failure.  Now  it  rc>ts  on  spherical 
grains  ..f  ca-st-iron  sand.  It  is  now  astatic,  and  I  regard  it  as  a 
success.  At  the  time  of  an  earthquake  the  motion  outside  the 
ho.ise  is  Usually  about  six  times  what  it  is  inside.  A  description 
of  it  will  be  found  in  the  Alports  of  the  Hritish  Association  for 
iS85- 

!•  rum  what  I  have  now  said  it  will  lie  clear  that  I  have  no 
desire  to  claim  the  authorship  of  the  aseUmatic  joint.  Detailed 
reference  10  the  obscure  and  manifold  authorship  of  what  has 
hitherto  proved  a  failure  would  certainly  have  been  out  of  place 
in  the  report  to  which  Prof.  Smyth  has  referred. 

Had  Messrs.  Stevenson  and  Smyth  been  acquainted  with  the 
nature  of  earthquake  motion,  a  few  of  the  more  important  facts 
in  the  history  of  the  ball  and  plate  joint,  and  the  details  of  the 


574 


NA  TURJi 


[Oct.  15,  ibi 


failure  of  the  tables  in  the  Jao.in  .>sc  light-houses,  I  feci  sure  that 
much  of  the  objectionable  innuendo  to  which  I  have  l>een  sub- 
jected would  never  have  l«ren  penned.  John  Mm  ne 
s.s.  Waikfia,  Hobart,  Tasmania 

I'.S. — The  al*>ve  has  been  written  whilst  at  sea,  ami  I  have 
neither  had  opportunity  to  refer  to  books  or  papers.  On  my 
return  to  Japan  I  shall  1*  g'ad  to  continue  the  hi-tory  of  the 
loll  and  plate  joints,  shoul !  it  be  required. 


Tremble-terre  du  26  Septembre.  1865 

(Jm  scule  secousse  a  etc  constalec  le  26  Septembre  a  oh.  58m. 
du  matin  ;  cllc  a  etc  com|K>*i:c  dc  2  a  3  oscillations  de  direction 
variable  sun  ant  les  localtte*.  Le  centre  de  la  secousse  a  etc 
dans  le  milieu  du  Valai>,  011  son  intense  a  etc-  apprccice  comooc 
tre^-forte,  mats  oil  il  n'v  a  cependant  pas  cu  de  degats  materiel*  ; 
il  laut  lui  attribuer  le  Nu.  VI.  de  I'tclielle  qui  c  value  en  dix 
degrcs  1'intensitc  des  trcmblcmcnts  de  tcrrc. 

La  scciju^se  s'est  c'tendue  vers  le  nord  jusqu 'u  Schwenden  et 
Zweisimmcn  dans  le  Simmtnthal,  a  Chateau  d'Ocx,  Aigle  et 
Vvorne  ;  dans  les  Alpes  vaudoises  elle  a  tie  foit  bien  sentie 
dans  les  vallces  dc  1'Avcnc'in,  de  la  Gryonnc,  dc  la  Grandc-cau, 
et  dc  la  Savine.  Dans  tout  le  reste  du  canton  de  Vaud  le 
trcmble-terre  semble  avoir  passe  ina]>crcu,  tandis  qu'il  nous  est 
signale  de  deux  locality  fort  distantes  Geneve  et  Nidau  ;  il  est 
ccjiendmi  probable  que  la  secousse  dc  Nidau  a  precede  de 
quclque;  minutes  la  grande  secousse  da  Valais ;  d'anres  un 
oliscrvateur  Ires  precis  la  secousse  dc  Nidau  a  eu  lieu  a  on.  53m. 

hn  mi-me  lemp>  que  le  sol  dc  la  Sui^c  rtait  ainsi  cbranlc,  les 
ap|forcils  ire>  dclicats  dc  l'observatoire  sismiquc  de  Rome,  qu 
av.iicnt  etc  en  repo*  les  jours  precedents,  <>nt  signale  des  vibra 
lions  du  sol  vers  1  heurc  du  matin  ;  et  dan;  le  mcme  nuit  un 
violent  tremblemeni  de  teire  ravageait  la  ville  de  Nicoloti  pre* 
dc  <-  atane  en  Sicilc.  F.-A.  FotKL 

Moijjcs,  8  Octubre 


Larvx  of  Ccrura  vinula 

Las  I  year  I  was  rearing  up  some  larva:  of  CV.-wrj  -.inula,  the 
Puss  Moili,  from  the  egg.  and  I  determined,  while  I  had  the 
chance,  to  write  a  life-history  of  them. 

On  examining  the  egg  closely  I  found  a  small  hole  in  the 
apex  of  each,  and  I  thought  at  the  time  that  this  was  probably 
caused  by  ichneumons,  an  1  therefore  I  laid  the  eggs  by  in  a 
Mill]  box  that  1  might  capture  the  ichneumons  when  they  made 
ihcir  appearance.  Great  was  my  surprise,  then,  when  I  found 
tli.it  the  young  Inrv.c-  came  out  as  usual. 

1  therefore  deicrminc<l  to  get  some  more  cg<*  and  to  find  out 
whether  this  hole  in  t'le  apes  was  caused  by  the  mandibles  of 
the  larva  inside,  but  1  found  that  the  larva  did  not  emerge  by 
ihi-  hole,  but  by  a  fresh  one  made  in  the  side  of  the  egg.  And 
1  find  that  all  POM  Moth  eggs  have  this  hole  in  the  apex. 

1  am  now  hoping  to  ge:  *otnc  egg-  of  moths  belonging  to  the 
same  family  (<->f.  L'mtrt  lunula  and  bifida)  to  see  if  they  als> 
arc  perforated  n  this  way.  1  should  be  much  obliged  if  any 
one  who  baa  got  any  of  these  eggs  would  kindly  let  me  know 
whether  tins  i^.  the  case. 

This  hole  icaclie-  through  the  shell  of  the  c'g,  I  nt  is  covered, 
on  Ihc  in«idc  (of  the  rggj  with  a  thin  tis.uc,  like  that  which  is 
found  in  birds'  tfgn 

I  have  careful!)  examine  1  several  scientific  liooks,  but  have 
Iwcn  unable  to  find  this  fact  mentioned  ;  therefore  1  should  be 
much  obliged  if  any  one  could  throw  a  light  on  ilu>  ntyttefiott! 
tact. 

I  unfortunately  have  none  of  these  eggs   to  forward  as 
examples  ;  but,  as  they  are  ptelly  common  in  May  ;  ltd  June  on 
|x>l'lar  I  fees,  I  ht|VC  no  doubt  that  such  of  your  leaders  as  arc 
interested  111  the  subject  will  be  able  to  examine  them  for  ihciu 
selves.  CVKH  I!,  lb  1  XIAN  1 1 U 

Hiavioti  I  >»lgc,  Kiilham,  Octolur  y 


invariably  Wen  able  to  count  the  pulse  of  the  lftiioinak,  1,  • 
the  ex]>eriment  detailed  in  my  firmer  letter. 

The  mirror  experiment  was  tried  on  my  own  hui  It 
medical  friend  who  applied  the  sphygmograph  in  tht  csa  *. 
informed  me  that  my  pulse  was  free  from  any  abaonniV* 

It  is  to  be  borne  in  mind  that  the  pulsatory  indian*  »' 
which  my  paper  is  concerned  arc  exceedingly  minute  »1  x 
escape  the  perception  of  nine  persons  out  of  ten— re; 
eye  educated  to  appreciate  very  minute  differences  of  thiit  . 
col  tar.    I  do  not  think  that  the  bristles  or  sealicg  vui' 
which  a  correspondent  (p.  437)  kindly  suggest*,  or  «v 
ortho<lox  sphygmograph  would  have  a  chance  of  eV 
exhibiting  them.    I  say  shade  awY  colour  :  for  when  11-  - 
from  turgidity,  and  not  sensibly  altering  the  snwvh  «r* 
the  skin,  is  seen  only  by  its  blue  track,  a  modincitKV 
tint  is  perceptible  (to  an  educated  eyei  ;  and  the  bloe  it  • 
intensity  with  the  pul-atory  action,  sufficiently  for  the  *■ 
the  ]>ulsc-coant'ng  experiment.  J.  Ilirr  • 

Stoneaston  Park,  October  4 


Stonehenge 

In   Naiukk,   toL    xxxii.  p.  436,  R.  Edmmb 
Stonehenge    with    the    mctonic    c»-cle,    and  ipi'o 
Diodorus  Sictdus,  whom  he  says  flourished  abut  u 
Would   not   the  latter  part   of  the    first  century  s 
more  accurate?     He  gives   in  his  extiact  fron  1' 
Siculus  a  quotation  from  Hccat.vus,  whom  he  cW-->  ' 
Hecntxus  of  Miletus,  when  it  was  ILv.itarus  nf  A 
whom  Diodorus  referred.    Hccat.Tus  of  M  ilclus  flnun- 
500  li.<:.,  and  HccatSMH  of  Ahdcra  about  300.  Mr. 
Elton,  M.P.,  in  his  "  Origins  of  P.nglish  History,'"  gbr--  • 
same  extract,  and  says  that  "  We  cannot  admir  that  tl*  »  ' 
Hec.it.vus  is  on  the  subject  of  Ancient  Britain,"  and  e '  ■ 
its  value  in  the  following  extract  from  the  work<  of  H 
Polish  scholar  (Lclewcl,  Pythcas,  451 :  "Hecaleei 
fameux  ouvragc  dont  le  titre  decide  vne  vieille  Ua  !•> 
rajcunic  sous  sa  plume.     Idle  devait  s'allier  aux  t 
decouvcrtes   et  y  prendre  line  place  emincnte  m  1 
dc  la  scirnce  et  du  l«on  sens.     Hecatte,  inane*, 
les  litres  mystcricux    de  la  geographic  sept  en:  IM 
richh   leur    nomenclature   d'une    riviere    Scytht^ot  " 
ment  trouvee  cn  Orient  par  le  conquerant,  qu'il  1  '■ 
P.napami-  »s  ;  ct  plus  encore  des  protnontoires  el  iie> 
ique*.  "pi'il  a  probablcmcnt  puMes  dans  K-s  relations* 
de  Pytheai  pour  les  cntrelaccr  dans  les  plages  >u|>er'«'  1 

1  he  quotation  from  Iliodorus  is  from  his  scc-md  •• 
the  whole  of  this  se 'ond  book  is  dedicated  solely  to  » 
lion  of  Asia  ;  and  it  U  not  until  the  fifth  book  is  m*'- 
he  describes  the  llritish  Isles,  and  with  a  very  p«« 
degree  of  accuracy.    (Sec  Kergusxon's  ''  JUde  Mrar  ' 
ments,"  p.  8). 

1  do  not  think,  either,  that  "Nine  Maiden*  "  i»  •• 
ab1  ire  via:  ion  of  "  Nineteen  Maidens."  fir,  like  "  San  I 
of  Slant  >n  Moor,  in  Derbyshire,  il  is  a  ntemoiial  cirde 

St  >ne  Ilengc,  more  >ver,  is  much  more  DPI  <ablyi 
circle,  a-  it>  onginal  name  implies  —  "  Stan  Hcngu";  a 
nicnioiates  the  ma-^.ure  of  Vnrtigern'a  chiefs  l>y  He; 


46J  a.Ii.    The  R>>!hight  circ 
victor}  of  kollo  i>vcr  KadwanJ 
H.ikpen  (;.mi,  K  t  »  *    ty  HtM 
Daughters  1508-520).  Stai 
Arboi  l.owe,  C'umrew. 
some  of  ihe  victories  of  I 
1<  mentioned  the  facts) 
A.D.),  Gonstantinc  the 
1111 1:1  have  been  found  at  1 
Milvcrton,  Leamington 


It  coBameaw**''' 
'  whiUt  AvetaBf 

120).  Artluo.  1 


Pulsation  in  the  Veins 

I  axi  quite  'atisfied  that  the  pulsatory  movement  in  tl 

towhithnn  former  conuaufiicatioci  ivfvif edf  {•  not  in 

atm>tm,i/,  a-  suggested  bj  Mr.  Williams  (p  40"  In 
without  exception— and  they  have  been  a  good  many  — in  H 
I      ^hjj  opportunity  for  the  observation,  the  minute 

the  pulsatory  action  hi'  !>een  pltbiC  -t.  and  I  have" 


Oct.  15,  1885] 


NA  TURE 


575 


months,  and  in  some  cases  even  twelve  months  beforehand.  The 
facts  brought  forward  in  ihnt  paper  were  of  inch  a  nature  that, 
as  will  be  readily  understood,  I  wished  very  much  they  could  be 
found  to  occur  generally.  But  it  was  undoubtedly  better  to  restrict 
their  application  to  the  area  and  period  dealt  with  in  the  paper. 
It  having  been  >hown,  however,  that  at  one  period  and  over  a 
certain  area  quantitative  relations  had  existed  between  previous 
ami  subsequent  barometric  variations,  it  is  natural  to  supj>osc 
that  quantitative  relations  may  he  found  to  cxi-t  at  other  periods 
and  over  other  areas  also.  The  question  arise,  Can  the  facts 
brought  forward  in  the  above-mentioned  paper  serve  as  a  guide 
to  future  investigation  ?    I  think  to  a  certain  extent  they  can. 

The  paper  pointed  out  that  there  was  a  remarkable  approach 
to  an  annual  symmetry  in  the  abnormal  variations  of  the  baro- 
meter  in  Western  India  during  many  of  the  years  under  observa- 
tion. It  supposed  that  this  symmetry  would  have  occurred 
every  year  during  that  period  had  it  not  liecn  masked  by 
larger  variations  of  another  character  ;  and  it  was  mainly  by 
acting  on  this  supposition  and  noting  the  departure  from 
symmetry  in  any  given  year,  and  by  considering  that  departure 
as  being  an  index  of  the  variation  that  was  alxtut  to  come,  that 
the  position  of  the  barometer  in  the  subsequent  year  was  calcu- 
lated. The  paper  attempted  to  explain  the  occurrence  of  this 
annual  symmetry  in  two  ways:(i)  By  supposing  it  to  be  a 
constant  phenomenon  connected  with  the  annual  double  oscilla- 
tion known  to  be  present  in  the  normal  barometric  curve  ;  and 
(2)  by  supposing  it  to  be  a  chance  phenomenon,  characterising  a 
phase  in  the  match  of  barometric  variations,  and  |>ersistcnt 
during  the  period  dealt  with,  but  not  necessarily  to  be  found  in 
any  other  period.  After  fuither  reflection  I  am  inclined  to 
believe  that  the  latter  is  the  correct  explanation. 

And  here  I  think  may  be  a  guide  to  future  investigation.  It 
seems  very  likely  that  barometric  variations  may  always  be 
passing  through  phases  which  arc  persistent  for  several  years. 
And,  during  the  continuance  of  each  phase  the  abnormal  baro- 
metric curve  will  necessarily  approach  more  or  less  to  a  certain 
annual  type.  In  the  cases  dealt  with  in  my  paper  that  type 
chanced  to  be  of  a  symmetrical  form,  sufficiently  remarkable  to 
strike  the  eye  at  once.  The  regularity  of  its  form  made  it  com- 
paratively easy  to  be  dealt  with.  An  irregular  type  would  of 
course  be  less  easy  to  recognise  and  less  easy  to  I  e  dealt  with. 
Hut  it  is  obvious  that  if  such  types  do  exist  and  persist  for  several 
years  in  succession,  then,  by  catching  the  type  as  the  barometric 
phase  comes  in  and  by  noting  the  departures  frutn  it  each  year, 
in  a  manner  similar  to  that  adopted  with  the  symmetrical  type  I 
had  to  deal  with,  these  departures  may  seive  also  in  a  similar 
manner  as  indices  of  the  coming  variations.  \  >f  course  the 
methods  of  calculation  would  have  to  be  purely  arbitrary  and 
specially  devised  for  each  barometric  phase.  If  barometrical 
curves  would  yield  tostnetly  mathematical  methods,  the  problem 
of  season- forecasting  could  be  regarded  as  in  a  fair  way  of  being 
solved.  But  it  has  never  yet  been  found  possible  to  resolve 
them  entirely  into  regular  periodical  oscillations  ;  and  I  !>elievc 
they  will  always  have  to  be  arbitrarily  dealt  with. 

Melbourne,  July  21  A.  N.  I'eakson 


Transmission  of  Sound 

Is  connection  with  the  subject  of  mechanical  telephones, 
which  has  been  occupying  public  attention  lately,  there  is  a  note 


t>y  M r.  M  1  uct  in  a 
tain  experiment-,  in:".de 
With  reference  !•>  (h^, 
lACi 


nl  number 

in  1S7S  "ii  : 
[ * r  1  ■  f .  Wernlio 


1  N 


I,  of  i/l- 


.  BATH?!? 

echcoDl 

>r  tlir 
Bllbli  J 


that  as  enrly        1S70  be  :i  i  i 


iv_;.i  1  •  1  :i". 
1'  i'  'i.   1  -I 
■  n ". ;  1  r. .  ,  a  : : 


lid  be  trammiiied  very  ;!i-i;ix:1v 
■■HHfcttlT'fad**  anil  mentions  (h  i!  tin-  re-nlt 

fed  in  an  article  mi  "  Tlie.  1'i.in-i 
an  Iron  Win  ,  '  in  Carl'-. 
-«k,"  Ban<l  vi.,  Serie  10S 
Sb  like  to  refer  to  this,  1r.1v 


t  hi 

h:>  ■  r' 
:<<-,, 
A- 


.1  h 

N 


tioil  Road,  London,  I  >,Im!,v1-  1: 


Western  Islands  5 

fttaoting  book  on  "  W-..rk 
"UC  of  rabbits  111  the 

then  a  recent 
vera!  islands 
them  — for 


instance,  Kerrcra,  which  seems  to  point  to  the  same  conclusion. 
It  would  be  interesting  to  know  whether  this  is  really  the  fact  or 


not  ? 


112,  Regent  Road,  Leicester,  October  4 


Hkkulk r  Elms 


THE  HELL-GATE  EXPLOSION 

PROBABLY  the  largest  chemical  mechanical  experi- 
ment ever  thought  of  was  successfully  performed 
last  week  in  New  York  Harbour  by  the  removal  of  the 
obstruction  known  as  Hell  Gate,  or  Flood  Rock,  x  con- 
siderable-sized  island,  as  stated  by  the  papers,  about  nine 
acres  in  extent,  in  Long  Island  Sound.  The  agent  em- 
ployed for  this  immense  engineering  work  is  a  preparation 
or  preparations  of  nitro-glycerine,  and  there  is  no  doubt 
that  this  is  the  only  explosive  compound  which  could 
have  been  used  for  the  purpose  on  account  of  the  very 
enormous  quantity  required  and  the  peculiar  nature  of  the 
explosion  of  this  substance.  All  the  compounds  or  prepara- 
tions of  nitroglycerine  produce  by  explosion  what  arc  known 
as  local  eftccts  only,  as  distinguished  from  gunpowder, 
the  effects  of  which  arc  much  more  gradually  developed 
on  ignition,  but  extend,  owing  to  the  slower  and  larger 
wave  of  disturbance,  to  a  much  greater  distance.  The 
legitimate  use  of  nitro  glycerine  is  for  purposes  such  as 
this,  where  a  disruptive  action  is  required. 

The  operations  leading  up  to  the  final  explosion  have 
been  some  years  in  progress.  They  have  consisted  in 
forming  a  system  of  tunnels  at  a  considerable  depth 
under  low-water  level  in  the  solid  rock,  and  the  charging 
of  these  tunnels  with  dynamite  and  mixtures  known  as 
rackarock,  of  nitro  glycerine  with  compressed  gun-cotton. 
Twenty-four  galleries  were  driven  through  this  island, 
some  of  them  1200  feet  long,  and  these  were  intersected 
by  some  fortv-six  others.  These  tunnels  were  about  10 
feet  high  and  8  feet  wide,  and  the  roof  of  rock  above 
them  varied  from  10  to  2 5  feet  in  thickness.  The  quantity 
of  rock  to  be  remov  ed  by  the  explosive  was  about  275,000 
cubic  yards,  the  quantity  removed  by  tunnelling  being 
about  80,000  cubic  yards.  A  good  deal  of  trouble  has 
been  occasioned  dining  the  course  of  the  mining  work 
by  fissures,  which  have  had  to  be  stopped  by 
wooden  plugs  in  mo*t  instances.  The  explosive  was 
charged  into  holes  drilled  into  the  roof  and  supporting 
walls  and  pillars  at  different  angles,  with  a  view  to  dis- 
rupt the  strata  of  rock  as  much  as  possible. 

The  boles  to  be  charged  were  about  9  feet  in  length  and 
z\  inches  in  diameter.  The  holes  were  charged  first  with 
the  blasting  gelatine  or  rackarock  and  filled  to  the  etuis 
with  a  dynamite  cartridge,  to  which  the  detonator  and 
electric  wire  were  attached.  In  all  fourteen  thousand 
cartridges  of  a  total  weight  of  fourteen  tons  were  em- 
ployed. Near  observers  describe  the  explosion  as  being 
accompanied  by  a  dull  roar,  but  with  only  the  slightest 
shaking  of  the  ground,  even  at  a  moderate  distance.  An 
immense  quantity  of  water  was  bodily  raised  up  to  heights 
estimated  variously  at  150  to  200  feet. 

The  results,  as  far  as  can  be  ascertained,  arc  very 
-  1:  siactory,  the  rock  having  been  very  thoroughly 
In 'ken  up,  so  that  it  can  easily  be  dredged  away. 

After  the  example  of  an  experiment  on  this  scale, 
■  .11  -!  i eel  out  without  the  least  accident,  perhaps  it  may 
<>  v.  i-  to  those  in  authority  that  we  have  on  our  own 
ci  ts  dangerous  rocks,  not  _>f  the  extent  of  flood  Rock, 
v'mli  might  with  immense  advantage  he  similarly 
"  <  liomically"  removed. 

1  Lid  gunpowder  been  the  only  explosive  available,  at 
>,ist  five  times  the  quantity  by  weight  of  the  nitro- 
^lyeerinc  preparations  used  in  this  experiment,  would 
ii.ivc  been  necessary  and  the  results  would  not  have  been 
by  any  means  so  local  or  perhaps  so  satisfactory. 

After  this  the  engineer  may  find  it  to  his  advantage  to 
mlrivate  more  the  acquaintance  of  the  chemist  and  his 
pr.Kl-.tcts  than  has  been  hitherto  the  case. 


Digitized  by  Google 


576 


NA  TURE 


\Ocl.  15,  !& 


SUBMARINE  DISTURBANCE 

THE  following  is  an  extract  from  the  Meteorological 
1  T  log  kept  by  Capt.  R.  J.  Balderston  on  board  the 
ship  Belfast : — 

g."  On  December  22,  1884,  at  abcut  ten  minutes  to  3  a.m., 
local  ship's  time,  or  2 id.  19I1.  6m  Greenwich  mean  time, 
the  ship  Belfast,  of  Liverpool,  was  shaken  by  an  earth- 
quake which  lasted  from  about  75  to  90  seconds.  The 
vessel  at  the  time  was  in  latitude  340  34'  north  and  longi- 
tude 19'  19' west,  the  island  of  Madeira  bearing  txueS.E., 
distant  145  miles. 

"  The  shaking  of  the  ship  was  accompanied  by  a  loud 
rumbling  noise,  which,  as  heard  from  the  cabin,  resembled 
the  sound  which  would  be  made  by  the  rolling  of  large, 
empty,  iron  tanks  about  the  decks,  but  which,  as  heard 
from  the  upper  deck  and  in  the  open  air,  was  as  that  of 
not  very  distant  thunder,  and  it  appeared  to  fill  the  whole 
of  the  air. 

"  I  did  not  hear  the  commencement  of  the  thunderous 
sound,  and  cannot  say  on  what  compass-bearing  of  the 
visible  sky  it  commenced,  but  it  travelled  rapidly  through 
the  air  and  towards  the  S.W. 

"  The  vibration  of  the  vessel  and  the  noise  were  greatest 
during  the  first  50  or  60  seconds  ;  the  former  then  died 
gradually  away  and  ended  in  the  very  faintest  tremor, 
while  the  latter,  as  it  travelled  south-westward  through  the 
atmosphere,  died  out  with  a  low  roar  as  it  appeared  to 
sink  beyond  the  horizon. 

"The  helmsman  found  the  steering  wheel  much  shaken 
as  he  held  it,  and  in  the  cabins  and  cook-house,  tin  ware, 
crockery  ware,  and  other  light  articles  were  rattled  about. 

"  This  little  earthquake  occurred  three  days  prior  to  the 
commencement  of  the  earthquake  which  caused  so  much 
loss  of  life  and  propertv  in  Spain. 

"  Meteorological  Office,  October  9" 


THE  BOTANICAL  GARDENS  IN  JAVA 

DURING  the  last  few  years  so  many  useful  and  im- 
portant improvements  have  been  made  in  the 
botanical  gardens  at  Buitenzorg  and  Tsi-Bodas  that  it 
might  not  be  amiss  if  the  attention  of  the  readers  of 
Nature  were  again  drawn  to  these  valuable  seats  of 
systematic  and  philosophical  research. 

On  entering  the  gardens  at  Buitenzorg  the  stranger  is 
at  once  struck  with  the  wealth  and  luxuriance  of  the 
vegetation  he  sees,  the  great  height  of  the  trees  whose 
trunks  and  branches  are  in  many  cases  covered  with 
heavy  creepers,  the  dense  copses  of  the  different  species 
of  bamboo,  the  eccentric-looking  screw-pines  and  the 
handsome  palm  trees  ;  but  the  scientific  observer  is  also 
struck  with  the  care  that  has  been  taken  to  arrange  all 
these  many  varieties  of  tropical  plant  life  in,  as  far  as 
possible,  their  systematic  order,  and  that  each  specimen 
has  its  scientific,  and  in  many  cases  its  Malay  name  also, 
clearly  and  distinctly  printed  on  r.  little  l>oard  by  its  side. 

It  is  not  difficult  for  any  one  to  find  his  way  about  the 
garden,  and  in  a  very  short  time  he  can  discover  the  par- 
ticular family  or  group  of  plants  which  he  may  desire  to 
study.  Many  families  have  probably  more  representa- 
tives in  these  gardens  than  in  any  in  the  world.  The 
Sapatacca',  for  instance,  so  rarely  seen  in  Europe,  arc 
here  represented  by  a  great  variety  ol  genera  and  species, 
and  the  I'.ilmace.e,  the  Rubiace.e,  the  Burseracca.%  the 
Orchidace.e,  and  other  families  have  now  a  large  number 
of  rare  and  interesting  representatives. 

The  herbarium  which  is  attached  to  the  garden  con- 
tains a  large  collection  of  dried  plants  and  seeds  collected 
together  from  the  many  exj>editions  into  the  little  or 
unknnvwi  parts  of  the  archipelago  and  from  other  sources. 
Attached  to  the  herbarium  there  is  a  comfortable  and 
convenient  little  library  which  contains  most  of  the 
■^tant  botanical  books  and  journals. 


The  laboratory,  which,  thanks  to  the  energy  d 
Treub,  the  director,  is  now  completed,  is  a  large, iofn  s.v 
for  these  climes,  particularly  cool  room,  and  is  «U  a-.r: 
out  with  reagents  and  apparatus  for  carrying  on  bou-r: 
research.    The  generous  invitation  which  Dr.  Trtob 
issued  to  naturalists  and  to  which  the  attention  of  Sr 
readers  of  Nature  has  already  been  directed  \as  1 
traded  several  scientific  men  of  different  natiooi.  - 
and  some  excellent  research  has  already  been  mi  • 
this  laboratory. 

When  I  arrived  in  Buitenzorg  Dr.  Treub  wtt  M  " 
Bodas  ;  so,  after  spending  a  few  days  in  study  c  =• 
gardens,  I  made  the  journey  across  the  mountains ;  • 
him  a  visit.    The  road  from  Buitenzorg  to  T«-l  •- 
crosses  the  Poenchuk  Pass  and  is  full  of  interest  . 
beauty.    On  the  way  the  traveller  passes  quite  ekw 
the  Talaga  Werner,  the  crater  of  an  extinct  volcan;  ■ 
is  now  filled  with  water,  and  forms  a  most  beautify 
lake  hidden  in  the  dense  foliage  of  the  mountain  » 
The  path  from  the  road  to  the  lake  is  through  . 
wood  of  fine  forest  trees,  and  amongst  the  under, 
is  found  many  fine  shrubs  and  plants  which  are  no-. : 
in  the  low-lying  country  beneath. 

The  gardens  at  Tsi- Bodas  arc  situated  on  the  ^ 
the  Gedeh  Mountains,  at  an  altitude  of  5000  fee 
here  I  found  Dr.  Treub  at  work  in  the  comfortabit 
house  which  is  attached  to  the  gardens. 

From  this  spot  a  very  wide  range  of  vegetation  r 
studied,  from  the  rich  and  varied  vegetation  of  the 
to  the  interesting  vegetation  of  the  Gedeh 
geranso  peaks,  at  an  elevation  of  10,000  feet 
gardens  themselves  a  very  fine  collection  of  C 
from  America,  China,  Australia,  and  other  pin> 
world  has  been  got  together,  and  spaces  havebeea«»r* 
for  the  growth   of  the  various  species  of  Euc 
Cinchona,  and  other  plants.    Year  by  year  the 
ing  forest  is  being  encroached  upon  by  these  gar-' 
make  room  for  new  importations.    I  was  extreme 
that  I  could  not  prolong  my  stay  at  Tsi  Bodas,  b-.: 
to  return  to  Batavia  to  catch  the  Molucca  boat- 
however,  enough  to  convince  me  of  the  great  im? " 
of  these  gardens  for  the  advancement  of  our 
knowledge  and  the  great  opportunities  they  iS>r. 
research  into  all  branches  of  the  science. 

I  need  hardly  say  that  the  climate  in  this  region  1- 
tremcly  pleasant  and  invigorating,  and  the  neigh > 
village  of  Sindanlaya  is  much  resorted  to  by  Earw 
and  others  whose  health  has  suffered  on  the  coi- 
low-lying  districts  of  the  Archipelago.     At  BtBtr 
the  climate  is  by  no  means  unpleasant  or  unheal  h 
as  it  lies  a  few  thousand  feet  lower  than  Tsi-Uo.'.-* 
naturally  a  good  deal  warmer  ;  but  I  am  assure 
several  Europeans  have  worked  there  for  se%en!  1 
without  feeling  their  health  the  least  bit  affected 

It  is  hardly  necessary  to  add  that  everyone*!1 
come  over  to  Java  to  work  in  these  gardens  hi- 
amply  repaid  for  the  time  spent  in  the  long  joonW] 
the  sea,  for  the  insight  which  can  be  gained  be* 
what  tropical  botany  really  is  is  one  which  can  be  . 
nowhere  else  in  the  world  so  well,  and  leaves  an  le- 
sion which  is  not  likely  to  be  forgotten  in  a  lifetime 

Batavia,  July  SYDNEY  J.  Hia- 


ON  CERTAIN  NEW  TERMS  OR  TERMS  I 
IN  A  NEW  OR  UNUSUAL  SES>t 
ELEMENTARY  UNIVERSAL  GEOMt-T 


Point,  Line,  Plane,  Space,  Externa** 


i»"-J 


\   LINE  may  as  usual  be  understood  to 

line  unless  the  contrary  is  stated. 
Represent.ible  extension  will  comprise  the ^ 

corresponding  to  the  first  four  leriSLd^BMHHB 


Digitized  by 


Oct.  15,  1885] 


NA  TURE 


577 


understood,  the  term  a  splice  is  susceptible  of  a  more 
precise  meaning  than  is  usually  attributed  to  it :  its 
intrinsic  equation  is  given  by  Cayley's  theorem  of  squared 
distances.  It  is  a  homaloid  or  flat  of  the  3rd  as  a  plane 
is  such  of  the  2nd,  a  line  of  the  1st,  and  a  point  of  the 
JOTth  order. 

The  phrase  space  of  the  4th  order  ought  accordingly  to 
be  superseded  if  we  would  avoid  using  the  same  word  in 
two  different  senses — i.e.  in  a  wider  and  narrower  sense. 
Extension  0/  the  \th  order  is  the  proper  expression  to 
take  its  place,  and  so  in  general  we  ought  to  speak  of 
extension  of  any  given  order  n,  and  drop  the  phrase 
space  of  /'-dimensions. 

Figure,  Plasm,  Enclosure 

A  figure  may  exist  in  extension  of  any  order.  When 
pervasively  limited  by  homaloids,  simple  and  closed,  I 
had  proposed  to  give  to  it  the  provisional  name  of  plasm, 
but  Ur.  Ingleby  has  supplied  me  with  the  more  appro- 
priate, or  at  least  more  simple,  term,  enclosure. 

On  the  number  and  nature  of  simple  regular  enclosures 
in  extension  of  any  order,  consult  a  remarkable  memoir 
by  Prof.  Stringham*  of  the  University  of  California 
(formerly  of  the  Johns  Hopkins  University),  in  the  third 
volume  of  the  American  Journal  of  Mathematics. 

Homaloid,  Flat,  Niveau,  Absolute  Measure  of  Distance 

Homaloid,  the  term  long  ago  introduced  by  the  writer 
of  this  note,  flat,  suggested  by  the  late  lamented  Clifford,are 
now  well  understood,  and  need  no  new  explanation  ;  but 
it  is  well  to  bear  in  mind  the  intrinsic  equation  which 
serves  to  define  them  to  wit 

A  homaloid  in  extension  of  the  nth  order  is  definable  by 
means  of  an  equation  of  the  second  order  (naturally 
expressible  in  the  language  of  determinants),  in  which 
(«+i)  points  are  the  standards  of  reference,  and  the 
squared  distances  from  these  of  any  other  point  in  the 
homaloid  are  the  coordinates. 

Observe  that  the  squared  length  is  the  absolute  measure 
of  distance  between  two  points.  The  distances  of  each 
from  the  other  arc  not  equal  but  opposite  quantities 
differing  in  algebraical  sign. 

A  niveau  is  a  very  convenient  term  to  signify  the 
homaloid  of  the  lowest  order  that  can  be  drawn  through 
a  given  point-group  and  is  always  unique ;  the  order 
of  the  homaloid  which  is  the  niveau  to  a  group  of  n  points 
cannot  exceed  n  -  1. 

Curves,  surfaces,  &c,  of  the  1st,  2nd,  and  »th  kind. 

A  plane  (or  simple)  curve  is  of  the  first  kind  ;  "  a  twisted 
curve,"  "  courbc  gauche,"  or  a  curve  in  extension  of  the 
3rd  order,  of  the  second  kind,  and  in  general  a  curve  in 
extension  of  the  ;;th  order  is  a  curve  of  the  («-i)th 
kind. 

Similarly  we  may  define  a  simple  surface  as  one  of  the 
first  kind,  and  a  surface  in  extension  of  the  «th  order  as 
one  of  the  (n  -  2)th  kind  ;  and  so  in  general  a  figure  of 
variety  /'+  (x  being  t  for  a  curve,  2  for  a  surface),  in  exten- 
sion of  the  order  n,  is  one  of  the  {»  — i)th  kind. X 

•  Mr.  Stringham,  a  native  of  "  the  bloody  Land  "  of  Kansas,  studied 
mathematics  and  fine  art  under  I'circo  and  Norton,  at  Harvard,  obtained  a 
fellowship  at  the  Johns  Hopkins  University,  and  completed  hi*  studies  under 
Klein  in  l»eipsic.  In  Ml memoir  he  ha*  |[inn  |>crsj.e-ctive  drawing!  of  the 
bounding  solid*  about  a  vertex  of  the  regular  figures  in  quaternary  extension, 
such  HMO*  being  supposed  to  be  previously  rotated  round  the  vertex  into  the 
»aiiie  j/,;. .  .  which  of  ruar«  may  be  dyne  junI  a  ;  the  bounding  planes  about 
a  vertex  .fa  regular  figure  in  ternary  extension  may  lie  rotated  round  that 
point  into  the  same //•■«*. 

♦  A  c-urvc  may  be  called  a  one-dimensional,  a  surface  a  two-dimensional,  a 
solid  a  three-dimensional  lOntinnum  and,  and  soon.  Thus  a  gelid  is  to  a 
space  what  a  mrfa.  t  is  1 1  a  plane  and  a  <  tin  t  to  a  right  line. 

t  The  ordinary  systems  of  geometry,  w  hether  Euclidian  or  Non-Euclidian 
(Ultra-Euclidian  would  lie  the  mure  correct  term),  contemplate  figures  as 
contained  in  homaloids  of  some  older  or  another  ;  but  this  limitation  has  an 
empirical  origin,  and  is  not  an  essential  ingredient  of  the  pure  theory  of 
form  ;  for  instance,  a  curse,  i.e.  a  uHUitncmiwn.it  <tnti*Httm,  may.  and  in 
general  will,  be  such  as  cannot  be  contained  in  a  homaloid  of  any  number  of 
dimensions  whatever ;  it  might  be  said  that  the  order  of  its  HlWaa  in  such 
case  is  infinite  |  but  this  would  be  a  mere  verbal  quibble— the  right  view 


Curve,  Locus,  Assembly,  Envelop,  Environment 

A  curve  is  that  which  is  common  to  a  locus  of  points 
and  an  assemblage  of  tangents  ;  the  locus  is  the  envelop  of 
the  assembly,  and  the  assemblage  the  emnronment  of  the 
locus. 

Lines  and  Points 

A  line  may  be  used  in  the  double  sense  of  a  locus  or 
direction.  In  the  latter  signification  an  Euclidian  or 
objective  line  is  the  union  of  two  lines  running  in  contrary 
directions  and  an  analytical  line  is  a  half-line,  a  "  semi- 
droite,"  meaning,  of  course,  a  half- Euclidian  line. 

So  a  point  may  mean  either  a  position  or  an  infinite 
assembly  of  lines  (containing  or)  contained  in  it ;  used  in 
the  latter  sense,  it  might  temporarily  be  termed  a  pencil- 
point. 

There  are  half  or  split  points,  as  there  arc  half  or  split 
lines.  Thus  the  infinite  extremities  of  the  asymptotes  to 
a  hyperbola  are  half-points,  the  union  of  two  of  them 
being  the  correspondent  to  a  single  point  in  any  ellipse 
of  which  the  hyperbola  is  a  perspective  image. 

Coordinates,  Homogeneous  and  Correlated 
Homogeneous  systems  of  coordinates  may  be  distin- 
guished into  absolute  and  proportional. 

In  the  former  the  absolute  magnitudes  of  each  arc 
material,  in  the  latter  their  ratios  only. 
Also  into  direct  and  inverse. 

Direct  coordinates  arc  measured  by  given  multiples  ot 
the  distances  of  a  variable  point  from  fixed  homaloids  ; 
inverse  by  given  multiples  of  the  distances  of  a  variable 
line,  plane,  &c,  from  fixed  points. 

Correlated  systems  of  direct  and  inverse  coordinates 
are  those  in  which  my  "  universal  mixed  concomitant " 
(Clebsch's  connex)  £r  +  iy  +  (s  (for  greater  clearness  I 
confine  myself  for  the  moment  to  a  particular  diagram- 
matic case)  equalled  to  zero  expresses  a  line  whose  inverse 
coordinates  are  £,  >j,  (,  when  these  are  made  constant  and 
a  point  (pencil-point .1  whose  direct  coordinates  (when  it 
is  regarded  as  denoting  position)  arc  x,y,  s  when  these 
in  their  turn  are  made  constant. 

If  the  distances  of  a  point  from  the  sides  of  the  triangle 
of  reference  are  /,  ///,  n,  and  of  a  line  from  the  angles  of 
the  same  triangle  X,  p,  v,  and  if  the  direct  coordinates 
being  cl,  dm,  en,  and  the  inverse  ones  yX,  Hp,  tv,  and  the 
distances  of  the  angles  from  the  sides  /,  q,  r— 

cyp  =  diq  =  e*r. 

I,  m,  n  ;  X,  p.  v  are  correlated  systems. 

If/"  m'  rip' ;  I,  m,  n.p  the  direct  coordinates  of  two 
corresponding  points  in  a  homography  are  connected  by 
the  Matrix  M  and  XV*'""';  X.  p,  v,  it  (the  inverse  coor- 
dinates of  two  corresponding  planes  of  the  same  homo- 
graphy) by  the  Matrix  M',  then  if  the  two  systems  of 
coordinates  arc  correlated,  M  and  AT  will  be  opposite 
matrices.* 

Ol  course  the  like  will  be  true  in  extension  of  all 
orders :  thus  ex.  gr.  in  the  case  of  a  plane  if  for  a  given 
homography 

/'  :  al  +  bm  +  cn 

:  :  tri  :  dl  +  em  +  /« 

r :  ri  :  gt  +  + 
Then 

X'  :  {ek  -  fh)  X  +  (fg  -  dk)  p  +  {dh  -  etr)  » 
: :  *»'  tick-  bk)  X  +  {ak  -  eg)  p  +  U>g  -  ah)  v 
:  :      :  (bf  -  ce)  X  +  (ed  -  af  )  p  +  (ae  -  bd)  * 

ljcing  that  it  is  tamg  nil  ran.  The  radical  distinction  therefore  is  not 
between  the  common  Euclidian  geometry  and  its  generalisation  (the  so. 
called  Non-Euclidian)  but  between  the  Homaloidal  and  the  Anhomaloidal 
geometries. 

•  In  other  wunls,  I"  r  two  point  line,  point-volume,  ,tc,  schemes  homo- 
graphicalty  related,  employing  cerrtlaiti  systems  of  prefer  ticma!  co- 
ordinate', the  matrix  which  serves  to  express  the  relation  between  the  direct 
coordinates  of  the  first  scheme  and  those  of  the  second  may  be  taken  the 
transverse  of  the  matrix  »hich  does  the  same  between  the  inverse  coordinates 
ul  the  second  and  those  of  the  first.  This  is  an  important  and  as  far  as  1  am 
aware  a  new  thecrrm. 


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NATURE 


[Oct  15,  itfj 


provided  that  /,  m,  n  ;  A,  p,  »  are  correlated  systems  of 
coordinates. 

Images :  Reciprocals  or  Polar  Reciprocals 

it  is  very  convenient  to  speak  of  any  function  which 
equated  to  zero  expresses  a  figure  as  an  image*  of  such 
figure  ;  thus  ex.  gr.  £.r  -+-  rjy  -f-  (?  may  be  spoken  of  as  an 
image  of  the  line  £,  r,,  (  and  of  the  point  x,y,  s. 

A  curve  being  the  concept  common  to  a  locus  and  an 
assembly  (the  common  ground,  so  to  say,  of  the  existence 
of  each  of  them),  will  be  capable  of  being  imaged  in 
terms  of  either  direct  or  inverse  coordinates.  If  the  two 
coordinate  systems  are  supposed  to  be  correlated  (as  they 
ought  always  to  be)  then  any  two  homogeneous  functions 
which  are  reciprocal,  or,  let  us  say,  conjugate  to  one 
another  (each  in  common  parlance  the  polar  reciprocal  of 
the  other)  will  be  images— the  one  of  the  curve  under  its 
aspect  as  a  locus,  the  other  of  the  very  same  curve  under 
its  aspect  as  an  assemblage. 

Reduced  Perpendicular  Distances 

An  extremely  convenient  system  of  homogeneous  co- 
ordinates of  a  point  is  where  each  coordinate  is  the 
distance  from  one  of  the  boundaries  of  the  fundamental 
enclosure  divided  by  the  distance  of  that  boundary  from 
the  opposite  angle.  Such  coordinates  may  be  termed 
coordinates  of  reduced  distance  or  reduced  coordinates  ; 
they  are  analytically  defined  by  their  sum  being  unity. 
If  a,  b  be  the  two  vertices  which  correspond  to  the  co- 
ordinates of  reduced  distances,  the  squared  distance  of 
any  two  points,  x,y,  x\  y'  y, ...  in  extension  of 

any  order  is  capable  of  being  expressed  by  the  formula 
Z(«t*)*(.r  -  jr)  (/  -  v),  which,  as  far  as  I  have  been  able 
to  ascertain,  is'nowhere  stated  in  the  books,  except  for 
the  case  of  trilinear  coordinates. 

Exchangeable  Figures 

Two  figures  indistinguishable  from  each  other  by  any 
of  their  internal  properties,  but  incapable  of  occupying  the 
same  place  (such  as  the  left- and  right-hand  glove  or  shoe) 
have  received  the  very  awkward  and  misleading  name  of  1 
symmetrical  figures  ;  I  propose  to  call  them  exchangeable 
figures,  inasmuch  as  in  the  nature  of  things,  as  they  are 
in  themselves  (without  regard  to  the  limitation  of  the 
human  faculties  ,  they  maybe  made  to  pass  into  each  Other's 
places  by  a  semi-revolution  about  a  suitable  homaloidal 
axis. 

The  Point-Pair  at  Infinity,  lanes  and  Planes  of  S'ull 

It  has  been  already  shown  m  these  columns  that  the 
"absolute"  in  a  plane  has  full  right  to  be  called  the 
point-pair  at  infinity,  in  analogy  with  the  received  ex- 
pre-sion  of  the  line  at  infinity,  and  those  who  have  con- 
sidered what  has  been  here  staled  under  the  head  of 
retiproiity  will  see  good  grounds  for  admitting  that  the  line 
at  infinity  ought  to  be  regarded  as  a  complete  line,  i.e.  as 
made  up  of  two  analytical  "  semUdroites. ' 

Every  line  through  cither  half  of  the  absolute  besides 
the  property  of  being  infinitely  distant  from  any  point  in 
the  finite  region  may  be  termed  a  line  0/  null,  in  the 
sense  that  the  <li stance  between  any  two  points  in  such 
line  is  zero. 

In  like  manner  any  plane  touching  the  absolute  in  ex 
tension  of  the  3rd  order,  besides  being  infinitely  distant 
from  the  finite  region,  is  in  the  same  sense  a  plane  of 
null ;  in  it,  form  is  divorced  from  content,  fur  a  figure  of 
any  shape  being  described  upon  such  plane,  its  content 
will  be  nil. 

Pluri-duality  :  Containing  and  Contained 
In  extension  of  /  dimensions  each  continuum  of  A 
dimensions  stands  in  a  relation  of  reciprocity  to  one  of 

•  When  an  f*f ff  i«  .jiven,  lit  **/<•.  '      absolutely  detertn'ned.  but  not 
t-Ht  rvr«l,  »inc«  an  image  may  t«  mauiahed  or  Uimii.uhcd  at  will  l<y  th« 
•reduction.  •>!  a  constant  factor. 


/-A- i  dimensions,  the  total  number 
ities  "  being  *——  when  /  is  odd  and 


r  of  these 
~  when  1  ii  ?a 


/  -  1 


(in  the  former  case  the  continuum  of  — —  dixenva 

being  its  own  reciprocal).  It  is  very  ci>n\c:;.ca:  a 
connecting  reciprocal  geometrical  statements  '.o  pa 
the  difference  between  (and  to  regard  as  erei^# 
able  and  equivalent;  the  terms  lontoining  and  .v^d 
in  as  applied  to  heterogeneous  continua ;  indeei  a 
ordinary  distinctive  use  of  these  words  sugjesi  a 
erroneous  conception  ;  as  ex.  gr.  of  a  line  bc<n^ 
;//  of  points  or  a  plane  of  lines.  A  point  maybe  •»:» 
contain  every  line  or  plane  which  passes  through  it  ai 
a  line  every  point  which  lies  on  it,  and  every  pbat  ■  J 
passes  through  it :  as  an  example  of  this  cxtc-ndc:  ? 
tion  the  order,  rank,  and  class  of  a  surface  may  \x  u~-d 
as  follows— viz.  the  order  and  class  as  the  number  a 
point  and  plane  elements  respectively  contained  :  * 
given  line  ;  the  rank  as  the  number  of  its  Hr.t  drra 
contained  in  common  by  any  given  point  and  \iUu*  i 
contain  one  another. 

A  plane-section  of  a  surface  is  the  totality  of  its 
or  line-elements  contained  in  a  plane  and  UU  u 
point-section  (an  enveloping  cone;,  the  totahti 

8 lane-  or  line-elements  contained  in  a  point :  be-:t 
ifferently  the  class  of  any  plane-section  or  the  ak 
any  point-section  of  a  surface  is  its  rank.* 

J.J.  SvLvt:" 


A'OTJiS 

ALL  the  five  French  academics  will  celebrate  by  a  raft' 
the  ninetieth  annivers.-.ry  of  the  foundation  of  the  Instil, 
was  MtabMAcd  on  October  25,  1795.  by  the  Cooad  brig- 
and 1  lircctoire  Kxccutif  of  the  French  Republic  Tbc  «• - 
organisation  u  not  quite  the  MUM  a*  the  oitgiiul 
tiotu,  having  been  made  in  1S14,  and  only  partially  ihulr-r:  s 
subsequent  occasions. 

The  death  took  place  la*t  month  of  General  J.  J- 
President  of  the  Central  Bureau  for  Lj  rope  An  TriangtW  t- 
oftlic  Royal  1'riKMan  Geodetic  Institute.     General  ii**?1-1 
reached  the  age  of  ninety-one  years.    A  biography  ol  *>nc  **• " 
will  be  found  in  the  A  tr.  iwmt  >  u  Xaehriehten,  No.  2»" 

M.  Rohin,  a  member  of  the  fan?  Academy  of  Sctencr»ia 
the  French  Senate,  died  last  week,  lie  had  devoted  hrseuit. 
to  microacopy,  and  was  professor  t  >  the  School  of  MeJ'.**- 

•  'I  lie  wort]  i/'r.i./.  to  signify  an  unlimited  expanse  of 
point*  and  so  used  by  t)r.  Hennci,  is.  I  am  informed.  orig.»a.lt  ■ 
Utr  I'rof  i  lillord.    In  ignorance  of  (his  fact,  on  hearing  that  H 
l*tn  attacked  fur  his  use  of  the  word,  I  stated  my  belief  that  n 
l*eti  burrowed  from  my  use  of  it  to  signify  a  limited  portion  of  * 
<•.,  n  -i.iceij  points,  such  as  that  which  it  turned  to  so  prom  ad  I*  *' 
•  <Mii.ru.  !<:*  tktrry  oj  frirtitirmt  in  the  Amrruum  J 'MMl  ft 

I  ili.l  not  know  at  the  time  that  Clifford  had  Use.!  the  »ord.  •»» 
Hrnri<  i'<  trealite  pmreHeil  by  several  yean  the  jiobluancn  4 
above  icfrrred  Lo.    Tlu»  rrrone.ju«  oral  uaterneiit  Mtau  to  h*»«  '- 
way  by  »ome  nu  r«  or        CUmilMtf  ihannel  to  the  ^  iumm  cf  ib«  »*• 
A'«:tV  >i-  in  a  ttoti.e  of  a  criti<  i>m,  uy  Mr.  L».il»«n,  ol  I'r  II-  ■ 
:al  manual  in  the  Scientific  Sene«.    I>r  Kerrtr»  (the  Jlaj-ter  * 


C»IK|SC  Cambridge)  »a»  the  first  to  apvly  a  -preal  to  liersf*"' 
tuitisely  a  celebrated  ar.thmetical  thcotem  of  renpruc-.ty  *»'  r 
Nr.  I>urfee  a  ijuarter  of  a  century  later  Irtl  the  »ay  to  a  furt*«  ""'^^ 

trisect  a  .rmW"-*  -rV 
*  int..  a  rrr^ 

,d  ,he    L'undltu.  of  '  «* 


century  later  Irtl  the  way 
pie^nam  u^e  of  the  «aiiie  by  showing  how  to  trisext  a 
b  unded  by  two  right  line»  and  a  broken  line  i 
two  qu.sci.iriaJigutar  appendage*,   to  which 
mult  tccring  it  into  a  sucee^iun  of  ang!c>. 
John.  Hopkin.  L'nisercty  (Mr.  Kly)  ha.  laid 
theory  of  |uirtitiotis,  by  .fudging  the  s-ariou*  mode*  of  d< 
ci'read  of  die;  ntinuou*  points  ;  his  memoir  on  tl  c  subject  i* 


m* 


•Kit  •  i 


ly  t.i  t  tiler  •  rcler>rat«<l  pentagonal  pv.« 
rr.ulr*  of  a  totally  thj\t\  kind  bv  the  multt^ction  metbi  ■! 
may  junly  be  regarded  as  a  potent  instrument  or  maajiral nurror ' 
old  and  bringing  to  siew  new  truth*  in  tiic  tiv»7eW«W  of  p«rtu£ 
elliptic  function  >eries. 


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Oct.  15,  1885] 


NA  TURE 


579 


By  invitation  of  the  Lieutenant-Governor  of  the  Isle  of  Man 
Prof.  Boyd  Dawkins  recently  visited  that  island  in  order  to 
report  on  its  antiquities  and  the  best  mean*  of  preserving  them. 
The  result  is  given  in  a  short  communication  lo  the  Lieutenant- 
Governor,  in  which  Prof.  Dawkins  indicates  the  present  con- 
dition of  the  various  classes  of  remains.  He  points  out  what 
should  lie  done  for  their  preservation,  and  advises  that  the  island 
Legislature  should  pass  an  Act  similar  to  the  "  Ancient  Monu- 
ments Act  "  of  the  "  neighbouring  islands"  of  Great  Britain 
nod  Ireland.  The  advice  given  by  Prof.  Dawkins  is  sound,  and 
it  is  creditable  to  the  Lieutenant-Governor  that  he  has  shown  so 
much  intelligent  zeal  in  the  matter.  We  are  glad  to  note  that 
he  intends  to  follow  up  his  action  by  introducing  a  bill  into  the 
Council  with  a  view  to  carrying  out  Prof.  Dawkins's  recom- 
mendations. 

THE  last  publication  of  the  Japanese  Meteorological  Obser- 
vatory which  has  reached  us  contains  the  monthly  summaries 
and  monthly  means  for  1884,  and  is  accompanied  by  forty-one 
maps,  showing  the  isobars,  isotherms,  and  prevailing  winds. 
These  volumes  must  demand  unusual  care  on  the  part  of  the 
compiler,  for  they  are  printed  in  Japanese  as  well  as  Knglish, 
and  contain  a  mass  of  meteorological  data  of  all  sorts.  We 
observe  that  three  new  stations  have  been  added  during  the 
year,  one  in  the  north  of  Yc/o,  and  the  other,  which  should 
prove  a  valuable  station,  is  ai  Fusan,  the  port  of  Corea  recently 
opened  to  Japanese  trade.  This  constant  annexation  of  new 
territory  by  the  Tokio  Meteorological  Bureau  is  to  be  highly 
commended. 

A  rkcf.nt  issue  of  Cosmos  contains  an  account  of  the  Jesuit 
establishments  at  Zikawei  near  Shanghai,  the  meteorological 
publications  of  which  have  frequently  been  noticed  in  Nature. 
The  central  establishment  of  the  Jesuits  in  China  is  at  Funkadoo 
in  Shanghai,  but  about  six  miles  away  at  Zikawei  (Siccawei) 
they  have  a  large  adjunct,  containing  their  schools,  an  orphanage, 
and  a  college.  In  the  course  of  its  existence  the  place  has  been 
twice  tacked,  but  it  was  again  rebuilt.  In  1870  the  fathers 
began  with  the  rudiments  of  a  meteorological  observatory,  of 
which  Father  Dechcvrens  was  the  founder,  and  has  been  to  the 
present  moment  the  director.  Gradually,  by  purchase  and  by 
presentations  from  various  Governments,  the  observatory  became 
tolerably  well  cquipp.-d,  and  it  is  now  a  magnetic  and  meteoro- 
logical station  of  the  first  order,  making  with  excellent  instru- 
ments observations  on  atmospheric  pressure,  temperature, 
humidity,  evaporation,  rain,  winds,  solar  radiation,  terrestrial 
magnetism  in  its  various  manifestations,  &c.  It  issues  a  monthly 
BulUttn  containing  the  observations,  and  a  rhumt  and  discussion 
of  the  meteorological  events  of  the  month.  Thanks  of  the 
numerous  missionaries  scattered  over  the  neighbouring  provinces, 
who  correspond  with  the  director,  the  peculiar  atmospheric 
movements  in  the  China  seas  are  beginning  to  be  understood. 
Quite  recently  (as  mentioned  at  the  time  in  Nature)  he  has 
taken  advantage,  with  the  assistance  of  Sir  Robert  Ilatt,  of  the 
Telegraphs,  to  establish  a  regular  daily  weather  service,  for  the 
benefit  of  mariners.  The  observatory  is  situated  in  a  vast  plain, 
where  the  horizon  alone  stops  the  view,  and  where  atmospheric 
movements  are  not  complicated  by  ranges  of  hills.  A  tower 
33  metres  in  height  has  been  erected,  and  the  Becklcy  anemo- 
meter, constructed  in  1 884  by  Munro,  of  London,  is  placed  on 
a  platform  7  metres  higher.  The  observatory  has  gone  on 
developing  year  by  year,  and  there  is  little  doubt  that  it  will 
soon  include  in  its  field  astronomical  observations.  The  Bull'tins 
are  printed  at  the  mission  printing-press,  which  is  included  in 
the  establishments  at  Zikawei.  the  printers  being  young  Chinese. 
The  monthly  Bulletins  form  a  considerable  volume  at  the  en  1  of 
the  year,  and  that  for  1SS4,  which  has  lately  been  issued,  is  the 
tenth  in  the  series. 


With  regard  to  the  new  star  in  Andromeda  Dr.  Sophus 
Tromholt  relates  the  following  curious  story  in  a  Norwegian 
journal: — "When  the  interesting  discovery  had  been  male  in 
1877  that  Mars  was  accompanied  by  two  m  :10ns,  it  was  shortly 
afterwards  pointed  out  that  Swift,  in  'Gulliver's  Travels,* 
relates  that  the  Liliputian  astronomers  had  discovered  the  two 
satellites  (Voltaire,  too,  in  a  work  in  which  he  describes  the 
experiences  of  two  terrestrial  beings  on  Mars,  says  that  they 
saw  the  two  moons  unknown  to  mundane  astronomers,  but  he 
has  probably  lx>rrowed  the  idea  from  Swift).  A  similar 
remarkable  proof  that  poets  may  also  be  prophets  in  astro- 
nomy has  just  come  to  light  with  regard  to  the  new  star  in 
Andromeda.  In  the  Hungarian  periodical  f.osonczi  Phonix  for 
1851  is  a  story  by  Maurus  Jokai,  the  celebrated  author,  in  which 
he  refers  to  this  star.  Jokai  makes  an  old  Malay  (?)  relate  that 
the  Evil  Spirit,  Asaficl,  revealed  to  King  Saul  and  his  sons  the 
star  in  the  nebula,  and  predicted  that  those  who  could  not  sec  it 
should  perish  in  the  impending  battle.  The  Malay  also  reveals 
the  star  to  his  li  tencrs  and  describes  its  position  so  accurately 
that  there  cannot  be  any  doubt  of  the  Andromeda  nebula  being 
the  one  referred  to,  although  it  is  not  named.  The  story, 
according  to  Jokai,  rests  on  a  biblical  or  Jewish  legend.  On  the 
writer  of  these  lines  asking  one  of  the  greatest  living  authorities 
on  biblical  research  whether  the  bible  contains  any  reference  to 
the  point,  he  is  informed  that  there  is  absolutely  no  such  refer- 
ence in  that  book,  and  that  it  is  hardly  possible  that  the  nebula 
is  mentioned  iu  any  Jewish  legend.  It  is  first  mentioned  by  a 
Persian  astronomer  of  the  tenth  century,  and  was  first  discovered 
in  Europe  in  1612.  It  would  be  exceedingly  interesting  to 
ascertain  whether  any  Jewish  tradition  has  preserved  the  men- 
tion of  a  star  in  the  Andromeda  nebula,  as  from  this  might  be 
concluded  that  the  new  star  is  a  variable  one  with  along  period. 
I  intend  to  inquire  of  Jokai  whether  his  story  is  founded  on  any 
traditio  1  or  only  an  outcome  of  the  author's  imagination,  but 
even  should  the  latter  be  the  case  the  story  is  a  very  curious 
one." 

Ah.di.ogy  is  becoming  a  favourite  science  with  some  Russian 
botanists.  After  the  valuable  researches  of  Dr.  Gobi  on  the 
alga:  of  the  Gulf  of  Finland,  several  memoirs  have  been  pub- 
lished by  MM.  Rcinhardt  and  Rishavi  on  those  of  the  Black 
Sea,  and  we  find  now  in  the  last  issue  of  the  Mtmoirs  of  the 
Novorossiao  Society  of  Naturalists  (ix.  2)  an  elaborate  paper,  by 
M.  Rcinhardt,  being  contributions  to  the  morphology  and  classi 
ficalion  of  the  Black  Sea  alg.e.  The  paper  is  the  first  of  a  series. 
Following  Burnet  and  Thurct's  example  given  in  their  "Notes 
Algologiques,"  the  author  publishes  his  observations  on  separate 
species,  without  awaiting  the  time  when  he  will  be  enabled  to 
publish  a  more  complete  work.  In  the  morphological  part  of 
his  paper,  M.  Reiuhardt  discusses  the  development  of  a  few  Chloro- 
phylle.v,  and  enters  into  more  details  with  regard  to  some  of  the 
Cyanophyccv,  and  especially  the  Ph.eospore.e  (the  conjugation 
of  Eito:aipus  siliailosus  and  the  growth  of  Sfh  tit/aria).  As  to 
the  Rhodophyccar,  only  short  remnks,  especially  as  to  pores  in 
their  external  covering,  a  c  given.  The  chief  attention  has 
been  devoted,  however,  to  the  Bacillariaccx,  aud  the  paper 
contains  a  good  deal  of  new  observations  on  the  structure  of 
gelatinous  colonies,  the  structure  of  the  cell  and  its  proto- 
plasmatic parts,  and  the  auxospores.  The  systematical 
part  will  api*car  in  a  uext  issue.  The  paper  is  accompanied  by 
eleven  tables  engraved  in  Germany. 

The  same  volume  contains  a  very  interesting  paper  on  the 
development  of  Rotifers,  by  the  Director  of  the  Sebaslopol 
Zoological  Station,  Miss  Pereyaslavtseff.  This  subject  has  been 
rather  neglected  until  now,  anl  M.  Zaleski's  paper  on  the 
history  of  the  development  of  the  Bnu  Atoms  urttolaris  could  not 
be  considered  as  a  complete  solution  of  the  question.  Miss 


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58o 


NA  TURE 


Pereyaslavtscff's  method  differs  from  most  of  those  hitherto 
recorded  :  she  does  not  select  one  or  another  phase  of  develop- 
ment as  being  the  most  important,  hut,  placing  several  Rotifers 
and  Lcpadcllrc  under  the  object-glass  of  a  mic  oscope,  she 
waited  until  one  of  them  would  lay  an  egg,  and  the  development 
taking  about  three  days  from  the  beginning  of  the  segmentation 
until  the  issue  of  the  new  animal  from  the  egg,  she  observed  it 
continually  throughout  the  first  thirty  to  thirty-five  hours,  with 
only  short  interruptions  of  two  to  three  hours  in  the  observation 
of  subsequent  phases.  This  method  has  of  course  its  incon- 
venience by  preventing  sleep  for  two  nights.  It  cannot  be 
applied  also  to  those  Rotifers  which  live  an  errant  life.  These 
last  do  not  survive  confinement,  and  must  be  kept  in  watch- 
glasses  until  they  lay  their  eggs,  which  last  arc  then  brought 
under  microscopic  investigation.  Ten  different  sj<cies  were 
studied  in  this  way,  and  proved  to  undergo  the  same  develop- 
ment, so  that  Rotifer  injiattt  has  been  given  as  a  type  of  the 
development  of  the  egg.  The  stage*  are  all  figured  in  forty- 
eight  drawings  on  a  plate  accompanying  the  memoir. 

The  same  volume  contains,  moreover,  three  papers  on  geo- 
logy :  one  by  M.  Sintsoff,  on  Tertiary  fossils  from  Novorossia, 
being  a  description  of  the  following  new  species  :  Anoxionta 
unioidts,  Serobimlaria  ttllmoidtl,  Endlia  mittu'a,  Ntritina 
pstudo-Grateloufana,  and  several  others  formerly  described  ;  it 
also  contains  a  list  of  the  fauna  of  the  intermediate  Ponto- 
Sarmatian  deposits  of  the  region.  Another,  by  M.  Miklashevsky, 
gives  some  information  on  the  Government  of  TchemigofT ;  and 
a  third,  by  M.  Andrusoff,  deals  at  length  with  the  geology  of  the 
Kertch  peninsula,  and  throws  some  new  light  on  the  confused  geo- 
logy of  the  Crimea.  It  appears  from  the  author's  researches  that 
the  Tertiary  deposits  of  the  Crimea  may  be  subdivided  into  the 
following:  (a)  the  true  Cengerur  deposits  (Pontri),  consisting  of 
iron-bearing  clays,  equivalent  in  West  Europe  to  the  deposits  of 
Hidas  and  Arpad,  and  of  limestones,  sandstones,  and  mv.\ 
equivalent  to  the  Drrisstna  triangularis  deposits  of  the  Vienn  i 
basin,  the  D.  rostri/ormis  deposits  of  Plocshti  and  the  upper 
Siebenburgen  deposits  ;  (/)  the  Ponto-Sarmatian  intermediate 
group  of  the  Kertch  limestone,  equivalent  to  the  lower  Sicl>cn- 
burgen  deposits  ;  (<•)  the  Sarmatian  group,  equivalent  to  the 
same  of  Roumania,  Turkey,  and  Austria- Hungary  ;  and  (./)  the 
Upper  Mediterranean,  equivalent  to  the  l.eythakalk,  the  /•'  t in,  r 
7>sv/,  &c.  It  would  result  from  the  above,  and  from  what  is 
known  about  South  Russia  and  the  Crimea,  that  during  the  older 
Miocene  period  both  were  a  continent.  Later  on  they  were 
invaded  by  a  sea  penetrating  from  the  west,  and  a  narrow  gulf 
limited  in  the  south  by  the  Yaiba  hills,  extended  towards  the 
East.  During  the  Sarmatian  epoch  the  subsidence  continued, 
followed  soon  by  an  upheaval  towards  the  end  of  that  period, 
which  upheaval  led  to  the  formation  of  narrow,  less  settled  bays, 
like  those  we  sec  now  on  the  Kuban,  at  the  place  formerly 
occupied  by  the  Sarmatian  (iulf. 

The  Garner  and  Stitnce  Ke,\'rdtr's  Journ.tl  is  the  title  of  a 
new  scientific  monthly,  edited  by  Mr.  A.  Ramsay,  and  pub- 
lished by  W.  E.  Bowers,  Walworth. 

A  Society  for  the  Advancement  of  Science  has  been  formed 
in  Bergen,  numbering  about  a  hundred  members,  the  President 
being  Dr.  Daniclsen. 

Mr.  Arthur  S.  I'enm.m.t  a\  Manual  of  British  Zoo- 
phytes, to  be  published  immediately  by  Messrs.  L.  Reeve  and 
Co.,  will  include  not  only  the  llydroida  but  also  the  Actinoioa 
and  Poly/oa  found  in  Great  Britain,  Ireland,  and  the  Channel 
Inlands.  The  same  publishers  announce  an  illustrative  volume 
of  "Collections  and  Recollections  of  Natural  History  and 
"  by  the  Rev.  G.  C.  Green. 


53 


Wf.  have  received  the  sixteenth  annual  Rcpmt  d  :U  N 
and  Norwich  Naturalists'  Society,  forming  ym  I, 
the  Transactions,     Amongst  the  published  pspen  i  i  r» 
dential  address  by  Mr.  Francis  Sutton,  F.CS.,  oouV  •  a 
tion  of  soils  by  means  of  minute  living  orguuans ;  13.  .-  m 
gentleman   also  contributes  a    most  valuable  ftfa  •  1 
varieties  of  sugar,  natural  and  artificial  ;  Mr.  Horaa  K 
ward,  F.G.S.,  gives  a  paper  on  the  earthquake  of  A;«.  % 
w  hich  made  itself  so  severely  felt  in  the  counties  of  S<r  -a 
Suffolk;  Mr.  F.  D.  Power,  who  visited  the  Nor  •  < 
during  the  period  ol  the  autumnal  migration,  is  lit"! 
logical  Notes  from  Cley  and  Blakeney,"  shows  the  »x  rli 
influx  of  birds,  some  of  which  are  generally  supposcc    1 1 
the  greatest  rarity,  which  takes  place  on  the  OtitncKI 
that  period  ;  amongst  Mr.  Power's  list  of  rarities  occar.  1  r 
throated  warbler,  of  which  he  says  he  must  hive  -r-  a 
eighty  to  one  hundred  individuals,  and  the  barred  mi 
warblers.    Mr.  J.  H.  Gurncy,  jun.,  also  contributes  * ci  m 
able  facts  bearing  upon  the  vexed  question  of  migrate.  ■  V 
observance  of  which  the  Norfolk  coa^t  is  so  Cteoarabh  -i 
Mr.  Southwold  furnishes  his  usual  review  of  the  her 
from  the  j>orts  of  Yarmouth  and   Lowestoft,  fiva  •  II 
appears  that  the  enorm  .us  number  of  505,005,60c  V  ** 
taken  by  the  fishermen  using  those  two  ports  ;  the  BBCf* 
man  also  contributes  a  paper  on  the  white-beaked 
Cetacean  which  has  been  procured  on  several  occasMr.<  " 
east  coast.  The  "Ornithological  Notes"  of  Mr.  Hy  * 
F.L.S.,  arc  in  continuation  of  a  series  extending 
years  ;  and  a  most  interesting  memoir  of  John  Scale*  i«  I  " 
butcd  by  Prof.  Newton,  firming  one  of  a  series  of  en  ' 
naturalists  of  whom  the  county  of  Norfolk  has  sine*  "-■ 
menccment  of  the  present  century  proJuced  so  many  : 
examples. 

An  experiment  has  recently  been  tried  at  the  bmi 
hibition  Aquarium  by  Mr.  XV.  August  Carter  with  1 
discovering  how  far  fish  are  prone  to  sleep.  After ck»eeu*' 
tion  he  found  that  amon^t  freshwater  fishes  the  r.'..- 
gu<lgcon,  carp,  tench,  mintiow,  and  catfish  sleep  pcti-  - 
common  with  terrestrial  animals.     The  same  in*i£^-  • 
found  to  actuate  marine  fish,  of  which  the  folio**;  •  ' 
observed  to  be  equally  influenced  hy  somnolence— 
wrasse,  conger  eel,  dory,  dogfish,  wrasse  bass,  and  *J1  »p  ' 
flat  fish.    Mr.  Carter  states  that,  so  far  as  he  can  !i* 
goldfish,  pike,  and  angler  fish  never  deep,  but  rest  per>,; 
Desire  for  sleep  amongst  fish  varie«  according  to  m::c 
conditions.     Fish  do  no:  MMSMriljf  select  ni^hi-*1- " 
rc|*><e. 

THI  specimens  of  fish  collected  for  the  International  li* 
logical  Museum,  which  is  being  formed  by  the  Narioni 
Culture  Association,  now  number  about  500.     The?  t 
many  rare  fish  as  well  as  those  of  extraordinary  grow"  • 
formation.    Many  of  the  specimens  arc  the  fines!  la  be  H*1 
London,  having  been  specially  caught  for  the  Assoc*" 
qualified  ichthyologists  and  agents.    The  work  of  «en*  ' 
fish  out  in  glass  jars  U  now  l»eing  commenced,  and  it  » 
to  be  able  to  exhibit  them  to  the  public  shortly. 

XX' t  have  received  the  third  and  concluding  part  I 
Ilann's  |«iper  before  the  Berlin  Academy  of  Sciences  < 
temperature  of  the  Austrian  Alps.    The  tables 
anil  yearly  averages  of  teinj>cra:urc  for  38J 
Austrian  Alps   ind  the  neighb.      ••!   reduced  to  lftr 
(24-hourl  average,  and  10  .1  thirty-year  period  s 
the  stations  277  were  Itelow  1 000  metres,  88  uryMpH 
and  2O0O,  while  17  were  over  2000  metres  in  heigh*, 
obtained  at  all  t!w,e  stations  over  a  peril 
worked  up  and  arranged.    The  pretest  H 


Nricooa  -» 


Oct.  15,  1 885 j 


NATURE 


pages,  so  that  the  whole  paper  would  make  a  considerable 
volume  dealing  with  temperatures  in  the  Alpine  regions  of 
Austria. 

M.  d'Abbadie  begs  us  to  state  that  the  carth-trcmors  observed 
in  his  apparatus  (Nature,  vol.  xxxii.  p.  568)  about  two  miles 
north  of  the  Spanish  frontier  coincided  with  the  many  earth- 
quakes in  the  south  of  Spain.  There  were  no  such  phenomena 
in  Egypt. 

THE  additions  to  the  Zoological  Society's  Gardens  during  the 
past  week  include  a  Bonnet  Monkey  {Macacus  sinicus  &  )  from 
India,  presented  by  Mr.  L.  C.  Phillips  ;  a  Ring-tailed  Coali 
(JVasua  ru/a  6 )  from  South  America,  presented  by  Lieut.  W. 
F.  Tunnard,  R.N.  ;  a  Black  Wallaby  {Halmaturvs  ualabatus6) 
from  South  Australia,  presented  by  Mr.  R.  E.  Wootton 
Isaacson  ;  a  Javan  Cat  {Felis  jafanenris)  from  Java,  presented 
by  Capt.  T.  H.  Franks ;  a  Puma  {Fe/is  coHcotvr  <$ )  from  South 
America,  presented  by  M.  Rodolfo  Aranz  ;  two  West  Indian 
Rails  (Aramuies  eayenrumis)  from  Brazil,  presented  by  Mr.  J. 
C.  Frascr ;  a  Levaillant's  Amazon  (CArysotis  InailUinti)  from 
Mexico,  presented  by  Mr.  H.  D.  Astley,  F.Z.S.  ;  a  Silver 
Pheasant  (Euplo-amus  ny(themerus)  from  China,  presented  by 
Mrs.  James  ;  three  Robben  Island  Snakes  {Coreiulla  pkotarum), 

a  Hoary  Snake  (Coronella  tana),  a          Elaps  {Elaps  kygitr), 

a  Reddish  Pentonyx  {Pelomedvsa  subrufo)  from  South  Africa, 
seven  Geometrical  Tortoises  {TestuJo  geometrica)  from  the 
Orange  River,  South  Africa,  presented  by  the  Rev.  G.  H.  R. 
Fisk,  C.M.Z.S.  ;  a  Rose-crested  Cockatoo  (Cacatua  moluccensis) 
from  Moluccas,  deposited  ;  a  Blue  and  Yellow  Macaw  (Ara 
ararauna)  from  Trinidad,  received  in  exchange  ;  eight  Summer 
Ducks  {(Ex  sponsa,  40*  4?  )  from  North  America,  purchased  ; 
a  Bennett's  Wallaby  {H<il*t>U*rut  btnnttti  9 ),  born  in  the 
Gardens. 

ASTRONOMICAL  PHENOMENA  FOR  THE 
WEEK,  1 88s,  OCTOBER  18-24 

(For  the  reckoning  of  time  the  civil  day,  commencing  at 
Greenwich  mean  midnight,  counting  the  hours  on  to  24,  is  here 
employed.) 

At  Greenwich  on  October  1 8 
Sun  rises,  6h.  31m.  ;  souths,  llh.  45m.  o-os.  ;  sets,  t6h.  59m.  ; 
dccl.  on  meridian,  9*  47'  S.  :  Sidereal  Time  at  Sunset, 
l8h.  48m. 

Moon  (two  days  alter  First  Quarter)  rises,  14)1.  51m.  ;  souths, 
2oh.  001. ;  sets,  ih.  17m.*  ;  decl.  on  meridian,  to"  27'  S. 

Planet  RUei  Souths  Scu       Dccl.  on  meridian 


.Mercury 


Mars 

Jupiter 

Saturn 


RUei 

h.  m. 

6  37 

10  37  .. 
06  .. 

3  3S  •• 
20  41*  .. 


h.  01. 

11  si 

14  30 

7  38 
9  54 
4  49 


•  lndicatet  that  the  riling  it  that  of  the 
the  following  day. 


Sets 
h.  m. 

17  S  •••  9  43  S. 

18  23  ...  23  26  S. 

15  10  ...  16  38  N. 

16  13  ...  3  S  N. 
12  57  ...  22  17  N. 

that  of 


:  of  Jupiter's  SatelliUs 
Oct.  b.  m  :  Oct.        h.  m. 

21    ...    4  32    I.  tr.  ing.      I  22    ...    4  10    I.  occ  reap. 
The  Phenomena  of  Jupiter'*  Satellites  are  »uch  a*  are  visible  at  Greenwich. 
Oct.  h. 

20    ...     o    ...    Saturn  at  least  distance  from  the  Sun. 
20    ...    13    ...    Saturn  stationary. 


the  Kassai.  As  it  approaches  the  Congo  Knssai  receives  the  great 
Koango,  and  enters  the  main  river  by  the  Kwamouth,  after 
receiving  the  water  of  Lake  Leopold.  Thus  the  river  which  on 
Stanley's  last  map  joins  the  Congo  west  of  Stanley  Fall*  cannot 
be  the  Lubilash,  and,  moreover,  must  be  of  no  great  length. 
This  discovery  of  I.ictit.  Wissmann,  along  with  that  of  the 
Mobangi  by  Mr.  Grcnfell,  greatly  increases  the  navigable 
waterway  of  the  Congo  system. 

THE  September  number  of  I'ctermann  s  Mitiheilungcn  has  for 
its  principal  article  the  first  part  of  an  account  of  Paulitschke 
and  Hardegsjer's  journey  to  Harar,  by  Dr.  Paulitschkc.  It  is 
accompanied  by  a  map  of  the  districts  traversed.  The  present 
instalment  describes  the  circumstances  under  which  the  journey 
was  undertaken,  the  preparations  at  Zeila,  where  the  English 
consul  was  able  to  put  the  travellers  in  friendly  communication 
with  Abu  Bakr,  the  Governor  of  Zeila,  who  gave  them  the  most 
important  help,  and  the  details  of  the  journey  as  far  as  Uussa, 
on  the  frontier  of  the  Northern  Gallas  country.  Dr.  Schiru 
asks  the  question  whether  Namaqua-Land  or  Nama-I.and  is 
correct,  and  decides  in  favour  of  the  latter.  "  Namaqua  '  is  a 
Dutch  corruption  ;  the  term  "  Nama  "  is  applied  to  Hottentots 
in  general,  without  any  distinction  of  sex;  "namaqua"  is 
properly  '*  namagu  "  or  "  namaga,"  the  nominative  and  dative 
plural  of  "nama"'  ;  "qua"  is  therefore  doubly  wrong  as  a 
suffix,  and  Namaland  is  the  proper  term.  M.  Rabot  writes  on 
the  .Stor  Horgcfjcld  in  Nordland  in  Norway,  a'.d  the  usual 
literary  and  geographical  news  brings  the  number  to  a  con- 
clusion. 

THE  last  number  (Band  xxviii.  No.  29)  of  the  Mitthiiiungrn 
of  the  Geographical  Society  of  Vienna  contains  a  paper  on  the 
ethnic  members  of  the  western  Somali  and  north  eastern  Galla 
tribes,  by  Dr.  Paulitschkc,  accompanied  by  a  map  ;  >i\  letters 
from  Dr.  Lenz  on  his  Congo  expedition,  and  the  first  pan  of  a 
paper  by  Herr  Jiilg  on  the  erosive  action  of  the  sea  on  coasts  ; 
the  bibliography  of  Africa  for  the  last  half  year,  and  the  usual 
notices  of  geographical  works  conclude  the  number. 

M.  Bran  de  Saint  Pol- Lias,  who  was  sent  on  a  scientific 
mission  to  Tonquin  and  Java,  returned  to  France  towards  the 
close  of  September.  He  brought  back  with  him  numerous 
specimens  of  the  flora  and  fauna  of  the  districts  through  which 
he  travelled. 

The  chief  geographical  societies  in  Germany  have  resolved  to 
erect  a  monument  to  the  late  Dr.  Nachtigal  on  Cape  Pal  mas, 
where  he  lies  buried.  It  is  intended  to  have  it  so  large  that  it 
will  serve  as  a  landmark  to  seamen. 

The  Godeffroy  Museum  at  Hamburg,  illustrative  of  the 
natural  hitory  of  the  South  Sea  Islamls,  has  been  sold  to  the 
Ethnographical  Museum  of  Lcipsic. 


GEOGRAPHICAL  NOTES 

THE  work  dojefay  licot  Wissmann  in  his  exploration  of  the 
Kami  Kivcr,  the  great  somltem  tributary  of  the  Congo,  is 
WConr)  jn  impnrtocc  only  to  the  diseoT*ry  of  the  Congo  itself. 
Itjv'U  seriously  modify  the  Conjectural  geography  of  that  part 
m  Africa.  -tn.d  tbe  river  to  be  of  imSHnsc  volume,  and 

nnvigable  r-  "^gioa  with  the  Lulu*,    lit-  f.,,«<H  t!n 

Kaiikuru  *>■  ^Mfpbc  one  river,  which,  instead 

owing  dwv  tanu  westwards,  and  aim 


THE  GREAT  OCEAN  BASINS1 
I. 

"PIIE  ancients,  down  to  the  time  of  Aristotle— and  most  of 
A     them  for  a  long  time  afterwards— regarded  the  earth  xs  a 
great  plain  surrounded  on  all  sides  by  the  mighty,  deep,  gently- 
flowing  stream  of  the  ocean. 

In  the  geography  of  the  Homeric  age  there  was  not  supposed 
to  be  any  communication  between  the  Mediterranean  ana  this 
all-encircling  ocean  river.  When,  in  consequence  of  the  ex- 
cursions of  the  Phoenicians,  the  communication  through  the 
Pillars  of  Hercules  became  known,  ideas  respecting  the  outer 
sea  gradually  changed.  At  first,  curiously  enough,  the  Atlantic 
Ocean  was  regarded  as  muddy,  shallow,  and  little  agitated  by 
the  winds — a  belief  apparently  associated  with  the  supposed 
subsidence  of  the  legendary  island  of  Atlantis.  The  world,  as 
known  to  the  ancients  down  to  about  300  years  before  Christ, 
is  represented  in  this  map  of  Hecataeus. 

There  seem":  to  he  no  d  -nSt  tli.it  the  spherical  form  of  the 
< nrt ti  wn-.  known  to  ^orne  philosopher-  even  before  the  lime  of 
Aristotle — tin-  proof  tin!  the  earth  is  a  inhere  being  indeed  ea»y 
to  minds  ili.it  had  received  .1  m.illieiu.i:ical  training — le:i  these 
have  been  lew  :u  nil  riijes.  and  nn  idea  so  directly  ©ppo-ed  the 
apparent  evidence  of  the  Hcti,e«  Could  only  be  expi-ct ed  to  win 
its  way  with  difficulty.  Indeed,  .1:  the  present  day  the  majority 
of  even  educated  people  are  un:d.le  to  ^:ve  any  reason  for  their 
belief  that  the  earth  is  a  sphere,  other  than  that  navigators  are 
now  in  the  habit  of  sailing  around  it. 

»  Lecture  <Miven<!  ai  the  AWtcen  marine.  0/  dw  UridsK  .Vsoei.nk>n  hv 
Mr.  Joha  Murray,  Director  uf  t!«  Ckati.-Hc-.-r 


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5«2 


NATURE 


[Oct.  15,  1  Si; 


However,  wc  find  that  Erathosthcncs,  Positioning  and  other 
learned  Greeks,  who  flourished  between  one  and  two  centuries 
licfnrc  our  era,  were  in  possession  of  ideas  concerning  the  figure 
mid  jiosition  of  the  terrestrial  glol>e  which  do  not  differ  mat 
nally  from  those  of  the  modem  geographer.  They  had  con- 
siderable knowledge  of  the  great  wide  sea,  a  clear  perception 
of  the  diurnal  recurrence  of  the  tides,  of  their  monthly  cycles  of 
variation,  and  correctly  ascribed  these  changes  to  the  influence 
of  the  moon.  They  speculated  on  the  circumnavigation  of  the 
globe,  and  thus  anticipated  by  many  centuries  the  project  of 
Columbus  of  sailing  direct  from  Spain  to  the  Indie*. 

During  the  century  immediately  preceding  the  C  iristian  era, 
and  during  the  dark  and  middle  ages,  there  was  a  large  acquisi- 
tion of  information  with  respect  to  the  superficial  extent  of  the 
ocean.  But,  when  we  look  back  on  the  history  of  knowledge 
concerning  our  planet,  there  is  to  be  found  no  parallel  to  the 
impression  produced  in  men's  minds  and  conceptions  by  the 
discovery  of  America,  and  the  circumnavigation  of  the  world, 
a  few  years  Inter,  by  Magellan  and  Drake.  The  influence  of 
these  events  and  the  great  ideas  associated  with  them,  can  be 
tiaccd  throughout  the  literature  of  the  Elizabethan  period; 
Shake  ]*?are  appears  to  have  had  the  mental  picture  of  the 
great,  solid,  floating  globe  continually  before  him.  His  spirit 
seemed 

".  .  .  .  bbwii  with  rcstlcis  violence  round  abjut 
The  ]*n<:ani  world." 

To  the  great  mass  of  ]>eople  the  circumnavigation  of  the  glol* 
was  the  practical  demonstration  that  the  earth  was  swung  in 
space,  supported  alone  by  some  unseen  power  ;  it  was  the  con- 
clusive proof  of  iu  globular  form— a  fact  which  must  be  rega-dcci 
as  the  fundamental  principle  of  all  scientific  geography. 

