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DESCRIPTION 












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i NOW IN OPERATION BETWEEN THE CITIES OF i 
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: ILLUSTRATED BY FOURTEEN WOOD ENGRAVINGS. i 


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BY ALFRED VAIL, 


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Fe 
ASSISTANT SUPERINTENDENT OF ELEC. MAG. TEL. FOR THE U. S. n 
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e] ‘¢'The same principle which justified and demanded the transference of the mail on many chief fai: 
4 routes, from the horse-drawn coach on common highways to steam-impelled vehicles on land and EY 
4 water, is equally potent to warrant the calling of the electro magnetic telegraph—that last and most + 
{ wondrous birth of this wonder-teeming age—in aid of the post office, in discharge of its great func- BEE 
4 tion of rapidly transmitting correspondence and intelligence.” Bit: 
4 Rep, oF Com. or Ways anp Means or H. R., 1845, pai? 
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Entered, according to Act of Congress, in the year 1845, by Alfred Vail,, 
in the Clerk’s Office of the District Court of the United States, in and for the 
District of Columbia. 


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WASHINGTON: 
PRINTED BY J. & G. S. GIDEON. 
1845. _ 





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THE 


ELECTRO MAGNETIC TELEGRAPH. 





SHAN WM ae anh 
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THE GALVANIC BATTERY. 


Tue galvanic battery, the generator of that subtle fluid, which performs 
so important a part in the operation of the Electro Magnetic Telegraph, is 
as various in its form and arrangement, as the variety of purposes to which 
it is applied. ‘They all, however, involve the same principle. It is not our 
design here to describe the various modes of constructing it, but to confine 
our remarks more immediately to that used for the Telegraph. 

The effects produced by the galvanic fluid upon the metallic bodies, 
iron and steel, exciting in them the power of attraction or magnetism, its 
decomposing effects upon liquids, resolving them into their simple elements, 
its effects upon the animal system, in producing a spasmodic and sudden 
irritation, are generally well known. But of the character of the fluid itself, 
its own essence or substance, we know nothing. In some of its phenomena, 
it resembles the electricity of the heavens; both find a conductor in the 
metals ; both exhibit a spark, and both are capable of producing shocks, or 
when applied, cause the animal system to be sensible to them. Again, in 
other of its phenomena it is totally unlike it. The galvanic fluid is essen- 
tially necessary in producing the electro magnet; while the electricity of the 
heavens, or as it is generally termed, machine electricity, has no such power 
for practical purposes. The foimer is more dense, so to speak, and more 
easily confined to its conductors, while the latter becomes dissipated and lost 
in the atmosphere long before it has reached the opposite extremity of along 
conductor. ‘The former is continuous in its supply; while the latter is at 
irregular intervals. ‘The former always needs a continuous conductor ; 
while the latter will pass from one metallic conductor to another without that 
connection. ‘I'he latter would not subserve the purposes required in the 
working of the Electro Magnetic Telegraph, and as it is neither essential nor 
antagonistical, its presence upon the galvanic conductors or wires, at the 











5 
same time those wires are being used for telegraphic communication, does 
1 no way interrupt or confuse its operation; and its presence is only known 
from the suddenness of its discharge at long intervals, accompanied by a 
bright spark, with a loud crack, like that of a coachman’s whip. 

The most simple mode of developing the galvanic fluid is in the follow- 
ing manner? if a common glass tumbler is two-thirds filled with dilute mu- 
riatic acid, and a piece of bright zinc, five inches long and one inch wide, 
immersed in the liquid, at one of its ends, slight action will be discovered upon 
it. Ifa slip of copper be then taken, of the same dimensions, and one end 
immersed in the liquid, but separated from that portion of the zinc im- 
mersed, and not permitted to touch it; and the two projecting ends of the 
zine and copper, above the liquid be brought in contact, an active decompo- 
sition of the muriatic acid will appear. 

While the two outer ends dre in contact, there is that current formed in 
the metallic plates, which is termed galvanic. If the contact is broken, the 
action ceases; if it is again renewed, the action is recommenced. Another 
very simple experiment, and within the power of every one to demonstrate 
for themselves, is that of applying a piece of zinc to the underside of the 
tongue, and to the upperside, a silver coin, and then by bringing their pro- 
jecting ends in contact, a sensible and curious effect is experienced upon the 
tongue. It is a feeble galvanic shock, and is proof of the presence of that 
fluid termed galvanic. 

We will now proceed to describe the battery used for telegraphic purposes ; 
the same in principle, but in arrangement more complicated, and far more 
powerful, than those in common use. ‘T'wo distinct acids are employed ; 
two metals and two vessels. Each part will be described separately, and 
then the whole, as put together ready for use. 

First. A glass tumbler of the ordinary size is used, or about three inches 
high and two inches and three quarters in diameter. 

Second. The zinc cylinder, made of the purest zinc, and cast in an iron 
mould, represented by figure 1. 


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It is three inches high, and two inches in diameter. The shell I is three- 
eighths of an inch in thickness. D is an opening in the cylinder, parallel 
with its axis, and is of no other use than to aid in the operation of casting 
them, and facilitating the access of the fluid to the interior. A A repre- 
sents the body of the cylinder. B is a projecting arm, first rising vertically 
from the shell, and then projecting horizontally one and three-quarters of 
an inch. To this arm, at C, is soldered a platinum plate of the thickness 
of tin foil, and hanging vertically from the arm B, as seen at O, and of the 
form as shown in the figure. This constitutes the zinc cylinder and plat- 
num plate, the two metals used in the battery. 

Third. The porous cup. To avoid an erroneous impression in the use 
of the term porous, it will suffice to state, that itis a cup of the form repre- 
sented by figure 2, 








made of the same materials as stone-ware, and baked without being glazed.* 
A represents the rim surrounding the top. From the under side of the rim 
to the bottom, it is three inches long, and one and one-quarter in diameter. 
The rim projects one-quarter of an inch, and the shell of the cup is one- 
eighth of an inch thick. 

These several parts are placed together thus. The porous cup, fig. 2, is 
set in the hollow of the zinc cylinder, fig. 1, represented by H, with the 
rim of the cup resting upon the top of the zinc at I. The zinc cylinder is 
then placed in the glass tumbler. The whole is represented in figure 3. 



























































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: 





5 


D represents the porous cup, F' the zinc cylinder, G the glass tumbler, 
A the projecting arm of the zinc, C the platinum plate, and B the over- 
lapping of the platinum plate upon the zinc arm, where it is soldered to it. 

