54 M. Oo A. L. morch’s review of the vermetid^e. [Feb. 11, 

evidently with a net; the state of their sexual organs shows that 
the spawning commences at that time of the year. It must be very 
difficult to catch the fishes after the middle of November, partly be¬ 
cause they retire into the deeper parts of the lake, and partly because 
the attempts to set nets are frustrated by the stormy weather of the 
season. Repeated endeavours to obtain more specimens, made by the 
Earl of Enniskillen, proved to be unsuccessful. In a letter from 
Mr. J. Walker, this gentleman mentions that he saw one taken with 
a fly in the month of August. 

The Earl of Enniskillen mentions, in a letter directed to Mr. 
Thompson, that the “ Freshwater Herring” is plentiful in the middle 
of November. “ The people are now taking them in cartloads. 
The flesh of such as I send is white and soft, and different from 
what that of Charr is in any other lough.” Mr. Thompson* saw 
the female; and, according to him, it is externally not different from 
the male. The ovaria contained 959 ova in a specimen 11 inches in 
length, each being two lines in diameter. 

Number of vertebrm sixty, as ascertained by Thompson in a male 
and female fish, and by myself in two males. 


7. Review of the Vermetiile. By Otto A. L. Morch 
(of Copenhagen). (Part III.) 

[Concluded from Proc. Zool. Soc. 1861, p. 365.] 

Bivonia, Gray, 1850. 

The Bivince, Gray, Cat. Brit. Mus. 1842, p. 62. 

Bivonia , Gray, ibid. p. 90; Gray, 1850, in Mrs. Gray’s Fig. iv. 
p. 82. no. 3; Adams, Genera, i. p. 358. 

T. ctffixa, plerumque spiralis , apertura contracta circularly scepe liris 
spiralibus interupto-nodulosis et lira mediana elevata; columella 
Icevissima, nitida . 

Animal tentaculis cylindricis, filament is pedalibus subulatis vel seta - 
ceis. Operculumparvum, rudimentare (Phil.). 

Dr. Gray gives (in the Brit. Mus. Cat. 1842, p. 62) the following 
character :—“ The Bivince have an orbicular spiral operculum, with 
an oblong lateral scar like the Trochi .” I suppose this description 
was made from a broken specimen, giving the muscular impression the 
appearance of being lateral. In the Brit. Mus. Cat. for 1840, quoted 
iii Proc. Zool. Soc. no. 258, by Dr. Gray, I cannot find anything 
about this genus. The edition 1844, quoted in the same place, is, 
according to the indication of the pages 62 & 90, no doubt a typo¬ 
graphical error. In the Systematic Index of Mrs. Gray’s Fig. of 
Mollusca, p. 82, the diagnosis is altered thus : —“ Operculum rudi¬ 
mentary, small (spiral ?),” which is evidently taken from Philippi’s 
description of Vermetus triqueter , Biv .,—“ Operculum parvum, rudi¬ 
mentare,” which must thus be regarded as the type. Of the other 

t * Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. 1841, vi. p. 443. 


55 


1862.] M. O. A. L. MORCH’s REVIEW OF THE VERMETIDjE. 

species referred to this genus, V. glomeratus , Biv., having a large 
convex operculum, is a Spiroglyphus ; and V . subcancellatus , Biv., is a 
true Vermetus. The V. semisurrectus, Biv., with au “ operculum fere 
completum,” seems not, according to the figure of Philippi, to differ 
in the size of the operculum from the typical species. 

1. Bivonia triquetra, Bivona, 1832. 

T. solitaria aut gr eg aria, extus apicem versus saltern triquetra et 
depressiuscula, orbiculatim vel turbinatim contort a , rug is trans - 
versim flexuosis ; antice saepe elongata , cylindrica. 

T. ejusdem structures atque Y. gigantis, sed multo minor j diameter 
tubi enim nunquam 2^ mill, excedit. Apex et interdum tota testa , 
si solitaria, exquisite triquetra , basi adnata depressa ; pars testae 
libera autem semper cylindricam formam induit . Rarius practer 
carinam dorsalem, costae 2-3 adsunt; plicae transversce validae, 
rugosce , irregulares, in parte cylindrica multo minus conspicuce . 
Color albidus aut fuscescens. 

Animal operculo parvo, rudimentari, tentaculis superioribus cylin - 
dricis, paululum retractilibus, inferioribus setaceis longissimis; 
nigrum, pallio flavescente; aut albidum , luteo, violaceo vel badio 
maculatum (Phil.). 

Massa quaedam formata ab aliis tubulis , 8$c., Bonanni, ii. 20 E. 

Vermetus triqueter , Bivona, Nuov. Gen. 1832, p. 11 (Phil.); Phi¬ 
lippi, Enum. i. p. 170. t. ix. L 21, ii. p. 143 ; Siebold, Wirbellose 
Thiere, p. 344. 2. 

Bivonia triquetra, Gray, Eig. iv. p. 82, t. 58. f. 4. 

Vermetus ( ’AletesX ) triqueter, Morch, Journ. Conch, viii. 36. 

Var. a. pinnicola (Mus. reg.). 

T. irregulariter spiralis, lineis tribus longitudinalibus crenulatis 
(Gravenhorst). 

Vermicularia granulata, Gravenh. Tergestina, 1831, p. 65. no. 5 
(non Fabr.). 

On the large Pinna, Seba, Thes. iii. tab. 91. no. 1. 

Vermetus granulatus , Forbes, iEgeean Report, p. 138, verisim. 

? Serpula rupestris, Risso, Eur. Mer. p. 204. no. 25 ? 

Yar. (y . spirorbis. 

T . solitaria, alba, cretacea, spirorbiformis, apertura soluta; carina 
dorsali crenulata, varicibus arcuatis 1 vel 2 in anfr. penultimo; 
latere externo subperpendiculari, liris confertis obsoletissimis ; 
striae incrementi irregulares, sigmoideae, scope membranacece, peri - 
pheriam versus incrassatae , in locis occultis pulcherrime undulato- 
squamulosae; anfr . primi carnei . 

Diam. testse 19m.; diam. aperturse 3f m. 

Hab . In littore Dalmatise {coll. Dunkeri in lapide). 

Yar. y. Aletes. 

T. lateraliter affixa , anfr . obliquis decumbentibus planis; carina 
dorsalis compressa , crenulata, umbilicum approximans; striae in - 



56 m. o. a. l. march’s review of the vermetidjE. [Feb. 11, 

crementi membranacece, obsolete undulats in regione umbilicali 
(Philippi, t. 9. f. 21). 

Hub. In littore Dalmatise cum prsececlente ( coll. Dunkeri ). 

T. juvenilis Iceviuscula, fusco-rosea vel earned , spirorbiformis, leviter 
corrodens. 

Diam. testse m. ; diam. aperturee -f m. 

On the old specimens in the group belonging to Prof. Dunker. 

Var. b. SERPULINA. 

T. glomerata , lira dorsali funiculari prominula; lirce longitudinales 
remots , interrupts ; rugs incrementi conferts , sspe submembra - 
naces, undulats; varice erecto juxta aperturam; anfr. primi 
planorbiformes ; testa infantilis bullata , nitidula } castanea . 

A detached crust in the coll, of Prof. Dunker. 

Var. e. expansa. 

T. solitaria , corrodens , spirorbiformis; anfr. ultimus carina dorsali 
compressa, punctis ferrugineis remotis ; latere externo basi dila- 
tato crenulato; liris longitudinalibus obsoletissimis ; rugae et stris 
incrementi leviter sigmoides ; apertura circularis , soluta , con¬ 
tract a. 

Diam. apertures 4 m.; diam. anfr. ult. 6 m.; diam. testae circ. 
22 m. 

Ilab. Ad ins. Madeira ( Mus. Cuming). On Patella longula , 
Meusch., whereon it has formed a bed nearly going through the shell. 

Yar. £. AMPLIATA. 

T. repenSy spiraliter torta ; anfr. primi obliqui } decumbentes; varice 
dorsali juxta aperturam ampliatam subquadrangularem. 

Diam. aperturee fere 7 m. 

Hab . In mare Mediterraneo (Mus. Cuming). A few specimens of 
this variety are to be seen on the under edge of the large crust of 
Spiroglyphus glomeratus, described above. 

Yar. rj. FASCICULARIS. 

Testis aggregatis, basi spiralis, antice porrectis , teretibus , sub- 
fastigiatis (Phil.). 

Vermetus triqueter , var., Biv. Nuov. Gen. t. 2. f. 4 (Phil.). 

Vermetus triqueter , var. /I, Phil. Enum. i. p. 170, t. 11. f. 22. 

Bivonia triquetra , Gray, Figs. i. pi. 58. f. 4 (copy). 

Hab. In Sicilia, frequens (Phil.). 

“Var. /3, quam libenter speciem peculiarem esse crederes, ad in¬ 
star Madreporarum cespitosa rupes vestit, et ipsa massas non sper- 
nendoe molis constituit; partem tantummodo attuli ultra l f longam, 
6—7 fn latam.”— Philippi. 

Philippi never observed varices in this species. The specimens I 
have compared showed generally one or two varices in the last and 
penultimate whorls. The variety 7) is a good transition to the fol¬ 
lowing species, from which perhaps it does not differ. 


1862.] M. O. A, L. morch’s review of the vermetidje. 57 

2. Bivonia semisurrecta, Bivona, 1832. 

T . solitaria , cylindrical apice contorto, ruyosa , adnata , antice 
longe porrecta , varicosa , scepe striis longitudinalibus subgra- 
?iosis asperula . 

T. minus vitrea , tenuior y facilius quam reliquce cum Serpulse testa 
confundi potest , yrcesertim cim sculptura plerumque obsoleta , 
aut propter crustam calcaream non conspicua sit . 

Diam. tubi variata 2-4 m . 

Plerumque apex tantum adnatus ; et pars antica y scepe usque ad 
4 ,f long a , libera est y scepe Icevissima . Varices manicceformes 

Jkec species frequentius ostendit quam I'eliquce ; colorem semper 
album vidi (Phil.). 

Animal operculo fere completo, tentaculis omnibus retractilibus 9 
superioribus cylindricis y inferioribus longioribus subulatis; 
caput et pedem fulva punctis ccerideo-fuscis marmorata y collare 
fidvhm cceruleofusco articulatum ostendit y semel ego anteriorem 
animalis partem pulchre cinnabarinam punctis albis adspersam , 
et punctis nigris circa operculum ornatam , collare autem cin - 
nabarinum nigro articulatum vidi . Tentacula inferiora subver - 
rucosa y intus longitudinaliter subsidcata (Philippi). 

Vermetus semisurrectus y Bivona, Nuov. Gen. p. 10, t. 2. f. 3; 
Philippi, Enum. p. 171, t. 9. f. 1911, p. 144; vix Lacaze Duth. 

Bivonia semisurrecta y Gray, Figs. p. 28, t. 58. f. 1 ; Adams, 
Genera, p. 358. 

Vermetus (Aletesl) semisurrectus, Morch, Journ. Conch, viii. p. 39. 