The  rage  for  geographical  exploration  which  set  in  after  the 
discovery  of  America  brought  the  phenomena  of  the  ocean  into 
greater  prominence,  but  the  science  of  the  sea  can  hardly  be 
said  to  have  commenced  till  the  seventeenth  century,  when 
Ilookc  and  Boyle  undertook  their  experiments  as  to  the  depth  of 
the  sea  and  the  composition  of  ocean  water  ;  and  several 
naturalists  gave  descriptions  of  the  animals  and  plants  inhabit- 
ing the  shallow  waters  surrounding  the  land.  During  the 
eighteenth  century  there  was  a,jain  a  large  acquisition  of  know- 
ledge concerning  the  ocean,  for  the  navigator  was  busy  with  the 
study  of  the  winds,  currents,  and  tides  ;  while  the  two  Rosses 
with  other  explorers  and  scientific  men  made  m  >  t  praiseworthy 
endeavours  to  investigate  the  greater  depths  of  the  sea  during 
the  first  half  of  the  present  century. 

The  vast  abysmal  regions  of  the  great  ocean  basins,  however, 
lay  all  scientifically  unexplored,  when  ab  iut  twenty  years  ago 
their  systematic  examination  was  undertaken  by  expeditions 
sent  forth  by  our  own  country  and  by  the  Governments  of  the 
United  States,  Germany,  Italy,  France,  and  Norway. 

ll  is  not  easy  to  estimate  the  relative  importance  of  the  events 
of  one's  uwn  time,  yet  in  all  probability  the  historians  of  the 
reign  of  Victoria  will  |kuM  to  the  recent  discoveries  in  the  great 
oceans  as  the  most  important  events  of  the  century  with  respect 
to  the  acquisition  of  natural  knowledge,  as  among  the  most 
brilliant  conquests  of  man  in  his  struggle  with  nature,  and 
doubtless  they  will  be  able  to  trace  the  effect  of  these  dis- 
coveries on  the  literature  and  on  the  philosophic  conceptions  of  our 
age.  A  mantle  of  mystery  an  I  ignorance  lias  been  cleared  aw  ay 
from  the  eleven-sixteenths  of  the  earth's  surface  covered  by  the 
ocean,  ami  in  its  place  we  have  much  definite  and  accurate 
knowledge  of  the  depths  of  the  sea.  The  last  of  the  great  out- 
lines -h'owug  the  surface  features  of  our  glib;  have  been  lioldly 
sketched  ;  the  foundation*  of  a  more  complete  and  scientific 
phys:i  .graphy  of  the  earth's  surface  have  been  firmly  laid  down. 

Thi»  evening  wc  will  endeavour  to  pass  in  ic-v.ew  s  jinc  of  the 
chief  phenomena  of  the  great  ocean  basins,  and  attempt  to  bring 
before  you  -oiiic  of  the  more  important  results  arrived  at  by  the 
many  distinguished  men  who  have  Wen  engaged  in  oceano- 
gruphtcal  researches  during  recent  years, 

Ifilbereineinbcredth.it  the  greatest  depth  of  the  ocean  is 
only  abut  five  miles,  and  that  the  height  of  the  highest  mountain 
is  liVovoe  .',!>•  nil  five  miles  above  the  level  ol  the  sea,  while  the 
glo'K-  its -It  ha-  .1  diameter  of  SuCKJ  miles,  the  comparative  insig- 
nificance of  all  the  surface  inequalities  of  the  t.inh  is  at  once 
forced  on  our  attention.  A  circle  66  feet  in  diaim'cr  having  on 
it*  -iiMaec  a  depression  of  one  inch  ;  or  a  gL.bc  one  foot  in 
diameter,  with  .1  gioove  on  its  surface  one-sixtieth  of  an  inch  in 
depth,  leprc-sent  on  a  Hue  scale  the  greatest  inequality,  of 

fountain  height  and  ocean  deep,  on  the  surface  of  tlic  earth. 


Misconceptions  often  arise,  and  erroneous  conc.3s»rn  -jr  - 
queutly  arrived  at  when  these  proportions  are  not  rigiilj 
mind.  But,  unimportant  as  these  surface  features  miy  a;i,-r-.-  *4 
viewed  with  reference  to  the  dhmetcr  of  the  eirt-i.  c 
supcrficial  area  of  an  ocean  several  thousand  milt,  a  c  - 
still  to  the  geologist  and  physical  geographer  the  e'evi>.v 
depressions,  foldings  and  dislocations,  vertical  and  Intra., 
form  these  inequalities  are  truly  gigantic,  inaitnit, 
and  the  more  they  arc  studies!  the  more  do  they  aprx-i- 
the  result  of  changes  taking  place  in  a  very  definite  v>'  <■  ■ 
manner  in  the  course  of  the  earth's  developmental  hasion 

Allow  me  to  direct  your  attention  to  the  mips  rtu-:-- 
hemisphcrcs  of  the  earth  drawn  in  equal  surface  •• 
The  continental  land  of  the  world  is  coloured  black,  :h< 
mal  regions  are  coloured  red,  and  between  these  two  ihrr- 
border  or  transitional  urea  which  is  uncoloured. 

You  will  observe  that  the  dark-coloured  masses  of  ujr  - 
land  are,  at  some  one  point,  more  or  less  closely  conoi-.v 
similar  masses  ;  there  is  usually  a  place  where  adjacer.' 
are  not  separated  by  oceans  of  very  great  depth.  A 
might  almost  journey  from  any  one  point  in  these  regi  i:- 
other  without  once  losing  sight  of  land.    If  an  excep  t" 
be  made  to  thus  statement  it  is  in  the  case  of  New  Zn;-. 
the  Antarctic  Continent,  for  the  Chalinigert  dred^:..  > 
brought  up  masses  of  schist,  gneiss,  granite,  san  dsto  1- 
pact  limestone  along  the  borders  of  the  ice-barrier,  sh 
all  doubt  that  there  is  a  mass  of  continental  land  at  1 
pole,  but,  since  it  is  buried  beneath  perpetual  sncm.  •<• 
extent  is  a  matter  of  conjecture. 

The  surfaces  of  the  continents  are  everywhere  cut  mt- 
gorge,  mountain  and  valley,  and  are  continually  on:- 
proce-sof  disintegration.    Water,  frost,  ice,  sudden  c:.  . 
temperature,  are  ever  tearing  the  solid  rocks  to  piece*.  nv 
transporting  the  fragments  d  lwn  to  the  ocean,  or  cam 
the  solid  earth  in  s  dution  ;  the  bulk  of  this  material  c  - 
in  the  areas  l>ordering  the  continents — the  uncolourH 
the  maps— there  to  form  rocks  which  may  once  agu.-. 
dry  land.    Sooner '01  later  the  whole  of  the  contmei 
in  this  way  be  reduced  below  the  level  of  the  waves  ■• 
other  forces  at  work  producing  elevation.    Such  fare-, 
arc,  and  they  are  probably  more  potent  than  the  disau 
and  Iran  porting  forces,  since  there  arc  many  rrav  "- 
licving  that  there  is  now  more  dry  land  than  at  any  ot!^ 
of  the  earth's  history. 

The  continents  have  an  average  height  of  nl>o«t  -> 
above  the  level  of  the  sea  ;  they  may  be  regarded  a-  ■ 
plateaus  occupying  five-sixteenths  of  the  earth  <  saiface 

The  abysmal  regions  of  the  earth,  represented  by  the  1 
on  the  maps,  occupy  eight-sixteenths,  or  one  half  of  tbc 
surface,  an<l  have  an  average  depth  of  three  miles  " 
surface  of  the  waves.    The  greate  t  depths  in  the  P» 
the  south  an<l  east  of  Japan,  where  there  are  aby,«- 
five  miles  ;  and  in  the  Atlantic  the  greatest  depth  1*  to  ; 
of  the  Virgin  Islands,  where  there  is  a  depression  '■'  * 
over  four  miles. 

From  all  we  yet  know  of  these  abysmal  areas  they  hr 
diver  si 
those  which 
of  deposition 

engineers  appear  to  show  that  in  some  cases  there  nuy 
ehtls  in  the  shallower  depths  of  the  ocean  in  volcanic  a'--< 
the  general  aspect  of  the  abysmal  regions  mu^t  l>e  i^-J' 
undulatin;  plains,  interrupted  here  and  there  by  hu^e 
(  ones,  with  slopes  at  a  very  low  angle.    When  the-e  «. 
above  the  surface  they  form  volcanic  oceanic  island - 
they  rise  nearly  to  the  surface  they  arc,  in  the  ttup:- 
capped  by  coral  atolls;  but  many  of  them  arc  far  t*"~' 
wave-  and  are  covered  by  a  white  mantle  of  carbonate 
the  dea  l  shells  and  skeletons  of  pelagic  and  deep  sea  ''r*~ 
The  hind  ofthc  oceanic  islands  is  of  small  extent  an- 
widely  in  the  nature  ofthc  rocks,  as  well  as  in  the  cb.-' 
the  terrestrial  a.id  marine  fauna  and  flora,  from  the.ee 
and   continental   islands.     There  has  not  been  fu'-i» 


m  all  we  yet  Know  ot  tnesc  atiysroni  areas  mo 
itv  of  peak,  gorge,  mountain,  and  valley  comp': 
w  hich  are  met  with  on  land  ;  they  arc  fundament* 
vosition.    It  is  trae  that  the  close  soundings  ot  t> 


abysmal  areas  any  land  made  up  of  gneisses,  schn's, 
or  com  -at:  limestones  ;  nor  have  fragments  of  these  ^  - 
formations  been  found  in  the  erupted  rocks  of  ll"- 
islands,  thottgh  they  are  frequent  in  the  volcanic  etJe 
the  Continental  areas. 

We  may,  indeed,  compare  the  oceanic  island,  to  the  -y 
salt  water  lakes  scattered  over  the  surface  of  the  coa1'--'' 


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NA  TURE 


583 


cut  off  from  direct  communication  with  the  ocean.  These  lal  es 
differ  as  much  from  the  waters  of  the  ocean  as  do  the  oceanic 
islands  from  the  land  of  the  continents. 

The  surface  of  the  earth  may  then  lie  divided  into  three  great 
regions — the  abysmal  area,  occupying,  so  to  speak,  the  bottom 
of  the  basins,  covering  one-half  of  the  earth's  surface  ;  a  border 
region  occupying,  so  to  speak,  the  sides  of  the  basins  covering 
three-sixteenth*  of  the  earth's  surface  ;  and  lastly,  the  continents 
which  cover  five- sixteenths  of  the  earth's  surface.  The  average 
height  of  the  elevated  plateaux  of  the  continents  alwvc  the 
submerged  plains  forming  the  abyssmal  regions  is  fully  three  miles. 

When  we  pass  to  a  consideration  of  the  water  of  the  ocean, 
which  fills  these  great  hollows  of  the  earth,  it  is  essential  to  ta>  e 
account  of  the  superincumbent  atmospheric  ocean,  which  every- 
where rests  on  its  surface,  for  the  composition  of  the  ocean  water, 
the  currents,  the  distribution  of  salinity,  density,  temperature, 
and  even  that  of  deep-sea  deposits,  arc  largely  determined  by 
the  movements  of  the  atmosphere. 

One  of  the  most  important  parts  played  by  the  ocean  in  the 
economy  of  the  globe  is  to  bring  about  a  more  equable  distribu- 
tion of  temperature  by  the  winds  which  blow  from  it  over  the 
land  and  by  means  of  the  oceanic  currents  that  are  originated 
and  maintained  by  the  w  inds. 

From  the  smallness  of  the  daily  variation  of  the  temperature  of 
the  surface  of  the  sea,  which  are  shown  by  the  C/ialUngcr  observa- 
tions, as  discussed  by  Mr.  Buchan,  not  to  exceed  l  J  F.,  as  com- 
pared with  the  large  daily  variation  on  land,  there  result  directly 
the  land  and  sea  breezes  with  all  their  beneficial  consequences. 
Similarly  from  the  small  yearly  variation  of  the  temperature  of 
the  sea,  as  compared  with  the  very  large  variation  of  the  tem- 
perature of  the  land  surfaces  of  the  globe,  result  tho.-c  great 
annual  changes  of  the  prevailing  winds — the  most  important  of 
w  hich,  with  respect  to  widespread  climatic  tffects,  is  the  summer 
monsoon  of  the  Europco- Asiatic  continent. 

But  the  most  important,  as  well  as  the  most  direct,  effect  of 
the  unequal  distribution  of  tern  erature  over  the  surfaces  of  the 
oceans  and  continents,  is  an  unequal  distribution  of  atmospheric 
pressure  varying  more  or  less  with  season.  On  the  one  hand, 
in  a  particular  season  we  see  a  portion  of  the  earth's  surface  with 
atmospheric  pre- sure  much  less  than  in  surrounding  regions,  and 
as  long  as  the  low  pressure  is  maintained  the  winds  from  the 
regions  all  around  continue  to  blow  inwards  upon  it,  bearing 
with  them  the  lem|>cratures  and  humidities  of  the  regions  from 
which  they  have  come.  On  the  other  hand  there  are  other 
pnrts  of  the  earth's  surface  with  atmospheric  pressure  much 
higher  than  in  adjoining  regions,  anil,  as  this  state  of  things 
continues  with  little  variation  throughout  the  year,  the  winds 
>Iow  out  in  all  directions  towards  surrounding  regions.  Of  this 
wo  illustrations  may  be  given. 

I  taring  winter  months  atmospheric  pressure  is  much  less  in  the 
North  Atlantic  about  Iceland  than  it  is  all  round,  and  towards 
his  area  of  low  pressure  the  winds  from  the  surrounding 
;ontineuts  blow  vorticoscly,  thus  determining  the  winter  climates 
A  the  more  important  countries  <  f  the  world.  Over  Canada 
ind  the  United  States  the  winds  are  north  and  north-westerly, 
>y  which  the  rigours  of  winter  arc  intensified  ;  but  in  Western 
Europe  the  prevailing  winds  are  suth- westerly,  and,  as  these 
*r ind s  bring  w  ith  them  the  warmth  and  moisture'of  the  Atlantic, 
he  w  inter  climates  of  Western  Europe  contrast  strongly,  latitude 
\»r  latitude,  with  those  of  the  eastern  states  of  America. 

Again,  pressure  is  higher  in  the  Atlantic  between  the  north 
jf  Africa  and  America  than  it  is  all  round,  and  out  of  this 
tnticyclonic  area  of  high  pressure  observations  show  that  the 
vinds  blow  in  all  directions  towards  surrounding  regions  where 
>rcssurc  is  less.  To  the  westward  of  North  Africa  the  prevailing 
vinds  are  northerly  and  north-westerly,  but  <-n  the  south  side  ul" 
his  anticyclonic  region  the  winds  arc  easterly,  and  on  the  west 
he  winds  are  southerly. 

Owing  to  these  very  different  winds,  and  the  oceanic  currents 
o  whicli  they  give  rise,  the  temperature  of  the  -ea  is  much 
jigher  off  the  coasts  of  Florida  than  it  is  off  the  coasts  of  Africa 
11  the  saruc  latitudes.  The  effect  of  these  differences  is  re- 
:ognisable  in  the  distribution  of  marine  life  and  coral  reefs,  and, 
:onscquently,  of  the  deposits  at  the  bottom  of  the  sea. 

Since  over  this  anticyclonic  area,  and  similar  ones  in  the 
south  Atlantic,  North  Pacific,  and  in  a  less  marked  degree  in 
he  South  Pacific,  atmospheric  pressure  remains  high  throughout 
hcyear,  notwithstanding  thcouttlowof  wind  all  around  from  them, 
t  follows  that  aerial  upper  currents  must  flow  towards  these  high 
wessure  regions  accompanied  by  a  slow  downward  movement  of 


the  air  through  their  central  portions.  Now,  as  observations 
show  that  in  such  circumstances  the  sl>y  is  clear,  the  air  dry,  the 
rainfall  small,  and  the  evaporation  large,  it  follows  that  over 
these  parts  of  the  great  oceans,  where  atmospheric  pressure  is 
higher  than  all  around,  the  rainfall  is  very  far  from  being  suffi- 
cient in  amount  to  make  good  the  loss  arising  from  evaporation — 
a  consideration  which  has  important  bearings  on  the  difficult 
question  of  oceanic  circulation. 

As  in  these  anticyclonic  regions  in  the  great  oceans  there  is 
opened  up  a  direct  communication  between  the  upper  regions  of 
the  atmosphere  and  the  surface  of  the  sea,  I  y  means  of  the 
descending  aerial  currents,  it  is  interesting  to  ask  whether  this 
fact  may  not  have  some  c  <nnection  with  the  volcanic  ami 
cosmic  dust  found  in  the  same  regions  in  the  deep-sea  deposits  ; 
especially  is  this  interesting  in  connection  with  recent  specula- 
tions as  to  the  presence  of  these  substances  in  the  higher  regions 
of  the  atmosphere. 

In  thus  indicating  the  positions  of  the  high-pressure  areas, 
and  of  the  winds  that  blow  out  from  anil  around  them  over  the 
great  oceans,  wchavc  at  the  same  time  traced  the  courses  of  the 
great  oceanic  currents  and  the  positions  of  the  Sargasso  sca«, 
for  the  winds  everywhere  determine  and  control  the  movements 
of  the  surface  waters. 

The  moisture  taken  up  from  the  sea  surface  by  the  winds — 
leaving  the  water  salter  than  before— is  borne  to  the  land  and 
condensed  on  the  mountain-slopes.  Eventually  this  water 
gathers  off  the  land,  passes  by  rivulet,  stream,  and  river  down 
again  to  the  ocean,  bearing  along  with  it  a  burden  of  earthy 
matters  in  solution.  In  this  manner  the  ocean  has  most  probably 
become  salt  in  the  course  of  ages.  The  water  of  the  ocean  now 
contains,  it  is  almost  certain,  a  portion  of  every  clement  in  solu- 
tion. Many  of  these  are  present  in  exceedingly  minute  traces. 
They  are  detected  cither  in  the  sea  water  or  the  evaporated- 
down  residue  by  spectrum  analysis  ;  in  the  copper  of  ships' 
bottoms,  which  have  withdrawn  them  by  chemical  decompo- 
sition ;  or,  again,  in  the  ashes  of  sea-weeds  and  marine  animals, 
which,  during  life,  exert  a  selective  influence  upon  the  surround- 
ing water. 

(A  diagram  was  exhibited  showing  the  average  composition  of 
sea  salt.)  The  individual  salts  present  in  sea  water  are,  of  course, 
cons'antly  interchanging  their  me'alsand  acid  radicals,  so  that  it 
is  impossible  to  say  authoritatively  w  hat  is  the  precise  amount  of 
the  respective  chlorides  and  sulphates  of  sodium,  potassium,  cal- 
cium, and  magnesium  actually  present.  But  it  has  been  shown 
by  hundreds  of  laborious  and  most  delicate  experiments  that  the 
actual  ratio  of  acids  and  Ixiscs  in  sea  salts— that  is,  the  ratio  of 
the  constituents  of  sea  salts — is  constant  in  waters  from  all 
depths,  with  one  very  significant  exception— that  of  lime — which 
is  present  in  slightly  greater  proportion  in  deep  water. 

The  total  amount  of  dissolved  salts  in  the  ocean  would,  it  is 
calculated,  if  extracted,  form  a  pavement  170  feet  thick  over 
the  entire  sea  bed,  and  of  this  amount  1}  inches  would  be  com- 
posed of  pure  carbon,  chiefly  present  as  carlxmic  acid  in  the 
carbonates. 

On  account  of  the  constancy  in  its  composition  the  determina- 
tion of  any  one  of  the  constituents  of  sea  salt— chlorine,  for 
instance — gives  the  datum  for  calculating  the  salinity — that  is, 
the  proportion  of  total  sails  to  the  water  in  which  they  are 
dissolved  ;  though  determinations  of  this  nature  are  more  con- 
veniently made  by  ol  servations  of  density  by  means  of  the 
hydrometer.  (A  map  was  exhibited  on  which  Mr.  Buchanan  has 
shown  the  results  of  his  laborious  investigations  in  this  direction.) 
An  examination  of  this  shows  that  the  surface  wat«rof  the  ocean 
is  freshest — that  is,  contains  the  least  salt — at  the  poles  and  in  the 
equatorial  belt  of  calms.  In  the  east  of  the  Indian  Ocean  a 
change  of  the  monsoons  brings  about  a  great  change  in  the 
salinity  of  the  surface  water.  The  centres  of  the  great  systems 
of  oceanic  currents  produced  by  the  trade  winds  are  the  areas  of 
highest  salinity  in  the  o|>cn  ocean  ;  yet  here  the  water  is  not  so 
salt  as  in  some  enclosed  seas  situated  in  areas  of  great  evapora- 
tion, as  the  Mediterranean,  and  especially  the  Red  Sea  and 
Persian  Gulf,  where  the  saltest  water  is  found  and  where  a 
regular  circulation  is  kept  up  by  the  outward  flow  of  the  denser 
water.  The  salinity  of  the  deeper  waters  is  considerably  below 
the  average  at  the  surface  in  the  open  ocean,  especially  in  the 
Atlantic. 

In  the  equatorial  regions  the  surface  water  of  the  ocean  has 
occasionally  a  temperature  of  85*  or  86°  F.,  and  the  normal 
temperature  in  tropical  and  subtropical  regions  ranges  from  6o* 
to  So*.     This  warm  water  is,  however,  a  relatively  thin  stratum 


Digitized  by  Google 


5»4 


NATURE 


[Oct.  15.  iy; 


.c  the  sortace,  the  great  miu  of  the  ocean  consisting  of  cold 
water — «iar  of  4;',  40",  and  of  even  a  much  lower  tem- 
peranre.  At  a  tittle  orer  half  a  mile  of  depth  in  the  tropics 
-he  water  has  a  temperature  of  40',  and  at  the  bottom  it  is 
*:Z  ;  „  ier — ice-cold  indeed.  The  ooze  which  is  dredged  from 
Tje  -«  r  ,m  benearh  the  horning  son  of  the  equator  is  so  cold 
•-XL  t.te  hand  cannot  be  held  in  it  for  any  time  without  great 
iiscr.<=Soer. 

In  the  open  ocean  the  temperature  usually  decreases  with  the 
*f*,  the  coldest  water  being  found  at  the  bottom  ;  but  some- 
there  are  limited  areas  where  the  temperature  remains 
xr. rm  tor  a  mile  or  half  a  mile  above  the  bottom.  This  has 
been  >cown  to  depend  on  the  existence  of  barriers  to  free  circu- 
lata  n.  whxh  exist  on  the  floor  of  the  ocean,  and  cause  in  a 
meascre  a  resemblance  to  the  conditions  which  are  so  marked  in 
many  partially  enclosed  seas,  shut  off  by  submarine  barriers 
fr-tr.  general  oceanic  circulation,  where  the  tem(ieraiure  is  oni- 
f-.rm.  it  may  be,  from  a  few  fathoms  below  the  surface  to  the 
t»  'torn — for  icstance,  in  the  Mediterranean  and  Seas  of  the 
Ma-iyan  Arciiteiago. 

The  low  temperature  of  deep  ocean  water  was  acquired  at  the 
surface  in  h \A  latitudes,  chiefly  in  the  high  latitudes  of  the 
to  "hern  hemisphere.  The  salt  warm  water  of  the  tropical 
reg.o.-vs,  wh:ch  is  driven  in  relatively  rapid  currents  along  the 
eastern  sr.  res  of  South  America,  Africa,  and  Australia  by  the 
action  of  the  prevailing  winds,  on  reaching  a  southern  latitude 
of  50  or  55'  sinks  on  being  cooled,  and  spreads  over  the 
floor  of  the  ocean.  A  similar  circulation  takes  place  in  the 
northern  hemisphere,  though  modified  in  many  way*  by  the 
peculiar  coo  figuration  of  the  land  :  for  instance,  it  is  almost 
certain  that  the  cold  water  at  a  temperature  of  30'  F.,  which 
occupies  the  deeper  part  of  the  Norwegian  Sea  beyond  the 
Wjrnlle-Thomson  Ridge,  is  the  dense  surface  water  of  the 
Atlantic  which  become-  cold  and  sinks  as  it  passes  northward 
in  the  extension  of  the  Gulf  Stream.  Again,  the  relatively  low 
temperature  found  on  the  eastern  coasts  of  Africa  and  America 
seems  largely  due  to  the  cold  deep  water  which  is  drawn  up  to 
«wpply  the  place  of  the  warm  surface  water  driven  forward  by 
the  trade  winds. 

While  surface  currents,  both  warm  and  cold,  have  at  times 
considerable  velocities,  there  is  no  evidence  that  rapid  currents 
exist  anywhere  in  the  great  deeps,  on  the  contrary,  the  move- 
ments most  be  extremely  slow  and  massive  in  character  ;  the 
only  exception  seems  to  be  on  the  crests  of  some  ridges  at 
moderate  depths  between  volcanic  islands  or  other  similarly 
situated  places. 

Through  the  constant  circulation  in  the  ocean  the  gases  of  the 
atmosphere,  which  arc  everywhere  absorbed  at  the  surface  of 
the  sea  according  to  the  known  laws  of  gas  absorption,  are 
borne  down  and  thus  enable  myriads  of  living  organisms  to 
carry  on  their  existence  at  all  depths.  The  nitrogen  remains  at 
all  times  and  places  nearly  constant,  but  frequently  the  propor- 
tion of  oxygen  is  much  reduced  in  deep  water,  owing  to  the 
processes  of  oxidation  and  respiration  which  arc  there  going  on. 

The  absorbed  carbonic  acid  plays  a  most  important  and 
intricate  rXt  in  the  economy  of  the  ocean,  owing  to  its  tendency 
to  reduce  normal  carbonate  of  lime  and  magnesia  to  solution  in 
the  form  of  bicarbonate  ;  and  to  the  rapid  interchanges  to  which 
it  is  subject  in  consequence  of  vital  processes.  It  probably  re- 
ceives large  a  Mi  turns  from  the  bottom  of  the  ocean,  as  an  after- 
product  of  volcanic  eruptions,  and  through  the  respiration  of 
animal  s. 

It  is  often  supposed  that  hydrochemical  actions  go  00  with 
much  greiter  activity  in  the  deep  sea  where  there  may  tie  a  pressure 
of  four  or  five  tons  on  the  square  inch,  but,  while  it 
convenient  to  assume  it,  there  is  no  sufhetent  cvtd< 
is  the  case.    The  disintegrations  dec  impositions, 
sitions  which  take  place  in  the  deposits  are  all  similar 
which  take  place  in  shallow  water  or  on  land,  and 
peculiarities  occurring  in  inorganic  or  organic  sub 
depths  are  probably  due  chiefly  to  the  low  tcmperati 
perfect  stillness,  and  the  absence  of  light :  for,  although 
admitted  that  some  rays  descend  to  much  greater  depths 

if  usually  supposed,  yet  wc  must  at  present  believe 
of  them  reach  the  greatca^MAavThc  absorbed 
are  probably  bat  little  artectc4JBA^0«at  pressure  of  tiki 
water,  for 
that  water  is  but 
_  will  sink  to  the  bottod 
to  the  bottom  of  the  di 


for  all  substances  which  are  more   niMflai  am  «. 

itself.  The  compressibility  of  water  caoaoc,  ho*r»-- 
neglected  in  oceanographical  questions.  In  very  {ra- 
the lower  layers  are  considerably  compressed  ;  far  mtr. 
an  ocean  five  miles  deep,  were  the  action  of  jno  ,-. 
to  cease,  the  water  would  rise  about  500  feet  abonsi  • 
level  from  expansion,  a  height  sufficient  to  ahnetge  la- 
the habitable  land  of  the  globe. 

It  remains  to  mention  the  investigations,  which  tun- 
been  made,  as  to  the  change  of  level  of  the  ocean,  osra. 
attraction  of  the  masses  of  c  >ntinental  or  other  Land — - 
instance,  as  that  of  the  Himalayas  for  the  water  of  tar  .-. 
the  south,  by  which  the  level  of  the  Southern  Indus 
lowered  some  hundred  feet ;  the  bearing  of  this  oa  the  - 
elevation  or  submergence  of  land  along  coast  -lines  k 
for  the  level  of  the  sea,  to  which  we  refer  aD  ha; 
depths,  cannot  be  regarded  as  much  more  staSle  lb: 
Land  itself. 

( To  cmitinmaL) 

NEW  PROCESS  OF  LIQUEFY  ISO  OXW 

T  IQUID  ethylene,  the  preparation  and  use  of  wl>:: 
already  explained,  shows,  at  its  boiling  poiat  B 
pressure  of  the  at m     here,  a  temperature  of  at  lea-'  - 
only  some  10'  from  the  critical  temperature  of  oxygen 
It  is  understood  how  in  the  expansion  of  compressed  t 


let.  15,  1885] 


NATURE 


585 


rgulating  the  expansion  so  as  to  maintain  a  certain  pressure  in 
ic  tube,  the  oxygen  is  seen  for  some  time  completely  liquefied. 
.  When  by  means  of  the  air-pump  the  evaporation  of  liquid 
thylenc  is  accelerated,  as  was  done  by  Faraday  with  protoxide 
f  nitrogen  and  carbonic  acid,  its  temperature  is  reduced  much 
clow  the  critical  point  of  oxygen. 

With  a  view  to  avoiding  the  inconveniences  and  complications 
ivolvcd  in  the  necessity  of  working  in  vacuo,  I  indicated  liquid 
•/-///<?//<•,  which  with  the  greatest  ease  achieves  the  liquefaction 
f  oxygen  and  nitrogen.    Notwithstanding  these  advantages,  in 
insequence  of  the  perfection  to  which  I  have  recently  brought 
le  preparation  and  management  of  ethylene,  it  has  seemed  to 
c  that  this  substance  should  be  preferred  to  formene,  and  so, 
means  of  boiling  ethylene  in  open  vessels,  I  have  succeeded 
obtaining  a  temperature  sufficiently  low  for  the  complete 
quefaction  of  oxygen. 

The  preparation  of  ethylene  by  means  of  sulphuric  acid  and 
cohol  is  frequently  impeded  by  the  frothing  of  the  material, 
rminating  the  experiment  before  the  gas  has  l>ecn  eon* 
eteljf  liberated.  The  admixture  of  sand,  recommended  by 
.'ohler,  does  not  always  serve  to  counteract  this  frothing,  but 
have  found  the  addition  of  a  small  quantity  of  vaseline  effica- 
ous  in  this  respect. 


The  material  I  work  with  consists  of  400  grammes  of  alcohol, 
2000  grammes  of  sulphuric  acid,  and  15  to  20  grammes  of  vase- 
line. This  is  warmed  in  a  glass  globe,  of  5  or  6  litres  capacity, 
over  a  burner  in  the  usual  way.  The  gas  is  washed  in  two 
large  flasks  of  caustic  soda,  and  then  collected  in  a  water  gas- 
holder.   By  means  of  a  mercury  pump  the  ethylene  is  dried  by 

Eassing  through  a  flask  of  sulphuric  acid  and  condensed  in  steel 
ottlcs  having  a  screw  lap. 
Fig.  1  represents  the  apparatus  I  made  use  of  to  liquefy 
oxygen  by  the  rapid  evaporation  of  ethylene  by  means  of 
a  current  of  air  or  of  refrigerated  hydrogen.  The  liquid 
ethylene  is  inclosed  in  the  bottle  E,  which  is  fixed  to  a  vertical 
support,  with  its  mouth  directed  downwards,  and  is  in  communi- 
cation with  a  copper  worm,  s  s,  of  3  mm.  to  4  mm.  in  diameter, 
closed  at  its  lower  extremity  by  a  screw  cock,  ff.  After  the 
worm  has  been  cooled  to  -  700  by  means  of  chloride  of  methy- 
lene in  the  manner  I  shall  explain  further  on,  the  ethylene  there 
accumulating  possesses  at  this  temperature  but  a  weak  tension, 
and  it  may  therefore  be  run  without  sensible  loss  into  the  test- 
tube,  L,  when  the  cock,  r1,  is  opened.  This  new  arrangement 
I  have  adopted  for  ethylene  and  formene  allows  the  liquefied 
gas  to  be  cooled  as  well  as  though  the  whole  reservoir  containing 
it  were  of  the  siuic  temperature  as  the  worm. 


Fic. 


-  The  glass  test-tube  L  is  arranged  in  a  vessel  containing,  air 
-ied  by  means  of  pumice  and  sulphuric  6*,  and  in  this  way  hoar- 
"*  ost  is  prevented  from  being  deposited  on  the  refrigerated  sides. 
When  the  ethylene  ha*  been  received  in  the  test-tube  L, 
i  evaporation  is  accelerated  by  passing  through  it  a  cur- 
•nt  of  air,  or,  still  better,  of  hydrogen  dried  by  its  passage  in 
ie  vessel  c,  containing  chloride  of  calcium,  and  cooled  in  the 
ortn  S  • 

^  The  two  worms  in  which  the  air  and  the  ethylene  circulate 
«  ptnnged  into  chloride  of  methylene  which  is  rapidly  cvapor- 
'  cd  by  means  of  dry  and  cool  air,  and  in  this  way  a  temperature 
I  -  70°  is  obtained. 
Fig.  2  shows  the  arrangement  of  the  oxygen  apparatus  and 
AMHpoprettton  pump.    When  the  tube  To  is  plunged  into  the 
Aak  »,  the  evaporation  of  the  latter  is  accelerated  by  gently 
I     4he  cock  F,  and  blowing  on  to  it  the  air  or  hydrogen 

I 


ht  into  action,  and  the  oxygen  re- 
liquid,  separated  from  the 
meniscus, 
ermometcr,  the  construction  of 


which  I  shall  shortly  explain,  I  have  measured  the  temperature 
of  the  ethylene,  which  in  one  of  my  experiments  was  found  to 
be  -  123  '  C.  By  dint  of  certain  1110  liticitions  effected  in  the 
apparatus  I  am  in  hopes  of  achieving  a  still  lower  temperature. 

Altogether,  I  have  proved  that  by  quickening  the  evaporation 
of  the  ethylene  by  means  of  a  current  of  air  or  hydrogen  cooled 
to  a  low  degree,  its  temperature  is  lowered  much  under  that 
.•f  the  critical  point  of  oxygen,  and  that  in  such  a  medium  the 
oxygen  liquefies  most  easilyr' 

This  experiment  is  so  easy  of  accomplishment,  that  the 
practice  of  it  may  be  commenced  at  once  in  laboratories,  and  be 
repeated  in  public  lectures. 

The  apparatus  I  have  described  ha>  been  constructed  with 
.;reat  care  by  M.  Ducretet,  and  I  have  to  thank  M.  Ijamin 
.'or  kindly  permitting  me  to  perform  the  experiments  in  the 
Physical  Laboratory  of  the  Sorbonne. 

1  M.  F..  Sainie-Claire  Dcville,  engineer  10  the  Gas  Company  of  Paris,  and 
«>o  of  my  illustrious  master,  has  now  for  some  lime,  by  my  advice,  been 
studying  the  problem  of  lowering  the  temperature  by  means  of  the  rapid 
evaporation  01 chloride  of  methylene,  and  has  established  that,  by  sufficiently 
noting  the  injected  air,  temperatures  varying  from  -13°  C,  to  —71*  C  may 
lie  maintained  nearly  constant  for  several  hours. 


Google 


586 


NA  TURE 


[0(t.  15,  i; 


NOTES  fROM  THE  OTAGO  UNIVERSITY 
MUSEUM 

V.  On  an  "  index -Collection "  for  small  Zoological  Museums 
in  the  Form  of  a  Genealogical  Tree  of  Ihe  Animal  Kingdom 

rp  VEN  in  the  smallest  museums  it  is  for  many  reasons  difficult, 
and  often  impossible,  to  arrange  the  representatives  of  the 
various  groups  of  animals  in  such  a  way  as  to  bring  out  clearly 
their  mutual  relations.  H»nce  arises  the  need  of  an  "index- 
collection  "  in  which  each  group  is  represented  by  one  or  more 
specimens  so  arranged  as  to  indicate  as  accurately  and  clearly  as 
possible  the  affinities  of  the  groups  they  typify-  The  form  which 
naturally  suggests  itself  as  the  most  suitable  for  a  small  type- 
collection  of  the  kind  indicated  is  that  of  a  solid  phylogenetic 
diagram  or  "genealogical  tree." 

An  excellent  form  of  "diagram  in  three  dimensions"  for 
lecture  purposes  has  been  devised  by  Haddon  ;  the  model  I  have 
recently  had  constructed  appears  to  rac  to  l>c  more  suitable  for 
permanent  use  in  a  museum.' 

It  consists  of  a  vertical  wooden  rod  about  3  feet  6  inches  in 
height,  representing  the  main  line  o(  descent  from  Protozoa  to 
Vertebrata  ;  from  this  spring,  at  various  levels,  branches  repre- 
senting types  which  lie  off  the  direct  line  ;  these  have  in  most 
cases  an  upward  direction,  but  arc  directed  downwards  from 
their  point  of  origin  in  the  case  of  degenerate  groups.  At 
appropriate  points  on  this  framework  are  placed  cither  actual 
specimens  or  models  of  one  or  more  examples  of  each  group. 

As  the  Vertebrata  inevitably  take  up  the  largest  share  of  space 
in  a  museum  as  well  as  of  public  attention,  each  of  the  classes 
of  that  group  is  represented  on  the  model,  while  in  the  case  o( 
Invertchrata  one  or  two  examples  only  are  given  to  each  type 
or  sub-kingdom. 

For  each  group — type  or  class,  as  the  case  may  be  — a  label  is 
provided,  giving  (•!)  the  name  of  the  group,  \b\  the  name  of  the 
specimen  or  model  serving  as  an  example  of  it,  and  (c)  the 
plate  in  the  Museum  where  representatives  of  the  group  are  to 
he  found. 

A  more  correct  mode  of  construction  for  a  model  of  this  kind 
would  be  to  make  the  branches  of  such  a  length  as  to  bring  the 
end-  of  all  of  them,  and  consequently  the  specimens  they  sup- 
port, to  one  level  ;  advance  of  organisation  would  thus  be  indi- 
cated, not  by  height  above  the  ground,  but  by  distance  from  a 
centre.  Hut  such  a  nnxlcl  would  be  far  less  convenient  than 
the  form  I  have  adopted. 

VI.  Oh  tie  She  and  the  External  Sexual  Ckataeters  if  the  A*  10 

Zealand  Octopus  (O.  maontm,  Hutton) 

In  his  work  on  the  octopus, '•  as  well  as  in  his  more  recent 
pamphlet,  '*  Sea  Monsters  Unmasked,"1  Mr.  Henry  Lee  states 
that  the  laigesl  Itritish  specimen  he  had  examined  had  arms  2$  feet 
long  ;  that  examples  with  arms  of  about  44  feet  had  been  found 
in  the  Mediterranean  ;  but  that  the  largest  specimens  known  were 
those  found  >  n  the  coast  of  North  America  ;  Vancouver's  Island ', 
one  of  which  had  l»ecn  measured  by  Mr.  J.  K.  Lord,  who  found 
the  length  of  one  arm  to  he  5  feet. 

From  this  it  would  seem  not  to  be  generally  known,  oven  liy 
naturali-'s,  that  a  species  of  octopus  is  very  common  on  some 
par:-  of  the  coast  of  New  Zealand,  ami  notably  in  !>une<lin 
Harbour,  the  average  -i/e  of  which  is  fully  equal  to,  while  it 
occasionally  exceeds,  that  of  the  specimen  from  V;  ncouver's 
Island  ,11st  referred  to. 

I  have  iccenily  had  mounted  for  this  Museum  a  female  Octo- 
pus •nac  nm,  the  longest  arm  of  which  is  4  feet  31  inches  but 
larger  ^><eimen>  have  been  frequently  seen  by  my  assistants  ami 
myself.  The  following  are  the  dimensions  of  the  largest  indi- 
vidual—a  male  - w  hich  we  have  actua  ly  measured  : — 

Kret  Indie* 

Length  of  body  and  head    ..       .  ...     .  -  .     I  * 

I  iametci  of  body    ...    O  S 

Length  of  arms  — 

w  ^   • !  .stht  :::  :::       :::  5  I 

 4 10 


2nd  ,. 


Kighi 
Right 


5  2 


1  Tlic  inolc  i  reOrrol  to  «a»  rtlnLiccd  and  J>  Mi'.rd  in  detail  at  »  mrttnj 

Of  <  ![.,-  .  lu.lHnlT  ■'!>    f  l|.<-  )■ 

'  "  ll><  <>,-(  . yu\  ,  or,  tun  '  I'cvil >oh'  A  Fi'-t.on  and  of  fact."  (<_]i.\p- 

.,„<!  lull,  |-:,| 
1  <>n«  of  ilw      llaitilt.ivkv  "  of  ihe  r  i»iienr»  I .  tliibiiioii,  i  -.tj. 


3rd  pair 
4th  ,. 


Left   

Uight  (hedocutjiised) 

Left  ...   

Right   


t  : 

.  1  :i 


Diameter  of  largest  suckers  (on  1st  or  "  dor-al" 
aims)    ...    ...    ...    0 

Resides  the  hcctocotylisation  of  the  third  right  srn,  ■■ 
striking  difference  between  the  two  series  which  1  htv 
mcntioned.    In  the  male  the  suckers  simply  un.kr?-  > 
diminution  in  size  in  passing  from  the  prominal  to  t.V 
of  the  arm  ;  they  retain  their  characteristic  for*,  itnl  v 
counted  up  to  about  half  an  inch  of  the  tip.    In  :h'  - 
the  other  hand,  the  suckers  become  quite  indisinv."  : 
inches,  and  in  some  cases  for  fully  a  foot,  from  'he  c  v-- 
the  arm,  taking  on  the  form  of  small  tubcrclc-ltke  elrv--. 
an  instance  of  this  difference  I  may  mention  that  3 
specimen  with  the  first  left  arm-4  feet  2j  inches  in  i^v 
292  to  319  suckers  could  l>c  readily  counted  on  each  ••- 
in  a  female  with  the  corresponding  ar.n  of  the  same 
90  to  115  could  be  counted  on  each  arm,  the  do- 1 
bearing  tubercles  so  crowded  as  to  make  it  practical.;  :• 
to  count  them.  T.  Uffi*y  i 

Duncdin,  N.Z.,  June  19 

THE  BRITISH  ASS  OC/ A  T/OX 

SECTION  II — Anthko voi.ee. v 

Prof.  W.  Turin  r  read  .1  paper  on  The  lu,ic>  •!  ;hi  1 
as  a  Basis  of  Classification.— .That  the  inlet  to  the  ' 
presented  variations  in  outline  and  in  the  pr<>|*'f 
conjugate  and  transverse  diameters  has  been  ic^'C. 
the  publication  by  Vrolik  in  1826,  and  by  M  T.  We  - 
of  their  important  memoirs  on  the  pelvis  in  certain  1 1 
In  1866  Zaaijer,  of  I  eyden,  in  his  -•n.ly  of  the  pcb:< 
of  Java,  recogni  ed  differences'  in  form  in  women 
race,  and  he  expressed  these  differences  numerically 
tran-xersc  diameter  as  -  too,  and  then  multiply-.: 
jugate  diameter  by  too,  and  dividing  by  the  ;r  . 

j  numeral  so  obtained  is  the  index  of  the  pelvic  brim,  ■  ■ 
index."    I!y  applying  this  method  to  the  pehi- 

;  races  of  man,  a  classiticat  on  of  races  based  on  the 
I  rim  may  be  framcil.    In  carrying  out  this  methyl 
pelvi,  hould  especially  be  studied,  as  in  women  the  ,■ 
sexual  reasons,  does  not  present  such  wide  divcrgrr.o- 
form  of  its  inlet  as  in  men.    To  give  precision  to  the  <■-• 
it  will  be  advi-able  to 'employ  special  terms,  and 
far  as  possible  to  bring  these  terms  into  according  •* 
employed  in  the  classification  of  crania  1  a-cd  on  d." 
the  relations  of  the  length  to  the  brta-.'.th  of  the 
terms    w>ll    be   envplo)ed.     'I  bus  .'oUhopelbc 
a   )<clvis    the   conjugate  diameter  of   which  i-  U-«L'-- 
the    transverse,  or    closely   ap;  roaching    to  it  ;  !''•' 
a  pelvis   in  which  the  ttansvene  diameter  greatl* 
the  conjugate;    and  nicsatipellic,  a  (xUis  in  wl-.tJi  "' 
verse  diameter  is  not  -o  greatly  in  excess  of  the 
Owing  to  the  comparatively  limited  number  of  r<'V~ 
diffeient  race-  of  men  which  have  l»een  mca-isied, 
not  be  1  ossible  to  fix  definitely  at  pres,  nt  the  numf1- 
of  each  of  '.lie-e  groups  ;  but  the  following  were  vl  1 
visionally  by  the  author  :  — dolichopellic,  a  pelvis  with  '< 
above  ii  t:  platypellic,  one  with  brim  index  l*l,rt»  • 
mesatipeilic,  a  jielvis  with  a  brim  index  Wl'<  een  •>'<>  ■ 
lx>th  inclusive      I  he  number  of  pelvic  measurement-  tr  1  ' 
the  author  drew   bis  conclusions  were  coinparat. vely  " 
from  the-e  it  would  seem  that  the  dolichopellic  div-.si  r. 
Austialians,   Hushmen,  Hottentots,  Kaffirs,  arxl  ArnUff  - 
whilst  Negroes,  Tasmanians,  and  New  Caledonian*  *" . 
pellic.  .Tin I  Kuropeans,  Chinese,  .\nd  probably  Amenc^*  ;' 
Mong  i<>  ihc  platyjK-llic  group.    \\  hen  a  pelvis  ha- 
pellic  cbarac'.eis  it  approximates  in  the  relations  of  i:» lr'' 
and  ,'<,ii|     up  diameters  to  ihc  form  of  the  pelvic  bora  ir.'  ^ 
in  mammals  lower  han  man  ;  an.l  in  thedolieh  -t-ellk  An- 
Hushmen,  Kaffirs,  and  Andamancse.  the  length  of  the 
on  the  average  greater  than  the  breadth,  and  this 
animal  character. 

Mr.   \V.  F.   Stanley  cxhibite.l  a   portnble  sc»,f  [[ 
portions  of  the  human  body.     The  instrument  ti  a  >r-^ 

!  scale  or  rule  of  ivory,   afyiut    three  inches  in  If*' 


Digitized  by  Goofile 


Oct.  15,  1885] 


NATURE 


587 


livided  on  each  edge  of  ihc  two  faces  by  lines  which  repre- 
sent the  proportions  of  the  human  body,  the  male  on  the  one  side, 
in<l  the  female  on  the  other.  The  opposite  edge  to  that  cm  which 
he  proportions  arc  shown  is  divided  into  100  parts  in  the  same 
-pace  as  the  height  of  the  l>ody.  The  object  aimed  at  by  the 
isc  of  this  scale  is  to  compare  any  person,  or  statue,  or  photo- 
graph with  the  model  of  perfect  human  form  given  by  John 
Marshall,  or  to  determine  the  parts  of  the  body  in  proportional 
lecintals  of  the  whole,  to  facilitate  description. 

Mr.  J.  Theodore  Kent  read  a  paper  on  Insular  Gretk 
Customs  as  seen  in  the  islands  of  the  .digcan  Sea.  He  pro- 
ceeded to  notice  the  modern  Greek  customs  concerning  birth 
and  childhood,  comparing  them  with  ancient  ones,  among  the 
customs  descried  Intin^  that  of  fate-tell>ng,  and  the  notions 
regarding  the  deleterious  influence  of  Nereid*  on  children. 
The  customs  connected  with  death  and  burials  were  next 
described,  and  shown  to  be  the  same  as  those  of  the  Greeks 
200J  years  ago.  Some  instances  wcrg  given  of  the  poetry  of 
death-wails,  and  it  was  shown  that  the  belief  in  Charon  and 
Hades  existed  still  in  the  islands  of  the  /Kgcan  Sea.  Among 
the  other  customs  describe  1  in  the  pa|>cr  were  fcas's  for  the 
dead,  which  could  be  traced  to  a  remote  antiquity,  and  the 
ancient  belief  in  vampires  still  survived.  Instances  were  al  o 
given  from  agricultural  life  of  the  identity  between  ancient  and 
modem  customs,  including  the  ceremony  gone  through  before 
sow  ing  of  seed,  the  use  of  skins  for  grain,  the  granaries  in  the 
ground,  in  the  kind  of  agricultural  implements  used,  and  also  in 
the  names  used  for  animals. 

Gen.  Fitt-Rivers  explained  the  provisions  of  the  Act  of 
Parliament  relating  to  the  preservation  of  ancient  monu- 
ments. The  Act  scheduled  the  most  important  and  best-known 
ancient  monuments  in  the  country,  and  provided  that  these 
should  1>c  registered,  and  after  their  registration,  although  they 
remained  the  propertv  of  the  owner  nf  the  land  on  which  they 
were  situated , 
l>e  destn...  cd  I 
minor  nior.n-ii 
being  |'i 1  - 
should  mold  •_• 
I'it'-Ki  :  h 
w.is  :  1  '■  n  v. 
es: i'd  in  !■■<.•  ■  i 
any  in iinv  w.i 


reappear  slightly  altered  on  shell  gorgets  in  th;  Solomon  and 


Admiralty  Islands,  and  also  on  the 


tat  Japanese  drum  ex- 


an  ' 
v  tl, 


'hi 

'  w  ;i  r. 


tl 


:■-!■  >::■.•  will:  '.lie  lan  I,  1  ■  >u 
••re  were  n  1  - ■  1  a  v.-. si  tHi'ii'HT  of 
c-'.  and   v.uii-  well  wor.hy 
•  ■'.  1   -1  '1  that    [':■■    I  ;i  n  -tit 


di 


•  1  1 
Th 

goat  iriK: 
u  .1  ■   r.-  il    ;  ■ 

h-_-e  111:1:  .1-  11.  miiaiehts.  W  III',  he  K  r-.-u 
>•  w.th  rega:d  t..  thcs-.:  minor  in  ■•rmirni- 
-.11  :!:•.•  I  Tiiu-i-i.il  geittkui  :n  111  - '  .n'.r 
!  <gv.  :n  I  .i-l;  the-m  to  let  li:n:  kit  <w  wh  -n 
■o  11101  liinirr.l  ■■  in  their  district.  l'i  hi.- 
Island  <•!  l.i'-M-  tV-  agent  of  I M.ithc-on  h.i  I  jiromis.-d 
.is-isl  him  :■:  every  way  he  p-.--ddy  e.v.tM  ;  and  lb.  \ii.ei», 
Invent-  li...  i  t-r.  mi  -■:  :  lo  libit  t>.  .!.,  the  -rune  thin.;  ;  j-id  h- 
ba<i  re.  ■  -  •  e.l  |-:...i.i  o.  ..f  lr;c  hind  noin  n  nuiv.be'.  of  odr.i 
gentle,  .evi,  Jr.  ir-  e.  a  i„  h-:  :ng ,  through- nil  the  country  in  con- 
nection v.;:!i  li,e  working  of  th;,  Act  of  I'arhaiuenl  \  h-  :i:i  i 
found  no  .owiri  of  tl;..  , , ;  o  i :,  i  n ,  ei : :  -  -eh  c h:l  e<  1  ir.  trie  An  1111 
Willing  lo  pM  l.i-  ir.'.nnmer.!  .irdu  tl:-.-  Act  bec.a.i-e  he  w:-hed 
to  tl,-st.oy  it.  I.-ie  feeing  o!  ; hose  who  were  uiiwrl hug  to  p.it 
their  11  .i.iitiiL.i'.s  under  'die  Aet  had  i.Uhei  been  Ih.f  t'h  eV  e.  'II 
siilerctl  tin- y  were  -juitc  .is  nh!e-  and  wiliitig  as  the  G  ivcrimi.iil 
to  pre-civc  tile  liioin-inen; -.  What  ihe  Stale  de-m  l  w.-.s  to 
preserve  the  nioniioier::-  in  the  hinds  r.f  any  owner-  ir,f>  whose 
li:  thr-e  d.-.y-  there  wi-  no  kiu.'.e:a;  lo 
teg  tl.ov  tin'  1  lie  gospel  of  phmdj  v*  as 
ie-iiaile  that  die:e  -hoald  he  s  ene  sort 
uitvient-  tin  gat  he  pre-erved  hco.adei. 
\-1.11g-  in  o:-.l,.i  to  w--;k  th:-  Ael  in 
t  half  of  lis..-  owners  of  1  he  <c':c-lde-l 
aced  the.ji  under  the-  proVction  of 
the    mo'.itineiits  were  lea-el,  arid 


hai.ds  1 1 •  s  y  teie 
wl»otn  l.u..l  ni 
proclaimed,  e.ti 


:•  l.ill 

d-.: 

it  we, - 
tin-  11:. 


of  seen  ily 

As  the  11--11I :  of  his  n.i:r 
England  and  Wale-,  eh-  -• 
monuments  had  Voh.it'.t.irilv  p 
the-  Act.      In  certain  ca-es 
the  proprietor,  rehised  to  place  them  under  ihe  Act  vsilhir.it 
co  .  pcn-atn>:i,  which  the  <  <ovei  llineni  eoatd  not  give. 

Miss  A.  \\  .  Muckl.uul  rend  ti  paper  un  Awc>n\in  Shtll- H'vrk 
ail:/  //>  .-!//'■/:. In  this  paper  the  attention  of  anthropologists 
was  called  10  some  remarkable  works  in  shell  recently  discovered 
in  mounds  i:i  various  Slates  of  North  America,  u  described  by 
Mr.  NY.  II.  J  Inline*  in  a  valuable  contribution  to  the  />vraa£tfaffc 
of  the  Ihii'cau  <r(  Klhnotggy,  \Vuhio£t<iO< ^giesv  shelJ-woi  'ss  ecn>- 
>ist  not  only  of  beads  of  rtriot^  :-li,ij-e:.  .md  iizes,  but  alsaof  c«l 
•ish-hookSj  chips,  and  nth .-r  implements  of  ww  And 
bracelets,  pins,  Croat  -  of  \  arious  ft 
masks  and  elabmialely  engraved  9 
w  hich  -eeins  <o  bet r  some  religi 
l-'rom  tlie  fact  (bit  (uplemeti 
arc  lou.id  in  the 
peculiar  symboli 


hibitcd  this  year  at  the  Inventions  Kxhibition,  the  author  inferred 
that  a  c  >mmcrcc  existed  between  the  islands  of  the  Pacific  and 
the  American  continent  prior  to  the  Spanish  conquest. 

Mr.  K.  F.  im  Thurn  read  a  paper  giving  an  account  of  the  red 
men  about  Roraima,  in  British  Guiana.  In  the  paper  an  interest- 
ing account  was  given  nf  the  journey  to  Roraima,  the  scenery  being 
described,  as  well  as  the  manners  and  customs  of  the  natives. 
In  some  of  the  villages  visited  the  natives  had  never  previously 
seen  white  men,  and  the  utmost  excitement  was  caused  by  the 
arrival  of  Mr.  im  Thurn.  The  natives  of  the  villages  visited 
were  repulsively  ugly,  and  it  wxs  almost  impossible  to  distinguish 
men  from  women  by  their  dress.  The  native  tribes  lived  in 
remarkable  isolation  from  each  other,  and  even  the  different 
larnilics  in  the  same  village  lived  in  remarkable  isolation  from 
each  other.  There  were  traces  of  the  Stone  Age  to  be  found 
of  high  interest.  Stones  were  shaped  into  adzes  and  wedges, 
and  they  were  often  made  into  forms  of  animals,  or  of  whistles, 
and  models  of  bottles,  which  the  natives  had  seen.  There  was 
among  these  tribes  a  revival  of  the  ancient  art  of  making  stone 
implements,  though  these  implements  were  simply  regarded  as 
ornaments.  The  natives  also  made  drawings  of  rocks,  which 
were  used  as  ornaments,  and  which  were  evidently  imitations  of 
the  drawings  seen  on  the  actual  rocks.  Mr.  im  Thurn  closed 
his  paper  with  an  account  of  a  number  of  some  very  remarkable 
games  played  hy  the  tribes  for  the  amusement  of  the  visitors,  in 
which  the  movements  of  animals  were  imitated  in  dances. 


Mr.  J.  NV.  Crombic  rca 
History,  which  was  really 
versality,  and  signification 
Scotch,"  a  term  which  is  p 
Ihc  author  commenced  bv 


:l  a  paper  entitled  A  Game  with  a 
an  exposition  of  the  antiquity,  uni- 
of  the  well-known  game  of  "  Hop- 
•obably  a  corruption  of  "  hop-score." 
pointing  out  that  as  children  in  their 


play  generally  imitate  something  they  have  observed  to  be  done 

hy  their  elders,  and  a  game  onee  introduced  i,  handed  down 
h.-:n  generation  to  generation  of  ch  ldren  long  after  Us  original 
has  eeased  to  evi-t,  nnny  imioeeru  loohmg  children's  oaine- 
conceil  'range  record;  of  pa-  l  age-  and  pagan  times  ;  hence  the 
1 111  porta  lice  ol  the  -ludyof  thi-  apparent!  v  fr  1  volou ;  sn':-ee".  is 
h  i\\  Idly  re.ognise-t  hy  ai  .1  in  opologi-t-.  The  ;.;ani'e  of  "llo;i- 
didi  Is  one  ,1;  guv.;  ant  i.j'i  i'.y.  \v.:\ .ug  hern  known  1:1  ling- 
l::i.'.  lor  rioie  linn  two  centuiies,  and  it  1-  played  a. I  ovei 
lie. rope  under  dilJereii!  nunc-  Mgr.ov  J';t oi's  ..->hu  explanation 
<d  it  s  hi  ig:t:  a  ppi-.ir-  :n  ,pi  ,,l  nl  de,  tot.  not  only  is  t  he  evidence  in 
i:  t.n.iur  c\-iem.de  weak,  hat  11  woe.hl  it-.piire  the  oi.giual 
le.u.iia-r  of  divisions  in  the  figure  to  have  hev-n  twdie  uwlea  I  of 
■ota,  win.  h  ;s  the  niimher  in  heated  '•>)-  a  coiisideralde  b.tdy  of 
evioeiice.  I :  would  seem  more  ].r  d,a'i|..  that  the  game  at  one 
I  inic  tepiesehted  the  taogre.-  of  the  -  .d  Ir  1:11  earth  to  heaven 
through  vaiioii-  intermedia::-  state;,  the  none  fjven  t..  the  his| 
l  - -e.l  1  heingin.ot  tierpiell'le  Paradise  or  :o.  e.pau-.ilent .  ;ucll  r-.s 
Crown  ..r  Glory,  whiie  th:-  rains  of  the  othei  co-arts  eorr  -p  .trl 
with  the  e-ehatolo.Ovai  ide:'.s  taeva^-n;  m  I  he  early  days  of 
(dhri-t.iar.ity  S  nne  such,  game  existed  prio:  to  (..din  ■: ia'nity, 
and  the  .atr  hot  considers  lint  :i  ha-  been  .  ler  i  ced  fi-  .111  several 
ancient  game-;  t^o.-ddy  the  strange  inylh-  of  the  h-.h-.-tinths 
niiy  have  !ia  1  soni et'iiug  to  do  nidi  "  Uop-Scoieli.1'  and  a 
vai.e-ty  of  the  game-  plave  I  in  hi n gland  i::i!ir  the  name  of 
•'Round  ll./.i-t-i,  ..ted  1.  alai.-t  ii-.-titiea!  with  a  game 
ih.-seri'::e  l  hy  hiiii)  a  being  )il;-.ye  I  hy  the  ley.  o!  his  day.  The 
aulh'ir  birlifvi-s  that  the  earlv  (diri-tims  adopted  the  -genera! 
id.ea  of  the  .tn- ient  game,  hut  tiie-y  not  oiih  eoiiv.-rlt-d  il  tnto  an 
aldgorv  of  heaven,  will',  l.'hriil  1.111  beliefs  and  (.  iirotian  names, 
they  h  luisriaiiiserl  the  figure  also;  alundotiing  the  lu-athcn 
labyrinth,  they  replaced  il  by  the  form  ol  the  Ua-il ie- m,  the 
early  Chitstian  church,  dividing  i;  into  seven  parts,  as  they 
believed  heaven  lo  Ik;  divided,  and  placing  i'a  r.idise,  the  inner 
sanctum  of  heaven,  in  the  position  ol  the  altar,  the  tuner  sanctum 
of  their  earthly  church.  B^te 

Uxt  Gitt'tic  <••  mip'il^MjP.,  read  A  pajK-r  enlitltil  Ti<  A'u.'t 
0"  'the  f\o*d  freut  on  Atilhrt'fw.o^hal  jPvi/tt  of  Vi.'iv,  ill  which 
he  "''"'f^VM^ht^MiLri^''         1  ]■-'•[  >, 

wa&  the  i^iost  scientific  and 
l>e  11.  tnuine.l,  to  be 
lc  Held  '  alt  the  British 
for  fo  ;  tths,  and 
ration. 

UOJ  dri't  >!>\ 
Aberileen 
used  for 


5*8 


NATURE 


[Oct.  15,  r 


drying  corn  before  sending  it  to  the  mill.  The  kiln  was  conical 
in  shape,  joists  called  cabers  iwcre  laid  across,  some  distance 
from  the  ground,  and  alxive  these  were  roughly-hewn  sapplings 
called  simmers  ;  on  the  top  of  these  was  spread  straw,  and  on 
the  straw  was  laid  the  corn.  A  fire  was  kindled  on  the  ground, 
and  the  heat  therefrom  dried  the  corn.  A  stone  called  a 
sparkcr  was  placed  above  the  fire  to  catch  the  'parks,  but  in 
spite  of  this  precaution  the  kiln  sometimes  took  fire.  At  an 
early  pericxl  corn  was  ground  between  two  millstones,  with  an 
iron  rod  by  way  of  a  handle  ;  this  primitive  mill  was  called  a 
quem,  and  was  generally  turned  by  two  women,  as  in  Eastern 
lands.    In  later  times  querns  were  used  for  grinding  malt. 

Mr.  A.  J.  Evans  contributed  a  paper  on  The  Flint- Knappers 
Art  in  Albania,  and  exhibited  some  beautifully-worked  gun- 
flints  and  strike-a  lights,  partially  cased  in  ornamented  lead 
sheaths  studded  with  glass  gems. 

Mr.  W.  M.  Flinders  Pctrie  read  a  paper  on  The  Discovery  of 
Naukratis,  the  remains  of  which  city  had  been  brought  to  light 
during  the  work  of  the  Egypt  Evploration  Fund  in  the  first  half 
of  this  year. 

Mr.  Thomas  Wilson  read  a  paper  on  A  New  Man  oj  Mcntone, 
in  which  he  described  the  discovery,  in  March,  1884,  in  one  of 
the  famous  caverns  at  Mcntone,  of  a  skeleton,  believed  to 
belong  to  the  Palaeolithic  age.  The  excavations  were  made 
during  the  winter  of  1883-4  by  M.  Louis  lulien,  of  Marseilles, 
and  at  his  expense,  aided  by  the  advice  of  M.  Bonfils,  Curator 
of  the  Museum  at  Mentonc.  This  cavern  had  been  searched 
many  times  before,  and  about  9  or  10  feet  in  depth  had  l>cen 
removed  from  the  original  surface,  which,  however,  was  plainly 
marked  by  a  large  piece  of  brieht  which  still  adhered  to  the 
perpendicular  side  wall.  The  formation  of  the  floor  of  the 
cavern  and  the  process  of  its  filling  up  presented  all  the  usual 
evidences  of  human  occupation  and  industry  1  charcoal,  burnt 
earth  and  ashes,  hearthstones,  split  and  broken  Ixincs  of  animals 
(estimated  to  the  number  of  15,000  pieces),  flint  instruments, 
chips,  nuclei,  &c,  &c,  were  found  in  sufficient  number,  quan- 
tity, and  distribution  to  indicate  an  indefinitely  long  occupation. 
No  morsel  of  pottery  was  found,  nor  were  any  of  the  stone 
implements  polished.  At  the  depth  (from  the  original  surface) 
of  8  metres  40  centimetres  was  found  the  skeleton  of  this  "new- 
man  of  Mentone."  lie  was  laid  on  his  Kick  with  his  limbs 
extended,  and  had  for  funeral  equipments  three  large  chi|«  of 
flint  (eclats  dt  silex),  6  or  7  inches  long  and  2)  inches  broad,  in 
the  form  of  the  largest  scrapers,  placed  one  on  each  shoulder  like 
epaulettes,  and  one  on  the  brow.  It  was  evidently  an  interment. 
This  became  more  evident  when  it  was  found  that  the  body  was 
placed  in  a  sort  of  natural  vault  or  tomb,  formed  on  one  side  by  I 
the  wall  of  the  cavern,  and  on  the  other  by  an  immense  block 
of  stone  with  an  overhanging  edge,  which  reached  to  a  line  per- 
pendicularly over  the  centre  of  the  skeleton.  This  placing  of 
the  body  required  an  excavation  !>etwecn  these  rocks  of  3  or  4 
feet  in  depth.  The  skull  was  broken  into  sixty  fragments  by  the 
pick  of  the  workman  ;  it  was  carefully  taken  up  and  put 
together  by  M.  lionfils,  ami  is  now  exposed  in  the  Museum 
at  Mcntone.  This  was  a  fortunate  accident,  for  while  the 
rest  of  the  skeleton  was  being  exhumed  a  quarrel  broke 
out  as  to  ownership,  which  ended  in  the  theft  and  utter 
destruction  of  all  that  remained.  Mr.  Wilson  maintained 
that  the  new  discovery  of  the  skeleton  dissipated  all  idea 
of  disturbance,  for  while  disturbance  might  exist  for  one  or  two, 
or  even  five  or  six  feet,  to  the  depth  of  twenty  or  thirty  feet  it 
would  lie  impossible.  It  must  t«  conceded  that  the  human 
industry  as  manifested  by  the  object*  found  in  these  caverns, 
indicated  their  occupation  during  the  palaeolithic  age,  for  of  the 
thousands  found,  all  bear  the  impress  of  that  age,  while  none 
denote  particularly  the  age  of  polished  slone.  Mr.  I'cngclly  said 
that  he  hail  visited  the  cavern  where  M.  Riviere's  new  man  of 
Mentone  was  found,  and  he  was  of  c pinion  thai  'he  marl 
by  M.  Riviere  had  not  been  interred  at  all,  but  ha  I 
the  body  was  found,  and  had  been  buried  by  I 
into  the  cavern,  and  the  waste  of  the  walls  of  •'  lb- 
had  measured  the  place  himself  where  the  body 
found  that  it  was  only  eight  feet  l>clow  the  siiri  •  skull 

of  the  man  was  so  good  that  he  should  have  lw  n  glad  to  ' 
possessed  such  a  skull.    It  was  a  large  skull,  ai 
mcnts  he  made  of  the  bone  showed  that  the  mail  l*-rn 
•wt  stature.    The  bones  of  animals  found  in   he  cavern 
"■»|ljr  those  of  animals  now  extinct,  and  [  u:ly  those  of 
^"•ciev    With  reference  to  the  age  in  ■ 
leicrc  lived,  his  impression  was  •' 


palaeolithic  age.    He  would  not  say  so  posit  ireh.  Vj»t  e  . 
front  the  information  they  possessed  he  did  not  thmz  ! 
man  would  be  of  any  value  whatever  for  or  against  ttr 
of  human  antiquity. 

Dr.  R.  Munro  read  a  pajxrr  on  The  AfthttUp 
of  Ancient    British    Like- Dwellings    anJ  their  At.. 
Analogous   Remains  in   Europe.    Dr.  Munro  cwwrr 
giving  a  short  introductory  notice  of  the  discovery  txe: 
tion  of  the  crannogs  of  Ireland  and  the  lake-dwellings  ' 
Europe.    He  then  gave  a  rAuW of  the  more  rtCO 
made  among  the  crannogs  of  Scotland  and  the  ta 
objects  recovered  from  them.    From  .1  comparativeeu.  . 
of  these  relics  with  other  collateral  antiquities  oftar'. 
arrived  at  the  conclusion  that  the  lake-dwellings  of  » 
were  essentially  the  product  of  Celtic  genius,  ihit 
constructed  for  defensive  purposes,  and  that  tho*  tn 
west  parts  of  the  country  attained  their  greatest  detrl' 
post-Roman  times,  after  Roman  protection  was  withst*-« 
the  provincial  inhabitants,  and  they  were  left  single  t- 
contend  against  the  Angles  on  the  east  and  the  I'i 
on  the  north.     Having  established  the  Celtic  enp: 
crannogs  of  Ireland  and  Scotland,  !>•'.  Munro  ptw  ■ 
inquire  if  there  is  any  ancestral  relationship  between 
the  lake-dwellings  of  Central  Europe.    Taking  into  *.. 
recent  discovery  of  lacustrine  abodes  in  the  Holderee- 
few  previous  records  of  their  existence  in  Wales  and 
nf  England,  together  with  the  statement  of  txsar 
Britons  were  in  the  habit  of  making  use  of  woodet 
marshes  in  their  defensive  works,  he  thought  thai 
tions  arc  not  merely  solitary  instances,  but  the  s«'- 1 
widely  distributed  custom  which  prevailed  in  the  soc 
of  Britain  at  an  earlier  date  than  that  assigned  to  the 
of  Scotland.    Hence  he  suggested  the  theory  that 
Celts  were  an  offshoot  of  the  founders  of  the  >• 
dwellings,  who  emigrated  into  Britain  when  tbesr  1 
ataxics  were  in  full  vogue,  and  so  retained  a  kno«lc. 
custom  long  after  it  had  fallen  into  desuetude  m  I 
this  hypothesis  it  would  follow  that  subsequent  imavr 
Britain,  such  as  the  Bclgar,  Angles,  &c,  being  «« 
acquainted  with  the  subject,  would  cultivate  new  i»i 
improved  methods  of  defensive  warfare  ;  whilst  the  &• 
invaders,  siill  retaining  their  primary  notions  of 
when  obliged  to  act  on  the  defensive  would  na:'-'- 
recoursc  to  their  inherited  system  of  protection.  In 
this  hypothesis  the  author  pointed  out  that  the  geogrz; 
iribution  of  lake-dwellings,  so  far  as  they  arc  known  b  ! 
closely  corresponds  with  the  area  formerly  oceupir 
Celts  ;  that  no  lake-dwellings  have  been  yet  found  v  ■ 
northern  or  southern  parts  of  Europe,  though  the 
and  hydrographical  conditions  of  these  regions  are  n>  < 
able  for  such  structures  ;  that  the  fascine  dwellings  * 
were  identical  in  structure  with  the  crannogs ;  and  UML 
the  pile-dwellings  were  not  largely  used  in  the  Bnt 
the  principles  on  which  they  were  Ixiilt  were  n"t  unkn  1 
disuse  being  due  to  to jx  (graphical  and  other  coo^  ' 
Finally,  he  argued  that  the  wuknefl  in  the  chroool  •; 
which  is  supposed  to  separate  the  crannogs  fr*n 
dwellings  ol  Kuropc  is  more  apparent  loan  re  d,  M 
existed  during  the  Roman  occupation  of  Gaul. 
instance  at  least  the  custom  survived   to  about  Of 
century. 

I'rof.  D.  J.  Cunningham  exhibited  a  large  colourc. 
sections  of  a  young  chim|>anzee,  illustrative  of  vorae  ir 
points  of  comparison  lxjtwecn  the  chimpantcc  and  our- 
Cunningham  said  that  he  had  purchased  a  male  cfc  " 
which  was  said  to  have  died  in  the  process  of  second  !■ 
and  which  he  believed  to  lie  about  six  years  of  age. 
of  the  chimpanzee  wa»  fro/en  for  two  days,  and 


hihitcd  the  1 
one  or  two 
man. 
region  c' 
so  well 
corrcst 
forcibl, 
An  anatt 
attentii 


I  chimpanzee  for  the  pu 
nparison  Ixrtween  the 
the  plate  would  be  at 
protrusion  was  shot 


If  tl 


of 


i 


le 


15,  i8»5] 


NA  TURE 


589 


■markable  (hat  the  chimpanzee  even  at  >ix  years  of  age  there 

as  a  very  manifest  lumbar  curve.  In  the  Biological  Section 
in  day  there  had  been  described  the  spine  of  a  child  six  years 
f  ape,  and  it  was  remarkable  that  the  lumbar  curve  in  this 
limpawee  of  a  corresponding  agi  was  very  much  more  marked 
lan  in  the  child.  At  six  years  the  chimpanzee  was  much  more 
ivancid  in  life  than  a  child  si\  years  old,  and  therefore  his 
.mbar  curve  was  correspondingly  greater.  If  they  wished  to 
;t  at  the  distinction  between  the  spine  of  man  and  the 
limpanzec  ihcy  must  look  lower  down  at  the  sacrum.  After 
slicing  one  or  two  other  points,  Dr.  Cunningham  drew  the 
>nclu-ion  that  the  human  child  occupied  an  intermediate  posi- 
on  Ivtween  the  chimpanzee  and  the  human  adult.  In  the  plate 
e  now  exhibited  they  would  see  compared  the  skull  of  the 
limpanzce  with  that  of  man,  bringing  out  that  the  cerebral  or 

rgcr  brain  in  man  extended  a  good  deal  further  back  than  in 
ic  chimpanzee  ;  and  there  was  not  much  difference  between  the 
'ew  World  ape  and  the  chimpanzee  in  that  respect. 

Dr.  J.  G.  Garson,  one  of  the  secretaries  of  the  Section,  read  a 
jper  on  Abnormal  and  ArrrsteJ  Dn'tlofmrtit  as  oh  In  Jut  lion  of 
-o'.Mwnary  History.  Dr.  Garson  began  by  stating  that, 
-rhaps,  the  most  fertile  source  of  information  regarding  the 

story  of  man's  evolution  was  derived  from  a  study  of  his 
nbryolngical  development.  Another  source  from  which  much 
tillable  information  regarding  the  early  history  of  our  own 
lecialisation,  and  that  of  other  animals,  might  be  gleaned,  was 
erotology,  which  had  for  its  domain  the  consideration  of 
inormal  conditions  of  development.  Many  of  the  conditions 
icluded  under  this  branch  wcr*  of  a  pathological  nature,  and 
je  to  the  effects  of  disease  ;  others,  however,  were  not— such, 
.r  example,  as  an  abnormal  and  an  unusual  production  of 
ormal  structures  and  cases  of  arrested  development.  It  was  to 
consideration  of  some  conditions  occurring  uqder  one  or  other 
"  these  categories  that  he  ventured  now  to  call  attention.  The 
camples  which  he  had  selected  had  come  more  especially  under 
s  own  observation.  Persons  were  occxsionally  found  with 
>nnrmal  development  of  hair  on  their  bodies.  The  type  of 
animal  was  an  animal  whose  body  was  covered  with  hair, 
nder  certain  circumstances  the  hair  might  more  or  less  dis- 
>pear,  according  to  the  conditions  under  which  the  animal 
,c<l.  In  man  it  was  only  feebly  developed,  except  on  the 
■ad  ;  and  in  the  cetacca  or  whales  it  had  entirely  disappeared, 
itb  the  exception  of  a  very  few  bristles  near  the  mouth.  Dr. 
arson  proceeded  to  explain  how  excessive  development  of  hair 
kes  place  in  man.  In  ordinary  cases  the  hair-growing  appa- 
tus  in  the  embryo  remained  stationary,  instead  of  keeping 
ice  with  the  growth  and  development  of  the  other  organs 

the  body,  with  the  result  that  no  hairy  covering  such 
was  found  in  other  mammals  was  present,  but  only 
ort  rudimentary  hairs  appeared  at  intervals.  But  in 
me  exceptional  cases  this  stationary  condition  of  the  hair 
Hides  did  not  occur,  and  they  went  on  actively  develop- 
ed with  the  rest  of  the  body,  with  the  result  that  a  hairy 
vcring  was  produced  over  the  l>ody.  The  hairless  condition 
»w  normal  in  man  had  evidently  been  gradually  acquired 
rough  a  long  period  of  time,  as  such  a  change  could  not  take 
acc  rapidly  and  become  such  a  stable  condition  as  it  was  found 

be  otherwise.  Abnormal  development  of  fingers  occurred 
merimes  in  man,  but  must  be  classed  entirely  apart  from  such 
mis  of  abnormality  as  had  l*ren  considered  in  the  hair-growth. 

arrested  development  the  abnormal  organ  or  portion  of 
cj  Iwdy,  instead  of  going  through  the  various  stages  it  usually 
■es  till  it  arrives  at  the  condition  it  normally  assumed  in  the 
oup  of  animals  in  which  it  occurs,  stops  short  at  one  or  other 
igcs.  The  stage  at  which  it  slops  may  correspond  to  that 
itch  is  normal  in  a  lower  grade  of  animal  life,  and  so  gives 
-c-ct  evidence  that  the  higher  forms  of  animal  life,  such  as  man, 
ss  through  and  beyond  the  stages  at  which  the  lower  stop.  It 
1st  not  be  forgotten  also  that  in  some  respects  an  animal  of  a 
vcr  grade  may  possess  specialisations  in  some  structures  or 
;.ins  of  a  higher  ground  than  animals  much  higher  in  the 
ilc  of  life. 

I  >r.   Robert  Laws,  from  l.iving->ti>n'.i,   La's.-    Nyavo.  V..\<'. 
ntra)  Africa,  read  a  long  and  interesting  papi-r  ■  K: -enp: iv<.-  <d 
j  rffllDIHHM  <Od  customs  of  the  Bantu  tribes  living  around  I.al  ■• 
::-  I  ill  HHttS  Central  Africa.     In  the  outset  of  Ins  p:ipi-r 
.  '  iv.;.  said  thai  I ..iki.  Ny.i -.in  was  350  miles  long,  and  varied 
•  1      >      V,  miles  broad,  .n>d  u  .und  that  vavt  inland  sea  tliey 
-»  different  Iriben,  •-•n  iking  So  many  different 
d  >*bJecU  of  these  JaiLgiiiigai.    Though  these 


trilics  had  much  in  common,  they  differed  among  themselves  in 
many  of  their  habits,  customs,  and  religious  beliefs.  He  pro- 
ceeded to  notice  the  names  and  residences  of  the  leading  tribes, 
and  gave  a  brief  summary  of  what  was  known  of  their  history. 
As  a  rule,  he  said,  the  people  of  all  the  e  tribes  were  physically 
developed,  but  their  vigour  and  general  healthy  condition  dif- 
fered considerably,  depending  chiefly  on  the  climate,  soil,  and 
food.  Where  maize  and  ma  pint  were  the  staple  foods,  the 
natives  were  strong  ami  hardy.  Where  cassava  root  was  their 
chief  food,  and  especially  if  alon*  with  that  there  was  a  state 
of  actual  or  dreaded  warfare,  the  pebple  were  weak  and  sickly. 
On  the  hills  the  pciple  were  hardier  and  more  vigorous  than  on 
the  lake-shores  and  on  the  river-banks.  Mental  energy  was 
greater  on  the  hills  than  at  the  lake-side,  and  at  places  where 
there  was  most  radiated  heat  this  was  less  than  where  the  breezes 
played  freely.  Keenness  of  vision  and  acuteness  of  hearing 
were  spoken  of  as  being  remarkable  in  civilised  tribes,  and 
among  the  lake  tribes  these  faculties  attracted  the  attention  of 
travellers,  but  Dr.  Laws  was  inclined  to  attribute  these  charac- 
teristics to  training  and  exercise  in  given  directions  rather  than 
to  any  radical  superiority  in  the  organs  of  sight  and  hearing 
among  the  tribes.  All  the  tribes  depended  principally  on  agri- 
culture for  their  support,  and  the  only  appearance  of  a  rudt- 
mental  division  of  labour  was  to  be  found  in  the  classes  of 
fisheimcn  and  blacksmiths.  No  traces  of  a  Stone  age  had 
been  found  among  these  tribes.  Yet  in  certain  districts  they 
were  to  be  found  cultivating  their  gardens  with  tools  of 
hard  wood  instead  of  iron,  distance  from  markets  being  the 
cause  of  their  use.  At  the  east  side  of  Nyassa  many 
lake-dwellings  were  found  in  1875,  and  often  on  war  being 
threatened  the  inhabitants  of  the  lake  shore  took  refuge  by 
living  in  such  constructions.  Iron  mines  had  been  found,  and 
copper  had  been  found  in  <  ne  of  those  near  the  Livingstone 
range.  The  iron  of  the  mines  was  usually  near  the  surface. 
Charcoal  was  used  for  smelting.  Dr.  Laws  went  on  to  describe 
the  manner  in  which  the  tribes  made  their  canoes,  their  nets, 
and  their  huts.  Fire  was  procured  among  them  by  the  rapid 
rotation  of  rods  of  wood  between  the  hands,  the  spark  being 
caught  in  cloth  and  kindled  into  a  flame.  The  natives  exhibited 
great  surprise  when  they  saw  the  traveller  strike  a  lucifer  match, 
and  that  was  regarded  by  them  as  an  unquestionable  proof  of 
his  superior  knowledge.  The  natives  indicated  time  by  pointing 
to  the  position  of  the  sun.  They  named  Sunday  as  the  day  of 
God,  Monday  xs  the  day  for  beginning  work,  Saturday  as  the 
day  for  stopping  work.  The  intermediate  days  were  indicated 
by  numbers.  The  eclipse  of  the  moon  was  described  as  the 
moon  put  in  a  bag,  and  comets  as  stars  with  tails.  Slavery  was 
common  in  all  the  tril>es,  and  half  of  its  horrors  had  not  been 
told.  Infanticide  was  not  practised,  but  infant  mortality  was 
very  high,  and  cases  had  Ixen  found  of  children  labouring  under 
a  lingering  disease  having  been  buried  alive.  Polygamy  was 
common,  and  the  number  of  a  man's  wives  taken  as  an  index  of 
his  wealth.  One  chief  told  him  he  had  a  hundred  wives,  and  he 
(Dr.  Laws)  believed  he  was  rather  under-estimating  than  over- 
estimating the  number.  The  early  marriage  of  girls  was  the 
rule,  and  in  one  tribe  a  girl  was  often  betrothed  before  she  was 
horn.  In  buying  land  they  hail  to  buy  it  first  from  the  chief 
and  then  buy  the  tenant-right  from  the  cultivators.  After 
describing  the  customs  of  the  tribes  relating  to  the  punishment 
of  crime,  Dr.  Laws  concluded  his  paper  by  noting  the  leading 
|>cculiariiics  of  the  language  of  the  tribes,  directing  especial 
attention  to  the  complications  in  ihe  forms  of  sp«ech,  an  I 
especially  to  the  extraordinary  number  of  variations  in  the 
verbs. 

Mr.  E.  H.  Man  contributed  a  paper  on  Tht  Nicobar  Islanders. 
— In  the  interior  of  Great  Nicobar  there  is  a  wild  race,  styling 
themselves  "  Shab  Dawa,"  of  whom  as  yet  little  information  has 
been  obtainable ;  they  are  distinct  from  the  inhabitants  of  the  other 
islands  and  of  the  villages  on  their  own  seaboard,  who  are  <>f 
Malay  origin,  and  hy  whom  they  are  called  "  Shorn  IVii 
("  Shorn  "  denoting  tribe,"  and  "  Pcii  "  being  the  tribal  desig- 
nation). It  appears  certain  that  they  arc  the  descendants  of  a 
vr  -y  ancient  aboriginal  population  of  Mongolian  origin.  The 
lii si  mention  that  we  find  of  them  is  from  the  pen  of  pastor 
K.iscn,  a  Danish  missionary,  who,  while  resident  at  the  Nicobar 
ls';;t,ds  between  the  years  1831-34,  spoke  of  them,  from  hear- 
say,  as  in  much  the  same  degraded  condition  as  we  find  them  at 
the  present  day.  He  said  that  "they  wear  no  clothes,  possess 
n"  douses,  live  like  animals  in  the  depths  of  the  forest,  and  shun 
the  sight  of  men,  never  leaving  their  lairs  except  to  search  for 


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NATURE 


[Oct.  15,  18S; 


footl,  which  they  sometimes  steal  from  such  of  the  coast  huts  as 
are  temporarily  vacatcil  or  occupied  only  by  a  few  agetl  or  infirm 
folk  whom  they  arc  alilc  to  surprise  or  overpower."  In  1S76 
and  1881  a  few  meml>ers  of  this  tribe  living  near  the  north-east 
of  <  irc.it  Nicobar  were  seen  by  the  late  Mr.  de  Roepstorff,  who 
was  accompanied  in  the  latter  year  by  Col.  T.  Cadell,  V.C., 
Chief  Commissioner  of  the  Andamans  and  Xicolmrs.  During 
the  last  eighteen  months  Mr.  E.  H.  Man,  while  in  charge  <>f  the 
Nicobar  Islands,  has  paid  six  visits  to  (ircat  Nicobar,  on  four  of 
which  he  succeeded  in  seeing  and  photograhing  parties  of  this 
tribe,  both  nrar  Ganges  Harbour  and  on  the  west  coast.  On 
the  first  of  these  occasions  (viz.  February  1X84)  two  youths,  aged 
about  eighteen  and  fourteen  years  respectively,  were  persuaded 
to  lea\e  their  friends  for  seven  days,  at  the  end  of  which  they 
were  conveyed  back  from  Xancowy  in  the  settlement  steamer. 
During  their  visit  10  Mr.  Man  they  proved  themselves  tractable 
and  timid,  and  submitted  with  a  good  grace  to  ablutions  which 
were  found  very  necessary.  Although  this  is  the  first  recorded 
instance  of  a  Ten  having  ventured  from  his  savage  haunt*,  these 
lads  exhibited  the  Oriental  characteristic  absence  of  wonderment 
at  all  the  novel  surroundings  and  tokens  of  civilisation  in  the 
Government  settlement.  '1  hey  were  fair-pecimens  of  their  race, 
the  members  of  which  arc  found  to  be  u-ually  well  nourished,  of 
good  physique,  and,  while  young,  favoured  with  pleasant  features. 
The  height  of  the  males  apj*  ars  to  range  between  5  feet  2  inches 
and  S  feet  8  inches  ;  their  skin  is  fairer  than  that  of  the 
generality  of  the  coast  people,  who,  on  their  part,  arc  less  dark 
than  the  Malay  ;  the  hands  and  feet  seem  to  be  decidedly  large, 
and  bear  evidence  of  the  rough  work  of  their  daily  lives  ;  the 
hair,  which  i;  straight,  is  commonly  worn  uncut  and  unkempt, 
and,  as  habits  of  cleanliness  are  manifestly  foreign  to  their 
nature,  its  condition  can  bclUr  be  imagined  than  described.  As 
a  result  of  their  friendly  intercourse  in  recent  years  with  the 
coast  people,  they  have  acquired  the  habit,  so  universally  prac- 
tised among  the  latter,  of  chewing  the  betel- nut  '  Char  tea  belle) 
with  or  without  quicklime,  and  arc  consequently  beginning  to 
1*  similarly  disfigured  with  black  teeth,  though  not  yet  to  the 
hideous  extent  common  among  their  more  civilised,  1  r,  rather, 
less  savage,  neighbours.  They  likewise  now  imitate  the  latter 
in  respect  to  clothing,  the  men  adopting  the  narrow  loin-cloth 
.u  d  the  women  a  small  cloth  skirt.  Their  dwellings  are  small, 
and  cannot  compare  with  those  of  the  coast  people,  and  arc 
indeed  but  little,  if  at  all,  superior  to  those  of  the  Negritos  in 
Little  Andaman,  but  they  more  nearly  assimilate  the  former  in 
design  as  well  as  mode  of  construction,  for  they  are  erected  on 
posts  ;  the  floors  being  raised  6  or  7  feet  above  the  ground 
necessitate  the  use  of  ladders.  It  is  impossible,  within  the 
limits  of  this  abstract,  to  make  further  mention  of  the  dwellings, 
or  to  describe  the  peculiar  sack-like  cooking-vessels  of  this 
strange  race.  Mr.  Man  hopes  before  long  to  be  able  to  supple- 
ment in  many  particulars  the  rudimentary  information  which  has 
hitherto  been  obtainal  le  regarding  the  Pen,  but  the  task  is  one 
of  considerable  difficulty,  lor,  apart  from  the  dread  entertained 
by  this  tribe  towards  aliens,  their  frequent  feuds  place  from  lime- 
to  time  a  temporary  barrier  to  all  intercourse  between  them  and 
our  friends  on  the  coast,  through  whom  at  present  all  our  com- 
munications have  to  l>c  conducted.  The  nearest  portion  of 
Great  Nic  bar  Island  is,  moreover,  about  60  miles  distant  from 
the  Govcrnm nl  settlement  at  Nancowry. 