It is now in a condition to receive the acids, which are two: first, pure 
nitric acid, and second, sulphuric acid, diluted in the proportion of one part 
of sulphuric acid to twelve of water. First fill the porous cup with the 
aitric acid, to within one-quarter of an inch of the top; then fill the glass 
with the diluted sulphuric acid, till it reaches to a level with the nitric acid 
in the porous cup. One glass of the battery is now ready for use, and as 
all the other members of the battery are similarly constructed, (there being 
many or few, as circumstances require,) and are to be prepared and filled 
with their appropriate acids in the same manner, the above description will 
suffice. ‘There remains, however, some further explanation in regard to the 
extremities of the series of glasses, that is, the mode of connecting the zinc 
of the first glass with the wire leading from it, and also the mode of connect- 
ing the platinum of the last glass with the wire leading from that end of the 
series of glasses. Figure 4 represents their arrangement. 


Fig. 4. 































































































LCA 





The glasses being all separately supplied with their acids, and otherwise 
prepared, they are put together upon a table, A A, perfectly dry, and made 
of hard wood. ‘The first member of the series has soldered to its zinc arm 
a strip of copper, C, which, extending downward, has its end, previously 
brightened and amalgamated, immersed in a cup of mercury at N. The 
cup being permanently secured to the table. Then the second glass is 
taken, and the platinum, B, at the end of the zinc arm, is gently let fall 
into the porous cup, so that it shall be in the centre of the cup, and reaching 
down as far as its length, when the glass rests upon the table. The third 
glass is then taken and placed in the same manner, and so on to the last. 
The last glass has, in its porous cup, the platinum plate, D, soldered to a 
strip of copper, E, which is so constructed as to turn at the top, and admit 
of the easy introduction of the platinum into the porous cup, while the other 


cTaeks 


7 


HAM Hnipasyetinn 


os 



























ae Dorr 
rte 


ME a oh 
WH eet othe ip hl 
WER iteete hoe tog can cea 


Prorvessiom 
M1 Ar aad Heb EP are oe 


t= bi ip 


Pita it drat taf 


et 


pitts 


Pete ih) 5 
Pedidua Mapes bubd eenneee 


— 


ws BEE PDD a MAPA iaticNolh-Y Mh i et 


or-are 
riba tre 


SH UE sbimlh AN tenth Hh ofl oti nst nid ede fy 


ao faut ichelienidibithalh setanenss aires atria halle svtean rial ables 


ae 


= 
NF Seat 
Be arora 


ue i =~ ye vee _— 
aed terden tel nitranngy sinebeo adhe PME AY Sham ote Ae 
Rrcken tet theatres fh ty tiny 


re Bee h aBl 
OE eR 08 em ty rte or rk om Re 


mS 
iar 


Ter eb P ah eth 


ee AO He Man, Seems 
neehabcurivmbets aria 


oat 


. 


ee ae ee ee ee) 
Cae eee 


Mem Ste Pe ieush 


COUR RRGUC Rene ns 


Hotpenn 9 


Dea 
eae Taian Sikmnne oe ne ie 


oY 
Mitt 


——e 


ie 


eho 


sideband oltanperhio habe eh Wether 


Wee mata: 
et heen He SAAN Ae ANNO: HE Wm Eyal 





Hse th Ab tamed st 
Vottachetaaenes 


3 Fr} 
= a 
et ie 
3 Pitiecemeic te metic ei 


nv 
an 
i 





SPP AGis Pies ei shekeget eG eiesicazs: 


6 





























end of the copper, previously prepared like the copper of the other end of the 
pattery, terminates in a cup of mercury, P. ‘The cup being capable of ad- 
justment, so as to bring the platinum directly over the porous cup; is, 
when adjusted, secured permanently to the table. The battery, thus 


arranged, is ready to be applied. 


eee 





SO 


THE WIRE. 


The wire used in making helices for the magnets, and for connecting the 
telegraphic stations, is made of copper of the best quality, and annealed. It 
is covered with cotton thread, so as to conceal every part of the metallic 
surface; not so much to prevent corrosion or waste from the action of the 
atmosphere, as to prevent a metallic contact of one wire with another, when 
placed near each other. After the wire is covered, it is then saturated with 
shellac, and then, again, with a composition of asphaltum, beeswax, resin 
and linseed oil. It is now in a condition to be extended upon the poles. 
That portion of the wire of which the helices are made is only saturated 


with shellac. 





THE ELECTRO MAGNET. 


The electro magnet is the basis upon which the whole invention rests in 
its present construction; without it, it would entirely fail. As it is of so 
much importance, a detailed account will be given of the construction of 
the electro magnet, as used for telegraphic purposes. A bar of soft iron, of 
the purest and best quality, is taken and made into the form presented in figure 


Fie. 5. 


E 
welll lta 


nol -'- 


=—y | 


























Sets ee 








4, 


5, which consists of four parts, viz. A F and A F are the two legs or prongs of 
the magnet,* of a rounded form, and bent at the top, approaching each other 
towards the centre, where the ends of each prong, without touching, turn up, 
and present flat, smooth and clean surfaces, level with each other at F F. 
The other end of these prongs or legs is tumed smaller than the body, on 
the end of which is a screw and nut, C C. These ends pass through a 
plate of iron, B, of the same quality, at I and I, until they rest upon the plate 
at the shoulder produced by turning them smaller. ‘They are then both 
permanently secured to the plate, B, by the nuts, C C, and the whole be- 
comes as one piece. This arrangement is made for the purpose of putting 
on the coils or taking them off with facility. "The form most common for 
electro magnets is that of the horse-shoe; and is simply a bar of iron bent 
in that form. E represents a small flat plate of soft iron, sufficiently large 
to cover the faces of the two prongs, F' and F’, presenting on its under side 
a surface clean and smooth, and parallel with the faces, F and F’. 

The coils or helices of wire, which surround the prongs, A A, necessary 
to complete the electro magnet, consist of many turns of wire, first running 
side by side, covering the form upon which the spiral is made, until the 
desired length of the coil is obtained; the wire is then turned back, and 
wound upon the first spiral, covering it, until the other end of the coil is 
reached, where the winding began; then again mounting upon the second 
spiral, covers it, and m the same manner it is wound back and forth, until 
the required size of the coil is attained. 