Hab, In mari Mediterraneo (Sicilia) frequens plerumque testaceis, 
rarius scopulis adnata (Philippi), • 

Dr. Hornbeck has received a specimen of this species attached to 
Murex branderis , L., from M. Bivona, jun., which agrees perfectly 
with the above description ; but the median lira on the penultimate 
whorl is a little more prominent than in the others. In the Museum 
of Breslau is a specimen of nearly twice the diameter of Philippi’s, 
represented pi. 9. f. 19, and which yet appears to be the same species. 
I believe this species is only the adult state of the preceding. The 
chief differences are afforded by the animal; in the present species 
all the tentacula are stated to be retractile, whilst in the preceding 
species only the superior are a little retractile; but these observations 
are probably not founded on very exact investigations. The brim 
of the mantle is simple, not reflected as in B . triquetra ; but this 
character is very likely only momentary. The colours are very dif¬ 
ferent, but seem not to be constant, and are subject to great variations. 
In the first volume of ‘ Enumeration Philippi describes the lid thus 
—“ Operculum fere completum ; ” but in the second volume—• 
“ Operculum completum, tenue, planum.” Philippi’s representa¬ 
tions of the two species seem to me to show the opercula of the same 
size in proportion to the lumen of the tubes. The animal represented 
by Lacaze Duthiers as V, semisurrectus seems not to have any lid; 
I suppose, therefore, it is V. gigas y Biv. 


58 M. O. A. L. MORCH’s REVIEW OF THE VERMETIDiE. [Feb. 11, 

3. Bivonia subtriquetra, Morch. 

T. valida , lateraliter affixirregulariter torta ; anfr. primi litui- 
formes vel planorbiformes ; carina mediana elevata , compres- 
siuscula; latere extevno planiusculo, subperpendiculari , basi ex - 
panso , liris plerumque destituto ; latere interno convexiusculo 
(in junioribus piano), liris 10—12 cequidistantibus ; striae incre - 
menti leviter sigmoidece ; dissepimenta interna tenuia, convexa . 

Diam. aperturee circ. 12 m. 

Yar. a. squamifera. 

T. carina dorsali parum prominente, squamis paucis remotis com - 
pressis acutis; latere interno liris 4-5 validis angustis sub - 
squamosis, interstitiis lirulis 1-2 inaequalibus ; latere externo 
superne lirulis 2-3. 

Diam. aperturee circ. 7.m. 

?Favanne, La Conehyl. pi. 66. f. B 2, fern, juvenile? 

Fossilis in form, tertiaria ad Asti (coll. T. O. Semper). 

This species has the same relation to B, triquetra as Thylacodes 
melitensis, Gm., to T. intiotiosa , Salis. 

4. Bivonia sutilis, Morch. 

T. affixa irregulariter lituiformis, fere libera ; anfr. graciles, primi 
irregulariter planorboidei , carnei , Zms expressis longitudinals 
bus alternatim minoribus , submoniliferis , interstitiis granulis 
validis , remotis , scepe cum lateralibus confiuentibus , scrobS 

culis elongato-quadratis reticulata ; sculptura aperturam versus 
laevior vel fere evanescens ; anfr. ultimus solidus , longus , albe¬ 
scens, varicibus duabus majoribus et duabus minoribus . 

Diam. aperturee et anfr. ult. circ. 3 m. 

In littore occidentali Americee centralis, in valva solitaria 
Veneris subimbricatce Sow. affixa (AZws. Cuming). 

This species is exceedingly like to Bivonia semisurrecta , Biv., but 
differs chiefly in the catenulated granulations of the furrows and 
moniliferous appearance of the liree. 

Yar. a. ? major, liris 3-4 validioribus, ubique impresso-punctata. 

Diam. aperturee 7 m. (coll. Dunkeri , 222). 

This specimen, on a fragment of a Pinna , probably from Central 
America, is very like a large variety of B. semisurrecta in the Mu¬ 
seum of Breslau. 

Yar. j3. triquetra. 

T. corrodens y irregulariter planorbif 'ormis , triquetra , dorsali 

distincta ; rugae et striae incrementi utrinque sigmoidece ; lirce 
longitudinales obsoletissimce vel evanescentes . 

Diam. aperturee 5 m. 

Hab . Mazatlan, on a valve of a Placunanomia (Semper’s collection 
at Altona). 

I cannot see any notable difference between var. /3 and Bivonia 


59 


186".] M. O. A. l. morch’s review of the vermetid^e. 

triquetra, var. typica ; but I believe it has the same relation to B. 
sutilis as B. triquetra to B. semisurrecta. 

5. Bivonia qtjoyi, H. & A. Adams. 

T. solitaria, laxe contort a, tenuiuscula, livido albo fuscoque varie- 
gata, arena agglutinata prasertim in anfr. primis; anfr. ulti- 
mus longus, porrectus, flexus, liris longitudinalibus obsoletis, 
interstitiis lirulis parvis obsoletissmis ; strive incrementi sub - 
membranacea, expressed. 

Apertura circularis diam. circ. 4 m. 

Cladopoda quoyi, Adams, Genera, i. p. 359, t. 39. f. 3 a. 

Hab. Ad ins. Philippin. ( Mus. Cuming ). 

The description is from the specimen represented by Messrs. 
Adams. I do not know if the authors have placed this species in 
the genus Cladopoda from a knowledge of the animal; but the shell 
seems to me so like that of Bivonia semisurrecta , that I have re¬ 
ferred it to the present genus until the animal proves the contrary. 

Yar, a. lilacina. 

T. vix agglutinansy crassiuscula, aperturam versus lilacina , liris 
longitudinalibus granulosis ; in anfr . primis rugis obliquis cor - 
rugata. 

Diam. aperturse fere m. 

Hab. Ad ins. Philippin. (Mus. Cuming'). 

One specimen a little larger and thicker than the preceding; the 
first whorls are lost. 

Var. p. PLANORBOIDES. 

T. lilacino et albo variegata y arenulis sparsis agglutinatis y primum 
irregidariter planorbiformis; anfr. ultimus longiusculus y por- 
rectus, reflexus; anfr.graciles y teretes y subcequales y lirulis remotis 
longitudinalibus y granulis scepe pulcherrimis , sat approximate ; 
interstitiis lirula parva mediana granifera; anfr . pemdtimus 
striga longitudinali ferruginea abrupt a; varicibus tribus, ultimo 
erecto valido . 

Diam. anfr. ult. circ. 3^- m. 

? Tubulus vermicularis y Buonanni, Bee. p. 92. f. 20 A (sed duplo 
major) ; Mus. Kirch, pi. 6. f. 20 A (copy). 

? Le cor de chasse y Favan. i. p. 669, t. 6. f. 3 (copy, but reversed 
and enlarged). 

Hab. Ad ins. Philippin. (Mus. Cuming). 

I do not know any shell better resembling the figure of Buonanni. 

Yar. y. laquearis. 

T. repens, sordide carnea; anfr. primi lividi, laqueatim torti; lira 
validiusculce, sat approximatce, graniferce , hie illic squamulis 
minutis ; ruga incrementi arcuata, irregulares; apertura af~ 
fixa, latere affixo piano obscuro . 


60 M. O. A. L. MORCH’S REVIEW OF THE VERMETIDAE. [Feb. 11, 

Diam. aperturse 3 m. 

Hab. Ad ins. Philippin., lapillo affixo (Mus. Cuming). 

Very similar to the typical specimen in colour, but creeping and 
shorter. 

Yar. <h rugoso-squamosa. 

T. alba, crassiuscula, laquearis, irregulariter spiralis; lirce latius - 
culce ; lamince incrementi confertce, undulatce, intersectionibus 
squamis latis brevibus; anfr. ultimus solutus,longus, Iceviusculus, 
squamulis incrementi tenuibus parvis. 

Diam. aperturse 3 m. 

Ad ins. Philippin. ? (Mus. Cuming ). 

One specimen, with a few agglutinated pebbles. 

Var. e. strigata. 

T. crassiuscula, soluta, irregulariter torta, postice lineis 
longitudinalibus duabus ferrugineis ; latere affixo piano, fascia 
longitudinali badia, utrinque ferrugineo terminata ; lirce Ion - 
gitudinales validce, regulares, hie illic squamulosce ; rugee incre- 
menti subcequales, cequidistantes, inde interstitiis scrobiculatis 
lapillis spar sis agglutinatis. 

Diam. aperturse circ. m. 

Hob. Ad ins. Philippin. (Mus. Cuming ). 

Description taken from a small detached specimen. 

Yar. £. papillosa. 

T. lateraliter affixa, carnea; anfr. primi Z~\fere regulariter pla- 
norbiformes; anfr. sequentes laqueati, obliqui, incumbentes; 
lirce longitudinales remotce, papillis conicis compressis acutis 
sat remotis ; interstitiis lirulis 1-2 minutis graniferis. 

Apertura subsoluta, diam. 3^ m. 

Hab. Ad ins. Philippin.; in valva solitaria Balani tintinnabuli ? 
affixa (Mus. Cuming). 

This variety unites the preceding small aqd narrow forms with the 
following larger and broader. 

Forma 1. adspersa. 

T. anfractibus ampliatis , lateribus dilatatis. 

Var. rj. coralliophila. 

T. tenuiuscula, irregulariter planorbiformis, in corallio fere semi - 
immersa, albescens, f asciis longitudinalibus duabus ferrugineis ; 
latere affixo fascia badia; anfr. aperturam versus dilatati, 
planiusculi, latere externo margine depresso dilatato, rugis in¬ 
crementi validis; latere inter no et dorsali liris longitudinalibus 
confertis confuse granulosis; anfr. ultimus contractus, tubo 
aperturali porrecto, tenui, angusto, Iceviusculo malleato, rugis 
annulatis obsoletis, liris evanescentibus ; intus alba, columella 
nitida, sulco infra mediano obsoleto; anfr. primi cinerei. 

Diam. aperturse 3 m.; diam. aufr. penult. 5J m.; longitudo tubi 
10 m. 


61 


1862.] M. O. A. L. MORCH’s REVIEW OF THE VERMETIDJ2. 

Serpula costalis, Chenu, Ill. t. 10. f. 7 (non absimilis). 

Hab . Ad ins. Philippin. (coll. Gaming ). (Specimen descriptum 
extat in collectione Hornbeckiana.) 

In Mr. Cuming’s collection is a specimen without apertural tube, 
attached or slightly burrowing in the very same kind of coral as Dr. 
Hornbeck’s specimen. A detached tube, bent like a fishing-hook, 
about 60 m. long, and agreeing in sculpture and calibre with the 
apertural tube above described, is also found in Mr. Cuming’s col¬ 
lection. 

Var. 0. TRIOTJETRA. 

T. afjixa, scaphitoidea, albescens, tenuiuscula, latere ajfixo piano 
candido ; anfr. ultimus triqueter, carinula plana mediana Can¬ 
dida, utrinque linea castanea marginata; marginibus, prcesertim 
externo, dilatatis; latere interno liris 2 vel 3 albis et lineis 
ferrugineis 2 vel 3 confluentibus ; strice et rugce incrementi scepe 
ferraginece, varie flexce, in intersectionibus lirarum et carince 
prcecipueincrassatce ; anfr. ultimus rectus , pone aperturam in- 
fiexus, contractus, cylindricus ; apertura circularis, intus Can¬ 
dida ; anfr. primi intus castanei. 

Diam. aperturse 5^- m. ; diam. anfr. ult. fere 10 m. 

Hab . Ad ins. Philippin. Specimen in fragmento Tetraclitce af- 
fixum extat in Mus . Gaming. 

Var. t. GRANIFERA. 

T . crassiuscula, alba vel flavescens; anfr. incumbentes, obliqui, de- 
pressiusculi, aperturam versus ampliati, marginibus dilatatis ; 
anfr. primi angusti, inf erne lividi; lirce longitudinales confertae, 
alternatim minores, scepe interrupts vel confuss; rugce incre¬ 
menti validce, sigmoidece, scepe undulatce, versus marginem incras- 
satce et scepe furcatce, gramdis validis ornatcc; faucibus macula 
badia oblonga, margine c^astaneo ; columella Candida, nitida; 
parietes interne jlavescentes (ut videtur in specimine fracto ). 