SCIENCE  IX  RUSSIA 

"T*HK  Karan  Society  of  Xaturalists  continued  last  year  its 
valuable  explorations  of  Ratten)  Russia,  ami  we  have 
before  us  several  new  fascicules  of  its  Memoirs  and  Frceettiiit^s.^ 
M.  Ivanitsky  publishes  a  list  of  plants  of  the  Government  of 
Vologda,  which  contains  Spermatophyt.T,  Gymnospermar. 
and  Sporophyta?.  As  to  these  last,  only  6  Kquiseiaceir,  5 
I.icojMMliacear,  and  10  ferns  being  given,  the  list  obviously  will 
lie  much  extendtd  by  subsequent  resrarch.  The  flora  of 
Vologda,  which  is  situated  on  the  limits  of  the  middle  and 
Arctic  Russian  floras,  offers  a  certain  special  interest,  and 
M.  Ivanitsky  has  not  neglected  to  mention  the  wild  and  culti- 
vated plants  which  find  their  northern  limits  within  the  province. 
It  consists  chiefly  of  Camp  sitex  (107  sj>ectrs),  49  Cyperacc.T, 
4X  <  '.ramincx,  41  to  34  each  of  Kanunculace.T,  Caryonhyllcx, 
Rosacea?,  and  Cruciircrar,  27  to  22  I'apilionace.v,  Scrophularix, 

1  Trt,J*  Oti.A,tr»a  Ettfttl  •  'trUtf.'ri  fri  Kti :nnik*m  t'nirrrtitttf, 

st.  an  1  and  A;  vt.l,  xm    I  -c.  i  to  4.  — /V< 


s»m«  l..r  1  he  yran  H>SJ  »ml 


"rrt.-i.'fy  (frtrttJiHci)  of 


Labial  at,  Solicincat,  and  Polygoaacex,  and  21  to  19  CrV 
fera?,  Filices,  and  Orchidc:e.    The  list  of  plants  is  preface-  t 
a  inxstcrly  sketch  of  the  physical  conditions  of  separate  pa 
the  province.    The  simc  volume  contains  a  paper  by.  M  '• 
lavsky  on  the  irritability  of  the  ncrvou,. muscular  system.  Sr.-. 
an  inquiry  into  the  causes  of  the  well-known  differences  4 
effects  of  electrical  irritation  on  the  frog,  when  measure  I  *w  ■ 
methods  of  Dubois-Reymond.    All  causes  which  may  >: 
upon  the  conditions  of  the  experiments  themselves  having  •- 
eliminated,  there  still  remain  notable  differences  which  as  * 
ascribed  to  the  state  of  the  sy>!em  altogether.     A  paper.  *r 
Tsomakion,  on  the  laws  of  transmission  of  clevtricitjr  th--. 
gases,  embodies  the  results  of  several  new  expenrneuts  t 
field.     In  a  farmer  inquiry  the  author,  by  introducing  ,-. 
chain  of  condensation  a  discharger  where  the  discharg?  . 
lake  place  only  at  close  contact  of  the  two  electrode*,  b- 
perimentally  proved  the  law,  already  deduced  by  Korseirri?  - 
llcc-r.  that  the  whole  amount  of  heat  produced  at  tlte  ■ 
of  the  condensator  docs  not  depend  upon  the  compo-iti  t 
chain,    liut  as  soon  as  he  introduced  a  layer  of  gas  h«>wi 
electrodes,  he  found  that  his  results  widely  differed  b  - 
previously  obtained  by  other  students  :  he  undertook*  a  s«-  - 
experiments  for  discovering  the  sources  of  that  dtscrrfi  ■ 
results,  anil  he  has  arrived  at  a  long  scries  of  conclusion-  • 
arc  of  great  interest,  but  ought  to  be  submitted  to  a 
inquiry.    This  lost  is  continued. — To  the  same  s-oL  »  . 
ZaitselT  contributes  a  paper  on  the  j«elrography  of  the  err-  - 
rocks  in  the  neighbourhood  of  krasnovodsk,  on   the  r-  • 
shore  of  the  Caspian.    The  chief  rock  in  the  Shakb  '■ 
Mountains,  which  reach  about  600  feet  above  the  «e-. 
mas-ive,  unst ratified  quartz-dioritic  porphyrite  (ace  •r>lln^ 
classification  of  llerr  Roscnlmschb    Between  the  l»a\-»  <5  '* 
viofT  and  SoymonofT  the  rocks  are  closely  akin  to  the  at«-sr  .- 
might  hedeseribedasaquartz-mica-dioritc.  The  former  emtr-» 
for  some  miles  east  of  Krasnovodsk,  and  is  inters>ected  l>y  %▼  - 
a  miiscovitc-granitc  1 according  to  Herr  Koscnbusch't  t  U» 
tit  n)  anil  quartz  porphyry  of  rare  occurrence,  its  «»,- 
mica  l>eing  replaced  by  a  potassium  mica. — The  taaw  . 
contributes  two  papers  on  the  petrography  of  the   S  - 
valley  in  the  south-east  part  of  the  district  of  kk alerts 
which  incloses  the  3200  feet  high  Yurma  summit  and  -  ■ 
high  ridges  of  mountains.    The  author  makes  a  detailed  t 
into  the  structure  of  the  crystalline  rocks  of  this  locality 
gneisses,  and  various  schists),  and  is  inclined  to  admit  lLa 
least  one  part  of  the  olivine  bearing  serpentine*  endow  • 
origin  to  the  metamorphism  of  the  aclinolite  schists.     The  . 
ores  and  gold-bearing  deposits  are  also  described,  the  »„-• 
these  last  being  undoubtedly  settled  as  Post- Pliocene,  a* 
contain  numerous  remains  of  Mammoth,  Hot  prim ity-mtm^. 
WW  ttr$m4u,  tad  Cttvut  ttlctt.    We  may  remark  that  tl*  ■■■ 
high  position  of  several  gold-tearing  deposits  on  the  da 
the  valleys  and  their  structure  is  one  testimony  more  «n  fa- 
of  their  glacial  origin,  but  the  author  does  not  touch  thx»  r 
esting  question.    He  mentions  also — a  fact  which  hasoftec  *■ 
doubted,  but  is  now  confirmed  more  and  more— th*l  ibe  f 
these  deposits  is  derived  from  the  decomposition  of  the  chL. 
slate.    The  papers  are  accompanied  by  a  geological  ma . 
the  same  volume  (fasc.  4)  we  find  a  preliminary  report.  ■■ 
Kurrinsky,  on  a  botanical  excursion  into  the  delta  of  the  X  «.. 
The  list  of  plants  is  not  yet  given  by  the  author,  and  be  - 
lishes  only  a  valuable  sketch  of  the  general  character*  - 
delta,  distinguishing  in  it  two  different  regions  :  the  dell  a  p»-.«  ■ 
which  consists  of  nuviatilc  deposits  ;  and  the  Steppe  r*v 
covered  with  the  so-called  hougry,  or  a  kind  of  &a ,  • 
lescribed  by  Karl  Hear  and  still  liearing  his  name,  about 
Ivu^ry  the  author  holds  a  different  opinion  as  to  their    «  ^ 
denying — with  full  right,  we  suppose — their  origin  ffrr» 
retreat  of  the  Caspian. 

As  to  the  Pi  Metditt^s  of  the  Kazan  Society,  »e  are  gU  . 
team  from  them  that  three  new  meteorological  uatiom  tat  •>» 
pul,  Tchcrdyn,  and  Deliessy)  have  been  added  to  tl 
organised  by  the  Society,     I  here  was  a  gn 
logical  observation-  pri  cisely  for  that  porta 
Several  shorter  papers  .ire  cml>odicd  in  I 
the  geology  ol  the  Vetluga  region,  by  P, 
concerning  the  Permian  .1  n> I  Trias,  as  also 
the  boulders). — <  >n  the  fauna  of  I 
Vyatkal,  by  N.  V.irrakhovsky. 
of  hshes  fount  :n  iln-  bike*  and 
ser]>ents  and  amphibians  of  the 


Oct.  15,  1885] 


NA  TURE 


«f  tripsine,  hy  V.  NikoKky  — On  the  l>ou^ry  of  the  Caspian,  by 
\.  /aitseff.  They  do  iut  have  the  uniformity  of  structure  sup- 
posed by  Baer  ;  they  often  cros-  one  another  at  angles  of  20*  to 
50  ,  and  some  of  them  follow  a  north-eastern  direction,  while 
)ther>,  close  by,  run  west  and  east  ;  and  they  contain  not  only 
troken  mussels,  as  affirmed  by  Baer,  but  also  plenty  of  quite 
ull  mussels  of  Cardntm  tt  iqonoides,  Drunena  p>lym~rpha, 
■piriformis,  and  caspia.  The  theory  of  Baer  altogether  is 
>ased  on  an  insufficient  supply  of  data,  and  the  structure  of  the 
•flurry  ought  to  be  better  explored  before  pronouncing  as  to 
he  1  origin.— On  the  sulphur  ores  at  Tctushi,  on  the  Volga,  by 
i.  Wilcnius. 

The  fourth  volume  of  the  "Collection  of  Materials  for 
be  Description  of  Caucasus  .'"  1  published  by  the  school- 
meters  of  Caucasus,  contains,  as  usual,  much  valuable  in- 
ormatim,  especially  of  historical  and  ethnographical  cha- 
a:tei.  M  Hahn  contribute-  a  most  valuable  paper  of  250 
>ages,  io  which  he  has  compiled  all  information  on  the  Caucasus 
k:  was  able  to  discover  in  authors  since  Homer  up  to  the  fifth 
•e-iiiury  of  cur  era  The  information  gathered  from  Byzantine 
vriic  rs  who  have  much  more  written  about  the  Caucasus,  will 
„:  embodied  in  a  second  part  of  the  work.  The  importance  of 
lit-  very  careful  work,  where  textual  Initiations  are  given  of 
>a  -age- dealing  with  the  Caucasus  and  it-  inhabitants  from  no 
e—  ilian  eighty  Creek  and  Latin  author-,,  will  be  fully 
ijipreciated  by  all  those  who  have  to  deal  with  (he  geography  of 
he  country.  A  complete  index  will  much  facilitate  thr  re- 
eaich  M.  Eivaznft" gives  a  description  of  the  Aisores  of  Koi- 
asar,  of  their  manner  of  life  and  customs,  followed  by  an  Aisor 
.Iphabet  ;  an  I  M.  Arkannikofl' contributes  a  detailed  description 
if  the  town  Temruk  and  of  the  Temnik  mouth  of  the  Kuban 
<ivei.  In  the  second  part  of  the  same  collection  we  find  a 
i::ie-  of  interesting  notes  on  the  Tchokh  village  in  Daghcslan, 
m  l)agheslan  legends,  and  on  the  life  of  A bk hazes  ;  a  collection 
it  Little  Kit-.si.in  son;s  from  Kuban  ;  and  two  lectures  on  the 
•dutiful  sevcn-ccnturies-old  Georgian  poem  of  Shota  Hustavcii. 


SCIENTIFIC  SERIALS 

Tilt  Journal  of  Phyio.'.\;  v  for  July  contains  :— Note  on 
lie  cau-e  of  the  f:r-t  -ound  of  the  heart,  by  G.  F.  Veo  and  J. 
tiinctt. —  An  experimental  investigation  to  ascertain  the  action 
(  verat.'ia  on  a  cardiac  contraction,  by  S.  kinger  (plate  2). — 
', .no  rnin g  the  action  of  small  <|aanritics  of  calcium,  sodium, 
n<i  pota-dum  salt-.  u|>on  the  vitality  and  function  of  contractile 
i„uc  and  the  calieular  cells  of  fi-hes,  l>y  S.  linger  and  I),  W. 
{in  ton  — A  study  of  the  action  of  the  depres-or  nerve,  and  a 
•  ni-i  !- ration  ..f  the  effect  of  hlo.-,-!  pressure  npin  the  heart  re- 
.irded  a-  a  sensory  organ,  by  H.  Sewatl  and  I).  W.  Steiner 
(date  V  -  -On  secondary  and  tertiary  degenerations  in  the  spinal 
..id  .-.f  the  d-tg,  by  C.  S.  Sherrington  (plates  4  and  5  .—On 
),<•  stritc;-.:re  and  rhythm  of  the  heart  in  fishes,  with  especial 
l-|..-:i-nce  t«.  the  heart  of  the  eel,  by  S.  A-  M "William  (plate  6). 
-The  inner  cation  of  the  heart  of  the  Slider  terrapin  (Psendeniys 
n;'-a\,  by  J.  Wesley  Mills, — Note  on  the  sound  accompanying 
lie  single  contract!  in  of  skeletal  mu-clo,  by  E.  F.  Herroun  and 
;.  F.  Veo. 

/'//. Journal  of  A  natality  and  Phy>ioh\2y  for  July  contains: 
vc  count  «.f  some  recent  experiments  on  the  effects  of  very  low 
_-»n|)eraturos  on  the  putrefactive  process  and  some  vital  pheno- 
iena.   by   I.    I.   Coleman  and   |.  G.    McKendrick,    M.D. — 

kl.e  yl.'.be  'to  k-'i   I  ,      '!  -   I..  llirnphry,  M.H.  ipb.V 

■- .  -  ■  .•  a  I  in.  .run'  :!ev.'h  i-nii'i;:   'I         icpio  hii'.Kc  •  •ig.ni- 

!  1c  fioL..  ';:>  A  .  1.  V  Ken'  r-lite  1S1. —  Kn'.iii.in  a:n!  c;i,uir.- 
,i,  11  :i.  b\  II  Jin.i-  I  might,  M.I1.-  -M  ■>■■  oaier '  -  <  ■{  the  ul:ia  in 
1  .  a-  i-.n- 1  -jpitialii.ti,  by  <.'.  W.  t  'athcai :,  M.H. — Anatomy 

.:   I ,\ .  1:  ■  ii  cepl-.ali'ii-  brain,   by  A    ll'K.  M  .  I  >.  —  Corp'.i- 

,];  .--.i.ii    in  the   a'lull  human    brain,    by    lb     J .  Hamilton, 
,1  it.--.  2)   and   2J-. —  [iiiumiis  in  animals,  by  J,   75.  Sutton 
,1.110231.  —  Hy.uuiindibiilai  clefts  mid  pseudohianchs  of  I.cpi 
, -tetts  and  Amia,  by  k,  Ramsey  Wright  (plate  24).— Anatomy 


t"  Spina!  bifida,  by  Prol 
ir  -shoulder  masck*,  ti 

y  P"*£JJ:  '  v  : 


try. — Notes  on  «>me  variations  of 
W.  fe.  Ransom.  —Tarsus  and  Carpus, 


\ ha  sieopir al  S.  i' n<  r  )•  ,r  I  m!  >  >  ■  •:. 
Oil  ^peiiiia! agenesis  in  the  tat,  byllcrheri  H.  l;i"'.o. 
ind         A  itmplioed  vknr  of  Uh>  bistpl.igy  of  the 


striped  muscular  fibre,  by  H.  Melland  (plate  24). — On  the  de- 
velopment of  a  freshwater  macrurous  crustacean  {Atytphcra 
comprtssd),  by  C.  Ishikawa  (plates  25-2S).  — On  the  supj>oscd 
communication  of  the  vascular  system  with  the  exterior  in 
Pleurobianchus,  by  A.  G.  ltourne,  l». Sc.  (plate  29).— Observa- 
tions on  the  nervous  syste.11  of  Ap-is,  by  P.  Pclseneer  (plate  30). 
— Note  on  the  chemical  composition  of  the  uocytium  of 
Ofkrydutm  t\'im!iI  ,  by  W.  1).  Halliburton,  M.I). — The 
development  of  /Wifitus  cafi-nsit,  by  A.  Sedgwick,  M.A. 
(plates  31  and  32). 

Tkt  Journal  of  the  A'oyil  Microscopical  Society  for  August 
contains  : — The  pathogenic  history  and  the  history  under  culti- 
vation of  a  new  bacillus  (S.  al;t')t  the  cause  of  a  disease  of  the 
hive  bee  hitherto  known  as  foul  brood,  by  F.  K,  Cheshire  and 
W.  Watson  Cheyne,  M.D.  (plates  10  and  11). — Experiments 
on  feeding  some  insects  with  the  curved  or  "  comma  '  bacillus, 
and  also  with  anther  bacillus  (/?.  suf>:i/it  ?),  by  R  L.  Maddox, 
Ml). — On  four  new  species  of  the  genus  Floscttlaria  and  on 
five  other  new  species  of  Kotifera,  by  C.  T.  Hudson,  LL.  f). 
(plate  12),  with  the  usual  summary  of  current  researches. 

The  A  men  an  Xaturjli '.it  for  September  contains  the  reputa- 
tion of  the  I -intern  fly  {/-'hI^o-u-  lanlcriun ia),  by  Julin  C. 
lirauner.  To  the  bibliographical  references  made  in  an 
edito-ial  note  to  thi>  paj>cr  may  be  added  the  spirited  discussion 
on  the  whole  subject  in  the  J-.ntomo! \:a!  Ma^a-.inc  of  1S36. — 
The  age  of  forest  trees,  by  J.  T.  Campbell. — The  relations  of 
mini  and  matter,  by  C.  Slorns. — The  exhalation  of  ozone  by 
odorous  plants,  by  J.  M.  Anders  and  C.  It.  M.  Miller. — Olacial 
origin  of  Pres<pie  isle.  Lake  Erie,  by  J.  L>.  Jngcrsoll.— Kecent 
literature  and  general  notes. 

Th?  P>ocetdim>s  of  the  Liwtean  Society  of  Xm>  Smh 
Wales,  vol.  x.  Part  I  (June  4). — The  papers  in  this  (art 
arc  of  great  interest,  and  worthily  sustain  the  credit  of  this 
most  active  and  energetic  Society.  Ztwloy —  I)r.  R.  von 
Lindenfeld,  On  Australian  sjxinge-,  part  iv.  The  Myxo- 
spongix,  with  5  jdates.  On  Amai^a  fatasiti a,  a  new 
piotozoon  infesting  sheep.  On  the  Pho  iosjxingia:. — William 
Macleay,  On  a  new  snake  from  the  Harrow  Ranges,  and  On 
sonic  reptiles  from  Hcrhrr;  River. —  A.  S.  Oliff,  On  some 
Cevlonese  Coteoptera. — J.  Itrazier.  Synonymy  of  some  shells 
described  by  Dr.  Gray,  —  W.  A.  Ila-nell.  ( >n  some  Australian 
Amphipods,  with  9  plates. — Captain  llutton,  Revision  of  the 
Toxoglossjite  niollusca  of  New  Zealand. — J.  Douglas  Ogilby, 
Some  rare  Port  Jackson  fishes.  P.<  any — Dr.  W.  \Vuon,  Aus- 
tralian Proteace:e.  PaLej>ito!o-y  -  V.  Rattle,  On  a  Devonian 
Australian  fossil  allieil  to  Wnrlhcnia,  with  a  plate  ;  also  on  the 
Clacial  period  in  Australia  ;  and  on  the  meteorology  of  Mount 
Ko-kiusko,  by  Dr.  von  Kind  nfeld,  with  two  plates. 

Morphol 'fisches  JakrhuS,  Baad  11,  Heft  I,  contains:  — 
Contribution  to  a  knowledge  of  the  tonal  organ  of  the  Proso- 
branchia,  by  Dr.  It.  Haller  plates  I -4). — On  the  morphological 
significance  of  the  nucleus,  by  Dr.  W.  Ptii/ner  tplate  $\. — Short 
Contributions  to  a  knowledge  of  some  marine  RIiizojkxIs,  by  O. 
I!  itschli  (plates  6  and  ~). — On  th,-  significanx-  of  the  Uitea 
sernicircularis  Dou  -lissi- .  by  Bernhar  I  Solgcr. — Notes  00 
Apseudcs,  by  J.  E.  V.  Boas. — Short  Notes. 

Zci'icknft  fur  vitseti  chaftlichc  Zoeltigit,  Band  42,  Heft  I, 
July  24,  contains  :— A  biographical  sketch  of  Carl  Thcodor 
Ernst  von  SiclKild,  one  of  the  founders  of  the  Zeitschnft,  by 
Lhler-  w  iili  a  1  ih' .L  >oi.l;:I)i.-  On  the  significance  of  the  nucleus 
horn  1  hi  r-nir;i  of  vn-w  -  f  evolution,  by  Prof.  A.  Kolltker. — 
Re-e.uche.  <m  -015 ,e  I- la-.;eli  itc-  and  kindretl  organisms,  by  Dr. 

Fi-ch  .plates  1  ;  1  .1.  — (i:i  the  anatomy  of  the  Amphisbo.'na, 
by  l>r.  Co.  Smalian  .plates  5  and  6). 

Hand  a^,  IKT*  2.  A.:^u-t  18,  contains:  —  An  essay  on  the 
bi.tory  of  (rerman  -lejvs.  -nd  •  >n  their  European  allies,  by  Dr. 
It.  Stmt. .lb.  This  rm.:i..gr.iph  is  illustrated  by  five  plates!  that 
of  the  species  being  colon  red. 


AND  ACADEAflES 

Paris 

Academy  of  Sciences,  October  5. — M.  Boulcy.  President, 
4ft  the  eh*ir.— Spcctml  analysis  of  the  elements  of  the  teiics- 
fiUkMlKMphere,  by  M.J.  Janssen.  The  author  describe-  the 
H ' ^fHWm*1  r>r^T*  navc  ,,een   ma^c  at   tni-'  Meud-m 


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NATURE 


[Oct.  i;,  i- 


Observatory  for  the  study  of  the  hydrogen,  ovygen.  and  other 
substances  present  in  the  terrestrial  atmosphere.    Four  tubes, 
one  60  metres  long,  have  already  been  fitted  up  in  a  chamber  in 
which  solar,  electric  and  other  lights  can  be  employed  under 
favourable  conditions. — Thermic  studies  of  the  aromatic  series  : 
the  phenols  of  complex   function,  by   M.   Berthelot.  New 
characters  derived  from  thermo-chemistry  have  been  determined 
for  the  purpose  of  distinguishing  the  various  isomerous  groups  of 
the  aromatic  scries  and  disclosing  the  phenolic  function  belong- 
ing more  particularly  to  some  of  these  groups.    In  order  to 
establish  the  general  character  and  importance  of  this  new  in- 
strument of  research,  the  author  continues  his  experiments  with 
the  compounds  derived  from  the  oxylienzoic  acids,  to  which 
the  synthesis  of  vanilline    and   the    allied   substances  has 
given  so  much  interest.    The  results  already  obtained  esta- 
blish a  perfect  agreement  between  the  thermic  indications  and  the 
chemical  theories  respecting  the  complex  phenolic  functions. — 
The  treatment  of  mildew  and  rot  with  a  mixture  of  lime  and 
sulphate  of  copper,  by  M.  A.  Millardet.    During  the  present 
season  M.  Nathaniel  Johnston  has  applied  this  new  process  to 
50,000  vines  in  the  Mcdoc  district  with  complete  success.  The 
plants  so  treated  are  in  a  perfectly  healthy  state,  while  those  not 
treated  arc  in  a  wretched  condition. — On  the  destruction  of  mil- 
dew by  the  sulphate  of  copper,  by  M.  A.  Perrcy.    A  solution 
of  5  per  cent,  of  sulphate  of  crystallised  copper  has  this  year 
been  successfully  and  economically  applied  to  vineyards  in 
Burgundy  hitherto  unsuccessfully  treated  with  sulphur.  —  Ravages 
of  mildew  in  the  northern  districts  of  Touraine  during  the  pre- 
sent year,  by  M.  Larreguy  dc  Civrieux.    The  disease  broke  out 
suddenly  a  few  days  after  a  violent  storm  in  July,  attacking 
several  varieties  of  the  vine  and  the  oak  trees  of  the  surrounding 
plantations  to  the  exclusion  of  all  other  plants. — Note  on  the 
quadratic  forms  in  the  theory  of  the  linear  differential  equations, 
by  M.  Halphen. — On  the  physiologic  action  of  the  salts  of 
rubidium,  by  M.  Ch.  Kichet.     Subcutaneous  and  intra- venous 
injections  of  the  chloride  of  rubidium  applied  to  frogs,  fishes, 
rabbits,    guinea-pigs,   and    pigeons,   snow  that    this  metal 
has  the  same  toxic  effect  as  iiotassium,  but  somewhat  less 
virulent. — On  the  internal  phenomena  of  muscular  contraction 
in  the  striated  primitive  fasces  in  Cortthra  plumucrnis  and  the 
frog,  by  M.  F.  Laulanie. — Line  of  development  followed  by  the 
inoculated  virus  of  tul>crculosis  in  man.  the  rabbit,  and  guinea- 
pig  :  application  to  the  study  of  iiiocul.ition  and  re-inoculation 
for  tuberculosis,  by  M.  S.  Arloing. — A  remarkable  vegetable 
centre  in  the  peninsula  of  Brittany,  by  M.  I.,  ('ric.    Of  this 
vegetable  zone  the  characteristic  species  appear  to  be  Nanisms 
rtjtejcus,    Lois.  ;    Erynpum    :i::/Ktrum,    Gay  ;  Omfhalodtt 
littoralis,  Leh.  ;  and  Liuaria  artnaria,  IX  C. — Application  of 
thermo-chemistry  to  the  explanation  of  geological  phenomena  ; 
general  principles  ;  ores  of  manganese,  by  M.  Dieulafait.  The 
principle  is  laid  down  that  of  all  the  natural  combinations  of 
each  metal,  that  which  devclopes  the  greatest  heat  in  its  forma- 
tion occurs  most  extensively  in  nature,  and  must  be  regarded  as 
its  principal  ore.    Applying  this  principle  to  the  study  of  man- 
ganese, the  author  finds  that  the  ores  of  this  metal  exist  in  nature 
in  the  relative  proportions  and  under  the  conditions  anticipated 
by  the  laws  of  thermo-chemistry.—  On  the  whirlwinds  observed 
by  aeronauts,  by  M.  Diamilla- Midler.    These  whirlwinds  are 
attributed  to  the  collision  of  two  atmospheric  currents  coming 
from  opposite  directions,  and  are  compared  «ith  the  eddies  pro- 
duced in  streams   by  analogous  causes. — Note  on   a  meteor 
nlWrved  at  Saigon,  Cochin-China,  on  August  22,  I&85.  by  M. 
Kt  vcillt  re. — Kinematics  of  the   locomotion  of  quadrti|ieds  : 
trajectories  and  comparative  velocities  of  the  pastern  and  hoof 
of  the  horse  at  the  different  phases  of  its  motion. 

Stockholm 

Academy  of  Sciences,  September  16.— The  following  paper 
was  presented  and  accepted  for  publication  in  the  Pn\  ;t,/in^  •— 
"  Nouvelles  OWrvations  sur  le>  Traces  d'Animaux  et  d'autre* 
Phcnom^nc*,  d'Origine  purcmcnt  mccanique,  dcirits  comme 
Algues  fossiles,"  by  Prof.  A.  G.  Nathorst.— Kxperiments  to 
determine  with  the  galvanometer  the  limits  of  elasticity  and  the 
absolute  tension  ofiron  wire  of  different  thickness  and  with 
varying  contents  of  carbon,  by  Dr.  P.  Isberg.— Researches  on 
the  influence  of  temperature  on  the  clcctromotoric  force  of 


temperature 

certain  electric  pile  combinations,  by  Dr.  F.  Kahlmetcr,  both 

land  explained  by  Prof.  Edlund. 


Lonnroth  on  his  botanical  journey  to  Gothland  and  < >  . 
land,  chiefly  to  study  the  Hieraciaj  at  thec*prnscc,t  tl*  ^ 
and  to  a  paper  presented  at  a  previous  meeting  aot  f~. 
the  Botanical  Section  of  the  Natural  History  Mny^c 
K.   Boldt.— Contributions  to  our  knowledge  nt  it* 
phyllophycea-  of  Siberia.    He  further  presentee  aori  v.  . 
the  two  following  papers,  vir.  : — Contributions  to  our',--  ■ 
of  the  development  of  the  physiological  tissue  n(  wik  -. 
Herr  N.  Wille,  and  contributions  to  the  flora  d  lV  '. 
Desmidicx,  by  Herr  G.  I^agerheiw.  -Prof.  Chi  re- 
presented   a    paper,    "  Conspectus  Gcnrrum  r.  - 
Microceridarum,"  and  gave  a  review  of  the  same.  Ii 
exhibited  living  specimens  of  the  slave-keeping  a.v. 
tufditni,  recently  found  by  him  near  Stockholm.— 1  •  ' 
presented  a  paper  prepared  by  himself  and  1'rof.  0,  '■■ 
"  Nouvelle  mcthodc  pour  determiner  la  densite  Je  - 
corps  volatisablcs  en  mcme  temps  que  la  ttm?r:;- 
pliquce,"  and  gave  a  review  of  its  contents  — TL<  - 
(Prof.  Lindhagen)  presented  the  following  pa;<-"s-  '■ 
the  results  of  researches  made  at  the  t'psali  (."heir.:— 
tory  :- On  the   production  and  nitrification  of  isr- 
aelii ;  on  the  ortodcrivates  of  kumenylacryl  add  imtu 
digo  and  chinolin-derivaccs  obtained  from  the  same  ;  " 
derivates  of  kumenylacryl  acid,  and  on  dentate  v'  ■ 
acryl  acid   formed  through  substitution  in  the  - 
acryl  acid  :  all  four  by  Dr.  O.  Widman.— Resta." ' 
dc|>cndencc  of  galvanic  resistance  in  certain  allof> 
bismuth  on  time,  by  Dr.  G.  Backlin.--On  capaci'T  - 
and  atomic  weight,  by  Dr.  I.  R.  Rydl>crg.— Oc  f 
a  new  mineral  from  the  mine  Sjogrufvan,  in  'be  r 
Orcbro,  by  Heir  L.  J.  Igclstrom. — Remark*  an  tt*  rr 
teosoma,  Guerin-Mencvillc,  by  Dr.  C.  Bovallius.-'  1 
Wcttern  and  the  formation  of  Visingso.  an  i»Uni  : 
Holm. 


the  latter  paper*  being  presented  1 
-IW.   Wittrock  referred  to  a 


rejiort  left  by  the  late  Dr. 


CONTENTS 

Comparative  Anatomy  and  Physiology 
British  Dairy  Farming.    By  Prof.  John  Wrifliu:: 
Oar  Book  Shelf:— 

Traill's  «*  Chain  Cables  and  Chains  " 
"  United  States  Coast  and  Geodetic  Survey' 
Letters  to  the  Editor  :— 

The  Presence  of  the  Remains  of  Dicynodon  it 
1  riassic  Sandstone  of  Klgin.-Prof.  J.  W  Joii 

P.  R.S  

An  Earthquake  Invention.— Prof.  John  Mils* 
Tremble-tcrre  do  26  Scptembre.  ibSy— Prof  F  * 

Forel  

Larxit  of  Cfrum  -  inula.  —Cyril  B.  Holman  Hi£ 
Pulsation  in  the  Veins.— J.  Hippisley  .... 
Stonehenge. — Sand.  S.  Stanley 
The  Forecasting  of  Barometric  Variations.— A  S 

Pearson  

Transmission  of  Sound.— Prof.   W.  E.  Ayn«" 

F.R.S  

Are  there  Rabbits  in  the  Western  Island*  ?-Herbert 

Ellis   

The  Hell-Gate  Explosion 

Submarine  Disturbance  .  . 

The  Botanical  Gardens  in  Java.     By  Dr.  Sydwri 

Hickson  

On  Certain  New  Terms  or  Terms  used  in  s  Nf* 
or  Unusual  Sense  in  Elementary  Universe 
Geometry.    By  Prof.  J.  J.  Sylvester.  F  R-S 

Notes  

Astronomical  Phenomena  for   the  Week. 

October  1S-24  .   

Geographical  Notes  

The  Great  Ocean  Basins.    By  John  Murray 
New  Process  of  Liquefying  Oxygen.    By  M  1 

Cailletet.    tfllustntftd)   .  . 

Notes  from  the  Otago  University  Museum  > 

Prof.  T.  Jeffery  Parker  

The  British  Association  .— 

Section  H— Anthropology  

Science  in  Russia  

Scientific  Serials    

Societies  and  Academies  


I 


I 


- 
I 
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In  Casks,  12  6  per  9  gals.  In  Bottle,  3/3  pur  doz.  Impl.  Pts.* 

•  Bottle*  charged  a  -  per  dot.,  Hid  allowed  at  tdc  name  rale  if  relumed  ;  but  x'act 
must  be  paid  for  with  the  liter. 

cr  sugar,  sarcharum,  nor  any  of  the  many  new  Brewing  Mai-rial*  are  uved  in 
the  uianufat  ture  of  the  "  S  N."  Stout ;  it  i*  Brewed  entirely  from  the  finest  Mall  and 
Hops;  ii  i*,  too,  more  hopped  than  Stout  is  generally;  therefore  betides  being  very 
nutritious,  it  i«  an  excellent  Tonic  and  particularly  suited  for  invalids.  Lulie*  nursing,  or 
anyone  requiring  a  good  itrengtheninc  leverage.  It  i«  a  "Sound  Nutritious"  Tonic, 
and  very  much  recommended  by  Medical  men. 

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J.  LOUIS  K.  AGASSI  Z. 
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The  following  is  a  list  of 

MICHAEL  FARADAY. 

THOMAS  HENRY  HUXLEY. 

CHARLES  DARWIN. 

JOHN  TYNDALL. 

GEORGE  GABRIEL  STOKES. 

SIR  CHARLES  LYKLL. 

SIR  CHARLES  WHEATSTONE. 

SIR-WYVILLE  THOMSON. 

ROBERT  WILHELM  BUNSEN. 

ADOLF  ERIK  NORDENSKJOI.D. 

SIR  WILLIAM  THOMSON. 


Oct.  15,  1885]  NATURE 


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Messrs.  MACMILLAN  &  CO.'S  NEW  BOOKS. 

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NA  TURE 


[Oct.  22, 1885 


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CROSBY  I.OCKWOODjR :  C<X^7.  Station™.-  Hall  C-ort, 

Thi\  Day,  Third  Edition,  Rev.«ed.  »iih  Addition*.  |<nce  ♦»-,  (Wk 

THE  RUDIMENTS  OF  MINERALOGY 

A  CONCISE  VIEW  OF  THE  f.ENERAL  PROPERTIES  ,,r 
METALS. 

By  ALEX.  RAMSAY.  K.G.S-.  &c  .  , 

CROSHV  LOCK  WOO  II  &  CO..  r,  Stationery'  Hall  CuK, 

MINERALS  AND  STONlT" 
IMPLEMENTS. 

MR.  HR  YCE-WRIOHT beg*  to  cat)  the  attention  of  hi»  CI"*""* 

Public  to  hi*  large  Seriea  of 

MINERALS  AND  STONE  IMPLEMENTS, 
from  whiah  «ing1e  tpecimeni  can  be  elected. 

Klementary  Collection,  of  Mineral,.  r  owiL,  and  Rock,  fro-  i**™ 
A'  fi  —  Tktit  C*U«tien,  <*t*tn«i  tk*  /W./  Mr*»  J^L.qti 
GEMS  AND  PRECIOUS  STONES  OF  EVKRV  Dr.SCRin' 

BRYCE-WRICHT, 
Mineralogist  and  Expert  in  Presto*  1  Stm/h 
.oa.  REGENT  STREET,  LONDON.  W 


NA  TURE 


593 


THURSDAY,  OCTOBER  22,  1885 


AMERICAN  ANTHROPOLOGY 
Reizen  en  Ondersoekingen  in  Noord-Amerika.    Van  Dr. 

H.  F.  C.  Ten  Kate,  Jun.    (Leyden  :  Brill,  1885.) 
Prehistoric  America.     By  the  Marquis  de  Nadaillac. 
Translated  by  N.  D'Anvers.     Edited  by  W.  H.  Dall. 
(London  :  Murray,  1885.) 
The  Lenape  Stone;  or,  the  Indian  and  the  Mammoth. 

By  H.  C.  Mercer.    (New  York  :  Putnam,  1885.) 
T\R.  TEN   KATE  (son  of  the  celebrated  Dutch 
painter)  has  published  the  account  of  his  late 
anthropological  journey  in  the  regions  about  Arizona  and 
New  Mexico.    His  exploration  was  supported  by  the 
Government  of  Holland,  for  whose  Rijks  Museum  at 
Leyden  he  brought  home  a  collection  illustrating  the 
peculiar  civilisation  of  the  Pueblo  Indians  and  their 
wilder  neighbours  of  the  plains  ;  also  by  several  scientific 
bodies,  among  them  the  Anthropological  Society  of  Paris, 
for  which  he  took  body-measurements  of  the  various 
tribes  he  met  with.     Belonging  to  the  school  of  ob- 
servers who  depend  on  the  measurement  of  skulls  as  a 
means  of  classing  the  natives  of  America  into  stocks 
of  the  general  Mongoloid  race  to  which  they  primarily 
belong  (p.  432),  he  has  to  deal  with  the  interesting 
problem,  what  relation  the  ruder  and  fiercer  tribes  bear  to 
the  comparatively  cultured  and  peaceable  dwellers  in 
the  pueblos.    This,  however,  is  confused  by  the  fact 
that  among  neither  is  the  type  uniform.     Dr.  Ten 
Kate  (p.  173)  recognises  among  the  Apaches  two  or 
three  varieties,  one  more  Mongolian  and  especially 
seen  among  the  women,  the  others  more  of  the  bold- 
featured  Redskin-type.    The  brachyccphalic  and  occipit- 
ally  flattened  skull  which  he  considers  especially  charac- 
teristic of  the  Pueblo  Indians,  enables  him  to  contradict 
(P-  '55)  the  opinion  that  the  handsome  Pimas  belong  to 
these.     But  then  he  finds  it  necessary  to  divide  the 
Pueblos  into  much  the  same  Mongolian  and  Redskin 
types  (see  his  remarks  on  the  Moquis,  p.  253).    On  the 
whole  his  observations  do  not  seem  incompatible  with 
the  view  that  the  difference  between  the  roving  Indians  of 
the  skin  tents  and  the  tillers  of  the  fields  around  the  towns 
of  mud-brick  houses  depends  less  on  race  than  on  differ- 
ence of  stage  of  civilisation,  itself  due  in  great  measure  to 
the  respective  circumstances  of  a  wild  life  of  war  and 
plunder  or  a  tame  life  of  peace  and  industry.    That  the 
neighbourhood  of  the  nations  of  Old  Mexico  may  have 
influenced  the  civilisation  of  the  Pueblo  tribes  is  likely 
enough,  but  Dr.  Ten  Kate  argues  on  grounds  both  of 
skull-measure  and  language  (pp.  265,  221)  against  any 
identification  of  Zunis  or  Moquis  with  Aztecs.    Indeed,  it 
is  the  general  experience  of  anthropologists,  in  spite  of 
resemblances  in  such  matters  as  the  step-pattern  on  the 
pottery,  that  the  language,  customs,  and  religion  which 
the  natives  of  Zuni  or  Tchua  have  preserved  since  the 
Spanish  Conquest,  show  original  and  peculiar  types  which 
are  not  to  be  accounted  for  as  borrowed  from  Mexico. 
Thus  the  designs  on  the  earthen  water-vessels,  when 
explained,  prove  not  to  be  copies  of  Mexican  ornaments, 
but   mostly  direct  symbolic  pictures,  a  spiral  for  the 
whirlwind,  a  semicircle  with   descending  lines  for  a 

Vol.  xxxit.— no.  834 


rain-cloud,  &c.  This  even  affects  the  argument  that  the 
celebrated  "  clifT-dwcllings "  of  the  district  were  the 
strongholds  of  the  ancestors  of  tribes  such  as  the  Moquis, 
who  claim  to  continue  and  interpret  the  designs  on  their 
pottery  (p.  265).  Dr.  Ten  Kate  had  the  good  fortune  of 
visiting  Hualpe*  with  Major  Powell  and  seeing  the  Moqui 
snake  dance  (p.  242).  He  was  allowed  to  go  down  the 
estu/a  to  see  the  paraphernalia  of  the  dancers  and  the 
vessel  of  drink  taken  as  prophylactic  against  rattlesnake- 
bites,  and  his  account  of  the  dance  itself,  particularly  as 
to  the  way  in  which  the  rattlesnakes  are  carried  in  the 
mouths  of  one  set  of  dancers  while  another  set  by  tickling 
them  with  feathers  prevents  their  striking,  is  much  in  the 
same  terms  as  that  given  by  Capt.  Bourke  (see  Nature, 
vol.  xxxi.  p.  429).  Mr.  Cushing  was  still  at  the  pueblo  of 
Zuni  under  his  Indian  name  of  T<5natsali  or  ''  Medicine 
Flower,"  and  with  his  guidance  Dr.  Ten  Kate  had  oppor- 
tunities of  studying  the  social  life  of  the  interesting  matri- 
archal community.  The  main  features  of  the  family 
system  are  now  clear,  as  to  the  young  man  being  chosen 
by  the  young  woman  as  "  hers  to  be  "  {yiluk'ianiha)  and 
his  being  taken  by  her  father  into  the  house  as  pupil 
(ta/ahi) ;  thus  he  passes  into  the  position  of  a  husband 
who  can  be  sent  back  to  his  home,  and  the  father  of 
children  who  belong  to  their  mother  and  inherit  only 
from  her.  But  in  this  and  other  accounts  there  are  indi- 
cations of  what  is  evident  to  every  traveller  who  has 
visited  a  Zuni  home —that  the  father  after  all  has 
real  power  even  in  that  matriarchal  household.  It  is  to 
be  hoped  that  Mr.  Cushing,  when  he  gives  the  world  his 
long-expected  treatise  on  Zuni  language,  manners,  and 
religion,  will  be  able  to  nuke  the  practical  working  of 
the  matriarchal  life  more  perfectly  intelligible  to  the  pre- 
judiced patriarchal  mind  of  the  white  man.  Dr.  Ten 
Kate  inspected  characteristic  tribes  throughout  the  New 
Mexican  district,  from  these  comparatively  high  Zunis 
down  to  the  low  Utes,  noting  details  of  customs  and  other 
anthropological  material  which  at  times  illustrate  the 
effects  of  intercourse  through  a  yet  wider  range  of  culture. 
Thus  the  wooden  plough  and  creaking  ox-cart  of  ancient 
Rome,  introduced  into  America  by  the  Spanish  con- 
querors, are  to  be  seen  at  work  in  the  fields  around  the 
pueblos  ;  and  white  men  passing  near  an  Indian  cairn 
still  throw  each  a  stone  upon  it  for  luck  (p.  271). 

The  well-known  questions  as  to  America  before  the 
time  of  Columbus  may  be  counted  on  more  than  ever  to 
arouse  the  interest  of  even  the  "  general  reader  "—whether 
and  how  the  natives  came  across  from  Asia,  whether  they 
made  or  imported  the  peculiar  civilisations  of  Mexico  and 
Peru,  and  so  on.  Thus  it  was  quite  worth  while  to  trans- 
late the  Marquis  de  Nadaillac's  "  AmeVique  PreMiistorique," 
with  its  summaries  of  information  and  illustrations 
borrowed  from  the  best  sources.  The  work  has  been 
improved  by  being  edited  by  Mr.  W.  H.  Dall,  whose  own 
researches  in  the  Aleutian  region  form  one  of  the  most 
interesting  chapters  in  the  anthropology  of  America.  In 
the  first  place,  the  interesting  though  as  yet  hardly  clear 
evidence  is  fairly  given  as  to  man's  existence  in  America 
before  the  recent  geological  period.  One  of  its  most 
curious  details  is  the  description  by  Ameghino  the  geo- 
logist (p.  29)  of  his  finding  human  remains  on  the  banks 
of  the  Rio  Frias,  some  twenty  leagues  from  Buenos  Ayres, 
associated  with  charcoal,  potsherds,  and  stone  arrow- 

C  c 


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NA  TURE 


[Oct.  22,  lSSj 


heads,  near  the  carapaces  of  gigantic  extinct  armadillos 
(Glyptodon)  which  had  served  as  ready-made  roofs  to 
the  pits  in  the  ground  which  formed  the  dwellings  of  the 
ancient  savages  of  the  Pampas.  It  seems  that,  though  the 
relatcr  was  a  well-known  geological  explorer,  his  account 
was  received  with  such  incredulity,  even  in  the  district, 
thai  the  Argentine  Scientific  Society  refused  to  allow  a 
paper  to  he  read  before  them.  The  present  volume, 
however  (p.  477),  contains  particulars  of  a  further  dis- 
covery of  the  same  kind,  a  human  skull  and  most  part  of 
the  skeleton  having  been  found  below  an  inverted 
Glyptodon  carapace.  This  is  not  indeed  conclusive,  on 
account  of  the  frequent  displacement  of  the  Pampas  soi] 
by  floods,  and  even  were  the  contemporaneity  of  man  and 
Glyptodon  made  out,  the  upper  bed  containing  the  remains 
of  this  huge  edentate  may  be  more  recent  than  the  qua- 
ternary date.  But  no  doubt  there  will  be  more  finds,  and 
it  may  help  the  discussion  to  point  out  that  there  seems 
nothing  improbable  in  a  man's  living  under  a  Glyptodon 
shell  four  or  five  feet  long,  inasmuch  as  there  is  classical 
authority  for  such  habitations  in  the  Old  World.  The 
natives  of  Ceylon,  according  to  .Elian,  could  live  under 
their  great  turtle-shells  as  roofs ;  so  Pliny  mentions  the 
Chclonophagi  of  the  Persian  Gulf  covering  their  huts  with 
the  shells  of  turtles  and  living  on  the  meat.  It  is 
to  be  feared  that  the  late  Dr.  Lund's  researches  in 
the  limestone  caves  of  Brazil,  claimed  as  proving 
that  the  American  man  was  a  contemporary  of  the 
extinct  megatherium  and  horse,  were  not  made  ac- 
curately enough  to  be  relied  on  now,  but  it  is  well  to 
keep  them  in  view  to  encourage  similar  research.  On 
the  northern  continent,  Dr.  Abbott's  rude  implements  of 
argillite  trap  are  the  most  remarkable  objects  claimed  as 
the  work  of  Glacial  man,  and  they  have  proper  description 
and  drawing  here,  while  every  other  discovery  worthy  of 
any  consideration  receives  it.  As  is  usual  in  French 
works,  proofs  of  the  high  geological  age  of  man  are  re- 
ceived somewhat  more  readily  than  in  our  more  sceptical 
English  literature.  An  unusually  full  account  is  given  of 
the  shell  heaps  which  fringe  the  coasts  of  both  Americas, 
sometimes  fifty  feet  thick  and  more,  so  as  even  to  be 
valuable  for  the  supply  of  lime  to  tlte  builders  of  neigh- 
bouring towns.  The  high  age  of  «ome  of  these  rubbish- 
heaps  is  shown  by  elevation  of  the  ground  having  lifted 
them  high  above  the  sea-level  where  the  shell-fish  were 
doubtless  cooked  and  eaten,  while  the  cannibal  habits  of 
the  ru  k-  savages  of  the  shores  are  shown  by  the  usual 
evidence  of  human  bones  split  for  the  marrow.  Probably 
the  more  recent  heaps  are  those  characterised  by  tobacco- 
pipes  and  stone  pottles  and  mortars  like  those  in  which 
the  modern  Indians  bruise  seeds.  This  seems  at  least  a 
reasonable  opinion  notwithstanding  that  such  stone 
pestles  and  mortars  h  ive  been  pu:  forward  as  evidence  of 
man  inhabiting  California  far  back  in  the  Tertiary  period. 
M.  de  Nadaillac's  chapters  on  the  mound-builders  and 
rhrf-flue!".  is,  and  the  nations  of  Mexico  and  Peru,  give 
much  popular  information  The  original  French  work 
discussed  at  some  length  the  native  American  legends  of 
deluges  and  other  catastrophes,  commemorating  the 
myihie  forefathers  of  nations  and  introducers  of  religious 
laws,  md  arts  ;  but  the  American  editor,  with  better 
^l.'ment  of  the  histori  .al  value  of  these  tales,  has  pared 
-hem  liown,  leaving  the  reader  to  form  his  judgments  on 


more  solid  matters.  Should  a  new  edition  of  Prehistoric 
America  "  be  demanded,  it  will  be  well  to  have  the  prt- 
more  carefully  corrected.  So  well  known  a  living  author-:-, 
as  Prof.  Marsh  figures  as  "  March,''  and  it  is  with  : 
effort  that  one  recognises  the  ancient  Chinese  empe:: 
"  Fo-hi "  under  the  designation  of  "  Fo-Fli."  At  p.  n 
M.  de  Nadaillac  yields  to  the  common  tempiatior.  ' 
finding  the  name  of  the  Nnhua  nation  in  the  mto 
the  country  Anahuac,  as  if  it  meant  "the  country  of  - 
Nahuas  by  the  water;"  but  this  is  grammaticiih  - 
possible,  and  indeed  the  etymology  of  Anakuu,  mer  . 
simply  "  near  the  water,"  is  quite  indisputable. 

The  interest  felt  by  Americans  in  the  antiquity  0/ 
on  their  continent  is  shown  by  the  appearance  cf  (.•-. 
relics.    The  so-called  "  Lcnape  Stone  "  is  one  of  the  •• 
perforated  stones  known  as  gorgets,  common  in  !r 
graves,  but  on  it  is  scratched  a  rude  represents 
hunters  attacking  a  mammoth.    When  it  was  prv-d-  • 
Mr.  Carvill  Lewis  at  once  called  attention  to  the 
point,  that  the  mammoth  is  a  palpable  imitation  of 
of  the  cave  of  La  Madeleine,  whereas  the  huctr-  • 
imitated  from  the  childish  modern  American  lr-: 
pictures  on  bark  or  deerskin.    The  artistic  power  » 
men  of  the  mammoth-period  is  shown  by  its  bctr:  - 
consciously  conveyed  through  the  hand  of  s<>  st- 
copyist.  F.  H  Tv. 

PHYSIOLOGICAL  PLAMT  ASATCM\ 
Physiologist-he  PJlanzenanaiomit  im  Gru mints  dart'  ■ 
Von  Dr.  G.  Haberlandt.    (Leipzig  :  WilheJm  1 V 
mann,  1884.) 

WHEN  one  recognises  the  immense  impf-m*1"' 
continually  keeping  before  the  student. T^ 
that   from  whatever   standpoint   the  plant  is 
physiological  considerations  must  never  be  h< 
one  cannot  but  welcome  the  appearance  of  Dr.  i' 
landt's  text-book  on  physiological  plant  anatomy,  jn 
is  disposed  to  do  so  with  more  than  ordinary 
recalling  those  chapters  on  physiological  orgawr 
which  appeared  some  three  years  ago  in  Prof  $»• 
"  Vorlcsungen."     The  subject   is  one  to  »h'rf 
Haberlandt  has  specially  devoted  himself,  the  T^* 
volume  being  in  fact  the  most  recent  of  a  sfr.e- 
detailed  publications.    On  this  account  it  1* 
prising  to  find  that  much  of  the  subject-mattf?  • 
new,  and  that  of  the  twelve  sections  into 
book  is  divided  five  have  already  appeared  in  th<  ,r 
in  Schenk's  handbook  entitled  "  Die  physi<'lor- 
Leistungen  der  Prlanrcngewebes."    Dr.  Haberlam-f:  - 
on  the  present  occasion  is  to  publish  as  eompk-" 
account  as  may  be,  of  the  present  history  of  the  •- 
and  the  great  point  upon  which  he  insists,  is  ih-: 
whole  anatomical  structure  and  the  mode  of  arr-.v -.•<"' 
of  the  various  tissues  composing  the  plant,  are  >'m^ 
many  illustrations  of  the  phenomenon  of  adapta"''' 
physiological  needs. 

The  first  two  sections  are  devoted  to  the  con^Jc 
of  the  cell  and  the  formation  of  tissues.    The  thm-  t~- 
of  the  tegumentary  system,  and  as  far  as  repi*  •• 
epidermis  special  stress  is  laid  upon  Weste-rrruier ' 
covery  that  the  epidermal  cells  serve  for  the 
water,  in  addition  to  their  well-known  protective*^ 


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The  important  influence  of  cuticular  wax  ami  epidermal 
hairs  upon  transpiration  is  also  discussed. 

In  Section  IV.  the  mechanical  system  is  considered 
With  much  of  the  subject-matter  of  this  section  we  have 
been  acquainted  since  the  appearance  of  Schwendcncr's 
classic  "  Das  mechanische  l'rincip  ;  "  but  it  is  of  interest 
to  note  that  in  the  fungi,  r,^.  Usnea  latbata,  evidence 
c\;sts  of  a  mechanical  tissue  which  in  the  higher  plants 
takes  the  form  of  sclerenchyma,  collenchyma,  and  bast. 
The  absorptive  system  includes  roots,  rhizoids,  and  like  1 
structures  ;  attention  being  also  drawn  to  the  absorptive 
tissue  of  the  scutcllum.  This  organ  in  Prizu  minor  is 
peculiar  on  account  of  the  pronounced  development  <>f 
the  absorptive  cells,  and  their  striking  resemblance  to  root 
hairs. 

Section  VII.  deals  with  the  assimilative  system,  and 
one  is  much  struck  by  the  marked  manner  in  which  the 
whole  structure  of  the  leaf  illustrates  the  principles  of 
which  Dr.  Haberlandt  is  the  exponent.  The  pallisadc 
layers  arc  naturally  regarded  as  being  the  chief  scat  of 
assimilative  activity,  and  it  is  pointed  out  that  the  cells 
below  these  layers,  which  arc  of  the  nature  of  spnngy 
parenchyma,  and  contain  comparatively  few  chlorophyll 
grains,  arc  distinguished  by  the  remarkable  manner  in 
which  they  abut  on  to  the  pallisadc  cells.  Their  special 
function  appears  to  be  to  conduct  or  absorb  the  products 
of  assimilation,  and  to  be  the  means  of  conveying  them 
to  other  parts  of  the  plant.  They  are  in  consequence 
designated  as  receptive  or  conducting  cells  ^Aufnahme 
odcr  Sammelzellen).  The  infoldings  which  occur  in 
numerous  pallisadc  cells  and  arc  so  well  developed  in  the 
leaf  of  the  various  species  of  Pinus,  have  for  their  object 
the  increasing  of  surface-area,  and  consequently  also  the 
number  of  chlorophyll  grains  in  the  cell. 

Some  space  is  devoted  to  the  consideration  of  the  con- 
ducting system,  which  includes  the  parenchyma  of  the 
cortex  and  pith,  the  medullary  ray  parenchyma,  &o,  the 
vascular  bundles  and  laliciferou;  tissue. 

Dealing  with  the  vascular  bundles  from  the  point  of 
view  of  physiological  anatomy,  a  special  terminology  has 
been  adopted.  The  whole  bundle  is  known  as  the 
Mestom,  the  xylem  as  the  Hadrom,  and  the  phhtm  as  the 
Lcptom.  The  idea  of  Mestom  includes  purely  vascular 
tissue,  and  excludes  the  mechanical  sclercnchymatous 
and  fibrous  tissue  (stereom),  consisting  usually  of 
prosenchymatous  cells  (stercides),  such  as  occur  ac- 
companying the  bundles  of  most  monocotyledons.  Dr. 
Haberlandt'*  experiments  demonstrate  that  in  the  moss 
stem  the  central  strand  of  tissue  is  to  be  regarded  as 
consisting  of  rudimentary  hadrom,  having  for  its  function 
the  conduction  of  water.  To  the  layer  surrounding  the 
vascular  bundle  in  roots,  &c.  (endodermis  of  Dc  Ban)  is 
applied  the  term  "protective  sheath,"  or  "protective 
layer,"  on  account  of  its  function  with  relation  to  the 
bundle. 

For  a  more  complete  understanding  of  the  nature  of 
laticifcrous  tissue  we  are  again  indebted  to  Dr.  Haber- 
landt, whose  observations  upon  this  point  appear  to  be 
of  extreme  importance.  These  observations  demon- 
strate that  in  many  of  the  thick  leaved  Euphorbias,  those 
portions  of  the  laticifcrous  cells  which  enter  the  leaf 
become  repeatedly  branched  in  the  leaf-tissue,  and  in 
such  a  manner  that  the  extremities  or  blind  ends  of  these 


branches  abut  directly  on  to  the  pallisacle  parenchyma 
cells,  and  are  thus  brought  into  the  closest  possible  relation 
with  the  scat  of  greatest  assimilative  activity.  The 
natural-  inference  as  to  the  function  of  laticifcrous  tissue 
has  consequently  everything  to  be  said  in  its  favour. 

In  Section  IX.  the  intercellular  space  system  is  dealt 
with,  and  the  various  forms  of  stotnata  and  their  me- 
chanism described.  Much  importance  must  necessarily 
be  attached  to  this  system  when  one  bears  in  mind  the 
relation  of  transpiration  and  gaseous  diffusion  to  plant- 
life.  The  remaining  sections  are  devoted  to  the  secretory 
and  excretory  organs,  and  to  the  •phenomena  attending 
the  normal  and  abnormal  mode  of  increase  in  thickness 
of  the  stem  and  root. 

The  few  remarks  that  have  already  been  made  arc 
sufficient  to  show  that  the  book  contains  numerous  points 
of  much  interest.  It  is,  moreover,  carefully  written,  and 
furnished  with  a  copious  bibliography. 

We  cannot  conclude  this  review  without  pointing  out 
as  Dr.  Haberlandt  has  so  fitly  done,  the  importance  of 
recognising  that  in  every  system  there  is  not  only  the 
chief,  but  also  the  subsidiary,  function,  and  that  in  con- 
sidering any  one  of  them  which  is  especially  significant, 
the  less  pronounce  1  but  still  existing  functions  must  be 
kept  in  mind.  By  such  means  alone  will  the  true 
advance  of  physiological  anatomy  be  maintained. 

\V.  G. 

WILLIAM  MEDLEY 
William  Ilealey,  tin-  Inventor  of  Railway  Locomotion 
on  the  Present  Principle.     By  M.  Archer.  Third 
Edition.      (London:     Crosby   Lockwood   and  Co., 
1885.) 

T  N  this  little  book  the  author  endeavours  to  place  on 
1  record  more  exact  facts  with  regard  to  the  invention 
of  the  locomotive,  and  to  give  prominence  to  the  name  of 
the  man  who  rirst  made  the  locomotive  a  practical  and 
financial  success. 

Richard  Trevithick  is  perhaps  the  only  man,  before 
Hedlcy's  time,  who  narrowly  missed  the  fame  now 
accredited  to  Stephenson  and  Hedley.  In  iSoSTrevi- 
thick  constructed  a  circular  railway  in  a  field,  now 
forming  the  southern  half  of  Euston  Square.  On  this 
railway  he  placed  a  locomotive  of  his  own  construction, 
having  flanged  wheels,  a  tubular  boiler,  and  a  vertical 
cylinder,  driving  by  means  of  a  cross  head  the  hinder  pair 
of  wheels.  This  engine  was  attached  to  a  coach,  and  the 
few  people  who  would  venture  in  it  were  taken  round  the 
railway  at  so  much  per  head.  After  running  for  a  few- 
weeks,  a  rail  broke,  causing  the  engine  to  leave  the 
rails,  and  turn  over  on  its  side.  At  this  time  Trevithick 
had  expended  all  his  means,  and  was  compelled  to  give 
up  his  endeavours  to  convince  the  public  of  the  many 
advantages  to  be  obtained  from  the  use  of  the  locomotive  ; 
had  he  been  backed  up  by  influential  men,  no  doubt  he 
would  now  be  known  to  fame  as  its  inventor. 

Many  men  before  Medley's  time  had  tried  their  utmost 
to  make  a  workable  locomotive,  such  as  would  supersede 
horses  on  a  colliery  railway.  Trevithick,  Blcnkinsop, 
and  Chapman  all  exercised  great  ingenuity  in  their  de- 
signs, but  success  was  as  far  off  as  ever,  owing  to  the 
general  idea  prevailing  that  some  mechanical  connection 
must  exist  between  the  engine  and  the  railway,  believing 


Digitized  by  Google 


596 


NATURE 


that  the  mere  adhesion  between  the  smooth  wheels  and 
smooth  rails  was  completely  insufficient  to  prevent 
slipping. 

In  the  year  1812  William  Hedley  was  viewer  at  the 
Wylam  Colliery,  and  in  order  to  reduce  the  working 
expenses  he  endeavoured  to  construct  an  engine  to  haul 
the  coal  waggons  from  the  colliery  to  the  river,  and  to  do 
it  cheaper  than  by  horse  haulage.  At  this  time  he  had 
a  knowledge  of  what  others  had  done  in  this  direction, 
but  was  forcibly  impressed  with  the  idea  that  the  weight 
of  an  engine  was  sufficient  for  the  purpose  of  enabling  it 
to  draw  a  train  of  loaded  waggons.  After  having  made 
successful  experiments  to  prove  the  idea  correct,  he  set 
to  work  and  constructed  his  first  engine,  which,  when 
completed,  did  not  prove  a  success  owing  to  shortness 
of  steam,  and  a  second  one  was  made.  The  second 
one,  the  well-known  Puffing  Billy,"  was  put  to  work  in 
May,  1813,  and  was  a  complete  success.  This  may  be 
safely  called  the  first  practical  and  efficient  locomotive 
ever  constructed.  It  had  a  return-tube  boiler  of  wrought 
iron,  %'ertical  cylinders,  and  was  placed  on  four  wheels. 
Very  soon  after  the  engine  commenced  to  work  the 
exhaust  steam  was  turned  into  the  chimney  to  create  a 
blast  on  the  fire.  This  engine  worked  nearly  continuously 
until  1862,  when  it  was  bought,  and  has  now  found  an 
honourable  resting-place  in  South  Kensington  Museum. 

Puffing  Billy  was  put  to  work  in  1813,  nearly  a  year 
before  Stephenson's  first  engine  was  tried  at  Killingworth 
in  1814,  thus  proving  without  doubt  that  William  Hedley 
was  the  first  man  to  construct  the  first  practically  suc- 
cessful locomotive  engine,  and  the  first  economical  substi- 
tute lor  animal  power. 

It  should  not  be  thought  that  our  author  claims  for 
Hedley  the  fame  of  being  the  first  to  develop  the  railways. 
Puffing  Billy  was  at  work  sixteen  years  before  the  cele- 
brated Kainhill  contest  took  place,  and  ten  years  before 
locomotives  were  allowed  to  work  the  goods  traffic  on  the 
Stockton  and  Darlington  Railway. 

Stephenson's  success  may  be  dated  from  the  Rain- 
hill  contest  in  1829 ;  and  he  was  one  of  the  first 
men  to  bring  the  present  railway  system  forward  and 
develop  it.  At  the  same  time  William  James  must  not 
be  forgotten  ;  he  surveyed  the  Manchester  and  Liverpool 
Railway  before  Stephenson  was  placed  in  charge  of  the 
Railway  Works,  and  had  it  not  been  for  a  difference  of 
opinion  on  certain  technical  points,  William  James  would 
have  been  the  engineer  of  the  line  until  open  for  traffic. 
Again,  William  James  went  to  sec  Stephenson's  engine, 
before  Stephenson  came  to  Liverpool,  finding  him  an 
intelligent  working  man  and  the  engine  a  success,  he 
brought  Stephenson  to  Liverpool,  where  he  eventually 
commenced  his  successful  career. 

The  author  is  to  be  congratulated  on  having  proved  his 
case,  and  in  the  preface  he  truly  s.tys  :  "  Without  William 
Hedley,  George  Stephenson  might  have  lived  in  vain. 
It  was  William  Hedley  who  gave  the  locomotive  its  life 
and  power,  and  made  the  work  of  other  men  possible." 

The  book  is  very  interesting,  and  is  useful  as  a  book 
of  reference,  the  appendix  containing  extracts  from  the 
opinions  of  many  writers,  and  tetters  from  men  able  to 
give  information  on  the  subject.  This  little  book  will 
prove  useful  to  all  who  wish  to  know  the  facts  concerning 
WMliain  Hedley  and  his  inventions.  N.  J.  L. 


LETTERS  TO  THE  EDITOR 

[  The  Editor  does  not  hold  himself  responsible/or  epinumi  tifr™ 
by  his  correspondents.  Neither  can  he  undertake  U  >tttn 
or  to  correspond  with  the  writers  of,  rejected  mvuucnxi 
No  notice  is  taken  of  anonymous  communications. 

{The  Editor  urgently  requests  correspondents  to  keep  their  \Cr 
as  short  as  possible.    The  pressure  on  his  space  u  11 
lhat  it  is  impossible  otherwise  to  imuretheappMntirei 
of  communications  containingintertsting  and  nttelfxl] 

Shotfiring  in  Mines 

Fok  some  time  past  I  have  been  conducting  a  *cnr>  1 
firing  experiments  at  Dowlais  and  elsewhere  on  behik  ■ 
Royal  Commission  on  Accidents  in  Mines.    Toward*  id: ' 
of  August  last  Prof.  C.  G.  Kreischer,  of  Freiberg  tn  sn 
visited  mc  at  Cardiff  for  the  purpose  of  conferring  with  a- 
the  coal-dust  question.    The  experiments  at  DowUii  \y. 
direct  bearing  on  that  subject,  so,  after  pointing  o«t  u  I 
Kreischer  the  jicrfcctly  private  nature  of  the  invert^m ■'- 
the  delicate  position  in  which  I  would  be  placed  were  the 
allowed  to  transpire  through  any  channel  other  than  ttw  i 
Commission,  and  having  received  his  assurance  thai  wch  1  : 
tingency  was  impossible  as  far  as  he  was  concerned.  I 
him  to  accompany  mc  to  Dowlais,  so  that  he  might  »itao. 
of  the  experiment*  on  August  28  and  September  1. 

On  the  second  (?;  day  Prof.  Kreischer  asked  my  pernio 
write  to  his  friends  in  Germany,  suggesting  that  thejriw^  ~ 
a  few  similar  experiments  privately  in  an  apparatus  ;b 
been  set  up  at  Zwickau,  at  the  expense  of  the  Sison  <■'•■■ 
inent,  for  the  purpose  of  conducting  a  series  of  expeno.fi:  • 
coal-dust.    He  again  assured  me  that  no  publicum  ^  1- 
would  take  place  until  after  those  obtained  bcrt  ««:  '■ 
known,  and  offered,  if  I  had  the  least  doubt  as  to  tat  iiv 
of  his  friends,  not  to  put  it  in  their  power  to  annaf^ 
results  by  not  writing  to  them  at  all. 

I  did  not  feel  justified  in  resisting  such  an  appeal  to  at 
fulness,  and  agreed  to  his  proposal. 

A  few  days  ago  I  received  the  following  letter,  ■to*''1  • 
t>c  glad  if  you  will  kindly  publish,  along  with  my  isnner. 

Sir  F.  A.  Abel  is  the  inventor  of  the  dynamite  water-"* 
and  not  myself,  as  might  be  inferred  from  the  »r 
Gluckauf  W.  G*iw« ' 

Freiburg,  (Meter  J,  S"> 

IIochgekhrter  Freitnd. — Es  war  mir  unmojlich  ■ 
nach  Cardiff  zuruckzukehren  da  wir  uns  xu  lange  im  l'r  " 
rcricrc  aufgchaltcn  hat'.en  und  die  Zcit  meincr  zulasvigrt 
in  England  sich  allzusehr  dem  Ende  zuneigte.    I  c«l«  : 
dadurch  um  das  Vergnugcn  gekommen  noch  eimoal  o  '  " 
konncn.  doch  hoffe  ich.  daa  »tr  •• 


personlich  verkchren  xu  konncn,  doch  hoffe  ich, 
cinmal  wieder  >chen,  viellcicht  in  Zwickau. 

Die  Schiessvcrsuchc  mil  \Va*serbesatx  und  Palm 
Versuch>strecke    haben    sowohl    in    Zwickau  ah  i:- 
Ncunkirchen  zu  gutcn  Resultaten  in  so  fern  cefuhn  >■ 
Gasen  nicht  entxundet  wurden.     Vcrsuche  nut 
Wasscrbcsaiz  in  dcr  Plauitzcr  Kohle  ergcl>en  abet  »  • 
I  kcine  Ruten  Resultate,  als  die  Schussc  nicht  werfen. 

Lcider  hat  Asscsscr  Nonne,  wclcherdcn  Versucheobr"  - 
I  ganz  gtgen  unscrc  Verabredung  sogleich  die  kciol«|c' 
I  crxtcn  Vcrsuche  in  eincr  kurzen  Notiz  im  Ul*i*s*tn: 
licht,  jedoch  ohnc  ihre  Prioritat  zu  nah  zu  treten,  da  Sie  - 
darin  crwahnt  tind.    Ich  hatte  ausdrucklich  r^r  jeJei  <  • 
tion  gewamt  ehc  die  Ihrige  nicht  crschiencn  sei,  en 
Character  kummcrt  sich  al>er  um  so  ctwas  nicht. 

Bei  spaterer  Vcroflcntlichung  der  Zwickauer  Verwic"  ' 
eventuel  darauf  Bczug  genommen  werden. 

Nochmals  fur  allc  I.iebe  und  Frcundschaft,  die  »>c  e 
viclfaltig  crwiesen  haben  bestens  dankend, 

Verblcibc  ich  nut  hcrzlichcro  Gluckauf. 

Ihr, 

Erceberuter, 

C.  G.  kai>*",: 

Herm  Bcrgingenieur  Galloway,  Cardiff 

Cardiff.  <VA*r* 

Dear  Professor  Kreischkk, — I  have  receirol  1 
of  the  2nd  inst.    I  observe  that  the  friends  to  whom  ,«■'*  ~ 
description  of  the  -.hot-firing  experiment*  have  MoUtnl 
ditions  under  which  I  gave  you  permission  t  >  make  )•* 
munication  to  them  by  already  publishing  tbeu  re*fc> 


Digitized  by  Googlt 


Oct  22,  1885J 


NA  TURh 


597 


they  were  in  some  sort  original.  You  mention  as  a  kind  of 
palliative  that,  although  my  priority  is  not  distinctly  admitted, 
my  name  is  mentioned  in  a  prominent  manner. 

Personally  I  consider  this  a  very  small  affair.  Ix>ng  experi- 
ence of  having  my  name  mentioned  in  a  similar  manner,  or 
mixed  up  with  the  names  of  others,  or  altogether  omitted  in 
connection  with  certain  coal-dust  matters  in  which  I  hive  un- 
deniable priority,  has  hardened  me  ;  and  I  confess  that  this  part 
of  your  letter  gave  me  no  concern.  But  although  I  could  afford 
to  pass  it  over  in  this  way  as  far  as  I  am  myself  concerned,  I 
cannot  adopt  the  «ame  course  when  the  interests  of  some  of  the 
members  of  the  Royal  Commission  on  Accidents  in  Mines  are 
also  at  stake. 

I  must  therefore  ask  you  to  give  me  a  token  of  your  good 
faith  by  restraining  your  friends  from  publishing  anything  further 
until  the  English  Royal  Commissioners  shall  have  seen  fit  to 
make  known  the  results  obtained  here.  At  the  same  time  also 
I  would  suggest  it  as  a  simple  matter  of  duty  on  your  part  to 
take  immediate  steps  to  let  it  be  known  to  those  before  whom 
your  friends'  communications  have  appeared  that  the  credit,  if 
any,  of  the  original  investigations  in  this  case  rests  with  Sir 
Frederick  Abel  and  Mr.  W.  Thomas  Lewis  quite  as  much  as 
with  me.  Believe  me  yours  very  faithfully, 

W.  G  ALLOW  AY 

Herr  Bergrath  Kreischer,  Professor  der  Bergbaukunde, 
Freiberg,  Sachsen 


The  Resting  Position  of  Oysters 

In  books  on  Conchology,  such  as  Woodward's  "  Manual  of 
the  Mollnsca  "  and  Jeffrey  s  "  British  Conchology,"  it  is  stated 
that  the  oyster  rests  in  the  natural  state  on  its  left  valve,  which 
is  the  larger  and  more  convex.    In  this  respect  it  is  pointed  out 
the  oyster  differs  from  the  animals  belonging  to  the  genera 
Pecten  and  Anomia,  which  rest  on  the  right  valve,  the  Anomias 
being  firmly  attached  by  muscle  with  the  flat  right  valve  applied 
closely  to  the  surface  of  attachment.    In  his  lecture  on  oysters 
at  the  Royal  Institution,  which  was  published  in  Nos.  1  and  2 
of  the  English  Illuttraltd  Magaune,  Prof.  Huxley  also  states 
that  oysters  rest  on  the  left  or  convex  valve,  the  flat  right  valve 
acting  as  a  kind  of  operculum.    Examination  of  oysters  from 
the  Firth  of  Forth  has  convinced  me  that  this  statement  is 
erroneous.    I  do  not  know  on  what  evidence  the  current  belief 
of  conchologists  is  founded.    The  evidence  which  appears  to 
me   conclusive  is  that  the  right  flat  valve  is  always  quite 
clean,  while  the  convex  valve  is  covered  with  worm  tubes, 
Styela  qroisularia,  and  Hydroids.    The  latter  are  in  this  con- 
nection the  most  important ;  it  would  be  impossible  for  specimens 
of  Sertularia  and  Thuiaria  4  or  5  inches  long  to  grow,  as  I  have 
found  them  on  almost  every  oyster,  in  the  central  part  of  the 
left  valve,  if  that  valve  were  the  lower  in  position.    On  examin- 
ing Pectens  I  found  that  they  resembled  the  oyster  in  the  con- 
trast between  the  surfaces  of  the  two  valves,  the  upper  convex 
one  being  covered  with  Balanus  and  other  fixed  animals,  the 
lower  being  almost  clean.    It  is  generally  stated  that  the  Pecten 
He*  on  its  nght  valve  ;  if  this  statement  rests  on  the  evidence 
afforded  by  the  condition  of  the  surface  of  the  valves  the  same 
criterion  applied  to  the  oyster  leads  to  the  same  conclusion,  that 
the  right  valve  is  the  lower.    I  have  never  seen  a  young  oyster 
in  the  attached  condition  :  Huxley  states  that  it  is  the  left  valve 
which  is  fixed  ;  in  papers  on  the  embryology  of  the  oyster  1  have 
not  yet  been  able  to  find  any  definite  information  on  the  point. 
Whether  it  is  the  right  or  left  valve  that  becomes  attached  when 
the  larva  assumes  the  sessile  condition  I  cannot  therefore  say  of 
my  own  knowledge,  but  with  regard  to  the  adult  oyster  it  seems 
to  me  certain  that  the  current  Mief  is  caused  by  the  repetition 
of  an  error.    My  attention  was  first  called  to  this  point  by  my 
assistant,  Mr.  John  Walker,  who  tells  me  that  the  opinion  of 
the  fishermen  at  Ncwhavcn  is  divided  on  the  point,  some  saying 
that  the  convex  valve,  others  that  the  flat  valve,  is  the  lower. 

J.  T.  CUNNINGHAM 

Scottish  Marine  Station,  Granton,  October  14 


Two  Generalisations 

Two  generalisations  seem  to  have  been  staring  us  in  the  face 
for  some  time,  and  yet  I  have  seen  no  one  give  them  a  look  of 
recognition  ;  they  may  be  phantasms,  but  they  seam  solid 
enough  :— 

(1)  That  the  number  of  elements 


formed  types  of  ethereal  vortices  being  the  commonest,  but  our 
knowledge  of  them  being  only  limited  by  the  scarceness  of  the 
more  complex  forms,  and  not  by  any  limit  to  the  infinite  varie- 
ties of  complexity  that  may  exist.  Theii  relative  commonness 
being  analogous  to  the  relative  sizes  of  the  bodies  of  the  solar 
system  ;  a  few  large,  and  always  recognisable,  and  a  greater 
number  of  examples  as  we  descend  in  size  to  mere  meteors.  We 
already  see  that  there  are  far  more  rare  elements  known  than 
common  ones. 

(2)  That  the  reduction  of  an  electric  current  to  heat  in  an 
imperfect  conductor  is  solely  due  to  the  independent  heat- 
motions  of  the  molecules,  which  check  and  divert  more 
more  of  the  current  as  their  motions  are  larger  ;  if  there 
no  pre-existing  heat-motions  there  would  be  nothing  to  resist  a 
complete  transmission  of  the  current  motion,  and  hence  there 
would  be  no  limit  to  conduction  at  the  zero  of  temperature  ex- 
the  cohesion  of  the  material. 

ley,  Kent  W.  M.  Flinders  Petrie 


Meteors 

On  the  morning  of  October  13,  at  2h.  26m.,  I  saw  a  fine 
meteor  giving  a  bright  flash  at  the  end  point  and  leaving  a  streak 
for  about  12  seconds.  It  shot  from  the  Lynx  towards  the 
pointers  in  Ursa  Major,  and  while  carefully  fixing  its  direction 
relatively  to  the  stars  near,  another  conspicuous  meteor,  about 
as  bright  as  Jupiter,  crossed  the  lingering  streak  in  a  path  but 
slightly  inclined  to  it  and  of  nearly  similar  length.  I  have  never 
before  observed  two  large  meteors  almost  simultaneous  and  with 
paths  so  nearly  identical. 

1  subjoin  the  observed  paths  of  these  meteors,  also  of  five 
other  bolides  recently  noted  hire  during  the  progress  of  my 
habitual  watches  for  shooting  stars  : — 

P»ih 


Sept.  9 


..  "5 
Oct.  7 

„  » 

,.  12 
1 1  16 


G.M.T. 
h.  m. 

15  48 

15  11 
10  51 

'5  9 
14  26 
14  26 

16  35 


M»g. 


From 


1\> 


Length  Radiant 


I 

I 

I 
V 

1 


152  f64 
26J  +  7 
714  (-24 
1624  +  464 
151  +  60  J 
143  +60J 
216  +41 


10$ 
18 
8 
20 
16J 
ti 


335  +  7« 
70+  4 
31  +  18 

42  +  55 
88+18 

I03  +  33 
•43  +  49 


ch  case  by  combination  with 


149  +82 
37  +  6J 

5'4-22 

'55  +53 
119  -51 
1 194 +  50 
213  +47i 
The  radiant  points  arc  derived  in  eac 

many  other  meteors  registered  on  about  the  same  nights.  I 
have  seen  357  meteors  since  early  in  September,  and  those 
selected  in  the  above  table  comprise  M  the  brighter  specimens 
estimated  to  equal  Jupiter.  W.  F.  Dennini; 

Bristol,  October  17 

Statigrams 

The  increasing  use  of  graphic  representations  of  statistics  by 
means  of  lines,  areas,  Kc,  seems  t<>  render  it  convenient  to 
have  some  won!  which  would  specially  designate  diagrams 
exhibiting  the  progress  and  tendencies  of  the  numerous  tables  of 
figures  which  do  not  pretend  to  strict  scientific  accuracy.  The 
word  diagram  is  used  in  most  clastic  senses  and  by  all  sorts  and 
conditions  of  men. 

May  I  suggest  the  word  stctigraph  as  a  definite  and  con- 
venient one  lor  adoption  ?  This  might  Ik?  sometimes  shortened 
to  £raph  ;  whereas  sfatigram,  if  preferred,  would  not  admit  of 
this  abbreviation.  Most,  if  not  all,  graphic  results  of  statists, 
economists,  anthropologists,  &c,  might  thus  be  termed graphs, 
whilst  mathematicians  an.  I  the  experimental  men  of  science  would 
be  left  « ith  the  use  of  their  own  words,  such  as  curtrs,  indicator 
diagrams,  &c.  Each  class  would  possess  its  own  degree  and 
limits  of  accuracy :  mathematical  precision  and  the  doctrine  of 
energy  would  apply  to  the  latter,  but  graphs  would  be  under- 
stood to  involve  human  elements  with  intricate  factors  whose 
recognition  or  relationships  the  statistics  are  intended  to  elucidate 
and  compare  rather  than  to  define  and  measure. 

12,  Mctton  St.,  Oxford  J.  F.  Heyes 


THE  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  OF  BELGIUM 

TO  ROB  ABLY  no  country  of  Europe  has  had  its  geology 
more  attentively  studied  and  mapped  than  Belgium, 
the  early  labours  of  the  veteran  and  pioneer 


Digitized  by  Google 


59« 


NATURE 


[Chi.  22,  ita 


D'Omalius  down  to  those  of  Dumont  and  his  contempo- 
raries, the  structure  of  this  country  has  engaged  the 
attention  of  many  able  observers,  and  in  its  broad  features 
is  now  well  known.    The  map  of  Dumont,  on  the  scale 
of  1-160,000,  is  one  of  the  most  excellent  geological  repre- 
sentations of  any  part  of  the  European  continent.    But  a 
good  many  years  have  passed  away  since  its  publication, 
and  though  it  remains  essentially  accurate,  it  is  now 
capable  of  improvement  as  regards  details.  Accordingly, 
after  many  discussions  of  the  subject,  a  Commission  was 
appointed  to  undertake  a  more  detailed  and  exhaustive 
geological  investigation  of  the  country.  This  Commission 
consists  of  five  members  of  European  reputation,  viz., 
M.  Brialmont,  Inspector-General  of  Engineers,  one  of 
the  most  distinguished  engineer  nftt'-ers  in  Europe  :  M 
Mans,  Honorary  Dircctor-licnei.il  of  J '.  * :  •  I  -  c  - ,  Uoads.  and 
Mines,  who  made  the  preliminary  plans  for  the  piercing 
of  the  Mont  Ccnis  Tunnel;  M.  Sta«,  the  well  known 
chemist  ;  M.  I.iagrc,  Perpetual  Secretary  of  the  Koyal 
Academy  of  Belgium,  who  measured  the  geodetic  Ii.im 
line  of  Belgium  ;  and  M.  llouzeau,  Director  of  the  Koyal 
Observatory,  whose  writings  on  geological  geography  are 
widely  appreciated.     These  able  anil  thoroughly  repre- 
sentative men  of  science  were  constituted  as  a  Board  of 
Control  by  which  the  operations  of  the  Survey  were  to  be 
governed,  the  practical  carrying  out  of  the  work  being 
placed  in  the  hands  of  M.  Dupont,  Director  of  the  Koyal 
Museum  of  Brussels— a  geologist  of  established  reputation. 

The  work  was  begun  in  187S  with  the  topographical 
map  of  the  Engineer  Department  On  the  scale  of  t  -30,000th, 
or.  roughly,  about  3  inches  to  the  British  statute  mile. 
It  was  estimated  that  the  survey  of  the  whole  of  Belgium 
on  this  scale  WOUld  be  completed  in  seventeen  years  from 
that  date.  This  detailed  map  is  divided  into  410,  or,  ex- 
cluding the  frontier  sheets,  300  sheets.  Each  of  these  is 
oblong  in  form,  comprising  an  area  of  to  X  8  kilometres, 
or  Sooo  hectares,  or  nearly  ro,ooo  English  acres.  To 
produce  upon  this  larger  scale  a  map  which  should  be 
only  an  enlargement  and  rectification  of  that  of  Dumont 
was  very  far  from  the  object  of  the  Commission  li  was 
determined  to  adopt  a  monographic  method  of  surveying. 
Each  important  geological  system  or  group  of  formations 
has  l>een  entrusted  to  one  or  more  specialists,  who  base 
given  particular  attention  to  its  investigation,  and  who 
have  been  charged  with  the  duty  of  tracing  the  sjinc 
system  or  group  completely  across  the  country.  Each 
geologist  is  furnished  with  two  assistants  who  detach 
roc  k  s|.e.  unens,  colled  fiwsiU,  make  lw>rings,  and  in  other 
ways  save  the  time  and  laltour  of  the  officer  under  whom 
they  serve.  Kvcry  actual  outcrop  of  rock  is  marked  on 
the  map,  and  where  the  rock  is  fossiliferous  the  fossils  are 
noted  and  the  various  palaontol.igic.il  subdivisions  of  the 
strata  are  tracer!,  the  collector  l>eing  afterwards  sent 
back  where  more  ample  collections  are  thought  necessary. 