The coil is wound upon a form of the size (or a little larger) of the legs 
of the magnet, and when the coil is completed, the form is taken out, leaving 
an opening in the centre, B, into which the prongs may freely pass. 
Figure 6 represents a coil constructed in the manner described. A and A are 


ives) Uap 





* The term magnet, here, is synonymously used with the iron for the magnet, as the simple 
iron is not a magnet, except when subjected to the action of the battery through the helices 
of wire around it. It would confuse the reader, if this distinction be not kept in view. Perma- 
nent magnets are those which retain their magnetism when once they are charged. They are 
always made of steel, and usually bent in the form of a horse-shoe. Sometimes they are of a 


ee 


et Mt Heipaype el 


RMR 
L sessdubadtldeisres febdemiaebae ane Weta tintin | 


urn el 
Ori mew 
Bian wale 


ree 




































OPM Hh, 


DEH 


ibis tibeuitcdh nae he 
N29 Bataan Hae nacn ones 


Fo tg MY nb 


Phere meh new 


Hela, 


i? 
be 


WP sterivcn RO Han hed ee 


Te 


Wo eee aA teahinelymneiod rab 


are Mubriioeatiesn a meta Beak at 
fo tee 


Oh pastes teedetadealie tous Ek Le ee ee 


= 
PAu aids nude ok 


a. oe oon 
RRR 
chetnyati<be dad H-Badewatetcen 


a” 
pra ad yt 


Sohascn tr ro rs 
Pegaso aphe () 
aed aT sietad 


i Aa a 


ee ee eee 
eae i = OE heh 


ae 


<hr AawcOeireael irnem oust Aoh-meabenoh 


ines es 


ear > 
ero 


A sgny 


Tee 


eT rere re be eer or a eae Dees 
Reka ft matacneaosoa 


- 


ne POU ah fa NNOAT Roan yatabeetehaH shaieetiawaty 4p 
on 


prs 
Le hek itiadeena de 
ot 


tapemaeck: 
Dateece atct: neers 


epee de tag amatte 
Hh Ap atime tes ¥) = Werks 
BN A ieks oration by Dane 


oat e mee Ry! 





ehaiiewna: rgemen, weoetenewn 


Ores. 





8 


the two ends of wire which are brought out from the coils. The one pro- 
ceeds from the centre of the coil, and the other from the outside.. C and C 
are circular wooden heads, on each end of the coil, and fastened to it by 
binding wire, running from one head to the other, around the coil. The 
wire used in constructing it, as heretofore mentioned, is covered in the same 
manner as bonnet wire, and saturated or varnished with gum shellac. This 
preparation is necessary, in order to prevent a metallic contact of the wires 
with each other. Such a contact of some of the wires with others encircling 
the iron prong, would either weaken or altogether destroy the effect intended 
by their many turns. If, the wires were bare, instead of being covered, the 
galvanic fluid, when applied to the two ends, A and A, instead of passing 
through the whole length of the wire in the coil as its conductor, would 
pass laterally through it as a mass of copper, in the shortest direction it 
could take. or this reason, they require a careful and most perfect insu- 
lation. ‘'T'wo coils are thus prepared for each magnet, one for each prong, 
A and A, figure 5. 

Figure 7 exhibits a view of the magnet; figure 5, with its two coils, H 


























Pyeng: 














and H, placed upon the prongs. Those parts of the magnet, not concealed by 
the coils, are lettered as in figure 5, and correspond with its description. P 
represents the wire connecting the coil H with H, and A and A the ends of 
the wires leaving the coils. 

We now proceed to explain the manner by which the magnet is secured 
upon a frame, and the arrangement of the armature, H, figure 7,upon a 
lever, so that the motion peculiar for telegraphic writing may be shown. 


single plate of that form, and others are constructed with many plates, side by side, fastened 
together so as to present a compact magnet of the same form. They are distinguished from 
Electro Magnets from the fact, that the soft iron of the latter depends upon the influence of the 
galvanic fluid for its magnetism, and retains it only so long as the soft iron is under its influence, 
while the former, when once submitted to the influence of the galvanic fluid, retain their mag- 
netism permanently. 


ee ere7e *  F; 





Lest ae 































































Figure 8 exhibits, in perspective, a view of the electro magnet and the 
pen lever, in a condition to show the effect of the galvanic battery upon the 
prongs of the magnet, F and F’, and the armature, D, and the movement of 
the pen lever to which the electro magnet is secured. A bolt, upon the 
end of which is a head or shoulder, passes through the centre of the upright 
block, C, and between the coils, H and H, and also through the brass brace, 
O, projecting a little beyond it, with a screw cut upon its end. The thumb- 
nut, P, fitted to it, is then put on, and the whole firmly held by screwing 
the thumb-nut as far as possible. F and F are the faces of the iron prongs, 


as shown in figure 7, presenting their flat surface to the armature, D. L is 


the pen lever, suspended upon steel points, as its axis, which pass through its 
side at X, and soldered to it. Each end of this steel centre is tapered so as 
to form a sharp and delicate point or pivot. E is a screw, passing through 
the side of the. brass standard, G, and presenting at its end a sunken centre, 
the reverse of the steel pivot point at X. There is also another screw, sim- 
ilar to E, passing through the other side of the standard at G’, with a sunken 
centre in its end. By the extremities of these two screws, to which the ta- 
pered ends of the steel centre is fitted, the pen lever is suspended, so as deli- 
cately to move up and down, as shown by the direction of the arrow. The 
brass standard, G, is secured to the upright block, C. D is the armature, 
soldered to the end of the brass pen lever, L, separated from the faces of the 
magnet, F' and EF’, about the eighth of an inch. W is a yoke, secured to the 


= he 
eshte h Somensie 
»' 


re 
ant 


is 

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Leb tmrenpsucner. = 
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Pre: 


£32 
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are rarers 


arte 
a etn at: 


— 
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a eee 
eH A Ae Wwa)) wf Soar 
atetshathet trie: 


Ho tsasea te 
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x sa ae 


fa ae women 


4 
pilrcnisay) 


Eres iat ected 


So ery ey nes pies 
AAW AEM seo et “Hh ny age strege= Hl 


se Reb a oh bra: Reet th 8) mth tba: 


nH 
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wey 


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i: 
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iS 








te oo eS 


10 


lever by a screw, and which admits through its lower part the steel wire 
spring, M M, for the purpose of bringing down the lever when not acted upon 
by the electro magnet. The spring is secured toa brass standard at the top, 
represented by N. R represents the three steel points of the pen,* which 
mark upon the paper the telegraphic characters; each of which strike into 
its own appropriate groove in the steel roller, S. T’and Tare the flanges of 
the steel roller, S, and which confine the paper as it passes between the pen 
points, R, and the steel roller, S, described more fully hereafter. J and 1 are 
two screws in the horizontal cross bar attached to the standard, G, and are 
used for the purpose of adjusting and limiting the pen lever in its movement 
upward and downward; the one to prevent the pen points from striking too 
deeply into the paper and tearing it, and the other to prevent the armature 
from receding too far from the faces of the electro magnet, and beyond its 
attraction, when it is a magnet. K is the connecting wire of the two coils 
Hand H. A and B show the ends of the wire, one coming from each coil 
and passing through the stand, and seen below at a and 6. 