Diam. aperturse 6 in.; anfr. ult. inferne 12 m. latus. 

Hab. Ad ins. Philippin.? (Mus. Cuming ). 

This shell looks very different from the preceding variety ; but the 
first whorls are exactly of the same shape and bluish colour (with 
agglutinated minute pebbles) as in the type, but chiefly in var. y. 

Yar. K. FULGURATA. 

T. spirorbiformis, latissime umbilicata ; anfr. ultimus ampliatus, 
convexus , periphcria dilatata ; lirce spirales confertissimce, regu - 
lares, subgranosce ; lira quarta vel quinta quceque expression, 
Iceviuscula ; rugce incrementi sigmoidece, sat approximates, utrin¬ 
que incrassatce; anfr. ultimus juxta aperturam contractus; 
apertura soluta, circularis; anfr.primi varicibusparvis 2 vel 3 
fornicatis erectis ; color pallide flavescens, prcesertim periphe- 
riam versus, fascia mediana obsoleta lactescente ; lineis trans- 
v er sis fulgur at is, aurantiacis vel fusds, approximatis. 


62 m. o. a, l. morch’s review op the yermetiiee, [Feb. 11; 


Diam. aperturae 9^ m.; anfr. vel 12 m, in latere affixo; diam. 
max. testae 45 m. 

Hab. Ad ins. Philippin.; specimen cum fragmento Pinnce in- 
curves ? extat in Museo Cumingiano. 

. The whorls in the centre remind one of those of var. /3. It looks 
at first glance entirely different; but it is evidently the same form 
as var. i, only larger and more regularly grown. 

Var. X. PUNCTATA. 

T. lituiformis, crass a, inf erne planissima, afflxa, superne convexa, 
latere externo prescipitanter declivi; lirce longitudinales re¬ 
mote, expresses, nodulis obsoletis irregularibus, interstitiis sespe 
lirula intercalante ; ruges incrementi expresses, leviter arcuates; 
inde confuse reticulato-scrobiculata ; color albescens vel fusee - 
scens, punctis ferrugineis et lapillis agglutinatis adspersa; 
apertura circularis, contract a, soluta. 

Diam. testae 35-55 m.; diam. aperturae 7\ m.; anfr. ult. 11m. 

Serpula costalis, Chenu, Ill. pi. 10. f. 6, simillima. 

Hab. Ad ins. Philippin. ( Mus. Cuming ). 

The specimen shows on the underside the cast of the denudated 
layers of a pearl-oyster. It differs chiefly from the figure quoted in 
having all the whorls in one plane, and consequently having a very 
large umbilicus, which is open in the middle, the first few whorls 
being lost. This variety approaches in many respects to var. 6. tri - 
quetra. 

Var. p. VARIEGATA. 

T. crassa, spiraliter torta; anfr . obliqui , incumhentes; latere 
externo dilatato ; lives longitudinales obsoletes , rugis incrementi 
seepe incrassatis et continuis decussates ; inde fere ubique con - 
fuse reticulato-scrobiculata vel malleata; anfr. ultimus solutus, 
longus, tortus, eredits ; color albescens, pressertim in lateribus, 
fascia mediana lata castanea e lineis longitudinalibus confluen- 
tibus composita, lacteo variegata , lineis ferrugineis aperturam 
versus remotis . 

Diam. aperturae 6 m. 

Humph. Amboina, t. 41. f. II, non absimilis. 

Hab. Ad ins. Philippin. (Mus. Cuming') ; specimen in lapide af- 
fixum. 

This variety approaches in colour the var. k. fulgurata . 

Var. V . FLOS-LACT 1 S. 

T. crassiuscula, irregulariter torta; anfr. contigui vel incumhentes; 
lives longitudinales obsoletes vel nodulis acutiuscidis ornatce; 
ruges incrementi crassiuscules, irregulares, sespe confluentes; 
latere externo fascia lata fusca vel castanea variegata, latere 
superiore fascia lata lactea vel pallide cyanea ; anfr. primi fa- 
vescentes, lesviusculi. 

Diam. aperturae 7 m., speciminis minoris 3 m. 

Hab. Ad ins. Philippin. (H. Cuming), in Cerithio noduloso affixa. 


63 


1862,] M. O. A. L. MORCh’s REVIEW OF THE VERMETIDvE, 

This variety differs chiefly from the preceding in the colours being 
stronger, the exterior side being of a deep chestnut-brown colour, and 
the upper side of a bluish white, like the preceding forms, but much 
more developed. A smaller specimen, attached to the same shell, 
with agglutinated pebbles, differs chiefly from the type in being 
thicker in the shell. 

? Var. $. (Aletes). 

T. solida, spiraliter torta, lateraliter affix a; anfr, contigui , pla- 
niusculi, incumbentes, obliqui, suturis dilatatis ; anfr. ultimus 
longus, solutus, fere semiteres, aperturam versus reflexus, liris 
longitudinalibus confertis, sespe connatis et Iceviusculis, leviter 
undulatis; ruges incrementiparvce, approximates, suturam versus 
incrassates, leviter sigmoidece et sespe furcates ; interstitia lira- 
rum reticulato-scrobiculata, fasciis longitudinalibus angustis 
approximatis 4-5 aurantiacis; sutura alba; anfr. ultimus 
sordide livescens; columella Candida, nitida, intus aperturam 
versus fuscescens. 

Diam. aperturee circ. 6 m.; anfr. ult. 7| m.; anfr. penult, circ. 
10 m. 

Hob. -? (ISlus. Cuming'). 

This variety is not unlike Vermetus cercus, Carp., chiefly so in 
shape ; but the sculpture and colour remind one of var. rj. corallio - 
phila. The affixed side is thinner, white, and shows marks of a pearl- 
oyster. 

6. Bivonia constrictor, Morch. 

T. crassa, repens, laqueatim contort a, sordide lactea, primum 
roseola; anfr. convexiusculi; latere externo dilatato; lives latee, 
parum prominentes, sub approximates, versus marginem externum 
omnino evanescent es; ruges incrementi prominentes, irregulares, 
leviter sigmoidees, in intersectionibus interdum obsoletissime 
nodulosee; anfr. ultimus pone aperturam contractus, breviter 
cylindricus, varicibus duabus eequidistantibus crassis brevissimis 
arcuatis ; intus fere ubique castanea ; apertura soluta, circu - 
laris, peripheria interna alba. 

Diam. apert. 7 m.; diam. anfr. ult. circ. 10-12 m. 

Serpula arenaria, Bowd. Elements, ii. f. 130, non absimilis. 

Sab. Australia (3Ius. Cuming ). 

One specimen, nearly half sunk in the surface of a calcareous con¬ 
glomerate, with an imbedded spine of an Echinus: it seems to be some¬ 
what corroding. The last whorl shows two varices, the first at the 
same distance from the second as that is from the aperture. The 
figure quoted is not unlike the principal specimen in the group, but 
the apertural tube is rather long. 

7. Bivonia goreensis, Gm. 

T. teres, cancellata, flava, intus cornea, 8-9 pollices longa, striis 
elevatis, longitudinalibus confertis (Gm). 


64 m. o. a. l. morch’s review of the vermetidas. [Feb. 11, 

La longueur de sa coquille est de 8 a 9 pouces, et sa largeur de 
3 a 4 lignes. Elle est con tournee plus irregulierement que le Vermet 
et fait un peu moins de spires, qui vont aussi de droite a gauche. Sa 
surface est relevee de 50 petits filets longitudinaux, fort serres, et 
traverses par d’autres filets semblables, qui forment un treillis extre- 
mement fin. Son ouverture ne s’eleve pas d’un demi pouce au-dessus 
des spires. Elle s’incline toujours un peu sur le cote. Elle est 
jaune au dehors, et de couleur de come au dedans. 

Animal .—Les cornes ont deux fois plus de longueur que de largeur. 
Son pied parait comme plie en deux a son extremity. C’est dans ce 
pli qu’est place Topercule qui est si petit qu’on a de la peine a le 
distinguer sans le secours du verre lenticulaire. II n’a guere plus 
d’un huitieme de ligne de diametre. Le manteau est horde tout 
autour de 12 petits tubercules jaunes. La tete, les cornes, le pied et 
le manteau sont bruns pointilles de jaune et de rouge: le reste du 
corps est blanc-de-corne dans sa moitie superieure et blanc-de-lait 
tachd de brun dans 1’ autre moitid. 

Le Dofan , Adans. Senegal, p. 164, t. 11. f. 3. 

Les Boyaux de mer d? Afrique , Fav. i. p. 651, t. 6. f. E 2. 

Serpula , no. 27 s Schroter, Einl. ii. p. 566. 

Serpula goreensis , Gm. 3745. 

Vermetus goreensis , Daudin, Rec. 1800, p. 35. 

Serpula goreensis, Dill. ii. p. 1077. no. 20; Wood, Index, t. 38. 
f. 19 (copy). 

Vermetus goreensis , Blv. Diet. lvii. p. 325. 

Vermetus (Dofania) goreensis , Morch, Journ. Conch, viii. p. 26. 

Hah . “ Cette espece s’attache par monceaux ronds d’ environ un 
pied de diametre, sur les coquillages et sur les morceaux de bois que 
le hazard a fixes au fond sablonneux et coquillier de la rade de Tile 
de Goree.”— Adans . 

If the description of the lid is correct, and not erroneous like the 
observations of Bivona on Thylacodes polyphragma , it must be re¬ 
ferred to this genus. In the Royal Museum is a large flat crust agree¬ 
ing with the description of Adanson, but which looks more like a 
true Vermetus . 


Gen. Thylacodes, Guettard, 1774. 

T. plerumque soli tar la , repens , quandoque spirata 3 scepe liris 3-5 
longitudinalibus nodulosis; apertura circularis , nunquam con - 
tracta . Testa nuper 7iata hulimoidea , apertura antiee suheffusa . 

Animal tentaculis hreviusculis , nodulo oculifero juxta basin ex - 
terno; filament a pedalia subulata , longa [Phil.], contractilia y 
sulcoprof undo longitudinali interno , mammilla basali intermedia 
perforata; propodium planum, parvum, antiee recte truncatum , 
angulis utrinque productis; mesopodium spatulatum , medio 
concavum , antiee mammilla valida subcompressa ; metapodium 
magnum, cylindricum, postice truncatum, rugis transversis subti- 
lissimis (secundum cl. Gray radiatim sulcatum ), utrinque sub - 
alatum, membrana brevi elo7igata recurrente utrinque cum capite 
frenis conjunctum; operculo nullo (Morch). 


1862.] M. O. A. L. March’s review of the vermetid.e. G5 

Serjmla, pp., L. S. N. cd. x. pp.* 

Tulaxodesy Guettard, Mem. 1774, vol. iii. pp. 143, 152. 

Thylacodes , Agass. Nomencl. p. 370, et Herm. Index, ii. 

Serpidus , Montf. 1810, Conch. Syst. pi. 22, sed non descr. 

Serpulce concameratce , Schmidt, 1818, Beste Einricht. p. 215. 

? Lemintina, Risso, 1826, Hist. iv. p. 114. 

Serpulorbis, Sassi, Journ. Ligust. di Sc. Sept. 1827, v. p. 482 ; 
Sassi, Fer. Bull. 5. xix. 1829, p. 123. 

Cellularia , Schmidt, Moll. Cat. Mns. Gotha, 1833, p. 70 (non 
Pallas). 

? JIatina, Gray, Synops. Brit. Mas. 1842, pp. 62, 90: 1844, 

p. 62. 