It  was  from  the  first  determined  that  the  detailed 
geological  map  should  be  not  merely  a  scientific  under- 
taking, tint  a  work  of  as  much  practical  utility  as  possible. 
Special  attention  was  a>  ordingU  given  10  the  sods  and 
subsoils,  ami  care  was  t  iken  to  evpress  upon  the  map  the 
variations  in  the  agricultural  character  of  the  ground. 
For  greater  cvtctness  in  this  respect  a  system  of  (wiring 
was  adopted.  A  stout  auger  was  constructed  which 
could  lie  thrust  a  yard  <  1  so  into  the  ground  and  bring  up 
samples  of  the  soil  and  subsoil.  This  instrument  is  made 
use  of  at  intervals  of  too  metres  along  the  lines  of  tra 
verse,  that  the  variations  in  the 
be  accurately  noted. 

To  secure  harmony  in  the  worl 
with  the  survey  of  a  particular  sei 
to  time  confers  with  nis  collcagu 
contiguous  bands,  and  thus  the 
tore  of  the  country  is  worked  out 
Up  to  the  present  time  thi 
^SJrI  off,  and  man\   more  a 


engraving  and  preparation.    It  is  believed  that  ooe-th.-i 
of  the  entire  work  of  the  survey  has  been  complete: 
The  ordinary  topographical  maps  of  the  F. tat- major  ur 
printed  from  zinc  plates,  and  with  their  crowded  cor,*,  j 
lines  and  rather  blurred  printing  are  but  ill  adapted  1 
the  insertion  of  further  geological  details  andtherecfi 
tion  of  colour.    The  Commission  of  the  Geological  )Li 
accordingly  decided  to  engrave  this  map  on  coppr 
adding  new  roads  and  other  features,  but  leaving  oc  . 
non  essential  topographical  details.    By  this  mcar>  - 
admirably  clear  base  has  been  secured  for  the  deliiKJ-- 
of  the  geological  structure,  while  at  the  same  time  coprr 
plate  engraving  has  been  introduced  as  a  ne*  iocc-' 
into  Belgium.    Comparing  the  ordinary  sheets  with  - 
geological  equivalents  we  are  struck  with  the  great  be 
and  clearness  of  the  latter.    Even  for  every  day 
graphical  use  they  arc  immeasurably  superior. 

<  >nc  of  the  great  problems  of  geological  cartognpl. 
how  best  to  pourtray  at  once  the  superficial  accoaca 
tion.-.  ami  the  solid  rocks  that  lie  underneath  these 
this  country  it  has  been  found  practicable  on  thedtuua 
six-inch  maps  of  the  Geological  Survey  to  iipiUBBt  ■ 
sutf ice-deposits  by  various  kinds  of  stippling  01  * 
copper  plates,  the  alluvia  and  the  solid  rocks  odsfO 
pressed  by  tints  of  colour.  On  the  one-inch  map*,o^ 
ever,  winch  show  the  surface  features  by  sbadinf.— 

method   v  .i  r  1  j  1-  >t  employed.      ll    1 11  -.   .n  •  •  Tii  r.; 

necessary  to  issue  two  versions  of  each  sheet  of  thts» 
inch  map  one  showing  the  solid  rocks,  the  other  rt^ 
scnting  the  distribution  of  the  various  drifts  sat*  sis 
dctrital  accumulations.  These  maps  are  colouredbyk* 
and  are  often  of  great  beauty,  but  of  course  are  l08**** 
expensive,  more  especially  as  two  editions  are  tab* 
to  complete  the  representation  of  each  district 
Dupont  deserves  the  admiration  of  geologists  for 
solved  this  difficult  problem  in  an  altogether  nord  «* 
and  for  having   produced   a  series  of  map*  "** 
will    probably   inaugurate  a   new    departure  is  P^ 
logical  cartography.     Mis  principle  is  to  repress*  * 
the  geological  formations  of  a  district,  ancient  **** 
as  modern,  upon  the  same  sheet.    As  the  tape*8 
accumulations  extend  across  much  the  largest  J 
ground,  they  are  show  n  by  various  broad  washes  of  osw 
over  the  tracts  which  they  respectively  coset.  J** 
colours,  though  they  necessarily  spread  over  most  s(ss» 
sheet,  are  kept  so  subdued  in  tone  that  tbey  ** 
interfere  with  the  easy  legibility  of  the  stresgst ■* 
employed  to  denote  the  underlying  solid  rocks,  w 
actual  outcrop  of  these  rocks  is  marked  by  a  y*dj*^ 
colour  chosen  for  the  particular  formation, 
note  at  a  glance  the  localities  where  the  rocks  «  3 
formation  can  l>e  seen  at  the  surface.    At  these 
signs  arc  inserted  to  mark  the  dip,  and  any  Mil? 
or  pal.vontological  subdivisions  which  have  l**3 
and  regarding  which  a  detailed  legend  on  the 
bottom  of  the  map  gives  ample  explanation.    S°  "* 
map  is  merely  a  transcript  of  what  is  observed  • 
But  it  ts_ef  course  necessary  to  express  the  ua 
.    And  it  is  here  that  M 


Oct.  22,  1885] 


NATURE 


599 


the  data  on  which  the  geological  boundaries  have  been 
traced,  and  can  thus  judge  where  and  how  far  these  are 
conjectural.  We  are  not  aware  of  any  other  published 
maps  where  this  confession  has  been  so  frankly  made. 

The  pale  yellows  and  greys  adopted  for  the  superficial 
deposits  cover  so  much  of  each  sheet  as  to  show  at  once 
how  large  a  part  of  the  ground  is  occupied  by  them.  The 
detrital  material  is  traced  up  to  its  source  upon  the  table- 
lands, and  being  of  poor  agricultural  value  its  colour  on 
the  map  shows  where  farming  operations  arc  least  likely 
to  be  successful.  Where  observations  by  boring  or 
otherwise  have  been  made  on  the  nature  of  the  soil  and 
subsoil  these  arc  marked  on  the  spot  by  the  requisite  sign, 
and  as  the  borings  arc  numerous  these  indications  abound 
all  over  the  map. 

During  the  progress  of  the  work  improvements  have 
been  made  in  the  methods  of  surveying  and  also  in  the 
modes  of  expressing  geological  details  on  the  maps.  In 
the  Brussels  area,  for  example,  besides  the  ordinary 
borings  into  the  soil  and  subsoil,  deeper  borings  have 
been  made  to  ascertain  the  nature  and  succession  of  the 
strata  underlying  the  uppermost  deposits.  Messrs.  Rutot 
and  Van  den  lirocck,  two  of  the  staff,  have  invented  an 
ingenious  instrument  with  which  they  can  ascertain  the 
nature  of  the  formations  down  to  a  depth  of  even  10 
metres.  By  its  means  they  have  pierced  below  the  sub- 
soil in  all  directions,  and  have  accurately  traced  out  the 
areas  of  the  younger  deposits  around  Brussels.  The 
results  obtained  by  them  at  each  boring  are  clearly  en- 
graved on  the  map ;  so  that  at  numerous  points  all  over 
the  district  the  farmer,  the  water-engineer,  the  railway- 
contractor,  the  quarryman,  and  others  can  learn  precisely 
through  what  layers  they  must  pass  in  any  cutting  or 
excavation  beneath  the  surface.  By  another  ingenious 
device,  the  section  of  each  artesian  well  at  Brussels  is 
represented  on  the  map  beside  the  position  of  the  well, 
and  so  clearly  that  the  succession  of  rocks  bored  through 
may  be  taken  in  by  the  eye  at  once. 

Each  sheet  of  this  detailed  survey  is  so  crowded  with 
information  that  to  those  who  have  been  accustomed  only 
to  the  ordinary  style  of  geological  map  making  it  may  at 
first  seem  a  little  confused.  But  if  any  one  will  take  the 
least  trouble  he  wilt  soon  find  that  the  confusion  is  only 
in  appearance.  No  maps  have  yet  been  published  in  any 
country  giving  so  large  an  amount  of  accurate  information 
with  such  clearness  and  precision,  and  where  the  actual 
facts  are  kept  so  clearly  apart  from  inference.  These  sheets 
are  not  wall-maps  to  be  looked  at  from  a  distance,  but 
detailed  maps  to  be  closely  studied  in  the  hand.  And 
they  will  well  repay  an  attentive  study.  There  is  probably 
no  national  Geological  Survey  in  any  pait  of  the  world 
which  may  not  find  in  them  some  useful  hint  or  suggestion 
for  its  own  improvement. 

On  completion  of  the  detailed  survey  it  is  part  of  the 
original  plan  to  prepare  a  smaller  or  wall-map  like  that  of 
Dumont    But  such  a  map  is  hardly  needed  ;  at  least  its 
preparation  can  well  stand  over  until  the  whole  country 
has  been  surveyed  in  detail  by  the  methods  so  well  con- 
ceived by  M.  Dupont.    But  besides  the  maps,  the  work 
of  the  Belgian  Survey  has  included  the  preparation  of 
ample  explanations  illustrative  of  the  maps.    Each  sheet 
is  intended  to  be  accompanied  with  an  "Explication" 
giving  the  detailed  structure  of  the  ground,  descriptions 
of  the  rocks,  natural  sections,  lists  of  fossils,  and  all  the 
information  required  as  supplementary  to  the  geological 
maps.   A  number  of  these  memoirs  nave  dread]  been 
ii  of  them  contains  fundamentally  three 
f  703  running  N.  and  S.  across  the  f  hich 
HH   ^[ium  have  a  general  E.  and  W.  strike.  These 
^^^Hfcribed  in  detail,  and  full  local  references 
«  The  books  arc  well  printed,  and  the  coloured 

"  *«qns  are  excellent,  while  a  novel  attraction  is 

■"Mi op.  ii  to  the  text  of  coloured  engraved 


None  of  the  maps  or  explanations,  though  they  have 
been  ready  for  some  time,  have  yet  been  published.  They 
are  to  be  seen,  however,  in  some  of  the  public  libraries 
and  museums  in  Europe.  Belgium  has  every  reason  to 
be  proud  of  them,  and  we  trust  tint  the  delay  in  their 
publication  will  speedily  be  followed  by  the  issue  of  the 
whole  series  now  ready  and  by  the  completion  of  those  in 
progress.  It  is  impossible  to  over-estimate  the  practical 
utility  of  such  a  detaded  survey  in  a  country  like  Belgium. 
No  time  should  be  lost  in  pushing  on  and  bringing  to  a 
conclusion  a  work  which  has  been  so  admirably  begun. 

Arch.  Geikie 

THE  THIRD  INTERNATIONAL  GEOLOGICAL 
CONGRESS 

THE  third  International  Congress  of  Geologists, 
postponed  last  year  on  account  of  the  spread 
of  cholera  in  southern  Europe,  has  just  been  held 
at  Berlin.  Each  successive  gathering  has  far  surpassed 
its  predecessors  in  numbers  and  in  the  representative 
character  of  its  members,  the  numbers  attending  the 
meeting  at  Berlin  being  no  fewer  than  255.  Of  these  of 
course  the  large  majority  were  Germans,  who  mustered 
in  all  163.  Italy,  however,  furnished  18  representatives  ; 
Austria,  16;  Great  Britain,  11;  France,  10;  United 
States,  9  ;  Belgium  and  Russia,  6  each  ;  Sweden  and 
Switzerland,  3  each ;  Norway  and  Holland,  2  each ; 
Spain,  I  ;  Brazil,  I  ;  India,  1  :  Japan,  1  ;  Portugal,  1  ; 
Roumania,  1.  The  meetings  were  held  in  the  buildings 
of  the  Reichsrath,  or  Parliament,  the  large  room  set  apart 
for  the  deliberations  of  the  Congress  being  that  of  the 
Lower  House  of  Representatives,  and  no  little  interest 
was  taken  by  the  foreign  geologists  in  the  names  of  the 
Members  of  Parliament  inscribed  on  the  backs  of  the 
scats.  The  door  also  was  pointed  out  from  which  the 
great  Chancellor  emerges  to  launch  his  philippics  against 
the  contumacious  opposition.  But  tbcgttn'vs  ha  inspired 
no  (lights  of  eloquence  nor  much  disputatiousncss  among 
the  geologists.  The  use  of  French  as  the  language  of 
discussion  was  no  doubt  one  effective  cause  of  silence  on 
the  part  of  many  members  who  would  otherwise  only  too 
readily  have  made  themselves  heard.  Under  such 
circumstances  the  Latin  races  have  of  course  a  consider- 
able advantage  over  the  Teutonic.  One  of  the  Berlin 
papers  gave  articulate  expression  to  the  complaint  that 
in  an  audience  nearly  two-thirds  of  which  were  Germans, 
French  should  have  been  chosen,  and  great  was  the 
delight  expressed  by  the  German  element  in  the  Congress, 
when  the  Minister  of  Public  Instruction,  who  officially 
welcomed  the  assembly,  gave  his  eloquent  and  appro- 
priate address  in  German.  But  by  common  consent,  and 
with  much  good  humour,  though  often  with  a  disregard 
for  the  claims  of  grammar,  idiom,  and  pronunciation  that 
must  have  been  infinitely  ludicrous  to  the  French-speaking 
members,  the  international  official  language  was  used 
throughout  the  proceedings. 

The  ostensible  work  of  the  Congress,  which  lasted 
nearly  a  week,  may  be  divided  into  five  parts.  Of  these 
the  first  in  order  of  treatment  and  also  of  importance  was 
the  report  of  the  Commission  entrusted  at  the  previous 
(Bologna)  meeting  with  the  preparation  of  a  geological 
map  of  Europe.  During  the  four  years  that  have  elapsed 
since  the  Congicss  determined  to  undertake  this  work, 
satisfactory  progress  with  it  has  been  made.  The  topo- 
graphical outlines  of  the  map  have  been  completed  and 
engraved, and  the  Commission  were  able  to  show  upon  the 
wall  a  mounted  copy  of  the  outline  map.  The  materials 
necessary  for  filling  in  the  geology  have  already  been 
supplied  for  a  large  part  of  Europe,  and  it  is  expected 
that  in  the  course  of  next  year  the  work  will  be  so  far 
advanced  that  proofs  in  colour  of  many  of  the  sheets  of 
the  map  will  be  ready.  There  can  be  no  doubt  that  the 
preparation  of  this  great  map  is  the  most  important  and 


Google 


ooo 


NA  TURE 


[Oct.  22,  l&Sj 


useful  undertaking  of  the  Congress.  It  is  an  eminently 
practical  piece  of  work,  with  an  attainable  aim  which 
unites  the  geologists  of  all  European  States  in  a  common 
definite  labour.  The  engraving  and  colouring  of  the 
map  are  carried  on  in  Berlin.  Judging  from  the  present 
state  of  the  engraving  and  from  the  scheme  of  colours 
adopted,  we  may  confidently  anticipate  that  the  com- 
pleted map  will  be  a  singularly  clear  and  beautiful  speci- 
men of  cartography,  and  will  form  a  noble  monument  of 
international  co-operation. 

The  second  subject,  to  which  the  Congress  devoted 
most  of  its  time,  was  the  unification  of  geological  nomen- 
clature. Reports  had  been  received  from  different 
countries  as  to  the  names  and  classification  of  the  various 
subdivisions  of  the  geological  record.  But  the  wide  differ- 
ences of  opinion  expressed  in  these  reports  showed  how 
little  prospect  there  was  that  anything  approaching  to 
unanimity  on  such  a  subject  would  be  reached  by  the 
Congress.  It  is  to  be  feared,  indeed,  that  the  endeavour 
to  unify  stratigraphical  nomenclature  all  over  the  world  is 
more  Utopian  than  practical.  Nature  is  not  everywhere 
uniform,  and  it  seems  almost  puerile  to  strive  after  a 
uniformity  of  classification  and  terminology  which  has  no 
counterpart  among  the  rocks  themselves.  The  Congress 
itself  appeared  to  realise  this,  for  it  wisely  postponed  the 
consideration  of  all  questions  about  which  there  could  be 
any  serious  differences  of  opinion,  and  adopted  only  those 
propositions  which  nobody  would  controvert,  and  which 
hardly  required  an  international  congress  to  settle.  Thus 
it  was  agreed  that  the  Archaean  rocks  should  be  divided 
into  sections  according  merely  to  petrographical  cha- 
racters and  without  expressing  any  opinion  as  to  their 
relative  age.  The  vexed  question  of  the  Cambrian  and 
Silurian  classification  was  postponed  until  the  next  Con- 
gress three  years  hence.  A  day  was  spent  in  discussing 
the  position  of  the  Permian  system,  with  the  result  of 
leaving  it  for  the  present  where  it  is  usually  placed.  The 
subdivisions  of  the  Mesozoic  and  Tertiary  rocks  were 
rapidly  enumerated,  but  no  discussion  of  them  was  pos- 
sible in  the  time.  In  truth,  it  is  difficult  to  see  how  any 
real  effective  discussion  of  these  subjects  can  be  attempted 
at  the  ordinary  meetings  of  the  Congress.  The  assembly 
is  so  large  that  probably  only  a  fraction  of  the  audience 
is  really  competent  to  express  an  opinion  on  the  particular 
subject  under  debate.  Some  of  the  members  who  might 
contribute  most  valuable  suggestions  are  deterred  from 
so  doing  by  their  timidity  in  the  use  of  the  French 
language.  To  count  the  heads  of  so  miscellaneous  an 
audience  and  say  that  such  and  such  are  the  decisions 
which  it  has  voted  can  really  carry  little  weight  with  the 
geologists  of  the  world  at  large.  Such  at  least  was  the 
opinion  freely  expressed  among  the  members  at  Berlin. 
There  was  a  very  general  feeling  that  the  less  the  Con- 
gress attempts  in  the  way  of  authoritative  decision  or 
legislation  the  more  likely  is  it  to  carry  on  effectively 
other  functions  which  arc  of  far  more  general  importance 
and  usefulness. 

Thirdly,  the  reading  of  communications  on  geological 
questions  of  general  interest.  Several  good  papers  were 
read,  but  the  thinned  audience  showed  that  this  part  of 
the  programme  was  not  very  popular.  There  seemed  to 
be  no  careful  selection  of  papers,  for  some  of  those  that 
were  read  hardly  deserved  a  hearing  before  an  inter- 
national gathering  of  geologists.  If  this  section  of  the 
proceedings  is  retained,  it  might  be  well  to  invite  before- 
hand a  few  men  of  acknowledged  reputation  to  give  dis- 
courses, each  on  his  own  subject.  There  would  be  a  strong 
desire  to  hear  the  masters  of  the  science,  and  if  three  or 
four  of  them  of  different  nationalities  could  be  induced  to 
accede  to  this  proposal,  there  would  be  no  need  for 
catering  among  the  rank  and  file  of  the  assembly  for 
papers  to  fill  up  the  time. 

Fourthly,  an  exhibition  of  geological  maps,  sections, 
specimens,  and  models.    This  collection  was  arranged  in 


the  room  of  the  Bergakademie,  and  proved  a  source  c: 
much  interest  and  instruction.  The  series  of  rutwu. 
geological  surveys  represented  on  the  walls  embraced  : 
large  part  of  Europe,  and  included  some  admtribJt  ti 
am  pies  of  cartography.  Among  the  specimens  spe.M 
attention  was  given  to  those  exhibited  by  Mr.  Reusch,sk» 
ing  Silurian  fossils  in  the  crystalline  schists  of  Nor»n 
those  of  Dr.  Lehmann  illustrating  his  work  cm  cfj- 
morphism,  the  wonderful  group  of  amphibian  rem 
shown  by  Prof.  Credner,  the  series  of  fossils  broogfc  ir- 
Dr.  Torell  from  the  Primordial  and  Lower  Silurian  rsi 
of  Sweden,  various  collections  from  different  look* 
among  the  Cretaceous  rocks  of  Germany,  and  a  remr; 
able  assemblage  of  specimens  of  northern  rocks  and  fos-. 
from  the  drift  of  North  Germany,  exhibited  by  Di- 1 
Remele*. 

Fifthly,  excursions  to  places  of  geological  interest  1 
the  close  of  the  Congress  a  large  number  of  the  metn:<r 
proceeded  in  a  special  train  to  Potsdam,  and  spur,  i 
seeing  the  sights  of  that  royal  demesne.  Next  raorr 
they  started  for  Thalc  in  the  Harz,  whence,  under  - 
|  able  guidance  of  Prof.  Lossen,  they  were  enabled  <■ 
,  some  of  the  more  interesting  features  connected  w;rt. 

protrusion  of  the  granite  and  the  metamorphism  <i 
'  surrounding  rocks,  likewise  the  succession  of  stn  :~- 
rocks  up  to  the  Chalk,  thrown  against  the  flanks 
Han.    From  Thale  the  party  travelled  to  Sussfur.. 
descended  into  the  salt  mines,  which  were  ilhimiru^ 
\  its  honour  ;  thence  to  Leipzig,  where  Prof.  Credner  .■ 
i  the  part  of  host  and  guide,  and  from  which  an  intetc- 
|  excursion  was  made  into  the  Saxon  granulite  regw.T 
But  it  is  not  by  its  formal  and  ostensible  proce^- 
that  the  usefulness  of  the  Congress  is  to  be  roei 
There  was  a  widespread  feeling  which  constant  ' 
audible  expression,  that  the  opportunities  it  aiTor im- 
personal intercourse  and  exchange  of  views  wtrt  <- 
sufficient  to  justify  its  existence  and  to  give  ass;" 
that  it  would  long  continue.    The  discussions  amo... 
animated  groups  in  the  corridors  and  ante-room-  •' 
much  more  vivacious  and  probably  quite  as  con- 
as  those  held  in  the  large  room.    But  most  user- 
enjoyable  of  all  was  the  nightly  Kruipe  held  in  somt 
'  saloon.    There  in  a  thick  and  pungent  atmospbr-' 
tobacco-smoke,  amid  the  clattering  of  beer-juj^ 
shoutings  for  the  Kellner,  many  of  the  foremost  gee'  • 
of  the  Congress  gathered   together  —  straugn; 
petrographers,  palaeontologists,  mineralogists  —  ' 
scientific  enthusiasm  and  good  fellowship.  L<w- 
long  were  the  debates  in  these  dim  retreats.  T>v 
that  had  been  shackled  by  French  articulation  no* 
themselves  free  in  the  unrestrained  vernaculir 
country.    There  were  no  reporters  of  course,  i-' 
record  remains  of  the  discussions.    But  the  rec^-r 
of  these  evenings  will  not  soon  pass  away  f'<'" 
memory  of  those  who  took  part  in  them.  M«- 
distant  parts  of  the  world  who  had  only  kno*- 
other's  writings,  or  at  most  had  exchanged  letter 
here  brought  face  to  face,  and  the  foundations  of  rr 
pleasant  and  profitable  friendship  were  doubtless  '■< 
Great  praise  is  due  to  the  organising  Comm  " 
Berlin,  and  especially  to  its  indefatigable  Cenen'  " 
tary,  Herr  Hauchcorne,  for  the  arrangements  rr>J 
the  business  of  the  Congress  and  the  comfort 
visitors.    Every  detail  seemed  to  have  been  ^ 
planned,  and  the  result  was  evident  in  the  smooth  »  ■ 
of  the  whole  machine.    It  was  a  great  gratiricatio? 
the  venerable  Dr.  Von  Dechen  presiding  over 
assembly  of  geologists,  and  to  hear  his  remini*-*' 
the  early  days  of  European  geology.    The  fan*  T ' 
the  President,  Prof.  Beyrich,  put  everybody  •'• 
humour,  and  the  active  guidance  of  the  former  }V- 
Prof.  Capellmi,  contributed  largely  to  the  iuccr - 
Congress. 

The  next  session  of  the  Congress  is  to  meet  m  ■ 


.gle 


Oct.  22,  1885J 


NATURE 


601 


between  August  15  and  September  15,  1888,  and  Messrs. 
Blanford,  Geikie,  Hughes,  and  Topley  have  been 
nominated  a  committee  to  make  the  necessary  arrange- 
ments. 


BOTANICAL  EXPLORATION  OF  THE 
CHILIAN  ANDES 

\17E  are  indebted  to  the   Kew  authorities  for  the 
v "     accompanying  extract  from  a  letter  dated  August 
21,  1885,  addressed  to  Sir  Joseph  Hooker  by  Dr.  R.  A. 
Philippi,  the  Professor  of  Botany  at  Santiago  :— 

"  My  son  made  in  the  summer  during  1 10  days  a 
voyage  from  Copiapo  to  the  River  Camarones,  the  actual 
boundary  between  Chili  and  Peru.  He  went  first  from 
Copiapo  to  Antofagasta  de  la  Sierra  (26'  5'  lat.,  27'  20' 
long.,  3570  metres  above  the  sea),  where  about  60  to  100 
people  are  living,  and  thence  (nearly  always  on  the  high 
table-land  of  the  desert  at  an  elevation  of  3500  to  4200 
metres)  to  Huasco  de  Tarapaca,  from  whence  he  de- 
scended to  the  tamarugal.  The  voyage  extended  over 
8  degrees  of  latitude.  This  high  table-land  is  nearly  a 
single  bed  of  trachytic  lava,  on  which  are  scattered  a 
number  of  extinct  volcanoes,  three  of  which  are  higher 
than  Chimborazo — viz.  the  Llullaillaco,  6600  metres  (1 
was,  twenty-one  years  ago,  at  its  west  foot) ;  the  Tumiza, 
6540  ;  and  the  Pular,  6500  metres.  There  are  many 
large  salt  lakes,  several  entirely  dry.  The  vegetation  in 
this  easterly  part  of  the  desert  is  not  so  scanty  as  in  the 
westerly,  visited  formerly  by  me,  perhaps  owing  to  a 
slight  influence  of  the  trade  wind  ;  and  the  ivater-places 
are  more  numerous  and  nearer  one  to  the  other. 

"  The  number  of  species  of  plants  brought  home  exceeds 
400,  of  which  half  are  not  described.  Amongst  them  is 
one  PolyUpis  (without  flowers),  found  only  in  one 
quebrada,  and  Pilostyles  BcrUrii,  a  parasitic  plant  be- 
longing to  the  same  family  as  fiajftesia,  found  at  the 
height  of  3700  m.  !  —of  course  on  an  Adcsmia.  The 
three  species  of  ferns  are  :  Pellcea  terni/olia,  Cheilanthes 
micropterui,  and  a  beautiful  Cincinnalis  which  seems  to 
be  new.  The  most  numerous  family  is,  of  course, 
Synanthereae,  with  94  sp.  ;  Cramineae  has  42  (among 
them  a  new  species  of  Munroa)  ;  Leguminosa.-,  28-29  '> 
Verbenacce,  15  ;  Solanacea?,  28  ;  Chenopodiacea?,  15. 
Amongst  these  plants  nine  or  ten  must  form,  in  my 
opinion,  new  genera.  Some  are  very  curious,  as  a 
Verbenacea,  which  grows  in  small  hemispherical  tufts 
and  has  the  aspect  of  a  Synanthcrea,  with  sessile  flowers 
and  pappus.  This  pappus  proved  to  be  a  deeply-divided 
calyx  with  long  cilia.  There  is  another  genus  which  I 
took  at  first  sight  for  a  Tribulus.  I  hope  that  my  age, 
my  health,  my  eyes,  and  my  time  will  allow  me  to  draw 
up  the  generic  diagnosis,  at  least,  of  these  plants  '* 


KRAKATAO 

XHE  publication  of  the  first  part  of  Vcrbeek's  "  Kraka- 
*■  tab,"  which  chiefly  contained  the  history  of  the 
great  eruption  of  18S3,  had  raised  many  expecta- 
tions regarding  the  promised  description  and  discussion 
of  the  phenomena  then  observed.  In  his  completed  work, 
which  contains  25  coloured  drawings  and  43  large  and 
small  maps,  those  expectations  are  fully  realised.  Im- 
mediately after  the  great  outburst  of  August,  1883,  the 
Dutch  Indian  Government  sent  him  to  visit  Krakatao 
and  to  investigate  the  causes  and  effects  of  this  awful 
catastrophe,  more  sudden  and  destructive  than  the  famous 
eruption  of  Vesuvius.  The  great  facilities  they  placed  at 
his  disposal  enabled  him  to  do  this  in  the  most  satisfac- 
tory manner,  and  the  really  beautiful  character  of  his 
completed  work  reflects  the  greatest  credit  not  only  on 
the  learned  author,  but  on  the  zeal  and  public  spirit  of 
the  Dutch- Indian  Government,  who  have  aided  him  in 


making  so  valuable  a  contribution  to  scientific  knowledge. 
So  much  interest  has  been  taken  by  the  general  public, 
as  well  as  by  men  of  science,  in  this  remarkable  eruption,  that 
.  we  feel  certain  they  also  will  welcome  this  volume,  since 
'  it  is  lucid  in  style  and  profusely  illustrated.  With  an 
expression  of  his  gratitude  to  various  institutions  and 
individuals  who  have  rendered  him  valuable  assistance, 
the  author  gives  in  the  preface  a  list  of  the  weights  and 
measures,  together  with  a  summary  of  the  most  recent 
ideas  that  geological  science  has  received  from  the 
Krakatao  eruption. 

Krakatab  itself  lies  on  the  point  of  intersection  of  three 
fissures  or  crac'ss  in  the  earth's  crust,  and  from  this  posi- 
tion is  naturally  exposed  to  volcanic  disturbances.  The 
earthquake  of  September  1,  1880,  which  damaged  the 
lighthouse  on  Java's  First  Point,  probably  affected  the 
Sunda  fissure  and  facilitated  the  entrance  of  greater 

auantities  of  water  into  the  volcanic  furnace  underlying 
le  Straits  of  Sunda.  Accepting  the  theory  that  volcanic 
eruptions  are  caused  by  steam  at  high  pressure,  we  have 
thus  the  probable  explanation  of  the  terrible  outburst  of 
1883.  From  the  observations  of  earthquakes  in  the 
Indian  archipelago  during  the  year  1883,  it  appears  that 
the  eruption  was  neither  preceded  nor  accompanied  by 
heavy  shocks.  It  is  even  far  from  certaiu  that  any 
trembling  of  the  surface  took  place  at  the  time,  since  the 
vibration  of  the  air  caused  by  the  explosion  was  sufficient 
to  shake  houses  and  crack  walls,  and  thus  might  easily 
have  been  mistaken  for  earthquakes.  The  author  further 
treats  of  the  ejected  materials  ;  their  thickness,  which,  on 
some  parts  of  Krakatao,  amount  to  60  metres;  their 
size,  varying  from  bodies  of  one  cubic  metre  to  the  finest 
dust ;  the  velocity  with  which  they  were  thrown  out, 
which  must  have  been  considerably  greater  than  that 
of  projectiles  from  the  heaviest  rifled  ordnance ;  the 
elevation  which  they  reached  has  been  calculated  at 
50  kilometres,  or  nearly  six  times  the  height  of  Mount 
Everest,  the  highest  mountain  of  the  world,  and  the 
ashes  have  fallen  over  an  immense  area.  From  investi- 
gations made  at  fifty  different  places  regarding  the  thick- 
ness of  the  fallen  ashes  and  also  the  change  in  the  depth 
of  the  sea  around  Krakatao,  M.  Verbeek  has  calculated 
that  at  least  18  cubic  kilometres  of  matter  must  have 
been  ejected.  To  give  an  illustration  :  imagine  a  box  of 
ashes  as  large  as  Hyde  Park  and  as  high  as  the 
dome  of  St  Paul's,  a  hundred  such  boxes  will  give  an 
idea  of  the  mass  of  matter  thrown  out  by  Krakatab  in 
1883. 

For  three  days  after  the  eruption  various  ships  to  the 
westward  found  ashes  falling  on  their  decks  ;  the  names 
of  these  ships  are  given,  as  well  as  a  map  showing  their 
exact  position  at  the  time.  Mr.  Verbeek  believes  that 
the  finest  particles,  forced  by  the  steam  into  the  upper 
air,  did  not  descend,  but  were  carried  westward  by  strong 
east  winds,  making  twice  the  circuit  of  the  earth  and 
causing  the  phenomena  observed  at  various  places  of  a 
I  blue  and  green  sun  and  moon.  The  passage  of  this 
,  cloud  has  been  reported  from  islands  and  ships  in  the 
Pacific  Ocean  and  its  velocity  must  have  been  as  great 
as  that  of  a  hurricane.  After  the  steam  and  dust-cloud 
were  dispersed  over  a  wider  area  the  beautiful  red  sunsets 
occurred,  which  were  owing  to  the  presence  of  such  a 
large  volume  of  aqueous  vapour,  while  the  blue  and  green 
colours  of  the  celestial  bodies  were  caused  by  the  solid 
I  particles  in  the  air. 

The  author  goes  on  to  elucidate  the  geology  of  Krakatab 
by  two  maps  and  four  very  instructive  sections,  showing 
its  development  during  that  number  of  periods.  The 
first  period  was  marked  by  the  destruction  of  the  great 
cone,  probably  2000  metres  high  ;  during  the  second 
period  the  peak  Rakata  was  formed  by  a  lateral  eruption, 
while  in  the  third  period  two  parasitic  cones,  Danau  and 
I  Perbvewatan,  were  added,  and  these,  by  their  successive 
I  eruptions,  built  up  the  island  of  Krakatab.    In  the  fourth 


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i 


period  two  of  these  (one*  have  been  destroyed  by  the 
terrible  eruption  ol  1M3.    At  our  authentic  records  of 
jiva  only  date  back  300  years,  we  have  absolutely  no 
data  respecting  anything  that  occurred  in  the  first  three 
of  these  periods.    We  nave  accounts  of  an  eruption  of 
the  Perbvewatan  in  the  year  1680  from  two  travellers — 
Vogel  and  Hesse — to  which  I  drew  attention  in  the 
Al^rmmt  AwMsi  MM  XttL  ImJit  of  May  aj,  1R84  j  but 
they  lay  nothing  as  to  whether  that  crater  was  formed  at 
that  time  or  had  I  cm  already  active.    After  a  rest  of  10) 
yean  the  Perbvewatan  became  again  active  in  May, 
IS* J,  and  the  Danau  joined  it  in  activity  during  the 
following  )  unc.  forming  the  principal  crater  in  the  centre 
of  the  old  volcano.    In  August,  at  the  great  eruption  of 
the  27th.  Nik  part  of  the  volcano  was  again  destroyed  ; 
the  Perbvewatan  and  the  Danau,  with  the  northern  half 
of  Kakata  Peak,  di.appraird,  and  the  site  of  the  old 
crater  is  now  covered  try  the  sea  between  the  islands 
Lang,  Vcrlatcn,  and  KrakainU. 

If  the  volcano  resumes  its  activity,  which  is  to  be 
expected  since  the  island  lies  on  such  a  favourable  point 
for  eruptions,  then  small  islands  will  appear  between  the 
three  already  mentioned.  Krakatalv  has  been  at  rest 
since  i83  t,  although  >t  has  erroneously  been  reported  to 
be  active.  The  roll  of  thunder  and  the  Hashing  of  light- 
ning over  the  rums  of  the  crater  wall  have  been 
mistaken  for  the  action  of  subterranean  forces,  while  the 
volcanic  dust  swept  iHf  from  the  crumbling  summit  by  the 
wind  appears  at  a  distance  like  smoke. 

A  very  curious  and  interesting  feature  of  the  recent 
cranium  of  Krukatao  »a*  the  ejection  of  fragments  of 
underlying  sedimentary  rocks.  The  liase  of  the  KrakataTi 
volcano,  and  in  general  the  entire  bottom  of  the  Straits 
of  Sunda.  CSJMrifs  of  etuptive  rocks  of  the  niiocene 
period  covered  »ith  hnrirtmtat  layers  of  diluvial  and 
recent  marine  deposits,  the  materials  of  winch  have  been 
derived  from  the  vanuus  volcanoes  in  the  vicinity. 

The  first  volume  of  Ycrbeck  contained  it  valuable 
report  from  his  colleague,  Mr.  J.  A.  Scliiiurman,  on  the 

imenomena  of  the  ctupf.on  of  May,  1**3,  as  observed  by 
umself,  und  the  second  volume  has  a  lengthy  ami  minute 
description  by  the  muting  engineer,  Mr.  J.  W.  Ketgers.  of  | 
his  microscopical  tUWIIWlUw  o)  the  a»h  which  fell  at  ' 
lluitenzorg,  anil  of  the  various  substances  thrown  out  by 
the  eruption  of  1  Ml  J,  as  well  as  of  the  older  rocks. 

A  portion  of  the  pumiic  which  covered  the  sea  after 
the  eruption  was  cutricd  wc-stward  by  winds  and  currents 
Md  drirta  M  the  shores  of  various  islands,  ci  en  so  far  | 
as  the  east  coast  of  Africa.     Another  portion,  which  I 
floated  in  the  bays  of  Semangka  and  l.ampong  for  several  I 
ninnths,  being  driven  in  the  Isrgmmngof  1K8.1  by  westerly 
winds  along  live  eoastof.lava  toward  the  Moluccas  and 
Australia,  is  at  present  encountered  111  the  Pacific  Ocean 
between  the  Caroline  and  Marvhall  Man.),.     I  lie  author 
has  calculated  that  tins  pumice  villi  arrive  on  the  nest 
coast  of  America  at  Panama  early  in  1 WS6. 

With  rtxatd  t"  >lic  s|ihtnval  bodies  of  a  calcareous  and 
clavey  nature,  "tied  *  Krak.naomail.k-s  found  ly.ng 
loosclv  on  the  surface,  Mr.  Vetbccs  .it  lirn  supposed 
them  to  have  been  formed  by  the  ru.arv  mot  ..in  of 
particles  ejected  from  the  vol.  ano  h.ii  as  the,  were  after- 
£ ids  found  imbedded  in  elected  fragment.  <.f  clays,..,  e 
and  matlv  Ml  theory  must  be  given  up  :  he  consider.  11 
io»,hte  that  tl.ee  ...ay  have  bee.,  concretions  in  the 
lufa ,  although  their  |«esente  m  lock  HtiW  quite 
destitute  of  lime  is  certainly  surprising,  and  thivforra  of 


dust  vans  due,  not  to  tbc  erup 

magnetite  therein,  since  theoi 
the  shower  of  ashes. 

The  low  temperafu/r  observed  atom  tat 
Hum-nrorg,   Kror,  Mocsra-Doea,  Bintt 
was  not  cf  uc,  according  to  hygronsttntaf' 
the  evaporation  of  the  hurniduy  uf * 
volcano  and  on  ships  in  the  raaatr  a  •* 
hot,  but    the  aabea  t/110*  n  into  tat  e> 
upper  air  mnd  falling;  at  a  distance  nesta 
become  cooled  in  their  passage  Haw 
charges  occurred  conlinualb  m  tit  si 
K 1. . k  itao.     On  Java's  first  foot  ■*>  « 
lighthouses  svsjjt  struck  by  ligbtainj 
On  Sunday,  May  10,  1SS3,  all  1 
commotion  as  to  the  cause  of  the  ayssras* 
detonations  v.  Inch  apparca/A-  amttmm 
fact  did  come  from  A'raaatab.    At  Seas] 
which  aie  situated  much  nearer! 
had  been  heard.    Again  at  Batam  m  m 
Monday,  August  37,  after  the  tirMcsaasr 
8h.  26m.,  the  eruption  sc«irW/oamt»as«. 
nothing  at  all  of  another  enotsioas  '"ft** 
place  between  11  and  1*,  as  lefcnsdls*. 
East  Java.    The  explanation  of  this  no'""' 
is  that  earlier  in  the  moroinjr  a*  a»  <*•■** 
lamp-shade  settled  over  the  vofcas*,— - 
liandong,  and  that  the  quantity  <f  °» 
floating  in  the  air  prevented  ike  rasaenss 
Above  the  ash  cloud  the  deloeisuus*  ■* 
all  directions,  but  natural?/  atve  «w 
to  the  windward.    TV  farthest  pouv" 
have  been  heard  are  Dorch,  hi  !»e« 
of  Central  Australia,  among  others  the  -  . 
of  Daly  Waters  and  Alice  5jli*J  * 
Rodriguez  and  Ceylon,   -itxoaoliag fstS* 
lime  and  taking  the  rate  of  trio*"'''*" 
author  has  calculated  for  diffcrec.t  pbits 
detonation  in  particular  has  been  n""? V 
of  Monday  morning,  5b.  ym.hu  trrt>^at' 
that  of  1  oh.  sm.  a.m.  has  tieen  beaid  11  hi 
west  coast  of  Borneo,  the  southern  u» 
of  llorneo.  Haw can  and  Banda;th«i«'*. 
Kiouw,  Middle  and  East  Java,  m*,ttl 
detonations  have  not  been  notktd  at 
roig.    The  area  within  which  tbc 
heard  is  represented  on  a  map;  ■  — 
fourteenth  of  the  whole  surface  of  th»<""\ 
extraordinary  transmission  of  SMS^sser^rL 

!•  roin  the  vibration  of  the  alt  " 
tun.11  ions  houses,  doors,  wis 
against  the  w  alls,  objects  aback  ■ 
suspended  from  the  ceiling  sere  set  *JTJfc 
swinging  movements  n»e»  to  augaf  '\ 
quakes  have  nu where  been  observed. 
have  been  cracked,  anil  buusts 
no  longer  habitable,  can  he  acc««"rt  **• 
the  author,  by  the  prubabdity  tki'  JJ  !jj 


weak,  and  thus  had  .in  upportus»rrefsssj*t* 

The  greatest  air-diuwbantc  cssjsrf** 
has  transmitted  itself  as  a  mmlirkae'Sl'*?" 

wave,  wuli  kiakataJ.  asn-.-:rc,  um '.te 
i"  the  discussion  of  ten  easireJr  tr*  f"fi* 
auil. or  has  devoted  aboii  «ve>it>  t*^tM 
assistance  of  vet)  Jreiritt  bsfttr"" 
N.S.W.,  ho  calrulate.1  lie  he»T*J  <^'fy* 
concretions  has  not  been  ul.-erved  hiihcrio.  I  *<  loh.  sm  Kr  ii.  ,1,  mr  il«^«%# 

Th"  chemical  analvse.  "f  the  rocks  of  Kiakatao  can  be    armed  „  by  another  cakUatiai  one!  ssf»*3 
fullv  rel.e.l  DpMS,  as  they  have  lsten  made  Iry  Dr.  O.    of  the  indicator  of  Oe  iwA>»  — a  » 
Winkle.?  Professor  of  Chenuslry  in  " 

<^  theNleteorologtcal  Ob-rv».oy  M 
aer  ato«,  UBUJJ       j,.„„hanee  in  the  txisitum  of  the 


cator  maiked  lifteen 
many  etplosions, 
the  forenoon 
Mi.  aam.,  ioh. 


ncen  ovciStoom,  •r"*^Z*i' 
•  of  »kKb  :l»  fair  lT»s 


Oct.  22,  1885] 


NA  TURE 


greatest,  and  it  is  probable  that  the  air-wave  then 
formed  made  the  tour  around  the  world.  Forty  places 
in  Europe,  America,  and  Australia  are  named  where 
the  disturbance  of  the  air  has  been  indicated  by  baro- 
meters, and  with  the  help  of  these  data  the  author 
has  been  able  to  calculate  the  velocity  of  the  air  move- 
ment, which  has  been  found  to  be  considerably  less 
than  the  velocity  of  sound  at  o1  C.  :  consequently  the 
movements  took  place  at  a  great  height  and  in  cold-air 
strata. 

According  to  the  author's  calculation  this  air-wave  re- 
quired 55  A  hours  to  make  the  circuit  of  the  earth  ;  it 
would  have  been  of  great  interest  to  know  just  when  the 
wave  returned  to  Batavia,  but,  unfortunately,  the  diagrams 
of  the  indicator  at  the  gasworks  that  might  have  marked 
such  a  return  have  been  lost. 

Part  of  Chapter  V.  treats  of  changes  in  the  sea-bottom. 
The  sea  now  covers  to  a  depth  of  200  to  300  metres  what 
was  formerly  the  northern  part  of  Krakatab,  and  the  small 
island  called  Polish  Hat  has  also  disappeared.  Between 
the  remaining  islands,  which  are  fragments  of  the  old 
crater  ring,  an  area  has  subsided  of  at  least  41  square 
kilometres,  or  about  10,000  acres.  Outside  these  islands, 
within  a  triangular  space  of  34  square  kilometres,  the  sea 
is  also  deeper  than  formerly,  so  that  altogether  a  surface 
of  75  square  kilometres  has  subsided,  which  is  clearly 
shown  on  maps  1,  2,  and  4. 

The  part  of  the  Peak  which  has  disappeared  must  have 
been  1  cubic  kilometre  in  size,  and  the  fall  of  such  a  mass 
into  the  sea  is  quite  sufficient  to  cause  the  great  sea-wave 
which  swept  away  thousands  of  human  beings.  Nowhere 
is  there  the  slightest  vestige  of  any  upheaval,  from  which 
we  may  be  certain  that  no  seismic  movement  of  the  sea- 
bed has  occurred.  In  Bantam  and  in  the  Lampong 
districts,  after  the  disaster,  the  remains  of  the  macadam- 
ised roads  along  the  coast  were  everywhere  as  high  above 
the  sea  as  before,  and  soundings  in  Sunda  Straits  showed 
that  no  change  of  sea-bottom  has  taken  place  there.  The 
shallower  depth  in  the  immediate  vicinity  of  Krakatalj, 
and  between  Krakata"o  and  Sebcsi,  has  probably  been 
the  result  of  fallen  materials,  to  which  also  the  islands 
Steers  and  Calmeyer,  which  have  since  disappeared,  for 
the  greater  part,  no  doubt  owed  their  existence. 

As  the  last  of  the  phenomena  which  accompanied  the 
eruption  of  1883,  the  movements  of  the  sea  are  discussed, 
as  shown  by  the  destructive  waves  which  have  made  this 
catastrophe  so  terrible.  It  is  certain  that  the  greatest 
wave  of  all  started  from  Krakatao  at  10  a.m.,  and  that 
wave  completed  the  destruction  of  Telok  Belong,  Anjer, 
and  Tjiringin.  This  great  wave  had  been  preceded  by 
small  waves  on  Sunday  afternoon  at  6,  and  Monday 
morning  at  6h.  30m.,  by  which  these  places  were  already 
partly  mibmergcd  and  destroyed  :  but  the  reallv  very 
remarkable  phenomenon  wa-.  observed  that  not  even' 
wave  reached  all  the  place-,  sua  ccd  ,ilor.-  the  ro^h  of 
the  Straits  of  Sunda.  For  example:  the  wave  whu  h 
^ destroyed  on  Monday  in. -.nun-,  a"  hr  a  pm  of  Arp-.-r,  and 
'  6h.  30m.  the  lower  pa::  i.f  telok  lb-tor^,  has  run  been 
Uced  at  Tjiringin.  The  .author  explains  this  bv  the 
Rgoaition  that  the  preceding  wave.,  wore  run  euused  lu- 
lling in  of  parts  of  the  volcano,  but  lr,  the  enormous 
of  ejected  matter  that  spl.i-lied  into  the  sea. 
TO  Sunday  evening  during  the  eruption,  ot  ^h.  7:11. 
"^tity  was  thrown  out  on  ihe^pot  where  Cakii'vci 
*Bh£S  formed  WAS  noticed  C\  erywherc  around 
iiringm,  Bencaw.mg.  telok  lictong. 
.during  the  eruption  on  Monday 
'is thrown  down  on  the  spot 
[would  be  obstructed  in  a 
,  and  Tjiringin,  lying 
twave  would  roll  t<» 
Hit  after  6  a.m.  in 
gving  (6b.  44m.), 
Mao,  and 


Telok  Betong  by  Lagoendie,  whilst  Beneawang  in  the  Bay 
of  Scmangka  was  nearly  destroyed  ;  but  the  wave  of 
to  o'clock  being  of  such  enormous  magnitude,  swept  over 
all  obstacles. 

Most  careful  calculations  fix  the  time  of  the  formation 
of  the  great  wave  at  to  am.,  the  same  hour  at  which  the 
heaviest  detonation  was  heard,  so  that  the  ejection  of  a 
stupendous  quantity  of  ashes,  pumice,  and  mud,  the 
rushing  in  of  the  sea  upon  the  mass  of  glowing  lava,  and 
the  falling  in  of  half  the  mountain,  must  have  taken  place 
almost  simultaneously.  From  the  height  registered  by 
the  tide-gauges  at  Tandjong-Priok  on  Monday  at  7h.  30m. 
p.m.  it  is  evident  that  Batavia  narrowly  escaped  a  second 
inundation.  The  data  collected  from  all  parts  of  the 
world  regarding  an  extraordinary  movement  of  the  sea 
soon  after  the  eruption,  made  it  possible  to  compute  the 
velocity  of  the  great  wave,  and  this  velocity  enabled  the 
author  to  calculate  the  average  depth  of  the  sea  along 
the  path  the  wave  travelled.  In  this  way  he  has  ascer- 
tained that  the  depth  of  the  sea  between  Krakatao  and 
South  Africa  must  amount  to  4200  metres ;  between 
Krakatab  and  Rodriguez,  4560  ;  and  between  Krakatao 
and  South  Georgia,  6340  metres  ;  which  shows  that  west 
and  south-west  of  Australia  there  must  be  a  deep-sea  basin, 
the  existence  of  which  has  not  yet  been  revealed  by 
soundings.  Mr.  Verbeek  considers  that,  if  the  irregu- 
larities of  the  tide  noticed  at  Aspinwall  happened  at  the 
hour  reported,  they  were  not  caused  by  the  Krakatab 
wave,  but  by  volcanic  activity  in  the  Antilles  ;  that  wave, 
however,  was  observed  on  the  coast  of  France,  at  San 
Francisco,  and  even  in  Alaska.  Its  velocity  was  so  great 
that  it  reached  Aden  in  twelve  hours,  a  distance  of  3800 
nautical  miles,  usually  traversed  by  a  good  steamer  in 
twelve  days. 

It  is  greatly  to  be  regretted  that  our  knowledge  of  this 
phenomenon  beyond  the  Indian  Ocean  remains  incom- 
plete, on  account  of  the  small  number  of  tide-gauges  on 
the  Atlantic  and  Pacific  coasts  ;  the  author  suggests  that 
this  want  shall  be  promptly  supplied,  so  that  in  future  no 
important  movement  of  the  sea  shall  escape  notice. 

Chapter  VI.  is  devoted  to  a  consideration  of  the  vol- 
canic phenomena  which  have  been  observed  during  the 
eruption  of  Krakatao  at  other  [places  within  or  beyond 
the  Indian  Archipelago.  Simultaneously  the  volcano 
Ganong  Api,  on  the  island  of  Great  Sangi,  the  Merapi 
on  Java,  the  Merapi  on  Sumatra,  and  also,  it  is  supposed, 
a  volcano  in  the  Moluccas  were  in  activity.  A  seismic 
movement  of  the  sea-bottom  occurred  in  the  whole 
region  of  the  Moluccas,  which  could  not  have  been  due 
to  Krakatao,  and  this  movement  has  been  noted  by  three 
tide  gauges  in  the  Straits  of  Madura.  Over  a  large  part 
of  Australia,  from  August  27  to  29,  more  or  less  serious 
earthquakes  were  felt— a  phenomenon  the  more  remark- 
able because  Australia  suffers  very  seldom  from  any 
shaking  of  the  earth.  It  is  probable  that  sudden  displace- 
ment of  steam— perhaps  of  lava— occurred  in  the  sub 
:cn  mean  cavities,  caused  by  a  change  of  pressure 
thi-ou-h  the  great  discharge  of  lava  and  steam  at 
kr.V;atab.  We  must  therefore  conclude  that  the  under- 
-  round  recesses  between  Krakatao  and  Australia  are  in 
■v,me  way  connected,  so  that  any  change  of  pressure  in 
■me  cavity  causes  a  change  of  pressure  in  the  other. 

K.  at  points  in  the  neighbourhood  of  the  antipodes 
or  Krakatao  shocks  and  volcanic  effects  were  noticed, 
and  :r,  as  is  probable,  some  point  in  the  Antilles  was  in 
a-.t.-vity,  then  evidently  the  whole  surface  of  the  earth 
during  the  terrible  discharge  of  Krakatao  was  agitated, 
and  apparently  the  crust  of  our  earth  is  not  so  solid  as 
main  of  its  inhabitants  fondly  imagine. 

The  author  maintains  the'  doctrine  that  part  of  our 
globe  remains  still  in  a  molten  state,  and  he  disputes  the 
theory,  which  has  been  advanced,  that  the  heat  of  the  vol- 
canic furnaces  is  entirely  due  to  local  chemical  action.  He, 
however,  acknowledges  that  it  is  very  difficult  to  explain 


Digitized  by  Google 


6o4 


NATURE 


[Oct.  22,  1885 


why,  during  the  Krakatab  outburst,  the  antipodes  was 
more  favourably  situated  for  an  eruption  than  the  other 
volcanic  regions  of  the  earth.  A  similar  tendency  during 
former  eruptions  has  not  been  recorded,  and  wc  must 
wait  until  another  great  outburst  enables  us  to  decide 
whether  it  is  of  any  importance. 

The  coloured  drawings,  twenty-five  in  number,  are  all 
by  Mr.  Schreuders,  who  accompanied  Mr.  Verbeck  in 
October  1883,  and  give  a  faithful  picture  of  the  devastated 
regions  as  they  appeared  two  months  after  the  eruption. 
The  most  striking  picture  is  that  of  the  stupendous  wall, 
832  metres  high,  which  was  laid  bare  by  the  destruction 
of  the  northern  part  of  the  peak.  No  one  who  has  gazed 
upon  this  grandest  of  nature's  ruins  can  forget  its  solemn 
desolation. 

The  careful  typographical  execution  of  the  work 
reflects  great  credit  on  the  Director  of  the  Government 
Printing  Office  at  Batavia.  We  can  heartily  congratulate 
the  learned  author  on  the  successful  completion  of  his 
most  valuable  and  exhaustive  work,  interesting  alike  to 
the  scientific  and  general  reader. 

ON  THE  COLOUR-SENSE 

THERE  is  an  interesting  paper  in  the  Nineteenth 
Century*  for  February  last  in  which  the  colour- 
nomenclature  in  the  Homeric  poems  and  that  of  the 
modern  Hindustani  language  arc  compared  with  modern 
English  usage.  The  writer  traverses  to  a  great  extent 
Mr.  Gladstone's  suggestion*  that  the  ancient  Greeks  were 
deficient  in  colour-sense  [i.e.  compared  with  modem 
Englishmen),  and  propounds  the  idea  that  the  natives  of 
India  have  a  keen  colour-sense. 

It  will  be  shown  below  that  the  use  of  colour  terms  in 
modem  English  is  not  only  loose,  but  even  incongruous. 
Illustrations  will  be  taken  from  both  the  papers  referred 
to,  with  additions  from  the  author's  experience  in  India. 

Natural  Objects. — Uniformity  might  surely  be  expected 
in  the  use  of  colour  terms  with  bright-coloured  natural 
objects.  There  is,  however,  no  uniformity  in  their  use, 
even  when  intended  to  be  real  colour  designations  ;  and 
opposite  and  sometimes  unnatural  colours  are — in  a 
figurative  sense— ascribed  to  a  single  object. 

Thus  the  colour  of  fresh  blood  and  the  tint  arising 
therefrom  in  the  healthy  cheek  and  also  in  the  blushing 
cheek  (of  a  fair  person)  are  probably  among  the  most 
well-marked,  definite,  natural  colours.  Vet  the  blood  it- 
self is  styled  blood-red,  gory,  crimson,  red,  scarlet,  whilst 
the  healthy  cheek  is  described  as  carnation,  vermeil,  red, 
ruddy,  rosy,  and  pink,  and  the  blushing  cheek  as  scarlet, 
crimson,  red,  aflame  (perhaps  rather  a  heat  than  a  colour 
term).  These  terms,  though  used  as  real  colour  designa- 
tions, are  by  no  means  synonymous,  whilst  in  a  figurative 
sense  quite  different  and  even  unnatural  colours  are 
ascribed.  Thus  blue  blood  is  used  of  aristocratic  descent. 
bliUl-  blood  .Hill  :,v'.vA-  or  /MA-  ,'■/,- \l  of  <1<  sir  nl  fi..ni  d.irk 
or  fair  races. 

Again,  healthy    lull"  i-    li:i:;h:    \  fl  low  ,  .)  m  1   .1    s  ell- >.\  1  -li 

tinge  in  the  *'  white  "  (if  the  tie  1*  otten  .  ailed  .1  ,7.1 
colour;  \et  in  the  figur  .1: 1  v  <■  -eii-e  Ha<  k   1-  a-<:ihed  in 
the  condition  known  a-  >r,-'.<>i. 7.,  ,a  .  .i(>, ,?  ;/;.  ,7. 
bile 

The  colour  of  good  milk  is  -o  rharai  ler.siu  a>  to  give 
rise  to  the  term  rniik  r.vW,,  \\\\\\-\  --kim-rmlk  or  pour 
inilk  whiih  has  tneteU  .1  Mueivh  nn-c      suled  J:\  '■ii/c. 

A^ain.  the  part-,  of  the  human  eie  ;unl  of  ,l  hud's  egg 
styled  from  their  (.harm  ten-tie  tint  the  :r/i:t,-  of  the  eye 
and  the  whin-  of  .111  egg.  alway-  hear  the  name  of  wAiU, 
Although  oix.i-ion.illv  of.ulci  idcdls  hluei-himge,  ttgtt/Mt 
than  that  of  -k i tn- til  1  lk 

Colo'.ll  H  UrU.llK  a-Cnhed    [o    the    ll'.lllUin  efl 

"  1.^1,1  ft-;  I  I  -   I  .1  ■     I,  I'.-  I      !    ,,r  V  W 


tint  of  the  iris,  probably  as  being  the  part  most  subject  to 
colour-variation — e.g.  black,  dark,  pink,  brown,  hasel, 
green,  blue,  gray,  light.  Of  these,  black  is  loosely  applied 
(e.g.  in  the  phrase  black-eyed)  in  the  case  of  any  dark- 
coloured  iris,  whilst  green  and  blue  Art  used  in  the  case  of 
a  mere  tinge  of  green  or  blue. 

On  the  other  hand  the  phrase  red  eyes  indicates  either 
redness  of  the  eyes  (as  from  weeping)  or  a  bloodshot 
state  of  the  "whites,"  whilst  a  black  eye  implies  only  a 
dark-coloured  bruise  of  the  skin  near  the  eye  ;  green  in 
the  eye  is  a  figurative  expression  implying  freshness  or 
ignorance,  and  green-eyed  is  a  condition  ascribed  to 
jealousy. 

The  colour  of  sea-water  varies  from  greenish  (aqua- 
marine) to  a  deep  blue  (ultramarine) ;  but  a  wide  range  of 
colour-names  is  applied  to  various  seas—  eg.  the  /Hack 
Sea,  Red  Sea,  Yellow  Sea,  White  Sea,  and  this  in  many 
languages. 

The  colour  of  river-water  varies  from  turbid  yellow  to 
blueish  and  colourless  ;  but  in  this  case  there  is  an  equally 
wide  range  of  colour-name — e.g.  Blackadder  R.t  Black- 
water  R.,  Red  R.,  Orange  R.,  Green  R.,  Blue  R.,  Blue 
Nile,  Grey  R.,  White  R.,  White  Nile,  Whiteadder  R. 

Human  Colouring. — Colour-terms,  applied  to  races  of 
men,  or  to  the  complexion  or  hair,  are  loosely  used  to 
cover  a  wide  range  of  colour.  Thus  black,  dark,  dusky, 
swarthy,  and  nigger  {lit.  black),  are  applied  to  any  merely 
dark  skins  ;  red  and  coppery  to  the  whole  of  the  North 
American  (so-called)  Indians  ;  white  and  pale  to  any  fair 
skin.  The  terms  dark  and  fair  (shade-  rather  than  colour- 
names)  are  loosely  applied  both  to  the  complexion  and  to 
personal  description.  Thus  any  complexion  darker  than 
the  average  in  a  fair  race,  or  fairer  than  the  average  in  a 
dark  race,  is  called  dark  or  fair  respectively  ;  the  two 
terms  being  merely  relative  in  this  usage. 

Also  among  a  fair  race,  a  person  with  dark  eyes  and 
dark  hair  is  called  dark,  and  one  with  light  eyes  and  fair 
hair  is  called  fair,  without  reference  to  complexion. 
Again,  the  terms  red,  carroty,  fiery  are  often  applied  to 
hair  which  has  merely  a  reddish  tinge. 

Among  races  of  different  complexion  in  the  same 
country  curious  figurative  usages  of  the  racial  colour- 
terms  arise.  Thus  nigger  {lit.  black),  black,  dark,  redskin 
are  sometimes  used  by  a  (ruling)  fair  race  to  denote 
inferiority,  and  this  usage  is  sometimes  adopted  even  by 
the  (ruled)  dark  race — eg.  occasionally  by  both  negroes 
and  natives  of  India.  There  is  a  curious  restricted  use  of 
the  phrase  gord  log  {lit.  fair  people)  in  India  to  denote 
the  British  soldiery,  but  not  the  higher  classes  of 
English. 

Animal  Colours.— Colour  terms  applied  to  animals 
have  sometimes  a  technical  meaning  quite  different  to  the 
fundamental  colour.  Thus  bay  and  strawberry,  as  applied 
to  horses,  are  very  different  colours  from  those  of  the 
bav-leaf  and  strawberry  r  thus  also  the  Hindustani  term 
:.  n^mlly  meaning  green,  denotes  .;''■')  when  applied 
to  animal-.  A^am,  rc,i  1-  applied  to  animals  -  eg.  cow», 
deer,  fo.\e-.  -ip;:rrel-.  \r,  ^hosc  roats  arc  any  Sort  of 
rcddi-h  hrou  iv  A  -innl.ir  u-age  ot  cur-  111  the 
poems--  c-  (/mm.?  and  ;-,s  dcm.iliics;.  and  in  the 
^1, till  «  ord  /./;'  .';/.  im1.»v  .  jH 

(.'olour-trnns  ate  xiinciimes  applied  to  animals,  plants, 
e\cn  when  only  -lightly  affected  with  the  named 
'.olour,  to  indicate  .1  particular  variety  of  the  object  rft 
question.  Thus  .1  blue  pigeon,  fox,  or  nibbit,  is  only 
si  it  c  y  blue  ;  a  white  elephant  is  only  spotted  with  white 
pink  patches  ;  a  blood  orange  may  be  only  speckled  with 
blood- mjurlunf* ; a.  black  lion  and  black  leopard  are  only 

d.irk  .. nil  M.n-k  marking-.  Colour--  ditlcrmg  I f- •  ■  ■  ■  ualaf. 
art  also  a - en bed  tO_»i)imalion ^»igfihoardV  -e.g.  ti,>,  i\  tr.i. 

liiUS  al*a  green  man  : 


VW/«  4*t>>  I  <<:t—  >  <■■'  I  <■•:...:  \  . 

"Th«-  t  •••   •  -<•-  •■-    'v  i'.,  V..:--  It      -ir.,'     W   F  .01 


22,  1885] 


NA  TURE 


605 


■lied  (sometimes  apparently  by  contrast  with  the 
racteristic  colour).  Thus  all  wines  which  are  not  of 
ie  red  tint  are  loosely  styled  -white  wines,  though 
ir  real  colours  are  various  shades  of  yellow,  golden, 
1  orange.  Again,  light-coloured  hats',  usually  light 
y,  drab,  or  brown,  are  often  styled  white  hats,  probably 
rontrast  with  the  black  chimney-pot  hat  so  common  in 
gland.  The  colour-term  green  with  the  figurative 
ise  of  "  fresh,"  is  applied  to  unseasoned  timber  and  to 
shly-quarried  stone. 

Metals.— Whilst  some  few  metals  have  a  sufficiently 
iking  colour  to  give  rise  to  a  special  colour-name — e.g., 
^pery,  bronze,  brazen,  golden,  aureine,  steel-blue,  leaden, 
•n-grey,  argent,  silvery,  the  most  of  them  have  a  general 
nilarity  of  tint,  and  are  loosely  called  white  (probably 
contrast  to  the  coloured  metals),  whilst  a  mere  tinge  of 
je  in  some  of  them  leads  to  their  being  called  blue  {e.g., 
id,  zinc,  steel). 

Curious  applications  occur  in  trade  names  :  thus,  white 
ftal  is  used  of  any  cheap  alloy  resembling  silver  in 
ipearance  ;  white  brass  is  a  whitish  alloy  of  copper  and 
ic  ;  gray  iron  and  white  iron  are  cast  iron  whose  frac- 
rc  is  gTey  or  white  ;  whilst  white  lead,  zinc  white,  white 
■senic  are  the  white  oxides  of  the  metals  in  question  ; 
d  lead  is  the  red  oxide  of  lead,  and  black  lead  is  really 
umbago  (which  resembles  lead  only  in  its  property  of 
arking  paper)  ;  white,  yellow,  orange,  and  red,  when 
:>plied  to  gold,  denote  alloys  of  gold  in  which  the  golden 
ilour  is  modified  slightly  in  the  directions  indicated  ; 
'd  short  is  an  epithet  descriptive  of  malleable  metals 
hich  are  brittle  when  hot. 

Blue  and  Black. — There  is  a  curious  confusion  between 
ark  blue  and  black  in  both  English  and  Hindustani, 
hus,  in  English  there  are  blue-black,  invisible  blue  (both 
sed  of  a  very  deep  blue  almost  black),  black  and  blue 
applied  to  a  bruise),  black  as  ink  and  inky  black  (although 
lost  inks  are  nowadays  blueish)  often  applied  to  rain- 
louds  (nimbus)  and  to  the  deep  indigo  blue  of  the  deep 
ca,  quite  like  the  Hindustani  phrase  kdld pdnt  {lit.  black 
*  ater)  used  of  the  sea.  Dark  blue  cloth  is  by  some  (even 
>y  ladies)  habitually  called  black;  the  writer  has  also 
:nown  blackberries  miscalled  blaeberries  (by  a  Scotch- 
woman), although  blae  is  literally  blue  ;  this  is  quite  like 
he  Hindustani  word  kdld,  which  is  used  for  both  black  and 
/ark  blue,  especially  in  cloth.  This  confusion  is  curious 
n  English,  wherein  the  terms  Jet  black,  jetty,  coal-black, 
:xist  for  a  true  black.  In  the  melody,  "  The  Coal-black 
Rose,"  the  colour  is  attributed  really  to  a  person  of  the 
lame  of  Rose. 

Physical  States. — Colour-terms  are  applied  to  physical 
states,  sometimes  in  an  exaggerated  sense  (the  name  of  a 
Dright  colour  being  ascribed  to  any  faint  tint  of  the  same), 
ind  sometimes  in  a  special  and  almost  inexplicable  sense. 

Thus  we  speak  of  the  black  death,  as  black  as  death,  black 
'ooks,  looking  as  black  as  thunder,  scarlet  fever,  yellow 
fever,  jaundice,  turning  green  with  sickness,  being  beaten 
black  and  blue,  blue  with  cold,  a  Jit  0/  blue  devils,  pale  or 
white  with  illness  or  with  loss  0/  blood. 

Mental,  Sr*c,  Stales. — The  connection  of  colour  terms 
with  mental  and  moral  emotions,  conditions,  and  actions, 
is  curious  and  often  inexplicable. 

Thus  black  is  associated  with  the  idea  of  evil— e.g.  the 
blackest  of  lies,  black  as  sin,  blackened  with  crime,  as  black 
as  Ike  devil;  and  also  with  degradation  in  both  English 
and  Hindustani — e.g.  to  blacken  one's  face  (Hind,  munh 
kdld  karnd)  implies  disgrace  in  both  languages.  Again 
black,  purple,  crimson,  red,  scarlet,  pink,  livid,  pallid, 
and  ■white  are  ail  ascribed  to  rage  ;  whilst  crimson,  red, 
and  scarlet  are  also  ascribed  to  shame,  in  both  cases 
doubtless  from  their  effect  on  the  hue  of  the  cheek.  Further 
crimson,  red,  and  scarlet  are  associated  with  crime 
probably  from  their  connection  with  blood),  and  also 
with  sis  generally—^,  red-handed,  sins  as  scarlet,  the 
scartdwman,  &c.    Next  black,  yellow,  and  blue  are  all 


used  of  depression  of  spirits — e.g.  in  the  words  melancholy, 
atrabilious,  jaundiced,  a  Jit  of  the  blues.  Again,  green 
and  verdant  are  used  of  the  freshness  of  youth  and  of  the 
state  of  a  novice,  and  in  this  use  both  these  colour-terms 
are  oddly  attributed  to  the  eye  ;  whilst  green  is  also 
applied  to  (unusual)  freshness  in  old  age.  The  terms 
green,  blue  {e.g.  a  blue  funk),  pale,  pallid,  livid,  ashy, 
fray,  and  white  arc  all  used  as  descriptive  of  fear  ;  simil- 
arly the  words  xXupor  (commonly  translated  green)  in 
Homer  and  sard  (commonly  translated  yellow)  in 
Hindustani  are  used  of  fear. 

Again,  blue  is  sometimes  associated  with  religious  feel- 
ing, and  also  with  literary  or  scientific  pursuits  among 
women,  e.g.,  blue-stocking.  Lastly,  white  is  associated 
with  the  idea  of  good  (perhaps  in  contrast  to  black,  which 
goes  with  evil),  e.g.  white  lie  {i.e.  a  slight  or  venial  lie), 
to  be  whitewashed  {i.e.  freed  from  debt),  and  extreme 
whiteness  is  associated  with  purity  (probably  from  the 
pure  whiteness  of  snow)  eg.  sins  shall  be  as  white  as 
snow,  white-robed  angels,  &c. 

Summary. — With  such  a  looseness  in  the  use  of  colour- 
terms  in  modern  English  and  Hindustani  as  exemplified 
above,  it  seems  (to  the  writer)  that  it  is  hardly  possible 
to  draw  inferences  as  to  the  strength  of  the  colour-sense 
in  either  the  past  or  present  from  the  (supposed)  correct 
or  incorrect  application  of  colour-terms  by  other  nations. 
Paucity  of  colour-terms  is  probably  fair  evidence  of  a 
poor  colour-sense,  whilst  an  abundance  of  the  same  is 

Erobably  good  evidence  of  a  fine  colour-sense.  Viewed 
y  this  test,  the  colour-sense  evidenced  in  the  Homeric 
poems  is  certainly  poor,  and  that  of  the  natives  of  India 
is  also  poor  compared  with  that  of  modern  western 
nations  ;  as  to  the  latter,  it  may  be  said  that  a  great  deve- 
lopment of  colour-sense  is  now  going  on,  and  much  more 
rapidly  than  in  the  past,  judging  from  the  frequent  addi- 
tions to  the  stock  of  dyes  and  pigments  of  late  years, 
especially  since  the  discovery  of  aniline  and  its  derivatives. 

Natives  of  India.— The  author  of  "Light  from  the 
East  on  the  Colour  Question  "  considers  that  there  is  a 
"  highly  -developed  colour-sense  among  the  natives  of 
India,"  and  adduces  the  Indian  coloured  textile  fabrics 
and  works  of  art  as  evidence  of  this.  This  does  not 
agree  with  the  present  writer's  experience  from  a  resid- 
ence extending  over  twenty-three  years  in  North  India 
The  textile  fabrics  have  certainly  a  good  blending  of 
colours  ;  the  cloth  dyes  and  colours  laid  on  pottery  and 
other  art-productions  are  also  often  beautiful.  But  the 
cloth-workers,  dyers,  potters,  and  other  artisans  in  colours, 
and  the  educated  classes,  are  the  few  among  whom  the 
colour-sense  is  well  developed,  and  they  are  few  among 
the  250,000,000  of  India.  The  colour-terminology  of 
'  Hindustani  is  poor,  especially  out  of  the  classes  above- 
named.  Moreover,  in  the  writer's  experience  the  eyesight 
of  the  uneducated  masses  in  India  is  defective  in  every 
way.  They  have  great  difficulty  in  threading  a  needle,  in 
reading  small  type  or  small  MS.,  also  in  reading  at  all 
except  in  a  strong  light,  in  discriminating  colours,  and 
(strangest  of  all)  in  making  anything  out  of  a  picture, 
engraving,  or  photograph.  This  last  defect  is  at  first 
sight  most  surprising  to  an  Englishman :  it  would  seem 
as  if  a  certain  "  picture-education  "  were  necessary  to 
develop  a  "  picture-sense."  A  villager  in  India,  or  a  quite 
uneducated  servant,  will  sometimes  examine  a  picture 
sideways,  or  even  upside  down,  and  will  hazard  the  most 
incongruous  ideas  as  to  the  subject,  even  when  it  is  that 
of  an  object  quite  familiar  to  him. 

Allan  Cunningham 


ENSILAGE 

\X/E  have  observed  with  satisfaction,  if  we  may  be 
*  *     allowed  to  say  so,  the  increasing  attention  which 
is  being  devoted  to  the  subject  of  ensilage  in  this  country, 
not  only  in  view  of  the  importance  of  this  method  of 

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6o6 


NATURE 


[Oct.  22,  1885 


storing  fodder  as  an  auxiliary  to  the  farmer,  but  because 
it  evokes  discussions  which  tend  to  the  diffusion  of  the 
teachings  of  biologic  science,  and  to  widen  the  search 
after  natural  knowledge.  The  harvesting  of  ripe  crops 
has  become  stereotyped  by  custom  reaching  back  into 
the  dim  past  ;  the  practice  of  ensilage,  on  the  other  hand, 
involves  a  view  of  plant  life  which  is  not  only  foreign  to 
our  agricultural  traditions,  but  is  based  upon  less  obvious 
teachings  of  nature,  and  it  therefore  demands  a  more 
intelligent  cooperation  of  human  industry.  Notwith- 
standing these  features,  which  make  it  a  serious  innova- 
tion, the  unprejudiced  acceptance  of  the  system  and  the 
impartial  spirit  in  which  it  is  being  practically  investi- 
gated, testify  to  the  growth  of  scientific  culture  amongst 
our  agriculturists  and  to  the  general  interest  taken  by 
them  in  the  more  recondite  discussions  of  natural  science 
which  cannot  fail  to  be  widened  by  the  study  of  the  pro- 
found problems  presented  by  the  subject  of  ensilage.  In 
contributing  to  the  study  of  these  we  shall  do  so  rather  as 
observer  than  investigator,  and  as  the  text  of  our  dis- 
cussion we  shall  take  Mr.  Fry's  excellent  little  work  on 
"  Sweet  Ensilage."  Whatever  the  fate  of  the  theory  of 
the  silo  expounded  by  the  author — and  it  is  certainly  a 
bold  excursion  into  the  terra  inivgnit*—\\c  furnishes  us 
with  a  good  and  clearly  expressed  working  hypothesis 
for  the  regulation  of  the  system  to  the  production  of 
"  sweet  "  ensilage,  to  which  his  efforts  as  an  agriculturist 
have  converged,  he  has  sought  a  warrant  in  the  teachings 
of  vegetable  physiology,  and  the  theoretical  account  of 
the  silo  which  has  resulted  may  be  stated  in  broad  out- 
lines as  follows  :  -  The  crop  to  be  ensiled  is  cut  in  the  full 
vigour  of  the  growth  of  the  plant  ;  the  tissues  of  the  plant 
do  not  die,  bin  continue  to  exercise  their  organic  functions 
for  some  time  after  being  deposited  in  the  silo.  The  rise 
of  temperature  which  ensues  in  the  silo  is  due  to  what  the 
author  terms  "  intercellular  oxidation,"  or,  from  what  we 
gather  from  the  context,  to  the  oxygen  respiration  of  the 
cells. 

In  consequence  of  this  increased  temperature  and  its 
maintenance  for  a  sufficient  time,  the  cells  of  the  plant 
are  deprived  of  organic  activity.  The  life  of  the  plant 
under  the  restricting  conditions  of  cnsilation,  induces  an 
"  intercellular  fermentation,"  which  manifests  itself  in  one 
direction  by  the  trans-generation  of  sugar  into  alcohol, 
the  sugar  being  derived  from  the  starch  of  the  plant  by 
hydrolysis.  In  regard  to  this  function  the  author  goes  So 
far  as  to  say  :  "  When  these  transmigrations  in  the  silo 
have  been  performed,  the  functions  of  the  vegetable  cells 
are  at  an  end  and  they  become  inert  and  moribund. "  The 
formation  of  ac.-tic  acid  in  the  silo,  as  also  of  lactic  and 
other  acids,  are  referred  to  ferment  actions.  The  para- 
sitic organisms  present  in  the  original  mass  are  reduced 
to  inertness  by  exposure  to  the  elevated  temperature 
produced  in  the  silo,  provided  this  is  sufficiently  high  : 
nor  can  they  resume  their  functions  when  the  temperature 
falls  to  within  the  limits  favourable  to  life.  The  ensiled 
matter,  therefore,  having  attained  and  maintained  for  a 
sufficient  time  this  suicidal  temperature,  is  thenceforward 
without  the  pale  of  organic  change  If,  however,  from 
any  cause— the  author  gives  prominence  to  two:  viz. 
insufficient  robustness  of  the  cells  and  too  lar^e  a  propor- 
tion of  water,  which  conditions.  are  correlated  in  an 
immature  growth— this  critical  temperature  at  or  about 
50' C. 1  should  not  be  reached,  then  the  contents  of  the 
silo  will,  on  cooling,  become  the  prey  of  the  bacterial  life 
which  has  survived,  and  is  ready  to  avail  itself  of  favour- 
able conditions  for  active  development.  The  latter  con- 
ditions determine  the  production  of  ""sour  si' 
former  of  "sweet."  In  the  chapter  on  the  1  henuV 
position  of  silage,  in  which  analyses  of  •.  anoi 
arc  given,  special  attention  is  directed  to  t' 
hi^'h  proportion  of  albuminoid  to  amide  nitr> 
which  may  be  ranged  in  the  latter  class,  ; 
v«*ir  superior  feeding  value. 


As  a  necessary  preliminary  to  our  discussion  of  ihe 
phenomena  of  the  silo,  in  which  we  shall  follow  the  lines 
thus  laid  down  by  Mr.  Fry,  we  will  review  a  few  of  the 
more  prominent  features  of  the  chemistry  of  plant  life, 
which  no  writer  on  this  subject  can  afford  to  leave  out  of 
consideration. 

That  they  have  been  considered,  to  some  extent,  in  the 
account  of  the  silo  above  detailed,  is  evidently  due  to  Mr. 
Fry's  position  as  an  agriculturist  writing  for  agriculturists. 
The  practical  purpose  of  his  investigation  and  description 
of  ensilage  was  only  attainable  by  aiming  at  u  probable 
truth  to  the  exclusion  of  the  whole  truth.  Our  attempt 
will  be  to  do  justice  to  such  an  aim  and  its  results,  at  the 
same  time  to  aid  in  maintaining  the  scientific  perspective 
of  the  question. 

Many  fruitless  definitions  of  the  supposed  ultimate 
distinctions  between  a  plant  and  an  animal  have  from 
time  to  time  been  advanced  ;  and  while  the  controversies 
to  which  they  have  given  rise  have  but  little  interest  to 
those  who  take  the  broader  view  of  classification,  still 
there  are  certain  very  marked  distinctions  between  the 
vegetable  and  animal  worlds,  considered  each  as  a  whole, 
which  are  independent  of  all  views  as  to  their  abstract 
import  and  of  all  attempts  to  reduce  them  to  a  typical 
expression.    First,  in  regard  to  synthetical  activity  and 
the  power  of  appropriating  carbon  and   nitrogen— the 
characteristic  elements  of  living  matter — the  position  of 
the  vegetable  world  is  anterior  to  that  of  the  animal  ;  or. 
to  attempt  a  definition,  the  synthetical  work  of  plants  is 
ultimate,  that  of  animals  proximate.     Secondly,  nitro- 
genous or  proteid  substances  are  not  essential  constitu 
cnts  of  the  more  prominent  structures,  i.e.  the  fibrou? 
skeleton  of  a  living  plant,  whereas  the  tissues  of  the 
animal  arc  largely  composed  of  such  compounds.  With 
regard  to  the  functions  of  the  protoplasm  of  the  vegetable 
as  compared  with  those  of  the  animal  organism,  we  may 
quote  Michael  Foster  ("Physiology,"  2nd  ed.,  343.':  — 
"  It  is  not  unreasonable  to  suppose  that  the  animal  is  as 
constructive  as  the  vegetable  protoplasm,  the  difference 
between  the  two  being  that  the  former,  unlike  the  latter, 
is  as  destructive  as  it   is  constructive."     Thirdly,  the 
synthetic  activity  of  plants  does  not  cease  with  the 
cessation   of  life,   but   persists   in   some  measure  in 
the   substance*  which  it  has  built  up.    We  use  the 
term  "  synthetic "  here  in  a  wider  sense.    The  vast 
aggregations  of  the  vegetable  life  of  past  ages  with  which 
wc  are  so  familiar  in  so  many  forms  sufficiently  illustrate 
our  meaning  ;  and  the  study  of  the  everyday  work  of  the 
redistributing  agencies  of  Nature  upon  moribund  veget- 
able matter,  will  prove  the  same  refractory  relationship - 
the  possession  of  a  power  of  resisting  change  under  their 
influence  not  possessed  by  animal  matter.  Resolution 
I  takes  place  to  a  certain  extent,  in  degree  depending  upon 
the  circumstances  of  its  deposition,  and  the  surrounding 
physical  conditions,  but  there  is  always  to  be  observed 
the  tendency  to  <nruwu/,ife  the  characteristic  element 
carbon,  at  the  expense  of  the  oxygen  and  hydrogen  ;  we 
have  every  reason  to  regard  the  processes  by  which  tht* 
result  is  attained  as  a  self-contained  re-arrangement  of 
the  matter  and  energy,  localised  in  and  by  the  plant 
during  it-,  life,  and  as  the  result,  therefore,  of  the  same 
arthity.  I 
to  a  high  e 
into  its  p~ 
animal.  «■ 
fixed  and 
run  a  lon._ 
condition  c 

the  nec 
anginal  ly 

of  SUi 
Jiqaihca.. 
ter,  the 
iPtri 


Digitized  by  Goc 


Oct.  2  2,  1885] 


NA  TURE 


607 


and  the  tendency  to  retain  this  energy  in  the  form  of 
derived  compounds  in  which  the  carbon  is  proportionately 
accumulated. 

Let  us  consider  this  endowment  of  energy  of  plants 
from  a  point  of  view  more  nearly  that  of  the  subject  of 
these  remarks — viz.  the  formation  of  the  seed  in  an  annual. 
We  take  it  that  every  cell  is  impressed  with  the  striving, 
so  to  speak,  to  bring  about  this  result.  In  regard  to  the 
energy  necessary,  again  we  may  conceive  a  storing  up  in 
the  earlier  processes  of  elaboration,  together  with  a  con- 
tinuous supply  from  the  external  world.  Supposing,  now, 
the  organic  existence  of  the  plant  arrested  by  cutting 
during  the  period  of  inflorescence  ;  the  one  supply  is  cut 
off,  but  what  becomes  of  the  other,  the  intrinsic  energy 
and  tendency  of  the  organised  matter  in  this  direction 
Analogy  leads  us  to  conclude  that  it  flows  on,  expending 
itself  on  an  unattainable  end,  until  it  fails  from  failure  of 
the  co-operative  supply. 

Now  if  this  account  of  the  relationship  of  the  matter 
and  energy  of  plants  is  generally  true,  we  think  they 
demand  first  consideration  at  the  hands  of  investigators 
of  ensilage.  Mr.  Fry  attributes  the  rise  of  temperature 
in  the  silo  to  "intercellular  oxidation."  We  think  the 
term  a  good  one,  as  it  points  to  intrinsic  oxygen  ex- 
changes. Hut  we  gather  from  the  context  that  the  oxyda- 
tion  referred  to  is  at  the  expense  of  atmospheric  oxygen. 
We  think  this  qualification  weakens  the  value  of  the  term 
in  diverting  attention  to  a  cause  inadequate  to  produce 
the  result.  How  much  oxygen  is  contained  or  is  supplied 
to  the  silo  ?  Supposing  it  completely  burned  to  carbonic 
anhydride  and  all  the  resulting  heat  effective  in  raising 
100  times  its  weight  of  water  30"  C.  in  temperature,  is  this 
sufficient  on  the  most  favourable  calculation  to  raise  the 
whole  mass  to  6o°-7o"  C,  the  temperature  which  usually 
obtains  ?  Why  does  the  temperature  continue  to  rise  for 
some  weeks  after  the  crop  has  been  ensiled,  when  from 
all  causes  the  supply  of  oxygen  must  continually  di- 
minish ?  Apart  from  these  considerations  the  conditions 
of  the  matter  in  the  pit  are  surely  unfavourable  to  oxida- 
tion by  atmospheric  oxygen,  chiefly  in  the  impediments 
to  gaseous  circulation  and  the  absence  of  light.  As  wc 
wish  to  confine  ourselves  to  suggestions  and  to  avoid 
statements  of  opinion,  we  do  not  hazard  any  conclusions 
on  this  point,  but  wc  ask  for  a  comparison  of  the  con- 
siderations drawn  from  the  study  of  the  intrinsic  energy 
of  plants  with  those  from  their  relationships  to  the 
external  world,  in  regard  to  this  first  phenomenon  of  the 
silo. 

In  regard  to  Mr.  Fry's  theory  of  "intercellular  fer- 
mentation," wc  again  think  the  term  conveys  a  wider 
truth  than  his  exposition.  As  an  agriculturist  he  recog- 
nises two  main  kinds  of  ensilage  products— sweet  and 
sour— and  we  have  already  alluded  to  his  account  of  their 
production. 