Having explained this arrangement of the electro magnet, the pen lever, 
and the battery ; the effect of the’ latter upon the former will now be de- 
scribed. Let one of the wires from the coils, figure 8,—a, for instance, be 
extended so far, that it can conveniently and securely be connected with the 
mercury cup, N, figure 4, of that pole of the battery. Then take the 
wire 6, figure 8, and extend it also to a convenient length, so as to be freely 
handled, and connect it with the mercury cup, P, figure 4, of the other pole of 
the battery. It will be found at the instant the connection is made, that the 
lever, L, figure 8, will fiy up in the direction of the arrow at W. The 
iron prongs in the centre of the coils, H and H, which were before perfectly 
free from any attractive power, have now become powerfully magnetic by 
the inductive influence of the galvanic current following the circuitous tums 
of the wire around the iron, so that now the electro magnet is capable of sus- 
taining twenty or twenty-five pounds weight. This magnetic power con 
centrated in the faces of the electro magnet, F and F’, attracts to it the arma- 
ture or small iron, D, drawing the pen lever down on that side of its axis, 
and producing a reverse motion on the other side at L. Now take out the wire 
6 from the mercury cup, and in an instant its magnetism is gone, and the lever, 
L, falls by the action of the spring, M. If the circuit is closed a second time, 
the lever again flies up; and if immediately broken, falls. In this manner 
it will continue to operate in perfect obedience to the closing or breaking of 
the circuit. If the circuit is closed and broken in rapid succession, the lever 
obeys and exhibits a constant and rapid vibration. If the circuit is closed 
and then broken after a short interval, the lever will remain up the same 



































* One marking point wiill suffice. 


2 =: 9sF 
rete lere tet 








il 


length of time, the circuit is closed, and falls upon its being broken. What- 
ever may be the time the circuit is broken, the lever will remain up for the 
same length of time, and whatever may be the time it continues broken, 
the lever will remain down for the same time. Suppose the magnet is 
separated at the distance of one mile from the battery ; upon manipulating 
at the battery, at that distance, in the manner just described, the same 
vibratory motion is produced in all its vaiieties, as when they were removed 
only ashort distance. Separate them 10 miles, and still the same mysterious 
fluid is obedient to the pleasure of the operator in producing the desired mo- 
tion of the pen lever. If they were separated at distances of 100 or 1000 
or 100,000 miles apart, the lever would doubtless obey the manipulations of 
the operator, as readily as if only distant a few fect. Here is exhibited the 
principle upon which Morse’s Electro Magnetic Telegraph is based, and which 
gives to the several portions of the civilized world the power of holding 
instantaneous communication with each other, with a rapidity far beyond 
what has ever before been attained. As the above explanation is given 
only in reference to the power of the electro magnet, when connected with 
the battery, and to show the movements of the pen lever, we shall speak of 
the arrangement of the wires for extended lines hereafter. 

Having now explained the electro magnet and its operation through the 
agency of the battery, we will proceed to describe those various parts of the 
register, by which the electro magnet is made subservient to the transmission 
of intelligence from one distant point to another. 

Figure 9 represents, in perspective, the whole of the register, as also the 
key or correspondent. ‘The electro magnet, H and H, and the pen lever, L, 
which have just been described under figure 8, need not be recapitulated here. 
The letters used in figure 8, represent the same parts of the electro magnet 
in this figure. 

The brass frame containing the clock work, or rather wheel work, of the 
instrument, isseen at 5 and 5. The whole purpose of the clock work is to 
draw the paper,* 2 2, under the steel roller, S, and over the pen, R, at an uni- 
form rate. 

There is also an arrangement in connection with the wheel work, by means: 
of which the clock work is put in motion and stopped at the pleasure of the 
operator at the distant station. How this is done will now be explained. 


* The paper used for telegraphic writing is first manufactured by the paper making machine 
in one long continuous sheet, of any length, about three feet and a half in width, and is com- 
pactly yolled up as it is made, upon a wooden cylinder. It is then put into a lathe and marked 
cff in equal divisions of one and a half inches in width; a knife is applied to one division at 
a time, and as the roll of paper revolves, the knife cuts through the entire coil until it reaches 
the wooden centre. This furnishes a coil ready for the register, and is about fifteen inches in di- 
ameter. The whole roll of paper furnishes, in this way, about twenty-eight small rolls prepared 


for use. 


FERS Rog Ise SPs res 


Eeaegt3 


yeaa 


Com AN Ny open 


- meets 5 
hsfubad ahd Mr iar 
ee Sern 
wwe 







































Hott: oan 
rail woth inl a 


aie 


OPM Rado les- lee pee 


Wades ede ee) 


Ride 
VETO NNSA Mettmtintnessne 


Nv eHen ers 
8 Hy mn ah ad ah 


ela 


US Oe ota wt 


VM mthethomen 
talalMahut eyes i Hh 


Soe 
W-oriHemmpente’, 


omtcahoth 
Pubes yn 


Sterna 


Trees 
Sits, 


rhe ba 


— = 

Wt stomp aga: err 
Sedlae eeeed —nbhatcgy 
Wiatea tea pt Sasi ain 


Fa ae ee 
Leet Reet eee Pee 
Weate dita witna oft 


aeeeeen 
Spotl etey 
dh tk ee | 


pres 
A Nha abhoblpe M 

Uctat-Hokew> b-eenom on 

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———— SS. == 























SSS = ral a= iy 2 



















































































































































































13 


Upon the shaft, R’, is a brass barrel, upon which is wound the cord to which 
the weight, 4,is suspended, and by means of which and the intermediate 
wheels, the motion produced, is communicated to two rollers (not seen in 
this figure, see fig. 10, E F’) in advance of the steel grooved roller, S. These 
two rollers grasp the paper, 2, 2,3, between them, and supply it to the pen 
at a given and uniform rate; the rate being determined by the adjustment 
of the wings of the fly, connected with the train. 