Serpido'ides, Gray, Figures, 1850, iv. p. 83; Guide, 1857, p. 127. 

Guettard established this genus chiefly on account of the internal 
septa, the presence of which in his genus Campulotus ( Vermetus , 
Adans.) was unknown to him. The latter genus was distinguished 
by regular spiral whorls, and included not only Vcrmicidus , but even 
Scala scalaris , L. Guettard states (Z. c., p. 152) that he chiefly 
founded his genus on the genus Certium of Gualtieri, which con¬ 
tains principally the large Mediterranean species. 

Lemintina (Risso) is generally regarded as a badly observed spe¬ 
cies of this genus, from which it differs in the want of the pedal 
filaments. The curious feather-like bodies represented by Risso are 
described thus :—“ La bouche est fendu en long, place sur un trompe 
ou mamelon conique an sommet de la tete, laquelle est surmonte'e 
d’un petit panache blanc, qui sont les branchies.” I believe this 
supposed gill is the lingual membrane, which seems to me very pro¬ 
bable upon comparing the description with the description of the 
tongue of Vermetus by Lacaze Duthiers, in f Annales des Sciences,’ 
1859, xi. p. 208. 

The genus Hatina, Gray (olim ), founded on Vermetus inopertus , 
Riippel, has no pedal filaments; but it is possible that the male organ 
is in reality one of the filaments, the other either being overlooked or 
forgotten by the artist. But it must be observed that the filament 
represented is situated in the place which the male organ usually oc¬ 
cupies in allie^ families. V. Siebold denies entirely the existence 
of an exterior male organ; and no author has described it since. 

The radiating lines on the tip of the metapodium, represented by 
Philippi, but not described, and regarded as a generic character by 
Dr. Gray, are not to be seen on specimens in spirits; they are pro¬ 
bably nothing more than coloured lines. The lid is wanting, but 
Bivona mentions that it has an “ operculum minimum punctiforme.” 
A similar minute operculum, concealed in a fold of the foot of the 
Dofan, is described by Adanson. The animal appears, like the other 
Vermetidse, to be viviparous. The egg-cases and larvse are described 
by Philippi (Wiegman’s Archiv f. Naturg. 1839, p. 128), and illu¬ 
strated by a figure from Scacchi, but more extensively by Schmarda 

* “ Sajpe isthmis integris passim intercepta.” Bat the animal is described as 
an Annelid. 

Proc. Zool. Soc. —1862, No. V. 


66 M. O. A. L. morch’s review of the vermetidje. [Feb. 11, 

(Wiener Denkschriften, 2. Abth. 4. Band. 1852, p. 135, pi. 10). The 
latter author has mistaken the ear-capsules for the eyes (Troschel, 
Jahresbericht, 1852). The spermatozoa (or perhaps the sperma- 
thecse) are described by Siebold (Wirbellose Thiere, p. 344); in the 
same work (pp. 341, 345) are given some observations on the renal 
and mucous organs. Troschel has represented the teeth of T. poly - 
pkragma (Sassi) and T . decussatus (Gm.), which chiefly differ from 
the teeth of Siphonium nebulosum (Dill.) in having a little tooth more 
on each side of the rachial plait. The structure of the maxilla is 
represented by the same author (Gebiss, p. 155, pi. 13. f. 3). 

1. Thylacodes polyphragma, Sassi. 

T. solitaria, irregulariter spiralis; anfr . scepe contigui teretiusculi, 
sutura dilatata, liris parvis longitudinalibus confertis scepe al- 
ternatim minor ibus, confuse ruguloso-granosis, scepe liris validis 
3-4, nodulis remotis et punctis ferrugineis interpositis; anfr . 
ultimus longus, leviter tortus, gracilis ; color sordidus efulvo et 
flavido albescens . 

Diam. aperturse 14 m. 

Animal capite, pede et limbo pallii purpureis aut pur pur eo-atris, 
punctis albis maculisque sulphureis pictum ; reliquum corpus pah 
lidum albescens; tentacula superiora brevia, crassa, conica, non 
retractilia , inferiora cylindrica, filiformia , acuminata, pallide 
annulata (Phil.). 

Serpula arcuaria, L, Knorr, Vergn. iv. p. 23, vol. i. t. 29. f. 5, 
1769. 

Serpula intestina, Salis-Marschlius, Reise, p. 358, 1793. 

Serpula arenaria, Lam. v. p. 

Serpulorbis polyphragma, Sassi, L c., 1827 s Fer. Bull. 1829; 
Poli, t. 1. f. 17 (Philippi); Delle Chiaje, t. 57. f. 1-9. 

Vermetus gig as, Gray, Figs. t. 58. f. 6 (copy). 

Serpulo'ides arenaria. Gray, Figs. iv. p. 83. 

Vermetus gig as, Phil. Chenu, Ill. pi. 4. f. 5. 

Dentalium intestiniforme, Lin. 1859; Hanl. MS. of Mus. Ulr. 
p. 49. 

Serpulorbis gigas, Adams, Gen. t. 39. f. 2 a (optime). 

Var. a. aletes. 

T. lateraliter affixa, fere regulariter spiralis; anfr . obliqui, con¬ 
tigui incumbentes ; anfr . ultimus interdum solutus, longus . 
Vermicularia lineolata, Gravenh. Tergest. p. 57. no. 3 (ex spm. 
orig.). 

Vermetus gigas, Biv. Nuov. Gen. p. 9, t. 2. f. 1, 2 (Phil.); Phil. 
Enum. i. p. 170, t. ix. f. 18, and ii. p. 143. 

Serpulo'ides arenaria. Gray, Figs. iv. p. 83, t. 57. f. 2 (copy). 
Serpulorbis gigas, Biv. Ad. Gen. i. t. 39. f. 2 (copy) 

Hab. In mare Mediterraneo; Tarento (Sails) ; Sicilia (P/e«7.); 
Genoa (Sassi). 


1862.] M. O. A. L. MORCH’s REVIEW OF THE VERMETIDJ 2 . 67 
Var. /3. ampla. 

T. laxe contort a, tenuiuscula ; anfr. vix contigui , teretes, ampli , 
primum depressiusculi, angulo acuto apevturam versus evane¬ 
scent e ; anfr* ultimas solutus , erectus, breviusculus; liree longi - 
tudinales parvee, approximates, rugis incrementi subcsqualibus 
decussates, inde interstitiis subtiliter punctato-scrobiculatis; 
anfr . ultimus super ne liris duabus tribusve interrupt us, nodulis 
compressis elongatis . Color albus, preesertim intus , superne 
flavescens in anfr . primis pallidissime lilacinus, 

Diam. apert. 27 m.; long, tubi aperturalis 30 m.; diam. anfr. 
penult, circ. 15m. 

? Vermetus sipho , Lam., Clienu, Ill. t, 7. f. 3, minor. 

? Serpulorbis sipho, Chenu, Man. p. 320. f. 2306 (copy). 

7iVz6. In ins. Melitens. (CoZZ. ?io$Zm). Specimen in lapide molli 
flavo affixum. 

2. Thylacodes melitensis, Gm. 1791. 

T. teretiuscula, contorta, umbilicata, decussatim striata, cost's 
longitudinalibus nodulosis, mZws Icevipolythalamia (Gm.). 

Die vielkammerige gewundene Seeschlange , Schroter, Einl. ii. 
p. 576, t. 6. f. 19, 1789 ; Schroter, Neue Litteratur, 1785, ii. p. 216. 

Fossilis in Melita inventa, gyris 2 primis recta sibi impositis 
(Gm.). Formatio tertiaria. 

Var. repens. 

1716. Exuvia serpentis in lapides conversa, Besler, Rariora, t. 36. 
f. 102. 

1817. Serpula grandis , Link, Verz. Rostock, p. 23 (Lang, Lapid. 
t. 50. f. 3). 

This species is chiefly distinguished from the preceding by its 
great thickness; the granules of the lirae are of a vesiculous nature. 

Var. y. ITALICA. 

Vipera petrificata, Worm, Mus. 1655, p. 90. 

Wurmformige Meerrhore ,Knorr,Petrif. 2.Th. 2.Bd. p. 288.1.1. y; 
(Tubus aperturalis ), Knorr, ib. p. 298, t. la. f. 13. 

Serpula polythalamia , Brocchi, Subapp. 268. 

Serpula dentifera, var. c., Lam. v. p. 367. no. 24. 

Serpula arenaria , Bronn, Hal. Tertiarg. 1831, p. 65. 

Serpula decussata , Defr. Diet. t. xlviii. p. 571 (Piemont, Bordeaux)* 
Vermetus arenarius , Hornes, Geol. Reichsanst. p. 200, t. 20. 
f. 5, 6; Grifflth, A. Kingd. 

Sab* Fossilis in form. tert. Italiee borealis. 

3. Thylacodes dentifertjs, Lam. 

T. teres, contorta, costellis longitudinalibus duabus tribusve den - 
tiferis . 

" Cette espece devient assez grand.”— Lain* 

Var. testis majoribus subsolitariis (Mus. no.), Lam. 


68 m. o. a. l. morch’s review op the vermetidjE, [Feb. 11, 

Serpula dentifera , Lam. v. p. 367. no. 24. 

Magilus dentiferus , M.-Edw., Lam. v. p. 625. 

Vermetus dentiferus, Rouss., Chenn, Ill. t. 4. f. 1 (med. et sup.). 

Vermetus dentiferus, Blv. Diet. Se. t. lvii. p. 325. 

Hab. Les mers de l’Asie australe ( Lam.). 

“ Tube assez grand, a eoupe eireulaire, eontournee irregulierement, 
a stries d’aeeroissement grossieres, rugueuses, et d’autres fois pourvn 
de deux a trois petites cotes ou earenes longitudinales, dentifferes, ou 
mieux tubereuleuses. Couleur d’uu rouge brun, mais quelquefois 
blanehe. Cette espeee, qui offre une premiere variete, dont les tubes 
sont subsolitaires, et une autre ou ils sont subanguleux et agglomeres, 
vient des mers de l’Asie australe. Elle n’est peut-etre pas distinete 
de la aS', arenaria, qui, eomme elle, n’est qu’un Yermet. Un individu 
de la eolleetion de M. Lamarek m’a meme offert son opercule corne.” 
— Bl.ainv. Diet. Sc. t. xlviii. 1827, p. 558. 

In Mr. Cuming’s eolleetion are several specimens from Australia 
whieb seem to me to agree pretty well with the above description, but 
which differ from the upper figure of Chenu in having less^prominent 
nodules. The lid mentioned by Blainville is very likely found in the 
var. S. of Lamarck, whieh I suppose is Siphonium nebidosum, Dillw. 

Var. a. repens. 

T. repens, affixa , tenuiuscula,flavescens; lirce longitudinalesparvee, 
expresses , suhremotes , liris incrementi minoribus subundulatis 
approximate decussatee; inde subtiliter reticulata; lira tres 
prominentiores, inaquales, nodidis linearibus remotis, macidis 
linearibus fuscis interpositis ; ruga transversa valida, irregu¬ 
lar es ; varices breves, irregulares, sape 3-4. 

Diam. aperturae cire. 9 m. 

Hab . Australia; Swan River, creeping on a Cardium ; Cape Up¬ 
start (Mus. Cuming'). 

The Vermetus dentiferus (Q. & G.) approaches this variety in 
shape, but looks very different in colour and in the form of the 
aperture. The following speeies is very likely only a narrow form 
of the type, depending on its being agglomerated. 

4. Thylacodes sulcatus, Lam. 

T . teres, inf erne contort a ,, subglomerata, antice porrecta ; cos - 
tellis longitudinalibus numerosis, subdentatis (Lam.). 