Now,  on  what  does  this  terminology  turn,  in  as  far  as  j 
it  iscorrelated  with  the  chemical  composition  of  the  silage  ?  [ 
Upon  quantities  of  certain  constituents  which  are  a  small 
fraction  of  the  whole.  It  is,  on  the  other  hand,  an  axiom 
with  the  chemist,  in  his  study  of  reactions,  not  to  be  led 
away  by  issues  which  arc  obviously  subordinate.  From 
a  number  of  considerations  which  follow  directly  from  the 
previous  discussion,  the  cellulose  fabric  of  the  plant 
studied  comparatively  with  the  changes  which  it  under- 
goes in  the  silo,  is  best  calculated  to  throw  light  on  the 
genCrai  nature  and  tendency  of  these  changes  1  1 1  e -. e 
changes  involve  a  commerce  of  1110k.  tiles,  if  wc  may  u>e 
tike  expression,  of  w  inch  :ht.*  appeal. mce  of  mi, a. I  q-.uusti- 
tfrfclftore  or  less  of  parti.,  ular  acids  or  othev  <  .eupoaruts 
are  m;|»r  results.  Wc  prefer  ike  term  "  iitterr  cilm.ir 
<?m*tttr<-:  *•  as  less  specialised  than  "  k-r.uc;tl.t:i>>n '  ,  and 
^hftfgr  as  the  problems  :n\oh cd  are  essentially 
we  thick  a  study  of  the  matter  eh.in^es  Irom 
in  the  order  pointed  out  by  rel.it  tve 
aence  of  relationship  m  the  ph.m 


structure,  is  better  calculated  to  elucidate  the  nature  of 
these  transformations. 

In  regard  to  sour  ensilage,  and  the  view  of  it  as  result- 
ing from  bacterial  fermentation,  we  have  little  to  say. 
The  study  of  the  life  of  such  organisms  under  the  very 
peculiar  circumstances  of  the  silo  has  been  thus  far  very 
slender.  From  the  later  researches  of  Nagcli  and  others, 
which  have  considerably  modified  the  theory  of  anaerobic 
fermentation  as  propounded  by  Pasteur,  we  are  inclined 
to  attach  less  weight  to  this  probable  factor  of  the  changes 
in  the  silo  than  Mr.  Fry. 

Generally  speaking,  and  as  he  admits,  the  whole 
subject  needs  a  very  exhaustive  investigation,  and  as  we 
would  point  out,  on  the  widest  basis,  and  altogether 
independently  of  its  special  bearings  upon  agriculture 
The  scientific  method  must  be  followed,  even  though  in 
particular  experiments  the  silage  were  rendered  unfit  for 
food.  The  factors  of  the  result  must  be  caused  to  vary 
artificially  that  their  influence  may  be  severally  measured. 
The  silo  may  be  heated  in  any  suitable  way,  the  organic 
matter  may  be  sterilised  as  regards  parasitic  germs,  sub- 
stances may  be  adJed  to  modify  the  reactions,  and  many 
other  and  similar  self-suggestive  means  employed  to  test 
particular  issues.  In  conclusion  we  revert  to  our  original 
text,  and  we  congratulate  Mr.  Fry  on  having  laboured 
well  in  a  good  cause.  As  an  agriculturist  he  has  exceeded 
in  his  investigations  w  hat  was  to  be  expected  ;  but  in  his 
endeavour  to  give  a  scientific  account  of  the  silo  simul- 
taneously with  the  agricultural,  wc  think  he  has  disposed 
of  the  complications  of  the  subject  by  repressing  their 
consideration.  It  is  to  the  somewhat  thankless  task  of 
reproducing  certain  of  these  that  we  have  addressed  our- 
selves, with  the  view,  as  already  stated,  of  aiding  to  keep 
the  subject  in  its  true  perspective. 


A'OTES 

Thomas  Davh^ov,  LI..D.,  F.R.S.,  of  Muirhouse.  Mid- 
lothian, died,  from  an  attack  of  lung  disease,  at  West  Brighton, 
on  the  16th  itist.,  111  his  sixty-ninth  year.  Dr.  Davidson,  who 
was  so  well  known  in  the  seientific  world,  more  especially  for 
his  work  on  the  "Fossil  Brachiopoda,"  was  a  Fellow  of  the 
Royal,  the  Geological,  and  many  other  learned  Societies,  foreign 
as  well  a.  British.  In  1851  he  l>egan  his  description  of  the 
"British  Fos,il  Brachiopoda,"  which  has  been  published  from 
year  to  year  by  the  I'alivontological  Society,  the  concluding  sup- 
plements having  appeared  in  the  last  volume  of  thai  Society  in 
December  Numerous  memoir*  on  similar  subjects  have 

been  published  in  the  7'ransjf/wnt  of  several  scientific  Societies. 
Recently  Dr.  Davidson  prepared  a  "  Report  on  the  Brachiopoda 
dredged  by  II. M.S.  L'/m. /,</.,', r  during  the  Years  1S73-76."  At 
the  time  of  his  death  he  was  engaged  upon  a  further  monograph 
on  ree-.nt  Brachiopoda,  the  first  part  of  which  is  now  appearing 
in  the  Tiauuictwiii  of  the  I.innean  Society.  Dr.  Davidson 
latterly  resided  at  Brighton,  and  notwithstanding  his  other  scien- 
tific avocations  he  devoted  a  considerable  portion  of  his  time  to 
the  perfecting  of  the  town  museum. 

I'lttsiutM  Ci.i  vtl.AM>'s  invitation  to  Fhof.  Agassi/  to 
assume  '.he  direction  of  the  United  States  Coast  Survey  ha« 
beeu  hailed  in  America  as  an  assurance  that  the  new  adminis* 
nation  will  encourage  scientific  work,  and  is  not  indifferent  to 

sitin.i,  hut  is  'ir-.u  11,  1. 1  Kiln-,  it  under  a  head  win  se  name 
el  ..Meter  w  -..Id  :.e  ■;.  :;u.:j.\i,tee  "i  -no  is-.  The  health  of 
the  lioi'cv  .1  pi..i.:.:dcl  l.i-  .Kcep'.ai.cc  of  the  post  ;  tot  beyond 
::i.s  he  is  •.:  iiii-.n  that  the  .^.adaiu  _•  1  he  Cuj-:  Mnvey  re- 
•  mux-  1:1  e\pei..  J 'he  p- ••teems  t:»  ho  dec- led,  the  methods  to 
\-c  e'.i.  ihe   ;ie.  :i  ;,.  I.'   e:  leeuyd ,  -I'..  uld,  he  thinks,  he 

dele;i;.;ie  :.  hv  "i.-e  "  ]e,  '.mm,  ;|;v  h.idiK-s.  Any  other  person 
w-ul  :       in  d.mgo   :     t.e.h.i  ..     In   .■•r.-.hid'iig  :;n  -it. eh  ->n  the 

s/.hie,.  .V..s  .;:  ■   1.  e  enlie-p        iellee  SeJtl't.My  MlLII- 


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6o8 


[Oct.  2  2, 


ning  and  Prof.  Agassi;  is  to  us  an  assurance  that  science  will  not 
be  retarded,  and  that  scientific  men  will  not  be  slighted  by  any 
act  of  President  Cleveland." 

St  it  ate  comments  in  a  recent  issue  on  an  extraordinary  state- 
ment published  in  certain  New  York  and  Boston  journals  to  the 
effect  that  a  committee  which  had  Ijccn  ap[K>intcd  to  investigate 
the  geological  survey  of  the  United  States  had  found  that 
illegal  practices  prevailed  in  the  work  of  that  department.  It 
appears  that  no  such  committee  ever  sat  ;  the  whole  was  pure 
fiction.  There  was  no  report,  no  illegal  proceedings,  no  exa- 
mination. The  officer  to  whom  it  was  said  the  committee  made 
this  report  has  no  authority  to  appoint  or  superintend  such  a 
committee,  and  the  whole  story  had  its  origin  in  the  fertile  brain 
of  an  imaginative  newspaper  correspondent.  It  is  well  that  this 
should  be  understood  in  this  country,  in  case  the  baseless  state- 
ments referred  to  should  have  made  their  way  here. 

The  Annual  Meeting  of  (he  London  Mathematical  Society  will 
be  held  on  Thursday  evening,  November  12,  and  will  be  made 
special  for  the  purpose  of  considering  alterations  in  the  rules, 
which  will  be  proposed  by  the  Council.  At  the  same  meeting 
it  will  be  proposed  to  elect  Mr.  C.  Lcudesdorf  and  Capt.  P.  A. 
Macmahon,  R.  A.,  as  new  mcml>cn>  of  the  Council  in  the  place 
of  Dr.  Hirst,  F.R.S.,  and  Mr.  R.  F.  Scott,  who  retire. 

The  following  arc  the  conclusions  of  the  Scientific  Commis- 
sion appointed  by  the  Spanish  Government  to  cxamiue  Dr. 
Ferrari "s  method  of  tr.-ating  cholera  patients.  They  are  abbre- 
viated by  the  special  correspondent  of  the  Times  in  the  cholera 
districts  of  Spain,  writing  from  Valencia  on  October  12:  (I) 
Dr.  Fcrran's  inoculations  cannot  be  considered  inoffensive.  (2) 
The  attenuation  of  the  comma  bacillus  has  not  been  demon- 
strated. (3)  The  prophylactic  measures  conceived  by  Dr. 
Fcrran  are  empiric,  fcr  they  are  in  no  wise  governed  by 
scientific  rules  or  laws.  (4)  By  means  of  the  vaccination  the 
epidemic  is  propagated.  (5 1  It  is  not  demonstrated  by  the  results 
ascertained  that  the  inoculations  secure  immunity  from  cholera. 
(6)  The  individual  during  the  first  days  following  his  inoculation 
is  rendered  more  susceptible  to  contract  any  other  form  of 
disease.  (7)  This  is  due  to  the  fact  that  the  inoculation  disturbs 
more  or  less  profoundly  the  physiological  equilibrium  which  it  is 
so  necessary  to  maintain  during  a  period  of  epidemics.  <8)  The 
results  as  ^cen  by  the  Commission  do  not  prove  immunity  from 
cholera.  Neither  is  it  possible  to  obtain  conclusions  from 
statistics  relating  to  inoculations,  because  general  laws  cannot 
l>e  deduced  from  isolated  facts. 

Dr.  Cu-ain  delivered  the  Harveian  oration  on  Monday  after- 
noon before  the  Royal  College  of  Physicians.  He  set  himself 
to  ansucr  two  questions:  first,  why  it  is  that  among  a  vast  ; 
numl*r  of  persons,  alike  in  ancient  and  in  modern  times,  medi- 
cine has  not  enjoyed  that  high  estimate  of  its  value,  as  an  art 
and  as  a  science,  to  which  it  is  justly  entitled  ;  and,  secondly, 
whether  we  have  any  grounds  for  anticipating  a  more  satisfac- 
tory future  for  medicine,  either  in  the  security  of  the  foundations 
on  which  11  is  laid,  or  in  the  consequent  appreciation  of  it  by 
the  public.  In  the  course  of  the  oration  Dr.  Quain  spoke  of 
the  progress  of  medical  science  t>efore  the  foundation  of  the 
College  of  Physicians  ;  the  advances  ma  le  in  our  knowledge  of 
etiology,  c>|scci.illy  in  the  practice  of  arresting  the  division  of 
disease  by  limiting  the  spread  of  contagion,  and  of  improvements 
in  our  knowledge  of  pathology,  liming  pointed  out  the  pro- 
gress which  science  and  art  have  made  in  every  direction,  Dr. 
Quain  produced  statistical  evidence  that  the  improvement  has 
been  productive  of  substantial  .cults.  In  answer  to  the 
second  question  he  quoted  the  woi.U  of  "one  of  the  most  emi- 
nent of  our  statesmen,"  to  the  cfli  ci  1h.1t  in  a  generation  or  two 
the  medical  profession  wo-.ild  U  fat  111  advance  of  ihe  o.her 
jcarne«l  professions.' 


We  lately  quoted  in  Nature,  with  a  comment  on  the  cicee4 
ingly  unusual  character  of  such  an  announcement  from  America, 
a  statement  to  the  effect  that  the  Astronomical  Observatory  o 
Beloit  College  was  l>cing  closed  on  account  of  want  of  fuvl-. 
We  are  very  pleased  to  learn  from  Stitntt  that  this  statement  ir 
quite  erroneous.  On  the  contrary,  Prof.  Bacon,  the  Director  of 
the  Observatory,  states  that  new  arrangements  have  been  at<U 
for  carrying  on  additional  observations  in  meteorology,  and  thai 
especial  attention  will  be  paid  to  solar  and  spectroscopic  work, 
with  greater  facilities  than  before.  This,  we  may  observe,  a 
happily  by  no  means  a  surprising  or  novel  announcement  froc 
across  the  Atlantic. 

THE  new  School  of  Metallurgy  which  has  recently  been  a  ide-! 
to  the  Birmingham  and  Midland  Institute,  was  formally  opeue-i 
on  September  24,  when  Prof.  Chandler  Roberts,  F.R.S  .  <ie 
livcrcd  a  lecture  on  the  Development  of  Technical  Instructor,  m 
Metallurgy.  Prof.  Roberts  pointed  oat  how  very  recent  hi; 
been  the  introduction  into  this  country  of  systematic  instruction  ^ 
metallurgy.  After  referring  to  the  important  share  which  I*: 
Percy  has  had  in  the  dcvelop:ncnt  of  metallurgical  work  £ 
England,  and  to  the  steps  taken  by  the  Committee  of  Council  00 
Education  for  its  practical  working.  Prof.  Roberts  insisted  on  thr 
importance  of  combining  theory  and  practice,  and  referred  v 
length  to  the  methods  adopted  in  the  School  of  Mines.  A  t-. 
rc[K>rt  of  Prof.  Roberts'  lecture  will  be  found  in  the  Ciemu* 
News  of  October  9. 

The  increasing  efficiency  with  which  electric  lighting  can  t-c 
applied  has  recently  been  shown  by  Messrs.  Woodhouse  u>< 
Rawson,  who,  at  a  soiree  at  Guy's  Hospital,  lit  up  the  buillin^ 
with  their  incandescent  lamps  worked  off  Faure  Scllon  accumu- 
lators, which  were  only  delivered  on  the  morning  of  the  writ. 
Equally  efficient  was  the  lighting  supplied  by  the  same  firm  t: 
the  Leicester  Exhibition  of  the  Sanitary  Institute  of  (jrer 
Britain.  It  is  certainly  a  great  convenience  that  such  temporary 
illuminations  can  be  effected  under  almost  any  conditions. 

I.N  an  article  on  the  use  of  the  French  Academy,  ->.'  ie* 
says:— "But,  aside  from  all  personal  considerations,  there  re- 
mains a  question  whether  an  organisation  like  the  Frex.cr. 
Academy  may  not  perform  an  important  service  to  the  country 
by  giving  its  collective  authority  to  the  encouragement  of  ei 
cellence  in  the  use  of  language.    May  not  its  criticism  of  n- 
own  members,  its  judgment  of  works  presented  to  it,  its  be 
stowal  of  academic  honours,  its  election  of  associates  its  pub:  . 
discourses,  and  its  serious  scrutiny  of  the  vocabulary  and  j>hrasr 
ology  of  the  language  in  their  combined  influence,  h«  >  m 
powerful  agency  in  the  promotion  of  literary  excellence  ?  Mi; 
it  not  become  a  sort  of  schoolmaster  to  the  nation,  incapjSle 
making  good  writers  out  of  bad,  but  helpful  in  discipl.ee  • 
Who  can  tell  what  has  been  the  net  gain  to  France  from  such  ; 
society?    Is  the  clearness  the  precision,  the  symmetry,  1^ 
finish  of  a  goo  1  French  style  worth  having?    What  would 
German  language  l>c  to  the  world  if  there  bad  been  a  Gennir 
academy  at  work  for  250  years  smoothing  it*  roughness  ±r. 
insisting  upon  clear,  unencumbered,  and  pleasing  forms  r 
expression  ?  " 

Tilt  Calendar  of  the  University  College  of  North  Walev  .-: 
Bangor,  has  just  been  published.  Bciides  the  usual  informal  1 
examination  papers  and  lists,  it  contains  a  brief  sketch  of 
establtshmcnt  of  this  college,  which  now  enters  its  >ecund  )eir, 
and  which  pnmii.se*  to  have  a  success  worthy  of  the  efforts  :  1 
which  it  was  founded.     The  thirst  of   the  Welsh  pe-.plc  t 
knowledge  and  for  the  education  of  their  children  is  well  kr.->«r 
anil    the   introduction  ti  the  "Calendar"  states  tba:   iw< : 
before  in  so  short  a  period  have  so  many  per*  >ns,  either  :v 
England  or  in  Wales,  subscribed  towards  a  m  .vement  fi  r  \  *  r 
promotion  of  higher  education.    In  twelve  moijh>  the  livs  r.mr 


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Oct.  22,  I  885  j 


NA  TURE 


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to  upwards  of  30,000/.,  and  by  the  end  of  1884  it  had  exceeded 
37,000/. 

Wr.  have  received  Prof.  Rockwood's  account  of  the  progress 
in  vulcanology  and  seismology  in  the  years  1883,  tSX.4,  from  the 
Smithsonian  Report  for  1884.  Under  Vulcanology  he  treats  of 
'ht  volcanic  eruptions  during  the  two  years  (dealing  mainly  with 
the  Krakatoa  eruption),  and  of  the  investigations  of  former 
volcanic  activity.  In  seismology  he  divides  his  subject  into 
earthquake  lists  of  1882  and  1883,  special  earthquakes  of  1883 
and  1884,  lists  of  former  earthquakes,  and  theories  of  earth- 
quakes. In  seUmomctry  Prof.  Rockwood  deals  with  instruments 
and  their  records.  The  pamphlet,  which  should  be  a  v&te 
mecum  for  all  engaged  in  investigating  seismic  phenomena,  con- 
cludes with  a  bibliographical  list  of  all  the  books  and  papers 
relating  to  the  subject,  which  appeared  during  the  two  years 
under  review.    This  list  is  surprising  for  its  length  and  variety. 

VuiBERT's  Journal  Je  Mathtmatiques  Jtiemtntairet,  which 
has  had  an  existence  of  nine  years  in  a  lithographed  form,  com- 
mences its  tenth  year  in  print.  It  may  be  called  the  French 
schoolboys'  mathematical  journal,  for  it  is  addressed  specially  to 
them,  and  all  the  solutions  arc  contributed  by  them.  It  appears 
fortnightly  from  October  1  to  July  15,  and  the  terms  of  sub- 
scription are  very  moderate.  We  have  unfortunately  in  this 
country  nothing  to  correspond  to  it,  and  it  may  therefore  be  use- 
ful to  signalise  its  existence  to  mathematical  masters. 

At  a  meeting  of  the  Council  of  the  National  Fish  Culture 
Association  held  on  Friday  last  under  the  presidency  of  the 
Marquess  of  Exeter,  it  was  resolved  to  take  immediate  steps  to 
conduct  a  series  of  investigations  and  observations  on  the  ocean 
in  regard  to  its  temperature  at  various  depths  ;  aUo  as  to  the 
habits  of  fish,  their  spawning  grounds,  their  enemies  and  the 
cause  of  their  erratic  migrations.  The  Duke  of  Edinburgh,  it 
was  stated,  had  much  interested  himself  in  the  subject,  and  had 
obtained  the  cooperation  of  the  Admiralty  and  Trinity  Board 
in  aiding  the  Association  to  carry  out  the  observations  with  the 
view  of  promoting  marine  fish  culture  and  undertaking  it  on  a 
thoroughly  scientific  basis 

The  Severn  Fishery  Bo.trd  have  made  arrangements  with  the 
National  Fish  Culture  Association  to  incubate  salmon  ova. 
When  hatched  out  the  fry  will  l>e  placed  in  the  waters  under  the 
control  of  the  Board,  which  L>  doing  its  utmost  to  cultivate  all 
species  of  Salmonidx.  The  National  Fish  Culture  Association 
will,  it  is  understood,  render  similar  service  gratuitously  to  other 
Boards,  in  order  to  assist  in  developing  the  inland  fisheries  of 
the  United  Kingdom. 

The  Institute  of  Chemistry  has  obtained  a  Royal  Charter  of 
Incorporation  from  the  Privy  Council,  and  it  is  intended  to 
celebrate  the  occasion  by  a  dinner  on  November  6. 

The  following  Penny  Science  Lectures  wilt  be  given  at  the 
Royal  Victoria  Hall  and  Coffee  Tavern,  Waterloo  Bridge  Road, 
during  the  ensuing  weeks.— On  Tuesday,  October  27,  Mr.  W. 
D.  Halliburton  will  lecture  on  the  "Circulation  of  the  Blood"  ; 
on  Tuesday,  November  3.  Sir  John  Lubbock  will  lecture  on 
'*  Ants";  on  Tuesday,  November  10,  Mr.  W.  Lant  Carpenter 
will  lecture  on  «'  Electrical  Fire  Alarms  in  America." 

A  SHOCK  of  earthquake  was  felt  at  lialf-p.ist  seven  o'clock  on 
the  morning  of  the  13th  in  Granada  and  the  surrounding  country. 
The  movement  is  descried  as  a  long  trepidation,  with  a 
rumbling  noise.  At  Palermo  a  shock  occurred  on  the  morning 
of  the  15th.  A  house,  three  storeys  high,  fell  in,  and  a  number 
of  persons  were  buried  in  the  debris. 

In  connection  with  the  General  Italian  Exhibition  held  in 
Turin  last  year,  the  Italian  Meteorological  Society  has  just 
issued  an  interesting  brxhureon  the  presrnt  stale  of  astronomical, 


physical,  and  meteorological  studies  in  the  peninsula.  In  these 
departments  the  show  was  thoroughly  national,  special  promi- 
nence having  been  given  to  those  branches  which  are  at  present 
most  widely  cultivated  in  Italy.  Thus  in  terrestrial  physics  full 
scope  was  given  to  seismology,  vulcanology,  and  geodynamics, 
all  which  studies,  owing  to  the  spechl  local  conditions,  have 
here  been  associated  ]with  some  of  the  most  illustrious  names  in 
science.  Meteorology  was  well  represented  by  specimen*  of  the 
best  apparatus  from  the  chief  meteorological  stations  in  the 
country,  and  in  astronomy  the  progress  of  all  the  local  observa- 
tories was  fully  illustrated.  Amongst  the  objects  on  view  were 
astronomical,  physical,  and  meteorological  apparatus;  charts, 
maps,  designs,  photographs  ;  printed  and  manuscript  works  on 
these  subjects.  Although  still  far  behind  some  other  countries 
in  the  production  of  scientific  instruments,  the  display  showed 
that  in  recent  limes  Italy  his  made  considerable  progress  in  this 
branch  of  mechanics.  To  illustrate  the  history  of  these  sciences 
the  exhibition  included  some  curious  old  instruments  associated 
wi  th  the  names  of  illustrious  pioneers,  who  laboriously  prepared 
the  way  now  followed  by  their  more  fortunate  successors  living 
in  better  times  and  enjoying  the  advantage  of  more  perfect 
appliances.  The  pamphlet  contains  a  complete  list  of  the 
ninety-one  meteorological  and  geodynamic  stations  already 
established  throughout  the  peninsula,  as  well  as  the  names  of 
exhibitors,  to  whom  diplomas,  gold  and  silver  medals,  and  other 
distinctions  were  awarded. 

Mr.  Meixard  Reade's  presidential  address  to  the  Liverpool 
Geological  Society  was  on  "  The  North  Atlantic  as  a  Geological 
Basin."  After  discussing  the  form  and  nature  of  the  ocean-bed 
so  far  as  is  disclosed  by  the  latest  soundings  and  dredging*,  he 
|K>intcd  out  that  all  along  the  coast  of  Spain  and  North  Africa 
the  bottom  was  exceedingly  irregular,  as  proved  by  the  sound- 
ings for  the  telegraph  cables,  consisting  apparently  of  mountains 
and  valleys.  On  the  opposite  coast  of  South  America,  and 
especially  about  the  mouths  of  the  Amazons,  the  soundings  were 
comparatively  shallow  and  of  nearly  uniform  depth.  Taken 
together  with  the  known  great  depth  of  alluvial  deposits  at  the 
mouths  of  all  the  great  rivers  where  borings  had  been  made,  and 
the  undoubted  great  age  of  the  Amazons  Basin,  Mr.  Rcadc 
arrives  at  the  opinion  that  this  plateau  is  a  submarine  extension 
of  the  delta  proper,  consisting  of  geologically  modern  sediment 
probably  thousands  of  feet  thick.  The  same  reasoning,  he 
points  out,  will  apply  to  other  gTcat  rivers  and  coxsts  where 
similar  conditions  exist. 

From  a  scries  of  experiments  by  Hcrr  Graber,  relating  to  the 
effects  of  odorous  matters  on  invertebrate  animals,  it  appears 
probable  that  in  the  case  of  many  insects  neither  the  antenna; 
nor  the  palpi  can  be  absolutely  pronounced  the  mast  sensitive 
organ  of  smell,  inasmuch  as  the  one  organ  is  most  sensitive  for 
some  odorous  matters,  and  the  other  for  others. 

The  additions  to  the  Zoological  Society's  Gardens  during  the 
past  week  include  a  Purple-faced  Monkey  {Semnopithetus  leuea- 
prymnut  9  )  from  Ceylon,  presented  by  Major  Norris  ;  a  Rhesus 
Monkey  (Maeacus  rhesus  9  )  from  India,  presented  by  Mr.  J.  H. 
Fielding  ;  a  Common  Marmoset  (Hapale jaeehut),  a  Black-eared 
Marmoset  {Hapale  penieillata')  from  Brazil,  presented  by  Miss 
Knowlcs  ;  a  Common  Marmoset  (Hapale  /acefius)  from  Brazil, 
presented  by  Lady  Cowley  ;  a  Common  Hare  (I.epus  europ.tus), 
British,  presented  by  Mr.  F.  J.  Allprcss  ;  a  Mexican  Souslik 
(Sftrmophilus  mexieanus  i )  from  Mexico,  presented  by  Dr. 
Stuart;  a  Herring  Gull  [Lams  ar^entaJus),  British,  presented 
by  Mr.  J.  G.  Taylor  ;  a  Macaque  Monkey  (Matacus  <yno- 
molgus  6)  from  India,  a  Green  Monkey  {Ctrcopithecus  ealli- 
trichm  9  )  from  West  Africa,  deposited  ;  an  Ariel  Toucan 
(Ramphastes  ariet:  from  Brazil,  purchased  ;  a  Hoolock  Gibbon 
(Hylobatet  hoolxk  9  ),  received  in  exchange. 


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6io 


NA  TURE 


[Oct.  22,  i S3;. 


OUR  ASTRONOMICAL  COLUMN 

The  Variable  star  VCygni.— In  Dr.  Hartwig's  ephemeris 
of  the  variable  stars  for  the  present  year  a  maximum  of  V  Cygni 
is  doubtfully  aligned  to  November  15.  The  change  in  the 
brightness  of  lhi>  strikingly  red  star  was  notified  by  the  late  Mr. 
Birmingham  in  May,  1881.  The  several  determinations  of  the 
time  of  maximum  in  the  following  year  were  very  discordant ; 
thus,  Dr.  Lindctnann  (who  made  an  interesting  communication  on 
this  star  to  the  St.  Petersburg  Academy  in  January  1884)  fixed  it 
on  August  31  "  auf  wenige  Tagc  sichcr  "  ;  Schmidt  gave  July  17, 
while  Prof.  Safahk  considered  it  was  reached  on  June  17.  This 
divergence  induced  Dr.  I.indemann  to  commence  regular 
observations  of  the  star  in  August  1882,  details  of  which 
will  be  found  in  his  paj>cr  (Bulletin  tie  Academic  Imperial 
ties  ScitHea  dt  St.  Petersburg,  t.  xxix.).  The  variation 
appeared  to  be  from  6  8  in.  to  below  10  in.,  and  the  period 
indicated  by  the  observations  of  1882  and  1S83  was  about 
a  year,  though  a  longer  one  is  now  assigned.  Several 
of  Dr.  I.indemann's  notes  are  worthy  of  attention.  On 
July  19,  18S1,  the  stai  had  a  nebulous  cornetary  as|>ect,  with 
sensible  diameter.  On  August  13  in  the  following  year  it  was 
more  stellar,  and  had  no  longer  the  nebulous  appearance  it 
presented  in  18S1,  though  a  month  later  this  was  again  sus- 
pected. On  May  13,  1883,  we  read  :  "  V  funkelt  sehr  stark, 
leuchtct  momentan  auf  und  vcrschwindct  dazwischen  bcinahe," 
though  a  comparison  star  DM  +  470,  3162  showed  a  steady 
light.  On  July  27  it  shone  as  steadily  as  the  neighliouring  stars, 
without  any  nebulous  appearance.  On  October  8- "sehr 
vcrschwommcn";  a  wtck  afterwards,  this  aspect  was  not 
remarked,  though  the  images  of  surrounding  stars  were  very 
indifferent.  At  the  end  of  the  same  month  V  was  again  st-llar. 
Variations  in  the  intensity  of  the  colour  were  aKo  remarked. 

The  place  of  this  star  for  18S50,  according  to  meridian 
observation  at  Pulkowa  is  in  R.A.  2oh.  37m.  357*.  E'ccl. 
+  47°  4J'  S3"- 

Oct." I' t-TATIO.N    OF   ALI'IIIARAH    ON    NOVEMBER   22. — The 

Greenwich  mean  times  of  disappearance  and  reappearance  of 
this  star  and  the  c one-ponding  angles  from  n'trth  point,  in  the 
occupation  on  the  evening  of  November  22,  may  be  pretty 
closely  determined  for  any  place  in  this  country  from  the  follow- 
ing formula: : — 

h.  m. 

Time  of  disap.  =   9  457  +  [0-2259)  L  +  [9'3«lol  M 
reap.    -  10  56  2  +  [9  8575]  L  +  [9'477'.»J  M 

Angle  at  di*ap.  _  1041  +  [0-358!  I.  -  [9  307]  M 
„       reap.    -  2Sr6  -  [0  412]  L  +  [9-246]  M 

In  which  the  latitude  of  the  place  is  ]  ut  =  50"  +  L,  and  M  is 
the  longitude  in  minutes  of  time  counted  positive  towards  the 
ca*t.     '1  he  quantities  within  brackets  are  logarithms. 

The  above  equations  arc  founded  upon  the  following  results 
of  direct  calculation 


Dis-H  pcarance 
K  m.  9, 

Greenwich  ...  9  48  9 
Edinburgh  ...  9  53  5 
Dublin   9  46  10 


h.   in.  s. 

IO  57  15 

IO  56  39 

10  51  O 


Angles  from 
N.  IVm 

ICS  278 
I 20  204 
117  203I 


I  '1  'fill. I.-  Stars. — Two  important  series  of  measures  of 
doiibli-stars  have  lately  appeared  in  the  .-/i/rowdw/V/v  ,\',?. 

rithtm  :  the  first  in  h  ■■■.21   7  ; \  |  -,-  J  r.  R.  Engelmann,  of  I 
sic,  in  continuation  of  a  series  previously  published  ;  1  he 
M   1  rTOtin,  made  at  the  Observatory  of  Nice,  in  Sw 
According  to  the  Lcipsic  observations  of  J  2173,  lor  *  hich  Prof. 
Duner  found  a  period  of  45  yean  only,  calculation  is  not  yet  so 
notich  in  error,  as  for  a  first  approximation,  unci  so  difficult  a  Jtar, 
might  well  have  been  anticipated.  Or,  Engelmann  s  mean  result 
i*.  Tor  1883-8$,  position,  24*°$  ;  distance,  o"  2}  ;  the  orbit  gives 
34  and  o""2.    The  lcipsic  scries  contains  measures  of  many  of 
Mi   1  :-tto  Struve'i  ar    Y-.  !tn's  stars. 


spectra.     Following  I'rof.  Vogcl's  classification  he  prefer* 
regard  the  si>cctra  with  bands  fading  away  towards  the  vi- 
as  a  subdivision   of  the  same  type  as  those  in  »hich  i:-. 
band.s  failc  away  towards  the  red,  rather  than,  with  Sec-lu. 
make  them  into  a  separate  class.  Duner's  type  III.  <i.  thcief ■•■ 
corrcsjxmds  to  Sccchi's  third  ly|>c  anil  his  III.  i  to  Se.i\ 
fourth  type.    Prof.  Duner's  purpose  in  forming  this  cvr.H'J- 
is  to  supply  the  means  for  future  observers  to  detect  dunl- 
in these  spectra  should  any  such  occur,  for,  as  he  )»::..■ 
out,    these  stars  arc   probably  in  a  very   advanced  >■-.'..■ 
development,  and  we  may  theieforc,  perhaps  hope  to  c!t-.  ■■• 
some  day  changes  in  their  s|>etlra  which,  carefully  studied,  i-- 
lead  to  important  results  as  to  the  nature  of  suns.    They  it.  r 
mo:e   interesting,   alsr>,  l*ccausc  variable  stars  of  long  jx r.  • 
usually  belong  to  this  class. 

With  this  view  Prof.  Duner  has  carefully  examined  ill  :J 
known  objects  of  this  type  which  are  visible  in  hi*  lauiudc,  -r. 
for  which  the  optical  means  at  his  command  were  sufliciea:,  i-V. 
he  has  catalogued  297  stars  of  tvpc  III.  a,  that  i>,  with  v; 
shading  oft"  towards  the  red,  and'  55  of  type  III.  K  with  !■ 
shading  off  in  the  opposite  direction.     Ad  important  *u.. 
follows  giving  a  list  of  stars  which  different  astronomer-  i 
regarded  as  belonging  to  the  third  class,  but  which  Duner  cai..-. ' 
so  classify.    Only  in  a  very  few  instances,  however,  is 
good  reason  to  suspect  a  change  in  the  sj  ectrum.    In  the 
majority  Secchi,  whose  observation  ssupply  most  of  these  u-i- 
discrepancy,  hail  himself  at  one  time  or  another  regime"  ! 
star  as  being  of  the  second  type,  i.e.  without  band*,  <>r  e     '  ' 
especially  remarked  on  the  extreme  feebleness  of  the  band- * 
he  thought  he  saw.    There  arc,  however,  three  stars  olwcnc  ■  1 
D'Arrest  for  which  the  evidence  of  change  seems  strong,  v.. 
240341.1-,  D.M.  -r  60*1461  andD.M.  +  36  277-2-  l'10'  ''" 
has  also  failed  to  find  Schjellerup  No.  249.  w  hich  i-.  pr'-'"'  ■ 
a  long  period  variable,  and  he  draws  special  attention  ;  k 
Andromed.e,  a  star  the  spectrum  of  which,  though  of  t>pt  ill 
presents  some  very  marked  peculiarities.     Great  ore  hi*  ^ 
taken  in  the  determination  of  the  (Moitions  of  the  hand*  in- 
different  spectra.     It   is  clear,  a-  many  s|nctr<'*i.  >;'>'> 
already  observed,  that  the  bands  of  type  III.  iJ.  occupy  the 
l«>sitions  in  all  the  spectra  of  the  type,  and  the  -ame  Utrvif 
the  bands  of  type  III.  t.    With  regard  to  the  farmer  ih- 
sliarp  dark  edge*s  on  the  more  refrangible  side*,  of  the  ba::  I-  -  ; 
rally  coincide  with  strong  metallic  line*  ;  tbu>  one  of  tb.  -• 
prominent  bands  is  terminated  by  the  /-line*  of  magne-iuro.  . 
nature  of  the  connection  between  the  bands  and  the*f  'i"'; 
lines  is  not  at  all  clear  at  prc-cn',  the  symnictrie.il  atr.mgetiwi^ 
the  bands  seeming  to  s-i-i;cst  th^t  th.-y  are  due  to  - 
stance  rather  than  to  several.     The  three  principal  band*  ^  ' - 
spectra  of  the  other  type  Prof  Duner  considers  to  l*e  unJiiis:a''J 
tiio^e  of  a  carbon  compound,  and  to  correspond  to  llie  :  r-- 1 
bands  so  familiar  in  the  spectra  of  comets.    1  he  detenus- 
of  the  wave  lengths  of  the  lun  l-  m  -pcc:ra  of  thi*  ')P  '!r 
necessarily  not  quite  ■•<>  accurate  .i*  th<>*c  i«f  the  bands  ii  - 
of  type  III.  a.  but  if  I'rof.  Duner's  measure*  arc  accepfc  '.  ■ 
movt  imj<ort.int  eorrcsj -i mdence  may  be  con-i-icred  fall* ^  ' 
Mi5h<-1.     Put,  apait  from  the  value  oi  these  measures.  1 
Duner's  catalogue,  with  tlu-  full  an>i  clear  deserip'-i"'-  '  c 
apprmled  (o  every  si;ir.  will  be  of  the  utmost  service  to  tut*-  ' 
observers  of  these  interesting  and  beautiful  object'. 

Tut  t.'oMi  T  of  1S66  .\\r>  th»:  Mkteors  of  NWi.\m-»  «( 
—  Trof.  D.  Kiikwood  ha*  rccentlv  pointed  out  i-i  a  pajw  rr!'; 
l  ef-.re  the  Amcucan  Philosophical  Society,  that  there  i< 
cvi<lentc  that  there  are  three  meteoric  swarms  travelling  in  " 


orbit  of  Tempel's com.  .  ■  •;'  :i  e 
w-hich  produced  the  great  show^  1- 
of  which  Prof  Adams  she 


i>il*i 


A. 


'.  ■/'//  VS/i 


■"si  A.   •         1  H  *s  I  1     ;      V    ,  1      .11..     I  1 1      .  1  [ill, 

I"'      :"  .taut  1  ..:..2o£«e  of  »ttt*  \ 


Oct.  22,  1885] 


NATURE 


611 


ASTRONOMICAL  PHENOMENA  FOR  THE 
WEEK,  1885,  OCTOBER  25-31 

(For  the  reckoning  of  time  the  civil  day,  commencing  at 
Greenwich  mean  midnight,  counting  the  hours  on  to  24,  is  here 
employed. ) 

At  Greemvith  on  Octoi'tr  25 
Sun  rises,  6h.  44m.  ;  souths,  nh.  44m.  7  5s.;  sets,  i6h.  45m.  ; 
dccl.  on  meridian,  12'  16'  S.  :  Sidereal  Time  at  Sunset, 
loh.  2m. 

Moon  (two  days  after  Full)  rises,  t-h.  32m.*  ;  souths,  oh.  46m.  ; 
sets,  Sh.  Ilm.  ;  decl.  on  meridian,  12°  52'  N. 


Planet 

South* 

Set. 

Dec!,  on  meridian 

h.  m. 

h.  in. 

h.  m. 

Mercury  .. 

.    7  »» 

12    7  .. 

.    16  56 

...     14  22  S. 

Venus 

.  10  56 

..     14  3«  .. 

.    18  20 

...    24  54  s. 

Mars  .. 

0  1 

...     7  26  .. 

•    «4  5« 

...    15  30  N- 

Jupiter 

•  3  «S 

•  20  13* 

...     9  32 

•    15  49 

...     2  33  N. 

Saturn 

..     4  21  .. 

12  29 

...    22  17  N. 

•  Indicates  that  the  rising  U  that  of  the  preceding  day 
Occultations  of  Stars  by  the  Moon 


Oct. 


Star 


Mas 


Disap. 


Reap. 


25  ...  B.A.C.  087 

26  ...  H.A.C.  1256 

28  ...  B.A.C.  1930 

29  ...  1  Cancri  ... 


Corresponding 
angles  from  ver- 
tex to  right  fur 
inverted  linage 
h.   m.  h.   m.  o  0 

6J  ...  30...    4  10    ...  137  313 

6  ...  22    3  near  approach  151  — 

6h  ...  00...    I    6    ...  51  249 

6  ...  22    5  ...  22  26    ...  115  164 

Phtnomtna  of  Juf>ittr  s  Salt  Hit  ft 
Oct.        h.  in.  Oct.         h.  m. 

25    ...    4    3    II.  occ.  reap.     29    ...    6   o  IV.  occ.  disap. 

28  ...    6  32     I.  tr.  in;,'.        29    ...    6  10     I.  occ.  reap. 

29  ...    3    7     I.  eel.  disap,    30    ...    3  19    I.  tr.  egr. 
The  OcCttltartow  of  Stars  and  Phenomena  of  Jupiter's  Satellites  are  such  as 

are  visible  at  Greenwich. 

Oct  h. 

28    ...    17    ...    Saturn  in  conjunction  with  and  4°  8'  north 
of  the  Moon. 


GEOGRAPHICAL  NOTES 

A  kECENT  Bluc-twok  (Siam,  No.  1,  1885)  contains  a  report 
by  Mr.  Archer,  of  the  Consular  service  in  Siam,  on  silk -culture 
in  the  province  of  Kabin,  which  lies  on  the  eastern  side  of  the 
Siamese  delta,  at  the  loot  of  the  mountains  separating  the 
Mcinam  valley  from  that  of  the  Meiking.  In  the  course  of  his 
journey  Mr.  Archer  came  across  certain  Laos  settlement-,  of 
which  he  gives  an  interesting  account  which  is  deserving  of  note, 
on  occount  of  the  very  little  known  of  the  Laos.  He  says  the 
settlements  in  the  provinces  of  I'achim  and  Nakon  Nayok  are, 
as  it  were,  the  south-western  outposts  of  the  Laos  race,  which 
forms  the  bulk  of  the  population  of  Eastern  and  Northern  Siam, 
but  they  are  "phung  khao,"  or  "  white-bellied,"  and  therefore 
distinct  from  the  "  black-bellied,"  or  inhabitants  of  the  Chierjg- 
inai  provinces.  They  arc  not,  however,  the  original  inhabitants 
of  these  provinces,  but  captives  from  Muang  Kalassin,  a  province 
to  the  north  east  of  Korat,  formerly  dependent  on  Wicn  Chan, 
who,  after  the  war  waged  successfully  by  the  Siamese  against 
that  ancient  kingdom  about  sixty  years  ago,  were  trans|>ortcd  to 
and  allowed  to  settle  in  the  country  extending  from  the  province 
of  Nakon  Nayok  to  that  of  ISattambong.  This  c  mntry  consists, 
for  the  most  port,  of  a  series  of  slight  and  gradual  elevations  and 
depressions,  the  dwellings,  garden-,  and  any  other  plantations 
Ijwng  generally  situated  on  the  former,  whilst  rice  is  cultivated 
ation  is  sparse,  and  consequently  the 
is  covered  with  jungle.  The  inhabit- 
doient,  ami  appear  unable  to  evert  them- 
an  enough  rice  for  their  hare  sustenance, 
of  the  simplest  description,  and  their 
'  commercial  centre  and  outside  any 
,  with  the  exception  of  cotton, 
II  Laos  tribes,  however,  arc 
CC.  Those  living  in  the  pro- 
i  active,  and  devote  more 
ng  of  silkworms, 
poorer  soil  at  a 
to  devote  more 


Mr.  Coutts  Trotter  read  a  paper  at  the  AWrdcen  Meeting 
of  the  British  Association  "  On  Recent  Explorations  in  New 
Guinea,"  bringing  up  to  date  the  information  he  laid  l>efore  the 
Section  two  years  ago.  It  deals  with  certain  hydrographical 
and  other  physico-gcographical  questions  on  which  light  has 
been  lately  thrown  by  Mr.  Chalmers's  journey,  and  by  the  ascent 
of  the  Ambcmo  River,  and  points  to  the  conclusions  to  be  drawn 
from  certain  temples,  with  a  special  priesthood  and  objects  of 
worship  lately  discovered — implying  an  order  of  religious  ideas 
quite  foreign  to  the  Papuan  mind.  As  regards  the  natives  of 
New  Guinea,  he  believes  the  conflicting  jurisdiction,  and 
different  views  as  to  the  mode  of  dealing  with  them,  must  be 
prejudicial  to  their  interests. 

Tits  Arctic  steamer  AUrt  returned  to  Halifax  on  October  18 
from  Hudson  Bay  with  the  observation  party  who  have  spent 
fifteen  months  there  testing  the  practicability  of  that  route  for 
navigation  from  the  Canadian  north-west  to  Europe.  The  result 
of  the  observations  shows  that  the  average  temperature  is  not 
so  low  as  was  cxj>cc(ed,  nor  so  low  as  the  average  winter  tem- 
perature in  the  North- West.  The  lowest  monthly  average  was 
30*  below  zero.  The  ice  observations  show  that  the  Hudson  Straits 
and  Bay  are  navigable  bv  properly  built  and  equipped  vessels  for 
from  three  to  four  month* — from  July  to  October.  While  this 
report  is  somewhat  favourable,  doubts  arc  expressed  in  Canada 
whether  the  Hudson  Bay  route  can  ever  be  made  practicable. 


I  HE  GREAT  OCEAN  BASINS1 
II. 

"Fill,  advances  during  recent  years  in  the  knowledge  of  the 
forms  of  life  inhabiting  the  door  of  the  ocean  surpass  those 
in  any  other  department  of  oceanic  investigation.  Thousands  of 
new  organisms  have  Wen  discovered  in  all  seas  and  at  all  depths 
in  the  ocean,  and  either  have  been,  or  are  now  being,  described 
by  specialists  in  all  quarters  of  the  world.  There  does  not  seem 
to  be  any  part  of  the  ocean  bed  so  deep,  so  dark,  so  still,  or 
where  the  pressure  is  so  great  as  to  have  effectually  raised  a 
barrier  to  the  invasion  of  life  in  some  of  its  many  forms.  Even 
in  the  greater  depths  all  the  great  divisions  of  the  animal  king- 
dom are  represented. 

As  might  have  been  expected,  forms  of  life  arc  most  rich  and 
varied  in  the  shallow  water  surrounding  the  continents,  where 
there  is  abundance  of  food,  sunlight,  and  warmth  ;  where  there 
is  motion,  rapid  change  of  water  through  currents,  and  other 
congenial  conditions.  At  the  depth  of  half  a  mile  there  are  still 
numerous  animals,  though  many  of  them  differ  from  those  of 
shallower  depths,  but  plant-life  seems  to  have  wholly  disap- 
peared, if  we  except  the  diatoms  and  calcareous  algx,  whose 
frustulcs  and  skeletons  have  fallen  to  the  bottom  from  the  sur- 
face, carrying  with  them  some  of  their  protoplasm  and 
chloral  >hyll. 

At  the  depth  of  one  mile  there  arc  a  few  animals  which  are 
barely  distinguishable  from,  if  they  be  not  identical  with,  shallow 
water  forms  ;  but  the  majority  ol  the  animals  arc  specifically 
distinct  from  those  found  within  the  loo-fathom  line,  and  many 
of  them  belong  to  species  peculiar  to  the  deep  sea,  and  are 
universally  distributed  over  the  ocean  bed  in  deep  water. 

As  we  descend  into  still  deeper  water,  and  proceed  further 
seawards  from  the  borders  of  the  continents,  species  and  the 
number  of  individuals  become  fewer  and  fewer,  though  they 
often  present  archaic  or  embryonic  characters,  till  a  minimum  is 
reached  in  the  greatest  depths  furthest  from  continental  land. 
Distance  from  continental  land  is,  indeed,  a  much  more  import- 
ant factor  in  the  distribution  of  deep-sea  animals  than  actual 
depth. 

If  we  neglect  the  Troto/oa  and  compare  the  results  of  twelve 
of  the  Chaiifn^r's  trawlings  and  dredging*  in  the  central  line 
of  the  Pacific,  in  depths  greater  than  2000  fath  >ms,  on  glol.i- 
gcrina  ooze,  radiolarian  rxue,  and  red  clay,  with  twelve  trawlings 
and  dredgings  taken  under  similar  conditions  and  depths,  but  on 
the  blue  and  green  muds  within  200  miles  of  the  continents,  we 
find  that  the  Central  Pacific  stations  have  yielded  92  specimens  of 
animals  1>elonging  to  52  species,  all,  with  two  doubtful  excep- 
tions, new  to  science,  and  among  them  13  new  genera  ;  on  the 
other  hand,  the  stations  near  the  continents  have  given  over  1000 
specimens  belonging  to  211  species,  of  which  145  are  new 
species  and   66  belong  to  species   previously  known  from 

1  I  ecture  delivered  at  the  Aberdeen  meeting  of  the  British  Association  by 
Mr.  John  Murray,  Director  of  the  ChttUnerr  Reports.  Continued  front 
p.  $8«. 


Google 


6l2 


NA  TURE 


[Od.  22,  1885 


shallower  witter.  These  numbers  are  not  final,  but  the  propor- 
tion* are  not  likely  to  be  greatly  altered  when  the  whole  of  the 
Challenger  Reports  are  completed.  These  facts  may  be  in  part 
explained  by  the  greater  abundance  of  food  present  in  the  con- 
tinental tUbrit  which  forms  the  chief  constituent  of  the  terrigenous 
deposits  ;  but  it  is  probably  more  closely  connected  with  the 
greater  distance  of  the  seaward  stations  from  the  original  place  of 
migration.  We  must  suppose  that  all  deep-sea  animals  have 
been  derived  originally  from  shallow  water :  those  which  de- 
scended first  into  deeper  water  have,  generally  speaking,  been 
able  to  migrate  to  a  greater  distance  seawards  than  those  which 
set  out  later,  and  being  derived  from  older  stocks  they  have 
retained  in  the  great  deeps  some  of  the  characters  which  are 
new  regarded  as  archaic  and  embryonic. 

Although  no  new  types  of  structure  have  been  discovered  in 
organisms  from  the  deep  sea,  the  peculiar  modifications  which 
animals  have  undergone  to  accommodate  themselves  to  abysmal 
conditions  arc  sufficiently  interesting  and  remarkable  ;  the  eyes 
of  some  fish  and  crustaceans  have  become  atrophied  or  have 
disappeared  altogether,  while  in  others  they  have  become  of 
exceedingly  large  sire  or  have  been  so  modified  as  to  be  scarcely 
recognisable  as  eyes  :  for  instance,  in  the  case  of  the  scopelid  fish 
If>**pt ;  fins  and  antennae  have  become  extraordinarily  elongated 
and  at  times'' appear  to  simulate  thealcyonariansof  the  deep  sea. 
The  higher  Crustacea  and  some  families  of  fish  have  very  few 
and  very  large  eggs  in  the  deep-sea  species,  while  their  shallow- 
water  representatives  have  a  very  large  number  of  very  small  eggs, 
showing  apparently  that  the  deep-sea  species  have  relatively 
few  enemies.  While  some  groups,  for  instance  the  Pycno- 
gonids,  Tubular ians,  and  TSudibranchs,  have  much  more 
gigantic  representatives  in  the  deep  sea  than  in  shallow  water, 
the  representatives  of  the  majority  of  groups,  and  especially  the 
Gasteropods  and  Lamcllibranchs,  are  much  smaller,  and  feller  - 
ally  speaking  have  a  dwarfed  and  delicate  appearance,  the  shells 
being  poorly  supplied  with  carbonate  of  lime.  Indeed  the  solid 
tissues  of  most  deep-sea  animals  are  but  feebly  developed  when 
compared  with  shallow-water  forms.  The  experienced  dredger 
has,  as  a  rule,  little  difficulty  in  recognising  a  deep-set  species  in 
a  dredging  from  itsigeneral  appearance.  Many  deep-sea  animals 
emit,  and  some  have  special  organs  for  the  emission  of,  phos- 
phorescent light,  which  appears  to  play  a  large  rile  in  the 
economy  of  deep-sea  life. 

One  of  the  most  striking  facts  wilh  rcsj>ect  to  deep-sea 
animals  is  their  very  wide  distribution — the  same  species  being 
found  in  all  the  great  ocean  basins.  At  the  depth  of  half  a  mile 
identical  species  are  dredged  off  the  coast  of  Scotland  and  off 
the  coast  of  Australia  at  the  Antip<x!cs  ;  the  nearly  uniform  con- 
ditions, existing  everywhere  at  depths  greater  than  half  a  mile, 
facilitates  the  wide  distribution  of  species  which  have  once 
accommodated  themselves  to  a  life  at  that  depth.  The  same 
consideration  probably  explains  the  occurrence  of  some  identical 
and  nearly  identical  species  in  the  shallow  waters  of  the  temperate 
and  p>lar  regions  of  both  hemispheres. 

Among  the  higher  Crustacea  the  Brachyurans,  which  are 
regarded  as  a  modern  group,  are  found  in  great  number*  in 
shallow  waters,  but   have  very  few  representatives  in  deep 

w.ih  r--.  arid  .1 1 .ear    1  Ik-  onite  absent  ft        :h<-  ahwiul  icgi  •»•■>. 

On    t!if  other  hand.  :h.    :.•[•!,•,.  iiutiv,  .  ,.f  dn-   Sclii;. >| .d .1, 
An.aivuir.i.  and  Sl.K-mr.i.  v,  ;,n  b  are   le-arb-d  .1-  ■    U  t  <;i •  <n[.,, 
lie  widely  rli-!:il  -aSe-l  in  1  he  de.  ;»  mm  ;   ui,in\  -.inihr  1  n -,1  in. 
of  (hi-  kind  e  '.iM  be  pawn.      J  lit-  talked  C 1  -v,  .i.  U.  tin  1  -  _ !  [  -  i  - 1 1  !.r 

anvaie;  111.     I  |..|..''mi:.iris,    ihc    ]•  .i;r.  1  1cm.<-   an  I    Hi. .nil  

;irii..:i^  (iic    hVr.ib.   and    "dn.-;    epaiio.   hm1  imn   n<>  1.-]  re 


■h-  I,' 


han  I.  «i  fa 
r.h-  ;  while 


M-m.uivi^  in 

(nlelted    Id  : 

!..   I  he  ahyonil  .n-i.     \\  c   are  [lit 

pi  .-.it  j.  m  tn  In  I  ly  ■  1 1  - '  .  1  ^  -  111.1111  ■ .  a  1 1.  in-  :■■ 
ili. I  lime  j  i-niii:. 

I:  may  1>.  :u^c  i  I  ha 
1. -,n  mi  1  all  Ir.nvU  and  dr 
>.f  thr  t...n  1 1- j ■  :i  .  i  il 
covered  bv  tin  k'imh. 
great  f'TCe  I  bar  ;i%  lli.  • 
ami  a^sin  will)  I:  lib  \ .»n.i* i 
'■■■In  ably  com;  I.  a-  In.  .11  If  !:p 

W  1 1  e n  we  1 11 1  n  1 1 .  ;  1 1  r  - 1 1 1 M  •  e  w  a 
'bill  an  1  -tiipid  - .n]  thnt  is"  add  n. 
arii<-  witli  [In;  in-min^   | .1 ,;  1 1.  hie 

•ltd   vari.-il    < .  •!.  .:ir>. '  <.r  liiat  would  n> 
the  ,;,i.:iiilKent  dbpl.i),  ..f  phovph 


er    ,i|  'h. 
-  e.vn  o;c 
•  oar  :l- 
aee-uri.'. 
1n1m.1l  ~ 
1.  we 
dde- 


.  l.i:i    .  1 1  r-  w:deh  d:s 
ii)  genera  :ire  onlmcd 

«-.    Jet,     ll'  IIS  II  IT,    111  1 

•  •  anl    in  <1  isl  r  ibn  1 1-  mi.  even 

:  few   bundled  -era;  <iug-  of 
r  >ir.  a  v<  i  y  ina  'u  putt  idea 
■    ti>iili>       "f     1  a  are 
'.hi-,  r.  may  bi-  a r 
ill'  I  dep.  .-.11%  1  iCi'M 
.b.ubdr..  hay.-  r.v 

p-M'l  llf-'. 

"-,  one  may  exclaim' 
iei>,:<  e  ;it  (he  tir^t 
.t  the  "ceaii,  nth 


forth  on  a  dark  night  from  the  surface  of  an  equatorial 
like  flashes  of  "spirits  from  the  vasty  deep." 

"  Iteyo-.d  the  thadow  of  the  »hip 

I  watched  the  water  makes  ; 
They  moved  in  tracks  of  shining  white. 
And  when  they  reared  the  elrith  light 

Kelt  off  in  hoary  P  1 


"  Within  the  thadow  of  the  ship 
1  watched  their  rich  at  lire  ; 
Blue,  glossy  green,  and  velvet  black. 
They  coiled  and  swam,  and  every  track 
Wa»  a  hash  of  golden  fire. 


Oh.  happy  living  things  !    No  torqruc 

Their  beauty  might  declare. 
A  spring  of  love  gushed  from  my  heart, 


And  I  hie 


thei 


unaware. 


Experiments  with  tow-nets  have  shown  that  life  exists  in  all 
the  intermediate  waters  of  the  ocean,  between  the  surface  and 
the  bottom,  yet  sparingly  there  when  compared  with  what  occurs 
just  above  the  bottom,  or  more  markedly  when  compared  with 
the  abundant  and  luxurious  development  of  life  in  the  surface 
and  sub-surface  waters. 

In  mid-ocean  the  majority  of  the  organisms  are  quite  distinct 
from  those  usually  found  along  the  coasts  in  bays  and  estuaries, 
though,  like  the  deep-sea  animals,  they  were,  in  all  probability, 
originally  derived  from  the  shallow  waters  around  the  continents. 
There  are  species  of  diatoms,  calcareous  and  other  algx,  many 
foraminifera,  siphonophora,  a  few  annelids,  many  crustaceans, 
numerous  pteropods,  heterosis,  and  other  molluscs,  the  pelagic 
tunicates,  and  many  fishes  whose  home  is  in  the  great  systems  of 
oceanic  currents.  It  is  only  occasionally,  or  in  special  localities, 
that  some  of  the  species  arc  borne  to  continental  shores  for  the 
members  of  this  oceanic  pelagic  fauna  and  flora  appear  to  be  killed 
off  where  the  ocean  is  affected  by  the  fresh  waters  from  the  land. 
In  the  equatorial  regions  the  species  and  individuals  are  most 
abundant,  and  they  vary  with  temperature,  latitude,  and  the 
salinity  of  the  water. 

In  the  Antarctic  or  Southern  Ocean  diatoms  abound  at  the 
surface,  and  in  the  same  region  the  sea-floor  is  covered  with 
their  dead  ,silice  >us  frustutcs,  which  form  a  diatom  oozt.  In  the 
middle  and  western  Pacific,  where  the  surface  water  is  less  salt 
than  in  the  Atlantic,  the  radiolarians,  which  likewise  secrete  silica 
from  sea  water,  occur  in  vast  numbers  at  the  surface  and  in 
intermediate  waters,  and  in  these  regions  their  dead  shells 
and  skeletons  make  up  the  chief  part  of  the  deep-sea  deposits, 
known  as  riutiolarwn  oeie. 

Hut  it  is  those  species  l>clonging  to  the  varied  pelagic  oceanic 
organisms  which  secrete  lime  for  their  shells  and  skeletons  that 
arc  principally  forced  on  our  attention,  both  from  their  pro- 
digious numbers  and  the  part  played  by  their  remains  in  the 
formation  of  deposits.  These  sjiccies  flourish  especially  in  the 
warmest  and  saltest  waters.  In  a  square  mile  of  equatorial 
water  600  feet  deep  it  is  estimated  that  there  arc  over  16  tons  of 
carbonate  of  lime  in  the  form  of  shells,  which  belong  to  about 
30  species  of  calcareous  Alga?.  Foraminifera,  Ptero|K*U,  aid 
Hcteropods.  When  these  surface  organisms  die  and  fall  to  the 
l-.lt'.. in  -diey  fa  111  the  •!■  :  W  kr;..wn  a-  /.'r-r.>/e  •''  and  A-,'rf»- 
r-..,:.,   <•••:  In    .Ica-n  hi;    thev,    ..-  well  a-    >ther  surfaee 

1. ry  111  bin-,  i.ui  v  |.iwn  si::h  da.  ir.  n-ii,.'  the  .H^anie  matter  i»f 
lln -n  Ib-ue-.,  mI  i.  Ii,  ii"!  .i.r...mp..dn!;  rapidly  in  the  old  deep 
vs-atei.  f. tiiis  the  tbut  -  uiee  id  nourishment  for  deep 
uinr.i.'.b.  and  the  ehli.mp'iyi:  which  I'rof.  1  larlKy  has  discovered 
in  -  in  d.ep-.. 0  deposits  \-  probably  derived  from  di.UOtn- 
m  b ii  b  hav.  l.rikn  to  the  b..lt..m  111  thi.  way 

I;  is,  boweser,  a  mtv  leinai ka'dt  fait  ib.it  tile  ile^l  sholli  of 


f \.raini:iif'.ra  and  Pleii 
the 


p...|.  are  ri..|  found  on  t he  1»>1  totil 
d  tl:e  M-fl  beneath  all  the  lre;i,i|ii  is  here  they  flourish  abundantly 
1  .11  I  he  Mir  lace.     They  are  f.  mix!  al  greater  depths  l>enealli  warm 
I  cijuiaiorjal  waters  lion  cbewhere,  but  tlicrc  15  (>arely  a  trace  of 
e  greatest  dcjtths,  although  in  an  adjacent  &rta,v»here 
asi  iotcfmediate  conditions  arc  the  same,  but  where 
\r  . .  1 1 1  an  'hue  ">*l*a,  tbey  tnay  make  tip  75 

matbtOdaaUf  pcored  tku 

water  cni(a:iimj  al. 

ihel)  or  coral,  ills-  bme  •- 
bicAtlMinatr 
mpidly  the 
tike 


NATURE  613 


Oct.  22,  1885] 


bottom.  Where  the  depth  is  not  very  great  only  the  thinnest 
and  most  delicate  shells  are  removed,  and  the  others  accumulate, 
forming  mat  deposits  ;  with  increasing  depth  other  shells  dis- 
appear, only  the  thicker  ones  reaching  the  bottom  ;  but  in  the 
very  greatest  depth  nearly  every  trace  of  these  surface  shells  is 
removed,  or  we  find  them  making  up  but  I  or  2  per  cent,  of  the 
deposit.  It  is  possible  that  this  process  of  solution  of  the  shells 
may  be  somewhat  accelerated  in  the  deepest  layer*  of  water  by 
the  great  pressure. 

In  the  deepest  parts  of  the  abysmal  areas,  where  the  car- 
bonate of  lime  shells  arc  either  wholly  or  partially  removed  from 
the  bottom,  there  are  met  with  those  peculiar  deep-sea  clays,  the 
origin  of  which  has  been  the  subject  of  considerable  di>cu-sion. 
They  arc  principally  made  up  of  clayey  matter  resulting  from 
the  disintegration  of  volcanic  rocks,  and  derived  chietly  from 
floating  pumice  and  showers  of  volcanic  ashes.  Mixed  up  with 
these  clayey  and  volcanic  materials  are  thousands  of  .sharks' 
teeth,  some  of  them  of  gigantic  size,  and  evidently  belonging  to 
extinct  species,  also  very  many  ear-bones,  and  a  few  of  the 
other  bones  of  whales,  some  of  them  also  probably  belonging  to 
extinct  species.  These  organic  fragments  are  generally  much 
decomposed  and  surrounded  and  infiltrated  by  depositions  of 
peroxide  of  manganese,  which  is  a  secondary  product  arising 
fiom  the  decomposition  of  the  volcanic  material  in  the  deposits. 
Again,  we  have  in  some  places  numerous  zeolitic  minerals  and 
crystals  formed  in  the  clay,  also  as  secondary  products.  lastly, 
there  are  numerous  minute  spherules  of  native  iron  and  other 
rare  substances,  covered  with  a  black  coating  of  oxide,  which 
are  referred  with  great  certainty  to  a  cosmic  origin— probably 
the  dust  derived  from  meteoric  stones  as  they  pass  through  the 
higher  regions  of  our  atmosphere.  Quartz,  which  is  so 
abundant  as  a  clastic  element  in  deposits  aroond  the  continents, 
is  almost  absent  from  the  deposits  of  the  abysmal  regions. 

In  the  abysmal  regions,  then,  which  cover  one  half  of  the 
earth's  surface,  which  arc  undulating  plains  from  two  to  five 
miles  beneath  the  surface  of  the  sea,  we  have  a  very  uniform  set 
of  conditions  :  the  temperature  is  near  the  freezing  point  of 
fresh  water,  and  the  range  of  temperature  does  not  exceed  7% 
and  is  constant  all  the  year  round  in  any  one  locality  ;  sunlight 
and  plant-life  are  absent,  and  although  animals  belonging  to  all 
the  great  types  are  pre>ent,  there  is  no  great  variety  of  form  nor 
abundance  of  individuals  ;  change  of  any  kind  is  exceedingly 
slow.  In  the  more  elevated  portions  of  the  regions  the  deposits 
consist  principally  of  the  dead  shells  and  skeletons  of  surface 
animals,  in  the  more  depressed  ones  they  consist  of  a  re  I  clay 
mixed  with  volcanic  fragment al  matter,  the  remains  of  pelagic 
vertebrates,  cosmic  dust,  and  manganese  iron  nodules  and 
zeolitic  crystals,  the  latter  being  secondary  products  arising 
from  the  decomposition  of  the  minerals  which  have  long  re- 
mained exposed  to  the  hydrochemical  action  of  sea-water.  The 
rate  of  accumulation  is  so  slow  in  some  of  these  clays  that  we 
find  the  remains  of  tertiary  species  lying  on  the  bottom  alongside 
the  remains  of  those  inhabiting  the  present  seas.  It  has  not  yet 
been  possible  to  recognise  the  analogues  of  any  of  the  deposits 
now  forming  in  the  abysmal  regions  in  the  rocks  making  up  the 
continents. 

It  is  quite  otherwise  in  the  areas  bordering  the  continents— 
the  uncoloured  areas  on  the  maps.  Almost  all  the  matter 
brought  down  to  the  ocean  in  suspension  is  deposited  in  this 
region,  which  is  that  of  variety  and  change  with  respect  to  light, 
temperature,  motion,  and  biological  relations.  It  extends  from 
the  sea-shore  down,  it  may  be,  to  a  depth  of  three  or  four  miles, 
and  outwards  horizontally  from  60  to  300  miles,  and  includes 
all  partially  inclosed  seas,  such  as  the  Noilh  Sea,  Mediterranean, 
Caribbean,  and  many  others.  The  upper  or  continental  margin 
of  the  area  is  clearly  defined  by  the  coast  line,  which  is  continu- 
ally changing  from  breaker  action,  elevation,  and  subsidence  ; 
the  lower  or  abysmal  margin  of  the  region  is  less  clearly  marked 
out,  passing  insensibly  into  the  abysmal  regions  and  tetminating 
where  the  mineral  particles  from  the  neighbouring  continents 
disappear  from  the  deposits.  In  the  surface  waters  the  temper- 
ature varies  from  over  8o°  in  the  equatorial  to  28*  in  the  Polar 
regions,  and  from  the  surface  to  the  ice-cold  water  at  the  lower 
margins  of  the  regions  there  is  in  the  tropics  an  equally  great 
range  of  temperature.  Plants  and  animals  flourish  luxuriantly 
near  the  shore,  and  animals  extend  in  relatively  great  abundance 
down  to  the  lower  limits  of  the  region.  Here  we  find  now  in 
process  of  formation  deposits  which  will  form  rocks  similar  to 
thfige  making  up  the  great  bulk  of  continental  land,  such  as 
»dm«,  shales,  sandstones  marls,  greensands,  and  chalks;  the 


glauconitic  grains  of  the  green  muds  and  phosphatic  nodules 
can  be  traced  in  all  stages  of  formation,  and  probably,  though 
much  less  certainly,  the  initial  stages  in  the  formation  of  flint. 

Throughout  all  geological  time  the  deposits  formed  in  this 
border  or  transitional  area  appear  to  have  l«n  pushed,  forced, 
and  folded  up  into  dry  land,  through  the  secular  cooling  of  the 
earth  and  the  necessity  of  the  outer  crust  to  accommodate  itself 
to  the  shrinking  solid  nucleus  within.  These  dc|H>sitions  do  not  in 
themselves  cause  elevation  or  subsidence,  but  most  probably  the 
changes  of  pressure,  resulting  from  them,  tend  to  destroy  the 
existing  equilibrium  and  to  produce  lines  of  weakness  along  the 
borders  of  the  continents  and  in  the  regions  of  enclosed  and  par- 
tially enclosed  seas,  with  the  result  that  the  tx>nlcrs  of  conti- 
nental land  have  been  more  frequently  thrown  into  iolds  and 
have  suffered  greater  lateral  thrusts  than  any  other  regions  on 
the  surface  of  the  earth. 

On  the  other  hand,  while  we  know  that  there  are  vast  deposits 
of  carbonate  of  lime  taking  place  over  some  portions  of  the 
abysmal  regions,  and  that  volcanic  outbursts  occur  in  others, 
still  these  are  not  comparable  with  the  great  changes  which  have 
taken  place  in  the  past,  ami  are  now  taking  place,  on  the  con- 
tinents and  along  their  borders. 

When  the  coral  atolls  and  barrier  reefs  which  are  scattered 
over  the  tropical  regions  of  the  great  oceans  are  examined  in 
the  light  of  recent  discoveries,  it  is  found  that  their  peculiar 
form  and  structure  can  be  accounted  for  by  the  truncation  of 
some  submarine  cones  through  breaker  action  ;  by  the  upward 
growth  of  others  through  the  accumulation  of  marine  deposits  ; 
by  the  solution  of  dead  coral  through  the  action  of  sea-water  ; 
ami  lastly  by  a  study  of  the  source  and  direction  from  which  the 
food  supply  reaches  the  reef-building  animals.  That  this  in  all 
probability  is  the  true  history  of  the  origin  of  these  marvellous 
structures  is  further  confirmed  by  the  recent  examination  of  the 
upraised  coral  atolls  of  the  Pacific  by  Dr.  Guppy,  and  the  re- 
searches of  Mr.  Buchanan  into  the  characters  ol  oceanic  banks 
and  shoals.  Coral  atolls  and  barrier  reef  ,  instead  of  pointing 
out  great  and  general  subsidences,  must  be  regarded  rather  as 
indicating  areas  of  great  permanence  and  stability. 

The  results  of  many  lines  of  investigation,  then,  seem  to  show- 
that  in  the  abysmal  regions  we  have  the  most  (Krrmancni  areas 
of  the  earth's  surface,  and  he  is  a  bold  man  who  still  argues  that 
in  Tertiary  times  there  was  a  largo  area  of  continental  land  in 
the  Pacific,  that  there  was  once  a  Lemuria  in  the  Indian  Ocean, 
or  a  continental  Atlantis  in  the  Atlantic 

In  this  rapid  review  of  recent  occanographical  researches  my 
chief  object  has  been  to  show  you  the  wide  range  of  the  observa- 
tions, for  every  science  has  been  enriched  by  a  large  store  of 
new  facts.  It  matters  little  whether  the  opinions  which  I  have 
given  as  to  the  bearing  of  some  of  these  be  correct  or  not  ;  for 
the  observations  are  now  or  will  soon  be  in  the  hands  of  scien- 
tific men,  and  errors  in  interpretation  or  deduction  will  soon 
be  exposed.  The  great  point  is  that  there  has  been  a  vast 
addition  to  human  knowledge,  and  it  must  be  a  matter  of  satis- 
faction that  our  own  country  has  taken  so  large  a  share  in  these 
important  investigations  as  to  call  forth  the  admiration  of  the 
scientific  men  o?  all  countries.  You  have  learnt  from  the 
President's  address  that  there  is  usually  not  much  to  say  in  com- 
mendation  of  the  Government  for  its  liberality  to  science.  But 
in  the  matter  of  deep-sea  investigation,  neglecting  mere  details, 
we  can  say  that  the  successive  Governments  of  the  Queen  during 
the  past  twenty  years  have,  cither  from  design  or  by  accident, 
undertaken  a  woik  in  the  highest  interests  of  the  race,  have 
carried  it  on  in  no  mean  or  narrow  patriotic  spirit,  and  arc  likely 
to  carry  it  to  a  termination  in  a  manner  worthy  of  a  great,  free, 
and  prosperous  people. 


ON  A  SUPPOSED  PERIODICITY  OF  THE 
CYCLONES  OF  THE  INDIAN  OCEAN  SOUTH 
OF  THE  EQUATOR* 

T  N  papers  printed  in  the  Rtforti  for  1872,  1873,  1874,  and 
1876,  I  endeavoured  to  show  that  there  were  grounds  for 
supposing  that  the  cyclones  of  the  Indian  Ocean  south  of  the 
equator  increased  in  number,  extent,  and  intensity  from  a 
minimum  in  one  year  to  a  maximum  in  another,  and  then 
decreased  to  a  minimum,  the  period  or  cycle  apparently  corre- 
sponding with  the  eleven-year  period  of  solar  activity. 

From  the  data  given  in  the  last  of  these  paper*  (Report  for 

'  P.yerUy  Mr.  Charle*  Mcldrum,  F.R.S.,  read  M  the  British  Aswc.itioo 


Digitized  by  Google 


614 


NATURE 


[Oct.  22,  1885 


1876,  p.  267),  it  would  appear  that  fmra  1856  to  1S75  the  year- 
Of  minimum  cyclone  activity  were  1856  and  1867,  ami  the  years 
of  maximum  activity  1861  ami  1872,  but  that  the  results  for 
each  of  tho-c  years  did  not  differ  much  from  the  results  for  the 
year  immediately  preceding  or  following  it,  the  variation  near 
the  turning-points  being  small. 

Before  Riving  a  brief  outline  of  the  results  which  have  been 
obtained  since  1S75,  it  may  be  well  to  mention  that  the  sources 
of  information  were  the  same  as  in  former  years.  Two  clerks 
were  constantly  occupied  in  tabulating  the  meteorological  ob- 
servations contained  in  the  log-books  of  vessels  that  arrived  in 
the  harl-our  of  Tort  Louis  from  different  places.  The  numl»cr 
of  days'  observations  tabulated  in  each  year — that  is,  observa- 
tions extending  over  twenty-four  hours  and  made  in  different 
parts  of  the  ocean — was  as  follows: — 

Days'  Orwervaiions 
...  10,473 
IS.089 

I6.9JO 
16,700 


Years  Days'  Observations*  Years 

1876  ...       I7.0l7  5j  lS8l 

1877  ...       I7.005  1882 

1878  ...  17.050  188} 
1S79  ...       15,889  1884 

1880  ...  17,306 


The  tables  give  an  average  ol  46  observations  of  24  hours 
each  for  every  day  of  the  nine  years  over  the  frequented  parts  of 
the  ocean. 

All  dct.iils  and  reports  respecting  hurricanes,  storms,  or  gales 
were  record;  d  in  separate  registers. 

For  each  day  on  M  hich  there  was  a  gale  in  any  part  of  the 
00  an  l«twccn  the  equator  and  the  parallel  of  34  S.  a  chart  w.is 
prepared,  showing  as  nearly  as  possible  the  jtositions  of  the 
vessels  the  direction  and  force  of  the  wind,  &c.,  at  a  certain 
hour,  namely,  noon  on  the  meridian  of  60*  E. 

From  these  synoptic  charts  the  details  given  from  hour  to  hour 
in  the  log-lioo£;s,  and  all  the  information  obtained  from  other 
sources,  the  position  of  the  centres  of  cyclones  at  noon  on  each 
day  were  determined,  and  the  tracks  laid  down  on  separate 
charts. 

Nine  cyclone-track  charts  have  thus  been  prepared,  namely, 
one  for  each  of  the  years  1876  S4. 

These  track-charts,  together  with  the  twenty  that  had  pre 
viously  K-en  prepared  for  the  years  1856  75,  show,  as  far  as  has 
yet  been  ascertained,  the  tracks  of  the  cyclones  of  the  Indian 
Ocean  south  of  the  equator  in  each  of  the  years  1S56  84,  and 
the  tracks  for  the  years  1S48  55  arc  nearly  ready. 

With  respect  to  the  period  1S76  84,  the  arta<  of  cyclones  and 
the  distantti  traversed  have  not  yet  l>ccn  determined,  but  upo  n 
the  whole  the  »i»w/«r  and  Juration  of  the  cyclones  decreased  to 
a  minimum  in  1SS0,  and  then  increased  till,  in  I.H84,  they  were 
more  than  double  of  what  they  were  in  18S0. 

From  the  accoui|>anying  track-charts  for  the  eleven  years  1S56, 
1857,  tV-o.  l86l,  1867,  I S'.S,  1S71,  1S72,  1S79,  l88o,  and  1SS4, 
it  will  be  seen  that  the  number  and  duration  of  the  cyclones  of 
1856  and  1857  were  much  less  than  those  of  the  cyclones  of  i860 
and  1861  ;  that  the  number  and  duration  of  the  cyclones  of  1867 
anil  1S68  were  much  less  than  those  of  i860  and  |S6|  on  the 
one  hand,  and  also  than  those  of  1S71  and  1S72  on  the  other; 
and  that  the  numl>er  and  duration  of  the  cyclones  of  1879  ami 
1  BSo  were  much  less  than  those  of  the  cyclones  of  1871,  1S72, 
ami  1HS4. 

It  would  appear,  however,  that  in  1884  there  was  less  cyclone 
activity  than  in  1861  and  1872. 


UNIVERSITY  AND  EDUCA TIONAL 
INTELLIGENCE 

Oxinnn. — The  commencement  of  Michaelmas  Term  docs 
not  witness  many  changes  in  the  fc  n>i  !  of  scientific  depart- 
ments in  Oxford.  A  lecturer  in  Human  Anatomy  has  been 
appointed,  and  commences  work  this  term.  The  opening  of 
the  new  physiological  lahoratorita  at  the  back  of  the  University 
Museum  completes  the  scheme  for  physiological  education  which 
has  licvn  mi  strenuously  opposed  by  the  enemies  of  scientific 
research  in  the  University. 

One  of  the  mod  noticeable  changes  in  <  hdbrd  to  outward 
view  is  ihe  opening  of  the  new  buddings  in  Trinity  College. 
The  new  block  of  buddings,  designed  by  Mr.  Jackson,  stretches 
backward  from  Kettle  Hall  in  It  road  Street  to  the  Bathurst 
building  and  college  ch.i|>cl,  making  a  new  quadrangle  bounded 
on  the  south  by  Broad  .Street  and  'trinity  Cottages  (now  thrown 
into  the  "quad  "),  on  the  west  by  lialliol,  on  the  north  by  the 


chapel  and  Bathurst,  and  to  the  east  by  the  new  buildings.  The 
new  "quad  "'  is  only  second  in  sue  to  "  Tom  quad  "  in  Christ- 
church. 

With  our  respect  and  sorrow  for  I>r.  Uullcy,  late  President  ol 
Magdalen,  who  died  during  the  vacation,  is  mingled  a  feeling 
of  intense  satisfaction  ami  not  a  little  surprise  at  the  appoint- 
ment of  his  successor. 

In  Mr.  T.  H.  Warren,  the  new  President,  Magdalen  ha< 
gained  a  m?n  no  less  distingui  hed  for  his  scholarship  than  for 
his  liberal  views  on  education.  Under  the  virile  direction  of 
her  new  president,  Magdalen,  already  prominent  among  our 
Colleges  for  her  recognition  of  natural  science,  may  well  hope 
to  extend  her  usefulness.  In  the  liberal  Oxford  of  to  day — in  the 
teaching  as  opposed  to  the  voting  University — Mr.  Warren's 
election  has  been  received  with  enthusiasm. 

The  following  courses  of  lectures  and  classes  in  Natural 
Science  will  be  given  during  the  ensuing  term  : — In  the  Phy>kaJ 
Department  of  the  Museum  Prof.  IJ.  Price  lectures  on  Hydro- 
Mechanics.  Prof.  Clifton  lectures  on  Ohm's  Law  ;  Mr.  Sclby 
lectures  on  Electrostatics  ;  and  Mr.  Walker  on  Klemcntaiy 
Mechanics.  The  laboratory  is  open  for  practical  instruction 
daily. 

At  the  University  observatory  Prof.  Pritchard  gives  three 
courses.  Firstly,  on  the  Application  of  the  Theory  of  Proba- 
bilities to  Astronomical  Observation  ;  secondly,  on  Spherical 
Astronomy  ;  thirdly,  on  the  Astronomy  referred  to  by  Polybm* 
and  other  classical  writers. 

At  ChrLstchurch  Mr.  Ilayncs  lectures  on  Conduction  of  Heat, 
and  has  a  class  for  practical  Instruction  in  Llectncal  Measure- 
ments. 

At  Italliol  Mr.  Dixon  lectures  on  F.lementary  Magnetism  and 
Electricity. 

In  the  Chemical  Department  Prof.  Odling  lectures  on  the 
Phenic  ComjKJunds  ;  Dr.  Watts  gives  a  oursc  on  General 
Organic,  and  Mr.  Fisher  gives  a  course  on  General  Inorganic 
Chemistry. 

The  laboratories  are  o|ien  daily  for  practical  instruction. 

At  Christchurch  Mr.  Vernon  Harcourt  has  a  class  for  Ouan- 
litative  Analysis. 

In  the  Biological  Departments  Prof.  Moseley  lectures  on  the 
Comparative  Anatomy  of  the  Vertebrata  ;  Mr.  S|>enccr  lectures 
on  Elementary  Animal  Morphology. 

Prof.  Burdon-Sandcrson  lectures  on  the  Ph)siology  of  Motion. 
Mr.  Dixcy  lectures  on  Histology,  and  Mr.  Thomson  on  Human 
Anatomy. 

The  Morphological  and  Physiological  Laboratories  arc  open 
daily  for  practical  instruction. 

Nlr.  Jackson  lectures  on  Parthenogenesis,  Mr.  Thompson  on 
Osteology,  ami  Mr.  Poulton  on  the  Distribution  of  Animals. 

Prof.  Wcstwood  lectures  on  the  Orders  of  Winged  Arthro- 
poda.  Prof.  Protwich  lectures  on  Geology  :  Physical  (Questions. 
Volcanic  Action,  ic. 

At  the  Botanic  Garden  Prof.  Gilbert  lectures  on  the  Results 
of  Field  Ex|>erimc!tts,  and  Prof.  Balfour  gives  practical  instruc- 
tion in  Vegetable  Morphology  and  Phy-iology. 

Dr.  Tylor  lectures  at  the  Museum  on  Social  and  Religious 
Systems. 


SCIENTIFIC  SERIALS 

The  only  structural  paper  in  the  August  and  September  num- 
bers of  the  Journal  ef  liotany  is  by  Mr.  Thomas  Hick,  on  the 
caulotaxis  of  British  Fumariacea*.  "Throughout  the  whole  of 
this  order,"  he  slates,  "  as  represented  in  the  British  Isles,  a 
remarkable  unity  of  organisation  prevails.  In  all  cases,  save 
that  of  Corydtilis  *Y./.j.  the  main  stem  is  a  sympodinmor  pseud- 
axis,  composed  of  hinodal  caulomeres,  except  in  the  basal 
region,  where  they  are  of  a  higlW  or  let  an  I  •  Hen  in 
region  also,  where  they  become  tin  n  il.  I  he  paper 
t rated  by  woodcuts.  In  additnn  the  student  of 
Initony  will  find  two  pipers  by  Ml  I  G.  Baker:  a  m 
of  the  genus  Gtthylhs  (with  tWO  ites),  and 
Cape  species  of  Knipkofut,  in  addition  to  a  o 
synopsis  of  the  genua  St/aginMi ;  and  the 
wanting  in  other  papers  of  interest  in  deacrtpf 
and  geographical  botany. 

The  number  for  Octolier  is  an  unusually  i 
H.  N.  Ridley  gives  descriptions  and  figures 
lions  lo  the  British  flora,  both  belonging  to 
both   from   Scotland  :   Stiauw  ftrrr' 


.V.-/  TURE 


6'5 


mitrm-ee  of  the  former 
;rnm  .Vat-am  include  • 
two  nrc  name*  of  iHr 
liwter  of  AuuraJii  uvl 
nnar  koamn  in 
ttnni*i^*ph  of  ferfqffo 

—  In  nJilii«in  to  -mall  -r 
.  <  mii'lnt-    tr|  «if[  hi 

1/  ihe  |lnti.h  MuM-itn 
i  llstlilr  nule-i  «n  ih-- 
j-,  r»lf)(tff  (rum  ihf 

-it-ptr-nl-c-r.  -Tumpon 
f  ifiiUcc<l  ttjn«f>«mcn  1 
f*  nhie*.-  iliii'iralx-n*>, 
(cMliNM  rjj-e-J  A£iir.*i 
n-J  Hixincttv,  I.)  rent 
imci  <if  ilit*  rfarttii; 
irnc  nitnti*  r!hrr-»  orf 
IAm  -m-Mi'-in-  i-f  the 

/Wi*  fa-*:,  j.  1 
inntmro-n  >■(  Sociriy, 

llrt,  ol  tile  Huml-re-  fil 
l|  Ihr  i|tw  •'>•  n  of  ■ 
'  hi  iL  ■  1.  .it  l>t 
llui  ilftr  v»*-«ic^l  in 
rld^ni-f  t.i  f.il*n-..ur 
•I'-.  \l.  tk  N  i  l.nttw 
t!U(.  fin. I  ANMikkn  H 
tttif  lh»t  ihr  Itiiw-  in 

he  I    Alt.    4.»H|JUi'il,  14 

.  iiai  x  t*h<  ft*  they  jfi 
if  «  itnf  nf  lh»c/ri! 

which  M  M-niHn 

L'W    .llli'TH-n  1*1  tilt! 

nf  I  hi  nay  w  hi.  h 

-tDILll'*  l1cyHw|Tv,  jtinl 

•  I  in  mi  fi»m  the 
*<r  ir^-llnem**:-.  flmu 
t.—  *  hi  the  hi»)«-r.r 
cr,      lw*-r*ie.    t*v  M 

•  in  r.£yiii  brfen 

ilr.ttmir*  lit  -It  1* 
liaii«  »at  .|,n  Ml 
■»  w«.-n*  nf  urn-  •! 
41  «-f  Mr.  J  auviH.  . 
an  iifi(tirti|Nttt^u.il 

—  Ki>|MMi  1  if  I- 11  n.  (1 
|,  o-'iimunKaic'l  In; 
m  >  I'A*  1 1  mint  >n, 

.1 IV 1  iitlli'l   HI'   1  ->lf 
..f  Wrt     •  '.it*  l  ifn  1 

Htuil  swine  "I  th»* 
■nHntflftfl  (iinnlrnt 
wWttfi  f.li>*-u.  il  Will 

v  l».-lll-< -|-.tr*    I  Kirn 

n- TilJr  -»tmn$;  an*! 
I  hi  ihc  ckai  "  - 1 
i«  n-ti  yri  whntU 

I   the   h>lll|r>itf,  tit 

tM  ir-ae/ritcr*  imnK* 
nf  rmticiilar  ftl'ic 
lit)  itni>|iif  r>l  11  • 

unwuliwi  miUklt' 

entice  nf  a  writ 
j  man  -njc-J  til'ty, 
nn  ni  of  ili».-  font, 
ft  Ai.Wftn.  —  *  In 

•  I*.  '•>*  W  "I  '>nin- 
lii.tn.  (nr  I  — The 
ihr  influence**  of 

of  a  m  i--.ul.ir 
»i.  — <  >n  *.|rt  1I1:  \ 
ii«».  I»jr  Ihr  M*r- 
--*-mi.it  c»»51cct«:»l 
ip-»t;iti*>  e>  .in-Tly»i» 
I.  Ten  Knfr. 