We will now describe, by figure 10, those parts connected with the wheel 
work, which could not be easily shown in figure 9. F and E represent, in 


Fic. 10. 





outline, the two rollers which grasp the paper, 2 and 2. ‘The roller E is 
connected with the train by a cog wheel upon it. F' is not so connected ; 
but is pressed hard upon E by means of springs upon the ends of the axle; 
S represents the grooved steel roller beneath which the paper, 2 and 2, is 
seen to pass. Directly under the steel roller is one of the steel pen points 
at R, upon the end of the pen lever; a part of which only is shown. Thus 
far the description given of the clock work, relates to those parts, by the 
agency of which the pen is supplied with paper. We now proceed to explain 
that part connected with the clock and pen lever, by which the clock is set 
in motion or stopped at the option of the distant operator. — 

In figure 9, at R’, is seen a small pulley upon the barrel shaft of the clock 
work ; at Q, is another pulley, but larger. From the pulley, R’, is a cord,* or 


* The pulley and cord have been dispensed with and two small cog wheels substituted. 


SERDRS SS SE DsE 


J te 
oo oe & 


Tere 
* 


De ereerreseeres 


ie spe iehed kethon 


deserters anaes 


mhebesenn 
Caverns awe 


fiehatn Sete etry 


Beet Nett em eaar 


rs 
























Homer mee : 


Dudes 


alae => 
PEM MER med), 
AD A ot ty, 


AN a 
fede HS Eas ake 


Ahpengho relish 


Mata 
ofoee 


oy RG 
an ath hetmretetlkniwciy torte tte 


moon 
Lue ers eee 


a rs a 
lie-bath panne dpe 


A: Chel) le ted 


Eoverater pe 
gr shaved lta dd 


Magee 


ih tte 


tenth -statict hie 


Wee Hemtetettn Ate 


eres rarer rae 
aide het at 


A WHS Hp aD) 
WM Sat te eter 


cr 


ake . 


Ae Nara eB en HS 
rf 


=r 
iad 

ANE a opheetbok 

Hele Pema a 


Pineal baie 


VAG eeebed squid: 
Be ted ins treba lies alniaag 


Fe ot ss 
eco Pet athe ipl chem gy, 


Reet dy eh Ab oabn oth 
HN Ai ee ae oS a 


er ers 


i a We 
er 


rdechebran 
Leia 


erate oR wid thasnd hieg ieee A, primer 
ani HAs OH ak ey \munmekeweucHeune 
Tt hea 


et vety hee 
uit esha Mian atdcet ie or Tees 


poet 
Sad mo 
Seat Seater tceae 


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Lshatihedehidean toh Laat lah sched Ted eel 
- 
ma ts = Bb . 





14 


band, 10, proceeding to pulley, Q, and then returning under it to pulley,R’, 
making it continuous. ‘This band communicates the motion of pulley, R’,to 
the pulley,Q. In figure 10, these pulleys are represented by the same letters. 
B represents the barrel; the arrow, the direction in which it revolves when 
in motion. The arrow at Q shows the direction which it takes when mo- 
tion is communicated to it by R’. Part of the pulley, Q, is broken away in 
order to show the arm, H, soldered at the middle of the same spindle upon 
which is the pulley, Q,and directly beneath the pen lever, L. It is bent at 
D, so as to turn down andstrike the wooden friction wheel, C, atthe point, P. 
The friction wheel issecured upon the last spindle of the train at its middle and 
directly under the lever, L. From the pen lever, L,is seen a small rod of wire, 
A, passing down through the arm, H, withascrew and nut underit, at I, for the 
purpose of shortening or lengthening it. It is permitted to work free, both 
at its connection with the lever and arm. ‘This wire is also extended and 
passes down through the platform, where it operates upon a hammer for strik- 
ing a bell, to apprise the operator that a communication is to be sent. The 
several parts being now explained, their combined action is as follows: 

The arm, H and D, is a break, which when brought in contact with the 
friction wheel, C, prevents the weight of the clock work from acting upon 
the train, and there isno motion. By the action of the magnet, the pen lever, 
L,is carried up in the direction of the arrow,3,and takes with it the connect- 
ing rod, A, and also the break, H,D. The break being thus removed from 
the friction wheel, C, the clock work commencesrunning by the power of 
the weight. The barrel, Bb, must consequently turn in the direction of the 
airow upon it; this motion is communicated by the band to Q, which re- 
volves in the direction of its arrow; consequently, if the lever, L, is not still 
held up by the magnet, the break is descending slowly; and when it reaches 
P, stops the motion of the clock train, unless the pen lever continues in mo- 
tion, in which case the break, D,is kept up from the friction wheel, thus per- 
mitting the clock work to run, until the lever ceases to move, when the break 
is gradually brought down upon the friction wheel, and the train stops. By 
this contrivance, the operator at a distance can so control the movement of 
the paper at the remote register, that when he wishes to write, it shall be put 
in motion, his pen be supplied with paper,and when he has finished his wri- 







































pra 


Abe Mt Abas et he i 


ting, the register shall stop. 

U represents (figure 9) the brass standards, one on each side of the large 
roll of paper, 1, 1, 1, which itsupports. Z is a wooden hub, upon which 
the roll is placed; and 12, the steel arbor of the hub, and upon which the 
whole easily revolves as the paper, 2 and 2, is drawn off by the clock work. 
Y is a brass spring, between the hub and the standard; and keeps the paper 
stretched between the roll and the pen. 


eb CHE Reheunwes 4) 
ne Crier 








15 


The key or correspondent is represented by 6, 7, 8, 9, Another view of 
it is more distinctly seen in figure 11. The same letters in each, represent 


Fie tf. 

















a 


nD 


Ne d 


the same thing. Vand V is the platform. 8 is a metallic anvil, with its 
smaller end appearing below, to which is soldered the copper wirec. 7 is the 
metallic hammer, attached to a brass spring, 9, which is secured to a block, 6, 
and the whole to the platform, V V, by screws. A copper wire passes 
through the whole, and is soldered to the brass spring at 6. ‘The key or cor- 
respondent is used for writing upon the register at the distant station, and both 
it and the register are usually upon the same table. 