Serpula sulcata, Lam. v. 1818, p. 367. no. 22, ed. 2. v. p. 625 ; 
Blainv. Diet. t. xlviii. p. 558. 

Vermetus nova hollandia , Rouss., Chenu, Ill. pi. 1. f. 4a, vix 5. 

Hab. Les mers de la Nouvelle Ilollande (Lam.) ; Kangaroo 
Island (Mus. Cuming). 

The description and locality of Lamarek seem to me to agree 
perfectly with the shell represented by Chenu, which has also the 
same calibre as the Dofan (Adanson), quoted, with a query, by La¬ 
marck. This shell differs only from the preceding species in its 
smaller calibre, very likely dependent on its being agglomerated 


1862.] M. O. A. l. morch’s review of the vermetid^e. 69 

detached specimen shows a transition state. Fig. 5 of Cheuu looks 
entirely different, and more allied to V. annulatus, Rouss. 

5. Thylacodes turonius, Rouss. 

Vermetus turonius, Rouss., Chenu, Ill. pi. 4. f. 44. 

Hab . -? 

According to the specific name, it would be from Touraiue; but, 
from the colours in the aperture, it would seem to be a living shell. 

6. Thylacodes annulus, Rouss. 

T. repens, laquearis, longitudinaliter suhtiliter striata; anfr . am* 
pliati : postice carina hrevi crenulata (ex icone ). 

Vermetus annulus, Rouss., Chenu, Ill. t. 1. f. 8. 

Hah . -? 

I do not know of any shell like the figure; but it seems to be a 
good species. 

7. Thylacodes riisei, Morch. 

T. solitaria , repens, laqueatim torta, tenuiuscula, albescens, cameo 
vel pallidissime lilacino variegata; anfr. ampli, prcesertim aper - 
turam versus, liris longitudinalibus parvis planis approximate 
alternatim minoribus, superne liris tribus remotis, tuberculis 
eompressiusculis elongatis, scepe acutis, interdum muticis, con - 
fluentibus, punctis ferrugineis interpositis ; strice incrementi mi- 
nut ce in intersectionibus lirarum minutissime imbricates; latere 
affixo irregnlari, scepe fascia castanea lata longitudinali. 

Diam. aperturee circ. 15 m. 

Desh. Traite de Conch, t. 79. f. 16, non absimilis. 

Hab . Ins. S. Thomas, Antillarum, Riise, Hornbeck (Mus. reg . et 
Univ.). 

Var. a. limacella. 

T. repens, solidula, Candida , hie illic pallide carnea ; anfr . sub- 
cequales, lirulis longitudinalibus latiusculis planis confertis, liris 
latis 7-8 remotis unduiatis vel obsoletissime nodulosis; rugae 
incrementi juxta margines validce, inde lateribus fluctuate ; 
strice incrementi obsoletissimce; apertura subovalis, affixa . 

Diam. aperturee 6-}j lat., 8 m. alt. 

Hab . Ins. AntilL, in Ostrea limacella, Lam., affixa (Mus. Cuming). 

This variety corresponds very w r ell with the first whorls of the type. 
It differs chiefly by greater solidity and more regular liree, but other¬ 
wise looks very different. 

Yar. jj. muhlenpfordtii. 

T. albescens, solidula, agglomerata, primum repens velirregulariter 
spiralis; anfr. ultimus porrectus, teres, longus, leviter tortus, 
leeviusculus, rugis et striis incrementi ineequalibus; liree longi- 
tudinales expresses, approximates ; superne seriebus tribus nodu- 
torum compressorum ; liree incrementi undulates, approximates ; 
interstitiis lirarum irregulariter scrobiculatis. 

Diam. aperturee circ. 6 m. 





70 M, O. A, L. morch’s review of the vermetid m. [Feb. 11, 

♦ 

V . nova hollandia, Chenu, Ill. t. 1. f. 4, quoad staturam. 

IIah. Mexico (. Dr . Miiklenpfordt) {Coll, Thinker i). 

Described from a dead group composed of about six or seven spe¬ 
cimens. The first whorls are so like those of the former variety, 
that I do not think it can be specifically different. In shape it looks 
not unlike Bivonia semisurrecta . In Mr. Cuming’s collection is a 
specimen labelled “ Philippines,” which does not seem to differ from 
it materially. 

8. Thylacodes eruciformis, Morch. 

T. tenuiuscula, repens, laqueatim contort a, pallide violacea, albo et 
fiavescente variegata, maculis adspersis paucis castaneis s liris 
longitudinalibus parvis obsoletissimis, superne liris tribus ex- 
pressis remotis inaqualibus nodulis asperis parvis ; strive incre - 
menti obsoletce ; anfr. ultimus varice brevi; apertura reniformi - 
ovaliy latere interno affixa. 

Diam. apert. 7-8 m. 

Hab. California, on Crucibulum'l umbrella, Desh., var. (Mus. 
Cuming'). 

The small sharp nodules of the three dorsal rows are strongest in 
the exterior row, reminding one of those of Cardium echinatum . This 
species is the analogue to the preceding from the east coast. 

Var. a. LUMBRICELLA. 

T. repens, recta, primum laxe contorta, arenulis agglutinatis ci- 
nereo et violaceo variegata, fasciis abruptis longitudinalibus vel 
strigis latis transversis castaneis; lira longitudinales sat re - 
mota, sape alternatim minores, interstitiis sape scrobiculato - 
reticulatis ; liris medianis tribus interdum expressis vel crassis, 
granulis regularibus aquidistantibus; ruga incrementi expressa, 
superne arcuata, lateraliter incrassata,valida, conferta, retusa. 

Diam. apert. circ. 6Jm. 

Yoy. de Venus, pi. 11. f. 2. fig. min. (Chenu, F. W. f. 2, copy) 
quoad staturam. 

Hab. California; 10-12 specimens crowded on a Margaritifera 
(Mus. Cuming ). 

Var. fi. ERYTHOSCLERA. 

T '. ut pracedentis sed crassa, alba ; linea incrementi ferruginea, 
conferta ; interstitiis fenestratis. 

Hab. California; on a young Margaritifera (Mus. Cuming). 

This shell is very like to Bivonia quoyi , var. variegata, in respect 
of colour and the agglutinated sand ; all the specimens are creeping, 
with affixed apertures. 

9. Thylacodes natalensis, Morch. 

T. solitaria, crassa, irregulariterplanorbiformis ; anfr . plerumque 
contigui, teretiusculi, complanati, latiusculi , lateribus rotunda - 
tis, lapillis, prasertim inf erne, sparsis agglutinatis ; lira longi¬ 
tudinales subremota, interstitiis obsoletissime decussatis, ruga 


1862.] M. O. A. L. MORCh's REVIEW OP THE VERMETIDyE. 71 

incrementi scepe validcCy irregular es ; color albas , pallidissime 
violaceo et flavo variegatus ; anfr. primi intus fusci. 

Alt. aperturse 6^, lat. 8 m. 

Hab. Natal \ specimen detritum communicavit T. Collins. The 
section of the whorls is transversely oval. 

10. Thylacodes masier, Desh. 

ff Sa coquille est fort epaisse, longue d 3 un pied, large de 8 a 9 lignes, 
marquee de 20 cannelures longitudinales extremement fines et ter- 
minee par elle-mcme en trois spires assez irregulieres, dont celles du 
sommet se trouvent au-dessous des autres. Son ouverture ne s’eleve 
pas au-dessus des spires. Elle est grise, fauve, ou couleur de chair 
au dehors, et couleur de corne an dedans. 35 — Adans . 

Le Masier , Adans. Sen. 1757, p. 105. no. 5, tab. 11. 

Vermetus arenarius , Daudin, 1800, p. 35. 

Tuyaux solitaire y Favanne, i. p. 600. 

Serpula sipho, Lam. Pp., v. p. 25. 

Vermetus sip7io, Blainv. Diet. Sc. 1828, t. xlvii. pi 325. 

Vermetus masier , Desh. ix. p. 65, 1843. 

Hab . Cap de Yerd, extremely rare ( Adanson ). 

I have never seen this species. 

11. Thylacodes brasiliensis, Rouss. 

T. magna , solitaria, primum spiralis , liris remotis nodulosis ; anfr . 

ultimas solutus , longus , erectus } leviter arcuatus . 

Diam. aperturse 30 m. (ex icone). 

Vermetus brasiliensis 3 Rouss., Chenu, Ill. pi. 5. f. 5. 

Hab . Brazil, according to the specific name. 

From the shape of the aperture, it will probably prove to be a 
Siphonium . 

12. Thylacodes colubrinus, Bolten. 

T. plerumque solitaria 3 crassa , picea } spiraliter torta ; anfr . ulti- 
mus solutus , teres; anfr . primi teretiusculi , latere affixo acu - 
tanguhy liris longitudinalibus parvis remotis , interstitiis lirulis 
minoribus incequalibus ; apertura intus nigra . 

Diam. aperturse circ. 20 m. 

Tubuli vermium perpulchri , Seba, iii. t. 93. f, 4, 5, 6, 7 (reversed). 
Dinotus, Guettard, Mem. iii. p. 135. no. 10. 

Le Cor de Chasse 3 Favanne, i. p. 600 (Seba, f. 6, 7). 

Le minime, Fav. i. p. 600 (Seba, f. 4, 5). 

Diclce schwartze Wurmkocher , Knorr, 1771, v. p. 33, t. 22. f. 1 
(typus). 

Le grand solitairey Favanne, i. p. 600. 

Serpula colubrina , Bolt. Yerz. 1798, p. 50. no. 884. 

Hab . India orientalis ? 

In the Museum of the University of Copenhagen are several speci¬ 
mens of this shell, one of which may be that figured by Seba, fig. 5. 



72 M. O. A. L. morch’s review of the vermetidae. [Feb. 11, 
Var. a. VIOLACEO-FUSCA. 

“ T, ivregulariter contorta , lineis elevatis interruptis 3 obsole- 
tiusculis, colore violaceo-fusco ,”—Sow. 

More than an inch wide in some parts (Sow.), 1 inch (Wood). 

Serpula fuscata , Geo. Humphr. Coll. (Sow.); Sow. Tank. Cat. 
1825, no. 22. p. 93 ; Brit. Mus. Wood, Supp. t. 8. f. 3. 1828. 

Var. j3, atra. 

T, solitaria, crassa , extus et intus picea 3 spirorbiformis; anfr . 
primi peripheria acuta 3 latere affixo piano ; anfr, ultimus so- 
lutusy teresy declivis; lirce longitudinales parvce 3 remotce, juxta 
umhilicum lira compressa leviter undulata validiuscula ; inter- 
stitia lirulis 5-6 incequalibus, lira mediana majore; rugce in¬ 
crement i irregulareSy leviter flex ce 3 marginem versus incrassatce. 
Diam. aperturse 15^ m. 

Soleny Rnmph, Amb. t. 41. f. L. 

Solen clibaniformisy Petiv. Gazophyl. i. t. 20. f. 13 (copy). 

S, corallovuni Icevis clibaniformisy Klein, Tub. Mar. t. vii. i. /3. p. 5. 
Tubulus vermicularis clibaniformisy Mart. i. pp. 24, 44. f. 10. 
Vermetus ater 3 Rouss., Chenu, Ill. pi. 5. f. 3. 

Siphonium ater 3 Chenu, Man. p. 320. f. 2294 (copy). 

? Serpula ochrea 3 Gm. S. N. 3744. no. 19. 

Hab . Ins. Philippin. 