/Tnmf  i  4m'Ar>>fiji*;lf,  \an\*  Srmr.  >*aw  fu<ic,  Pxr»«  — 
i  hn  the  *nj;ht  ->f  iht*  crtrbnl  l.-.Sr*,  ircnfilins  to  Bmei'i  rrci*- 
ter,  !■>  Di.  1  kilimv  Kr> .  Tlte  iUin  uo  wluc«  Ilr.  Krjr'a  t«Ut« 
ue  I«msI  wrt*  i'Winr-1  ftinn  54?  tuhjecis  of  «hleh  jji  «r*r 
men  fn!  lift  «f>mrn.  <>»  w.nmintn^  ihr  Brim  ihr  Ngnm 
yu'hleil  itir  ihr  wml  M»ei,  without  refefencr  10  *«i  or  Mature, 
a  U  f.*rtnl  lh.il  wfcilr  (he  TiKil  weight  »4  ihr  ri^hl  hrmwjJwr* 
|Nn|imiituir«  11-cr  that  of  the  left,  the  left  final*!  ||  hnvier  than 
ihr  f^fmu  ■'>•«  tlifTctrnce  amounting  to  1  fi  j;t,  tin  the  total  of 
131  r«»r».  Thit  etcc«»  i*f  **ri{ht  of  the  hj||  frinial  hi-)  been 
nuifH  ii>  Ilmca,  who  WlicVf.1  it  in  I*  ilor  t-»  rhe  influence  >J 
(Im  ihinl  coovoluMoa  The  m»hi  tHvifiiial  r««  nn  the  other  h&nii, 
n  *  heavier  than  ihr  left,  1W  dilum-nce  nf  weight  for  the-  eit'ire 
.inreriof  regit*  Itetwem  men  nml  wo*»m  awiouatt  in  60*65  fr., 
wliKb  ciMmriuir*  a  Uij-*  pTn-Mietion  of  ihe  ceneral  eeret«mi  rx- 
.  ■  i*f  wrt^hi  tn  ihr  male  *e»,  The  weight  uf  Imth  hrtni- 
,  '|-hrr*v  :«  .it  j|»  maximiiie  l«t--ii*en  ihe  j-jn.  of  X5  ami  3J  yean, 
alituwgh  thi*  |»<Ti  -I  it  f*enefa]lr  ■afj^hM  earliri  in  w-Ytncn  than 
11  iiii-ii.  iwii  ■  ippii  r.!l\  '.<•  ific  nittfr  rajin!  rv-iliirt.xi  (-■  the 
t-mitrt  <•(  nne  til'  the  luhev.   I  -t-*  r4  aright  it  m-*-.t  anarleti 

(•ttween  55  nn-t  7$  >e*»t»,  wheti  ii  mti  am-tuo-t  to  6x  i*r»nimc« . *— 
\ntliTn|n.tD<titc  murueiinn-i  f>ir  ir.ml!--«.  1^  ])r.  I'aaJ  Tupm. 
.  .11-I    The  Wfiirt,  after  -<-«i«iilenn-;  ihr  tree  tifniwcaace  of 
I  the  Jo»tc|%  ajtailit-J   lp-in    "race."   an-l    pointing    out  ihr 
!  tmpmn.in-.e  m  HMfptlHg  one  uniJinn  ami  fiirvl  t-rUem  »f 
j  aiitbio|M;ia--rtri-,'  nwa^urenieBt.  prrocee-H  to  deacrihr  ihe  nature 
an. I   nn»lr  nf   »|*rilu:at»-in    »4  the  tannu*    inMmwirnt'  in- 
•l:-|Tii..-tiJr  fur  the   attaintnmt  of  tni*tworth-r  atvt  avaibhlr 
flBMb^i     Thr-«  a-laairahle  in«irmti<-a«  arc  nrn-lered  opecialh/ 
«*rvicr»Mt   ihrou-^h   the  aililtiimt   nf  nwnicnoi*  ciim|*rattre 
lililcij   IddllKn  a  u«-rfol   athewiatic   rqire-M-nta'-un  a/  the 
uie&ni  «rf  the  tui'i.amni-n*»  ••*-'atnetf  fur  the  tiunj-ran  MM 
Kiuli  wh</n  lakrn  in  jrnpirtyin  with  the  meiA  atalare,  which  ia 
eui'tateil  at  iru     T)n«  OiH  of  in**  ma  ion*  ou«-ht  in  he  in  ihr 
hunt,  if  nil  iriii.-r.tf-  aMe  ami  wDlin-;  to  tu-ainli-ilr  inaant* 
tin-  ^rnml  Him  of  our  rmlhrofKilagacat  la>i»l(->ti*v-  ami  ttt 
Iran-ilstvni  into  our  mn  aa  l  lelu-r  l<in-*^o  w.-nl  I  he  a  gain  to 
*>•.-.    Naineiuu-i  iliagroaM  ilU^trjir  the  way  in  which  the 
inttnianeni*  -hooM  l-e  hk*),  as-l  I  he  |Mr*itKm*i  of  the  body  binl 
j>li{>ie<H>r  the  [nn j t-f  enh  itr-*err*itiiie».--  itn  aiavtvaa 

In  man,  t*j/  I>r.  k.  IU-imli.ia-1.  The  outhi-i  iTint*lcr%  thai  as 
ihr  -iti.itct  nsmUi  >4  ihe  trnt-*fc-*s*icaj  coo>Ih:<jii>  oUetvaMe  in 
u.ui  may  U-  «*tii)aln>r.|  hy  the  jienittcntr  of  -»>tnc  etnliryonM: 
t - In -.in    ahkh    H   n  inuillj   of  a  tl.1<t»ili*ry    chaui'lrr,  we 

"'   V  tn  jtiviim  for  an  rKi-linatinti  of  <tach  afvoiiuiir*. 

Itcgvnmrit-  w'Tn  t*rxntuin,  ]>i.  Hhnchaul  -).  .*.  thai  ntarrncfl. 
|>IliJu-  in-l  ,i-^iVojou*><ffUBiial  'lefotniitti'*  m««l  W  1  haradcriie^t  at 
laKBMISl  rr>Tr>i>>n*,  the  tttr*n  i-raniat  ii-tai-*t*r  nf  ■  I  ■-■  ■  1  1  r\ 
luirin^  il«  mon->4i.iMii*l;  .iu|£tnrnie*l  -uthinthe  l.m  few  crntiine-s 
nhiU  we  f»>i  on  pi-'in^  I  >nni<>  the  lti»ci  -in.m.i!-.  t hi:  the  uiMim\ 
cipiciiyif  the  **»nJIa,  nr  chirnpuiree.  which  m  mnrr  than  hvr 
umi.  ihui  the  mejn  i*ivrn  har  fMUMM  of  the  tj-ajaajM  -lajr,  i* 
.nlj  -tcl'*l>  -n  r*.e»»  ifffMfl  itli-a-rvol  in  -wji-rnfepnalK  m'yetti. 
\ fl*-r  ■1**11:,;  m  rtM**v*  i!»f  varniw-  in-muilif-  t»  l*e  tnei  with  in 
ilich'iTi.Mi  in.T  -mifil  \t -,ii  nil.  in- 1  point ing  »nit  :l*-'r  anjVi-*uci  in 
t'i-  n>  iiii.il  aiM'jmr  nf  the  lower  .tnimm,  he  ptOtfttt  to  the 
iiut-tulai  *y-"nn,  in  nhiih  ihe  wniet  wSoat  thai  •u'-einuturikry 
m  i. 1  to  in.i*ar  ihree  iw  WH  limr-k  in  ercry  hun  hol  ia»--->  Thi* 
'    ■  ■  1   of  the  1*.  hii»trer,  onlv  Ivwly  1  '.n'trl  r-n  in 

o'-n-i'lrr.iiiun  nf  the  e»sh  i->*iivc  work  of  M.  Tcitiii  U- firing  on  the 
.pn-.'ti-n,  .mi  I  inthii  the  >iulIm)I  i»  lefeirnl.  I  mall  jr.  alter  coo- 
•1  hi  in*  die  wijni'U-rjJi.e  hj-d  tj  t4  >lr  *  rl  .|  n  .1  thr 
i  .nun  f'i'.us  an>l  nf  the  i'ni*iry«  of  vime  of  the  lower  aiunult, 
tlic  aiih  n  c- -oilutle*  hy  ttnnM,*  attrwuVin  tn  the  imparlance  of 
»iu  I-  Jin*  Mil*  ntoitijl  jnotutny  ihe  lower  jnimih,  iahitee--peoi]l"r 
'>t  r>|ai)r>i  raur-iipial*.  *r*l  lem-jiiian^  if  »e  iln-tiet'-elm  ItUtethe 
•nj-in  anil  'Je-elopmcfi*  "f  ihe  mtBM  am-mal-*"  pietmieit  hy 
ihc  f,  diTLt-i  t»*j»ini*an.  —  1  hi  Htx-ta'*  m«*1hi>l  nf  t  -it:u-»*ing  thv 
capiciiy  of  the  Ltinoun.  hy  M  V.  Ti-ptnanl  The  wt»ter  pre-t 
a  caic(-v  iK  il  Llewtii-rii «  >4  the  in-trumcQH  to  h*  u«e  l  a-*»f  the 
itrp.  to  be  fitllnwetl  in  the  (ti'cc*.*.  tognhrr  «ith  iaMe«  iHowiBf 
(he  urtuui re*uUt  iIlu  hj  I  Ikcii  jol  inl  hy  llrnca.  kanke,  ajan 
-■IhtJi  nhrfl  li-a.l.  glaa>  i-eait>,  nr  taillrl  urrA  hail  been  t-e-1  a« 
the  a^rn"  f.-r  C«»*;in£  ihr  cajdvity. 

SOCIETIES  AXD  ACAflEStlFS 

SVDXKY 

Linnean  Society  of  New  South  Waltt,  lune  24—  The 
Mix-tine  '-ape***  wrrr  renj  ?  — knogh  m-**e«   n  ihe  natural 


6i6 


NATURE 


{Oct.  22,  1885 


history  of  the  Claremnnt  Island's,  by  Gervasc  F.  Mathcw,  K.N. 
Mr.  Mathew  gives  an  interesting  account  of  the  fauna  and  flora 
met  with  on  these  islands  in  which  he  enumerates  23  species  of 
birds  and  20  species  of  Lepidepttra,  of  which  2  I.ycarmr  are 
probably  new.  He  also  gives  some  notes  on  the  habits  of  each 
species  enumerated. — An  afternoon  among  the  butterflies  of 
Thursday  Island,  by  Gervase  F.  Mathew,  R.N.  Mr.  Mathew 
gives  an  account  of  a  few  hours'  ramble  on  Thursday  Island, 
resulting  in  the  capture  of  48  species  of  diurnal  butterflies.  He 
gives  a  detailed  description  of  the  larva  of  Ornilhopitra  pro- 
nomus.  He  also  makes  brief  mention  of  the  flora  and  physical 
geography  of  the  island. — New  fishes  from  the  Upper  Murrum- 
bidgee  district,  by  Willi.vn  Macleay,  F. L.S.  Two  new  fishes 
are  here  described,  and  two  others,  probably  new,  arc  noticed. 
The  new  ones  are  a  species  of  MurrayUi,  from  the  Murrum- 
bidgee,  near  Yass,  ami  a  very  blunt-headed  species  of  Oiigorus 
from  the  same  locality.  The  two  fishes  alluded  to  as  probably 
new  arc  a  species  of  Gadopsis  from  the  Little  River  and  a 
Galaxiai  from  Yass  River. — On  a  new  Diplcxrepis,  by  J. 
Douglas  Ogilby.  Mr.  Ogilby  describes,  under  the  name  of 
Diplocrtpit  eostalus,  a  species  differing  considerably  from  D. 
punio-u!  of  Richardson,  and  he  points  out  that  the  fish  is  more 
nearly  allied  to  'the  New  Zealand  genera,  Piploertpis  and 
Tia/htfakismus,  than  to  the  Australian  genera,  Crtpul,\^  tittr. — 
Jottings  from  the  Biological  I-aboratory  of  Sydney  University, 
by  William  A.  Haswell,  M.A.,  B. Sc.,  Lecturer  on  Zoology 
and  Comparative  Anatomy. — On  a  destructive  parasite  infesting 
the  oyster.  Specimens  of  diseased  oysters  from  the  Hunter 
River  beds  were  found  to  have  their  shells  perforated  and  dc • 
stroyed  by  a  small  boring  annelid — Lrwodort  c/'/mAj— which,  by 
burrowing  through  the  substance  of  the  shell,  causes  the  dis- 
integration of  the  valves  and  the  death  of  the  oyster. — On  some 
recent  histological  methods  and  their  application  to  the  teaching 
of  practical  histology. — On  the  n-inute  structure  of  PvlvN. 

Paris 

Academy  of  Sciences,  October  12. — M.  Boulcy.  President, 
in  the  chair. — The  Proidcnt  announced  the  death  on  October  6, 
at  Jasscron  (Ain),  of  the  eminent  histologisl,  M.  Ch.  Robin, 
Member  of  the  Section  for  Anatomy  and  Zoology. — Memoir  on 
the  botanical  work  of  the  late  M.  Charles  Edmond  Boissier,  who 
diet!  at  Valleyre^,  Canton  of  Vaud,  on  September  25,  by  M. 
P.  Puchartrc.  Horn  at  Geneva,  in  1810,  of  a  French  Huguenot 
family,  M.  Bni-Mcr  first  devoted  his  attention  to  the  Swiss 
Alpine  flora.  But  he  will  lie  rcmcrnliercd  chiefly  for  his  ex- 
plorations in  the  Iberian  peninsula  (Grenada,  Sierra  Nevada, 
&c.)  in  1837,  and  in  the  Levant  (Greece,  Anatolia,  Syria,  Egyp't 
&c.j  in  1842-46.  The  results  of  his  labours  in  these  b>tanical 
regions  are  embodied  in  his  "  Elenchus  plantarum  novarum 
minusque  cognitarum  quas  in  itinere  hispanico  legit "  (Geneva, 
1838)  ;  "Voyage  botaniouc  dans  le  midi  de  I'Kspagne  pendant 
I'annce  1837"  (Paris,  1839-45);  and  "Flora  oricntalis,  sive 
enumeratio  plantarum  in  Oricnle  a  Gnecia  et  Egypto  ad  Indiat 
fines  hucusque  ohscrvatarum,"  five  large  volumes,  1S67-1884. 
— On  the  neutralisation  of  the  aromatic  acids,  by  M. 
Berthelot.  The  results  are  here  given  of  experiments  made  I 
on  mcllic  acid,  C,4HsO.,,  -  342;  meconic  acid,  CUH,014,  I 
3HfO,  -  254,  and  acrylacctic  acid,  CtH.OjjCH.OJ  =  114. — 
On  sundry  phenols,  by  M.  Berthelot.  The  author  here  passes  | 
from  the  study  of  normal  phenol  to  that  of  its  homologuc-,  the 
cresylols  and  ordinary  thymol,  as  well  as  the  naphtols  or  phenols 
derived  fiom  naphtaline. — Note  on  the  first  volume  of  the 
A'tn>t!«  de  1' Ohservatoirt  dt  thrdmux,  issued  by  M.  Rayct,  and 
presented  to  the  Academy  by  M.  Licwy.  Besides  a  fall  account 
of  the  foundation  of  the  Bordeaux  OWrvatory  in  1 87 1  and  of 
the  instruments  employed  in  it,  this  volume  contains  all  the 
magnetic  and  meteorological  observations  taken  in  1S80-81  and 
some  of  the  results  of  the  work  !>cgun  in  1S85  for  the  purpose  of 
determining  the  coordinates  of  23.00-)  stars  in  the  Sun  hern 
Hemisphere  between  -  15"  and  -  30',  already  observed  by 
Argelandcr  at  the  Bonn  Observatory  in  1850. — Effects  of 
mildew  on  the  vine  as  shown  by  a  comparison  of  the  plants 
successfully  treated  with  a  mixture  of  lime  and  sulphate  of  coptier 
by  M.  Nalh.  Johnston  in  the  Mcdoc  dt»trict,  with  plants  in  the 
«->me  district  attacked  by  the  disease  and  left  untreated,  by  MM. 
Mill.inlet  and  Gavon. — Observations  on  the  nature  of  inverted 
sugar  and  of  elective  fermentation,  by  M.  E.  Maumene.  Further 
experiments  confirm  the  conclusion  already  arrived  at  that 
M.  I.epla)'<  theory  of  elective  alcoholic  fermentation  is  based  on 
■tjneou*  assumptions.    Note  on  the   constant   presence  of 


Amaba  coli  in  dysenteric  secretions,  by  M.  A.  Normand.  — Ob- 
servations on  Palisa's  new  planet  251,  made  at  the  observatory 
of  Paris  (equatorial  of  the  west  tower),  by  M.  G.  Bigourdan.— 
Observations  of  Brook's  comet  and  of  Palisa's  new  planet  25,, 
made  at  the  Observatory  of  Algiers  with  the  0^50  m.  telescope, 
by  M.   Ramband.  — Researches  on  vanadium:   properties  of 
vanillic  acid,  by  M.  A.  Ditte. — Kinematic  analysis  of  the 
locomotion  of  the  horse  by  means  of  M.  Marcy's  chronophoto- 
graphic  apparatus,  five  illustrations,  by  M.  Pages.    In  this 
paper  the  author  explains  and  illustrates  the  trajectory  and  vclo- 
cityofthe  foot  and  pastern  in  the  three  principal  actions  of  the  horse 
— the  step,  trot,  and  gallop. — Note  on  the  internal  phenomena 
of  muscular  contraction  in  the  primitive  striated  fasces,  by  M.  P 
Laulanie. — On  the  physiological  action  of  the  salts  of  lithium, 
potassium,  and  rubidium,  by  M.  Ch.  Richet.    The  mean  toxic 
d">se  with  the  chlorides  of  these  alkaline  metals  has  b-cn  deter- 
mined for  the  tench,  frog,  pigeon,  rabbit,  and  some  other  organ- 
isms.—  On  the  development  of  Fis>urella,  by  M.  I..  Roulan 
From  a  study  of  the  biological  evolution  of  this  organism  the 
author  concludes  that  it  is  a  true  gasteropod,  and  cannot,  there- 
fore, be  grouped  with  the  order  of  worms  ;  further,  that  the 
apparent  symmetry  of  the  adult  Fissurella  is,  in  reality,  a  dis- 
guised progressive  asymmetry. — Influence  of  salt  water  on  the 
development  of  the  larvae  of  the  frog,  by  M.  E.  Yung.  The 
tadpole  perishes  in  three  to  twenty  minutes  in  the  water  of  the 
Mediterranean  containing  4  per  cent,  of  salts,  and  in  a  few  hours 
in  a  solution  of  marine  salts  in  the  proportion  of  1  per  cent. 
But  it  may  he  adapted  to  this  clement  by  a  gradual  preparation 
through  a  progressive  series  of  solutions  from  2  to  8  per  1000. — 
On  the  apparent  rotatory  movement  of  balloons  recorded  by 
aeronauts  by  M.  G.  Tissandier. — Memoir  on  the  fermentation 
of  bread-stuffs  in  connection  with  M.  Aime  Girard's  communi- 
cation on  this  subject,  by  M.  G.  Chicandard. 


CONTENTS  pAC» 
American   Anthropology.     By  Dr.    B.   B.  Tylor, 

F.R.S   593 

Physiological  Plant  Anatomy   594 

William  Hedley   595 

Letters  to  the  Editor  :— 

Shot-firing  in  Mines.— W.  Galloway  ;  Pro!  C.  O. 

Kreischer   596 

The  Resting  Position  of  Oysters. —  J.  T.  Cunning- 
ham  597 

Two  Generalisations. — W.  M.  Flinders  Petrie   .  597 

Meteors. — W.  F.  Denning   597 

Staligrams. — J.  F.  Heyes   597 

The  Geological  Survey  of  Belgium.    By  A.  Geikie. 
F.R.S.,  Director-General  of  the  Geological  Survey  of 

Great  Britain  and  Ireland   597 

The  Third  International  Geological  Congress  .  .  599 
Botanical  Exploration  of  the  Chilian  Andes    .  .  .  601 

Krakatao   60 1 

On  the  Colour-Sense.     By  Major  Allan  Cunning- 
ham   604 

Ensilage    605 

Notes   607 

Our  Astronomical  Column  : — 

The  Variable  Star  V  Cygni   610 

Occultation  of  Aldcbaran  on  November  22    ....  6to 

Double-Stars   6to 

Astrophysical  Notes:  — 

Stars  with  Spectra  of  the  Third  Type   6to 

The  Comet  of  1866  and  the  Meteors  of  November  14  610 
Astronomical   Phenomena  for   the  Week,  1885, 

October  25-31   611 

Geographical  Notes   611 

The  Great  Ocean  Basins.    By  John  Murray.  .  .     61 1 
On  a  Supposed  Periodicity  of  the  Cyclones  of  the 
Indian  Ocean  South  of  the  Equator.     By  Charles 

Meldrum.  F.R.S  

University  and  Educational  tpt 
Scientific 
Socio 


Oct.  2  2,  1885] 


NATURE 


cxcvii 


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[Oct.  22,  i»»5 


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N*  17  ,,  .,  C'  .krua.h       ...       .„  it. 

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CABINETS  FOR  MINERALS, 

FOSSILS,  &c. 


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10 


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NA  TURE 


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MINERALS  AND  FOSSILS 

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F.   H.  BUTLE 

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HOW  &  CO.'S  POCKET  MICROSCOPE  LAMP.  »s.  td. 
MICR0PRTROL0GY.— Section*  of  Pitchstones.  Obsidians  Granites 
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the  Government  C~ 
cultural  Science,  I 


NA  TURK 


617 


THURSDAY,  OCTOBER   29,  1885 


THE  ANTI-CHOLERA  INOCULATIONS  OF 
DR.  FERRAN 

T  N  the  spring  and  summer  of  the  present  year  the  public 
in  Europe — lay  and  medical — have  been  greatly 
agitated  by  the  exploits  of  a  Spanish  medical  gentleman, 
who,  during  the  cholera  epidemic  then  raging  in  Spain, 
claimed  to  have  discovered  a  means  of  preventing  cholera. 
He  was  hailed  as  a  great  benefactor,  and  if  his  deeds  had 
been  equal  to  his  professions,  he  would  no  doubt  fully 
deserve  to  rank  with  Jenner,  the  greatest  benefactor  to 
mankind.  But  fortunately  the  medical  world,  at  any  rate 
the  scientific  medical  world  outside  Spain,  is  not  guided 
by  the  allegations  of  enthusiasts  nor  by  wonder-doctors 
either.  A  Don  Quixote,  who  discerns  in  a  windmill 
giants,  in  a  flock  of  sheep  a  squadron  of  the  enemy's 
soldiers,  may  present  points  of  interest  to  the  psychologist: 
to  the  disciple  of  physiology  and  pathology  he  demon- 
strates an  aberration  of  the  visual  nerve  centres.  I  shall 
show  that  Dr.  Ferran  comes  very  near  in  rank,  not  to 
Jenner,  but  to  his  own  illustrious  countryman,  the  Knight 
of  La  Mancha. 

The  method  of  Ferran  is  practically  this  :  —Ferran  says 
that  by  a  peculiar  mysterious  method  of  cultivation— 
which  for  a  long  while  he  was  not  going  to  divulge— he 
has  succeeded  in  attenuating  the  action  of  the  comma 
bacillus  of  Koch.  In  these  cultivations  the  comma 
bacillus  after  very  complex  morphological  changes,  un- 
necessary to  detail  here,  forms  spores.  Such  cultures 
introduced  in  sufficient  quantities  into  the  subcutaneous 
tissue  of  animals  (guinea-pigs)  or  man  produce  a  disease 
which  is  a  mild  and  abortive  form  of  cholera  ;  it  manifests 
itself  in  local  inflammation,  and  a  general  constitutional 
disturbance,  febrile  rise  of  the  body  temperature,  head- 
ache, nausea,  and  sickness,  and  even  diarrhoea.  After  a 
few  days  the  person  inoculated  returns  to  his  normal 
state.  Persons  once,  twice,  or  thrice  inoculated  answer, 
or  ought  to  answer,  each  inoculation  with  the  said  consti- 
tutional disturbance.  Statistics  collected  by  Ferran  and  I 
his  adherents  in  the  places  where  these  inoculations  were  f 
practised,  notably  in  Alcira,  in  and  about  Valencia, 
prove,  so  it  is  said,  that  the  number  of  cholera  cases  and 
of  deaths  from  cholera  decreased  in  a  conspicuous  degree 
after  these  inoculations  had  been  commenced,  and  also 
that  those  persons  that  had  been  inoculated  remained 
almost  impervious  to  cholera,  while  others  not  so 
inoculated  fell  victims  to  the  plague  in  large  numbers. 
In  these  assertions  and  practices  several  important 
questions  are  involved,  each  of  which  demands  a  direct 
answer,  which  ought  to  be  favourable  to  this  theory  of 
Dr.  Ferran. 

First:  Is  the  so-called  cholera-bacillus,  or  Koch's 
comma-bacillus,  found  in  the  intestinal  discharges  of 
cholera  patients,  the  vera  causa  of  cholera  ? 

Second  :  Does  this  so-called  cholera-bacillus  form 
spores,  which  when  introduced  into  the  living  tissue 
germinate  into  the  comma  bacilli :  in  the  subcutaneous 
tissue  capable  of  producing  only  an  abortive  and  mild 
form,  but  ill  the  alimentary  canal  producing  severe  and 
malignant  cholera  ? 

n^OUCII. — No.  835 


Third  :  Do  the  cultivations  of  Dr.  Ferran,  when  inocu- 
lated into  the  subcutaneous  tissue,  set  up  a  disturbance 
which  can  be  considered  as  an  abortive  form  of  cholera  ? 

Fourth  :  Arc  persons  so  inoculated  really  protected  or 
almost  protected  against  an  attack  of  real  cholera ;  and 
do  the  statistics  collected  by  Ferran  and  his  adherents 
prove  this  ? 

(1)  The  first  of  these  questions,  it  is  obvious,  forms  the 
basis  of  the  whole  theory  ;  for  if  the  comma  bacillus 
of  Koch  is  not  the  real  cause  of  cholera  all  the  rest  of 
Ferran's  assertions,  as  far  as  cholera  is  concerned,  fall  to 
the  ground.  The  claims  of  the  comma  bacillus  of  Koch 
to  be  accepted  as  the  true  cause  of  cholera,  rests  on  very 
insufficient  evidence  :  the  epidemiological  evidence  as  to 
the  spread  of  cholera  being  dependent  on  soil  and  season, 
the  anatomical  evidence  as  to  the  comma  bacilli  being 
limited  to  the  cavity  of  the  cholera  intestine,  they  being 
absent  from  the  tissues  and  the  blood,  the  misproportion 
existing  between  the  number  of  comma  bacilli  present  in 
the  alimentary  cavity,  and  between  the  severity  and 
acutcness  of  the  disease  in  many  cases,  and  a  number  of 
other  facts  not  necessary  to  mention  here,  prove  to  my 
mind  that  the  comma  bacillus  is  not  the  real  cause  of 
cholera.  Add  to  this  that  Emerich  of  Munich  vindicates 
this  claim  to  be  the  real  cause  of  cholera,  not  to  the 
comma  bacilli  of  Koch,  but  to  small  straight  bacilli, 
probably  identical  with  those  seen  and  described  by  the 
English  cholera  Commission  in  India  as  constantly 
present  in  the  alimentary  canal  of  cholera  patients, 
and  for  which  bacilli  I  did  not  and  cannot  claim  any  real 
infective  power ;  and  further,  that  Emcrich's  view  is  backed 
up  by  no  less  an  authority  than  Von  Pettenkoffer  himself. 
There  is  then  at  present  an  interesting  contest  going  on 
between  two  rival  bacilli :  one,  having  Berlin  for  the 
head-quarters  of  its  advocates,  may  be  called  the  northern 
bacillus  ;  the  other,  in  Munich,  may  be  called  the  southern 
bacillus.  As  to  the  actual  facts,  it  seems  to  me  the  ques- 
tion is  not  whose  claim  is  stronger,  but  whose  claim  is 
weaker. 

(2)  All  except  Ferran,  acquainted  practically  with  the 
comma  bacillus  in  pure  cultivations  (Koch,  Van  Ermen- 
gem,  myself,  Mr.  Watson  Cheyne,  Finkler,  Emerich, 
Buchner,  Klebs,  and  many  others)  are  agreed  that  the 
comma  bicillus  in  artificial  cultivations  never  forms 
spores;  having  multiplied  until  all  the  nutritive  material 
in  the  cultivation  is  exhausted,  a  period  arrives  when 
the  comma  bacilli  degenerate  and  die  ;  some  undergo 
this  long  before  the  point  of  exhaustion  is  reached, 
others  retain  their  vitality  longer,  but  after  weeks  and 
months  death  has  involved  all  the  comma  bacilli  present 
in  the  cultivation.  [An  impurity  accidentally  present  in 
the  culture  would  effect  this  death  of  the  comma  bacilli 
in  a  much  shorter  period  ;  in  fact,  in  many  instances, 
they  would  not  have  much  chance  of  primarily  reaching 
any  considerable  number  ] 

When  this  period  has  been  reached,  the  culture  be- 
comes incapable  of  starting  a  new  culture  ;  and  vie 
versA :  by  this  means  the  point  of  death  of  the 
bacilli  present  in  the  culture  can  be  tested  and 
accurately  determined.  I  have  a  large  number  of  tubes 
of  pure  cultivations  of  the  comma  bacilli,  the  nutritive 
medium  beinif  broth,  or  peptor.e  and  broth,  or  gela- 
tine   peptone    and    broth,    or    gelatine    peptone  and 

D  1) 

Digitized  by  Google 


6i8 


NATURE 


[Oct.  29,  1885 


meal  extract,  or  Agar-Agar  peptone  and  broth,  Sec.  In 
each  of  these  media  the  comma  bacilli  thrive  well  and 
form  copious  growths.  The  cultures  are  pure,  contain 
the  comma  bacilli  only,  as  all  sub-cultures  from  them 
yield  again  the  comma  bacilli,  and  comma  bacilli  only. 
Now  the  remarkable  fact  about  such  culture  tubes  is  this: 
that  after  several  months  all  life  in  them  becomes  extinct, 
as  is  proved  by  inoculating  from  them  a  series  of  tubes 
containing  suitable  nutritive  material,  no  comma  bacillus 
or  any  other  bacteria  miking  their  appearance.  I  have 
ascertained  this  in  a  great  many  cases,  and  it  is  in  perfect 
agreement  with  the  experience  of  Koch  and  many  other 
workers.  This  clearly  proves  that  there  are  not  present 
in  surh  tubes  spores  of  the  comma  bacilli,  for,  if  the 
romma  bacilli,  like  s  imc  other  bacilli — bacillus  sub- 
tllia  of  hay  infusion,  or  bacillus  anthracis,  were  capable 
•if  forming  spores,  such  a  total  extinction  of  life  could  not 
1  ike  place  :  the  spores,  although,  owing  to  exhaustion  of 
nutritive  material,  incapable  of  germinating  into  bacilli 
while  in  the  tul>e  in  which  they  were  formed,  would  un- 
doubtedly germinate  when  transferred  into  a  fresh  and 
suitable  nutritive  medium.  This  total  extinction  of  life  does 
occur  not  only  in  tube* In  which  the  nutritive  medium  is  in 
a  fluid  condition,  but  also  in  all  Agar-Agar  peptone  broth 
lubes,  this  material,  unlike  gel  it  inc.  rein  lining  in  its  solid 
Man-,  however  luxuriant  the  growth  of  the  comma  bacilli 
may  be. 

Dr.  Fcrran  claims  to  have  discovered  means  by  which 
'.he  r,»mma  bacilli  can  be  made  to  produce  spores.  In 
hi*  cultures  he  notices  a  number  of  peculiar  things 
win-  It  lie  considers  as  antecedents  to  the  formation 
of  spores  and  as  fully  formed  spores.  But  direct 
o!i  -  nations  that  these  are  really  spores,  that,  like 
-pori--.  they  actually  germinate  into  the  bacilli,  Dr. 
Keiran  has  not  deemed  it  necessary  to  make.  As  a 
maltrl  of  (act  tbOiC  to  whom  Dr.  Fcrran  has  shown  his 
»|K.--  imen-.,  in  which  those  alleged  spores  were  supposed 
to  be  present,  failed  to  sec  them  (see  the  Report  of  the 
KtliM  h  Commission  headed  by  Dr.  lirouardcl  ;  see  also 
Dr.  x.in  F.rmcngems  Report). 

The  methods  of  examination  and  cultivation  of  bac- 
teria pcrfe.Mcd  by  Koch,  whi<  h,  owing  to  the  thoroughly 
rrli  iJdc  tesults  they  yield,  are  now  universally  followed 
by  all  who  wish  to  ac<|u:rc  correct  ideas  and  a  sound 
knowledge  of  the  life-history,  morphology,  and  activity  of 
Uai'teri.1,  have  led  those  practically  acquainted  with  the 
romma  bacilli  to  the  rnn<  lusion  that  they  do  not  form 
«p->u  s.  Dr.  Fcrran  is  of  the  contrary  opinion;  but, 
fudging  from  the  Report  of  the  French  Commission,  and 
ft l tin  that  of  van  Krmcngcm  and  others,  who  have  visited 
Kcrran  and  seen  him  at  work,  it  is  pretty  clear  that  this 
gentleman  is  not  only  unpractised  in,  but  altogether  unac- 
quainted with  the  elements  of  technique  necessary  in 
ba-  terial  investigations  ;  more  than  this  :  according  to  a 
graphic  description  by  the  special  correspondent  of  the 
Times,  Dr.  Fcrran  makes  his  cultivations  in  broth  in  a 
temporary  laboratory,  the  kitchen  of  an  untenant 
recking  with  the  effluvia  of  an  untrapped  sewi 
mi  )  this  kitchen.  Dr.  Fcrran's  cultivation 
examined  microscopically  by  a  Valencia  < 
who  found  that  they  contained  a  motley  crow 
bacteria  ;  Dr.  Chantcmcsse  in  a 
'axis  Academic  de  Mldecine  (see 


Journal,  Sept.  26,  18S5)  states  that  as  the  result  of  a 
microscopic  examination  of  Dr.  Fcrran's  cultures  he  found 
the  fluid  variable  in  its  composition  ;  sometimes  it  is  a 
cultivation  of  impure  comma  bacilli,  sometimes  it  contains 
masses  of  different  micro-organisms,  but  the  comma 
bacilli  are  barely  present.  Add  to  this  that  Dr.  Ferran, 
as  the  special  French  Commission  attested,  possesses 
neither  the  -kill  nor  uses  the  ordinary  precautions  and  appa- 
ratus indispensable  in  investigations  of  this  nature,  and  all 
Fcrran's  extravagant  assertions  as  to  the  behaviour  of 
the  comma  bacillus  in  cultivations,  as  to  its  peculiar  power 
of  forming  spores,  must  be  regarded  as  sheer  nonsense. 

3.  Notwithstanding  this  deficiency  of  Ferran  in  his 
mode  of  preparing  his  so-called  "  vaccine,'*  it  might  be 
said,  and  it  has  been  said  by  Dr.  Cameron  in  a  powerful 
and  very  able  article  in  the  Nineteenth  Century  for 
August  1S35,  that  by  subcutaneously  inoculating  a  culti- 
vation of  comma  bacilli,  no  matter  however  impure  and 
contaminated,  e.g.  such  as  were  at  Ferran's  disposal,  the 
effect  is  different  from  the  one  produced  by  introducing 
them  into  the  alimentary  canal.  In  the  former  case,  i.e. 
in  the  subcutaneous  tissue,  they  are  planted  in  a  soil 
not  congenial  to  them,  and  their  product  is  only  an 
abortive  form  of  cholera,  whereas  in  the  latter,  i.e.  in  the 
cavity  of  the  alimentary  canal,  they  find  a  more  suitable 
soil,  a  soil  which  is  their  natural  breeding  ground,  and 
the  result  is  virulent  real  cholera. 

What  Ferran  by  the  inoculation  of  his  cultures  into  the 
subcutaneous  tissue  of  human  beings  actually  did  pro- 
duce, is,  according  to  a  number  of  witnesses  (see  the 
letters  of  the  special  correspondent  of  the  Ihitish  Media/ 
Journal;  the  evidence  given  in  detail  by  the  special 
correspondent  of  the  Times,  October  20,  and  a  number 
of  other  independent  witnesses  English  and  French), 
septic  infection,  the  intensity  of  which,  as  might  be 
expected,  and  as  Fcrran  himself  admits,  depends  on  the 
quantity  injected.  This  result,  however,  is  not  always 
produced,  the  injection  b;ing  sometimes  quite  inert, 
notwithstanding  the  presence  of  the  comma-bacdli 
in  the  "vaccine"  fluid.  In  the  very  able  letter  by 
the  special  correspondent  of  the  Times  for  October 
20  we  are  informed  that  Dr.  Ferran  explained  to 
this  gentleman  in  detail  that  the  culture  fluid  used 
for  inoculation  need  not  contain  any  comma  bacilli 
at  all,  in  order  to  produ:e  the  desired  result :  further, 
that  the  comma  bacilli  can  be  killed  by  boiling  or  other- 
wise, without  impairing  the  cftkacy  of  the  fluid,  and  that 
therefore  a  chemical  substance  present  in  the  culture 
fluid,  and  probably  the  product  of  the  organisms,  must 
be  regarded  as  the  active  principle.  While  this  latest 
assertion  of  Ferran  clearly  shows  that  he  is  profoundly 
ignorant  of  ihe^MttMdoracticc  of  protective  inocula- 
^■■tDjnd  b)  Chauvcau,  Pasteur,  Ko 

(i.itfky,  Ark] 
variety  of  sp 
a?mia,  fjwl 


Oct.  29,  1885] 


NA  TURK 


6iq 


as  ptomaines,  and  produced  by  the  growth  and  activity 
of  putrefactive  bacteria  in  media  containing  proteids. 
Brtegcr  {"  Die  Ptomaine,"  Hirschwald,  Berlin,  1SS5)  has 
published  a  most  important  series  of  observations  on  the 
production,  nature,  and  action  of  ptomaines,  an  1  has 
greatly  enlarged  our  knowledge  of  this  as  yet  obscure 
subject.  The  description  of  the  symptoms  observable  on 
persons  inoculated  by  Kcrran  (as  given  by  a  variety  of 
independent  witnesses  and  by  Fcrran  himself),  can  leave 
little  doubt  that  the  result  of  these  inoculations  is  septic 
poisoning,  in  severe  cases  dangerous  phlegmon  and  ulcer- 
ation, and  even  death.  This  is  also  the  opinion  of  a 
number  of  medical  men  (Spanish,  English,  and  French) 
who  have  had  the  opportunity  of  seeing  and  examining 
such  persons,  as  will  be  seen  from  the  Report  by  the  Special 
Commissioner  of  the  British  Mc ■/nil 'Journal,  the  Report 
by  the  Special  Commissioner  of  the  Times,  the  Report 
by  the  Special  French  Commission,  and  the  Report  of 
the  Commission  sent  by  the  Spanish  Government.  Such 
being  the  case,  the  inoculations  practised  by  Fcrran  and  \ 
his  coadjutors  can  have  no  possible  prophylactic  effect 
against  cholera,  even  granting,  for  the  sake  of  argument, 
that  one  mild  attack  of  cholera  protects  against  a  second 
severe  one,  a  question  which  is  still  sub  judice,  since  some 
competent  authorities  maintain  that  such  immunity, 
although  holding  good  in  a  number  of  infectious  maladies, 
does  not  apply  to  cholera. 

4.  Now,  are  persons  inoculated  by  Ferran  furnished  with 
immunity  against  an  attack  of  cholera  ?  The  statistics  pub- 
lished by  Dr.  Ferran  and  his  adherents  on  the  marvellous 
effects  of  inoculation  in  Alcira,  Valencia  and  other  pi  ices, 
accepted  by  Dr.  Cameron  in  his  article  above  referred  to, 
show  us  a  picture  of  brilliant  successes,  favourably  coin- 
paring  and  even  surpassing  the  statistics  of  the  effect  of 
vaccination  against  smallpox.  Those  statistics  collected 
by  Ferran  being  endorsed  by  several  melical  men  and 
other  notabilities  of  the  towa  <>f  Alcira  and  elsewhere, 
Dr.  Cameron  cannot  bring  himself  to  regard  as  not 
revealing  the  truth  ;  he  cannot  imagine  that  all  these 
worthy  people  should  conspire  to  pervert  the  truth  and  to 
prevent  the  truth  from  becoming  known. 

The  correspondent  of  the  Times  in  his  letter,  published 
October  20,  gives  a  long  list  of  places  where  the  statistics 
published  by  the  Ferranisis  are  signed  and  stamped  by 
the  Alcalde  of  the  place,  the  local  judge,  the  priest,  the 
resident  doctors,  and  the  notary  ;  all  duly  signed  and 
stamped.  This  Englishman,  however,  probably  knowing 
what  value  to  attach  to  the  competency  and  veracity  of 
all  those  worthies,  examined  the  statistics  for  himself, 
and  the  result  of  his  inquiry  may  be  briefly  summarised 
by  saying  that  Dr.  Ferran  and  his  partisans  have  simply 
"  cooked  "  those  statistics.  They  have  done  these  things  . 
when  a  person  who  had  been  inoculated  by  Fcrran  did 
nevertheless  become  affected  with  cholera,  and  died  of  it, 
th  was  put  down  as  <  a  .-  'd  =  .1  by  ch.-k-ra  '  >iv.  by 
t other  disease  ;  fake  entries  w<  h-  made  .1-  :.»  |a.  1  -.on- 
■Aug  been  inoculated,  nc.errhr.c-s  'lie!  >f  ihoh-ra, 
entered  as  having  been  inoeul.ned  ;  pei •-on-, 
registered  as  having  been  "  v.io- mated  "  by 
.  on  inquiry  were  found  to  have  died  of  0 holer. 1 
to  the  alleged  "vaccination.'" 

JH  Alcira,  for  instance,  the 
effects  had  not  com- 


menced until  the  population  had  abandoned  the  impair 
water  supply  ;  that  in  some  places  many  of  the  inoculated 
persons  belonging  to  the  well-to  do  classes  fa  fee  being 
paid  for  the  inoculation)  were  therefore  less  exposed  t<> 
infection,  and  those  statistics  become  a  gross  farce  and 
a  shameless  imposture  And  this  is  practically  the 
opinion  of  the  Special  Commission  sent  by  the  Spanish 
Government  ;  this  Commission  has  reported  altogether 
unfavourably  on  these  inoculations,  declaring  them  barren 
of  all  scientific  value,  dangerous  inasmuch  as  person , 
inoculated  and  suffering  in  consequence  from  a  form  <  t 
septic  poisoning  become  more  susceptible  to  infection 
from  cholera  and  other  diseases,  and  further  condemning 
them  as  of  no  value  in  giving  immunity  against  cholera. 

The  fact  that  Dr.  Ferran  and  his  associates  took  pay- 
ment for  the  inoculations— thousands  of  persons  were 
inoculated  and  reinoculated  in  Valencia  and  elsewhere, 
for  each  inoculation  a  fee  of  from  5  to  12  francs  being 
charged— gives  to  the  whole  business  a  very  ugly  look. 
The  Times  correspondent  ( Times,  October  20)  does  not 
therefore  fully  express  the  real  value  of  Dr.  Ferran  when  he 
says  that  he  (Dr.  Ferran)  "  is  the  dupe  of  illusions,  con- 
ceived in  ignorance."  E.  Ki  1  in* 

LIFE  OF  SIR  WILLIAM  ROW  AS  HAMILTOS 
Life  of  Sir  William  Rowan  Hamilton,  Royal  Astn>n  -mi  r 
of  Ireland.    By  Robert  Perceval  Graves,  M.A.,  Sub- 
Dean  of  the  Chapel  Royal.    Vol.  II.  pp.  719.  With 
Portrait.    (Hodges,  Figgis,  and  Co.) 
T  N  a  former  number  of  this  journal  it  was  our  duty  to 
^     notice  the  first  volume  of  the  life  of  the  illustrious 
Irish  mathematician.    We  have  now  to  congratulate  Mr. 
Graves  on  the  completion  of  the  second  instalment  of  that 
great  work  which  has  evidently  been  to  him  a  labour  of  love. 
This  volume,  like  its  predecessor,  bears  abundant  testi- 
mony to  the  conscientious  manner  in  which  the  author 
has  sought  to  delineate  a  picture  of  Hamilton,  told  as  far 
as  possible  by  the  letters  from  Hamilton  to  his  friends 
and  by  extracts  from  his  journal.  We  are  again  surprised 
at  the  extraordinary  copiousness  of  the  materials  which 
were  available. 

The  incidents  in  the  life  of  Hamilton  apart  from  his 
literary  and  scientific  activity  are  but  few.  The  la-: 
volume  conducted  us  to  the  year  1^32,  when  Hamilton 
was  in  his  twenty-seventh  year.  We  had  there  seen  the 
troubled  course  of  his  two  earlier  love  affairs,  and  at 
the  outset  of  this  volume  we  are  introduced  to  the  third 
with  Miss  Bayly,  to  whom  he  was  married  in  1S33.  Hi- 
domestic  happiness  was  in  the  course  of  years  clouded 
over  by  the  ill-healih  of  his  wife,  though  to  the  end  he 
remained  an  attached  husband,  as  she  was  an  attached 
wife  ;  two  sons  and  tine  daughter  were  the  issue  of  this 
union. 

The  reader  .>l  r::>  w  1  a:;  h  ;rdl>  IV I  '.  ■>  be  -Irmk 
will,  the  nainUr  an-  ib. -  w.>uh  of  t he  f.  ;ends  in  wh. 
I  1  j!'ul'ji:i  v,  a  -  end-  a.-  I  ;  i  1  •  ]  h  i -ses -r,  I  m  .-,  :  •_  n'.a rb abb 
degnv  :lu:  power  .  r>.  -  ;•  'iar.nig  a  ca-'.ia".  ,u  i:;i.-.;.,tan'-e- 
:dii;>  into  a  true  and  :  1  ing  friendship.  i!  -  m-;mao 
with  Word-. worth  ha-  In  abeadv  refened  to,  and  w.i- 
carncd  <m  by  iv:c,i.-i  'no!  a  i:eis  and  vi-:t5  until  the  deal:, 
of  the  poet.  Ammi In  other  literary  friends  we  me. 
mention  Maria  Kdg.ovonh,  who  writes  to  him  (p.  3S4;  :- 


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[Oct.  29>  1885 


■  Take  your  head  from  the  stars  or  from  transcendental 
mathematics  and  come  and  enjoy  Folly  and  Friendship." 

There  are  also  copious  letters  to  and  from  Aubrey  Dc 
Verc,  Lord  Dunravcn,  the  Marquis  of  Northampton,  and 
many  others,  including  not  a  few  to  his  intimate  friend 
the  author  of  the  present  work  ;  one  of  these  we  would 
specially  mention  p.  357),  in  which  Hamilton  sketches 
the  obligations  of  true  friendship.  The  scientific  corre- 
spondence of  Hamilton  with  many  of  the  leading  philo- 
sophcrs  of  the  last  generation  occupies,  as  might  have 
been  expected,  a  large  proportion  of  the  volume. 

At  successive  meetings  of  the  British  Association 
Hamilton  was  a  well-known  and  a  conspicuous  figure. 
When  the  Association  visited  Dublin  In  1835  he  was  but 
thirty  years  old,  yet  he  had  already  attained  a  scientific 
renown  which  made  him  perhaps  the  most  eminent  man 
at  that  meeting.  It  was  on  this  occasion  that  the  Hoard 
of  Trinity  College  entertained  the  distinguished  visitors  at 
a  banquet.  The  guests  had  assembled  in  the  venerable 
library  of  the  University.  The  Farl  of  Mulgrave,  then 
Lord  Lieutenant  of  Ireland,  called  Hamilton  to  the  centre 
of  a  little  circle,  and,  after  conferring  upon  him  the  honour 
of  knighthood,  said  :  — 

"  I  but  set  the  Royal,  and,  therefore,  the  national  mark 
on  a  distinction  already  acquired  by  your  genius  and 
labours"  (p.  158). 

In  speaking  at  the  banquet  subsequently,  Whcwcll  said, 
in  language  which  the  enthusiasm  of  the  moment  might 
perhaps  excuse :  — 

'•  It  was  now  one  hundred  and  thirty  years  since  a 
great  man  in  another  Trinity  College  knelt  down  before 
his  Sovereign  and  rose  up  Sir  Isaac  Newton  "  (p.  159). 

In  the  year  1S4;  Sir  R.  Murchison,  then  general  secre- 
tary of  the   \>-.oci.ition,  writes  to  Hamilton  as  follows 

(p.  387) 

"  Your  letter  of  the  16th  having  crossed  mine,  /  am  in 
despair  at  your  resolution  not  to  visit  Manchester  ;  and  in 
order  to  sha'vC  it  if  possible,  even  at  the  eleventh  hour,  I 
enclose  you  a  letter  from  Hcrschcl,  whose  resolutions  were 
quite  as  firm  as  yours,  and  who  yet  has  made  them  fly 
before  Bcssel.  Think  of  this  philosopher  coming  on 
purpose  to  see  such  men  as  Herschcl,  yourself,  and  two 
or  three  others,  and  finding  Airy  and  Batty  flown  to  Italy 
and  Sir  William  Hamilton  lecturing  in  Dublin  !  I  Pray 
put  off  your  class  for  a  week.  Make  a  noble  effort  and 
lay  it  all  on  Bessel's  shoulders,  and  you  will  add  to  vour 
glory-" 

On  this  occasion  Hamilton  had  also  the  gratification  of 
meeting  the  great  mathematician  Jacobi,  who,  after 
referring  to  Hamilton  as  the  "  Lagrange  of  your  country," 
said  (p.  388)  :— 

"  Provided  that  we  give  to  the  dynamical  equations 
that  remarkable  form  under  which  they  have  been  pre- 
sented for  the  first  time  by  the  illustrious  Astronomer 
Royal  of  Dublin,  and  in  which  they  ought  to  be  presented 
hereafter,  in  all  the  general  researches  of  analytical 
mechanics." 

We  also  read  how  Hamilton  was  received  at  the  Oxford 
meeting  in  1847,  in  which,  to  quote  his  own  words  from  a 
letter  to  the  author,  he  says  (p.  585) : — 

"  It  has  several  times  happened  to  me  to  sit  between 
Siruve  and  Le  Verrier  (both  of  whom,  somewhat 
surprise,  and  certainly  beyond  my  deserts,  assi;~ 
me  a  high  place  among  British  astronomers 
concluding  meeting).  And  when 


give  an  account  of  the  application  of  the  calculus  of 
quaternions  to  the  theory  of  the  moon  on  the  Thursday 
of  last  week,  and  saw  before  me  not  only  those  two 
eminent  foreign  astronomers,  but  also  Herschcl,  and  Airy, 
anil  Adams,  and  Challis,  besides  Peacock  and  Whewell, 
and  others  scarcely  less  distinguished,  I  could  not  refrain 
from  acknowledging  it  to  be  an  alarming  and  almost  an 
awful  thing  to  speak  on  any  subject  of  physical  astronomy 
in  the  presence  of  such  an  audience." 

Hamilton  also  records  in  an  unscnt  letter  the  following, 
which  refers  to  the  same  meeting  (p.  585) :  — 

"My  friend  Struve,  of  Russia,  at  Oxford,  1847,  said: 
that,  though  I  held  the  title  of  Royal  Astronomer  of  Ire- 
land, my  astronomical  brethren  on  the  Continent  would 
decide lly  prefer  my  never  looking  through  the  telescope 
to  my  giving  up  or  less  ardently  pursuing  mathematics. 
'  You  are,'  he  was  pleased  to  say, '  our  teacher.' " 

Hamilton  was  for  many  years  not  only  the  most  dis- 
tinguished member  of  the  Royal  Irish  Academy  but  also 
its  president.  Many  interesting  letters  will  be  found  in 
the  volume  relating  to  his  election  to  this  distinguished 
post.  His  rival,  if  so  he  can  be  called  in  what  Hamilton 
describes  as  a  "  contest  of  generosity,"  was  the  late 
Provost  Lloyd.  Lloyd  retired  in  favour  of  his  friend,  and 
Hamilton  writes  many  letters,  the  character  of  which  is 
fairly  represented  by  one  to  Lloyd  (p.  218),  in  which  he 
disclaims 

u  Entertaining  even  a  thought  which  could  be  construed 
into  treason  to  our  long  and  unclouded  friendship,  and 
that  the  part  you  have  taken  (while  in  some  respects  it 
adds  to  my  pain)  furnishes  a  new  proof  of  the  justice  of 
the  high  opinion  that  I  have  ever  entertained  of  you." 

Hamilton  discharged  in  the  most  exemplary  manner 
the  laborious  duties  of  President  for  several  years,  until, 
as  he  writes  (p.  510)  :  — 

"  The  day  has  it  length  arrived  when  I  am  to  accom- 
plish my  desire  of  retiring  from  the  chair  of  the  R.l.A. 
How  joyously,  though  not  without  a  feeling  of  solemnity,  I 
received  the  news  of  my  being  elected  to  the  chair  ;  how 
gladly  now  I  resign  it,  yet  not  without  a  shade  of  that 
sadness  which  belongs  to  a  farewell  !  " 

The  chief  interest  in  this  volume  will  be  found  in  the 
account  of  the  great  invention  of  quaternions,  with  which 
the  name  of  Hamilton  will  be  for  ever  associated.  His 
own  appreciation  of  the  importance  of  this  achievement 
is  shown  in  an  extract  from  a  letter  to  Prof.  Lloyd  in 
December,  1851  (p.  445)  :— 

"  In  general,  although  in  one  sense  I  hope  that  I  am 
actually  growing  modest  about  the  quaternions,  from  my 
seeing  so  many  peeps  and  vistas  into  future  expansions 
of  their  principles,  I  still  must  assert  that  this  discovery 
appears  to  me  to  be  as  important  for  the  middle  of  the 
nineteenth  century  as  the  discovery  of  Fluxions  was  for 
the  close  of  the  seventeenth." 

The  account  of  the  discovery  which,  after  fifteen  yttCjQ 

of  studious  meditation,  seems  suddenly  to  have  Bl 
upon  Hamilton  is  told  in  an  interesting  letter  written  I 
his  deathbed  r'        «n  later  to  his  son  Archibal! 

(August  5,  F 


"  On  tr 
be  Mont 
walking  1. 


happened 


to 


1 


other  was 
ch  she 


me 


Oct.  29,  1885J 


NATURE 


621 


not  too  much  to  say  that  I  felt  ai  once  the  importance.  An 
electric  circuit  seemed  to  close  ;  and  a  spark  flashed  forth, 
the  herald,  as  I  foresaw  immediately,  of  many  long  years 
to  come  of  definitely  directed  thought  and  work,  by 
myself  \i  spared,  and  at  all  events  on  the  part  of  others,  if 
I  should  even  be  allowed  to  live  long  enough  distinctly 
to  communicate  the  discover)-.  Nor  could  I  resist  the 
impulse,  unphilosophical  as  it  may  have  been,  to  cut  with 
a  knife  on  a  stone  of  Brougham  Bridge,  as  we  passed  it, 
the  fundamental  formula  with  the  symbols  i,j,  k ; — namely, 


1*1  = 


=j*  =  k*  =  ijk 


1,  which  contains  the 


of 


the  problem,  but  of  course,  as  an  inscription,  has  long 
since  mouldered  away.  A  more  durable  notice  remains,  on 
the  council  books  of  the  Academy  of  that  day— October 
16th,  1843— which  records  the  fact,  that  I  then  asked  for 
and  obtained  leave  to  read  a  paper  on  quaternions  at  the 
first  general  meeting  of  the  session,  which  reading  took 
place  accordingly,  on  Monday,  November  13." 

Among  the  most  distinguished  disciples  of  Hamilton  is 
Prof.  Tait,  though  even  he  has  admitted  that  he  has  not 
read  the  whole  of  Hamilton's  "  tremendous  volumes " 
(lives  there  indeed  the  man  who  has  ?).  Another  account 
of  the  discovery  is  found  in  a  letter  to  Prof.  Tait  on 
October  15,  1858  (p.  435)=— 

"To-morrow  will  be  the  fifteenth  birthday  of  the 
quaternions.  They  started  into  life  full-grown  on  the  t6th 
of  October,  1843,  as  I  was  walking  with  Lady  Hamilton  to 
Dublin,  and  came  up  to  Brougham  Bridge— which  my 
boys  have  since  called  Quaternion  Bridge.  I  pulled  out 
a  pocket-book,  which  still  exists,  and  made  an  entry,  on 
which  at  the  very  moment  I  felt  that  it  might  be  worth 
my  while  to  expend  the  labour  of  at  least  ten  or  fifteen 
years  to  come.  But  then  it  is  fair  to  say  that  this  was 
because  I  felt  a  problem  to  have  been  at  that  moment 
solved,  an  intellectual  want  relieved  which  had  haunted 
me  for  at  least  fifteen  years  before" 

The  unmathematical  reader  may  naturally  ask  the 
nature  of  this  notable  discovery  which  Hamilton  made  at 
"  Quaternion  "  Bridge. 

It  would  seem  that  at  this  moment  he  solved  the  long- 
studied  problem  of  the  multiplication  of  directed  straight 
lines,  or  vectors  as  he  called  them.  Let  a  denote  a 
straight  line  of  determined  length  and  direction.  Let  b 
denote  another  straight  line  at  right  angles  to  a,  and 
radiating  from  the  same  origin  ;  then  the  product  ab 
denotes  a  third  straight  line  from  the  same  origin  perpen- 
dicular to  the  plane  of  a  and  b  ;  the  product  ba,  however, 
denotes  the  perpendicular  line  on  the  other  side  of  the 
plane,  so  that  ba  -  -  ab.  This  formula  is  eminently 
characteristic  of  the  method,  showing  as  it  does  that 
vector  multiplication  is  non-commutative.  It  is,  however, 
remarkable  that  the  associative  principle  obtains  in 
quaternions  no  less  than  in  ordinary  algebra  ;  thus  if 
<l,  b,  C  be  three  vceiors,  or  more,  j'cncrally  quaternion-,, 
then  ab  X  c  =  <*  X  ^  .  This  theorem,  though  />■■■<'  m 
quaternions,  is  Still   so  f;ir  fmm  bur.-  obvious  ba.i  \: 


th  of  ;m 


^camc::;..  n  :a;-.orai. 
it  one  point  of  -|nv;al   .  .   1 :  r  1  -  an-  r 
tcrmon-  it  woald  bo  i'mmd  in  th..- 
»f  the  symbol  of  .\  vc\  tor,     T;m<  if 
ctor  or  <li reeled  sti  .v.  ;ht  l:ne  <>f 
symbol   may        1  mean 
gh  a  M,;ht  ,ir,:de  aroua-d  the 
i:l,o  of  <  |  aal  o  r  :i  i ■  'IIs  the 
interpreted  10  this  dual 
gank-il  .is  tin:  opci.mn  - 
transforms   it  into 


'ftCtor  trar.sl 


another.  This  operation  requires  two  quantities  to 
specify  the  plane  of  the  vectors— one  to  specify  the  angle 
between  them  and  one  the  ratio  of  their  lengths  in  all 
four  quantities  are  required,  whence  the  name  quaternion. 

An  interesting  letter  (p.  536)  to  the  Rev.  John  W. 
Stubbs,  Fellow  of  Trinity  College,  dated  October  19, 
1846,  gives  a  sketch  of  the  points  which  Hamilton  thought 
specially  novel  in  his  theory  :— 

"  But  did  the  thought  of  establishing  such  a  system,  in 
which  geometrically  opposite  factors  —  namely,  two  lines 
(or  areas)  which  are  opposite  IN  space  give  always  a 
positive  product — ever  come  into  anybody's  head,  till  I 
was  led  to  it  in  October,  1843,  by  trying  to  extend  my  old 
theory  of  algebraic  couples,  and  of  algebra  as  the  science 
of  pure  time  ?  As  to  my  regarding  geometrical  addition 
of  lines  as  equivalent  to  composition  of  motions  (and  as 
performed  by  the  same  rules),  that  is  indeed  essential  in 
my  theory,  but  not  peculiar  to  it ;  on  the  contrary  I  am 
only  one  of  many  who  have  been  led  to  this  view  of 
addition." 

A  few  years  later  Hamilton  commenced  the  delivery  of 
lectures  on  quaternions  in  Trinity  College.  His  own 
words  are  (p.  605)  :— 

"  It  was  on  Wednesday,  June  21,  1848,  that  I  delivered 
my  first  lecture  on  quaternions  to  a  very  respectable 
audience,  among  the  persons  composing  which  were  the 
Rev.  George  Salmon,  Fellow  of  Trinity  College,  Dublin, 
and  author  of  a  lately-published  treatise  on  Algebraic 
Geometry,  and  Arthur  Cayley,  Fellow  of  Trinity  College, 
Cambridge,  who  first,  except  myself,  has  publicly  used 
the  quaternions." 

These  lectures,  rewritten  and  greatly  expanded,  formed 
his  first  and  classical  volume — "  Lectures  on  Quaternions." 
(Dublin,  1853.) 

The  publication  of  this  work  drew  from  Hamilton's 
many  scientific  friends  cordial  letters  of  congratulation. 
His  old  and  intimate  friend,  Sir  John  Herschel,  thus 
writes  on  July  21,  1853  (p.  681) :  — 

"  Now  most  heartily  let  mc  congratulate  you  on  getting 
out  your  book— on  having  found  utterance  ore  rotunda 
for  all  that  labouring  and  seething  mass  of  thought  which 
has  been  from  time  to  time  sending  out  sparkles,  and 
gleams,  and  smokes,  and  shaking  the  soil  about  you  but 
now  breaks  into  a  good  honest  eruption  with  a  lava 
stream  and  a  shower  of  fertilising  ashes.  I  don't  mean  to 
say  that  there  is  not  a  good  deal  of  cloud  (albeit  full  of 
electric  fire)— the  good  old  '  stupendo  e  orgoglioso  pino ' 
of  the  fiery  outbreak  surrounding  the  bright  jet,  the  true 
product — but  the  cloud  clears  as  the  wind  drifts  and 
leaves  the  hill  conspicuous. 

"  Metaphor  and  simile  apart,  there  is  work  for  a  twelve- 
month to  any  man  to  read  such  a  book,  and  for  half  a 
lifetime  to  di-e-t  it.  am!  t  :iin  iai;te  -lad  to  sec  it  brought 
•n  a  conclusion." 

Tin-  inter.  .>;:■  -<:-,  both  -.-id  and  sc;enti[i-,  betv.or.ri 
1  I  mulion  .1110  N.-  join  lhr-hd  ■  ;, man;,  mtci  1. 1  ng 
;.a.o  s  'ai  th:  -  \  oaiaio.  ['hi:-.  I'm  ::>::i;K  r,  «c  :iiul  P 
a  a  a  1  •  su ir  l  ut  a  r.:c ..  I .  a .;  :..•:•*<•.  ;.  •  hive  philosopher-  at 
I  l.i  a  . a -1  1  1  1 1  •  1  1  omaloil  fra'li.i.  )U\  IVaan  k,  the  I  ><  an 
ofi'.'v.  *  Simill;  ;hr\  .'.Uriah  1  M-riacc  in  the  Cathedral 
in  company  •aii'i  I'ioI.  Jumr-  R  I  ..:':«--,  and  Hamilton 
n.-oor.'.ed  the  unu.b.-ai  ai  a  -mim'  v.ai-'a  lie  recited  to  his 
fraud-.  The  at  '-.:  \  atimr  he  :  i  .  •  •:  ei.  d  an  ac  knouded^ - 
nu  al  in  kind  ;Vom  1 1  c  i  v  he i.  \\  c  ouole  here  the  two 
[ni'-i:^:  that  of  Han. :'.t..n  ;a.  4  it  bears  the  title  "In 
i.lv  Cathedral  "  ; 


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NA  TUKli 


[Oct.  29,  1885 


'•  The  «un>hinc,  through  the  lofty  window  stealing, 
Lit  up  that  vxst  and  venerable  fane, 
Ely's  Cathedral,  in  dark  clouds  and  rain 
Wrapped  lately,  and  shut  up  from  joyous  feeling  : 
In  Us  -*>ft  progress  all  around  revealing 
Beauty  or  majesty  unmarked  before. 
It  shed  it-,  type  of  heavenly  comfort  o'er 
Three  kindred-kingdoms'  sons  together  kneeling. 
Oh,  may  that  Church,  Kpi>co;ial  and  pure. 
One  Mother  of  that  kneeling  company. 
In  c«»encc  one,  in  name  and  office  three. 
Mill  outward  storm  and  darkne-^  (till  endure  : 
He  comforted  of  Christ  in  God's  go<«l  time. 
And  share  the  sun-vhinc  of  a  hcavcnlier  clime." 


Herschel's  sonnet  in  reply  (p.  494} 
Hamilton  the  following  morning: — 


was  handed  to 


"  On  a  Scene  in  Ki.v  Cathedral 

"  The  organ's  swell  was  hiisheil,  but  s.  .ft  and  low 
An  echo,  more  than  music,  rang  ;  when  he. 
The  doubly-gifted,  poured  forth  whimperingly, 
High-wrought  ami  rich,  his  heart's  evuhciaiit  flow 
Beneath  that  Wl  and  vaulted  canopy. 
Plunging  anon  into  the  fathomlc-.-.  sea 
Of  thought,  he  dived  where  rarer  treasure*  grow. 
Gems  of  an  unsunned  warmth  and  dceik-r  glow. 
Oh  !  U>-n  for  e  ther  sphere  '.    \Vh'r«C  sou!  can  thrill 
With  all  that  l'oc*y  has  suft  or  bright. 
Or  wield  the  sceptre  of  the  sa^e  al  will 
(That  mighty  mace  which  buiMs  its  way  to  light). 
Soar  as  thou  wilt  !  or  plunge— thy  ardent  mind 
l)arts  on — but  cannot  leave  our  love  l>ehind." 

Wc  have  introduced  these  verses  not  so  much  on 
account  of  the  poetical  merit  they  possess,  which  wc 
confess  appears  to  us  to  lie  but  slight.  They  may,  how  - 
ever, serve  z;  samples  of  those  poetical  effusions  with 
which  thc>f  volumes  teem— indeed  they  give  the  im- 
pression that  there  must  be  some  occult  sympathy  between 
jjoctry  and  astronomy.  It  is  well  known  that  Komncy 
Kobinson  was  a  poet,  and  though  it  does  not  appear 
that  Sir  George  Airy  had  plunged  into  wrse.  yet  when  he 
and  Hamilton  were  together  at  Parsortstown  there  was 
.in  amusing  contest  between  the  two  Royal  Astronomers 
as  to  which  could  repeat  most  English  poetry.  T  he 
present  writer  has  heard  this  scene  dcM  nbcd  by  the  late 
Earl  of  Kossc,  who  said  that  Sir  (i.  Airy  wa-  admitted  to 
have  carried  off  the  honours. 

A>  an  illustration  of  one  of  the  lc>s  important  mathe- 
matical labours  of  Hamilton  wc  may  mention  his  paper 
on  the  Holograph,  communicated  to  the  Royal  Irish 
Academy  in  1846.  This  elegant  conception  is  a  curve 
whereof  the  radius  vector  to  any  point  from  the  origin 
represent!  both  in  direction  and  in  amount  the  velocity 
of  a  moving  particle.  Main  inte  c-ting  applications  were 
nude  by  Hamilton,  and  arc  referred  to  in  correspondence 
with  W  he  well.  A  somcwli.it  luJkruUJ  incident  in  con- 
nection with  the  hodograph  is  recorded  ip.  543).  It 
appears  that  at  the  smic  meeting  of  the  Academy  in 
which  the  ho  1  tgraph  was  dis-is-ed,  Hamilton  also  ex- 
hibited Prof.  Miller's  just  published  work  on  "The 
Central  Sun."  This  precarious  speculation  was  by  the 
reporter  iniudicioj-dx  blended  w.:h  the  hodogiaph,  and 
an  astounding  Statement  went  the  round  of  the  papers 
a»crting  that  Hamilton's  wonderful  calculus  had  suc- 
ceeded in  discovering  the  central  point  of  the  universe ! 

It  is  not,  perhaps,  generally  known  thai  the  real  dis- 
1  ovcrer  of  the  bodograph  was  llradley  Csec  Kigaud's 
••  lit mn  of   ItradleyV   Memoirs,  Oxford,  1S32,  p.  sS\i. 


Bradley  has  there  given  a  most  elegant  geometrical  in- 
vestigation of  that  circle  related  to  elliptic  motion  which 
Hamilton  afterwards  named  the  hodograph. 

The  religious  side  of  Hamilton's  character  demands  a 
few  words  of  notice.  He  was  a  member  of  the  Establish- 
ment, and  many  passages  show  that  he  had  the  sympa- 
thies of  a  sound  churchman.  He  seems  to  have  been  an 
admirer  of  I'usey,  with  whom  he  was  also  personally 
acquainted.  Wc  also  find  occasion. .1  reference  to  the 
midnight  vigils  with  which  he  awaited  the  new  year,  and 
to  the  fa  ting  which  he  sometimes  practised  for  devo- 
tional reasons.  We  should  imagine,  however,  that  such 
exercises  were  but  very  occasional  to  a  student  so  laborious 
yet  so  irregular  ai  Hamilton. 

He  found  time  to  be  president  of  a  local  branch  of  the 
Society  for  the  Propagation  of  the  Gospel.  He  assumed 
the  duties  of  a  churchwarden,  and  vancpiishcd  Archbishop 
Whatclcy  in  a  controversy  on  the  orthodoxy  of  an  inscrip- 
tion on  the  church  window  at  Castlcknock.  At  Whitsun- 
tide we  find  him  writing  a  dynamic  d  theory  of  the 
ascension  of  our  Lord,  in  w  hich  in  medie  val  fashion  he 
proceeds  to  evaluate  the  dnrmtl0H  of  the  phenomenon, 
which  he  demonstrates  to  have  been  less  than  the  interval 
between  Holy  Thursday  and  Whit  Sunday. 

It  is  with  evident  pain  that  the  biographer  has  felt 
himself  compelled  to  record  the  one  great  failing  of  bi> 
illustrious  friend.  The  excessive  devotion  of  Hamilton 
to  study  and  the  engrossing  nature  of  tho»c  mathematical 
reveries  in  which  he  indulged  led  to  tin- formation  of  very 
irregular  habits.  He  "  too  often  found  the  daw  n  surprise 
bim  as  he  looked  up  to  snuif  his  candles  after  some  nig  lit 
of  fascinating  labour."  The  necessary  hours  for  re>t  and 
refreshment  being  disregarded,  he  was  led  to  the  danger*?  .* 
practice  of  an  undue  recourse  to  alcohol,  and  occasional 
intemperance  was  the  consequence.  Two  or  three  scenes 
arising  from  this  cause  have  been  described  in  this 
volume.  There  is  one  which  can  hardlv  have  been  wit- 
nessed except  by  the  biographer  himself,  but  which  his 
Conscientiousness  has  compelled  him  to  record.  There 
is  a  second  on  a  public  occasion  which  caused  the 
deepest  grief  to  Hamilton's  friends,  one  of  whom  called 
upon  him  with  a  kind  remonstrance  which  was  received 
by  Ham. lion  in  a  manner  worthy  of  his  high  character. 
There  is  also  a  third  incident,  perhaps  the  most  painful 
of  all,  which  illustrates  the  attempt  of  Hamilton  to  reform 
ami  the  circumstan  es  under  which  he  relapsed. 

We  ceitainly  have  no  intention  of  citing  these  passages 
in  this  place,  for  if  torn  from  their  setting  in  the  life 
of  this  great  man  they  would  probably  convey  an  exagger- 
ated notion  of  the  e\tcnt  of  his  infirmity.  We  would 
rather  record  the  words  of  Mr.  Graves,  where  he  says 
(P-  .135)  !— 

"  It  is  mournful  that  what  seems  to  have  l>een  an  in- 
considerate, and  a*  nrst  unconsciously  indulged,  defect  in 
external  regimen  of  life,  for  such  in  the  inception  Mas  his 
infirmity,  should  avail  to  cast  a  shade  over  qualities  so 
solid  ami  so  splendid  as  the  moral  and  intellectual  qualities 
of  Hamilton.' 

Wc  have  still  In  I.  >'<  fom.ird  to  the  thin^J§g\jKn 

chilling  volume  of  tins  important  wofjaj 

read  hou   Hamilton  continued  hi 
!  whU  )i  <  ulimu  itcd  in  the  appeara 
'  work,  the  "  Elements 


Oct.  29,  1885 J 


NA  TURE 


6-3 


promised  that  extensive  correspondence  with  De  Morgan, 
which  will  secure  the  attention  of  every  lover  of  the 
"  Budget  of  Paradoxes."  At  the  close  of  our  former 
notice  we  insisted  on  the  duty  which  devolved  on  the 
University  of  Dublin  of  publishing  in  a  collected  form 
the  mathematical  writings  of  their  illustrious  son.  This 
duty  has  not  yet  been  discharged  ;  let  us  hope  that  it  will 
not  be  left  to  some  foreign  mathematician  to  undertake 
the  work  which  it  should  be  the  glory  of  Trinity  College 
to  complete. 


AN  A GRICL X 77  HA L  NO TE-DO OK 
An    Agricultural    .Vote-Pool:       By    W.    C.  Taylor, 
Aspatria,  Carlisle.    (London  :  Longmans,  1SS5.) 

IT  is  not  often  that  note-books  arc  published,  and  it  is 
well.  Notes  are  in  their  nature  fragmentary,  and 
disposed  towards  brevity,  often  lapsing  into  crudity. 
They  are  a  sort  of  skeleton  of  imparted  knowledge,  or  at 
least  rather  anatomical  than  living,  moving,  and  breath- 
ing information.  The  least  and  the  most  that  may  be 
reasonably  expected  of  them  is  tint  they  should  be 
correct.  The  sm  ill  book  which  Ins  jvist  been  published 
by  Messrs.  Longmans  does  not  commend  itself  to  our 
judgment.  It  is  crude,  fragmentary,  and  almost  inarticu- 
late or  unintelligible.  It  purports  to  contain  a  body  of 
teaching  and  of  facts,  but  it  really  consists  of  disjointed 
sentences,  the  meaning  of  which  it  is  often  very  difficult 
to  gather.  The  grammatical  construction  of  the  sen- 
tences is  also  fearful  and  wonderful.  To  give  an  idea  of 
this  latest  contribution  to  agricultural  science,  we  select 
the  opening  passage,  page  I,  which  reads  as  follows:  — 
The  science  of  agriculture.  Definitions  and  terms.  Its 
definitions.  Scientific  truths  taught  by  the  practice  of 
agriculture."  "  The  practice  of  the  farm  teaching  the 
science.  The  laws  of  agricultural  science  best  learnt  when 
thus  taught,  and  lead  to  improvements  in  the  applica- 
tion of  science  to  farm  practice.''  If  this  is  a  definition, 
much  has  been  written  in  vain  as  to  the  difficulty  of 
defining.  It  not  only  fails  in  detiniteness,  but  is  curiously 
involved,  as  well  as  untrue,  for  "the  practice  of  the  farm 
teaching  the  science"  is  an  impossible  and  impracticable 
idea. 

The  word  its  "  before  each  paragraph  of  definitions 
and  terms  appears  to  bear  reference  to  the  general 
heading,  "  The  Science  of  Agriculture,"  anil  cannot  be 
supposed  to  bear  a  grammatical  relation  to  •'  definitions 
and  terms."'  Taking  this  view  of  Mr.  Taylor's  "  notes,'' 
we  read  as  follows  :  — 

"  Its  character  in  the  soil,  as  temper,  will,  and  disposi- 
tion. These  to  be  noted  :  success  of  farmer  depending 
much  on  his  knowledge  of  alx>ve  (sister  sciences). 
Hungry,  sick,  grateful ',  ob  it inate,  kindly,  fender,  &c." 

We  defy  any  one  to  make  any  sense  out  of  these  utter- 
ances, whether  taken  with  or  without  their  context. 

Next  we  have  an  attempt  at  further  amplification. 
Thus  "  1  Hungry — constantly  in  want  of  food."  Now, 
be  it  remarked  that  the  subject  is  soils,  and  we  are  told 
that  a  soil  is  "  hungry,  constantly  in  want  of  food.'' 
Also  that  it  is  "sick/'  Here  is  indeed  confusion  of 
metaphor  and  blind  guiding  with  a  vengeance.  Only  let 
readers  of  Nature  endeavour  to  picture  to  their  minds  a 
hungry  Jftd  sick  soil '.    No  wonder  that  Mr.  Taylor  in 


I  the  richness  of  his  fancy  can  further  enlarge  upon  its 
gratitude,  tenderness,  and  kindliness.    Page    1   woul  1 
itself  furnish  ample  matter  for  review.    It  is  a*  full  of 
difficulties  as  the  Moabitish  stone,  although  it  might 
so  well  repay  deciphering. 

Again  we  read  :  "Short  supply  of  organic  matter  im- 
proved by  adding  clay,  where  practicable,  and  vegetable 
matter."  While  concurring  with  the  last  simply-given 
advice  as  remedying  the  fault  in  question,  we  deny  that 
any  amount  of  clay  can  help  towards  this  end. 

Turning  p.  1,  we  come  to  p.  2,  where  we  begin  at  th  : 
top  as  follows  :— "  3.  Tkndkk  -  Hard  and  baked.  Im- 
proved by  rain,  drags  and  harrows  at  right  time."  This 
tender  soil  is  then  hard  and  baked,  and  it  appear*  also 
that  it  is  improved  by  certain  natural  and  arufic.il 
agencies  which  we  thought  were  not  only  and  solely  unfit 
for  the  amelioration  of  such  tender,  albeit  hard  and  baked 
soils. 

On  the  same  page  we  are  thus  enlightened  as  to  the 
primitive  rocks  :— "  The  primitive  rocks  differ  from 
materials  yielded  by  decay,  which  is  accomplished  by 
oxygen  (O)  and  carbonic  acid  Co  .  gases  invisible  and 
transparent.  Both  attack  rocks  and  metals,  however 
hard  ;  seen  in  the  mould-board  of  the  plough  reducing 
it  (f)  to  a  powder  without  noise.  Temperature  and  water, 
other  two  agents  acting  on  the  Traitor's  iron  and  potash, 
loosening  particles  from  the  hard  rock."  ....  These 
agents  are  the  friendly  helpers  to  the  farmer.  The 
italics  arc  Mr.  Taylor's  own.  We  are  irresistibly  reminded 
of  Mr.  Wcg  and  Mr.  Venus,  those  two  "'friendly 
movers"  in  "Our  Mutual  l'ricnd." 

Passing  onwards  through  the  dreary  succession  of 
sentences  devoid  of  subject,  predicate,  or  copula,  we 
arrive  at  p.  1 2,  where  instruction  is  given  upon  the  various 
component  parts  of  soils.  Here  we  find  the  following 
information  re-arding  alumina  :— "  Alumma.  (f)  Present 
in  the  soil,  but  not  in  plant  food.  1)  Double  silicates 
arc  (1)  silicate  of  alumna,  (j;  !a)  lime,  V'  potash,  V)  or 
of  soda,  ;./i  or  of  ammonia.  (3;.  Order  of  compounds, 
H3N,KXO^,  Na..C< > ,.  The  higher  favourite  puts  out  a 
lower  and  unites  with  the  silicate  of  alumina.  '4)  The 
powers  of  vegetable  life  command  an  influence  over  each 

j  and  all  the  second  rank  partners.     5;  Perform-,  work  of 
outdoor  servant.      6,  Reconstructs   broken-up  partner 
ships.     17}  Amidst    the   faithless,   constant   only  she 
fS)  Acts  as  purveyor  of  food  for  the  plant." 

We  leave  this  extraordinary  statement  of  the  eight 
duties  of  alumina  in  the  -.oil  to  the  judgment  of  any  sound 
scientific  man  or  agriculturist,  asking  only  why  you  114 
people  should  be  subjected  to  teaching  so  completely  mis- 

(  leading,  erroneous,  and  unintelligible,  on  the  pica  that 
they  are  obtaining  insight  into  the  principles  of  agri- 
cultural science  ? 


Till.  PPEIEXT/OX  OT  Pl.lXDXESS 
The  Causes  and  the  Prevention  of  lllindiiess.  By  Dr. 
Ernst  I'uclis,  Professor  of  Ophthalmology  in  the  Uni- 
versity of  Luge.  Translated  by  Dr.  R.  K.  Dudgeon. 
Svo,  pp.  23c.  London:  Bailliere,  Tindall,  and  Cox, 
1SS5.) 

UNDER  the  title  of  "  The  Causes  and  Prevention  of 
Blindness,"  Dr.  Dudgeon  has  translated  an  essay, 
written  by  Dr.  Fuchs,  of  Liege,  under  the  conditions  of  a 

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competition  announced  by  the  "  Society  for  the  Preven- 
tion of  Blind  net*  in  London,'*  and  to  which  the  prize  of 
go/,  offered  by  the  Society  vu  awarded.  The  book  may 
be  described  ai  com  ining  a  succinct  exposition  of  the 
chief  cause*  of  blindness,  and  an  endeavour  to  render 
them  intelligible  to  non  medical  readers  .  the  ob)ect  being 
to  obtain  the  cooperation  of  the  public  in  the  removal  of 
these  causes,  in  so  far  as  that  desirable  end  may  be 
attained  by  improved  h>j-ienc,  and  by  a  better  knowledge 
of  the  most  favourable  conditions  ol  ocular  work. 

The  causes  of  blindness  which  may  fairly  be  said  to 
be  thus  remediable,  even  including  under  blindness  high 
degrees  of  defective  vition,  are  two  in  number -  namely, 
the  purulent  ophthalmia  of  new-born  infants,  and  the 
progressive  short-sight  which  is  not  uncommon  in  schools. 
The  former  is  a  disease  which  might  frequently  be  pre- 
vented, whirh  is  alway  -  curable  i<  treated  in  good  time, 
but  which,  if  neglected,  is  almost  certain  to  destroy  the 
sight  ;  and  lo  neglect  o(  its  early  »ugcs  among  the  poor 
and  in  remote  country  districts,  probably  four-fifths  of  the 
blindness  which  occurs  among  children  in  this  country 
may  lie  ascribed.    Sevcr.il  rnnnlhs  ago  the  <  iphthalmo- 
logical  Society  of  the  I'nited  Kingdom,  moved  thereto  by 
Or.  McKcown  <if  llelfasl,  sent  a  deputation  to  the  Home 
Secretary  to  call  the  aiirmion  of  the  t'mvemment  to  the 
dangerous  charuclcr  and  the  easy  curability  of  this  affec- 
tion, and  10  urge  that  Heps  should  be  taken,  thl.ui/li  the 
instrumentality  of  the  Kcgistrars  of  llirrhs,  to  diffuse  ; 
more  general  knowledge  'it  the  importance  of  early  treat 
menu    Partly  through  the  opposition  of  the  Registrar 
General,  the  deputation  met  with  no  encouragement :  and 
the  information  given  by  l>r.  Fuchs  is  therefor 
opportune  as  it  is  valuable,  and  mighl  with  great  advant- 
age bt  communicated  to  the  poor  by  clergymen,  school 
masters,  and  others.    It  may  be  mid,  however,  that  many 
of  his  recommendations  apply  rh icily  to  countries 
which  the  crnplo)  ment  of  mtdwivo  li  mote  general  than 
in  England. 

Tlie  progressive  l>url  itglrl  of  the  educational  period  i 
a  matter  which  has  late!)  attracted  much  notice  in  all 
civilised  countries,  ami  Dr.  Kuchs  has  nulhing  to  say 
concerning  it  which  is  original,    lie  presents,  nevenhe- 
leis,  a  brirf  and  convenient  Hmq  of  the  facts,  and 
good  description  of  the  methods  r.f  school  lighting  and 
fitting  winch  are  mo-t  <o  be  commended.    This  part  of 
his  volume  niav  be  studied  with  great  advantage  by  any 
teachers  and  managers  to  whom  the  mure  systematic 
(realises  upon  the  subject  are  either  unknown  or 
accessible    The  Ui"k  c.nl.iins  one  serums  errur,  which 
in  tlie  Knglish  version,  has  been  slightly  modified  by 
mistranslation.    Dr.  Dudgeon  writes,  with  reference  to 
the  provision  for  instruction  about  eye  diseases  in  the 
medical  idmtll  of  I, real  Britain  and  Ireland --"  Thcr 
are  eye  departments  in  all  the  large  hospitals  but  as 
rule  no  regular  lectures  on  ojiliOialiiiiilogy  arc  deliv  ered. 
The  word  rendered  *  ophthalmology  "  is  in  the  original 
not  " *'/AM.//«Wf'c7V.''  but  '*  tiM£tHAtifAttfiti,;"  and  the 
correct  llanUalioii   w.,uld   be   "the  treatment  of  d 
eases  of  tlie  eyes."    tin  this  subject,  that  is  lo  say, 
upon  so  much  of  ophthalmology  as  has  any  direct 
bearing  upon  tlie  dunes  of  the  medical  practitioner, 
systematic  lectures  arc  delivered  m  every  medical  school 
lit  the  United  Kingdom  ;  and  it  it  dilhcult  to  believe  Hut 


systematic 

in  the  Unitccba. 


tlie  translator    could  have  been  unacoiascr 
fact.    "  i  '(.tithalinoloRy,"  of  course;  air- ;  • 
ringe,  and  embraces  branches tsf  optics  t>* i _ 
th  which  the  practitioner,  unless  a  ffi- 
itMM,  has  neither  time  nor  reason  ioock. 