Having now explained the Register, Key and Battery, we proceed to de- 
scribe the arrangement of the conductors or wires connecting distant stations, 
and the mode by which the earth, also, is made a conductor of this subtle 
fluid. 

The term circuit used frequently in this work, has reference to the wire, 
which, commencing at the positive pole of the battery, goes to any distance 
and returns to the negative pole of the battery. When its going and return- 
ing are continuous or unbroken, the circuit is said to be closed or complete. 
When it is interrupted, or the wire is disconnected, the circuit is said to be 





broken or open. 

When a magnet or key or battery is spoken of as being 27 the circuit, it 
has reference to the use of the wire belonging to the key, magnet or battery, 
respectively, as a part of the circuit. 

There are three modes of arranging the wires, so as to communicate be- 
tween two distant stations. 'T'wo of these modes are inferior, as they fur- 
nish but one circuit for the termini, and consequently obliging one station to 
wait, when the other is transmitting, both stations not being able to telegraph 
at the same time. These two modes are called the dependent circuits. 'The 
first mode is, where two wires are used, of which figure 12 is a diagram. 
B represents Baltimore, and W Washington; m is the magnet or register ; 
k the key, and bat the battery, all at the Baltimore station; 2’ is the magnet 
or register; k’ the key at the Washington station. The lines, represent the 
wires upon the poles, connecting the twostations, and are called the east and 


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of 





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SET TT et: 
teteters 





16 




























Fie. 12. 





N oo —— 


west wires. In this arrangement of the wires and also in the second, the key 
(which has been explained in a preceding figure, 11, and shown at 6 and 
7 to be open) must be closed at both stations, in order to complete the cir- 
cuit, except at the time when a communication is being transmitted.* For 
the purpose of closing the circuit at the key, a metallic wedge is used, which 
is put in between the anvil 8 and the hammer 7, and establishes the circuit. 
Supposing the battery is in action, and B has a communication for W: he 
opens his key, by removing the wedge, and sends his message. The galva- 
nic fluid leaves the point, P, of the battery, and goes to , to m, along the east 
wire to k’, to m/, and back by the west wire to N pole of the battery. In the 
same manner it proceeds along the wires, if W is writing toB. In this ar 
rangement, the direction of the galvanic current is the same, whether B or 
W is communicating, unless the poles of the battery are reversed. 


Fie. 13. 





The second mode has but one wire and the ground, represented by figure 
13. The use of the ground as a conductor of the galvanic fluid, between 
two distant points, is to many a mystery. But of the fact there is no question. 
The above diagram exhibits the manner in which the east wire and ground 
were used from the first operation of the Telegraph, until the close of the ses- 
sion of Congress, June, 1844. In this diagram, we will minutely follow the 
course of the galvanic current. B represents Baltimore,and W Washington; 
C represents asheet of copper, five feet long and two and a half feet wide, to 
which a wire is soldered and connects with the N pole of the battery. This 
sheet of copper lies in the water at the bottom of the dock, near the depot of 
the Baltimore and Ohio Rail Road, Pratt street. From P of the battery, the wire 


* At this time the key is opened at the station from which the communication is to be sent 





ST Sss ss ntoezds 
Ries pep ae ee 





17 


proceeds to &, the key, then tom, the magnet or register, then it is the east wire 
to X’, the key at W, then tom’, the magnet or register, then to the copper sheet, 
C’, buried beneath the brick pavement in the dry dust of the cellar of the cap- 
itol. The direction of the current is from P of the battery to /,to m,and along 
the east wire to ’,to m/,and to CO’, where it is lost in the earth ; but reappears 
at the copper plate, C, at B, and thence to the N pole of the battery, having com- 
pleted its circuit. It is, therefore, certain, that one-half of the circuit is through 
the earth. From B to W the east wire is the conductor ; and from W to B the 
ground is the conductor. In this arrangement, the west wire is thrown out, 
and is no part of the circuit; while the earth has been made a substitute for it. 

The last diagram, as has been stated, exhibits the plan of the wire and 
ground, as used for telegraphic purposes, from its first operation, until the 
adjournment of Congress in 1844, being prevented from completing the ar- 
rangement of the third mode from the throng of visitors, that pressed to see 
its operation. After the close of the session, the following arrangement of 
the wires was made, as shown in the diagram, figure 14, by means of which, 
both stations could transmit at the same time, with one battery for both, and 
the keys were not required to be closed. It is called the two ondepen- 


Fic. 14. 


Hast wire 


West wire. 





dent circuits. Here the west wire is used for transmitting from B to W; and 
the east wire from W to B. The copper plates at B and W remain as they 
are described in the second plan. Bat, the battery, at B is used in common 
for both circuits. It is simply necessary here to designate the course which 
the fluid takes when both lines are in operation, viz. B transmitting to W; and 
W toB. In the former case, the current is from P of the battery to #, then 
the west wire, then to m/, at W, then to C’, thence through the ground toC at 
B, and then to the N, or negative pole of the battery, as shown by the arrows. 
In the latter case, the current is from P of the battery to m, then the east wire, 
then to X’,at W, thence to C’, thence through the ground toC at B , thence to 
the N, or north pole of the battery, as shown by the arrows. This arrange- 
ment, by which one battery is made efficient for both circuits at the same 
time, where two were formerly used, was devised by Mr. Vail, assistant su- 
perintendent, in the spring of 1844, and has contributed much to diminish the 


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vingas eran capone 


z THABaeReRitew . 