In Mr. Cuming’s collection is a specimen growing on a large 
Vermetus cereus , nearly of the size of that figured in Born’s ‘Museum,’ 
p. 435. All the figures are taken from specimens without apertural 
tube. 

Var. y, albina. 

T. prcecedenti simillimay sed differt anfr . ultimo prcelongo torto , 
albo-cinereo et nigricante variegato ; anfr . primi badii 3 strigis 
et fasciis transvei'sis albis; apertura intus alba ; faucibus 
castaneis . 

Diam. aperturse 17i m. 

Hab, Ins. Philippin (Mus. Cuming). 

Very like the preceding variety in sculpture and shape, but more 
slender; the brown and blackish colour become mixed with white 
towards the aperture, which outside and inside is surrounded by a 
broad, pure white band. 

Testa semiadult a ? 

? Siphonium giganteum 3 Adams, Gen. t. 38. f. 7 a. 

2 Siphonium carinatum 3 Q. & G., ibid. p. 371. lin. 17. 

The figure quoted is perhaps from a young specimen of this spe¬ 
cies. The var. a. of Siphonium margaritarum looks, also, very like 
it, and will perhaps have to be removed to this genus. 

Var. S. agglomerata. 

T. contorta , picea , agglomerata 3 aperturam versus tenuiuscula; 
apertura subsoluta. 

Diam. specim. maximi 12m.; diam. specim. minimi 8 m. 


1862.] M. O. A. L. MORCH’s REVIEW OF THE VftRMETIDAS. 73 

Tlab. Ins. Philip pin ( Mus. Cuming). A rolled group, composed 
of about fifteen specimens, in some of which the aperture forms a 
very short tube. 

Var. e. l^viuscula. 

T. solitaria , crassa, spiraliter torta; anfr. duobus contiguis , latere 
externo angulato; anfr. ultimns angustus y longns , teres , leviter 
fiexus ; lamince incrementi appressce, irregulares, localiter valde 
arcuatim reductce \ color badius vel castaneus , variegatus : lirce 
longitudinales desunt , si excipias vestigium obsoletum in anfr. 
primo. 

Diam. aperturae circ. 10 m. 

Tubuli vermium perpulchri, Pp. Seba, t. 93. f. 9 (optime). 

Le Tuyau trompette, Favanne, i. p. 596. 

Hah. In India orientali (Mus. Spengler). 

This specimen has narrower whorls than any of the preceding 
varieties. It has evidently grown in the cleft of some Astrcea, show¬ 
ing just the same impressions as represented by Seba, and which 
Guettard (Mem. p. 153) has mentioned as “le reseau.” The striae 
of growth are very strongly bent backwards in the places where the 
shell has been pressed by the coral. 

13. Thylacodes? imbricattjs, Dkr. 

T. solidiuscula, antice subrecta et libera , vel toto ventris latere 
incumbenSy pallide fusca , striis costisque longitudinalibus sub - 
imbricatis instincta (Dkr.). 

Vermetus imbricatus y Dkr. Mai. Blatt. Jan. 1860, p. 240. no. 59 ; 
Dkr. Moll. Japon. 1861, p. 17. no. 80, t. 11. f. 18. 

Hab. Japonia, Dr. Nuhn (Mus. Ileidelb.). 

Duo specimina extant ad basaniten paullo porosum affixa. Testa 
eorum solidiuscula, turbinata, altera antice suberecta et libera, altera 
toto ventris latere incumbens et lapidi adnata. Utrumque specimen 
maximam partem decoloratum est et erosum, sed alterum eorum 
aperturam versus omnino illsesum, colore fusco costisque longitudi¬ 
nalibus imbricatis instructum, qua nota a V. gigantey Biv., differre 
videtur, quem nunquam imbricatum invenimus, quamvis mirum in 
modum variare soleat ut omnes ejus generis species. Tubus plane 
teres, intus lsevigatus et cseruleo-lacteus. Pars testae in lapide insi- 
dens irregularis et subtrigona est ut Vermetus gigas. 

This species is perhaps a Siphonium. 

14. Thylacodes scaber, Gravenh., 1831. 

T. irregulariter spirali, tuberculis parvis in lineas longitudinales 
dispositisy scabra (Gravenh.). 

Diam. aperturse 4 lin. (Gravenh.). 

T. irregulariter planorbifor mis ; anfr. primi repenteSy laqueatim 
contorti; anfr. teretes, liris longitudinalibus expressis planius- 
culis nodulis elongatis postice contractis unde leviter undulatis; 
interstitiis angustis Uvula intercalante ; lirce incrementi parvi, 
rugce transversce scepe validce, irregulares; latere affixo incequali 


74 M. O. A. L. morch’s review OF THE VERMETIJXE. [Feb. 11, 

noduloso liris destituto; apertura circularis, subsoluta ; color 
albus, punctis ferrugineis paucis obsoletissimis ; faucibus juxta 
aperturam macula castanea ; hie illic lapillis agglutinatis . 
(Descriptio ex specimine originali Musei Wratislaviensis.) 

Vermicularia scabra, Gravenh. Tergest. p. 55. no. 2. 

Hah. Ignot.; Lusitania? 

The locality is very doubtful, as most of the species described in 
the work quoted, according to the original specimens, for the loan 
of which I am indebted to Professor Grube, are from the West Indies. 
The brown spot in the aperture and the size of the shell remind one 
of Siphonium nebulosum; but the sculpture is quite different, and in 
this respect it approaches to the next species. In the collection of 
Charles VIII. is a specimen with a long apertural tube, probably 
from Portugal, which is very like it. 

15. Thylacodes decussatus, Gm., 1791. 

T. teres , decussatim striata , subrugosa, fexuosa, sanguinea, ioitus 
Icevis alba. —Gm. 

Vermiculus rufescens leviter striatus sive cancellatus 9 Lister, 
t. 547. f. 4. 

Vermiculus barbadensis tortilis fuscus , Mem. for the Curious, 
1708, p. 126. no. 32; Petiver, Gazophyl. i. t. 153. f. 9 (copy). 

Tubulus vermicularis testaceus , Mart. i. f. 17 (copy). 

Le Bois de Charme , Favan. i. pp. 597, 652, t. 6. f. L (copy). 

Serpula no. 8, Schrot. Einl. ii. p. 558. 

Seopula decussata, Gm. S. N. p. 3745. no. 21; Dillw. p. 1082; 
Wood, Index, t. 38. f. 30. 

? Tubulus marinusy Gualt. t. 10. f. 10. 

Serpula, Humphr. Conch, t. 10. f. 15, 15 a. 

Vermiculus , Da Costa, Elem. p. 284, t. 2. f. 7 (copy). 

Vermicularia glomerata , var/2«, d, Gravh.Tergest. pp. 60, 61, pp. 

Vermetus (Dofania ) decussatus , Morch, J. de Conch, viii. p. 34. 

Serpulorbis, sp., St. Jan., Troschel, Gebiss, p. 155, t. 13. f. 2, 3 
(maxilla et lingua). 

Hab . I. Barbadoes ( Lister ); St.Thomas {Krebs, Riise, Hornbeck ). 

T. crassiuscula varie torta, solitaria ; anfr . teretes, soluti vel in - 
terdum contigui et turn inf erne plani; lirce longitudinales re¬ 
gular es, expresses, latiusculce, alternation minores, interstitiis 
scope lirula parva ; stoics incremeoiti scope submembraoiacece, in 
intersectionibus ao'cuatcevel squaonulosce,remotcBy inde ioiteo'stitiis 
fenestratis ; rugee transversce validiusculce, irregular es, inde la- 
teribus jluctuatis ; color valde omriabilis, latere affixoplerumque 
castaneo , latere superiore alho , maculis punctisve scepe trans - 
versim confluentibus castaneis vel fiavis, scope unicolor casta - 
neus, intus infumatus . 

Diam. aperturse circ. 6 m. 

Animal jilamentis pedalibus conto'actilibus breviusculis basi dila- 
tatis ; mesopodiuon sulco prof undo longitudinali divisum ; meta¬ 
podium truncatum , subcb'culao'e, traoisversim subtiliter rugosum, 
ceoitro ionpresso, utrioique freno cum capite cooijunctum . Color 


1862.] M. O. A. l. morch's review of the vermetid^e. 75 

saturate rufus , prcesertim superne , margine pallii tinea Jlava 
notato (ex icone Oerstedii). 

Var. ft. tenuis. 

T. tenuiuscula , albescens , fo'm longitudinalihus validioribus re - 
motis, interstitiis liris tribus incequalibus; strice incrementi 
flavoe , leviter undulates . 

Diam. aperturse circ. 6 m. 

Vermicularia glomerata, Gravenh. Tergest. p. 60. 

Jun. ? Vermicularia scabra, Gravenh. Tergest. p. 56 (two frag¬ 
ments). 

I. S. Thomse (Coll, nostra). 

Var, y. intermedia. 

T. tenuis , alba , liris longitudinalihus obsoletissimis, striis incre¬ 
menti pallide Jlavis ; fasciis pallidissimis longitudinalihus juxta 
aperturam . 

Diam. aperturse 5 m. 

Hah. Ins. Jamaica (Mus. Cuming'). 

This shell is a good transition between the type and 

Var. S. LAEVIGATA. 

T. solitaria , crassa, solida } laevigata , dcstituta, Candida, in- 

terdum aperturam versus castanea vel badia; strice et rugae 
incrementi obsoletissimce; anfr. ultimas plerumque porrectus, 
intus flavescens vel castaneus . 

Le Villebrequin , Favan. i. p. 598, t. 5. f. G. 

Serpulaproboscidea (ochracea et alba), Gravh. Tergest. p. 78. 

? Vermetus porites , Rouss., Chenu, Ill. pi. 2. f. 3, d, e. 

Hab. I. S. Thomse, in coralliis (Heteroporis) ssepe una cum 
Siphonio nebuloso (Mus. Cuming et nostro). 

This shell looks so different from the type, that I should not ven¬ 
ture to put them together if I had not compared numerous specimens, 
in some of which the difference of sculpture and colour were present 
in one and the same individual. The tubes show frequently a deep 
channel at the affixed side, being the cast of a branch of a coral. 

Var. €. PHILIPPINENSIS. 

T. crassiuscula , laqueatim contort a ; anfr . inf erne plani, lateri- 
bus dilatatis , badii vel castanei , superne albescentes punctis 
Jlavis transversaliter confluentibus; lirae longitudinales nodulis 
minutissimis , aperturam versus evanescentes ; interstitia lirulis 
1 vel 2 incequalibus ; striae incrementi regulares , leviter undu - 
latce, pulcherrimae. 

Diam. aperturse 7\ m. 

Hah. Ins. Philippin. (Mus. Cuming). 

This shell seems only to differ from the type in its larger calibre 
and in the beauty of the strise of growth. 


76 M. O. A. L. MORCH’s REVIEW OF THE VERMETlDiE. [Feb. 11, 

Var. £. badia. 

Biffert a prcecedente T. angustiore crassiore et colore hadio . 

Diam. aperturse 4 m. 

Hab. I, Philippin. {Mus. Owning , specimen detritum). 

16. Thylacodes squamigerus, Carp. 

T. majore, flavido-albida, solute spirally plerumque glomerata; 
superficie costis spiralibus, squamis instructis, eostulis pluribus 
intercalantibus ; squamulis minor ibas; squamis et squamulis 
imbricatis; interdum aperturam versus sculptura obsoleta 

(Carp.). 

Aletes squamigerusy Carp. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1856, p. 226; Carp. 
Report, p. 324. 

Hab . St. Barbara (sp. magn. glomer. in Mus . Nuttall) ; St. Diego 
{Mus. Gould). 