OUR  ROOK  SHELT 

Among  tht  Rods  round  GUitgow :  A&ru.e!. 
f.he.  and  other  /'often.    By  Vnplc  U 
n.    lOlasjfovv  :  MacMtosr,  iSi,:; 
'lume  furnishes  a  good  example  el  sit 
man  can  do  in  his  few  intervals  of  leisure.  Ti 
s  mainly  based  on  notes  of  excursions  lojflrjr 
while  acting  its  secretary  to  the  fSktfra  '<* 
I       ''ihcJ,  a  f.iir.'r  accurate  iiiead'h? 
MlMt  of  the  country  round  aboil  Witt 
uf  the  principal  features  of  interest  which  1st  nu 
district  present.     The  excursions  extend  11  lea ■• 
take  in  the  course  of  the  Cl.i  de  aao*  ax  i  if  B 
on  its  hanks.    Many  of  the  papers  are  DMHB  - 
and  even  geological  specialists  may  nod  win:, 
pages  to  interest  and  inform. 

Tkrte  Martyrs  of  Science  1/  Me  .IHrrfrfsa  C' 
Sttutlet  /r„m  ike  Livtt  i>/  intuit «.  ■ 
<m,i  PtHntm,  Hy  the  Author  of  "Om- 
the  Schonherg-CcHta  Family."  (LonAsr tit 
1M5)  J 
I  hi  author  of  this  volume  cells  the  stood  if: 

 Uable  lives  very  pleasantly  and  iiutnKW  - 

*i   tr.  from  the  religious  than  the  srietOKSU. 
'iv  fair  account  is  given  of  the  wwramtarr*8 
Livingstone  in  Africa,  though  the  auiaor  4«i » 
t.i  be  quite  aware  of  the  value  of  (bt  ^eoel^^*i,' 
accomplished  !>>•  Gordon  on  the  Upper  Nik 


LETTERS  TO  THE EO/TOl 
[  TkrEJilew tioti  not  MvlJ  niiir!frnfv*iiHtf*"P'am'r 
ly  hiseermfvnJcnti.    AVi/lbv  am  it  • 
M  A,  <vrsvi/sW  with  tkt  mitm  '/.  ""^ 
tVemtice  it  Liken  »/  ammymm  unn««« 
I       Ewer  urgently  r*/Utii,  irnirnfMi  ft  if 

as  tktrt  mm  fv,„Ht.    Tht  fraum  «  id  >p"  * 't 
tk.it  it  it  im/vstit/f  utAiTWit  Uinmrilttir^et'- 
»/  fnnnnUati^m  c^nltiminiimlm't-l  rr-'-  %t 
Upper  Wind  Currents  o»«r  tie 
I'lir.  liiqvrtance   of  an  .ttvitii*  Iswssfce  * 
circulation  of  the  atmosphere  orer  the  etui*  »  •>**" 
v.  liule  known  that    the  Tollawssg  otv» 
'  >       from  Aden  to  Aartralie  m  friar-  ' 
interest 

Over  the  nonh-easi  inom.y™  »,,«,  „|  ft  sss** 
win,l  »»,  c-avl  nortll-casr.  wlit,  ibr  Irnrd 
***    Pt*W»  ""us  v.     ,„.,  ^ 

III  I    N.  lar    the   surfM  wi.,1  bass  ..'.»4  ~Z 

Ills  higher  eW  drove  very  Jowl,  ftcai  IU  .1 

"J2*  «J««  fl-eks  of  i„.  SajtaVS  r->U"** 

"ZTs  Sri " «t » 

JLV^t  [g;  *•  wrf.ee  »«a       „«  toKs-.** 


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Oct.  29.  1885] 


NATURE 


easterly  current  over  the  N.W.  monsoon  and  of  an  upper  current 
over  the  S.E.  trade,  more  southerly  than  the  surface  wind,  is 
not  only  altogether  new,  but  also  quite  anomalous. 

In  Australia,  and  the  Southern  Hemisphere  generally,  the 
upper  current  over  a  N.W.  wind  is  from  about  W.  and  over  a 
S.E.  wind  from  about  E. 

On  my  way  home  I  ran  a  section  across  the  Atlantic  from  Rio 
to  TcncrifTc,  but  the  absence  of  cirrus  prevented  any  satisfac- 
tory determination  of  the  upper  winds  in  that  region. 

The  matter  is,  however,  so  important  that  I  start  again  in  a 
few  day*  for  the  hurricane  region  of  Mauritius,  where  I  hope  to 
observe  one  of  these  exceptional  cyclones.  Then  I  hope  to 
repeat  .1  section  of  the  Indian  Ocean  between  Mauritius  and 
Bombay,  and  afterwards,  if  all  goes  well,  to  get  some  sections  in 
the  Pacific  to  see  what  the  meaning  of  this  curious  discovery 
may  be.  Ralph  Abercromby 

21,  Chapel  Street,  S.W.,  October  26 


The  Hellgate  Explosion  and  Rackarock 

The  statement  in  Nau  ru  of  the  15th  inst.  (p.  575)  that 
rackarock  is  "blasting  gelatine"  or  "nitroglycerine  with 
compressed  gun-cotton  is  incorrect.  Rackarock  is  simply 
powdered  potassium  chlorate,  impregnated  with  an  inexpensive 
oily  combustible,  such  as  coal-tar  oil,  and  i>  one  of  my  safety- 
explosives,  which  I  discovered  in  1870,  patented  in  England, 
April  6  and  October  5,  1S71,  and  described  more  fully  in  the 
Jouritirf  of  the  Chemical  Society  for  August,  1873,  under  the 
title  :  "On  a  New  Class  of  Explosives,  which  are  non-Explosive 
during  their  Manufacture,  Storage,  and  Transport." 

I  am  not  responsible  for  the  quaint  name  which  the  Americans 
have  been  pleased  to  give  to  my  child. 

As  the  so-called  "  rackarock  "  is  not  very  sensitive  or  easy  to 
explode,  it  requires  a  strong  primer  or  detonator  to  set  it  off. 
This  property,  which  I  have  fully  discussed  and  particularly 
accentuated  in  my  paper  of  1873,  explains  why  Gen.  Newton, 
the  Chief  Engineer  of  the  Hellgate  mine,  took  the  precaution 
of  placing  as  a  primer  such  a  powerful  charge  (33  tons)  of  ex- 
pensive dynamite  on  the  cheaper  charge  of  the  potassium 
chlorate  mixture  (107  tons),  a  precaution  carried  here  perhaps  a 
little  too  far. 

Still  it  is  satisfactory  to  see  that  my  safety-explosive  performed 
the  main  part  of  the  labour  and  rendered  good  service  in  the 
advancement  of  the  works  of  peace.  H.  SPRtNUEL 

Savilc  Club,  107,  Piccadilly 

[We  are  very  pleased  to  insert  Dr.  Sprengel's  correction  as  to 
the  composition  of  "  rackarock."  Up  to  the  time  of  our  notice 
about  the  explosion  going  to  press  the  only  information  we  could 
obtain  was  that  it  was  the  same  substance  a-,  blasting  gelatine, 
but  with  a  less  portentous  name. — Ed.] 


An  Earthquake  Invention 

In  your  number  for  October  15  (p.  573)  your  numerous  scien- 
tific readers  will  be  interested  to  find  a  pretty  long  letter  under 
the  above  heading  from  so  able  a  seismologist  as  1'rof.  John 
Milne,  of  Tokio,  Japan.  Yet,  his  invitation  notwithstanding,  I 
must  decline  any  discussion  with  him,  either  al>out  my  old  letters 
which  he  refers  to,  or  his  own  much  changed  opinion  on  their 
subject,  since  the  occasion  for  my  writing  them  occurred. 

Those  points,  Mr.  I).  A.  Stevenson,  who  is  also  invited,  may, 
or  may  not,  take  up.  My  letter-,  were  impersonal,  and  dealt 
only  with  a  British  Association  Report.  I  desire  also  to  con- 
tinue to  keep  them  strictly  to  that,  even  to  the  very  words  of  the 
particular  Report  as  given  forth  to  the  world  with  all  the  usually 
unquestioned  authority  of  that  mighty  Association,  in  their  It.  A. 
volume  for  1884,  p.  248,  Section  entitled  "  ExjK'rimcnts  011  a 
Building  to  resist  Earthquake  Motion." 

C.  Piazzi  Smyth 

15,  Royal  Terrace,  Edinburgh,  October  16 


aviour  of  Stretched  InJiarubber  when 
Heated 

"vru  RE,  vol.  xxv.  p.  507   .    ;  permitted  me 
the  invariable  sikic--     .in  often-quoted 
T5  of  bismuth  .in  I  :i.tn,  intended  to 
between   Bpedfii   heal  and  thermal 
*  I  have  made  fun  her  progress  along 
<«ing  that  il"  I'  .         utitiiuicil  fur  the 
<CUy,  u  theoretically  it  should  do. 


the  evil  road  of  scepticism.  I  should  like,  in  fact,  to  ask 
whether  it  is  absolutely  true  to  say  without  qualification,  as  is 
done  in  many  text-books,  that  india-rubher  (when  stretched) 
forms  an  exception  to  the  general  law  that  the  volume  of  a  body 
is  increased  when  the  temperature  is  increased.  The  usurJ 
form  of  the  experiment  supposed  to  prove  this  is  well  known  :  a 
piece  of  india-rubber  tulx:  or  cord  is  stretched  by  a  weight  con- 
nected with  a  long  light  index-lever,  and  it  is  shown  that  when 
heat  is  applied  the  india-rubber  gets  decidedly  shorter. 

I  have  always  had  some  hesitation  in  showing  ami  explaining 
the  result  of  the  experiment  in  the  above  way,  especially  as  I 
could  not  find  any  proof  given  that  the  contraction  in  length  was 
not  compensated,  or  more  than  compensated,  by  an  expansion 
in  other  directions  (like  that  of  a  worm  in  its  creeping  progress, 
or  of  a  dry  rope  when  wetted).  I  had,  in  fact,  lately  arranged 
an  apparatus  for  determining  the  coefficient  of  expansion  of  india- 
rubber,  whether  positive  or  negative,  when  I  found  that  the  sub- 
ject has  been  very  fully  investigated  by  Dr.  J.  Russner,  of  Chemnitz 
(sec  Carl's  Rtptrtorium  for  1S82,  pp.  161  and  196). 

His  results  are  briefly  these  :— 

(!)  That  india-rubber  (of  which  several  kinds  were  examined) 
has  without  exception  a  definite  coefficient  of  expansion  which 
is  always  positive  ;  experiments  made  at  temperatures  varying 
from  0°  to  53°"4  gave,  for  its  value  at  10°,  0  000657  ;  at  30°, 
00C0670. 

(2)  That  india-rubber  in  a  stretched  state  expands  to  the  same 
extent  as  when  it  is  not  stretched.  No  point  of  minimum 
density  was  observed,  such  as  I'uschl  supposed  to  exist. 

(3)  That  the  apparently  anomalous  behaviour  of  stretched 
india-rubber  when  heated  is  simply  a  case  analogous  to  those  of 
anisotropic  crystals,  nhii  k  expand  to  different  extents  in  . !  i  tier  e  11 1 
directions.  Iceland  spar,  for  instance,  as  Mitscherlich  showed, 
actually  contracts  in  a  direction  at  right  angles  to  its  principal 
axis  when  heated,  although  its  volume  is,  on  the  whole, 
incrca-cd. 

Although  ordinary  india-rubber  is,  of  course,  isotropic,  yet 
when  stretched  it  becomes  anisotropic,  as  may  easily  be  shown 
by  stretching  a  piece  until  it  is  semi-transparent,  and  placing  it 
between  crossed  NicoN  ;  the  direction  of  the  strain  lying  at  an 
angle  of  45°  with  the  plane  of  polarisation.  Distinct  colours,  as 
with  a  selcnitc  film,  will  be  seen,  varying  from  red  to  blue  with 
the  amount  of  strain. 

The  fact  that  india-rubber  becomes  hot  when  stretched,  and 
especially  if  stretched  and  allowed  to  contract  several  times  in 
succession,  may  perhaps  be  accounted  for  by  molecular  friction. 
It  would  almost  seem,  then,  that  in  the  account  given  in  many 
j  books  the  truth,  as  well  as  the  india-rubber,  has  l>ccn  slightly 
"stretched."  EL  G.  Madam 

Eton  College,  October  23 


The  Resting  Position  of  Oysters 

In  carrying  out  a  scries  of  experiments  on  the  artificial  breed- 
ing of  oysters  in  my  private  aquaria,  I  noticed  that  the  young 
oysters  Ixjrn  in  the  tanks  rested  on  the  flatter  shell  when  they 
obtained  a  flat  surface,  such  as  a  tile,  to  adhere  to,  but  when  I 
so  arranged  that  they  had  irregidar  surfaces  to  deal  with, 
such  as  little  bundles  of  twigs,  some  adhered  one  way,  and  some 
the  other.  Hut  where  young  oysters,  nearly  two  years  old,  were 
moved  from  their  original  supports,  and  were  compelled  to  find 
new  ones,  they  selected  the  flat  shell  to  rest  upon  in  every 
instance,  except  where  they  were  placed  on  sand,  in  which  case 
they  rested  on  the  convex  shell,  in  order  apparently  to  avoid 
clogging  the  mouth  of  the  shell  with  sand.  Is  it  not  possible 
from  these  observations  that  adult  oysters  vary  their  position 
according  to  the  nature  of  the  ground  they  are  on.  I  have 
seen  adult  oysters  on  muddy  ground  lying  on  the  convex  shell, 
while  wheic  adhesion  to  a  flat  surface  could  be  obtained,  they 
were  all  on  the  flat  shell,  and  pectens  are  dredged  with  Halari 
and  other  growths  on  the  flat  shell  in  some  instances,  and  on 
the  convex  shell  in  others,  principally,  however,  on  the  latter. 

II.  S  rt'ART-WoRTLEV 

South  Kensington  Museum,  October  ; 


The  Value  of  the  Testimony  to  the  Aurora-Sound 

I  HAVE  read  with  much  interest  the  descriptions  of  this  sound 
as  given  by  Dr.  Sophus  Tromholt's  correspondents  in  Nature  of 
September  24.  I  was,  however,  struck  by  the  similarity  of 
these  descriptions  to  the  well-known  phenomena  of  tinnitus 


Google 


626 


NA  TURE 


[Oct.  29,  1885 


annum,  and  it  occurred  to  mc  that  since  a  large  number  of 
persons  have  noises  in  the  head— say  one-half  the  entire  adult 
population— it  is  probable  that,  when  listening  intently,  a  con- 
siderable numlier  of  observer,  heard  the  sounds  of  their  own 
cars  only.  This  is  especially  true  of  "  sliding,  '  "  hissing,"  and  , 
"  butting  "  sounds. 

If  physicians  affected  with  tinnitus  arc  not  careful  to  exclude 
the  noises  propagated  in  their  own  heads,  they  may  discover 
many  curious  physical  signs  in  the  chests  of  their  patients  in 
making  auscultatory  examinations.  Samuf.I.  Sf.XTON 

12,  West  Thirty  fifth  Street,  New  York,  October  12 


that  ice  crystals  would  be  found  in  a  horizontal  direction  from 
here,  over  the  hot  plains  of  the  l'unjab  on  the  evening  of  an 
August  day.  But  I  have  since  calculated  the  siie  of  the  tertiary 
rainliow  and  the  order  of  colours  in  it,  and  the  calculation  leaver 
no  doubt  that  the  phenomenon  must  have  been  a  solar  halo, 
caused  perhaps  by  a  hailstorm  over  the  plains. 

Thaudiani,  Punjab,  Sept.  25  T.  C.  Lewis 


The  Red  Spot  00  Jupiter 

On  October  24,  at  17b.  32m.,  this  object  was  estimated 
exactly  central  on  the  planet.  As  seen  with  my  10-inch  re- 
flector, power  252,  the  spot  was  very  plain,  though  the  low 
altitude  of  Jupiter  rendered  the  telescopic  image  far  from  good. 

My  impression  is  that  this  red  s|Kit  is  now  decidedly  more 
conspicuous  than  it  was  when  1  last  saw  it  on  July  S,  and  that 
during  the  ensuing  opposition  it  will  again  attract  general 
observation  as  one  of  the  must  prominent  features  of  Jovian 
detail.  This  well-known  marking  has  now  been  watched  for 
n  ore  than  seven  years,  and  its  present  aspect  leads  to  the 
inference  that  its  exigence  will  be  indefinitely  prolonged.  We 
therefore  justly  regard  it  as  a  lineament  (if  singular  per- 


ency.  Though  its  motion  and  appearance  (i.e.  tint)  have 
been  subject  to  considerable  variation,  there  has  been  little,  if 
»ny  change  in  either  the  shape  or  size  of  the  spot.  The  mystery 
regarding  its  origin  and  real  nature  may  perhaps  ultimately  !>c 
revealed  on  the  basis  .if  renewed  and  more  exact  observation  in 
future  year*.  W.  F.  I»fnnixc; 

Bristol,  October  25 


A  Remarkable  Sunset 

While  out  for  a  walk  this  afternoon  I  was  struck  by  a  pecu- 
liarity in  the  sunset  which  I  do-  not  rememler  to  have  seen 
noticed  before.  I  be  sun  set  aliout  4.43  p.m.,  and  there  was 
the  usual  "  after-glow."  I  liegan  to  notice  this  fust  about  five 
o'clock  ;  theie  was  then  in  the  west  a  large  bank  of  cumulus 
cloud  rather  low  down,  above  ihi>  was  a  bulliant  lemon-yellow, 
very  bright,  and  this  was  bounded  by  a  broad  aic  of  a  pair  pink, 
the  latter  fading  away  int  >  the  light  blue  of  the  sky.  Very  -ooti 
afterwards  I  noticed  that  the  pink  an,  instead  of  being  con- 
tinuous, was  really  made  up  of  a  «eiit  s  of  beams  of  bright  light, 
which  pointed  to  the  j.ositiuii  of  the  -am.  I  counted  these,  .md 
made  out  five  bright  ray,  at  unequal  dist.ii.ee>  apart  ;  behind 
this  (as  it  seeiiiii!)  there  were  a  few  yellow  cirrus  cloud*.  A 
sunset  like  this  I  have  ol;cn  noticed  Uloie.  but  what  fo  lowed 
is,  1  think,  novel.  I  'he  bright  rays  were  >b.  » ly  turning  iound 
like  the  spoke-  of  a  huge  wbe«.  I  moving  iii  a  diicction  contrary 
to  the  bands  ol  a  watch  I  11.. need  also  that  the  hicadili  be- 
tween the  bright  n»)s  .iltitcd.  two  of  thetn  seenuiig  t>  almost 
coalesce.  In  about  ten  minute-  nice  one  ray  turned  approxi- 
mately through  •*),  and  a  new  ny  brighter  lliati  the  othci  ap- 
peared on  the  right.  The  all. Hide  <>l  .1  ray  when  v.Uicalw.is 
from  jcr-  to  40  ,  I  should  say.  liv  5.15  the  ra>s  became  vviy 
Jaint  and  soon  c.m.-i.ed,  though  above  the  dark  ban1,  of  J  -.'•I  I 
could  detect  a  famt  . 1  .m-oi.  Lo-e  glow. 

The  day  had  bc«.  11  line  1  hi  the  whole,  eisCep:  that  tlicte  ha.l 
been  a  little  rain  early  in  the  11. ■•ruing,  and  a  very  heavy  rain 
shower  between  12  30  and  t  J-.  k.  I  l:r  air  was  extremely 
clear,  and  the  wind  wa,  : -lowing  iieshly  fioin  the  we .;,  or  per- 
haps It  was  .1  bit  t-oiili  ot  w.  st.  It  was  !  lowing  sleduly  I j nil 
i 1  ■  r  clung  ine  to  ;  he  -mi 
he  pink  tax-  rcvoK.ng  seem-  to  bs-  ex- 
e.  Urn-.;  due  to  ..enids  which  weie  being 
:>  ;  w  e-!  wind.  I  s 1 1 ' ni  1- 1  .ike  So  snow- 
line \V,S.  W.  of  t_  amt't  i-l.:<  Uoi-ced 
.  |oi:- 1,  this  afternoon      '  ...1/  I  etw«  en 


il 


right  !o  kti  acto-s  tin 
This  phenomenon 
plan  ed  by  the  'I. irk  -pa, 
hurried  along  bv  th<-  sic 
if  .my  one  In  in.;  in  a 
broken  mas  e-  oi  cumuli!- 


5.0  and  5.  i>  ]'■"•■'  'o-eiiwuh  time.  I'm  I  A .  <_   ihi'ji  t» 

Cauls  College,  1  anbiidgc,  t  ktohc-r  2f'» 


A  Tertiary  Rainbow 

Thk  si.uposed  ternary  rainbow  .iIhjiii  winch  I  sent  a  n  ee  a 
month  ago  must  have  been  a  halo  formed  by  ice  crystals,  as 
reader*  of  Nuni;  «dl  peih.i;>s  have  inferred  meicly  from  the 
■^corded  disiii  .  mess  of  ihe  c.hmis.     h  did  not  occur  to  me 


The  Sense  of  Colour 

In  the  early  Knglish  "  Lay  of  Havclok  the  Dane  "  the  follow- 
ing words  occur 

'*  AIs*>  h*  wnliie  with  bem  leykc- 

1  hat  wein  11  (or  hunger  (true  and  bteikf." 

Mr.  Allan  Cunningham  in  his  interesting  paper  (p.  604)  does, 
not  allude  to  this  uld  use  of  the  word  green.  Is  it  a  solitary 
case?  MaRs»arf r  Heaton 

belvedere,  October  24 

Stone  Axes,  Perak 

A  cttRlofs  Malay  superstition  has  come  :o  my  knowledge 
concerning  these  ini]>leinents.  They  appear  to  be  very  rare  out 
here,  and  lho-e  found  arc  treasured  by  Malays  a,  lucky  thing* 
to  have  about  the  house.  I  have  as  yet  only  been  able  to  procure 
two  specimens.  One  of  these  I  have  described  in  a  paper  ..n 
the  Saknies  read  before  the  Anthropological  Society  in  June  last 
This  nearly  resembles  Fig.  35  in  Or.  Kvans'  "  ancient  Stone 
Implements  of  (iicac  Britain,  '  and  is  made  of  a  soft  description 
of  slate  which  can  be  sciatched  with  the  thumb-rail.  Hie  other 
is  of  a  much  harder  desciiption  of  >|.ue  almost  like  greenstone  : 
it  much  resembles  Fig.  76  of  the  same  work.  It  i*  7  4  inches 
long,  1 J  inches  wide  at  the  widest  end,  w  hich  is  sharpened,  and 
I.J  inches  wide  at  the  other  end,  which  is  not  sharpened.  1  he 
faces  are  tlatter  than  those  figured  by  Or.  Kvans  and  the  s.des 
jicilectly  s.jiiared.  It  is  beautifully  polished,  but  several  de- 
pressions ate  left  ail  •  ver  it,  -howirg  that  it  had  originally  l^een 
chipped  out.  The  Malays  c:dl  them  ICiui-lintarh — 1  /.  thunder- 
stones— and  account  for  their  j  reseiice  by  sivirgtliat  they  are 
the  mis-iles  u-ed  by  angels  and  demons  in  their  continual  war 
fare. 

Hut  the  pcciiliiuity  of  the  su|-.eMit.ori  is  this  :  the  Malays  aver 
that  the  -oft  implement  which  I  have  described  has  been  made 
by  an  angel  or  a  demon  and  buried  in  the  earth  :■>  become,  hard 
and  lit  for  use,  and  siipj--.it  the  a  aigomcii,  by  -\yi  ng  that  th'se 
ol.;tcts  have  been  li.mid  frc-hly  made  ol  clay  and  .;uttc  -oft, 
buried  in  the  earth,  whiie  they  have  lately  been  deposited  by 
some  angel  or  demon  for  a  lului'e  litre  of  bailie.  I  he  Malay's 
-ay  that  the  1  -attl  lltitath  is  hard  to  procure  in  this  state,  as  it 
almost  invari  ably  drops  |o  j.ieces.  For  this  iv. -on  they  do  not 
value  it  much,  ami  more  particularly  because  it  has  never 
indicted  a  wound.  The  hard  j.olishcd  celt  which  I  have  just 
de-cube  I,  however,  they  value  very  highly,  bee  iii-.-  they  sjy  1: 
ha-,  been  used  in  the  tie  rial  waif.ne  and  has  inflicted  a  wound  on 
one  01  moieof  the  combatant'.  They  adduce  this  supposition 
from  the  fact  of  the  scvcial  depression-,  left  by  the  vhipj.ing  out 
of  ti  e  im|  lenient,  and  say  that  lltc-e  marks  w ere  caused  by  its 
contact  w  i;h  the  body  uf  one  of  the  dcuu  n  coinl  alants.  This 
la  t  i-b-.i  1-  very  closely  connected  with  another  Malay  belief, 
and  most  piol  ablv  took'  its  rise  from  it.  This  belief  is  that  if 
the  blade  of  a  kri-s  or  spear  is  t ...  lit  or  in  any  way  damaged,  it 
has  ino-i  ceit.nnly  wounded  if  r.ot  killed  .1  man  or  some  wild 
annual,  and  is  thtrcfote  ja op 01 1 1.  palely  of  much  gieater  value. 
A  M.dav  who  profes-es  to  be  a  go. ..I  iiidge  ot  a  kriss  will,  if 
asked  to  appraise  the  wca;>on,  invariably  first  glance  along  the 
blade  to  -cc  if  it  is  bent  ever  so  slightly,  and  if  It  Ij  he  will  most 
certainly  add  two  01  three  ilollars  to  its  value  because  it  haj 
"ni'ml  am  (jr.mg "  1 -truck  a  nianh  1  have  very  little  doubt 
that  il  -cine  of  the  tine  limestone  caves  of  this  district  wire 
thoroughly  examined,  they  would  y  eld  a  rich  harvest  of  anthro 
I  olo.  ieal  material.  A  Hah. 

l  atu  Oaja,  Kuita.  I'erak.  Scj.teinbei  6 


Photographic  Action  on  Ebonite 

At  the  I  a.  k  ol  one  of  the  cases  of  lecture  aj)j)aratus  facing  a 
this  laboiatory,  there  ha|>j>ens  to  have  been 


north  window  in 
standing   for  six  months  < 


m.ue   »n   ebonite  plate  with  a 


framed  glass  plate  in  front  of  it.  the  glass  having  a  star  pattern 
done  in  hide  spots  of  tinfoil  all  over  it.     I  he  thickness  of  the 


Digitized 


Oct.  29,  1885  J 


NATURE 


627 


frame,  say  an  eighth  of  an  inch,  separated  the  two  plates  from 
each  other. 

On  taking  the  n  out  of  the  case  the  other  day  I  noticed  the 
pattern  on  the  glass  clearly  and  sharply  imprinted  on  the 
ebonite  ;  every  little  circle  well  marked.  Dust  had  been  plenti- 
fully deposited  on  all  parts  not  screened  by  the  tinfoil  spots,  and 
the  striking  clearness  of  the  impression  was  mainly  due  to  this 
local  absence  of  dust  ;  but  even  on  wiping  off  some  of  the  dust 
the  pattern  could  still  be  detected,  owing  to  some  difference  of 
surface  between  the  exposed  and  the  shaded  portions. 

It  evidently  is  another  illustration  of  Prof.  McLeod's  observa- 
tion of  the  effect  of  light  on  clxmitc,  the  modified  surface  afford- 
ing an  easy  lodgment  for  dust.  In  case  there  be  anything  more 
in  the  matter  it  is  proposed  to  replace  the  same  or  similar 
plate*,  and  observe  at  intervals. 

IluwARt*  E.  Robinson 
Lecture  Assistant  to  the  Professor  of  Physics  in 
Univer-ity  College,  Liverpool 


THE  SLIDE  RULE 

TT  is  a  perpetual  source  of  amazement  to  those  who 
A  are  familiar  with  this  instrument  that  its  use  is  not 
almost  universal.  People  of  every  class  have  to  make 
simple  calculations,  while  those  engaged  in  scientific 
work,  in  designing  apparatus,  or  in  invention  perpetually 
cover  sheets  of  paper  with  figures,  all  of  which  trouble 
and  the  loss  of  time  which  it  involves  might  be  saved  by 
the  intelligent  use  of  a  good  slide  rule,  and  yet,  for 
reasons  difficult  to  find  out,  the  habitual  use  of  this  instru- 
ment is  limited  to  a  very  small  proportion  of  the  calcul- 
ating community. 

Most  people  know  that  the  scales  arc  logarithmically 
divided  -that  is,  that  the  distance  between  the  divisions 
marked  1  and  10  being  in  imagination  divided  into  10,000 
parts,  the  division  marked  2  is  at  the  3010th  of  these  parts, 
the  division  marked  3  is  at  the  4771st  of  these  parts,  and 
so  on,  3010  being  the  log.  of  2,4771  the  log.  of  3,  and 
so  on  ;  and  further,  that  the  spaces  between  these  whole 
numbers  arc  similarly  divided  into  fractional  parts,  thus  11 
is  at  the  414th  of  the  imaginary  parts  and  101  at  the 
43rd  of  these  parts.  414  and  13  being  the  logs,  of  11  and 
1 '01.  This  is  very  generally  known,  but  it  is  mire  gener- 
ally believed  that  to  use  the  rule  involves  so  much 
thought  and  anxiety  that  it  is  far  simpler  to  work  out 
results  in  the  usual  way,  or  at  any  rate  that  the  rule  can 
only  be  of  any  real  .assistance  when  a  great  number  of 
similar  calculations  have  to  be  made  ;  and  further  that, 
as  the  results  to  be  obtained  are  not  absolutely  correct, 
that  as  an  extreme  error  of  1,  i-ioth,  or  i-iooth  per  cent, 
is  possible,  according  to  the  nature  of  the  instrument,  it  is 
not  really  to  be  trusted.  These  objections  arc  easily 
answered.  As  soon  as  the  slight  difficulty  of  reading  the 
rule  has  been  overcome  -a  difficulty  due  to  the  fact  that  in 
ascending  the  scale  the  divisions  become  closer,  so  that 
if  there  is  room  for  ten  subdivisions  between  10  and  11, 
there  are  only  live  between  20  and  21,  and  two  between  40 
and  41— a  difficulty  which  once  overcome  never  recurs— 
then  the  simpler  calculations,  such  as  multiplication, 
division,  and  simple  proportion,  can  at  all  times  without 
an  effort  or  a  thought  be  instantly  performed,  while  those 
involving  proportions  in  which  some  of  the  terms  are 
squares,  cubes,  roots,  sines,  or  tangents  can,  after  a 
moment's  reflection,  be  as  easily  completed,  so  that  even 
in  the  case  of  single  operations  time  is  saved.  It 
is  true  when  many  calculations  of  the  same  kind  present 
themselves,  especially  if  some  of  the  terms  in  the  series 
are  identical,  that  the  use  of  the  rule  is  specially  advant- 
ageous ;  but  in  any  case  mental  labour  and  time  are 
saved. 

As  to  the  probable  accuracy  of  results  obtained  by  the 
use  of  the  rule,  they  are  in  general  superior  to  the 
accuracy  with  which  the  figures  which  require  reduction 
have  been  determined,  or,  if  this  is  not  the  case,  they  arc 
in  general  so  nearly  correct  that  the  error  is  of  no  con- 


sequence.   For  instance,  if  the  marks  obtained  by  several 
examinees  are  to  be  reduced  to  correspond  to  a  total  of 
100,  the  commonest  rule,  which  gives  an  accuracy  of 
1 -300th  part,  is  sufficiently  good  ;  for  the  nearest  whole 
number  only,  and  the  right  order  are  all  that  are  needed 
It  would  be  absurd  to  doubt  the  accuracy  of  the  instru- 
ment because  it  cannot  be  trusted  to  give  figures  correct 
to  one  part  in  a  thousand.    Or,  again,  if  the  weight  of  a 
piece  of  metal  has  to  be  determined  from  its  dimensions, 
a  good  rule  trustworthy  to  1  part  in  1000  will  in  almost  every 
case  be  more  than  good  enough  ;  for,  even  if  the  specific- 
gravity  of  the  material  be  known  so  truly,  it  is  not  often 
that  the  piece  can  be  made  so  near  the  specified  size  that 
the  discrepancy  which  may  ultimately  be  observed  will  be 
due  more  to  the  error  of  tlie  rule  than  to  the  inaccuracy  of 
construction.    In  such  a  case  it  would  be  as  absurd  to 
discard  the  rule  as  untrustworthy  as  it  is  to  use  7-figure 
logarithms  for  the  calculations  of  an  ordinary  chemical 
analysis.    There  are  cases,  of  course,  where  observations 
can  be  made  with  a  degree  of  accuracy  beyond  that  which 
is  obtainable  by  any  rule — for  instance,  determinations  of 
mass,  length,  angles,  and  time  can  all  be  made  with  extra- 
ordinary precision.    Where,  then,  uncertainty  is  not  intro- 
duced by  observations  of  another  kind,  where  the  entire 
precision  to  be  obtained  in  any  such  observations  may  be 
expected  in  the  result,  as,  for  instance,  in  the  determina- 
tion of  the  refractive  index  of  the  glass  of  a  prism,  in  such 
cases  the  slide  nde  is  unsuitable,  and  tables  of  log- 
arithms furnish  the  most  obvious  means  of  making  the 
calculations.   Or,  again,  when  pounds,  shillings,  and  pence 
are  involved,  a  result  correct  to  the  nearest  farthing  is 
generally  desired  to  make  accounts  come  right,  and  so, 
unless  the  sums  dealt  with  arc  moderate,  the  slide  rule  is 
again  unsuitable    However,  the  calculation  of  interest 
furnishes  a  good  example  of  proper  and  improper  use  of 
the  rule  in  making  calculations     If  it  is  required  to  find 
what  a  certain  sum  (s)  will  be  worth  at  the  end  of  a 
year  at  so  much  (r)  per  cent.,  the  result  might  be  found 
from   the   proportion    100  :  100  -f-  r  : :  s  :  x.  Here 
the  amount  x  would  be  determined  with  an  accuracy 
of  say  1- 1000th  part,  so  that  if  1000/.  were  involved,  an 
error  of  1/.  might  arise.    This  is  an  improper  use  of  the 
rule.     A  greater  degree  of  accuracy  would  be  ob- 
tained by  the  proportion  100  :  r  : :  s  :  the  increase  of  r. 
Here  the  interest  is  found  to  the  same  proportionate 
accuracy,  and  so  in  such  a  case  the  greatest  possible 
error  could  only  be  one  shilling,  if  the  rate  is  5  per  cent. 
This  example,  though  obvious,  is  given  because  it  cor- 
responds exactly  with  cases  that  arise  in  the  laboratory, 
where  the  rule,  if  used  properly,  is  of  service,  but,  if  im- 
properly, is  useless. 

Calculations  involving  only  the  simple  arithmetical 
rules,  when  extreme  accuracy  is  required,  are  best  per- 
formed by  the  help  of  a  table  of  logarithms,  or  with  an 
arithmometer  ;  in  fact  with  an  arithmometer  a  far  greater 
degree  of  accuracy  can  be  reached  than  with  ordinary 
7-figure  logarithms,  and  though  they  arc  also  suitable  for 
calculations  in  which  only  three  or  four  significant  figures 
are  required,  their  great  size  and  expense  compare  un- 
favourably with  the  portability  and  cheapness  of  the 
rule,  and,  moreover,  trigonometrical  and  logarithmic 
functions  cannot  be  found  with  them.  These  machines 
arc  shown  at  the  Inventions  Exhibition  by  Tate  and 
Edmonson,  and  are  worth  examining.  There  is  another 
calculating  machine  close  to  Tate's,  by  which  the  interest 
on  any  sum  at  any  rate  per  cent,  for  any  time  may  be 
found  to  the  nearest  halfpenny  in  an  incredibly  short 
space  of  time,  worthy  of  the  attention  of  those  who  have 
to  calculate  interest.  Hut,  to  return  to  the  slide-rule,  it  is 
astonishing  that  an  instrument  like  Gravet  s,  10  inches 
long  only,  with  which  all  calculations,  arithmetical,  trigo- 
nometrical, and  logarithmic,  can  be  worked  out  so  easily 
and  with  an  accuracy  of  from  1-500  to  1-1000,  according 
to  the  nature  of  the  calculation,  should  be  so  little  used. 


Digitized  by  Google 


628 


NA  TURE 


[Oct.  29,  1885 


This  is  not  the  place  to  give  instructions  for  using  the 
rule,  but  an  outline  of  the  method  is  necessary  to  make 
it  possible  to  compare  the  different  makes,  many  of  which 
are  shown  at  the  Inventions  Exhibition. 

With  two  similar  scales  of  equal  parts,  as  inches  divided 
into  tenths  or  centimetres  divided  into  millimetres,  it  is 
ssible  to  add  numbers,  or,  conversely,  to  subtract  num- 
rs  ;  thus,  if  the  zero  of  one  scale  is  placed  opposite, 
say,  6  5  of  the  other,  opposite  ever)-  number  «  on  the  first 
will  be  found  »+  65  on  the  second,  and  so  addition  or 
subtraction  could  be  performed,  but  there  would  be  no 
advantage  in  so  adding  or  subtracting.  In  the  same  way 
the  slide  of  the  ordinary  slide  rule  is  employed  to  add 
distances,  but  these  distances  do  not  correspond  to  the 
figures  attached,  but  to  the  logarithms  of  those  figures,  and 
so  the  sum  which  is  found  by  such  an  addition  is  not  the 
sum  of  the  figures  apparently  added,  but  their  product. 
If  the  slide  is  placed  at  random,  all  the  pairs  of  figures 
which  are  opposite  to  one  another  are  in  the  same  pro- 
portion, and  the  multipliers  which  will  change  cither  scries 
into  the  other  will  be  found  on  each  scale  opposite  the 
divisions  marked  1  on  the  other.  It  requires  no  great 
amount  of  memory  to  bear  this  in  mind :  however  the 
slide  may  be  set,  those  numbers  which  are  opposite 
to  one  another  are  in  the  same  proportion,  i.e.  have 
a  common  quotient,  which  may  be  found  opposite 
any  of  the  divisions  marked  1  ;  and  yet  this  is  all  that 
has  to  be  remembered  in  multiplication,  division,  and 
simple  proportion.  The  two  top  lines  of  a  slide  rule  arc 
generally  identical,  and  they  are  used  for  these  simple 
operations  ;  they  are  generally  distinguished  by  the  letters 
A  and  B.  In  general  the  bottom  line  of  the  slide,  that  is, 
the  third  altogether,  is  identical  with  the  first  two,  and  is 
labelled  C.  This  arrangement  is  convenient,  for  it  is 
possible  to  insert  the  slide  upside  down,  in  which  case  all 
numbers  which  are  opposite  one  another  on  A  and  C 
have  a  common  product,  which  may  be  found  opposite 
any  of  the  divisions  marked  1.  This  furnishes  the  most 
ready  mode  of  finding  actual  or  approximate  factors  of 
numbers,  and  is  of  great  use  to  those  who  have  to  calculate 
wheelwork ;  further,  by  the  use  of  the  inverted  C  line  under 
the  A  line  any  harmonical  progression  can  at  once  be 
read,  and  any  number  of  harmonic  means  can  be  inserted 
between  two  quantities.  The  fourth  line  is  trencrally  made 
different  from  the  others  in  that  it  i-.  on  double  the  scale, 
and  it  is  then  distinguished  by  the  letter  I).  If  the  units 
of  the  C  and  D  line  are  placed  opposite  one  another,  a 
table  of  squares  and  roots  is  formed,  or  if  in  any  other 
position  the  squares  of  the  numbers  on  I)  vary  in  the 
same  proportion  as  do  the  numbers  that  arc  opposite  to 
them  on  C.  It  is  in  calculations  made  on  the  C  and  1) 
lines  that  so  much  time  is  saved,  for  proportions  in  which 
some  of  the  terms  arc  squares  or  square  roots  can  be 
worked  out  as  quickly  and  as  accurately  as  those  in  w  hich 
simple  numbers  only  arc  employed.  If  the  slide  is  inverted 
so  as  to  bring  the  B  line  opposite  to  the  I)  line,  then  the 
square  of  any  number  on  L)  X  the  number  opposite  t<< 
it  on  B  is  constant.  This  product  may  of  course  be  found 
in  B  opposite  t  in  I).  Cube  roots,  anion),'  other  things, 
may  be  found  in  this  way. 

These  four  lines  are  all  that  arc  generally  found  in  a 
slide  rule  ;  occasionally  others  arc  added  :  thus  a  line  on 
one  third  of  the  scale  of  the  D  line  f  sometimes  called  an 
E  line)  will,  with  the  D  line,  enable  one  to  directly  work 
proportions  in  which  <omc  of  the  terms  are  culies  or  rube 
roots,  but  this  is  not  often  required.  With  the  usual  four 
lines  all  arithmetical  processes,  except  addition  and 
subtraction,  can  be  performed.  There  are,  however,  rules 
in  which  on  the  back  of  the  slide  are  scales  in  which  the 
distances  arc  log.  sines  or  log.  tangents  of  the  angles 
nv.rkcd,  then  thc>e  lines  being  placed  against  an  nrdinar) 
A  line  so  that  <>o  on  the  line  ot  sines  or  45  on  the  line  ot 
tangents  is  opposite  1  on  the  A  hue.  a  table  of  sine-*  or 
tangents  will  be  formed  :  and  if  the  -didc  is  placed  in  any 


other  position,  the  sines  or  tangents  cf  the  angles  denoted 
by  any  divisions  on  cither  of  these  special  lines  will  vary- 
in  the  same  proportion  as  do  the  numbers  which  are 
opposite  them  on  the  A  line.  In  those  rules  in  which 
lines  of  sines  and  tangents  are  given  there  is  generally  a 
scale  of  equal  parts  in  which  the  length  of  the  D  line  is 
divided  into  500  or  tooo  parts.  If  this  is  placed  opposite 
the  D  line,  with  the  ends  of  the  two  scales  opposite  one 
another,  a  table  of  logarithms  will  be  seen  ;  thus  the 
logarithm  of  any  number  on  the  D  line  will  be  found 
opposite  to  it  on  the  scale  of  equal  parts. 

Having  pointed  out  the  chief  uses  of  a  slide  rule,  it 
will  be  possible  to  describe  the  differences  in  construction 
in  the  several  varieties.  The  most  simple  possible  form 
is  the  original  Gunter's  scale  to  be  found  on  any  sector. 
With  this  and  a  pair  of  dividers  calculations  may  be 
made,  for  if  the  dividors  are  set  to  the  distance  between 
any  two  numbers,  any  other  pair  of  numbers  which  are 
found  by  the  dividors  to  be  the  same  distance  apart  will 
be  in  the  same  proportion,  or  have  a  common  quotient, 
just  as  a  common  difference  would  be  found  if  a  scale 
of  equal  parts  were  used.  This,  however,  is  trouble- 
some ;  but  if  the  same  principle  is  applied  to  a  scale  in 
the  circular  form  the  result  is  much  more  convenient.  In 
this  case  angular  distance  takes  the  place  of  linear  dist- 
ance, and  a  pair  of  arms  which  can  be  opened  to  any 
angle  can  be  moved  round,  and  ever)-  pair  of  numbers 
covered  will  bear  to  one  another  a  constant  proportion 
depending  on  the  extent  of  the  angle.  This  is  the  prin- 
ciple of  some  of  Dixon's  rules  shown  at  the  Inventions 

I  Exhibition,  near  the  arithmometers.  In  the  well-known 
pocket  instrument,  the  calculating  circle  of  Boucher,  an 
instrument  like  a  watch,  one  hand  is  fixed  and  one  is 
movable,  and  the  face  is  also  movable.  There  is  another 
instrument  of  the  same  kind,  in  which  the  scale  is  drawn 
on  a  helical  line.  Here  the  scale  and  one  hand  are  mov- 
able, and  there  is  one  fixed  hand.  This,  which  is  Prof 
Fuller's  spiral  rule,  is  made  and  exhibited  by  Stanlev 
Circular  instruments  are  also  made,  in  which  scales  slide 
over  one  another,  which  are  in  this  respect  like  the  straight 
rules.  There  is  more  advantage  in  the  circular  form  than 
appears  at  first.  In  the  straight  rules  the  A  and  B  line* 
are  each  double,  the  first  and  second  halves  arc  identical  ; 
this  repetition  of  the  scale  is  required  in  order  that,  how- 
ever the  slide  may  be  placed,  the  part  of  each  opposite  to 
the  other  may  contain  at  least  a  complete  scale  of  numbers. 

I  In  the  circular  form,  however,  the  beginning  and  end  of  a 
single  logarithmic  scale  meet,  and  so  the  scale  itself  is  its 

J  own  repetition  both  above  and  below.  For  this  reason 
the  openness  of  the  divisors  in  a  circular  instrument  is 
the  same  as  in  a  straight  rule,  of  which  the  length  is 
six  times,  instead  of  three  times,  the  diameter  of  the 
circular  line. 

Of  the  two  types  of  instrument  -one  in  which  one  slide 
works  against  another,  generally  straight,  sometimes  cir- 
cular, and  the  other  in  which  there  is  no  slide  but  only  a 
i  line  divided  logarithmically  with  a  pair  of  hands,  which 
type  is  always  circular— which  may  be  called  respectively 
the  slide  and  the  index  types,  each  has  certain  advant- 
ages. The  slide  form  is  preferable,  in  that  each  setting 
ot  the  slide  furnishes  a  complete  table  of  pairs  of  related 
numbers,  as,  for  instance,  of  any  English  and  foreign 
measure,  of  squares  and  roots  on  any  scale,  such  a* 
diameters  and  areas  of  circles,  or  of  sines  or  tangen-s 
on  any  scale,  so  that,  without  moving  the  slide,  an\ 
number  of  results  may  be  read  off,  whereas  with  in- 
struments of  the  index  t>pc  the  scale  must  be  moved 
under  the  hands,  or  the  hands  over  the  scale,  for  each 
result.  On  the  other  hand,  index  instruments  are  more 
convenient  than  the  usual  slide  rules  in  working  out  long 

expressions  of  the  form  "  X  b  X  '  X  '',  in  which  any  of  the, 

<  X  /  X  g 

terms  mav  be  squares,  culies.  sines,  01  :..:.^'cnts, 
terms  aie  taken  .dternatel .  ;•..•„  :!.,.  i.'imeratoqnfi 


Oct.  29,  1885] 


NA  TURE 


629 


nominator  and  set  in  order  with  the  fixed  and  movable 
hand  until  all  are  worked  off,  when  the  answer  is  found 
under  the  fixed  hand.  There  is  no  necessity  to  observe 
any  result  till  the  process  is  complete  ;  on  the  other  hand, 


with 


slide  instruments,  each  result  of  the  form    ^-  , 


-X^  f,&c,  must  be  read  and  set  before  it  can  be 

a/ 

operated  upon  by  the  next  pair  of  factors.  In  Gravel's 
rules,  however,  this  disadvantage  of  the  straight  form  is 
removed  by  the  addition  of  a  cursor  or  sliding  index, 
which  in  other  ways  is  a  great  comfort. 

All  instruments  of  the  index  type  suffer  terribly  from 
parallax,  owing  to  the  hands  being  above  the  face,  so  that 
they  do  not  in  practice  give  the  accuracy  that  from  the 
length  of  scale  upon  them  might  be  expected. 

This  is  especially  the  case  in  small  instruments  :  for 
instance,  Boucher's  calculating  circle,  made  in  the  form 
of  a  watch,  is  probably  divided  so  accurately  that  on  that 
score  an  error  of  one  part  in  a  thousand  does  not  exist ; 
yet,  owing  to  parallax,  the  practical  limit  is  about  1-300. 
This  instrument  has,  besides  the  ordinary  line,  one  on  a 
double  and  one  on  a  treble  scale  for  squares  and 
cubes,  a  line  of  sines,  and  another  of  equal  parts  for 
logarithms. 

The  possible  accuracy  of  any  instrument  depends  upon 
the  length  of  the  scale  included  between  t  and  to,  called 
the  radius,  and  also  upon  the  linear  accuracy  with  which 
a  setting  or  reading  can  be  made  ;  this  is  at  least  twice 
as  great  in  slide  as  in  index  instruments.  In  order  to 
obtain  great  accuracy  various  means  have  been  adopted 
whereby  a  great  length  of  scale  is  brought  within 
a  small  compass.  Among  slide  instruments  are  Prof. 
Everett's  "  Universal  Proportion  Table,*'  published  by 
Longmans,  Green,  and  Co.,  and  General  Hannyngtoivs 
slide  rule,  made  and  exhibited  at  the  Inventions  Ex- 
hibition by  Aston  and  Mauder.  In  these  the  slide  is 
made  in  the  gridiron  form.  In  Everett's  instrument 
there  are  twenty  bars,  the  total  length  of  which  is 
about  1 3  feet;  a  scale  of  equal  parts  is  also  printed,  so 
that  logarithms  can  be  read  with  it.  In  both  of  these 
instruments  only  simple  proportions  can  be  effected, 
unless  special  grids,  divided  on  a  double  scale  or  trigono- 
mctrically,  are  provided.  Far  the  most  ingenious  of  all 
devices  for  obtaining  a  great  length  of  radius  in  a  com- 
paratively short  space  is  due  to  Mr.  Beauchamp  Tower, 
whose  name  is  well  known  in  connection  with  the  spherical 
engine.  His  instrument  is  a  slide  instrument  consisting 
of  two  tapes  running  side  by  side  over  equal  and  inde- 
pendent rollers,  but  the  tapes  have  a  half  twist  in  them, 
so  that  they  have  each  only  one  surface  and  one  edge. 
In  this  instrument,  made  privately  for  hi<  own  use,  each 
tape  is  about  12$  feet  long,  and  as  both  sides  of  the  tape 
are  used  the  radius  is  about  25  feet,  and  therefore,  as  far 
as  openness  of  scale  is  concerned,  it  is  equivalent  to  a 
straight  rule  50  feet  long,  while  the  instrument  itself  is 
only  just  over  6  feet  in  length. 

Slide  rules  of  the  index  class  can  have  a  great  length 
of  scale  more  readily  employed  than  others.  Thus  Prof. 
Fullers  helical  instrument  has  its  radius  equal  to  42$  feet, 
and  is  in  openness  of  scale  equivalent  to  a  straight  rule 
85  feet  long,  while  the  box  which  contains  it  is  only 
i7X3iX.}j  inches  inside  measure.  Dixon  exhibits  a 
special  rule  with  the  scale  extending  over  10  concentric 
circles,  but  with  this  form  a  less  degree  of  accuracy  is 
attainable  when  using  the  inner  than  when  using  »he 
outer  circle.  Thus  the  inner  circle  is  equivalent  to  a 
straight  rule  30  feet  long  and  the  outer  to  one  60  feet 
long.  There  is  an  outer  circ  le  equallv  anil  Iol'.u  illunir-illv 
divided  to  find  logarithms  In  another  of  Dixnn's  mstru- 
nyntfr  similar  iojji^flf^jrjrm,  there  js  the  same  outer 
circle  for  proporlki.-.    <nd  Jo^umlm):-,  mid 

klangents. 


cotangents,  secants,  and  cosecants.  Each  of  these  is  on 
a  board  14  inches  square.  Rules  with  very  extended 
scales  do  not  in  practice  give  results  with  an  accuracy 
which  is  proportional  to  their  length,  though  the  working 
accuracy  is  very  much  increased.  They  have  this  ad- 
vantage, that  they  can  be  worked  to  their  limit  with  ease, 
while  with  a  well-divided  pocket  rule  the  errors  of  con- 
struction are  beyond  the  limits  of  vision,  and  so  the  cal- 
culator is  apt  to  strain  his  eyes  to  get  results  as  accurate 
as  possible.  For  instance,  results  obtained  by  a  good 
pocket-rule  one  foot  long  can  he  trusted  to  a  thousandth 
part ;  at  the  same  rate  Prof.  Everett's  should  be  accurate 
to  a  thirteen-thousandth  part,  and  Prof.  Fuller's  to  an 
eighty-five  thousandth  part.  In  practice  a  four  and  a 
ten-thousandth  part  arc  their  limits.  Again,  instruments 
with  very  extended  scales  have  only  room  for  one  line,  so 
that  simple  proportions  only  and  logarithms  are  all  that 
can  be  directly  obtained  from  them.  For  general  use  in 
the  laboratory  or  elsewhere  where  calculations  of  every 
kind  have  to  be  made,  the  straight  form,  on  the  whole, 
seems  most  convenient,  because  of  its  portability,  the 
quickness  with  which  it  can  be  worked,  the  diversity  of 
operations  that  it  will  directly  accomplish,  and  the  extra- 
ordinary accuracy  in  comparison  witn  other  forms  of  the 
results  to  be  obtained.  Far  the  best  instruments  of  this 
type  that  the  writer  has  yet  seen  are  those  made  by 
Tavernicr-Gravet,  of  Paris,  already  alluded  to.  They  are 
different  to  those  generally  used  in  England  in  that  the 
line  in  the  slide  which  works  against  the  D  line  is  itself  a 
D  line,  so  that  squared  proportions  have  to  be  performed 
by  the  aid  of  the  cursor.  This  form  has  the  further  dis- 
advantage that  the  inverted  slide  cannot  be  used  for 
finding  factors,  which  is  a  great  loss  ;  on  the  other  hand, 
the  two  lower  lines  may  be  used  for  simple  proportions, 
and  they  will  give  a  double  accuracy.  On  the  whole,  the 
original  pattern  with  an  A,  B,  C  and  D  line  seems  pre- 
ferable. Of  the  straight  rules  shown  at  the  Inventions 
Exhibition  those  made  by  Stanley  exceed  all  the  others 
in  workmanship  and  they  are  equal  in  this  respect  to  the 
Gravet  rule.  Among  them  are  rules  for  special  purposes, 
as  Hudson's  scales  and  Ganga  Ram's  rules.  Hudson's 
scales,  which  are  made  in  card,  each  having  two  slides, 
are  a  marvel  of  constructive  skill.  Dixon  shows  his 
"  triple  radius  double  slide  rule,"  with  which  very  complex 
operations  may  be  readily  performed.  Heath  shows  a 
slide  rule  for  converting  sidereal  to  mean  solar  time,  or 
the  reverse,  correct  to  about  02  of  a  second,  but 
this  is  not  a  slide  rule  proper,  as  the  scales  are  not 
logarithmic. 

There  is  entirely  a  different  class  of  slide  rule  shown 
by  Lieut.  Thomson.  In  this  there  is,  as  usual,  an  A,  B, 
and  C  line,  but  instead  of  the  D  line  there  is  a  "  P  "  line, 
in  which  the  distances,  instead  <>f  being  logarithmic,  are 
logarithms  of  logarithms.  By  this  instalment  fractional 
powers  may  be  found  as  readily  as  simple  products  or 
quotients.  It  has,  however,  this  defect,  that  the  scale 
converges  so  rapidly  as  the  numbers  ascend  that  high 
numbers  can  only  be  obtained  with  a  proportionate 
accuracy  far  less  than  is  possible  with  low  numbers.  It 
is  one  feature  in  the  slide  rule  of  ordinary  construction 
that  an  error  of  reading  of,  say,  i-iooth  of  an  inch  will  pro- 
duce the  same  proportionate  error  in  any  part  of  the 
scale.  This  rule  for  involution  is  shown  in  the  straight 
and  circular  form.  It  is  right  to  mention  that  the  same 
thing  exactly  was  invented  by  the  late  Dr.  Roget  and 
published  by  him  in  the  Phil.  Trans  of  1815. 

No  attempt  has  been  made  to  give  an  account  of  every 
special  form  of  rule  that  is  made  ;  those  shown  at  the 
Exhibition  and  some  other  well-known  forms,  which  well 
i;li:str.rc  the  ihru  rcMit  kinds  of  development,  have  been 
imfierter  ily  <k^>  h'k  iI  and  the  general  principles  on  which 
all  depend  sufficiently  explained  to  make  evident  the 
advantages  nf  eacli  mie  of  instrument. 

C.  V.  Boys 


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630 


NATURE 


[Oct.  29,  1885 


HOMING  FACULTY  01  HYMENOPTERA 

IN  connection  with  Sir  John  Lubbock's  paper  at  the 
lintish  Association,  in  which  this  subject  is  treated,  it 
is  perhaps  worth  while  to  describe  some  experiments 
which  I  made  last  year.  The  question  to  be  answered  is 
whether  bees  find  their  way  home  merely  by  their  know- 
ledge of  landmarks  or  by  means  of  some  mysterious  faculty 
usually  termed  a  senseofdirection.  Theordinary  impression 
appears  to  have  been  that  they  do  so  in  virtue  of  some 
such  sense,  and  are  therefore  independent  of  any  special 
knowledge  of  the  district  in  which  they  may  be  suddenly 
liberated  ;  and,  as  Sir  John  Lubbock  observes,  this  im- 
pression was  corroborated  by  the  experiment',  of  M. 
Kabrc.  The  conclusions  drawn  from  these  experiments, 
however,  appeared  to  me,  as  they  appeared  to  Sir  John, 
unwarranted  by  the  facts  :  and  therefore,  like  him,  1 
repeated  them  with  certain  variations.  In  the  result  I 
satisfied  myself  that  the  bees  depend  entirely  upon  their 
special  knowledge  of  district  or  land-marks,  and  it  is 
because  my  experiments  thtts  fully  corroborate  those 
which  were  made  by  Sir-John  that  it  now  occurs  to  me  to 
publish  them. 

The  house  where  I  conducted  the  observations  is 
situated  several  hundred  yards  from  the  coast,  w  ith  flower 
gardens  on  each  side  and  lawns  between  the  home  and  the 
sea.  Therefore  bees  starting  from  the  hou<e would  find  their 
honey  on  cither  side  of  it.  while  the  lawns  in  front  would 
be  rarely  or  never  visited— being  themselves  barren  of 
honey  and  leading  only  to  the  sea.  Such  being  the  geo- 
graphical conditions,  1  placed  a  hive  of  bees  in  one  of  the 
front  rooms  on  the  basement  of  the  house.  When  the 
bees  became  thoroughly  well  acquainted  with  their  new 
quartets  by  flying  in  and  out  <>t  the  open  window  for  a 
fortnight.  I  began  the  experiments.  The  modus  operandi 
consisted  in  closing  the  w  indow  after  dark  when  all  the 
l>eeswere  in  their  hive,  and  also  slipping  a  glass  shutter  in 
front  of  the  hive  door,  so  that  all  the  bees  were  doubly 
imprisoned.  Next  morning  I  slightly  raised  the  glass 
shutter,  thus  enabling  any  desired  number  of  bees  to 
escape.  W  hen  the  desired  number  had  escaped,  the 
glass  shutter  was  again  closed,  and  all  the  liberated  bees 
were  caught  as  they  buzzed  about  the  inside  of  the  shut 
window.  These  bees  were  then  counted  into  a  box,  the 
window  of  the  room  opened,  and  a  card  well  smeared 
over  with  birdlime  placed  upon  the  threshold  of  the  bee- 
hive, or  just  in  front  of  the  <  losed  glass  shutter.  The 
object  of  all  these  arrangements  was  to  obviate  the  ne- 
cessity of  marking  the  bees,  and  so  to  enable  me  not  merely 
to  experiment  w  ith  ease  iq>on  any  number  of  individuals 
that  I  might  desire,  but  also  to  feel  confident  that  no  one 
individual  could  return  to  the  hive  unnoticed.  For 
whenever  a  bee  returned  it  was  certain  to  become  en- 
tangled in  the  bird  lime,  and  whenever  I  found  a  bee  so 
entangled,  1  was  certain  that  it  w  as  one  which  I  had  taken 
from  the  hive,  as  there  were  no  other  hives  in  the 
ncighl>ourhood. 

Such  being  the  method,  1  began  b>  taking  a  score  of 
bees  in  the  box  out  to  sea,  where  there  could  be  no  land- 
marks to  guide  the  insects  home.  Had  any  of  these 
insects  returned,  I  should  next  have  taken  another  score 
out  to  sea  1  after  an  interval  of  several  days,  so  as  to  be  sure 
that  the  lirst  lot  had  become  permanently  lost  ,  and  then, 
before  liberating  them,  have  rotated  the  box  in  a  sling 
for  a  considerable  time,  in  order  to  see  whether  this  would 
have  confused  their  sense  of  direction.  Hut,  as  none  of 
the  bees  returned  after  the  first  experiment,  it  was  clearly 
needless  to  proceed  to  the  second.  Accordingly  1 
liberated  the  next  lot  of  bees  on  the  sea-shore,  and,  as 
none  of  these  returned,  I  liberated  another  lot  on  the 
lawn  between  the  shore  and  the  house.  1  was  somewhat 
surprised  to  find  that  neither  did  any  of  these  return, 
although  the  distance  fron  the  lawn  to  the  hive  was  not 
-*bovc  roo  yard*.    Lastly,  I  liberated  bees  in  different 


parts  of  the  flower  garden,  and  these  I  always  found 
stuck  upon  the  bird-lime  within  a  few  minutes  of  their 
liberation.  Indeed,  they  often  arrived  before  1  had  had 
time  to  run  fro  n  the  place  where  I  had  liberated  them  to 
the  hive.  Now,  as  the  garden  was  a  large  one,  many  of 
these  bees  had  to  fly  a  greater  distance,  in  order  to  reach 
the  hive,  than  was  the  case  with  their  lost  sisters  upon 
the  law  n,  and  therefore  1  could  have  no  doubt  that  their 
uniform  success  in  finding  their  w  ay  home  so  immediately 
was  due  to  their  special  knowledge  of  the  flower  garden, 
and  not  to  any  general  sense  of  direction. 

I  may  add  that,  while  in  Germany  a  few  weeks  ago,  I 
tried  on  several  species  of  ant  the  same  experiments  as 
Sir  John  Lubbock  describes  in  his  paper  as  having  been 
tried  by  him  upon  English  species,  and  here  also  I  ob- 
tained identical  results  :  in  all  cases  the  ants  were  hope- 
lessly lost  if  liberated  more  than  a  moderate  distance 
from' their  nest  GeoRUE  J.  Romanes 


THE  HEIGHTS  OF  CLOUDS 

pROM  the  Upsala  Observatory  comes  an  account  «>f 
*      fairly  exact  measurements  of  the  heights  of  clouds 
during  the  summer  of  last  year,  and  a  very  interesting 
publication  ir  is.    It  appears  that  when  the  circumpoInr 
expeditions  were  planned  the  Swedish  Meteorological 
Observatory  furnished  their  station  at  Spitzbcrgcn  with 
three  theodolites,  of  a  somewhat  novel  though  simple 
construction,  for  the  double  purpose  of  observing  the 
altitude  of  the  aurora  and  that  of  clouds.    The  difficult) 
that  has  always  been  felt  in  such  observations  has  been 
that  of  easy  intercommunication  between  the  different 
observers,  so  as  to  fix  on  the  particular  part  of  the 
cloud  of  which  the  height  was  to  be  measured.  Thanks 
to  modern  invention  this  difficulty  was  got  over  by  con- 
necting each  station  with  a  telephone.     The  reported 
good  results  obtained  at  the  circumpolar  station—  the 
publication  of  which,  by  the  by,  has  not  been  done  as 
yet— induced  Hcrr  Hildcbrandsson,  the  director  of  the 
meteorological  observatory  at  I'psala,  to  commence  a  set 
of  similar  observations  there.    On  a  couple  of  pillars, 
about  450  yards  apart,  and  placed  on  an  approximately 
north  and  south  line,  a  couple  of  theodolites  were  erected, 
the  stations  being  connected  by  telephones.    The  theodo- 
lites employed  may  be  described  a*  ordinary  theodolites, 
the  object  glass  of  the  telescope  being  replaced  by  a  large 
open  ring,  across  which  were  stretched  a  couple  of  cross 
wires,  whilst  the  eye-piece  consisted  of  a  simple  hole  of 
3mm.  in  diameter.    When  observing  near  the  sun  dark 
glasses  would  be  placed  in  front  of  this  orifice    As  might 
be  expected,  there  arc  several  unavoidable  errors  in  using 
these  instruments,  the  principal  of  which  are  the  un- 
certainty of  an  identical  point  in  a  cloud  being  measured 
at  each  station,  and  the  want  of  synchronism  of  the  obser- 
vation—a very  important  point  when  clouds  are  travelling 
with  any  speed     The  method  of  observation  was  some- 
what laborious,  and  was  as  follows.    The  two  observers, 
each  at  a  theodolite,  agreed  as  well  as  they  could  on  the 
point  in  the  cloud  to  be  observed,  and  at  a  particular  time, 
fixed  upon  in  advance,  brought  the  cross  wires  on  this 
somewhat  indefinite  spot,  and  then  read  their  instruments, 
noted  the  lime  of  observation,  described  the  cloud,  and  if 
possible  sketched  it.    A  second  observation  of  the  same 
point  gave  the  direction  and  rate  of  motion  of  the  cloud 
Perhaps  one  of  the  most  easily  observed  clouds  is  the 
cumulus,  and    we  find  fj£i^^J|Mfc^ft|Aitffe§LJfcL 
probable  error    of  op*" 
l  ints,  m  one  whos* 
metres,  the  prob.V 
nietrcs,  and  ol  th 
of  101  observation 
1/ 


Oct.  29,  1 885] 


NATURE 


63' 


metres.  The  labour  to  attain  even  such  accuracy  is 
very  great.  The  surprise  is  that  at  Upsala  they  did  not 
adopt  a  photographic  theodolite  such  as  is  now,  we 
believe,  in  daily  use  at  Kew.  In  the  Kew  "nepho- 
yraphs,*'  as  they  are  called,  the  telescope  is  replaced  by 
a  camera,  and  the  observations  do  not  involve  half  the 
labour  of  eye-observations.  For  instance,  when  the  two 
nephographs  are  in  a  fixed  position  the  manipulations  are 
simplicity  itself.  One  observer  telephones  to  the  other 
the  cloud  whose  height  it  is  desired  to  ascertain.  By 
means  of  a  very  simple  pointer  both  direct  their  cameras 
to  the  cloud,  having  inserted  a  dry  plate  in  position.  The 
lenses  arc  closed  by  shutters,  both  of  which  can  be  opened 
and  then  closed  with  any  desired  rapidity  by  an  electrical 
arrangement  from  one  station.  The  exposures  are  thus 
made  simultaneously,  and  the  photograph  must  include 
every  point  in  the  cloud.  The  position  of  the  cloud  is 
fixed  by  crossed  lines  etched  on  a  glass  plate  which  is  in 
contact  with  the  dry  plate,  and  which  always  occupies  the 
same  position,  and  from  these  cross  lines,  which  arc  im- 
pressed on  the  two  negatives,  any  desired  point  is  measured. 
The  readings  of  the  graduated  circles  of  the  ncphoscope 
having  been  taken  the  height  and  distance  of  the  cloud  is 
readily  calculated.  It  might  be  supposed  that  consider- 
able errors  might  be  made  even  with  this  arrangement 
as  the  solid  angular  distance  included  is  somew  here  about 
55°,  and  the  objects  within  this  are  impressed  on  a  plate  less 
than  six  inches  square.  As  a  matter  of  fact,  such  is  not  the 
case.  Measurements  of  objects  a  couple  of  miles  off,  and 
at  known  distances  from  the  observer,  have  been  observed 
with  an  error  of  less  than  1  percent.,  a  base  of  250  yards 
having  been  used— an  accuracy  which  is  far  greater  than 
could  be  obtained  by  eye-observations  when  the  object  to 
be  observed  is  uncertain  in  outline,  and  when  there  is  no 
definitely  fixed  point  to  observe.  It  must  not,  however, 
be  supposed  that  theic  are  no  difficulties  in  photographing 
clouds  of  every  description.  It  requires,  for  instance,  a 
keen  judgment  to  hit  oil  the  exposure  necessary  to  differ- 
entiate between  the  white  clouds  in  the  higher  regions  the 
pale  blue  sky  against  which  they  are  projected.  All  such 
difficulties  are  to  be  overcome  with  practice.  It  is  to  be 
hoped  that  before  long  the  Upsala  Observatory  w  ill  adopt 
such  a  plan  as  we  have  indicated,  when  the  results  they 
obtain  will  be  even  more  valuable  and  be  less  laboriously 
attained  than  they  are  at  pre-cnt. 

The  following  table  gives  the  height  of  the  different 
characters  of  clouds  at  Upsala  : — 


Stratus 

Nimbus  (lower)  . 
„      higher  . 

Cumulus  and  cumulo-stralus 

Lower  alto-cumulus 
Higher  „  „ 
Cirro-cumulus 
Cirrus 


625  metres. 

•     MIS  » 
■    2,185  „ 
j       top  1,690 
-    base  1,307 
J    mean  1,498 
1,988 
4,242 
5o«3 
6,823 

The  authors  point  out  that,  according  to  their  obsen.i- 
tions,  apparently  there  ate  seven  levels,  each  one  occupied 
by  a  d  1  lie  rent  species  of  cloud,  viz.  :  600,  1,100,  t.jCO, 
2,000,  42-4,600,  58-6/K0,  and  80-8,600  metres  ;  antl  these 
levels  agree  with  those  deduced  by  M.  Vettin  of  Hcrlin, 
who  deduced  them  from  a  different  mode  of  observation. 
There  arc  several  remarkable  tables  -ome  <>f  w  hich  i;ivc  the 
diurnal  variation  in  the  height  of  clouds,  others  the  diurnal 
Wtfiation  of  the  frequency  of  hi^h  clouds  at  Upsala  during 
hers  again  which  discuss  the  question  of 
:ci  ui,  ihe  height  of  the  barometer  on  the  ( loud 
One  of  the  most  interesting  scuions  of  the 
on  the  calculation  of  ihe  velocity  of  wind 
from  the  movements  of  cloud-. 

ervatoty  at  Upsala  is  to  be  con- 
ilakcn  in  making  systematic 


observations  of  cloud  heights  and  velocities.  It  is  a  matter 
of  capital  importance  to  meteorology  that  such  should  be 
undertaken  in  various  localities,  not  only  at  or  near  the 
sea  level,  but  also  at  as  high  altitudes  as  possible.  Were 
the  cloud  levels,  for  instance,  the  same  at  all  places, 
mountainous  districts  would  be  very  much  more  cloud 
bound  than  we  know  is  the  case.  Observations  of  clouds 
in  the  Alps  show  that  the  levels  at  which  the  different 
( 1. .--<■-  an;  to  be  found  exceed  the  heights  which  an 
shown  in  the  table  above  ;  and  it  remains  to  ascertain  not 
only  the  effect  of  barometic  pressure  on  the  levels,  but 
also  the  disturbing  effect  caused  by  the  elevations  in  the 
land.  Such  observations  might  well  be  added  to  the 
observatory  at  Hen  Nevis,  and  no  doubt  some  enthusiastic 
meteorologist  would  be  willing  to  spend  a  summer  in  the 
Alps  to  make  observations  at  a  still  higher  station.  Until 
work  such  as  this  is  undertaken  the  subject  can  only  be 
partially  discussed  on  scientific  grounds. 

VV.  DE  W.  A. 


THE  RECENT  TOTAL  ECLIPSE  OF  THE  SUN 

Y\7  E    have    received    the    following  communica- 
•  *      tions  :— 

The  news  that  bad  weather  seriously  interfered  with 
the  work  of  the  Government  Survey  parties,  sent  to 
observe  the  eclipse  of  the  9th  inst.  from  points  on  the 
centre  line  of  totality,  induces  me  to  send  you  the 
accompanying  incomplete  sketch  and  hasty  account  by 
to-da\'s  mail : — 

I  observed  the  eclipse  from  Tahoraite,  the  present 
southern  terminus  of  the  Napier-Wellington  Railway,  a 
point  well  within  the  belt  of  totality,  but  some  forty  miles 
north  of  the  centre  line. 

I  went,  determined  to  concentrate  my  whole  attention 
on  the  corona,  and  the  corona  alone— I  did  not  even  take 
my  watch.  My  eclipse  observations  are  therefore  neces- 
sarily very  incomplete. 

After  a  stormy  night  alternate  showers  of  rain  and  hail, 
with  a  bitterly  COM  wind),  day-dawn  brought  a  clear 
sky;  but  a  heavy  bank  of  clouds  far  away  to  the  south 
boded  no  good  to  observers  in  that  direction.  The  cold 
was  bitter,  and  fresh  snow  lay  very  low  down  on  the 
neighbouring  hills. 

The  first  contact  occurred  not  long  after  sunrise,  the 
atmosphere  in  the  east  being  rather  hazy,  and  the  light 
Pat*  other  observers  say  ruddy).  At  first  the  tempera- 
ture of  the  air  seemed  to  rise  steadily,  but  when  the  sun's 
disk  was  a  quarter  obscured,  it  began  to  fall  again,  and 
as  totality  approached  the  cold  became  severe. 

When  the  occultation  of  the  sun  had  reached  three- 
quarters,  the  SO-called  "livid"  character  of  the  light 
became  very  marked,  and  about  ten  minutes  before 
totality  a  curious  and  tremulous  play  of  h^ht  on  the 
ground— like  dark  ripples  or  moving  "marblings,"  if  I 
may  use  the  word,  became  apparent. 

In  order  to  keep  my  eyes  as  sensitive  as  possible  to  the 
faint  light  of  the  corona  when  it  should  become  visible, 
1  only  watched  the  sun  through  a  telescope)  for  a  few 
minutes  after  first  contact,  I  then  averted  my  ^aze,  and 
fixed  it  persistently  on  the  dark-green  bush  sunounding 
the  Tahoraite  clearing.  All  I  noticed  during  my  hasty 
survey  of  the  disk  was  two  small  and  one  large  spot,  the 
latter  close  to  the  limb  at  about  90  (see  sketch),  and 
surrounded  by  facuhr. 

The  moment  "totality''  occurred  I  turned  my  gaze 
towards  the  sun,  and  having  previously,  to  save  time, 
drawn  disks  on  several  pages  of  my  pocket-book,  I  hur- 
riedly took  sketch  after  sketch  of  the  shape  of  the  corona, 
the  rays  of  which  were  much  better  marked  than  I  hail 
been  fed  to  expect.  My  object  in  taking  several  sketches 
was  to  record  any  change  in  the  position  of  the  rays.  I 
took  five  during  the  short  time  of  totality,  and  their  agree- 
ment is  so  clear  as  regards  the  number  and  relative 


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[Oct.  :9-  1S85 


position  and  length  of  the  main  rays,  that  it  fully  confirms 
the  general  impression  left  on  my  mind  as  to  the  fixity  of 
this  phenomenon. 

I  was  just  engaged  in  making  a  last  estimate  of  the 
extent  of  the  corona  between  35°  and  90°,  when  a  cry- 
arose  from  the  bystanders,  "  Look  at  the  red  flame  shoot- 
ing out  to  the  left  ! ''  I  withstood  the  temptation,  and 
observed  the  almost  sudden  disappearance  of  the  corona 
on  the  reappearance  of  the  sun.  All  I  can  therefore  say 
of  the  red  protuberance  which  attracted  so  much  notice  is 
that  the  emergence  of  the  sun  is  blended  in  my  mind 
with  a  vague  and  fleeting  impression  of  a  narrow  streak 
of  red  light  with  a  broad  streak  of  white  light  outside  it, 
between  200*  and  290*,  and  almost  symmetrically  divided 
by  the  position  of  the  daik  rift  in  the  corona. 

An  acquaintance  who  noticed  the  rift  in  the  corona  told 
me  that  the  red  flame  shot  out  close  to  it.  He  described 
the  shape  of  the  flame  as  ragged:  other  intelligent  ob- 
servers compared  it  to  a  sugarloaf  ;  the  most  intelligent 


Corona  M  observed  during  tolar  ccliritc  of  September  y,  i86j,  a»  *een  from 
Tahoraite,  North  lilaud.  New  Zealand,  al.oui  40  mile*  north  of  centre 
line  of  totality  :— A,  i  •->' ;  longeit  ray,  s-j  dianu.  B,  first  contact  about 
jgj*  (vague).  C,  Sua  apparently  reappear*  about  1*0*  (vague).  D, 
jjo";  dark  rift  in  nimua.  E,  approsinme  position  of  large  red  protuber- 
ance which  shut  out  ju»t  before  clo/e  of  totality.  F,  corona,  |  diam., 
rather  ragged.  G.  corona,  |  diam.,  regular.  II,  large  >iui-»pol  with 
faiulx  dote  to  the  limb  at  timeof  first  contact.  I,  60" ;  3rd  longest 
ray,  t|  diam.  J,  between  these  two  lung  ray*  (OrM  e»tend»  nearly  } 
diam.,  with  tome  longer  ra>v  K.  longest  ray.  i\  Jiam.  I.,  cor  na, 
tiardly  )  diam.  M,  Md  lorucst  ray.  iJ-j  diam*.  N,  between  longest 
rays  corona  extend*  ,  to  1  diam. :  1  long  ray«  t\  rib  in.  (N.B.—  Corona 
alone  wa»  observed  :  relative  position  and  lengths  of  ray*  reliable  ;  abso- 
lute length*  to  be  takcu  with  caution. 

of  those  I  heard,  to  a  drop  of  water  hanging  from  an 
object.  Other  observers,  again,  stationed  two  miles  off, 
saw,  not  a  red  but  a  brilliant  while  flame  shoot  out. 

1  leave  these  discordant  statements  and  comparisons 
to  be  reconciled  by  other  men. 

During  totality  there  was  a  considerable  amount  of 
diffused  light  around  the  sun.  I  am  unable  to  state  its 
extent  or  colour  from  personal  estimate.  Some  of  the 
bystanders  called  the  colour  pearl-grey  ;  others,  reddish  ; 
others,  again,  pale  blue  and  white. 

The  colour  of  the  corona  itself  seemed  to  me  very  pale 
bluish  green. 

The  sketch  I  send  you  should  explain  itself.  1  will 
only  mention  that  the  angles  are,  of  course,  only  esti- 
mated, the  KTO  direction  being  the  upper  end  of  the 
vertical  through  the  centre  of  disk. 

The  rift  in  the  corona  was  very  marked,  and  extended 
right  down  to  the  disk ;  it  was  very  near  to  by  far  the 
longest  of  the  rays.    In  conclusion  there  is  nothing  that 


the  coronal  rays  remind  me  of  so  much  as  an  auroral 
display.  N.  A.  GkayDON 

Hastings,  Hawkesbay,  N.Z.,  September  1 1 

Mr.  Henry  Bedford,  of  All  Hallow's  College,  Dublin, 
sends  us  a  copy  of  the  Afar/borough  Express,  New  Zealand, 
of  Wednesday,  September  9,  1885,  giving  an  account  ot 
the  eclipse  as  observed  at  Blenheim  and  other  places  in 
New  Zealand. 

The  eclipse  at  Blenheim  began  at  6.30  am.,  and  total::  y 
occurred  at  7.25. 

"The  totality— if  totality  it  was— could  have  lasted  but 
a  bare  moment  :  for,  to  the  untrained  observer,  it  seemed 
that  a  patch  of  bright  sunlight  on  the  upper  edge  of  it 
was  never  absent.  It  must,  however,  be  remembered 
that  Blenheim  is  on  the  very  outer  edge  of  the  belt,  and 
that  the  apparent  duration  of  totality  was  so  extremely 
short  that,  by  an  optical  illusion,  it  might  seem  that  sun- 
light was  never  totally  obscured.  The  corona  and  sun's 
flames  were  plainly  visible,  and  formed  a  spectacle  which 
no  mechanical  contrivance  can  imitate,  and  no  art  can 
reproduce  Several  stars  in  different  quarters  of  the 
heavens— and  particularly  one  about  four  sun's  diameters 
below  the  eclipse — were  seen,  and  the  general  appear- 
I  ance  of  the  sky  and  of  the  shadows  on  the  hill  sides  and 
in  the  water  was  that  of  early  dawn.  The  eclipse  was 
certainly  a  wonderful  phenomenon,  and  almost  as  inter- 
esting to  thcnon-scicntific  observerasto  the  man  of  science 
who  viewed  it  in  his  observatory. 

"  Observations  of  the  eclipse  were  taken  in  the  cricket 
ground  at  Blenheim  by  Mr  Dobson,  C.E.,  and  ten  in- 
stantaneous photographs  were  secured  by  Mr.  \V.  H 
Macey,  the  two  gentlemen  acting  in  conjunction.  Mr. 
Dobson's  observations  were  made  by  the  telescope  and 
theodolite,  the  powerful  telescope  belonging  to  Mr 
Cullcn  of  Mahikipawa  having  been  erected  in  the  cricket 
ground  for  the  purpose." 

At  Wellington,  by  the  time  the  total  phase  was  reached 
the  sun  was  sufficiently  clear  of  clouds  to  give  an  uninter- 
rupted view.  As  totality  was  reached  the  scene  was  most 
impressive,  and  as  the  darkness  increased  the  western 
heavens  became  illuminated  with  a  deep  orange  colour, 
shading  off  into  the  most  delicate  of  yellows.  A  number 
of  stars  were  plainly  seen  during  the  darkness.  After 
about  a  minute  and  a  half  the  sun  again  shone  out,  and 
gradually  increased.  Pigeons  and  birds  began  to  rly 
about  in  a  helpless  fashion,  and  sought  their  roosts. 

Dr.  Hector  reports: — "Heavy  southerly  squalls,  with 
hail,  spoiled  the  observations.  We  were  at  Dryertown, 
on  the  centre  of  the  line,  but  got  only  partial  glimpses. 
A  pink  patch  surrounded  the  sun,  and  extended  1  J"  from 
it,  probably  due  to  the  same  dust  film  in  a  high  atmo- 
sphere that  caused  the  sun-glows  last  year." 

At  Mastcrtton  a  heavy  south-west  gale  with  rain  set  in 
on  the  8th,  and  the  morning  broke  without  any  signs  of 
I  clearing.  Messrs.  M'Kerrow  and  party,  who  had  camped 
at  the  foot  of  Otahuao,  proceeded  to  the  top  and  fixed 
their  instruments  amid  driving  snow  and  hail.  Just  before 
totality  the  sky  cleared,  and  all  the  phenomena  were  fairb 
visible  One  photograph  was  taken  before  totality,  three 
during,  and  one  after.  The  corona  was  visible  for  fully  x 
minute,  encircling  a  ring  of  light  radiating  to  a  distance  of 
about  half  a  diameter  of  the  sun.  It  was  of  a  pale  white 
colour,  like  the  electric  light  ;  of  uniform  width,  except*: 
the  sun's  equator,  where  it  slightly  pro  traded,  and  WWk 
evidently  of  greater  extent. 

We  have  just  received,  by  the  dilatory  method  of  a  letter 
by  post,  an  account  of  the  preparations  making  and  made 
,  for  the  due  observation  of  the  Total  Solar  Eclipse  in 
I  September,  up  to  within  a  fortnight  of  the  event  coming 
off;  but  no  more.     Our  informant,  the  Venerable  tkt 
Archdeacon  Stock,  of  Wellington,  New  Zealand,  tri* 
I  momentarily  expecting  two  large  auxiliary  expedition*, 


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633 


one  from  Sydney,  the  other  from  Melbourne  ;  and  had 
been  himself  told  off  for  corona  work.  But  though 
brimming  full  of  fine  enthusiasm  to  do  all  that  man  could 
do  in  that  department,  he  yet  characteristically  adds, 
"  but  how  can  we  expect  to  see  any  of  the  more  refined 
and  minute  features  through  all  this  Krakatab  haze  which 
the  sun  has  still  to  shine  through  ?  In  1882,  before  that 
great  volcanic  eruption,  we  could  see  the  comet  of  that 
year  close  up  to  the  sun's  limb ;  but  now  1  am  certain 
that  nothing  of  the  kind  could  be  visible."  C.  P.  S. 
15,  Royal  Terrace,  Edinburgh,  October  21 


NOTES 

Prof.  Pasteur  read  on  Monday  evening  to  the  Paris 
Academy  of  Sciences  a  statement,  of  which  the  following  is  the 
substance  as  telegraphed  to  the  Standard :  — M.  Pasteur  some 
time  ago  succeeded  in  rendering  proof  against  rallies  some  six- 
teen  out  of  every  twenly  dogs  experimented  upon.     But  to 
ascertain  that  immunity  had  really  been  given,  he  had  to  wait 
four  months  after  the  inoculation  had  taken  effect.   He  therefore 
set  himself  lo  obtain  virus  of  different  degrees  of  strength,  with 
the  object  of  obtaining  prompter  and  more  certain  results.  This 
was  effected  by  the  following  means  :— A  rabbit  wa>  inoculated 
with  a  fragment  of  tissue  taken  from  the  spine  of  a  rabid  dog. 
The  incubation  of  the  poison  occupied  fifteen  days.    As  soon  as 
the  rabbit  was  dead  a  portion  of  its  spinal  marrow  was  in  turn 
inoculated  into  a  second  rabbit,  and  so  on  until  sixty  rabbits  had 
been  inoculated.  At  each  successive  inoculation  the  virus  became 
of  increased  potency,  and  the  last  period  was  not  more  than 
seven  days.     Having  ascertained  that  exposure  to  dried  air 
diminishes  the  virus,  and  consequently  reduces  its  force,  M. 
Pasteur  supplied  himself  with  a  series  of  Iwttlcs  containing  dried 
air.     In  these  liottles  were  placed  portions  of  the  inoculated 
spinal  marrow  of  successive  dates,  the  oldest  being  the  least 
virulent,  and  the  latest  the  most  so.    For  an  operation  M. 
Pasteur  begins  by  inoculating  his  subject  with  the  oldest  tissue, 
and  finishes  by  injecting  a  piece  dating  from  two  days  only, 
whose  period  of  incubation  would   not  exceed  one  week. 
The  subject   is   then   found  to  be  absolutely  proof  against 
the  disease.    At  the  beginning  of  July  a  young  Alsatian, 
named  Joseph  Meister,  who  had  been  severely  bitten  in  several 
places  by  an  undoubtedly  rabid  dog,  presented  himself  at  the 
laboratory.    His  case,  left  to  itself,  being  considered  hopeless 
by  M.  Pasteur,  Prof.  Vulpian,  and  other  high  authorities,  the 
patient  was  submitted  to  the  same  series  of  inoculations  that 
had  been  so  successful  on  dogs.    As  a  proof  a  series  of  rabbits 
were  simultaneously  subjected  to  the  identical  processes.  In 
ten  days  thirteen  inoculations  were  made  with  piece*  of  spinal 
marrow  containing  virus  of  constantly-increasing  strength,  the 
last  being  from  the  spine  of  a  rabbit  which  had  died  only  the 
day  before.    The  youth  thus  operated  upon  by  the  successive 
administrations  of  weaker  virus  was  made  proof  against  the  virus  I 
of  the  intensest  strength.    It  is  now  100  days  since  he  under- 
went the  last  inoculation,  and  he  is  in  perfect  health.  Those 
rabbits,  on  the  contrary,  which  were  at  once  inoculated  with  the 
Hrong  virus,  without  first  being  rendered  fit  to  receive  it,  became 
affected  within  the  proper  incubation  period,  and  died  with  the 
usual  symptoms.    The  first  inoculation  practiced  upon  Meister 
was  sixty  hours  after  he  had  been  bitten.    M.  Pa-leur  has,  at 
the  present  moment,  another  human  patient  under  treatment 
who  was  bitten  a  few  days  ago  by  a  mad  dog.    M.  Pasteur  said  it 
would  now  be  necessary  to  provide  an  establishment  where  rab- 
bits might  always  be  kept  inoculated  with  the  disease.    In  thi> 
way  there  would  constantly  be  a  supply  of  spinal  tiwies,  of 
both  old  and  recent  inoculation,  ready  for  use.    Before  the  sit- 
ting was  adjourned  M.  Pasteur  received  an  enthusiastic  ovation 
from  both  the  Academy  and  the  public  present. 