18 


care and expense in maintaining that part of the apparatus of the telegraph. 
One battery being now used instead of two. By the above diagram, it will 



































be perceived that the ground is common to both circuits, as well as the bat- 
tery, and also the wire from the N pole of the battery, to the copper plate, C ; 
and from the copper plate, C’, to the junction of the two wires near the two 
arrows. For the purposes of telegraphic communication they answer as well 
as though there were four wires and two batteries. Instead of using the 
ground between C and C’, a wire might be substituted, extending from the N 
pole of the battery to the junction of the wires at the two arrowsatW. The 
arrangement of the wires, battery, keys, magnets or registers at both stations, 
with the ground, as shown in figure 14, is the plan now used for telegraphic 
operations between B and W; and has many decided advantages over the 
arrangements of figures 13 and 14. First. In both of those arrangements, 
the circuit is obliged to be kept closed, when neither station is at work; and 
as the battery is only in action when the circuit is closed, it follows that the 
battery will not keep in action as long as when the circuit is allowed to re- 
main open, as in the use of the third plan, figure 15. Second. There is an 
advantage in dispensing with the use of the metallic wedge, which is liable 
to be forgotten by the operator. Third. The attendant may occasionally 
leave the room, and is not required to be in constant waiting, as the clock work 
is putin motion and stopped by the operator at the other end, and the message 
written without his presence. But in the first and second arrangement, the 
apparatus for putting in motion and stopping the clock work, is entirely 
uscless. ‘I'he attendant being obliged to put it in motion and stop it him- 
self. 

We will now proceed to describe the modus operandi of transmitting intel- 
ligence from one station to another; the arrangement being as in figure 14; 
# is the key of the operator at Baltimore, and m/ represents his register, or 
writing desk, at Washington; 4’ is the key of the operator at Washington, and 
m his register, or writing desk,at Baltimore. Each has the entire control of 
his respective register, excepting, only, that each operator winds up the other’s 
instrument, and keeps it supplied with paper. It will also be borne in 
mind, that each circuit is complete, and every where continuous, except at 
the keys, which are open. If, then, the hammer is brought in sudden con- 
tact with the anvil, and permitted as quickly as possible to break its contact 
by the action of the spring, and resume its former position, the galvanic fluid, 
generated at the battery, flies its round upon the circuit, no matter how quick 
that contact has been made and broken. It has made the iron of the electro 
magnet a magnet; which has attracted to it the armature of the pen lever; 
the pen lever, by its steel pen points, has indented the paper, and the pen 
lever has, also, by the connecting wire with the break, taken it from the fric- 


ae oe 








19 


tion wheel ; this has released the clock work, which, through the agency of the 
weight, has commenced running, and the two rollers have supplied the pen 
with paper. But,as only one touch of the key has been made, the clock 
work soon stops again, if no other touches are made, by the action of the 
break upon the friction wheel. 

This shows the whole operation of the Telegraph, in making a single dot 
by a single touch of the key. In order now to explain more fully the ope- 
ration of the steel pen points upon the paper, which is in contact with the 
grooved roller, let there be made four touches at the key; this will be suf- 
ficient to start the clock work, and allow the paper to have attained a unifonm 
rate; then let six touches be made at the key. The contact has been made 
six times and broken six times. ach time it is closed, the electro mag- 
net, as heretofore explained, attracts to it, with considerable force, the arma- 
ture of the pen lever, carrying up the steel pen points against the paper, 2, 
under the steel roller, S. The three points of the pen, falling into the three 
corresponding grooves of the roller, carry the paper with them and indent 
it,* at each contact. There then appear upon the paper, as it passes 
out from under the rollers, six indentations, as if it had been pressed 
upon by ablunted point, such as the end of a knitting needle would be sup- 
posed to make, when pressed upon paper, placed over a shallow hole, but in 
such a manner as not to pass through the paper, but raising the surface, as 
in the printing for the blind. These indentations of the paper are the mark- 
ing of the pen, but varied in the manner now to be described. 

By examining the telegraphic alphabet, the characters will be found to be 
made up of dots: short and long lines—and short and long spaces. A single 
touch of the key, answers to a single dot on the paper of the register; which 
represents the letter, E. One touch of the key prolonged, that is, the con- 
tact at the key continued for about the time required to make two dots, pro- 


* The first working model of the Telegraph was furnished with a lead pencil, for writing its 
characters upon paper. This was found to require too much attention, as it needed frequent 
sharpening, and in other respects was found inferior to a pen of peculiar construction, which 
was afterwards substituted. This pen was supplied with ink from a reservoir attached toit. It 
answered well, so long as care was taken to keep up a proper supply of ink, which, from the 
character of the letters, and sometimes the rapid, and at others the slow rate of writing, was 
found to be difficult and troublesome. And then again, if the pen ceased writing for a little 
time, the ink evaporated and left a sediment in the pen, requiring it to be cleaned, before it was 
again in writing order. These difficulties turned the attention of the inventor to other modes of 
writing, differing from the two previous modes. A variety of experiments were made, and 
among them, one upon the principle of the manifold letter writers; and which answered the 
purpose very well, for a short time. This plan was also found objectionable, and after'much 
time and expense expended upon it, it was ‘thrown aside for the present mode of marking the 
telegraphic letter. This mode has been found to answer in every respect all that could be de- 
sired. It produces an impression upon the paper, not to be mistaken. It is clean, and the 
points making the impression being of the very hardest steel, do not wear, and renders the writ- 


ing apparatus always ready fer use. 


Sets vayets 


Serie see 


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20 


duces a short line, and represents T. A single touch for about the time re- 
quired to make four dots, is a long line, and represents L. A single touch 
for about the time required to make six dots, is a still longer line and repre 
sents the 0 of thenumerals. Ifthe use of the key be suspended for about the 
time required to make three dots, it is a short space, used between letters, 
If suspended for the time required to make six dots, it is a long space, used 
between words, and a longer space is that used between sentences. These 
are the elements which enter into the construction of the telegraphic char- 
acters, as used in transmitting intelligence. The alphabet is represented by 
the following combination of these elements. 





ALPHABET. 
a‘ ae fs me i e a ane F ela noe 
om oo rh i we a Ag ‘ "3 mm, a 
waa a a as ae ne a 7 is Be 
se isi aa mage 7 i 


Suppose the following sentence is to be transmitted from Washington to 
Baltimore : 





21 

It is evident, as the attendant at Baltimore has no agency in the trans- 
mission of this message from Washington, his presence, even, is not abso- 
lutely required in the telegraph room at Baltimore, nor is it necessary, pre- 
viously, to ask the question, are you there? The operator at Washington 
transmits it to Baltimore, whether the attendant is there or not, and the 
telegraphic characters are distinctly recorded upon the paper of the Baltimore- 
register. If he omits a letter at the key, in Washington, it is omitted on the 
paper in Baltimore. If he has added at the key in Washington, it is also 
upon the paper in Baltimore, nothing more or less is marked upon it. 