A fine group of this shell is in Mr. Nuttall 5 s collection. It agrees 
in the main with the Mazatlan species, but differs in colour and 
sculpture. Mr. Nuttall believes that he found another species with¬ 
out scales. ( Carpenter .) 

I refer this shell to the present genus, because I believe it is spe¬ 
cifically identical with the following variety. 

Var. a. pennata. 

T. solitaria, tenuis , laqueatim torta, aperturam versus ampliata ; 
anfr. inf erne incequales, planiusculi; lirce longitudinales com - 
pressiusculce, noduloso-serratce, alternatim minores, interstitiis 
interdum lirula parva intercalante ; lirce incrementi scepe casta - 
nei vet badii, confertc anguloso-undatce, pulcJierrimce, preesertim 
si versus lucem teneas , in intersectionibus lirarum incrassatce, 
unguiculatce, squamiferce ; apertura orbicularis. Color inf erne 
albus, fascia violaceo-fusca, superne fiavescens; linece hie illic 
badice vet nigree strigisque transversis flexis ; anfr. primi cas - 
tanei ; faucibus albis, macula badia inf erne juxta aperturam. 

Diam. aperturse 10 m. 

Vermetus margaritarum , Yoy. de la Venus, pi. 11. f. 2 (fig. mi¬ 
nor) ; Chenu, Ill. pi. 4. f. 2 (copy). 

Hab . California {Mus. Cuming). 

This shell differs chiefly from T. decussatus, Gm., which is its 
"West Indian analogue, in the larger calibre of the whorls. The 
striae of growth are bent in a beautiful manner, giving the lirse a 
pennate appearance, which is best seen when the shell is held against 
the light. Although Carpenter does not mention the transverse 
black lines, yet I suppose that this shell is the young of Aletes 
squamigerusy because Carpenter (Cat. p. 303) states that the Aletes 
centiquadrus, var. imbricatus, has some characters in common witli 
the young of the great Californian Vermetid Aletes squamigerns. 
The figures quoted are exceedingly like the variety, but the whorls 
are somewhat too narrow. 


1862.] M. O. A. l. morch’s review of the vermetid.e. 77 

17* Tiiylacodes michaudii, Rousseau. 

Vermetus michaudii, Rouss., Chenu, III. pi. 2. f. 5. 

Hab. -? (Mas. Cuming'). 

Diam. cire. 6 m. 

In Mr. Cuming’s collection is a specimen labelled ff Philippines,” 
which seems to correspond pretty well with the figure quoted; it has 
the same annular ribs and longitudinal striae, but is nearly covered 
over with a chestnut-brown colour, showing some darker longitu¬ 
dinal bands. The specimen is singular from possessing a long varix 
maniciformis, with about 12-13 false septa (analogous to those of 
the water-clam), proving that the animal has changed the direction 
of its tube at least as often as indicated by the septa. 

18. Thylacodes porites, Rousseau. 

T. tenuis, repens, teres, longitudinaliter suhtilissime striata ; stria* 
incrementi obsoletissimce, confertissimai; sulci incrementi regu - 
lariter remoti , interstitiis convexiasculis; faucibus scepe Jla - 
vescentibus. 

Diam. 3 *—4 m. 

Vermetus porites, Rouss., Chenu, III. pi. 2. f. 3. 

Hab. -? On a Porites , according to the specific name; but 

I believe the coral represented is a Palmipora, Blainv., as in my 
specimen. 

This species is exceedingly like T . decussatus, var. intermedia, if 
it really be different. It is chiefly distinguished by the annular, 
equidistant, rather remote annular sulci, the interstices of which are 
very slightly convex and decussate. This shell is the only one I 
know which seems to approach to Gualtieri’s tab. 10. f. L, L. 

19. Thylacodes protensus, Gm. 

T.nitida, Iceviuscula, anmdatim plicata,finem versus parum atte~ 
nuata , lactea, exalbida aut cccrulescens, calami anserini crassitie 
aut tenuiore, tota porrecta, aut partim flexuosa (Gm.). 

Tubulus cylindricus, subflexuosus, anguinus, Mart. i. pp. 24, 46, 

f. 12 a. 

Serpida protensa, Gm. S. N. p. 3744. no. 20. 

Hab . In mari Indieo et Americam alluente (Gm.). 

Gmelin has taken his description from Martius, but the locality 
from Rumphius and Davila. This shell is perhaps identical with 
the preceding and following species. It is chiefly from the ex¬ 
pressions cc T. nitida” et “ caerulescens,” that I refer this species 
to the Vermetidce. 

20. Thylacodes rumphii, Blainv,, 1828. 

“ Coq. tubulaire, irregulicrement contournee, si ce n’est a sa base 
qui s’avance presque a droite ligne, elegamment treillisee dans tout 
son etendu sans carcne; de couleur roussatre. Je distingue cette 
espece d’aprcs un individu de ma collection, dont j’ignore la patrie, 
et qui certainement ne peut ctre reuni au S. protensa, Lam.”-— Blainv, 


78 m. o. a. l. morch’s review of the vermetid^e. [Feb. 11, 

Een entgestrekte TIornschlange , Humph, t. xli. p. 126. no. 3. 

Tubulus vermium , Petiv. Gazophyl. Amb. t. 21. f. 18 (copy). 

Le tuyaux cordS, Favanne, i. p. 676, t. 5. f. F (copy). 

Serpula protensa, Dill. ii. p. 1085. no. 38 (non Gm., nec Wood, 
f. 37). 

Hab. -? 

As the shell of Rumphius is marked with a number, it need not 
be from Amboina. The description of Favanne has much in common 
with Blainvilie’s, chiefly in respect of the colours and septa; it is 
perhaps even from the same specimen. It is possible that this spe¬ 
cies is identical with the two preceding. 

The annular rings in Rumphius’ figure, and the reddish colour 
mentioned by Favanne and Blainville, remind one of T. michaudii, 
var. from the Philippines. 

21. Thylacodes? oryzata, Morch. 

T. libera, agglutinans , repens, alba vel pallide isabellina, hie illic 
lineis interruptis et punctis obsoletis rufis ; anfr . primi parvi, 
angusti, candidi, oblique spiraliter torti, contigui, liris longitu- 
dinalibus et transversis cequidistantibus et subcequalibus decus« 
satis, inde interstitiis foveis quadratis ; anfr . cceteri continui, 
sigmoidei, aperturam versus rapide crescentes, liris obsoletis 
longitudinalibus leviter spiraliter tortis, tuberculis acutiusculis 
subremotis ornatis ; interstitia lirulis planis confertis incequa- 
libus 5-6 ; strive et rugce incrementi parvce, flexes, in inter sec- 
tionibus minutissime granuloso-squamosis ; apertura circularis, 
faucibus regulariter scrobiculatis {ex tuberculis externis). 

Diam. aperturae 12 m.; long, testae 300 m. 

Hab . Litt. occid. Am. centralis verisimiliter; China {Mus. Cuming ). 

The first spiral whorls are attached to a valve of a Balanus; to¬ 
wards the aperture is agglutinated a worn portion of a Venus, which 
looks to be V . subimbricatus (Sow.), and a little bit of a Cardium, 
which perhaps is C. senticosum (Sow.), both species from Panama, 
which probably is the true locality, as it is of the variety. The sculp¬ 
ture of this remarkable shell is very like that of Argonauta oryzata, 
Meusch.; like the latter shell, the tubercles outside form excava¬ 
tions inside. This sculpture is, too, very like that of the young of 
Stephopoma . The longitudinal lirse become feebler towards the 
aperture, in proportion to the size of the shell. The nodules are 
often united in pairs by small transverse ridges, but never form 
rings, as in the 

Var. a. ann*jlattjs. 

Tubus crassus, ponderosus, teres, cequalis, liris longitudinalibus 
parum expressis tuberculiferis, interstitiis liris circiter tribus, 
mediana lira validior ; strive incrementi minutissimee undulatce ; 
tubercula annulatim digesta; annuli subvaricosi, utnnque ar - 
cuati, scepe interrupti vel furcati. 

Long, tubi circ. 170 m.; diam. aperturse 13 m.; diam. testae 
17 m.; diam. aperturae fractae 10 m.; testae postice 13 m. 

4 Hab . Ad Panamam {Mus. Cuming). 


1862.] M. O. A. L. MORCH’s REVIEW OF THE VERMETIDjE. 7 9 

This shell seems to be a very old specimen ; it has just the same 
sculpture, only differing in a few points ; the longitudinal lirse are 
straight and not slightly spiral; the nodules are arranged in rings, 
separated from each other by constrictions. Both ends are fractured, 
so that it might have been possibly still larger. The walls have a 
thickness of 2 or 3 m., whilst the type is very thin, nearly pellucid. 
If this tube really is the same as the type, it must grow to a length 
of about 60 dm. I refer this species to the present genus, merely 
on account of the sculpture of the first whorls. 

It is, in respect of thickness, most allied to T. melitensis , Gm. 


Subg. Tetranemia, Morch, 1859, Journ. f. Conch, viii. p. 353. 

Filament a pedalia longissima, subulata , non eontractilia y mammilla 
valida intermedia ; mesopodium parvum, elongatum, posticefila- 
mentis brevissimis obtusis duobus basi remotis (ex icone). 

22. Thylacodes (Tetranemia) longifilis, Morch. 

T. repens, laqueatim contorta, fusco et flavo variegata, longitudi- 
naliter lirulata, liris 3-4 validis remotis; apertura transversim 
subovalisy intus cyanea (ex icone). 

Vermetus dentiferus, “Lam.” Q. & G. 1’Astr. p. 291, t. 67. 
27, 28. 

Vermetus dentiferus y Desh. ix. p. 65, non Lam. 

Serpuloides dentifera 9 Gray, Fig. t. 56. f. 8, iv. p. 83 ; Gray, 
Guide, p. 127. 

Serpulorbis dentifera, Adams, Genera, i. p. 359. 

Serpulorbis dentiferus, Chenu, Man. p. 320, f. 2307 ; Pictorial 
Museum, f. 2821; Ill. Ntg. f. 3745. 

Hah. Bai des Chiens Marins a la terre d’Endracht, sur une Avi- 
cida (Q. G.). 


Subg. Hatina, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1847, p. 156. 

Animal rostro conico, tentacidis crassis flexis postice in figuram 
cordiformem desinentibus ; metapodium magnum, cylindricum, 
truncatum; filamenta pedalia desunt; penis subidatus (ex 
icone). 

Hatina , Gray, Brit. Mus. Cat, 1842, p. 62, no operculum. 

23. Thylacodes (Hatina) inopertus, Mns. Francof. 1828. 

T. satis crassa, postice spins nonnullis majoribus finiente, colore 
ceruginoso . 

Mensura: usque ad 2 ,f ; animal 1^' (Leuck.). 

Vermetus inopertus, Ruppel & Leuckart, Neue wirbellose Thiere, 
p. 38, t. 11. f. 3 (Gray, Fig. i. t. 57. f. 1, copy). 

Serpulorbis opercidatus. Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1847, p. 156. 


80 M. O. A. L* MORCH’s REVIEW OF THE VERMETIDA2. [Feb. 11, 

Serpuloides inopercvdata, , Gray, Fig. iv. p. 83 ; Gray, Guide, 
p. 12 7. 

Serpidorbis inopercitlata, Adams, Genera, i. p. 359. 

Hab . In mari Rubro, socialiter vivens prope vicum Tor lapidibus 
affixus, reperitur (. R'uppel). 