The  annual  meeting  of  the  five  academies  forming  the  French 
Institute  took  place  at  two  o'clock  on  October  24  in  the  large 
hall  of  the  Institut ;  M.  Bougucreau,  President  of  the  Academy 
of  Beaux  Arts  was  in  the  chair.  The  great  prize  delivered  once 
every  tw  i  years  was  awarded  to  Dr.  Brown -Sequard,  the  well- 
known  physiologist.  M.  Paul  Bert  had  written  a  paper  "On 
Vivisection,"  which  was  expected  as  a  sequel  to  the  delivery  of 
the  prize  to  Dr.  Brown-Sequard,  but  it  was  not  read  for  want  of 
time.  The  annual  lwnquct  took  place  in  the  evening  for  the 
second  time. 

It  is  rumoured  that  M.  Goblet,  the  Minister  of  Public  Instruc- 
tion, proposes  to  return  to  the  former  organisation  of  the 
Institut,  which  was  regarded  as  a  universal  self-electing  body. 
Each  class  or  special  academy  had  not  the  privilege  of  choosing 
its  own  members  as  now,  but  of  proposing  a  list  of  candidates 
to  the  whole  Institut.  The  increased  solemnity  given  to  the 
annual  and  quarterly  meetings,  and  the  institution  of  banquets, 
arc  considered  as  preparatory  to  this  important  change. 

M.  Bertkand,  who  was  nominated  member  of  the  French 
Academy  some  months  ago,  will  be  received  on  December  10 
next,  at  a  solemn  sitting,  when  he  will  read  his  inaugural 
address.    It  will  be  answered  by  M.  Pasteur. 

A  very  valuable  addition  has  recently  been  made  to  the 
Science  Collections  now  displayed  in  the  Western  ( Jalleries  at  the 
South  Kensington  Museum  of  Science  and  Art.  Mr.  kochfort 
Connor,  of  the  Inland  Revenue  Department,  has  prepared  a 
number  of  exquisitely  finished  pen-and-ink  drawings  of  objects 
viewed  with  the  microscope,  often  by  the  aid  of  very  high 
powers.  The  collection,  which  covers  two  large  screens  in  the 
rooms  devoted  to  biology  and  geology,  include  drawings  of 
insects  and  other  minute  forms  of  animals,  and  of  various 
anatomical  preparations  from  them,  of  curiosities  of  pond-life, 
and  of  the  skeletons  of  many  organisms,  both  recent  and  fossil. 
Among  these  last  Mr.  Connor's  highly-finished  representation  of 
some  of  the  more  complicated  forms  of  the  Diatomacese,  such  as 
llelioftlta  and  Coicincdiscut,  are  especially  worthy  of  admiration, 
though  some  of  his  drawings  of  Foraminifcra,  Bryozoa,  and 
Spongc-spiculcs  arc  scarcely  inferior  to  these  in  delicacy  of 
execution.  These  drawings  represent,  we  understand,  the 
leisure  hours  of  a  busy  life-time,  and  their  author  is  now  engaged 
in  a  series  of  microscopic  drawings  illustrating  the  characters  of 
food-products  and  their  adulterants.  A  few  of  these  are  now 
exhibited  as  samples,  and  the  series  when  complete  cannot  fail 
to  be  of  great  use  to  public  analysts  and  others. 

At  a  meetingof  the  Brookvillc(U  S.)  Society  of  Natural  History, 
September  22  (according  to  Sritnct),  a  committee  was  appointed 
to  confer  with  the  scientific  associations,  educational  institutions, 
and  with  individuals  throughout  the  State  of  Indiana,  concerning 
the  advisability  of  the  formation  of  a  State  Academy  of  Science, 
and  it  thought  advisable,  to  co-operate  with  such  persons  in 
favour  of  the  formation  of  such  an  association.  Free  expression  of 
opinion  is  called  for  by  the  committee,  both  as  to  the  need  of 
such  an  organisation  and  as  to  the  best  plan  for  its  composition. 
It  is  now  the  plan  to  hold  a  meeting  at  Indianapolis  between 
Christmas  and  New  Yc:ir's  day.  It  proposed  that  the  orgauisa- 
tion  shall  enable  the  citizens  of  Indiana  who  are  engaged  in 
scientific  work  to  meet  at  certain  times  "for  social  intercourse, 
for  the  exchange  of  ideas,  and  the  comparison  of  results  of  scien- 
tific studies."  It  would  appear  from  the  prospectus  that  the 
Academy  would  be  a  State  society  similar  to  the  American 
Association. 

Some  theoretical  views  on  the  detonation  of  meteorites  have 
been  recently  offered  by  Signor  Bomhicci  in  the  Royal  Acca- 
demia  dci  Lincei.  He  supposes  the  detonation  to  be  that  of  an 
explosive-  gas  mixture,  formed  during  the  surface-heating  of  the 
in  the  atmosphere,  and  accumulating  chiefly  in  the 


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[Oct.  29,  1SS5 


ipace  left  behind  the  mass  in  its  very  swift  flight.  The  gas 
mixture  is  probably  of  oxygen  and  hydrogen,  and  it  becomes 
dctonant  when  the  proportions  arc  near  iho.se  in  which  the  ga-.es 
form  water.  The  oxygen  may  be  supplied  from  the  air  ;  the 
hydrogen  may  come  from  the  meteorite  itself,  which,  having  like 
porous  bodies  and  fused  metals,  taken  it  up  and  condensed  it  in 
some  region  of  space,  sets  it  free  again  as  it  becomes  very  hot  by 
friction  of  the  air,  and  as  an  enormous  difference  of  pressure 
arises  between  the  front  and  the  luck  part.  Hut  a  portion  land 
perhaps  the  larger)  of  the  detonating  mixture  may  come  from 
dissociation  of  the  aqueous  vapour  in  contact  with  the  glowing 
and  fused  surface  of  the  meteor.  To  the  idea  of  an  actual  ex- 
plosion of  the  meteorite  by  internal  energy,  Signor  Rombicci 
objects  that  the  Kill  must  l>c  shattered  to  the  finest  dust,  and  that 
fragments  would  not  be  coated  with  a  crust.  Sometimes  meteorite 
stones  remain  quite  whole  in  spite  of  the  detonation.  Haidingcr's 
idea  of  the  sound  being  clue  to  air  rushing  into  the  vacuum  behind 
the  meteorite  is  thought  improbable  because  the  detonation  takes 
place  in  very  high  layers  of  the  atmosphere,  where  the  air  is 
much  too  rare  ;  moreover  the  movement  of  the  meteorite  unlil 
detonation  is  a  quite  steady  one.  The  character  of  the  Boite, 
and  its  repetition  at  intervals,  also  the  shattering  of  the  mass 
into  fragment*  forming  a  cone  of  dispersion  towards  the  earth  all 
agree,  in  the  author's  opinion,  with  an  explosion  of  gas  behind 
the  meteorite.  Referring  to  another  j>oint,  Signor  Rombicci 
thinks  that  the  earth  has  by  virtue  of  its  magnetism  a  selective 
action  on  cosmic  wai»Cl  ;  hence  the  universal  presence  of  iron 
in  meteorites. 

Messrs.  A.  ANtiC.  P.i..vk  will  publish  immediately  a  volume 
by  Dr.  Croll,  F.R.S.,  entitled  "  Discussions  on  Climate  and 
Cosmology,"  and  also  a  new  edition  of  "Climate  and  Time." 

According  to  the  Journal  of  Iiuiian  Art  the  Government 
<>f  India  has  decided  to  combine  the  duties  of  the  Archwological 
Survey  and  those  hitherto  performed  by  the  curator  of  Ancient 
Monuments.  For  this  purj>ose  India,  exclusive  of  the  Madras 
and  liornbay  presidencies,  has  been  partitioned  into  three 
divisions,  one  of  which  has  been  placed  under  the  control  of 
Major  Keith,  who  superintended  the  construction  of  the  mag- 
nificent (jwalior  gate  which  H.ll.  Maharajah  Scindia  has  pre- 
sented to  the  South  Kensington  Museum,  and  which  will  Ik-  a 
prominent  ornament  of  next  year's  exhibition. 

We  have  received  from  Mr.  Savillc  Kent,  Superintendent 
and  Inspector  of  Fisheries  in  Tasmania,  a  very  encouraging 
rt|nrt  of  operation!  for  the  year  ending  July  31,  1SS5.  Much 
Of  the  report  is  devoted  to  oyster  ft  herie*.  which  Mr.  Kent  U 

endeavouring  to  develop  on  scientific  principle*.  lie  has 
established  hatcheries  at  various  points,  an  I  a  laboratory  for 
experiments  and  under  his  care  the  oy»ter  ought  to  Income  an 
important  industrial  product  in  Tasmania.  lie  also  advise* 
the  encouragement  of  sponge  fisheries.  With  regard  to  Sal- 
monid.-c,  Mr.  Kent  concludes  that  no  true  salmon  have  yet  been 
established  in  the  lakes  and  rivers  of  Tasmania.  The  fish  of 
large  *i»c  which  abound  in  the  great  lakes  and  other  large 
sheets  of  water  are  really  essentially  the  »inic  as  the  Great  Like 
Trout  or  S.ilm* /  mr  of  •  ireal  Itritain. 

Is  the  Report  by  the  Hoard  <>f  Trade  on  their  proceedings 
and  business  under  the  Weights  and  Measures  Act  for  the  past 
year,  it  is  slated  that  the  attention  of  the  department  has  been 
called  by  the  Corporation  of  Dublin  to  the  necessity  of  pro- 
viding a  legal  standard  measure  for  testing  steam  pressure-gauges. 
In  reference  thereto  regret  has  liecn  expressed  that  at  present 
the  Standards  Department  has  no  power  to  do  thi«.  The  ques- 
tion appaan  to  be  whether  a  pressure-gauge  is  a  "measure" 
within  the  meaning  of  the  Act.  The  testing  apparatus  proposed 
by  the  Corporation  U  a  measurer  of  pressure  applicable  only  for 
special  use,  and  it  belongs  to  a  class  of  measuring  instruments. 


as  barometers,  thermometers,  \c,  not  directly  provided  for  '  » 
the  Act.    In  the  report  of  last  year  an  opinion  wa*  cx;<c-  -  : 
that  the  time  had  now  arrived  when  this  o»antry  might,  on 
proper  conditions,  join  the  International  Convention  uo  Mr:-- 
Standards,  anil  in  September  last  Her  Majesty's  Governn>- 
madc  known  to  the  Comite  International  des  Hoids  et  Mo-  • 
at  Paris  that  Kngland  was  willing  to  join  the  Convention.     7  . 
has  now  been  done  ;  and  the  Comite  accepts  the  reservation-  >• 
Her  Majesty's  Government  as  to  the  introduction  of  the  n  .  •  . 
sjstem  into  this  country,  affirming  tha-  there  is  nothing  id 
articles  of  the  Convention  which  implies  any  obligation  on  'St 
part  of  a  contracting  State  to  attempt  to  modify  the  kMeii 
weights  and  measures  legalised  at  the  time  in  that  Stale.  T- 
adhesion  of  Kngland,  therefore,  is  not  to  be  regarded  *»  - 
expression  of  opinion  that  the  adoption  of  the  metric  syveta 
this  country  would  he  desirable.    A  0  py  is  attached  tj  '.  ■ 
Report  of  a  Memorandum  on  Metric  Mandard*  intended 
Ialjoratory  use  ;  and  also  a  copy  of  a  scale  of  errors  to  be  7 e 
nutted  on  ordinary  metric  standards  used  in  testing  man-if. 
turers'  weights.     Metric  weights  from  20  kilogram*  to  o v.  1 
gram,  to  be  used  for  the  puq*>se*  of  science  and  iiumufact . 
or  for  any  lawful  parposc  not  being  for  the  purpose  of  tra 
have  been  verified  for  the  local  authority  of  Birmingham. 

Mk.  Clement  L.  Wkag«;e,  of  the  Torrcns  Obsorrat 
near  Adelaide,  late  of  Hen  Nevis,  has  been  in.«tnK-re<l  x.*f  •" 
Queensland  (lovemment  to  "visit  and  rc|»ort  as  to  the  '«. 
means  of  establishing  meteorological  stations  in  I  jucstis,'.  »r,.. 
including  the  Cape  York  Peninsula  and  Torres  Straits."  Mr. 
Wrag^c,  who  lately  returned  to  Itrisbanc  from  Northern  Queen- 
land,  will  commence  his  duties  early  this  month,  a.ad  ptjs.ee".- 
shortly  to  Nonnanton  in  the  Gulf  of  Carj  entaria. 

Tiif.  Institution  of  Mechanical  Engineers  met  at  Coren*  - 
jester  lay.  when  the  following  papers  were  read: — tm  the  s- 
struction  of  modern  cycles,  by  Mr.  Robert  Edward  Phillip*.  * 
London  ;  on  the  distribution  of  the  wheel  loud  in  cycles,  by  Mr 
J.  Alfred  Griffiths,  of  Coventry  ;  description  of  a  hydn  .. 
huller-stop  for  railways,  by  Mr.  Alfred  A.  I.an^ley,  of  Derby 

The  aquarium  at  the  Invent!  WW  Exhibition  has  lately  rrcr:». 
some  valuable  additions  in  the  form  of  golden  lencli,  Amer.. 
salmonid.e,  and  Italian  carp,  notwithstanding  the  fact  that  '' 
I-.xhibition  arid  shoiily  close.    It  h  to  1>e  h-ped  that  the  eai*. 
from  the  Huckland  Museum  collection  will  Ik-  allowed  to  re  • 
in  the  aquarium,  where  they  appear  to  far  better  ad  van"  a. 
than  in  their  previous  rVM& 

The  fchthv  -I-  deal  Museum  now  in  course  of  formation  - 
South  Kensington  has  !>ccn  lately  enriches!  with  further  valuator 
specimens  of  fish.  Amongst  them  are  some  prawns  aaafae  m 
sue,  measuring  fttsTrv  inches  long,  which  were  presented  bf 
Mr.  John  S.  Charles,  of  Lower  Grosvcoor  Square. 

I  III  S<if»li/i,-  Amtrittu,  in  a  recent  issue,  describe*  the  rata- 
gent  galvanometer  constructed  at  Cornell  Ufuvemrjr,  ana* *V 
;ns  of  Mr.  Anthony,  the  Professor  of  Physic*,  to  weet  tar 
want  ofn  standard  instrument  for  the  measoreraant  of 
current*,  and  for  the  direct  calilxation  of  the  commercial 
men's  in  tfM  for  measuring  the  current*  employed  m 
Ii  ;htitig,  \c.  For  the  measurement  of  heavy  curreots  thoat  1 
four  circles,  two  2  metres  in  diameter,  and  two  1*6  MB 
mounted,  according  to  Helmholt/'s  plan,  at  dtstaooati 
to  their  radii.  The  conductors  formii 
rods,  three  fourths  of  an  inc 
pended  by  a  silk  fibre  in  a  1 
effectual  dantpeti  and  r 
rapidly.  Hy  a  peculia 
the  km         .  ■  are  rea- 

Lmalii 

11 


ue  eappe 


Oct.  29,  1885] 


NATURE 


635 


iatcly  turned  and  adjusted,  and  the  dimensions  are  all  known 
within  one  five-thousandth.  For  the  measurement  of  small 
currents  there  arc  two  circles,  about  I "5  metres  diameter,  each 
having  two  conductors,  and  comprising  altogether  72  turns  of 
No.  12  copper  wire. 

The  indications  of  such  an  instrument  of  course  depend  upon 
the  value  of  the  horizontal  intensity  of  the  earth's  magnetism, 
and  without  some  means  of  determining  this  quantity  in  the 
place  where  the  instrument  stands,  and  at  the  time  when  a 
measurement  is  being  made,  no  great  accuracy  is  attainable. 
For  making  this  determination,  a  coil  a  metre  in  diameter,  con- 
sisting of  100  turns  of  No.  18  wire,  is  suspended,  so  that  its 
centre  coincides  with  the  centre  of  the  instrument  by  means  of 
a  single  phosphor  bronie  wire,  which  is  itself  attached  to  a 
torsion-head  reading  to  ten  seconds  of  arc.  B)T  the  aid  of  this 
coil,  observations  may  be  taken  at  any  moment  for  the  deter- 
mination of  H  by  the  method  proposed  by  Sir  William  Thom- 
son. The  instrument  is  mounted  in  a  copper  building,  fiom  the 
>  instruction  of  w  hich  all  iron  has  been  rigidly  excluded.  Several 
conduct ing'w  ires  connect  the  building  w  ith  the  dynamo  and  other 
rooms  of  the  physical  laboratory,  550  feet  distant,  and  switches 
m  the  building  serve  to  send  the  currents  through  the  several 
coils  of  the  galvanometer  Mngly,  in  series,  or  in  multiple  arc, 
•lirect  or  reversed.  By  this  means  currcnis  from  I  milliamperc 
10  250  amperes  can  be  accurately  measured. 

Tilt  last  number  (Hdi  33)  of  the  MitlhdluH^en  Jcr  Dimtuktm 
(its>Jli(hafr  fur  Xatur  und  \  oikcrkttmit  Ostasicm  contains  a 
paper  by  Herr  Iliitterott  on  the  Japanese  sword,  with  numerous 
illustrations  of  the  various  forms.  It  describes  the  manner  in 
which  it  is  forced,  how  it  reaches  the  extraordinary  degree  of 
excellence  for  w  hich  it  bt  celebrated,  in  short  the  I  .  >t  of 
the  making  of  a  Japanese  sword  in  the  feudal  days.  Ilerr 
Mayct  concludes  his  account  of  a  visit  to  Coiea,  the  first  part 
"f  which  we  have  already  noticed.  Dr.  Naumann,  the 
director  of  the  Geological  Survey  of  Japan,  and  Japanese 
representative  at  the  late  Geological  Congress  nt  Berlin,  com- 
municated an  extract  from  a  report  of  his  on  the  geological 
structure  of  the  Japanese  islands. 

Onf.-i  tNTH  of  the  "Sui  lenienschaft  "  at  the  Zurich  University 
is  now  female.  Twenty-nine  young  ladies  study  medicine,  four- 
teen philosophy,  and  two  politic  il  economy.  Of  the  forty  five 
female  students,  filteen  arc  Swiss,  and  ten  Russian. 

THE  after-sunglow  has  again  at  times  liecn  visible  in  Stock- 
holm, from  the  middle  of  AugiM  to  the  middle  of  September, 
being  distinct  from  the  ordinary  evening  auro.a, 

A  FUKTMkr  telegram  has  just  been  received  by  the  Rns-ian 
Minister  of  War  from  Col.  I'rjcvaKky,  dated  Odi,  Septcml>er3o 
-that  is,  the  12th  inst.,  new  style.  Only  the  concluding 
|jassagc  has  as  yet  been  published  by  the  Russian  pa|>crs  : — 
"August  14  (new  style,  Augu-t  26>,  Oasis  of  Tchira.  — I  have 
explored  the  Keria  Mountains.  We  are  now  proceeding  triA 
Khotcn  and  Aksu,  and  we  shall  arrive  in  Scmiretchia  towards 
the  end  of  October.    All  is  well.'* 


Iiie  spheroidal 
object  of  study  by 
phenomenon  wa« 
lest  the  view  that  lii 


jids  has  recently  l>ccn  made  an 
(//  Niuvt  Cimeidia    A  curi<  >u , 
^uras  blown  into  the  drop  (to 
ado  not  boil  l>ccaiise  they 
bubble*  often  larger 
|fcnt  ;  they  -li  v-  I  |l,c 
independently. 
HMt  alcohol,  and 
©mctniii  -  the) 
or  Luvini 
.their  dis- 


solved air,  or  lose  it  very  little.  The  author  made  arrangements 
for  observing  the  spheroid  tl  state  under  different  air  pressures, 
and  he  came  to  the  conclusion  that  the  temperature  of  each 
li  |llid  in  that  state,  under  a  given  pressure,  is  very  nearly  equal 
to  the  least  boiling  temperature  of  the  liquid  under  the  same 
pressure. 

We  have  just  received  from  the  secretary,  Mr.  Ciiarles  bailey, 
F.L.S.,  of  Manchester,  the  reports  of  the  Botanical  Exchange 
Club  for  the  years  1S83  and  1SS4.  For  18S3  Mr.  G.  Nicholson 
acted  as  distributor,  and  3735  specimens  were  received  and 
divided  out  again  among-t  the  members.  In  1884  Mr.  Arthur 
Bennett  undertook  the  labour  of  distribution,  ami  the  number 
of  specimens  placed  in  circulati  in  was  4371.  The  two  reports 
contain  a  series  of  annotations  by  the  distributors  upon  the  more 
interesting  plants  which  passed  through  their  hands.  For  a 
Considerable  number  of  species  new  counties  are  registered. 
The  most  interesting  additions  to  the  British  flora,  of  which 
they  make  mention,  arc  a  Scutrflariii,  intermediate  between 
mtnor  and  ^aleri.uliilti,  perhajis  a  hybrid,  found  by  Mr.  Nichol- 
son in  a  place  one  would  have  thought  likely  to  lie  thoroughly 
explored  long  ago — the  shores,  of  Virginia  Water  ;  Potamojclon 
/fm'ans,  a  j>ond  weed  very  difficult  to  recognise,  found  by  Mr. 
A.  Eryer  in  Huntingdonshire  ;  ami  Cartx  s<t'ina,  a  boreal  spe- 
cie known  already  in  Scandinavia,  Iceland,  the  Faroes,  Nova 
Zcmhla,  and  North  America,  which  has  lately  been  discovered 
by  Mr.  Grant  in  Caithness.  The  Rubi  of  Britain  want  carefully 
comparing  with  those  of  the  Continent,  and  Mr  Arthur  Bennett 
has  done  well  to  send  the  Club  specimens  to  be  verified  by  Dr. 
Foche,  of  Bremen,  whose  synopsis  of  the  German  Rubi  ha* 
been  taken  Iatcly  by  llyman  as  a  basis  for  his  enumeration  ol 
the  European  forms  in  his  most  useful  geographical  conspectus  of 
the  European  flora. 

A  CL'Kiut'S  calculation  has  been  recently  made  by  Signor 
Bartoli  regarding  the  mean  density  of  a  body  which  should  con- 
tain all  the  known  elements  in  a  solid  state,  cither  uncombined, 
or,  if  partly  combined,  each  retaining  the  density  Wonting  to 
it  in  the  solid  state.  The  author  makes  three  supp  lsjiions—  (1) 
the  masses  of  all  the  substances  equal  ;  (2)  masse-  such  that  the 
corresponding  volumes  are  equal  ;  (3)  masses  in  ratio  of  the 
atomic  weights.  The  corresponding  mean  densities  he  arrive* 
at  are  2  "698,  7  027,  an  1  5776,  and  it  is  pointed  out  that  the 
last  value  comes  very  near  that  got  by  Cavendish  for  the  mean 
density  of  the  earth,  viz.  5^67  ;  |R>ssibly  an  accidental  agree- 
ment, yet  interesting. 

Wt  have  received  from  Mr.  Frauds  Day  copies  of  two  papers, 
on  a  subject  on  which  he  also  rea  I  a  paper  at  the  Al>crdecn 
meeting  of  the  British  Association.  One  is  entitled  "  Notes  on 
the  Breeding  of  Salmonidx."  being  observations  on  the  fish 
cultural  cx]>crimcnts  being  carried  on  at  llowietown,  and  on 
experiments  by  the  author  himself  at  Cheltenham.  The  second, 
froji  the  TroHUKtions  of  the  Umuill  Society,  is  on  the  breeding 
of  salmon  from  parents  which  have  never  visited  the  sea.  This 
also  describes  the  results  of  experiments  at  llowietown. 

Wt  have  received  the  report  of  the  Council  of  the  1-ciccstcr 
Literary  and  Philosophical  Society  for  the  |»ast  year.  Various 
important  additions  hive  been  made  to  the  town  museum  ;  the 
work  on  the  flora  of  Leicestershire,  undertaken  and  edited  by  a 
botanical  sub  committee,  is  now  in  the  press,  anl  will  shortly  !>c 
published  ;  the  resolution,  adopted  at  the  last  general  meeting 
of  the  society,  for  the  promotion  of  science  classes  in  the  town 
has,  owing  to  various  circumstances,  only  lice  1  partially  carried 
out.  Two  experimental  cla-scs,  one  for  pure  mathematics,  the 
other  for  physiology,  have  been  commenced,  and  have  been 
attended  with  fair  results.  The  reports  of  the  various  sections 
show  a  considerable  amount  of  work  d  ne  during  the  year. 


Google 


636 


NA  TURE 


[Oct.  29,  1 8 


Short  abstracts  of  various  papers  read  before  the  society  are 
Riven  in  the  Transaetions. 

A  mission  of  thirteen  youths,  belonging  to  the  best  families 
in  Cambodia,  has  arrive!  in  Paris  for  the  purpose  of  study. 
They  have  been  placed  under  the  care  of  M.  Pavie,  who  has 
constructed  a  line  of  telegraphs  between  Siam  and  Cambodia. 
This  is  the  first  time  since  1864  that  Cambodians  have  come 
abroad  for  purposes  of  education. 

Thk  additions  to  the  Zoological  Society's  Gardens  during  the 
past  week  include  a  Vervet  Monkey  (Cercopitfueus  lalanJii  i  ) 
from  South  Africa,  presented  by  Mr.  George  E.  Crisp ;  a 
Malbrouck  Monkey  (Cercopitheeus  eynosurus  & )  from  West 
Africa,  presented  by  Miss  Ethel  O'Donoghuc  ;  a  Kinkajou 
(Cercoleptes  caudholvulus)  from  Demerara,  presented  by  Mr. 
John  Carder ;  four  Common  Squirrels  (Seiurus  vulgaris),  six 
Common  Dormice  {.\ f u sear d mat  avellanarius),  British,  pre- 
sented by  Mr.  Thomas  Weddle  ;  a  Tennant's  Squirrel  (Sciur-u 
tennanti)  from  Ceylon,  presented  by  Miss  Maude  IJovill ;  two 
Vulpine  Squirrels  (Seiurus  vulpinus)  from  North  America,  pre- 
sented by  Capt.  E.  E.  Vaill ;  a  Coypu  (Myopotamus  coy  pus) 
from  South  America,  presented  by  Mrs.  Amelia  Appleton  ;  a 
Robbcn  Island  Snake  (Coronella  phoearum)  from  South  Africa, 
presented  by  the  Rev.  G.  II.  R.  Fisk,  C.M.Z.S.  ;  two  Sly 
Silurus  (Silurus  glamii),  European,  presented  by  the  Marquis  of 
Bath,  F.Z.S.  ;  a  Red  Lory  (Eos  rubra)  from  Moluccas,  an 
Alexandrine  Parrakeet  (Pjli,\'rnis  alexandri)  from  India,  de- 
posited. 

OUR  ASTRONOMICAL  COLUMN 

Periodical  Comets  in  1886. — Of  the  now  somewhat  nume- 
rous list  of  comets  of  short  period,  two  will  be  due  at  perihelion 
in  the  ensuing  year  : — (1)  The  comet  Tempcl-Swift,  or  i860  III. 
and  1880  IV.,  which  is  likely  to  return  under  circumstances  that 
will  render  observations  impracticable,  so  far  at  least  as  a  judg- 
ment can  lie  formed  without  actual  calculation  of  the  perturba- 
tions.  (  J)  Winnecke's  comet,  last  observed  in  1875,  its  track  in 
the  heavens  near  the  perihelion  passage  in  Dcccml>cr  1880  not 
allowing  of  the  comet  being  seen  at  that  return  ;  the  pcrturba- 
bations  may  be  very  sensible  during  the  present  revolution : 
neglecting  their  effect,  the  mean  motion  determined  by  Prof. 
0|.|K>l/cr,  for  1880,  would  bring  the  comet  to  perihelion  again 
aUut  August  24-5,  under  which  condition  its  path  would  be  as 
follows  :  — 

R.A.  Deck  Distance  from 

•  .  Karth 

July     255    ...     1775    •••     +I02    117 

Sept.    13  5     ...     2417     ...     -24  9    O-QS 

23S     ...     2461     ...     -302    064 

Oct.      35     ...     2648    ...     -356    064 

23  5  3°5'°  -••  -&~o  077 
The  actual  orbit  of  Winnecke's  comet  approaches  very  near  to 
that  of  the  planet  Jupiter  in  helio;entnc  longitude  1 10",  at 
which  point  the  comet  arrives  720  days  or  I  '97  years  l»cfore 
perihelion  passage,  the  distance  between  the  two  orbits  is  then 
less  than  0  06  of  the  earth's  mean  distance  from  the  sun. 

It  is  very  possible,  however,  that  the  c  met  which  may  most 
interest  astronomers  in  1SS6  will  be  that  observed  in  1815,  and 
known  as  Olhrrs'  comet,  which,  according  to  the  elaborate 
calculations  of  Dr.  Ginrel.  will  again  arrive  at  perihelion  in 
December  1S86.  The  must  probable  date  that  can  be  inferred 
from  the  observations  of  1S15,  and  the  computation  of  planetary 
perturbations  in  the  interval  is  Decemlicr  If),  but  unfortunately 
the  observations  did  not  suffice  to  determine  the  mean  motion  in 
1815  with  precision,  and  consequently  Gin/cl  found  for  the 
limits  of  the  period  of  revolution  72  33  and  75  f>S  years,  hence 
the  comet  may  reach  its  |>erihelion  many  months  earlier  or  later 
than  the  date  given  by  calculation.  Fxtensivc  sweeping 
ephemcrides  have  been  published,  and  it  may  not  lie  too  soon 
t'.  direct  attention  to  a  search  for  the  comet  at  the  l«eginning  of 
Ihe  next  year,  or  as  soon  as  the  region  in  which  its  orbit  is  pro- 
jected at  the  time  can  be  advantageously  examined. 

A  CATAi-or.t'E  of  1000  SorniKkN  Stars.— Vol.  iii.  of 
"  Publications  of  the  Washburn  <  Hwcrvatory  "  is  to  contain  a 


catalogue  of  1000  stars  between  l85  and  30'  of  south  derl^a- 
formed  by  Rev.  Father  Hagen   and   Prof.  Holden  ir<>~ 
observations  of  Prof.  Tacchini  at   Palermo  daring  ih;  1=3] 
1867-69,  which  were  printed  in  the  Bulletins  of  that  obserri  -r' 
between  April,  1867,  and  July,  1869,  and  with  which  r~: 
II olden   says  he  became  acquainted  through  M.  }l<<~~ -  • 
Vade-Mecum.    The  stars  observed  are  from  the  6th  to     1: 1 
magnitudes,  and  the  magnitudes  appear  to  have  been  very  ar~ 
fully  noted,  while  it  is  remarked  that  the  positions  are  exc-.l— . 
They  are  reduced  to  the  year  1850,  but  the  mean  epoch  of  cisrj 
tion  of  each  star  is  appended.    The  copy  before  us  is  a  ispes 
from  the  above-named  volume.    Tacchini's  observations  »— 
marie  with  the  Palermo  meridian  circle  fully  described  m  Ja 
Building 


ASTRONOMICAL  PHENOMENA  FOR  THE 
WEEK,  1885,  NOVEMBER  I -7 

(For  the  reckoning  of  time  the  civil  day,  cot 
Greenwich  mean  midnight,  counting  the  hours  on  to  24.  b 

employed.) 

At  Greenwich  on  N-r  ember  I 
Sun  rises,  6h.  56m.  ;  souths,  nh.  43m.  40-9*.  ;  sets  16a.  51a 
decl.  on  meridian,  14°  35'  S.  1  Sidereal  Time  at  S=r.s<- 
I9h.  15m. 

Moon  (two  days  after  Last  Quarter)  rises,  oh.  13m.  ;  soo  - 
7h.  20m.  ;  sets,  I4h.  14m.  ;  decl.  on  meridian,  9"  37  S 

Peel  on  bbki 

h.  m. 
12  22 
14  46 
7  13 

9  9 


Planet 


Sets 
h  m. 
16  47 
18  21 
U  32 

•5  23 
12  1 


18"  25  S 
25  50  > 
14  20  N 
2  2  N 
22  IS  N 


the  ritinj  is  that  of  the  preceding  day 
of  Jupiter's  Satellites 

Nov.  h.  Bl. 

II.  occ.  reap.  6  ...  5  18  I.  tr. 
I.  eel.  disap.  7  ...  a  39  I.  occ 
L  tr.  ing. 

of  Jupiter's  Satellite*  are  »n  :h  a»  are  >isibte  at  Ci 

Satum,  Nov.  1. — Outer  major  axis  of  outer  ring 
outer  minor  axis  of  outer  ring  =  l8"«j 


44-* 

uthern  surface  v^si1  - 


Nov. 
1 

3 
3 


h. 
4 

7 
9 

21 


Mars  in  conjunction  with  and  4*  16'  nort 

of  the  Moon. 
Mercury  at  greatest  distance  from  ihe 
Jupitcr  in  conjunction  with  and  o'  52'  nor--. 

<>f  the  Moon. 
Mercury  in  conjunction  with  and  6*  16 

s.  111th  of  the  Moon. 


THE  SCOTTISH  METEOROLOGICAL  SOCIETY 

A  T  the  annual  meeting  of  this  Society  the  Report 
the  Council  stated  that  thirty-eight  new  member,  b-. 
been  added  to  the  Society  during  the  year,  and  the  mem><rsh:[ 
now  numbered  60S.  A  new  station  had  been  established  '• 
the  island  of  Fidra,at  the  mouth  of  the  Firth  of  Forth,  and  that  ob- 
servations had  been  made  for  the  Society  at  San  (lorgc.  Crntrr. 
I'ruguay.  A  large  numl>er  of  naturalists  and  others  hail  availr' 
themselves  of  the  facilities  for  research  offered  by  the  Scottish 
Marine  Station  daring  the  summer,  there  being  thirteen  wo-Linc. 
at  the  laboratories  at  the  present  time.  Communications  were 
now  going  on  between  the  Council  and  several  influential  gentle 
men  in  (ilasgow,  which  it  was  hoped  would  result  in  the 
establishment  of  a  |>ermanent  station  for  marine  research  on  the 
Clyde.  Mr.  II.  N.  Dickson,  of  the  Marine  Station,  communi- 
cated the  results  of  experiments  and  observations  which,  d<ii-.r.£ 
the  past  two  months,  he  had  been  conducting  .at  Granton,  with 
the  view  of  collecting  data  from  which  to  determine  the  corrtv- 
lions  to  l>e  applied  to  the  reading-  of  therm' imcters  exposed  r« 
the  ordinary  Stevenson  screen,  in  use  in  m 
world,  ll  i'.  ing  referred  to  the  errors  to 
screen  givw  rise.  >  >n-<  qucnt  on  the  v.uyin 
and  radiation,  he  proceeded  t"  say  that 
earned  on  1  hid!1,  by  means  of  imp 
John  Aitkcn  ol  Da 


Digitized  by  Go< 


Oct.  29  1885] 


NATURE 


637 


ind  "wet  bulbs  by  Glaisher's  tables  had  been  compared  with 
hose  given  by  a  new  form  of  hygrometer  designed  by  Prof. 
3hrystal  of  Edinburgh  University.  As  regard*  Mr.  Aitken's 
screen,  in  some  a  fan  wa»  introduced  in  order  to  secure  a  proper 
ind  uniform  circulation  of  air  for  the  thermometers  in  all 
weathers  ;  others  were  simply  sunshades  ;  one  consisted  of  two 
hcrmometers,  one  of  which  was  partially  blackened  ;  and 
mother  of  a  thermometer  having  its  bulb  inclosed  in  a  light- 
fitting  silver  sheath,  highly  polished.  The  construction  of  Prof. 
Chrystal's  hygrometer  was  explained  and  a  brief  account  given 
of  the  results  either  alreidy  arrived  at  cr  suggested  during  the 
investigation,  and  it  was  intimated  the  inquiry  was  to  Ik  resumed 
at  the  lien  Nevis  Observatory  during  August  and  September. 
At  this  Observatory,  the  climate  of  which  offers  unique  facilities 
for  the  prosecution  of  such  inquiries,  an  instrument  of  novel 
construction  would  be  added,  which  had  l>ecn  designed  by  Prof. 
Tait  for  hygromctric  research.  Prof.  Ewing,  of  Dundee,  then 
described  the  arrangements  which  had  been  made  for  commenc- 
ing the  proposed  earthquake  observations  on  lien  Nevis  this 
summer.  The  investigation  was  to  include  earthquakes  proper  ; 
earth  movements  of  so  very  delicate  a  kind  as  to  be  totally  in- 
distinguishable without  some  form  of  instrumental  assistance, 
which  are  conveniently  called  earth  tremors  [  and  there  were 
what  might  lie  named  changes  of  the  vertical,  or  those  tiltings 
which  the  earth's  surface  seemed  to  be  constantly  undergoing. 
The  different  seismometers  to  be  employed  at  the  Observatory 
were  then  described,  and  in  illustration  some  of  the  more 
striking  peculiarities  of  the  earthquakes  of  Japan  were  re- 
ferred to. 


PROF.  KIESSLING  S  INVESTIGATIONS  INTO 
THE  ORIGIN  OF  THE  LATE  SUNSET 
GLOWS* 

'  I  LHE  interesting  and  important  experimental  demonstrations 
lately  made  by  Prof.  Kiessling  of  Hamburg  to  illustrate 
the  artificial  formation  of  all  manner  of  sunset  effects  are  prob- 
ably well  known  to  meteorologists  in  general.  The  September 
number  of  Das  Wetter  contains  a  valuable  scries  of  com- 
parisons tending  to  show  that  the  conditions  under  which 
artificial  glows  were  produced  have  actually  existed  whenever 
the  remarkable  sunset  effect  -  have  made  themselves  prominent. 
The  following  abstract  may  prove  of  interest  to  those  who  do 
not  receive  the  paper  itself. 

•Vith  regard  to  the  "  after-glow,"  or  re-illumination,  he  sug- 
gests two  explanations  as  possible: — ("I  Simple  reflection  of 
the  refracted  rays  essential  to  the  formation  of  the  ordinary  sun- 
set-glow (the  first  glow);  or  (b)  direct  diffraction  by  a  second 
homogeneous  haze  at  much  greater  elevation,  lie  considers, 
however,  that  the  calculated  heights  of  the  latter  place  it  out  of 
the  question.  To  the  former  there  are  only  two  important 
objections,  the  chief  one  l>eing  the  slight  polarisation,  so  far 
as  the  very  scanty  records  indicate.  The  olrscrvations  arc,  how. 
ever,  exceedingly  deficient.  Still,  Prof.  Kiessling  has  to  allow 
that  they  do  not  tell  in  favour  of  the  pnqioscd  explanation. 
The  other  difficulty  is  the  position  of  the  glow.  It  presupposes 
a  mirror- like  surface,  parallel  to  the  earth,  with  the  intermediate 
space  unusually  transparent,  conditions  at  first  si;ht  very  im- 
probable at  the  altitudes  under  consideration.  Hut  Prof. 
Kiessling'sown  experiments,  detailed  at  the  end  of  his  paper  on 
"Die  Dammcrungservcheinungen  im  Jahrc  1883,"  have  shown 
the  possibility  In  these  he  obtained  results  most  remarkably 
similar  to  those  requiring  explanation,  and  by  methods  re- 
producing in  a  striking  manner  the  conditions  considered 
actually  to  exist  in  the  atmosphere. 

A  warm,  moist  stratum  of  air  being  produced  in  contact  with 
a  cold  stratum  the  resulting  haze  along  the  contact  surface 
formed  the  site  of  diffraction  phenomena,  approaching  those 
actually  observed  in  ordinary  brilliant  sunsets  according  to  the 
fineness  of  the  haze  particles,  and  also  reflections  reproducing  the 
'*  after-glow." 

The  almost  constant  saturation  of  the  cold  upper  strata  in 
winter  is  indicated  by  observations  at  high-level  stations  and  the 
persistent  upper  haze.  Let  a  warm  [cyclonic]  current  come 
JMMtth  such  a  layer,  then  the  fine  haze  at  the  surface  of  conUu  1 
beneath  it  the  peculiarly  transparent  atmosphere  common 
'  lite  for  the  transmission  of  the  result- 


ill  ha 


»umi  die  AbhJnfiirWil 
i  K«Klnit>r,r  iter  T.ufl 


ing  diffraction  (and  reflection)  phenomena.  This  should  be  found 
to  exist  in  alt  brilliant  sunsets,  Prof.  Kiessling  staling  the 
following  la*  • — An  intense purple  glow,  visiblt  ovtr  a  consider- 
able area,  may  txcur  whtn,  in  close  proximity  beneath  a  lofty  ami 
highly-attenuated  haze,  there  is  formed  an  extensive  stratum  of  air 
at  tonsiderably  higher  temperature. 


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A I  lie ugh  we  cannot  ever  esjiccl  direct  observations  of  ternpe- 
rnturc    1  the  common  surface  (iro«lucing  the  sunset  glowt,  yet, 
I  '  ij   Kiessling  shows,  if  we  can  prove  thai  the  warm  under- 
way, HOOmtMnies  sunset  glows,  the  proof  i>  practically 
eonph  ''      Such  indications  may  \>c  es|>ected  during  the  colder 
1  the  form  of  abnormal  vertical  dis  ribution  of  tempera* 


Google 


638 


NA  TURE 


[Oct.  29,  i8S- 


turf,  in  intrust  in-tead  of  decrease  it  higher  -oat-ons.  He 
brings  forward  a  long  amy  of  figures  supjx.rting  this  conclusion, 
especially  for  <-unri.e  effects  in  iSSj,  as  seen  from  Sunt.-.  (2467 
metre-  .  in  North-Mast  Switzerland,  in  the  h;nd  of  the  Rhine. 
Stations  to  the  east— Munich  {52S  metres)  an  l  H  <hcn  !'c:s-on- 
herg  1994  nietre-1  are  taken  for observation,  on  temp;:'..: aire  ari  l 
relative  humidity.  The  last  place  is  about  .55  mile,  s. .-ith-'.vc.t 
of  M'.ip.ich  ;  both  may  (>e  Considered  as  N-neath  tlic  rr1;:-.<n 
pro  lacing  glows  at  Santi*.  As  ,ii  rr  >/■«.-<•  e/  U»tS'i'<\'Mi  e  i.  the 
mcst  dcc:-.ve  C"[r.pan-"n,  hi-  table*  are  here  reduced  :<>  a  series 
showing  the  dittercnce  of  Hohcn  Pci-scn'serg  retarns  from 
Munich,  in  degree-  Centigrade.  In  some  case-  ,>ne  or  two 
other  return,  are  also  added,  reduce-.!  in  like  mariner.  X^rm  j.'V. 
allowing  lor  difference  of  height,  lichen  iVis-enbeig  -he/.. Id 
register        bei-ov  Munich. 

The  final  set  of  ob-(  rvati.  n-  refer  to  some  <>f  the  earlier  after- 
glow The  greater  anomaly  with  greater  elevation  (increase- 
of  5  ■*,  10  ■<>,  12   2.  and  rc-pectivety  in  the  figure-  given! 

1-  very  suggestive.  The  reason  of  the  non-agreement  in  May 
his  alrtu'y  been  stated. 

Kv.c.u  the  la-;,  tln  -e  observations  refer  to  ordinary  sunrise 
effect.,  but  tin-  only  ilii'ference  vtw  een  theui  and  the  recent  clows 
is  conM  t-re  I  that  '.he  latter  ..cc-.ir  t.y  rejection  at  a  higher 

level  a:.d  in  a  nv.ic  tinely  at!t-ni:a:ed  ha/e.  thus  giving  the  richer 
effects.  The  presence  of  such  a  hare  with  the  glow,  was  a 
matter  of  very  common  observation. 

The  question,  of  course,  le.puie-  further  consideration,  c.pc 
cially  with  respect  to     .,.tv.- t:\m.s  of  the  recent  glows.  ISe-idcs 
this  connection  with  a  warm  stratum  of  air,  I'ruf.  Kie-sling  tin  Is 
another,  alm.^t  as  general,  with  bar  .metric  maxima,  as  was 
noticed  with  the  similar  phenomena  in  tSSl. 

Ket'Tring,  in  his  coik  1i  ting  par  .graph,  to  the  connection  of 
the  g'-..»s  with  the  Krak.it.a  eruption.  Pi- >f.  Kics.ling  writes 
that  the  thousand  or  so  records  of  their  geographical  d  •  .trileition, 
now  in  hi-  I,  e.J.,  "show  a  perfect  lv  continuous  spread  of  the 
anomalous  gl  .w.,  and  of  the  diffraction  phenomena  of  iSishop's 
kin.-  dating  if  un  August  26,  18-S5,  and  -prea  ling  from  the  Straits 
of  S.inda  a-  a  centre  over  the  tropical  and  temperate  .-ones." 

J.  Kl>MfNt>  Ct.VRK 


A  CFX7CRV  OF  SC/F.XCF  /X  /?/.". \  uAL 

TT  win  a  happy  idea  of  the  Council  '>f  the  Asiatic  Society  of 
A  Itcngal  So  commemorate  'lie  completion  of  a  century  of  the 
.-society's  e\;s*efice  l>y  publishing  a  review  of  the  pi-  >grc->  made 
and  the  -crvnr,  rendered  l<>  knowledge  by  the  institution.'  lile 
i  l.a  of  a  teamed  society  composed  of  laii..:-cans  m  India 
studying  the  .  ■>  nitry  and  communicating  to  each  other  at 
p-.-ri'.div.'.t  nie-'iogs  the  results  of  their  re-earches,  aros- 
rirs-  in  the  Icitile  biain  of  Sir  William  Jones,  who  was 
judge  in  the  Supreme  Court  at  K<>rt  William,  and  who  dc- 
li.eied.  on  lanuuty  15.  i;>4,  to  about  thirty  members  of  the 
l.-.r-  •■•can  «  mini-unity  .'.f  Calcutta,  a  "  1  »:>o  «u  i'-o  on  the  Institu- 
tion <.i  a  >oc:ety  f'-r  |n.|-.:oing  into  the  History.  Civil  and 
Natual,  the-  Antiquities,  Arts,  Science.,  and  l.iteiulurc  of 
A- 1.1."  Asa  result  of  this  di  c.  -m  -0,  the  "  Asiatick  Society,"  the 
pa:  1  r.t  ••!  all  nn  h  -...oetics  was  foulii.!e\l.  Its  motto,  which  is 
taken  b  an  Sir  William  Jones's  discom  here  rcferriil  to,  l> 
th:s  ■  "The  (sounds  ol  its  investigations  wall  be  the  geographical 
limit,  of  Asia,  and  within  these  limits  its  in-pntie>  will  l>c 
ettinb  I  to  whatever  is  pcifoirned  by  man  or  prodaced  by 
nntui-.  After  many  vicissitijiles  it  lias  jn,t  completed  its 
huu ■  I t  1  • . t - f  1  \1.1r,  and  the  record  of  its  work  form,  the  large 
volume  j:;.:  iiien;toiu>l.  This  is  di  ci  led  int  •>  1  h  u-e  pai  t  -.  :  lit.l, 
a  his'-.ry  ,.|  llu  Society,  by  l»r.  Mitra  ;  its  work  in  arch.e. .logy, 
liis-.D  ..  and  Sitctatnre,  U  I 'r.  Ho-rnle  ;  anil  the  work  in  natural 
sc i "  1  1  -,  P.iIkki  P.  N.  I'.o.e.  The  change  which  has  come  over 
*h.  Ii«.-  of  India  in  the  course  of  a  century  could  hardly  be  letter 
marked  than  by  the  fact  that  two  out  of  the  three  parts  into 
which  the  \  Uttiie  is  divided  —  one  of  these  being  on  natural 
scienc---  u.-  written  by  native  gentlemen.  In  the  history  of  the 
Society  we  notier  that  in  |VkS  a  resolution  was  proposed  by  Dr. 
Hare  and  -< 0  onded  by  |>r.  Ixydcn  (frcpiently  referrel  to  in 
Ixkliart's  "  Life  of  Scott  ").  "that  a  Committee  be  appointed 
f^t  the  purpose  ..f  j.hysical  investigations,  the  collection  ol  fact*, 
■**«is,  and  cu  n-spondence  with  individuals  whose  situations 
Xmntry  may  W  favourab'e  for  such  discussion-,  and  in- 
in»."    It  was  then  agreed  to  provide  two  committees— 

R's-»  r,f  thr  A.i.ilie  -.  «  ,r  1V  af  1>I>S.»I.  1 7 ' -4  to  liij." 
VXKly.CliOillj,      I  1i.,d«,  Sjnnk,  inJ  U,  I 

{ 

i 


.ne  for  science,  the  other  for  liteiature  ;  twenty  jCAi-  .>•--.  - 
tSiS.  a  committee  was  ajipointeil  "to  protn-ue  gL-c'og-.ci!  ::■ 
searches,  working  under  the  rules  then  in  force  for  the  Phyw. 
Committee.'"  and  at  the  same  time  the  piil.ii-.he-l  T>  .im-t, .'; -f 
|  the  Society  were  divided  into  two  parts,  one  devoted  '.  •  phv  a  -. 
i  the  other  to  literary  subjects.     Nearly  twenty  years  later  - 
j  whole  of  'he  work  of  the  S.vcicty  was  delegate  1        -tv.  j 
i  mutees,  euie  having  charge  of   /  >"logy  and    n.vr.tral    b.-  :., 
another  of  geology  an.  I  mineralogy,  and  a  third  of  mete  e  . 
an  1  physic..    The  establishment  of  a  -.nu-euin  di  I  not 
the  t  Hinder,  but  cuiiosittcs  were  con-tantiv  Ciauung    m  '- 
men* -»..•«•»,  and  in  179611  was  propose  t  to  give  thcs.-  a  >-.:■. 
hotiss.-.     In  tSt4  Dr.  Wallich   pro]>osc.|   the  form  .-.lion  >t 
museum,  and  offered  duplicates  frjm   his  o.vn  c  diet 
well  as  hi-  services  in  arranging  it,  and  a  m.iseum  «i.  a. 
ingly  -tared.     1'he  story  of  the  growth  of  the  van.. us 
of  the  Natural   History   Museum   i.  told  by  Dr.  Mitra 
the    whole  it    is   one   of  great  progress,   although  rinir. 
ditricultie.  beset  the  musenm  at  hi.t.    Hut  .1,  s  -.n  i- 
S.n;iety  beeanc  able  to  pay  f.r  scientific   curator,  all  u 
well.    In  1865  the  Soc.ety  s  zoological,  geological,  aa  I  11.  : 
logical  collections  were  made  over  to  the  tiovcrnmen;  n   b.  - 
foi  the  public  museum  in  Calcutta.     A  wjitei  in  the  C. 
Rr.        speaking  of  the  Society's  tsertions  for  the  e-i.-bli-n  : 
of  the  national  museum,  said  :"  Had  it  done  nothing  e.- 
1  promote  science  during  the  last  ten  years,  it  »,.utd  have  *u- 
itself  t.»  the  gratitude  of  posterity  for  the  vigour  w:t!i  whi. 
has  pio.«cutcd  to  succcs  a  project  fraught  with  .0  ma.h  • 
Usetulne-s.  '    The  earlier  volumes  of  the  Society's  7>.-"icj.  .  •«  . 
published  un  'er  the  title  "  A.iattck  Ki-searches,"  c.eate  1  : 
saii. m  in  the  literary  and  scientific  w  ul  (  in  !\irope.     A  F'.-  • 
I  translation  was  speedily  published,  with  n  .te,  on  the  .,1..-:  • 
portions  t.y  no  io-=r  ban  Is  than  Cuviei,  Patn.irvk,  1  \-\  \-.u 
and  «>livier.    Of  the  work  of  the  Society  in  p  •■-cr  .rig  -.1  i- 
MSS-,  in  tratisla-ing  and  publishing  vario-j.  w..rk-  1...  ■   :  . 
native  language-,  and  other  valuable  service,  t  >  lit  era?  are.  1  • 
Mitra  >pe  i^s  at  letigth.     Among.t  the  ;>  iMieatioiis,  a:-iar  tr 
'he  papers,   we  notice  many  of   sen;.at;iie    uite-re-t,  .a.h 
ci'alo^ues  ol  various  sections  of  the  museum,  of  r!ve  uiain  n.  1 
aad  birds  of  Hurniah,  of  Indian  lepi  toptera,  beside-  traiislj-:  ■ 
>l"  numerous  works  of  Hind...  scienee.     In  summing  up  1:  '< 
conclusion  of  his  historical  sketch  the  benefit «  conferred  »\  I  • 
and  the  world  by  the  Society  during  its  hundred  vei's   .1"  - 
ettce.  Dr.  Mitra  sums  up  its  scientific  w.  ■:  k  1  apart  fr  en  pv.-.-- 
and  pabli.lied  volumes  aLove  referred  to)  thus  :  ••  It  -ot    ::  - 
arch.rolo-ieal  arnl  ethnol  >ge- il  rni-eum  of    m-i derate e  .  >.: 
a  giroiogical  nvi-eum  rich  in  uieleontes  and  Indian  .'...si;..  - - 
,-oologic.al  ma  cum  all  but  complete  .1.  re;ard-  the  iv:fvani  - 
India." 

d"he  long  review  of  the  work  of  the  •society  in  natural  .c:c:> 
is,  as  already  mentioned,  written  by  l!ub.>o  It-.-e.     Hi-   met'.  ■ 
is  (o  take  the  various  hranche.  of  -cience  in  successio.»,  ,:i; :  -. 
mathematical  and  physical  science,  ge  t.>gy,  .-  ..oh.ig)  .  beia;..  -a- - 
gra]»hy.  ethnology,  and  chemistry,  and  to  describe  under  *-.,„'•  h^- 
the  paper  -  on  these  subjects  c  mtrtbutcd  to  the  /"".J'/oj. :',[•» .  ,  ;  -  . 
Society,  together  with  a  brief  tuographieul  -ketch  of  :Se      •  ' 
a  leboited  or  prolific  authors.     At  the  end  w  e  get  a  cU».i- 
in. lev  of  all  the  scientific  papers,  an  alph.il*iiC.al  list  ace  ..- 
to  the  author**  names  being  given  at  the  c  mclti  si.m  .  .1  •,-  : 
I  .art.     Amongsit  the  latter  we  notice  many  whose  name.  . 
familiar  as  contributors  to  X  xti'RE.     In  the  etrlv  vear-  if 
Society,  and  down  to  1S28,  the  scientific  contnbutii.ns  t  > 
Society's  Pr,>cte<Hn^s  were  almost  wholly  connect evl  wurs  .  •  — 
branch  of  pure  or  mined  mathematics,  t  n  m •>,•  <>|"  'ti,-  men  *•■ 
went  out  to  India,  es|>ecially  in  the  scientific  branches  oi 'f 
I  military  service,  had  been  well  grounded  in  this  sabjoc:.     V  - 
;  section  on  the  investigations  info  the  mathematical  science  •  i  ■  ' 
,  Hindoo,  is  of  great  interest.    Sir  William  Jones  put  tn-t  >rr  :-• 
Society  bom  the  outset  the  ob|e-ct  of  studying  these  sc:.'r,» 
and  he  set  the  example  himself,  but  the  initial  dirticnltv  •«  v 
find  any  native  capable  of  a.si»iing  him.    H.ibo.i  Ftos<  r.-.-  •:•■ 
that,  although  ample  stipends  were  orfercil  by  Sir  William  1  r 
to  any  Hinil  >o  astronomer  who  could  name  in  Sanskrits']  :V 
.filiations  which  he  would  [Joint  out,  and  to  any  Hindoo  ;.-h>-s 
who  could  bring  him  all  the  plants  mentioned  in  Sanskn'  '»»><  - 
he  was  assured  by  the  Brahman*  whom  he  had  commi..;  me!  ■ 
search  for  such  instnictor.,  that  no  Pundit  in  Beraral  t»i 
ten'lcl  to  possess  the  knowledge  he  remircl    lle-.-ilo^  '• 
mineralogy  dnurished  in  the  Society  from  the  commensura-n-- 
while  /oology  was  at  first  unduly  depressed  and  discouraged 


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Oct.  29,  1885] 


NA  TURE 


£>39 


ro  the  aversion  of  Sir  William  Jones  to  zoological  studies,  and 
11  was  only  about  1828  that  the  papers  of  l)r.  Falconer,  Col. 
Tickcll,  and  others  began  to  occupy  an  important  position  on 
behalf  of  zoology  in  the  Society's  transactions.  With  Indian 
i>otany,  geography,  and  ethnology  arc  connected  many  name;  of 
world-wide  fame.  With  regard  to  chemistry,  it  may  be  sai  l 
practically  there  is  no  chemical  research  in  the  Society's  publica- 
•ions.  Chemistry,  as  Baboo  Bose  explains,  can  only  be  studied 
in  the  laboratory,  and  until  recently  India  had  but  few  labora- 
•ories,  and  few  competent  men  with  leisure  to  <lev  >te  to  the 
subject.  A  curious  statement,  by  ihe  way,  creeps  into  the  r.c- 
ount  of  Mr.  I'iddington,  who  Studied  Indian  Mora*  and  gave 
in  account  of  every  cyclone  in  the  Last  ln-tween  1S30  and  1851. 
Maboo  Hose  says  his  experience  was  most  varied,  and  then  quotes 
the  following  from  some  unnamed  source  : — "  IK-  was  one  of  the 
lew  who  escaped  from  the  massacre  of  Amlwyna."'  Now,  as  the 
massacre  of  Englishmen  by  the  Dutch  Governor  of  Amboyna 
to  >k  place  in  1622,  Mr.  I'iddington,  if  he  was  observing  storms 
in  India  in  1850,  could  hardly  have  been  in  the  Eastern  Archi- 
pelago two  centuries  and  a  quarter  prcvi  nisly.  Many  other 
l>ortions  of  this  volume,  such  as  the  chapters  on  coins,  on  ancient 
Indian  alphabet*)  on  the  study  of  the  language^  and  literature  of 
India,  and  on  :lhe  study  of  Indian  antiquities,  aie  of  deep  in- 
terest, but  we  have  confined  ourselves  to  the  chapters  on  natural 
science. 

The  dominant  feeling  produced  by  an  examination  of  this 
volume  is  one  of  satisfaction  that  so  much  has  been  d  >nc  by  this 
single  society  towards  investigating  the  past  and  the  present  of 
(or,  in  the  words  of  Sir  William  Jones,  "man  and  nature  in  ") 

•  >ur  great  dependency.  For  the  m  ist  part  this  has  been  d  >nc 
by  private  individuals,  but  on  more  than  one  critical  occasion 
the  directors  of  the  East  India  Company,  in  accor. lance  with 
their  generous  traditions,  came  to  the  aid  of  the  Society  with 
large  contributions  ;  otherwise  there  apjicared  no  way  out  of 
the  difficulty  except  the  dissolution  of  the  Society  and  the 
■ibandonment  of  the  works  in  which  they  were  engaged.  If 
this  were  the  place  it  would  be  interesting  to  compare  this 
method  of  practically  leaving  everything  to  private  initiative,  with 
that  adopted  by  the  French  in  In  PvChina,  of  the  Government 
undertaking  a  series  of  literary,  artistic,  an  I  scientific  investiga- 
tions through  competent  specialists  in'o  a  ne.v  p  i. session.  Not- 
withstanding the  great  and  marked  >ucce-is  of  the  Asiatic  Society 

•  .f  Bengal,  the  French  plan  has  advantage-  Which  cannot  be 
overlooked. 


UNIVERSITY  AND  EDUCATIONAL 
INTELLIGENCE 

Camfirihge. — Among  the  more  noticeable  Natura'  Science 
'"ourscs  this  term  are  Prof.  Dewar's  on  Dissociation  and  Tlu-rmal 
t  'hemistry  ;  I'rof.  Newton's,  on  Evolution  in  the  Animal  King- 
dom ;  Dr.  Gadow's  on  Human  Embryology;  Dr.  \  mo's,  on 
'lie  Physiology  of  Plant1-  ;  and  I'rof.  Macaaster's,  on  the 
1'cripheral  Nervous  System. 

I'rof.  Hughes  is  lecturing  on  Methods  i.|  Geological  Sun-ey- 
ing ;  Dr.  K.  D.  Roberts,  on  Principles,  of  Geology ;  Mr.  Marr, 
■  in  Elementary  Stratigraphy;  Mr.  T.  Kol>crts,  on  Pal.eonto- 
l.igy ;  and  Mr.  Hawker,  on  Elementary  Petrology  ;  all  at  the 
\\'oo<l'.vardian  Museum. 

Prof.  Roy  is  lecturing  on  Geneinl  Pathology,  and  also  con- 
ducting a  Practical  Course  in  Morbid  Anatomy  and  Histology. 

Prof  Stokes  is  lecturing  on  Hydrodynamics  ;  I'rof.  Cayley, 
<>n  Higher  Algebra;  Prof.  Darwin,  on  Orbits  and  Perturba- 
tions ;  Mr.  Glazcbrook,  on  Waves  and  Sound  ;  Mr.  Hobson.  on 
Planetary  Theory;  Mr.  Macaulay,  on  Theory  at  Structures  i 
and  Mr.  Forsyth  on  Abel's  Theorem.  Numerous  other  courses 
•  n  higher  mathematics,  open  to  the  University,  are  being  given 
by  college  lecturers. 

We  are  glad  to  notice  that  Mr.  A.  Sheridan  Lea.  M.A.,  Lec- 
turer on  Physiology,  and  formerly  Scholar,  of  Trinity  College, 
h  is  been  elected  to  a  Fellowship  at  Gonvillc  and  Cains  College. 
Mr.  Lea's  work  in  connection  with  Prof.  Michael  Potter's 
'•  Text- Book  of  Physiology"  is  well  known.  Mr.  Lea  was 
placed  in  the  First  Class  in  the  Natural  Science  Tripos  in  1S75, 
and  has  since  been  continuously  engaged  in  the  University 
teaching  of  Physiology. 

Dr.  S.  Richemann  has  Wen  appointed  assistant  to  Prof. 
Dewar.  Jncksnnian  Profcssot. 

Messrs.  E.  W.  Hobson  and  A.  R.  Forsyth  are  appointed 


Moderators,  and  Mr.  C.  II.  Prior  Examiner,  for  the  next 
Mathematical  Tripos. 

King's  College  offers  a  Vintner  Exhibition  of  70/.  per  annum 
for  Natural  Science.    The  examination  begins  on  December  10. 

St.  John's  College  offers  several  scholarships,  exhibitions,  and 
suarships  for  competition  on  Dcccmlxrr  10.  Candidate-,  may 
offer  any  of  the  subjects  of  the  Natural  Sciences  Tripos  except 
Mineralogy,  and  may  be  elected  on  the  ground  of  special  pro- 
ficiency in  one  only.  Particulars  will  be  furnished  by  the 
tutors. 

A  joint  examination  lor  Natural  Science  Scholarships  at 
Emmanuel,  Christ's,  and  Sidney  Sussex  Colleges  will  lie  held 
on  January  5,  1S86,  and  following  days.  The  subjects  arc 
Chemistry,  Physics,  Elementary  Biology,  li.-ology,  and  Mine- 
ralogy. Further  particulars  will  be  given  by  the  tutors  of  either 
colleg.-. 

Out  of  the  875  freshmen  whose  names  have  appeared  in  the 
preliminary  lists,  al>out  104  have  announced  their  intention  ol 
studying  medicine  in  the  University.  A  few  more  may  lie  added 
when  the  results  of  the  October  Previous  Examination  are 
known.  The  Anatomy  School  is  attended  by  over  130  students, 
for  whom  an  exceptionally  abundant  supply  of  dissecting  mate- 
rial is  in  hand.  The  Demonstration  Lectures  have  to  be  re- 
peated from  lack  of  roo  n  ;  indeed,  the  necessity  for  increased 
accommodation  in  this  department  is  becoming  extremely  urgent. 

London. — We  have  recived  a  circular  stating  that  "In 
view  of  the  adjourned  extraordinary  meeting  of  Convoca- 
tion (of  London  University)  to  be  held  on  Tuesday,  Novem- 
ber 3,  a  number  of  graduates  met  on  Wednesday  last  10 
consider  the  pro;>osed  scheme  for  the  establishment  of  a 
Teaching  University  for  I.ondon.  As  the  result  of  their  de- 
liberations it  was  thought  desirable  that  attention  should  l>e 
called  to  some  of  the  more  striking  objections  to  the  proposed 
scheme  ;  and  that,  having  regard  to  the  grave  importance  of  the 
questions  to  lie  submitted  to  the  members  of  Convocation  affect- 
ing the  very  existence  of  the  University  as  at  present  constituted, 
they  should  be  especially  requested  to  attend  on  Tuesday  next, 
and  to  give  their  supjKjrt  to  Mr.  Bone's  amendment,  to  rectnt 
the  report  su'  milled  by  Lord  Justice  Fry.  without  adopting  it*  >n 
Moc'  Should  this  amendment  be  carried,  the  following  reso 
lulions,  expressing  what  i>  believed  to  l>e  the  feeling  of  the 
majority  of  the  graduates,  will  l»e  moved:— (I)  'That  Convo- 
cation, whilst  affirming  the  general  principles  of  the  desirable 
ness  of  bringing  the  teachers  and  the  examiners  of  the  University 
into  closer  relationship  with  one  another  and  with  the  Senate, 
and  of  modifying  the  constitution  of  the  Senate  in  accordance 
with  the  previous  recommendation^  of  Convocation,  and  without 
giving  to  the  teachers  an  undue  share  of  representation  on  the 
governing  body  of  the  University,  refers  back  the  scheme  to  the 
Special  Committee  for  further  consideration.'  (2)  '  That  the 
number  of  members  on  the  Special  Committee  lie  increased  by 
otic-half.'  " 


SOCIETIES  AND  ACADEMIES 
Sydney 

Linnean  Society  of  New  South  Wales.  July  29. — Tin- 
following  papers  were  read  : — A  monograph  of  the  Australian 
sponges,  part  5,  the  Aulenin.T,  by  R.  von  I>cndcnfcld,  Ph.D. 
Several  sponges  from  various  localities  in  the  Australian  region 
have  been  included  by  the  author  in  this  new  sub-family,  the 
members  of  which  are  characterised  by  a  very  peculiar  structure 
not  met  with  in  any  other  sponges.  The  new  sub-family 
AultHttitt  is  placed  in  the  family  Spongidac,  and  consists  of  the 
two  new  genera  Aulena  and  llalmc,  with  three  species  in  all. 
The  anatomy  and  histology  of  these  is  accurately  described  and 
illustrated  by  numerous  plates.  The  Aulcnina*  form  honey- 
combed or  complicated  reticulate  structures  ;  the  cavities  form  a 
kind  of  vestibule  and  arc  Mniplc  in  Halme,  where  an  outer 
lamella  surrounds  the  whole  sponge,  or  subdivided  into  numerous 
small  compart  men:-,  as  in  Aulena,  where  no  outer  lamella  exists. 
Into  the  system  of  Vestibule- 1  .acuna?  both  the  inhalcnt  ami  the 
exhalcnt  canals  of  the  sponge  open.  The  skeleton  of  Halme  fa 
com|K>scd  of  thick  main  fibres  rich  in  -mid,  thin,  simple  and 
clean  connecting  fibres,  and  a  hard  cortex  of  sand  cemented 
with  spongiolin.  The  skeleton  of  Aulena  is  very  |>eculiar.  It 
consists  of  a  regular  network  of  fine  homy  threads  m  the  joining 
points  of  which  large  sand  grains  arc  found.  In  the  membrane* 
of  the  Vestibule- 1-acuux  of  this  genus   nervous  clcmm's. 


Google 


640 


aermtive  and  ganglia  cdla  have  been  diteovered  by  the 
author.  Theae  anil  tunny  other  hi.10lor.ical  detail*  are  de- 
scribed is  tbe  paper,  which  dwell,  alio  on  lb*  ■nirrnlan 
logical  lifni&canee  of  these  interesting  new  apoogca. — On  a 
sponge  de»lniclire  to  oyxter-cahure  in  the  Clarence  River, 
by  k.  von  Lendcnfeld.  Ph-D.  In  tbU  pa|ier  tbe  author  describes 
a  new  tponge,  Ctthmtiia  ctxii,  which  appeared  some  yean  ago 
cm  certain  oyuer  bed.  in  tbrClarence  River,  arul  destroyed  xime 
of  (hem  completely.— Note  an  tbe  Glacial  ]*riod  in  Australia, 
by  R-  von  Lendcnfeld.  Ph.  I).  Tbe  author  draw,  attention  10 
»ncnr  further  cvtdence  of  ice  action  in  the  Mount  l^.fty  group 
near  Adclakle,  where  koine  glacier  nolt.bcd  Siluro-Devoriian 
rods  with  very  well  prevrrerfalriir,  have  been  discovered  and 
pbotugiaphed.—  Jotting.  fn.m  llic  biiiWical  laboratory  of  Syd- 
ney Hnivct.lt).  by  Wdluun  A.  Itaswrll,  M.A.,  B.Sc.,  P.I.S., 
Ac,  Lecturer  on  /*:<ilocy  and  Comparative  Anatomy.  This 
paper  contain!  (I)  some  note*  on  an  Ati.trolian  .prcics  of  Hotter 
iu,  which  wenn  scarcely  to  differ  from  the  European  ipccics, 
ttenilt*  ir'rirf..;  aa>il  (jj  tonic  .•hvrr.alion.  on  aj|iaatic  reapira- 
lion  in  fredi-wato  tuttlci. — On  the  nimmhoI  tilacial  cikx-h  in 


,  by  Capt.  r.  W.  Mutton.  K.ti.S..  tic.  The  aalhor 
ditruue*  tbe  pheni  Ticnj  which  have  liven  jbtl'luLnl  %%  evidence 
lor  the  fcirmri  eti.trnvr  ••(  a  GUcat  epoch  in  Anifralia,  and 
■how-%  ,hal  they  are  *-j»cei4rhle  of  a  different  interpretation.  He 
iti.iiPKuUhet  between  a  Glacier  epoch,  Mich  a»  )uu  tarenrred  in 
New  Zealand,  in  which,  owing  to  various  local,  Imt  only  local, 
cni'cv  u *■  h<  ■  I «  i>f *  v mlr-l  over  math  larger  district*  thnn  at 
jrctcir,  and  a  Glacial  epoch,  mch  a*  ha*  hern  demaftttraied  in 
the  N i.rtbem  llemiitibere.  -hirfh  i.  the  rr-mlt  nut  ol  variation* 
cauMil  and  limited  Ly  lucal  citrBtmiance*.  h*ai  of  alteralwm* 
ur.iTen.il  or  c^Mmoil  m  vhara<ter.  The  Glacier  epoch  In  New 
Zealand  ii  regarded  as  anterior  to  tbe  Glacial  epoch  of  the 
North, 

.'AM- 

Academy  of  Scienter  *  ictoher  19  —M.  Bouley.  President, 
in  the  (hair. — keiturl*  on  the  zooih  »  >lirr>c  of  the  *•  Connais* 
•wince  <l««i  Te-r*|».  "  tor  the  yi-*r  isn't,  [ire-tented  to  t tic  At.  1  demy 
cm  behalf  of  the  linn-ail  tie*  I >.ngitudc*,  hy  M,  Fare- -S'ote  on 
the  <*tnr.li»liroeiit  of  a  lahnnit. .ry  in  the  In*ti1iitc  for  the  meavj-e- 
anctit  of  thr  phoiofraphic  plair.  i.l.tili«-,  during  the  tranwt  of 
Venus  in  lN>*.  hy  M.  llouiiuet  «lc  U  Grye.    Arraogetuc-iiN  liave 
hren  ma-lc.  ><y  m**nn«  of  which  it  i-  hope*)  thai  the  calmtntiom 
and  mcaMiietnrni*  rdaling  to  700  plat e*  will  he  completetl  tn 
fifteen  moolh*. — on  the  Ihni»ccnitid.i- «Htcovrrt<i  faf  Mr. 
Matdi  in  the  Kocenc  roniiation*  »4  Wyoming,  1'iuicl  Suio,  hy 
M.  rUbtrl  l4imJry.    Thc*e  huge  pnchylrtms  whirh  teem  diom 
to  ictemlilc  thr  Kurcpean  Curypluklon  «leKii.»ed  fay  M.  Hcherl, 
<■!„-,. ON  •■  >*   "I  1  lit.-  1  11  I  he  tharactemtic  horny  proiut>er> 
ance*  mi  lhe  fruntal  region,  whence  their  name  <4«.»<>f.  terrihle. 
and  «.f«i.  hornl.    The  »lbull  bj  nU.  dk>iirn*ui  ht^t  by  iu  im«l| 
♦irr,  in  thu  ret|»cvt  -rambling  thai  of  a  reptile,  at  w*II  as  nf 
Kveral  othatr  naainmaK  <if  the  tower  Tertiary  epo*.h — r  tn  the 
htnUional  grouwlrKnl  tnmfornutKin'*  of  the  «  order,  hy  M  tie 
Jompiieret.  — Not*  on  the  6fth        of  the  toivicniphical'mnp  of 
Alfieria.  (Jtewntcl  i"  lhe  A*ji»«  my  u^n  behalf  «(  the  Minmer  of 
War,  by  Col<  t'enier.    Thi*  |xirt  romprifet  the  tax  diritioni  of 
lebel  K.lnlo.  Ihwir,  r\*ed  Giicrgur  with  Cape  k..«j»,  Menervilte, 
Medeah  and  Mr-nayriftrm  to  the  bcile  u(  1 1  50,000.-  -Note  ou 
lhe  *tib  Li.  u-tiinc  raiiiir.  uf  glatial  .trrain*,  liy  \|.  f,  ,\t  Kaicl. 
Puttru;  h'i»  rrt«»t  Mirwy*  «J  I  ate*  ConMnnoc  and  tietieva,  M, 
ib>rnliuiinn  ha«  diwoTrn^l  that  l«ih  lhe  KMm  arml  the  Rhone 
conlirtue  Iheir  t-'ii»*e  nndrr  lhe  la.  a- 1 nn.   wai*i»  through  deep 
ravine-  rtcovnlci.   I>eneaih  lhe  nr-peetite  mMMrf  ililia*. 
I  h.ltol  the  Khioe  ha-i  i»r*n  tr»recl  f  >i  a  di*J.mie  ol  fuut  L, it*a»- 
eietn»ami  t«  *  dc|n:h  «^  U5  mi-lie-  Mm  the  bjWjtt,  wtidc  that 
of  lhe  Hhone  may  i*  MvMI      wer  u«  kilutnetret  frmi  the 
m»uch  of  lhe  nvrr  wnh  1  Itpffc  vanrinR  from  aoo  lo  ajoinrii,-, 
—On  the  miftin  arul  cla^ificam*  <if  mrtcorilo,  by  M.  Siaiu-U* 
Meunur.    flit  autln^  di^cunei  the  ohyectiiwt  urged  again*!  hit 
view*,  on  lhe  nature  an)  rUttduttiton  >  t  tOrttecek  ImnIics  tiy  >f. 
lUexina   in  the   "  MeionHmwiriinlung   -Its  Mineral.»gwheo 
H-»fkal'i»rtt  mi  Waft*    Vienna,  On  the   Wfiftfa  of 

llic  ob^rvalory  uf  Itonleana,  hy  M.  G.  Uaj-rt  The  mean 
la'itadc  of  t**»  etlahbdimcnt,  wbn*e  long^imle  wa.  detrt- 
tuirird  tn  tKHi  ai  I  Oft  *6  44«v  W.,  it  limnd  in  |a  ajV* 
tn'  "7*  11. -On  the  intrgrab  r<  total  differential,  of  ii,e 
Scon'd  MW».  bf  M  *.  riPni  -;/u1?l,0,»:  "*U>«K  a 
1.. .wile  ol  tJ»»e  *^ju:  ''U1*"^.  ».  I.  II.  St-houie.  — Qa  i(w 
^2.^,  |,y  M.  Ma-cef  UiiUouin.-l>rtc»„*rx,n  .da 
2535^"  **  m***ti"n*  clcanC  ™McnU  Hlwtrnlitai,!. 


>f  devclopataent  of  £jk.m*tam 
n  the  parr  n/poW^byb 

in  /Ac  accenMon  of  the  Mtnl 
The  authttr  cuoteat. the rfaan 

that   it  i>  ini|.~itic  u.  aja» 


by  M.  K.  .fe  Lalamle. 

•  electric  armmrter  **  i 
niagn-et.    the    source  r*f  ao  _ 
hiKbly  aenxitive  au»/  /mtrrarafly  a 

(<ve,  while  ir*  reavdinew  are  unt  

metallic  bodies  or  even  at  povrarfal  t_^. 
the  tran«tr.it ting  eject raaraayraMar leaaalaat ff 
—Note  on  the  cUrctrohrafr  of  tie  ank  iy  CI 
Combination  of  the  oeorraj  carbonate  4  aeal 
carlwate  of  pot. wan,  by  H.  R.  Ejarel-Ol  V 
cdive  oil  intended  for  coruaropticin  by  tV  ii 
cotton  and  other  oils  extracted  torn  ant  [ 
doynand.  The  bichroma/e  of  /iWaaaafaaJ 
are  propoaed  u  readmit  for  detlia  una  •>■ 

•  abftancea.-  On  certain  pecoliaritie.  is  tie  «a 
teeth  of  the  cachalot  (apernaaccti  ahaki  )r] 
On  the  prnceaa  of  devrbipn^nt  o/ifava 

lleauregard.  —  On  -■  ■ 

tiaauea  of  wood  il 
M.  J.  Veaone.  Ten 
logt^i  w  ho  hold  thu., 

purely  physical  force*  the  aaccnafen  tf  ■ 
lo  mrtres  high. — On  a  muenpaa  oberni  i 
Augtiat  at,  by  M.  MjuiUI.  —  Acrsoat  el  thi fc. 
by  M.  Marc  Ilechevrena.— Uesotntiaa  ef  K' 
rifle,  by  Gen.  Fa»e.  For  Lhk 
"  can  be  fired  from  five  to  ten  (—  -  -  — _ 
i  i  trprnj.  thr  enemy  withont  «fcyy«afao  aeatat 
many  aa  a  hundred  round,  say  be  and  af  aa 


CONTENTS 

The  Anti-Cholera  Inoculations  of  Or  Faa 

Dt.  E.  Klein,  K.R.8. 
Lire  of  Sir  William  Rowan  Hairu*w 

An  Agricultural  Note  Book 
The  Prevention  of  Blindncu 
Our  Book  Shelf 

Am<mg  the  Kocka  round  Glasgow 
Three  Martyrs  of  Science  of  lie  ,V*»*«n»a 
Letter,  to  the  Editor.— 

Upper  Wind  Current,  over  tbe  Eajaunt  -Me*' 

Abercromby  .         ,  , 
The  llcHgate  haplouon  and  Itadawi-*1 

Sprengel.  P.h.S   .  rriS 

An  i  ,i  ..  Invention— Prof  C.  Parr-W 

On   the  llehaviemt  of  Stretched  Il»to-isssl« 
Heated. —  H.  G.  Madan  ^ 
n,.e..k«tinfi  Powitroa  of  Oymcn  -CW  «  *" 

Wortley  , 

T1ie  Value  of  the  Teattnioay  tu  tW  Aawn4aat< 

Samuel  Sexton 
ITte  Red  Spo,  „,  j,pi,et.-W.  P.  Om*! 
A  Kema.lial.le  SuivaeT— Paul  A  CohW 
A,T««»»'y  Rainbow.— T.  C  law*  ..■•»« 
I  lie  Sen.e  of  Colour.— Mai(arrt  Ho"" 
Sv  ne  Aaea.  Perak.-A.  HaB         ■       .  , 
1  n"'"K'»l'bic    Action  «a  llaala.— a'rlrt  J 
Kobtr 


oinson 
The  Sl.de  Rule 


By  C.  V.  Bo>i 


St.W 


Homin»  Faculty  of  1  lymenoptrr*:  »f 
J   Romanea,  F  R  S  ... 
The  Heirhte  of  Clouds  •  • - 

W^r5""   T°<"1  **  *"  4 

Notes  .  '.  .  ' 

Our  Astronomical  Column  ,_ 

Pcdwlical  Comet,  in  iH»   

At.  iitalo^ue  of  icjoo  Scetbtrs  Sua  *  n 

ANr;mb,er,ir*n0rn",f',b'**  i 


A  CenVu ty  of-S-r^nfe'^LSl. 


29,  1885] 


NATURE 


ccv 


UBSCRIPTIONS  to  "  NATURE.' 

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OFFICE:  29,  Bedford  Street.  Strand,  VV.C. 

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London 

SATURDAY,  October  31. 
1  x  Fnt.r>  Club,  at  6.30. —  Mosses  and  (heir  Allies,  with  Special  Refer- 
tiet  10  (hose  of  Essex  :  Prof.  Boulser.  — Exhibition  of  Stone  Implements 
•  m  Braintrce,  Essex  :  Rev.  J.  W.  Kenworthy,  M.A. 

SUNDAY,  Novbmukk  i. 
•  :>av  I-tcrrm  Socibtv,  at  4.— The  Poetry  of  Science:  Miss  Catherine 
V  Rain  iii. 

MONDAY,  November  1. 
>YA.L  IwSTITUTIOM,  at  3  —General  Monthly  Meeting. 

TUESDAY.  Novembhr  3. 
logical  Society,  at  Mo. — Descriptions  of  the  Phytophagous  Coleop- 
c-ra  of  Japan  obtained  by  Mr.  George  Lewis  during  hi»  second  Journey, 
i3So-Bi.  Part  II.  Haltidnz  ami  Galeruona: :  Martin  lacoby.— An 
Account  of  Two  Collections  of  Lcpidoptera  recently  received  from  Somali- 
mi!  :  A.  G  Butler.  —  description  of  a  Tooth  of  Mastodon  latidens  from 
I'-orneo :  R.  Lydekker. — A  Monograph  of  the  Genus  Paradoxurus.  F.  Cuv. : 
W,  T.  Blanford,  F.R.S. — Description  of  a  new  Species  <<f  Mu»  from  Sind. 

tnmunicated  by  Mr.  W.  T.  Blanford) :  J.  A.  Murray. — On  the  Specific 
1  haracters  and  Structure  of  some  New  Zealand  Lutnbricidx  :  V.  E. 
r-eddard. 

WEDNESDAY.  November  4 
FOLOOICAL  Society,  at  8.— On  the  Premaxillaries  and  Scalpriform  Teeth 
<>f  a  Large  Extinct  Wombat  (Phascolomys  curvirostris,  Or):  Sir  Richard 
'  iwen,  K.C.B.,  F.R.S. —On  the  Structure  and  ClaMificatory  Position  of 
<ome  Secondary  Madreporaria :  Prof.  P.  Martin  Duncan,  F.R.S. — On 
v->me  Points  in  the  Morphology  of  the  A.stroccrnix  of  the  Sutton  Stone  in 
the  Infra-Lias  of  South  Wales:  Prof.  P.  Martin  Duncan,  F.R.S. 

THURSDA  Y,  November  5, 
inxxan  Society,  at  8.— Flora  of  the  Peruvian  Andes,  and  its  History  and 
Origin  :  Jonn  Ball.— Monograph  of  Recent  Brachiopoda,  Part  I.  ;  The 
late  Dr.  Thomas  Davidson. 

HEMICAL  SOCIETY,  at  3. — The  Influence  of  Silicon  on  the  Properties  of 
Cast  Iron.  Part  II.:  Thomas  Turner. — Modification  of  Double  Sul- 
phates :  S.  N.  Pickering,  M.A.— The  Relation  of  Diaxobenrene-anilide  to 
Amidoaro-lieniene  ;  R.  J.  Friswell  and  A.  G.  Green — The  Phenol  Con- 
stituents of  Blast  Furnace  Tar  from  the  Gastshcrrie  Iron  Works :  Watson 
Smith,  J.  F.  H.  (Coutts,  and  H.  E.  Brothers.— The  First  Step  in  the 
Decomposition  of  Potassium  Chlorate  :  F.  L  Teed. 

FRIDAY.  November  6. 
Geologists'  Association,  at  8.— The  Carboniferous  Rocks  of  Britain  :  W. 
Topley. 

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NATURE 


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LOUIS  AGASSIZ: 

HIS  LIFE   AND  COERESPONDENCE. 

Edited  by  El.lZAUETH  Caky  Ar.A^lZ. 
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