Specimen of the Telegraphic Language. 


fealty 
MPR AS oi weal, cae eee 


Weties 


ait Pete Aesen ce nee 


NA oN ebeewn in giet, 


AN hp 


Shin thow 


ae 
trate a 


Hh Sieigayhonetlnn 
Fs 


MCh 


Fea eee ae 


heh eS he 


=o FH i) PN dh nh 
RN tet 


oe bbeetatehateiedemsaieigal WTR rete one: 


aenlivubLine 
1 Spa LY lh ad Aa rgy: 


ro 
Sony 

Pind yd 

$F 


ae 
Hb = voit ap mrgs 


eee Serine 


a 
Umuauccn ee 


AA HRA itis 


teh Miva tenigaubourecinn ea) 


REO SRO Were Head etrets. “ Arai obi 


Ere rarer: 


caret} 
ABAD Many: ip 


hte, Ae 4d 
2 et.nt 


etch tere es 


Fi 
Pf 
‘ 
¢ 
& 


hyste a 


Mekniehae smotcl iow mene enee, 
alehad aah need MN ry 
Ween aor 


4 


Beh etbictte th ey eMinde, 
Spr te ets lta tar 


ae lh oe: ordi 
Wet wa oti oe we 


cheb 
Seda 


= 


cidade 


ar ahataioahaHchwioeiinveds greqwen tire 
eho NMetbah Meoibaehodenabeh-AedeAekea ne tie ates 


pope 


ANN heat hein tN Oe tabe MEWetew tn Mt Setettet fis © 


Sate ipo spar 
Se ry ate iL 


Thee 


Mindat iebtdananuie bape eC ears 
Sats Grr dhs A peed t as ‘ past 


Sa ee reer 


“Wer 
paar a 


eee 


“ties hatin Ne maiaenAOWeh Wah hebdiebebe can 


nolebest 
Fa ie thhibstrh dub barhiierrrh miliym drat 4 Posten 





Nitta et 

se : eee Ores 
LalaLbubuebacboa EL ter aes 
i" " =H thm me. ig. of Aaah s J mgt y=: 
“fs F : Ho gak 
WOW HA - f e a ray ne > ’ 
S  Wibiitotichi we <M Obata Andante: Ur tine tepige dy, 
WEA ete 4 eee ote 
hein ee 


WORE WRI R mage 


Ph a 
deere 
Maer 

ae - 
rere tor — 





Cle SH3 
Ser tessages 





23 


From the peculiarity of the motion obtained at the pen lever by tne ac- 
tion of the battery upon the electro magnet, it is evident that a few elements 
only are presented upon which to base the telegraphic characters. The mo- 
tion of the lever, to which is attached the steel pen points, is vibratory; but 
capable of being so controlled as to cause it to retain either of its positions 
(that is, up or down) as long, and at such intervals, and in as quick succes- 
sion as the operator may choose. Therefore, every sort of combination 
which dots, lines and spaces, in any succession, and of any length can make, 
are here as much at the. pleasure of the telegraphic manipulator, as the Eng- 
lish alphabet is with the letter writer. So that if from this countless variety, 
twenty-six of the most simple, to represent letters, and ten to represent the 
numerals, shall be taken, we come at once into possession of the means of 
representing words and sentences, by new, but intelligible characters, and 
through them, can be conveyed as clearly, and as concisely, as if they were 
given viva voce, or written in Roman characters. Such is the alphabet given 
above. "his conventional alphabet was originated on board the packet 
Sully, by Prof. Moise, the very first elements of the invention, and arose from 
the necessity of the case; the motion produced by the magnet being limited 
to a single action. 

During the period of thirteen years, many plans have been devised by the 
inventor to bring the telegraphic alphabet toits simplest form. The plan of 
using the common letters of the alphabet, twenty-six in number, with twenty- 
six wires, one wire to each letter, has received its due share of his time and 
thought. Other modes of using the common letters of the alphabet, with 
a single wire, has also been under his consideration. Plans of using two, 
three, four, five and six wires to one registering machine, have, in their turn, 
received proportionate study and deliberation. But these, and many other 
plans, after much care and many experiments, have been discarded; he 
being satisfied that they do not possess that essential element, simplicity, 
which belongs to his original first thought, and the one which he has adopt- 
ed. A detailed account of these various plans with fewer or more wires, 
might be given here, but it will suffice merely to present the alphabet adapt- 
ed to a register, using 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 wires, with a separate pen to each wire, 
capable of working together, or in any succession. It is obvious that every 
additional pen will give an additional element to increase the combination, 
and were there any real advantage in such an arrangement it would have 
been adopted long since. 

INOsal, 
Alphabet for two pens, operating together or in succession. 


eee Ceri ee hoe Go ley Ie Jt Ke Dee Me N > O. Poa Or Roos 


bi gee 4 
Pleasant 


at Aictienatree teat Tees 3 


* 






18 AEN SG het 


Rudo 


sAirtboh 



































a 
SP teehee 
meres 


he poretinay 
were Bho 7-4 


Frcbtaea 


WER 1 ap ehiae we 
ae dPideulee dee ke 
" Metter otra et 


roma ot akon Bite 
om 
td hole ean cd potas 


yen 
1 f 


OH eh ie 


=e 
POM tee, 
he eye 


Fett ap tieaioet ehh hy 


Hts NOH tmss iH we ebta fy. 
PU Pete tettrmtin Aten. 


Seether ty 
Pen Dh my an 


Wea 
erie er aamainch 


Fie ats 
aber eles oh 


oe 
popreg st le 


ei Aah ek I a Te a 


= Hai teti=onetalnhsibaintsth niet chen ie 


ONE St th iped) Fei otha ih tert maeih« Hmteriy apse 
hn BPN ay Awa Me 
Salat“ atatnaitt adherend emma ete humor rar tt ete we eer ee pete 


DP Get) fo Ment He page: 


sd shew onal hhetkem 


Se moncnctien: 


stew 
oven 





—— a 
“ Byate 
1 ete trateeeabamethett) 


ane ny Wer UY eZ & 1 7 
No. 2. 
Alphabet for three pens, operating together or in succession. 


i 
w 


Ml abstr Alster da cn 
wesA tr adil Laie 
6 ih ah ae cg 


om: 


ee eet 
en 


= 


4 5 
No. 4. 
Alphabet for five pens, operating together or in succession. 


Kio (mel wpa ap 


No. 5. 
Alphabet for six pens, operating together or in succession. 





8 9 


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