If this species can be generically distinguished, it would chiefly be 
on account of the heart-shaped shield over the head, like that of 
Siphonium maximum , represented by Quoy and Gaimard. It wants 
the pedal filaments, in common with Oladopoda and Limintina ; 
from the former it is distinguished by the circular tip of the 
metapodium, and from the latter by wanting the radiation of the 
foot. 


Subg. Lemintina, Risso, 1826. 

Lementina , Risso, Hist. iv. p. 433; Gray, Proe. Zool. Soc. 1847, 
p. 156, et Fig. iv. p. 83, 1850. 

Dr. Gray (Guide, p. 127) regards this genus as “ probably only a 
badly described and figured Serpuloides arenarius ; ” but the shape 
of the metapodium seems so remarkable to me that I cannot believe 
that it is invented. The Fermetidce have been so neglected that it 
is not impossible that a similar form may exist. 

24. Thylacodes (Lemintina) cuvieri, Risso. 

T cylindrical subspiralis , unilocularis , ad cxtremitatem posterior 
rem clausa ; apertura rotunda (Risso). 

Animal limaciforme 3 postice vermiforme; tentaculis subulatis; 
ocidi subsessiles , nigri; branchiae albae super capite locatce ; 
pes cylindricus , truncatus , super fide laevi tubra , fiavescente 
radiata, pallio fimbriato ruberrimo (Risso). 

Lemintina cuvieri , Risso, Hist, iv, p. 114, t. 2. f. 16-18 ; Gray, 
Fig. t. 57. f. 3, p. 83. 

Hab . Sur les rochers peu profonds (Risso). 

The figure of the shell does not show any longitudinal striae ,* the 
description seems more natural than the figure, which is chiefly re¬ 
markable from the radiated metapodium dentated at the edge. 

Subg. Cladopoda, Gray, 1850. 

Operculum none ; foot elongate, front end simple, hinder extre¬ 
mity oblong, clavate or sub truncate (Gray). 

Cladopoda , Gray, Fig. 1850, p. 83 ; Guide, p. 127. 

This genus is chiefly founded on the elongated shape of the hinder 
part of “the foot,” which, in the ‘Voyage de V Astrolabe/ is repre¬ 
sented as fiddle-shaped (pes panduriformis), like the foot of Lacuna ; 
but, from analogy with the other Vermetidce , it must be the tip of 
the metapodium unusually enlarged. In specimens in spirits of T. 
polyphragma the metapodium is sometimes of an expanded shape; I 
suppose therefore that this character is not of generic value. The 


1862.] M. O. A. L. morch’s review of the vermetidas. 81 

pedal filaments seem to be rudimentary, as I suppose they are de¬ 
scribed by Quoy and Gaimard thus :—“ En avant de la bouche, sont 
deux petits tubercules assez courts.” The eyes in the typical species 
are represented, differently from those of all other Verrnetidce , at the 
middle of the tentaeula. The annular figure is also peculiar. 

25. Thylacodes (Cladopoda) grandis, Gray, 1842. 

“ Notre individu, de seize lignes de diametre, bien discoide, ce qui 
n’existe pas toujours, est aplati en dessou3, arrohdi cn dessus, ru- 
gueux, strie dans la longueur, avee deux ou trois cotes tuberculeuses. 
Sa couleur est jaunatre sale. Son overture, parfaitement ronde, est 
lisse et violacee en dedans.”—Q. G. 

“ L’animal a un ecusson cephalique, long et ovalaire, les tentacules 
courts, portant les yeux a une certaiue distance de leur base. En 
avant de la bouche, sont deux petits tubercules assez courts. Le 
pied, qui manque d’opercule, presentait la particularity suivante: il 
se relevait au devant de la tete en forme de crosse. Le pied a des 
taches blanches en avant. Le manteau, qui est blanc, a son bord 
brun. Plusieurs individus avaient la tete blanchatre, quelques uns 
avaient le manteau jaune. Un seul avait la tete entierement noire, 
et un autre rougeatre.”—Q. G . 

V. (a grand tube) arenarius , Lam., Q. &G. l’Astrolabe, 1833, ii. 
p. 289, t. 67. f. 18-20. 

Vermetus grandis, Gray, Eig. i. p. 29. 

Cladopoda grandis , Gray, Fig. iv. p. 83, t. 56. f. 9. 

Cladopoda arenaria , Q. & G., Adams, Genera, p. 359, t. 39. f. 3. 

Cladopoda grandis , Q. & G., Adams, Genera, p. 359. 

T. juv. ? Cladopoda arenaria , Chenu, Man. p. 320, f. 2302 (shell). 

Hah . Le port du Eoi-Georges, par d J assez grandes profondeurs, 
sur d’autres coquilles (Q. G.). 

The shell figured by Dr. Chenu is very different, chiefly in size, 
from that represented in ‘ V Astrolabe; * but is very like to a shell 
creeping on Cookia incequalis , Martyn, from New Zealand, in the 
Royal Museum, probably obtained by Humphrey. 

In Mr. Cuming’s collection is a rather larger specimen of a shell, 
without locality, marked 1/6, probably from some old collection, 
which I provisionally refer to this species on account of the colour 
and its resemblance to V, arenarius , Q. & G. It reminds one too of 
T. longifilis , but it is twice as large as any of the specimens repre¬ 
sented. 

Var. a. oxygona. 

T. primum laaueatim deinde annulatbn toria , dura; anfr. am - 
pliati , rapide crescentes , superne Jlavo et cinereo variegati , liris 
remotis circiter 6-8 umbilicum versus (2-3) fortioribus, nodulis 
obsoletis subasperis remotis; interstitia lirulisplanis confertis- 
simis 5-8 ; strive incrementi confertve, minutes , in intersectioni- 
bus arcuatve , interstitiis scrobiculato-punctatis ; latere affixo 
tenui, Ivevigato , cinereo striato , externo destituto planiusculo ; 

Proc. Zool. Soc.— 1862, No. YI. 


82 m.o. a. l, morch’s review of the vermetidae. [Feb. 11, 

peripheria acutissima , leviter exp ansa; apertura affix a, in anfr . 
penultimo reniformi-ovalis, intus albescens , margine inferno in - 
crassato ; anfr . primi intus castanei, desepimentis tenuibus con - 
vexis. 

Latitude* aperturae 16-18 m.; altitudo aperturae circ. 14 m.; 
lat. anfr. lateris affixi circ. 20 m. 

The specimen shows traces of a soft yellowish stone, on which it 
has been affixed. On some places are traces of small reddish spots. 
It is very like T. colubrinus in size and sculpture. 

26. Thylacodes (Cladopoda) elegans, Q. & G. 1833. 

Animal corpore cinereo; tentaculis,capite etpede rubro maculatis . 

Testa ignota (Q. & G.). 

L’animal a la tete courte, jaune, ponctuee de rouge vif; deux lignes 
de cette couleur, en chevron brise, occupent Fintervalle des yeux. 
La partie anterieure de la tete et le pied sont d 5 un joli gris clair; ce 
derniere est borde et ponctue de rouge; les tentacules ont une ligne 
en long de cette couleur. Le bord du manteau et de la bouche sont 
egalement rouges. 

Vermetus elegans , Q. & G. 1’Ast. ii. p. 293, t. 67. f. 11, 12. 

Cladopoda elegans , Gray, Fig. iv. p. 83, t. 56. f. 4 ; Adams, 
Genera, i. p. 359. 

Hah .-? The locality is not indicated. 

This species differs chiefly from the preceding in the regular posi¬ 
tion of the eyes. 

27. Thylacodes (Cladopoda) zelandictjs, Q. & G. 

Animal capite nigricante , rubro punctulato ; limbo pallii auran¬ 
ti aco ; pede rubro punctato. 

“ La tete est jaunatre en arriere, brune et ponctuee de rouge en 
avant. Le pied est seulement jaunatre, avec des taches rouges ; le 
manteau est largement horde d’un orange vif. 

“ Le tube, contourne sur lui-meme, ne nous a point offert de carac- 
teres appreciables sur le moment.—Q. fy G. 

Vermetus selandicus, Q. & G. l'Astr. p. 293, t. 67. f. 16, 17. 

Vermetus novee zelandice , Gray, Fig. i. p. 28, t. 56. f. 6. 

Cladopoda novee.zelandice, Gray, Fig. iv. ; Guide, p. 127. 

Cladopoda novee zelandiee , Q. & G., Adams, Gen. i. p. 360. 

Hah . La baie des lies, a la Nouvelle Ztflande (Q. fy G.). 

It is only with doubt that the authors of this species have distin¬ 
guished it from the preceding. 

Additions and Corrections . 

Burtinella turbinata (Serptjla), Phil. (P. Z. S. 1861, 
p. 148.) 

According to specimens in Mr. Semper’s collection, this species is 
entirely different from B . nystii, Galeotti, and nearly allied to Hy - 



83 


1862.] M. O. A. L. morch’s review of the vermetid je. 

droides norvegica , Giinth.,—the variety described by Montagu as 
Serpula reversely Mont. = $. contort a , Brown, Ill. t. 2. f. 4..~IIete- 
rodisca reversa, Flem. It is a true Serpulidous shell. 

3 a. Stephopoma, n. sp. (See P. Z. S. 1861, p. 148.) 

In the collection of Charles VIII. is preserved a lid distinctly 
spiral, of a brown colour, convex inside, and provided outside with 
long bristles, very like those of Stephopoma senticosum , Morch (Proc. 
Zool. Soc. 1861, pi. 25. f. 2), but having all the lateral spines simple, 
without any accessorial spines. It is mounted on mica, and labelled 
by the late Rev. Mr. Lyngby as the lid of a Serpula found on the 
egg-case of Raia hatis (in Danish “Taerbe”). That it really was 
found in the Kattegat, near Gilleleie, which was his parish, is probable 
from the circumstance that he has added the Danish specific name 
to a fish of which several congeneric species are described in his MS. 
“ Rariora Codana” with Danish specific names. Unfortunately I can¬ 
not find his diary, in which it is more particularly described according 
to the ticket. The study of the Worm-tubes is so neglected that I 
do not regard it impossible that a Vermetid may be found in the 
Northern Seas. Perhaps it may prove to be the Spirorbis striatulus, 
Brown (Ill. pi. 1. f. 59), which is from Dunbar, in Gen. Bingham’s 
collection. 

3 b. Stephopoma archimedis, Konig. 1842-44. 

T. subcompressa, spirata; anfractibus quinque , ultimo remoto ; 
superficie plicato-rugosa ; orificio ovali. 

Serpula archimedis , Konig, Carb. p. 57, t. 9. f. 6. 

Serp. spinosa , Kon. Carb. p, 58, t. 9. f. 8 (T. juvenilis). 

T. depressa, planorbiformi, anfractibus quatuor , contiguis, sensirn 
incrassatis, spinis in quincunces dispositis , obductis (De Konig). 

Hah. Fossil in the Mountain Limestone, at Vise {Konig). 

The supposed young shell is from the clay of Tournay. The 
form of the aperture and the flexure of the striae of growth are quite 
that of Stephopoma . The sculpture of the supposed young shell can 
only be compared with the embryonic shell of Stephopoma senti¬ 
cosum, Morch (Proc. 1861, pi. 25. f. 14), which circumstance has 
guided me in giving it the present place. 

It is probable, from the appearance of a group of Vet'meti on a 
Chama (in the Museum Regium), that Siphonium textum , M., S. 
scaphitella , M., and S. pictum, M., are different ages of S. subere- 
natum, Lam., corresponding to the different forms of Siph. nebu- 
losum, Dillw. 

’Erratum, P. Z. S. 1861, p. 180, line 6 from bottom, for squamas 
confertas fornicatas amplectentibus, read squamis confertis form- 
catis amplectentibus . 



